BIOGRAPHY 
OF 
EMINENT AMERICAN 
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
ILLUSTRATED WITH FINE PHOTO-ENGRAVED PORTRAITS. 
R. FRENCH STONE, M. D., 
EDITED BY 
Author of “Elements of Modern Medicine;” Surgeon-General National Guard State of Indiana; 
Consulting Physician to the Indianapolis City Hospital and Dispensary; Ex-President of 
the Marion County Medical Society ; Member of the Indiana State Medical Society 
and American Medical Association; Formerly Medical Cadet and A. A. Surgeon 
U. S. Army; Physician to the Indiana Institute for the Blind; Visiting 
Physician to the Marion County Asylum ; Examining Surgeon for 
U. S. Pension Bureau, and Professor of Materia Medica, 
Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine in the Central 
AV 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis. 
, , o il 
Pro quique sui memores alios Jec&re merendo.—Virgil. 
INDIANAPOLIS: 
CARLON & HOLLENBECK, PUBLISHERS. 
1894. Entered According to Act of Congress in the Year 1892 
R. FRENCH STONE, 
In the Office op the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D, C. PREFACE. 
The urgent demand for a new American Medical Biography, and the assurance of hearty 
co-operation of the medical profession, fully confirm the editor and publishers in the belief 
that the publication of such a work will be duly appreciated. Every reader has recognized 
the benefit of the many local and general biographies descriptive of noted men of diversified 
professions; but each learned profession should, if possible, have a distinct biographical 
cyclopedia of its own representatives, and one that is complete and fully up to date. 
To those familiar with the history of American medical literature, it is needless to say 
how lamentably deficient it is in the above respect. Although there is no lack of memoirs, 
yet they are, for the most part, either included in voluminous cyclopedias, or scattered through 
local and ephemeral publications, practically inaccessible to the great majority of readers, 
which renders them almost a nullity as respects the object for which they were written. It 
is believed that the first attempt in this country to systematize our knowledge upon the sub- 
ject was made by Dr. James Thacher, an eminent physician of Massachusetts, in a work re- 
plete with interest and instruction, entitled “American Medical Biography,” issued at Bos- 
ton in 1828. It was published sixteen years before the author’s death, but never reached a 
second edition, although highly deserving such a compliment. Dr: Thacher was a distin- 
guished Surgeon in the War of the Revolution. His work essentially consisted of a collec- 
»n of life sketches of the more illustrious medical men who had flourished during that 
p riod, and up to the date of its publication, contributed mainly by writers familiar with their 
i<■ sonal career. In 1845 appeared a second w’ork, bearing the title of “American Medical Biog- 
by,” edited by the late Dr. Stephen W. Williams, also of Massachusetts, and was intended 
as . continuation of the work of Dr. Thacher, and like it composed of distinguished medical 
min, whose careers had extended from 1828 to the date of its appearance. Dr. Williams 
iied several years ago in the State of Illinois, where he had gone to employ the evening of 
Ids days in the practice of his profession, cherishing to the last a noble and disinterested 
uli achment for the science of medicine. In 1861 a third publication, also bearing the same 
dch as the two preceding works, appeared under the editorial management of the late Dr. 
Sa uel D. Gross. This publication, consisting of extended memoirs of about thirty of the 
m t eminent Physicians and Surgeons of America, whose field of labor had extended 
from near the beginning to about the middle of the present century. The three works 
above mentioned consisted of memoirs of deceased members of the medical profession. 
In 1878 a fourth publication of medical biography was edited by Dr. William B. Atkinson, 
of Philadelphia, under the title of “Physicians and Surgeons of the United States.” The 
latter work was intended to include sketches of only the living representative medical 
men of the time. As there was no good reason why the true merit of any member of the 
profession should remain unknown to the world until read in his obituary, and as there was 
a desire to learn something of the life history of the real workers in the field of medicine 
and their professional achievements, this publication also met with a very popular apprecia- 
tion. So far as our information extends the foregoing are the only works exclusively on 
medical biography of national scope. They were all prepared by distinguished authors who 
seemed deeply impressed with the conviction that such a labor was necessary in order to 
rescue the memoirs of some of their predecessors, as well as contemporaries, from unde- 
served oblivion, and so well did they execute their task that their efforts were regarded as 
monuments of their industry, zeal, and judgment as well as a legacy to those who follow 
them, -worthy alike of our admiration and our gratitude. To colnmemorate those who have 
adorned the profession of medicine, is not only a just tribute to such as have earned the 
meed of praise, but is at the same time a debt that posterity may claim, in order that it may 
emulate their character and participate in the honors of those revered; and as the lapse of 
time obliterates the record, it becomes a task of affectionate interest, and of professional 
duty to cut afresh the traces of the worn inscriptions, and thus to renew their influence on 
the present and succeeding generations of our country. 
While acknowledging in the text his obligation to various sources for 'the materials of 
this publication, the editor desires to mention his special indebtedness to the authorities above 
mentioned, all of which have been carefully consulted and freely utilized to meet the pur- 
poses for which this compilation has been designed. As the preceding works are now out 
iii iv 
PREFACE. 
of print, and not likely to be republished, and as they have successively appeared during the 
present century as if in response to a professional demand at intervals of about every fifteen 
or twenty years, it is evident that there is now ample room for other volumes of similar 
character. The preceding works, though excellent in their day, are no longer available or 
sufficiently comprehensive in their scope to meet the demands of the present time. Since 
their publication, many years ago, almost a new generation of physicians and surgeons has 
come to the front, and by their efforts perhaps more real progress has been made in the 
science and practice of medicine than at any other period since the dawn of its history. 
The present publication, therefore, owes its origin to a desire upon the part of the editor 
to present a book differing in scope, plan and arrangement from all others hitherto published, 
by including an account of the many illustrious medical men who have honored our profes- 
sion from the early colonial days to the present time, and to place their services and claims 
for remembrance more conspicuously than has yet been done before the American people. 
His object is to not only show what has been accomplished by our illustrious predecessors 
in the medical profession in the early history of this country as well as by the labors of 
those notable pioneers still in the field of action, but to especially present the achievements 
of our more recently distinguished medical men who have given American medicine and 
surgery a rank as high at least as the science and practice have attained in the older countries 
of Europe. With the features indicated, it is believed that such a work will prove of general 
interest and permanent historical value, alike complimentary to our profession and the country 
in which we live. In every age and among all nations by which medical science has been 
cultivated, the names of those who have devoted themselves to its advancement or to the 
application of its principles to practical purposes have been inscribed upon the brightest 
page of history, whose ample face bears record of the grateful homage paid to worth. If 
neither in the forum, the pulpit or the tented field can the physician be heard or admired by 
many, yet there are other domains in which his service and his merit are no less revered. 
It has been truly said that the ordinary life of the physician is essentially a history of 
private benevolence, abounding in charitable acts and deeds of Samaritan kindness, rather 
than of public renown. As a rule, it is devoid of stirring adventure by field and flood, and 
its current, though deep and strong, is too quiet to fully awaken the interest of the masses. 
With the latter, the story of some great military chieftain, whose victorious achievements 
consist in the destruction of his fellow-man, is ever more attractive. But if the achievements 
of the warrior or the statesman are lauded amid the bustle and agitation of civil strife, the glory 
of the physician is reflected in the quiet exercise of that deeper and more important mission 
which has for its object the welfare of human interests in the tranquil course of domestic life, 
where the affections dwell and the heart finds its repose in sympathy with affliction and be- 
reavement, in relief of physical pain and the cure of disease in all its protean forms. It is here 
that the physician occupies a place which is second to no other on earth in its sacred importance 
and beneficence. Living in and for his art and its scientific development, his constant 
endeavor is to ameliorate the condition of the human race. His scene of labor is in the 
daily rounds of private practice in the chamber of the sick and in the wards of the hospital. 
It is here that he displays his strength and asserts his claims as man’s benefactor. The life 
of the skillful physician, viewed in the light of his intellectual exertion, his realm of author- 
ship, his original research, his investigations of the nature, causes, treatment and prevention 
of disease, or in his constant efforts in seeking, finding and imparting with unwearied 
industry new and useful knowledge for the alleviation of human suffering, the prolongation 
of life and the improvement of public health, will be found to present a panorama of varied 
and never-ceasing activity, voluminous and replete with scientific and philanthropic interest. 
The faithful rendering of such a biography becomes at once a precept and an example, an 
argument and incentive, awakening in the minds of others who may read and reflect upon 
its teachings the determination to press steadily forward in a like honorable career. To 
those who have grown weary with life-long toil in the vineyard of their profession, such 
biographies afford an interest and encouragement, a vindication and a satisfaction in the 
choice of their noble avocation, and to all they present chapters of profound importance in 
the history of society. 
If the achievements of medical men reflect brilliancy in the ordinary and uneventful 
pursuit of peaceful life, the annals of history will show that they shine with no less luster 
amidst stirring scenes of danger and of public calamity. In the facing of malignant epi- 
demics, or in the pursuit of scientific research, in braving the exposures incident to explor- 
ing expeditions of unknown regions, or in response to the call for relief of the agonies 
and the horrors of cruel and grim-visaged war, whether on the perilous, tempestuous sea PREFACE. 
V 
or in the fiery ordeal of battle, the profession of medicine instead of a hindrance has been 
the incentive and opportunity for the exercise of a courage and daring unsurpassed by that 
of any other avocation of man. If it be said by the thoughtless that the military surgeon is a 
non-combatant, and therefore not exposed to the dangers and chances of war, statistics will 
answer that in almost every conflict in the history of our nation the proportion of deaths of 
officers of the line who were killed in battle, who have died in camp, in hospital, in prison, or 
from disease incident to active service, has been exceeded by the mortality among medical 
officers. In the present work, therefore, it becomes a duty and a pleasure to record the pro- 
fessional achievements of those early and modern military and naval surgeons whose history 
is identified with that of our country, from the war for independence to that which was waged 
for and against the perpetuity of the Union, and especially of those who nobly took part on 
either side in our recent conflict, who followed through the thickest of its dangers, not to 
deal out destruction, but to stanch the wounds of friend and foe alike, and who were the 
first to extend the fraternal hand across the field of strife when it had ceased between the 
opposing armies. 
A common and well-grounded objection urged respecting the various biographical works 
and local histories relating to towns, cities, counties and States, purporting to present the 
leaders of our profession, is an utter lack of discrimination, or the inclusion of the members 
of all schools of medicine, without regard to real merit. But as this work is to be issued in 
the interest of Regular Medicine, and as its editor believes the teachings of this school em- 
bodies everything essential to medical skill and progress, we trust that its pages will be 
found free from such objections. In its publication the editor does not claim that it embraces 
biographical notice of all the eminent men of this great country; he does, however, believe that 
he has presented, if not a majority, at least a greater number of those entitled to such distinction, 
representing the different periods of American history, than has hitherto been published in 
any other work in this line of medical literature. Doubtless there are yet many illustrious 
members of our profession who are equally worthy of biographical mention, but if any such 
have been omitted, or if the life sketches of any who are included are brief or incom- 
plete, it has been neither the fault of the editor nor the publisher, as neither time, labor 
or expense has been spared to render the work as complete in all its details as possible. Our 
great aim has been to include within this volume biographical sketches that shall present 
with sufficient fullness the latest results of original and historical research, and to arrange 
them in alphabetical order, thus rendering it a reference book of the most valuable character. 
As all articles relating to the “great beacon lights” of the profession have been made as 
complete and exhaustive as the limited space of a cyclopedia could afford, it is believed the 
work will not only prove entertaining, but instructive, or educational, as well. The field from 
which the editor has gleaned is a wide one, in fact national in its range, and its biographical list 
includes prominent officials connected with the following organizations: American Medical 
Association, American Academy of Medicine, American Association of Genito-Urinary 
Surgeons, American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Climatological 
Association, American Dermatological Association, American Gynecological Society, Ameri- 
can Laryngological Association, American Medical Editors’ Association, American Neu- 
rological Association, American Ophthalmological Society, American Orthopedic Associa- 
tion, American Otological Society, American Pediatric Society, American Physiological 
Society, American Public Health Association, American Rhinological Association, American 
Surgical Association, Association of American Medical Colleges, American Volunteer Med- 
ical Corps, Association of American Physicians, Association of Medical Superintendents 
of American Institutions for the Insane, International Medical Congress, National Associa- 
tion of Railway Surgeons, National Board of Health, National Conference of State Boards 
of Health, New England Psychological Society, Rocky Mountain Medical Association, 
Sanitary Council of the Mississippi Valley, Southern Surgical and Gynecological Association 
and Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States. Also, 
prominent officers of the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine 
Hospital Service, United States Pension Bureau, Professors in regular Medical Colleges, 
Hospital Physicians and Surgeons, Editors of leading Medical Journals, distinguished Medical 
Officials in charge of City and State Benevolent Institutions, as well as those connected with 
County and State Medical Societies. Authors who have made important contributions to the 
literature of the profession, and those who by long experience or professional Success have 
become of eminence have likewise been fully recognized. In short, this publication includes 
biographies of many noteworthy physicians, surgeons, and specialists in every important 
town and city in the United States and Territories. It is not supposed that great medical vi 
PREFACE. 
men are only found in great cities, and only inferior ones in inferior towns, for sometimes 
the most capable men of the profession are recruited by the former from the latter places. 
And while it is foreign to the nature of this work to attempt the resurrection of “Village 
Hampdens, or mute, inglorious Miltons,” yet whenever our researches have led to the dis- 
covery in the most obscure and unexpected localities, the names of men, 
a liberal recognition of their worth has not been omitted. 
The hook begins with an introductory chapter containing an outline review of the prog- 
ress and condition of medical science and medical practice from an early period in our coun- 
try’s history to the present time, and is supplemented by a complete “Local Medical and 
Surgical Index” or alphabetical arrangement under cities and states of the names and busi- 
ness address of eminent physicians, surgeons and specialists, as well as the page upon which 
their biographies are to be found. This directory is designed to aid those who seek pro- 
fessional services at particular places, and is a feature especially desired by correspondents 
in every section of the country. The work will be found profusely illustrated by numerous 
fine photo-engraved portraits, accompanied by fac-simile autographs, thus securing for the 
publication a most valuable and attractive national portrait gallery of the distinguished 
medical men of the country. 
“On fame’s eternal scroll worthy to be inscribed,” 
It was found that the extra thickness of paper requisite for printing portraits would make 
the book too large for convenient handling if printed in ordinary style, with paragraphs 
and leaded lines, but by avoiding this the publishers have been enabled to print with the 
present number of pages the same amount of matter that would othenvise occupy a volume 
even much larger than the one first intended. The editor deems it due to himself to state 
that the idea which first led to the publication of this work was conceived several years ago, 
since which time he has gradually gathered material essential for its completion. In 1891 he 
issued circulars in which, setting forth the objects of the work, he endeavored to enlist the 
interest and co-operation of prominent members of the profession in various parts of the 
United States in furtherance of his design., The project met with general favor, and it was 
not long before he received sufficient pledges of aid to warrant the expectation of its earlier 
completion. Some of the pledges were promptly redeemed, others delayed, and some 
still remain unfulfilled. According to the systematic arrangement of the work each sketch 
required printing in alphabetical order. Any delay, therefore in sending in the data of 
sketches caused great hindrance to the progress of the publication. When at length, in the 
spring of 1893, a sufficiency of material was gathered to form a large volume, the financial 
panic suddenly occurred, prostrating all branches of business, and this also for a time oper- 
ated against its more rapid completion. This statement it is considered necessary to make 
in order to show that the unlooked-for delay in the appearance of the work was not occa- 
sioned by any fault, neglect or mismanagement of the editor, who never for a moment 
despaired of the enterprise, and who has been unceasing in his efforts to urge it on to final 
completion. His duty has been to exercise great care in the selection and preparation of the 
sketches, to superintend the publication in a general manner, and to expunge from its pages 
that which was lacking in professional interest, or whatever was likely to prove offensive to 
good taste or to be at variance with the amenities of medical ethics. 
In facilitating a large professional correspondence, in verifying the data of sketches, and 
in securing other important information requisite for the preparation of the work, great 
pleasure is taken in acknowledging the obligation the editor is under to the publishers of the 
“Medical and Surgical Register of the United States,” “Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American 
Biography,” “Carson’s History of the University of Pennsylvania,” the Journal of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, the Magazine of Western History and other valuable periodicals of the 
day. The facts relating to the personal history of the living distinguished representatives of 
the profession included in this work have been contributed by friends, colleagues and those 
most familiar with the career of the subjects. Many biographical sketches of pioneers in 
medicine are from the pen of Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, Dr. Chas. E. Cadwalader, of 
Philadelphia, Dr. Joseph Jones, of New Orleans, and other notable American physicians. 
Some of these memoirs were in original manuscript never before published, and some were 
extremely rare and of great historic value, and for all of which we desire to express 
assurance of our most sincere thanks and especial appreciation. 
16 West Ohio Street, 
Indianapolis, Ind., Dec. 30, 1893. 
Editor and Compiler. INTRODUCTORY. 
GENERAL REVIEW OF THE PROGRESS AND PRESENT CONDITION OF MEDI- 
CAL SCIENCE AND OF MEDICAL PRACTICE IN THE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA. 
It is kncwn that in the colonial history of our country the first practitioners of the 
healing art were educated in their parent country, and following the fortunes of their less 
gifted countrymen, became participants of their struggles and trials. “Such were the few 
medical men who first landed on our shores and who encountered all the difficulties of 
administering to the ailments incident to a new climate, aggravated by deficient facilities of 
protection from the elements and exposure. They were in many instances possessed of a 
thorough education and of classical accomplishments, and nobly sustained their part in the 
untried scenes through which they passed. In some cases the theological and medical pro- 
fessions were united in the same individual, medicine being studied as an accessory science 
with the especial view (as is now frequently done by our missionaries to foreign lands), to 
meet the exigencies of administering, if required, not only in spiritual concerns, but in 
bodily derangements.” This union of the clerical and medical professions has been 
explained by Dr. Thacher as follows: “The inducement to emigrate, with a large propor- 
tion of the colonists, was of a religious nature. They were restive and unhappy under the 
restrictions and even persecutions which emanated from the bigotry of the church estab- 
lishment of England. The Puritan clergy of England were, for more than twenty years 
prior to the emigration of the first settlers, subjected to the sharpest persecution. Hence, 
as a precautionary measure in case of an ejectment, a considerable number of clergymen of 
that period were educated to the medical profession, and not a few were eminent practitioners 
before they crossed the Atlantic. When these professional men came to form connections 
in the Colonies, it was found that the small congregations were unable to afford them a 
comfortable support, hence the necessity and convenience of their resorting to secular 
avocations.” In a historical address delivered at the opening of the Medical Department of 
Columbia College, Washington City, District of Columbia, March 30, 1825, Prof. Thomas 
Sewell, in this connection, says: “So far were the professions of divinity and medicine 
united that the clergy not only prescribed for the sick, but entered into controversies and 
wrote practical works on the diseases of this country.” The two avocations, however, occa- 
sionally interfered with each other, as is illustrated by the following incident related by Dr. 
Joseph Carson: A theological physician of the early colonists was upon a certain occasion in 
the midst of his usual Sunday services when a message was conveyed to him that a negro girl 
was dangerously ill and needed his medical attention. Having no other means in the 
pulpit of giving his directions, he seized a hymn-book and wrote upon the fly-leaf, “Let the 
wench be blooded, and wait until I come.” It must not be supposed that from the very 
commencement of the settlements all were supplied with the highest degree of skill or 
consummate learning. The colonists in the infancy of their establishments were often 
apparently satisfied with a moderate amount of professional competency. 
Referring to the progress of medical education in North America, Professor William 
Pepper, of Philadelphia, in his recent address before the Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress, says: “The scattered handfuls of early settlers on our shores had, indeed, prob- 
lems facing them more urgent than the promotion of science. They differed as widely in 
their motives for undertaking the appalling task of conquering and colonizing America, and 
in their fitness for the work, as they did in their nationalities. Separated widely from the 
mother countries, hampered very often by unwise and vexatious interference from the home 
governments, they waged war against the powerful tribes of aborigines who swarmed over 
vii viii 
INTRODUCTORY. 
the country, and against the no less serious obstacles of untried climatic and political condi- 
tions. Bloody warfare raged promiscuously and disease was rife.” During the colonial period 
of our history it was the custom for young men, who entered upon the study of medicine, 
to become regularly apprenticed to some practitioner for a term of three or four years, dur- 
ing which time the preceptor was entitled to the student’s services in preparing and dispens- 
ing medicine, and serving as an assistant in minor surgical operations. As a return for this 
the physician was obliged to give the student detailed and thorough instruction in all the 
branches of medicine. Many of the leading men frequently had several students in their 
office, constituting a small class, who were drilled as regularly in their studies as they would 
be in college. In some instances the term of apprenticeship was extended even to six or 
seven years. When the medical school sprang into existence it was first intended merely to 
supplement the apprentice system, and as a means of communication of one part of the 
country with another were exceedingly limited, it was found desirable to concentrate school 
work into as small a part of the year as possible. Hence the origin of the short term of four 
months, which has clung so persistently to -the American system of medical college educa- 
tion. The medical schools started in Philadelphia and New A"ork were the only ones attempted 
before the Revolution. In June, 1768, the first commencement of the College of Philadel- 
phia was held, at which the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred upon ten stu- 
dents, John Archer being the first to receive this honor, and at the commencement of the 
same institution in 1771, the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon four students. 
The degree of Bachelor of Medicine was first conferred by Kings College, New York, in 
1769, and the degree of Doctor of Medicine by that institution in 1770. From the statement 
of Dr. Sewell, ant authority previously quoted, it appears that the claim of priority in 
conferring degrees in medicine must be awarded to the Philadelphia School, while the prece- 
dence in conferring the Doctorate must be given to New York. The struggle for American 
Independence interrupted the work of both these institutions. Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, in 
a recent address on “Medical Education,” says; The close of the last century found schools 
established not only in Pennsylvania and New York, but in Massachusetts, Maryland and 
Vermont. There were, however, in 1810, only five medical schools in existence, with an 
aggregate number of students of about 650, of whom 100 received the degree either of 
Bachelor or Doctor of Medicine. The Bachelor’s degree was given to those who had at- 
tended one full course of college instruction. It was hoped that such students, after a short 
period of practice, would eventually return to take the higher degree; but as this expecta- 
tion was not fulfilled, the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was soon wisely abolished. A 
noticeable feature of the education of that early period in our medical history were the re- 
quirements for a high standard of general education. Those students who did not possess a 
college degree were expected to pass an examination in Latin, Mathematics, and “Natural 
and Experimental Philosophy.” To obtain the degree of Doctor of Medicine it was neces- 
sary that the applicant should have been a Bachelor of Medicine for at least three years, 
should have attained the age of twenty-four years, and should write and defend a thesis 
publicly in the college. 
Such was the standard of education Avith which the present century opened. New 
schools continued to be created, not infrequently in connection with some university, as 
in 1810 at Yale University, in 1817 in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1820 at BrunsAvick, Maine, in 
1825 at Charlottesville, Virginia, until, in 1840, twenty-six neAv medical colleges had been added 
to the list, the Avhole number of students in the country amounting to 2,500, the population 
in that year being 17,069,453. A glance at the report of a committee to the Medical Society of 
the State of Noav York in 1533 gives a good idea of the amount of work done by the schools at 
that period. In the twenty schools mentioned in this report, the number of courses of lectures 
required was two, Avith one exception—that of the University of Virginia, where three 
courses Avere required ; and to the credit of this university be it said, the length of each course 
was ten months, whereas, the almost invariable custom of the other schools was to give a 
course of four months’ duration only. The time of study purported, hoAvever, to be in all 
cases three years, “including the time devoted to lectures,” as it is stated in most of the 
reports. This straAv indicates that at that time the chief dependence, or nearly so, was 
placed upon the extra-mural instruction Avhich was given to the student. At Yale University 
there Avas this additional requirement, namely, that the student Avas required to study four 
years, “if he had not graduated,” Avhich phrase, probably, means, if he had not already 
taken the academic degree. This seems to he the first intimation that a longer term than the 
standard then set Avas necessary for a complete equipment for the practice of medicine. 
“The Medical Institution of the State of Georgia (incorporated in 1828) gave at first the INTRODUCTORY. 
ix 
bachelor’s degree with one year of study, but immediately abandoned it for the usual cur- 
riculum. In the University of Pennsylvania, to which we look for the standard in these 
early as well as later days, two full courses were required, but as in many other schools one 
course only was demanded from those who had attended a course at some other reputable 
school. In addition, a course of clinical instruction in one of the Philadelphia hospitals 
was required. The course was then three years in length, but as each course of lectures 
lasted only four months, it was expected that during the remaining portion of the first two 
years the student should receive private instruction. As the period of the school term was 
so short, it is interesting to note at what time of the year the various courses of lectures 
began. This, it will be seen, varied greatly according to the geographical position of the 
institution. At Dartmouth and the University of Vermont the term began in August. In 
Bowdoin College, Maine, however, it began in the middle of July, continuing until the mid- 
dle of May, that is, the term time in the far north was in the summer or spring. At Yale 
and Harvard, and in Philadelphia and New York, the term opened at the end of October or 
the beginning of November, as did also the schools in North Carolina and Kentucky. The 
University of Virginia, with its long course of ten months, began early in September. Al- 
though the term time was exceedingly short in some schools, a large amount of work was 
crowded into the daily routine of the students. Five or six systematic lectures a day, with 
attendance on clinics and dissections when possible, was considered nothing more than a fair 
amount of work for the medical student to digest properly.” 
This system of teaching remained practically unaltered in 1851, if we may judge from a 
report to the Committee on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. In 
regard to the private instruction which was supposed to continue during the remaining eight 
months of the year, the report states that a very large proportion of students simply read 
medicine under the direction of their preceptors. Anything like careful instruction upon 
the part of the teachers did not exist. The student, neither while attending lectures nor 
while in his preceptor’s office, was encouraged in anything like faithful and rigid study. To 
remedy the defect, private schools for teaching medicine were founded by enterprising 
physicians and surgeons, and these quiz classes which were then inaugurated became a 
prominent feature of the national system of teaching. Many a distinguished professor has 
first won his spurs at these private schools, and many valuable experiments in medical 
education were carried on by these men. As the college term has lengthened, the necessity 
for these accessory courses has diminished, and in many cities the extra-mural instruction, 
whether by private school or by teacher, has passed into history. As we approach the 
middle of the century, we find the nation growing rapidly in population and prosperity, and 
a corresponding increase in the numbers and activity of the medical profession. From 1830 
to 1845 the number of medical schools in the United States had more than doubled. At a 
meeting of the Medical Society of the State of New York in 1839, when the subject of 
medical education was brought forward, it was proposed to hold a national medical conven- 
tion the following year in Philadelphia, consisting of representatives from the different 
schools and State societies. No response was made to the action of this society, but in 1844 
Dr. N. S. Davis, then a delegate from Broome county, New York, offered a resolution that a 
national convention be called in 1846, and the American Medical Association thus sprang 
into existence, the fundamental idea, which brought about the formation of the association, 
being the improvement of our system of medical education. It was high time that some 
such movement should take place, as the rapid increase of the number of medical schools 
brought with it a constant increase in the laxity of methods of teaching. 
The equipment of a new school was, continues Dr. Warren, sometimes pathetic in its 
meagerness—a manikin and a few lecture rooms constituting the entire “plant” of the infant 
institution. It would not do to question the dean too curiously about the clinical facilities 
which the school enjoyed; and as for laboratory work there were few teachers sufficiently 
advanced in their ideas to think of criticising the absence of such instruction. There was, 
indeed, no time for it. Every available space in the tabular view was filled with lecture hours. 
Professors were asked to come from neighboring towns to assist in teaching, and often gave two 
lectures in the same day. This cramming process, which seems so purely American in its 
hustling activity, is perpetuated to the present day in a limited number of schools, chiefly those 
situated far from medical centers. As Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes has said, life at that time 
was cheap; medical visits in the country were worth only twenty-five cents apiece, and the am- 
bitious student could not afford to make an expensive outlay for his future work. The 
American Medical Association therefore justly put on record its opinion “that the abuses 
which exist in the modes of medical education pursued in this country demand the serious X 
INTRODUCTORY. 
consideration of the profession,” and at each meeting it continued to sound a note of warn- 
ing on this all-important subject. One of the principal reforms which it proposed to bring 
about was the lengthening of the term of each year from four to six months. To the Chi- 
cago Medical College—which was founded in 1859—must be given the credit of having been 
the first to attempt to lengthen the college course and to establish the system of teaching 
upon the so-called graded plan. The school was, in fact, organized for this express purpose. 
Little change was, however, effected by the Association in the methods of teaching at that 
time, although the discussions which were constantly held was destined eventually to bring 
forth good fruit. During the following decade little was done in the way of reform. 
Referring to the status of medical teaching at this period, Dr. Warren says: “It is not 
surprising that the best class of students were dissatisfied with the opportunities, and that 
the number of those who found it necessary to go to Europe to complete their education was 
constantly increasing.” The ambitious young graduates who ventured across the perilous 
waters in search of additional accomplishments were soon convinced that they had much 
to learn, especially in relation to clinical and laboratory work, and appreciating the glaring 
necessity of reformation in the mode of teaching at home, after ample observation of all the 
improvements of medical art and science abroad, returned to enlighten the profession and 
become instructors in our native schools. Hence the last few years mark the era of a great 
change in the history of American medical education. The rising generation of our medical 
teachers was not content with antiquated methods of a previous century, and all the more 
advanced methods of instruction have taken their place. The example set by the Chicago 
Medical College, in lengthening the college course and in establishing a graded course of 
instruction, has been followed by the University of Pennsylvania, the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of New York, the Harvard Medical School, and by nearly every other impor- 
tant institution in this country. This advancement is almost entirely due to the unselfish 
efforts of the medical profession. When it is considered that the majority of our schools 
are established without government aid and without liberal benefactors, and must be con- 
ducted on business principles with a view to their practical success, this evolution in medical 
education is entitled to all the greater appreciation. 
“There are now in the United States thirty-two examining and licensing bodies that 
do not give instruction. Although the work of these licensing boards is far from uniform, a 
great deal has been accomplished by them. There are at the present time fifteen States 
with Practice Acts that require an examination of all persons desiring to practice medicine 
in the respective commonwealths. These States include nearly fifty per cent, of the entire 
population. In many States the whole complexion of the medical practice has been changed 
by the clarifying influence of these bodies. The reports on medical education, by the 
Illinois State Board of Health, have exerted a more powerful influence on the movement in 
education than any other publication which our medical literature has produced. At the pres- 
ent time State examinations are required in Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Washington, 
North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Virginia, New Jersey, New York, Nebraska, Maryland and 
Utah.” Among the prominent features of modern medical education are those which relate 
to the character and amount of laboratory work which is now required, which,in addition to med- 
ical chemistry, include bacteriology and pathological histology. A type of laboratory course 
peculiar to the Harvard Medical School is that on the application of bandages and surgical 
apparatus. “Another subject which is receiving more and more attention yearly is that of 
clinical instruction. The weakness of this feature of medical education was one of the 
glaring faults of the old system, and arose out of the fact that hospitals were far less numer- 
ous than they are at the present time, and that from the necessities of the situation, the 
independent origin of the medical school became a custom which has continued almost 
unimpaired to the present day. In Boston the medical school flourished for nearly one-third 
of a century before its teachers realized the importance of this problem. A circular was then 
issued in 1810, in which the statement was made that a hospital was an institution absolutely 
essential to a medical school.” The change of feeling in more enlightened times was indi- 
cated by the benefactor of the great Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore. The reaction in favor 
of clinical teaching is becoming daily stronger, and no school can hope to compete with the 
great schools of the country which does not have control of what is usually called “clinical 
facilities.” The union between school and hospital in most of our large cities is becoming a 
more and more intimate one. In this brief outline history of the progress of medical 
education in the United States, the benefits derived from the schools and hospitals of the 
great medical centers of foreign countries have been indicated. 
Referring to this subject, Dr. Pepper in his recent address, previously mentioned, has INTRODUCTORY. 
xi 
said: “We shall never cease to be proud of our lineage or to acknowledge the immense 
debt we owe to Europe. Its languages are ours, its glorious past is part of our heritage, its 
mighty names in art and philosophy and science are household words with us, its rapidly 
advancing civilization incites us to loftier efforts. But the balance between the old and the 
new world is being redressed.” Again, in relation to this subject, and the prospective re- 
sults of the recent Pan-American Medical Congress, Dr. John B. Hamilton, as editor of the 
Journal of the American Medical Association, says: “No congress, medical or secular, has 
ever had deeper motives of patriotism. The medical profession of the Western Hemisphere 
were anxious to take the initiative steps in the formation of this new medical union, which 
means the emancipation of the profession of medicine of this part of the globe from Eui’O- 
pean control. This great change can not be immediate, but it is sure. The future medical 
students of Pan-America will attend the universities of the United States, Mexico and 
South America. Berlin and Paris schools will attract them no more than the older institu- 
tions of Padua and Leyden. The progress of civilization is ever westward. Athens and 
Alexandria were succeeded by Salernum and Cordova; they in turn by Paris and Edinburgh. 
Boston and Baltimore now claim a share in the leadership, closely followed by Philadelphia, 
New York, Chicago and other cities. The medical schools of the United States have done 
very much in this Columbian year to place them in the front rank, but the history of the 
evolution of human intelligence shows that these efforts are only bringing into view the 
eternal principle mentioned by Bishop Berkeley: 
Westward the course of Empire takes its way. 
“It is in no spirit of self-glorification that we write this article; but no man can consci- 
entiously compare the technique of the methods of the Massachusetts General Hospital, the 
Pennsylvania Hospital or the Johns Hopkins Hospital without knowing them to be superior 
to those of the Hotel Dieu, the Moahit or the Allegemeine Krankenhaus. As for the Lon- 
don hospitals, there are none to be mentioned in the same class, except possibly St. Thomas, 
and that is so cramped in its operation and hampered by traditional customs as to resemble 
more the institutions of the dawn of the century than those of its close. In the new world, 
then, we may expect the great university of the next quadri-centennial; and the present 
status of American medical education as shown in the late Pan-American Medical Congress 
is such as to warrant the hope that not only will the United States in its turn, for its due 
season, be the seat of the world’s great medical school, but that the time is near at hand.” 
In the realm of authorship, the American medical profession occupies a position that 
has secured the appreciation of the civilized world. It has not only contributed standard 
works upon all the seven primary divisions of medical art and medical science, but has ably 
covered the many special fields of medicine. If such contributions to medical literature are 
not as numerous as those of Germany, France or Great Britain, yet they are known to have 
exerted a powerful influence upon the opinions and practice of the medical profession of 
Europe, and the works of many have been translated into the languages of all enlightened 
nations. In regard to the publication of medical journals, we are said to be in advance of 
all other countries as to number, and from the steady and decided improvement in the tone 
of their management, they are becoming no less noted for their practical character and scien- 
tific merit. In this country and in this progressive age, many original observations and investi- 
gations are first seen in periodicals, instead of being reserved to become a part of publica- 
tions in book form. It may be stated that the extraordinary number of medical journals in 
the United States is apparently due to the same influences that require the existence of our 
numerous medical schools and medical societies. The vast extent of our territory and rela- 
tively sparse population render it inexpedient and impossible to serve the country with the 
same number of medical men, medical schools, medical societies or medical journals as may 
be found sufficient in more densely populated countries. But the rapid rise in the standard 
of scientific requirements, both of medical men and medical literature, and the appreciation 
of the fact that a higher medical education is the true interest, both of the profession and 
the public, are circumstances which operate to check the further establishment of ill- 
equipped medical schools, or inferiorily edited medical journals, while they stimulate those 
in existence to more earnest work and still more lofty aims. 
In estimating the progress of medical practice since the beginning of the present cent- 
ury, it again becomes necessary to view the conditions of that period. In reference to this 
subject, Dr. R. H. Dalton, of St. Louis, says: Physicians then were not troubled with 
obstacles and responsibilities as they are now, as their calling rested on the same basis with 
all other common enterprises. Practitioners, whether regularly educated or impostors, had xii 
INTRODUCTORY. 
liberty to offer their services, and there was little difficulty in justifying their work among 
the people, who knew much less about medicine than they do now. Quacks, with fluent 
speech and popular manners, were sure of success. Opportunities of medical education be- 
ing restricted, a majority of physicians in rural and village communities were either self- 
taught or served a term of apprenticeship under some popular doctor of experience. Scarcity 
of money and difficulty of transportation were hindrances to all but few. Transylvania 
University was the only school in the West and South, only three of any note were in the North 
and East, and among these, that of Philadelphia held chief patronage. As far along as 
1830, the University of Pennsylvania was crowded with students from New York and the New 
England States. Medicine was then taught almost entirely from the rostrum, clinics being 
left out at Transylvania, and occupying only one hour of every week at the Pennsylvania 
Hospital in Philadelphia. The chairs of theory and practice and the institutes entirely over- 
shadowed all others, and the professors of these were favorites of every class: indeed, they 
were fairly worshiped. Any octogenarian now living (continues the venerable Dr. Dalton), 
who listened to Charles Caldwell at Lexington, Kentucky, and Nathaniel Chapman, of 
Philadelphia, in 1827, will bear witness to this, for he must have been charmed by their elo- 
quence, especially that of Caldwell, who may have had equals in other branches of oratory, 
but never a superior. His person was of the grandest type, six feet two or three inches tall, 
well proportioned, straight as an arrow, and modeled like an Adonis. His eye was that 
of an eagle, and his bald head, with a broad, projecting forehead, thin lips and ruddy cheeks 
gave him the appearance of a superior being. He never failed to arouse the enthusiasm of 
the class as he gracefully entered the doorway every day at 10 o’clock, elegantly dressed, and 
with hat in hand marched up to the rostrum, while the house was shaking with thunderous ap- 
plause. Booth and Forrest never created a louder stamping of feet. His hour never seemed 
more than twenty minutes, and while speaking, every action was grace and every word was 
music. At that early time, medicine could hardly be called a science; the whole practice was 
more or less imbued with empiricism, for Marshall Hall, Brown-Sequard, Bell and other 
physiologic discoverers had not yet spoken. Authority was paramount, and he who had the 
eloquence and logic to maintain his theories, whether they were right or wrong, was always 
a champion. Didactic teaching was “the order of the day,” especially in America, where 
polemics and democracy dwell together. Humoral pathology and solidism were the princi- 
pal subjects of controversy, and the forces were nearly equal, the former referring all pro- 
cesses of disease to the circulation, the latter to nervous sympathy. The fiercest battles, 
however, were fought to decide whether fever is idiopathic or symptomatic. Caldwell, with 
his rhetoric, was a brilliant symptomatist. According to his view, übi irritatio, ibi Jluxus is 
the fons et origo of all disease. And many in his large classes went home thoroughly im- 
pressed with his doctrine. 
“There were no specialties then, but naturally in every community some practitioner 
sprang up into notoriety whose genius led him to feats of surgery by which he gained supe- 
rior fame. Surgery then differed materially from surgery now. Though commanding the 
most profound admiration of every one, and exalting the bold operator far above his com- 
peers, yet few, even the most talented, ever aspired to that distinction; for in the absence of 
anesthetics surgery was very little less than human butchery, as it unavoidably tortured the 
victim of capital operation beyond endurance. Screams of the agonizing patient, wails of 
the nearest kindred, tears of sympathizing friends, were never absent. Operating sur- 
geons having passed through these sad ordeals were known to weep like children when all 
was over and they were away from the scene of suffering, and dared remember the tragedy. 
Language fails to portray the horrors of bloody surgery in the absence of an anesthetic.” Yet 
at this early period Brashear had successfully performed amputation at the hip-joint, 
McCreary had extirpatedjthe clavicle, and the surgical achievements of Physick, Mott and Dud- 
ley for novelty, boldness and success had already secured to their authors a fame that ex- 
tended throughout the civilized world. 
Midwifery in those days was chiefly confided to the care of old women. Physicians 
were seldom called upon except in difficult cases (mal-presentations, hemorrhage or retention 
of the “after-birth”). In the few large cities of that period the members of the medical 
profession were just beginning to reap the benefit of that valuable practice which had been 
in the hands of midwives since the dawn of its history. Surgical gynecology was unknown 
then, and horrible cases of vesico-vaginal fistula, uterine fibroids and ovarian tumors were 
the painful, long-continued preludes of death among women in almost every community. 
It is true that Dr. McDowell, of Kentucky, had long since plunged his knife through the 
“sacred” peritoneum, removing a large ovarian tumor, saving a woman’s life; but that only INTRODUCTORY. 
xiii 
proved in the minds of others that he was a reckless dare-devil, void of conscience, and so 
the great surgeon and benefactor of woman lived on and died, ignorant of the fact that he 
had rendered his name immortal. In fact, he might have regarded himself as under the 
ban of public sentiment. Such is often the reward of manhood and genius. Thus went on 
the sufferings and misfortunes of the gentler sex till about the middle of the century, when 
a poor young doctor in feeble health, at Montgomery, Alabama, was known to be harboring, 
at his own expense, two or three negro women in a small board shanty in his own yard, 
which was called in derision “Sims Hospital” by his neighboring physicians. These 
women were victims of vesico-vaginal fistula, and Sims was experimenting to find a substitute 
for the hollow conical speculum which precluded free manipulative access to the injured 
parts. In this he succeeded, the rupture was exposed, and nothing remained to secure per- 
fect repair but ordinary mechanical digitation. His patients were cured, and as he kept on 
in his line of work, struggling as a young practitioner for means to support his family, 
unmindful of the witty comments of rivals who criticised his methods of laying the founda- 
tion of surgical gynecology, his fame became world-wide, and fortune soon scared away the 
wolf from his door forever. More than one-third of a century had passed away, continues 
Dr. Dalton, when it became evident that the domain of medicine was too extensive for the 
qualification of any individual physician to discharge its functions with intelligence and 
honest service. Therefore specialties naturally came in vogue, enabling the general practi- 
tioner to fully equip himself for any phase of disease in his line, and at the same time the 
simple stethoscope and the marvelous microscope, with many other minor improvements 
and facilities of great value, were inaugurated to augment the importance of the medical 
profession. When the middle of the century was reached, the anesthetic properties of ether 
and chloroform were discovered, in the application of which was established the most 
important era in the entire history of surgery, and science, at a single bound, leaped to 
the highest distinction. Skilled operators were everywhere seen quietly and leisurely 
carving the flesh of living, sensitive human beings, while their subjects were wrapped in 
the folds of lethean bliss. The terrible agonies of frightful operations had ceased forever, 
and blood in a great measure had ceased to flow by the surgeon’s knife as the result of more 
careful cutting and the use of instruments for its restraint. 
“In addition to all this, the great Civil War came in 1861, not only to shake, with terrible 
vigor, the basis on which our political institutions had rested from the beginning, but to 
arouse the energies of the American mind, in the way of invention for the benefit and com- 
fort of the race to a degree never witnessed before, and medicine was not left in the rear of 
that progress.” Indeed, it may be said that no event in modern history has given a greater 
impulse to the advancement of medicine and surgery, and to-day may be seen all over the 
land physicians and surgeons of the ripest judgment and skill wdiose stores of experience 
thus gained has been of incalculable value to them ever since. For the purpose of showing 
the enormous responsibility of military surgeons during this period the following figures are 
given, indicating the total number of cases treated in the armies of the United States as de- 
rived from the “Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion.” The figures 
relate to white troops only, and are for the period from May 1, 1861, to June 30, 1866: The 
total number of amputations of upper and lower extremities were nearly 30,000, and the re- 
sulting mortality about 28 per cent. The total number of exsections of upper and lower 
extremities was more than 4,000, with a resulting mortality of about 36 .'per cent. The 
total number of cases recorded in reports of sick and wounded was 5,825,480, with a total 
mortality of 166,623. The total number of gunshot wounds was 230,018, with a mortality 
of 32,907. (The total number killed in battle was 42,724.) The total number of deaths 
from disease was 157,004, the principal causes of mortality being: typhoid fever 27,056+ 
typho-malarial fever 4,059 = 31,115; chronic diarrhea, 27,558; inflammation of lungs, 14,738; 
consumption, 5,286; small-pox, 4,717; measles, 4,246; acute dysentery, 4,084; chronic dys- 
entery, 3,229, and remittent fever, 3,853. The total number of cases of gangrene reported 
as occurring among the wounded of the Union armies was 2,642. Of these, four cases oc- 
curred in 1861; 223 in 1862; 623 in 1863; 1,611 in 1864, and 135 in 1865. One thousand 
three hundred and sixty-one cases terminated in recovery, and 1,142 were fatal, a mor- 
tality of 43 per cent.; but in a considerable number of the fatal cases death was due to 
the original injury, or to other complications, as septicemia and hemorrhage. The total 
number of cases of traumatic erysipelas reported as occurring was 1,097, with a mortality 
of 41 per cent. The total number of cases of tetanus reported is 605, or a little more than 
two per thousand of the total number of injuries by weapons of war. More than one- 
fourth of the cases followed operations upon the extremities; 116 after amputations, and xiv 
INTRODUCTORY. 
fifteen after excisions. “We can scarcely doubt,” writes Surgeon General Sternberg, “that a 
majority, at least, of these cases would have been prevented by modern methods of treat- 
ment—antiseptic or aseptic. The same statement applies to the considerable number of 
cases reported under the heading pyemia. It seems probable that of the 2,818 cases re- 
ported under this heading a large proportion were in fact cases of septicemia resulting from 
wound infection. The very great mortality, and the results of post-mortem examinations 
made indicate this.” In the United States Army since the war, or from 1866 until 1891, the total 
amputations of upper and lower extremities number about 1,300, with a resulting mortality 
of nearly 23 per cent., while the total number of cases of exsection of the upper and lower 
extremities was 74, with a resulting mortality of about 21 per cent. For some years the 
miscroscope has been employed to ascertain what part bacteria play in the production of 
disease, but thus far the investigation has failed to result in entirely satisfactory or positive 
conclusions as to their pathogenic import. The evidence that micrococci, bacilli and 
spirilli are the specific cause of infectious disease has been greatly strengthened in 
this country during the last fifteen years by the careful scientific research of Dr. 
George M. Sternberg, and his investigations as to their clinical significance as well 
as to the best means for their destruction are worthy of profound consideration. 
Whether the microbes are the cause or mere harmless accompaniments of disease, one great 
benefit has already resulted: aseptic surgery, almost equal to the discovery of chloroform, 
has been established, and healing by the first intention fairly secured. Whether all putre- 
factive processes in wounds and the dissemination of contagious or infectious diseases are 
caused by the development of living organisms, as is generally believed, or partly result 
from other poisonous agencies, concerning which some difference of opinion may still exist, 
a substantial agreement prevails that the use of antiseptics renders innocuous certain poison- 
ous matters which are met with in such cases; though the effect is practically the same, if 
strict cleanliness is enforced and the purification of the air is attained by thorough sanitary 
measures. 
In summarizing the present condition of medical science and medical practice in this 
country, as elsewhere, it may be said that the general advances of medical knowledge during 
the last few decades is unequaled by that of any other period in the world’s history. We 
may now say with satisfaction, on looking back to a period within one’s memory, that there 
never before was a time in the annals of our profession that has witnessed so great a zeal in 
research, or when any approximation to a similar progress in learning or skill has shown 
itself among physicians and surgeons. “In the recent past problems thousands of years old 
have been solved while others are rapidly approaching sure solution, thus fulfilling the desires 
of our predecessors to an extent far beyond their hopes and expectations.” In the accom- 
plishment of these achievements which are fraught with such wondrous importance, whether 
considered in the possibilities of science not yet applied, or in practical results in the general 
lengthening of human life, or in those which are no less desirable, the decrease of pain and 
misery, and in the prevention of diseases which afflict our fellow-creatures, American med- 
icine may justly claim an equal part with that of the most enlightened nations. 
Medicine, however, is still to be regarded from two standpoints—the scientific and the 
empirical. “While there is so much unknown in the study of medicine there must be em- 
piricism in its practice. Knowing little or nothing of certain processes of disease, it is 
guided by broad results, and that is empiricism. Knowing, from previous investigation, 
something of certain other processes, it is guided by its knowledge of the causation, and 
that is scientific medicine. Empiricism will become less conspicuous in medicine with a 
corresponding advance in physiological knowledge, and, with the better means thus afforded 
to test and investigate its assertions, they will the more quickly be reduced to scientific 
expression. Medicine thus can claim an independent existence as a practical science—not, 
of course, independent of biology, or the study of the condition and phenomena of life and 
of living things—but taking rank as one of its distinct and integral divisions. Intimately 
related to all the other divisions of physical and natural sciences, and freely giving to and 
borrowing from them, it yet lives and works in a sphere of its own.” 
Many medical men in their modern research assume that the study of the intangible 
vital principle leads to no definite result, and have therefore abandoned its pursuit and even 
the discussion of its existence, and have devoted themselves to the investigation of the nat- 
ural phenomena of living bodies so far as they are appreciable by the human senses and 
intelligence. With them, therefore, the study of life is simply the study of the phenomena, 
without any attempt to determine its actual nature. Modern physiology recognizes the fact 
that many of the phenomena presented by living bodies are purely physical or chemical, and INTRODUCTORY. 
XV 
are to be studied by precisely the same methods as may other physical or chemical phenom- 
ena seen elsewhere. Such as the mechanism of the joints, movements of limbs upon the 
trunk, extent, force, and rapidity of muscular contraction in general; the changes which 
take place in the food during digestion, and in the air during respiration; the exhalation and 
imbibition of various matters by the blood-vessels in the course of the circulation; the pressure, 
velocity, and movement of the blood itself, and its changes of color and constitution. 
While the temperature of the blood is to be ascertained by the thermometer like that of any 
other fluid, the gases absorbed and exhaled are analyzed. The correct interpretation of 
these phenomena requires a complete knowledge of anatomy down to the minutest micro- 
scopic structures, and the same thing may be said of organic chemistry, so far as relates to 
the immediate composition of the animal solids and fluids. But after all such experiments 
and investigations referred to are to be performed upon the living body, since it is the living 
body alone that the necessary conditions of the vital phenomena may exist, even those of 
the simplest character. Modern physiology still retains the ancient division of vital phenom- 
ena into those of vegetable and those of animal life. The vegetative functions are recog- 
nized as those which are common to both the animal and vegetable kingdom, while the 
animal functions consist in the phenomena of sensation, consciousness, intelligence, of vol- 
untary or excited motion—all, in fact, which bring the animal in relation to the external 
world through the agency of the nervous system. 
As a branch of modern medicine, we are indebted to biologists for the discovery of the 
physical basis of life, or to the supposed original substance from which all living beings are 
developed, and which is the universal concomitant of every phenomena of life. “In other 
words, wherever nutrition and propagation, motion and sensation, exist, there is, as their 
natural basis, this substance designated in a general sense as protoplasm.” In eggs and 
seeds are the basis of life, but the vital properties exist in a dormant state; but, even pre- 
supposing the existence of organized structure, it is impossible to give a precise definition of 
life. The ancients held that there was an independent entity or vital principle, whose union 
with the body causes life, and its separation from it death. From the most remote periods 
in the history of medicine the problem of life has ever baffled solution, even by its wisest 
investigators, and has in all ages proved the most puzzling question which the human mind 
has ever attempted to explain. Various modern definitions of life, however, have been 
attempted. According to Bichat, “life is the sum-total of the functions which resist death.” 
Treviranus makes it “the constant uniformity of phenomena with diversity of external influ- 
ences,” and Bedard calls it “organization in action.” In the light of present knowledge, 
the celebrated definition of Bichat is insufficient and inaccurate, as the opposition or con- 
trariety between life and death upon which it is predicated does not exist. It is now known 
that in every living substance destructive processes are simultaneous with constructive or 
organizing, and in this elemental strife the one process is as essential as the other. The 
absolute dependence of all the vital processes on oxygenation is now fully recognized. 
“Life forever swings between limits of chemical analysis and synthesis. Oxygen eats into 
and breaks down the complex molecules of protoplasm; nutrition rebuilds those molecules 
(nutrition, in fact, is simply organic chemical affinity). Nutrition locks up energy in the 
molecules produced.” By oxygenation the stored-up energies of the body are set free and 
used in organic function. This is perhaps the highest view of the ultimate condition of life 
which inductive science yet offers, and has been concisely expressed in the definition of De 
Blainville: “Life is a double internal movement of composition and decomposition, at the 
same time general and continuous.” In accordance with the most recent biological and 
pathological research, life and health and disease and death may be briefly defined as fol- 
lows : Protoplasm is the physical basis of life. Chemical force is the cause of life. Organi- 
zation, function, and decomposition are the effects of life. Thus it maybe said that chemical 
force, acting upon protoplasm, resulting in organization, function, and decomposition, not 
only constitutes life, but the harmonious interaction of these conditions, as applied to the 
physiological elements of the body, likewise represent health; while a perversion or varia- 
tion of either of these factors as to quantity or condition constitute disease or death, accord- 
ing to the degree of perturbation or alteration which may be established. One of the most 
important steps in the progress of medicine within the present age is in a more definite ex- 
planation of the influence of the predisposing, exciting and determining causes, as well as 
ultimate nature of disease. “If the study of morbid anatomy received great impetus from the 
labors of Bichat, the science of histology has been almost created since his day. The simple, 
rude lens of Leuwenhoeck and Malpighi has been gradually evolved into the compound micro- 
scope which has in our day revealed the cellular structure of all organic animal and vegeta- xvi 
INTRODUCTORY. 
ble tissue. In consequence of this we have the development of histology on the basis of 
cellular doctrine. And to the adoption of Virchow’s doctrine of cell growth, a large propor- 
tion of recent progress in pathology is to be directly or indirectly traced. It is now possible 
to localize morbid lesions in special tissues, and the autopsy, for the first time in the history 
of medicine, becomes fruitful in useful results. The natural history of disease (founded by 
Hippocrates) can now be completed by the pathological lesion revealed. The structure of 
the tissues and organs in which disease prevails has been exposed, and a distinct structural 
basis has been given to our knowledge, if not of the disease itself, of the morphological 
results of the disease. Morbid processes symptomatically indistinguishable, but pathologic- 
ally distinct, may now be discriminated and individualized. The processes of every disease 
have been investigated, with general increase of knowledge; prognosis has been given with 
more certainty and definiteness, and it has been possible to make an exact interpretation of 
the morbid signs observed. Great and important in itself and its influence on biology, the 
doctrine of cell-growth has almost revolutionized pathological study.” Until the adoption of 
cellular pathology, as taught by Virchow, the humoral pathologists expressed the idea that 
the blood was the seat, “almost without exception,” of all general diseases, and, further, 
since purely local disease was considered to be exceptional, the vast majority of diseases 
were classed under the head of blood diseases. “The healthy condition of the blood was 
considered by the humoralists to depend upon the normal mixture of its constituents (the 
crasis), and prominent among its constituents were reckoned the germinal substance of the 
different tissues [hlastemata), which exuded, through the capillary walls, in the process of 
nutrition. When the blood-crasis was disordered or diseased, a dyscrasis was said to exist, 
and dyscrases were held to be, in the majority of cases, primary, though it was allowed that 
local anomalies of nutrition might, and did occasionally, occur and give rise to secondary 
dyscrases. A blood disease, or dyscrasis, being established, all morbid changes throughout 
the body were believed to be but local manifestations of the same.” If, however, we accept 
Virchow’s doctrine of cellular pathology in its entirety, we must believe that the blood is, in 
every relation, a dependent and not an independent fluid, and that the sources from which 
it is sustained and restored, and the exciting causes of the changes that it may suffer, lie 
without and not within it. Substances may enter the blood and affect the corpuscles inju- 
riously ; the blood may act as a medium in conveying to the organs noxious material that 
has reached it from various sources; or its elements may be imperfectly restored; but there 
is never any dyscrasis or affection of the blood itself which is permanent, unless new 
influences arise and act upon the blood through some channel or through some organ. 
At the present time, while it can not be said that hnmoralism is professed by many 
pathologists, the notion of blood disease as generally entertained thirty years ago still clings 
to the nomenclature and pervades some of our pathological doctrines. Diseases that affect 
the whole economy—such as syphilis, scrofula, tuberculosis, rheumatism, cancer and the 
essential fevers—are frequently described as “constitutional,” or blood diseases. Whether 
their general manifestations are secondary to local disease, as in syphilis and cancer, or 
referable to inheritance, they are no doubt dependent upon morbid conditions of blood for 
their development. Morbid conditions of the blood, as applied to pathological states of the 
vital fluid are real and numerous, and their association with the development of constitu- 
tional disease can be distinctly demonstrated by physical, chemical or histological examina- 
tion. The system of Virchow, which attempts to explain all morbid processes by reference 
to the independent life of cells, their active properties, their proliferation and their degen- 
eration, while it ignores or attaches less importance to derangements of the circulation, or 
to alterations in the composition of the blood in the light of present pathological investiga- 
tion, can not be accepted. It is true that cellular pathology explains many facts which were 
before obscure, and the important steps thus taken are not likely to be retraced; but, in 
several points, modification of Virchow’s views has become necessary. As to the origin of 
new growths, it is not now held that all arise or can arise from connective tissue. The 
origin, development, progress and transmission of constitutional infectious diseases involve 
a primary morbid condition of the blood, and even in inflammation it is now agreed that 
the changes of the tissues, however well established, are only of subordinate importance as 
compared with those depending upon the circulation. 
By bringing to investigation the aid of the microscope the fundamental tissue elements 
of the corporeal mechanism have been reduced to the nervous, the muscular, the connective 
tissue, and the cell element. Upon this basis the localization of all morbid lesions is now 
possible. But the study of pathological conditions relating to any one of these elementary 
divisions, wide as it may be, is not safe unless with frequent reference to the others for their INTRODUCTORY. 
xvii 
aid. Even if it could be made sure that many diseases begin in morbid states of the blood, or 
nervous system, or any other chief constituent of the body, it would be nearly as sure that 
Within a few hours, or even minutes, of their beginning the other elements would be in- 
volved. For the relations of the several parts are so intimate, and through the nervous sys- 
tem and through the circulating blood, their means of communication are so swift that if 
one be diseased none can long remain healthy. “There is no truth more necessary to be 
held in pathology and in its practical applications than that the health of each part is a 
necessary condition of the health of all the rest;” For this reason a tendency has been 
manifested of late years to supplement the analytic method of pathological investigation 
(which however useful and necessary has been carried to an extreme, and had caused the 
direction of too great a degree of attention to details and single symptoms) with a synthetic 
or constructive method of research. As a result of this the study of the ancient doctrines of 
humoral pathology, which seeks for the causes of disease, or of its first effects in the blood 
or fluids of the body, has been revived and greatly strengthened by the discoveries of 
Conheim and other recent miscroscopic investigators. In recognition of this principle a 
disposition has arisen with many to regard disease in a broader and more comprehensive 
manner; to view more prominently the relation of morbid tissues and functions to the organ- 
ism generally; to emphasize less the variations than the constitutional form of the disease; to 
recognize in some way or another not only the so-called vital forces, but the indefinable “vital” 
principle as a governing factor in the morbid process. By the establishment of a common 
basis of elementary lesions occurring in every part of the body the same pathological pro- 
cesses are found to take place in different structures of the body with primarily the same 
effects, which are modified only by the function and character of the tissue of the part in- 
volved. The abnormal increase of connective tissue in the structure of any organ for 
instance ends in contraction, compression, and obliteration of the structural element with 
consequent loss of function. Inflammation occurring in any tissue leads to effusion, extra 
vasation and suppuration. All the elementary processes of pathology may be seen in differ- 
ent tissues and organs producing the same effects, only that the effects are manifested in a 
manner peculiar to each part; with the same fundamental lesion the disease is the same 
essentially, although wholly distinct in appearance. Since the vast majority of diseases can 
be resolved into these fundamental processes, a scientific and durable foundation for 
pathology is now established, which is of the highest value and significance for philo- 
sophical medicine. Under this view diseases of different organs, which until their essential 
elements were demonstrated appeared to have nothing in comfnon, are now seen to be 
results of the same process. “Thus a great tendency among medical investigators through- 
out the world may be observed at work toward the codification and unification of disease, 
the resolution of complex forms into the simplest elements.” The doctrine of unity of 
disease in which Rush believed, but could not prove, is now being, to some extent, con- 
firmed. Illustrations of the progress that has been made in the scientific and laborious 
study of forms of disease are afforded in the case of nervous disorders, which are now traced 
to general changes taking place in other parts of the system; and those processes have been 
connected with certain signs by which they are recognized clinically. Even in psychological 
medicine insanity has been demonstrated to be the result of definate cell-change. Mind 
is now regarded as a phase of force. The inseparability of matter and force is now fully 
recognized. From the irritability of protoplasm up through reflex action, instinct, memory, 
reason, and will, the amount of mentality is in direct proportion to the clustered nerve-cells 
and their structural integrity. The occult mysteries of mental aberration are now studied 
through the mal-nutrition of nerve-centers. It is now conceded that reason is as much 
dependent upon an abundant supply of rich oxygenated blood as any other function of the 
body. The clinical history of other so-called local diseases corresponding with the different 
physiological systems—namely, the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and genito-urinary 
—have also been greatly perfected within the present generation. For this, modern med- 
icine is under the greatest obligation to the fifty years’ experience of the late Dr. Austin Flint, 
as a clinical observer and teacher, and the published results of his formulated views. And 
some progress can also be claimed in our knowledge of the essential fevers and other general 
diseases of the system. The nosological division of essential fevers into the periodical, con- 
tinued, and eruptive is still retained; but an important fact now recognized is that these 
fevers may be blended; that physicians have to deal sometimes with two fevers combined; 
that a continued and periodical fever may exist in combination, e. gu, typho-malarial; that a 
continued and eruptive fever, as diphtheria and scarlatina, may co-exist; and that two erup- 
tive fevers, as rubeola and scarlatina, may concur. The Hunterian doctrine that two general xviii 
INTRODUCTORY. 
diseases can not be united has been abundantly disproved by modern clinical observation. 
The rationale of fever and the correlation of the pathological condition to “waste” products 
of the system, both as to cause and effect, is now more clearly comprehended. Among what 
is termed general diseases of the system, morbid conditions of the blood elements have 
received certain and definite explanations. The correlation of syphilis, scrofula, and tuber- 
culosis has, since the days of Lugol, been more clearly traced. And the dependence of such 
diseases upon morbid conditions of blood-cell elements has been almost positively demon- 
strated. Gout and diabetes have been elucidated in their chemical results, and have been 
studied as a question of physiology rather than from a pathological standpoint. 
One great advantage that modern medicine may claim is that of an earlier recognition 
of disease than was possible by its former representatives. “There can be no doubt that in 
our day we recognize the onset of many diseases much earlier in their history than the most 
skilled and careful observers of the past generation could have done. This is due not only 
to increased knowledge of the causes of disease, but also to a more accurate acquaintance 
with the different manifestations that morbid processes assume. Fifty years ago some affec- 
tions might have seized upon the victim beyond all hope of recovery before the attendant 
could dimly realize what was the nature of the illness. But it is now possible to detect these 
same affections in their insidious onset, and to adopt timely measures for their removal or 
prevention. No fact is now more fully realized than that a tendency to a morbid state is 
easily managed, while, on the other hand, the morbid state itself, once developed, may be 
beyond all control. By appreciating those changes which originate in imperfect blood 
depuration, or impoverishment of the circulating fluid, and which end in malnutrition, the 
practitioner knows what will follow, and so prepares to meet the danger.” These observa- 
tions apply with special force to the pre-tubercular stage of pulmonary consumption. 
Great and wide progress has been recently made in the study of the symptoms and 
signs of disease. A definite value and explanation have been given to their significance; 
their true meaning has been made more clear. “A direct effect of disease has been observed 
as the natural center of a group of symptoms which, without such explanation, were isolated 
and unintelligible. While local lesions have been clearly defined, the constitutional effects 
have been more observed, and these effects always recognized as they have been by signs to 
which a purely empirical value was attached are now measured with the certainty of scien- 
tific observation. The relations of the topical disease to the whole system, usually the main 
inquiry in each case, are thus determined.” The study of disease by the aid of the ther- 
mometer, the stethoscope, laryngoscope, ophthalmoscope and other instruments of scientific 
investigation has been elaborated and formulated to an extent undreamed of by the authors 
of such methods. With their use a certainty and precision are afforded by signs and condi- 
tions which must in all cases be inquired into, but which before the use of such means 
were most vague and indefinable. Recent progress in this direction, as well as in patholog- 
ical anatomy, has been largely due to microscopic study. Substantial and important aid 
has also been given by chemical analysis of the ultimate results or morbid processes. Elec- 
tricity has been made to contribute materially to the more precise determination of the gen- 
eral effects and conditions of disease, while other means of smaller and more limited scope 
have assisted to build up a broad basis of semeiology, which is of the utmost value, because 
it supplies a positive element of the vital power and the constitutional relations of local dis- 
ease that are fundamental factors in every case, and which could otherwise only be vaguely 
guessed. By means of animal experimentation and vivisection, physicians and surgeons 
have of late years gained knowledge concerning the relation of the various organs of the 
body and their affections, as well as means of repair of lesions, the value of which is beyond 
estimation. 
One of the most encouraging indications of the progress of medicine is derived from 
a comparison of the state of pharmacology at the present day with that which existed fifty 
years ago, when we consider the knowledge positively acquired in this time, of the modus 
operandi of many of our most potent and commonly used drugs, not only as regards their 
local action, but also as to their influence upon the nervous circulatory and respiratory sys- 
tem, as well as upon temperature and the secretion and excretion of various glandular 
organs, there surely can be no reasonable doubt that at no distant day the pharmacologist 
will supply the physician with the means of affecting in any desired sense the functions of 
any physiological element of the body. The isolation of the active principle of a drug is a 
decided approximation to scientific precision in therapeutics; but the clinical gain from this 
som’ce is not always certain, for the entire drug is often seen to act with more advantage 
than the simple alkaloid, even though the latter is practically the therapeutic power of the INTRODUCTORY. 
xix 
drag. Important advance has been made in the principles of the administration of drugs, 
especially in regard to their application to the part they are designed to affect as directly as 
possible. By the subcutaneous injection of the active principle of drugs (a method first devised 
by an American physician, the late Dr. Edward Warren of Baltimore), the effect is more 
localized and less constitutional disturbance is produced than when the administration is by 
the mouth. Medicine can be employed in this way, not only with more accuracy, but entering 
sooner into the circulation it acts more quickly, while the risk of decomposition before 
absorption, which is incurred by mixture with the digestive fluids is avoided. The old and 
tried method in therapeutics was that of empiricism, or clinical experience, and that much 
was accomplished in this way is universally admitted, and in fact, if one leaves out of sight 
the progress of the last few decades, almost all therapeutic knowledge has been derived 
from this plan of investigation; but in recent years exact physiological experimentation has 
done much to raise therapeutics from the position of an empirical art to the dignity of ap- 
plied science, and we now have a definite physiological aim in the use of remedial measures. 
Another recent tendency of therapeutics is with reference to a clear insight as to the “syner- 
getic” action of drugs. The modern therapeutists recognize the fact that, by a judicious combi- 
nation of drugs acting in the same direction, better and more satisfactory results are attained 
than from either of them alone; and that, in this way, their action is not only increased, 
but modified to suit different indications, which is not always possible by the use of a single 
drug, however well selected as to character or dose. The physiological antagonism of drugs 
recently studied, and taught in the medical schools of this country, more especially by Barth- 
olow and Wood, often leads to the combination of two or more drugs of diverse properties, 
in order to counteract some unpleasant physiological effect. 
It is for these and other reasons that the latest tendency in therapeutics is to revert con- 
tinuously and partially to the combination of remedies, still following pathological indica- 
tions, but not submitting the whole plan of treatment to a single dominant symptom. And, 
in fact, the so-called pathogenetic treatment is, as far as can be, taking the place of the symp- 
tomatic. This is illustrated in the modern treatment of phthisis pulmonalis. Even in the 
general management of this malady, instead of the sedative treatment which sent patients 
to a warm, moist, relaxing climate, a bracing plan of open-air life has been adopted, with 
far better success. The former method was the treatment of symptoms—that is, the cough ; 
the latter is the treatment of the essential disease by improving the constitutional powers 
and condition. Recognizing the constant and direct influence of the nervous system in 
every physiological process of the body, some of the most certain and remarkable thera- 
peutic results are obtained by acting upon the nerve centers in the brain and spinal cord, by 
which these effects are normally induced. Still more striking than the use of drugs in this 
connection are the results recently obtained by the precisely localized and measured action 
of heat and cold upon the central nervous system. In these various ways nervous influence 
is counteracted or subordinated, in place of disturbing the therapeutic plans. The experi- 
mentation upon lower animals, and the application of the results thus obtained by analogy 
to the treatment of disease, has been an exceedingly important factor in our therapeutic 
progress, and as the laws which govern the susceptibility of animals to different drugs, based 
upon their difference of organization, becomes more fully developed, the value of such 
experimentation in giving definiteness and certainty to therapeutics must be recognized as 
of the highest importance. The sedulous and laborious investigations in this direction by 
Mitchell, Hammond and other American physicians have been largely instrumental in 
placing the domain of therapeutics upon a strictly scientific foundation. The growing 
identification of therapeutics with physiology is also seen in the hygienic treatment of 
disease. Not only are hygienic measures used for general purposes of advantage, but dis- 
tinct applications of hygiene employed for distinct physiological effect. Schemes of die- 
tetics, for instance, are not only used with negative precautionary aims, but with positive remed- 
ial intentions. By the prevalence of certain climatic conditions, natural or artificial physi- 
ological states of the body are induced, and may be calculated upon as distinctly curative. 
Exercise may be so ordered that particular secretions and processes shall be stimulated 
while others are unaffected. This mode of treatment has largely displaced the use of drugs, 
and has greatly diminished the expectation of specifics, if not the desire for them. Im- 
provement in the methods of treatment of the insane has been manifested in the discarding 
of the system of mechanical restraint and the substitution of judicious mental control in 
public as well as private institutions established for their cure. 
One of the most striking features relating to the present condition of medical practice is 
that of the almost entire disuse of the lancet. Doubtless many causes contributed to this INTRODUCTORY. 
XX 
result, such as a better knowledge of the nature of some diseases, teaching us that their 
processes were frequently of a lowering or depressing character, which were to be overcome, 
not by the abstraction of blood, but by the use of stimulants and support. In such cases, if 
“antiphlogistic” measures were adopted, they proved failures, and it was found that this art, 
which had been employed for centuries, was no longer the universal panacea it was supposed 
to be, and that its abuse led to much evil. Since then a new generation, which knew not 
the past, has sprung up, and, as in all reactionary movements, the pendulum of popular 
opinion has swung from one extreme to another, and this remedial agent has fallen into 
almost complete oblivion. It should, however, be said, in vindication of our predecessors, 
that for some special morbid conditions, either with or without inflammation, venesection is 
still regarded by many of our most skilled and judicious practitioners of medicine as one of the 
most reliable and most potent life-saving therapeutic measures. Past experience and present 
physiological and pathological investigation have, however, taught the modern physician 
and surgeon that venesection is distinctly contra-indicated in all forms of adynamic disease 
and whenever evidence of great depression exists, and that the very young, the old, the 
feeble and the cathetic do not bear well the loss of much blood. This consideration does 
not render the topical abstraction of blood by means of leeching, scarifying and cupping 
inadmissible when such persons are attacked by dangerous inflammation; but it especially 
enforces the golden rule that no more blood should be abstracted by such agencies than 
seems absolutely requisite to control the disease. 
The antipyretic treatment of diseases, characterized by excessive temperature, by means 
of cold baths, and with drugs which appear to antagonize the febrile process by diminishing 
heat production are therapeutic measures of modern origin, which have been found by 
American physicians of most conspicuous utility in the early stages of disease before ady- 
namic conditions are developed, and in which hyperpyrexia appears to be the chief danger. 
In this country such treatment is regarded as symptomatic rather than pathogenetic, and in 
its employment much judgment and discrimination is required upon the part of the physi- 
cians. In cases where excessive body heat is regarded as the chief factor in the production 
of parenchymatous degenerations and other grave results by its control, the treatment is 
believed to have the merit of scientific precision and to exercise a life-saving influence. 
In this country special study has been given to the employment of anesthetics. A con- 
siderable number of substances have been used more or less extensively, and their physio- 
logical effects have been closely compared. A smaller quantity of the inhalent has been 
found sufficient, and happier results (in view of the slight danger to life incurred by ordi- 
nary inhalations) have been obtained by the method of “mixed narcosis” or the adminis- 
tration of alcoholic stimulants or the subcutaneous injection of morphia and atropia before 
the use of the inhalent. The more correct principle of local anesthetization in which the 
disturbance of the system is avoided has been successfully adopted in the application of the 
freezing effect of the “ether spray” of Richardson, the “rhigolene,” of Bigelow and, in minor 
surgery more especially, by the use of cocaine. The physical and mental quietude induced by 
general anesthesia, however, still keep a place for ether and chloroform in appropriate cases. 
In this country the relation of electricity and disease has been well investigated. By 
the labors of Beard, Rockwell, Hamilton, Goelet, Newman and other American physicians a 
precise code of electro-therapeutics has been established. This agent is now not only suc- 
cessfully applied for diagnostic, but for remedial purposes, both in the field of medicine and 
surgery. It has proved to be of conspicuous utility in the hands of gynecologists, neurolo- 
gists, laryngologists, and others engaged in special departments of the medical profession. 
It may be said that less than twenty-five out of the thousand diseases requiring the 
study and attention of physicians are known to cause nearly two-thirds of our total 
mortality. It is known that the application of well established principles of sanitary 
science will either wholly prevent or mitigate every one of these maladies. The medical 
profession has taught in the past, and continues to teach, that the attainment of health and 
longevity requires a constant guard against the maliflc influence of impurity of atmosphere, 
water and food, the inheritance of a diseased constitution, the effects of soil moisture, 
climatic changes, lack of personal cleanliness, and exposure to contagious and infectious 
maladies. But individual effort can exercise but little influence in protection against either 
of these factors. The State is the delegated guardian of man’s life, as well as his liberty and 
property. In all sections of this country thousands of infants are annually born into the 
world inoculated with scrofula, syphilis, consumption, epilepsy, chorea, insanity, or the 
alcoholic diathesis, and this often to an alarming extent in the highest society of the nation. 
If the laws of the State are inadequate to prevent the marriage of diseased persons, and to pro- INTRODUCTORY. 
xxi 
tect children from inherited maladies, such wrongs to society are always discouraged by an 
enlightened medical sentiment. Truly has it been said, “The curse causeless shall not 
come,” and in this day of rapid transit the facilities for diffusion of contagious diseases are 
such as to seriously threaten the welfare of every community. “Failure to exert controlling 
power over these affections, either through ignorance or negligence, renders the danger to 
mankind far greater in this period of advanced civilization than in any, even amid the 
gloom and desolation of the dark ages. No nation on the face of the globe is so constantly 
threatened with devastation from portable diseases as America. The immigration to this 
country of people from all the lands of the earth is unprecedented in the history of any other 
nation. Into our seaports are constantly landed enormous vessels tilled with human freight, 
composed largely of the restless, dissatisfied, turbulent, poverty-stricken, diseased and 
oppressed people of all climes and nationalities. Into the great harbors of New York, 
Philadelphia, New Orleans and San Francisco countless thousands of these ragged, filthy and 
penniless additions to our population, with their bundles of luggage packed amid the squalor 
and diseases of the dangerous homes from which they emigrated, are hastily thrown upon the 
wharves, and by hundreds of fast boats are carried over thousands of miles of rivers or over 
the one hundred and twenty-five thousand miles of railroads, and scattered into every 
community in America, and with them are carried the infectious diseases of the places from 
whence they came.” And without national or State sanitary surveillance, both at ports of 
departure and upon arrival in our harbors, the commercial stability, peace, prosperity and 
happiness of every community are daily jeopardized. Thus are these diseases readily 
brought into our cities, and as soon as one is driven out another stares us in the face, 
and the only chance of protection in this day is for the municipality to keep skilled and 
faithful guardians on the alert to meet and conquer these direful affections. From what is 
known concerning the predisposing influences of zymotic disease, it follows that the best 
local sanitation against the development of any one specific disease is almost equally valu- 
able against another. For this reason no community is safe from this class of maladies as 
long as any one of them is prevalent and will afford the best evidence for improved sanita- 
tion. No maxims are more true than a “Nation’s health is a nation’s wealth,” and that 
“Nothing is so costly in all ways as disease.” 
But public health can only be advanced by organized effort upon the part of municipal, 
state, and national authorities, fully empowered by law to enforce the requirements of 
their important trusts. The members of all organizations to secure these results should be 
chosen entirely with reference to ability and integrity. Children in all public schools should 
be educated to understand the elemental principles of physiology and hygiene. Legislators 
should be educated to understand that the prosperity of our nation depends upon the health 
of its citizens. Engineers and architects should be educated to understand the most perfect 
sanitary arrangements for sewerage and ventilation in the construction of all residential or 
public buildings. 
When epidemic disease is decimating a filthy community, the public should remember 
that nature’s inexorable laws are not suspended in this world for man’s benefit, and that 
petitioning for a day of fasting and prayer to stay the pestilence is inexcusable if not blas- 
phemous ignorance, as long as towns and cities are reeking with those causes and sources 
of infection which breed such maladies. On the great plains of plague-stricken Asia, 
centuries before the Christian era, the query “Shall such ills come by chance?” was then 
answered— 
“Like the sly snake they come 
That stings unseen; like the striped murderer 
Who waits to spring from the Karunda hush, 
Hiding beside the jungle path; or like 
The lightning striking these and sparing those, 
As chance may send.” 
Shall an intelligent people, at the close of the nineteenth century, meet this problem 
with no more rational interpretation than the ancient Buddhists in the earliest dawn of the 
world’s history? We trust not. But it is the physician after all who, by long experience 
and the acquisition of the accumulated knowledge of the past, who knows concerning 
the causes and prevention of disease, and to him alone is in reality delegated the 
high and sacred obligation to preach the gospel of health. All accomplished and 
successful physicians are in these days also intelligent sanitarians. And recognizing that the 
health of communities, and even of nations, often depends upon the health of individuals, 
they, with unselfish devotion to public interest, seek to inculcate among “ the laity” all 
knowledge that experience and observation have taught relating to personal and domestic xxii 
INTRODUCTORY. 
hygiene, in order that the greatest good may result to the greatest number. Under this policy 
results of the most important character are constantly being obtained in what is termed 
public hygiene. Even by the most rudimentary or imperfect methods of sanitation, which 
as yet alone is practicable, the most terrible forms of disease have been banished, and 
other contagious and infectious diseases have assumed a much milder form. With more 
efficient sanitary measure all of the so-called zymotic and specific forms of disease which have 
so scourged the world will certainly become more and more rare, if they do not altogether 
disappear. 
Whatever may be the final outcome of earnest effort in this direction, an honest review 
of the last half century will show that our profession has secured to our country, independ- 
ently of its grand achievements in the way of sanitation and quarantine, ever-lasting bene- 
fits, entitling it to the highest honor; but when we take into consideration the fact the 
nation’s health and vigor have in the meantime been fortified by medical science against 
the assaults of deadly epidemics that sacrifice so many thousands of human beings every 
year to the Moloch of contagion, the obligation is startling in its magnitude. Hitherto all 
efforts to guard or promote public health have been, as stated, more or less due to the spon- 
taneous intervention of physicians, supplemented occasionally by State or local authorities, 
but now there is a reasonable and earnest expectation and demand that the general govern- 
ment shall recognize such efforts by creating a Department of Public Health, in which its 
secretary shall have a rank, influence and prerogative equal to that of any other cabinet 
officer. EMINENT AMERICAN 
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ABBOTT, Luther J., of Fremont, Nebraska, 
son of the late Dr. Nicholas Abbott, of Troy, 
Ohio, was born at Blue Hill, Me., September 
15, 1831. His literary education was received 
at St. Johnsbury Academy, Vermont, and his 
medical education under Professor R. D. Mus- 
sey, at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, 
and at the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia. He was graduated at the last named 
institution in 1854. After association with his 
father in the practice of his profession a few 
years he removed to Nebraska in 1861, and has 
been a resident of the town of Fremont, in that 
State, since 1867. Dr. Abbott has performed 
all ordinary surgical operations, and all the 
difficult obstetrical operations, besides many 
others of an important character. It is said 
that his practice has been so extensive that he 
has frequently ridden one hundred miles in a 
day to attend his patients. He aided in the 
organization of the Dodge County Medical So- 
ciety, and became an early member of the 
Nebraska State Medical Society, of which he 
was elected president in 1877. He was ap- 
pointed United States Examining Surgeon for 
Pensions in 1871 and has served in that capac- 
ity for many years, and has also served three 
times as a member of the Nebraska State Leg- 
islature. He has taken much interest in busi- 
ness affairs as well as professional, and has 
been either president, director or secretary of 
nearly every organization in the city of his 
residence. He has made frequent contribu- 
tions of an important character to his State 
Medical Society. 
ABBOTT, Samuel Warren, of Wakefield, 
Mass., was born at Woburn, that State, 
June 12, 1837. Plis father descended from 
George Abbott, who emigrated from England, 
about 1640, and his mother from Edward Winn, 
who emigrated from North Wales about 1642. 
Both settled in Massachusetts. The subject of 
this sketch was educated at Phillip’s Academy, 
Andover, Mass., and graduated at Brown Un- 
iversity (Rhode Island), inlBsB. He began his 
medical studies under the preceptorship of Dr. 
Benjamin Cutter, of Woburn, and attended lect- 
ures at Harvard Medical School and the Un- 
iversity of Pennsylvania. He received his 
medical degree from Harvard in 1862. He was 
appointed Assistant Surgeon, United States 
Navy, in November, 1861, and served at Charles- 
ton Navy Yard, Chelsea Hospital and on United 
States Steamships Tioga, Catskill and Niagara. 
He resigned his position in the Navy, May, 
1864, and the following September was commis- 
sioned Assistant Surgeon in the First Massachu- 
setts Cavalry. In December of the same year 
he was promoted to the rank of full surgeon of 
his regiment and was mustered out of the serv- 
ice in July, 1865. Dr. Abbott has taken much 
interest in Public Hygiene. From 1872 to 1877 
he was Coroner of Middlesex county, Mass., and 
under the law abolishing the coroner system, 
he became Medical Examiner for the county 
and served from 1877 to 1884 in the latter 
capacity. He practiced medicine at Woburn, 
four years and at his present place of residence 
for the last sixteen years. He was Health 
Officer of Massachusetts from 1882 to 1886 and 
has been secretary of his State Board of Health 
from 1886 to the present date. He was Presi- 
dent of East Middlesex Medical Society from 
1874 to 1875. He has contributed important 
articles to the literature of the profession, 
among which may be mentioned, “Uses and 
Abuses of Animal Vaccination,” American 
Public Health Transactions, 1882; “ Defects of 
the Coroner System,” Forum Magazine, 1890; 
“ What Constitutes a Filth Disease,” American 
Public Health Transactions, 1890; “The Influ- 
enza Epidemic of 1889-90,” State Board of 
Health Report, 1890; “The Distribution of 
Diphtheria in Massachusetts,” International 
Congress of Hygiene, London, 1891; “The 
Evidences of Still Birth,” Transactions of 
Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society, also vari- 
ous papers in support of the Metric System and 
upon other subjects of professional and public 
interest. Dr. Abbott is a member of the Mas- 
sachusetts Medical Society, Massachusetts Med- 
ico-Legal Society, Massachusetts Association 
of Boards of Health, American Medical Asso- 
ciation, American Public Health Association, 
American Statistical Association, and the New 
England Meteorological Society. He is also 
an Associate of the Societe Franchise d’ Hy- 
giene. 
ABERNETHY, Jesse Jones, of Alton, Tenn., 
was born in Sussex county, Va., August 
29, 1817. He was never a student in a literary 
college, but partly in Virginia and partly in 
Tennessee the time of his boyhood and youth 
was divided between farm labor and the ac- 
quisition of a moderate English education, 
including the higher branches of mathematics. 
In 1838 he began the study of medicine under 
Dr. R. G. P. White, of Pulaski, Tenn., and was 
graduated M. D. at the medical department 
of the University of Pennsylvania in 1841. 
He soon after located at Murfreesboro, Tenn., 
and remained there and in Franklin county, 
that State, in active general practice for about 
twenty-five years. In 1860 he was appointed 2 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Professor of Theory *nd Practice of Medicine 
in the Shelby Medical College at Nashville but 
resigned the position soon afterwards. In 1877 
he moved to that city to accept the chair of 
Nervous Diseases and Clinical Medicine in the 
Nashville Medical College. He became a mem- 
ber of Rutherford County Medical Society in 
1846, elected president thereof in 1848; of the 
Tennessee Medical Society in 1850, elected 
treasurer in 1852. In 1876 this society was 
reorganized under the name of “Medical So- 
ciety of the State of Tennessee,” at which 
time he was elected president, and during the 
same year he was elected president of the Med- 
ical Society of Franklin county, Tenn. Among 
his more important contributions to medical 
literature may be mentioned the following 
articles; “Tetanus,” 1852, “Peculiar Form of 
Intestinal Obstructions with Cases,” 1861, 
“Some Effects of Diet on Parturition,” 1873, 
and “The Best Methods of Preventing Tuber- 
culosis,” which have been read before the 
Medical Society of the State of Tennessee. 
ADAMS, John Smalley, of Oakland, Califor- 
nia, a lineal descendant of Samuel Adams, 
of Massachusetts, was born at Highgate, Ver- 
mont, December 24, 1830. His professional 
education was received at Albany Medical Col- 
lege, N. Y., whence he was graduated on his 
twenty-fifth birthday. Early in 1856 he estab- 
lished himself at Troy, N. Y. In 1859, broken 
health compelled the temporary abandonment 
of his profession and as a sanitary measure, in 
1863, he removed to California. Having re- 
covered his strength he established his resi- 
dence in the Napa Valley and resumed and 
actively engaged in practice until 1874, when 
his health again became impaired. Recov- 
ery followed upon a visit to Europe, during 
which he continued his professional studies 
in the leading hospitals of Great Britain, and 
returning to America he finally established 
himself at Oakland, California, where he has 
pursued his professional avocation for the past 
twenty years. In the course of his practice he 
has performed various capital surgical opera- 
tions. He is a member of the Alameda County 
Medical Society and of the California State 
Medical Society. Of his professional publica- 
tions, the most important is a paper upon 
“Freezing for Sciatica,” which appeared in 
the Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal (July, 
1870), and in which attention was called for 
the first time to this method of treatment. 
nia, was born in Wadsworth, Ohio, October 
10, 1822. He is of English descent. After re- 
ceiving an academic education lie studied med- 
icine under the preceptorship of Dr. A. Fisher, 
of Western Star, Ohio. He attended lectures 
at the Cleveland Medical College and Jeffer- 
son Medical College, Philadelphia, and was 
graduated M. D. at the latter institution in 1849. 
He first located in the town in which he had 
studied medicine and remained there seven 
years; he then established himself at Sandusky 
City, where he practiced his profession until 
1875, when he removed to Oakland, California. 
He has been vice-president of the Ohio State 
Medical Society and has been a member of nu- 
merous other medical organizations, including 
the Medical Society of the State of California, 
and the American Medical Association. Dr. 
Agard served thirteeen years as Pension Sur- 
geon at Sandusky, Ohio, and has written some 
important papers for the leading medical jour- 
nals. 
AGNEW, Cornelius Rea,of New York, N. Y., 
was born in that city August 8, 1830, and died 
there April 18, 1888. His ancestors were Hu- 
guenots, Scotch and North Irish. His pater- 
nal ancestors left France at the revocation of 
the edict of Nantes, and settled in the northern 
part of Ireland, near Belfast, where they iden- 
tified themselves with the Scotch Presbyterian 
church. His grandfather, John Agnew, came to 
America in the year 1786, and at first took up his 
residence in Philadelphia. Shortly, however, 
he removed to New York City, where he set- 
tled permanently, and became engaged in the 
tobacco, commission and shipping business. 
He was succeeded by his son William, a na- 
tive of Philadelphia, who had been associated 
with him as partner several years. William 
Agnew remained in business about sixty years, 
and became a leading merchant of New York. 
Early in life William Agnew married Eliza- 
beth Thomson, a member of an old Scotch fam- 
ily which came to America during the year 
1771, and settled in Franklin county, Pa. The 
father of this lady was by profession a sur- 
veyor, and surveyed the national turnpike that 
was built from Chambersburg, Pa., to Balti- 
more, Md. The subject of the present sketch 
was the son of William and Elizabeth Thom- 
son Agnew. “His early education was re- 
ceived in private schools, and he was prepared 
for college by William Forest, of New York. 
In 1845, being then but fifteen years of age, he 
entered Columbia College and after pursuing 
the usual course was graduated in 1849. He 
began the study of medicine under Dr. J. Kear- 
ney Rogers, for many years surgeon to the 
New York Hospital and to the New York Eye 
Infirmary, and also Professor of Anatomy in 
the old College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
He attended the regular course in the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, and while pursu- 
ing his studies entered the New York Hospital 
as junior walker, receiving shortly afterwards 
an appointment as senior walker. In 1852 he 
graduated, and passed the following year as 
house surgeon in the New York Hospital, of 
which he became also curator.” In 1854 he went 
to the shores of Lake Superior and abode and 
practiced one year in a small settlement in the 
mining regions on Portage Lake, where now 
stands the flourishing town of Houghton. 
“He then returned to New York, having re- 
ceived the unsolicited appointment of surgeon 
to the Eye and Ear Infirmary in that city, and 
ADLER, John M., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Georgetown, D. C., August 9, 1828. 
His classical and literary education was ob- 
tained at Princeton College, N. J., from which 
he graduated in 1847 ; and Ids medical studies 
were pursued at the National Medical College, 
Washington, D. C., where he graduated M. I), 
in 1850. He then went to Central America and 
during the construction of the railroad from 
Aspinwall to Panama from 1851 to 1855, he was 
surgeon of the Panama Railroad Company. 
In 1857 he married the eldest daughter of the 
late David Gilbei't, M. D., of Philadelphia, 
after which he established himself in practice 
at Davenport, lowa. During the rebellion he 
was Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States 
Army, in charge of the General Hospital at that 
city/ In 1865 he removed to Philadelphia, 
where he has since remained. He is a member 
of the College of Physicians and of the County 
Medical Society of Philadelphia. 
AGARD, Aurelius H., of Oakland, Califor- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
3 
went to Europe to complete his studies to com- 
ply with the conditions of the appointment. 
In Dublin he became a resident pupil of the 
lying-in asylum, and also attended the clinics 
given by William Wilde, afterwards Sir Will- 
iam Wilde, at St. Mark’s Eye and Ear Hos- 
pital in the same place. Subsequently he vis- 
ited London, and walked its hospitals, observ- 
ing the practice of William Bowman and 
George Critchett, and attending the clinical 
lectures of William Ferguson. He next vis- 
ited Paris, where he observed the practice of 
Velpeau and Ricord, of Sichel and Desmarres 
in diseases of the eye, and that of Hardy in 
diseases of the skin. Upon his return to 
America, in 1855, he established himself in 
New York as a general practitioner. In 1856 
he was married to Mary Nash, daughter of 
Lora Nash, of New York, merchant. He held 
his position as surgeon to the New York Eye 
and Ear Infirmary till April, 1864, when his 
duties on the United States Sanitary Commis- 
sion compelled him to resign rather than to 
impose additional labor upon his colleagues in 
that institution. In 1858 he was appointed 
surgeon-general of the State of New York by 
Governor E. D. Morgan. At the commence- 
ment of the civil war the same governor ap- 
pointed him medical director of the State Vol- 
unteer Hospital, New York, in which position 
he performed most efficient service. For a, 
long time he had charge of the important trust 
of obtaining for the regiments passing through 
New York to the seat of war their medical sup- 
plies, being the representative in this work of 
the surgeon-general of the State of New York.” 
When the famous United States Sanitary Com- 
mission organized and proceeded to secure as 
colleagues gentlemen supposed to possess spe- 
cial qualifications, Dr. Elisha Harris and Dr. 
Cornelius R. Agnew were unanimously elected 
at the first meeting, and to the labors of Dr. 
Agnew no slight share of the success which at- 
tended the commission is to be attributed, as 
the following extract taken from Charles J. 
Stille’s history thereof proves: “Dr Agnew 
brought to the service of the commission the val- 
uable experience he had gained while perform- 
ing the duties of a medical director of the 
troops then being raised in New York. He 
soon exhibited a practical skill, executive abil- 
ity, and at all times a perfect generosity of 
personal toil and trouble in carrying on the 
commission’s work, which gave him during its 
whole progress a commanding influence in 
its councils. Oppressed by serious and re- 
sponsible professional cares, he nevertheless 
watched with keenest interest over the details 
of the cofnmission’s service, and he set an ex- 
ample of self-sacrifice and disregard of personal 
interest when the succor of the soldier claimed 
his attention, or required his presence. It is 
not too much to say that the life-saving work 
of the commission at Antietam, the relief which 
it afforded on so vast a scale after the battles 
of the Wilderness, and the succor which it was 
able to minister to thousands of our soldiers 
returning to us from rebel prisons diseased, 
naked and famishing, owed much of their effi- 
ciency and success to plans arranged by Dr. 
Agnew, and carried out at personal risk and 
inconvenience under his immediate superinten- 
dence.” In conjunction with Drs. Woolcott 
Gibbs and AYilliam H. Van Buren, Dr. Agnew 
prepared for the quartermaster’s department 
the plans Avhich were subsequently carried out: 
in the Judiciary Square Hospital, at Washing- 
ton, and were more or less accurately followed 
in the pavilion hospital system of the war. 
“ Dr. Agnew was one of the four gentlemen 
who founded the Union League Club in New 
York City, an organization from which the 
Government derived the most material assist- 
ance during the civil war, and which proved 
no slight factor in supporting the flagging en- 
ergies of both the people anti the Government 
during the darkest hours of the rebellion.” 
In 1866, he established in the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, an opthalmic clinic, having 
been asked by its faculty to do so, and in 1869 
was elected Clinical Professor of Diseases of 
the Eye and Ear. In 1868, he originated the 
Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital, and in 1869, 
the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, New 
York. In 1865 he was appointed one of the 
managers of the New York State Hospital for the 
Insane, at Poughkeepsie. He has been twice 
reappointed, and held from the inception of 
the undertaking the secretaryship of its Execu- 
tive committee. The educational institutions 
of the State and city have also received a share 
of his attention. In 1859 he was elected one 
of the trustees of public schools in New York 
City, and subseqently was chosen president of 
the board. In 1864 he was chosen one of the 
associate trustees to organize a school of mines 
in Columbia College, and on February 2, 
1874, was made one of the trustees of the Co- 
lumbia College. Dr. Agnew has taken a 
deep interest in everything relating to the pub- 
lic health, and has contributed some papers to 
the literature on this subject. He was secre- 
tary of the first society that was organized in 
New York City for sanitary reform, and a 
member of the committee that prepared the 
first draft of the city health laws. He also was 
a member for many years of the Century Club. 
In 1872 he was chosen president of the Medical 
Society of the State of New York. He was also 
a member of the following scientific societies: 
Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, Scot- 
land, New York Academy of Medicine, New 
York Pathological Society,Medical and Surgical 
Society of New York City, American Ophthal- 
mological Society, of which he was for several 
years president, American Otological Society, 
New York Ophthalmological Society, in which 
he aided in founding, International Ophthal- 
mological Society, International Otological So- 
ciety, Medical Society of the County of New 
York, and the New York Academy of Sciences. 
Heattended thelnternational Medical Congress 
at the Centennial meeting at Philadelphia. 
During the last thirty years of his life he de- 
voted himself particularly to diseases of the 
eye and ear. As a lecturer Dr. Agnew was 
fluent and practical. As an ophthalmologist 
he was widely known. He has contributed 
useful articles to current medical literature, and 
published a number of brief monographs re- 
lating to ophthalmic surgery, also a series of 
American Clinical Lectures, edited by E. C. 
Seguin, M. D., of New York. 
AGNEW, David Hayes, of Philadelphia, was 
born in Lancaster county, Pa., November 24, 
1818, and died March 22, 1892. As the subject 
of this sketch was so widely loved as a man, 
and occupied so prominent a position in the 
profession, his life and decease require a more 
extended mention than usually allotted by a 
chronicler of contemporaneous medical history. 
Originally of French extraction his ancestors 4 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
early settled in Scotland, and his more imme- 
diate progenitors came to this country about 
the year 1700. His father, Dr. Robert Agnew, 
is described as a courtly gentleman of the old 
style, of imposing appearance, genial manners, 
of a benevolent disposition and as the leading 
physician of his county for nearly a half cen- 
tury. His mother, Agnes Noble, was a grand- 
daughter of William Noble, of Chester county, 
Pa., a name prominent in the early annals of 
Presbyterianism in America. She is said to 
have been a woman of great natural strength 
of character and lived to the advanced age of 
ninety-one. Dr. Agnew began his classical 
education at Moscow Academy, a flourishing 
Chester county institution of the period, in 
charge of the Rev. Francis Latta. Next he 
studied at Jefferson College, Oanonsburg, Pa., 
subsequently completing his general education 
at a college in Newark, Del., where a cousin, 
cine. Shortly after going to Philadelphia he 
began the delivery of a course of lectures at 
the famous Philadelphia School of Anatomy, 
then on College avenue, the course continuing 
many years, contributing to the reputation of 
the institution and establishing the fame of 
the lecturer on an enduring basis. So widely 
did the school become known that, at the out- 
break of the civil war, his class numbered 265 
students, representing nearly every State in 
the Union, and being the largest class in the 
country studying under one teacher. In con- 
nection with this time-honored institution he 
also established the Philadelphia School of 
Operative Surgery. In 1854 Dr. Agnew was 
chosen one of the surgeons of the Philadelphia 
Hospital, where he left a perpetual memorial 
of his labors in the founding of the present 
Pathological Museum, of which he was for a 
long time curator. In 1863 he became by ap- 
pointment, Demonstrator of Anatomy and As- 
sistant Lecturer on Clinical Surgery in the 
Medical Department of the University of 
Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was chosen one of 
the surgeons of the Wills Eye Hospital. One 
year later he was appointed on the surgical 
staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital, when the 
inauguration of a policy with which he could 
not agree compelled him to' resign. But in 
1877 the Board of Managers of that institution, 
of its own volition, elected him to his former 
place, an occurrence without parallel in the his- 
tory of the institution. In 1867 he was chosen 
as one of the surgeons in the Orthopaedic Hos- 
pital. An experience which proved most val- 
uable in fitting him for his subsequent great 
responsibilities was his service as consulting 
surgeon at the great Mower Army Hospital, 
which was located at Chestnut Hill during the 
war. It was the largest hospital in the coun- 
try and was under the care of Dr. Joseph Hop- 
kins. Forty-seven physicians comprised the 
resident staff, while Drs. Agnew and S. K. 
Morton alternated as consulting surgeons. All 
the most dangerous cases came under their no- 
tice in this capacity, and all the most difficult 
operations under their hands. Gunshot wounds 
of course formed a large proportion of the 
cases, and at one time the number of these 
reached 5,000. Meanwhile Dr. Agnew had 
resigned his position at the School of Anatomy 
and shortly afterwards the institution went out 
of existence. He was the first to bring the 
school into prominence, and when he resigned 
its mission was over. It was a vehicle through 
which his wide knowledge of anatomy and his 
lucidity as a lecturer first became known. It 
was at this period he built enduringly for the 
future. The secret of his success was his con- 
stant dissecting in the early days of his profes- 
sional career. For eight years he spent every 
day from breakfast until half-past 10 o’clock at 
night dissecting in the School of Anatomy, 
originally on College avenue, but later back of 
St. Stephen’s Protestant Episcopal Church, the 
the only intermissiohs being for dinner and 
supper. This was the basis of his great knowl- 
edge of surgical anatomy, and he was the best 
surgical anatomist in Philadelphia. In 1868 he 
experimented at the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
with the assistance of Dr. Henry C. Chapman, 
who is now Professor of Physiology at the Jeffer- 
son Medical College,on the periosteum,or lining 
of the bone, with considerable success. He 
showed that it developed bone by transplant- 
ing pieces of this membrane from the leg of a 
the Rev. John Holmes Agnew, was professor 
of languages. Choosing medicine for a profes- 
sion, he entered upon its study at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, whence he graduated 
April 6, 1838. Returning to his native place, 
he entered upon the practice of medicine, with- 
out, however, relaxing his studies. Here he 
was married to Margaret Creighton, second 
daughter of Samuel Irwin, of Pleasant Garden 
Forges. To her and her advice he ascribed 
much of his success. After some years’ prac- 
tice of medicine in Lancaster county he em- 
barked in the iron business, but, after a brief 
period, he returned to medical work, and event- 
ually removed to Philadelphia, determined to 
embark upon the profession in that city. 
This he did, notwithstanding that he was en- 
tirely without friends or influence, and had 
nothing to look to for success save his own 
ability, industry and his knowledge of medi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
5 
chicken to its head and by winding a piece of 
it around a fowl’s leg, which finally formed a 
circular bone around the limb. The main 
value derived from these experiments was its 
service in the repair of fractured bones, be- 
cause it was demonstrated that if any of the 
living membrane was left the bone would grow 
from it. It had the effect of showing that in 
many cases amputation would be unnecessary. 
Beginning his connection with the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, unofficially as a clinical 
assistant and adviser of the Professor of 
Surgery, the late Dr. Henry H. Smith. Dr. 
Agnew was in 1863 appointed by the faculty to 
the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy, suc- 
ceeding in that capacity Dr. Win. H. Hunt 
and Dr. John H. Packard. He now officially 
took part also in the Surgical Cliniques of the 
University, and so valuable an accession to its 
teaching corps did he prove himself, that in 
1870, at the request of the faculty, the trustees 
revised the chair formerly held by the late Dr. 
George W. Norris, changing its title to that of 
Clinical and Operative Surgery, and confer- 
ring it upon Dr. Agnew, who thus became a 
member of the University’s Faculty of Medi- 
cine. In the following year Prof. Smith re- 
signed the chair of the Principle and Practice 
of Surgery and Dr. Agnew became his suc- 
cessor, thus uniting the surgical teaching in a 
single person. In connection with this he 
acted as Professor of Clinical Surgery in the 
University Hospital. This period marks an 
epoch in his life work. His anatomical knowl- 
edge and his succinct, lively and lucid style of 
lecturing at once made his amphitheater an 
attractive spot for the medical student. His 
unfailing courtesy established from the outset 
a cordial feeling between him and his pupils 
which was never disturbed. The scenes at his 
clinics were always interesting. Recognized 
as one of the most noted surgeons in the world, 
Dr. Agnew operated at clinics clad usually in a 
very old “ duster,” which was, however, always 
scrupulously clean. Buttoned close up in front 
the “duster” was frequently frightfully rent 
behind. He operated with great rapidity, and 
his celerity in cutting was famous. Frequently 
he would have to stop lecturing, explaining 
the operation after it was performed. On such 
occasions he would say: “Watch me, men, 
I have no time to talk. To business now.” 
His wonderfully minute anatomical knowledge 
enabled him to know within a hair’s breadth 
where he was operating. An observer once 
said: ‘ ‘ Dr. Agnew always appears to have the 
exact bearings of the different organs and 
tissues as vividly before his eyes as if the outer 
ones were made of glass.” He resigned his 
position at the University in 1889, and had 
since been Emeritus Professor of Surgery and 
Honorary Professor of Clinical Surgery, the 
position being created especially for him. At 
the time of his resignation, his friends with 
the graduating class commemorated his retire- 
ment by the presentation to the University of 
a fine portrait in oil of the beloved professor. 
Probably the most famous case with which Dr. 
Agnew was connected was that of President 
Garfield, who was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, 
July 2, 1881. The doctor was called to Wash- 
ington by the attending physicians on July 5, 
and from that time until the death of the victim 
of the assassin’s bullet on September 19, he 
was assiduous in his devotion to the illustrious 
patient, being in daily communication with 
the attending surgeons and visiting the Presi- 
dent twice each week. Through the judgment 
and decision of Dr. Agnew the life of the Presi- 
dent was undoubtedly maintained nearly three 
months. The President had a mortal wound, 
and the advantages the prolongation of his life 
gave to the country, allowing the feeling of 
alarm, unrest and anger to subside, can not be 
over-estimated. Dr. Agnew’s skillful hand 
twice brought relief when unfavorable symp- 
toms seemed to be gaining the mastery. When 
Dr. Bliss handed the knife to Dr. Agnew and 
invited him to perform the first operation, the 
eyes of the entire country were upon it. This 
acknowledgment of Dr. Agnew’s ability was 
recognized as peculiarly appropriate by profes- 
sional men, and drew public attention more 
generally than ever to the honorable career 
which called for such a recognition. Dr. 
Agnew’s characteristic conscientiousness was 
shown in that, although he paid unremitting at- 
tention to his illustrious patient, he did not 
allow it to imperil the welfare of the humblest 
of his patients in Philadelphia. Dr. Agnew 
had been president of the American Surgical 
Assoqiation of the Philadelphia County Medi- 
cal Society, the State Medical Society, the Col- 
lege of Physicians and of the Academy of Sur- 
gery, and was one of the founders of the Patho- 
logical Society of Philadelphia. He was also 
early identified with the American Coloniza- 
tion Society, of which Henry Clay was Presi- 
dent. His popularity among his colleagues 
and the esteem in which he was held by the 
medical profession generally, was conspicu- 
ously shown on the fiftieth anniversary of his 
graduation in medicine, April 6,1888. On this 
occasion more than 200 prominent physicians 
gave him a dinner at the Academy of Music. 
Dr. J. M. Da Costa presided, and on his 
right sat Dr. Agnew, Alfred Stille, Louis A. 
Sayre, of New York ; S. Weir Mitchell, Hunter 
Maguire, of Richmond, Ya.; Dr. William 
Pepper and J. S. Billings, U. S. A., of Wash- 
ington. To the left were seated the Rev. 
J. S. Macintosh, LL.D., the Rev. Dr. B. L. 
Agnew, Drs. J. Ford Thompson, of Washing- 
ton; W. S. W. Ruschenberger, R. F. Weir, of 
New York; Professor Joseph Leidy and Charles 
C. Lee, of Richmond, Ya. In his address on 
that occasion Dr. Da Costa said in part: 
“ Fifty years ago there stood, with the honors 
of a university just received, a yoi ig man on 
the threshold of his life. His thou. iits were the 
pleasant ones of the occasion; h i aspirations 
had hardly taken shape; he was the popular 
comrade of the 155, whose real life like his 
own was to begin. Fifty years have passed, 
and their Agnew has become our Agnew of the 
many thousands of the American profession.” 
Dr. Da Costa also spoke of the influence that 
the Philadelphia School of Anatomy, on Col- 
lege avenue, with which Dr. Agnew was con- 
nected, had on the history of medicine, and 
said fb the guests of the evening: “You have 
been tried in many hard cases. In none 
harder than when your reputation caused you 
to be selected among the counselors at the 
wounded couch of one forwhose relief millions 
were anxiously watching. That, in these trying 
times, you bore yourself with the same calm- 
ness and dignity we know in you, everyone 
in these millions recognizes.” In his response 
Dr. Agnew said that about thirty-five years 
ago he came to this city a stranger. The scene 
of his early labors was in College avenue at 6 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the Philadelphia School of Anatomy, and it 
was with this private institution that Godman 
Webster, the elder Pancost and Allen laid the 
foundation of their reputations. Gerhard, 
Wallace, Bridges, Keating, Henry H. Smith, 
Francis Gurney Smith, J. H. Brinton, J. E. 
Garretson and W. W. Keen were connected 
withit. “It was here,” continued the speaker, 
‘that Brown-Sequard delivered his lectures on 
operative physiology, and it was here that 
Mitchell conducted Ins classic experiments on 
snake poison and on many physiological prob- 
lems, which have placed his name alongside that 
of Farrar and given him a place among the scien- 
tists of the present day.” In conclusion, he 
said; ‘ ‘This is a great honor you have done me 
to-night. Plow long I may be able to continue 
in this good service I know not. This I leave to 
the wisdom of Him who numbers the hairs of 
the head and notes the flight or the fall of the 
sparrow. When that supreme moment shall 
come I shall be satisfied.” Dr. Agnew was 
followed by Dr. Sayre, of New York, who 
replied to the toast, “Our Invited Guests,” and 
suggested that it was the honored guest’s pure 
and unsullied life, his strict integrity and con- 
stant devotion to his profession that brought 
him the praise of all his brethren. Dr. Mitchell 
began with a prose preface, and then read his 
poem, “ Minerva Medica,” in which he spoke 
of the anniversary as of a “ golden wedding,” 
concluding with the following stanza: 
“ What be the marriage gifts that we can give ? 
What lacks he that on well used years attends? 
All that we have to give are his to-day— 
Love, honor and obedience, troops of friends.” 
Dr. Cleeman then moved the formal adjourn- 
ment of the dinner, after which Dr. Thomas 
Wistar read an ode dedicated to the distin- 
guished guest of the evening. Dr. Agnew’s 
writings, combining as they do, the results of 
his wide reaching, varied experience and com- 
prehensive observations, are regarded as high 
authority. He was the author of a “Practical 
Anatomy,” a work on “Ulcerations of the 
Perineum and Yesico-Fistula,” and of sixty 
papers on “Anatomy and Its Relation to Med- 
icine and Surgery.” In addition he has con- 
tributed extensively to medical journals. The 
work of his life, however, was spent on the 
exhaustive publication, “The Principles and 
Practice of Surgery,” in three volumes of 
more than 1,000 pages each. This work, 
which was completed in 1883, has attained 
the distinction of being translated into the 
Japanese language, and is unique in the 
history of surgical literature, being the only 
complete treatise on surgery in all its ramifica- 
tions, in which the data were drawn from the 
author’s own experiences and observations. 
Such a work could not have been done before 
Dr. Agnew’s time, for he began it prior to the 
introduction of anesthesia, and as surgery ex- 
panded his qualifications kept pace. It can 
not be done again, as the field is now too vast. 
Dr. Agnew’s death occurred at his residence in 
Philadelphia, when in the seventy-fourth year 
of his age. His illness was superinduced by 
three attacks of influenza in as many succeed- 
ing years. Upon the occasion of his death, Dr. 
William Pepper, Provost of the University of 
Pennsylvania, said: “I feel that the com- 
munity,' the medical profession, and, in a 
special sense, the university and her students 
and graduates, have met with an irreparable 
loss in the death of Doctor Agnew—America’s 
greatest surgeon. Since his graduation from 
the medical department in 1838,” Dr. Pepper 
continued, “the welfare of the university has 
been one of the chief interests of his life. * His 
influence in the councils of this institution was 
unsurpassed. He was always on the side of 
progress and improvement in medical educa- 
tion, and I must attribute to him a very large 
share of the great prominence and prosperity 
of the medical department of the university at 
the present time. I have known him to travel 
in consultation, night after night for a week 
or ten days at a time, and yet never miss his 
lecture hour or daily visits to the hospital. As 
a teacher of surgery he has never been sur- 
passed; he made no effort at display and 
wasted no time in mere eloquence. His in- 
struction was earnest, clear and practical, and 
was evidently stamped with the seal of mature 
experience and honest conviction, carrying 
great weight and leaving lasting impressions. 
I am confident he was consulted more fre- 
quently than any other American surgeon, for 
he was an ideal consultant. Not only could 
his judgment and skill be trusted, but his dis- 
cretion and high sense of professional honor 
were equally reliable. His sense of duty was 
the controlling principle with him throughout 
his life. His convictions were earnest and 
even rigid, and it was impossible for him to 
swerve from a course of conduct when he felt 
that that position was right. He could be 
stern and unyielding in his denunciation of 
wrong-doing, although most kindly and in- 
dulgent in his general intercourse, and he 
abhorred meanness and falsehood. His 
patients were devoted to him to such an 
extent that it was impossible for him to limit 
his practice to strictly surgical cases. His re- 
lations with medical students were peculiarly 
close and cordial; they all loved him dearly 
and revered him highly, and it is not too much 
to say that, to the many thousands who have 
graduated under him, he has been to all the 
highest type of what a medical man should 
aim to be. He has had every reward that the 
profession and the community could bestow 
upon him, and to the last he remained the same 
brave, modest, true-hearted man.” “He was 
one of the greatest medical men of our time in 
the branch of surgery,” said Dr. White, “and 
will be greatly missed by professional men, as 
well as the larger circle of the people. He was 
a great writer on surgery and his works are 
standards. I was closely associated with him 
in many ways and knew well the value of his 
friendship and the weight of his counsel.” Dr. 
W. H. Pancoast, the eminent surgeon and 
anatomist, said: “Dr. Agnew was an excel- 
lent conservative surgeon, one who operated 
to save and cure, not merely to operate. A 
scientific surgeon, representing surgery as it is 
—operative medicine. Where medicine fails, 
there often surgery can cure. Being a thor- 
ough anatomist, he thoroughly understood the 
human machine on which he was manipulat- 
ing with medicine and instruments. Every 
surgeon should be as familiar as he was with 
the human frame or they can not be equal to 
the demands made upon them by accident or 
disease.” Upon this occasion Dr. A.R. Thomas 
also said; “Dr. Agnew was not only one of the 
greatest surgeons of his time, but as a man he 
was superior in every respect. He was a man 
liked in all his views, and will be more missed 
by the medical profession than any man we EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
7 
have had for a long time in the past or have in 
the present, particularly for his honesty as a 
surgeon and a professional man. He was 
more easily approached than almost any 
man in the profession, and his opinion more 
valued than almost any one that 1 can name. 
His good influence did not end here, for his 
contributions to medical literature, particu- 
larly his works on surgery, always have had 
great weight and been appreciated by his 
professional co-workers.” A special meeting 
of the College of Physicians was held to take 
action upon the death of Dr. Agnew, who had 
been its presiding officer during the preceding 
year. A minute was adopted of resolutions of 
respect and condolence, a copy of which was 
directed to be sent to the family, and the Fel- 
lows of the College decided to attend the funeral 
in a body. The members of the faculty of the 
medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania also met and adopted resolutions upon 
the death of Dr. Agnew, setting forth among 
other things, “their appreciation of the no- 
bility of his personal character and the endur- 
ing excellence of his professional achieve- 
ments. As a didactic lecturer he was unsur- 
passed. As a clinical lecturer his enormous 
experience and his diagnostic and operative 
skill made him pre-eminent. That skill which 
amounted to genius was the foundation of his 
scientific greatness and often enabled him at a 
glance to detect conditions which had eluded 
the investigation of others.” The following 
may be quoted as the general professional esti- 
mation of the life and work of this world fam- 
ous surgeon. “Dr. Agnew was fortunate in 
the time of his birth, for he saw surgery grow 
to a great science in his lifetime, and he pos- 
sessed the abilities to keep abreast of all ad- 
vances. In this he was as fortunate as his fel- 
low professor, Leidy, was in the domain of bi- 
ology. This characteristic of keeping abreast 
with the times he ever preserved. His clear 
judgment showed him in later years the tre- 
mendous results which might be accomplished 
under antiseptic surgery, and he became one 
of the first advocates, although, had he been 
disposed, he could have retarded terribly this 
innovation in surgery. In this faculty he dif- 
fered from many of the authorities in other 
branches of scientific work. Dr. Agnew was 
not only an accomplished surgeon in its gen- 
eral branches, but he was a specialist on dis- 
eases of the eye, on diseases of women, and 
other branches which are now held entirely by 
men who do no other work. He was possessed 
of a profound knowledge of anatomy. His 
wonderful skill and ease in operating was due 
somewhat to this preliminary training in ana- 
tomical teaching. While he was a most bril- 
liant operator, he always conscientiously avoid- 
ed brilliant surgery, unless the patient’s inter- 
ests demanded it fully. He had no sympathy 
with operators who operated simply for their 
own fame. Sympathetic and gentle to an ex- 
traordinary degree, he formed the ideal concep- 
tion of what a physician should be. Years of 
experience and training did not harden him to 
the necessities and desires of his humblest 
patient. As an operator, he will long be re- 
membered for his consummate skill and he- 
roic boldness, unmarred by rashness, and 
by his exquisite sensibility to the pain of his 
patient. There was a magnetism about the 
personality of Dr. Agnew which made all 
who came in contact with him his warmest 
personal friends. In appearance he was im- 
posing, being over six feet in height, his man- 
ner was gracious, kind and courtly, and he 
lived to become what his character and career 
deserved, the greatest surgeon America has 
produced.” Dr. John Ashhurst writes that 
while Dr. Agnew necessarily gave a great deal 
of time to hospital work, he conducted a very 
large private practice, and during the last 
twenty years probably saw more patients in 
his office and in consultation than have ever 
been seen by any other Philadelphia surgeon. 
When it is remembered that he was at the 
same time constantly engaged in teaching, and 
during the winter months lecturing four or five 
times every week, it will be seen that he could 
only have accomplished this amount of work 
by carefully allotting his time, and by being 
blessed as he was with an unusual degree of 
physical endurance, enabling him to disregard 
fatigue by which another man would have been 
completely exhausted. Indeed it was for 
years Dr. Agnew’s habit to take a train, 
after a full day’s work, in order to see a dis- 
tant patient in consultation, making his visit 
late at night or in the very early morning, and 
returning in time to be in his office as usual 
the next day, and to fill his lecture engage- 
ments at the university. Again referring to 
this noted man, the writer last mentioned 
says: “So modest and unassuming was he 
throughout his life that his real greatness was 
sometimes overlooked. He was possessed of 
great natural ability and strong common sense, 
and these traits would have given him emi- 
nence in whatever vocation he might have 
followed: had he continued in business, he 
would ultimately have become a great and far- 
seeing financier; had he turned to legal pur- 
suits, he would have been a judge on the 
bench, learned in the law, or, drifting into 
political life, a senator; had he been a theo- 
logian, he would have been a Moderator of 
Assembly, or in other church relations would 
have graced an Episcopal chair. In his 
own profession Dr. Agnew was successful in 
every branch of practice and had he not been 
led to devote his energies mainly to general 
surgery he would have been a great physician 
or a brilliant specialist. Indeed he was an ex- 
cellent genera] practitioner—not proficient, of 
course, in all the modern refinements of 
minute pathology, and differential diagnosis, 
for after all there are but twenty-four hours in 
a day, and a man has but two hands and two 
eyes and his were busy all the time in other 
work—but a safe and judicious physician, who 
could, and did, conduct many cases of severe 
and dangerous illness to a successful termina- 
tion. As a surgeon he was fearless, yet con- 
servative, not shrinking from any operation, 
however hazardous, but never eager to operate, 
and always glad if he could see a way to cure 
the patient by bloodless methods. In regard 
to advising operations he was noted for his 
honesty and candor. As an operator he was 
skillful, rapid and successful, and was in the 
true sense of the term “ambidextrous.” He 
was especially skillful in all operative proced- 
ures requiring great delicacy of touch—such as 
the removal of thin-walled cysts—in which his 
long habit of anatomical dissection came par- 
ticularly into play. Known pre-enainently as 
a general surgeon, he had large experience and 
great success in several special departments of 
his art. Witness his brilliant operations for 8 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
which won this sort of success Agnew had a 
gentle contempt. He once said to me that it 
distressed him to be spoken of in the daily 
papers, and, with the nearest approach to sar- 
casm I ever heard from him, added: “ I don’t 
have a great esteem for newspaper doctors.” 
He owed nothing to such means he here alluded 
to. His upward progress was due to the most 
earnest use of every energy in the doing of 
whatever he had to do. For him, to do a thing 
well was to satifsy his sense of duty as nothing 
else could, and moreover, work was his only 
play—strange paradox! He rejoiced in this 
use of himself. To be long away from work 
wearied him, so that there went to the perfect- 
ing of his every day business—duty and the 
pleasure which others get out of holidays. I do 
not say that this combination which makes 
true play of mind or body a thing impossible 
is a quite desirable result. The body which 
can endure it and live to age must be of sturdy 
make. When he and I were in our early days 
—of ill-repaid work, he taught anatomy to 
crowded classes in a building where I had my 
laboratory. I then saw much of the tall, strong 
man, out of whose perfect anatomical knowl- 
edge began to come the quickly trusted skill of 
the surgeon. This is a natural way to surgical 
success. It came by slow degrees—and at last 
clinical position, and, later, the Barton Chair 
of Surgery. Then a vast and overflowing prac- 
tice followed. There was nothing abrupt or 
startling in this success. It was a normal 
growth, and due in great measure to the esteem 
and confidence with which his own profession 
learned gradually to repose upon his surgical 
judgment. He was a doctor's doctor, and that 
means a great deal to us who see ourselves from 
the side scenes and amid the grim sincerities 
of the consultation. As I watched his career, 
it seemed to me he owed our unbounded trust 
not to his intellect, which was not highly orig- 
inative or fitted for profound research, but to 
singular balance of mental and moral qualifica- 
tions. Novelties neither too much tempted 
nor too much repelled him. He was intellect- 
ually very honest. The surgeon is sometimes 
apt to become dramatic, to like display of his 
own skill. Agnew had none of this. Neither 
caution before a decision, nor cool courage in 
surgical action, was ever wanting. The pre- 
siding mind was strong rather than subtile, 
and was capable of swift action in emergencies. 
I never knew a man who seemed to me to live 
his professional life on higher levels of that 
common sense which in its perfection is so 
uncommon. He seemed to me also to get out 
of his mental and moral machinery all that 
was possible in life, and how rare is this? 
Nature had made him ambidextrous, and the 
kindly grave face and the gentle pity of his 
ways with the sick or hurt was a pleasant 
thing to watch. For behind this quiet and in- 
stinctive tenderness was a real kindliness of 
heart—a great good will to men, an unbroken 
sweetness of temper. To know what that gift 
or that conquest means a man must have been 
a physician. He had it, and, too, a calm de- 
light in his power to help. He once said to 
me, “ that sometimes the immense amount of 
unpaid service to physicians and their families 
was hard on too busy people.” But then he 
added, “It is, after all, a great help to oneself. 
We ought to be thankful we are not always 
making mere money.” Of the exact words I 
can not be sure. Of the sense I am. I have 
vesico-vaginal fistula and for ruptured peri- 
neum, in the domain of gynecology; his great 
skill in the treatment of vesical calculus by 
both the cutting and the crushing methods; 
and his unrivalled experience in mammary 
cancer. He was, besides, skillful in abdomi- 
nal work, no mean ophthalmologist and was 
successful in orthopedic practice.” As a consult- 
ant he always scrupulously guarded the reputa- 
tion of the attending physician, happily accom- 
plishing the frequently difficult task of being 
perfectly loyal to the doctor, while being also 
loyal to the interest of the patient. He es- 
pecially excelled in demonstrative teaching, 
but whatever his theme, his audience at once 
perceived that he was not merely rehearsing to 
them a lesson which he had himself just 
learned for the occasion, but that he was lay- 
ing before them the results of practical ac- 
quaintance with his subject in all its bearings. 
As a writer his fame will chiefly rest upon his 
“Principles and Practice of Surgery.” Re- 
ferring to this work, Dr. Ashhurst says: “The- 
ories change, new doctrines become old, and 
most medical books, even the most suc- 
cessful, have a lifetime which rarely ex- 
ceeds in duration that of their authors, but 
it is safe to say that surgical writers in future 
ages will still turn to “Agnew’s Surgery,” as a 
rich storehouse of clinical facts and personal ob- 
servation just as they do now to the writings of 
Par 6 or Chelius, and as pathologists do to the 
works of Morgagni or Rokitanski. His share in 
the surgical history of his time was such a large 
one that it is hard to imagine what that history 
would have been without it. Our fair city has 
had ere now in her professional ranks great 
operators, such as Barton and Pancoast; great 
writers and teachers, such as Gibson and 
Gross; and great consultants, such as Physick 
and Norris, who by their strong personalities 
established the traditions of surgical practice 
in their day and generation; but as consultant, 
teacher and operator combined, the name of 
Agnew will long be spoken as that of the type 
and glory of Philadelphia surgeons.” Dr. S. 
Weir Mitchell, in a letter to one of the daily 
papers of Philadelphia, so admirably sums up 
the salient points of the life history and per- 
sonal character of Dr. Agnew, that it may be 
reproduced here as a memorial of one who 
both “served his generation well ” and “bore 
without reproach the grand old name of 
gentleman.” Addressing the Public Ledger, 
Dr. Mitchell, says: “When a man as remark- 
able as Agnew dies there are a few brief days 
during which the lay public takes interest in 
the qualities of his purely professional life. 
Then his remembrance lives on in tender forms 
for those who loved him, and in technical 
shape, by what he wrote, survives in the 
gathering annals of his profession. Before, as 
time goes on, the natural interest of men in 
the details of a notable life becomes less, I 
should like, with your leave, to say certain 
things of Agnew which it greatly delights me 
to be able to say of one of the masters of my 
guild. Amidst all that men have yet said of 
him, these have not been said—nor are they 
likely to be, except by physicians who know— 
ah, very well know—the true qualities of their 
rank and file, and are deceived by none of the 
pretences and shams which now and then win 
from the public a false estimate of this man or 
that, and set him, for a time, on dangerous 
levels of apparent competence. For methods EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
9 
seen many men change almost radically as life 
went on. Agnew was from first to last, young 
or old, with small means or easy competence, 
the same man. He held resolutely by his 
Christian creed and took it with him into life. 
A certain simplicity was in all his ways. The 
outcome of act from belief was fearless and un- 
questioning. He believed, as I do, that a clin- 
ical class of men and women is disgusting. 
He thought it wrong and sacrificed to his be- 
lief the coveted surgeoncy of the Pennsylvania 
Hospital—resigning at once rather than obey 
the order of the managers. The country saw 
what manner of man was this when Garfield 
was shot. Agnew looked on the call to the 
President as a duty to which all other duties 
and all other interests must yield. It was 
a nation’s call which he obeyed. For three 
summer months he spent nearly all of his 
time in Washington or at Elberon. His 
bulletins were simple. He kept the inev- 
itable reporting cormorant at hay. The 
storm of impertinent criticism, lay or med- 
ical, honest or unscrupulous self-parade, dis- 
turbed him not. He did his duty and made 
no answers. Meanwhile his consultation 
room was closed, his operations ceased, his 
income fell to nothing. The inevitable re- 
sult came, and the President died. Ag- 
new declined to send in an account and 
tranquilly accepted from Congress an honor- 
arium such as is common enough to receive 
for a single large operation done in any 
distant city. This pitiful expression of a na- 
tion’s gratitude, to appearance, troubled Ag- 
new as little as any minor annoyance might 
have done. So long as the creditors Con- 
science and Duty were paid in full he was in 
no wise greatly concerned. What he won in 
life was the just reward of fine faculties of 
mind, unending energy and general loveliness 
of nature, which in all his forms of useful ac- 
tivity secured for him the utmost affection. 
Thei’e was no luck in this sturdy, unreposing 
life. Fortune did nothing for him. In the 
noble words of one of our own home poets, 
whom we have not yet learned to know, he 
might at any time have said to the fickle dame: 
“ I am not poor enough for thy reward. 
Honor and splendor in my heart abide, 
I want thee not, save that thou kneel, and so 
Proffer thy service as cup-hearers do.” 
Fortune bent down to him, not he to her, 
and therefore it is that his profession so much 
reveres his memory—thankful less for its in- 
tellectual product than for the beautiful illus- 
tration of how noble a thing the life of a great 
surgeon may be. Dr. Agnew left a widow, but 
no children. The total amount of his estate 
was estimated at SIOO,OOO. He left a legacy of 
$50,000 to the Hospital of the University of 
Pennsylvania, SI,OOO to the College of Physi- 
cians, and made a number of other public 
charitable institutions his beneficiaries. 
ALEXANDER, Eli Marion, of Ripley, Miss., 
was born in Monroe county, that State, 
December 20, 1830. He studied medicine in 
the medical department of the University of 
Louisville and in the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, and was graduated M. 
D. from the last named institution in 1859. 
He established himself in active general prac- 
tice of medicine at Ripley until the outbreak 
of the civil war. During the rebellion he 
held the position of Medical Director of the 
sth division of the Mississippi Militia, with the 
rank of lieutenant-colonel, and also that of lieu- 
tenant in the 2d Regiment of the Mississippi 
State troops. Failing health compelled his res- 
ignation from the Confederate army, and finally 
after a few years to also abandon his civil prac- 
tice. In 1871 he represented Tippah county in 
the Mississippi Legislature, and was also 
elected to the State Senate and served in this 
capacity for two years. He then became con- 
nected with the Ship Island, Ripley and Ken- 
tucky Railroad. 
ALLEN, Peter Dudley, of Cleveland, Ohio, 
was born in Kinsman, Trumbull county, that 
State, March 25, 1852. He graduated from 
Oberlin College in 1875. In 1879 he graduated 
from the medical department of Harvard Uni- 
versity, and served the following year as house 
surgeon in the Massachusetts General Hos- 
pital of Boston. The three succeeding years 
were spent in further study in Europe, with 
part of a winter on returning from Europe in 
New York and Philadelphia. In 1883 he be- 
gan practice in Cleveland, Ohio, where he has 
remained since that time. He is visiting sur- 
geon to Lakeside Hospital and Charity Hos- 
pital, both of Cleveland, and practices exclu- 
sively surgery. 
ALLEN, Ezra P., of Athens, Pa., whose 
ancestors came to this country in 1639, was 
born in Smithfield, Pa., June 5, 1821. After 
receiving an academic education he studied 
medicine in Woodstock at the Vermont Medi- 
cal College, and was graduated M. D. at the 
Berkshire Medical College, at Pittsfield, Mass., 
in 1847. He also studied special branches in 
medicine under Dr. B. R. Palmer, of Wood- 
stock, Vt., and Prof. Alonzo Clark, of New 
York, and supplemented his medical acquire- 
ments at a later date by courses of lectures at 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Noav 
York and at the University of Pennsylvania. 
He first established himself at Bradford, and 
then at Smithfield, Pa., the place of his birth. 
Here he remained until the outbreak of the 
civil war, when (in 1862) he entered the mili- 
tary service as Assistant Surgeon of the 141st 
Pennsylvania Volunteers, but during the same 
year he was made Surgeon of the 83d Pennsyl- 
vania Volunteers. In 1863, however, he was 
compelled to resign on account of ill health. 
He then settled in the town of his present 
residence and engaged in the practice of his 
profession, but giving especial attention to the 
practice of surgery, and has operated success- 
fully in many capital cases, such as amputation 
twice at hip joint and ligation of the femoral ar- 
tery. Fie has been twice president of his County 
Medical Society, and in 1866 was vice-president 
of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society. 
Fie is also a member of the American Medical 
Association and of numerous other medical 
and scientific organizations. His contributions 
to medical literature and science have been of 
interest and importance, among which may be 
mentioned, papers entitled, “Do We Suffer 
When Dying, or, Is Death a Painful Process?” 
and “Mammoth and Mastodon and the Age 
in Which They Lived.” From 1864 to 1872 
he was Professor of Materia Medica and Mid- 
wifery in the Geneva Medical College. 
ALLEN, Harrison, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city, April 17, 1841. He was 
graduated at the Medical School of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1861. In 1862 he was 
commissioned assistant surgeon in the United 
States army and served with the army of the 10 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Potomac until March, 1863, when he was trans- 
ferred to hospital duty at Washington, where 
he remained until his resignation in December, 
1865, having attained the brevet rank of major. 
From 1865 to 1884 he was Professor of Com- 
parative Anatomy and Medical Zoology in the 
University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Allen then 
resigned the position to fill the chair of physi- 
ology. Since then this professorship has been 
held by Edward J. Reichert. In 1867 the sub- 
ject of this sketch was elected Professor of An- 
atomy and Surgery in the Philadelphia Dental 
College and in 1870, Surgeon to the Philadel- 
phia Hospital and secretary of the Medical 
Board. He is a member of numerous medical 
societies and was a delegate from the Centen- 
nial Commission to the International Medical 
Congress. His contributions to the various 
medical journals relate chiefly to osteomyelitis, 
human anatomy and morbid anatomy. He 
has published “Outlines of Comparative An- 
atomy and Medical Zoology,” 1867, second 
edition, 1877; “ Studies in the Facial Region,” 
1874, second edition, 1882; “An Analysis of 
the Life Form in Art,” 1875; and “A System 
of Human Anatomy, including its Medical and 
Surgical Relations.” The last work contains 
an introductory chapter on Histology, by E. O. 
Shakespeare and numerous lithographic plates 
and wood cuts. This publication is considered 
one of unusual professional value. 
ALLEN, Jonathan Adams, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Middlebury, Vt., January 16, 
1825, and died at his residence August 15,1890. 
On his father’s side he was descended from 
Welsh and Saxon ancestry (1634), and on his 
mother’s he came from “Mayflower” stock 
(1620). The academic education of Dr. Allen 
was received at Middlebury College, Vermont, 
and he received his medical education at Cas- 
tleton Medical College in that State. He 
graduated in 1846, and settled in Kalamazoo, 
Michigan. In January, 1847, he married Miss 
Mary Marsh of that city, and the succeeding 
day visited his first patient. Since this time 
the results of Dr. Allen’s life would be a nar- 
ration of the achievements of the highest 
honor in his profession, of a life of unwearied 
application, of indomitable perseverance, and 
of persistent instruction. He resided at Kal- 
amazoo and Ann Arbor, Michigan, twelve 
years, and in 1858 was elected President of the 
Michigan State Medical Society. In 1859 lie 
removed to Chicago, where he continued his 
active professional career the rest of his life. 
He contested the priority of teaching the 
mechanism of nervous action with the cele- 
brated Dr. Marshall Hall, of England, and Dr. 
Henry F. Campbell of Georgia, and has given 
special attention to the subject of medical 
jurisprudence, particularly to that part of it 
involving questions of insanity or mental ca- 
pacity. His contributions to medical literature 
consist of: “Essays on Mechanism of Nervous 
Action,” published in 1858; “Medical Exam- 
ination for Life Insurance.” Of this work 
nearly 50,000 copies have been sold, and it is 
considered a standard work among life in- 
surance companies. It has also been translated 
and published in Germany. He has also fur- 
nished a large number of articles of profes- 
sional interest to medical journals, and was for 
many years editor of the Chicago Medical Jour- 
nal. Under the administration of James Bu- 
chanan he was made receiver of public moneys 
for Michigan. In February, 1848, Dr. Allen 
was appointed Professor of Materia Medica, 
Therapeutics and Medical Jurisprudence in the 
Indiana Medical College at Laporte in that 
State, and in 1850 he was elected Professor of 
Physiology and Pathology in the medical 
department of the University of Michigan. In 
1859 he accepted the chair of Professor of The- 
ory and Practice of Medicine in the Rush 
Medical College, when he established himself 
at Chicago, and held this position until 1890, 
or until impaired health compelled him to re- 
sign. When the editor of this work attended 
his first course of lectures at this institution, 
in 1863, Professor Allen had already obtained 
a national reputation as a teacher, and greatly 
impressed him with his fine personal address, 
his genial disposition and brilliant wit. He 
was exceeding popular with his classes. 
His lectures were eminently practical, and 
as is well known always well attended. 
As a result of his extended studies and varied 
investigations the students of Rush Medical 
College esteemed him as the “versatile uncle,” 
a title by which he was familiarly known to 
the students and alumni of the college for 
many years. Such was his happy faculty of 
imparting instruction, that his didactic dis- 
courses always remained in their memory. 
He was elected among the earliest members of 
the American Medical Association and was a 
member of the Illinois State Medical Society 
as well as of a number of other medical organ- 
izations. It may be said that every study 
that Dr. Allen has undertaken has been beauti- 
fied by his eloquence and literary talent; in 
every phase of existence wherein he lias lived, 
he has been honored and esteemed as few men 
are. President of Rush Medical College, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
11 
Grand Master of the Masons of Michigan, 
Grand Commander of Knights Templar, Hon- 
orary of the Thirty-Third Scottish Rite, 
Northern Jurisdiction, the chosen orator on 
occasions of celebration, successful editor and 
correspondent, his works live after him and 
will endure. Dr. Allen had been surgeon for 
the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railway 
for twenty-four years. He had, in his travels, 
gained a fund of knowledge which he treas- 
ured up in a series of journals which, if pub- 
lished in full, would fill several octavo vol- 
umes. He has made the tour of Europe, 
Egypt and Morocco, and some few of his notes 
of travel have been published. The excellent 
portrait which accompanies this sketch is from 
a photograph of Dr. Allen shortly before his 
death and will no doubt be highly prized by 
all who have derived instruction or formed the 
pleasant acquaintance of this eminent teacher 
and physician whose active professional career 
has extended over a period of forty years. 
ALLEN, Joshua G., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Delaware county, that State, April 
23,1832. His maternal ancestors were English 
Quakers who emigrated to this country with 
William Penn, his father’s ancestors being of 
the same stock with an intermingling of Hugue- 
not. Having received an academic education 
at the Quaker School, at West Town, Pa., he 
matriculated in the University of Pennsylvania, 
receiving therefrom the degree of M. D. in 
1856. Soon after he was graduated he located 
in Philadelphia, where he has succeeded in 
gaining a large practice, particularly in his 
specialty of obstetrics and diseases of women. 
In a case of utter prostration from menorrhagia 
combined with malarial poisoning, he per- 
formed the first successful operation in this 
countrv for transfusion of blood. (See Medi- 
cal ami Surgical Reporter, 1869.) He has sub- 
sequently performed the operation several 
times with marked success. In two instances 
he was successful in treating extra-uterine 
Eregnancy by the galvanic battery, which has 
een reported in the proceedings of the Phila- 
delphia Obstetrical Society (1872). He is one 
of the original members of the Philadelphia 
Obstetrical Society. In 1861 he was selected 
us one of the principal physicians and lectures 
in the Philadelphia Lying-in, Charity and 
Nurse School, and has been connected with 
that institution for many years. He has been 
very successful as a lecturer upon obstetrics, 
diseases of women and nurse training, being 
able to gather the largest classes of medical 
students ever known outside of the regular 
college courses, with the exception of a few in 
dissection and surgical anatomy formed by the 
late Dr. Agnew. 
ALLEN, Nathan, of Lowell, Mass., was 
born in Princeton, that State, April 25, 
1813, and died in the former city Janu- 
ary 1, 1889. He was graduated at Amherst 
College in 1836, and at the Pennsylvania 
Medical School in 1841, and began the prac- 
tice of medicine in Lowell, where he re- 
sided for about fifty years. He was elected a 
trustee of Amherst College in 1856, and aided 
largely in establishing the department of phys- 
ical culture in that institution. In 1864 he was 
appointed a member of the Massachusetts 
State Board of Charities; served by successive 
re-appointment till 1880; was frequently chair- 
man and in 1872 was appointed delegate to the 
international congress that met in London and 
discussed reforms in correctional institutions. 
His published works include “The Opium 
Trade,” “Important Medical Problems,” 
“State Medicine and Insanity,” “Normal 
Standard of Women for Propagation” and 
“Physical Development.” 
ALLEN, Thomas Jefferson, of Shreveport, 
La., was born in Hanover City, Va., December 
13,1830. His ancestors were English. In his 
early childhood his parents moved from Vir- 
aginia to the western district of Tennessee, Hay- 
wood City. Here the subject of this sketch was 
reared, and in the Brownsville Academy re- 
ceived his academic education. About the 
of twenty-one he began the study of medicine in 
the office of Dr. John R. Allen, an older brother. 
When his two years of pupilage were over, he 
went to Philadelphia and spent two years. 
While there he availed himself of every ad- 
vantage afforded by the hospitals and clinics 
of that city, and received the degree of M. D. 
from Jefferson Medical College in 1855. In 
the spring of this year he located in Shreve- 
port, La., and in 1857 married Mrs. Catherine 
M. Morris, of that city; two sons and a 
daughter were the result of this union, his 
eldest son, Dr. Jno. Walter, now surgeon in 
charge of the Shreveport Charity Hospital, 
shares with him the labors of a large and, lu- 
crative practice in medicine and surgery. Dr. 
Allen passed through the epidemics of yellow 
fever that visited Shreveport in 1867 and 1873. 
The latter proved so terrific that it called forth 
the sympathetic aid of nearly every State in 
the Union. Having established a private in- 
firmary in 1872, this institution afforded the 
Doctor unusual opportunities for the study of 12 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
this malignant disease. The infirmary is still 
conducted by him and his two sons, Jno. Wal- 
ter and T. Mutter Allen. The subject of this 
sketch is a member of numerous scientific or- 
ganizations and of the Americal Medical As- 
sociation and the Lousiana State Medical So- 
ciety. He has been thrice honored as presi- 
dent of the Shreveport Medical Society, was 
president of Caddo Parrish Medical Society, 
vice-president of the Louisiana State Medical 
Society and was a member of the Council of 
the Section on Medical Climatology and De- 
mography of the Ninth International Medical 
Congress, Washington, D. C. 
ALLEN, Wesley, of West Newton, Indiana, 
was born in that vicinity March 26, 1836. His 
parents, Joseph and Elizabeth Allen, emi- 
grated from Virginia in 1823, settling among 
the Indians. His early education was obtained 
in the common schools and at Friends’ Board- 
heroically with active cathartics, never losing a 
case that lived three days. Some cases would 
lie from three to six weeks unconscious and 
frequently have convulsions, but would make 
complete recoveries, proving the fallacy of the 
theory held by many of the profession that 
epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis demanded 
an active stimulating treatment. The use of 
large doses of opium and active cathartics was 
soon after advocated by Dr. Stille and other 
eminent physicians, but due credit should be 
given the subject of this sketch for being 
among the first to inaugurate the most success- 
ful plan of treating this terrible malady. Dr. 
Allen was graduated at the Indiana Medical 
College in 1873, and has been engaged in the 
active duties of general practice for nearly a 
third of a century. He is an honored member 
of the Marion County and Indiana State Med- 
ical Societies. 
ALLPOHT, Frank, of Minneapolis, Minn., 
was horn in Watertown, N. Y., February 
22, 1855. His family settled in Chicago 
in the same year. He was educated at Ra- 
cine College, Racine, Wis., and at the Chi- 
cago University. His medical education 
was obtained at the Chicago Medical College, 
the Long Island College Hospital and the Uni- 
versity at Heidelburg, Germany. He spent 
two years in Heidelburg alone, while pursuing 
his professional studies. He graduated at the 
Chicago Medical College in 1876. The early 
years of his medical practice were spent at Syc- 
amore, 111., but in 1882 he moved to Minneap- 
olis, Minn., which has ever since been his home. 
He makes an exclusive specialty of diseases of 
the eye and ear, and occupies the chair of 
Clinical Ophthalmology and Otology in the 
University of Minnesota, and is one of the 
founders of the University Free Dispensary. 
He is the oculist and aurist to St. Barnabas’ 
Hospital, the Northwestern Hospital, the Meth- 
odist Hospital and the Sisters’ Hospital, and 
to the Catholic Orphan Asylum, Bethany Home 
and to the Children’s and Old Ladies’ Home and 
for numerous railroads. He has written much 
upon subjects appertaining to his specialties, 
but his principal work has been in the direc- 
tion of mastoid diseases and brain diseases 
following therefrom. His Mastoid Speculum 
for facilitating mastoid operations is now used 
the world over. He was married in Sycamore, 
111., to Katherine Ann Elwood, daughter of 
Hon. Reuben Ellwood, of that city. They have 
no children. 
AMORY, Robert, of Boston, Mass., was born 
in that city, May 2, 1842. He is a descendant 
of Governor James Sullivan, of Massachusetts. 
His academic education was received at private 
schools and at Harvard College, whence he re- 
ceived the degree of A. B. in 1863, and after at- 
tending the medical department of the same col- 
lege he received that of M. D. in 1866. His med- 
ical education and training was supplemented 
by a year’s study at Paris and Dublin, and in the 
autumn of 1867 he settled at Brookline, Mass. 
He has been connected with the educational 
affairs of this city. In 1869 he was appointed 
lecturer for that year on the physiological action 
of drugs at Harvard College, and was afterward 
Professor of Physiology in Bowdoin College, 
from which position he resigned in 1874. He 
has been an active member of several medical 
societies. He is the author of papers on the 
“Action of Nitrous Oxide,” on “Bromides of 
Potassium and Amonium,” “Chloralhydrate, 
ing School, now Earlham College, at Rich- 
mond, Indiana. His preceptor was Dr. Jesse 
Reagan, with whom he read medicine nearly 
three years. When the civil war commenced 
Dr. Reagan went into the army and young Allen 
was left no choice but to take his place. He 
learned in the school of experience, and by 
close observation and study he has had marked 
success in general practice, especially in ty- 
phoid fever and pulmonary diseases, and has 
never lost a woman in eight hundred cases of ob- 
stetric practice. In the great epidemic of spot- 
ted fever the winter of 1863 and 1864 ten deaths 
took place uncomfortably close together, each 
one dying in from eight to thirty-six hours 
from commencement of the attack. The treat- 
ment of cases reported in medical journals 
consisted in the use of quinine, iron, strych- 
nine and whisky, most of the patients, 
however, dying promptly. Taking advantage 
of this result, Dr. Allen used anodynes EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
13 
Experiments Disproving Evolution of Chloro- 
form in the Organism,” “Pathological Action 
of Prussic Acid ” and on “ Poisons.” He also 
edited and translated “Lectures on Physi- 
ology,” by Prof. Russ, of Strasburg University 
Medical School, contributions on “Photographs 
of the Spectrum,” were also published from his 
pen, in the proceedings of the American Acad- 
emy. In 1875 he was appointed Assistant Sur- 
geon in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 
and Surgeon and Medical Director with the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Ist Brigade, 
1876. He has also served as a member and 
secretary of the Brookline Board of Health. 
But has of late years been a resident of the 
city of Boston. 
ANDREWS, Edmund, of Chicago, 111., was 
born April 22d, 1824. He received his educa- 
tion at the University of Michigan, from which 
he graduated A. B. in 1849, and A. M. and M. 
D. in 1852. His first location was in Ann Ar- 
bor, Mich., at which place he remained till 
1856, when he removed to Chicago, the place 
of his present residence. He was appointed 
Demonstrator of Anatomy and Professor of 
Comparative Anatomy in the University of 
Michigan, afterwards Demonstrator of Anat- 
omy in the Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
and subsequently Professor of Principles and 
Practices of Surgery and of Clinical and Mili- 
tary Surgery in the Chicago Medical College, 
and served since 1859 as surgeon of the Mercy 
Hospital. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, of the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, of the 
Michigan State Medical Society, of the Illi- 
nois State Medical Society, Chicago Academy 
of Sciences, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, 
and the Cliicago Medical Society. He has 
contributed many articles to various medi- 
cal journals, principally on statistical surgery, 
orthopedic surgery, and operative surgery. He 
gathered and published statistics showing the 
failure of the system of licensed prostitution, 
and collected and published statistics of 92,815 
cases of anaesthesia by ether, and of 117,078 
cases by chloroform, showing the relative risk 
of the use of chloroform and ether. Beside 
these he founded and conducted for three 
years the Peninsular Medical Journal. During 
the war he occupied the position of surgeon of 
the Ist Regiment Illinois Light Artillery. He 
assisted in founding the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences, and acted as its president for several 
terms, and was also one of the founders of the 
Chicago Medical College, and trustee of the 
Northwestern University. He has recently pub ■ 
lished a valuable work on “Rectal and Anal 
Surgery,” which has met with a wide circu- 
lation and done much in removing this line 
of practice from the domain of “quackery.” 
Dr. Andrews has been a leading surgeon of 
Chicago many years and is still noted for his 
unabated interest in professional pursuits. 
ANDERSON, Edwin A., of Wilmington, N. 
C., was born in that city June 17, 1816. His 
father, who was a Scotch landed gentleman, 
came to this country at the solicitation of Gen- 
eral Washington, and until the death of the 
latter had charge as steward and superintendent 
of his estates at Mt. Vernon. His mother’s 
father, Thomas Howard, was a colonel in the 
revolutionary war. The subject of this sketch 
was educated at Yale College, both in the aca- 
demical and medical departments of that in- 
stitution, graduating from the former in 1835, 
and from the latter in 1837. He settled in 
Wilmington and turned his attention espe- 
cially to ophthalmic surgery. He was president 
of the Hanover County Medical Society and 
of the North Carolina State Medical Society in 
1870. He has contributed several articles on 
medical subjects to various journals, among 
which may be mentioned “Lead Poisoning and 
Rattle Snake Bites,” “Gelsemipum Semper 
Virens,” “The Diuretic Properties of the 
Vaccinium-Repens” and the “History of Yel- 
low Fever in Wilmington. N. C., in 1862.” 
During the rebellion he held the position of 
surgeon in the Confederate State army, and 
was medical director of the North Carolina 
Life Insurance Company many years. In 1842 
he married the granddaughter of Major-Gen- 
eral Alexander Lillington, the hero of Moore’s 
Creek Battle, in 1-776, near Wilmington, N. C., 
the next great battle after Lexington, and the 
most important of the war of our independence. 
Dr. Anderson is among the oldest medical 
men in his State and has been actively en- 
gaged in professional pursuits for more'than 
fifty years. 
ANDERSON, Turner, of Louisville, Ky., was 
born in Mead county, that State, August 11, 
1842. He was graduated M. D. at the Cincinnati 
College ©f Medicine and Surgery in 1863, and 
located in the city of his present residence. 
During the rebellion he was Surgeon of the 
Twenty-Eighth Kentucky Volunteers (Union 
Veterans). He is a member of several medical 
societies in his city and State, and was vice- 
president of the Kentucky State Medical So- 
ciety in 1874, and during the same year he was 
president of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Louisville. Dr. Anderson is one 
of the leading medical men of his city and has 
had thirty years experience in the practice of 
of his profession. 
ANDERSON, William, of Indiana, Pa., was 
born June 6, 1825, in Green township, Indiana 
county, Pa. His parents emigrated to this coun- 
try from the north of Ireland in 1817, and set- 
tled on a farm in the eastern part of his native 
county, where he passed his early life working 
with his father on the farm, and attending at 
intervals the district schools, in which he ac- 
quired a good common education, fitting him 
for a higher course of instruction, which he en- 
tered upon at the Blairsville Academy. After 
finishing a thorough course at that school 
and at a classical academy, he began the 
study of medicine. After two years of 
close office study with Dr. James M. Taylor, 
he entered the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, returning the following year, and 
graduating March 6, 1852, attending, however, 
a third course of lectures at his Alma Mater, in 
1868-69. On graduating he settled in Indiana, 
Pa., where he has remained to the present 
time. His practice is general, including med- 
icine, surgery and obstetrics. He has been a 
member of the Indiana County Medical Society 
since its organization in 1858, and was its first 
secretary, its second president and has filled 
in turn all the offices in the society, besides 
representing it at different times in the medi- 
cal society of the State of Pennsylvania and in 
the American Medical Association. He has 
been a permanent member of the State society 
since 1862, was one of the vice-presidents in 
1864, and the president of the State society in 
1865. Since 1868 he has been a permanent 
member of the American Medical Association, 14 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
and was a member of the International Medical 
Congress that met at Philadelphia in Septem- 
ber, 1876, and also member of the same con- 
gress that met in Washington, D. C., Septem- 
ber, 1887. He has held no civil office, except, 
that of school director and town councilor in 
the borough of Indiana. His contributions to 
medical literature comprise brief biographical 
ticed his profession at Palmyra and Fenni- 
more, Wisconsin, but in 1862 he entered the 
army. After the close of the civil war he 
established himself at Boscobel, where he has 
been located since 1866. He is a member of 
numerous medical societies and was vice-pres- 
ident of the Wisconsin State Medical Society 
in 1875. He is the author of essays on “Puer- 
peral Fever, ’ ’ upon ‘ ‘The Proper Management of 
Women at Confinement” and on “The Unity of 
Disease,” all of which have been published in 
the transactions of the Wisconsin State Medi- 
cal Society. During the civil war he was sur- 
geon of the 6th and the 48th Wisconsin Vol- 
unteers and was also surgeon in charge of the 
military hospital at Fort Scott and that of Fort 
Earned, Kansas, and remained in the latter po- 
sition for nearly a year after the close of the 
war. Dr. Armstrong is one of the leading 
medical men of his State, and has had thirty- 
five years experience in the practice of his 
profession. 
ARMSTRONG, William S., of Atlanta, Ga., 
was born in that State October 9, 1838. He 
was graduated M. D. at the University of the 
City of New York, Medical Department (Uni- 
versity Medical College), in 1859. He is Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the 
Atlanta Medical College, surgeon to the Grady 
Hospital, member of the Atlanta Society of 
Medicine, Medical Society of the State of 
Georgia and the American Medical Associa- 
tion. He is also president of the Board of 
Health of Atlanta and is regarded as one of the 
leading medical men of that city. Dr. Arm- 
strong served as assistant surgeon in the Con- 
federate army during the war. 
ARNOLD, Abraham 8., of Baltimore, Md., 
was born in Wurtemberg, February 4, 1820. 
Having received an academic education at 
Mercersburg, Pa., he began the study of medi- 
cine under Dr. R. Lehwers, of New York, at- 
tended his first course of lectures in the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, his second course in the medical depart- 
ment of Washington University, Baltimore, 
and from the last named institution received 
his degree of M. D. in 1848. Dr. Arnold has 
been established in the practice of his profes- 
sion in Baltimore for nearly a half century and 
is one of the oldest physicians of that city. He 
has devoted special attention to diseases of the 
nervous system. He was chosen Professor of 
the Principles and Practice of Medicine in 
Washington University in 1872. In 1877 he 
was elected to the chair of Clinical Medicine 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
Baltimore. He has been Consulting Physician 
to the Jewish Hospital and in 1877 was presi- 
dent of the Academy of Medicine of Baltimore. 
He is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, and has published many 
papers of medical interest in the leading jour- 
nals of his profession. 
ASHHURST, John, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city, August 23, 1839. He 
was educated at the University of Pennsylvania 
and pursued his medical studies in the medical 
department of that institution, graduating A. 
B. in 1857, and A. M. and M. D. in 1860. In 
the same year he was elected a member of the 
Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia. In 1861 
he was elected a member of the Pathological 
Society of that city, and was elected president 
of this organization in 1870 and 1871. He has 
also been a member of the College of PhysE 
sketches of the medical profession of Indiana 
county, Pa., and essays or papers on “Sclerosis 
of the Nerve Centers,” “Pyemia,” “Nervous 
Diseases,” “Bacteria,” “Tobacco” and “Hygi- 
ene.” Dr. Anderson was married April 12, 
1855, to Jane McCrackin, of Indiana, and has 
one daughter. 
ARCHER, John, was horm in Harford coun- 
ty, Maryland, June 6, 1741, and died there in 
1810. “He was graduated at Princeton in 1760 
and studied theology, but relinquished this 
on account of a throat trouble, and after study- 
ing medicine, received in 1768, from the Phil- 
adelphia Medical College, the first medical 
diploma issued on this continent. He raised 
and commanded a military company at the be- 
ginning of the revolution, was for several years 
a member of the legislature, and was chosen 
presidential elector in 1801. From 1801 to 1807 
he was a member of Congress from Maryland. 
He made several discoveries in medicine which 
have been adopted by the profession.” His 
son (Stevenson Archer), a member of Congress 
and an eminent jurist, was appointed Chief 
Justice in 1845 and held the office until his 
death. 
ARMSTRONG, Leroy Grant, of Boscobel, 
Wis., was born at Cortlandville, N. Y., March 
7, 1834. He is of Irish descent but his ances- 
tors were among the earliest settlers of New 
York. He received his academic education at 
the State University of Wisconsin and studied 
medicine at the Rush Medical College, Chi- 
cago, from which he was graduated in 1858. 
His medical education was supplemented by 
attending the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons in New York in 1873-4. He first prac- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
15 
cians since 1863. He served three years as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army 
during the rebellion. He was elected Surgeon 
to the Episcopal Hospital in 1863 and was also 
elected Surgeon to the Children’s Hospital in 
1870. He has made valuable contributions to 
the literature of his profession, among the 
most important of his works in book form may 
be mentioned, “ Injuries to the Spine,” issued 
in 1867; and “ Principles and Practice of Sur- 
gery,” 1871, second edition in 1885. In 1877 
he was elected Professor of Clinical Surgery in 
the University of Pennsylvania, and he is at 
this (1893) date, Professor of Surgery and Clin- 
ical Surgery in the same institution. Dr. 
Ashhurst’s experience in general surgery ex- 
tends over a period of a third of a century. 
He is widely known as a writer and clinician. 
As a teacher in his branch of the profession he 
is a recognized authority. His skill as an oper- 
ator is perhaps unsurpassed by that of any 
other living surgeon in this country. 
ASHTON, Lawrence, of Dallas, Texas, was 
born in King George county, Virginia, in the 
year 1847. His father, Dr. Horace D. Ashton, 
is an eminent physicion of that section. He 
received a liberal education, and under his 
father was thoroughly tutored and trained in 
the art of diagnosis and the application of 
therapeutic remedies, this ripe physician and 
scholar giving him the advantage of an ex- 
tended experience covering many years. He 
attended the National College of the Colum- 
bian University, Washington, D. C., graduating 
in 1872. After two years’ practice with his fa- 
ther he located in Falmouth, Virginia. He was 
married January 29, 1878, to Nannie, youngest 
daughter of Captain Duff Green, of the lat- 
ter town. Dr. Ashton was elected member 
of the State Medical Society in 1875, and mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association in 
1881. His medical education was supplemented 
by attending the University of the City of New 
York, again graduating in 1885. He was vice- 
president of his State society for years, and 
member of the executive committee. When 
Virginia passed a law to regulate the practice 
of medicine the State society requested the 
Governor to appoint Dr. Ashton one of the 
examiners under that law, which position he 
held until he resigned to move to Dallas, Texas, 
in 1890. He has contributed largely to current 
medical literature, chief of which was a treatise 
on “Puerperal Septicaemia,” in 1886. He has 
always enjoyed an extensive practice, is a keen 
observer, and is quick of perception and de- 
cision. He was unanimously elected honorary 
Fellow of Virginia Medical Association in 1890. 
ATKINSON, Archibald, of Baltimore, Md., 
was born in Smithfield, Va., February 23,1832. 
He pursued his professional studies at the 
University of Virginia and the University of 
Pennsylvania and was graduated at the latter 
institution in 1854. His medical education 
and training were supplemented by attend- 
ance at the Dublin Rotunda Hospital and the 
University of Paris. He has been established 
in Baltimore about twenty years and is a mem- 
ber of the Baltimore Medical Association and 
the Maryland Medico-Chirurgical Faculty. 
He served four years in the Confederate army 
as regimental and brigade surgeon and has 
served many years as Professor of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in the Baltimore 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
ATKINSON, William Biddle, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., the son of Isaac S. and Mary R. 
(Biddle) Atkinson, was born in Haverford, 
Delaware county, Pa., June 21, 1832. His 
paternal ancestry were of the earliest settlers 
of New Jersey. On the maternal side of his 
family the subject of this sketch is of German 
descent. Shortly after his birth, the parents 
of Dr. Atkinson removed to Philadelphia, 
where he was educated, receiving in 1850 from 
the Central High School the degree of A. B. 
and that of A. M. in 1855. After a three years 
term of study at the Jefferson Medical College 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Samuel McClel- 
lan, he received in 1853 the degree of M. D. 
For several years after his graduation he occu- 
pied a portion of each day in teaching the 
classics and mathematics. In 1854 he was 
elected to membership in the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society, the proceedings of 
which he reported for several years for medi- 
cal journals and which he finally issued in 
book form as “Discussions before the Philadel- 
Qf: 
phia County Medical Society.” For several 
years he acted as correspondent for the New 
Jersey Medical and Surgical Beporter, the New 
York Medical Times, the Nashville Medical 
Journal, the New Orleans Medical Journal and 
other medical periodicals. This led to his 
connection with Dr. S. W. Butler in 1858 as 
associate editor of the Medical and Surgical Be- 
porter, which they shortly changed from a 
monthly to a weekly journal. At the close of 
1859 this relation was severed, and Dr. Atkin- 
son then assumed the position of editor of the 
department of obstetrics and diseases of women 
and children for the North American Medico- 
Chirurgical Beview, then under charge of Prof. 
S. D. Gross. This continued until the civil 
war caused the publication of this journal to 
be discontinued. In 1857 he commenced to 
lecture independently on obstetrics. In 1861 
he was elected to the Department of Obstetrics 
and Diseases of Women of the Howard Hospital, 
Philadelphia. In 1859 he was appointed Assist- 
ant Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 16 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Women and Children in the Pennsylvania Med- 
ical College, which was then in the hands of 
an able faculty that attracted a large number of 
students. While here he conducted the gyne- 
cological clinic, at that time, and for some 
years, the only one in Philadelphia. His con- 
nection with this institution ceased in 1861, 
when the entire faculty resigned and the col- 
lege became defunct. During the war he 
served as acting assistant surgeon. He was 
elected assistant secretary, then secretary of 
the Philadelphia County Medical Society and 
served in that office for seven years, when he 
declined a re-election, and was chosen vice- 
president, and president in 1873. On retiring 
from this office he delivered the annual ad- 
dress, which was published by the society, and 
was entitled “Hints in the Obstetric Proced- 
ure.” In consequence of a great demand this 
was subsequently, extended and published in 
book form, a large edition of which was soon 
exhausted. He became a member of the 
State Medical Society of Pennsylvania in 1858, 
and was made a member of its committee of 
publication, a position which he has held ever 
since. In 1863 the position of permanent sec- 
retary of this body was created and he was 
elected to that office and has been retained, 
and as such has edited its annual vol- 
ume of transactions up to the present 
time. In 1859 he became a permanent 
member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. When its laws were changed in 
1864, and the post of permanent secretary 
was created, he was unanimously chosen to 
to that office which he still retains, and 
edited its annual volume of transactions 
until 1883, when a weekly journal was issued 
instead. He is a member of the Northern 
Medical Association of Philadelphia, its secre- 
tary and its president. In 1874 he was selected 
to deliver the address on obstetrics, which was 
a review of the year’s progress in that branch 
of our profession. In March, 1877, he was 
elected to the lectureship ondiseasesof children, 
Jefferson Medical College. In 1877 chosen 
Professor of Sanitary Science and Pediatrics in 
the Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, 
in which position he lectured to large classes for 
several terms, after which he retired from the 
active work and was made Honorary Professor. 
On the organization of the State Board of 
Health of Pennsylvania, his work in connection 
with sanitary matters brought him the offer of 
a Medical Inspectorship, in which position he 
has become well known by his reports on san- 
itary affairs in that State. He has long held 
the position of a trustee in the Philadelphia 
Dental College and holds a similar position in 
several other institutions in that city. He has 
made many important contributions to medical 
literature such as “Evidence of Life in the 
Newly Delivered Child,” Medical and Siirgical 
Beporter, 1873; reprinted in the Dublin Hospital 
Gazette and in the American supplement to the 
Obstetric Journal, Great Britain and Ireland; 
also articles on “Chloral in Labor,” “Vera- 
trum Viride,” “ Forceps in Labor.” Of those 
in book form he has edited the “Medical Regis- 
ter and Directory of Philadelphia,” “Physicians 
and Surgeons of the United States” (1878), 
second edition, 1880; and “Therapeutics of 
Gynecology and Obstetrics” (1881). Dr. At- 
kinson has been closely identified with our 
profession during the last forty years, and upon 
his part this period has been characterized by 
unremitting industry and energy, exercised in 
the interest of medical progress. He has been 
a successful physician, journalist, author and 
clinical teacher. His long and faithful work 
not only in the medical societies of his city and 
State, but in the American Medical Association 
and the numerous positions of honor that he 
has been called upon to fill, amply testify to 
his widely known professional ability and well 
deserved appreciation. 
ATLEE, John Light, of Lancaster, Pa., eldest 
son of Colonel William Pitt Atlee, a revolu- 
tionary officer, and grandson of Hon. William 
Augustus Atlee, was born in Lancaster, Pa., 
November 2, 1799, and died there October 1, 
1885. After receiving his preliminary educa- 
tion in the schools of Lancaster, he attended 
one year (1813-14) at Grey and Wiley’s Acad- 
emy, in Philadelphia. He studied medicine 
with Samuel Humes, M. D., in 1815, and in 
April, 1820, graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania. He 
then began practice in Lancaster, where he 
remained during the rest of his life. He was 
active in the organization of the Lancaster 
City and County Medical Society, of which he 
was twice elected president. He was one of 
the originators of the State Medical Society, in 
1848, became its president in 1857, and one 
of the organizers of the American Medical 
Association in Philadelphia, was elected one 
of the vice-presidents in 1868 and president in 
1882. At the union of Franklin and Marshall 
Colleges he became Professor of Anatomy and 
Physiology, and so continued until 1869. He 
has always taken a lively interest in the cause 
of education, and having been appointed a 
school director in 1822, was for more than 
forty years an active and useful member of the 
board. He was a trustee of Franklin and Mar- 
shall College as well as of the Bishop Bowman 
Church Home, of Lancaster. He was also presi- 
dent of the board of trustees of the Home for 
Friendless Children of the city and county of 
Lancaster, and sustained the same relation to 
the State Lunatic Hospital, at Harrisburg. He 
has been a contributor to the American Medical 
Journal, and other periodicals. He revived 
the operation of ovariotomy in 1843, and was 
the first in the history of medicine to success- 
fully remove both ovaries at one operation. 
This patient lived and remained in good health 
for more than forty years afterwards. He was 
elected honorary Fellow of the American Gyn- 
ecological Society in 1877, and was trustee* of 
numerous public institutions. He was married 
March 12,1822, to Sarah H., eldest daughter of 
the late Hon. Walter Franklin, who was pre- 
siding judge of the courts of Lancaster and 
York counties. 
ATLEE, Walter Franklin, Philadelphia, 
son of Dr. John L. Atlee, of Lancaster, was 
born in Lancaster, Pa., October 12, 1828. He 
was educated in Lancaster, at Muhlenburg’s 
school, near Flushing, Long Island, and at 
Yale College, where he graduated A. B. in 
1846, and studied medicine in the University 
of Pennsylvania, taking the degree of M. D. in 
1850. He then visited Europe for the purpose 
of study, and returning, settled permanently 
in Philadelphia in 1856. He is a member of 
the College of Physicians. His contributions 
to medical literature consist, among other pub- 
lications, of notes of lectures by Bernard and 
Robison on the blood, and of the clinical lect- 
ures on surgery, by Nelaton; also of a number EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
17 
of articles on a variety of medical subjects in 
American medical periodicals. 
ATLEE, Washington Lemuel, of Philadel- 
phia, was born at Lancaster, Pa., February 22, 
1808, and died September 6, 1878. He was the 
youngest brother of Dr. John L. Atlee and a 
grandson of the Hon. William Augustus Atlee, 
one of the early judges of the Supreme Court 
of Pennsylvania. His maternal grandfather 
was Major John Light, an officer in the revo- 
lutionary war. As early as fourteen years of 
age he was placed in a dry goods store, but 
dissatisfied with the prospect of a commercial 
life, he entered after eighteen months the 
office of his brother, of Lancaster. He there 
devoted his time to the study of the classics, 
natural sciences and the preliminaries of his 
profession. He received his diploma in 1829, 
from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- 
phia, in which city he was a private pupil in 
the office of George McClellan, M. D., Profes- 
sor of Surgery. Soon after graduation he mar- 
ried Miss Ann Eliza Hoff, of Lancaster, and 
settled in the village of Mount Joy. Here he 
organized a literary society, delivered lectures 
on various scientific topics, and pursued the 
study of botany. In the autumn of 1834 he 
returned to his native city, and for ten years 
devoted himself with ardor and success to the 
practice of his profession and the pursuit of 
some of its higher and more abstract depart- 
ments. Among the latter should be mentioned 
the remarkable series of experiments carried 
out at his suggestion on the body of an exe- 
cuted criminal, named Moselman, reported in 
the American Journal of Medical Science for 
1840. An invitation to fill the chair of Medi- 
cal Chemistry in the medical department of 
Pennsylvania College, at Philadelphia, led to 
his removal to that city in 1845. He soon be- 
came engaged in an extensive private practice, 
which increased so rapidly that, in 1853, he 
resigned the professorship, and since that 
time has given his whole attention to the de- 
mands of his patients. This did not prevent 
him, however, from taking a warm interest in 
the general welfare of the profession, and he was 
well known as an active member of the County 
Medical Society, president in 1874; and State 
Medical Society, president in 1875, and the 
American Medical Association, its vice-presi- 
dent. A brilliant extempore speaker and an 
able debater, his weight was always cast in fa- 
vor of a higher medical education and a broad 
and liberal construction of the rights and du- 
ties of medical life. As a practitioner he was 
most famous for his advocacy of the difficult 
operation of ovariotomy. Commencing its 
performance and defending its propriety at a 
period when hardly another surgeon in the 
land dared support him, he triumphantly 
vindicated its merits by the statistics of over 
three hundred cases in his own hands, a large 
part of them successful in all respects. But 
one other operator in the world has surpassed 
him in the experience of such operations, and 
now all enlightened surgeons recognize it as 
an invaluable resort in the desperate cases to 
which it is applicable. From his own history 
of ovariotomy, sketched in his annual address 
as president, before the Philadelphia County 
Medical Society, we cull the more important 
facts. To Dr. Ephraim McDowell is accorded 
the honor (now generally conceded) of being 
the first to perform the operation, in the year 
1809. Dr. John L. Atlee, of Lancaster, Pa., 
brother of the subject of this sketch, performed 
it on June 29, 1843, on an unmarried lady, 
aged twenty-five years. This was the first 
time that both ovaries were removed. Being 
associated with his brother in the case, 
Dr. W. L. Atlee commenced studying the lit- 
erature of the operation, and spent considera- 
ble time in collecting and collating all that had 
any bearing on the subject. He believes that 
everything that had ever been reported was 
thoroughly gleaned from every part of the 
world. The result of this great labor was the 
publication of one hundred and one operations 
in the American Journal of the Medical Sci- 
ences, April, 1845. In this table he at first 
placed three names—L’Aumonier, Dzondi and 
Galenzowski—before that of McDowell. These 
cases, although associated with the ovary, 
were not cases of ovariotomy. So of the 
Houston case exhumed from the Philo- 
sophical Transactions, and transferred to 
the American Journal of the Medical Sci- 
ences, April, 1849, and reported as a case 
occurring in British surgery in 1701. This un- 
justly accorded the English profession the 
priority in ovariotomy. A new edition of his 
table, containing two hundred and twenty-two 
cases, was published in 1851 in the transactions 
of the American Medical Association for 
that year. Dr. Atlee performed his first 
operation March 29, 1844, on a married lady 
sixty-one years of age. It proved fatal. Re- 
specting the case he says: “It was on the 
banks of the Chicquesalunga, Lancaster county. 
In traveling westward pn the Pennsylvania 
Central Railroad, soon after passing Landis- 
ville station, a small stream is crossed, on the 
opposite bank of which, and on the right-hand 
side, stands a one-story brick tenement (within 
the last few years raised to two stories). It was 
in this house, after many days and nights of in- 18 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tense anxiety, that I first essayed this opera- 
tion. I can never pass it without emotion. It is 
the text for many, many thoughts. No one can 
know the mental and moral conflicts of that 
hour, and I can not describe them. In that 
humble spot began the great battle of my pro- 
fessional life, a battle, on my part, unsought, 
yet firmly maintained on the defensive; be- 
cause, although this effort was unfortunate, I 
had weighed the matter well and my convic- 
tions were on the side of humanity and duty. 
With the axiom that truth must prevail, I deter- 
mined to take my position.” His second oper- 
ation was performed in the city of Lancaster, 
August 28,1844, on an unmarried lady, twenty- 
four years of age. She recovered. In his pub- 
lished record of this case in the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, April, 1846, 
Dr. Atlee said: “I pledge myself to the pro- 
fession to treat this subject in all truth and 
candor; to falsify, omit or withhold nothing; 
and to write down errors, if such there be, in 
honesty and without fear—taking censure when 
deserved. In the decision of a matter of such 
weight to humanity, personal sacrifices ought to 
be utterly disregarded. If this operation is to 
be established, it must be on correct statements; 
if its fails on such testimony, it fails justly and 
forever. But if its establishment be attempted 
on falsified reports and withheld facts, then 
human life must fall a sacrifice to personal and 
professional dishonesty, and the effort must 
necessarily die, covered with a mantle of human 
gore. Let the question, therefore, be met as it 
ought to be, and its history be a record of truth.” 
This pledge he ever faithfully observed. His 
third operation, the first case in Philadelphia, 
was performed March 15, 1849. Upon moving 
to Philadelphia he found ovariotomy every- 
where decried. It was denounced by the 
general profession, in the medical societies, 
in all the medical colleges, and was even 
discouraged by the majority of his own col- 
leagues. He was misrepresented before the 
medical public, and was pointed at as a danger- 
ous man, even as a murderer. The opposition 
went so far that a celebrated professor, in his 
published lectures, invoked the law to arrest 
him in the performance of the operation. It 
was bis custom from the first to invite members 
of the profession to witness the operation, in 
order that they might be able to form a proper 
opinion of its character, and to judge of its 
propriety. It was, however, a rare circumstance 
during the probationary stage of the operation, 
for anyone to accept the invitation cordially 
and gratefully. Some did so, coldly; others 
politely declined; others positivelyrefused,and 
emphatically condemned the operation, while 
others took the invitation as an insult. But 
after ovariotomy began to grow into favor, and 
since it has taken a position in legitimate sur- 
gery, an opportunity to witness it is sought after 
by those very individuals who were disposed 
to condemn it. The strongest opposition came 
from those who had never seen the operation, 
who would not consent to see it, and who con- 
sequently knew nothing about it; while those 
who reluctantly ventured to witness it, as a 
general rule, gradually modified their adverse 
opinions, and finally became advocates of it. 
Referring to his first cases of ovariotomy, 
we quote Dr. Allen’s exact language: “Gen- 
tlemen who were bold enough to witness 
the operation, were even directly accused 
by their professional acquaintances of be- 
ing ‘ particeps criminis ’ in committing mur- 
der, notwithstanding these murdered patients 
recovered! Some, high in the profession, 
against all ethical considerations, would call 
upon patients who had fully decided upon 
the operation, for the purpose of warning them 
against me and certain death. The day before 
I operated upon my first patient in Philadel- 
phia an eminent surgeon called upon her to as- 
sure her that she would certaintly be dead in 
twenty-four hours. Twenty-fours after the op- 
eration I requested him to visit her, and her' 
condition was such that he would not believe ’ 
that she had been meddled with until I exposed 
the wound. This lady is still (1878) living in 
good health, and since then has survived two 
miscarriages, the removal of an immense tumor 
from the neck, and an operation for cataract in 
both eyes. Another medical gentleman, whose 
patient came to me against his positive remon- 
strance, attended the operation for the express 
purpose of being with her when she died on 
the operating table. She did not die and still 
lives, although both ovaries were removed; 
and he left the room a convert to ovariotomy.” 
Particular mention was made by Dr. Atlee, in 
the course of his address, of the vehement op- 
position encountered at the hands of Professors 
Thomas D. Mutter and Meigs, of Philadelphia, 
and Prof. Joseph B. Flint, of Louisville, and 
also of the sympathy and support received 
fi’om such men as Prof. William R. Grant, 
Drs. T. M. Drysdale and George McClellan, Pro- 
fessors S. D. Gross and N. Chapman, and Prof. 
Mussey, of Cincinnati. Other distinguished 
men who then or later indorsed the operation 
were Drs. Henry H. Smith and Hugh L. Hodge. 
In May, 1852, by invitation from him, a com- 
mittee from the Northern Medical Associa- 
tion, consisting of Drs. Remington, Bryan 
and Levis, witnessed the operation in the 
case of a patient who would have died soon 
after any operation, and perhaps as soon 
without one, as was in fact admitted in their re- 
port, which concluded with an earnest recom- 
mendation for the adoption of the subjoined 
resolution: “jßesolved, That this association, 
in view of the numerous fatal results ensuing 
upon ovariotomy, and the many disasters aris- 
ing from errors in diagnosis, unreservedly 
deprecate the frequent performance of this 
operation as detrimental to the best interests 
of science, and fraught with the most immi- 
nent hazard to life.” At a meeting of the 
society, held September 16, 1852, the commit- 
tee reported progress; at another, on October 
7, the report was postponed; at a third, on 
October 21, the report was made and the reso- 
lution postponed for discussion until the next 
meeting. That occurred November 18, when 
a resolution, thanking Dr. Atlee for his cour- 
tesy in inviting a committee of the association 
to witness the operation, was adopted as a sub- 
stitute to that reported by the committee. 
Thereupon, on motion of Dr. Remington, the 
following preamble and resolution were 
adopted: “ Whereas, This association, con- 
sidering the great mortality resulting from 
ovariotomy, the extreme obscurity of diag- 
nosis, the weight of authority against it, and 
the uncertainty of published statistics; there- 
fore, jßesolved, That, although cases have oc- 
curred, and may occur where the operation 
was advisable, this society can not approve of 
a general resort to gastrotomy for the removal 
of ovarian tumors. Of the members of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
19 
committee, Dr. Bryan subsequently recognized 
ovariotomy by calling Dr. Atlee in consulta- 
tion in cases of abdominal tumors, and Dr. 
Levis has himself practiced the operation. 
Dr. Remington died before the operation met 
with general recognition. The position held 
by Dr. Atlee in relation to another great oper- 
ation, viz.: the removal of uterine fibroids, is 
well defined by two distingished men. Profes- 
sor Pallen, in his prize essay, presented to the 
American Medical Association in 1869, says: 
“In 1853, Dr. Washington L. Atlee startled 
the profession by his method of heroically 
attacking uterine tumors with the knife 
His successes were numerous, and the ingenu- 
ity of devices is deserving of the highest com- 
mendation.” And Dr. J. Marion Sims, in the 
New York Medical Journal, April, 1874, says: 
“The name of Atlee stands without a rival in 
connection with uterine fibroids. His opera- 
tions were so heroic that no man has as yet 
dared to imitate him. A generation has passed 
since he gave to the world bis valuable essay on 
the surgical treatment of fibrous tumors of the 
uterus; but it is only within the last five 
or six years that the profession have come to 
appreciate the great truths which he labored 
to establish. Meadows, of London, and 
Thomas, of New York, have each achieved 
splendid results in this direction, and made 
valuable coutributions to our literature. A few 
isolated cases of fibroid enucleation have been 
published by others, and this is about all that 
we can boast of since Atlee first led the way 
for us.” Since the foregoing remarks of the late 
Dr. Sims, made nearly twenty years ago, the 
operation for extirpation of fibroid tumors of 
the uterus has been more frequently performed 
and the practice may now be regarded as a 
well-established surgical procedure. At this 
date (1893) cases of their successful removal, 
either by instruments or the electric needle, 
are almost constantly reported by leading 
gynecologists in the various cities of this 
country. As an author Dr. Atlee contributed 
numerous scientific articles to the American 
Journal of Science and Arts, the American Jour- 
nal of Medical Sciences, the Medical and Surgical 
Reporter, and the Transactions of various med- 
ical associations; the prize essays of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association in 1853 included one 
written by him, entitled: “The Surgical Treat- 
ment of Certain Fibrous Tumors of the Uterus, 
heretofore considered beyond the Resources of 
Art.” His extended experience in ovariotomy 
was summed up in his work: “General and 
Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors, 
with Special Reference to the Operation of 
Ovariotomy; and Occasional Pathological 
and Therapeutical Considerations,” 1873. 
Among his published addresses and papers 
may be specially cited the above alluded to 
history of ovariotomy, entitled: “A Re- 
trospect of the Struggles and Triumphs of 
Ovariotomy in Philadelphia,” delivered Feb- 
ruary 1, 1875; that of “Old Physic and Young 
Physic: Some of the Changes of the Past 
Half-Century Contrasted and Compared, and 
their Advantages Estimated,” delivered in 
1875, as president of the Medical Society of 
the State of Pennsylvania; a paper on “The 
Treatment of Fibroid Tumors of the Uterus,” 
read before the International Medical Congress, 
Philadelphia, in September, 1876; and a paper 
on “Sarcoma of the Ovaries,” read before the 
American Gynecological Society, in 1877. 
ATWATER, Hiram Hayden, of Burling- 
ton, Yt., was born in Norfolk, N. J., Feb- 
ruary 17, 1828, and died in the former city 
August 19, 1891. His father was a physi- 
cian at Norfolk, N. J., but the son was edu- 
cated at Burlington and at Woodstock Med- 
ical College, graduating in 1851. He first 
settled in Brooklyn, N. Y., but in 1861 removed 
permanently to Vermont. He was pension 
examiner for many years beginning in 1862. 
He was health officer of Burlington in 1867, and 
commissioner of lunacy for two years. Dr. 
Atwater had a special bent in the direction of 
obstetrics and was for many years the instruc- 
tor in that branch in the University of Vermont. 
He was also one of the medical staff of the Mary 
Fletcher Hospital. He was the author of vari- 
ous contributions in the Vermont and other 
medical transactions and the American Journal 
of Obstetrics. 
AYER, Washington, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, of Scotch-English descent, was born in 
Haverhill, Massachusetts, June 18, 1823. After 
receiving an academic education he entered 
the Harvard Medical School, and received his 
medical degree from that institution in 1847. 
He then established himself at Lawrence, 
Massachusetts, and engaged in the general 
practice of his profession. But the wave of 
excitement that swept over the country on ac- 
count of the discovery of gold on the Pacific 
coast reached his city soon after, and in Feb- 
ruary, 1849, be sailed for California, and 
arrived in San Francisco on July 5, 1849, and 
has since been a resident of that city. While 
engaged in general practice he has given some 
attention to surgery, and has performed many 
capital operations—notable in a number of 
cases of uterine fibroids. Dr. Ayer is a mem- 
ber of the San Francisco Medical Society, and 
was elected president of this organization in 
1877. He is also an honored member of the 
California State Medical Society; of the Soci- 
ety of California Pioneers, and of other social 
and scientific organizations. He has taken an 
active interest in municipal and educational 
affairs, and from 1865 to 1870 served as a mem- 
ber of the San Francisco Board of Education. 
Dr. Ayer is widely known as one of the oldest 
and most prominent medical men of his 
adopted State. 
AYERS, Daniel, of Brooklyn, N. Y., died 
January 18, 1892, aged sixty-nine years. He 
was a graduate of Princeton and of the New York 
University. Pie settled in Brooklyn in 1845, 
and acquired a surgical fame and fortune there- 
from in a short time. Pie retired after forty 
years of remarkable activity, and began to 
dispense gifts to such institutions as the Wes- 
leyan University, the Long Island College 
Hospital and the Hoagland Laboratory. His 
benefactions to the university just named are 
estimated to exceed $250,000. He assisted in 
founding the Brooklyn City Hospital, and was 
associated with Dr. Louis Bauer, who went to 
St. Louis afterwards, in a kind of post-graduate 
surgical clinic, which was the scene of some 
pioneer joint surgery in the United States. 
He was chosen Emeritus Professor of Surgical 
Pathology in the Long Island College Hospital 
in 1874, and delivered courses of lectures most 
elaborately illustrated by specimens and artis- 
tic models, in the making of which practice 
had made him expert. Two sons, Dr. Morgan 
Ayers and Messenger Ayers, succeed him. 
AYERS, William 0., of Brooklyn, N. Y., 20 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was born in New Caanan, Conn., Septem- 
ber 11, 1817, and died in the former city 
April 30, 1887. He received his academic 
education at Yale University, from which 
he was graduated in the class of 1837. His 
avocation during the ensuing fifteen years 
was that of an educator. His last engage- 
ment in this capacity was in Boston, Mass., 
where he had been employed for a period of 
seven years. In the latter part of this service 
he began the study of medicine and received the 
degree of M. D. from the Yale Medical School 
in 1854. Immediately after graduation he re- 
moved to San Francisco, Cal., and was 
engaged in practice in that city for a period of 
seventeen years, and occupied the chair of 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in Po- 
land Medical College during a portion of this 
time. Shortly before the great fire of 1871, 
in Chicago, he removed to that city and resided 
there until 1878, when he removed to New 
Haven, Conn. In the following year he was 
appointed lecturer on diseases of the nervous 
system in his Alma Mater the Yale Medical 
School—holding this position till early in 1887, 
when, on account of failing health, he removed 
to Brooklyn, N. Y. While Dr. Ayers had 
made a special study of nervous diseases, he 
had also given much thought to various 
branches of natural science, particularly to 
ichthyology, on which he had published many 
articles in the Proceedings of the Boston Soci- 
ety of Natural History and of the California 
Academy of Sciences. 
BABCOCK, Elmer Eugene, of Chicago, HI., 
was born on a farm near Platteville, Grant 
county, Wis., June 8, 1859, and is of Scotch- 
English parentage. Through Gideon Babcock, 
an officer in the revolutionary war, to Robert 
Babcock, of Puritan stock, he has direct lin- 
eage. After a liberal education he studied civil 
engineering and surveying, but laid the transit 
aside for the scalpel in 1881, entering the office 
of Drs. Bowen and Hart, surgeons of the Bur- 
lington and Missouri R. R. at Lincoln, Neb. 
After one and one-half years of pupilage he 
matriculated at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, of Chicago, graduating in 1884. He 
was then selected to represent his college for 
two years as resident surgeon of Cook County 
Hospital, receiving its diploma in 1886, since 
which time he has engaged in private practice, 
devoting himself especially to surgery. He 
was married in 1886 to Miss Ida Amelia Dob- 
son, of Lincoln, Neb. Since 1888 he has been 
connected with the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Chicago, teaching various branches 
of surgery and is now Professor of Surgical 
Anatomy and recording secretary of the fac- 
ulty. He is attending surgeon to Cook County 
Hospital and a member of the following soci- 
eties Chicago Medical Society, Cook County 
Hospital Clinical Society, Chicago Medico-Le- 
gal Society, Illinois State Medical Society, 
American Medical Association, Chicago Path- 
ological Society and Chicago Practioners’ Club. 
BABCOCK, Robert Hall, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Watertown, N. Y., July 26, 1851, but 
was reared in Kalamazoo, Mich. In April, 
1864, he lost his sight in consequence of an ac- 
cident, and a few months subsequently left 
home to become a pupil of the Institution 
for the Blind, in Philadelphia. Three years 
later he entered the preparatory department of 
Olivet College, Olivet, Mich. In two years he 
had prepared himself for college, and entered 
upon a classical course at Western Reserve 
College, Hudson, Ohio. He did not graduate 
there, however, but finished at the University 
of Michigan. Nevertheless, the former insti- 
tution conferred upon him the title of Master 
of Arts, in June, 1888. In 1874 he began his 
medical studies, taking two courses of lectures 
at Ann Arbor. He then entered the Chicago 
Medical College, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D., in the spring of 
1878. The following year he attended lectures 
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at 
New York, being graduated as one of the ten 
“honor men,” in February, 1879. He was 
married a few months later, and in July, 1880, 
went to Germany, where he passed three years, 
chiefly at Munich, in study of diseases of the 
chest. In October, 1883, he began the practice 
of bis profession in Chicago. He became con- 
nected with the Southside Free Dispensary, 
and remained for seven years as one of the at- 
tending physicians to the throat and chest 
department. In 1886 he was ejected to the 
faculty of the Chicago Polyclinic, from which 
capacity he resigned two years subsequently, 
and soon thereafter helped to found the Post- 
graduate Medical School of Chicago. He held 
the professorship of Clinical Medicine and 
Physical Diagnosis. In January, 1890, he was 
appointed specialist in diseases of the chest 
to Cook County Hospital, a position which he 
has held for the past three years. In July, 
1891, he was elected professor of Clinical Med- 
icine, Diseases of the Chest and Physical Di- 
agnosis in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of Chicago, a position which he still 
occupies. He is a member of several city, 
State and national medical societies. He bas 
contributed a number of articles to leading 
medical journals, both in the east and west, but 
is not author of any work. It was his blind- 
ness which led him to devote himself to dis- 
eases of the heart and lungs, in which specialty 
acute hearing is the chief requisite of the 
diagnostician. 
BACON, Charles Sumner, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Spring Prairie, Wis., July 30, 1856. 
He was graduated at Beloit College in 1878, bis 
preparatory education having been obtained in 
the common schools and the Whitewater State 
Normal School. He then taught three years 
in the High School in Racine and the German- 
American Teachers’ Seminary, in Milwaukee. 
After a three years’ course in medicine in the 
Chicago Medical College, he graduated in 1884. 
Having served eighteen months as interne in 
the Cook County Hospital, Chicago, he began 
the practice of his profession in the same city. 
In 1886 he was appointed Pathologist and As- 
sistant Surgeon to the Alexian Brothers’ Hos- 
pital, which position he held for twro years. 
On the founding of the Chicago Polyclinic, in 
1886, he was appointed Assistant Gynecologist, 
in 1889 he was made Instructor and in 1891 
Professor. He spent the summer of 1891 in 
studying gynecology in London, Paris and 
Berlin. He has spent some time in perfecting 
apparatus for controlling the Edison incandes- 
cent current for medical uses. His writings 
consist of papers presented to medical societies, 
among which may be mentioned, “Report of 
an Examination of Dairy Milk and the Milk of 
Cows Fed on Distillery Slops,” “Report of a 
Case of Sarcoma of the Nose Cured after many 
Operations,” “Report of Laparotomy for Mont- 
hly Molimina in a Woman wimout Vagina, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
21 
Uterus or Ovaries,” and “Some Considerations 
concerning Purpura Hsemorrhagica with a Re- 
port of Two Cases of Idiopathic and One of 
Symptomatic Purpura.” 
BACON, Joseph Barnes, of Chicago, 111., was 
born near Hills, Illinois, in 1854, and is of 
American parentage. His preliminary educa- 
tion was begun in the district school and con- 
tinued at the Macomb Normal College and the 
Northwestern University. He graduated at 
the Texas Medical College in 1879 and at the 
Chicago Medical College in 1881. After prac- 
ticing general medicine for three years at Mon- 
tenideo, Minn., he went abroad and studied in 
the hospitals of Heidelberg and Vienna in 1884 
and 1885. Returning from Europe he located 
at Macomb, 111., and did a general surgical 
practice for seven years. In 1892 he was ap- 
pointed to the chair of Rectal Surgery in the 
Post Graduate Medical School of Chicago, and 
fession, at Utica, N. Y., but removed the fol- 
lowing year to his present location. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association 
‘ and Medical Society of the State of New York. 
! He was made secretary of the latter organiza- 
tion in 1865, and annually re-elected for the 
succeeding ten years. He is also a member of 
the Medical Society of Albany County, N. Y., 
and was elected president of the same in 1870. 
Dr. Bailey is an honorary member of the Med- 
ical Society of the State* of Texas, and corre- 
sponding member of the Medico-Legal Society 
of New York. 
BAKER, Henry Brooks, of Lansing, Mich., 
was born December 29,1837, at Brattleboro, Yt. 
He went to Michigan in 1849. His early edu- 
cation was obtained partly in the common 
schools of Vermont, Massachusetts and Michi- 
gan, and by self-teaching. He studied medi- 
cine, attended lectures at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Michigan in 1861- 
1862, and graduated from the Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, New York City, in 1866. 
From the summer of 1862 to the close of the 
war, he served in the medical department of 
the 20th Michigan Infantry Volunteers, 9th 
army corps, and at operating and general hos- 
pitals, becoming, after July, 1864, the medical 
officer in charge of the regiment. He was 
taken prisoner at the Wilderness, but soon re- 
joined the division hospital. After the war he 
practiced in civil life in Michigan about four 
years. In 1870 Dr. Baker took charge of the 
compilation of the vital statistics of Michigan, 
and continued in charge of them for many 
years, compiling, also, the very useful volume 
of “Statistics of Michigan” for 1870, based on 
the United States census. In 1870 Dr. Baker 
was the first to move for a State board of 
health; the board, subsequently established 
in 1873, was the first one wholly founded upon 
the plan of “moral suasion,” its functions be- 
ing advisory, not mandatory. This feature of 
the law was due to Dr. Baker’s influence. 
Since that time many other State boards of 
health have been founded, most of them upon 
the same plan. Since the organization of the 
State board of health in 1873, Dr. Baker has 
been its secretary, and the yearly reports, cir- 
culars of instruction and various other docu- 
ments pertaining to the work of the office of 
the board, exhibit evidence of his painstaking 
care and ability to discharge the duties in- 
volved. Dr. Baker is a member of the Michi- 
gan State Medical Society, of which he has 
been treasurer and vice-president, and of the 
American Medical Association of which he has 
been secretary and chairman of the section on 
State medicine. He was a member of the In- 
ternational Medical Congress at Philadelphia 
in 1876, is a Fellow of the Royal Meteorolog- 
ical Society, London, England, a member of 
the American Climatological Association, is a 
vice-president of the American Social Science 
Association, has been treasurer and president 
of the American Public Health Association, 
and is an honorary member of the French So- 
ciety of Hygiene, Paris. He has contributed 
many papers to prominent journals and trans- 
actions of societies on medical and other sub- 
jects. His published writings are chiefly on 
psychological, physiological, statistical and 
sanitary subjects. His scientific sanitary pa- 
pers have treated more particularly of the 
causes of diseases. He has given especial at- 
tention to the relations of sickness from sev- 
has since then limited his practice to that spe- 
cialty. Dr. Bacon has devised a new electrode 
for treating hemorrhoids by electricity, also an 
instrument for tamponing the rectum that is 
ideal as a means of checking hemorrhage. In 
March, 1893, he devised a new method of treat- 
ing rectal strictures—by transplanting a piece 
of gut from the ileum and anastomosing its 
ends above and below the stricture with the 
rectum, or where the sigmoid mesentery is 
long enough, he makes only a partial trans- 
planting, by bringing down the sigmoid and 
anastomosing it below the stricture and sutures 
the surfaces of the rectum and sigmoid, thus 
making a firm septum, which is subsequently 
removed by compression forceps. 
BAILEY, William H., of Albany, N. Y., was 
born at Bethlehem, that State, December 28, 
1825. After receiving an academic education 
he entered the Albany Medical College, from 
which he was graduated M. D. in 1853. He 
soon after commenced the practice of his pro- 22 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
era! diseases to climatic, meteorological and 
other conditions. One of his papers, read be- 
fore the American Public Health Association, 
at St. Louis, was on “The Relation of Low 
Water in Wells to the Causation of Typhoid 
Fever,” hut he did not reach the same conclu- 
sions as did Pettenkofer, in Munich, who was 
the first to bring this subject into prominence. 
BALDY, John Montgomery, of Philadelphia, 
was born in Danville, Montour county, Pa., in 
1860, and is of English and Irish descent. He 
received his academic education in his native 
town, and began the study of medicine there 
under the preceptorship of Dr. James D. 
Strawbridge. He received his medical degree 
from the University of Pennsylvania, in 1884, 
and pursued post-graduate studies in Philadel- 
phia. He was also resident physician to the 
Philadelphia Hospital. Dr. Baldy then prac- 
ticed his profession one year at Scranton and 
removed to Philadelphia. In 1887 his medical 
education and training was supplemented by 
courses of study in Berlin, Vienna and Lon- 
don. His practice is limited to gynecological 
work. He was physician to the Philadelphia 
Dispensary from 1885 to 1888; was surgeon to 
the Gynecian Hospital in 1890; gynecologist to 
St. Agnes Hospital in 1891, and since 1891 pro- 
fessor of gynecology in the Philadelphia Poly- 
clinic. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association; the Pennsylvania State 
Medical Society; the Philadelphia Obstetrical 
Society; the Philadelphia Pathological Society, 
and is Fellow to the College of Physicians, 
Philadelphia; Fellow to the American Gyne- 
cological Society; Fellow to the British Gyne- 
cological Society, and is editor of and contrib- 
utor to the “American Text-Book of Gynecol- 
ogy.” 
BALDWIN, James Fairchild, of Columbus, 
Ohio, was born in Orangeville, N. Y., Feb. 12, 
1850. His father was a Presbyterian minister. 
Llis mother was a sister of Pres. James H. 
Fairchild, of Oberlin, Ohio, Pres. E. H. Fair- 
child, of Berea, Ky., and Pres. George T. 
Fairchild, of Manhattan, Kan. He graduated 
in the Arts at Oberlin College in 1870, and 
Medicine at Jefferson College in 1874. His 
graduating thesis, on “The Relation of Ozone 
to Disease,” was awarded the Faculty prize of 
one hundred dollars over one hundred and fif- 
ty competitors. He located in Columbus Sept. 
1,1874. In 1875 he assisted in the organization 
of the Columbus Medical College, with which 
institution he was connected until 1882, at first 
as professor of physiology, and afterwards as 
professor of anatomy. In 1882, he was sum- 
marily removed from his professorship by 
the Board of Trustees because of his vigor- 
ous opposition to the low standard of the 
school. In 1876, he began work in medical 
journalism, being then one of the editors of 
the Ohio Medical Recorder. He has contin- 
ued in this work until the present, being now 
editor of the Columbus Medical Journal. It 
was an editorial in this journal that, although 
not written for that purpose, secured for him 
in 1883, the award of a full nickel bicycle, 
from the Pope Manufacturing Co., in a series 
of prizes offered for articles written by physi- 
cians on the use of the wheel. In addition to 
the two prize essays mentioned, and many ar- 
ticles in his own and other medical journals, 
he, in 1888, contributed to the Reference Hand 
Book of the Medical Sciences the article on 
Personal Nomenclature. July 17,1889, he per- 
formed the first Porro operation ever made in 
Ohio. The patient was a dwarf, forty-five 
inches in height, and both mother and child 
were saved. This operation was the ninth of 
the kind in the United States, and the third 
successful one. In the summer of 1889, he 
removed a tumor from the vocal cords of a 
lad from Licking Co., and also one from a girl 
from Madison Co., by means of intubation, 
this method of treating these tumors being 
original with him, and these the first cases so 
treated. (New York Medical Record, March 
8, 1890.) In 1890, he, with other physicians, 
incorporated the Ohio Medical University, 
which gave its first course of instruction, in 
its departments of medicine, dentistry and 
pharmacy in 1892-3. He holds the position 
of Chancellor of this University, and also the 
chair of operative gynecology in the medical 
department. He is a member of the Col- 
umbus Academy of Medicine, of the Central 
Ohio Medical Society (president in 1891), and 
of the Ohio State Medical Society. 
BARD, John, was born in Burlington, N. J., 
February 1, 1716, and died in Hyde Park, N. 
Y., March 30, 1799. He was the son of a New 
Jersey magistrate of Huguenot origin, and 
after attending a classical school was appren- 
ticed to the elder John Kearsley, a noted phy- 
sician of Philadelphia, Pa., who, if the account 
speaks truly, was no lenient master. “He 
treated his pupils with great rigor, and sub- 
jected them to the most menial employments.” 
An apprenticeship at that time was no sine- 
cure ; it was a period of probation attended 
with toil and exactions. The pupil lived, for 
the most part, with his master—was constantly 
subject to his orders, whether in the task of 
preparing medicines to be used in his daily 
rounds, in carrying them to the patients, or in 
making fires, keeping the office clean, and 
other household duties now devolving upon 
domestics. “To these, Dr. Bard has been 
often heard to say, he would never have sub- 
mitted but from apprehension of giving pain 
to his excellent mother, and the encourage- 
ment he received from the kindness of her par- 
ticular friend, Mrs. Kearsley, of whom he al- 
ways spoke in terms of the warmest gratitude, 
affection and respect. Under such circum- 
stances he persevered to the end of seven te- 
dious years, stealing his hours of study from 
sleep, after the family had retired to rest, and 
before they arose from their beds.” After 
practicing his profession a few years in Phila- 
delphia he established himself in New York 
(1746) and soon took rank as one of the ablest 
of American medical men. In 1759, when an 
epidemic of malignant fever threatened New 
York, having been commissioned to devise 
means to check the spread of the disease, he 
recommended the purchase of Bedloe’s Island 
for the isolation of cases of infectious disease, 
and was placed in charge of the hospital that 
was built in accordance with his suggestion. 
He was the first president of the New York 
Medical Society. He has left a paper on 
“Malignant Pleurisy,” and several treating of 
yellow fever, all of which were published in 
the American Medical Begister. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son, Dr. Samuel Bard, the sub- 
ject of the following sketch, who was one of 
the founders of the first medical school in New 
York, and a distinguished practitioner of that 
city. 
BARD, Samuel, of New York, was born at EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
23 
Philadelphia, Pa., April 1, 1742, and died at 
Hyde Park, N. Y., May 24,1821. One of his bi- 
ographers, the late Dr. James P. White, says: 
“Among those who have been conspicuous in the 
profession of medicine, whose lives should be 
recorded with especial reference to their value 
as examples worthy of imitation by all just 
entering upon the discharge of its duties and 
responsibilities, few probably may claim a 
higher place than the subject of the following 
memoir. Without claiming for Dr. Bard 
great genius, or brilliant talents, without as- 
serting that nature had bestowed upon him 
gifts superior to those possessed by many who 
daily embark in the same pursuit, yet will it, 
in the course of this narrative, be perceived 
that by industry in the study of its several de- 
partments, by diligence throughout a large pro- 
fessional career, in the dischai-ge of all his 
obligations as a practitioner, and by cultivating 
all the social and Christian virtues he elevated 
himself to the very first rank as a medical 
scholar, a philanthropist and a citizen. What 
he attained may, by pursuing a similar course, 
be the lot of every neophyte. The path which 
he trod is open to all. The object for which he 
successfully contended encompass all that is 
most desirable in this life, and secures a fade- 
less inheritance in the life to come.” “The 
unexceptionable character of the man, the 
value of the example furnished in the life of Dr. 
Bard, in his social, religious and professional 
intercourse with his medical brethren and 
with the world, will, it is believed, furnish 
an adequate apology for the length of the 
following narrative and the minuteness of de- 
tail in private, social and other matters, which 
may not possess interest to the medical practi- 
tioner exclusively.” The ancestors of Samuel 
Bard, preferring adherance to their faith rather 
than submission to the requisitions of an arbi- 
trary decree of the French government, became 
exiles under the provisions of the revocation 
of the Edict of Nantes. To the same decree 
was America indebted for many of the heroes 
of the revolution. To this intelligent class of 
refugees in this country she is also indebted 
for much of the spirit of civil and religious free- 
dom which led to the declaration of American 
independence and the successful resistance to 
British oppression and intolerance. Peter 
Bard, the paternal grandfather of Samuel, on 
his arrival in America, established his resi- 
dence upon the banks of the Delaware, a short 
distance above Philadelphia. Here he soon 
after united his fortunes with those of Miss 
Marmion, the daughter of an English gentle- 
man, who also abandoned country and home 
from scruples of conscience and sought their 
enjoyment in the New World. From this mar- 
riage sprung the immediate ancestor of the 
subject of this sketch, Dr. John Bard, one of 
the most distinguished practitioners of his 
time, the friend and companion of Franklin. 
This renowned physician received his educa- 
tion and commenced the practice of his profes- 
sion in the city of Philadelphia. Here he be- 
came attached to the granddaughter of Peter 
Falconer,another distinguished French refugee, 
who had emigrated to New York in the capac- 
ity of private secretary to Lord Cornbury, gov- 
ernor of the province and favorite cousin of 
Queen Anne. Not long subsequent to this 
event the subject of the present memoir was 
born, and whilst his father and family were 
yet residing in Philadelphia. In 1746, how- 
ever, when his eldest son, Samuel, was but 
four years old, Dr. John Bard was induced to 
remove to the city of New York, where he 
long occupied a prominent position among 
the medical and literary men of his period. 
Soon after his arrival in New York, the educa- 
tion of his son commenced. Of precocity 
of talent no evidence appears; but the few 
anecdotes related of his early years show 
the peculiar traits of his character to have been 
rather a felicity of nature than the tardv fruits 
of discipline. He was, however, a quick, in- 
dustrious and amiable child, and the instruc- 
tion given by his observant mother to his mas- 
ter is frequently cited to show her opinion of 
his capacity. “If Peter,” said she, “ does not 
know his lesson, excuse him ; if Sam does not, 
punish him, for he can learn at will.” The sub- 
ject of this sketch was early impressed by his 
parents with a sense of religion and disciplined 
in the path of rectitude. They often told him 
that any fault might be excused except a want 
of truth. After passing through courses of study 
with private teaching and the completion of 
his academic education at Columbia College, 
he was led by his own wishes and the choice 
of his father, to adopt the study of the medical 
Erofession. His opening talents were viewed 
y a partial parent in so strong a light, and so 
just an estimate did that parent place upon the 
importance of being fully and thoroughly 
taught in the several sciences upon which med- 
icine is based, that he determined to educate 
him abroad. The School of Edinburgh was at 
this time in the highest repute, and was ac- 
cordingly selected as the great source from 
which young Bard was to derive his medical 
education,and form his character for future life. 
After much anxious preparation,at the early age 
of nineteen, he accordingly bade adieu to his 
native country, with a mind stored with such 
learning as the colonies then afforded. This 
occurred in September, 1761, at a period when 
Great Britain was at war with France, nor did 
he escape the hazards incident to a sea voyage 
under such circumstances. The first intelli- 
gence which his father received from him was 
contained in a letter, dated Bayonne Castle, 
announcing that in three weeks after embark- 
ing at New York, he fell into the hands of the 
enemy, and was now in confinement. It was 
fortunate for our young prisoner that Dr. 
Franklin, the intimate friend of his father, 
then resided in London, as agent for several 
of the Colonies. By his kind assistance the 
gloom of a prison was soon exchanged for the 
freshness and freedom of the country, and 
after five months residence in France, he pro- 
ceeded on his way to the British metropolis. 
Arrived in London young Bard now entered 
upon the great object of his visit with that in- 
telligence and zeal which through life marked 
his character. His letters of introduction 
were to the first men of the age, by means of 
which he became immediately known to 
Fothergill, Hunter, Mackenzie and others. 
The gentleman under whose special instruc- 
tions he placed himself, was Dr. Alexander 
Russell, an amiable and able man, well known 
in his day by various communications to the 
Royal Society and other writings. In Septem- 
ber, 1762, he repaired to Edinburgh, and here 
he also enjoyed the privilege of associating 
with characters of the first eminence. At this 
time Robertson, the historian, was at the head 
of the University, and Rutherford, Whytt, the 24 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
two Monros, fattier and son, Cullen, Hope, 
Ferguson, Gregory and Blair, were among its 
teachers. Under such men was Bard trained, 
and here the torch was lighted which subse- 
quently inflamed many kindred bosoms. On 
completing his studies he wrote an inaugural 
thesis entitled 11 Be Viribus Opii” which was 
carefully prepared and ably defended at 
his examination, was spoken of with great 
respect by competent medical men and which 
admitted him to his medical degree. His 
diploma was dated September 6, 1705. Having 
completed his course of medical education, he 
employed some time in an excursion through 
the most interior parts of Scotland, and various 
parts of England, and the scenes which pre- 
sented afforded him the highest gratification to 
which he often afterwards alluded with feel- 
ings of enthusiastic admiration. On his last 
visit to Dr. Fothergill he was given much 
salutary advice, who, in concluding, gave him 
what he termed the secret of his own success: 
“I crept,” said this eminent physician, “over 
the backs of the poor into the pockets of the 
rich.” This anecdote, giving the origin of a 
maxim which has since been often repeated, 
may again answer as a useful hint to the 
young practitioner who may chance to read it. 
Dr. Bard, himself, often repeated and urged 
upon young physicians a similar prudential 
maxim in that the basis of their practice and 
their fame, to be permanent, should be laid in 
the opinions of the many, and thus growing up 
by insensible degrees, it would be free from 
the dangers that attend on a premature repu- 
tation of a narrow and wavering patronage. 
After an absence of five years abroad, Dr. Bard 
returned to New York. The expenses of his 
education had exceeded one thousand pounds, 
a large sum to expend for such a purpose at 
that early period, and which had involved his 
father in debt. To relieve his self-sacrificing 
parent from embarrassment incurred in his be- 
half, he entered at once upon the exercise of 
his profession in partnership with him, devot- 
ing himself to it with native enthusiasm and 
faithful perseverance. For three years he 
drew nothing from the profits of their joint 
business, which amounted to nearly fifteen 
hundred pounds per annum, beyond his nec- 
essary expenses, allowing all the remainder, 
which he might justly have claimed, to go to- 
wards the liquidation of debts, which in 
honor he regarded as his own. Consid- 
ering himself at that time exonerated from 
all other claim than that of gratitude, he 
proceeded to form a more tender and more 
lasting union, and trusting to Providence and 
his own exertion, his marriage to his cousin 
took place wdiilst his pecuniary resources did 
not exceed one hundred pounds. With this 
lady, in uninterrupted harmony and affection, 
he lived through the long and chequered period 
of fifty-five years. Dr. Bard had early formed 
a plan for a medical school, and within a year 
after his return from Europe, an organization 
was effected and united to King’s College. His 
associates in this laudable enterprise were Drs. 
Clossy, Jones, Middleton, Smith and Tennant; 
while to him, then but in his twenty-eighth 
year, was given by common consent what was 
considered the most responsible and influential 
department of the Practice of Physic. Thus 
early did be begin to repay his debt of educa- 
tion to this literary institution, which for forty 
years he continued to serve, as circumstances 
demanded, in almost every branch of experi- 
mental and medical science; and for the last 
twenty years of his residence in the city, as 
trustee and dean of the Faculty of Physic. 
Medical degrees were first conferred by this 
school, in 1769, when a public address was de- 
livered by Dr. Bard, in which he displayed 
that persuasive eloquence with which he al- 
ways urged a good cause. It has been a dis- 
puted question as to the priority of the first 
medical school in this country. Referring to the 
school established by Bard, Dr. White, thebiog- 
rapherpreviously quoted, has written: “Though 
not the first lectures which were delivered on 
medical subjects, it would appear to be the first 
regularly organized complete Faculty for that 
purpose in America.” Upon this point the late 
Professor Francis, of New York, has said: “Bard 
is most closely associated with the first medical 
school of the colonies; for though Philadelphia 
boasts an origin some two or three years earlier, 
it was in the New York school (King’s College) 
that the first entire faculty of medicine was 
created, as that first association, for the first 
time in this country, established an independ- 
ent Professor of Obstetrics, thus making for 
the first time, what is now universal in all the 
professorships of the regularly organized 
schools. Philadelphia did not establish mid- 
wifery as a separate professorship until some 
thirty years after when James, about 1810-11 
was appointed; Shippen had given Anatomy 
and a few lectures on midwifery from the 
first foundation of the Philadelphia school un- 
til his death.” On May 16, 1769, Dr. Bard 
delivered before the officers of Kings College 
and the governor and council of the Province, 
a “Discourse upon the duties of a physician,” 
in which he enforced the usefulness or rather 
the necessity of a public hospital and the 
propriety of its immediate establishment as 
the most efficient means of relief to the 
suffering poor of the city and of instruction 
to medical students. So convincing were his 
arguments, and so well timed the appeal, that 
it aroused the sympathy of those upon whom 
it was most intended to operate, and secured 
liberal appropriation from the city authority 
and a suitable structure was soon after erected"; 
but when on the point of completion the 
building was entirely destroyed by accidental 
fire so that this noble design remained unac- 
complished until 1791. From the period of 
its commencement until his retirement, Dr. 
Bard continued to be one of its visiting phy- 
sicians in which he never omitted a single day 
to perform its onerous and gratuitous duties. 
Among other obligations which the members of 
the profession of New York owe to this same 
discourse, is the exposure it contains of the un- 
reasonable and dangerous practice which then 
prevailed, of their charges being grounded 
solely on the medicine given to their patient; 
thus unjustly depriving them of any remunera- 
tion for that wherein alone the value of their 
services consisted, and exposing them to the 
constant temptation, if not absolute necessity 
of prescriptions, often needless, and sometimes 
hurtful. This bold expostulation probablv 
tended in no small degree to hasten the 
change, which on this point soon after took 
place, separating the duties of the physician 
from those of the apothecary. On the out- 
break of the Revolution and the occupation of 
New York by the British troops, Dr. Bard re- 
moved to New Jersey, but again resumed his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
25 
professional duties in that city in 1784. While 
the General Government was sitting in New 
York President Washington had recourse to 
Dr. Bard’s professional skill in his own case. 
In a letter to a friend he says: “The Presi- 
dent’s complaint continues to amend, so that 
I have not the least doubt of effecting a per- 
fect, and I hope a speedy cure. It will give 
you pleasure to be told that nothing can ex- 
ceed the kindness and attention I receive 
from him.” On one "occasion being left alone 
with him, General Washington, looking stead- 
fastly in his face, desired his candid opinion 
as to* the probable termination of the disease, 
adding with that placid firmness which marked 
his address, “do not flatter me with vain 
hopes; I am not afraid to die, and therefore 
can bear the worst.” Dr. Bard’s reply, 
whilst it expressed hope, acknowledged his 
apprehension. The President replied, “wheth- 
er to-night or twenty years makes no differ- 
ence. I know that I am in the hands of a 
good Providence.” The elder Dr. Bard was 
subsequently called in consultation at the sug- 
gestion of (General Washington, and by the 
blessing of that “good Providence” in which 
he trusted, his life was preserved to his coun- 
try at a period when it never more needed the 
councils of his calm, prospective wisdom. 
The result of this illness was an intimacy 
with his patient, which Dr. Bard justly felt 
proud of. It continued unbroken until 
the removal of the seat of government 
to Philadelphia, an event whicjn he much 
lamented for many and obvious reasons. 
Temperance, exercise and early rising had 
strengthened his naturally weak constitution 
and enabled him to go through a daily course 
of extraordinary professional labor. One of 
his early students thus speaks of a winter 
residence in his family: “He rose at the 
earliest hour; at five o’clock he was super- 
intending the studies of his son and myself, 
and engaged in preparing his public lectures; 
from breakfast till night I saw no more of him, 
except in the streets on professional business; 
then indeed, himself, his phaeton and servant 
were to be seen at most hours, both of the day 
and night.” Into his literary gratification 
Dr. Bard is said to have carried all the ardor 
of his character; he seized upon every new 
publication of merit with the avidity of a 
famished appetite, and during its perusal was 
both deaf and blind to all causes of interrup- 
tion. Of personal courage, Dr. Bard had a 
great share, but it did not arise from forget- 
fulness of danger so much as from disregard to 
it. His mind was intent on the duty to be 
performed and weighed not the risk that at- 
tended it. In illustration, an instance may be 
mentioned of his conduct in the popular tumult 
commonly called “The Doctors’ Mob,” excited 
in the year 1788, against the physicians of the 
city, from suspicion of their robbing the grave- 
yards. In this riot, which for two days set at 
defiance both the civil and military forces of 
the city, Dr. Bard exhibited a calm and digni- 
fied composure, which seemed to awe even the 
wild passions of the populace. Conscious of 
his innocence of the alleged charge, he re- 
sisted the most urgent solicitations of his 
friends to flee or conceal himself; but as the 
infuriated mob approached his house, ordered 
the doors and windows to be thrown wide 
open, and paced his hall in full view of 
them as they drew near. His calmness, or 
his character saved him; they approached 
with horrible imprecations, gazed awhile 
in silence, and then passed on with acclama- 
tions of his innocence.” That this composure 
was the triumph of mind over body may be 
safely inferred from the anxiety and sensibil- 
ity he evinced when the sufferings of others 
were in question. This temperament unfitted 
him, as it did his favorite teacher, Cullen, and 
many other eminent physicians, for a calm sur- 
gical operator. The first operation he per- 
formed, having completed it with a steady hand, 
he fainted as soon as the Avound was dressed 
and the patient safe. His anxiety of mind was 
so great on these occasions that he is known 
to have passed the entire night before making an 
important operation, without sleep, pacing his 
chamber, and absorbed in reflections upon the 
responsibilities involved in its performance. 
As a physician this acute sensibility, so far 
from an impediment, was, in no small meas- 
ure, the ground both of his popularity and suc- 
cess. It stimulated him to greater efforts in 
storing his mind with the history, symptoms 
and location of disease and increased his vig- 
ilance in the application of remedial measures. 
Being of a hopeful temperament also, whilst it 
sometimes depressed his feelings, it never les- 
sened his exertions. It gave the warmth of 
friendship to professional formalities, inspired 
the patient with confidence in his skill and 
thus giving relief to the mind, paved the way 
for that of the body. To the friends of the 
sick his manner, or rather his character, was 
peculiarly comforting—to the skill of the phy- 
sician he added the interest of the relative. 
They were satisfied that everything was done 
his art could do; that neither coldness, nor sel- 
fishness, nor the pursuits of pleasure or ambi- 
tion, withheld him from any personal exer- 
tion. His look and language and actions 
all spoke the deep interest he took in 
the result; showed a heart not then 
set on reputation or profit, but filled 
with sympathy for human suffering and 
alive in all its energies to devise means 
for its relief.” The comparison Dr. Bard once 
made use of in a case of violent disease will 
illustrate this excitement. “I feel,” said he, 
“as if I had a giant by the throat and must 
fight for life.” Of the success of medical prac- 
tice it is not easy to speak; but there is no 
doubt that this poAverful union of heart and 
head often produced Avonderful recoveries, 
and the uniA7ersal attachment of his patient 
certainly evinced no common degree of reli- 
ance on his professional skill. “In practice 
Dr. Bard Avas guided more by the cautious ex- 
perience of an observing mind than medical 
theories. In doubtful cases he Avas content to 
prescribe rather for symptoms present than 
the disease, and trusting much to the curative 
effects of nature, Avas content to consider him- 
self nature’s interpreter and ministering ser- 
A7ant, folloAAdng, not guiding her, and finding 
his chief employment in removing the 
obstruction which impeded her Avise course to 
returning health. Whilst he did not under- 
Aralue the improvements in modern medical 
science, he cautioned young practitioners 
against too great readiness in receiving neAV 
names, new theories and new remedies.” 
“New names,” he said, “are always deceiving, 
neAV theories are mostly false or useless, and 
neAV remedies for a time are dangerous. This 
rage for novelty pervades our profession, es- 26 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
pecially in this country. Hence our extended 
catalogue of new fevers, and hasty adoption 
of new remedies; hence the unlimited and 
unwarranted application of mercury without 
weight, and brandy without measure, and the 
lancet without discrimination; and hence I 
am afraid I may say, the sacrifice of many 
lives which might have been preserved, had 
they been left water gruel and good nursing.” 
With respect to his communicating to his 
patients a knowledge of their danger, he says: 
“There is in the human mind a principle of 
acquiescence in the dispensation of Divine 
Providence, which when treated with pru- 
dence, seldom fails to reconcile the most 
timid to their situation. Such information, I 
have generally found rather to calm perturba- 
tion of mind than to increase danger or has- 
ten the event of disease. Whenever, there- 
fore, the duties of piety, or even the temporal 
interests of friends, have demanded it, I have 
not hesitated making, and seldom or never 
repented, such communication.” Having ac- 
cumulated by his own industry a considerable 
sum of money, he sent it to England to be in- 
vested in British securities. The banker in 
whose hands the funds were deposited failed, 
and it became to him a total loss. Whilst 
reading a letter announcing this fact, his wife 
observed him to change countenance, and 
anxiously inquired its contents. “We are 
ruined” said he, “that is all.” “If that be 
all,” rejoined his calmer companion, “never 
mind the loss we will soon make it up again.’’ 
Such a spirit was contagious. Dr. Bard took 
courage from the example of his wife, and re- 
turned to the task with cheerful resolution. 
It is said that the necessities of his father 
three times absorbed all his means, and in- 
volved him in debt; but the same resolute 
and prudent management as often freed him, 
and eventually secured for declining age that 
happy medium of wealth which the wise have 
ever preferred as affording the greatest enjoy- 
ments with the fewest cares; and which so 
fully answered all their desires, that they re- 
turned to the quiet of the country at a time 
when the extent of his practice and the rising 
charges of the profession would have doubled 
his fortune in the space of a few years. Of Dr. 
Bard’s time most of the literary and benevolent 
institutions of the city, had a share. He was 
one of the founders and physicians of the City 
Dispensary, and one of the original and active 
members of the Agricultural Society of his 
State. His exertions contributed to the forma- 
tion of the first public library in New York, 
and, in fact, his heart and hand were with 
every scheme of benevolence and public im- 
provement of his time. In the year 1791 the 
trustees of Columbia College, with the co-op- 
eration of the Medical Society, re-organized the 
department of Medicine, which the war of the 
revolution had broken up, at the head of 
which, as Dean of the Faculty, was placed 
Dr. Bard, who, anxious to contribute his per- 
sonal exertions to the advancement of med- 
ical education gave to the students in the 
wards of the hospital a course of clinical lect- 
ures. At the bedside of the patient he exhib- 
ited the finest model for imitation, as teaching 
not merely the learning, but the manners of a 
pltysician. His kindness, his patience, his 
minute examination and inquiries, his cheering 
words of consolation addressed to the poorest 
and meanest, had the value of moral as well 
as medical instruction, impressing the minds 
of the students with a conscientious sense of 
the responsibility of life and health which 
rested upon them. “Avoid,” he used to say, 
“that affectation of quick discernment and 
hurried practice which generally marks the 
ignorant and ostentatious; hurrying from 
patient to patient without once reflecting on 
the misery and mischief they may occasion, 
and that life thus trifled away, will one day be 
required at their hands.” In one of his sketches 
of the good physician he said: “The physician 
who confines his attention to the body knows 
not the extent of his art; if he know not how to 
sooth the irritation of a troubled and enfeebled 
mind, to calm the fretfulness of impatience; 
to rouse the courage of the timid, and even to 
quiet the compunctions of an over-tender con- 
science, he will very much confine the effi- 
ciency of his prescriptions, and these he can 
not do without, he gains the confidence, esteem, 
and even love, of his patients.” After form- 
ing a partnership with Dr. David Hassack, 
partly with a view to his own relief at a period 
of much exertion, but principally that he 
might introduce to his large circle of patients 
one to whose medical skill he was content to 
transfer their safety, he at length, in the 
spring of 1798, bid adieu to the city and 
retired to his elegant country seat. He soon 
returned, however, to take part in the man- 
agement of a fearful epidemic which had 
once before desolated his city, and contracted 
the fever himself and his life was with diffi- 
culty saved by the kind attention of his medi- 
cal brethren and devoted wife. After his res- 
toration he resided at Hyde Park the remain- 
der of his life and gave his attention to agri- 
cultural pursuits and anticipated in some de- 
gree the course of Sir Humphrey Davy in ap- 
plying the power of chemistry to elucidate the 
principles and improve the practice of hus- 
bandry and by his experiments diffused much 
knowledge among practical farmers and wrote 
a book concerning the best mode of treating 
diseases of sheep and means of preventing their 
infection. This work was entitled “The Shep- 
herd’s Guide,” and was the result of much in- 
vestigation and repeated and careful experi- 
ment. He lived at his country seat for the last 
years of his life, dividing his at- 
tention with the above pursuits and an occa- 
sional consultation with his medical friends in 
the city and the care of such cases of sickness 
as occurred in his immediate neigborhood. 
It is a matter of regret that Dr. Bard 
did not give more attention to public 
literature. The clearness of his mental 
perceptions, the inductive character of his 
reasoning, and the manly vigor of his style 
would have added much to his own celebrity 
and the advancement of science; while the 
tone of religious earnestness, which pervades 
all his writings, would have given them much 
additional value, and served to vindicate the 
character of the medical profession as regards 
the stain of infidelity which has too long and 
too unjustly rested upon it. Upon this subject 
he thus expressed himself in one of his aca- 
demical charges: “Galen is said to have been 
converted from atheism by the contemplation 
of a human skeleton, how then is it possible 
that a modern physician can be an infidel! 
One who is acquainted with the mechanism of 
the eye, and ear, with the circulation of 
the blood; the process of nourishment, waste EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
27 
and repair, and all the countless wonders 
of the animal economy! He must be blind, 
indeed, if he does not see in these the un- 
questionable marks of infinite wisdom, 
power and goodness!” Besides the works 
already mentioned. Dr. Bard’s publications 
consist of a treatise written in the year 
1771, upon “Angina Suffocativa,” a disease 
which then appeared in New York, under a 
new form, or with new virulence; another, 
upon “The Use of Cold in Hemorrhage;” 
many occasional addresses to public assem- 
blies ; anniversary discourses to medical stu- 
dents ; and the largest of his works, “A Treat- 
ise on Obstetrics,” which was prepared by 
him after his retirement from active practice. 
This is, perhaps, the earliest work written 
upon midwifery in America, and was of su- 
perior value if not merit, from the salutary 
caution which it teaches in the use of those 
instruments, which in rash and unskillful 
hands have rendered this part of the art 
rather a curse than a blessing. It inculcated 
the necessity of a more frequent resort to 
the safer instruments, the forceps, and of 
lessening the frequency with which practi- 
tioners were in the habit of using the more 
deadly instruments, the perforator and hooks. 
In 1813 when a separation took place be- 
tween Columbia College and its Medical 
School, upon the remodelling of the latter, 
Dr. Bard became the President of the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. This honorable 
position he continued to hold during life, and 
rendered his official duties valuable to the in- 
stitution by the enthusiastic interest he took 
in its success, the judicious plans he framed 
for its improvement, and the impressive dis- 
courses with which he accompanied the deliv- 
ery of its degrees. In these he drew with his 
accustomed energy a vivid picture of the ac- 
complished physician—in his education, in his 
subsequent improvement, in his professional 
conduct and in his private deportment. Over 
all these sketches he threw a moral and relig- 
ious coloring, which gave them richness and 
force; showing the happy influence which 
pure moral and firm religious principles must 
ever exercise over professional success; and 
concluded one of his last addresses by present- 
ing the character of Boerhaave, as approach- 
ing to this rare union of the physician, the 
scholar, the gentleman .and the Christian. In 
one devotional habit Dr. Bard resembled 
Boerhaave; and perhaps was guided by his 
example. A part of his early mornings was 
regularly devoted to religious reading and re- 
flection, by which, as he himself expressed it, 
he endeavored to “set his mind to a right edge 
for the business of the day.” In 1811, cir- 
cumstances favoring its establishment, the 
church of St. James at Hyde Park was 
erected, of which Dr. Bard was by his liberal 
contribution in effect the founder, and in 
which he continued to find to the very close of 
his life, a more than ordinary comfort and sat- 
isfaction. “No equal expenditure of money,” 
he is quoted assaying, “had ever returned to 
him so large an interest.” From its meetings 
surrounded by his faithful wife, children and 
grandchildren, thus sanctified alike by devo- 
tion and family affection, he was rarely absent. 
Sickness could hardly detain him; and ab- 
sence from home he always felt as a misfor- 
tune. His eldest grandson having determined 
on medicine as his profession, renewed all the 
ardor of his grandfather’s mind to prepare him 
for and advance him in it. He became not 
only his instructor, but his companion in all 
his medical pursuits, aided him in the arrange- 
ment of his laboratory, led the way in experi- 
ment and ran over the whole circle of his for- 
mer studies with equal enthusiasm and greater 
pleasure, as it was now connected with the 
improvement of one endeared to him by the 
ties of kindred, and the display of such traits 
of character as promised fully to repay his exer- 
tions. He was alike the counselor and com- 
panion, the instructor and the friend of all 
young persons who were so fortunate as to 
nave a claim upon his attention. His plans 
for their improvement were novel and varied, 
his pursuit of them eager, his commendation 
warm and animated, and his reproof, though 
tender, “vehement in love.” In passing 
through Princeton at a period of its public 
commencement Dr. Bard received a mark of the 
high respect in which his character was held. 
On this occasion he was waited upon by a dep- 
utation from the trustees of that institution, 
who conferred upon him the honorarv degree of 
LL.D, In the flowers and fruits of Ins garden 
he became a learned and skillful horticultur- 
ist—conversed, read and wrote upon the 
subject; laid exactions on all his friends 
who could aid him in obtaining what was 
rare, beautiful, or excellent in its kind; drew 
from England its smaller fruits, the larger 
ones from France, melons from Italy and 
vines from Maderia,—managing them all 
with varied yet experimental skill, which 
baffled the comprehension of minds of slower 
perception. These plans though novel were 
in general judicious, being the result of much 
reading and long experience. In the con- 
struction of a conservatory he displayed much 
of his talent, it being one of the first in that 
northern climate. In this during the severity 
of the winter he would often pass the greater 
part of the day engaged in his usual occupa- 
tion of reading and writing, or his favorite 
amusement of chess, and welcoming his 
friends who called upon him to use his own 
sportive language, to the “little tropical region 
of his own creation.” In the month of May, 
1821, while preparing for their annual spring 
visit to the city of New York, and after hav- 
ing passed a winter of more than usual enjoy- 
ment, Mrs. Bard was attacked with a pleuritic 
affection, which after a few days gave evi- 
dence of a fatal termination. Dr. Bard, 
though laboring under a similar attack, would 
not be separated from her, but continued as 
formerly, her companion, nurse and physician. 
Such a long and affectionate union as theirs 
had been had early excited the wish, the 
prayer, and the expectation, that in death they 
were not to be divided. What was thus both 
wished for and expected had become, it seems, 
the subject of their sleeping thoughts; and a 
remarkable dream of Mrs. Bard’s to this 
effect was now remembered and repeated 
by her husband with feelings not of supei’- 
stition, but pleasing anticipations. His 
last hours were spent in calm but affec- 
tionate inquiries about absent friends, with 
rational directions as to future arrangements, 
and his freedom from all perturbation of spirit 
were so foreign from the common conception 
of departing humanity, that the feelings of 
those near him could not realize it there 
were in it no images of grief from which im- 28 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
agination might draw her pattern under these 
circumstances not of stoical, but Christian com- 
posure, he sank to rest, in the eightieth year 
of his age, twenty-four hours after the death 
of his wife—a common grave receiving their 
remains. The governors of the New York 
Hospital, and other public organizations with 
which he had been connected, manifested their 
appreciation of the loss they had sustained, 
and their respect for the memory of the de- 
ceased by passing resolutions suitable to the 
occasion. 
BARKER, Fordyce, of New York City, was 
born, May 2, 1817, at Wilton, Me., and died 
May 30, 1891. He was of English descent, 
and the son of a physician. He graduated at 
Bowdoin College in 1837, and studied medi- 
cine with Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, in J?oston, 
beth’s Hospital, and Surgeon to the Woman’s 
Hospital of the State of New York. He was 
a member of the Academy of New York, of 
which he was Vice-President; of the New 
York County Medical Society, of the New York 
Obstetric Society, of the New York Patholog- 
ical Society, of the Medical and Surgical So- 
ciety of New York, of the Medical Society of 
the State of New York, of which he was for- 
merly president; and of the American Gyne- 
cological Society, of which he was elected the 
first president in 1876; he was also elected 
President of the New York Academy of Med- 
icine in 1882, and was Honorary Fellow of 
the Royal Medical Society of Athens, Greece; 
and of the Obstetrical Societies of Edin- 
burgh, London, Philadelphia, and Louisville; 
of the Philadelphia College of Physicians 
and of several State societies. Dr. Barker 
was vice-president of the International Med- 
ical Congress held in London in 1881, and the 
first American president of the Anglo-Ameri- 
can Society of Paris, France, in 1889. He has 
contributed to medical literature numerous 
papers and lectures, published in different 
medical journals; and is the author of a treatise 
entitled “Puerperal Diseases.” This work was 
translated into Italian, and published at Mi- 
lan in 1875, and has also appeared in the 
French and German language. In addition 
to his College and Hospital work he had an 
extensive private practice. He bequeathed 
the greater part of his large and valuable medi- 
cal library to the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine. 
BARNES, Joseph K., of Washington, D. C., 
*was born in Philadelphia, July 21, 1817, and 
died April 5, 1883. He studied medicine in 
the office of Dr. Thomas Harris, and graduated 
from the medical department of the University 
of Pennsylvania, in 1838. He then served 
one year as resident physician at the Blockley 
Hospital, and one year as out-door physician to 
the poor for the northwestern district of Phila- 
delphia. Pie entered the army as assistant 
surgeon, June 15, 1840, and July 10, following, 
was assigned to duty at the United States Mil- 
itary Academy, whence he was transferred to 
Florida, November 9, 1840, seeing his first 
field service in Harney’s expedition to the 
everglades,during the war against the Seminole 
Indians. He left Florida in 1842, and was 
stationed at Fort Jessup, Louisiana, until it 
was abandoned in 1846, when he conducted 
the convalescents of the 2d Dragoons and 3d 
and 4th Infantry to Corpus Christi. He was 
chief medical officer of the cavalry brigade 
during the Mexican war, and participated in 
every action on both General Taylor’s and 
General Scott’s line, except that at Buena Vista. 
After the close of the Mexican war, he was in 
charge of the general hospital at Baton 
Rouge, La., and subsequently on duty at vari- 
ous posts in Texas and the western depart- 
ments, and as Medical Director of the Depart- 
ment of Oregon. He was stationed at West 
Point from January 3, 1854, to June 1, 1857, 
and during that period was commissioned sur- 
geon, August 29, 1856. The outbreak of the 
war in 1861 found him on duty on the Pacific 
coast, and he was among the first officers or- 
dered thence to Washington. He was ap- 
pointed medical inspector, February" 9, 1863; 
inspector - general, August 10, 1863, and 
surgeon - general, August 22, 1864, having 
then been on duty as acting surgeon-general 
Mass., as also with Dr. Charles H. Stedman, 
at the Chelsea Hospital for one year; gradu- 
ating in 1841, and subsequently studying in 
Edinburgh and Paris, in which latter city he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1844. He be- 
gan the practice at Norwich, Conn., but in 
1845 was Professor of Midwifery in the Bow- 
doin Medical College, and in 1850, having 
been elected Professor of Midwifery and the 
Diseases of Women in the New York Medical 
College, removed to New York city. In 1854 
he was made Obstetric Physician to the Belle- 
vue Hospital, holding the office until 1874; 
and in 1860 became Professor of Clinical Mid- 
wifery and the Diseases of Women in Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College. He was Consult- 
ing Physician to Bellevue Hospital, to the 
Nursery and Child’s Hospital and St. Eliza- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
29 
since September 3, 1863. He was made a bre- 
vet brigadier-general as well as a brevet major- 
general of the United States army for faithful 
and meritorious services during the rebellion, 
both commissions dating from March 13, 1865. 
For the position of chief medical officer of the 
army he had fitted himself by twenty years’ 
experience, under all the conditions afforded 
by our military service. Under his care the 
medical department, then organized on a 
gigantic scale, attained an admirable degree of 
efficiency and discipline. It was at his sugges- 
tion and through his influence that the Army 
Medical Museum and the library of the surgeon- 
general’s office were established, and the “Med- 
ical and Surgical History of the Rebellion” was 
completed. He was present at the deathbed 
of Lincoln, attended Secretary Seward when 
he was wounded by the knife of an assassin, 
and attended Mr. Garfield through his long 
confinement. He was trustee of Peabody Ed- 
ucational Fund, a commissioner of the 
Home and custodian of other important public* 
trusts. The royal medical societies of London, 
Paris and Moscow made him an honorary 
member, as did also many of the other im- 
portant European medical and scientific 
organizations. Gen. Barnes was placed on 
the retired list the year before his death. He 
was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery, George- 
town, I). C., with military honors befitting his 
rank. 
BARTLETT, Elisha, was born at Smithfield, 
Rhode Island, October 6, 1804, and died in his 
native town July 19, 1855. Referring to the 
subject of this sketch; one of his biographers, 
the late Dr. Samuel H. Dickson says: “Within 
this brief term of less than fifty-one years, Dr. 
Bartlett occupied many positions of dignity 
and importance, distinguished himself as a 
teacher of medicine in several of its depart- 
ments, lectured with great acceptance in 
schools of medicine in almost every section of 
our country, and published numerous valuable 
writings which will long preserve his name 
and memory among his professional brethren 
of America and Europe. Although he was 
not at any time in his youth a member of any 
collegiate institution of academic learning, Dr. 
Bartlett’s education was a sufficiently thorough 
one, according to our not very lofty cis-Atlan- 
tic standard. It was the result of attendance 
at the best seminaries in several places in 
which he occasionally resided; and in a simi- 
lar unfixed way, he pursued his early profes- 
sional studies, with physicians of distinction 
established at Uxbridge, Worcester, and Prov- 
idence. Thus also he heard courses of medi- 
cal lectures both in Boston and Providence, 
and took his degree of M. D. from Brown 
University in 1826. Dr. Bartlett was, to use 
a German phrase, a many-sided man ; familiar, 
apt, and attractive in all social circles, cosmo- 
politan in his wide and quick affinities; easy 
and graceful in his manners and universally 
popular, he readily gained “golden opinion 
from all sorts of men.” It has been said that 
no man loves his home more than the New 
Englander; no one leaves it more readily, or 
changes it more unhesitatingly, whenever 
such change is attended with advantage, or 
offers suitable inducement or promise of ben- 
efit. And perhaps there is no better mode of 
obtaining a free deportment and a thorough 
knowledge of the world than by large travel and 
varied experience. Such we shall find to be in 
a remarkable degree the habit of Dr. Bartlett; 
commenced in childhood and extending to the 
very close of his life. Soon after his gradua- 
tion he crossed the Atlantic far better pre- 
pared to improve the opportunities enjoyed in 
foreign seats of learning than most of those 
who flock annually to Europe from our shores. 
He passed a year of assiduous labor and 
fruitful study at Paris, taking notes of lect- 
ures, attending the practice of the hospitals, 
and in every way profiting by the ample field 
of observation and instruction opened before 
him in that great metropolis. A tour in Italy, 
full of enjoyment and interest, preceded his 
return to America, which took place in 1827. 
At the end of that year he went to reside at 
Lowell, Mass., and commenced his profes- 
sional career in that busy and prosperous city. 
He soon married, and obtained a highly 
respectable practice Avhich adhered to him as 
long and closely as he desired while rising in- 
to a popularity that expanded far beyond his 
mere professional relations to the community. 
In 1828 he was offered the Professorship of 
Anatomy at Woodstock, Vermont, in the 
school then recently established there and 
which though he declined at first, afterwards 
accepted, lecturing there for eight or nine 
years, while he held a chair also in Kentucky. 
In 1832 he was appointed Professor of Patho- 
logical Anatomy in the Berkshire Institute at 
Pittsfield, Mass., where he lectured several 
years. It appears that he occupied for a 
year one of the chairs in the medical depart- 
ment of Dartsmouth College. In 1844 he was 
elected Professor of the Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in the University of Maryland at 
Baltimore. We find him for six consecutive 
years filling the same place in the Transyl- 
vania Medical School at Lexington, Ky., of 
which the distinguished surgeon Dudley was 
the founder, and acknowledged head. Thence 
he removed by invitation to Louisville in the 
same State, where he held the Professorship of 
Theory and Practice, in the University of that 
city, at the period of its highest prosperity, to 
which doubtless he contributed by his reputa- 
tion and exertion his full share. In 1850 he 
was prevailed upon to accept the chair of In- 
stitutes and Practice in the University of the 
City of New York, which had become vacant 
by the removal to the South of Prof. S. H. 
Dickson; being accompanied in the change by 
his friend Prof. S. D. Gross, who took the 
chair of surgery, then vacated also by the res- 
ignation of Prof. Valentine Mott. In the year 
1852 occurred the death of the lamented Prof. 
J. B. Beck, for so long a time the useful and es- 
teemed incumbent of the chair of Materia Med- 
ica and Medical Jurisprudence in the College of 
Phvsicians and Surgeons of New York. Being 
called to fill this place, Dr. Bartlett readily 
consented, as he thus became associated many 
old friends whom he highly valued, and at- 
tained a position which was especially desira- 
ble to him. But now, at last, his admirable 
powers of action and endurance began to yield 
under the sufferings of a neuralgic affection of 
long standing, the gradual, but irresistible, 
progress of which forced him within a brief 
period to retire from the lecture-room, as he 
had previously given up all other labor. He 
therefore left New York and went to reside in 
his native towrn in Rhode Island, where he 
was surrounded by a host of connections and 
admirers, and where, after nearly three years’ 30 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
patient and resigned confinement to his in- 
valid chamber, his suffering ended. Such is a 
rapid enumeration of the leading events in the 
life of this noted physician. He has left be- 
hind him a large catalogue of writings upon a 
considerable diversity of subjects, each one of 
Avhich was effective and appropriate to the 
time and occasion. We will not attempt to re- 
count here the entire list of his passing contri- 
butions to literature and science, but it may be 
affirmed that his pen was never idle. He was 
sole editor for awhile of a Monthly Journal of 
Medical Literature, published in Lowell; this 
was soon merged in The Medical Magazine, in 
the conduct of which Drs. Pierson and Flint 
were his coadjutors, and which continued in 
existence for about three years. He was an 
occasional and not unfrequent contributor 
after that time to the periodicals of several 
sections of our country, and his name appears 
on the list of colaborators to the most valued 
and successful of them all—the now vener- 
able and time-honored American Journal of 
the Medical Sciences, so long and so ably ed- 
ited by Dr. Isaac Hays. He then gave the 
most convincing proofs of his indefatigable in- 
dustry, and his unyielding capacity for useful 
labor; for it should be remembered that he 
was all this while engaged in preparing and 
delivering courses of lectures in the several 
medical schools in which he occupied impor- 
tant and prominent professorships, and was 
said to be one of the most popular and attract- 
ive lecturers. One of his biographers writes 
that never was the professor’s chair more 
gracefully filled than by Dr. Bartlett. “The 
driest and most barren subject, under his 
touch became instinct with life and interest; 
and the path in which the traveler looked to 
meet with briers and weeds only, he was sur- 
prised and delighted to find strewn with flow- 
ers, beautiful and fragrant.” His person and 
demeanor, his urbane and courteous manner, 
and the singular beauty and sweetness of his 
style has been described as a magical fascina- 
tion. While Professor of Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine in the Transylvania Lbniver- 
sity, at Lexington, Ky., he published “An In- 
quiry into the Degree of Certainty in Medi- 
cine, and into the Nature and Extent of its 
Power over Disease,” which attracted no little 
attention. But his greatest work is a “Treat- 
ise on the Fevers of the United States,” of 
which the first edition was published in 1842, 
and a fourth under the* care of his distin- 
guished friend and colleague, Professor Alon- 
zo Clark, of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, was issued several 
years afterward. Upon this publication 
principally rests the reputation of Dr. Bart- 
lett both at home and abroad, and is a monu- 
ment to his memory more enduring than mar- 
ble or bronze. Referring to this production 
of Dr. Bartlett, the late Professor Dickson 
says: “Difficult, indeed, would it be to speak 
in terms of too high eulogy of this excellent 
volume. It is a model of its kind unequaled 
in value by any similar work upon the same 
subjects. The extensive research, the exact 
precision, the careful accuracy, the judicious 
selection of particulars, the convenient ar- 
rangement and collection of details, all show 
the clearness of the author’s intelligence and 
his peculiar fitness for the task undertaken by 
him. Nothing known at the time seems to 
have been omitted; nothing exaggerated, 
nothing colored for effect.” In order to mani- 
fest the lofty estimate placed by our trans-At- 
lantic brethren upon the character and stand- 
ing of Dr. Bartlett as an author the following 
paragraph from the British and Foreign 
Eeview (Jan., 1858), may be quoted. “We 
hail with pleasure the fourth edition of a 
work on which many years ago one of our 
predecessors bestowed the attention demanded 
by the importance of the subject and the skill 
and learning with which it was discussed. It 
is pleasing to us to learn that the public voice 
has confirmed the opinion we then formed of 
‘Bartlett on Fever,’ but the pleasure is not 
unmixed, for the gifted author is cold in the 
grave, to observe, to think, and write no more 
for the benefit of mankind, hut as the Greek 
proverb says: ‘A tree never wholly perishes;’ 
and much of the worth, much of the ability of 
men now living, is probably due to the exam- 
ple and labors of Elisha Bartlett. A man’s 
Sjod deeds live after him; and it is good that 
should be so, for thus the world is progres- 
sive.” So labored, so lived, and so died the 
subject of this memoir; and thus deservedly 
attained an eminence among the physicians 
of our age and country enjoyed by few. May 
his virtues and his worth be held in perpetual 
remembrance. 
BARTON, Benjamin Smith, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in Lancaster, that 
State, February 10, 1766, and died in the 
former city December 19, 1816. He was 
the son of Thomas Barton, an Episcopal cler- 
gyman, and his mother was the sister of the 
celebrated David Rittenhouse. Upon the 
death of his father he was transferred to the 
charge of the Rev. Dr. Andrews, afterwards 
provost of the University of Pennsylvania, 
who then resided at York. He studied med- 
icine under the direction of Dr. Shippen, at 
the period when the University of Pennsyl- 
vania had superseded the College of Philadel- 
phia, and in 1786 embarked for Europe to con- 
tinue his studies. He was a student of the 
University of Edinburgh for two years, but 
did not graduate at that institution, determin- 
ing, from personal reasons, to obtain his 
diploma at the University of Gottingen. The 
predilection of Dr. Barton for natural history, 
and more especially for botany, evinced itself 
very early. He manifested very soon in life a 
taste for drawing, and “in the execution of his 
designs with the pencil, at an immature age, 
he discovered that taste and genius in the art 
Avhich he afterward cultivated with much suc- 
cess.” It is said that his knowledge of draw- 
ing was acquired from the instruction of Major 
Andr6, who was a prisoner of war at Lancas- 
ter. “This talent was often rendered subserv- 
ient to his pursuits in natural history and 
botany, bran dies of science which are greatly 
assisted in their acquisition by the investigator 
having himself a facility in copying the sub- 
jects appertaining to them.” On completing 
bis studies in foreign schools, he settled in 
Philadelphia, where he soon acquired an ex- 
tensive and lucrative practice. In 1789 he was 
appointed Professor of Natural Historv and 
Botany, and in 1795 of Materia Medica in the 
College of Philadelphia. In 1813 he succeeded 
Dr. Benjamin Rush as professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania. Although Dr. Barton was not 
the first professor of botany, he was the first 
of natural history, and so far as known the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
31 
first teacher of natural science in this country. 
He was eminently a pioneer in exploring the 
treasures of the western continent. He em- 
ployed competent persons to collect the botan- 
ical productions of various sections of the 
country, who, while thus engaged in the 
service of a patron, laid the foundation of 
their own reputation. If the subjects of the 
theses enumerated on the Catalogue of Grad- 
uates during the connection of Dr. Barton 
with the Medical School be examined, one 
can not but be forcibly impressed with the 
number which treat of the vegetable materia 
medica of the United States. It was a depart- 
ment which he fostered, writing not only upon 
it himself, but instigating his pupils to its culti- 
vation. Nor are these essays jejune, for under 
the conducting hand of the master, they took 
the form of experimental and practical utility, 
and the present generation is under obligation 
for valuable researches, in the field of home 
productions,, to many aspirants for medical 
honors. Under his training skillful botanists 
were formed, whose contributions have been 
creditable to their native country. The works 
of Dr. William P. C. Barton, the nephew of 
the Professor, are evidences of zeal and abil- 
ity in the endeavor to render available a 
knowledge of the medical and general botany 
of the United States; while of equal merit are 
the contributions to the same department of 
Dr. Jacob Bigelow, of Massachusetts. Pro- 
fessor Barton erected the first green - house in 
Philadelphia. It was in the rear of his resi- 
dence on Chestnut, below Eighth Street. Al- 
though Dr. Barton had been a private prac- 
titioner, and one of the physicians of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital, he did not live to 
determine to what eminence he might have 
attained in the Chair of Practice, as, after one 
course of lectures had been delivered, and as 
the other was about to commence, death ter- 
minated his career. It has always been a 
matter of question whether Dr. Barton would 
have distinguished himself as a teacher of 
purely practical medicine, as he had done in 
the chair which afforded the opportunity of 
indulging in the especial bent of his genius. 
His reputation rests upon his success as a nat- 
uralist,and cultivator of the branches of knowl- 
edge depending upon the natural sciences for 
their elucidation. He was elected president 
of the Philadelphia Medical Society in 1809, 
and was sometime vice-president of the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society and also a member 
of many other American and European socie- 
ties. He contributed numerous papers to the 
“Transactions of the American Philosophical 
Society” and to the “Medical and Physical 
Journal,” which was published by him. His 
most important works are: “Observations on 
Some Parts of Natural History,” “New Views 
on the Origin of the Tribes of America,” “El- 
ements of Botany,” an edition of Cullen’s “Ma- 
teria Medica,” “Eulogy on Dr. Priestly,” 
“Discourse on the Principal Desiderata of 
Natural History,” and “Collections toward a 
Materia Medica of the United States.” 
BARTON, James M., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city October 16, 
1846. His parents were both born in Lancas- 
ter county, Pa. He attended the public 
schools of Philadelphia, going through the 
entire system, and graduated in 1865, receiv- 
ing the degree of A. 8., and later that of A. JVI. 
He entered Jefferson Medical College in 1865, 
as the private student of Dr. B. Howard Rand, 
at that time the Professor of Chemistry, and 
later the dean of the college, and received his 
degree in 1868, presenting a thesis on the 
“Study of Pathology.” He was immediately 
appointed resident physician to the Episcopal 
Hospital, where he remained until August, 
1869. From 1869 to 1879, a period of ten years, 
he was chief clinical assistant to Professor S. 
D. Gross, the professor of surgery in Jefferson 
Medical College. During this time Dr. Barton 
also acted as private assistant to the professor, 
occupying offices with him, assisting him 
many times daily in public and private opera- 
tions, and attending to his practice during his 
frequent absences from the city. From 1869 
to 1876 Dr. Barton had charge of the Depart- 
ment of Surgery in one of the “Quiz” organ- 
izations connected with the college, and from 
1869 to 1874 he was one of the assistant dem- 
onstrators of anatomy in the college anatom- 
ical rooms. From *1874 to 1881 he taught 
CM. 
Operative Surgery at the “Philadelphia School 
of Anatomy and Operative Surgery,” to the 
largest classes, on that subject, in the city. 
From 1869 to 1879 Dr. Barton was surgeon to 
the Charity Hospital, of Philadelphia, and 
from 1879 to 1886 he was surgeon to the Ger- 
man Hospital. In 1882 he was elected surgeon 
to the Jefferson College Hospital, and in 1889 
to the Philadelphia Hospital—both of which 
positions he still holds. He is an active mem- 
ber of the American Surgical Association, of 
the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery, Patho- 
logical Society, Medico Legal Society, of the 
County Medical and its allied societies, the 
“State” and “American Medical Association,” 
and an honorary member of the Delaware 
State Society. In 1880 he spent some months 
attending the medical schools and hospitals 
of England, France and Germany. In 1887 
he was again in Europe, and included the 
schools and hospitals of Ireland and Scotland 
in his visits. From 1882 to 1890 he had charge 
of the Surgical Department of the Philadel- 32 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
phia Medical Times, and, in addition, wrote 
many reviews and made a number of transla- 
tions for the journal. Since 1889 he has been, 
and still is, editor of the department of “Anes- 
thetics” in the Annual of the Universal Medical 
Sciences.” Dr. Barton has written quite a 
number of papers, many of which have been 
read before different societies, and some of 
which have attracted considerable attention, 
among them may be mentioned: “On the Re- 
moval of the Uterus and Ovaries for Fibro- 
Myomata,” “Digital Divulsion of the Pylorus 
for Cicatricial Stenosis,” with a report of two 
cases on which he had operated; “Report of 
Sixteen Abdominal Sections of Unusual Char- 
acter.”—Journal American Medical Association, 
1888; “Fractures of the Femur in Children 
Treated by Bryant’s Method of Vertical Ex- 
tension ;” “Strangulated Hernia in the Aged;” 
“Strictures of the Male Urethra;” “Tumor of 
the Male Bladder;” “Report of a Successful 
Operation upon a Patient, thirty hours old, 
with Congenital Absence of a Portion of the 
Abdominal Wall;” “Excision of Ribs for Em- 
pyema;” “Effects of Amputation on a Patient 
Suffering with Phthisis;” “Separation of the 
Ephyseal Head of the Femur and its Treat- 
ment;” “Details of Antiseptic Dressing;” 
“Hypertrophy of the Mammary Gland;” “Ex- 
cision of the Hip Joint for Coxalgia,” and 
“Nitrous Oxide Gas in the Examination of 
Fr3iCtur6S * 
BATTEN, John Mullin, of Pittsburgh, Penn- 
sylvania, was born on the bank of the Bran- 
dywine, Chester county, Pa., April 19, 1837, 
and is of Scotch-Irish and English ancestry. 
He worked on a farm and attended school in 
the winter until his eighteenth year,, after 
which he taught school at various localities 
during the winter months very successfully 
and attended the Pennsylvania State Nor- 
mal School at Millersville, in summers, 
where he afterwards graduated. He also 
commenced the study of medicine in the 
winter of 1856-7 under the preceptorship of 
William Compton, M. D., of Lancaster, and 
continued that study when opportunity 
presented, until his graduation from the 
medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania in March, 1864. For eighteen 
months previous to his graduation he was a 
U. S. Medical Cadet, located in U. S. Army 
Hospitals at Christian Street and Broad and 
Cherry Streets, Philadelphia, whence he at- 
tended medical lectures. On March 22, 1864, 
he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in 
the United States Navy, and was indirectly as- 
sociated with Lieutenant William B. Cushing 
in sinking the Confederate ram, “Albemarle,” 
at Plymouth, N. C., in October, 1864. He 
was on the U. S. Steamer Minnesota, the 
night in April, 1864, that an attempt was made 
by the Confederates to blow that vessel up by 
exploding a hundred pound torpedo under her, 
and he was with the celebrated expedition up 
Roanoke river in December, 1864, when our 
fleet had two vessels sunk and penetrated the 
enemy’s country for fifty miles, fighting Con- 
federate batteries and sharp-shooters every 
inch of the distance and taking up and ex- 
ploding eighty torpedoes. After serving on 
vai-ious United States Vessels of War he was 
honorably discharged from the United States 
Navy with the thanks of the Department on 
March 23, 1866. He then located at Exton, 
Chester county, for six weeks, after which he 
came to Pittsburgh, Pa., and commenced prac- 
tice in which he has been continuously en- 
gaged since. He is a member of the Alle- 
gheny County and of the Pennsylvania State 
Medical Societies and of the American Med- 
ical Association. He was also member of the 
Ninth International Congress that met at 
Washington, D. C., in September, 1887, and 
was a member for a long time of the “Mott 
Medical Club,” of Pittsburgh, Pa., of which 
he was president for one year. He was 
elected President of the Allegheny County 
Medical Society in January, 1886, and filled 
that office for one year, and in January, 1888, 
was elected treasurer of that society and oc- 
cupied that office for the same length of time. 
He has been for several years an attending 
physician at the Pittsburgh Infirmary, and 
also served for a time as director in the Mar- 
ket Bank. He is author of “Two Years in 
the United States Navy,” and is a contribu- 
tor to several prominent medical journals. 
He is a charter member of the Pittsburgh Med- 
ical Library. 
BATTEY, Robert, of Rome, Ga.,was born No- 
vember 26, 1828, in Richmond county, that 
State. He is a son of Cephas Battey, a native of 
Peru, Clinton county, N. Y., and Mary A., 
daughter of George Magruder, of Richmond 
county, Ga. His ancestors, who were English, 
settled at Providence, R. I. He was educated at 
Augusta, Ga., and at Phillips’ Academy, Ando- 
ver, Mass., and studied medicine at Booth’s 
Laboratory, Philadelphia, the Philadelphia 
College of Pharmacy, the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and Jefferson Medical College, grad- 
uating from the Philadelphia College of 
Pharmacy, March 17, 1866, and from Jef- 
ferson Medical College, March 7, 1857. He 
has resided in Rome, Ga., from Decem- 
ber, 1847, to the present time, excepting 
the interval from November, 1872, to Octo- 
ber* 1875, during which he resided tem- 
porarily at Atlanta, Ga., as Professor of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
33 
Obstetrics in the Atlanta Medical College, and 
editor of the Atlanta Medical and Surgical 
Journal. He originated and successfully per- 
formed, in August, 1872, an operation, since 
known as Battey’s operation, for the removal 
of the ovaries, with a view to effect the change 
of life in women, and thereby effectually rem- 
edy certain otherwise incurable maladies, an 
operation which has been many times repeat- 
ed by himself and others. He devised, and 
used successfully in 1859, an improved appar- 
atus for vesico-vaginal fistula; and in 1872 he 
discovered that water, introduced by the rec- 
tum, may be readily passed in the living body, 
the patient being etherized, throughout the 
colon, the small intestines, the stomach, com- 
ing out at the mouth, and he has repeatedly 
so passed it, as others after him have done, 
the entire practicability of doing it having 
been demonstrated upon the cadaver, at the 
Atlanta Medical College, in December, 1873, 
in the presence of the professor of anatomy, 
Dr. Johnson, and his class. On June 3, 1869, 
he performed successfully the operation of 
perineal section (suggested by Prof. Willard 
Parker, of New York), for chronic cystitis in a 
man of sixty-two. In April, 1874, he success- 
fully performed the new operation of vaginal 
ovariotomy, being the third instance of the 
operation. In November, 1876, he removed 
from a man of forty-three a fibro-cystic tumor 
of the carotid region, weighing four and a 
half pounds, the patient making a good recov- 
ery in fourteen days. He devised, in 1858, 
and has often practised, a new method of 
treating club-foot, by the use of carved 
wooden splints and roller bandage. He is a 
member of the Georgia Medical Association, 
of which he was elected president in April, 
1876, and of whose Board of Censors he has 
been chairman for many years. He is 
also a member of the Atlanta Academy 
of Medicine, the American Gynecological 
Society and the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, in which he was chosen a mem- 
ber of the judicial council in May, 1875, and 
secretary of the obstetrical section at the same 
time, as also in June, 1876. He has contrib- 
uted numerous essays and reports of cases to 
the various medical journals both in this coun- 
try and in England. In July, 1861, he was 
commissioned a surgeon in the Confederate 
army, serving as Surgeon of the Nineteenth 
Georgia Volunteers; as Senior Surgeon of 
Hampton’s Brigade; as Senior Surgeon of Ar- 
cher’s Brigade; as Surgeon in Charge of the 
Fair Ground Hospital No. 2, at Atlanta, Ga.; 
as Surgeon in Charge of Polk Hospital at 
Rome, Atlanta, and Vineville, Ga., and at 
Lauderdale, Miss., and subsequently at Macon, 
Ga., until the close of the war. He was 
elected President of the American Gynecolog- 
ical Society in 1889, and received the degree 
of LL. D. from Jefferson Medical College 
in 1890. Since the year 1876 until the present 
(1893) date, Dr. Battey has been established 
in the town of his present residence, devoting 
his attention to gynecological practice. He is 
one of the most noted surgeons of the South 
and his skill as an operator has gained for him 
a world wide reputation. He was married 
December 20, 1849, to Martha B. Smith, at 
Rome, Ga., who has borne him fourteen chil- 
dren. 
BAUDUY, Jerome K., of St. Louis, Mo., was 
born in Cuba, in the year 1840. He was the I 
grandson on the paternal side of Pierre, only 
brother of Alexander Bauduy, who bore the 
title and rank of Baron de Bauduy, served un- 
der Napoleon I. and died a general in the 
French service. Upon his maternal side he was 
the great grandson of Baron John de Keating, 
who was also a colonel in the French service 
—a Chevalier of the Order of £t. Louis—and 
the last of the Irish Brigade. When the 
Bourbons fell, he .refused all solicitations to 
continue in the French army, and coming to 
the I nited States, with letters of introduction 
to General Washington, settled in Philadel- 
phia. Dr. Bauduy was, educated at George- 
town College, D. C., and afterwards completed 
his academic education at the University of 
Louvain, in Belgium. He took a three years’ 
course of medicine in Philadelphia. His first 
course was in the medical department in the 
University of Pennsylvania; his two sub^- 
j X 
quent courses were at the Jefferson Medical 
College in Philadelphia, from which institution 
he graduated in 1863. He then joined the army 
of the Potomac, and was in the celebrated 
second battle of Bull Run. He was afterwards 
transferred to the army of the Cumberland, 
and was attached to the personal staff of 
Major-general Rosecrans. While in Tennessee 
he married Miss Caroline Bankhead, of Nash- 
ville. Early in 1864 he settled in St. Louis, 
and was chosen as physician-in-chief to St. Vi- 
ncent’s Private Insane Asylum, which position, 
with an immense outside practice, he held for 
twenty-four years. Pie was for one year consult- 
ing physician to the St. Louis County Insane 
Asylum; he has held for twenty-two years 
the chair of Nervous and Mental Diseases and 
Medical Jurisprudence in the Missouri Med- 
ical College, which, now in its fifty-second 34 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
year, is the oldest school west of the Missis- 
sippi river. He is one of the ex-presidents of 
the St. Louis Medical Society—is the author 
of a well-known medical work on nervous 
diseases, published by the Lippincotts of 
Philadelphia, and has been a constant con- 
tributor to medical journal literature. He has 
been a member of the American Medical 
Association, American Neurological Associa- 
tion, American Association of Medical Super- 
intendents of Insane Asylums; correspond- 
ing member of the New York Society of 
Neurology and Electrology, and also a member 
of the New York Medico Legal Society. 
BAXTER, Jedediah Hyde, of Washington, 
D. C., was born in Stafford, Orange county, Yt., 
May 11, 1837, and died December 3, 1890. He 
was educated in his native State, receiving the 
degree of B. A. from the Academic Depart- 
ment of the University of Vermont in 1859, 
arfd that of M. D. from the medical depart- 
ment of the same institution in 1860. He 
then went to Washington, hut in 1861 relin- 
quished private practice and entered the Uni- 
ted States service as Surgeon to the Twelfth 
Massachusetts Regiment, Col. Fletcher Web- 
ster commanding. He was promoted to be Sur- 
geon of the United States Volunteers in 1862, 
and was brevetted Colonel in 1865. In 1867 
he was appointed assistant medical purveyor, 
and in 1874 was made chief medical purveyor, 
which office was created expressly for him. 
He was a member of the Public Health 
Association, and American Medical Associa- 
tion, a corresponding member of the Bos- 
ton Gynecological Society and of the Phila- 
delphia Academy of Natural Sciences. He 
was a contributor to scientific periodicals and 
the author of “Medical Statistics of the Pro- 
vost Marshal General’s Bureau.” On August 16, 
1890, he was appointed Surgeon-General of the 
United States Army in the place of Surgeon- 
General Moore, retired. His friends had fre- 
quently urged his appointment to the office 
whenever a vacancy occurred, and when Sur- 
geon-General Barnes died in 1881 he was 
promised the post, hut lost it through the as- 
sassination of President Garfield. 
BEACH, William M., was born in Amity, 
Ohio, May 10, 1831, and died near London, 
that State, May 6, 1887. After receiving an 
academic education at Ohio Wesleyan Univer- 
sity, he attended Starling Medical College, 
Columbus, Ohio, from which he was gradu- 
ated M. D. in 1853, and practiced his profes- 
sion at Unionville and Lafayette of his native 
State until the beginning of the civil war. He 
enlisted with the Seventy-Eighth Ohio Volun- 
teers, and was assistant surgeon of this regi- 
ment until 1864, when he was transferred to 
One Hundred and Eighteenth Ohio Volunteers 
in the Twenty-third Army Corps, Army of 
the Tennessee, serving until the close of the 
war. During the Vicksburg campaign he was 
the hospital director of Gen. John A. Logan’s 
division, and was one of the surgeons consti- 
tuting the Division Operating Board. After 
the war he resided on his farm in Madison 
county, Ohio, practicing his profession there 
until his death. He was a member of the 
Legislature and was the Republican candidate 
for lieutenant-governor in 1873. Dr. Beach was 
also a member of the principal medical socie- 
ties of his State, was the first president of the 
Ohio Sanitary Association and was president 
of the Ohio State Medical Society in 1885. He 
served in this capacity for other medical or- 
ganizations and has contributed valuable 
papers to their proceedings, which have been 
extensively published in medical journals. 
Among these was one on “Milk-Sickness,” 
which was read before the American Medical 
Association and subsequently published in the 
“Reference Hand Book of Medical Science.” 
BEALE, Joseph, of the United States navy, 
was born in Philadelphia, December 30, 1814, 
and died there, April 23, 1889. He was of 
mixed English and Scotch-Irish extraction. 
He received his classical and medicai educa- 
tion in the University of Pennsylvania, grad- 
uating M. D. in 1836. He settled in Phila- 
delphia, where he practiced for one year and 
then entered the United States navy as assist- 
ant surgeon. He rose to the position of 
surgeon-general of the navy, to which he was 
appointed in July, 1873. He was retired from 
active service in February, 1877, with rank of 
commodore. He served during the war of the 
rebellion, in the blockade of Charleston, Sa- 
vannah and Mobile, and participated in the 
naval engagements and capture of forts Hat- 
teras and Clark, North Carolina, and the forts 
of Port Royal, South Carolina. During his 
career in the navy he was on sea duty seven- 
teen years and one month, on shore or other 
duty sixteen years and seven months, and was 
unemployed four years and eight months. 
BEARD, George Miller, of New York, was 
born at Montville, Ct., May 8, 1839, and died 
January 23, 1883. His father, the Rev. S. F. 
Beard, was a Congregational clergyman of 
New England. His grandfather was a physi- 
cian. He prepared for college at Phillips’ 
Academy, Andover, Mass., under the late Dr. 
Samuel H. Taylor, and entered the academical 
department of Yale in 1858, graduating in 
1862, after which he studied one year in the 
medical department of Yale, and in 1866 grad- 
uated at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York, in which city he at once 
settled, devoting himself, in connection with 
Dr. A. D. Rockwell, to electro-therapeutics, 
which, with nervous diseases, constituted his 
specialty. He was a Fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine; member of the New 
York County Medical Society; of the Kings 
County Medical Society; of the New York 
Society of Neurology; of the American Med- 
ical Association; of the American Neurolog- 
ical Association; and of the American Asso- 
ciation for the cure of Inebriates. He pub- 
lished in 1866 a paper on “Electricity as a 
Tonic,” and in 1867, with Dr. Rockwell, a 
work on “The Medical Uses of Electricity, 
with Special Reference to General Electriza- 
tion,” and in the same year a paper on “The 
Longevity of Brain Workers,” in which it was 
demonstrated that those who live by brain live 
longer than those who live by muscle, and that 
great men live longer on the average than 
ordinary men. In 1868, he translated from the 
German, and edited, with an introduction, 
Tobold’s “Chronic Diseases of the Larynx;” 
in 1869 published a popular work for the fam- 
ily, entitled “Our Home Physician;” in 1871, 
with Dr. Rockwell, a work on “Medical and 
Surgical Electricity,” which was translated in- 
to the German by Dr. Vater; and in the same 
year two popular treatises entitled respectively, 
“Eating and Drinking,” and “Stimulants and 
Narcotics,” and also a paper on “Electricity 
and the Sphygmograph,” wherein was ex- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
35 
plained the method of central galvanization; 
with Dr. Rockwell a paper on “Galvanization 
of the Sympathetic;” in 1872 a paper on “Re- 
cent Researches in Electro-Therapeutics,” and 
one on “Electricity in Diseases of the Skin;” 
in 1873, with Dr. Rockwell, a monograph, en- 
titled “ Clinical Researches in Electro-Sur- 
gery;” a paper on “Atmospheric Electricity 
and Ozone; their Relation to Health and Dis- 
ease;” in 1874 a monograph on “Legal Respon- 
sibility in Old Age, Based on the Author’s Re- 
searches into the Relation of Age to Work,” 
founding in the same year a semi-annual jour- 
nal, The Archives of Elect ro logy and Neurology, 
which continued two years, and also begin- 
ning the study of physiology and pathology of 
delusions, and explained the performances of 
the Eddy brothers, and Brown, the mind- 
reader; in 1875 published a paper on “The Re- 
lation of the Medical Profession to Popular 
Delusion of Animal Magnetism, Clairvoyance, 
Spiritualism and Mind-Reading,” and also, 
with Dr. Rockwell, a revised and enlarged 
edition of “Medical and Surgical Electricity;” 
in 1876 a work on “Hay Fever, or Summer 
Catarrh,” based on original researches, and 
advocating the nerve theory of that disease, 
and in the same year a paper on “New Facts 
and Suggestions Relative to Hay Fever;” in 
the same year published a paper on “The 
Causes of the Recent Increase of Inebriety in 
America;” and in 1877 a monograph on “The 
Scientific Basis of Delusion, Being a new The- 
ory of Trance and its Bearing on Human 
Testimony,” with one on “Mental Therapeu- 
tics, or the Influence of Mind in the Causa- 
tion and Cure of Disease;” and a paper 
on “The Physiology of Mind-Reading;” 
also a paper on Writers’ Cramp, its Nature, 
Symptoms and Treatment,” and a paper 
on “Practical Points in the Electrolysis 
of Cystic and Fibroid Tumors, ” and in 1879 a 
monograph on “The Scientific Study of Hu- 
man Testimony and Experiments with Living 
Human Beings;” “The Psychology of Spirit- 
ism;” “The Results of a Long Study of Writ- 
ers’ Cramp.” In 1880 he contributed a mono- 
graph on the “Problems of Insanity,” and a 
systematic treatise on “Nervous Exhaustion 
(Neurasthenia),” also a work on “Sea Sickness, 
its Nature, and Treatment,” and other valu- 
able papers. From 1863 to 1864 (eighteen 
months), he was Acting Assistant Surgeon in 
the United States Navy, in the western gulf 
squadron. In 1868 he was lecturer on Nervous 
diseases in the University of New York; and 
from 1873 to 1876, Physician to the Demilt 
Dispensary, in the department of electro-ther- 
apeutics and nervous diseases. Dr. Beard 
gave much attention to the functional ner- 
vous disease known as inebriety, and published 
papers making clear the distinction between 
the vice of drinking and the disease and in- 
dicating the treatment by sedatives and tonics. 
He also delivered popular lectures on pyscho- 
logical and neuralogical subjects. 
BECK, John 8., of New York, was born at 
Schenectady, N. Y., September 18, 1794, and 
died in New York City April 9, 1851. When 
seven years of age he left his home to reside 
with his uncle, Rev. John B. Romeyn, then 
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church in Rhine- 
beck, New York. Here he began his classical 
studies, encouraged by the kindness and 
scholarship of his noted relative. In 1804 Dr. i 
Romeyn removed to New York City, his 
nephew accompanying him. Here the young 
man’s education progressed under the same 
judicious care. In 1809 young Beck entered 
Columbia College, and his industry and ability 
soon secured him the warm approbation, and 
in due time the cordial friendship, of the cel- 
ebrated John M. Mason, D. D., the provost of 
that institution. In 1813 the subject of this 
sketch graduated with the highest honors of 
his class. He ever retained a kindly feeling 
for his Alma Mater, and when in after years it 
manifested its appreciation of his general abil- 
ity by appointing him one of her trustees, he 
took an active part in every effort to sustain and 
elevate her reputation. Immediately after his 
graduation young Beck went abroad, and 
spending some time in London, he there ap- 
plied himself to the study of Hebrew. In 
this study he made such advances as to enable 
him in after life to take an intelligent interest 
in Biblical criticism. On his return from 
England, having determined to study med- 
icine, he entered the office of Professor David 
Hosack, of whom he soon became a favorite 
pupil. In 1817 Dr. Beck graduated at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
presenting as his thesis that treatise on infan- 
ticide which subsequently incorporated into 
the great work on Medical Jurisprudence, by 
his brother, T. Romeyn Beck, laid the founda- 
tion of his fame as an author. It may be 
truly said that, in this treatise, the subject 
was so thoroughly presented that subsequent 
writers have done little more than reproduce 
copies, more or less imperfect, and that it is 
still the standard woi’k on infanticide in the 
English language. In 1822, Dr. Beck aided in 
establishing the Neio York Medical and Physical 
Journal. To this journal he devoted a large 
portion of his time, and in it were published 
many able articles from his pen. Among them 
may be specially mentioned his paper on 
Laryngitis, several reviews on the Contagious- 
ness of Yellow Fever, a favorite doctrine of 
his great teacher, Hosack, and then the lead- 
ing questio vexata of medical science, and 
others on the Modus Operandi of Medicines, in 
which the doctrine of their absorption into 
the blood was ably sustained. “In 1820 he 
was elected professor of Materia Medica and 
Botany in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of New York, then newly organized in 
consequence of the simultaneous resignation of 
all the previous faculty. This step, the crown- 
ing act of a long series of dissensions, thrust 
upon their successors a weight of responsibil- 
ity difficult to bear. The names of Post, 
Hosack, Mitchell, Mott, Macnevin and Fran- 
cis were known throughout the country. The 
whole influence of these names was thrown 
against the organization, and it had in its 
very inception to struggle against the imputed 
odium of having driven those distinguished 
men from positions they adorned. Of this 
responsibility Dr. Beck was prompt to take 
his full share, and his ability as a controver- 
sialist was too well known, and had been too 
sorely felt, not to insure to him a full share of 
any odium which the friends of the old could 
throw on the leaders of the new organization. 
But it was not alone against the influence of 
names that the school had to struggle; active 
rivalry was soon attempted, and a new med- 
ical school—the Rutgers Medical College—was 
organized with Hosack, Mott, Macneven and 
Francis in their old departments, while the 36 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
places of Post and Mitchell were filled by 
John D. Godman and Dr. Griscom.” In the 
rivalry no man did more than Dr. Beck to sus- 
tain the reputation of his college. In his own 
department he was impregnable; of those, 
and there were many, who desired that he 
should fail as a public teacher, few expected 
it, and those few were miserably disappointed. 
His success from the first was signal, and his 
popularity as a lecturer went on steadily in- 
creasing till the close of bis career. In 1835 
he was appointed one of the physicians of the 
New York Hospital, a situation he filled for 
ten yeai’S, discharging his duties with fidelity 
and zeal. His services at the hospital had a 
very favorable effect on his reputation as a 
practitioner. Hitherto Dr. Beck had been 
known as a learned physician, a practiced and 
able writer, and a judicious and attractive 
lecturer. At the hospital he proved himself 
no less sagacious in investigating disease at 
the bedside, than skillful in the application of 
remedies to its cure. Dr. Beck aimed to be 
judicious in the use of a few remedies, and did 
not attempt to overwhelm disease by a multi- 
tude of them. While thus applying the fruit 
of previous study for the relief of the sufferer 
at this great public charity, he did not lose the 
opportunity of giving the students and young 
physicians connected with the establishment 
those clinical lessons which are of the most 
practical value. His clinical instruction was 
like all his public teaching, distinguished by 
great simplicity of language, clearness and a 
devotion to utility rather than show. In 1843 
he collected together, and published in a vol- 
ume, a few of the most important of his con- 
tributions to periodical medical literature. In 
1849, bis work on “Infantile Therapeutics” 
appeared, and was received with the greatest 
favor, both at home and abroad. Few medical 
books of its size contain an equal amount of 
sound learning and practical good sense. Dr. 
Beck enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect 
and confidence of his professional brethren. 
Of this he received continued proofs from the 
commencement to the close of his professional 
life. He was elected, when a very young man, 
trustee of the College of Physicians of New 
York, and censor of the County Medical Soci- 
ety. He held at subsequent periods the offices 
of vice-president and president of the Tapler 
Medical Organization, and then became presi- 
dent of the State Medical Society of New 
York, before which he delivered an inaugural 
address, on the “History of American Med- 
icine Before the Revolution,” which was after- 
word published, and amply sustained his well- 
earned reputation. He took an earnest interest 
in the organization of the New York Academy 
of Medicine, and was early elected one of its 
vice-presidents, and subsquently orator to the 
Academy. This was the last opportunity his 
professional friends enjoyed of manifesting 
their unabated respect for him and regrets as 
sincere as general were felt that bis failing 
health compelled him to decline the duty he 
would, under more favorable circumstances, 
have performed with his eminent ability. 
One of his biographers, Dr. C. R. Gilman, in 
a survey of the intellectual character of the 
subject of this memoir, says the first qual- 
ity that deserves special notice was energy; 
in this he had few equals; an end being set 
before him he pursued it with vigor, a 
steadiness of purpose, and a force of will 
which rarely failed to command success. 
Another trait, which was very marked in him, 
was clearness of perception; he saw the ob- 
ject to his mind’s eye with all the distinctness 
of the most perfect physical vision. This 
quality was undoubtedly the secret of much of 
his success as a practitioner of medicine, and 
a medical writer and a public teacher. He 
saw disease just as it was; theories never dis- 
torted nor did prejudice obscure it; all was 
clear and perfectly distinct from every other 
object. Having this quality in so eminent a 
degree and being both in the English and the 
classics a thorough scholar, he could not fail 
as a teacher to communicate in words a just 
and accurate idea of the object before him. 
So in argument and controversy, he saw the 
question to be discussed, or the point in dis- 
pute clearly. He thus united in a degree, quite 
peculiar to himself, the qualities often seen 
apart, that made him as a public teacher both 
useful and popular. His lectures were clear, 
precise, and singularly practical; no merely 
specious theories, no rash generalizations, no 
loose assertions found place there; all was 
logical, accurate, true. The qualities and the 
ready courtesy with which Avhen the lecture 
was over he answered the questions and 
solved the doubts of the students, his happy 
faculty of removing by repeated and varied 
illustrations the difficulties in the way of their 
perfect comprehension of a subject, gained a 
very strong hold on the respect and affection 
of his classes, and secured entire and implicit 
confidence. The personal character of Dr. 
Beck was of a very high order; a steady ad- 
herence to principle, an ardent love of truth, 
an unhesitating, unwavering, almost instinct- 
ive preference of the rightbver the expedient, 
marked him in the best and highest sense of 
the words as a man of honor, and it is delight- 
ful to think, says the biographer last quoted, 
that these qualities were adorned and har- 
monized by the graces of a sincere and con- 
sistent Christian. Of his faith and patience 
a long and hard trial was made by an illness 
protracted during many years, and attended 
by sufferings nearly constant and often agon- 
izing. This was so unremitting and so long 
continued, that some months before his death 
he is quoted as saying that for five years he 
had not been free from pain for one single 
half hour. ‘Tie derived at one time some re- 
lief from the use of anajsthetics and opiates, 
but towards the last was unwilling to use 
them. “I do not wish,” said he to a medical 
friend, “to die stupified or insane. He de- 
sired to look the king of terrors full in the 
face and watch with steady eye his slow 
approach. Meanwhile, it is said, his suffer- 
ings seemed at times to have no other limit 
than the capacity of the system to the sensa- 
tion of pain, and were so intense as to induce 
his best friends to pray for his early release. 
At last human nature could endure no more, 
but without repinings to disturb the calm se- 
renity of his soul, the gracious messenger came 
and set him free. 
BECK, Theodric Romeyn, of Utica, N. Y., 
was born at Schenectady, N. Y., August 
11, 1791, and died in the former city No- 
vember 19, 1855. He was a brother of Drs. 
John B. Beck and Lewis C. Beck, both 
physicians of eminent medical attainments. 
His father, Caleb Beck, died during the 
childhood of the subject of this sketch, and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
37 
from that period the care of his education, 
and that of his brothers, rested chiefly with 
his excellent mother, who was the only daugh- 
ter of the Rev.Theodric Romeyn, D. D., long the 
Principal of the Academy of Schenectady, and 
one of the most active founders of Union Col- 
lege. Referring to the subject of this sketch, 
the late Dr. Frank H. Hamilton writes in the 
“American Medical Biography” as follows: 
“The rudiments of Dr. Beck’s education were 
acquired at the grammar school of his native 
city, under the more immediate supervision of 
his maternal grandfather He entered Union 
College, at Schenectady, in 1803, and was grad- 
uated in 1807, when only sixteen years old. 
Immediately after this he went to Albany, and 
was admitted to the office of Dr. Low and Dr. 
McClelland. His medical education was com- 
pleted, however, in the city of New York, 
under the personal instructions of Dr. David 
Hosack. At the same time, also, he attended 
the lectures at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons in that city; and in 1811 he received 
the degree of Doctor in Medicine, on which 
occasion he presented, as the subject of his 
inaugural thesis a paper on “Insanity”—the 
first fruits of the study of that subject which 
afterwards engaged so large a share of his at- 
tention, and upon which he expended such 
stores of learning, and exhibited such powers 
of research. The thesis was published in a 
pamphlet form, containing thirty-four pages, 
and received from various quarters highly flat- 
tering notices. On his return from New York, 
he commenced at once the practice of medicine 
and surgery at Albany, and the same year he 
was appointed physician to the almshouse. 
On resigning this office, he presented a memo- 
rial to the supervisors on the subject of work- 
houses, the practical wisdom of which daily 
experience proves at this time. Dr. Beck was 
married in 1814, at Caldwell, Warren county, 
New York, to Harriet, daughter of James 
Caldwell. In the year 1815, at the age of 
twent3r-four, he received the appointment of 
Professor of the Institutes of Medicine, and 
of Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence, in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons for the 
Western District, established under the au- 
spices of the Regents, at Fairfield, in Herkimer 
county, New York; an institution then in the 
third year of its existence. Notwithstanding 
this appointment, which required his absence 
from home only a small portion of the year, 
he continued in the practice of his profession 
at Albany. At the opening of the term in 
1824, Dr. Beck delivered an introductory lect- 
ure on the “Advantages of Country Medical 
Schools,” which was published by request of 
the class. The subject had been suggested by 
a remark made in an introductory lecture by 
one of the professors in New York, disparag- 
ing to country schools, and which had found 
its way into some of the New York prints, to 
which this discourse was a severe, but digni- 
fied and dispassionate reply.” Already, in 
1817, Dr. Beck had withdrawn entirely from 
the practice of medicine, having in this year 
accepted the place of Principal in the Albany 
Academy. His success in his profession had 
been quite equal to his expectations, and with 
less devotion to science, or with less care for 
his patients, he might have continued in prac- 
tice. But it was soon manifest, both to him- 
self and to his friends, that he could not long 
bestow equal attention upon both. He was 
unwilling to assume the responsibilities of a 
physician without devoting to each case that 
exact amount of careful investigation which 
his high standard of fitness demanded. Every 
new feature in disease provoked, in a mind 
trained to accuracy and observation, new solic- 
itudes, new doubts, and claimed new and more 
thorough examinations. Added to this, the 
scenes of suffering which he was compelled to 
witness wore gradually upon a frame naturally 
sensitive, and his health began visibly to de- 
cline. At first, one must naturally regret that 
a mind so well stored, and so eminently quali- 
fied, in many respects, to minister successfully 
to the sick, should have been diverted thus 
prematurely from its original purpose. It 
would be difficult to measure the amount of 
good which, as a practitioner of medicine, he 
might have accomplished; how much individ- 
ual suffering such talents might have allevi- 
ated, and how many valuable lives such 
attainments might have saved. This is a loss 
which the citizens of his adopted town, and of 
the country adjacent, have chiefly sustained, 
and which they must estimate. “It is a ques- 
tion to them,” writes Hamilton, the biogra- 
pher previously quoted, “whether he made 
himself as useful as a teacher as he might 
have been as a physician; but I believe 
they will be slow to find fault with his 
choice, when they have carefully figured 
up the account, and have balanced the 
reckoning. In fact, I think that in the 
fame alone which his illustrious name has 
given to their city, they must find an ade- 
quate apology and compensation for all his 
apparent neglect of their physical sufferings. 
But this would be indeed only a narrow view 
of the question upon which the young, and, I 
have no doubt, conscientious Beck, assumed 
thus early the right to decide for himself.” 
Although Dr. Beck formally, at this time, re- 
linquished the practice of medicine, and never 
again resumed it, yet his interest in the science 
did not cease; but to the improvement and 
perfection of some one or another of its de- 
partments, the balance of his life was, in a 
great measure, devoted, and especially to such 
portions as were of general or of universal 
interest. He seemed, in fact, to have called 
in his attention from a narrow range of objects, 
only that he might fasten it again upon a 
much wider. He withdrew himself from the 
almshouses and the jails, in which the unfor- 
tunate maniacs were treated rather as crim- 
inals than as proper objects of sympathy and 
of medical care, that he might, in the retire- 
ment of his study, within which he had ac- 
cumulated nearly all the experience of the 
world, devise the more unerringly the means 
of unfettering their intellects and their limbs, 
then so cruelly chained. In a letter to his 
uncle, Dr. Romeyn, then in Europe, dated 
June 30, 1814, he says; “I have begun to look 
upon medicine in a very different manner 
from what I formerly did. Although delight- 
ed with the study, yet I dislike the practice, 
and had not acquired sufficiently comprehen- 
sive views of its value and great importance 
as an object of research. I now find it a sub- 
ject worthy of my mind, and for some time 
past I have brought all my energies to its ex- 
amination.” From this remarkable passage, 
in which we have definitely the plan of 
his future life, we learn also what enlarged 
and intelligent views he entertained of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
38 
value of true medical science. In 1829, Dr. 
Beck was appointed President of the New 
York State Medical Society, and he was re- 
elected the two succeeding years—in itself a 
sufficient testimony of the esteem in which he 
was held by his fellow-members. His first 
annual address was devoted mainly to the sub- 
ject of “Medical Evidence,” which he regard- 
ed as embracing not only the interests of the 
profession, but of the community generally. 
In this address, he urges the propriety of ap- 
pointing in certain counties, districts, or parts 
of the State, medical men who shall be especi- 
ally charged with the duty of making the ex- 
aminations upon the cadaver, in order that by 
experience and study they may become better 
fitted for the performance of this important 
duty. In all cases, he believed the medical 
witness ought to be permitted to present a 
“written report” of his examination, and not 
be required to give it verbally and without 
sufficient preparation. Nor could Dr. Beck 
see any good reason why, if such services are 
important to the community in promoting the 
proper administration of justice, the medical 
men who render them are not entitled to re- 
ceive an adequate compensation. “There is 
not,” he says, “ an individual attending on 
any of our courts, who is not paid for 
his time and services, with the exception of 
such as are engaged in these investigations.” 
In his second annual address, he calls the atten- 
tion of the society to the rapid progress of the 
science of medicine, especially in its growing 
distrust of mere theories, and in its devotion 
to pathology, anatomy, chemistry, materia 
medica, and the collateral branches. In de- 
fense of those who pursue the study of anat- 
omy, he utters the following just sentiment; 
“All will grant their pursuit would not have 
been selected except from a high sense of duty. 
It requires some lofty incitement, more moral 
courage to be thus employed. The mysterious 
change which death induces is alone sufficient 
to startle the most buoyant spirit; but with 
this the pathologist must familiarize himself. 
He proceeds to his high office at the risk of 
health, often, indeed, of existence.” As a 
theme for his last annual discourse, Dr. Beck 
selected the subject of small-pox as one of 
“permanent and abiding interest, not only to 
us as medical men, but to the whole com- 
munity, indeed to the whole human race.” 
This paper consists mainly of a rapid history 
of the origin and progress of this terrible 
scourge, and of the value and necessity of 
thorough vaccination, with a view to its ulti- 
mate extinction. Dr. Beck continued to feel 
an interest in, and to cultivate laboriously, the 
science of medicine until a late period of his 
life. Selecting always those themes for his 
discoui’ses which were of the largest interest 
to the largest number, he was able to discuss 
them in a manner which indicated an intimate 
acquaintance with all their relations and bear- 
ings. His suggestions were constantly such as 
might become a physician, a philanthropist 
and statesman; and that they were not 
utopian is proved by the fact that very many 
of them, either in their original forms, or only 
slightly modified, have been adopted as 
measures of state policy and general hygiene, 
or, if not adopted, they still continue to com- 
mend themselves to the intelligence of en- 
lightened men everywhere, and physicians 
still continue to reiterate his sentiments, and 
to urge their adoption upon those who have 
the care of the public interests.. In 1826, Dr. 
Beck was made Professor of Medical Juris- 
prudence, at Fairfield Medical College, instead 
of lecturer; and in 1836 he was transferred 
from the chair of Practice to that of Materia 
Medica, in accordance with his own request. 
These two chairs he continued to occupy until 
the abandonment of the college in 1840. 
Medical schools had been established both at 
Albany and Geneva, under new and favorable 
auspices, each having received liberal endow- 
ments from the State; and although the col- 
lege at Fairfield still retained the confidence 
of the profession to such a degree that in its 
last catalogue its pupils numbered one hundred 
and fourteen, and its graduates thirty-three, 
yet as it was apparent that the wants of the com- 
munity did not require three colleges situated 
so near each other, and as both Albany and 
Geneva had the advantage in their relative 
size and accessibility, it was determined by 
the several professors to discontinue the lect- 
ures at Fairfield. From the rude walls of 
this college, built upon cold and inhospitable 
hills, have gone out more than three thousand 
pupils, and nearly six hundred graduates; of 
whom nineteen have held, or do now hold, 
professorships in colleges, eight are in the 
United States service as surgeons, and very 
many more have risen to distinction in the 
practice of medicine and surgery. Imme- 
diately on resigning his place at Fairfield, Dr. 
Beck was elected to the chair of Materia Med- 
ica in the Albany Medical College; the chair 
of Medical Jurisprudence, to which he would 
most naturally have been chosen, being al- 
ready occupied by a very able teacher. Amos 
Dean, Esq. This professorship Dr. Beck con- 
tinued to hold until 1854, when his declining 
health, together with an accumulation of other 
pressing duties, induced him to resign his place 
as an active officer, having now taught med- 
icine in some of its departments for thirty-nine 
years, and the trustees then conferred upon him 
the honorary distinction of emeritus professor. 
Outside of his own peculiar sphere of duties, 
no object of public interest was undertaken 
without finding in him a warm supporter. 
When the project of a university in the city 
of Albany was started, intended to supply the 
scientific and literary wants of the whole 
United States, Dr. Beck while seeing clearly 
all the difficulties and discouragements attend- 
ing such a scheme, gave it his full countenance 
and encouragement. Of the American Asso- 
ciation of Science he was an active member, 
and rendered to it many services. In obedi- 
ence to those promptings of humanity which 
seem in a great measure to have determined 
his course in life—laboring always most zeal- 
ously for those who were least able to appre- 
ciate his services, or to recognize them—he 
read before the New York State Society, in 
1837, a paper on the statistics of the deaf' and 
dumb, which had the effect to direct the 
attention of the public and of the legislators 
more fully to the condition and necessities of 
this unfortunate class, and the results of which 
may be seen in the establishment in the city 
of New York of a school for deaf mutes, un- 
rivalled in the excellence of its system and in 
the perfection of its details. By the act of its 
incorporation, in April, 1842,' Dr. Beck was 
made one of the Board of Managers of the 
New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica: and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
39 
he was reappointed by the governor and sen- 
ate at the expiration of each successive trien- 
nial period. Upon the death of Mr. Munson, 
in 1854, he, although a non-resident member, 
was unanimously elected president of the 
board. This important institution, established 
and endowed by the State upon a scale of al- 
most unparalleled munificence, is no doubt 
indebted largely to Dr. Beck for his wise 
counsels and efficient personal aid, which he 
at all times freely contributed. Dr. Beck was 
also an occasional contributor to the pages of 
the American Journal of Insanity, published at 
Utica, under the editorial management of Dr. 
Brigham, the former principal, and when, 
upon the death of that gentleman, in 1850, the 
management of the Journal fell into the hands 
of the board, Dr. Beck was chosen its editor, 
a place which he continued to hold “until the 
close of the last volume, when advancing 
years and more imperative duties compelled 
him to relinquish his editorial connection.” 
But of the chief labor of Dr. Beck’s life, and 
that which has made his name illustrious 
wherever science and literature are cultivated, 
must now be mentioned his work on Medical 
Jurisprudence. From how early a period in 
his life the subject of this work occupied his 
attention may be inferred from the following 
brief extracts from letters written to his un- 
cle, the Rev. J. B. Romeyn. The first is dated 
in 1813: “Permit me to press upon you the 
obtaining of one or the other of the French 
authors on legal medicine. It has long been a 
favorite idea with me to prepare a Avork on 
that subject, and should I be enabled to pro- 
cure Fodere or Mahon, my design may be 
completed.” The second is dated June 30, 
1814, and was addressed to his uncle, at Lis- 
bon, Portugal: “As the communication is 
now open between Great Britain and France, 
you will doubtless be enabled to procure the 
books I wished. Dulan advertised them some 
years since.” The treatise alluded to appeared 
in 1823, in two volumes, octavo; and not only 
attracted great attention at the time, but has 
ever since continued to be a standard Avork on 
the subject. The science of medical jurispru- 
dence is one of great interest and importance. 
It treats of all those questions in which the 
testimony of a medical man may be required 
before courts of justice, and from the nature 
of many of the questions, it is obvious that 
their discussion requires the widest range of 
medical and scientific knowledge. Although 
deeply studied in Italy, France, and Germany, 
this science has scarcely attracted any atten- 
tion, either in this country or in England, pre- 
vious to the publication of the work of Dr. 
Beck. To him is certainly due the high 
credit, not merely of rousing public attention 
to an important and neglected subject, but also 
of presenting a work upon it Avhich will prob- 
ably never be entirely superseded. In foreign 
countries, its merits have been duly appreci- 
ated and magnanimously acknowledged. In 
1825, the work Avas republished at London, 
Avith notes by Dr. William Dunlop, and it 
passed altogether through ten editions, includ- 
ing the four English editions, during the au- 
thor’s life. Since his death, a new and en- 
larged edition has been issued under the super- 
vision of Dr. 0. R. Gilman, of New York, 
assisted by an able corps of collaborators. In 
1828, the work was translated into German, at 
Weimar, and has been favorably received in 
various parts of the continent of Europe, 
Considered all in all, it is unquestionably the 
most able, learned, and comprehensive treat- 
ise on Medical Jurisprudence in any language, 
and may, therefore, justly be regarded as the 
crowning glory of Dr. Beck’s literary and 
scientific life. Although the two volumes 
originally comprised more than two thousand 
pages octavo, yet to each successive American 
edition he did not fail to add largely from his 
apparently inexhaustible stores of knoAvledge 
and research. Not even here did his labors 
cease, but he continued to contribute, almost 
to the period of his death, to one or more of 
the medical or scientific journals of the coun- 
try, such additional facts or discoveries as 
from time to time came to his knowledge. In 
the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 
edited by Dr. Hays, may be found many of 
his most valuable papers. There is, perhaps, 
no testimony more pertinent, as to the rank 
occupied by Dr. Beck in the literary and 
scientific Avorld, than the large number of so- 
cieties, both abroad and at home, which con- 
ferred upon him either honorary or active 
memberships. To the inquiry, so natural to 
one who reflects upon the life and labors of 
Dr. Beck, “Hoav has any man been able to 
accomplish so much in a single life?” The 
reply is,—it Avas the result of system, indomi- 
table perseverance, of ardent devotion, and 
honesty of purpose, united to excellent talents. 
But no one quality so much contributed to his 
extraordinary attainments as that methodical 
improvement of time which he adopted from 
the first and retained to almost the last hours 
of his life. Every duty had its time and 
place, AA’ith which no other duties were allowed 
to interfere. A given portion of each day 
Avas assigned to a particular subject, and this 
arrangement was not to be interfered with. 
The morning study Avas never postponed to 
the evening, nor relaxation nor miscellaneous 
reading permitted until the allotted tasks were 
respectively dispatched. Having determined 
also upon any great purpose, it was never re- 
linquished until it Avas accomplished. With 
him there was no vacillation or uncertainty 
of design; and at his death nothing seems to 
have been left unfinished, but that one labor 
which he had undertaken too late for its full 
completion,—a memoir of his early friend and 
counsellor, the lamented De Witt Clinton; 
a Avork for which his long and intimate ac- 
quaintance, his sympathy of feelings and 
tastes, with his rare literary attainments, emi- 
nently qualified him. To his Avife, avlio died 
in 1823, at the early age of thirty-one years, 
a woman of rare accomplishments and 
of refined sentiments, he was devoted- 
ly attached; and it is said that the greater 
part of his work on Medical Jurispru- 
dence Avas written Avhile Avatching at her bed- 
side during her last and painfully protracted 
illness,—a most touching memorial to her 
virtues and to the kindness of his own heart. 
Of his brothers, he Avas the eldest; and, al- 
though accustomed always to exercise over 
them a kind of parental care, he was singu- 
larly attached to them; and when, one after 
another, they died, until Ire alone was left, he 
seemed to suffer the most poignant grief; 
especially did the death of his last and 
youngest brother—the late Lewis C. Beck— 
with whom his associations and pursuits were 
the most constant, fall heavily upon him. 40 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
His mother—that venerated woman, who her- 
self had watched over his infancy, and guided 
him carefully through his youth, up to man- 
hood—found under his roof a welcome shelter 
in her declining years, where at ad times her 
wants were more than supplied, and her coun- 
sels and precepts were reverentially respected. 
Brought up under her father’s care, her edu- 
cation was solid and judicious, and, until the 
last three or four years of her life, when her 
mind gave way, she preserved her interest in 
all literary pursuits. She lived to see all her 
children attain eminence and respectability, 
and died at last at the advanced age of eighty- 
five years.' Referring to his personal char- 
acteristics, the late Dr. Frank H. Hamilton 
writes that in the presence of strangers Dr. 
Beck was somewhat reserved, and not unfre- 
quently seemed unsocial; but, with his more 
intimate acquaintance, he was remarkably 
free, affable, and unrestrained; and through 
all his familiar social conversations there was 
a rich vein of humor mingling with the pro- 
founder currents of thought and discussion. 
His knowledge of books was not confined to 
scientific treatises. He read most of the 
standard works in history, romance, poetry, 
and in all departments of light literature. He 
read rapidly, and soon possessed himself of 
the meaning or value of any author; a faculty 
which, united to a retentive memory, made 
him almost the final umpire whenever ques- 
tions of text or authority arose. In the lan- 
guage of one who knew him intimately, and 
who had been a colaborer with him in the 
establishment of the State Library, “His 
knowledge of what I would call the science of 
literature, I have never seen equaled.” He 
was liberal to the poor, and kind to all. Not 
even the brutes escaped his sympathy. Cruelty 
to animals excited in him always the most 
intense disapprobation. His belief in the 
divine revelation, and in its doctrines, as held 
by the great body of Protestant Christians, 
was firm, decided, and often expressed; and 
he could never tolerate any attempts on the 
part of any person to impugn or to throw 
discredit upon them. 
BEHRENS, Bernt Martin, of Chicago, 111., 
was born September 25, 1843, in Bei’gen, Nor- 
way. Received his preliminary education at 
Christiania, with the intention of becoming 
officer of the army, but had to give it up on 
account ol a long sickness after typhoid fever. 
Entered upon the study of classics in Greek 
and Latin for admittance to the university 
and passed examination with honors in 1868. 
Under the preceptor, Johan Voss, the distin- 
guished professor in medicine, he graduated 
in 1875, was the same year in service at the 
State Hospital, and moved thereafter to Ber- 
gen, his native place, where he practiced his 
profession until 1881, when he left his native 
country for America. He settled down in 
Chicago, where he has been practicing since. 
For supplementing his medical education, he 
visited the principal seats of learning in 
Europe, in the winter of 1876 to 1877, and in 
the summer of 1887, and studied with Profes- 
sors Pollitzer, Schroeter, Von Spaeth, Shade, 
Knester, Hahn and Wilk Meyer, in the cities 
of Vienna, Hamburg, Berlin and Copenhagen 
respectively. He was a member of the Chicago 
Medical Society for eight years; American 
Medical Association for four years; Scandina- 
vian Medical Society for four years, of which 
he was chairman for two years. In 1890 to 
1892 he made several contributions on diseases 
of e<tr, nose, and throat, and was in 1891 ap- 
pointed Professor of Diseases of the Ear at 
the Chicago Post-Graduate School. His wife 
is the celebrated soprano, Miss Anna Smith, 
of Christiania, Norway. 
BELL, Agrippa Nelson, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
was born in Northampton county, Va., Au- 
gust 3, 1820. His parentage, English and 
Scotch. Education: common school in Vir- 
ginia, academic and classical in Connecticut, 
lias received honorary degree of A. M. from 
Trinity College, Hartford. He studied one 
year in the Tremont Street Medical School, 
Boston, taking a first course of lectures at the 
Medical Department of Harvard University, 
and a second course at Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1842. 
He first settled at the village of Franktown, 
Northampton county, Va., from which place 
he applied for permission to be examined by 
the naval board of examiners; passed the 
greater part of the year 1844 in New York, 
and his examination for the navy being a 
successful one (November, 1844), he received 
the commission of assistant surgeon, in March, 
1847. Intermediately he resided and practiced 
in Waterbury, Conn. During 1847 and 1848 
he was on active duty, during the Mexican 
war, in the vicinity of Vera Cruz, serving in 
several vessels in the squadron and also on 
shore and at the Yellow Fever Hospital on 
Salmadina island. His subsequent naval serv- 
ice was one year on the coast survey, in New 
York harbor and bay; in the West Indies; 
Central America; and west coast of Africa. 
He passed an examination for promotion in 
1854, and after being nearly two years on 
board the receiving ship at New York, resigned 
from the navy, 1865, and entered upon private 
practice in Brooklyn. He is an active mem- 
ber of the Kings County Medical Society 
(Brooklyn); of the New York Academy of 
Medicine; permanent member of the Medical EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
41 
Society of the State of New York; American 
Association and American Public Health Asso- 
ciation; was an active member of the Na- 
tional Quarantine and Sanitary Conventions 
in 1859 and 1860, and chairman of the com- 
mittee on quarantine regulations, whose re- 
port at the convention in Boston in 1860 has 
been the basis of most of the quarantine reg- 
ulations in the United States and abroad 
since. He has always given special attention 
to sanitary matters. During the first vear of 
the rebellion he had charge of the floating 
hospital for yellow fever patients under quar- 
antine in New York harbor, and drafted the 
law for the New York quarantine establish- 
ment as it is now and has been since 1863. 
He has been member of nearly all of the New 
York and Brooklyn committees which have 
been appointed on health reforms and for the 
establishment of boards of health—the metro- 
politan, and others. He also held the posi- 
tion of quarantine commissioner and super- 
vising commissioner of the construction of 
quarantine buildings from 1869 to 1873. Since 
1856 has been one of the physicians of the 
Brooklyn City Hospital, being now senior 
member of the medical staff. For many years 
he has been chairman of the standing com- 
mittee on hygiene of the New York State Med- 
ical Society, and took the first “MerritH. 
Cash prize” of that society in 1864, on “How 
Complete is the Protection of Vaccination, 
and what are the Dangers of Communicating 
Other Diseases With the Vaccinia?” He has 
also contributed several papers to the Trans- 
actions of the society on sanitary subjects, 
viz: “Malignant Pustule,” 1862; “Disinfec- 
tion,” 1864; “Marine Hygiene,” 1867; “Ma- 
rine Hygiene and Experiments with Steam as 
a Disinfectant,” 1868; “Quarantine Establish- 
ment of New York,” contributed in 1873, but 
not published till 1875; “Defective Drainage,” 
1874. The latter paper was ordered to be 
printed by the society as a separate paper 
from the'Transactions, and was sent by the 
society to every physician in the State of New 
York.' It was printed in full in the Sanitarium 
in March, 1874. He has contributed the fol- 
lowing to the Transactions of the American 
Medical Association: on the “Introduction of 
Disease by Commerce,’ volume xvi, 1865; he 
was chairman of the committee report, same 
year, on “Protection from Small-Pox by 
Means of Vaccination and Revaccination.” 
He was the first chairman of the section on 
State medicine and public hygiene of the asso- 
ciation, 1873 and 1874; the subject of his 
address was, “Waste of Life,” and report on 
“Defective Drainage as a Cause of Disease in 
the State of New York,” volume xxv, 1874. 
To the proceedings of the American Public 
Health Association he has contributed papers 
on “Perils of the School-room,” and the Hy- 
giene of Passenger Vessels in Communication 
with New York.” He is author of a work 
entitled “Knowledge of Living Things,” pub- 
lished in 1860, now out of print. In 1873 Dr. 
Bell established the Sanitarian, a monthly 
magazine devoted to the preservation of 
health, mental and physical culture, and has 
been the editor of this excellent periodical for 
the last twenty years. 
BELL, Guido, of Indianapolis, Ind., was 
born September 4, 1839, in the Granddukedom 
of Baden, Germany. After the ordinary ed- 
ucation required, he studied medicine in 
Tubingen and Freiburg, from 1859 to 1864. 
lie was graduated in Freiburg in 1865, and 
came to this country the same year, and estab- 
lished himself at Indianapolis, where he has 
been engaged in a large and successful general 
practice of medicine and surgery ever since. 
Dr. Bell has improved the methods of perform- 
ing several surgical operations, among which 
may be mentioned, 1. The supra-pubic section 
for stone, by sewing up and discarding the 
catheter (before the antiseptic time); 2. That 
of intubation by discarding the “gag” in non- 
asphyctic cases, and bv allowing the finger to 
meet the rising glottis tlie catheter is dispensed 
with entirely; 3. In perineorrhaphy, by de- 
vising the perineal speculum, which retains 
and adjusts itself by automatic action, thereby 
making assistants unnecessary. Dr. Bell re- 
cently reported his discovery of a rare and 
peculiar sound of the heart in cases of shock, 
which was audible at a distance of several feet 
from the patient. This peculiar and unusual 
sound was detected in three cases, and was 
systolic in character. The sound did not 
appear immediately after the injurv, but ac- 
cording to the severity of the shock later, and 
more forcibly, gradually disappearing after 
recovery from the condition. He states that 
all the cases presenting this phenomenon re- 
covered, and concludes that the heart’s action 
is governed mainly by the cardiac ganglia, 
and cites the above pathological condition 
coming under his clinical observation, as well 
as facts from embryology and comparative 
anatomy to prove that the innervation of the 
heart is in a high degree independent from the 
brain and the spinal cord. Dr. Bell has made 
important contributions to medical periodicals, 
both in this country and Europe. In the Indi- 
ana Medical Journal (June, 1893) is found an 
interesting article from his pen, “On the In- 
ternal Use of Creosote in Large Doses.” He 
advocates in this paper the use of this agent 
in doses aggregating twenty drops daily, as 
being curative in pyemia, chronic suppurative 
diseases, and as a preventive of a possible 
tubercular affection. Dr. Bell is a member of 
the judicial council of the Marion County Med- 
ical Society, and was president of this society 
from 1891 to 1892. He is also a member 
of the Indiana State Medical Society and a 
permanent member of the American Medical 
Association. 
BELL, John W., of Minneapolis, Minn., 
was born in Butler county, Ohio, March 18, 
1854. He graduated from the Ohio Medical 
College in 1876, and later spent some time 
studying medicine in foreign schools, mainly 
in Germany. He practiced his profession in 
Reily, Ohio, until he came to Minneapolis, 
Minn., in 1881. In 1886, he was appointed 
Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine 
in the Minnesota Hospital College. Upon 
the opening of the Medical Department of the 
University of Minnesota he was elected to the 
chair of Physical Diagnosis of the Chest. In 
1891 he became professor of clinical medicine 
and physical diagnosis in the same school. In 
1883 he was appointed visiting physician to 
St. Barnabas Hospital—later, consulting phy- 
sician. On the opening of St. Mary’s Idos- 
pital, in 1887, he was appointed visiting 
physician. In 1892, on the opening of the 
Methodist Hospital, he was appointed one of 
the visiting physicians. He was a member of 
the Minnesota State Medical Society, of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
42 
mor of the uterus. In 1887 he was appointed 
Surgeon to Cooper Hospital, Camden; and 
Lecturer on Fractures and Dislocations in the 
Medico Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, in 
1890, the same year becoming the President 
of the New Jersey Sanitary Association; his 
article on “The Relations of Temperatures to 
Health in Dwellings,” being deemed so valu- 
able and practicle that copies were sent out by 
the State of lowa for free distribution, the 
State board of health stating officially that it 
would save many lives (report S. B. H. 1887); 
other States also adopted the same plan. He 
was appointed Surgeon to the Sixth Regiment 
Corps, N. J., in 1891; was elected to the chair 
of Surgical Teaching in the Camden Training 
School for Nurses, and is considered a fluent 
lecturer. It should be said that the great rep- 
utation of the subject of this sketch as a phy- 
sician and surgeon has been acquired by the 
merits of his work. Dr. Benjamin is also 
noted for making valuable contributions to med- 
ical science and literature during the past few 
years, some of which may be found in such 
journals as the Medical and Surgical Reporter, 
Medical Bulletin, Medical Record, N. Y., and 
Journal of the American Medical Association, 
etc. 
Q/tf. 
Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the 
Hennepin County Medical Society. In ad- 
dition to the practice of his profession, Dr. 
Bell has taken a warm interest in public 
affairs, and in 1890 was elected a member of 
the State senate. 
BENJAMIN, Dowling, of Camden, New 
Jersey, was born in Baltimore, January 23, 
1849, and comes of an old Southern family 
distinguished for patriotism from the revolu- 
tionary war to the present time. After re- 
ceiving a thorough common school education 
he was prepared by private tutors for the 
sophomore class in Dickinson College, Pa. 
He graduated in pharmacy in Baltimore in 
1873, and began the study of medicine in 1871, 
with Dr. J. H. Jannar, Port Deposit, Md., 
afterwards with J. M. Ridge, Camden, N. J., 
and later with Prof. D. Hayes Agnew, Phila- 
delphia. He graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania, at the head of the ’77 class, 
having answered all the questions (over three 
hundred) in all branches. Received also hon- 
orable mention at the commencement exer- 
cises for his thesis on contagion or “Germ”, 
diseases. Dr. Benjamin urged the adoption 
of higher grade practical teaching in colleges of 
pharmacy in 1876 (see transactions of Amer- 
ican Pharmaceutical Association), which was 
adopted by the Philadelphia college the fol- 
lowing year. Representing the State of New 
Jersey in the American Medical Association 
at Washington in 1884, he succeeded (after a 
stormy debate) in having his resolution 
adopted to advance instruction in medical 
colleges in America from a two term course to 
a third year course, a much needed reform 
{see Journal of American Medical Association). 
In 1877 he was appointed assistant in the ner- 
vous department at the University hospital; 
performed the first successful hysterectomy in 
the State of New Jersey for a large fibroid tu- 
<:lsery>U'W'i'C jz . 
BENSON, John Alfred, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Hudson county, State of New Jersey, 
in 1859, and is a member of an old Knicker- 
bocker family, his ancestors having belonged 
to the original Holland colony that settled 
New Amsterdam (now New York) and Com- 
munipaw, New Jersey. His father was the 
late Dr. David Benson, of Hudson county, 
New Jersey, an authority on electro-therapeu- 
tics, under whom he studied the rudiments of 
medicine, finishing his medical studies at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
York (Medical Department of Columbia Col- 
lege), graduating from that institution of 
learning in the year 1880. Having success- 
-1 fully passed the government examination EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
43 
scientific societies, among them being the 
immediately after graduation, he was com- 
missioned as a medical officer in the United 
States marine hospital service, remaining 
in the service until 1885, when he resigned 
to enter civil practice in Chicago, Illinois, 
and was at once elected Professor of Phys- 
iology in the College of Physicians and 
of Chicago, which chair he now 
holds. While in the marine hospital service, 
on duty at the port of St. Louis, Mo., a very 
severe epidemic of small-pox broke out, and 
he was detailed for quarantine work in con- 
nection with the steamers arriving and depart- 
ing daily from that city. He performed the 
duties of this department so efficiently, that in 
a letter from Captain John P. Keiser, he re- 
ceived the thanks of the Anchor Line Steam- 
ers Company. In addition to his physi- 
ological work in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Chicago, he has successfully 
taught obstetrics and medical jurisprudence, 
and when, during the session of 1892, Profes- 
sor Quine found that his health would not per- 
mit him to continue and finish the course on 
“Principles and Practice of Medicine,” he 
selected Professor Benson to act in his place, 
and the correctness of his choice was proven 
by the results. While at college Dr. Benson 
had rare advantages in having been closely 
associated with some of the greatest lights of 
the nineteenth century. He was an office 
student of the eminent surgeon, Professor 
Thomas M. Markoe; was assistant to the dis- 
tinguished and learned James W. McLane, 
professor of Obstetrics, and now president of 
the Medical Department of Columbia College, 
in New York; and for several years he was 
special assistant and chief of laboratory to 
Professor John Call Dalton, one of the greatest 
authorities on physiology, and one of the most 
celebrated physicians of the age. While with 
Dr. Dalton, he assisted this great author in the 
preparation of his magnificent work on the 
“Topography of the Brain.” In 1888 he was 
appointed attending physician to the Cook 
County Hospital, elected secretary of the med- 
ical stafr, and in 1890 he Avas unanimously se- 
lected by the board of commissioners of Cook 
county to take charge of the County Hospital 
for the Insane, a position Avhich he held for 
two years. He established at that institution 
many much needed reforms, prominent among 
these being the Art School for female patients 
and the School of Manual Art for patients of 
both sexes. Under his mild and gentle rule, 
the condition of the patients improved as 
evidenced by the high percentage of recoveries 
during his administration. Owing to his fear- 
lessness in defending the rights of the county 
and preventing dishonest contractors and of- 
ficials from preying on the treasury, he was 
annoyed, and his administration crippled in 
every Avay possible. Valuable and necessary 
positions were abolished by the county board; 
honest and efficient subordinate officers rvere 
removed without even the semblance of a 
trial, and the doctor Avas harrassed by silly 
and idiotic investigations,AA’hile serious charges 
made by him against prominent county of- 
ficials Avere absolutely ignored. Seeing the 
futility of attempting to conduct the institu- 
tion properly under the existing condition of 
affairs, at the end of his second year of office 
he declined reappointment, and resumed civil 
practice. He is a member of a number of 
American Anthropometric Society, the Amer- 
ican Medico-Psychological Association, the 
Chicago Pathological Society, is Associate 
Chief of the Department of Clinical Medicine 
of the West Side Free Dispensary, and 
although yet rather a young man, has distin- 
guished himself in the field of neurology and 
psycho-pathology. 
BERK, Carl, of Chicago, Illinois, Avas born 
at Milin, in Austria, March 26, 1864, of Ger- 
man parents. His first education Avas received 
at the Altstaedter Real and Gymnasium in 
Prague, Avhere he entered the Medical Faculty 
of the R. I. University Carolo Ferdinandea 
and graduated as the first of his classmates 
in 1889. As a young physician he traveled 
through Austria, Germany, France and Italy, 
every Avhere stopping at the celebrated univer- 
sities and attending clinics and lectures. Re- 
turning to Prague he entered the Resident 
Staff of the General Hospital, as assistant to 
Prof. Schanta, noAV of Vienna. In 1887 he 
bad served as volunteer in the Austrian army 
and was promoted to the rank of an officer of 
the same. In 1890 he took a place as surgeon 
on a trans-Atlantic steamer and crossed the 
ocean several times. In the fall of the same 
year he settled in Chicago, devoting his studies 
and Avork mostly to surgerv, and surgical as 
Avell as general pathological anatomy, micros- 
copy and bacteriology, in Avhich lines he has 
published seAmral articles in domestic and for- 
eign medical journals. He is Professor of 
General Surgery to the Post Graduate Medical 
School, Chief Surgeon to the Columbia Char- 
ity Dispensary and Hospital, member of the 
Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Patholog- 
ical Society, and Verein Deutscher Arzte in 
Prag. 
BESHOAR, Michael, of Trinidad, Colorado, 
Avas born at Mifflintown, Pa., February 25, 
1833, descended from a family which immi- 
grated from the Palatinate, on the Rhine, 
before the revolutionary war, and settled in 
Cumberland county, Pa. He was educated in 
the common schools and at Tuscarora Acad- 
emy, studied medicine under private precep- 
tors at Lewiston, and attended lectures at 
Jefferson Medical College, and universities of 
Pennsylvania and Michigan; graduating in 
medicine from the University of Michigan in 
1853. He attended a course of lectures in the 
St. Louis Medical College in and in Mi- 
ami Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1873-4, 
and received the ad eundam degree from the 
latter. He pursued the practice of medicine 
at Pocahontas, Arkansas, from the spring of 
1853 till the outbreak of the Avar in 1861. 
During this time he represented his county 
tAvo terms in the State legislature, Avas surgeon 
of militia six years and took meteorological ob- 
servations for the Smithsonian Institute seven 
years. At the commencement of the war he Avas 
made chief surgeon, of the first regiment 
raised in his part of the State, and Avhen the 
Arkansas troops Avere transferred to the Con- 
federate service, he became a full surgeon of 
the provisional armies of the Confederate 
States, and served as such under Gen. Hardee, 
Solon Borlan, Lee Crandall, Jefferson Thomp- 
son, Albert Pike and T. C. Hindman. In the 
autumn of 1863 he left the Confederate service 
and practiced a few months in St. Louis, then 
tAvo years at Fort Kearney, Nebraska, through 
the AA'orst Indian troubles that bave ever existed 
in the western country. In the fall of 1866 he 44 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
located at Pueblo, and in 1867 at Trinidad, 
where he still resides. Since coming to Colo- 
rado lie was a member of the legislature, one 
term in territorial times and one term under 
the State government. He has been coroner, 
assessor, physician, clerk, judge, and superin- 
tendent of schools in bis county. In 1876, he 
was the democratic nominee for lieutenant- 
governor and ran considerably ahead of his 
ticket. There is not a man in Colorado more 
widely and more favorably known than Dr. 
Beshoar. He is a permanent member of the 
American Medical Association, the American 
Public Health Association, the Colorado State 
Medical Society, and Las Animas County Med- 
ical Society. He founded the Pueblo Chieftain 
in 1868, and Trinidad Advertiser in 1882—the 
two leading daily newspapers of southern 
Colorado. Clear headed as a physician and 
surgeon he has the esteem and friendship of 
the better members of his profession; saga- 
cious in politics he has the confidence of the 
time also to Dr. Frank Bos worth, the well- 
known rhinologist and laryngologist. His 
course of study was then continued for three 
years in Europe, in the following manner; 
A half-year in Vienna was devoted principally 
to opthalmological, otological, rhinological and 
laryngological work, his more celebrated 
teachers being Arlt, Stellwag, Yaeger, Mauth- 
ner, Fuchs, Pollitzer, Gruber and Storch. After 
an extended trip through the Tyrol, northern 
Italy, and southern Germany, he arrived in 
Heidelburg in the fall of 1879, and was soon 
after honored by being selected second assist- 
ant to Dr. Otto Becker, who at that time 
occupied the chair of opthalmology in the re- 
nowned Carolina University. A few months 
later, on the departure of Dr. Kuhnt, now 
professor in Marburg, Dr. Bettman was elect- 
ed to the position of first assistant. During 
this time he also worked in the pathological 
laboratory of Prof. Arnold, and did some 
original work on the pathological condition of 
the eyes in pernicious anaemia published in 
Knapp’s Archives of Opthalmology, 1881. 
Leisure time was devoted to the examinations 
of Becker’s valuable collection of patholog- 
ical eyes, to the study of embryology, physio- 
logical optics, to the attendance of Keno Fis- 
cher’s lectures on philosophy, German, liter- 
ature and other subjects. The remainder of 
the European stay was devoted to travels in 
Switzerland and northern Germany. Six 
weeks were devoted to Paris and to the clinics 
of De Weckers’ Galozewski Pauss, Laudolt and 
Edward Meyer. In London he met the cele- 
brated physicians of the world at the Inter- 
national Medical Congress of 1880. He ar- 
rived in New York, September 23, 1887, and 
two weeks later, having come to Chicago, 
opened an office there. He soon became 
connected with the Illinois Charitable Eye 
and Ear Infirmary as microscopist, later as 
assistant, and now is the third in seniority of 
the surgeons connected with that institute. 
He was the first lecturer of opthalmology and 
otology in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Chicago, and delivered lectures 
on the anatomy, histology, and functions of 
the eye and ear. He resigned his position in 
1883. He called into life the Chicago Society 
of Opthalmology and Otology, assisted at the 
organization of the Chicago Medico-Legal 
Society, serving two terms as second and first 
vice-presidents. Soon after his advent to 
Chicago, he joined the Chicago Medical 
Society; Microscopical Society; is also a mem- 
ber of the South Side Medical Club, and of 
the Practitioner’s Club. In the fall of 1892 
he was tendered the chair of Opthalmology and 
Otology in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, in Chicago. He has held the same in 
the Chicago Post Graduate School since its in- 
ception. He served as Oculist and Aurist to 
the Cook County Hospital for two successive 
years, and at present is connected in the same 
capacity with the Michael Reese, German, and 
Chicago Charity Hospitals. Among his pub- 
lications are the following: “The Operative 
Treatment of Episcleritis,” Weekly Medical 
Review, March 17, 1883; “Ocular Troubles of 
Nasal Origin,” Journal American Medical Asso- 
ciation, January 17, 1887; “Traumatic Iridody- 
alyses,” North American Practitioner, Decem- 
ber, 1890; “Mastoid Periostitis,” read before 
the Chicago Medical Society, November 4, 
1889; “Dislocation of Lens into Anterior 
more honest elements of his party; and suc- 
cessful as a jouimalist, he has the enmity of 
those who bear the scars and scratches pro- 
duced by his keenly pointed pen. 
BETTMAN, Boerne, of Chicago, 111., was 
born September 6, 1856, in Cincinnati, 
Obio. His parents came to the Queen City 
in 1846, from a small village in Bavaria, 
not far from Wurzburg. His father is a retired 
general practitioner, a graduate from the Uni- 
versity of Munich, in 1836. Dr. Boerne Bett- 
man received his preliminary education in the 
public and high schools of his native city. 
He attended a three years’ course of study, 
under the preceptorship of his father, in the 
Miami Medical College, and graduated in 
1877, afterward serving the well-known oculist, 
Dr. E. Williams, as assistant. Later he worked 
under the guidance of Dr. Heitzman, of New 
York, in his laboratory; and then for a year 
and a half acted as assistant to Dr. Herman 
Knapp, and during a portion of the same EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
45 
Chamber,” Chicago Medicalßecord, June, 1891; 
“Aural and Nasal Surgery,” by Drs. Boerne 
and Jefferson Bettman, Journal American Med- 
ical Association, November 10, 1884; “Trans- 
lation of Dr. Carl Roller’s article on Cocaine,” 
Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, Febru- 
ary, 1885; “Blindness following Hemorrhage.” 
His most important work was on the introduc- 
tion of a new operation for speedy ripening 
of cataracts. Three articles on this subject have 
appeared, one in the Journal of the American 
Medical Association, December 3, 1887; second 
in New York Medical Becord, July, 1892; and 
the third in the Annals of Opthalmology and 
Otology, February, 1893. He was one of the 
first to introduce peroxide of hydrogen into 
aural surgery. “Peroxide of Hydrogen as a 
Medicinal Agent,” Chicago Medical Journal and 
Long as his preceptor, and was graduated M. 
D., March, 1870, from Bellevue Hospital Med- 
ical College, and immediately engaged in the 
general practice in New Maysville. In October, 
1871, he was married to Alice, daughter of Dr. 
William and Harriet Long, of his native 
county. In 1878 he sought a less laborious field 
of labor, by locating in Dallas, Texas, where 
he remained two years. In 1880 he located in 
Emporia, Lyon county, Kansas, where he has 
continued to reside, engaged in general prac- 
tice. He is a member of Lyon County Med- 
ical Society and Kansas State Medical Society; 
he has been for the last six years, and is yet, 
United States Examining Surgeon for Pensions. 
He was elected mayor of the city of Emporia, 
Kansas, in April, 1891. 
BIGELOW, Henry Jacob, of Boston, died 
at his summer home in Newton, Mass., Octo- 
ber 30, 1890, aged seventy-two years. He was 
educated in the Boston Latin School and the 
Harvard Medical College (class of 1841), be- 
sides seeking further instruction in foreign 
cities. Later he was for a long time Surgeon 
to the Massachusetts General Hospital; and 
for twenty years filled the chairs of Surgery 
and Clinical Surgery at Harvard without an 
assistant. He was active in the earlier exper- 
iments with anaesthetics, and in November, 
1846, made the original announcement in this 
country of their discovery. He has been an 
extensive writer and lecturer on surgical 
topics. One of his works on the mechanism 
of dislocation by the flexion method (1869) is 
still an authority. He contributed many val- 
uable papers to the American Medical Associ- 
ation, such as the “Action of Water on Lead 
Pipes;” articles on “Anaesthesia,” embracing 
its statistics, “Cinchonia Cultivation,” “Gutta 
Percha in Urethral Strictures,” “Operation 
for Hernia,” and a very suggestive treatise on 
“Nature and Disease.” The above, however, 
lays no claim to being a complete list. Dr. 
Bigelow’s labors and attainments secured for 
him membership in many American and 
European societies, among them the American 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Societe 
Anatomique, the Society de Biologic and the 
Societe de Chirurgie of France. He was the 
father of Dr. William S. Bigelow, of Boston. 
BIGELOW, John Milton, of Albany, New 
York, was born in that city August 22,1846, 
He is a descendant from the Bigelow family 
of Massachusetts of English origin. He is the 
oldest son, as was his father, grandfather, 
and great grandfather respectively, each of 
whom were physicians of great repute. He 
was graduated at the Albany Academy for 
Boys in 1863, and at Williams’ College in 1866. 
He studied medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, of New York City, from 
which he was graduated in 1869, and received 
the following year the honorary degree of M. 
D. from the Albany Medical College. He re- 
ceived the degree of Ph. D. from Rutgers Col- 
lege in 1892. He is a member of various med- 
ical societies, and has made important contri- 
butions to medical literature. He was ap- 
pointed county physician for Albany in 1876, 
and was appointed Professor of Materia Med- 
ica and Therapeutics in the Albany Medical 
College, and is now professor of the same 
chair, to which diseases of the nose and throat 
have been added. Dr. Bigelow is attending 
Physician to Albany Hospital, Consulting 
Physician to St. Peter’s Hospital, Albany, N. Y. 
Examiner, 1883. Dr. Bettman also served as 
assistant surgeon with the rank of captain, in 
the second regiment of the Illinois National 
Guard. 
BIDDLE, George Allen, of Emporia, Kan- 
sas, was born in Putnam county, Indiana, 
October 15, 1845, near New Maysville, in 
that State. His early education consisted 
principally of practical lessons in agriculture, 
interspersed with the great variety of labor in- 
cident to a well-conducted farm, with about 
sixty days during the winter in the “district 
school.” He enlisted as a private soldier in 
August, 1864, for a term of one year, and was 
assigned to company “E,” First Indiana heavy 
artillery, and served out his term of enlist- 
ment. Immediately after his discharge from 
the army he entered the Danville (Indiana) 
Academy, where he continued two years, and 
then entered Asbury, now DePauw, University 
for one year. He then commenced the study 
of medicine at New Maysville, with Dr. R. W. 46 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
BILLINGS, John Shaw, of Washington, D. 
C., son of James Billings, of Saratoga county, 
New York, and Abby Shaw, of Rhode Island, 
wTas born April 12, 1838, in Switzerland coun- 
ty, Indiana. He was educated at Miami Univer- 
sity, Oxfoi’d, Ohio, from which he graduated in 
1807, taking the degree of A. M. three years 
later, and graduating from the Ohio Medical 
College, at Cincinnati, in 1860. He first settled 
in Cincinnati, but in 1861 entered the United 
States army, in which he still continues having 
resided since 1864 in the city of Washington. 
In November, 1861, he was appointed Acting As- 
sistant Surgeon in the United States Army, and 
in April, 1862, assistant surgeon, having charge 
of hospitals at Washington, D. C., and West 
Philadelphia, until March, 1863, subsequently 
serving as operating surgeon in the field hos- 
pital of the second division, fifth corps, army 
of the Potomac, at Chancellorsville, Va., and 
in May, 1863, joining the seventh and tenth 
United States Infantry, taking charge after- 
wards of the field hospital of the second divi- 
sion of the fifth corps of the army of the 
Potomac, at Gettysburg, Pa. From October, 
1863, to February, 1864, he was on hospital 
duty at David’s and Bedloe’s islands in the 
New York harbor, serving also as a member 
of the board of enrollment. In February, 
1864, he attended the special expedition to the 
isle at Vache, W. I.; and in April, 1864, was 
acting medical inspector of the army of the 
Potomac. From August to December in 1864, 
he was on duty in the office of the medical 
director of the army of the Potomac, and 
since December, 1864, has been in the office of 
the surgeon-general, at AVashington, D. C. He 
was successively brevetted captain, major, and 
lieutenant-colonel in the United States army 
for faithful and meritorious services during 
the war. In December, 1876, he was appoint- 
ed surgeon, with the rank of major in the regu- 
lar army. He is author of “Surgical Treatment 
of Epilepsy;” of reports in the “Medical and 
Surgical History of the Rebellion;” of “A Re- 
port of Investigations on Cryptogamic 
Growths,” in connection with “Reports on the 
Diseases of Cattle in the United States;” of a 
“Report on Barracks and Hospitals;” of a : 
“Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon- 
General’s Office, United States Army;” of 
“Notes on Hospital Construction;” “Reports 
and Papers of the American Public Health 
Association;” of a paper on “A Sanitary Sur- 
vey of the United States, with Remarks on 
Medical Topography;” of “Bibliography of 
Cholera;” “The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in 
the United States;” of “Literature and Insti- 
tutions;” of “Medical Libraries in the United 
States;” of “A Report on the Hygiene of the 
United States Army;” and of “Reports and 
Papers on the Johns Hopkins Hospital;” and 
“Mortality and Vital Statistics of the United 
States, in the United States Census Reports.” 
His great work, however, has been the “In- 
dex-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon- 
General’s Office, United States Army,” con- 
taining the bibliography of every medical 
subject as far as found in the library at 
present under Dr. Billings’ care. This work 
consists of fourteen large quarto volumes. 
He is a lecturer on municipal hygiene in 
the Johns Hopkins University, and medi- 
cal adviser of the Johns Hopkins Hospi- 
tal. Dr. Billings is a member of numerous 
scientific organizations, including the Ameri- 
can Medical Association and the National 
Academy of Sciences (1883), and he is also an 
honorary member of the Statistical Society of 
London, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Soci- 
ety of London and Medical Society of Sweden. 
In 1884 he received the degree of LL. D. from 
Harvard and the University of Edinburg, and 
D. C. L. from the University of Oxford. In 
1889 he addressed the British Medical Associa- 
tion on “Medicine in the United States.” 
BISHOP, Seth Scott, of Chicago, was born 
in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, February 7, 1852. 
His parents, who left New York to become 
pioneers in the west, were of English and 
Scotch extraction. The subject of this sketch 
obtained his early education in the public 
schools of Fond du Lac, and graduated from a 
private academy, in 1870, with a high-school 
education, supplementing this with three years 
in the classical course at Beloit College. 
AArhile attending the schools of his native 
town, and studying the piano and organ, im- 
paired health necessitated an interruption of 
his studies, and he turned his attention to the 
art of printing. He worked at this trade in 
the office of the Fond du Lac Commonwealth 
until returning health permitted him to resume 
his studies. During this digression he printed 
the first successful daily paper on the first power 
press that ever appeared there. After re- 
turning to his academical studies he edited 
and published a paper called The Pen, in the 
interests of the school, setting the type and 
printing it out of school hours. About this 
time he began to read medicine in addition to 
his school course. Having prosecuted his 
studies as far as the home schools carried 
them, he went to New York and attended 
two courses, a preliminary and a regular one, 
in the medical department of the University 
of the City of New York, in 1871-72. He EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
47 
studied medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. S. S. Bowers, for several years mayor of 
Fond du Lac, and graduated from the North- 
western University School of Medicine, in 
Chicago, in 1876. Dr. Bishop commenced the 
practice of his profession in Fond du Lac, but 
in a short time the “western fever’’induced 
him to try the experiences of a country doctor. 
In midwinter he drove his horse and buggy 
from his old home to the vast prairies of Min- 
nesota, where he practiced until the fall of 
1879, when he sacrificed the delightful experi- 
ences of a country practice to locate in the 
city. Soon after settling in Chicago, he identi- 
fied himself with the interests of various 
medical charities. In 1881 he was elected a 
member of the medical staff of the Southside 
Free Dispensary, where he served, first in the 
children’s and afterward in the eye and ear 
department, for a number of years. Later he 
conducted clinics in the Westside Free Dis- 
pensary, and has held the appointment of 
consulting surgeon to the Illinois Masonic Or- 
phans’ Home from its foundation. He is an 
attending surgeon to the Illinois Charitable 
Eye and Ear Infirmary, where he has been in 
active service ever since 1882. Dr. Bishop is 
the discoverer of camphor-menthol, and is the 
inventor of numerous surgical instruments. 
He is the author of the following monographs, 
most of which he has read at the conventions 
of medical associations: “Hay Fever,’’ the 
First Prize Essay of the United States Hay 
Fever Association; “Cocaine in Hay Fever,’’ 
a lecture delivered in the Chicago Medical 
College; “The Pathology of Hay Fever,” read 
at the ninth International Medical Congress; 
“A Statistical Report of Five Thousand Seven 
Hundred Cases of Diseases of the Ear,” read 
at the same place; “The Treatment of Suppu- 
rative Inflammation of the Middle Ear;” 
“Operations on the Drum Head for Impaired 
Hearing,” with report of cases; “Operations 
for Mastoid Disease;” “Compressed Air and 
Sprays in Diseases of the Nose, Throat and 
Ear;” “Atresia of the External Auditory Ca- 
nal,” read at the tenth International Congress, 
in Berlin; “The Rational Treatment of Com- 
mon Aural Catarrh ;” “Menthol in Diseases of 
the Respiratory Organs;” “Lessons from 
Fatal Mastoid Disease;” “Camphor-menthol 
in Catarrhal Diseases;” “The Treatment of 
Cold in the Head and Nervous Catarrh.” 
Among the surgical instruments invented or 
devised by Dr. Bishop are the following: a 
pneumatic otoscope; an adjustable lamp 
bracket; an improved tonsilotome; a middle 
ear mirror; a caustic applicator; a middle 
ear curette; an ossicle vibrator; a compressed 
air meter; a light concentrator; a cold wire 
snare; a nasal speculum; a camphor-menthol 
inhaler; a pocket powder-blower; an office 
powder-blower; a nasal knife, and an automatic 
tuning fork. The following societies have 
elected the doctor to membership: The 
State medical societies of Wisconsin, Minne- 
sota and Illinois; the Chicago Pathological 
Society; the United States Hay Fever Asso- 
ciation; the Mississippi Valley Medical Asso- 
ciation; the ninth and tenth International 
Medical Congresses; the American Medical 
Association; the Knights of Honor; the A. 
O. U. W.; Odd Fellows; Beta Theta Pi; Be- 
loit College Chapter; and Masonic bodies. 
Dr. Bishop’s family consists of his wife Jessie, 
daughter of the late Peter Button, the well- 
known contractor and builder, and a Mason 
in high standing, and two children, Myrtle 
and Mabel. In 1890 the doctor and his wife 
took a trip to Europe, attending the meetings 
of the British Medical Association, in Birming- 
ham, and the tenth International Medical 
Congress in Berlin. 
BISHOP, William Thomas, of Harrisburg, 
Pa., was born at Hummelstown, that state, in 
1840. He is of English descent and is a son 
of the late W. T. Bishop, a well known law- 
yer born in Baltimore, and grandson of Charles 
C. Bishop, a prominent merchant of the same 
city. The latter’s father was the Reverend 
William Bishop of the Methodist church, 
whose ancestry were among the early settlers 
in the vicinity of Snow Hill, Maryland. The 
subject of this sketch received his academic 
education in the schools of Harrisburg, and in 
1867 was married to Miss Emily Laning, of 
Wysox, Pa. He then studied medicine and 
attended lectures at the Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, from which he received his medical 
degree in 1879. Dr. Bishop, soon after this, 
established himself in the city of his present 
residence, where he has ever since been en- 
gaged in the general practice of his profession. 
On the organization of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad Volunteer Relief Department in 
1886, Dr. Bishop was appointed medical Ex- 
aminer, which position he still holds, and 
under his care this department has been most 
successfully managed since its establishment. 
He is ex-president of the Dauphin County 
Medical Society, and of the Harrisburg Path- 
ological Society. He is a member of the Med- 
ical Societies of the State of Pennsylvania; 
the National Railway Surgeons Association; 
the American Public Health Association; the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
48 
American Electro Therapeutic Association ;the 
American Medical Association, and a member 
of its judicial council. He is also identified 
with numerous other medical and scientific 
organizations and a regular attendant at their 
conventions and takes an active interest 
in their , deliberations upon all questions, 
whether of scientific importance or those re- 
lating to their business phases. He is known 
as a ready, well posted, and convincing 
speaker. Asa debater he is quick and sharp 
at repartee, as well as a forcible and logical 
reasoner. A well trained mind with close 
application has rendered him an appreciative 
listener and an interesting conversationalist, 
as well as an able writer. In addition to his 
contributions to medical literature he has 
written many valued articles upon Masonic, 
temperance, and political questions. 
BLACKBURN, Luke Pryor, of Frankfort, 
Kentucky, was born in Fayette county, Ky., 
June 16, 1816, and died September 14, 1887. 
He received his medical education and train- 
ing at the Transylvania University, Lexington, 
Ky., whence he was graduated in 1834. He 
immediately began practice in that city in 
1835. When cholera developed in the town of 
Versailles he went there and remained during 
the pi’evalence of the malady, giving gratui- 
tous service to the sufferers. He afterwards 
made that town his home, and in 1843 was 
sent to the legislature as representative of 
AVoodford county. In 1846 he removed to 
Natchez, Miss. Two years later, on the out- 
break of yellow fever in New Orleans, as 
health officer of Natchez, he established the 
first effective quarantine against the former 
city that had ever been known in the Missis- 
sippi valley. At the same time he founded, at 
his own expense, a hospital for river men. He 
also served through the epidemic of 1854, and 
after its extinction obtained the passage of an 
act of congress establishing the quarantine 
station below New Orleans. During the re- 
bellion he served on the staff of Confederate 
General Sterling Price as surgeon, and after- 
ward visited the Bermuda islands, for 
the relief of sufferers there, at the re- 
?uest of the Governor-General of Canada, 
n 1867 he retired to his plantation in Arkan- 
sas, where he remained until 1873, when he 
returned to his native State. In 1875, when 
yellow fever was raging at Memphis and 
threatened the entire Mississippi valley, he 
hastened to the city and organized and direct- 
ed a corps of physicians and nurses. Again 
in 1878, he gave his entire services and time 
for the relief of the victims of yellow fever 
at Hickman, Ky. In 1879, he was elected on 
the democratic ticket governor of Kentucky, 
and in that office distinguished himself by the 
large number of pardons issued to convicts 
for humane and sanitary reasons. 
BLAINE, Harry Gordon, of Toledo, Ohio, 
was born in AVheeling, West Virginia, Novem- 
ber 26, 1868. He is son of William I. and 
Nancy (Voshall) Blaine, the former a native 
of Carlisle, Pa., of English descent, the latter 
of Cadiz, Ohio, of AVelsh lineage. The sub- 
ject of this sketch, the third in a family of six 
children, by the misfortune of his parents was 
left to the cold mercy of the world at the age 
of three years. The ravages of the war of the 
rebellion had devastated the home of his 
childhood, his parents having at that time 
moved south. Oast upon the charities of 
distant relatives he was brought to Ohio, and 
finally found shelter in the home of William 
F. Leonard, a farmer, living in Seneca county, 
Ohio, who reared him to manhood. His early 
education was received in the district schools of 
that county and the normal schools of Fostoria 
and Republic. Relying wholly upon himself, 
without resources, he started in life alone. 
When sixteen years old he commenced 
teaching school. He continued to teach 
winters and work summers until he was 
twenty years of age. When eighteen years 
old he resolved to make medicine the field of 
his future career, and soon after entered the 
office of Dr. James M. Parker, of Attica, Ohio, 
as a student, and in the fall of 1880 he matricu- 
lated at the Columbus Medical College, Colum- 
bus, Ohio, and attended his first course of 
lectures in that institution. He continued his 
study for another year, and graduated at Indi- 
anapolis, Ind., in the spring of 1882, and also 
JZO. 
received a second diploma from the Toledo 
Medical College in 1886. A month after grad- 
uating he opened an office in the village of 
Reedtown, a small hamlet in Seneca county, 
Ohio, and remained there for about a year. 
In February, 1883, he formed a partnership 
with Dr. Alfred Force, at Attica, a town of 
about a thousand inhabitants, situated about 
six miles distant, and at once removed to that 
place, where he remained for nine years. The 
partnership with Dr. Force continued until 
July, 1884, when it was dissolved by mutual 
consent. With his love of work and indomita- 
ble spirit of medical enterprise, Dr. Blaine 
did not feel that his practice called forth all his 
powers, or satisfied his professional ambition. 
He therefore set to work to establish a medical 
journal, in which he would be able to ventilate 
his own ideas relating to medical science, and 
at the same time open an avenue through 
which he might become more familiar with the 
opinions of the profession at large, and Octo- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
49 
ber 1,1884, he issued the first number of the 
Medical Compend, a practical monthly epitome 
of medicine and surgery, and the allied 
sciences. This he published at Attica until 
April, 1889, when his private office, the Med- 
ical Compend office and printing office, to- 
gether with all their contents, were destroyed 
by fire. In June following, Dr. Jonathan 
Priest, of Toledo, Ohio, became associated 
with him in the publication of the Medical 
Compend, and the office of the journal was 
moved to that city. Dr. H. S. Havighorst 
succeeded Dr. Priest upon the death of the 
the latter, in July, 1890, when the name of the 
journal was changed to the Toledo Medical 
Compend, and is still published by Drs. Blaine 
and Havighorst, under that title. In 1885 Dr. 
Blaine was appointed to the chair of Diseases 
of Women and Children in the Toledo Med- 
ical College, Toledo, Ohio, and was afterward 
chosen to fill the chair of Diseases of the 
Nervous System in the same institution, 
which position he held unti May, 1892, 
when he resigned from the faculty. In 
May, 1891, the doctor moved from Attica, 
Ohio, to Toledo, where he soon gained a 
lucrative practice, and where he still remains, 
engaged in active work. Dr. Blaine was mar- 
ried in 1877, to Lucy E., daughter of James 
Shanks, of Chicago, Ohio, who has borne 
him four sons, the oldest being twins. 
BLISS, D. W., of Washington City, D. C., 
was born in Auburn, N. Y., August 10, 1825; 
and died at his residence, February 21, 1889. 
He was named Doctor Willard, after the emi- 
nent physician. He pursued his medical 
studies at the Cleveland Medical College, 
Cleveland, Ohio, from which he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1846. He practiced the 
ensuing year in lona, Mich., and then located 
at Grand Rapids, where a considerable reputa- 
tion as a surgeon was obtained. At the out- 
break of the war between the States he was 
. commissioned surgeon of the third Michigan 
volunteers. In the latter part of 1861, he 
became a division surgeon and from the or- 
ganization of the army of the Potomac till 
after the battle of Seven Pines he was attached 
to the staff of Gen. Philip Kearney. He was 
then ordered on hospital duty in Washington, 
where he superintended the construction of 
the Armory Square Hospital, and became its 
surgeon-in-chief. After the war he was con- 
nected with the board of health of Washing- 
ton, and also became widely known as the 
champion of a South American cancer cure, 
but extensive trial of the remedy (Conduran- 
go) proved it to be of little value except as a 
palliative in malignant gastric disease. Dr. 
Bliss was one of the physicians and surgeons 
called to attend President Garfield after he 
was shot on July 2, 1881, and was unremitting 
in his professional attention until the Presi- 
dent’s death. When with his associates he 
was called upon for a bill for his services un- 
der an act of Congress making provision for 
the medical staff, and for the extra labor of 
the White House employes necessitated by 
the assassination, he presented one that Comp- 
troller Lawrence felt obliged to reduce in or- 
der to apportion the $57,000 appropriated for 
the medical staff among them. Dr. Bliss de- 
clined to accept his apportionment on the 
grounds that his private practice had been 
ruined and his health seriously impaired by 
the close attention to the President that the 
exigencies of the case demanded. At' the 
time of his death a special bill was pending in 
Congress to compensate him for his services in 
this notable case. 
BOBBS, John Stough, of Indianapolis, Tnd., 
was born at Greenvillage, Pa., December 28, 
1809, and died at his place of residence May 1, 
1870. One of his most intimate friends and 
biographers (the late Dr. G. W. Mears) of 
Indiana, writes that the boyhood of the sub- 
ject of tliis sketch was spent, his parents being 
poor, in the acquisition of such knowledge as 
could be obtained at the then very common 
schools of a country village. “At the age of 
eighteen he wended his way on foot to Harris- 
burg, then as now the seal of government of 
Pennsylvania, in quest of employment. Be- 
ing a lad of much more than ordinary intelli- 
gence, he attracted the attention of Dr. Mar- 
tin Luther, then a practitioner of some 
eminence in that city. Upon a more thorough 
acquaintance, the doctor’s interest increased, 
and feeling that the delicate and slender 
physique of his young friend unfitted him for 
the more rugged encounter with the world, 
proposed, upon the most liberal terms, his en- 
trance to his office as a student of medicine. 
Unhappily this noble patron did not long sur- 
vive to see with what fidelity to his own 
interest, and with what devotion to study his 
protege had rewarded his generosity. Such 
indeed was the diligence with which he ap- 
plied himself to books, that, notwithstanding 
the obstacles of a deficient preliminary educa- 
tion, he fitted himself, with the aid of a single 
course of lectures, for the successful practice 
of his profession in less than three years. 60 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
His first essay in this direction was made at 
Middletown, Pa., where he remained four 
years. Having early determined to make 
surgery a specialty, he found the locality he 
had chosen unsuited for the work, and soon 
decided upon selecting some point in the great 
west as the field of his future labors. In 1836, 
he moved to Indianapolis, Ind., with a view of 
making that city his permanent residence. 
True to his great purpose of securing for him- 
self distinction in his chosen profession, he 
now gave himself up to the most laborious 
and unremitting study of books, both classical 
and professional. Soon sufficiently familiar 
with the languages, he bent his entire energies 
to investigations in his favorite department. 
As a 'means of furthering the objects of his 
very earnest pursuit after surgical knowledge, 
he concluded to avail himself of the advan- 
tages of a winter’s dissection and clinical ob- 
servation at Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, where the degree of doctor of 
medicine was conferred upon him in the 
spring of 1836. Rapidly attaining a reputation 
throughout the length and breadth of Indiana 
which might satisfy the most vaulting ambi- 
tion, he was tendered by the trustees of 
Asbury University a chair in the medical de- 
partment of that institution, then about being 
established at Indianapolis. The position 
was accepted. How well he acquitted him- 
self in his new relations has been well stated 
by the late Hon. J. W. Gordon, one of his 
former students who long enjoyed his most 
intimate friendship. To quote his exact lan- 
guage he says: “I made the acquaintance of 
Professor Bobbs during the winter of 1850. 
He was then Professor of Surgery in the Indi- 
ana Central Medical College and* dean of the 
faculty. I was a member of the class, and 
while making all due allowance for the par- 
tiality likely to arise in my mind from the 
relation between us, as professor and student, 
I believe I but express the judgment of a fair 
and just appreciation of his lectures and oper- 
ations before his class, when 1 say, that in 
both respects he was fully up to the highest 
standards of the profession. His description 
of healthy and diseased action and the changes 
from the one to the other, have never been 
surpassed in point of clearness, accuracy, 
graphic force and eloquence. All that is pos- 
sible for words to accomplish in bringing be- 
fore the mind those great changes upon which 
health or disease, life or death depend, was 
effected by him in his lectures. The student 
who did not carry away in his memory such a 
portrait of each disease described by the 
professor as to be able to detect the original 
when presented for examination, must have 
lacked some mental endowment essential for 
success in his profession. Nor was he less 
remarkable for self-possession, steadiness, 
rapidity and accuracy in the use of the knife. 
No man ever saw his hand tremble or his 
cheek lose its color, in the presence of the 
most terrible complications attendant upon 
great and dangerous operations. But his self- 
control on such occasions was never the result 
either of ignorance or indifference to the con- 
sequences threatened and imminent in such 
cases; for he combined the clearest insight 
with the most thorough knowledge of the sit- 
uation in which he was placed, and with a 
tender sensibility ahnost feminine in its char- 
acter, felt every j-ang which disease or his 
efforts to remove it inflicted upon his patient. 
Shallow observers, incapable of penetrating 
through the mask which his stern self com- 
mand held up between them and his profound 
soul of love and pity, often pronounced him 
harsh and insensible to human suffering. Nor 
did he ever stop in the high career of duty to 
correct their unjust judgments, satisfied that 
it is better to ‘feel another’s woe,’ and labor 
effectually to relieve it, than to receive the 
applause of the multitude for services never 
rendered, and pity never felt for the suffering 
children of men. He scorned to seem, but 
labored to be a true benefactor of mankind. 
Such was the impression of the man, which I 
carried away with me at the close of the term 
in the spring of 1851; and an intimate acquaint- 
ance of nearly twenty subsequent years never 
presented a single fact or ground to lead me to 
doubt its entire accuracy. He always held his 
profession sacred, high above all trickery and 
quackery, and labored with incessant diligence 
to place it in public estimation upon the same 
footing it held in his own regard. The most 
earnest and eloquent words that I have ever 
heard came from his heart and lips, when 
urging upon the minds of his classes the duty 
of fidelity to the cause of scientific medicine. 
In that duty he was ever faithful even to the 
moment of his death, and left his brethren, both 
in his words and deeds, a lesson they should 
never forget, to be true to the great field of 
truth and duty committed to their culture. 
To the poor and needy he was always wisely 
kind and beneficent. When called upon pro- 
fessionally to attend the sick of this class, he 
was known in innumerable instances to fur- 
nish, besides gratuitous service and necessary 
medicine, the means of life during their ill- 
ness. The great beauty of his character in 
this respect was, that his charities were al- 
ways rendered without display or ostentation. 
Many illustrations of this are worthy of 
record: One pathetic instance of this is related 
by a resident physician, who invited the pro- 
fessor, not long before his death, to a consul- 
tation in the country. Returning from the 
object of their visit, the doctor was hailed by 
a person from a cabin on the wayside, and 
requested to see a sick child. Discovering 
that the case was a bad one, he slipped to the 
door and asked the professor to see it. Hav- 
ing examined the patient, he returned to his 
carriage, leaving the doctor to make out his 
prescription. As the latter approached the 
carriage, he said to him: ‘Doctor, this child 
is going to die, and the poor woman will 
not have wherewith to bury it.’ Withdraw- 
ing his hand from his pocket, and presenting it 
with the palm downward, as if to conceal from 
the left what the right hand was doing, he 
dropped into the extended hand of the nar- 
rator a ten-dollar gold piece; ‘Give that,’he 
said, ‘to the widow; it will comfort her in 
the approaching extremity.’ In this phar- 
isaic age, it is indeed refreshing to find in- 
stances of unobtrusive charity which tell of 
the exercise of that noble virtue without pub- 
lic demonstration. He was a model friend. 
He saw the real character of all whom he ad- 
mitted to his intimacy, and while to all the 
outside world he faithfully hid their faults, he 
candidly and fully presented them to him 
whose character they marred. This duty, the 
highest and most delicate and difficult of all, 
the duties of friendship and of life, owed by EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
51 
man to man, he had the good sense, discrimi- 
nation and tact, to perform always without in- 
sulting or wounding his friends. He was 
superior to all dissimulation, and spoke the 
truth with such frankness and earnestness 
that it was impossible to take offense at it. 
His friendships all stood upon a higher plane 
than any mere selfish interest. He accepted or 
rejected men as friends for their manhood, or 
want of it. The personal or social trappings 
and circumstances of men neither attracted 
nor repelled him. He felt and knew that 
‘The rank is hut the guinea’s stamp, 
The man’s the gowd for a’ that.’ 
And elected his friends not for the image and 
superscription which family or position had 
impressed upon them, but for the original 
metal. So selected, he grappled them with 
hooks of steel, and never gave them up until 
they had shown, by some violation of principle 
that they were unworthy of his regard. He 
discriminated wisely the faults that proceeded 
from impulse and enthusiasm from those that 
grew out of calculation and self-interest. To 
the former he was as kind and forgiving as a 
mother to the faults of her child. The latter 
he never forgave. For a short time he engaged 
in politics; not, however, as a matter of choice, 
but from a sense of duty. He carried with 
him in the political arena the same thorough 
and exhaustive preparation, the same scrupu- 
lous regard for truth and fair dealing, the 
same severe devotion to reason, and the same 
lofty and fiery eloquence that lent such 
a charm to his professional addresses. It 
is almost needless to say, that in this episode 
of his life, he met the obligations of his 
position and performed them so as to win the 
confidence and approbation of his constitu- 
ents. Dr. Bobbs was a man of the highest 
and coolest courage. Nothing could daunt 
him. During the first campaign of the civil 
war in West Virginia he accompanied the 
command of General Morris, and on one occa- 
sion, while the army was engaged in irregular 
skirmishing with the enemy in the woods that 
lay between the lines at Laurel Hill, he accom- 
panied the skirmishers to the front. There 
being no regular line maintained on either 
side every man acted pretty much upon the 
suggestion of his own inclination. In this 
way one young soldier got far in advance of 
the rest and thus isolated was fatally shot by 
one of the enemy. His screams when struck 
created a momentary panic in those who were 
nearest him, and they all started on a precipi- 
tate retreat. Dr. Bobbs was near and prompt- 
ly stopped the retreat; led the party to the 
spot whence the screams had come, and 
brought off the remains of the young man who 
was found quite dead. Throughout the entire 
affair he bore himself as a veteran and won 
the admiration of the entire party which he 
led to the rescue. He was a man of indefati- 
gable industry. Up to the period of his death 
he was a devoted student, laboring at his 
books as few men work. With a slender con- 
stitution at best, and a system worn down by 
disease contracted in the army, he labored in- 
cessantly. His days were given to the duties 
of an ardent surgical practice, his nights spent 
almost wholly in his library, the arsenal’s 
morning gun very frequently summoned him 
to the few hours of repose allowed himself.” 
Nothing daunted by his enfeebled health, he 
did not hesitate to enter with his usual spirit 
into the project of a new medical school in 
his city, giving to the enterprise the prestige 
of his high reputation, and to the faculty the 
aid of his distinguished ability as a teacher. 
The very able and conclusive manner in his 
inaugural address before the Indiana State 
Medical Society (three years previous) in 
which he combatted the arguments directed 
l against the establishment in his state of a 
journal and a school in the interest of medical 
progress, and the very liberal bequest to the 
college his efforts had contributed so largely to 
found are among the numerous proofs he has 
left behind of his loyalty to legitimate medi- 
cine and earnest zeal in the cause of a science 
he so much loved, and to the advancement of 
which he had devoted his short, but active and 
useful life. Dr. Bobbs was appointed by Gov. 
Morton during the rebellion as an agent for 
his State and in this capacity he visited the 
soldiers of Indiana in fields and hospitals and 
had supervision of their medical and surgical 
treatment, and did valuable service in looking 
after their general welfare. As has been men- 
tioned he was the professor of surgery in the 
first medical college organized in Indiana. He 
was a forcible writer on all questions that en- 
gaged his attention and wrote much on pro- 
fessional and public subjects both in news- 
papers and medical journals. In all public 
movements affecting the interest of his city, 
whether concerning him professionally or not, 
he was always active and effective. He was an 
adroit and thorough politician, as well as a skill- 
ful and accomplished physician. Hewasthefirst 
surgeon to perform the operation of cholescy stot- 
omy. The account given by Dr. Kemper derived 
from the “Transactions of the Indiana State 
Medical Society for 1868,” should be noted in 
this connection as affording not only the 
initial step, but the earliest result on record of 
the fulfilment of a radical measure for the re- 
lief of occlusion of the gall-bladder, and 
serves as an illustration of the practical in- 
sight gained by this successful operative pro- 
cedure of Dr. Bobbs. “His patient was a lady 
thirty years of age. The growth of the gail 
bladder had been gradual for about four years, 
The true nature of the enlargement was in 
doubt prior to the operation, but the patient 
insisted upon operative measures. Accord- 
ingly on June 15, 1867, assisted by a number 
of medical gentlemen, Dr. Bobbs performed 
the operation as follows: An exploratory in- 
cision was made through the abdominal wall, 
extending from the umbilicus to the pubis. 
This revealed extensive adhesions of the 
omentum to the adjacent tissues. The incision 
was then extended two and a half centimeters 
above the umbilicus and latterly over the 
most prominent point of the tumor. Tearing 
through the adhesions with his fingers he 
reached a sack about thirteen centimeters long 
and five centimeters in diameter evidently 
containing a pellucid fluid. As no pedicle 
could be discovered, the lower point of the 
sac was incised ‘when a perfectly limpid fluid 
escaped, propelling with considerable force 
several solid bodies about the size of ordinary 
rifle bullets.’ The gall bladder was thus 
emptied, the incision in its walls stitched, and 
the ends cut closely and returned into the ab- 
dominal cavity. The external wound was 
properly closed. Her recovery was rapid 
without an untoward symptom. In four 
weeks she was able to ride out.” Mrs. 52 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Barnesworth, the lady upon whom the opera- 
tion was performed, more than a quarter of a 
century ago, is at this date (1893) still living, 
and resides near the village of Oaklandon,about 
twenty miles east of Indianapolis, and her 
physician, Dr. Kimberlin, states that she often 
refers to the ordeal, and its happy termina- 
tion, as the great event of her life. Referring 
to tliis case, Dr. Kemper, in Woods’ “Refer- 
ence Hand-book of the Medical Sciences” 
(Vol. 11, p. 118), says: “When the operation 
of cholecystotomy shall have been placed on 
a firm and scientific basis, and recognized and 
acknowledged by our profession—as assuredly 
it will—and its literature fully considered, the 
luster of no name on its roll shall exceed 
that of Dr. Bobbs.” In his recent address 
before the New York State Medical Society, 
Dr. D. F. Dennis, speaking of the operation 
under consideration, gives full credit to the 
subject of this sketch for having first per- 
formed it, and several times of late in histori- 
cal addresses the same credit has been given, 
and the fact is now well established and under- 
stood. Referring to this case, Dr. Gaston 
writes: “Though not a premeditated chole- 
cystotomy, it serves to guide us in similar 
proceedings, authorizing in suitable cases the 
suturing of the opening in the gall-bladder 
separately from the abdominal wall, and 
dropping it back into the abdominal cavity. 
With the practical outlook, as it is at present, 
we can glance back to the allusions of Sharp, 
Goode, Black, Morgagni, Andre, Petit and Mor- 
and, as paving the way to the more precise sug- 
gestions of Thudicum, Daly, and Maunder 
which preceded the performance of the 
first cholecystotomy in due form, by Bobbs.” 
Dr. Bobbs was married in 1840, to Miss 
Catherine Cameron, a sister of the Hon. 
Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania. He has 
left the record of a life fragrant with kindly 
deeds and memorable for its usefulness. He 
bequeathed $2,000 to establish the “Bobbs 
Dispensary,” for the benefit of the suffering 
poor of Indianapolis, managed by the faculty 
of the Medical College of Indiana. He also 
founded the “Bobbs Library,” which is under 
the same direction, and contains the most val- 
uable collection of medical works in the State. 
BOND, Young H., of St. Louis, Mo., was 
born in Calvert county, Maryland, July 18, 
1846, and is a son of the Hon. James A. Bond, 
of his native State. Dr. Bond was educated at 
Princeton College, N. J., and was graduated in 
medicine at the University of Maryland in 1867. 
The subject of this sketch is one of the few 
men in the profession who, immediately after 
being graduated, leaped as it were into a gilt- 
edged practice and succeeded from the start. 
Dr. Bond located in St. Louis just after the 
war and was fortunate in selecting his time 
and place of locating, for uninterrupted suc- 
cess has attended his work from the day he 
entered that city. Now in the prime of life, 
having achieved a fortune by hard work and 
good investments, a rich man having made 
every dollar that he has, doing one of the 
largest practices in the city of St. Louis, he is 
justified in feeling a reasonable pride in that 
which he has done, and indeed secure and 
reliant as regards the future. He is at the 
head of the Marion-Sims College of Medicine, 
being dean, and in addition to medical attain- 
ments of a high order, he possesses the busi- 
ness qualities which are so essential to the 
success of such ventures. The getting togeth- 
er of a successful working body of men as a 
faculty and the organization of the same, the 
securing of ground on which to build a pala- 
tial structure, the getting together of the 
proper equipment for a well conducted med- 
ical college, is no small work. The Marion- 
Sims College of Medicine is fortunate in hav- 
ing for its head a man possessed of such a 
head for organization, with such superb exec- 
utive ability and with the energy and youth- 
fulness to carry on the work for many years to 
come. His associates in his work are almost 
entirely young men, with few exceptions 
they are all hovering in the neighborhood of 
forty years, and are uniformly well established 
in practice, experienced teachers and equipped 
in a manner to do good work. This college 
was established in 1890, and its list of male 
students the first year numbered one hundred 
and fifty and the succeeding year, two hun- 
dred and sixty. The institution now has a 
larger class of students than any other med- 
ical college in Missouri. Dr. Bond has 
been president of the St. Louis Medical So- 
ciety, and many years ago at a time when the 
health board of St. Louis had authority, he 
was a member of that body and a very effi- 
cient one. He has been Vice-President of the 
Mississippi Valley Medical Association and 
there are evidently many honors yet in store 
for him in consequence of his well earned 
professional popularity, both in his city and 
adopted State. 
BONTECOU, Reed Brockway, of Troy, N. 
Y., was born in that city April 22, 1824. He 
is- of Huguenot descent on his father’s side, 
and on his mother’s Scotch. He was educated 
at the high school academy, and Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, of Troy, and Poultney 
Academy,Vermont. He studied medicine with 
Dr. A. G. Skilton, Dr. Thomas C. Brinsmade EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
53 
and Dr. John Wright of Troy. He attended the 
medical department of the University of Ncav 
York, in 1844 and 1845, and graduated at the 
Castleton Medical College, Vermont, May, 
1847, Avhen he at once entered into practice 
Avith his preceptor, Dr. Thomas C. Brinsmade, 
and has always resided in his native city. In 
1846 he made a voyage up the Amazon river, 
passing the whole of that year exploring the 
regions round about in the interests of natural 
science. His notable cases embrace the 
“Ligature of the Right Sub-clavian Artery for 
Traumatic Aneurism“Operation for the Rad- 
ical Cure of Umbilical Hernia;” “Ligature of 
Right Iliac Artery for Aneurism;” “Ovariot- 
omy, including both Ovaries;” “Lithotomy;” 
numerous cases of “Tracheotomy,” “Strangu- 
lated Hernia,” and several cases of “Pelvic 
Abscess, from Perforation of the Appendix 
Yermiformis,” cured by operation; two cases 
of “Inverted Uteri, Reduced by an Improved 
Method;” and has contributed to various 
journals reports of interesting cases. He is a 
member of the Rensselaer County Medical So- 
ciety, permanent member of the New York 
State Medical Society, the American Medical 
Association and American Surgical Associa- 
tion. For several years he held the office of 
coroner and examining surgeon for pensions. 
He Avas surgeon of the 2d Ncav York Volun- 
teers, from the organization of the regiment, 
April, 1861, until he was commissioned surgeon 
of volunteers, September, 1861, taking part in 
the battle of Big Bethel, Va., June 10, 1861, 
and present at the fight between the Monitor 
and Merrimac. He was in charge of the 
Hygiene United States Army General Hospital 
at Fortress Monroe,Va., from September, 1861, 
until its destruction, September, 1862, when 
he Avas ordered to the army of the Potomac, 
and put on duty by the surgeon-general in his 
office, for a short time, after which he was or- 
dered to the department of the south, and 
placed in charge of one of the hospitals at 
Beaufort, S. C., and subsequently appointed 
chief medical officer of all the hospitals there. 
He went with Medical Director H. C. Crane, 
United States army, to the iron-clad attack on 
Fort Sumter, and shortly afterwards was put 
in charge of the hospital steamer Cosmopolitan, 
lying off Charleston, during the siege of that 
place, and collected the sick and Avounded from 
all points below on the Atlantic coast, and 
transferred them to Hilton Head, Beaufort 
and New York city. In the early part of Oc- 
tober, 1863, he was ordered to Washington, D. 
C., to take charge of the Harewood United 
States Army General Hospital, where he con- 
tinued on duty until its discontinuance, in 
May, 1866, and thereafter being employed until 
mustered out, in June, 1866, on various boards 
of investigation, by order of the surgeon- 
general. During this period of military 
service, exceeding five years, he repeatedly 
performed all the important operations in mil- 
itary surgery, and originated and practiced the 
application of photography in military surgical 
histories. He Avas one of the largest contrib- 
utors to the “Surgical History of the War,” 
and to the Army Medical Museum. The 
Transactions of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, for 1876, giving a resume of the opera- 
tions on the larger joints, frequently refer to 
him as an operator. He Avas brevetted lieu- 
tenant - colonel and colonel of Arolunteers, 
March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious 
services during the war. He was married, July 
18, 1849, to Susan Northup. Of six children, 
one was born in the hospital at Fortress Mon- 
roe, Ya., November, 1861, and one at Hare- 
wood Hospital, Washington, D. 0., 1864. Dr. 
Bontecou, although advanced in years, is still 
(1893) in active practice, and is now surgeon 
to Marshall Infirmary of his native city. 
BORCK, Mathias Adolph Edward, of St. 
Louis, Mo., was born at Hamburg, Germany, 
April 18, 1834. His father Avas a noted Ger- 
man surgeon and his mother an educated 
Danish lady, and to the latter he is indebted 
for his primary education. Energy and 
ability always merit, and usually Avin, dis- 
tinction. These traits of character appear 
united in the subject of this sketch to an emi- 
nent degree. At the age of eleven he gained, 
by successful competition, a free scholarship 
in the Hamburg Gymnasium, and also in the 
Anatomical and Surgical School of Hamburg. 
The war for the independence of SchlesAvig- 
Holstein from Denmark dreAV the young re- 
publican from his studies. He served as a 
volunteer dresser in the Military Hospital. 
After the Avar closed he returned, and in 1851 
graduated Avith high honors. An American in 
sympathy, he immediately came to this coun- 
try and made Baltimore his home. By teach- 
ing caligraphy he maintained himself while 
he mastered the English language. At the 
same time he pursued his medical studies un- 
der the precept of such eminent men as the 
late Prof. Nathan R. Smith, the late Prof. 
Samuel Chew, Dr. Edward DAvinnell and 
others, and during this time he also practiced 
minor surgery and dentistry. In 1862 he Avas 
graduated from the Maryland University 
School of Medicine in Baltimore. In the 54 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
beginning of our civil war he served as an 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army 
at the West Building Hospital, Baltimore, 
Md. In 1863 he was commissioned assistant 
surgeon of the tenth Maryland infantry, 
army of the Potomac, and February 3, 1864, 
he was promoted to a surgeon of the third 
Maryland cavalry, eighteenth army corps de- 
partment of the Gulf. On detached duty he 
went with Major General Banks on the Red 
river expedition; after the surrender of Fort 
Gaines, Daulphine Island, he was there the 
post surgeon under Major General Gordan 
Granger. Taken with typho-malarial fever 
and not expecting to recover, he resigned 
December 10, 1864, at New Orleans, La., re- 
turned home to Baltimore. After having 
gained health again he moved to Hancock, 
Washington county, Md., a small town on the 
Potomac, where he enjoyed a very large and 
laborious practice until 1868; when his health 
gave away again, he returned for a short time to 
Baltimore, and then went to Paducah, Ky., in 
1869. Restored to health he moved to St. 
Louis, Missouri, and settled down again for 
active life. He slowly but surely acquired a 
good practice. His success is attributed to 
his skill as a surgeon. He attended the late 
Prof. John T. Hodgen’s lectures in the St. 
Louis Medical College, from which school he 
received an additional degree in 1874. Dr. 
Borck was a member and the secretary of the 
faculty of the college for medical practitioners 
of St. Louis, holding the chair of Professor of 
Surgical Diseases of Children from 1882 to 1884. 
He is a fluent speaker, in debate forcible and 
as sharp as his scalpel; but he never speaks un- 
less he has something to say; as a teacher he 
is admired for his thorough demonstration, 
and for many years gave private lectures and 
instruction in surgery to graduates. His man- 
ner of writing is niultus in parvum. He is a 
good performer upon the piano and a vocalist, 
and an artist with the brush. Many of his 
double life size anatomical oil drawings can be 
seen at the Marion-Sims Medical College of 
St. Louis. Lie speaks, reads and writes: Eng- 
lish, German,French, Dutch, and Danish. Lie 
is a member of the chirurgical and medical 
faculty of Maryland, and the Baltimore Med- 
ical Association; St. Louis Medical Society 
(vice-president); Tri-State Medical Associa- 
tion, now the Mississippi Valley Association, 
(vice-president), and is a permanent member 
of the American Medical Association. Lie 
was a delegate to the Eighth International Med- 
ical Congress at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 
1884. He remained abroad for study and 
observation, visited the hospitals in London 
and Paris, spent several months at the Ham- 
burger Krankenhaus with the celebrated sur- 
geon, Max Schede. On his return to St. Louis 
in 1885, he established his Private Surgical 
Home. Llis practice is confined to surgery 
exclusively, and he devotes his Avhole atten- 
tion to his institution. His little monograph, 
“Home Again,” contains a report of the con- 
gress and general observations, which is very 
instructive and was most favorably received 
by the profession and the press. He was also 
a member of the Tenth International Medical 
Congress, Berlin, 1890. He was the first sur- 
geon who advocated and practiced the subcu- 
taneous division of the capsule during the 
second stage of hip disease, “stage of serous 
or synovial effusion,” with success. He is the 
author of many valuable contributions to med- 
icine, among which his “Monograph on Frac- 
ture of the Femur,” “Ovarian Tumors and 
Method of Operating,” “Observations on Sur- 
gical Diseases of Children,” “Reflections upon 
the History and Progress of the Surgical 
Treatment of Wounds and Inflammations,” 
are predominant. Some of his papers have 
been translated and published in foreign jour- 
nals. In 1885 he reported his first fifty cases 
of ovariotomy with but five deaths. Llis 
surgical operations are appreciated by his pro- 
fessional brethren as well performed and are 
in a high degree successful. His success as an 
ovariotomist has received favorable comment. 
He is known abroad. The Obstetric Gazette, 
July, 1879 says: “Dr. Edward Borck’sovarian 
cyst elevator was presented by Mr. Spencer 
Wells to the museum of the Royal College of 
Surgeons.” This instrument is now most uni- 
versally in use by operators, which is certainly 
a compliment to him as well as American 
surgery. He is widely known as an untiring 
worker and close student wrho gives the utmost 
attention to the smallest details, factors which 
have doubtless largely contributed to his pro- 
fessional success. Dr. Borck was married in 
1854, has no children, and contemplates en- 
dowing a Children’s Hospital with his earthly 
goods. 
BOWDITCH, Henry Ingersoll, of Boston, 
Mass., was born at Salem, Mass., August 9, 
1808, and died in the former city, January 14, 
1892. “His father wras Nathaniel Bowditch, 
the eminent mathematician and translator of 
the “Mechanique Celeste,” and his mother, 
Mary Ingersoll; parents who have transmitted 
in a remarkable degree to their descendants 
the honesty and strength of character peculiar 
to them. The father, as is well known,educated 
himself in hours which by others were taken 
for rest or recreation; and this hard experience 
led to restrictions in the education of the chil- 
dren, which, though some of them were after- 
wards regretted by the latter, many have been, 
on the whole, beneficent. Thus, for example, 
they were never allowed to devote any time to 
music, the study of which, considering the 
hard struggle in life before them, the father 
considered a waste of time, and likely to lead 
to greater waste in the enjoyment of it. The 
subject of this sketch attended a private gram- 
mar school in Salem,Mass., and in a programme 
of an exhibition at this school, in 1822, he 
appears for a Latin dialogue with J. B. Bige- 
low, which argues that he was at this early age 
a considerable student, but is said to have "been 
fond of outdoor exercise, full of life and inno- 
cent fun. The family moved to Boston in 1823, 
where his father had been invited to the pres- 
idency of the Massachusetts Hospital Life In- 
surance Company, which afterwards, under 
his management, attained wonderful growth 
and prosperity. In Boston, young Bowditch 
attended the Public Latin School, entered 
Harvard College as a Sophomore and graduated 
in the class of 1828.” One of his biographers, 
Dr. Frederick I. Knight, who enjoyed his 
intimate acquaintance,referring to his industri- 
ous habits, says: “He was always occupied. 
I have wondered whether the # non-use of 
tobacco might not have had something to do 
with this, knowing how often it serves its de- 
votee as both companion and occupation. He 
apparently had one of those brains rested by 
change of work. He never sat still musing, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
55 
or walked up and down thinking out the solu- 
tion of any subject, but he thought with pen 
in hand.” After taking his academic degree, 
Dr. Bowditch entered the Harvard Medical 
School. What determined his choice of a 
profession is unknown, except that his mother 
was desirous that her sons should take differ- 
ent professions, and he felt himself more in- 
clined to medicine than to theology or law. 
There are now few living associates who can 
tell us of his immediate enthusiastic devotion 
to his chosen profession, but of this fact there 
can be no question. In September, 1830, he 
entered the Massachusetts General Hospital as 
medical house-pupil, and served one year. 
He received his medical degi’ee in 1832, and 
went to Paris, as was the custom in those days, 
to complete his medical education. It was 
natural that a man of his mind and home 
training in regard to exact truth should have 
been soon attracted to Louis and his teachings, 
and eventually to have been thoroughly de- 
voted to them. The numerical method as it 
was called, the recording and analyzing of 
symptoms in a large number of cases without 
any preconceived theory of the disease, simply 
the recording of facts and drawing logical 
deductions from them, was then being ex- 
pounded by Louis, whom Dr. Bowditch de- 
lighted to call master. So thoroughly did Dr. 
Bowditch always practice this method, so 
thoroughly did' he identify himself with it, 
and so consistent was it with his own 
character, that one can hardly help feeling 
that even if he had not the advantage 
of Louis’s teaching, he would have adopted 
such a method himelf. His friendship with 
Louis was kept up until the death of the latter. 
If asked what he had learned abroad that was 
especially valuable, he, while admitting the 
many things in clinical and pathological 
work which was new to him, would undoubt- 
edly have said, “What I value most is the 
proper method of observation and recording 
of cases.” It was in Paris that Dr. Bowditch 
first met Miss Olivia Yardley, who was des- 
tined, a few years later to become his bride, 
and who it is said had all the qualifications for 
his complement, whether it was in managing 
the exchequer, in making drawings of his 
microscopal preparations, or in the exercise of 
accomplishments who go to make up the 
amenities of life. After a residence of two 
years in Paris he returned to Boston (in 1834), 
and established himself in practice. With 
enthusiasm he devoted himself to the propa- 
gation of the teaching of Louis, and founded 
in 1835 a society for medical observation, on 
the plan of the one in Paris, for practice in the 
correct observing and recording of cases. Its 
membership was small, chiefly medical stu- 
dents, and was discontinued in 1838. Soon 
after this Dr. Bowditch was associated with 
Drs. Marshall S. Perry, Charles H. Steadman 
and Henry G. Wiley, in a private medical 
school. They had about fifteen students. 
There were recitations and clinical instruc- 
tion. The recitations were held at an infirm- 
ary for chest diseases, with which most, 
if not , all, the teachers were connected. 
Dr. Bowditch, in addition to his duties 
as admitting physician to the Massachusetts 
General Hospital, made the autopsies. 
These the students of his private school 
were permitted to witness. He retained the 
position last referred to from 1838 to 1845. ' 
From the date of his first settling in Boston 
Dr. Bowditch interested himself in all that 
concerned the welfare of his fellow-men. He 
aided in establishing the Warren Street Chap- 
el for the education and elevation of the 
young. He was superintendent of its Sun- 
day-school, and endeared himself to every one 
in it. The children went to his office every 
Saturday afternoon for books, and the young 
men used to meet him on the Common at five 
o’clock in the morning to play cricket, they 
being clerks in stores and not able to go at 
any other time. One of them, however, says 
in a recent letter that he used to steal time 
from his dinner hour to call for a talk with 
Dr. Bowditch who at that time was not 
oppressed with patients, and always glad to 
see him and well remembers that Dr. Bowditch 
was quite elated that his first year’s income 
equaled that of Dr. John Wares’ first year, 
namely seventy - five dollars. Dr. Bowditch 
had just settled in Boston when the mobbing 
of Garrison occurred, and henceforth till the 
proclamation of emancipation he was an 
active, zealous, uncompromising anti-slavery 
man. He was the intimate friend of Sum- 
ner, Andrew, Bird, May, and other leaders of 
this at that time unpopular cause. He was a 
philanthropist in the fullest Bostonian sense 
of the term. Having joined forces with Wen- 
dell Phillips and Garrison in the work of 
breaking down slavery he was singled out to 
be named “the anti-slavery fighter,” a title 
which he afterwards said that he held, to be 
the proudest one he could ever hold during his 
life. He was the first in Boston, says Fred- 
erick Douglas, “to treat me as a man.” In 
1846 the visiting medicine staff of the Massa- 
chusetts General Hospital, consisting of three 
physicians, namely: Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Enoch 
Hale, and J. B. S. Jackson, was augmented by 
the addition of three more, namely, Dr. John 
D. Fisher, Oliver Wendell Flolmes, and Dr. 
Bowditch. He served in this capacity 
eighteen years. Any one who ever made a 
visit with him knows how thoroughly he did 
his duty to both the hospital and the patient. 
In 1846 he also aided in reviving the Society 
for Medical Observation. In 1852 and after- 
wards he gave courses of instruction in aus- 
culattion and percussion in the Boylston Med- 
ical School. This was a private school which, 
however, gave a complete course of medical 
education, had its own dissecting room and 
infirmary, but did not confer degrees. It is 
said that this school was established for the 
purpose of getting more thorough hard work 
out of medical students than was the fashion 
of the time, and to encourage the graded sys- 
tem of study. It possessed an able faculty 
but was discontinued in 1865. Dr. Bowditch 
was appointed to the Jackson Professorship of 
Clinical Medicine in the Harvard Medical 
School in 1869, succeeding Dr. George C. 
Shattuck who was transferred to the Hersey 
Professorship of the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine, vacant by the resignation of Dr. 
John Ware. He continued in this position 
eight years. As a teacher he is said to have 
had as little capability for oratorical display 
as his master Louis, but his careful examina- 
tion of patients and analysis of symptoms, 
rendered his exercises very attractive and 
highly valued by students. His utterly un- 
selfish zeal in his search after truth and the 
welfare of his patients is said to have exer- 56 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
cised a beneficent influence upon those who 
came near him, and to-day hundreds are work- 
ing on a higher level in consequence of their 
having known him. In 1852 he wounded his 
hand in an obstetric operation. Septicemia 
and a long illness followed. This caused him 
to give up midwifery, and as the years went 
on, although he did not call himself a spe- 
cialist, and although he continued to see 
all kinds of medical cases, especially in 
consultation, his practice became more and 
more limited to thoracic diseases on which 
he now became an authority. During the civil 
war he did everything in his power for the cause 
of the government and good of the soldier. 
Especially did he labor hard for the adop- 
tion of a proper ambulance system in our 
army, which was finally accomplished, largely 
through his efforts. He gave his first born to 
the army, and bore his death in battle with 
heroic resignation. Dr. Bodwitch, during 
the last years of his life, devoted himself to 
his large office and pivate practice and to 
State medicine. He was largely instrumental 
in the establishment of the State Board of 
Health in Massachusetts (the first one in the 
country), and was its chairman for ten years. 
In 1876 he delivered an important address be- 
fore the Tnternationl Medical Congress, held 
at Philadelphia, in which he sketched the 
progress of public hygiene and its resultant, 
State preventive medicine, from the stand- 
point of an observer looking over the centen- 
nial period then closing. In that address he 
claimed that more practical work had been 
done among the people, during the ten years 
then ending, with the intention to prevent and 
crush out disease, and more publications illus- 
trative of public hygiene had been given forth 
the world over, than since the Christian era 
began. He also dwelt with commendatory 
emphasis upon the part taken by the Amer- 
ican Medical Association in helping forward 
the cause of sanitary science and in endeavor- 
ing to obtain a national health organization 
from the Federal Government. During this 
time, however, many reforms were carried 
through against determined opposition. He 
was for a short time a member of the National 
Board of Health, established after the yellow 
fever epidemic of 1878. For many years he 
was a regular attendant at the meetings of the 
American Medical Association, and one of the 
most respected and beloved of its members. 
He was president of the society in 1877, the 
meeting being held in Chicago. Dr. Bowditch 
revisited Europe three times—namely, in 1859, 
1867 and 1870. These trips gave him an op- 
portunity of renewing old acquaintances and 
making new ones among the profession abroad, 
and is said to have enjoyed such vacations 
more than by most professional men, for he 
was a man of much general culture, who read 
and reread his classics, and was exceedingly 
fond and appreciative of art and the best 
music. He appears to have greatly enjoyed 
the meetings of the “Thursday Evening Club,” 
in Boston, of which Holmes, Longfellow and 
other wits and poets were members. Dr. 
Bowditch’s life was a very full one, dis- 
tinguished, whether we consider him as a 
physician, teacher, citizen, or simply as a man, 
by courage, simplicity, zeal, industry and an 
intense interest in progress. There never was 
a man who more completely disregarded con- 
sequences when he felt that duty dictated 
action; whether this was a criticism of cur- 
rent medical practice, or of the selfish motives 
of obstructors of sanitary legislation, the de- 
fense of a runaway slave, or the branding of a 
deserter from the army. His simplicity was 
such that on acquaintance his bitterest ene- 
mies became his best friends. How true was 
this with regard to our Southern brethren! 
When the war was over it was ended as far as 
he was concerned; and he was one of the first 
to welcome the grandsons of John C. Calhoun 
to his own hospitable fireside. Members of 
our profession in the South, who had regarded 
him as an arch-enemy, soon became his dearest 
friends. His remarkable industry is testified 
by his numerous contributions to medical and 
general literature. Dr. Bowditch did not rush 
into print prematurely, but waited till experi- 
ence gave him the right to speak with author- 
ity. He published The Young Stethoscopist in 
1848, when forty years of age, and his first 
communication on “Paracentesis Thoracis” in 
1851. Probably his communications on the 
subject, appearing at intervals during the re- 
mainder of his active professional life, are 
more widely known, and have done more to 
extend his reputation, than anything else he 
has written. While he never thought of 
claiming the discovery of the method of re- 
moving fluid from the chest by aspiration, he 
appreciated at once the value of the procedure 
and made such practical use of it as finally, 
after constant iteration and reiteration in 
societies and medical journals, to compel the 
profession, not only in this country, but also 
of the whole civilized world to the same ap- 
preciation of it. In 1862 he published his ex- 
haustive investigations on soil-moisture as a 
cause of consumption in Massachusetts, which 
with the subsequent work of “Buchanan in 
England,” in the same field, have proved be- 
yond question that this condition may be an 
important factor in the production of the dis- 
ease. He also translated Louis’ “Researches 
on Phthisis,” his “Memoirs on Clinical In- 
struction,” and “Observations on Gastro En- 
teritis.” His spirit of reform led him in the 
later years of his life to warmly espouse the 
cause of the admission of women to the Mas- 
sachusetts Medical Society which was accom- 
plished in 1884, and to advocate a more liberal 
attitude towards educated medical men who 
may profess doctrines to which we can not sub- 
scribe. In regard to his views on this subject 
the reader is referred to a paper read by him 
before the Rhode Island Medical Society in 
1887. In this essay he called attention to 
the past, present, and future treatment of 
homeopathy, electicism, and kindred delusions 
which may hereafter arise in the medical pro- 
fession, as viewed from the stand-point of the 
history of medicine and of personal experi- 
ence. Dr. Bowditch, besides holding the prin- 
cipal positions which have already been men- 
tioned, was consulting physician to the City, 
Carney, and New England Hospitals, a mem- 
ber of the principal medical societies of Bos- 
ton, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts 
and Sciences, of the Paris Obstetrical Society, 
of the Paris Society of Public Hygiene, and 
honorary member of the Royal Italian Society 
of Hygiene, of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, of the Philadelphia College of 
Physicians, and of the New York, Rhode Is- 
land and Connecticut State Medical Societies. 
Before the time of his death Dr. Bowditch was EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
57 
spoken of as the oldest physician in Boston, 
and he was certainly in the front rank of the 
veterans, having passed more than half a cen- 
tury in the profession. The fineness of his 
feeling toward his life-work and toward his 
fellow-workers may be judged from some 
words of his own—written in 1862—changed 
in a few points so that they may be read as 
applicable to himself. He has filled with hon- 
or the sacred office of family physician. He 
needs no higher or sweeter eulogium; for that 
office worthily filled carries within itself as 
rare a combination of virtues possessed and 
of duties done as usually falls to the lot of 
man. 
BOWEN, Asa 8., of Maquoketa, lowa, was 
born at Eastford, Conn., April 12, 1842. His 
ancestors came from Wales and settled in 
Massachusetts, in 1640. He attended the dis- 
trict schools in his native town, and an aca- 
demic course at Mexico, Oswego county, N. Y., 
Avhere he also studied his chosen profession 
phoid Fever,” and one entitled “The Manage- 
ment of Compound Fractures.” He is an act- 
ive member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, before which, at its Newport meeting, he 
read a paper entitled “Laparotomy for Uterine 
Fibroids, with an Unique Case.” 
BOYD, James P., of Albany, N. Y., was 
born in that city February 23, 1847. He is a 
son of an eminent physician of the same 
name and was educated at the Albany Acad- 
emy and Princeton College, New Jersey, at 
which institution he was graduated in 1867. 
He studied medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of New York, from which 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1871. After 
visiting Europe and attending the schools and 
hospitals of Vienna, Berlin, and Heidelberg 
for two years, he settled as a practitioner in 
his native city where he has been established 
for the last twenty years. In 1876 he was 
chosen Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Women and Children in the Albany Medical 
College. He is attending physician to the Al- 
bany Hospital, consulting physician to St. Pe- 
ter’s Hospital; member of the American Med- 
ical Association, American Association of Ob- 
stetricians and Gynecologists, Medical Society 
of the State of New York, and the Albany 
County Medical Society. 
BOYER, Samuel S., of Throckmorton, Texas, 
was born in MifHintown, Pa., June 9, 1840. 
He was graduated M. D. at Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1864, soon after 
which he was appointed Acting Assistant Sur- 
geon U. S. Army, and has since served almost 
continuously in that capacity in various hos- 
pitals and posts in Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Sitka, in Alaska, Nebraska, 
Idaho and Texas. Dr. Boyer having retired 
from army service is now established in the 
latter State, at Throckmorton, where he is en- 
gaged in a successful general practice of medi- 
cine and surgery. 
BRADBURY, Osgood N., of Norway, Maine, 
was born in that city October 28, 1828. He 
was graduated M. D. at the Maine Medical 
School, Brunswick, June 1, 1864. He was im- 
mediately appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon 
U. S. Army, and served in that capacity until 
December 31, 1865, at Cony U. S. General Hos- 
pital, Augusta, Maine, and was in charge of 
the Post Hospital in that city from January 1 
until June 16, 1866. He has served more than 
fifteen years as Examining Surgeon for the U. 
S. Pension Bureau. He is also Medical Exam- 
iner and Adviser for numerous life insurance 
companies. Dr. Bradbury is one of the most 
accomplished physicians of his vicinity and 
has been engaged for many years in an active 
and successful practice of general medicine in 
his native city. 
BRAINERD, Ira Newton, of Alma, Mich- 
igan, was born in Grand Blanc, Michigan, Feb- 
ruary 3, 1852. His ancestors were, for many 
generations, New Englanders; but in 1833, 
his grandfather, Alfred Brainerd, moved to 
Michigan, locating in the township of Grand 
Blanc, where the Brainerd families have, for 
the most part, since resided. The subject of 
this sketch graduated from Fenton Seminary, 
in 1875, and from Michigan State Normal 
School in 1876. In 1879 he entered the De- 
partment of Medicine and Surgery in the 
University of Michigan as a Junior, and that 
year took a special course in Microscopy and 
Histology, and one in Electro-therapeutics. 
with Doctors B. E. Bowen and G. A. Day- 
ton; he also acquired some experience as a 
teacher in the town. He graduated at the 
Albany Medical College, in 1868, after which 
he devoted some time to hospital and clinical 
practice in New York city. He located in 
Maquoketa, lowa, in 1869, where he has since 
resided. He served one year in the United 
States navy during the war, on the United 
States man-of-war Neptune, which cruised a 
portion of the time in the West Indies, acting 
as hospital steward. He is engaged in general 
practice, and among his important surgical 
operations is a successful ovariotomy. The 
doctor has held the position of United States 
pension surgeon under the administration of 
Presidents Grant, Garfield, Arthur and Har- 
rison, and is also local surgeon to the C. & 
N. W. R. R., and is a member of the National 
Association of Railroad Surgeons. He has 
contributed to medical literature an article be- 
ore the lowa State Medical Society on “Ty- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Neither course was required at that time. He 
took his degree in medicine from Columbus 
Medical College (Ohio), March 4,1881. Im- 
mediately thereafter he began practice in 
Fenton, Michigan, and continued there until 
June, 1886, when he moved to Alma, Michigan. 
Dr. Brainerd makes a specialty of surgery, and 
is a ready operator in any field, doing an 
amputation, a resection, a plastic operation, 
a laparotomy or a cataract operation with 
equal facility. In 1888, he read a paper on 
“Colles’s Fracture,” before the Gratiot County 
Medical Society, and exhibited a splint that 
he had designed for the treatment of this acci- 
dent. The paper (illustrated) was published 
in the American Lancet, April, 1888. In 1891 
he presented a paper to the American Medical 
Association, on “Some Clinical Experiences 
with Eucalyptol,” setting forth his original 
research with that drug. Other published pa- 
pers of his, in the leading medical journals of 
the author of “A Syllabus of Forty Lectures 
in Physiology,” “A Syllabus of Forty Lect- 
ures in Physics,” “A Syllabus of Forty 
Lectures in Chemistry,” “A Syllabus of Thirty 
Lectures in Zoology,” and “A Key to Robin- 
son’s New Elementary Algebra.” Dr. Brain- 
erd is a member of the Saginaw Valley Med- 
ical Club, of the Michigan State Medical 
Society, and of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. 
BRATTON, Alembert Winthrop, of Indian- 
apolis, Ind., was born in Avon, New York, 
March 3, 1848. His father, Elijah F. Bray ton, 
a native of New York State, now living in 
Chicago, is of Scotch ancestry, and is possessed 
of the natural and inherent instinct of that 
race for education and religion. In his early 
life he was a lumberman of the romantic Lake 
George region, and later the village miller of 
Pike, Wyoming county, also in New York. His 
mother, Helen Parker, is of English descent, 
a Vermont Puritan. From her the subject of 
this sketch learned to read at so early an age 
he does not remember the time when he could 
not read, and never to the present time saw 
her sit down to rest without a book or paper in 
her hand. That he might withdraw a family 
of five sons from the enforced physical idleness 
and demoralizing intellectual frivolities of a 
petty village life, his father, in 1856, sub- 
merged his family of five sons, of whom the 
subject of this Avas the second, in the billowy 
meadows and corn fields on an Illinois farm 
in Kankakee county, fifty miles south of Chi- 
cago. The country was fenceless and treeless; 
wolves and rattlesnakes were common, but 
were little feared, and the red deer at times 
still gathered in the fields, and might have 
been shot from the doorway. But hunting 
wild game was not taught on this farm; the 
early feet of the lads trod the early furrow, 
planting half-mile rows of “sod corn,” and 
harrowing in spring grain. Thirty acres of 
corn from the seed to the crib, was the yearly 
stint of a twelve year old boy on an Illinois 
farm. Thus the years passed in seclusion; 
reflection and observation were developed; life 
was introspective, temptation was almost un- 
known, and the struggle between vice and 
virtue, so characteristic of city life, was re- 
duced to a minimum. On the first day of the 
week, at 8 o’clock in the morning, the entire 
family emerged from this grassy and cereal 
seclusion and in a farm wagon crossed the 
open prairies to the Manteno Methodist 
church, where Sunday-school, preaching and 
class meeting crowded the hours from nine 
o’clock till past noon. Sunday-school books 
were exchanged, and by two o’clock the farm- 
ers were again secluded in their corn fields, 
the cob-fires were lighted, the best meal of the 
week prepared, and the remainder of the day 
passed in reading. A few weeks too inclem- 
ent to husk corn in the open field were occu- 
pied at the district school. This, with the 
Sunday-school books, and such better literary 
works as the more intelligent farmers—mainly 
New York and New England people—bought 
and exchanged with each other, and the ex- 
cellent collection of the Illinois Township 
Library, constituted the educational oppor- 
tunities and material. The books were sup- 
plemented in the Brayton home by Horace 
Greely’s Weekly Tribune, the New York Chris- 
tian Advocate and Journal, the Ladies’ Beposi- 
\' tory, and the Atlantic Monthly. It may be said 
recent date, ai’e entitled: “The Identity of 
Diphtheria and Membranous Croup,” “Tuber- 
culosis of the Lung,” “Pilocarpus,” “Croupous 
Pneumonia,” “Insanity,” “Pus,” “Philos- 
ophy in Catharsis,” “Hysteria” (Medical 
Bulletin, 1889); “ Hydro - sarcocele,” “An 
Attempted Resection of the Stomach;” 
“How I Have Cholera Morbus;” “Ex- 
pert Testimony?” “The Mineral Waters of 
Gratiot County, Michigan;” “The Mineral 
Waters of Ypsilanti, Mount Clemens, and 
Eaton Rapids, Michigan;” “Simplicity and 
Efficiency in the Antiseptic Dressing of 
Wounds;” and Acute Miliary Tuberculosis” 
(Transactions Michigan Medical Society , 1892). 
Dr. Brainerd was Professor of Natural and 
Physical Sciences in Fenton Seminary, Fen- 
ton, Michigan, from 1881 to 1885; and he held 
the same chair in the Eastern Michigan Nor- 
mal School during its last year (1885) in Fen- 
ton, and its first year (1886) in Alma. He is EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
59 
upon the whole that the material was ample 
and of a high grade. Times were hard and 
amusements were primitive and limited. 
Spelling schools, corn husking bees, the coun- 
ty fair, quarterly meetings, the national holi- 
days, and an occasional trip to the river for 
fish or to mill, or for a load of wood varied 
the monotony of this life in the furrow or 
corn rows. The corn was worth ten cents a 
bushel and so was used for fuel; yearling 
calves were worth one dollar, butter seven 
cents a pound, and prairie hay twelve shillings 
a ton ; life was, as a matter of course, corres- 
pondingly reduced to the simplest elements of 
food, shelter and clothing. The main value of 
such a boyhood is probably in its lessons of 
endurance, solitude and independence, of how 
little is absolutely necessary to maintain life 
decently, comfortably and honorably. The 
moral and religious features of it were, as has 
been intimated, dominant. Ever before the 
family was kept a sense of the invisible world 
of which this life of daily toil and privation 
was but the threshold, a world of transcend- 
ent joys which the universe prepares for vir- 
tue, and this beatific vision was projected 
upon a dark background of unspeakable pain 
and misery, the eternal brand fixed upon evil 
doing. Life was not to be lived on its own 
account; it was not a matter of pain or of 
pleasure, but serious business with reference 
to a future of which much was believed and 
but little known. This Scotch-Puritan serious 
view of life was intensified by the political 
issues of the time, the extension of slavery 
and the final advent of the civil war. It 
might have been over harsh and somber; it at 
least enforced the great underlying law of 
moral progress; that every man’s deed comes 
home to himself, and aside from all purely 
traditional belief in a system of future rewards 
and punishments the greatest safety and hap- 
piness of the individual is in right thinking 
and right acting. In 1863 the family moved 
to Blue Island, a few miles south of Chicago, 
and this growing city was thereafter a great 
factor in the experience and education of its 
members. The Blue Island High School was 
completed in three winters and from this Dr. 
Brayton and his brothers passed to the Cook 
County Normal School, located at Englewood, 
111., and so came under the daily tutelage of 
that most thorough, fascinating and successful 
of Western educators, President AVentworth, 
the founder of the Chicago school system, and 
of the Chicago and Cook county Normal schools. 
From this school Dr.Brayton graduated in 1879, 
and at once became principal of the Glencoe 
schools, a northern suburb of Chicago. The 
following year he was elected Professor of 
Natural Science in the Normal School, but de- 
termined to first take a course in Cornell Uni- 
versity, Ithaca, New York. Cramped in finan- 
ces by the Chicago fire, Dr. Brayton left the 
University at the completion of the Sophomore 
year, and took up the work of biological teach- 
ing in the Normal school. In January, 1877, 
at the earnest solicitation of President David 
S. Jordan, now of Leland Stanford Junior Un- 
iversity, but at that time Professor of Natural 
Sciences at Butler University, and who had 
been a classmate and instructor of the doctor’s 
at Cornell University, Dr. Brayton came with 
his family to Indianapolis for permanent res- 
idence, and at once interested himself in zoo- 
logical researches with Prof. Jordan. He also 
completed his university course taking the 
degree of Bachelor of Science at Butler Uni- 
versity. The degree of Master of Science was 
afterward conferred both by the State Univer- 
sity at Bloomington, Ind., and by Purdue 
University at Lafayette, Ind., on account of 
meritorious work done in zoology. Several 
contributions were made to zoological litera- 
ture within the next three years. In the sum- 
mer of 1877, in company with Profs. D. S. 
Jordan, Chas. Gilbert, and a party of college 
students, the Southern Alleghany Mountain 
region was visited in the interests of ichthyo- 
logical science under the auspices of the Uni- 
ted States Fish Commissioner, Dr. Spencer F. 
Baird. All the streams were seined from 
Greenville, South Carolina to Atlanta, and 
from Atlanta to Chattanooga and west to Nash- 
ville. Some twenty species new to science 
were discovered and were described and pub- 
lished mutually by Prof. Jordan and Dr. Bray- 
ton in Bulletin Number Twelve of the United 
dytf. (Jf'. 
States National Museum. The following sum- 
mer was also spent with Profs. Jordan and 
Gilbert in extending these researches, and in 
collecting marine fishes at Beaufort, North 
Carolina, and in studying for comparison in 
the Smithsonian Institution the collection of 
the government. These Southern collections 
and researches furnished material for the 
study of the distribution of fishes of the 
Southern Alleghany region, a problem of the 
highest zoological interest and one to which 
Prof. Agassiz had directed Dr. Jordan’s atten- 
tion. In 1879 Dr. Brayton contributed a list 
with copious notes both scientific and literary 
upon the “Birds of Indiana,” which was pub- 
lished in the annual report of that year of the 
Indiana Horticultural Society. This list oc- 
cupied seventy-five pages, and is still in great 
demand among ornithologists although now 
out of print. It is the most useful, sympa- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
60 
thetic and appreciative list yet made of the birds 
of the State. In I£B2 appeared the Fourth 
Volume of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 
devoted to zoology, and to which Dr. Brayton 
contributed the “Report on the Mammals of 
Ohio,” occupying 175 pages. This work 
occupied the spare leisure hours of the years 
1880 and 1881. Dr. Brayton’s purely medical 
studies, commenced in Chicago, were resumed 
in Indianapolis, and in 1879 he took the de- 
gree of doctor of medicine from the Medical 
College of Indiana. The following autumn 
he was elected Professor of Chemistry, Toxi- 
cology and Medical Jurisprudence in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianap- 
olis, giving two full courses of lectures of 
eighty hours each, and doing considerable ex- 
pert work in criminal toxicology and allied 
cases in medical jurisprudence. In the fall of 
1881 he was elected Professor of the same sub- 
jects in the Medical College of Indiana. After 
four years of exacting work in chemistry he 
was elected to the chair of physiology in the 
same institution, and two years later was 
elected Professor of Pathology, Clinical Medi- 
cine and Dermatology, which chair he now 
holds, having been teaching some branch 
of medicine continuously since 1879. He has 
been on the consulting, clinical and teaching 
staff of the Indianapolis City Hospital and Dis- 
pensary since commencing the practice of 
medicine, devoting himself particularly to dis- 
eases of the skin and holding frequent skin 
clinics at these institutions. The result has 
been that for the first time in the history of 
these charities skin diseases have received the 
attention of an expert and competent diagnos- 
tician. Several unique cases were found at 
these clinics—one of favus of twelve years 
duration, the first ever shown to medical 
classes in Indianapolis. Another rare find 
was a case of Kaposi’s strange disease, xero- 
derma pigmentosum, of which less than sixty 
cases are known in dermatological literature 
and but fourteen in the United States. This 
case was sixteen years old and lived near the 
city. A brother had died of it, under the be- 
lief among many medical advisers that 
it was lupus, or cancer. A baby sis- 
ter developed the disease, making three in 
the same family. Seven thousand chromo- 
lithograph plates of this case were published 
in the various journals; four thousand in the 
Journal of Cutaneous and Venereal Diseases, for 
April, 1892; one thousand five hundred in the 
Proceedings of the Indiana State Medical So- 
ciety, and two thousand in the September 
(1892) issue of the Indiana Medical Journal. 
By comparison with this report a case, nine 
years old, was found in southern Ohio. A 
case of Hebra’s rare form of scabies (scabies 
norvegica) was also reported at length in the 
November (1892) Medical Journal, in connec- 
tion with Dr. Robert Hessler, of Indianapolis, 
who reported the case to the Indiana Academy 
of Science and to the American Naturalist. 
The microscopical examination of this man’s 
scaly skin revealed 7,000,000 egg cases of the 
mite and 2,000,000 of mites. The scales were 
an eighth of an inch thick, covered the entire 
body except the scalp, and had been accumu- 
lating four years, the prevailing diagnosis be- 
ing syphilis, or scaly eczema. Dr. Brayton 
has a constantly increasing consultation busi- 
ness in this line of Avork, to which he has 
devoted much thorough work and painstaking 
investigation. Dr. Brayton has been a faith- 
ful attendant of the Marion County Medical 
Society, to which he has contributed numerous 
papers and discussions. He has been both sec- 
retary and president of this society, and mem- 
ber of the Indiana State Medical Society. He 
has edited the Proceedings and Transactions 
of the State Society for the last five years. 
Since the establishment of the Indiana Medical 
Journal, September, 1892, by Dr. Frank C. 
Ferguson, Dr. Brayton has been almost con- 
tinuously a member of its editorial staff, and 
when this journal Avas purchased by a stock 
company, in April, 1892, Dr. Brayton Avas unan- 
imously elected its editor-in-chief, a position 
he still holds, and for which he is peculiarly 
adapted. Under his editorship the journal 
has greatly increased its range and usefulness, 
and has become the recognized organ of the 
medical profession in the State of Indiana. 
As a sign of its popularity, it may be noticed 
that it numbered over seventy different original 
contributions from the State of Indiana alone. 
It is rapidly becoming one of the leading State 
medical journals of the Avest. Dr. Brayton 
was for six years on the editorial staff of the 
Indianapolis Daily Journal, limiting his writing 
to medical, educational and scientific topics. 
He conducted for several years classes in biol- 
ogy in the Indianapolis High-school, and al- 
Avays took a great interest in scientific educa- 
tion, making addresses before college and 
other scientific societies, and always urging 
young men to take full courses in colleges and 
universities. He has been a member of the 
Gentleman’s Literary Club and ihe Contem- 
porary Club, of Indianapolis, and of other 
organizations devoted to the advancement of 
the social and intellectual life of the com- 
munity. 
BRENNAN, E. J., of Indianapolis. Ind., 
Avas born in the city of Kilkenny, Ireland, 
June 13, 1849. His father Avas Michael Bren- 
nan and his mother Hanora (Walsh) Brennan 
both of Avell knoAvn families in that country. 
The subject of this sketch Avas brought to 
Buffalo, N. Y., Avhen he Avas six months old. 
As he greAV up he Avas placed in the school of 
the Christian Brothers where he pursued his 
education until about sixteen years of age. He 
then began the study of medicine in the Hos- 
pital of the Sisters of Charity, and next 
attended lectures at the Buffalo University of 
Medicine for five years, graduating at that 
institution in 1871. He then began the prac- 
tice of his profession at Lockport, N. Y., 
where he remained tAvo years. During this 
time he Avas also health officer of the city, and 
Avas married to Miss Susan, daughter of John 
Graham, Esq., a prominent and successful 
merchant of Rochester, N. Y. He next prac- 
ticed medicine four years in the latter city, 
but removed to Indianapolis, Ind., in 1876, 
where he has been engaged in active profes- 
sional duties ever since. He became a mem- 
ber of the faculty of the Central College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of that city in 1882 
by election to the chair of Diseases of Chil- 
dren, and in 1884 Avas appointed to the chair 
of obstetrics and clinical midwifery Avhich he 
still holds. Dr. Brennan is a member of the 
staff of the city hospital and city dispensary 
as Avell as that of the St. Vincent’s Infirmary. 
He is also a physician to the House of the 
Good Shepherd. While he Avas established in 
his profession in New York, he Avas a member EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
61 
He was still further honored by being elected 
secretary of the said institution; and the 
prominence attained by this school of medicine 
can be largely attributed to the executive abil- 
ity displayed by him in its infancy. In Sep- 
tember, 1883, he was again honored by the 
board of health of the city of St. Louis, then in 
session, by being appointed Consulting Surgeon 
to the City and Female Hospitals, which posi- 
tion he has filled with credit, and still retains. 
Among the surgical instruments devised and 
given to the profession at large, may be men- 
tioned the Briggs’ phimosis forceps, trachea 
dilator, and trocar—all of which are extensively 
used in the western country. Among the orig- 
inal articles reported may be mentioned 
“Extra Abdominal Intestinal Surgery,” and 
the “Use of Animal Membrane as Grafts,” as 
reported in the St. Louis Medical and Surgical 
Journal, and read before the St. Louis Medical 
Society. Also a new method of operative pro- 
cedure for hypospadia. Among the many 
clinical cases reported, may be mentioned the 
operation for renal calculus, by the lumbar 
method; a remarkable case of fifteen days’ 
suppression of urine from an impacted renal 
calculus; the successful removal of a greater 
portion of the pancreas, with recovery; the 
removal of an enormous osteo chondroma of 
the lower jaw, by excision of the inferior 
maxilary, with recovery; and many others 
too numerous to mention. Since the conclusion 
of this article, Professor Briggs has accepted 
the appointment of consulting surgeon to the 
Women’s Hospital of St. Louis. 
of the Niagara and Monroe County Medical 
Societies of that State. He is a member of the 
Marion County and Indiana State Medical 
Societies. He was for two years a member of 
the Indianapolis Board of Health, and for four 
years Supreme Medical Examiner of the Cath- 
olic Knights of America. He is a contributor 
to medical literature on subjects relating to his 
special branches of the profession. Dr. Bren- 
nan is noted for his kind and unassuming 
traits of character and for his success in the 
practice of his profession as well as in the ca- 
pacity of a medical teacher. He has many 
friends both in and out of the line of his avo- 
cation. 
BRIGGS, Waldo, of St. Louis, Mo., son of 
Professor Wm. T. Briggs, of Nashville, Tenn., 
and Dean of the University of Nashville, was 
born July 2, 1854, in Bowling Green, Ky. His 
academic education was received at the Uni- 
versity of Nashville and Vanderbilt University, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of doctor of medicine, in March, 1876, having 
been awarded the gold medal for his proficiency 
in anatomy. After remaining a few months in 
his native home, the doctor, at the earnest solic- 
itations of Professor A. P. Lankford, at that 
time Professor of Surgery in the Marine 
Medical College, removed and located in 
St. Louis, Missouri, to serve as his assistant. 
After several years of active service to this 
able and distinguished surgeon, he was ap- 
pointed to and accepted the chair of Operative 
and Minor Surgery in the St. Louis College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. Two years were 
spent in this institution. At the expiration of 
which time, Professor Briggs, with sev- 
eral other prominent physicians, founded 
and incorporated the institution that is now 
known as the Beaumont Hospital Medical 
College, the doctqr assuming the chair of 
Clinical Surgery and Genito Urinary Surgery. 
BRIGGS, William Thompson, of Nashville, 
Term., son of Dr. JohnM. and Harriet Briggs, 
was born at Bowling Green, Ky., December 4, 
1828. He was educated at the Southern Col- 
lege, Bowling Green, and at the Transylvania 
University, and graduated M. D. from the 62 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
latter in 1849; practiced for two years at Bowl- 
ing Green, and in 1851 established himself in 
Nashville. Among his notable cases may be 
mentioned: successful ligation of the internal 
carotid artery for traumatic aneurism, 1871; 
successful removal of entire upper jaw for gun- 
shot injury, 1863; successful removal of entire 
lower jaw for gunshot wound, same year; hip- 
joint amputation for elephantiasis arabum, leg 
weighing eighty pounds, 1875; fifteen cases 
of trephining in epilepsy, all cures but 
one, nodeaths; ninety cases of lithotomy, 
four deaths, last fifty (by the medio-bilateral 
method) all successful. He was elected 
demonstrator of anatomy in the University 
of Nashville; adjunct professor of anatomy, 
professor of physiology, professor of obstet- 
rics and professor of surgery in the same insti- 
tution, and is also Professor of Surgery in 
the Vanderbilt University of Tennessee, the 
latter professorship he continues (1893) to 
hold. He is a member of the Tennessee 
State Medical Society; of the American Medi- 
cal Association, vice-president in 1872, and of 
various local professional organizations. His 
more important publications are: “History of 
Surgery in Middle Tennessee;” “Tetanus 
treated by Chloroform;” “Enchondromatous 
Tumors of the Hand, Forearm and Arm;” 
“Successful Amputation at the Shoulder- 
Joint;” “Traumatic Aneurism of the Internal 
Carotid, the Result of a Puncture, Ligation of 
the Common Carotid and then of the Internal 
at the Seat of Injury;” “Death from Chloro- 
form;” “Escape of Catheter into the Bladder 
during its Use for the Relief of Retention;” 
“Unilocular Ovarian Tumor, Operation, Re- 
covery;” “Dislocation of the Radius and Ulna 
backwards in a patient two and a half years 
old;” “Multilocular Ovarian Tumor—Tapped 
more than fifteen times; extensive Parietal In- 
testinal and Vesical Adhesion; Incision eight 
inches long; weight of tumor eighty-five 
pounds, recovery;” “Trephining in Epilepsy;” 
“Dugos’ Pathognomonic Symptom in Disloca- 
tion at Shoulder-Joint;” and “The Trephine; 
Its Uses in Injuries of the Head.” 
BRIGHAM, Brayton Alvaro, of Chicago, 
111., was bom at Mannsville, New York, Jan- 
uary 1, 1863. His parents, having met with 
reverses, he, early in life, was obliged to rely 
chiefly upon his own efforts to aid him in se- 
curing an education; among other things 
working in the harvest field for twelve dollars 
per month to secure sufficient funds to attend 
the winter sessions of a course at Hungerford 
Collegiate Institute of Adams, N. Y. At the 
age of seventeen he taught school in one of the 
most refractory outlying districts in Northern 
New York, being the only one of several in 
succession to begin and complete a winter 
term in that district. Of evenings, in addi- 
tion to his duties as a country school master, 
he gave class instruction in vocal music in 
some of the neighboring townships; besides 
which, by persevering night study, he kept 
pace with his class in college. It had been 
his desire and intention to obtain degrees from 
the literary and medical departments of Har- 
vard ; but two years of such overwork, with a 
diet of pork, potatoes and corn bread for 
breakfast; potatoes, corn-bread and pork for 
dinner; and for supper, corn-bread, pork and 
potatoes, impaired his health to such an ex- 
tent as to force him to abandon further study 
for the time and visit the sanitarium, at Bat- 
tie Creek, Mich., for treatment. Becoming 
convinced that his health would not permit of 
the hard work necessary to the fulfillment of 
his desires, he at once entered upon the study 
of medicine, with Dr. W. B. Sprague as his 
preceptor. After three years of sanitarium 
experience and study, he entered the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, grad- 
uating in 1886. While a student here he was 
assistant to the gynecologist of the dispensary 
and prosector to the chair of anatomy, and 
after graduation was made clinical teacher of 
gynecology, resigning after four years of serv- 
ice. He was also elected lecturer on anat- 
omy in the spring of 1889, which chair he held 
until the practice of having a separate faculty 
for the spring session was abolished. When 
the Harvey Medical College was founded in 
1891, he accepted, for the junior year, the 
chair of physiology, and with the establish- 
ment of a senior class became professor of 
gynecology, which chair he now holds. Since 
graduation he has resided continuously in 
Chicago, directing his chief attention to gyne- 
cology and is the originator of a vaginal spec- 
ulum, a modification of Jackson’s. He is the 
author of “The Sexual Organs as a Factor in 
the Etiology of Nervous Diseases;” “What 
Dietary Shall I Prescribe?” “Religion and 
Medicine,” and “A Digest of Gynecology.” 
Being very fond of music he has also found 
time to harmonize several popular composi- 
tions, besides having written a number of 
original songs of merit. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association, Chicago 
Medical Society, and several other local organ- 
izations. 
BRIN TON, Daniel Garrison, of Philadel- 
phia, was born in Chester county, Pa., May 
13, 1837; graduated at Yale College in 1858; 
and M.D. at Jefferson Medical College in 1860. 
After spending about a year in Europe he re- 
turned and entered the army as acting assist- 
ant surgeon, August, 1862. ' He was commis- 
sioned surgeon of United States volunteers, 
February, 1863, and reported to the army of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
63 
the Potomac; was assigned to duty as surgeon- 
in-chief of 2d division Eleventh Army Corps, 
with which he was present at Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg, and in a number of minor engage- 
ments. In September, he was sent with a 
corps to Chattanooga, and participated in 
various engagements as medical director 
Eleventh Army Corps, to which he had been 
appointed, October, 1863. A sunstroke, re- 
ceived directly after the battle of Gettysburg, 
disqualifying him for field service, he was ap- 
pointed superintendent of hospitals at Quincy 
and Springfield, 111., where he remained until 
he was discharged, with the rank of brevet 
lieutenant-colonel, August, 1865. In 1867 he 
became assistant editor of the Philadelphia 
Medical and Surgical Beporter, and subse- 
quently its editor; also editor of the Half- 
Yearly Compendium of Medical Science. In his 
editorial position he has contributed much to 
medical periodical literature, and has also 
written a variety of works on historical, anti- 
quarian, and philosophical subjects. Among 
his principal productions the following may be 
mentioned: “The Floridian Peninsula its 
Literary History, Indian Tribes, and Antiqui- 
ties,” 1861; “The Shawnees and their Migra- 
tions,” 1866; “The Myths of the New World 
—a Treatise on the Symbolism and Mythology 
of the Red Race of Americans,” 1867; “MSS. 
in the Languages of Central America in the 
Library of .the American Philosophical Soci- 
ety,” 1868; “Guide-book to Florida and the 
South,” 1869; “The National Legend of the 
Chatha- Muskokee Tribes;” “The Phonetic 
Alphabet of Yucatan,” 1870; “The Arawack 
Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Eth- 
nological Relations,” 1871; “Contributions to 
a Grammar of the Chatha-Muskokee Dialects;” 
Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 
1872; “The Religious Sentiment—a Contribu- 
tion to Science and Philosophy of Religion,” 
1876. He is also one of the authors of the 
eclectic series of geographies published in 
Cincinnati, and has edited “Naphey’s Thera- 
peutics,” and various other medical works. 
BROWER, Daniel Roberts, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., October 13, 
1839. He is of Holland descent on his father’s 
side; his ancestry were of the early Dutch 
settlers of this country. On his mother’s side 
he is of English nationality. His preliminary 
education was received at the Polytechnic 
College, Philadelphia, whence he was grad- 
uated in 1860. He then studied medicine, un- 
der the preceptorship of Dr. Noble Young, of 
Washington, D. C., and attended courses of 
lectures at the Medical Department of George- 
town University, Washington, D. C., from 
which institution he obtained his medical de- 
gree in 1864. Shortly before graduation he 
passed the army medical board of examiners, 
and was commissioned by President Lincoln 
assistant surgeon United States volunteers, and 
was soon after assigned to duty at the United 
States General Hospital, Portsmouth,Va. Dr. 
Brower remained in the army in staff and 
hospital service until 1866. He then organized, 
under the Freedman’s Bureau, the Ploward 
Grove Hospital, Richmond, Va., for the cure 
of insane freedmen. In 1868 he was elected 
medical superintendent of the Eastern Lunatic 
Asylum of Virginia, and served in that capac- 
ity until the autumn of 1875, when he removed 
to Chicago, 111., and has since continued there 
in practice, which has been mainly in the line 
of mental and nervous diseases. He has de- 
voted much time to the study of geology, min- 
eralogy and botany, and has been a frequent 
contributor to the current medical literature, 
especially in the department of neurology. He 
was appointed physician to the department of 
mental and nervous diseases, in St. Joseph’s 
Hospital, Chicago, in 1876, and was made 
professor of diseases of the nervous system in 
the Woman’s Medical College, of Chicago, in 
1877, professor of mental and nervous dis- 
eases in the Chicago Post-graduate School, in 
1889, and was chosen professor of mental dis- 
ease, materia medica and therapeutics in the 
Rush Medical College in 1890. Dr.Brower is also 
consulting physician to the Washington Home, 
to the Hospital for Women and Children, and 
the department of diseases of the nervous 
system in the Presbyterian Hospital. He is 
ex-president of the Chicago Medical Society, 
vice-president of the Illinois State Medical 
Society, and president of the Medico-Legal So- 
ciety of Chicago. He was married May 15, 
1868, to Eliza Ann Shearer, of Pennsylvania, 
who has borne him two children, a daughter 
and son, the latter bears his name. 
BROWN, Buckminster, of Boston, Mass., 
was born in that city July 13, 1819, and died 
there December 25, 1891. He was the son of 
Dr. John B. Brown, who introduced subcuta- 
neous tenotomy into New England, and the 
grandson of a distinguished physician who 
resided in the vicinity of Boston. His mater- 
nal grandfather was Dr. John Warren, first 
Professor of Surgery in Harvard College, and 
his granduncle, Dr. Joseph Warren, General in 
the War of the Revolution, was killed at Bunker 
Hill in 1775. He graduated at Harvard Medi- 
ical College in 1844, and settled in Boston 64 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
after traveling in Europe in 1845 and 1846, 
continuing the prosecution of his studies and 
turning his attention especially to orthopedic 
surgery under the guidance of Dr. W. J. Lit- 
tle, of London, Drs. Jules Guerin and Bouvier, 
of Paris, and Prof. Strohmeyer, in Germany, 
and visiting the large establishments in En- 
gland, France and Germany. To this branch 
of the profession, after several years general 
practice, he gradually devoted his chief atten- 
tion. He operated successfully upon diseased 
and angular hips, contracted knees and club 
feet, and invented an apparatus for the treat- 
ment of hip disease as well as for spinal deformi- 
ties and deformed knees, bow legs and club feet. 
He was a member, and was formerly librarian, 
of the Boston Society for Medical Improve- 
ment, member, and formerly treasurer, of the 
Boston Medical Association,* of the Massachu- 
setts Medical Society and of the Suffolk Dis- 
trict Medical Society. He was surgeon for 
many years of the House of the Good Samari- 
tan. He contributed to leading medical jour- 
nals papers on “Carious Disease of Cervical 
Vertebrae,” with a notable case and a minute 
description of post-mortem appearances and 
fractured odontoid, “Cases in Orthopedic Sur- 
gery,” with photographic plates, “A Memoir 
of Dr. John Warren,” published in “Lives of 
Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of 
the Ninteenth Century, edited by Dr. S. D. 
Gross.” In May 1864, he married Sarah A. 
Newcomb, a great-granddaughter of Gen. Jo- 
seph Warren. 
BROWN, Joseph Bullock, was born in New 
York city, July 26, 1822, and died at Albion, 
N. Y., October 21, 1891. He was appointed 
assistant surgeon United States army, June 29, 
1849; was promoted to the rank of captain 
five years later, and to that of major and sur- 
geon July 4, 1861; and lieutenant-colonel, 
June 30, 1862; wasbrevetted colonel March 13, 
1865, for faithful and meritorious services dur- 
ing the rebellion, and brigadier-general, Sep- 
tember 28, 1866, for distinguished services at 
Fort Columbus, New York harbor, during the 
cholera epidemic of that year, and was retired 
June 30, 1882. During the civil war he served 
chiefly with the army of the Potomac and the 
army of the Cumberland. He was appointed 
president of the United States examining 
board in New York city, in 1873, and held the 
position until his retirement, having served in 
the medical department of the army thirty- 
three years. 
BROWN, John Wing, of Mottville, N. Y., 
was born in the city of New York, April 17, 
1852. Owing to ill health of his father he re- 
moved in 1860 to Brocketts Bridge, now Dolge- 
ville, N. Y., where his childhood was passed. 
His education was obtained in the village 
school, and academies in Pulaski and Fair- 
field, N. Y., varied during vacations by clerk- 
ship in his father’s store. Leaving school he 
entered the office of Dr. A. Y. Barney, inDolge- 
ville, and upon his nineteenth birthday he at- 
tended lectures at Ann Arbor in the winter of 
1871, and received the degree of M. D. upon 
March 26, 1873, from the University of Michi- 
gan. He married M. Alice Youker of Dolge- 
ville, April 9, 1873, and the following month 
entered a partnership with his preceptor. This 
arrangement continued until December, 1875, 
when he removed to the town of Skaneateles, 
and located at Mottville, N. Y,, and began 
what has proved his life work. A bitter strug- 
gle with adversity and poverty for a few years 
and perseverance and energy won the large 
and lucrative practice he now enjoys. Early 
developing ability with obstetrical cases (a 
record of 910 with two fatalities) his advice 
and counsel is sought for miles around. Rec- 
ognizing that the growing importance of ner- 
vous and special ills of women were not alone 
the province of the specialist a large and grow- 
ing “clientele” is the result of this study and 
foresight, and as trained nursing with atten- 
tion to detail is so essential in their cure, he 
is now arranging for a private sanitarium, 
where a limited number may receive all the 
comforts of home with the thorough personal 
supervision impossible in the larger institu- 
tions. Dr. Brown is the type of the thor- 
ough all-round general practitioner, and noted 
for his cheerful demeanor and personal mag- 
netism. His robust physique alone enables 
him to withstand the arduous duties of the 
country doctor. Located in a manufactur- 
ing community, the major and minor surgical 
work has been his for years, and operative 
gynecology is of frequent occurrence. His 
adoption of wood pulp as a dressing for frac- 
tures was original, and his claim for priority is 
uncontested, as its advantages has been ably 
stated by him at county, State, and National 
medical meetings. He has been health officer 
of his town for years. Early attaining a 
membership in the Herkimer County Society, 
he united upon his removal with the Ononda- 
ga County, and was its president for the year 
1891. He is also a member of the Central New 
York Medical Association, New York State 
Medical Society and American Medical Asso- 
ciation. His meager contributions to litera- 
ture are a report upon “Diphtheria” in Amer- 
ican Journal of Obstetrics and subsequent re- 
port to American Medical Association Trans- 
actions, “Wood Pulp as a Surgical Dressing,” 
“A Plea for the General Practitioner versus 
Gynecologist,” American Medical Association 
Journal, and presidential address upon “Deca-' 
dence of American Families.” His restless 
activity early led to his organization, with others 
of the Mottville Paper Company, Limited, of 
which he has always been the president and 
resident manager. He also became a “grang- 
er,” and successfully manages a farm in con- 
nection with his residence. He is a member 
of Skaneateles Lodge, 522, F. and A. M., Chas. 
H. Platt Chapter 247, R. A. M., Central City 
(Syracuse) Commandery, 25, K. T., and has 
obtained the Thirty-second Degree A. A. S. R. 
Possessing one of the finest residences in the 
town, and a library among the best in the 
county, surrounded by his family of father, 
mother, wife, three daughters, and one son, 
and well equipped by personal experience, he 
ably enjoys these results of application, and 
hopes to long retain his place with the work- 
ers of his chosen profession. 
BROWN, Moreau Roberts, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Galveston, Texas, July 26, 1853, 
and is of English and German descent. He 
was educated in Pennsylvania and began the 
study of medicine under the preceptorship of 
Drs. Joseph and William Pancoast, of Phila- 
delphia, and was also a student with Drs. 
David Yandall of Louisville, and Chas. Gan- 
ahl of Galveston. In 1876 his medical degree 
was received from the medical department of 
the University of Louisville, and was highly 
complimented by the members of the faculty EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
65 
on the examination passed at the time of his 
graduation. He went abroad subsequently 
and supplemented his medical education and 
training by two years’ attendance at the 
schools and hospitals of Germany and Austria. 
In 1881 he took special courses of study un- 
der Professor Henle, the noted anatomist; 
Koenig, the surgeon; and Schwartz, the gyne- 
cologist, at the University of Gottingen, Ger- 
many. In 1882 lie continued his studies with 
Schnitzler, Schroetter, and other laryngolo- 
gists and also with the ophthalmologists and 
surgeons at the hospital and university in 
Vienna. Austria. In 1883 he was at Munich 
with Oertel and Scliech receiving instruction 
in laryngology and also with Ziemssen and 
others in medicine and ophthalmology. On 
returning from Europe he established himself 
at Galveston, Texas, where he was engaged in 
practice for a period of eight years. In 1877 
Dr. Brown was made surgeon of the Washing- 
yellow fever. He has relinquished general 
practice, and has for some time devoted his 
entire attention to diseases of the throat and 
nose, and has taken courses of instruction 
from the world’s greatest specialist in this 
line, Mackenzie, of London, who tendered 
him the position of his assistant, in 1893. Dr. 
Brown’s greatest professional success has teen 
in intra-nasal surgery as an operator. He is 
now Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology 
at both the Chicago Polyclinic and College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, also Sec- 
retary of the former. He is a member of the 
Illinois State, and Chicago Medical Societies. 
He has devised a nasal saw, snare, tubular 
knife, and enchondrotome in the past few 
years, and has contributed to current medical 
literature a number of important articles on 
the “Throat” and “Nose,” and particularly on 
“Diseases of the Antrum.” 
BROOKS, John 0., of Paducah, Ky., was 
born October 5, 1840, in Montgomery county, 
Tenn., and is of English descent. He grad- 
uated from the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, in March, 1868, and settled at 
Paducah; going thence to the island of Mani, 
in the Hawaiian kingdom, from which he re- 
turned to the city of his present residence. 
His practice includes two cases of traumatic 
tetanus, successfully treated by large doses 
(two and three grains) of sulphate of morphia, 
administered hypodermically. He is a mem- 
ber of the Paducah Medical and Surgical So- 
ciety ; the Southwestern Kentucky Medical 
Association ; ex - president of the Kentucky 
State Medical Society; and permanent member 
of the American Medical Association; has been 
three years city physician of Paducah, and is 
now examining surgeon of the pension bureau. 
Since returning to America, he was offered by 
the Hawaiian government the position of trav- 
eling physician for thei islands of Mani, 
Molokai, and Lamai, but declined the offer. 
He is now proprietor of Brooks Infirmary, for 
the treatment of patients requiring surgical 
relief. 
BUCK, Gurdon, of New York, was born in 
that city May 4, 1807, and died there March 6, 
1877. He was a son of Gurdon Buck, a mer- 
| chant, and Susannah Man waring, of Connec- 
ticut, cousins, both having been grandchildren 
of Governor Gurdon Sallonstall, of Connecti- 
cut. He fitted for college at Nelson’s classical 
school in New York, and then went into busi- 
ness ; but subsequently commenced the study 
of medicine with the late Dr. Thomas Cock, of 
New York, and graduated at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons in 1830. After serv- 
ing the regular term in the medical side of the 
New York Hospital, he spent two years and a 
half in professional studies in Europe, chiefly 
in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Returning from 
abroad towards the end of 1833, he settled in 
New York, where he continued to practice. 
In 1837 he was appointed visiting surgeon to 
the New York Hospital, which position he 
held for forty years. Dr. Buck was also ap- 
pointed visiting surgeon to St. Luke’s Hospi- 
tal and the Presbyterian Hospital, and con- 
sulting surgeon to the Roosevelt Hospital, at 
the time of the organization of those institu- 
tions. From 1852 to 1862 he was visiting sur- 
geon to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. 
He was the first to popularize the treatment 
of fractures by the use of the weight and pul- 
ley, now known as “Buck’s Extension.” He 
TIVH) 
ton Guards, a military organization of his na- 
tive city, and served in that capacity about four 
years, and later he served one year as sur- 
geon of the Galveston artillery. He was 
also physician of Galveston county from 
1876 to 1879, and quarantine officer of Gal- 
veston for three years ending in 1881. 
In 1879 yellow fever was kept out of Texas, for 
the first time, when it was epidemic in Louisi- 
ana, mainly by the efforts of the Galveston 
board of health, of which Dr. Brown was the 
executive officer, and the independent sanitary 
officer of his State. He has had several 
years’ experience in the treatment of this ter- 
rible malady, while engaged in general prac- 
tice, and during the rebellion, even when a 
mere boy, too young to enter the army, did 
much in the capacity of nurse to relieve 
the troops’ suffering during epidemics of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
66 
was a member of the New York Pathological 
Society, of which he lias been president; of 
the county Medical Society; of the State Med- 
ical Society; and of the American Medical As- 
sociation ; and has been a Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, from its organ- 
ization, and once its vice-president. His pro- 
fessional writings, in addition to a work 
entitled “Contributions to Reparative Sur- 
gery,” published in 1876 by D. Appleton & 
Co., include the following papers: “Researches 
on Hernia Cerebri Following Injuries of the 
Head;” “Excision of the Elbow-Joint in a 
Case of Suppuration and Caries of the Bones;” 
“The Knee-Joint Anchylosed at a Right 
Angle, Restored nearly to a Straight Position 
after the Excision of a Wedge-Shaped Portion 
of Bone, Consisting of the Patella, Condyles, 
and Articular Surface of the Tibia;” “(Edem- 
atous Laryngitis Successfully Treated by 
Scarification of the Glottis and Epiglottis;” 
“A New Feature in the Anatomical Structure 
of the Genito-Urinary Organs not Hitherto 
Described;” “Six Additional Cases of (Edem- 
atous Laryngitis Successfully Treated by the 
Scarification of the Glottis and Epiglottis;” 
“A Case of Croup; Tracheotomy Successfully 
Performed;” “On the Surgical Treatment of 
Morbid Growths within the Larynx, Illus- 
trated by an Original Case and Statistical Ob- 
servations Illustrating their Nature and 
Forms;” “A Case of Deep Wound of the Par- 
otid Region, in which a Ligature was Simulta- 
neously Applied to the Common and Internal 
Carotid Arteries;” “Badly United Fracture of 
the Thigh, Cases Illustrating Treatment;” 
“Post-Fascial Abscess, Originating in the Iliac 
Fossa, with a New Method of Treatment;” 
“Case of Aneurism of the Femoral Artery, 
for which Ligatures were Successfully Applied 
to the Femoral, Profunda, External and Com- 
mon Iliac;” “Improved Method of Treating 
Fractures of the Thigh ;” “Description of an 
Improved Extension Apparatus (by means of 
Weight and Pulley) for the Treatment of 
Fractures of the Thigh;” “On Abscess Origin- 
ating in Right Iliac Fossa, with Table of Sta- 
tistics;” “The Migration of Purulent Matter, 
and the Anatomical and other Conditions up- 
on which it Depends.” During the last 
thirty years of his life he had been, for vary- 
ing periods, trustee of the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of New York; of the New 
York Eye and Ear Infirmary; of the New 
York Dispensary; and of the New York Oph- 
thal and Aural Institute. 
BUCK, James P., of Chicago, 111., was born 
in Carrollton, Pa., February 19, 1856. He is 
the son of the Hon. John Buck of said State. 
At the age of fourteen he entered St. Vincent’s 
College, where he graduated with the title of 
M. A., in the year of 1875, when he took up the 
study of medicine under his brother, M. J. 
Buck, M. D., of Baltimore, under whose im- 
mediate supervision he began his first practical 
work in anatomy, at the Hahnemann anatom- 
ical rooms in Philadelphia, in the spring of 
1876, but continued his studies in the regular 
school, and graduated at the Jefferson Medical 
College, in the spring of 1879, when he began 
the practice of medicine in western Pennsyl- 
vania. In 1885 he entered the University of 
Vienna, Austria. The following winter war 
broke out between Servia and Bulgaria, at 
which time he entered the Servian army, bav- 
ins received the brevet title of captain. After 
having served for a period of three months he 
received an honorable discharge, and returned 
to the above-named institution. Later he went 
to Heidelberg, where he worked under Pro- 
fessor Arnold Zerney and others. The follow- 
ing fall he again returned to Vienna, at which 
place he held the chair of assistant on the eye, 
under Professor Hock, of the Polyclinic, for a 
period of six months. He began the practice 
of his profession in Chicago, in 1887. He is a 
member of several clubs. 
BUCKMASTER, Augustus Harper, of New 
York city, was born in Brooklyn, in 1859. His 
family have resided in the former city for 
many years. He is a great nephew of George 
Buckmaster, who was alderman of New York 
city in 1812, and who served on a committee of 
public safety at this time, when the relations 
with England were so hostile in character. 
On the maternal side he is of Scotch descent. 
He studied medicine with Professor John J. 
McCorkle, and graduated at Long Isand Col- 
lege Hospital, and was an honor man of the 
class of 1883. He received the appointment 
of ambulance surgeon to the western district 
of Brooklyn, and resided at Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital in 1882-83. Receiving the ap- 
pointment at St. Peter’s Hospital, Brooklyn, he 
served on the house staff for eighteen months. 
At the expiration of this service, he was ap- 
pointed house surgeon to the Woman’s Hos- 
pital in the State of New York, and served 
during the years 1885-89. If ter leaving the 
Woman’s Hospital he settled in Brooklyn, and 
became very much interested in the Brooklyn 
Pathological Society, of which he was secre- 
tary, and afterwards vice - president. He 
served as gynecologist to the southern Brook- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
67 
lyn Dispensary and to the Hospital for Nerv- 
ous and Mental Diseases. In 1888, his “Essay 
on the Galvanic Treatment of Fibro-myomata’’ 
was awarded the prize offered by the Alumni 
Association of Long Island College Hospital. 
He received an appointment on the visiting- 
surgical staff of St. Peter’s Hospital, in 1887, 
and resigned this position in 1890, when he re- 
moved to New York city, and was appointed 
assistant surgeon to the Woman’s Hospital, 
on the service of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet. 
In 1891, in conjunction with Dr. John Duncan 
Emmet, he first edited and published the New 
York Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, a 
special paper which has quickly won for itself 
the first rank among the special journals of its 
kind in the world. 
BUCKAIASTER, Samuel Bruce, of Chicago, 
111., was born at Lima, Allen county, Ohio, 
April 26, 1853. His family is an old American 
one, of English stock. One of the freehold- 
the appointment of third assistant physi- 
cian at the State Hospital for the Insane at 
Madison, Wis., and a year later was promoted 
to second assistant. Another year found him 
first assistant, and in July, 1884, when thirty- 
one years old, he was the unanimous choice of 
the State board of supervision of Wisconsin 
institutions for superintendent of the State 
Hospital. This position he held over five 
years, resigning in December, 1889, to give his 
children school advantages, the hospital being 
too far from the city, and taking up his resi- 
dence in Chicago. While superintendent of 
the hospital, Dr. Buckmaster was credited 
with making many improvements in the man- 
ner of caring for the insane. He was the 
first in the West to adopt the non-restraint 
system, and in recognition of his work in this 
line was elected vice-president of the Medico- 
Legal Society of 11. S. for Wisconsin, and 
his portrait was published in the group of 
twelve eminent American alienists given as a 
premium to subscribers by the Medico-Legal 
Journal. Upon engaging in practice in Chi- 
cago Dr. Buckmaster was elected adjunct 
professor of physiology in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons and now holds the 
position of professor of medical and surgical 
electricity in the same institution. He is also 
President of the West Side Dispensary, which 
treats nearly 25,000 patients yearly. Dr. 
Buckmaster has read numerous papers before 
societies and contributes often to medical jour- 
nals. He is a member of a number of medical 
societies, and also of the Loyal Legion of ex- 
officers of the United States army and navy 
; during the war of the rebellion. This he has 
' by inheritance, his father having been an offi- 
cer of the war, dying from injuries received 
therein. 
BUCKNUM, Amasa Mortimer, of Denver, 
Colorado, was born in Westford,Otsego county, 
; New York, June 28, 1824. A few years after 
his birth his father moved to Michigan, and was 
one of the very earliest settlers in that region. 
His early education was obtained at Jackson 
Academy and at Olived College. At the age 
of twenty-four years he went to Albany, N. Y., 
and attended a course of lectures at the Albany 
Medical School. Professors Marsh, the Becks 
and McNaught were then connected with this 
school. From Albany he went to Castleton, 
Vermont; took lectures under Goldsmith, 
Ford and Perkins, and on June 3, 1849, he 
graduated from the Castleton Medical College. 
After graduation he began practicing medicine 
at Spring Arbor, Michigan, where he remained 
twelve years. During his stay here he was 
professor of Physiology in the Michigan Cen- 
tral College. From Spring Arbor he went to 
Parma, Michigan, and was in active contin- 
uous practice thex-e for twenty years. In 1880 
he was chosen pi’esidentof the Jackson County 
Medical Society. In 1881, on account of his 
health, he came to Denver, where he is now 
engaged in his chosen work. For eight years 
he has held a position on the staff of St. Luke’s 
Hospital, and for three years he has been con- 
nected with the Gross Medical College Dispen- 
sary as consultant. He is a member of both 
local and State medical societies, and also of 
the American Medical Association. While he 
attends to a large genei’al practice, yet his 
special work is in gynecology. He has x-e- 
-moved a large ovarian tumor successfully, and 
has performed every minor operation known to 
/3, 
ers of Sudbury, Mass., in 1638, was a George 
Buckmaster. When eighteen years old, the 
subject of this sketch went to California, and 
taught school for three years at Yreka, in 
northern California near the lava beds, where 
the celebrated Modoc war occurred during the 
time of his residence there, Dr. Buckmaster 
going into the lava beds as a volunteer. He 
also helped to care for the bodies of General 
Canby and the other peace commissioners 
killed by Capt. Jack and his band of blood 
thirsty Modocs. Returning East, he began the 
study of medicine at Janesville, Wisconsin, 
with Dr. Henry Palmer, surgeon-general of 
Wisconsin, and graduated from the Medical 
department of the University of Virginia in 
1879. He then attended the University of the 
City of New York, also taking special courses 
at Bellevue. In the spring of 1880 he received 68 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the gynecologist. Though now well advanced 
in years, he lags not. He is a wide reader, 
has a large library and a vast collection of in- 
struments. He is ever the young physician’s 
friend and always ready to aid his interests 
and aspirations. 
BUNCE, William H., of Oberlin, Ohio, was 
born in Paterson, N. J., June 29, 1830, and 
died February 13, 1892. He came of the 
ancient Scottish house of Kennedys, his 
mother being the only daughter of Sir Archi- 
bald Kennedy; the present head of the house 
being the Marquis of Ailsa. Dr. Bunce was 
educated at Oberlin College and studied medi- 
cine with his father, a Yale graduate, and one 
of the first regular practitioners in northern 
Ohio, and received his medical degree from 
the Cleveland Medical College in 1863. He 
was a surgeon during the war, was connected 
with a number of medical societies, and at 
various times held prominent positions in 
them. He was recognized as a leading sur- 
geon of his section of the State. There was a 
peculiar gentleness in his ministrations to 
those who came under his care which made 
them feel he was not only their physician but 
their friend, and it may be well said that by 
his skill and worth he built up a monument 
for himself, that will live after him in the 
hearts that learned to love him. One son sur- 
extension by adhesive plaster, was of great 
importance. Since the almost universal in- 
troduction of this method of extension the 
doctor does not consider such an apparatus 
essential to good treatment, but with the sub- 
stitution of the plaster extension for the 
screw, it may often be extemporized to advan- 
tage. The apparatus is not in the market. 
A description of it will be found in Hamilton 
on “Fractures and Dislocations.” He has 
also introduced to the profession a new mode 
of treating fracture of the patella, a throat 
forceps and a pistol-ball extractor, and has en- 
gaged in a series of successful experiments in 
the use of horse-hair ligatures. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association; of 
the New York State Medical Society; of the 
Kings County Medical Society, and was presi- 
dent in 1870 of the New York Neurological 
Society, and was also, in 1870, president of the 
Long Island College Journal Association. 
From 1858 to 1863 he was attending Physician 
to the Brooklyn Central Dispensary and has 
l>een visiting surgeon to the Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital thirty-three years, as well as con- 
sulting physician to the Sheltering Arms 
Nursery, consulting physician to St. John’s 
Hospital for twenty-five years and still 
holds the last two positions. Of his pro- 
fessional publications may be mentioned the 
following articles: “On Fracture of Thigh;” 
“Hygienic Influences;” “Nature and Treat- 
ment of Croup;” “Mutual Relations of Phys- 
icians and Apothecaries;” “Infant Diet;”"all 
of which have been regarded as valuable and 
practical contributions to medical literature. 
BURR, Albert Henry, of Chicago, was born 
in Hancock county, 111., August 19, 1850. He 
is of New England ancestry, and Puritan 
stock, having descended from Benjamin Burr, 
who came over with Governor Winthrop, of 
Massachusetts, in 1630. Dr. Burr received his 
preliminary education fi'om the Northwestern 
University, Evanston, 111., and received the 
degree of Ph. B. from that institution, in the 
class of 1877. He then began the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. 
Thomas L. Magee, and was graduated M. D. 
at the Chicago Medical College, in the class of 
1881. His medical education was supple- 
mented by attendance in the department of 
the nose and throat of the Post-graduate Med- 
ical School of Chicago. In 1881 he located in 
Chicago to practice, where he has since been 
continuously engaged in his professional pur- 
suits. He has given special attention to throat 
and nose diseases, though his practice is not 
yet limited to the specialties. He is a member 
of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and has 
taken considerable interest in geology and an- 
thropology. He has contributed important 
papers relating to genito-urinary surgery, and 
in 1881 he devised some valuable instruments 
for the treatment of gleet. Since 1891 Dr. Burr 
has delivered lectures on Laryngology and 
Rhinology in the Post-graduate Medical School 
of Chicago. 
BURT, Rollin Thrift, of Pomona, Cal., was 
born in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, August 10, 1843. 
He graduated March 18, 1869, at New Orleans, 
La. He was first appointed acting assistant 
surgeon United States army, March 23, 1878; 
and again March 23,1882, and served in the fol- 
lowing places: Camp Supply, later Camp John 
A. Ruker, Fort Lord and Fort Huachuaca, 
Arizona. Reported April 6, 1878, at Fort 
vives him, Dr. W. C. Bunce, who succeeds him 
in his practice. 
BURGIE, John Henry Hobart, of Brooklyn, 
N. Y., son of the Rev. Lemuel Burge, rector 
of the Protestant Episcopal church at Wick- 
ford, R. 1., was born at Wickford, August 12, 
1823. His preparatory education was received 
at home—his father had a widely extended 
reputation as an efficient tutor for young men 
preparing for college—and his professional 
education was begun under his grandfather, 
Dr. William G. Shaw, and uncle, Dr. William 
A. Shaw, well known practitioners of North 
Kingston, R. I. He attended his first course 
of lectures at the Harvard Medical School, and 
a second and third course at the University of 
New York, graduated M. D. from the latter 
institution in the spring of 1848. After grad- 
uation he spent a year in further study in 
New York, attending a special course of lect- 
ures at the New York Hospital—he had also 
attended a special course in 1847 under Dr. 
Aylett—and in clinical and office study. In 
February, 1849, he sailed as ship’s surgeon to 
California, the company of emigrants of whom 
he had medical charge arriving in excellent 
health at San Francisco, after a seven months 
voyage. At Sacramento he opened a hospital 
in the cabin of the bark “Ann Welsh,” in 
charge of which he remained until the vessel 
was sold in 1850. He subsequently practiced 
in Sacramento, assisting in founding the first 
medical society in that town, and in 1850 
sailed for New York via the Isthmus of Dari- 
en. During a considerable portion of his 
homeward voyage he was called upon to deal 
with Asiatic cholera. Until 1855 he practiced 
in New York, being for two years attending 
physician to the New York Dispensary, and 
since 1855 has been established in Brooklyn. 
Between 1855 and 1858, in connection with 
his younger brother, Dr. Win, J. Burge, he 
devoted much time to the experimental treat- 
ment of fractures, the result being the intro- 
duction of Burge’s apparatus for fractured 
thigh; an appliance which, before the use of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
69 
Whipple, Arizona; went to Fort Grant; thence 
in two weeks to Camp Supply, established 
near the Mexican line. Was post surgeon for 
more than one year, May, 1878, to October, 
1878. Second service, was post surgeon for 
more than one year at Fort Lord, near Tucson, 
Arizona, for some three months. On the 
breaking out of the Apache Indians accom- 
panied Captain Maddon, commanding the 6th 
Cavalry, consisting of two companies of Reg- 
ular Cavalry and one of Indian scouts in the 
field. Returned in July to Fort Lord; after- 
wards transferred to Fort Huachuaca, where 
he served as assistant surgeon under Assistant 
Surgeon Gardiner. Accompanied troops on 
scouts, and was with Lieutenant Ducap on a 
survey of the boundary monuments between 
Arizona and Sonora. Accompanied Captain 
Thompson, 3d United States Cavalry, to station 
in Sulphur Spring Valley, in the spring of 
1883, during an Indian war. He has con- 
tributed specimens to the Smithsonian Insti- 
tute, and also articles concerning the ruins of 
an ancient town situated in the White River 
Canon, Arizona. His service terminated July 
15, 1883. In civil life he has held the position 
of health officer in Pomona, Cal., since 1887, 
and by the appointment of the board of super- 
visors the same position in certain portions of 
the country. 
BUTLER, George Frank, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Monrovia, N. Y., March 15, 1857. 
He is of English descent. His paternal an- 
cestors came to America in 1612. His mother 
is a lineal descendant of Samuel Chase, a 
signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
His early literary education was received at 
the Monrovia High School and Groton Acad- j 
emy in the State of New York, and was grad- 
uated from the latter institution when seven- 
teen years of age. He accepted a position 
soon after in Brewster, and Rice’s drug store, 
Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained more 
than three years, and then formed a co-part- 
nership with Dr. Henry Millard in the drug 
business, in North Adams, Mass. His health 
failing in 1879, he sold out his interest in this 
business, and went to Denver, Colo., as 
manufacturing pharmacist in a wholesale drug 
house. Not improving in health he abandoned 
this avocation entirely, and in 1880 engaged 
in raising sheep in southwestern Kansas, but 
in 1882, on recovering his health, re-entered 
the drug business in Belle Plain, Kansas, 
forming a partnership with Dr. J. D. Justice, 
with whom he at once began a systematic 
study of medicine. In 1887 he entered Rush 
Medical College, Chicago, 111., and was gradu- 
ated from that institution in 1889, as valedic- 
torian of his class. Dr. Butler was immedi- 
ately offered a partnership with Dr. A. C. 
Cotton, with whom he remained one year. In 
1889 he was appointed attending physician in 
the department of diseases of children, Cen- 
tral Free Dispensary, Chicago. In the spring 
of 1890 he was appointed Lecturer on Medical 
Pharmacy in Rush Medical College, and in 
the winter of 1890-91, he was appointed 
Lecturer on Materia Medica and Pharmacy in 
the Northwestern University, Women’s Medi- 
cal School. In 1891 he was appointed attend- 
ing physician to the ear department of the 
Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. In 
1892 he was elected Professor of Materia Med- 
ica and Pharmacy in the Northwestern Uni- 
versity, Women’s Medical College, and in 
May he was appointed assistant city physician 
of Chicago. He is medical examiner for the 
Provident Savings Life Insurance Society and 
the Commercial Alliance Life Insurance Com- 
pany of New York; Massachusetts Benefit 
Association of Boston, and the Prudential 
Life Insurance Company of Newark, N. J. 
Dr. Butler has contributed numerous articles 
to medical and pharmaceutical journals, and 
is a member of the American Medical Associ- 
ation, the American Pharmaceutical Associa- 
tion, and of the Chicago Medical Society. 
BYFORD, Henry T., of Chicago, son of the 
late Dr. Wm. H. Byford and Mary Anne (Hol- 
land) Byford, was born in Evansville, Indiana, 
November 12, 1853. His grandfather, Heze- 
kiah Holland, and his brother, the late Win. 
H. Byford, Jr., were physicians. Dr. Byford 
graduated in medicine at the age of nineteen 
years, and then traveled with his invalid 
brother in Louisiana and Colorado until old 
enough to practice. In 1879 he was attacked 
with sciatica, attributable to overwork, and 
went abroad for a year and a half. Upon his 
return he went again into general practice, but 
gradually gave up everything that interfered 
with the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. 
In 1882 he married Mrs. Lucy (Lamed) Rich- 
ard. Dr. By ford is connected with the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, 
Woman’s Medical College and Post-Graduate 
Medical College of Chicago, is gynecologist to 
the Woman’s and St. Luke’s Hospitals, and 
consulting gynecologist to the Michael Reese, 
the Provident, and the Charity Hospitals. 
He is ex-president, and one of the founders of 
the Chicago Gynecological Society. His name 
is connected with several original methods of 
operating, and is associated with that of his 
father in the authorship of the last edition of 
their work on “Diseases of Women.” Among 
his contributions to periodical literature may 70 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
be mentioned : “Functions of the Membranes 
in Labor;” “Treatment of Infantile Eczema 
and Allied Affections;” “Nervous Paroxysm,” 
“De la Preservation des Membrane Durant la 
Deuxieme Peri ode du Travail” {Annales de (rijne- 
cologie,Paris); “Production and Prevention of 
Perineal Lacerations During Labor;” “Treat- 
mentof Retroversion of the Uterus by Operative 
Methods;” “Removal of Uterine Appendages 
and Small Ovarian Tumors by Vaginal Sec- 
tion ;” “The So-called Physiological Argument 
in Obstetrics;” “Twelve Months of Abdom- 
inal and Vaginal Section;” “Another Twelve 
Months’ of Peritoneal Section;” “A Year’s 
Work in Peritoneal Surgery;” “Vaginal Hys- 
terectomy ;” “Vaginal Fixation of the Stump in 
Abdominal Hysterectomy;” “The Technique 
of Vaginal Fixation of Stump in Abdominal 
Hysterectomy;” “Lacerations of the Parturi- 
ent Canal During Labor;” “Cases of Extra- 
Uterine Pregnancy;” “Unusual Cases of 
Abdominal Section;” “Vaginal Oophorect- 
omy,” and others, besides numerous clinical 
lectures. 
BYRD, Harvey Leonidas, of Baltimore, 
Md., was born at Salem, Sumter District, South 
Carolina, August 8, 1820, and died in the 
former city November 29, 1884. He was de- 
scended from English and Scotch-Irish ances- 
tors, who early settled in this country, his 
paternal grandfather serving as a member of 
Marion’s brigade during the revolutionary 
war. After receiving a classical education in 
South Carolina, and having the honorary de- 
gree of A. M. conferred upon him by Emory 
College, Georgia, he entered the Jefferson 
Medical College and subsequently the Penn- 
sylvania College, graduating therefrom with 
the degree of M. D. in 1840, and again as an 
M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 
1867. After graduating in 1840 he commenced 
the practice of his profession at Salem, S. C., 
subsequently removing to Georgetown, S. C., 
Savannah, Ga., and ultimately to Baltimore, 
Md., in which city he located and engaged in 
active practice. On removing to the last- 
named city, soon after the close of the war, 
he began a movement for the re-opening of 
Washington University, which had suspended 
operations for several years, with a view to 
the establishment of a prosperous Southern 
medical school. Dr. Thomas E. Burd, a mem- 
ber of the late faculty, concurring in the 
opinion that the time was propitious for such 
an enterprise, joined heartily in its consum- 
mation. Dr. Warren, and other gentlemen 
who had served in the Southern army, co-op- 
erating, the announcement of the opening of 
the school was issued over Dr. Byrd’s name as 
dean of the faculty, and the school entered at 
once upon a career of almost unprecedented 
success. After about five or six years he 
withdrew from the school to join Drs. Warren, 
Goolrick, and others in the establishment of 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
Baltimore. During his professional career he 
has held the professorships of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics, and as dean of Savan- 
nah Medical College; of Principles and Prac- 
tice and Clinical Medicine; also as dean of 
Oglethorpe Medical College, Ga.; of Obstet- 
rics, and some time dean of Washington Uni- 
versity, Baltimore; of Principles and Practice 
of Medicine, and of Diseases of Women and 
Children, of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Baltimore, in which he has also held 
the position of first president of its faculty. 
Among the many papers which he has con- 
tributed to medical journals, the more note- 
worthy are: “Muriated Tincture of Iron in 
Scarlatina;” “Yellow Fever;” “Combination 
Operation in Amputation ;” “Speedy Method 
in Asphyxia of Newly-born Infants;” “Blood- 
letting in Disease;” “Quinia in Traumatic 
Tetanus;” and the “Physiological Impossibil- 
ity of Descent of the Races of Men from a 
Single Pair.” He is a member of the South Car- 
olina Medical Association, Georgia Medical As- 
sociation, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland, Baltimore Medical Association, Epi- 
demiological Society of Maryland ( of which he 
was the first president), and corresponding 
member of the Gynecological Society of Bos- 
ton, Mass. He edited the Oglethorpe Medical 
and Surgical Journal for three years, and was 
a member of several literary and scientific so- 
cieties in addition to those mentioned above. 
During the late civil war he served as a surgeon 
in the Confederate army. 
CABELL, James Laurence, of Overton, Va., 
was born in Nelson county, Virginia, August 26, 
1813, and died August 13, 1889. He was grad- 
uated at the University of Virginia in 1833; 
studied medicine in Paris, and was elected 
Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, and was, in 1846, elected 
president of the Faculty. During the war be- 
tween the States he was surgeon in charge of 
the military hospitals of the Confederacy. In 
1878, he was chairman of the National San- 
itary Conference, held at Washington, to con- 
sider the yellow fever that raged in the south- 
ern cities,; and in 1879 was appointed a 
member of the national board of health 
constituted by Congress that year; was elected 
president by his associates, and retained the 
office until his death. In 1858, Dr. Cabell 
published “The Testimony of Modern Science 
to the Unity of Mankind;” and, in addition 
to this, he has contributed important reports 
and papers to the medical press. 
CADWALADER, Charles Evert, of Phila- 
delphia, Pa., was born in that city November 
5, 1839. He is a son of John Cadwalader, a 
judge of the United States district court, and 
who was a brother of General George Cad- 
walader, favorite of the Philadelphia militia, 
who gained much distinction for his services 
in quelling the “native American riots” in 
Philadelphia (1844) and in the Mexican war, 
and the late civil war; founder of the “Union 
League” and first president of the “Loyal 
Legion of the United States, holding the 
office at the time of his death. Dr. Caclwala- 
der is a grandson of Gen. Thomas Cadwalader 
of the war of 1812. His medical line of de- 
scent is of historical interest to the profession. 
Dr. Edward Jones and Dr. Thomas Wynne, 
the grandfather and great grandfather of his 
likewise distinguished progenitor, Dr. Thomas 
Cadwalader, were, with Dr. Griffith Owen (one 
of their family connection) the physicians 
who accompanied Wm. Penn (1682) and were 
among the latter’s most trusted friends and 
advisors in the project taking a principal part 
in the foundation of the province. Dr. Jones 
conducted the first colony to Pennsylvania. 
Dr. Wynne who sailed with Penn and Dr. 
Owen in the “Welcome” was made president 
of the first assembly held in Philadelphia 
(1683) and was appointed by Wm. Penn judge 
of the supreme court of the province. Dr. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
71 
Jones was a member of the assembly, and Dr. 
Owen was a member of the governor’s coun- 
cil. They Held many important public offices 
and were men of the best cultivation in their 
pi’ofession. Dr. Griffith Owen, Jr., Dr. Evan 
Jones, and the latter’s son,Dr. John Jones, the 
distinguished surgeon in the French war and 
of the Revolution, the physician of Wash- 
ington and Franklin, were also their descend- 
ants. Dr. John Jones was Professor of 
Surgery in King’s College, New York, from 
the time of its foundation (1767) and the au- 
thor of the first American work on surgery 
(1795) which he dedicated to Dr. Cadwalader. 
Dr. Cadwalader Evans, another distinguished 
physician and one of the original physicians 
of the Pennsylvania Hospital (1759) was one 
of this family connection. So likewise were 
the Bonds. No name more honored than 
theirs in the medical annals of Pennsylvania. 
Dr. Charles E. Cadwalader’s great, great 
grandfather, Dr. Phineas Bond, and his 
brother, Dr. Thomas Bond, were closely asso- 
ciated with Dr. Thomas Cadwalader in the 
important professional and public movements 
of their dajr. Dr. Thomas Bond, Jr., was a 
distinguished surgeon and the medical purvey- 
or of the continental army in the revolution, 
appointed by Congress in 1781. The subject of 
this sketch graduated from the academic de- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1858, and from the medical department in 
1861. The civil war breaking out at the time 
of his graduation, he entered the military serv- 
ice, the first two years in connection with 
the cavalry and subsequently at the head quar- 
ters of the army of the Potomac, under Gen- 
erals Hooper and Meade, having the brevet 
rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the close 
of the war, he was appointed to the charge of 
the department in bankruptcy of the United 
States district court, serving in that capacity 
for eight years. He then assumed the prac- 
tice of medicine and has been continuously 
engaged in his professional pursuits ever since. 
Pie has been connected with numerous hospi- 
tals and homes and for a long time Avas con- 
nected Avith the Philadelphia Dispensary. Pie 
has taken an active interest in reform politics; 
although democratic in principles he believes 
in furthering the interests of the cleanest and 
best men irrespective of their party affiliations. 
He Avas one of the framers and most ardent 
supporters of the new city charter and also a 
member of the committee to organize the Pan- 
American congress. He is also identified with 
a number of the medical societies, more par- 
ticularly the Philadelphia County Society, the 
American Medical Association, and is also a 
EelloAV of the College of Physicians as Avell as 
a member of the Mutual Aid Association, the 
American Academy of Medicine, and is sur- 
geon of the Meade Post G. A. R. Pie is a 
member of the Loyal Legion, the Sons of the 
Cincinnati and Sons of the Revolution. 
CADWALADER, Thomas, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city in 1707, and died 
near Trenton, N. J., November 14, 1779. Plis 
immediate ancestry Avere the most noted 
pioneers of our profession. There is no name 
in medical annals more closely connected with 
the social, political and medical history of 
Philadelphia—that time honored American 
center of medical learning, than that of the 
subject of this sketch. Claypole writes that, 
in 1682 seven vessels sailed "for America—two 
from London, tAVO from Bristol, and three from 
Wales. Dr. Edward Jones, having charge of 
the Welsh colony, arrived in the Schuyl- 
kill in August, and Wm. Penn followed two 
months later. This Dr. Jones was the father- 
in-law of John Cadwalader (1697), Avho Avas a 
judge of the court, member of the assembly 
and a member of council. John Cadwalader’s 
son,Dr.Thomas Cadwalader, began the study of 
medicine in Philadelphia, and was the first 
physician in that city to go abroad to com- 
plete his medical education; and on his re- 
turn, in 1730, delivered medical lectures, Avith 
demonstrations on the cadaver, the first course 
of medical instruction and dissection known 
in America. In the same year he was one of 
the first physicians Avho introduced the prac- 
tice of inoculating in Philadelphia, and was 
one of the founders and trustees (1731) of the 
Philadelphia Library and of the first medical 
library (1763). He Avas the author of the first 
medical Avork published in Pennsylvania 
(1745) ; he made the first autopsy (1742)—the 
only other instance on record in America being 
that on the body of Governor Slaughter, of 
Noav York, in 1691. He was the first to apply 
the treatment of electricity, in 1750, in a para- 
lytic seizure of Governor Belcher, of New 
Jersey. At the foundation of the American 
Philosophical Society,in 1769,he was elected the 
first vice-president, and virtually its presiding 
officer, for Franklin, who was elected presi- 
dent, was in Europe. He Avas director of mil- 
itary hospitals in the revolution, one of the 
founders of the Pennsylvania Hospital (1751), 
and served as one of the original physicians 
until 1779, and was also one of the original 
trustees of the Medical College of Philadel- 
phia at its foundation, in 1765, and Avas one of 
the first clinical lecturers. This was the first 
medical school established in America, which 
is noAV the world-renowned University of 
Pennsylvania. Dr. Thomas Cadwalader Avas 
identified with all the movements of the day. 
During the French Avar he Avas honored with 
the appointment as a member of the Govern- 
ors’ council to take action on Braddock’s de- 
feat. He remained a member of the provin- 
cial council from 1755 to 1774. During the 
French war he was also chairman of the 
“Provincial Commissioners,” or Board of 
War, and a member of many other important 
commissions and public trusts, judge of 
the courts and mayor in the city council. 
He Avas chairman of the great tax meeting 
in 1773, the immediate precursor of the 
revolutionary movements in which his tAVO 
sons, seven nephews, three sons-in-law and 
himself all took a principal part, both in the 
civil and military affairs. Col. Lambert Cad- 
walader and Gen. John Cadwalader were his 
sons. The latter’s son Thomas was the Gen- 
eral Cadwalader of the war of 1812. In July, 
1776, the committee of safety of Pennsylvania 
appointed Dr. Cadwalader on a committee for 
the examination of all candidates that applied 
for the post of surgeon in the navy, and at the 
same time he Avas appointed as stated a med- 
ical director of the army hospitals. In 1778 
he succeeded the elder William Shippen as 
surgeon of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Dr. 
Thacher in his “American Medical Biography 
and Memoirs of Eminent Physicians who 
haAre Flourished in America” (published in 
Boston in 1828), referring to Dr. Thomas Cad- 
Avalader says: “As a physician he was uncom- 72 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
monly attentive and humane, and as a man he 
was as remarkable for the tenderness and 
benevolence of his disposition. Constantly 
blest with a serene mind, it was as rare to see 
him too much cast down by bad, as unusually 
elated by good fortune. So distinguished a 
trait was this cheerful disposition in his char- 
acter that it was once the means of saving his 
life on an occasion so extraordinary as to de- 
serve mention. A provincial officer, named 
Bruluman, during the war against the French 
in Canada, was for some misconduct cashiered, 
he thought unjustly, and the circumstance so 
preyed upon his mind that he became insane, 
and resolved to deprive himself of an exis- 
tence that was no longer a pleasure, but a bur- 
den. In this desperate frame of mind he walk- 
ed out early one morning with his fuzee deter- 
mined to shoot the first person he should meet. 
He had not gone far before he met a pretty 
girl, whose beauty disarmed him. He next 
met Dr. Cadwalader; the doctor bowed politely 
to the officer, who though unknown to him 
had the appearance of a gentleman and ac- 
costed him with “Good morning sir, what 
sport?” The officer answered the doctor 
civilly, and as he afterwards declared, was so 
struck by his pleasing manner and address 
that he had no resolution to execute his des- 
perate intentions. Impelled, however, by the 
same gloomy disposition that actuated him 
when he set out, he repaired to an adjoining 
tavern and shot the next man he encountered, 
and thereby obtained his wished for end, being 
afterwards hung in sight of the very house 
where he committed the premeditated act, and 
the finger that pulled the trigger was cut off, 
put into spirits and presented to a museum as 
a memento of the importance of true polite- 
ness. One who enjoyed his personal acquain- 
tance says; “Dr. Cadwalader was a ripe 
scholar, an exact logician, a sound philosopher, 
and a perfect gentleman. That in filling 
various positions, both political and profes- 
sional, and in discharging the duties apper- 
taining thereto, his integrity and zeal were as 
conspicuous as his ability. But pre-eminent 
over his intellectual acumen and his boldness 
and honesty of purpose shone his character 
as a Christian arid philanthropist. That it was 
rare to find so much ability combined with so 
much simplicity; his religion was entirely free 
from fanaticism or ostentation ; and that his 
politeness arose from pure benevolence of 
heart, and was therefore not an occasional 
manifestation, but an habitual characteristic.” 
The doctor was unquestionably a man of re- 
markable coolness, self-possession and brav- 
ery, traits of character largely possessed by 
his descendants. Dr. Thatcher, the biographer 
previously quoted, referring to Dr. Cadwala- 
der’s treatise on the “Iliac Passion, or Colica 
Pictonum” says: “The author opposed with 
talent and learning the then common mode of 
treating that disease in which he exploded the 
practice of giving “Quick Silver” and drastic 
purgatives.He recommended in their place mild 
cathartics and the use of opiates. Dr. Rush 
in his lectures cordially endorsed the practice 
of Dr. Cadwalader and in some British jour- 
nals this method of treatment was regarded as 
the most successful plan of any hitherto em- 
ployed. This essay was written in 1745, and 
was one of the earliest publications on a med- 
ical subject in America. He is said, however, 
to have written a paper on “Inoculation in 
Variola” (1730) which antedates this and all 
other contributions to American medical liter- 
ature. Another early contribution of this au- 
thor on the “West India Dry Gripes” attracted 
much attention. This was printed by Benja- 
min Franklin in 1745, and in it is appended 
an interesting history of a case of Mollities 
Ostium in an adult, with post-mortem appear- 
CALDWELL, John Jabez, of Baltimore, 
Md. (name anciently Colville), of French- 
English descent, son of John S. and Rebecca 
B. Caldwell—the former a grandson of Captain 
Jonathan Caldwell, who raised and com- 
manded during the revolutionary war the 
company known as the “Blue Hen’s Chick- 
ens;” the latter a lineal descendant of Will- 
iam Penn—was born at Oak Hill, New Castle 
county, Del., April 28, 1836. His professional 
education was received in the New York Med- 
ical College, and in Bellevue Hospital, his 
degree of M. D. being conferred by the former 
institution in 1860. Until 1862 he practiced in 
New York; from 1866 to 1873 at Brooklyn, 
and since January, 1873, he has. been estab- 
lished in Baltimore. While engaged in a gen- 
eral practice, he has given especial attention 
to the treatment of the nervous system. He 
is a member of the Kings County (New York) 
Medical Society; of the New York Thera- 
peutic Society; of the Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty of Maryland; of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Society of Baltimore; honorary 
member of the Maryland and District of Co- 
lumbia Dental Society; life member of the 
Long Island Historical Society; and perma- 
nent member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. In 1867-68, he was surgeon in charge 
of the Brooklyn central dispensaiy, and was 
one of the medical officers of the Brooklyn 
board of health during the cholera epidemic 
of 1866-67. Of his professional publications 
may be mentioned: “Carbolic Acid as an Em- 
balmer,” 1867; “Electrolysis of Tumors and 
other Cell Tissues,” 1872; “Cauterization and 
Nitro-Muriatic Acid as a Prevention of Rabies, A 
Treatment of the Air Passages by Medicated 
Spray—with Cases,” “Bright’s Disease of the 
Kidneys—with Cases,” “Comparative Pathol- 
ogy of Cholera, Yellow Fever and Malignant 
Malarial Fever,” “The Spectrum Microscope 
in the Parasitic World,” 1873; “Remarks on 
Hydrophobia,” “Pathology of Club-foot,” 
“Electricity as a Restorative Agent in Narcosis 
and Asphyxia,” “History of Electro-Thera- 
peutics, with Experiments,” 1874; “The 
Introduction of Damiana,” “Potency and Im- 
potency, with Cases, Remarks and Refer- 
ences,” 1875; “Palsy Agitans Successfully 
Treated,” “Cases Infantile Paralysis,” “A 
New and Successful Treatment of Pertussis,” 
Transactions of American Medical Associa- 
tion, 1876. From 1862 to 1866, he served as 
an acting assistant surgeon in the United States 
army, being employed in hospital and in the 
field. Dr. Caldwell is examiner for the Equi- 
table Life Assurance Society of the United 
States. 
CALDWELL, William Coleman, of Chicago, 
111., was born in Jefferson county, Miss., 
March 1, 1855. He is of Scotch descent, his 
ancestry having settled in this country about 
1780. He was educated at the University of 
Louisiana. After studying medicine he at- 
tended the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, Chicago, 111., from which institution he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
73 
received his medical degree in 1885. After 
graduating he served as interne eighteen 
months in Cook County Hospital and has been 
a resident of Chicago for the past eight years. 
Dr. Caldwell has devoted considerable time 
studying the physiological action of drugs on 
animals, and has been Professor of Materia 
Medica and Pharmacology in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, since 1887. 
His practice is limited to gynecology. 
CAMPBELL, Henry Fraser, of Augusta, 
Ga., was born in Savannah, February 10, 1824, 
and died December 15, 1891. He was the son 
of James C. Campbell and was of Irish-Amer- 
ican lineage. His mother, Mary R. (Eve) 
Campbell, a lady of fine intellectual endow- 
ments and high culture, was the only daughter 
of Joseph Eve, a name once familiar as con- 
nected with the early history of the cotton 
gin. This gentleman was the father of Pro- 
fessor Joseph A. Eve, of Augusta, and of Dr. 
Edward A. Eve, and the uncle of the late 
Professor Paul F. Eve, of Nashville, Tenn., 
who were the preceptors and trainers in medi- 
cine and surgery of the subject of this sketch 
in the earlier periods of his life. His educa- 
tion and moral culture, with that of his only 
brother, were carefully superintended by his 
mother, aided by his uncle Dr. Robert Camp- 
bell. Having received an academic education 
supplemented by a classical course under a 
private tutor, he entered the Medical College 
of Georgia, now the medical department of 
the University of Georgia, and was graduated 
M. D. in March, 1842. In the same year he 
established himself in Augusta, where he 
continued to reside for a period of about fifty 
years, excepting the time he served in the 
Confederate army. He married June 17, 1844, 
Sarah Bosworth Sibley. In 1861 he was com- 
missioned a surgeon in the Confederate States 
army ; was assigned as medical director of the 
Georgia Military Hospital, at Richmond, Va., 
and in this capacity—being at the same time a 
member of the army Board of Medical Exam- 
iners—served until the end of the war. He 
made specialties of surgery and gynecology. 
Of his notable cases may be mentioned: forty- 
four of lithotomy, forty-two successful; and 
fifteen of gangrenous inflammation, arrested 
by ligation of the main artery, the date of the 
first ligation being June 5, 1862. The sliding- 
hook forceps, for vesico-vaginal fistula, and the 
pneumatic repositor for self-replacement of the 
uterus, are instruments of his invention. 
From 1842 to 1854 he was demonstrator and 
assistant demonstrator; from 1854 to 1857 he 
was professor of comparative and microscop- 
ical anatomy; from 1857 to 1866 he was Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy in the medical department 
of the University of Georgia. In 1868 he be- 
came professor of operative surgery and gyne- 
cology in this institution and served in this 
capacity for many years. During this period 
he was clinical lecturer in Jackson Street Hos- 
pital, the City Hospital and the Freedman’s 
Hospital, of Augusta. After the rebellion he 
was called to New Orleans, where in the year 
1866, he filled the chair of anatomy, and in 
1867 that of surgery in the New Orleans School 
of Medicine and was also clinical lecturer in 
the Charity Hospital of that city. By his 
studies, lectures and contributions to medical 
literature he has made his labors of great ben- 
efit to his profession and to mankind. The 
following may be named as among his more 
important professional publications: “Abor- 
tive Treatment of Gonorrhoea by Nitrate of 
Silver;” “Abuse of Diuretics;” “Observations 
on Cutaneous Diseases” (1845); “Infantile 
Paroxysmal Convulsions, their Identity with 
Intermittent Fever, and their Treatment with 
Quinine;” “Dentition in Producing Disease 
(Reflex-Secretory or ‘Vaso-Motor’ Action); 
“Epidemic Dengue Fever;” “Law Governing 
the Distribution of Striped and Unstriped 
Muscular Fibre;” “Injuries to the Cranium in 
their Relations to Consciousness;” “Bilateral 
Lithotomy;” “Unusual Form of Fever and 
Dysentery” (1851); “Report on Surgery,” 
Transactions Medical Association of Georgia, 
1852, “The Nature of Typhoidal Fevers,” 
Transactions of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation; “The Sympathetic Nerve in Reflex 
Phenomena, a Question of Priority of An- 
? &o. 
nouncement with M. Claude Bernard,” 1853; 
“Strangulated Ventral Hernia During Preg- 
nancy;” “Clinical Lecture on Traumatic Te- 
tanus;” “The Excito-Secretory System of 
Nerves,” prize essay, Transactions American 
Medical Association 1857; “Meckel’s Gang- 
lion;” “Classification of Febrile Diseases by 
the Nervous System,” Transactions American 
Medical Association 1857; “The Nervous Sys- 
tem in Febrile Diseases, Excito-Secretory or 
Reflex ‘Vaso-Motor’ Action the Basis of their 
Phenomena;” “The Secretory and the Excito- 
Secretory System ;” “Caffeine as an Antidote 
to Opium ;” “A New ‘Ready Method’ for Artifi- 
cial Respiration in the Sitting Posture;” 
“Croup, a Paroxysmal Neurosis, its Treatment 
with Quinine;” “Caffeine in Opium-Coma 
(second case), Injection by the Rectum;” 
“The Effect of Caffeine upon the Muscular 
System,” 1860; “The Georgia Military Hospi- 
tals of Richmond,” pamphlet, Augusta Ga., 74 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1861; “Traumatic Hemorrhage and the Ar- 
teries,” a chapter in the “Confederate Manual 
of Military Surgery,” 1863 (the principle of 
ligating the main arterial trunk of a limb, for 
the cure of inflammation, and for gangrene, is 
announced in this chapter) ; “The Hunterian 
Ligation of Arteries in Destructive Inflam- 
mation,” 1866; “Cooper’s Surgical Diction- 
ary,” London, 1872 (article “Inflammation”); 
“Position, Pneumatic Pressure, and Mechan- 
ical Appliance in Uterine Displacements,” a 
pamphlet; “Registration and Sanitation,” first 
report of board of health of Georgia, 1875; 
“Blood-letting in Puerperal Eclampsia;” 
“Railroad Transportation of Disease-Germs,” 
(Yellow and Dengue Fever in the South, in 
1839, 1850, 1854, and 1876), annual report, 
board of health of Georgia; “Pneumatic Self- 
Replacement in Dislocations of the Gravid and 
Non-Gravid Uterus,” American Gynecological 
Transactions; “Calculi in the Bladder after 
the Cure of Yesico-Vaginal Fistula;” “The 
Neuro-Dynamic Etiology and Pathology of 
Urinary Calculus,” and “Arterial Ligation in 
the Treatment of Traumatic Inflammation and 
Gangrene,” read before the surgical section of 
the international Medical Congress in 1876. 
In this list should be included his discussion 
with Dr. Marshal Hall, of London, touching 
“Priority of Announcement in Reflex Secre- 
tion and the Excito-Secretory System of 
Nerves,” a digest and review of which will be 
found in the Southern Medical and Surgical 
Journal, 1857, in the London Lancet, May 2, 
1857, in the American Journal of Medical 
Sciences, vols. for 1857 and 1858, and in the 
Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1858. 
Dr. Marshall Hall’s adjudication candidly 
awarded the claim of priority to Dr. Camp- 
bell, as will be found in the London Lancet, 
May 2, 1857. From 1857 to 1861, in conjunc- 
tion with his brother, Dr. Robert Campbell, he 
was editor of the Southern Medical and Sur- 
gical Journal, published at Augusta, Ga. Few 
medical writers in this country worked in so 
wide a field, or presented themselves with a 
personality recognizable in so many distinct 
departments, and he soon became familiar to 
the medical world, receiving honors from as- 
sociations in Europe and the United States, 
having been elected president of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association in 1885, and was the 
second Southern man to hold the position. He 
had also been elected vice-president of this or- 
ganization as early as 1858, and in the same 
year was elected a correspondent of the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In 
1860 he was elected corresponding member of 
the Imperial Academy of Medicine of St. 
Petersburg, Russia; president of the Georgia 
Medical Association in 1871; a member of the 
Georgia State Board of health in 1875; a Fel- 
low and one of the founders of the American 
Gynecological Society in 1876, and president 
of the Augusta Library and Medical Society in 
1877. 
CAMPBELL, William Armstead, of Colorado 
Springs, Col., was born near Eaton, Preble 
county, Ohio, December 1, 1856. He is of 
Scotch descent, his ancestors having em- 
igrated from Scotland the fourth generation 
back, and settled in Delaware. The doctor’s 
father removed with his parents to Ohio, in 
1826, when he was but a child, and settled on 
the farm which was then an unbroken wilder- 
ness, where the doctor was born. William 
was the fourth child of a family of six children. 
He spent his boyhood days on the farm to 
which he accords his physical development. 
His literary education was gained in the com- 
mon schools and the Eaton Union High School, 
from the latter he graduated with honors, in 
1875. The following three years were spent in 
teaching in the public schools and reading in 
the office of his preceptor, W. M. Campbell, 
M. D. He graduated from the Ohio Medical 
College, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 2, 1880, 
standing in the front ranks of his class of 
one hundred and two. He was married on 
the 22d of April, 1880, to Minnie A. Surface, 
and at once entered into the practice of med- 
icine and surgery at Eaton, Ohio. He re- 
mained in practice here for ten years, and 
established himself in the confidence of the 
people to a marked degree. Owing to the fail- 
ure of his wife’s health, he found it necessary 
Qjs&aytA£, 
to abandon this field of work and seek a new 
one in a more congenial clime. He came to 
Colorado Springs in May, 1890. Before com- 
ing, he attended a course of abdominal surgery 
in the Chicago Polyclinic. Upon coming to 
Colorado Springs, he at once entered into gen- 
eral practice, and has gained for himself a 
firm foothold in this western city. He served 
as chief surgeon of Colorado Midland railroad 
for several months since coming to Colorado. 
He has always taken an active part in medical 
society work, having served as president of 
his county society in Ohio, as the first presi- 
dent of the Southwestern Ohio Medical So- 
ciety, and since coming to Colorado, as secre- 
tary of the 151 Paso County Medical Society, 
and is now also president of the latter. He 
never fails to do his part in the literary work 
of the society, and articles from his pen are 
frequently found in our best medical publica- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
75 
tions. Being thoroughly devoted to his life- 
work, he finds but little time to devote to 
work that does not pertain to his profession. 
CARNOCHAN, John Murray, of New York, 
was born in Savannah, Ga., July 4, 1817, and 
died in the former city, October 28, 1887. He 
was educated in the High School and the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh, and after taking his 
degrees in the latter institution returned 
to the United States, and at the age of seven- 
teen began the study of medicine and surgery, 
in the office of the late Dr. Valentine Mott, in 
New York city. In 1841 he went to Paris, en- 
tered the Ecole de Medicine, and for six years 
worked in the hospitals and attended clinical 
lectures. He then returned to New York and 
began to practice as a surgeon. In 1850 he 
was placed in charge of the newly-established 
hospital for immigrants, on Ward’s Island, 
and gave it a thorough organization. The same 
year he was appointed Professor of Surgery in 
the Medical College of the University of New 
York. He was also health officer of the port 
of New York, for two years, under the admin- 
istration of Governor Hoffman. He has made 
numerous contributions to the literature of 
genera] and operative surgery, based upon his 
own practical experience, which are recognized 
as standard authority throughout the world. 
CARPENTER, Henry, of Lancaster, Pa., 
was born in that city December 10, 1819, and 
died there, July 9, 1887. Since his ancestors 
settled in this country, five generations of the 
family have passed, each of which has pro- 
duced one eminent physician. He was of 
Swiss descent and the son of Henry Carpen- 
ter, formerly a surveyor and conveyancer, and 
at one time a member of the board of com- 
missioners of Lancaster county. He was edu- 
cated in the public schools of Lancaster and the 
Lancaster County Academy, and, after reading 
medicine with Dr. Samuel Humes, entered the 
medical department of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, from which he graduated in 1841, 
commencing the practice at once in Lancaster, 
his office being set up in the building in 
which he was born and lived. He was a mem- 
ber of the Lancaster County Medical Society, 
which he aided in organizing in 1844, and of 
which he was for many years from 
the date of its organization, and president in 
1855; and of the Pennsylvania State Medical 
Society, of which he has been secretary and 
vice-president, and was one of the censors. 
He was long a member of the city council of 
Lancaster, serving continuously for twenty 
years as president of the select branch, and 
for some time as president of the lower 
branch; and has also been a member of the 
Lancaster school board. During the civil war 
he was twice called by the surgeon-general of 
the State into the service of the volunteer sur- 
gical department. He was formerly one of 
the directors of the Conestoga Steam Mills 
Company; was one of the originators of the 
Conestoga Turnpike Company, as well as its 
president; and was a director of the Lancaster 
and Quarryville narrow gauge railroad; direc- 
tor and treasurer of the Delaware River and 
Lancaster railroad, and director and treasurer 
of the National railroad. Among his best 
known patients were President Buchanan, and 
the Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, both of whom he 
attended for many years. Ide rendered valu- 
able services during the civil war, being at 
various periods surgeon in charge of the Eck- 
ington Hospital at Washington, and of the 
State Hospital at Hagerstown. 
CARR, Ezra, S., of Pasadena, Cal., was born 
in Stephentown, Rensselaer county, N. Y., 
March 19, 1819. He comes from families who 
were original settlers in Rhode Island and 
Massachusetts, his father’s family being from 
the latter State, and his mother’s, the Good- 
richs, from the latter. He is a graduate of 
the Rensselaer Polytechnic schools, and of 
the Albany, New York, and Castleton, Ver- 
mont Medical Colleges, 1842. A member of 
the American Medical Association, he was its 
vice-president in 1848; and he has also been a 
member of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science since its foundation. 
He is the author of many scientific and medi- 
cal papers, among others on the “Genesis of 
Crime,” “Diseased Moral Conditions,” on 
“Medical Education,” and a work entitled 
“Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific Coast.” 
In 1842 he was appointed Professor of Chem- 
istry in the Castleton Medical College, a posi- 
tion he held twelve years; from 1846 to 1850 
he was Professor of Chemistry in the Phila- 
delphia College of Medicine; and from 1861 
till 1856 in the Albany Medical College; hold- 
ing also a professorship in the University of 
Albany; was chemist of New York State Agri- 
cultural Society. In the same year he became 
Professor of Chemistry and Natural History 
in the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, 
of which he was also one of the regents, and 
was also one of the commissioners appointed 
to make a geological survey of the State. This 
professorship he held till 1869. From 1861 to 
1865 he was Professor of Chemistry in Rush 
Medical College, retaining his position also in 
Madison; and was president of Wisconsin 
State Medical Society for sevex-al years. In 
1869 he was appointed Professor of Agricultural 
Chemistry and Agriculture in the University of 
California, an office he held six years, and was 
at the same time Professor of Chemistry in 
Poland Medical College, San Francisco. He 
has also been superintendent of public instruc- 
tion for the State of California. 
CARSTENS, J. Henry, of Detroit, Mich., was 
born June 9, 1848, in the city of Kiel, in the 
German province of Schleswig-Holstein. His 
father, John Henry Carstens, a merchant 
tailor, was an ardent revolutionist, and partic- 
ipated in the various revolts in the memorable 
years of 1848-49. He had been captured and 
was imprisoned when his son was born; some 
months after he was released, and began at- 
tending to his business, but fearing that he 
might be again imprisoned, he packed up a 
few goods, and with his family left in the dead 
of night for America, and on his arrival settled 
in Detroit, where he has since remained. One 
of his grandfathers was an architect and 
builder, another a shipbuilder; many of his 
uncles, with other relatives, were officers in 
the army and navy, and nearly all of them 
participated in the revolution, and were forced 
to leave Germany and come to the United 
States. Dr. J. H. Carstens is the eldest of two 
children. His earlier education was received 
in the public schools of Detroit, supplemented 
by six years’ attendance at the German- 
American Seminary. While receiving instruc- 
tion at the latter institution, his parents lived 
on a farm four and a half miles from the city, 
which distance he was compelled to walk twice 
a day. He evinced, even as a boy, an eager 76 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
thorough in his investigations and in the ap- 
plication of knowledge gained by practical ex- 
perience and unremitting research. He is 
terse, clear, and practical and easily wins the 
respect of those who come under his teach- 
ing. In view of the experiences of his 
father, it is but natural that Dr. Carstens 
should have a strong taste for politics. Ever 
since he has been old enough to understand 
the political situation in this country he has 
been a stanch republican. Before his twen- 
tieth year he delivered political speeches, and 
this he continued for many years, speaking in 
either English or German in many parts of 
the State of Michigan. In 1876 he was elected 
chairman of the republican city committee, 
and at the same time was a member of the 
county committee. During the year he held 
these positions, he materially assisted in se- 
cui’ing republican control of the city and 
county. Both as an organizer and as an ear- 
nest effective worker, he has rendered valu- 
able aid in gaining victories for his party, 
and has been often tendered party nomina- 
tions. He has, however, thus far refused to 
become a candidate for office, with the excep- 
tion of a nomination as member of the board 
of education, to which he was elected in 1875 
and re-elected in 1879. In 1877 he was elected 
president of the board of health, and during 
Ids term of office rendered valuable assistance 
in checking the spread of small-pox, which 
was then prevalent. On the organization of 
the Michigan Republican Club, he was elected 
a director. In 1892 he was selected by the 
State convention as presidential elector for 
the first district of Michigan, and ran about 
three hundred ahead of the ticket. His rap- 
idly increasing professional duties, of late 
years, have prevented active political work, 
and with the exception of an occasional 
speech, his whole time has been devoted to 
his profession. His contributions to medical 
literature have been various and extended. 
He has reported many clinical lectures and 
has translated various articles from German 
and French medical journals. Among the 
more important of the articles written by him 
may be named: “Cleft-palate and lodoform,” 
“Medical Education,” “Embolism,” “Vaccin- 
ation,” “Household Remedies,” “Phantasia,” 
“Clinical Lectures,” “A Case of Obstetrics,” 
“Dysentery Cured without Opium,” “Strang- 
ulated Hernia,” “Hemorrhoids,” “Clinical 
Lectures on Gynecology,” “A Case of Epi- 
lepsy Caused by Uterine Stenosis,” “Three 
Cases of Battey’s ’Operation,” “Uterine 
Cancer,” “Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia,” 
“Cancer,” “Ergot in Labor,” “Mechanical 
Therapeutics of Amenorrhoea,” “A Different 
Method of Treating a Case of Freshly Rup- 
tured Perinaeum,” “Fibroid Tumor Removed 
by Laparotomy,” “Yesico-Vaginical Fistula,” 
“Leowenthal theory of Menstruation,” “Mas- 
titis,” “Laceration of the Cervix Uteri,” “A 
Small Book on Amenorrhoea,” “Dysmenor- 
rhoea and Menorrhagia.” Nearly all of his 
articles have been extensively copied by med- 
ical journals in this country, and some by 
European journals. He holds the position of 
gynecologist to Harper Hospital, attending 
physician at the Woman’s Hospital and ob- 
stetrician of the House of Providence. He is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, and of the Michigan State Medical So- 
ciety, of which he was vice-president in 1885; 
desire for intellectual work, excelled as a stu- 
dent and took high rank in his studies, espe- 
cially those pertaining to natural sciences and 
mathematics. Before he had attained his fif- 
teenth year, he was compelled to engage in 
business, and after some time devoted to lith- 
ography, he entered the drug store of William 
Thum, and afterwards served in Duffield’s 
drug store, and with B. E. Sickler. He be- 
came proficient in the various details of the 
business, served one year as prescription clerk 
in Stearns’ drug store, and then began the 
study of medicine, his name being the first on 
the matriculation book of Detroit Medical 
College. Even before graduation he had 
charge of the college dispensary, and after his 
graduation, in 1870, he was immediately put 
in charge of the dispensary, and a few years 
later he held the same position in St. Mary’s 
Hospital Infirmary. He was appointed 
lecturer on Minor Surgery in the Detroit 
L/ 
Medical College, in 1871, and afterwards 
lecturer on Diseases of the Skin, and Clin- 
ical Medicine. He has lectured on al- 
most every branch of medical science, the 
most important subjects so treated being 
Diseases of Women and Children, Differen- 
tial Diagnosis, Nervous Diseases, Physical 
Diagnosis, Pathology, Chemistry, Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics. His taste and prac- 
tice gradually tended to the diseases of wom- 
en, and after holding a Professorship of Ma- 
teria Medica and Therapeutics in the Detroit 
Mpdical College for some years, in 1881 lie 
accepted the professorship of obstetrics and 
clinical gynecology, a position be has ever since 
held, amt on the consolidation of the Michigan 
College of Medicine he was appointed to the 
same position in the Detroit College of Med- 
icine. As a lecturer on medical subjects he 
has performed most satisfactory labors, is EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
77 
president of the Detroit Medical and Library 
Society ; a member of the Detroit Academy of 
Medicine, and of the British Gynecological 
Society; honorary member of the Owosso and 
Kalamazoo Academy of Medicine, and the 
Northwestern District Medical Society, and 
vice-president of the American Association of 
Obstetricians and Gynecologists. In 1891-92 
he was president of the Detroit Gynecological 
Society. About this time he gave up general 
practice and now devotes himself exclusively to 
abdominal surgery and the diseases peculiar 
to women. Pie has extensively written on 
these questions the title of some of his articles 
being; “One Year’s Work in Laparotomy,” 
“On the Technique of Vaginal Hysterectomy,” 
“Early Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer,” “On 
the New Laparotomy,” “On Some Cases of 
Extra Uterine Pregnancy,” and “Successful 
Porro Cesarian Sections.” His advance as a 
physician has been steady and sure; he has 
been a continuous student and a hard worker; 
his practice has grown into an extensive and 
remunerative one and he finds his time and 
hands fully occupied. He has given to cer- 
tain diseases (dose and special attention and 
has worked out for them peculiar, independ- 
ent and successful modes of treatment. Among 
his professional brethren he holds the place 
due to his talents and manly character, and is 
ever ready to aid any enterprise that may be 
originated for the good of the public. Al- 
though his professional duties are onerous, he 
finds time for general reading and keeps well 
informed in a wide range of intellectual cul- 
ture ; is thorough and earnest in all he under- 
takes, and has the undivided good will and 
respect of the community in which he dwells. 
He was married October 18, 1870, to Hattie 
Rohnert, who had for some time been a 
teacher in one of the public schools. 
CATES, Abraham Barker, of Minneapolis, 
Minn., son of Dr. C. B. Cates, was born in 
East Vapalboro, Maine, May 12, 1854. He 
received his academic education at Colby Uni- 
versity, Waterville, Maine, taking the degree 
of A. B. in 1874, and the degree of A. M. 
in 1877. For three years subsequent to 
graduation he was principal of the High 
School at Cherryfleld, Maine. At the expira- 
tion of this time he entered the medical de- 
partment of Harvard University, from which 
he graduated in 1880. The following year was 
spent abroad in post-graduate work, principally 
under the tutelage of Carl Braun, Welponer, 
Bandl, Rokitansky and Lott, at Vienna; 
Winckel, at Dresden; and Schroeder and 
Martin at Berlin. Immediately after his re- 
turn from Europe he began practice in Minne- 
apolis, where he has since resided. Coincident 
with the beginning of his practice were his 
lectures on Obstetrics, in the Minnesota Col- 
lege Hospital. The school then organized is 
now the Department of Medicine and Surgery 
of the University of Minnesota, in which he 
still lectures on the same subject. For several 
years he acted as secretary of the faculty. In 
1883-84 he served as city physician of Min- 
neapolis. On June 19, 1889, he was married 
to Abby Wilder Jewett, daughter of Samuel 
A. Jewett, of Jewett Mills, Wisconsin. He is 
a member of several medical societies, an ex- 
president of the Society of Physicians and 
Surgeons and Obstetrician to the Asbury Meth- 
odist Hospital. 
CATHELL, D. Webster, of Baltimore, Md., 
was born November 29, 1839, in Worcester 
county, Md., his ancestors being among the ear- 
liest English and Scotch settlers of Maryland. 
Pie received his professional education at the 
Maryland University and Long Island College, 
receiving the degree of M. D., June 29, 1865. 
Pie commenced practicing in Baltimore im- 
mediately after his graduation, and has ever 
since remained in that city. He is a member 
of the Maryland State Faculty, and several 
other medical societies. He has been identi- 
fied with the Baltimore Medical Association, 
and the Medical and Surgical Society of Balti- 
more since their origin, and in 1872 was 
president of the last-named society. Among 
his many contributions to medical literature, 
the following ai’e the most note-worthy: An 
essay on “Eczema in the Pudendal Region;” 
“Use of Belladonna in Scarlatina Anginosa;” 
essays on “Medical Ethics;” and an exceed- 
ingly popular work, entitled, “The Physician 
Himself,” of which many editions have been 
issued. He was surgeon of the Bth Regiment 
Maryland National Guards, examining surgeon 
of the militia, and United States examiner of 
pensioners. In 1872 he was elected Professor 
of Pathology in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, of Baltimore. 
CHAILLE, Stanford Emerson, of New Or- 
leans, La., was born in Natchez, Miss., July 9, 
1830, and is of French descent. As early as 
1396 and for many years thereafter, the 
Chaille family gave to Poitiers, France, many 
mayors and other officials. Catholic descend- 
ants of the family still live near La Rochelle, 
the seaport nearest to Poitiers. Certainly as 
early as 1650 one branch became Huguenots or 
Protestants. According to family tradition, 
about 1685, when the “Irrevocable Edict of 
Nantes” was repealed and Catholic persecu- 
tion reached its horrible culmination, Pierre 
Chaille, a Huguenot, having witnessed the 
massacre of his family, succeeded, when a 
youth, in escaping to an English vessel at 
La Rochelle, and took refuge for years in 
England. Pie married a Miss Margaret 
Brown, said to have been a Pluguenot and 
therefore was probably named Marguerite Le 
Brun. About 1700 he is believed to have 
settled in Boston, Mass. His son Moses, who 
lived some years in Boston, emigrated to the 
eastern shore of Maryland in 1710, became 
wealthy, and died there in 1763, He married 
Miss Mary Allen, a sister of Judge Allen, and 
a sister also of the wife of the Rev. Jno. 
Rosse, the first pastor of the Episcopal 
church, built in 1734 at Snowhill, Md. Col. 
Peter Chaille, the only son of Moses and 
Mary Chaille, was a distinguished patriot in 
the revolutionary war, a member of the Mary- 
land convention of 1775, a subscriber to funds 
for carrying on the war, a delegate to sign and 
ratify the United States constitution, and a 
member for more than twenty years of the 
Maryland legislature. He married Miss Com- 
fort Houston (whose father was a Scotch gen- 
tleman and her mother a Miss Quinton), and 
they left four sons and four daughters who 
bore descendants. Win. Chaille, a younger 
son of Col. Peter Chaille, was born in 1767, 
and died in 1800, married Anne Handy, who 
was born in 1775 and died in 1814. Anne 
Handy was the daughter of Col. Eben Handy, 
a patriot of the war for independence; he was 
a great grandson of the Samuel Handy, who, 
lauding in America in 1675, became the Amer- 78 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
lean progenitor of very numerous Handys 
now living in the United States. The only 
children of Win. Chaille and Anne Handy 
were Peter Chaille, who died young and un- 
married, and Win. Hamilton Chaille, the 
father of Dr. Chaille. Win. Hamilton Chaille 
was born in Salisbury, Md., March 1, 1799, 
emigrated to Natchez, Miss., in 1819, and 
there died, August 13, 1836, prosperous, loved 
and honored. October 23, 1828, he married at 
Vienna, Md., Mary Eunice Priscilla Stanford, 
born in Maryland, November 19, 1804, and 
died in Natchez, April 22, 1844. She was the 
daughter of Dr. Clement Stanford and his 
wife Anne Dashiell, and a niece of Hon. 
Richard Stanford, a member of the United 
States Congress from North Carolina, 1797 to 
1816. The Stanfords were of the English cav- 
aliers, and the first Richard Stanford landed 
in Virginia, in 1635. Dr. Chaille’s direct de- 
scent is from the earliest settlers of the 
United States, and noted patriots in 1776; 
had appointed her husband’s dearest friend 
and her son’s godfather, Hubbard Emerson of 
Massachusetts, as her son’s guardian. To him, 
who proved to be a faithful and beloved sec- 
ond father, the son was sent, and was in 1844 
entered at Phillips Academy, South Andover, 
Mass., and was there graduated in 1847. He 
was at Harvard College 1847-1851. He is an 
A. B. of 1851, and an A. M. of 1854 of Har- 
vard. He began the study of medicine (1851) 
and was graduated (1853) by the medical de- 
partment of the University of Louisiana, now 
the Tulane University, Louisiana. In 1860-61 
he was a student in Paris in the laboratory of 
Claude Bernard, then the world’s most emi- 
nent physiologist. He renewed his studies in 
Paris in 1866-7. During the rebellion he 
served in the Confederate army, and held the 
following positions: Private Orleans light 
horse 1861-2; acting surgeon-general of Louis- 
iana, February 17 to May 1, 1862; surgeon and 
medical inspector army of Tennessee, staff of 
Gen. Braxton Bragg, May 12, 1862, to July 24, 
1863; surgeon in charge of Fair Ground No. 2 
Hospital, Atlanta, Ga., 1863; surgeon in 
charge of the Ocmulgee Hospital, Macon, Ga., 
January, 1864, to May, 1865, when he was cap- 
tured and paroled. He returned to New Or- 
leans September, 1865. He was resident stu- 
dent of New Orleans Charity Hospital, 1852-3; 
resident physician United States Marine Hos- 
pital, 1853-4; resident physician Circus Street 
Infirmary, 1854-60; co-editor and proprietor of 
New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 
1857-68; demonstrator of anatomy in medical 
department University of Louisiana, 1858-67; 
lecturer on obstetrics, 1865- 6; professor physi- 
ology and pathological anatomy, 1867 to pres- 
ent time; chosen to deliver one of the ten 
addresses (the one on Medical Jurisprudence), 
before the International Medical Congress, 
Philadelphia, 1876; appointed by the United 
States Congress one of the twelve experts to 
investigate the great yellow fever epidemic of 
1878 and was chosen secretary of this board, 
1878-9; appointed by the National Board of 
Health one of the four members of the Ha- 
vana Yellow Fever Commission, was chosen 
and served as president thereof, 1879; appoint- 
ed by the National Board of Health its “execu- 
tive agent” at New Orleans, with the title of 
“Supervising Inspector of the National Board 
of Health, March, 1881, to October, 1882; com- 
missioned by the President of the United 
States one of the seven civilian members of the 
National Board of Health, January, 1885, to the 
present time; delivered crowded popular lect- 
ures on physiology and hygiene to school 
teachers and the public for four years, 1884-8; 
chosen dean of medical department Tulane 
University, La., March 31, 1885, to the present 
time; appointed by Tulane University profes- 
sor of physiology and hygiene in the collegi- 
ate department, 1886-8; chosen (1885) chair- 
man of the section of hygiene of the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress, held at Washington 
1887, but could not accept this high honor; 
attended Ex-President Jefferson Davis, Dr. 
Cbaille’s most honored friend, in adversity as 
in prosperity, in his last illness, November and 
December,lBB9; appointed Professor of Physiol- 
ogy, Hygiene and Pathological Arfatomy, medi- 
cal department Tulane University, La.,lB9o,and 
was chosen the Louisiana member of the com- 
mittee on the organization of the Pan-Ameri- 
can Medical Congress, 1891-3. Contributions 
among these ancestral families are those of 
Stanford, Handy, Dashiell, Houston, Quinton, 
Adams and Polk. Three of Dr. Chaille’s four 
great grandfathers, and many more of his re- 
lations were soldiers of 1776. Dr. Chaille is 
the only child of Win. 11. Chaille and his wife 
Mary Stanford. Both sides of his family for 
generations were stanch members of the 
Episcopal church. Dr. Chaille married, Feb- 
ruary 23, 1857, Laura E. Mountfort, daughter 
of Lieutenant-colonel Jno. Mountfort, United 
States army, son of Joseph Mountfort, one of 
the famous Boston “Tea Party” of 1773. The 
Mountforts are a Boston family descended 
from Edmund Mountfort, who settled in Bos- 
ton in 1656. Dr. Chaille’s only child is Mary 
Laura Chaille, born November 16, 1857, wife 
of Dr. David Jamison, of New Orleans. They 
have two children, Stanford Chaille Jamison, 
born 1887, and David Chaille Jamison, born 
1888. Dr. Chaille was educated by private 
tutors until his mother’s death in 1844. She EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
79 
to medical literature were begun by him in 1853 
and have been numerous since. The most im- 
portant are -to be found, when not otherwise 
stated, in the New Orleans Medical and Surg- 
ical Journal, and are as follows: Eight articles 
on the Vital Statistics of New Orleans, 1868, 
1870-2-4, 1880-3, and in connection with Voters 
1874-6, published by United States Congress; 
“Origin and Progress of Medical Jurispru- 
dence,” Transactions International Medical 
Congress 1876-7; “Human Anatomy and Evo- 
lution,” 1879, New York Medical Record; “Med- 
ical Colleges, Profession, and Public,” 1874; 
“State Medicine and Medical Organization,” 
Transactions Louisiana State Medical Society, 
1879; “State Medicine and State Medical So- 
cieties,” Transactions American Medical As- 
sociation, 1879; “Sanitation and Evolution,” 
Transactions American Public Health Associ- 
ation, Volume VI, 1881 ; “Abuse of Alcoholics,” 
Transactions American Public Health Associ- 
ation, Volume XII, 1887; Appendix to Conclu- 
sions Board Yellow Fever Experts, United 
States Congress, 1879; Preliminary Report 
Havana Yellow Fever Commission in Volume 
11, 1880, of Annual Report National Board of 
Health, and in Volumes 111, IV, other reports 
on Yellow Fever; “Prevention of Yellow 
Fever,” 1882; “Small-pox and Vaccination,” 
1883, published by New Orleans Auxiliary 
Sanitary Association; “Importance of the 
Study of Hygiene in Schools,” 1882; “School 
Books on Physiology and Hygiene,” 1883; 
“Inundations and their Influence on Health,” 
1882, 1883; “Infants, Their Chronological 
Progress,” 1887; numerous official reports, 
annual catalogues, and catalogues of alumni in 
behalf of the medical department Tulane Un- 
iversity, La., 1885-1893. Chiefly to Dr. 
Chaille, as chairman of Committee on State 
Medicine, in Louisiana State Medical Society, 
is due the clause in favor of State medicine in 
the Louisiana constitution of 1879, and also 
several laws enacted by Louisiana. He has 
been familiar with yellow fever epidemics 
since 1850, and studied it in New Orleans for 
many years when it prevailed annually. Dr. 
Chaille is an honorary member of the College 
of Physicians, Philadelphia; of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland; of the 
Academy of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba, 
and of the Louisiana Pharmaceutical Associa- 
tion. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association; of the American Public 
Health Association, Louisiana State Medical 
Society; Orleans Parish Medical Society; 
Louisiana Educational Association; New Or- 
leans Auxiliary Sanitary Association, etc. 
Among many compliments paid to Dr. 
Chaille none have been more valued than the 
very many evidences of confidence, esteem 
and affection of the Hon. Jefferson Davis, be- 
fore, during and after his presidency of the 
Confederate States. In 1880, the two foremost 
men in the American medical profession 
Professor S. D. Gross, M. D., of Philadelphia, 
and Professor Nathan S. Davis, M. D., of Chi- 
cago—surpassed all other friends in laudatory 
letters to the President of the United States, 
commending Dr. Chaille for appointment as a 
member of the national board of health. 
Once a week for eight months, during four 
years, Dr. Chaille delivered popular lectures 
on physiology and hygiene, which were always 
overcrowded, and brought to him many other 
flattering evidences of public appreciation. 
Prof. S. D. Gross, M. D., was President of the 
International Medical Congress, held in Phil- 
adelphia, in 1876, and publicly announced that 
he would rigidly limit every one of the ten 
addresses to the sixty minutes allotted to every 
speaker. Dr. Chaille’s address on Medical 
Jurispiudence exceeded sixty minutes, but 
when his allotted hour had expired he halted, 
and, turning to Professor Gross, said: “Mr. 
President, my hour has expired, and I await 
your orders.” The president eagerly ex- 
claimed, “Go on, sir; go on, we don’t stop a 
race-horse when we get him on the track.” 
CHANCELLOR, Charles Williams, of Balti- 
more, Md., was horn near Fredericksburg,Va., 
February 19, 1833. His father was Major San- 
ford Chancellor, a soldier of the war of 1812, 
and his paternal grandmother was a sister of 
Hon. John Edwards, one of the first two 
United States senators from Kentucky, and an 
■ Bunt of Governor, afterwards Senator, Winian 
Edwards, of Illinois. His classical education 
was acquired at Georgetown College, D. C. 
He studied medicine at the University of Vir- 
ginia, and Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- 
phia, graduating in 1853-54. Later in life he 
pursued his studies in France and Germany. 
He practiced first in Alexandria, Va.; but at 
the beginning of the civil war he entered the 
Confederate army, and was assigned to duty 
as medical director of General Pickett’s Divis- 
ion. After the war he located in Memphis, 
Tenn., and was connected with the health de- 
partment of that city during the terrible 
epidemics of cholera and yellow fever, in 1866 
and 1867, respectively. In 1868 he was ap- 
pointed professor of anatomy and subse- 
quently professor of surgery in the Washing- 
ton University (now College of Physicians and 
Surgeons), Baltimore. He was, for six years, 
a member of the Baltimore city council, and 80 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
two years president of the upper branch. He 
was president of the Board of Managers of the 
Maryland State Insane Asylum for a number of 
years, and devoted much time to the interests of 
the institution. In 1876, he was made secretary 
and executive officer of the Maryland State 
Board of Health, which he had been mainly 
instrumental in inducing tbe Legislature to 
establish as an essential department of the 
State government, and has continued in that 
position ever since. Besides numerous con- 
tributions to current medical and sanitary lit- 
erature, he has written and published the 
following works: “The Charitable and Penal 
Institutions of Maryland;” “Sanitation of 
Cities and Towns;” “Improved Methods of 
Sewage Disposal;” “A Treatise on Mineral 
Waters and Sea-side Resorts,” and “The Cli- 
mate of the Eastern Shore of Maryland.” Dr. 
Chancellor has been twice married. His first 
wife was the great granddaughter of Chief 
Justice John Marshall, of Virginia; his second 
marriage was with Miss Martha A. Butler, of 
Tennessee, a great granddaughter of Colonel 
Thomas Butler, of revolutionary fame, and a 
great niece of Mrs. Andrew Jackson, of “The 
Hermitage.” 
CHANCELLOR, Eustathius Anderson, of 
St. Louis, Mo., was born at Chancellorsville, 
Spottsylvania county, Va., on August 29, 1854. 
He is a son of Doctor James Edgar Chancellor 
and Dorothea J. (Anderson) Chancellor, and 
comes of English descent. He received a 
thorough classical education at the Charlottes- 
ville (Va.) Institute, Locust Dale Academy, 
where he achieved many honors for literary 
work, and the University of Virginia; in this 
latter institution, besides mastering ancient 
and modern languages, he pursued the studies 
of civil and mining engineering for eighteen 
months, when ill health supervened and he 
was required to permanently give up this avo- 
cation. In 1876 he graduated in the medical 
department of the University of Virginia, and 
one year later received a second diploma from 
the University of Maryland, School of Medi- 
cine. In the meantime he was appointed res- 
ident student and physician to the University 
Hospital of Baltimore and for two years there- 
after remained in this institution, at the same 
time held the position of prosector to the 
chair of anatomy in the Maryland University. 
Many of the surgical clinics in this institution 
for years were reported by him in the 
Maryland Medical Journal and the Virginia 
Medical Monthly. Subsequently he attended 
clinics at the University of Pennsylvania. In 
1879 he located at the University of Virginia 
and Charlottesville, being associated with his 
father in the practice of medicine and sur- 
gery up to the time of his departure for St. 
Louis in 1880. Scarcely had one year elapsed 
before he became a victim of typhoid fever 
and spinal meningitis which made him an in- 
valid for more than six months. He rapidly 
accumulated a practice after convalescence 
and united with a number of secret orders. 
His ability and studious habits recommending 
him, he became medical examiner of some 
twenty or more of these societies. He con- 
tributed many valuable papers to the medical 
press, some of which may be mentioned: 
“The Treatment of Delirium Tremens,” 1881; 
“Successful Operation for Deformity of the 
Wrist,” 1881; “Gonon’heal Articular Rheu- 
matism,” 1883; “Treatment of Diabetes In- 
sipidus,” 1883; “Syphilis in Men,” 1884, 
and “Causes of Sexual Depravity—A Rem- 
edy,” 1885. He was elected supreme med- 
ical director of the Legion of Honor in 1886, 
but declined to be re-elected in 1889, having 
filled the position efficiently and satisfactorily 
for three consecutive years. As a ready med- 
ical writer, a fluent and lucid lecturer, his rep- 
utation is wrell established, being an energetic 
worker in several local as well as many State 
medical societies. He was one of the found- 
ers of the Beaumont Hospital Medical College, 
in 1885, and filled the chair of dermatology 
and syphilology until 1890, when he resigned 
by reason of his growing popularity and in- 
creased practice. No one has done more than 
he to advance the high standard of life in- 
surance examinations, and characterize this 
field as a distinct specialty. He has the good 
fortune to be medical examiner of many of the 
best life insurance and accident companies in 
the land, and represents several traveling 
men’s mutual associations. In 1884 he was 
made corresponding secretary of St. Louis 
Medical Society; also became a member of the 
American Medical Association, and a member 
of the Tri-State Medical Society. In the same 
year he graduated with a degree of Master of 
Arts, from St. Louis University. In 1888 he 
was commissioned State Medical Examiner of 
the Royal Arcanum, for Missouri. In 1891, he 
was appointed by the Governor of Missouri the 
Medical Director of the National Guard of 
Missouri. In 1891 he was elected Second Vice- 
President of the Association of Military Sur- 
geons of the National Guard of the United States 
and in the following year, at the annual meet- 
ing in St. Louis, was made its secretary. In 
1889, he wrote several descriptive articles for 
the daily press, on “Travels Through the Pacific EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
81 
Slope and the Northwest,” which were ex- 
tensively published and widely circulated. 
CHANCELLOR, James Edgar, of Char- 
lottesville, Virginia, was born at Chancel- 
lorsville, Spottsylvania county, that State, 
January 26, 1826. He is the youngest 
son of George and Ann Chancellor and is 
of English descent. He was educated at 
Fredericksburg Classical Academy, and had 
as his preceptor in medicine Dr. G. F. 
Carmichael, of Fredericksburg, Va. He ma- 
triculated as a student of medicine in the 
University of Virginia, at the session of 1846-47, 
and obtained his M. D. degree at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in the spring 
of 1848. Located in the gold mining district 
of his native county, near Chancellorsville. 
In 1853 he married Miss Josephine Anderson, 
of Spottsylvania county, and subsequently 
removed to Court House, the county seat, where 
he enjoyed a large practice up to the outbreak 
risonburg, but owing to the peculiar circum- 
stances that environed him, and by request 
of Surgeon J. L. Cabell (surgeon in charge), 
he was continued on duty at General Flospital, 
Charlottesville. The movement of Gen- 
eral Sheridan, in the spring of 1865, cutting 
off communication with the army of Northern 
Virginia, closed the General Hospital at Char- 
lottesville. With an ambulance, a wounded 
soldier, and some medical stores, he set out to 
join General J. E. Johnston’s command, then 
in Georgia. The surrender of General R. E. 
Lee, at Appomattox, caused his final return to 
Charlottesville, where he resumed the practice 
of his profession. Was appointed demon- 
strator of anatomy in the University of Vir- 
ginia; entered upon his duties in October, 
1865, continuing to 1872. Owing to shattered 
health, from a dissecting wound, resigned the 
position and again resumed general practice in 
Charlottesville. During the summer season, 
for the past twenty-five years, has been resi- 
dent physician to some of the principal mineral 
springs of Virginia; a prominent member of the 
Medical Society of Virginia since 1871; vice- 
president of same in 1874 and 1880, and its 
president in 1883. (It was during his term of 
office the State board of medical examiners 
was organized.) Was a member of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association since 1875, and the 
American Public Health Association, in 1878. 
In 1885 he was elected and served one term as 
professor to the chair of Obstetrics and Dis- 
eases of AVomen and Children in the Uni- 
versity of Florida, at Tallahassee; also filled 
the chair of Anatomy; resigned both chairs; 
appointed by the governor of Virginia a mem- 
ber of the State medical examining board, in 
1890. Medical papers published: “Treatment 
of Ingrowing Toe Nails;” “Use of lodoform 
in Syphilis;” “Origin and Use of Natural 
Alineral AVaters;” “Cremation and Inhuma- 
tion Compared,” and “Ancient Medicine, its 
History.” Among the more important surgi- 
cal operations—removal of a fibroid growth, 
involving right parotid gland (1863), with re- 
covery ; removal of right clavical for osteo- 
sarcoma (1889), with recovery. 
CHAPMAN, Henry C.. of Philadelphia, Pa., 
son of Lieut. George W. Chapman, United States 
navy, grandson of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, 
formerly Professor in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, was born in Philadelphia, August 17, 
1845. He was educated at the University of 
Pennsylvania, graduating from the medical 
department of that institution in 1867. After 
spending three years in Europe he returned to 
this country, and settled in Philadelphia. He 
is a member of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, and of the American Philosophical 
Society of Philadelphia. He has held the 
position of prosector of the Zoological So- 
ciety. He is the author of “Evolution of 
Life,” and of various papers in the Proceed- 
ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences and 
in medical journals. He was formerly physi- 
cian of the coroner of the city of Philadel- 
phia. He was for some time lecturer on anat- 
omy and physiology at the University of 
Pennsylvania. Since 1880 he has been Profes- 
sor of Institutes of Medicine and Medical Ju- 
risprudence. 
CHAPMAN, Nathaniel, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Summer Hill, Fairfax county, 
ATa., May 28, 1780, and died July 1, 1853. His 
father was of English, and his mother of 
/f(l'mt. 
of the war between the States. In 1861 he 
was commissioned assistant surgeon of Con- 
federate States army, and assigned to duty at 
the General Hospital, Confederate States 
army, Charlottesville, Va. In the spring of 
1862, he was joined by his family, at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia. In July following his 
wife died, leaving four sons and a daughter. 
He married Mrs. Gabriella Mays, of Albemarle 
county, November 2, 1867. In 1862 he was pro- 
moted to full surgeon, and continued on duty at 
General Hospital Confederate States army, 
at Charlottesville, which had a capacity 
of live hundred to six hundred beds. In the 
spring of 1864 he was appointed a member of 
the reserved surgical corps, and ordered to the 
battle-field of the Wilderness and Spottsyl- 
vania Court-house, and around Richmond. 
Returned to General Hospital, Charlottesville; 
was ordered to take charge of hospital at 
Drury’s Bluff, and subsequently to Har- 82 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Scotch descent. He was educated at the Clas- 
sical Academy of Alexandria, and commenced 
the study of medicine with Dr. Weems of 
Georgetown, from whom he was transferred 
to Dr. Dick of Alexandria, whose name has 
been handed down in connection with the last 
hours of Washington. In 1797 he went to 
Philadelphia to attend the lectures in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. While a student he 
attracted the notice of Dr. Benjamin Rush, 
and became one of his private pupils. At his 
suggestion Chapman presented an inaugural 
thesis on hydrophobia in answer to an attack 
on Dr. Rush's favorite theory on the pathol- 
ogy of that disease. Upon the completion of 
his studies at the university and graduation in 
1800, Dr. Chapman went abroad, and in Lon- 
don attended the teachings, among others, of 
the celebrated surgeon Mr. Abernethy. He 
afterwards spent some time in Edinburg, and 
returning to the United States settled himself 
in Philadelphia in 1804. Very soon after his 
return from Europe he gave a private course 
on obstetrics, and his success in this line led 
to his appointment as assistant of Dr. Thomas 
C. James, then professor of midwifery in the 
University of Pennsylvania and three years 
later he became professor of materia medica in 
this institution. Having succeeded Dr. Bar- 
ton in the chair of materia medica, in 1813, 
Dr. Chapman was fortunate in maintaining 
the interest that had attached to that impor- 
tant branch; not by natural history, or even 
strictly pharmacological expositions, but by 
luminous explanations of the scope and pur- 
poses of the materia medica—of its proper 
application to the cure of disease. In his pre- 
lections upon this subject he was especially 
happy, pointing out in detail the appropriate 
use of each particular article, and illustrating 
his remarks by sound appeals to his abundant 
experience; indeed, his instruction partook so 
much of a clinical nature, and placed so much 
valuable practical information at the command 
of the student, that it could not but fix the 
attention of the latter, if solicitous to prepare 
himself for the responsible duties of Ids pro- 
fession. In this chair he laid the foundation 
of that eminence he attained when called 
upon again to succeed Dr. Barton and assume 
the responsibilities of the chair of practical 
medicine. His “Elements of Materia Medi- 
ca,” published in 1817, contain the exemplifi- 
cation of his manner of communicating use- 
ful suggestions and practical directions for the 
employment of medicinal articles. With ref- 
erence to this work we may appropriately 
quote the comment of one qualified to express 
an opinion. In the account of the contribu- 
tions to this branch of medicine by American 
physicians, Dr. Wood uses the following lan- 
guage: “Hitherto we have done little more 
than add to the products of the European 
press our peculiar knowledge in relation to 
indigenous medicines. Dr. Chapman took a 
bolder flight, and by the publication of a sys- 
tematic and original treatise, containing elab- 
orate doctrine, interesting practical views, and 
highly important therapeutical facts of a gen- 
eral character, placed us at once upon a foot- 
ing with English authorship in this department 
of medicine.” In 1816 Dr. Chapman received 
his appointment as professor of the theory 
and practice of medicine, of institutes, and 
clinical medicine. In 1860 Dr. Chapman re- 
signed the chair of practice which he had so 
eminently filled during the long period of 
thirty-four years. Although American medi- 
cine is under lasting obligations to this great 
physician, it would be unfair to attribute to 
him greater power or capacity than existing 
opportunities warranted. In this early day it 
must not be supposed that he could change the 
character of medicine, or that, by the means at 
his command as a practicing physician, he 
could elevate it from its position as a highly 
cultivated art, to a lofty science. “At this 
time general anatomy was unknown. Patho- 
logical anatomy had revealed only the grosser 
alterations of "the organs. Physiology shed 
no illuminating ray on pathology and practice. 
Pathology was almost entirely conjectural; 
chemistry was incapable of solving the actions 
of living beings, and the attempts made were 
deceptions; while the microscope had not 
poured forth its revelations of minute and 
elementary structure. What could be done, 
under these circumstances, but to collect to- 
gether the most perfect portions of the wreck 
of the methodical system, which in reality 
were the embodied experience and tested facts 
of centuries of practical observation, and to 
rearrange and reconstruct them into system- 
atic order. By this plan he could, in the most 
effective manner, accomplish the main object 
of his chair, the teaching of the best practical 
methods of treating and curing diseases, and 
of educating for society sound medical practi- 
tioners.” One of his biographers, Dr. Joseph 
Carson, writes, that there were two promi- 
nent features in the medical teaching of Dr. 
Chapman, who was a thorough solidist and 
vitalist. The f rst was his advocacy of the 
doctrine of association between the organs and 
systems of the body in health and disease ; the 
agency of their associated actions being due to 
“sympathy” or consent of parts. This doc- 
trine will be found to be recognized in some 
form of other through the writings of the most 
celebrated physician of all time; but the de- 
tails of its expression were indefinite and 
vague, and it was not even admitted that the 
nervous system was necessary for the harmo- 
nious operation of the organs and tissues, for 
the performance of uniform functional acts; 
and hence sympathies were spoken of, for 
want of a more appropriate term, beyond the 
limits of those now admitted. It should be 
remembered that at the commencement of the 
present century the functions of particular 
nerves and of the different portions of 
the nervous centers were unknown. The 
discovery of the motor and sensitive col- 
umns of the spinal marrow first lifted the 
veil which concealed the secret machinery of 
nervous action, and led to the only philosoph- 
ical method of experimenting—the study of 
the nerves separately in their functional re- 
lations. It is to be inferred that Dr. Chap- 
man derived his ideas of sympathy from the 
writings of Cullen, and of the professors of 
the French school, and he adhered to them to 
the termination of his career, during which 
revelation upon revelation was made in this 
line of research. By the investigations of Sir 
Charles Bell, Magendie, Flourens, Muller, 
Hall, Bernard, Brown - Sequard and others, 
sympathy from a mythical condition has as- 
sumed a tangible form for the enlightenment 
and guidance of practitioners of medicine and 
surgery. The error committed by Dr. Chap- 
man was the rejection of the proof of an in- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
83 
troduction into the circulation of medicinal or 
noxious substances, Much has now become 
irrefragible and constitutes, in gi’eater measure, 
the foundation of modern medicine. The 
second peculiarity of Dr. Chapman’s teaching, 
was the prominent part attributed to the 
stomach in connection with numerous dis- 
eases; indeed, the “fons et origo” of a large 
number of them. He, however, was not a main- 
tainerof the opinion that gastric derangement 
was uniformly inflammatory; and in this he 
differed from Broussais, but he fully recognized 
the stomach as a ruling power in the mainte- 
nance of disease, and in directing the means 
for its removal. In this particular he most 
probably, while in London, was seriously im- 
pressed by the opinions and practice of Aber- 
nathy, which are as worthy of commendation 
at the present time as they were when first 
urged upon the profession by that wise and 
skillful surgeon. Therapeutics was essentially 
Dr. Chapman’s forte, and in this line, from his 
ready and abundant resources, he was a mas- 
ter. The truth of the following character of 
Dr. Chapman, as a lecturer, in the eulogy of 
his colleague, Dr. Jackson, must be accepted 
by all who have listened.to his public efforts: 
“He was self-possessed, deliberate, and em- 
phatic. Whenever warmed with his subject, 
Ids animation became oratorical. Often the 
tedium of dry matter would be enlivened by 
some stroke of wit, or happy pun, an anecdote, 
or quotation. He was furnished with stores 
of facts and cases, drawn from his own large 
experience and observation, illustrating prin- 
ciples, diseases, or treatment under discussion. 
His bearing was dignified, manners easy, and 
gestures graceful. He had a thorough com- 
mand over the attention of his class, with 
whom he always possessed unbounded popu- 
larity. His voice had a peculiar intonation, 
depending upon some defect in the conforma- 
tion of the palate, and rendered the articula- 
tion of some words an effort. The first time 
he was heard the ear experienced some diffi- 
culty in distinguishing his words. This was 
of short duration; for one accustomed to the 
tone, his enunciation was remarkable for its 
distinctness. Students would often take notes 
of his lectures nearly verbatim.” For many 
years he gave clinical lectures in the hospital 
of the Philadelphia almshouse. For some 
time he was president of the Philadelphia 
Medical Society, president of the American 
Philosophical Society, and was the first presi- 
dent of the American Medical Association. 
In 1820, Dr. Chapman became the proprietor 
and editor of the Philadelphia Journal of the 
Medical and Physical Sciences. In 1825 he was 
assisted in conducting it by Dr. Dewees and 
Dr. John D. Godmau. This periodical, in 
1827, became the American Journal of the Med- 
ical Sciences, and has been continued under 
the able editorship of Dr. Isaac Hays. Dur- 
ing his lifetime, Dr. Chapman furnished some 
lectures to the Medical Examiner, and a few 
others were printed in book form. His pub- 
lished works includes “Select Speeches, For- 
ensic and Parliamentary;” “Elements of 
Therapeutics and Materia Medica;” “Lectures 
on Eruptive Fevers, Hemorrhages and Drop- 
sies, and on Gout and Rheumatism;” also 
“Lectures on the Thoracic Viscera.” 
CHAPMAN, W. Carroll, of Louisville, 
Ky., was born in Hartford, Ky., June 
17, 1863, of American parents, descended 
from English and Scotch. He was edu- 
cated in private school until thirteen years 
old, when he was sent to Cecilian College 
until within a few months of graduation. 
Was forced to leave at this time on account of 
illness. He began the study of medicine in 
his seventeenth year, under Dr. S. L. Deny 
of Hartford, Ivy., taking also a special course 
at the Hartford College in chemistry, anatomy 
and physiology. He graduated in medicine 
in 1884 at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons in Baltimore. He received the appoint- 
ment of resident physician of the Maternite; 
was also appointed assistant demonstrator of 
chemistry in the laboratory of the same col- 
lege. During the summer of 1883 he was as- 
sistant in the Charity Eye and Ear Hospital in 
Baltimore. He practiced medicine for a few 
months at Cecilia, Ky., during which time he 
was physician and surgeon to the Hardin Coun- 
ty Alms House. He resigned here and moved 
P'?'. (2 
to Louisville late in the year of 1885, having 
practiced medicine there since that time. Dr. 
Chapman is author of “Consumption and the 
Prophylactic Treatment,” “Resorcin as an An- 
tipyretic,” also “The Toxic Effect of Tobacco 
Vapor.” He is the editor of the Nexo Albany 
Medical Herald, secretary of the Jefferson Coun- 
ty Medical Society, and a member of the Ken- 
tucky State Medical Society, and of the Mis- 
sissippi Valley Medical Association. 
CHARLTON, Samuel H., of Seymour, Ind., 
was born in Jefferson county, Ind., November 
1, 1826, being the eldest of eleven children 
born to Thomas and Alice Henry-Charlton, 
who were among the earlier settlers both 
being of Scotch-Irish descent. At the age of 
four, his father removed to Switzerland county, 
where he raised and educated his children. 
The subject of this sketch attended the com- 
mon schools of his native section, and later, 
the Switzerland County Seminary, at Vevay. 
In 1846, at the age of twenty, he commenced 
the study of medicine, with Dr. Handy T. 84 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Davis, then practicing medicine at Pleasant, 
near Vevay; and later continued his studies 
with Dr. T. C. Gale, of Vevay. In the spring 
of 1850, after attending a coarse of lectures at 
the Western Reserve Medical College, at 
Cleveland, Ohio, he commenced the practice 
of his profession at Hardenburg, Jennings 
county, Ind. In December, 1852, he was mar- 
ried to Cordelia Andrews, daughter of Hon. 
Alanson Andrews and Laura Harding An- 
drews, of Vernon, Jennings cohnty, to which 
place he removed in 1854. In March, 1858, he 
removed to Seymour, Jackson county, where 
he permanently located, and is still engaged 
in the practice. He graduated from the Lou- 
isville Medical University in 1871. He was 
assistant surgeon of the Sixth Indiana Reg- 
iment, during the civil war. In 1878 he was 
president of the Jackson County Medical So- 
ciety ; in the same year was president of the 
Mitchell District Medical Society; in 1881 was 
doctor has always been a Republican. He is 
possessed of a genial, cordial nature qual- 
ities that endear him to all who know him. 
CHASSAIGNAC, Charles L., of New Or- 
leans, La., was born in that city January 25, 
1862. He is of French descent on Ids father’s 
side; his mother was a Louisianian. His 
father and uncle were both celebrities; the 
former, Prof. Eug. Chassaignac, was a talented 
composer of music, while the latter, Dr. E. 
Chassaignac, was a noted surgeon in Paris, the 
inventor of the “ecraseur,” the originator of 
surgical drainage and drainage tubes, and a 
prolific writer of surgical treatises. Dr. Chas- 
saignac was early imbued with the idea of 
taking up his uncle’s profession and com- 
menced reading medicine soon after gradu- 
ating from the New Orleans High School. He 
entered the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisiana in 1880, with Dr. A. W. 
De Roaldes as his preceptor. Asa result of 
his success in a competitive examination he 
became a resident student of the great Charity 
Hospital of New Orleans in 1881 and served 
in that institution two years, graduating in 
1883. The following year betook the position 
of chief of clinic to Prof. T. G. Richardson, 
who was then professor of surgery, and served 
him up to the time of Prof. Richardson’s re- 
tirement from active practice and his profes- 
sorship. Dr. Chassaignac served two terms with 
Prof. Logan, who succeeded Prof. Richardson 
to the chair of surgery. He then resigned be- 
cause his time was too much taken up with 
other professional duties. At this time he was 
elected Professor of Genito-urinary and Rec- 
tal Surgery in the New Orleans Polyclinic, the 
foremost post-graduate school in the South; he 
still occupies this chair, taking great interest 
in his teaching and in the welfare and progress 
of the “Polyclinic.” Dr. Chassaignac has 
been for several years, and is to-day, one of 
the visiting surgeons of the Charity Hospital 
and was for one or two years, early in his 
professional career, surgeon to the New Or- 
leans city police. The doctor still holds the 
position of district surgeon of the Illinois 
Central Railroad to which he was appointed 
nearly ten years ago. He is one of the 
founders of the New Orleans Training School 
for Nurses the first of its kind in Louisiana, 
and is a member of the faculty of that institu- 
tion. After filling the position of secretary 
and treasurer of the Orleans Parish Medical 
Society for three consecutive terms, he was 
elected president of that society in 1890, and 
has been re-elected each year to preside over 
the destinies of the society which he has done 
a good deal to build up and which owes very 
much to his energy. He was once vice-presi- 
dent of the Louisiana State Medical Society, 
and is a member of the National Association 
of Railway Surgeons. Dr. Chassaignac has 
often contributed to the pages of the New Or- 
leans Medical and Surgical Journal, where his 
articles have usually attracted some attention, 
being frequently reproduced in other journals. 
While the teaching of his branch at the New 
Orleans Polyclinic causes the doctor to devote 
a great deal of time and work to genito-urin- 
ary and rectal diseases, both in his hospital la- 
bors and in his private practice, he has not 
abandoned as yet the field of general prac- 
tice and has a remarkably good clientele. 
Besides all this, the doctor has managed to 
devote some time to charitable institutions, 
4.<n. 
first vice-president of the Tri-State Medical 
Society of Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky; 
in 1882, was vice-president of the Indiana 
State Medical Society, and in 1888 was presi- 
dent of the Indiana State Medical Society; in 
1887, he became a member of the International 
Medical Congress, which met at Washington 
city, and served as a member of the council of 
the section on diseases of children. In 1890, 
he was appointed a member of the pension 
board of examining surgeons, at Seymour, and 
at its organization was elected president of the 
board. Dr. Charlton and his wife are both 
zealous members of the First Presbyterian 
church of Seymour; he has been a ruling 
elder for twenty years, and was, in 1879, com- 
missioner to the general assembly, at Sara- 
toga, N. Y. In his fraternal relations he holds 
a membership with the orders of Masons, Odd- 
fellows and Knights of Honor, in which he 
has held several positions. In politics, the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
85 
and is particularly proud of his record at the 
Memorial Home, a reformatory institution for 
young women, where in about five years he 
has had over one hundred cases of accouche- 
ment, most of them in primipara, without the 
death of one single patient. 
posulphite of soda into the treatment of diph- 
theria with almost uniform success, if the 
cases were seen early. From 1877-81 he was 
professor of pathology and therapeutics and 
dean of the faculty in Boston Dental College, 
and professor of principles and practice and 
lecturer on the diseases of women and chil- 
dren in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of Boston, 1881-85. In 1890 he published 
a book, “Alcohol Inside Out.” He wrrote a 
prize essay on “Food and Cooking,” and he 
has written numerous articles for the medical, 
religious and secular press. He became a 
member of the Maine Medical Association the 
first year after its organization; is a Fellow of 
the Massachusetts Medical Society and mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association. 
CHENOWETH, William J., of Decatur, 111., 
was born in Greensburg, Ky., on the first day 
of December, 1823. His ancestors were 
amongst the first settlers of that State. His 
father, John S. Chenoweth, w'as born in 
Shelby county, and wras married January, 
1823, to Eliza Ross, daughter of Capt. William 
Ross, a Scotchman, then residing in Fayette 
county. He attended school at Augusta 
College, Ky., receiving the degree of A. B. in 
1841 and of A. M. in 1844. He was married 
May 19, 184(1, to Miss Leforgee, a grand- 
daughter of the celebrated “Mike” Cassidy, a 
contemporary of Boone and Kenton, and in- 
timate with both of them. While engaged as 
a book-keeper in his father’s store, in Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, the subject of this memoir studied 
anatomy and physiology under the direction 
and with the advice of Dr. N. Marshal, at the 
time one of the most learned and popular 
physicians in the city. After attending a sin- 
gle course of lectures at the Medical College 
of Ohio in the winter of 1849-50, he com- 
menced the practice of medicine—at the time 
'o^-/yie'l^. 
CHENERY, Elisha, of Boston, Mass., son' 
of Elisha and Betsey (Philbrick) Chenery, 
was born at North Livermore, Maine, August 
23, 1829, being classmate in school with Sena- 
tor Wm. I). Wasburn. His ancestor Lambert 
came over from England with two sons, John 
and Isaac, in 1630, and settled in Watertown. 
Subsequently he with Isaac became first pro- 
prietors of the town of Dedham, where Isaac set- 
tled and became the father of Dr. Isaac Chen- 
ery. John married Widow Boylston, mother 
of Dr. Thomas Boylston, the first physician of 
Brookline, and through him the grandmother 
of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, who introduced in- 
noculation for small-pox into Boston. John 
had one son by her, after which he was killed 
in a battle with the Indians at Northfield, in 
King Phillip’s war. Dr. Chenery’s great 
grandfather was at Lexington and Bunker 
Hill, and his grandfather assisted in caring 
for the women and children, put in the stock- 
ade for protection. About 1790 he moved to 
Maine. Dr. Chenery, preparing for college, 
was advised not to take the regular course, but 
to put more time into medicine which he did, 
taking the collaterals. So, after a broad prep- 
aration, and two courses at Bowdoin and two 
at Harvard, he graduated at the latter, March 
2, 1853. He returned to Maine till 1866, when 
he came to Cambridge, and to Boston in 1870. 
At the beginning of the war he was in poor 
health from overwork, hut in 1862 he passed 
examination for surgeon and enlisted and was 
prevented from reaching the front by an at- 
tack of diphtheria which necessitated his res- 
ignation. As early as 1855 he began the 
treatment of typhoid fever with milk, which 
was, at least, fifteen years before it was popu- 
lar in Boston. In 1863 he introduced the hy- 
a common custom—at Hillsboro, Ky. In the 
fall of 1852 he matriculated at the University 
of Louisville, and graduated at that institution 86 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in the following March. Since May 1, 1854, he 
has made his home at Decatur, 111. During 
the late war he was surgeon of the Thirty- 
fifth regiment Illinois volunteer infantry from 
September 1, 1861, to December 14, 1862, re- 
signing on account of sickness in his family. 
He was present at many skirmishes and at two 
battles (Pearidge and Perryville) and is the 
only surviving surgeon of the regiment, the 
first and second assistant surgeon, and the 
surgeon who succeeded him, having gone to 
receive the reward of their labors. 
CHENOWETH, Cassidy, of Decatur, 111., son 
of the preceding, Dr. W. J. Chenoweth, was 
born March 28, 1848, and was graduated in 
medicine at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
1864. Intending to make a specialty of dis- 
eases of the throat, he spent several months 
at the Morrell McKenzie Throat Hospital, in 
London. But finding, on his return from 
Europe, that the confinement necessary to 
office practice, was prejudicial to his health, 
July 26, 1837. He graduated at Princeton, in 
1856, and received his decree of A. M., in 1859. 
He studied medicine in the University of 
Maryland, and took his degree of M. D. in 
1858, settling in regular practice in Baltimore, 
where he has since resided, except during a 
visit to Europe in 1864. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association, of the 
Baltimore Academy of Medicine, and of the 
Clinical Society of Baltimore; and was first 
vice-president of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. He is also a member 
of the Association of American Physicians. 
He is the author of “Clinical Lectures on Cer- 
tain Diseases of the Heart, and on Jaundice,” 
1871; “Papers on Medical Jurisprudence,” 
1872; “Notes on, Thoracentesis,” 1876. In 
1864, he was elected Professor of Materia Med- 
ica, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine in the 
University of Maryland, and held this position 
for many years, and is at this time (1893), 
professor of the principles and practice of 
medicine in the same institution. 
CHISOLM, Julian John, of Baltimore, Md., 
was born in Charleston, S. C., April 16, 1830, 
and obtained his degree of doctor of medicine 
in the Medical School of that city in 1850. Af- 
ter graduation he went to Paris, at that time 
the brilliant center for medical instruction. 
At the feet of Velpeau, Nelaton, Desmarres 
and such leaders in the surgical world, DP. 
Chisolm laid the foundation for his future 
surgical career. On his return home he com- 
menced professional life as an instructor in 
surgery. In this congenial work he was so 
successful, that in 1858, when a vacancy oc- 
curred in the surgical chair of the Medical 
College of the State of South Carolina, he was 
elected to fill it, although the leading surgeons 
of the South were applicants for the envious 
position. This Medical College in 1858 had 
the highest reputation of any medical school 
south of Philadelphia. Dr. Chisolm, then at 
the age of twenty-eight, was the youngest pro- 
fessor of surgery in the United States. This 
chair placed him in command of the surgery 
of his State. With hands full of work, he 
erected a private hospital of sixty beds, which 
he kept full of paying patients. 1859 he 
spent in Europe, and saw something of mili- 
tary surgery during the Fran co-Italian war. 
When South Carolina seceded in December, 
1860, Dr. Chisolm was elected surgeon to the 
first regiment organized, forming the pioneer 
of the Confederate army. The first Federal 
soldiers wounded in the war, at the surrender 
of Fort Sumter, were left in Charleston under 
his care. Dr. Chisolm wrote a manual of 
Military Surgery which was issued from the 
press simultaneously with the first battle of 
Manassas. It met with immediate acceptance, 
and became the text-book for the Confederate 
army. It was highly praised by the medical 
press, both of the United States and of Eu- 
rope, for its concise and valuable information. 
At the end of the war he resumed work in the 
Medical College of South Carolina. As dean 
of the faculty, as well as professor of surgery, 
he was assigned the duty of reorganizing that 
institution. 1866 he spent again in Europe, 
devoting much time to the study of eye dis- 
eases, a branch of surgery for which he 
showed an especial fondness. In 1866 he 
moved to Baltimore, and was elected to a 
chair of operative surgery in the University of 
Maryland. At a subsequent period he had a 
joined his father in a general practice, which, 
however, has been surgical, rather than med- 
ical. The many operations performed by the 
firm can not be credited to father or son, indi- 
vidually, as but few of the more important op- 
erations have been done by one without the 
assistance of the other, the knife being handled 
by either of them, or by both, in the same 
operation, as seemed to be most convenient. 
They have performed most of the operations 
ranked as difficult and dangerous such as 
ovariotomy, removal of extra uterine fsta- 
tion, vaginal hysterectomy and lithotomy 
(left lateral and supra-pubic). Both partners 
do a very large consultation practice, medical 
and surgical. Their contributions to medical 
literature have been limited almost entirely to 
articles read before the district or State med- 
ical societies, of which they were members. 
CHEW, Samuel ClaggettJ of Baltimore, Md., 
son of the late Professor Samuel Chew, of the 
University of Maryland,was born in Baltimore, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
87 
chair of eye and ear diseases created for him- 
self in the university, which chair he still fills. 
In 1877 he established the Presbyterian Eye, 
Ear and Throat Charity Hospital, an institu- 
tion supported by the Presbyterians of Balti- 
more. This hospital has been a success from 
its first day of opening. It is visited by over 
10,000 patients a year, and furnishes an enor- 
mous amount of surgical work. Dr. Chisolm 
has operated on over 2,000 cases of cataract 
alone; exceeding by several hundreds the list 
of any American surgeon. As an ophthalmic 
surgeon Dr. Chisolm is universally known. At 
various times he has been presiding officer of 
the ophthalmic section of the State Medical 
Society ; of the American Medical Association; 
of the Pan-American Medical Congress and of 
the International Medical Congress. It is thus 
seen that he has filled every position of honor 
in the gift of the medical profession. In 1892 
the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him 
physician to St. Luke’s Hospital, New York, 
in 1861, as well as consulting physician to the 
Northeastern Dispensary and the Northern 
Dispensary. He was a member of the New 
York State Medical Society, of which he was 
elected president in 1853; of the American 
Medical Association; of the New York Med- 
ical and Surgical Society; of the York Society 
for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of 
Medical Men; of the New York Pathological 
Society, and of the New York Academy of 
Medicine. Professor Clark has made valuable 
and practical contributions to the medical 
press, and originated the treatment of acute 
peritonitis by large doses of opium. 
CLARK, John H., of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, 
was born in Champaign county, Ohio, Septem- 
ber 28, 1829. His early ancestors emigrated 
from England. He attended the common 
schools of the neighborhood and the Ohio 
Wesleyan University, at Delaware, Ohio; 
studied medicine and graduated at the Star- 
ling Medical College, at Columbus, Ohio, in 
1853. He began the practice of medicine at 
Mutual, in his native county, removed in 1859 
to Decatur, 111., returned in 1861 to his present 
location, where he has since continued in ac- 
tive general practice, with the exception of the 
period of his service as medical superintend- 
ent of the Asylum for the Insane, at Dayton, 
Ohio; that is, from March 1, 1874, to May, 1876. 
Also during the war of the rebellion he ren- 
dered three months’ medical service in the 
United States Sanitary Commission. He is a 
member of the Champaign County Medical So- 
ciety, of which he was president in 1870; of 
the Ohio State Medical Society, and of the 
American Medical Association. He has been 
an occasional contributor of medical journals. 
CLARK, Simon Tucker, of Lockport, New 
York, wras born in Canton, Mass., October 10, 
1836, and died December 24, 1891. He was 
graduated at the Berkshire Medical College; 
settled in Lockport to practice, in 1861, and 
became a member of numerous medical and 
scientific organizations. He had been a Pro- 
fessor of Medical Jurisprudence in Niagara 
University, Buffalo. Prior to his death, Dr. 
Clark was a well-known insanity expert, and 
originated the term “mania transitoria,” in his 
testimony in the Pierce-Bullock murder case, 
in Lockport, in 1871. 
CLARKE, Augustus Peck, of Cambridge, 
Mass., son of Seth Darling Clarke and Fanny 
(Peck) Clarke, was born in Pawtucket, Prov- 
idence county, R. 1., September 24, 1833. His 
father, Seth Darling Clarke, was of the eighth 
generation of Joseph Clarke, who with his 
wife, Mrs. Alice Pepper Clarke, came with the 
first settlers comprising the Dorchester com- 
pany that embarked at Plymouth, England, on 
the twentieth day of March, 1630, in the ship 
“Mary and John,” a vessel of 400 tons, Cap- 
tain Squeb, master. Joseph Clarke, the emi- 
grant ancestor was born in Suffolk county, 
England, where his family had long been 
seated. Dr. Clarke’s mother, Fanny Peck 
Clarke, was of the sixth generation in descent 
from Joseph Peck who came in the ship “Dili- 
gent” from Old Hingham, England, to Hing- 
ham, Mass., in the year 1638. She was also of 
the twenty-sixth generation in descent from 
John Peck, of Belton Yorkshire, knight. Dr. 
Clarke’s great grandfather, Captain Ichabod 
Clarke, served with distinction in the war of 
the revolution; his maternal grandfather, Joel 
by the University of South Carolina. Dr. 
Chisolm has been a liberal contributor to med- 
ical journals. 
CLARK, Alonzo, of New York city, was born 
in Chester, Mass., March 1, 1807, and died Sep- 
tember 13, 1887. He was educated at Williams 
College, from which he graduated A. 8., in 
1828, and received his degree of M. D. from 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
New York, in 1835. He began his professional 
career as professor of Pathology and Materia 
Medica in the Vermont Medical College, Bur- 
lington. From 1848 to 1855, he tilled the chair 
of physiology and pathology in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of New York. In 
the latter year he became the Professor of 
Pathology and Practical Medicine in the same 
institution, and held the position until 1885. 
He was appointed visiting physician to the 
Bellevue Hospital, New York, “and was also 
president of the medical board and consulting 88 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Peck, was with General Washington, and par- 
ticipated in the battle of Rhode Island, Au- 
gust 27, 1778. Dr. Clarke completed his pre- 
paratory course in the University Grammar 
School at Providence, R. 1., and entered Brown 
University in September, 1856. Received from 
that University the degree of A. M. in the 
class of 1860. He studied medicine under the 
direction of Dr. Lewis L. Miller, of Provi- 
dence, who at that time was by far the most 
distinguished surgeon of Rhode Island. He 
received the degree of M. D. from Harvard 
University in the class of 1862. He entered 
the army as assistant surgeon of the sixth reg- 
iment New York cavalry, August, 1861. He 
served in the Peninsular campaign conducted 
by General McClellan, during the seven days’ 
battles, was wounded and taken prisoner at 
the battle of Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 
1862. He was promoted to the rank of sur- 
geon of the sixth New York cavalry, May 5, 
1863. At the opening of the campaign made 
larly for obstetrical, gynecological and surgical 
work. In 1866 be removed to Cambridge, 
Mass., where he soon established a reputation 
in the practice of medicine, in which profession 
he has since continued his labors. Dr. Clarke 
was married in Bristol, R. 1., October 23, 1861, 
to Mary H. Gray, the author and poet, a 
daughter of the late Gideon and Hannah Met- 
calf Orne Gray. Of this union are two 
daughters; Inez Louise and Genevieve 
Clarke. For 1871-3 he was elected to the 
Cambridge common council and for 1874 to 
the board of aldermen. He declined further 
municipal service. He is a member of the 
Massachusetts Medical Society and has been 
member of its council. He has been an 
active worker in the Gynecological Society 
of Boston and is now the president of that 
body; member of the American Academy of 
Medicine and of the American Association of 
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and of the 
American Public Health Association. He is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion and has been a delegate to the British 
Medical Association. He is one of the found- 
ers of the Cambridge Medical Society and was 
for several years the secretary. Also a mem- 
ber of the Ninth International Medical Con- 
gress at Washington 1887, and of the Tenth 
International Medical Congress at Berlin, 
Germany, in 1890. Member for Massachusetts 
on the committee to organize the Pan-Ameri- 
can Medical Congress (or representatives of 
the medical profession of the Western hemi- 
sphere). Dr. Clarke still enjoys a high repu- 
tation in general practice, though he has for a 
long time been engaged in the practice of the 
more important branches of surgery, and of 
gynecology. After the close of the congress 
in Berlin lie visited the great cities of Europe, 
including London, Edinburgh, Paris, Vienna, 
where he devoted again much time to the 
study of their hospital service. Dr. Clarke 
has been noted for his scholarly productions 
and for his facile pen. In the midst of the 
multitudinous duties of his professional work 
he has been able to make important researches 
relating to gynecology and investigations per- 
taining to the development of art culture. He 
has frequently contributed articles to the pub- 
lic press and to different medical societies and 
journals. The following are the titles of some 
of the papers Dr. Clarke has contributed: 
“Series of Histories of Wounds and other In- 
juries;” Medical and Surgical History of the 
Rebellion,” 1865. Also to the leading medical 
journals of this country and Europe articles en- 
titled : “Cases of Tracheotomy ;” “Cases of Pu- 
erperal Peritonitis,” (1868) ; “Casesof Strang- 
ulated Hernia operated upon Antiseptically,” 
(1870); “Perforatingulcer of the Duodenum,” 
(1881) ; “Removal of Intra-Uterine Fibroids,” 
(1882) “‘Cerebral Erysipelas,” (1883) ; “Hemi- 
plegia,’’“Uterine Displacements,”(lBB4) “‘Ob- 
stinate Vomiting of Pregnancy,”(lBBs); “Vas- 
cular Growths of the Female Meatus Urinari- 
us,” Medical Press and Circular, London,Eng- 
land,” and Transactions of the Ninth Inter- 
national Medical Congress, (1887) ; “Patho- 
genic Organisms,” “Rabies and Hydropho- 
bia,” (1883) ; “Fracture of the Cervical Verte- 
brae,” (1884) ; “Induced Premature Labor,” 
“Renal Calculi,” (1885); “Pelvic Cellulitis,” 
“Early and Repeated Tapping in Ascites,” 
(1886) ; “Abortion for Uncontrolable Vomiting 
of Pregnancy,” “Antepartum Hour-glass Con- 
by General Grant in the spring of 1864, he was 
appointed surgeon-in-chief of the second brig- 
ade, first division, of the cavalry corps, whose 
glorious achievements rendered immortal the 
name of Sheridan. He was the chief medical 
officer of that brigade until the closing of the 
campaign which commenced early in the 
spring of 1865, when he was appointed surgeon- 
in-chief of the entire first division of cavalry. 
These arduous labors he also performed, until 
the division was disbanded, July 1, 1865. 
During those four years’ service he participa- 
ted in upwards of eighty-two battles and 
engagements with the enemy. At the close of 
the war he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel 
for faithful and meritorious conduct during 
his term of service. After the completion of 
his military service in 1865 he traveled abroad, 
and devoted much time in attendance at the 
various medical schools and hospitals in Lon- 
don, Paris, and in other great centers, for 
the purpose of fitting himself more particu- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
89 
striction of the Uterus,” (1888) ; “Chronic 
Cystis in the Female,” (1890); “Treatment 
of Certain Cases of Salpingitis,” “Manage- 
ment of the Perineum During Labor,” “Rapid 
Dilatation of the Cervix of the Uteri,” “Farad- 
ism in the Practice of Gynecology,” “The 
Treatment of Placenta Pnevia,” “Adherent 
Placenta, its Causes and Management,” “On 
the Importance of Early Recognition of Pyos- 
alpinx as a Cause of Suppurative Pelvic Inflam- 
mation,” Transactions of the Tenth Inter- 
national Medical Congress, Berlin (1890); 
published also in the German language in the 
Dentschen Medicinischen Wochenschrift, Berlin, 
and in the Centralblatt fur Gynekologie, Leip- 
zig (Germany); “On the Tenth International 
Medical Congress, at Berlin,” Letter on the 
Journal of the American Medical Association; 
“The Influence of the Position of the Patient 
in Labor in Causing Uterine Inertia and Pelvic 
Disturbances,” noticed in the Medical Press 
and Circular, London, England; “Some of the 
Lesions Induced by Typhoid Fever;” “Para- 
metritis, its Etiology and Pathology,” “A Cer- 
tain Class of Obstetric Cases in which the 
Use of Forceps is Imperatively Demanded;” 
“Some Points in the Surgical Treatment for 
the Radical Cure of Hernia,” “Post-Partum 
Hemorrhage—its Etiology and Management,” 
(1891); “Origin and Development of Modern 
Gynecology,” (1892). 
CLARKE, William E., of Chicago, 111., son of 
Dr. Thaddeus and Deborah Baker Clarke, was 
born in Lebanon, Conn., Feb. 22, 1819. His 
father, and both bis grandfathers, were em- 
inent physicians, the latter both doing duty as 
medical officers in the army of the Revolution. 
His father assisted in the formation, and was 
the first resident, of the Connecticut Medical 
Society. His early education was under the 
supervision of his mother, a woman of rare 
culture. Later he entered the Rochester Col- 
legiate Institute, then under the management 
of Chester Dewey, one of the profoundest 
scholars of the day, who also was Professor of 
Chemistry and Botany in the Berkshire Med- 
ical College, at Pittsfield, with whom Clarke 
pursued his classical and scientific studies, 
ultimately becoming his assistant in the Insti- 
tute and Medical College. He commenced the 
study of medicine under Professor E. 31. 
.Moore and Frank IT. Hamilton, who gave in- 
struction to a private class in Rochester, N. Y. 
His studies for the next five years were con- 
tinued under Professor Moore, he, in the mean- 
time, attending one course of lectures at 
Berkshire and two at the Vermont Medical 
College, from which he graduated in 1845. 
After practicing two years with Dr. Moore he 
removed to Cold Water, Mich., where he set- 
tled, in the fall of 1847, and where he mar- 
ried Miss Harriet H. Hale, of Kalamazoo, 
Mich. In the fall of 1852, in view of the 
larger opportunities for surgical practice, he 
removed to Chicago, where he was employed 
as surgeon by both the Michigan Central and 
Michigan Southern railroads, and cared for 
most of the wounded in the calamitous collis- 
ion of the trains in the spring of 1853. The 
climate of Chicago proving too severe for the 
health of Mrs. Clarke, the doctor was obliged 
to relinquish his position in Chicago, and after 
spending some time in travel he returned to 
Michigan, and remained, doing a major part of 
the surgical practice for a large section of the 
country, till the spring of 1861, when he was 
appointed surgeon of the Fourth Regiment 
Michigan Volunteers. He immediately en- 
tered on dutv with the army of the Potomac 
before Washington, and continued to serve 
with the regiment at the siege of Yorktown; 
was the only medical officer with the first 
reconnoissance by Custer’s Cavalry and the 
Fourth Regiment, on the banks of the Chica- 
hominy. At that time the Mississippi Tigers 
were encountered, some one hundred and 
eighty killed, and a number taken prisoners. 
The wounds of the Union soldiers were 
dressed on the field. Then they were re- 
moved to Gaines Hill, together with the 
wounded Confederates. The doctor also assist- 
ed in the care of the wounded in the seven 
days’ fight, and on reaching Harrison’s 
Landing established a hospital, and after doing 
duty for some days he succumbed to sickness 
ami was ordered north on a leave of absence. 
His illness was so serious that he did not reach 
home for some weeks. Upon his recovery, at 
the urgent solicitation of Col. Henry C. Gil- 
bert, of the Nineteenth regiment just recruited, 
he consented to be transferred to that regi- 
ment with the condition that he should retain 
the seniority of his first commission and it 
was so arranged by the war department. Af- 
ter taking the field in Kentucky he served as 
brigade surgeon during the winters of 1862-3. 
In the following spring at Brentwood he 
again received a leave of absence for sickness 
but before he could leave camp he was cap- 
tured with the post and retained two weeks as 
a prisoner of war. After the exchange, with 
health much impaired, he again joined the reg- 
iment but became prostrated, and believing 
that he could no longer be of service in the 
field, resigned his commission in July, 1863. 
When he had somewhat recuperated he re- 
ceived an intimation from the medical depart- 
ment at Washington that he could have a po- 
sition in the hospital there. He entered on 
duty at Carver United States General Hospital, 
his wife accompanying him and doing faithful 
and efficient duty among the sick and wounded, 
but at last the health of Mrs. Clarke compelled 
him to leave with her for their home. She 
died on the way. After her burial he returned 
to his duty at Washington and remained till 
the close of the war, when he again located at 
Chicago. For his second wife he married 
Miss Mary Reed, who from childhood had 
been a resident of that city. He has had a 
fair share of medical, surgical, and gynecolog- 
ical practice, doing as much business as im- 
paired health would permit. He is a member 
of the City, State, and National Medical So- 
cieties, and of the Chicago Gynecological 
Society, consulting surgeon for the Hospital 
for Women and Children, and consulting gyn- 
ecologist to Presbyterian Hospital. 
CLEMENT, George Colburn, of Haverhill, 
Mass., born at Milford, Mass., August 15,1855, 
is a son of James 11. Clement. His mother is 
Clara Erskine Clement, the well-known au- 
thor of various works on art. Lie received his 
early education under private instruction. In 
1871 he entered Dartmouth College; remained 
but one year, when he went to New York, and 
began the study of his profession, as a pupil 
of the late A. B. Crosby, M. D., then profes- 
sor of anatomy at Bellevue. Failing health 
obliged him to give up after a year, and until 
1876 he traveled in South America and Califor- 
nia; then resumed his studies at the Harvard 90 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Medical School, Boston, graduating in 1880. 
He was house officer in the Boston City Med- 
ical Hospital for eighteen months, also for six 
months in Free Hospital for Women, Boston. 
In August, 1880, he began practice in his pres- 
ent field; has filled the office of city physi- 
cian for six consecutive years, and was even 
one of the first of staff surgeons appointed to 
the Haverhill City Hospital. Although a gen- 
eral practitioner, Dr. Clement takes a special 
interest in surgery, and has made a local repu- 
tation in this direction. At present he is de- 
voting himself as much as possible to specially 
treating the eye and ear. In 1885, he married 
Matilda H. Kimball, daughter of the late Geo. 
A. Kimball, of Haverhill. They have two chil- 
den. He is a member of Massachusetts Med- 
ical Society, Haverhill Medical Club, Monday 
Evening Club, Wachusett and Pentucket Clubs 
of Haverhill, University of Boston, and Cor- 
ville held command of the Sherman barracks, 
the general recruiting rendezvous of Tennessee. 
At the close of the war he engaged in survey- 
ing in Montana, Dakota, Nebraska, and lowa, 
and was appointed deputy LTnited States sur- 
veyor of public lands for Dakota Territory. 
He built and owned a third interest in the 
first telegraph line extending from Sioux City 
to Ft. Sully, a distance of 300 miles along the 
Missouri river and made preliminary surveys 
as chief engineer of the Dakota Southern 
railroad. He wrote several engineering con- 
tributions to Van Nostrand's Eclectic Engineer- 
ing Magazine, and Van Nostrand of New York 
published his “Treatise on Government Sur- 
veying,” which since 1874 has run through sev- 
eral editions and is used in colleges and by 
United States engineers in the field. In 1874 
he abandoned engineering and began the study 
and practice of medicine under the tutelage of 
army surgeons while serving as meteorological 
observer for the United States Signal Service 
at Ft. Sully, Dakota. He graduated from the 
Chicago Medical College in 1879, and devoted 
himself to the specialty of nervous and men- 
tal diseases assisted by the instruction and 
personal friendship of Dr. J. S. Jewell and 
Dr. E. C. Spitzka. In 1883 he was appointed 
pathologist of the Cook County Insane Asy- 
! I uni, which position he held till 1885, during 
; which period he enjoyed special advantages 
for studying insanity on the wards and its 
pathology in the dead house and laboratory. 
Returning to Chicago he was appointed to the 
charge of the nervous and mental disease de- 
partments of the Michael Reese and Alexian 
Brothers’ Hospitals, two of the largest and 
best establishments in the West. He was 
elected to membership in the American Elec- 
trical Societv, American Neurological Associ- 
ation, American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, American Microscopical So- 
ciety, Association of American Anatomists, 
I American Anthropometric Society, Illinois 
Microscopical Society, Chicago Medical So- 
ciety, Chicago Biological Society, Chicago Elec- 
I ti’ical Society, of which he was vice-president 
1 in 1881, and was one of the founders of the 
Chicago Academy of Medicine, of which he 
was secretary during 1891 and 1892. During 
1881 and 1882 he lectured on “Artistic Anat- 
omy and the Sciences Useful to the Artist” at 
the' Chicago Art Institute, the lectures being 
published serially in the American Lithographer 
of 1886. F. A. Davis, of Philadelphia, an- 
nounced the lectures as in press in book form. 
In 1890 the doctor gave a course of lectures on 
physics (heat, light, sound, electricity, etc.), 
to the students at the Chicago College of 
Pharmacy. In 1885 he gathered together 
many of his scientific essays previously pub- 
lished in the American Naturalist and other 
journals, and under McClurg & Co.’s imprint 
they were produced in book form entitled 
“Comparative Physiology and Psychology.” 
In 1889, a medico-legal work of 400 pages, en- 
titled “Spinal Concussion,” was published for 
him by F. A. Davis of Philadelphia, and this 
book has been extensively sold. The doctor 
is probably more widely known as the discov- 
erer of the law regulating the distribution of 
valves in the veins, which he formulated in 
the statement that “Only dorsad Veins are 
Valved,” but much more important work upon 
the brains of man and animals is embodied in 
his psychological essays. His writings were 
inthian Yacht Club, of Marblehead; also a 
member of the Knights of Pythias and Haver- 
hill Lodge, B.P. O. of Elks. 
CLEVENGER, Sliobal, of Chicago, was born 
March 24, 1843, in Florence, Italy, during his 
parents’ temporary residence there. His 
father was the celebrated American sculptor 
whose busts of prominent authors and states- 
men are in Boston, New York, and Philadel- 
phia public art collections. He was educated 
in the public schools of New Orleans and St. 
Louis, Ids scientific education being acquired 
by self-instruction while engaged in civil en- 
gineering, meteorology, etc., in government 
employ. During the civil war he was promot- 
ed from artificer in Company L, First Missouri 
United States Engineer Corps to first lieuten- 
ant in Company K, Tenth Tennessee infantry, 
and for the year previous to the battle of Nash- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
91 
mainly contributed to the American Naturalist, 
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Alien- 
ist and Neurologist, Journal of Neurology and 
Psychiatry, Sidereal Messenger, Chicago Medical 
Review, Chicago Journal and Examiner, Ameri- 
can Journal of Microscopy, Chicago Druggist, 
New York Science, Chicago Open Court, Jour- 
nal of the American Medical Association, Phila- 
delphia Medical Times and Register, North 
American Practitioner, Boston Medical and 
Surgical Journal. 
CLINE, Lewis C., of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born near Cloverdale, Putnam county, 
that State, October 16, 1851. He is the sixth 
son of Nicholas Cline and is of German and 
English descent. His early life was divided 
between labor on a farm during the “crop” 
seasons and the attendance of short terms of 
school in the winter. At the age of sixteen, 
young Cline, by the consent of his mother and 
older brothers (his father having died three 
castle, one of Indiana’s greatest pioneer phy- 
sicians and surgeons. In the spring of 1880, 
Dr. Cline entered into a partnership with Dr. 
R. F. Stone, at Bainbridge, a flourishing town in 
the northern part of his county. This pleasant 
association continued until the following au- 
tumn, when after an extensive acquaintance 
and a thorough introduction into the practice 
of the community, assisted by the good will and 
courtesy of Dr. Stone, this partnership was, 
by mutual consent, dissolved, and the latter 
physician removed to Indianapolis. After 
six years of active professional work at Bain- 
bridge, the subject of this sketch also removed 
to the city of his present residence, where he 
continued in general practice until he had, by 
a course of study, fitted himself for that line 
of work which he intended to adopt as his 
future specialty. During the winter and 
spring of 1887-88, he attended the Post-grad- 
uate School and hospitals of New York, where 
he took a course of study with special refer- 
ence to the disease of the throat, nose and ear. 
He supplemented his studies during the fol- 
lowing year by taking a course in the Macken- 
zie Throat Hospital, London, and also attended 
the cliniques in the hospitals of Vienna. Since 
his return from Europe to Indianapolis he has 
limited his practice to the medical and surgical 
treatment of diseases of the throat, nose, and 
ear, in which branch of practice he is recog- 
nized as one of the most popular and success- 
ful practitioners of Indiana. In 1889, he was 
appointed to deliver a course of lectures on his 
specialty in the Medical College of Indiana; 
and in 1890 he was elected Professor Laryn- 
gology and Rhinology in the same institution, 
which chair he still holds, having tilled the 
position with credit to himself and the school. 
Dr. Cline is a member of the staff of the Indi- 
anapolis City Hospital and City Dispensary, 
and has performed the work appertaining to 
rhinology and laryngology in the latter insti- 
tution for the last three years. He is also a 
member of the Indianapolis Surgical Soci- 
ety, the Marion County Medical Society, the 
Indiana State Medical Society, the Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Society, the American 
Rhinological Association, and the American 
Medical Association. He has contributed pa- 
pers, on various occasions, to all these socie- 
ties, and has read papers before many of the 
county societies throughout his State. 
CLOPTON, A. (1., of Galveston, Texas, was 
born in the State of Georgia, in 1830. He 
received a liberal education, both scientific 
and classical; studied medicine and graduated 
M. D. from the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisiana (now Tulane University), 
session of 1851-52. He located first at Cam- 
den, Arkansas, and entered upon the practice 
of medicine, and removed thence, in 1854, to 
Texas, settling in Cass county. Here, in con- 
nection with his extensive practice, he engaged 
in farming. In 1869 he removed to Jefferson, 
Texas, and engaged in general practice of 
medicine and surgery, and soon taking a lead- 
ing position, which he held up to the time 
when he was chosen by a very discriminating 
board of regents to fill the chair of physiology 
in the medical department of the Texas State 
University, in 1891. Upon the breaking out 
of the war in 1861, Dr. Clopton raised a com- 
pany of infantry, and at their head entered 
the Confederate service. From captain he 
was promoted to major of Ist Texas Infantry. 
years previous) resolved to leave the farm and 
begin the battle of life by a reliance upon his 
own resources. He soon found employment, 
and by careful planning and economy accum- 
ulated means to continue his education, and 
eventually to take a course of study in Asbury 
(now De Pauw) University, after which he 
was engaged for two years in teaching public 
schools. In 1876 he began the study of medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of Dr. E. B. 
Evans, of Greencastle, Ind. On completing 
the required period of study, he attended the 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., 
from whence he received his medical degree 
in 1879. He then returned to his native coun- 
ty and began the practice of medicine at Put- 
namville, where he at once acquired the re- 
spect and patronage of the best people of that 
vicinity, and in November of the same year 
was married to Joanna C. Stevenson, a daugh- 
ter of the late Dr. A. C. Stevenson, of Green- 92 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
He went before the board of medical examiners 
in 1863, and passing a rigid examination, was 
commissioned surgeon, serving in that capac- 
ity till the close of the war. He was married 
in 1854, to Miss Annie M. Henderson, during 
his residence in Cass county. Dr. Clopton is 
an old member of the Texas State Medical 
Association, and was one of its first presidents, 
having filled that position in 1875. He was 
also president of the East Texas Medical Asso- 
ciation in 1891, at the time of his election to 
the chair of physiology. He is one of the 
best-known physicians in that State, and is 
famous as an extemporaneous speaker, pos- 
sessing oratorical powers of a high order of 
excellence. 
CLUNESS, William Robert, of Sacramento, 
Cal., was born at Williams, Ontario, Canada, 
December 29, 1835, of parents who came from 
Inverness, in the highlands of Scotland. He 
received his literary and classical education at 
the university of Queen’s College, Kingston, 
Ont., and pursued his medical studies in the 
same department of the same institution, grad- 
uating A. B. in 1855 and M. D. in 1859. He 
settled first at Petaluma, Sonoma county, Cal., 
but in July, 1863, he removed to Sacramento. 
He is a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation, of the Medical Society of the State 
cf California, and of the Sacramento Society 
for Medical Improvement of which he is pres- 
ident. At various times he has contributed 
important articles to the medical journals of 
California. 
CLYMER, Meredith, of New York City, 
grandson of George Clymer, one of the signers 
of the Declaration of Independence and also 
one of the framers of the Federal Constitution, 
was born in June, 1817. He was educated at 
the University of Pennsylvania, and studied 
medicine in the medical department of that 
institution, graduating thence in 1837. He 
first commenced practice in Philadelphia, but 
afterwards removed to New York, where he 
has made a specialty of diseases of the nervous 
system and of the mind. He is a member of 
the New York County Medical Society; of the 
New York Society of Neurology—has been its 
president twice; of the alumni of the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
is its senior vice-president, having been elected 
three times; fellow of the College of Physi- 
cians of Philadelphia; and of other medical 
and scientific societies. His contributions to 
professional literature have been voluminous 
both in the way of original matter and as edi- 
tor of various works. Among these may be 
mentioned, “Notes on Physiology and Pathol- 
ogy of the Nervous System with Reference to 
Clinical Medicine,” 1874; “The Legitimate 
Influence of Epilepsy on Criminal Responsi- 
bility,” 1874; addresses before medical and 
other societies, including one on Benjamin 
Rush, M. D.; the annual oration before the 
society of the alumni of the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania for the 
centennial year 187(5; “The Pathology, Diag- 
nosis, and Treatment of Fevers,” Philadelphia, 
1846; “Lectures on Palsies and Kindred Dis- 
orders,” New York, 1870, which were translat- 
ed and published in France, 1871; “Cerebro- 
Spinal Meningitis,” 1872; “Williams’ and Cly- 
mer’s Diseases of Respiratory Organs,” 1855. 
He also edited the Medical Examiner from 1838 
to 1844, also “Carpenter’s Human Physiology,” 
1843; “Williams’ Principles of Medicine,” 
1874; “Carpenter’s Elements of Physiology,” 
1844; “Aitken’s Science and Practice of Medi- 
cine,” 1866, and many valuable articles to the 
leading medical journals of this country. He 
held the position of attending physician to the 
Philadelphia Institution for the Blind in 1842, 
and to the Philadelphia Hospital from 1843 to 
1847, consulting physician to the latter from 
1847 to 1851; lecturer on the Institutes of Med- 
icine in the Medical Institute of Philadelphia, 
1843, and on the practice of medicine in the 
same institution in 1849; professor of the prin- 
ciples and practice of medicine in the Frank- 
lin Medical College, Philadelphia, 1846; and 
professor of the institutes and practice of med- 
icine in the University of the City of New 
York, 1851. He held the position during the 
war of surgeon United States volunteers; med- 
ical director, department of the South, and 
president of the examining board of the United 
States navy. 
COCHRAN, Jerome, of Montgomery, Ala., 
was born in Moscow, Fayette county, Tenn., 
on December 4, 1831. His family were orig- 
inally Scotch. Most of his early life was 
spent in Marshall county, Mississippi. He re- 
ceived an English education, with a smatter- 
ing of Latin, in an old field school and an 
academy in the adjacent town of Holly 
Springs. Subsequently, without the help of 
teachers, he learned the French, Italian, 
Spanish and Portugese languages, so as to be 
able to read them. He graduated in medicine 
first in the Botanic Medical College of Mem- 
phis, in 1857; and subsequently graduated 
again in 1861, in the medical department 
of the University of Nashville. In both col- 
leges he was elected valedictorian of the grad- 
uating class. His medical preceptor was Dr. 
W. K. Bowling, Professor of Theory and Prac- 
tice in the University of Nashville. Early in 
1862 he was appointed a surgeon in the Con- 
federate army, and served as such until the 
end of the war, mostly in military hospitals. 
He has been an omniverous student in history, 
chemistry, biology, logic, metaphysics, politi- 
cal economy, and English poetry. He settled 
in Mobile just after the close of the war, and 
soon built up a flourishing practice. He was 
professor of chemistry in the Medical College 
of Alabama at Mobile from 1868 to 1873, and 
then until 1877 professor of public hygiene and 
medical jurisprudence in the same institution. 
In 1870 he fell into ill health and was soon 
obliged to relinquish his practice. Since that 
time he has turned his attention to public 
hygiene and the bettering of legislation in 
Alabama in regard to the supervision of the 
public health and the regulation of the prac- 
tice of medicine. He wrote the constitution 
of the Medical Association of Alabama which 
was adopted in 1873, and which has made that 
association the most powerful medical organ- 
ization in the United States. He wrote all the 
health laws of the State, and has been State 
health officer since 1879. He wrote all the 
medical laws of the State, and has been chair- 
man of the State board of medical examiners 
since 1877. He was at various times between 
1870 and 1880, health officer of the city of 
Mobile, quarantine physician in Mobile bay, 
and county physician for Mobile county. In 
1878 he was a member of the yellow fever 
commission, and investigated the great epi- 
demic of the year in some thirty-five different 
towns and cities. In 1879 he was a member of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
93 
founded by his ancestors, and more recently 
known as Lyn. From the age of six to twelve, 
his education was directed by the rod of the 
village schoolmaster. For the three succeed- 
ing years he attended the Brockville Grammar 
School, whence he went to the Academy of 
Potsdam, N. Y., for an equal period. The 
study of medicine was begun at McGill College, 
Montreal, where, at the completion of the third 
year, an attack of typhoid fever induced him 
to throw physic to the dogs. Two years later 
his medical studies were resumed, at Queen’s 
College, Kingston,Canada, and, after two years, 
a diploma with honors was received (1863). 
For seven years the young doctor administered 
advice and medicine in his native village of 
Lyn. A desire for more thorough knowledge 
and skill in one special branch of his profes- 
sion induced Dr. Coleman to turn his attention 
to the department of the eye and ear. A year 
was spent in England, at Moorfield’s Eye Hos- 
pital and the London Hospital, at the close of 
which (in 1870) he took the degree of M, R.C.S., 
England. Returning to Canada, he settled in 
Toronto, forming a partnership with Dr. Rose- 
brugh, an oculist and aurist of established 
reputation. He was appointed Surgeon to the 
Toronto Eye and Ear Infirmary, which posi- 
tion he held during his seven years’ residence 
in that city. With a view of acquiring a still 
further knowledge in his specialty, Dr. Cole- 
man again went abroad, and spent a year in 
the clinics of Vienna and Heidelberg, under 
the guidance of such men as Jaeger, Politzer, 
and O’Becker. Upon his return to Canada, 
he selected St. John, N. 8., as his field for 
special practice, and here another seven years’ 
service won him a Rachel and goodly wages. 
the Board of Experts appointed by Congress to 
confer with the congressional committees on 
epidemic diseases; and wrote all of the propo- 
sitions on the origin, cause, and distribution 
of yellow fever, which received the sanction 
of the board. He has perhaps seen more of 
yellow fever and of yellow fever quarantines 
than any other man now living. He is now a 
member of the Mobile Medical Society, of 
which he was at one time president; counsel- 
or and senior censor for twenty years of the 
Alabama State Medical Association; member 
of the American Public Health Association; 
member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion ; member of the American Academy of 
Political and Social Science, and vice-presi- 
dent of the Pan-American Medical Congress. 
His three greatest achievements are: The 
Medical Association of the State of Ala- 
bama ; the Public Health System of Alabama; 
the law to regulate the practice of medicine in 
Alabama. His addresses and medical papers 
are too numerous to be mentioned here, but a 
list of a few of the more important is here 
subjoined. On the “Principles of Organiza- 
tion and Evolution of Organic Forms,” 1871; 
“History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 
1873;’” “The White Blood-Corpuscle, its Phys- 
iology and Pathology,” 1874; “History of the 
Small-Pox Epidemic of 1874-75 in the City of 
Mobile,” 1875; “Yellow Fever in Relation to 
its Cause,” 1877; “Hermaphroditism,” 1878; 
“Theory and Practice of Quarantine,” 1879; 
“Haemorrhagic Malarial Fever,” 1884; “The 
Alcohol Question,” 1883; “Problems in Regard 
to Yellow Fever and the Prevention of Yellow 
Fever Epidemics,” 1888; thq article on the 
“Treatment of Yellow Fever,” in Hare’s Sys- 
tem of Therapeutics, 1891; the sketch of the 
“Medical History of Alabama,” in the Memo- 
rial History of Alabama, 1893. 
COLEMAN, W. Franklin, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Brockville, Canada, January 6, 
1838, and in early infancy moved to a place 
But the oculist’s ambition soon outstripped 
the confines of this quiet Canadian city ; and, 
having, in addition to a large private practice, 94 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
gained a rich experience from his position as 
sole oculist and aurist to the Provincial Hos- 
pital, he again turned westward, and decided 
to settle in this leading city, where, in a few 
years, he has earned the reward of a good 
practice and wide reputation. Finding here 
no school for graduates in medicine, Dr. Cole- 
man, after a year of persevering labor, suc- 
ceeded in organizing the Chicago Polyclinic. 
The management of this institution proving 
unsatisfactory to himself and some of his col- 
leagues, they established the Post-graduate 
Medical School, of Chicago. Dr. Coleman is 
a member of the Chicago Ophthalmological 
Society; of the Chicago Medical Society, and 
of the Illinois State Medical Society. He is 
oculist and aurist to the St. Elizabeth and 
Chicago Charity Hospitals; president and di- 
rector of ophthalmology in the Post-graduate 
Medical School of Chicago; also examiner of 
pension claims for eye and ear applicants. 
His contributions to ophthalmic literature are: 
“Tobacco Amblyopia;” “The Ophthalmoscope 
in the Diagnosis of Brain Diseases;” “The 
Ophthalmoscope in the Diagnosis of General 
Disease;” “Is Retinitis Pigmentosa an Evi- 
dence of Degeneration in the Offspring of 
Consanguineous Marriage?” “The Treatment 
of Retinitis Pigmentosa;” “The Determina- 
tion and Treatment of Hyperopia;” “Can the 
Accommodation be Paralyzed by Homatro- 
pine?” “The Use of a Plus Cylinder in My- 
opic Astigmatism of Low Degree;” “A Case 
of Ptosis from Lipoma;” “Cases in Practice of 
Sympathetic Ophthalmia,” and “Cases of Os- 
sification of the Choroid.” 
COLES, Abraham, of Monterey, California, 
was born in Scotch Plains, N. J., December 
26,1813, and died May 3, 1891. When sev- 
enteen years old he became tutor of Latin 
and mathematics in the Plainfield, N. J., Sem- 
inary; subsequently he studied law for a few 
months, and then studied medicine at the 
Jefferson Medical College, in Philadelphia, 
whence he graduated in 1835. He established 
himself in the practice of his profession in 
Newark, N. J., and became noted as a skillful 
physician and surgeon. He remained in that 
city until within a few years of his death. Dr. 
Coles visited Europe in 1848, and devoted much 
time working and studying in the hospitals 
of Paris during the Revolution. He made a 
second visit to Europe in 1854. Besides nu- 
merous translations, he wrote largely on lit- 
erary, medical, and scientific subjects; took an 
active interest in promoting local and general 
education; and became proficient in Greek, 
Hebrew, Sanskrit, and the modern languages. 
In 1866 he was president of the New Jersey 
Medical Society, and his formal address was a 
physiological poem, “The Microcosm,” which 
has been recently published with his other lit- 
erary productions. 
COLLINS, James, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Pineville, Bucks county, that State, 
October 20, 1831. He graduated B, A. at Am- 
herst College, Amherst, Mass., in 1858, andM. 
D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1860. 
Fie was a student at George August University, 
Gottingen, Germany, until the outbreak of the 
late war of the rebellion; was appointed sur- 
geon ofthird regiment P. R. V. C., May, 1861; 
served in the army of Potomac, and was a res- 
ident of Libby Prison, Richmond, Virginia, 
during the summer of 1862; subsequently as- 
sistant surgeon and surgeon United States vol- 
anteers, and brevet lieutenant-colonel; execu- 
tive officer at depot field hospital, at City Point, 
Virginia; and was mustered out at the end 
of the war. He was Demonstrator of Surgery 
at the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia; consulting surgeon German hospi- 
tal for twelve years; surgeon of aural depart- 
ment of Philadelphia Infirmary; is member of 
the American Medical Association and other 
medical societies; was delegate to Internation- 
al Medical Congress at Washington, D. C., and 
Berlin, Germany, Was member of the Exam- 
ining Board of Pension Surgeons, and is active 
in affairs pertaining to education ; also a mem- 
ber of the military order of the Loyal Legion. 
His contributions to medical literature have 
been limited to various papers before medical 
societies. After the war he settled in Philadel- 
phia, where he has since resided. 
COLYIN, Darwin, of Clyde, Wayne county, 
N. Y., was born in Washington county, that 
State, July 6, 1822. His father, who was de- 
scended from a Rhode Island family, was a 
young physician at this time, and came into 
Wayne county, N. Y., in 1831. The subject of 
this sketch was at an early age placed in an 
academy which furnished exceptional advan- 
tages, and in due time was quite thoroughly 
instructed in Latin and mathematics. After 
five years of such instruction he determined 
upon the study of medicine, yet he entered a 
drug store as clerk, and remained as such un- 
til he was eighteen years of age (in the mean- 
time thoroughly informing himself on materia 
medica and pharmacy), when he entered his 
father’s and uncle’s office as a student in medi- 
cine. In the autumn of 1841 he matriculated in 
the medical department of Hobart College in 
Geneva, New York, where were such profess- 
ors as the late Frank H. Hamilton, John 
Delamater, and other noted teachers, and 
graduated at that institution in January, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
95 
1844. He then formed a co-partnership with 
his father in practice, which business rela- 
tion pleasantly continued for five years. At 
the expiration of this period, notwithstand- 
ing the copartnership had ceased, they re- 
mained in close proximity to each other, 
almost daily being associated in practice, until 
the father’s death, which occurred thirty years 
thereafter. In 1845 he married the daughter of 
Linus Ely, M. D., at that time a prominent 
physician of Seneca county, N. Y., and began 
his married life in the house in which he has 
ever since resided, a period of forty-seven 
years. He rapidly secured a successful prac- 
tice, his tastes inclining him to obstetrics and 
diseases of children. For thirty years he was 
engaged in an extensive midwifery practice in 
which he was very successful, and was often 
asked in consultation. Finally, from declin- 
ing health, he was obliged, to a great extent, 
In 1868 he came under Dr. Colvin’s observa- 
tion, and was advised to submit to an opera- 
tion which he readily did. The operation was 
made, and the depressed bone removed, and 
resulted, with one exception (six weeks after), 
in no return of the seizures. The patient lived 
fifteen years, dying from some other cause. 
But four or five cases of gunshot wounds of 
the cranium, resulting in epilepsy, occurred 
during the rebellion (all of which were oper- 
ated upon) not one of which, save this one, 
was successful. This case is published in the 
first surgical volume of the “Medical and Sur- 
gical History of the Rebellion.” Dr. Colvin 
was appointed surgeon of the One Hundred 
and Seventh Regiment of the National Guard 
of the State of New York by its governor in 
1864, and served as such until it was disbanded, 
a period of about four years. He has a large 
consulting practice in his own and adjoining 
counties, besides a finely selected, though in- 
tentionally limited, general practice. He has 
frequently acted as president of his county 
medical society, and is a member of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, and in 1887, was 
its second vice-president. He is a retired per- 
manent member of the Medical Society of the 
State of New York and is one of the founders 
of the New York State Medical Association, 
and at one time was one of its vice-presidents 
and a member of its council. He has fre- 
quently contributed papers to that association 
and to many medical journals upon various 
medical subjects. At various times he has 
been president of his village board of educa- 
tion and board of health. 
COMEGYS, Cornelius George, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio,was born at Cherburg, the family man- 
sion, Kent county, Del., July 23, 1846. His 
father was governor of Delaware, 1839-42, and 
was a descendant of a German-Holland fam- 
-1 ily that settled in Kent county, Md., in 1660. 
I Dr. Comegys was educated in the Dover Acad- 
emy, Delaware. In 1839 he married a daugh- 
I ter of Governor Tiffin, of Ohio. It was his 
plan to have entered upon the study of med- 
icine at the usual time, but circumstances 
led him to Indiana, where he embarked in 
business, which ended unsuccessfully after 
several years of effort. He then went to Phil- 
adelphia, and entered upon the study of med- 
icine as a student of Professor W. E. Horner. 
He graduated in the class of 1848 at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. He began work in 
Philadelphia, but removed to Cincinnati in 
1849, where the advent of the Asiatic cholera 
that year gave him the opportunity of obtain- 
ing a large practice. In 1851 he went to Lon- 
don and Paris for clinical study. In 1852 he 
was elected to the chair of anatomy in the 
Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, 
and gave a course; but resigned to accept the 
chair of the institutes in the new Miami Med- 
ical College. In this position he remained un- 
til the fusion of that school with the Medical 
College of Ohio in 1857, where he occupied the 
same chair until 1860; then, with several of 
his colleagues, he resigned. In 1864 he was 
re-elected, and held also the additional title of 
Professor of Clinical Medicine. 111-health led 
him to resign again in 1868. The chief feature 
of his relationship to both these schools was 
the leadership in the establishment of a col- 
lege dispensary for the advantage of college 
clinics, after the manner of those in the 
Philadelphia schools. He became connected 
to abandon his favorite branch of practice, and 
confine himself almost exclusively to the prac- 
tice of medicine. In 1862 he passed the neces- 
sary examination and received a surgeon's 
commission in the Federal army, but was 
never in actual service. He has devoted much 
attention to the study of insanity and kindred 
diseases, and has, as an expert, been frequent- 
ly in the courts for the purpose of giving 
evidence relative to this and other medical 
questions. Although never having surgical 
aspirations, yet an operation and its result, 
which has always given him great pleasure, 
was in the case of a soldier who received a 
gunshot wound of the cranium, producing a 
comminuted fracture of the rigid parietal 
bone, at the battle of Gettysburg. Owing to 
a failure in elevating the fragments at the 
time, epileptoid convulsions supervened within 
two years and so frequently did they recur, 
that they were soon of almost daily occurrence. 96 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
with the Cincinnati Hospital in 1857, and 
has been a lecturer on clinical medicine 
and president of the staff. It was through 
his recommendation that the board of trust- 
ees established the department of pathology 
separate from the clinical service. His chief 
literary work is the translation from the French 
of the widely known “History of Medicine,” 
by Renouard. He is the author of numerous 
papers in the medical press, two of which have 
attracted much attention: one, “On the Pa- 
thology and Treatment of Phthisis,” 1854, re- 
ferred to in the American edition of “Wat- 
son’s Practice,” and in Copeland’s Diction- 
ary,” American edition; the other, “On Cool 
Bathing in the Treatment of (Infantile) En- 
tero-Colitis,” Philadelphia Medical Times, July, 
1875; of which Professor H. 0. Woods says, in 
1877, after having practiced it extensively dur- 
ing the hot term of 1876, “It must be granted 
to Dr. Comegys the credit of having introduced 
one of the most life-saving improvements in 
modern therapeutics.” Dr. Comegys believes 
himself to have been the first to have announced 
the correct theory of counter-irritation in thera- 
peutics. His views on this subject are to be 
found in the “Treatment of Asiatic Cholera,” 
American Journal of Medicine, 1866; and “Re- 
ports of Cases of Brain Tumors,” Philadelphia 
Medical and Surgical Reporter, 1870. His ad- 
dress before the Alumni Association of the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1875 has at- 
tracted large attention outside the profession 
by reason of his discussion that “A Healthy 
Brain is Necessary to a Free Will.” In the 
same lecture is found a glowing eulogy on the 
distinguished career of the venerable Professor 
George B. Wood, and which drew from that 
eminent man a letter of acknowledgment. His 
earnest plea also for a “Reform in Medical 
Teaching” exerted much influence in effecting 
the change in the course now pursued in the 
university. Dr. Comegys also produced a new 
specialty, the “Practice at the Bar” of legal 
medicine by physicians themselves; also a 
more comprehensive journalism as a present 
need of the average physician. As a member 
of the staff of the hospital he has been a steady 
advocate of the necessity of giving bed-side 
instruction to advanced students in the wards; 
and that students should be required to pass 
in clinical examination in order to graduate. 
He thinks that instruction offered to large 
classes in amphitheaters is wholly inadequate. 
He has been largely interested in public 
education, and has for twenty years past 
been a director in the board of education, 
or university board. As chairman of the li- 
brary committee in 1857, he developed what 
now constitutes the great Public Library of 
Cincinnati. He entered the municipal legis- 
lature in 1859, and secured the organization of 
the University of Cincinnati, and is now pres- 
ident of its board of trustees. He is one of 
the founders of the Cincinnati Academy of 
Medicine, and has served as president; also 
of Cincinnati Medical Society, of which he has 
been president . He is an associate member of 
the Philadelphia College of Physicians, and 
permanent member of the American Medical 
Association. At the Detroit meeting of the or- 
ganization in 1892, and at Milwaukee in 1893, 
Dr. Comegys, as chairman of a special com- 
mittee to petition Congress to create a depart- 
ment, and secretary of public health, reported 
hopeful progress in securing the establishment 
of this much-needed legislation, so well calcu- 
lated to promote in a large way the public wel- 
fare. 
CONNER, Phineas Sanborn, of Cincinnati, 
0., son of the late Dr. P. S. Conner, was born 
in West Chester, Pa., August 28, 1839. He 
was educated at the Hughes High School, Cin- 
cinnati, and at Dartmouth College, New Hamp- 
shire, from which he received the degree of 
A. B. in 1859. He then studied medicine in 
the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 
where he received the degree of M. D. in 18(51. 
He entered the United States Army the same 
year, and held the position of assistant surgeon 
with the rank of brevet captain and brevet 
major. He established himself at Cincinnati 
in 1866, and w as elected Professor of Surgery 
in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Sur- 
gery. Since 1867 he has been connected with 
the Medical College of Ohio, holding now the 
chair of Surgery, and since 1878 has held the 
chair of Surgery in the Dartmouth Medical 
College, New Hampshire. He is Surgeon to 
the Cincinnati and Good Samaritan Hospitals. 
He is a member of various medical societies, 
national and local, and has been president of 
the American Surgical Association, of the 
American Academy of Medicine, of the Ohio 
State Medical Society, and of the Cincinnati 
Academy of Medicine. 
CONNOR, Leartus, of Detroit, Michigan, 
was born in Coldenham, Orange county, New 
York, January 29, 1843. His mother was Car- 
oline Corwin, sixth in descent from Matthias 
Corwin, who emigrated from England and 
settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1633. 
His father was Hezekial Connor, third in de- 
scent from William Connor, who emigrated 
from Castle Pollard, county of West Meath, 
Ireland, and settled in Scotchtown, Orange 
county, New Arork, 1767. He prepared for col- 
lege at Wallkill Academy, in Middletown, New 
York, and graduated A. 8., from Williams Col- 
lege, Massachusetts, June, 1865, and received 
the degree of A. M., in 1868. To complete his 
preparation for the study of medicine, he served 
as principal assistant of Mexico Academy, at 
Mexico, Oswego county, New York, during two 
years, spending the leisure from his teaching 
duties in the study of the geology, botany and 
conchology of that region. His medical pre- 
ceptor was Dr. George L. Dayton, of Mexico, 
N. Y. He spent one year in the medical de- 
partment of the University of Michigan, de- 
voting special attention to the work in the 
chemical and anatomical laboratories, for 
which that institution was celebrated. He 
then spent two full years in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of New York City. 
The intervals between the regular courses in 
the college he spent in taking private courses 
in dispensaries and hospitals, finally graduat- 
ing from the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, in 1870. After spending a few months 
in practice at Searsville, New York, he removed 
to Detroit, Michigan, February, 1871, to teach 
chemistry and conduct the chemical laboratory 
in the Detroit Medical College, and to engage 
in the practice of medicine. His interest in 
ophthalmology and otology was awakened by 
the didactic and clinical instruction of the 
late Dr. C. R. Agnew and Dr. Herman Knapp, 
of New York, and increased by the cases that 
came under his care in general practice. These 
cases became so numerous that, in 1878, he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
97 
four years he has been Ophthalmic and Aural 
Surgeon to the Children’s Free Hospital. 
COOVER, Eli Houser, of Harrisburg, Pa., 
son of Jacob and Annie Houser Coover, was 
born October 1, 1827, near Mechanicsburg, 
Cumberland county, Pa. He acquired his early 
education in the high school of Mechanicsburg; 
read medicine with Augustus Van Hoff, M. D., 
and was graduated in medicine from Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1850. In 
April, 1850, he located in New Cumberland, 
Pa., where he had a lucrative practice until 
1869, when he moved to Harrisburg, Pa., where 
he has since remained in active medical and 
surgical practice. As early as 1856 he removed 
the parotid gland successfully. In 1870 he 
performed the operation of resection of the 
forearm with perfect success. On November 
22, 1871, he treated very successfully a case 
of strychnine poisoning with chloral hydrate 
and bromide of potassium (see Scientific Amer- 
ican, December 16, 1871). In February, 1877, 
he described in Medical and Surgical Reporter, 
Philadelphia, his concavo flexion splint for the 
treatment of Barton’s fracture (see Agnew’s 
Surgery). Some time before this he had in- 
vented the concavo extension splint. He con- 
tributed to the same journal in 1878 an article 
on spinal diseases and spinal curvatures, and 
their treatment by the use of his close-fitting, 
self-adjusting silicated soda spinal jacket or 
corset, which invention has been very success- 
ful in the treatment of spinal diseases by him. 
The jacket was presented before the American 
Medical Association in Newr York, June, 1880. 
He was one of the originators of the Cumberland 
County (Pa.) Medical Society, and in 1870 be- 
came a member of the Dauphin County (Pa.) 
was compelled to abandon all general practice 
and devote himself exclusively to their man- 
agement. From 1871 to 1881, he taught con- 
tinuously in the Detroit Medical College, as 
follows: One year chemistry, seven years 
physiology and clinical medicine, and two 
years didactic and clinical ophthalmology and 
otology. For several years he was secretary 
of the Detroit Medical College; during seven 
years he was secretary of the American Med- 
ical College Association. Since 1871 he has 
edited a medical journal, known successively 
as the Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, 
Detroit Medical Journal, Detroit Lancet, and now 
the American Lancet. During one year he was 
president of the American Medical Editors’ 
Association. Besides the editorial writing 
monthly for his own journal, he has contrib- 
uted papers to other medical journals, and to 
the transactions of many medical societies, as 
the Detroit Academy of Medicine, the Mich- 
igan State Medical Society, the American 
Academy of Medicine, the Ophthalmic Sec- 
tion of the American Medical Association, the 
Ophthalmic Section of the International Med- 
ical Congress, at its Washington meeting, etc., 
discussing topics connected with the affections 
of the eye and ear. He has been active in pro- 
moting the interests of the medical societies of 
which he is a member. He has served as secre- 
tary and president of the Detroit Academy 
of Medicine for two terms each ; as vice-presi- 
dent of the American Academy of Medicine 
one year; as vice-president of the American 
Medical Association one year; as trustee of 
the Association Journal six years; as chairman 
of the Section on Ophthalmology of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association one year. His hospi- 
tal work has been constant. For six years 
after settling in Detroit he served as physician 
to St. Mary’s Hospital; for twelve years he has 
been Ophthalmic Surgeon to Harper Hospital; 
for two years he has been Consulting Ophthal- 
mic Surgeon to the Woman’s Hospital; and for 
Medical Society by certificate; he is a member 
of the State Medical Society and of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association. He filled the posi- 98 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tion of Northern Central Railroad surgeon 
from 1851 to 1869. He was a United States 
examining surgeon for pensions from 1872 to 
1883; president of Dauphin County Medical 
Society in 1883. He has two sons, both physi- 
cians: David H. Coover, specialist of the eye 
and ear in Denver, Col., and H. Ross Coover, 
practicing in Harrisburg, Pa. 
CORNETT, William T. S., of Madison, Ind., 
was born July 11, 1805, at Carrolton, Ky. His 
father died during the infancy of the subject 
of this sketch, after which his care devolved 
entirely upon Ids mother. He received a com- 
mon school education, and was then sent to 
Lexington, Ky., to study the Latin and Greek 
languages in Transylvania University. After 
this course he was placed by his guardian 
(against his inclination) in the office of a gen- 
eral practitioner of medicine to acquire a 
knowledge of his profession. He there learned 
to compound drugs and fill prescriptions, a 
necessary part, he still thinks, of medical ed- 
ucation. Being duly encouraged by his pre- 
ceptor he resolved on success if possible, and 
became a diligent student for about three 
years. He then returned to the university 
and attended one full course of lectures in its 
medical department in the winter of 1823-24. 
The members of the faculty at that time were: 
Dudley, Caldwell, Brown, Drake, Richardson, 
Blythe and Best. At the end of this course he 
found himself nineteen years of age and his 
means exhausted. He was consequently com- 
pelled to seek a location and offer his medical 
services to the public. On reaching Dearborn 
county, Indiana, where he temporarily located, 
he was informed that the law of the State made 
it an indictable offense for any one to practice 
medicine without first being examined and 
licensed. Each judicial district constituted a 
medical district and the district society had 
three censors, whose duty it was to examine 
applicants and if found qualified, they would 
give a permit to practice until the next meet- 
ing of the society, when the case*would be 
finally acted upon. He passed a satisfactory 
examination, one of the censors being a 
Scotchman and a graduate of the University of 
Edinburg. At the next meetingof the district 
society the censors reported him qualified and 
a diploma was granted, signed by the presi- 
dent, secretary, and censors, and stamped with 
the seal of the society. He still has this di- 
ploma in a tin box, lying between two college 
diplomas of a later date, conferring upon him 
the degree of M. D. He was chosen a dele- 
gate to represent the district society at the 
next meeting of the State society at Indianap- 
olis in 1825. At this meeting there were few 
in attendance outside of that city. The presi- 
dent, Dr. Samuel Grant Mitchell, read his 
address, but no papers were read by the mem- 
bers. Dr. Cornett had a paper in his pocket, 
but finding that no one else had, made no 
mention of it. At the next meeting of the 
legislature the law regulating the practice of 
medicine in his State was repealed in order to 
give the people a chance to employ “steam 
doctors.” This was the last meeting of the 
original Indiana State Medical Society, and as 
far as known Dr. Cornett is the only man now 
living who was a member of it. On his return 
he made an abridgment of his paper and sent 
it to Dr. Drake at Cincinnati, who was then 
editing the Western Journal of Medical and 
Physical Sciences. His paper found a place in 
the journal and in consideration of it he was 
complimented with a year’s subscription 
($5.00) which he regarded as an invitation to 
become a contributor to its pages. On locating 
at Versailles, Ripley county, Ind., in the 
spring of 1825, he met a competitor, who soon 
left, and he then became the only physician 
in the countv for a period of three years, and 
was compelled (single handed and alone) to 
assume all the responsibilities in the practice of 
medicine, surgery, and obstetrics. This he re- 
garded as a great advantage, as it taught him 
self-reliance. During the years of his pupilage 
and early practice medical books were scarce. 
The doctor is quoted as saying: “On practice 
we had Cullen and Thomas, the latter was re- 
garded as the best. He did not commit Thom- 
as to memory as Dr. Physick did Cullen, but 
he went over it so often and so studiously that 
he knew thoroughly its contents, and when he 
settled the diagnosis in a case he knew at once 
how Dr. Thomas would Heat it if present. He 
thinks a half a dozen books to examine on a 
case would have caused confusion and hesi- 
tancy. In obstetrics he was also thorough in 
James Merriman, Ripley is a large county, it 
was heavily timbered, and its early settlements 
chiefly in the valleys of its water-courses. The 
principal diseases during summer and autumn 
were cholera morbus, dysentery, summer com- 
plaint of children, remittent and intermittent 
fever. Most writers think the last two dis- 
eases have one and the same cause, viz: “Ma- 
laria, a convenient peg on which to hang our 
ignorance,” but in Cornett’s opinion these dis- 
eases are specifically different, as much so as 
small-pox and measles, and that such is caused 
by a specific living germ though found as 
neighbors in the same locality. He states that 
before the days of quinine, chronic intermit- 
tents were common, lasting six months or even 
a year, and that remittent fever destroyed the 
patient or subsided within a given time and 
holds that if there be a unity of cause there 
should be a unity of effect. At the beginning 
and during the early years of his professional 
life, blood-letting was practiced in most inflam- 
matory diseases and in some which were not 
inflammatory. This practice became unpopu- 
lar from its abuse and was abandoned. It is 
now styled the “lost art” in therapeutics. 
Those who had written books and lectures in 
its favor then imagined that a change of type 
in disease in general had occurred, and as a 
consequence there was no further use for the 
lancet, but Dr. Cornett was not convinced of 
the soundness of this view and never expects 
to be. He writes that he has used the lancet 
to remove blood pressure from the brain in 
every case of puerperal convulsions that he has 
ever seen, either in his own practice or in the 
practice of others when called in council and 
that they have all recovered and says that the 
result is no doubt exceptional, but it has im- 
pressed him with the belief that the practice 
was not injurious.” In a recent number of a 
St. Louis medical journal there is a paper in 
which the writer claims eight consecutive re- 
coveries from this affection, the treatment being 
morphine hypodermically used. These appa- 
rent opposites are calculated to make us ask 
ourselves the question, what is medical experi- 
ence worth? The rationale of this is explained 
by Dr. Cornett as follows: “A moderate dose 
of opium is a stimulant and does injury by in- 
creasing blood pressure, whilst a larger dose EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
99 
weakens the force of the circulation and con- 
sequently lessens blood pressure. Thus these 
two modes may .tend to the same result.” His 
contributions to medical literature have been 
on a variety of subjects and have been pub- 
lished in the Transactions of the Indiana State 
Medical Society and in the leading medical 
journals of the South and West. Dr. Cornett 
represented the county of Ripley for six years 
in the State Senate of Indiana, beginning in 
1841. At the session of 1843-44 when the rev- 
enue bill of the house was reported to the 
senate he moved to amend said bill so that an 
additional one cent on the hundred dollars be 
levied as a fund with which to build a lunatic 
asylum. This amendment was carried in the 
senate and the house concurred in the amend- 
ment. With this fund a farm was purchased 
near Indianapolis, and on it the first hospital 
for the insane erected. This property is said 
now to be worth a million and a half dollars. 
(For the truth of this statement see Senate 
Journal 1843-44, page 521.) The history of the 
origin and progress of this institution has been 
written and published more than once without 
the mention of the name of Dr. Cornett in 
connection with it. The above injustice is 
therefore a sufficient apology for including the 
subject in this sketch. Dr. Cornett received 
the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the 
University of Louisville and also from the 
Central Medical College of Indiana in 1852. 
He practiced medicine at Versailles, Ind., for 
forty years. In 1867 he removed to the city 
of his present residence and retired from pro- 
fessional life. 
CORSON, Hiram, of Plymouth Meeting, Pa., 
son of Joseph Corson and Hannah Dickinson 
Corson, was born October 8, 1804, in Mont- 
gomery county, Pennsylvania. His father was 
of Huguenot descent, Ids first American ances- 
tors being Cornelius Corson, who came from 
France and settled on Staten Island when the 
Huguenots were fleeing in all dh'ections from 
the persecution of Louis XIV prior to 1680. 
His mother was of English descent, her ances- 
try running back two hundred and fifty years 
in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, to 
Charles Dickinson, a merchant of London, 
whose father was Gentleman Usher of the 
Scarlet Rod, Order of Bath, in the court of 
James I, and who was himself a direct descend- 
ant of Edward 111. The Dickinsons were 
among the first converts to Quakerism through 
the direct agency of George Fox himself, who 
visited them both in England and after their 
arrival in this country. It was no doubt the 
influence of his religious views which induced 
William Dickinson to move, as early as 1680, to 
Penn’s Colony, where many of his descend- 
ants still remain. Mr. Wharton Dickinson—a 
descendant of Governor Dickinson of Pennsyl- 
vania—runs back the through 
official papers, from Chai’les of London to Ivar 
of Norway, A. D. 700. Dr. Corson, after hav- 
ing received his plain and moderate educa- 
tion in the schools of Friends at Plymouth 
Meeting and in Philadelphia, studied medicine 
with Dr. Richard D. Corson, of New Hope, 
Pa., March 9,1826, and graduated M. D. in the 
University of Pennsylvania, March 27, 1828. 
He began to practice in the same year at Ply- 
mouth Meeting, where he has ever since re- 
mained. At that time cold water was rarely 
used as drink for sick people in any disease. 
In measles and other cutaneous diseases it was 
denounced as positively dangerous. Hot teas 
were in universal use in all diseases. Dr. Cor- 
son resolved never to use them in any febrile 
disease if they were not craved by the patient; 
and at once, in 1829, when the measles ap- 
peared, gave freely of cold water, not only to 
allay the craving thirst for it, that is always 
present in that disease, but also as a reme- 
dial measure to reduce the high temperature. 
This plan of treatment was before that time 
an unheard-of one, and was condemned by the 
profession everywhere. In 1830 he began the 
treatment of scarlet fever in the same way, 
and by sponging the surface of the body with 
cold water when the heat was great, and also 
by having pieces of ice held in the mouth to 
cool it and the swelled tonsils. This treat- 
ment was severely criticised and denounced, 
but it proved so successful that in his sixty 
years of practice it was continued; and, in 
measles, he can say that under this cooling 
treatment not one patient was lost. To the 
use of ice in the mouth, cold water as drink, 
and cool sponging of the body, with copious 
affusions of cold water on the head when the 
brain, in scarlet fever, was affected, he added, 
in 1844, the external application of ice to the 
inflamed sub-maxillary glands; and, from that 
time to the present, has regarded this treat- 
ment of scarlet fever as the most successful 
known to the profession, and by far the most 
agreeable to the patients and the nurses. His 
contributions to the literature of the profession 
were numerous. Papers on measles in 1844 
and 1872; on scarlet fever because of the per- 
sistent opposition to this mode of treatment— 
termed by his critics the freezing treatment— 
and because of the too-fatal modes of various 
kinds in common use he wrote frequently, 100 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
that others might be led to try his measures. 
Papers on this subject—treatment of scarlet 
fever—may be found in Transactions of the 
Pennsylvania Medical Society of 1857, 1862, 
1864, 1867, 1871, 1872 and 1876; and in Medical 
and iSnrgir.nl Reporter of Philadelphia, in 1871, 
1873, 1876 and 1882. These papers were effi- 
cient in causing many of the profession to 
adopt the measures and bear testimony to the 
value of the reform. Among other papers are 
those entitled “ Epidemic Jaundice;” “ Bella- 
donna in Whooping-cough ;” “ Ice as a Reme- 
dy for Inflammation of Mammary Glands;” 
“ Reminiscences of the Asiatic Cholera of 
1832;” “Puerperal Convulsions;” “Thoughts 
on Midwifery;” “Meddlesome Midwifery;” 
“ Midwifery in the Country;” “Three Thou- 
sand and Thirty-three Cases of Midwifery;” 
“Food for Infants,” an advocacy for undiluted 
milk, as against the starving dilution which 
has slain its thousands; the “Use of Opium in 
Obstetrics;” “Sulphate Quinine as an Antipy- 
retic in Pneumonia,” denying its value; “ Ice 
in Glossitis, Peritonitis and Typhilitis,” local- 
ly applied; “Cimicifuga a Remedy for Cho- 
rea;” “ Rhus Glabrum in Stomatitis;” “ Hy- 
drophobia;” “The Use of Stimulants by the 
Profession ;” “ Diphtheria Treated by Ice Ex- 
ternally and Internally; four papers in 1881 
on “Blood-letting in Pneumonia,” “Blood-let- 
ting in the Old,” “Blood-letting in the Young,” 
“Blood-letting in Inflammatory Diseases;” 
“Pneumonia,” a review in four papers in 1890; 
“ Pneumonia, its Unsuccessful Treatment by 
Arterial Sedatives and its Successful Treatment 
by Blood-letting,” read before the Philadel- 
phia County Medical Society, by request, in 
April, 1892, and discussed try its members; 
“How Shall We Conduct a Labor?” “ Cold as 
a Remedy in Febrile Affections”—read before 
the Ninth International Medical Congress; 
“Scarlet Fever in a Puerperal Patient,” sub- 
dued by the cold treatment; and “ Cerebro 
Spinal Meningitis.” Important as some of 
these papers were, especially those showing the 
value of the cooling treatment in measles and 
scarlet fever, diphtheria and local inflamma- 
tions, and of the safety and value of blood-let- 
ting in pneumonia and other inflammations, 
his greater work was begun when in his fifty- 
sixth year, when he was pressed by a large 
and laborious country practice. Then, in the 
face of almost universal opposition by the pro- 
fession, he began his efforts for the recognition 
of women physicians by the profession. After 
continuous efforts in the meetings of the State 
Medical Society, year after year, this was ac- 
complished in 1871, and women physicians be- 
came fully recognized by the profession in the 
State. But this was only preparatory to the 
yet more important work of his advanced age. 
In 1877, when seventy-three years old, lie 
brought before the State Medical Society a res- 
olution for the appointment of a committee to 
“report on the propriety of having female phy- 
sicians to have the care of the insane of their 
sex.” The resolution was adopted ; the com- 
mittee appointed ; he was made chairman, and 
in a little more than two years from that time 
—in 1879—though strongly opposed before the 
legislature by superintendents of the State 
hospitals for the insane and their medical aids, 
a law was enacted authorizing boards of trust- 
ees of these hospitals to appoint women phy- 
sicians to have medical care of the female in- 
sane.' This was the beginning of a reform 
which has since spread over the whole coun- 
try, and in Massachusetts, New York and 
some other States imperative;law compels trust- 
ees to appoint female physicians to have en- 
tire charge of the female insane. The result 
of this movement is indeed wonderful. In the 
Norristown Hospital, where Dr. Alice Bennett 
has entire control of the female insane, there 
are now 1,002 female patients. Many honors 
have been conferred upon Dr. Corson during 
his long professional career. He became an 
honorary member Philadelphia Medical Soci- 
ety in 1828. He was founder of Montgomery 
County Medical Society in 1847, and president 
of it in 1840. He was elected member of the 
Pennsylvania Medical Society in 1849, and 
president of his State Medical Society in 1852; 
elected corresponding member Page Literary 
Society at Millersville Normal School, 1858; 
member American Medical Association, 1862; 
elected corresponding member “Meigs and Ma- 
son Academy of Medicine,” at Middleport, 0., 
1873; associate member Philadelphia Obstetric 
Society, 1874; associate fellow Philadelphia 
College of Physicians, 1876; honorary member 
Harrisburg Pathological Society, i 881; life 
member in Alumni Association of University 
of Pennsylvania (and now one of its vice-pres- 
idents), 1879; elected member “Historical So- 
ciety of Pennsylvania,” 1884 ; member board of 
trustees of Lunatic Hospital at Harrisburg, Pa., 
from 1877 to 1884; appointed official visitor, by 
Board of Public Charities, to Montgomery coun- 
ty jail and alms-house, and later to the hos- 
pital for the insane at Norristown, Pa., but 
after service of several years declined the lat- 
ter appointment and resigned the former one, 
becauseof advanced age, in 1893, and was elected 
honorary member American Association of Ob- 
stetricians and Gynecologists in 1892. In 1888, 
after having been in continuous practice for 
sixty years, he retired from the active duties 
of a profession for the advancement and honor 
of which he still labors. 
CORTELYOU, Peter R., of Marietta, Ga., 
was bora February 11? 1843, at Brooklyn, N. Y. 
He is a son of the late Adrian V. Cortelyou, 
one of the earlier settlers of Brooklyn, being 
of French-Hugenot descent, on his father’s, 
and English on his mother’s side. His early 
education was had at private schools, and he 
graduated at Yale University in 1864. He then 
studied medicine in Bellevue Hospital Medi- 
cal College, New York, and graduated in 1867. 
He was a private pupil in the office of the late 
Professor James R. Wood, of New York. He 
obtained the first appointment on the staff of 
Bellevue Hospital where he remained one year 
and one-half. He then entered private prac- 
tice in Brooklyn, N. Y., where he was ap- 
pointed visiting physician to The Brooklyn 
Orphan Asylum, and to St. John’s Hospital, 
and to the Chair of Throat and Lungs in De- 
milt Dispensary. He secured a good practice, 
but was obliged to leave Brooklyn on account 
of pulmonary trouble. He came to Georgia 
and in 1879 located in Marietta, where, after 
recovering his health, he again commenced 
practice. He is a permanent member The 
American Medical Association, and The Geor- 
gia State Medical Association, and in the lat- 
ter has held the office of vice-president. For 
some years he gave lectures on physiology to 
the schools in Marietta. He has gained some EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
101 
local reputation in the treatment of diseases of 
the throat, lungs and nasal organs, although 
doing a general practice. 
COXE, John Redman, of Philadelphia, was 
born in Trenton, N. J., in 1773, and died in the 
formercity, March 22,1864. He was educated in 
Philadelphia, under the charge of his grandfa- 
ther, Dr. Redman, until his tenth year, when he 
went to England, and remained until his seven- 
teenth year. In Edinburgh he completed his 
classical education, and attended a course of 
medical lectures at the university of that city. 
In 1790 he returned to America, and after 
studying medicine regularly with Dr. Rush, 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, 
in 1794. The subject of his thesis was “In- 
flammation.” He witnessed the epidemic yel- 
low fever of 1793, while a student of medicine. 
After graduation, Dr. Coxe again visited Eu- 
rope, and remained a pupil of the London 
Hospital for one year; he subsequently studied 
in Edinburgh and Paris, and returned to Phil- 
adelphia in 1796. In 1797, Dr. Coxe served as 
one of the resident physicians of Bush Hill 
Hospital, under the charge of Drs. Physick 
and Cathrall, when, as Dr. Bell informs us, 
there were only twenty-three or twenty-four 
physicians who remained at their posts during 
this epidemic of yellow fever, and eight of 
their number died. Dr. Coxe was appointed, 
by the board of health, physician of the port,; 
in 1798, the period of another great visitation 
of yellow fever. He was likewise, for several 
years, physician of the Philadelpliia Dispen- 
sary, and of the Pennsylvania Hospital. He 
was, at the commencement of the present cen- 
tury, an earnest, enthusiastic advocate of vac- 
cination. After vaccinating his oldest child, 
then an infant, at the time the full efficacy Of 
the practice was still in suspense in the public 
mind, he fully tested it by exposing him to the 
influence of small-pox. The result of this, 
then bold experiment, contributed in no small 
degree to establish reliance on the protective 
power of vaccination. Dr. Coxe succeeded Dr. 
Woodhouse in the chair of chemistry in the 
University of Pennsylvania, in 1809, and was 
transferred to that of "materia medica and phar- 
macy, in 1819, which he held until 1835. He 
was possessed of considerable classical attain- 
ments, and was well versed in the ancient lit- 
erature of medicine. The doctrines and opin- 
ions of the earlier fathers of physic had so 
superior a value in his estimation as to lead 
to too exclusive an exposition of them in his 
lectures. This was more particularly the case 
when occupying the chair of materia medica 
and pharmacy; but the merit is due him of 
opposing the extended assumption of the doc- 
trines of solidism that prevailed, and of giv- 
ing proper significance to the facts of the hu- 
moral physiology and pathology, which were 
gaining ground from the commencement of the 
present century, and are now fully admitted. 
He insisted upon the correctness of the doc- 
trine of the absorption of medicinal substances, 
and upon the explanation, by it, of their modus 
operandi. He published a treatise on “Inflam- 
mation,” 1794; and on “Vaccination,” 1800. 
Dr. Coxe at*one time was the editor of the 
Medical Museum. This periodical was com- 
menced in 1804; the same year as the publica- 
tion of Dr. Barton, and was continued regularly 
until 1811. It may be said to be the first uniform- 
ly issued periodical in the city of Philadelphia, 
but not in the United States, as, in this respect, 
the city of New York takes precedence. He 
published, as editor, the American Dispensatory, 
a work largely derived from Duncan's Edin- 
burgh Dispensatory. In 1808 he published a 
Medical Dictionary. Late in life he issued 
an Exposition of the Works of Hippocrates, 
and an “Essay on the Origin of the Discovery 
of the Circulation of the Blood.” In 1829, he 
introduced, and succeeded in cultivating, the 
true jalap plant, thus enabling Mr. Nuttall to 
determine its real character and position. He 
died at the advanced age of ninety years. 
CRAIK, James, of Fairfax county, Ya., was 
born in Scotland in 1731, and died February 6, 
1814. He was educated to be a surgeon in the 
British army, but came to Virginia early in 
life; accompanied Washington in the expedi- 
tion against the French and Indians in 1754, 
and was in Braddock’s disastrous campaign in 
1755; attended that general after his defeat and 
assisted in dressing his wounds. We owe to 
Dr. Craik the details of Washington’s remark- 
able escape at Braddock’s defeat. While ex- 
ploring the western part of Virginia in 1779, he 
he met an aged Indian chief who told him, by 
an interpreter, that he had made a long jour- 
ney to see Colonel Washington, at whom, in 
the battle of Monongehela, he had fired his 
rifle fifteen times, ordering all his young men to 
do the same. During the Revolutionary War 
Dr. Craik served in the medical department 
and rose to the first rank. He was active in 
disclosing the conspiracy of 1777, to remove the 
Commander-in-Chief, and in 1781, as director- 
general of the hospital at Yorktown, was pres- 
ent at the surrender of Cornwallis. After the 
war he removed to the neighborhood of Mount 
Vernon at Washington’s request, and attended 
him in his last illness. Washington spoke of 
him as, “My compatriot in arms, my old and 
Itl f 1 Iyi of D £yion rl 
CRANDALL, William Wells, of Wellsville, 
N. Y., was born in Genesee Allegany county, 
N. Y., March 23, 1828. He was the youngest 
son of Ezekiel and Susan Wells Crandall, na- 
tives of Hopkinton, R. 1., and of English de- 
scent. His father held a major’s commission 
in the war of 1812, serving with honor in the 
defenses of Rhode Island and Connecticut. 
Dr. Crandall was educated at Alfred Academy 
and Bown University, was granted a “Teach- 
er’s State Certificate” by Victor M. Rice, State 
Superintendent of Public Instruction of New 
York, and taught several years in the public 
schools of New York and Rhode Island. He 
began the study of medicine with H. P. Saun- 
ders, M. D., of Alfred Centre, N. Y., in 1855, 
but at the end of the first year went to New 
York for the greater opportunities of hospital 
and clinical study, where he remained till 
graduated from “The University of the City of 
New York,” March 6, 1858, the faculty grant- 
ing him, additional to the regular diploma, a 
“Certificate of Honor,” as an evidence of his 
having pursued a fuller course of medical in- 
struction than usually followed by students. 
He was also graduated from the “New York 
Ophthalmic Hospital.” Immediately after he 
went abroad, studying in London and Guy’s 
Hospitals, the former under the celebrated 
Dr. Curling. Returning to this country he set- 
tled in Andover, N. Y., succeeding to the pa- 
tronage of J. J. Harmon, M. D.; after six years 
successful practice he returned to New York and 
pursued special studies with Professors Austin 
Flint, Sr., in diseases of the chest, Austin 102 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1869; professor of surgery, Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital, 1871 ; and professor of anatomy, 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1872. 
Among the societies of which he was a mem- 
ber are the New Hampshire State Medical So- 
ciety, serving as president, 1876; Vermont 
State Medical Society; Connecticut River Val- 
ley Medical Society ; White Mountain Medical 
Society; Washtenau County (Mich.) Medical 
Society; Kings County (N. Y.) Medical Socie- 
ty; Queens County (N. Y.) Medical Society, 
honorary member; New York Pathological So- 
ciety ; New York County Medical Society ; New 
York Medical Journal Association; New York 
Public Health Association, and the American 
Medical Association. In June. 1877, he pre- 
sided at the annual meeting of the New Hamp- 
shire Medical Society and delivered an ad- 
dress upon, “The Ethical Relations of Physi- 
cian and Patient.” Included in his contribu- 
tions to literature, the most important are “A 
Month in a Volunteer Camp;” “Foreign Bodies 
in the Knee-Joint, with an Account of Seven 
Successful Operations for their Removal;” “A 
Successful Case of Ovariotomy;” “A Series of 
Papers on Abscess;” “A Case of Siamese 
Twins, with an Operation for Vesico-vaginal 
Fistula;” “A Case of Ovariotomy;” “An Es- 
say on Pain ;” “Gunshot Injuries of the Knee- 
Joint, Requiring Amputation;” “A Contribu- 
tion to the Medical History of New Hamp- 
shire;” “An Address Commemorative of Prof. 
Reuben Dimond Mussay, M. D., LL. D.;” “An 
Eulogy on Nathan Lord, D. D., President of 
Dartmouth College;” “An Address Commem- 
orative of Prof. David S. Conant, M. D.;” “En- 
thusiasm the Condition of Professional Suc- 
CJf". 
Flint, Jr., in microscopv and urinary dis- 
eases, and Stephen Smith, in operative sur- 
gery. He also took a course in the Post- 
Graduate School of New York in 1884. 
Dr. Crandall was elected member of assem- 
bly for Allegany county in the State Legis- 
lature of 1872, re-elected in 1873, serving on 
the committees of “Public Education,” and 
“ Public Health,” being chairman of the lat- 
ter, in which capacity he was instrumental in 
initiating several important measures. He has 
been a member of the Elmira Academy of Med- 
icine, Hornellsville Academy of Medicine, 
twice president of the latter, President of Alle- 
gany County Medical Society, permanent mem- 
ber of the New York State Medical Society 
since 1881, and vice-president of that society 
in 1891; also representative delegate for Alle- 
gany County Medical Society and to the Pan- 
American Medical Congress, and member of 
its Auxiliary Committee, Washington, D. C., 
1893. 
CROSBY, Alpheus Benniug, of New York 
City, was born February 22, 1832, at Gilman- 
town, N. H., and died in Hanover, N. H., Au- 
gust 9, 1877. He is the son of Dixi Crosby, 
M. D., LL. D., and the grandson of Asa Cros- 
by, M. D. His family has resided in this 
country since the settlement of New England 
by the Puritans, and has included among its 
members no less than sixteen physicians. 
Receiving his preliminary training at Moor’s 
Charity School, he entered Dartmouth College, 
graduating therefrom in 1853, and from the 
medical department of the same institution in 
1856. Locating at Hanover, N. H., in 1856, he 
the same year became Demonstrator of Patho- 
logical Anatomy at Dartmouth College, Ad- 
junct Professor of Surgery in 1862 at Dart- 
mouth College; Professor of Surgery, Dart- 
mouth College 1866; Professor of Surgery, Uni- 
versity of Vermont, 1865; lecturer on surgery at 
the medical school of Bowdoin College, 1868; 
professor of surgery, University of Michigan, 
(J\. C 
cess;” “Septicemia;” “The First Operation on 
Record for the Removal of the whole Arm,Scap- 
ula and three-fourths of the Clavicle;” “A Lost EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
103 
Art in Sui’gery;” “General Considerations in 
Regard to Fractures;” and “Common Sense in 
the Sick-Room.” During the late Civil War 
he served as surgeon of the First Regiment 
New Hampshire Volunteers; as brigade and 
division surgeon on the staff of Gen. Stone, 
and as medical director on the staffs of Gen’ls 
Sedgewick, Casey and Peck. He has also been 
attached as assistant surgeon to United States 
Marine Hospital, Boston, and as surgeon of the 
University Hospital, Michigan; Long Island 
College Hospital and Bellevue Hospital. At 
the beginning of the Civil War Dr. Crosby 
joined the First New Hampshire Volunteers as 
surgeon, and was afterwards promoted as brig- 
ade surgeon, but in 1862 he resigned to become 
associate professor of surgery to his father, 
who was professor of surgery and anatomy in 
Dartmouth, and after succeeding his father, he 
retained this chair as well as those in the other 
schools mentioned until his death. 
CROSBY, George Avery, of Manchester, N. 
H., was born in Lowell, Mass., December 
27, 1831, and died January 30, 1888. He 
came from a family of eminent physicians and 
surgeons, and was graduated from the academ- 
ic department of Dartmouth in 1852, and from 
the medical department of the same institution 
in 1856. Two years later he went to Peru and 
practiced there seven years. In 1864 he re- 
turned to the United States and established 
himself at Manchester, where he was engaged 
in the general practice of his profession for 
over twenty years. He was president of the 
New Hampshire State Medical Society in 1886, 
spent the following year in hospital on Deer 
Island and in New York City, and was a mem- 
ber of the Manchester Board of Health at the 
time of his death. 
CULVER, Joseph Edwin, of Jersey City, 
N. J., a descendant of early English settlers 
in Connecticut, was born in Groton, New Lon- 
don county, in that State, February 9, 1823. 
His early education was obtained in the schools 
of his native place, with only the additional 
aid of two summer courses—1839-40—passed 
at the Connecticut Literary Institution at Suf- 
field. In the winter of 1839 he took charge of 
a public school in Groton; still pursuing his 
studies privately. His chief and most success- 
ful studies were of mathematics and natural 
sciences, and when he determined to enter the 
medical profession, he had a knowledge of 
electricity, galvanism, optics, acoustics, chem- 
istry, physiology, anatomy, materia medica, 
toxicology and hygiene. He entered Berk- 
shire Medical College in 1847, and subsequent- 
ly the medical and surgical school of Dr. John 
H. Whittaker, of New York, and the surgical 
school of Dr. William Detmold. He also stud- 
ied at the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
in New York City, graduating thence M. D. in 
1849. After graduating he located himself in 
that part of North Bergen township which was 
subsequently incorporated as Hudson City, 
and is now included in Jersey City. He was, 
in 1850-51, a member of the Passaic District 
Medical Society. He is.a member of the Dis- 
trict Medical Society of the County of Hudson, 
was its organizer in 1851, has held every office 
in its gift, including that of historian and cus- 
todian of its archives; of the State Medical 
Society, on its standing committee in 1871-72- 
73; charter member of the New Jersey Acad- 
emy of Medicine, its vice-president and chair- 
man of committee of admissions; one of the 
founders of the Jersey City Pathological Soci- 
ety, and its first president; and is also at the 
present time a member of the New Y”ork Path- 
ological and Neurological Societies. His con- 
tributions to medical literature have been va- 
rious, among them “ Documentary History of 
Dissensions in the Hudson County Medical So- 
ciety,” published in 1873; “ Case of Choleraic 
Dysentery,” 1868; “On the Hygrometer,” 
1876; “A Case of Hydrophobia;” also the au- 
thor of a paper on “ Certain Physiological Re- 
lations and Uses of the Oxides and Oxysalts 
of Iron ” (his graduation thesis); on “ diges- 
tion;’ “Origin and Relations of Urea, Uric 
Acid, and Uric Oxide;” “ Pepsin;” “On Pu- 
ti'efaction;” “ Effects of Oxide of Zinc upon 
its Makers and Users,’’and “ Researches Con- 
cerning the Pigment of Jaundice,” and the 
“ Method of Testing for Bile Pigments in Urine 
and other Liquids.” He was, in 1849, chosen 
physician of Bergen and North Bergen town- 
ship, and county physician of Hudson county, 
which positions he filled for many years; he 
has been on the staff of St. Francis Hospital 
since its organization. He has been city su- 
perintendent of schools of Hudson City, wrote 
their rules and regulations and devised the 
system of school management, pronounced 
by the State superintendent the best in the 
State; in 1860 he became treasurer of Hudson 
City, a position he held eight years; and he is 
a trustee of Hudson City Savings Bank. He 
wrote its by-laws and devised its system of 
management; also, with Dr. T. R. Varick in 
1860, established the Hudson County Hospital, 
which was legislated to death by the surrepti- 
tious passage of an amendment "to its charter, 
authorizing the appointment of irregular prac- 
tioners on the hospital staff. In 1869-70, he 
invented and patented, in this country and 
Great Britain, improvements in steam-engines 
and in motive power engines; has for twenty- 
five years used adhesive plaster in strips to ar- 
rest the deformity of talipes; and in 1875 dem- 
onstrated that human bile and the bile ot some 
animals contain ferrocyanides, and that these 
ferrocyanogen constituents are essentiai to 
the color of the bile; and that the color and 
chemical reactions of indican, in human urine, 
are identically those of the ferrocyanide of 
iron. 
CURTIJf, Roland Gideon, of Philadelphia, 
was bom October 29, 1839, at Bellefonte. Pa. 
His father, Dr. Constans Curtin, who practiced 
medicine in Center county for over a third of 
a century, was born in Dysart, County Clare, 
Ireland, and emigrated to this country in 1807. 
He was an uncle of ex-Governor Andrew G. 
Curtin. His mother was Mary Anne Kinne, 
whose ancestors, originally from England, 
lived in Massachusetts and Connecticut for six 
generations. Her grandfather, the Rev. Aaron 
Kinne, was chaplain at Fort Griswold, Groton, 
Conn., when on Sept. 6,1781, the British under 
Benedict Arnold massacred Col. Ledyard and 
his garrison. Dr. Curtin received his early ed- 
ucation in the public schools and Bellefonte 
Academy, afterwards entering the Scientific 
department of Williston Seminary, East Hamp- 
ton, Mass., and was graduated in 1859. After 
being in the iron business for a year, he was 
appointed United States Naval Storekeeper, 
and was stationed at the Philadelphia navy 
yard, which position he held until the close 
of the Rebellion. During this period he stud- 
ied medicine at the University of Pennsylva- 104 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
nia, and was graduated from that institution 
in 1866, having had as his preceptors Drs. J. J. 
Levick, William Hunt and R. A. F. Penrose. 
In 1872 he received from the University of 
Pennsylvania the degree of Ph. D., and in 1882 
Lafayette College conferred upon him the hon- 
orary degree of A. M. After graduation he 
was appointed resident physician in the Phila- 
delphia Hospital, where he served for eighteen 
months, after which he traveled in Europe for 
a year for the purpose of visiting the principal 
hospitals of Great Britain and the continent. 
In 1868 he was appointed assistant U. S. Geol- 
ogist and under Prof. F. V. Hayden made an 
extended tour of the Rocky Mountain region. 
In 1869 he settled permanently in Philadel- 
phia and began the practice of medicine, in 
which he has been eminently successful to the 
present time. In 1876 Dr. Curtin was appointed 
1871, a member of the Obstetrical Society of 
Philadelphia in 1870, fellow of the College of 
Physicians in 1884, member of the American 
Medical Association in 1872, of the Pathologi- 
cal Society of Philadelphia in 1871 and its 
treasurer in 1879-80, member of the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress in 1876 and one of its 
vice-presidents in 1887, member of the Phila- 
delphia County Medical Society in 1878, mem- 
ber of the Medical Society of the State of 
Pennsylvania, member of the American Clim- 
atological Association, its vice-president in 1886 
and has been on its council since 1887 and its 
president in 1892, president of local branch 
Philadelphia Alumni Association of University 
of Pennsylvania, president of Association of 
Hospital of Physicians and Surgeons of Phila- 
delphia, president medical board Philadelphia 
Hospital, 1890. Among Dr. Curtin’s contribu- 
tions to medical literature are “Sulphuric Acid 
as a Prophylactic in Cholera,” “Nervous Shock 
as a cause of Pernicious Anaemia,” “Rocky 
Mountain Fever,” “Influence of Sea Air in 
Syphilitic Phthisis,” “Is Climate an Etiological 
Factor in Graves’ Disease,” “Is Hepes Zoster a 
Cause of Pleurisy and Peritonitis,” with Dr. 
Edward Watson several papers on the Epidem- 
ic of Influenza of 1889 to 1892 and with Drs. D. 
Hayes Agnew, Alfred Stille, L. P. Bush, and 
Chas. K. Mills a History of the Philadelphia 
Hospital, 1890; articles on “Relapsing Fevers 
in Kealing’s Enclyclopedia of the Diseases of 
Children,” “Suggestions as to the Prevention, 
Recognition and Treatment of Cholera,” and 
“Oil of Sandal Wood as a Remedy for Cough.” 
Dr. Curtin has identified himself with a num- 
ber of organizations not connected with his 
profession, among which are Society of Sons of 
American Revolution, Historical Society of 
Pennsylvania, Fairmount Park Association, 
Post 2 Grand Army of the Republic, the Ma- 
sonic Fraternity, being Past Master of his 
Lodge, a Knight Templar and a member of the 
Scottish Rite (Thirty-second degree), and of 
the Civil Service Board of the city of Philadel- 
phia. On March 21, 1882, Dr. Curtin married 
his cousin Julia Robinson, nee Taylor, daugh- 
ter of the late Edwin Taylor, of Hartford, 
Conn. They have had two children, Roland 
Gideon Curtin and Mary Kinne Curtin. 
CURTIS, Frederick C., of Albany, N. Y., 
was born in Unionville, S. C., October 19, 1843. 
He is of English descent, and was educated at 
Beloit College and studied medicine in the 
medical department of the University of Mich- 
igan and at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of New York City, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated in 1870. His medical 
training was also supplemented by attendance 
at the University of Vienna. During the re- 
bellion he served for a few months with the 
Fortieth Wisconsin Volunteers. After gradu- 
ating he spent some time in Europe, and in 
the line of his profession turned his attention 
to general medicine, but with special reference 
to dermatology. He settled in Albany on his 
return to this country, where he has been en- 
gaged in active professional pursuits ever since. 
He is a member of the various medical societies 
and has made valuable contributions to medi- 
cal journals. He formerly held the position of 
Health Physician for the city of Albany. 
CURTIS, John Henry, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Hawley, Wayne county, Pa., July 10, 
1864. His ancestry were of the Puritan stock 
of Connecticut. His preliminary education 
assistant medical director of the Centennial 
International Exhibition, and he has held also 
the following positions: Professor of geology 
and mineralogy in the Wagner Free Institute, 
1871-72; professor of geology at George Insti- 
tute, Philadelphia; assistant physician at the 
Lying-in-Charity from 1871 to 1882, assistant 
to professor of clinical medicine, University 
of Pennsylvania, 1875, and lecturer on physi- 
cal diagnosis at the same since 1877; physician 
of throat and chest department Howard Hos- 
pital from 1876 to 1882; visiting physician to 
Maternity Hospital for seven years; visiting 
physician to the Hospital of the University of 
Pennsylvania since 1879, visiting physician to 
the Philadelphia and Presbyterian Hospitals, 
consulting physician to the Rush Hospital for 
Consumptives, St. Timothy’s Hospital and the 
Midnight Mission. Dr. Curtin was elected a 
member of the Academy of Natural Sciences in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
105 
was received at Hawley public schools and 
academy. His medical preceptor was his fath- 
er, Dr. Geo. B. Curtis. He was graduated in 
medicine at the University of the City of New 
York in 1886, and his medical education was 
supplemented in the private classes of Prof. 
Wm. Thompson and A. L. Loomis, after which 
he practiced his profession three years at 
Hawley, Pa. In 1889 he located in Chicago, 
since which time he has continued in the gen- 
eral practice of medicine and surgery, and has 
had considerable success in the treatment of 
diseases of the chest. In March, 1891, Dr. Cur- 
tis was elected Professor of Therapeutics in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. 
In June, 1892, he was appointed visiting phy- 
sician to Cook County Hospital. 
CUIIWEN, John, of AYarren, Pa., was born 
September 20,1821, in Lower Merion,Montgom- 
ery county, that State. He graduated at Yale 
College in 1841, and at the medical department 
of the University of Pennsylvania, in April, 
1844. For some months before graduating at the 
latter institution he was a resident of AYills’ 
Hospital, Philadelphia; but being elected,a few 
weeks after his graduation, assistant physician 
of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, 
he entered on duty there, June 3, 1844, and 
continued until October 1, 1849, from which 
date he had an office in Philadelphia until 
February 13, 1851, when he was chosen super- 
intendent and physician-in-chief of the Penn- 
sylvania State Lunatic Hospital, at Harrisburg. 
Dr. Curwen now holds the same position at 
AYarren. He is a member of the AYarren 
County Medical Society, of which he has 
been president; of the Pennsylvania State 
Medical Society, of which also he has been 
president; of the American Medical Associ- 
ation ; of the Association of Medical Super- 
intendents of American Institutions for the 
Insane, of which he was likewise secretary; 
and an honorary member of the American 
Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. He 
published, in 1851, a small volume, entitled, 
Manual for Attendants in Hospitals for the 
Insane; but, with the exception of a paper on 
the “Proper Treatment of the Insane,” read 
before the American Medical Association, and 
published in their “Transactions,” his con- 
tributions to medical literature have consisted 
mainly of reports of the Pennsylvania State 
Lunatic Hospital, memorials in behalf of the 
hospitals for the insane, at Danville and AYar- 
ren, on some cognate topics, and reports of 
the commissioners of the institutions just men- 
tioned. He was commissioner for the selec- 
tion of the site and erection of State hospitals 
for the insane at Danville and AYarren, and 
was trustee of the AVestern Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital for the Insane. He is now president of the 
American Medico-Psychological Association. 
CUSHING, Ernest Watson, of Boston, Mass., 
was born in that city January 17, 1847. He is 
a son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Baldwin) 
Cushing. The family is well known in the 
early history of Massachusetts, to which it 
came in 1636 from Hingham, England. He 
studied in Boston and attended Harvard,where 
he received the degree of A. B. in 1867, and 
that of M. D. from the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of New York in 1871. He was 
“Interne” in Bellevue Hospital in 1871-2, and 
supplemented his medical education and train- 
ing by two years of study in Europe, after 
which he established himself in Boston, where 
he has practiced his profession since 1874. Dr. 
Cushing was physician to the department of 
diseases of the throat, Boston City Hospital, 
from 1876 to 1884. He again visited Europe in 
1885 for study, devoting his attention one year 
to bacteriology and especially to diseases of 
women and antiseptic surgery. Returning to 
Boston he devoted himself to special practice, 
and in 1886 was appointed surgeon of the Free 
Surgical Hospital for Women. In 1887 he 
founded the medical journal Annals of Gynecol- 
ogy, now the Annals of Gynecology and Pcedia- 
try, of which he is editor. In 1890 he was ap- 
pointed surgeon of the “ AYoman’s Charity 
Club Hospital,” an institution devoted espe- 
cially to abdominal section; a new hospital 
was built in 1892, from designs by Dr. Cushing. 
He was secretary of Section for Gynecology of 
the American Aledical Association in 1887, also 
of Section for Gynecology of the ninth Inter- 
national Medical Congress in the same year, 
and was a delegate to the tenth International 
Medical Congress at Berlin, in 1890 and was 
American secretary of Section for Obstetrics 
and Gynecology. He has translated and pub- 
lished “Pathology and Therapeutics of Dis- 
eases of AYomen,” by A. Martin, of Berlin, 
with notes and appendix by Dr. Cushing, 1890. 
Among the valuable papers contributed to the 
leading periodicals of this country and of Eu- 
rope may be mentioned the following: “ Buc- 
cal Ulcerations of Constitutional Origin,” with 
Dr. AYigglesworth; published in the Archives 
of Dermatology, 1882; “Religious Instruction 
in Public Schools,” Barnard's Journal of Edu- 
cation, 1884; “Sunspots and Epidemics,” Inter- 
national Beview, 1885; “Specific and Infectious 
Nature of Tuberculosis;” “On the Examina- 
tion of Sputa for Tubercle Bacilli,” Boston Med- 
ical and Surgical Journal, 1885; “ Relations of 
Certain Bacteria to Puerperal Inflammations,” 
Physicians' Magazine, 1886; “ Pathology of Ul- 
cerations, so-called, of the Os Uteri,” read be- 
fore the American Medical Association, May, 
1886, and published in the Annal of Gynecology 
the following year; “ Case of Chronic Arseni- 
cal Poisoning of Supposed Criminal Nature,” 
read before the Suffolk District Medical Soci- 
ety, Boston, 1887; “Tubal Pregnancy,” rup- 
ture and recovery, Annals of Gynecology, 1888; 
“Pathology and Diagnosis of so-called Pelvic 
Cellulitis, with Specimens of Salpingitis;” 
“Diagnosis of Pelvic Tumors;” “Drainage in 
Abdominal Section,” read before the tenth 
International Medical Congress, Berlin, 1890; 
“The Degeneration of Uterine Fibroids;” “A 
Case of Extra Uterine Pregnancy, Opera- 
tion at the Ninth Month, Recovery;” and 
“Vaginal Hysterectomy for Cancer, Report of 
Twenty-one Cases with Nineteen Recoveries.” 
The last two papers were published in the Jan- 
uary and May numbers of the Annals of Gyne- 
cology and Poediatry for 1891. Dr. Cushing lays 
no claim to special inventions or particular 
brilliancy of operation, but has tried to do clean 
surgery and has worked hard to do his part in 
the transformation of surgical and gynecologi- 
cal practice, which has taken place since 1884, 
by taking pains to learn what was best and 
newest, by diligently practicing it to the ex- 
tent of his ability, and by diffusing sound 
teaching and correct pathology as widely as 
possible. 
DA.NIEL, Ferdinand E., of Austin, Texas, 
a native of Virginia; was born in Green- 
ville county, below Petersburg, July 18, 1839. 
His father R. W. T. Daniel was a native of 
Raleigh, N. C., and a descendant of the orig- 106 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
inal Daniel family of Virginia. His mother 
was Hester Jordan Adams, a daughter of Ed- 
win Adams, a son of Col. Charles Adams of 
the Revolutionary War. Dr. Daniel’s parents 
removed from Virginia to Mississippi in 1844, 
when the subject of this biography was a small 
child. He grew to manhood in Mississippi, 
receiving a good education in the schools of 
that State, and studied medicine at Jackson, 
the capital, in 1859-60; attending lectures at 
the New Orleans School of Medicine where the 
two Drs. Flint, Austin Flint Sr. and Jr., were 
teachers, with Fenner, Brickell, and other 
noted men in the faculty. Just after his first 
course the war came on, and although just of 
age, and having cast his maiden vote for ‘co- 
operation,’ i. e., against secession, when it be- 
came necessary to take arms for or against his 
State, he volunteered in the first company of 
infantry that left Jackson, the “Burt Rifles,” 
major, and assigned to duty with Gen. Bragg. 
He was detailed as secretary of the board of 
medical examiners, of which Dr. David W. 
Yandell was the president. Dr. Yandell being 
medical director of Hardee’s corps, Dr. Daniel 
was attached to the staff, and in the field and 
camp did duty as assistant medical inspector. 
Made the celebrated Kentucky campaign with 
this army, and was at the battle of Perryville, 
and Munfordsville. Transferred at his own 
request, he was assigned to hospital duty at 
Chattanooga, Marietta, and other points in 
Georgia during the years 1863-64, and in the 
fall of 1864 was transferred to the department 
of Mississippi, and was stationed at Lauder- 
dale Springs, Miss., at the time of the surren- 
der. The position of assistant medical direc- 
tor on Gen. Bragg’s staff having been made 
vacant was tendered him in the winter of 1862-63 
and declined, at the age of twenty-four years. 
He was the youngest full surgeon in the army. 
At the close of the war Dr. Daniel returned to 
Mississippi, like every body else in the South, 
much impoverished; and with a wife and one 
child, he having married in Mississippi, near 
Vicksburg, the day that city surrendered to 
Grant, having obtained leave of absence from 
bis post in Chattanooga for the purpose. His 
wife was Minerva Patrick, a daughter of Hon. 
Robert A. Patrick, a prominent ante-bellum 
citizen of Jackson, Miss. At Covington, Ga., 
while stationed there in charge of hospital, his 
son, Mr. Robert Patrick Daniel, now of Tam- 
pico, Mexico, was born. From Mississippi, 
after the surrender, Dr. Daniel removed to 
Galveston and engaged in general practice, 
serving through that terrible epidemic of yel- 
low fever in 1867. He lost his wife and infant 
daughter in Galveston, in the spring of 1867. 
Vacancies having been occasioned in the facul- 
ty of the Texas Medical College by the death of 
two of the members, Dr. Daniel was invited 
to take the chair of anatomy, which he accept- 
ed and filled the following session, 1867-68. He 
was then transferred to the chair of surgery, 
but owing to impaired health was not able to 
fill it, and resigned. In consequence of this 
impairment of health, the result of the yellow 
fever, he was compelled to give up practice, 
and engage in some pursuit where more sleep 
and rest could be had. He was out of the pro- 
fession some four years. Regaining his health, 
he resumed practice in Jackson, Miss., in 1875, 
having in the meantime again married. His 
second marriage was to Miss Fannie Smith, 
second daughter of the late Hon. Adam Yakely 
Smith, formerly of Montgomery, N. Y., but for 
many years a prominent lawyer of Aberdeen 
and Columbus, Miss. While stationed in Jack- 
son in 1878, the yellow fever broke out with 
great violence in Vicksburg, New Orleans, and 
other cities, and spread to the interior. At the 
village of Lake, Miss., it was unusually fatal, 
and assistance could not be had from any quar- 
ter, so great was the panic. Dr. Daniel then 
volunteered his services, and took charge of 
the sick, other physicians coming later to his 
assistance. This epidemic was remarkable for 
its virulence and fatality, and at the request of 
the commission appointed by Congress to re- 
port upon it, Dr. Daniel made a report which 
attracted much attention on account of some 
remarkable features observed in the epidemic. 
Later, to prevent the recurrence of epidemic 
yellow fever a National Board of Health was 
created, and a system of sanitary inspection 
(Q. 
in Company K, Eighteenth Mississippi Infan- 
try, and went to the front at Manassas, Va. 
Here, as orderly sergeant of his company, he 
participated in the first battle, “Bull-Run,” 
and three days later, the “First Manassas.” 
This battle was fought on his twenty second 
birthday. Discharged at his request, under 
Jeff Davis’ proclamation to release all young 
men who were studying for a profession, he 
returned to New Orleans and in the fall and 
winter of that year, 1861-62, took a second 
course of lectures, and graduated from the 
New Orleans School of Medicine, February 2, 
1862, getting out of the city just before it was 
captured by the Federal army under Butler. 
He immediately re-entered the Confederate 
service as acting assistant surgeon at Jackson, 
W'hence he was ordered to army head-quarters 
at Tupelo, Miss., to go before the army board 
of medical examiners for examination; passed 
examination and was commissioned by the 
war department as surgeon, with the rank of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
107 
all over the South instituted. Dr. Daniel was 
appointed sanitary inspector for Mississippi, 
and in the summer of 1879 was in charge of 
the United States quarantine station below 
Vicksburg. He was a member of the Mis- 
sissippi State Medical Association and contrib- 
uted several papers to that body which are 
published in their Transactions. Six children 
were born of his second marriage, two sons 
and four daughters, of whom only three daugh- 
ters, Marie, aged eighteen, Fannie, sixteen, 
and Gertrude, fourteen, are living. He re- 
moved to Sherman, Texas, in 1881. Here 
nothing but sickness and bad luck attended 
him and he removed the next year to Fort 
Worth, Texas. Worse luck. Here he lost his 
second and last son, and his wife followed 
soon after. Broken in health, and consequent- 
ly impoverished, almost to the verge of want, 
and left with three little daughters from five 
to nine years of age, without a female relative 
in the world to look after them, he removed 
to Austin, and placed them with the Sisters of 
Mercy in a boarding school. Before leaving 
Fort Worth, in 1883, he established the Cour- 
ier-Record of Medicine, at that time the only 
medical journal in Texas, and made a success 
of it. When he removed to Austin he sold it 
to the present owners, and in July, 1885, es- 
tablished Daniel’s Texas Medical Journal, which 
is now (1893) in its ninth year, and has been 
remarkably successful. It is now a valuable 
property, and paying a good income. This 
Journal rendered an important service to Texas 
and the South, i. e., to the medical profession, 
which has never been fully understood nor ap- 
preciated. When the committee, which had 
been, by the American Medical Association, 
appointed to go to Copenhagen and invite the 
International Medical Congress to hold its next 
session in the United States of America, made 
their report at New Orleans in May, 1885, in- 
stead of reporting that the invitation had been 
accepted they reported that they had organized 
the congress, and submitted the list of officers 
and sections down to the last detail. In mak- 
ing their selections this committee had acted 
on their own responsibility, having no author- 
ity or instructions from the association to do 
other than present the invitation, and the list 
of officers was taken entirely from New York, 
Pennsylvania and the East, with a sprinkling 
of Western, or rather, Northwestern represent- 
atives. They had ignored the South and the 
West almost entirely. Of the three or four 
appointees only one Texas man was mentioned, 
and he was at the tail of an unimportant 
section. The distinguished men of the South 
had obtained no recognition whatever, and 
consequently the South and the West were in- 
dignant as well at this slight as at the unwar- 
ranted action of the committee in proceeding 
to organize the congress without instructions. 
A large Texas delegation was present at New 
Orleans, as well as one from the West. When 
the report was read a vigorous protest was 
made by Dr. Shoemaker, of Pennsylvania, and 
Dr. Daniel made a speech setting forth the 
facts that the South, and especially Texas, had 
been unfairly treated, and stated that the pro- 
fession of Texas and the South had claims to 
representation that could not be ignored, giving 
statistics in support of the claim, and closed by 
offering a resolution that the report of the com- 
mittee be not received. This was carried, and 
some delegate then moved to refer the matter 
of organization back to the committee, and 
that the committee be enlarged by the addi- 
tion of one member from each State. This was 
also carried, and the enlarged committee met 
in Chicago and the congress was reorganized, 
the whole South receiving its share of the offices 
and Texas a good representation. Of the offices 
five fell to Texas, Dr. Geo. Guppies being made 
one of the vice-pi-esidents. Dr. Daniel was ap- 
pointed American secretary to the Section of 
Dermatology. (For several years he has lim- 
ited his practice to that branch.) Then fol- 
lowed a war of words; the medical press di- 
vided on the subject, and a bitter controversy 
ensued. The large Texas delegation at New 
Orleans gave Dr. Daniel their support, and the 
Texas influence was felt. In the controversy 
that followed in the medical journals the Texas 
Medical Journal (Dr. Daniel’s journal) took a 
prominent part, standing firmly for a fair di- 
vision of the honors according to representa- 
tion in the American Medical Association; and 
the move that resulted in defeating Dr. Bill- 
ing’s committee’s organization and the ap- 
pointment of a new committee was designated 
the “Texas kick.” It was a “kick” to some 
purpose, and resulted in a revolution of the en- 
tire organization. But for the action taken by 
Dr. Daniel at New Orleans and his firm stancl 
and earnest and constant agitation of the sub- 
ject in the Journal it is probable that the com- 
mittee’s organization would have been adopted 
and thus Texas and the entire South and 
West deprived of a voice or representation 
in the Ninth International Medical Congress. 
At New Orleans in May, 1885, at a meeting of 
the Association of American Medical Editors, 
Dr. Daniel, by invitation, delivered an ad- 
dress, the subject of which was, “ Texas Medi- 
cine and State Medicine in Texas.” It was 
published in the Philadelphia Medical Bulletin 
of July and August of that year. He was 
elected Secretary of the Association of Medi- 
cal Editors at that meeting. As a writer his 
contributions to the literature of medicine have 
not been voluminous; his best articles have 
been editorials in Texas journals. He did 
much to promote the organization of the med- 
ical profession in Texas, and at Georgetown, 
in 1886, delivered, by invitation, before the 
Williamson County Medical Society, an ad- 
dress on the “ Necessity of Organization in the 
Medical Profession.” This was published also 
in the Medical Bulletin. Dr. Daniel is an Epis- 
copalian in religious belief; is a member of 
the Order of Knights of Honor, for which, in 
Austin, he has long been the medical officer. 
He is also Medical Referee for Texas for the 
Manhattan and other insurance companies, 
and examiner for others. In point of physique 
he is six feet in height, and weighs about one 
hundred and fifty pounds, with an erect car- 
riage. Very social in his temperament, he 
takes little interest in politics, and devotes his 
time solely to the education and training of his 
children, and to the conduct of his journal, 
and does a small practice, exclusively in skin 
diseases. His writings are an earnest exposi- 
tion of his convictions, fearlessly expressed, 
and have been charaterized as “ intensely 
original.” As a man he has a popular turn, 
and has a host of attached friends. He held 
the office of Secretary of the Texas State Med- 
ical Association six years, having been elected 
on the death of Dr. Burt, in April, 1885. He 
resigned at the Fort Worth meeting in 1890, 108 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
and was immediately re-elected for five years; 
but again resigned at the Waco meeting, April, 
1891. He organized The Physician’s Mutual 
Benefit Association of Texas, and kept it alive 
by his individual efforts several years, collect- 
ing and distributing $1,200 to twelve widows 
of Texas physicians. The association died for 
want of support by the profession. 
DARK, Hiram Henry, of Caldwell, Texas, 
was born in Burleson county, that State, April 
4, 1853. He is a son of George Darr, who was 
a soldier in the Texas war of independence. 
His mother was a native of Virginia, of an old 
family. He received a common school educa- 
tion, supplemented by private study. He grad- 
uated at the Louisville Medical College, Feb- 
ruary 25, 1875. He received the first honor 
prize for general proficiency in all the branches 
taught at the college, and the first prize in sur- 
gery. He received the adeundum degree from 
the Kentucky School of Medicine, June 24, 
1875. He attended a course of lectures at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
York City in 1879 and 1880. He practiced four 
years, from 1875 to 1879, near Hearne, Texas, 
and since April, 1880, at Caldwell, Texas. On 
October 25, 1881, he was married to Mrs. Lula 
Chiles, a young widow, of Caldwell, Texas. 
His practice has been general with a prefer- 
ence for surgery and diseases of the eye and 
ear. He is considered one of the most success- 
ful physicians in central Texas. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 1883; 
American Public Health Association, 1882; 
National Association Railway Surgeons, 1891; 
was a member of the Ninth International Med- 
ical Congress at Washington, 1887; is a mem- 
ber and was second vice-president of the Texas 
State Medical Association in 1884, joined in 
1887. He is a member of the American Acad- 
emy of Political and Social Science, 1892; has 
been local surgeon for the G., C. & S. Fe Ry. 
since 1882; was county physician from 1882 un- 
til 1891; and has been a member of the Board of 
Medical Examiners for the 21st judicial district 
of Texas since 1882. Dr. Darr was a member and 
president of the Board of Trustees of the public 
school of Caldwell from 1887 to 1889. He was 
one of the Board of Aldermen of the city of 
Caldwell, 1891-92. He is a Knight Templar 
Mason and a member of the Baptist Church. 
Fie is not a voluminous writer, having only at 
rare intervals contributed an article for the 
medical press. He was a member and presi- 
dent of the Burleson County Medical Associa- 
tion, 1885. 
DAVIS, Nathan Smith, of Chicago, 111., was 
born January 9, 1817. His parents, Dow and 
Eleanor (Smith) Davis, were among the pioneer 
settlers of Chenango county, New York, and 
the subject of this sketch, though the youngest 
of a family of seven children, was born in the 
primitive log house erected in the forest. His 
mother died in 1824, when he was but seven 
years of age; but the father lived to enjoy the 
fruits of his labors in converting his section of 
the forest into fertile fields, until he reached 
the ripe age of ninety years and twenty-five 
days. Dr. Davis was, from eai'ly childhood, of 
spare habit and very active, nervous tempera- 
ment. His education was acquired in the com- 
mon school of the district, by attending cbiefly 
during the winter months, and during the re- 
maining part of the year working diligently on 
the farm, until he was sixteen years of age. 
This out-door life and persistent manual labor 
doubtless assisted much in the development of 
a healthy physical organization, and in creating 
habits of industry and independent self-reli- 
ance that have had much influence on his sub- 
sequent successful career in life. An inherent 
love of study, with unusual aptness in the ac- 
quisition of knowledge, had already placed 
him in advance of the subjects taught in the 
common school of his neighborhood. His 
father, discerning the strong bent of his mind, 
determined to procure for him as good an edu- 
cation as his limited means would permit. 
With that view, in his sixteenth year he was 
sent to Cazenovia Seminary, New York, where 
he studied chemistry, natural philosophy, his- 
tory, algebra, and Latin. Although he re- 
mained only one season at the seminary, his 
taste for higher studies and a wider range of 
useful knowledge was confirmed, and in April, 
1834, he commenced the study of medicine in 
the office of Dr. Daniel Clark, of his native 
county. In October following he matriculated 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
the Western District of New York, and attend- 
ed the annual course of instruction in that in- 
stitution. At the close of the session he en- 
tered the office of Dr. Thomas Jackson, of 
Binghamton, N. Y., where he continued his 
pupilage until he had completed the required 
three years of study, including the four months 
of each year that lie attended the medical col- 
lege. He graduated with honor from the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, 
N. Y., January 31, 1837, and before he was 
twenty-one years of age. His thesis was on 
“Animal Temperature,” in which he contend- 
ed that heat was evolved in the various tissues 
of the body instead of by the union of oxygen 
and carbon in the lungs, as was generally 
taught at the time. Its merits induced the 
faculty to select it as one to be read on com- 
mencement day as a part of the public exer- 
cises. In February, 1837, he entered into act- 
ive general practice with Dr. Daniel Chatfleld, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
109 
of Vienna, N. Y., but the isolated location was 
ill suited to his aspirations, and in a few 
months he gladly embraced an opportunity to 
enter a more desirable field in which to test 
his ambition. Accordingly, in July of the 
same year, he opened an office for himself at 
Binghamton, where he soon won the confi- 
dence of his professional brethren and the es- 
teem and patronage of the community. On 
the sth of March, 1838, he was united in mar- 
riage to Anna Maria, daughter of Hon. John 
Parker, of Vienna to whom he had become 
warmly attached during his brief residence in 
that town the previous year. The studious 
habits, and almost unwearying powers of ap- 
plication, developed in his youth, did not for- 
sake Dr. Davis when he became engrossed in 
a laborious practice; on the contrary, he seems 
to have been constantly widening and extend- 
ing his scientific inquiries. Among the sciences 
that early engaged his special attention were 
practical chemistry, medical botany, geology, 
and political economy. In studying the last- 
named science he embraced the most liberal 
views of free trade; paper currency only when 
founded on ample specie basis; equal and uni- 
form laws for all classes, and special favors to 
none; and through a long life he has not failed 
to sustain them by voice and vote whenever a 
proper opportunity was offered. During his 
residence in Binghamton, he sought to per- 
fect himself in surgical anatomy, and at the 
same time instruct the resident medical stu- 
dents by dissecting one or two cadavers each 
winter in a room attached to his office. At the 
same period he frequently, by special request, 
gave lectures in the Binghamton Academy 
and some of the larger district schools on top- 
ics connected with chemistry, botany, and 
physiology. He was one of the founders of 
the academy and took an active part in all 
measures having for their objects the increase 
and diffusion of useful knowledge and the im- 
provement of the sanitary and moral condition 
of the people. During his medical pupilage he 
aided in forming the Lyceum Debating Society 
of Binghamton, and when he returned to that 
place to practice he resumed his membership, 
and by the frequent intellectual contests it 
afforded, ovei-came his natural diffidence so 
effectually that his professional contemporaries 
only knew him as a ready and forcible speaker. 
He was in early professional life elected a 
member of the Broome County Medical Socie- 
ty, in which he took an active part, holding the 
office of secretary dui’ing the years 1841, 1842 
and 1843, and that of librarian from the last 
named year until 1847, when he removed from 
the county. He was also a member of the 
board of censors for several years. In 1843 he 
was a delegate from his county to the New 
York State Medical Society. He was already 
favorably known to the members of the State 
Society by his contributions, for in 1840, only 
three years after his graduation, he was award- 
ed the prize offered by the State Society for 
the best essay on the diseases of the spinal 
column, their causes, diagnosis, history, and 
mode of treatment.” And again in 1841 he 
received the prize offered for the best “Analy- 
sis of the Discoveries concerning the Physiology 
of the Nervous System,” and continued to 
make valuable contributions to the Transac- 
tions of the society each year of his service as 
a delegate, and in taking his seat in the annual 
meeting i i Albany for the first time, February, 
-1844, he offered a series of resolutions propos- 
ing a higher standard of medical education, by 
lengthening the annual courses of instruction 
in the medical colleges, the grading of the 
several branches in the curriculum, the sepa- 
ration of the power to license men to practice 
from the colleges and to confer it on independ- 
ent boards of medical examiners, and the ex- 
action of a fair standard of general education 
for the student before entering upon the study 
of medicine. These resolutions led to an in- 
teresting discussion which wras resumed at the 
next annual meeting, 1845, at the close of 
which the following preamble and resolution 
were offered by Dr. Davis and adopted by the 
society: “Whereas, It is believed that a na- 
tional convention would be conducive to the 
elevation of the standard of medical educa- 
tion in the United States, and whereas, there 
is no mode of accomplishing so desirable an 
object without concert of action on the part of 
the medical societies, colleges, and institutions 
of all the States; therefore, Resolved, That the 
New York State Medical Society earnestly 
recommends a national convention of delegates 
from medical societies and colleges in the 
whole Union, to convene in the city of New 
York, on the first Tuesday in May, in they era- 
-1846, for the purpose of adopting some con- 
certed action on the subject set forth in the 
foregoing preamble.” Dr. Davis was appoint- 
ed chairman of a committee to carry out the 
proposed measure and so actively attracted the 
attention of the profession throughout the 
whole country by circulars, individual corres- 
pondence, and articles in the medical journals 
that a successful convention was held at the 
time and place designated, and resulted in the 
establishment of the efficient, permanent, 
national organization known as the American 
Medical Association. Referring to Dr. Davis, an 
able and impartial writer has said, “the origina- 
tion of the measures that led to this result, and 
the judicious and persistent manner inwhich he 
pressed them forward to a successful issue, justly 
entitle him to the deepest and most lasting 
gratitude of the medical profession of the Unit- 
ed States.” It may be claimed that the sub- 
ject of this sketch is not only the originator of 
the American Medical Association, but that 
he has taken an active and influential part in 
all its proceedings during its whole subsequent 
history, extending over a period of almost a 
half century, having been absent from only 
four of its annual meetings since its organiza- 
tion. And, that with all the achievements of 
this Association, and the resulting present 
high standing of our profession, he is more 
thoroughly identified than any other individ- 
ual. The more extended acquaintance with 
the profession gained by his attendance on the 
meetings of the New York State Medical So- 
ciety and the National Conventions in New 
York City and Philadelphia, caused him to de- 
sire a wider field for professional work than 
Binghamton afforded, and accordingly in the 
summer of 1847, he removed to New York City 
and entered upon general practice. The fol- 
lowing autumn and winter, at the solicitation 
of the Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgery of New York, 
he took charge of the dissecting rooms and 
gave the instruction in practical anatomy, and 
by invitation of the faculty, he gave the spring 
course on Medical Jurisprudence. Almost from 
the first year after his graduation, he had been a 110 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
frequent contributor to the pages of the leading 
medical periodicals, and in 1848, took editorial 
charge of the Annalist, a semi-monthly medi- 
cal journal, and continued his editorial work 
with ability until he removed from that city 
the last of August, 1849. In July, 1849, he was 
elected to the chair of Physiology and General 
Pathology in Rush Medical College, at Chi- 
cago, 111., and accepted the position. A se- 
vere epidemic of cholera was then prevailing 
in New York, and in most of the cities, and 
in many of the rural districts throughout the 
whole country. Dr. Davis was devoting his 
time day and night to faithful attendance upon 
the sick, and he continued to do so until the 
severity of the epidemic had passed, near the 
end of August, when he left New York for a 
new home in Chicago, where he arrived with 
his wife and two children in the latter part of 
September, 1849. He gave the general intro- 
ductory lecture at the opening of the college 
course, the first week of October, and from 
that time to the present, he has been actively 
identified, not only with medical teaching, but 
with about every important educational, scien- 
tific, and sanitary interest in Chicago. We 
learn from the Magazine of Western History, to 
which the editor is largely indebted for this 
biographical sketch, that at the time of his ar- 
rival the population of the city was little more 
than 23,000, located on a low and nearly level 
prairie, with a substratum of tenacious blue 
clay, for the most part obtaining water from 
shallow wells and no sewerage. They had suf- 
fered severely from the epidemic cholera dur- 
ing the preceding summer, and the same dis- 
ease recurred during the three succeeding sum- 
mers. With a view of developing a public senti- 
ment in favor of very necessary sanitary meas- 
ures to improve and protect the public health, 
and to aid in founding a permanent general hos- 
pital during the summer of 1850, Dr. Davis de- 
livered a course of six public lectures in the 
old State Street Market. In these he pointed 
out the urgent necessity of a more abundant 
supply of purer water from Lake Michigan, 
and a general system of sewerage, and dem- 
onstrated by detailed illustrations the feasibil- 
ity of both. The lectures were well attended, 
and the money received from a small admis- 
sion fee Avas expended for twelve beds that con- 
stituted the beginning of what is now known 
as the Mercy Hospital, the oldest and one of 
the most important hospitals in the city, accom- 
modating three hundred and fifty patients, and 
affording the most liberal facilities for clinical 
instruction. Dr. Davis continued his serv- 
ice as Senior Attending Physician to this 
institution until 1890, a period of nearly 
forty years. At the close of his first course of 
instruction in the chair of Physiology and Pa- 
thology during the college term of 1849-50, he 
was transferred to the chair of Principles and 
practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine 
in the hospital opened the following summer; 
which positions he held, and the duties involv- 
ed, he discharged with an ability and fidelity 
rarely equaled, until the spring of 1859. Blit 
in his new position in Chicago, and as a mem- 
ber of the Faculty of Rush Medical College, 
he continued to advocate the same views of a 
higher standard of medical education that in 
the New York State Society had started meas- 
ures resulting in the organization of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, while the college lie 
entered continued to adhere to the require- 
ment of attendance on only two annual courses 
of four months each for graduation. Conse- 
quently when in the spring of 1859, an oppor- 
tunity was offered to assist in the organization 
of a new medical college on the plan of three 
years medical studies, three annual courses of 
college instruction of six months each, the cur- 
riculum graded to correspond with the three 
years of study, to which was added a moder- 
ate standard of preliminary education, and 
attendance on regular hospital clinical instruc- 
tion, he did not hesitate to sacrifice the well 
earned popular position he held in the Rush 
Medical College, and accept the corresponding 
position in the new enterprise. The new med- 
ical college alluded to, now well known as the 
Chicago Medical College, and Medical Depart- 
ment of the Northwestern University, opened 
its first term in the autumn of 1859, with only 
thirty students. But its work has continued 
without interruption with a steady, healthy 
growth, until at the present time it ranks with 
the very best medical educational institutions 
in the country, and Dr. Davis is still doing ac- 
tive work as Dean of the Faculty and Em- 
eritus Professor of Principles and Prac- 
tice of Medicine. Finding on his arrival in 
Chicago no medical society in the city, and 
no State medical organization, he soon began 
the discussion of the many advantages derived 
from closer professional intercourse, and before 
the close of 1850, he had assisted in organizing 
the Illinois State Medical Society and the Chi- 
cago Medical Society, in both of which he has 
remained an actice member until the present 
time. He was elected president of the State 
Society in 1855, and served as secretary of the 
same society for twelve years consecutively. 
His contributions to the transactions of both 
the city and State Medical Societies have 
been very numerous, practical in their charac- 
ter and nearly all of them have been published 
in the local medical journals. Already trained 
to medical journal writing in New York, on ar- 
riving in Chicago he immediately became a 
valuable contributor to the pages of the Chicago 
Medical Journal, a monthly periodical; and in 
1855 became its leading editor and publisher, 
and continued so until 1859 when resigning his 
position in the faculty of Rush Medical College 
he transferred the journal to the president of 
that college, Dr. Daniel Brainard, who claimed 
that it had been established as the organ of 
that faculty. In January following, however, 
he commenced editing and publishing a new 
monthly medical journal called the Chicago 
Medical Examiner, which he continued as an 
independent and valuable journal until 1873, 
when it was transferred to the Chicago Medi- 
cal Publication Association, and it was united 
with the Chicago Medical Journal under the 
title of the Chicago Medical Journal and Exam- 
iner. Concerning the part taken by Dr. Davis 
in the American Medical Association, Dr. J. 
M. Toner, of Washington, says: “During the 
reading of reports ahd the business of the gen- 
eral session he is always an attentive ob- 
server. Fi'om the first meeting he has been 
most always on one or more of the important 
committees, and has made more reports than 
any other member. His official duties have 
not kept him from presenting valuable papers 
on a variety of subjects of professional interest. 
His contributions to this association are so nu- 
merous that I will not attempt to give even the 
titles. The deep and intelligent interest he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Ill 
has always taken in its success and in the ele- 
vation pf the profession has been apparent to 
all its members, as well as to the professors in 
the medical colleges, and to every reader of 
American medical literature. No member has 
ever had so clear a perception of the proper 
scope and real province of the association as 
Dr. Davis. As a consequence, whenever per- 
plexing questions have come up in the meet- 
ings no one was so able to make plain the duty 
of the hour, and to suggest the best modes of 
disposing of them. He has been honored by 
election to almost every position within its 
gift, and twice chosen its president*. He is an 
exceedingly good debater, a close and logical 
reasoner, always self-possessed, animated in 
voice and magnetic in manner, with a degree 
of familiarity and accurate knowledge of the 
medical institutions of our country and the 
views of the leading medical men that is not 
equaled, certainly not excelled, by any other 
physician who has attended the meetings. 
This gives him at once a decided advantage in 
directing debates on all questions affecting the 
purposes or powers of the association. From 
the first meeting he has kept steadily in view 
the elevation of the standard of medical edu- 
cation and has finally convinced the profession 
of our country and the faculties of the colleges 
that their lecture term ought to be increased 
and the classes graded. Since the foregoing 
paragraph was written, in 1877, Dr. Davis has 
rendered no less valuable service to the asso- 
ciation and to the profession of the whole 
country than before. At the annual meeting 
of the association in 1883 it was decided to 
publish its transactions in the form of a week- 
ly journal, instead of an annual volume as had 
been done previously, and he was selected to 
edit the same. He issued the first number, 
called the Journal of the American Medical As- 
sociation, in July, 1883, and he continued its 
editorial management with the same prompt- 
ness, ability and good judgment that had char- 
acterized all his previous work until January 1, 
1889. Having established the journal on a 
sound financial basis and with a reputation 
second to no other medical periodical in the 
country he formally resigned his position, but 
was not fully relieved from editorial work un- 
til the succeeding June, which was near the 
completion of its twelfth volume. In 1884 the 
eighth International Medical Congress, then 
in session in Copenhagen, Denmark, agreed 
to hold the ninth meeting in 1887 at Washing- 
ton, D. C., and it became necessary for the 
profession in this country to effect a prelimi- 
nary organization and all the necessary ar- 
rangements for the congress. During the year 
1885 an executive committee was organized 
with full power to make all further arrange- 
ments for the approaching international gath- 
ering. The late Dr. Henry H. Smith, of Phila- 
delphia, was made chairman of the executive 
committee, the late Dr. Austin Flint, of New 
York, was selected president of the congress, 
and Dr. N. S. Davis, of Chicago, was made 
secretary-general. It was while actively con- 
ducting the necessary correspondence of the 
latter office in addition to his editorial work 
on the journal, and his usual private practice, 
hospital and college duties in January, 1886, 
that he awoke from sleep with complete hemi- 
plegia of the right half of the body and extrem- 
ities. The paralysis, however, proved tempo- 
rary, and after a rest of three or four weeks he 
cautiously resumed his duties, official and oth- 
erwise. At the meeting of the executive com- 
mittee of the congress in May, 1886, Dr. Flint 
having died suddenly a few months previously, 
Dr. Davis was elected to fill the vacancy, and 
he transferred all the papers and records of the 
secretary-general in good order to his success- 
or in that office, Dr. John B. Hamilton, of 
AVashington. In August, 1887, the ninth In- 
ternational Medical Congress was held in 
AVashington, and in the completeness of the ar- 
rangements, the members in attendance, the 
amount of scientific and practical work done, 
and the liberality of its entertainments it was 
fully equal to any of its predecessors. Dr. 
Davis presided over its deliberations and dis- 
charged the duties of his high office with an 
ability and urbanity highly satisfactory to all 
parties. Should this biographical sketch stop 
here, the reader would infer that Dr. Davis 
had devoted his long professional life mostly 
to literary, editorial and medical society work. 
But so far from this, all these were but side 
plays or recreations of one whose main life 
work has been and still is at the bedside of the 
sick. In a few months after his arrival in 
Chicago he found himself fully engaged in a 
laborious general practice. During the chol- 
era epidemic, from 1849 to 1852, and in 1854, 
and again in 1866, he was unremitting in his 
attention to the sick. AVith reference to this, 
Dr. Toner, the biographer previously quoted, 
says: “I have been a guest at his house when 
he lived in Chicago, and know something of 
the life that he leads, which is far more labor- 
ious than that of any physician with whom I am 
acquainted. Daily his office was filled with 
patients from six o’clock in the morning until 
twelve; he then visited his patients in private 
families, or repaired to the hospital, or to the 
college to lecture, being often occupied up to 
eleven or twelve at night.” He was often 
called in consultation long distances, and has 
been through life remarkably punctual in his 
engagements with his professional brethren 
and his patients. Neither has he ever neglect- 
ed the duties of good citizenship, but has taken 
an active part in all important scientific, edu- 
cational and moral enterprises. He was one of 
the founders of the Northwestern University, 
of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chi- 
cago Historical Society, the Illinois State Mi- 
croscopical Society, the Union College of Law, 
—in which he is Professor of Medical Jurispru- 
dence,—the AVashingtonian Home for the Ref- 
ormation of Inebriates, and one of his earliest 
organizations was in behalf of systematic re- 
lief of the destitute. In this latter work he 
had for associates such men as Stephen Hig- 
ginson, Charles AValker, Jonathan Burr, and 
Tuthill King, all now gone to their final rest. 
Of his personal qualities and habits when in 
the most active and vigorous period of his life, 
one who enjoyed his most intimate acquaint- 
ance Avrote as follows: “As a man, Dr. Davis 
is endowed by nature with an organization, 
both physical and mental, capable of great en- 
durance. His form is slight, but symmetrical 
and muscular. His health has been uniformly 
good for the last thirty years, not having been 
confined to the house at any one time more 
than three days in succession. His habits are 
regular, both as to eating and drinking. He 
has never used alcoholic drinks in any form, 
nor tobacco. His intellectual characteristics 
are well marked, and are such as especially fit 112 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
him for the profession to which he has devoted 
his life. It is particularly in his powers of ob- 
servation that he is pre-eminent. Nothing in 
the history of a patient escapes his attention. 
All the antecedents, such as occupation, cli- 
matic exposures, mental and emotional states, 
hereditary tendencies, temperaments and per- 
sonal peculiarities, are thoroughly investigated. 
This quality of his mind is especially manifest- 
ed in his clinical lectures. His reasoning pow- 
ers are good, his logic usually convincing, al- 
ways carrying with it the impression that he 
is thoroughly and conscientiously in earnest. 
His compaiisons are quick and his judgments 
reliable. As a teacher he is enthusiastic; a 
skillful debater and a prolific writer. Indeed, 
we should say that he both speaks and writes 
too much. During some of the college sessions 
he has delivered ten didactic and clinical lect- 
ures weekly for several months in succession. 
The subject-matter of his lectures is always in- 
teresting, and no teacher is listened to with 
more patience or followed with a greater de- 
gree of enthusiasm. He is genial in his na- 
ture, and both at the bedside of his patients 
and in the social circle his pleasant smile and 
kindly voice inspire confidence and beget 
friendship. The influence and example of Dr. 
Davis have always been on the side of virtue 
and good morals. Since his sixteenth year he 
has been a constant member of some branch of 
the Methodist Church, taking an active part 
generally in sustaining all moral and religious 
institutions. His public, and especially his 
private, charities have been large and contin- 
uous. With a practice larger, perhaps, than 
that of any other member of the profession in 
the West, he never refuses the call of the sick 
poor. There are thousands in our midst strug- 
gling with want and heart-sick with hope de- 
ferred to whom the remembrance of his gener- 
ous kindness brings a thrill of grateful pleas- 
ure.” [See biographical sketches of the lead- 
ing men of Chicago. Wilson & St. Clair, pub- 
lishers, 1868.] Only three years after the par- 
agraphs just quoted were written, the great 
Chicago fire consumed nearly all the accumu- 
lations of his previous professional life. But 
instead of stopping for murmuring words or 
vain regret, with unwavering trust in Him who 
governs all things, he moved on with quicker 
steps and unfaltering energy, aiding in every 
possible way the sick and helpless around him. 
His home has ever been a pattern of neatness 
and domestic enjoyment, characterized by a 
liberal hospitality. It is still presided over 
by the wife of his youth, a matron whose 
highest earthly ambition through life has been 
to maintain a well-ordered, attractive and 
loving home ; made doubly attractive by 
the presence of well-trained and affectionate 
children. In addition to the very large num- 
ber of valuable papers, reports, and addresses 
communicated to medical societies and medi- 
cal pei'iodicals, Dr. Davis is the author of 
the following publications in book-form: 
“A Text-Book on Agricultural Chemistry, 
for Use in District and Public Schools,” for 
which a prize was awarded by the State Agri- 
cultural Society of New York, 1848; “History 
of Medical Education and Institutions in the 
United States, from the First Settlement of the 
British Provinces to the Year 1850, with a 
Chapter on the Present Condition and Wants 
of the Profession, and the Means Necessary for 
Supplying those Wants,” 1851; “A Lecture on 
the Effects of Alcoholic Drinks on the Human 
System, and the Duties of Medical Men in 
Relation Thereto,” delivered in the Rush 
Medical College, December 25,1854, with an 
appendix containing original experiments in 
relation to the effects of alcohol on respiration 
and animal heat; “History of the American 
Medical Association, from Its Organization to 
the Year 1855;” “Clinical Lectures on Vari- 
ous Important Diseases, 1875; “Lectures on the 
Principles and Practice of Medicine,” delivered 
in the Chicago Medical College, 1884, second 
edition, 1887; “Address on the Progress of Med- 
ical Education, in the United States of Amer- 
ica, During the Century Ending in 1876,” deliv- 
ered before the International Medical Con- 
gress, at Philadelphia, September 9, 1876, 
published in the volume of transactions of that 
congress. The chapter on “Bronchitis,” in the 
American System of Medicine, edited by W. 
Pepper, Philadelphia; the chapters on “Chronic 
Alcoholism, Polyuria, and Chronic Articular 
Rheumatism” in the Reference Hand-book of 
Medical Sciences, New York, Wm. Wood & 
Co., 1886; and the “Address of the President 
of the Ninth International Medical Congress,” 
delivered before the congress in Washington, 
D. C., August, 1887. Published in the first 
volume of the Transactions of the congress, 
1887. 
DAVIS, Nathan Smith, Jr., of Chicago, was 
born in that city Septembers, 1858. He is the 
youngest and only living son of Dr. N. S. Davis. 
He graduated A. B. at Northwestern Univer- 
sity in 1880. In 1883 he received the degree of 
M. D. from Chicago Medical College, and the 
same year A. M. from his Alma Mater. Dur- 
ing his literary course he received a prize for 
the best English essay. In his Junior year he 
published, with a fellow-student, a descriptive 
catalogue of the Reptilia and Batrachia of East- 
ern North America. He was a diligent stu- 
dent of natural science and devoted his va- 
cations and much of his spare time to this fav- 
orite pursuit. At this time he made a trip to 
South America. The voyage Avas taken for his 
health. While there he made collections in 
departments 6f herpetology, ornithology and 
geology. During his medical course lie was 
awarded prizes for first rank in his class and 
for the best original thesis. A year later he 
Avas appointed visiting physician to Mercy 
Hospital, a position he has held ever since. 
At about the same time he Avas made assistant 
to the chair of pathology in Chicago Medical 
College. The spring and summer of 1885 he 
spent in Europe, chiefly at Heidelburg and Vi- 
enna, where he devoted his Avhole time to the 
study of pathology. This Avas his second visit 
to Europe. When he returned all the teaching 
in the department of pathology devolved upon 
him. He inaugurated the first laboratory course 
in pathology given in his Alma Mater. In 1887 
he Avas made adjunct Professor of Principles and 
Practice of Medicine in Chicago Medical Col- 
lege, now NortliAvestern University Medical 
School, and full professor to this department the 
folloAving year. This chair he has occupied ever 
since. Besides didactic instruction he has given 
clinics in Mercy Hospital since 1886. In 1888 he 
was secretary of the section of Practical Medi- 
cine of the American Medical Association. In 
1892 he Avas made a member of the executive 
councils of that association by the section of 
Practical Medicine. He is chairman of the 
section of Practical Medicine of the Illinois EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
113 
State Medical Society for 1893. He is also a 
member of the Pharmacopeia Revision Com- 
mittee, a member of the Chicago Academy of 
Science, Illinois Microscopical Society, Chicago 
Medical Society, Chicago Literary Chib, fellow 
of the American Academy of Medicine, mem- 
ber of the board of managers of the Chicago 
Young Men’s Christian Association, and mem- 
ber of the board of trustees of Northwestern 
University. He has contributed numerous ar- 
ticles to current medical literature. He is the 
author of a small volume devoted to personal 
hygiene and entitled “Consumption, How to 
Prevent It and How to Live With It.” He has 
also written a work on “Diseases of the Lungs, 
Heart and Kidneys.” He is widely known as 
a successful and popular practitioner and teach- 
er of medicine. In 1884 he married Jessie 
Hopkins, of Madison, Wis., daughter of the 
late Judge Hopkins, of that city. 
DAVIS, Thomas Archibald, of Chicago, 111., 
was born at Ingersol, Ontaria, December 22, 
three years. During the three years’ time a 
business of $1,000,000 annually was done by 
this large milling and elevator company, and 
in the absence of Messrs. Dun woody & Corson 
Mr. Davis was given full charge of its finances. 
His honesty and indefatigable energy won him 
the greatest admiration and friendship of his 
employers, and every means were taken by 
them to continue him in their employ, when 
he resigned, giving a year’s notice to his em- 
ployers. During the three years of business 
every spare moment was given to medicine and 
much progress was made under the instruc- 
tion and tutorship of Dr. Carroll Corson, then 
a recent graduate of the University of Penn- 
sylvania. He continued his college course in 
1883 in the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of Chicago, graduating from that institution 
with honors in 1885. After a three days’ writ- 
ten examination, with over thirty competitors, 
he won the position of interneship to Cook 
County Hospital and served the full term of 
eighteen months in that institution, leaving to 
enter private practice in 1887, and to assume a 
lectureship on surgery in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, serve as surgeon to the 
West Side Free Dispensary, and to be assistant- 
in-chief to Prof. Christian Fenger’s Surgical 
Clinic. In 1893 he was elected Adjunct Pro- 
fessor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 
August, 1893, he married Jennie McKie, 
daughter of the Hon. J. L. McKie, of Three 
Oaks, Mich. Dr. Davis enjoys a large general 
practice, and a well earned reputation in both 
medicine and surgery. 
DAYIS, William Elias 8., of Birmingham, 
Ala., was born in the county in which that 
city is located, November 25, 1863. He gradu- 
ated in medicine at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College in 1884 and located in Birmingham 
the same year, where he was associated with 
his brother, Dr. J. D. S. Davis. In January, 
1892, he accepted a partnership with Dr. J. B. 
S. Holmes, of Pome, Ga., in a large sanitarium 
for the diseases of women, but only remained 
in Rome a few months when he returned to 
Birmingham and he and his brother established 
a private hospital for surgical and gyneco- 
logical cases. The Alabama Medical and Sur- 
gical Age speaks thus on the occasion of his re- 
moval to another field of practice. “Dr. Davis’ 
departure from Alabama will cause universal 
regret; for he has many warm personal friends 
in the State, and is very popular with the en- 
tire profession. He has been a very liberal 
contributor to medical literature, and has done 
active and valuable work in a number of med- 
ical organizations. He did the leading abdom- 
inal surgery and diseases of women practice 
in this State, and has done more to develop 
abdominal surgery in Alabama than any other 
man in the State. He and his brother edited 
the first medical journal in the State, which 
was recognized as one of the best monthlies in 
the country. He afterwards became editor of 
the gynecological department of the Alabama 
Medical and Surgical Age, and he is still a col- 
laborator in this journal, and also a collabora- 
tor on one of the leading journals of Missouri 
and an associate editor of the American Gyne- 
cological Journal. He was formerly secretary 
of the Alabama Surgical and Gynecological 
Association, and from this Association, 
through his labors, was developed the South- 
ern Surgical and Gynecological Association, 
1858, and was soon after brought to the United 
States where he has since remained. He is of 
English-Scotch descent. His father was for- 
merly from the British metropolis, and his 
mother was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Dr. 
Davis was educated in the common schools of 
Wisconsin and at Gale College, leaving the 
latter for lack of funds, after two years of at- 
tendance, to take the principalship of the In- 
dependence, Wisconsin, village school. After 
teaching thirty months, during which time he 
studied medicine, he entered Rush College in 
1879. Again being obliged to leave school for 
lack of funds, he engaged with Messrs. Dun- 
woody & Corson of New Richland, Minn., as 
bookkeeper, and remained with that firm for 114 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
which is one of the leading special societies of 
America, and of which he has been the secre- 
tary since its organization, and, as secretary, 
the editor of its transactions and a member of 
its executive council. Two years ago he was 
elected secretary of the surgical section of the 
American Medical Association, and at the 
Washington meeting, he was elected one of the 
vice-presidents of the Association. In addi- 
tion to the above he is ex-president of the Tri- 
State Medical Society of Alabama, Georgia 
and Tennessee; member of the Judicial Coun- 
cil and of the Business Committee of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association; one of the honor- 
ary presidents of the gynecological section of 
the Pan-American Medical Congress; fellow 
of the American Association of Obstetricians 
and Gynecologists, the British Gynecological 
Society and of a number of other societies. 
He has been a liberal contributor to medical 
literature, and in 1892 delivered the alumni lect- 
ures before the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of Baltimore on “Local and General 
Peritonitis.” 
DAWSON, Benjamin Frederick, of New 
York City, was born there June 28, 1847, and 
died April 3,1888. He began his medical stud- 
ies during the early part of the civil war. He 
served as acting assistant surgeon in the United 
States army, in 1865, and was graduated at the 
New York College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, in 1866. He settled in New York and 
made a specialty of surgery, gynecology and 
diseases of children; established the American 
Journal of Obstetrics, in 1868, and was editor 
of the same until 1874. He invented a galvanic 
battery for galvano-caustic surgery. He held 
the position of assistant surgeon of the Women’s 
Hospital, attending physician of the New York 
Foundling Asylum, was a member of the New 
York Obstetric Society, and held the chair of 
gynecology in the New York Post-Graduate 
Medical School. 
DAWSON, William W., of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
was born of highly respectable parents, in 
Berkeley county, Virginia, in 1824, and died 
February 16, 1893. Referring to the death of 
this noted physician and surgeon one of his 
colleagues, Prof. Thad. A. Reamy, whose 
friendship and intimate acquaintance extend- 
ed over a period of nearly forty years, says: 
“Such an excellent constitution as he possessed, 
first by inheritance, second by a robust out 
door life in boyhood, should have lasted at 
least twenty years more. But when a man 
works so constantly as he worked, at any pur- 
suit which so taxes body and mind as does the 
practice of medicine and surgery, with the 
anxieties, deprivations and exposures, una- 
voidable, he does well to reach the age of 
sixty-nine.” From a recent address delivered 
at the commencement exercises of the Medical 
College of Ohio by Dr. Reamy (April 6, 1893), 
we quote the following particulars relating to 
the life history and professional achievements 
of the subject of this sketch. When but a 
boy (1829) young Dawson with his parents re- 
moved to Green county, Ohio, settling near 
Xenia. He was educated in the village school 
and engaged in teaching, continuing self-cul- 
ture. When quite a young man he had acquir- 
ed considerable local reputation as a lecturer 
on geology, botany, and kindred subjects. He 
studied medicine in Jamestown with his broth- 
er, Dr. John Dawson, a noted physician, grad- 
uating from the Medical College of Ohio, in 
1850, and spent one year as house physician in 
the Commercial Hospital, Cincinnati. He then 
returned to Green county, locating in Painters- 
ville, where he practiced one year. In 1850, 
he married Miss Margaret Y. H. Hand, of Hills- 
boro, Ohio, a granddaughter of Gen. Hand of 
the Revolutionary War, and moved to Yellow 
Springs, where he was associated with Dr. 
Thorne, in the practice of medicine. He re- 
mained there for about a year, and becoming 
tired of the country, he concluded to try his 
fortune in Cincinnati. From 1854 to 1857, he 
was Professor of Anatomy in the Cincinnati 
College of Medicine and Surgery. From 1860 
to 1865, he taught anatomy in the Medical Col- 
lege of Ohio. In this department he soon ac- 
quired fame as a teacher, so that many gradu- 
ates in medicine and surgery sought places as 
pupils in his anatomical classes. Here, also, 
it is natural to suppose, he laid the essential 
foundation for that fame as a surgeon that he 
was subsequently to achieve. From 1864 to 
1871, he was a surgeon on the staff of the Cin- 
cinnati Hospital, delivering clinical lectures 
to the crowds of students who annually sought 
instruction in that institution. His accuracy 
in diagnosis, and skill in operating, were qual- 
ities manifested to a marked degree. In 1871, 
he was elected Professor of Surgery in the 
Medical College of Ohio, a position vacated 
by the death of the celebrated Dr. George 
Blackman. During his occupancy of this posi- 
tion, he established a national reputation as a 
clinical and didactic teacher. In 1884 he re- 
signed the chair of the Principles and Practice 
of Surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, to 
accept from the same institution the chair of 
clinical surgery, a position he held at the time 
of his death. He was succeeded in the chair 
of surgery in the Medical College of Ohio, by 
Dr. P. S. Conner, who at present fills the place 
with such marked and universally recognized 
distinction. Dr. Dawson was surgeon on the 
staff of the Good Samaritan Hospital from 
1871 until the time of his death. During his 
professional career he was a member, and 
president, of the following societies: The Cin- 
cinnati Academy of Medicine, The Ohio State 
Medical Society, The American Medical Asso- 
ciation, The Humane Society. In this society 
he took a deep interest. First, because its 
work appealed to his heart; second, it had 
been one of the creations of his noble wife, and 
its objects were dear to her, therefore ever to 
be cherished by him. Dr. Dawson wrote no 
books. His professional labors were too ex- 
acting for such work. Moreover, he was prac- 
tical, original, having neither the tastes nor 
the character of mental training, qualifying 
him for compilation or critical analysis. Yet 
he found time to contribute many articles to 
current medical literature. His papers, like 
his lectures, were clear, practical and suggest- 
ive. They invariably commanded attention, 
being widely quoted. Among the subjects dis- 
cussed by him, in original articles, may be 
mentioned: “Graves Disease,” “Abdominal 
Tumors,” “Excision of Joints,” “Removal of 
the Clavicle,” “Tracheotomy,” “Anesthesia,” 
“Nephrotomy,” “Dislocation of the Femur,” 
and others. What has been said as to the pos- 
itions filled by him imperfectly indicates the 
estimate placed upon his ability and usefulness 
by his professional brethren. The unworthy 
and incompetent may, through fraud and 
influence secure appointments and posi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
115 
tion. But if without capacity and merit, the 
advantage can not be maintained, but through 
position secured, their downfall is the more 
certainly assured. In no position in which he 
was placed was our friend wanting. In every 
cause which he espoused he proved himself to 
be strong, and grew in power and usefulness. 
These strong words of praise do him but sim- 
ple justice, up to the time when the insidious 
encroachments of bodily and mental disease 
impaired his strength. Let us for a moment 
inquire further into the causes of the extraor- 
dinary success and popularity attained by our 
hero. As to success, he possessed three quali- 
ties which will always win it, no matter in 
what honorable pursuit engaged, viz.: mental 
capacity, powers of endurance, sustained in- 
dustry. By the exercise-of these qualities, 
without money or influence, he secured his ed- 
ucation. For many years after he offered his 
services as a physician in this city, he strug- 
gled with pinching poverty. But success at 
last came, and he enjoyed a most lucrative 
general practice, numbering among his clien- 
tele many of the first families. Probably he 
could not have become so great as a surgeon, 
but for his broad practical experience as a 
physician. Such an experience wonderfully 
enlarges a man’s field of vision, broadens his 
judgment, and increases his surgical resources. 
Dr. Dawson’s special tastes for surgery, and 
his eminent skill in that department, will thus 
be seen to have been the products of gradual 
evolution. He was rapid, at times brilliant, as 
an operator, and his operations covered almost 
every department of operative surgery. But 
his hand was controlled by that degree of safe 
conservatism, which comes only of knowledge; 
a knowledge of the science as well as the art 
of surgery. Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, 
were the fields of his greatest activity as a con- 
sultant, but his counsel and skill were sought 
in other States, medical men everywhere hav- 
ing confidence in his judgment, and glad to re- 
ceive his aid. It is seen, therefore, that a chief 
element of his professional popularity is found 
in his intrinsic strength. Again: he never be- 
trayed a colleague, never played the wise man 
in conversation aside, with members of the 
family, or other friends of the patient. The 
reputation of no medical man ever unjustly 
suffered at his hands. He believed that if he 
injured a neighbor he injured himself. His 
conduct was always in correspondence with 
his belief. He was loyal to his profession, 
proud of its achievements, jealous of its fair 
name, and on all occasions, both by words and 
deeds, a courageous and able defender of its 
rights. During the days of his strength, he 
sought by every legitimate means to elevate 
its standard. Why was he personally so pop- 
ular, not for a brief season only, but through- 
out his long career? Because he earnestly and 
willingly labored for the relief of suffering 
humanity, was generous and kind to the poor, 
was sincerely deferential and chivalrous to 
women, was genuine and unselfish in his 
friendships, his memory never proving treach- 
erous to their obligations. He was a man who, 
under all circumstances, spoke the truth, hated 
hypocrisy, deceit and shams. Conspicuous for 
such traits of character, he could only be be- 
loved, and honored, by the laity and by the 
profession. Dr. Dawson was not a communi- 
cant in any church, made no profession of re- 
ligion, but he was sincerely a God-fearing man. 
The qualities and virtues of his heart and soul 
were of divine implantation. And the fruit- 
age shall not be lost. He firmly believed in 
immortality. 
“Life is but a passing shadow, 
Virtue not an idle dream, 
And the Christian soul departing. 
Doth not glide on Lethe’s stream, 
For the soul that’s pure but enters, 
Through the glimmering shades of gloom, 
To the vision of Elysiau 
Happiness—beyond the tomb.” 
DEAN, Henry Munson, of Muscatine, lowa, 
was born in Canaan, Litchfield county, Conn., 
and is of English ancestry. His mother was a 
descendant of Captain Munson, who served his 
country in the Revolutionary War. Young 
Dean’s academic education was received at Falls 
Village, Conn., and he studied medicine under 
thepreceptorshipof Dr. L. H. Aiken. His med- 
ical degree was received from the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 18(51. 
He first established himself in practice in his 
native village, where he remained until July, 
1862, when he was appointed an acting assist- 
ant surgeon United States army, and served in 
this capacity until 1865, and was then commis- 
sioned assistant surgeon United States Veteran 
Volunteers, and held his position until 1866. 
As a medical officer, he had charge of the ifight 
half of the Ist Regiment Massachusetts Volun- 
teers (army of the Potomac), from July to 
September, 1862. During that time he was 
appointed surgeon of the brigade (Ist Brigade, 
2d Division, 3d Army Corps), but did not ac- 
cept the appointment. In September, 1862, 
when the Third Corps Hospital was organized, 
he was assigned to it for duty where he re- 
mained until the hospital was disbanded, in 
the spring of 1863. He was then ordered to 
report to the medical director at Washington, 
D. C., by whom he was assigned duty at Lin- 
coln United States General Hospital of that 
city, where he remained eighteen months, and 
was then placed in charge of Barrack Branch 
Hospital, also in Washington. On February 
20, 18(55, he was appointed assistant surgeon 
United States Veteran Volunteers, and was 
assigned to the First Regiment and First Brig- 
ade of General Hancock’s Corps, and served 
in that capacity until January 10, 1866, when 
was mustered out of the service. In 1863, Dr. 
Dean performed tracheotomy for diphtheretic 
croup; the patient recovering with loss of 
voice; and also resected the shoulder joint 
three times, with two recoveries. In 1869, he 
removed an enormously - enlarged thyroid 
gland, with recovery of patient, and has suc- 
cessfully performed numerous other important 
surgical operations. After the war, he located to 
practice his profession at Sandwich, 111., where 
he remained until February, 1867, when he es- 
tablished himself at his present place of resi- 
dence, and where, for the last twenty-six years, 
he has been engaged in anextensive and success- 
ful medical and surgical practice. He has been 
president of the lowa and Illinois Central 
District Medical Association; Eastern lowa 
Central District Medical Association, and of 
the Muscatine County Medical Society. He 
has also been president of the board of United 
States examining surgeons for pensions of his 
city since its organization, and is surgeon of 
the C. R. I. & P. Railroad, and of other im- 
portant railways of his State. 
DENISON, Charles, of Denver, Col., was 
born in Royalton,Vermont, November 1, 1845, 116 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
scientific importance, entitled, “The Mutual 
Interest of the Medical Profession and Insur- 
ance Companies in the Prolongation of Life.” 
He is the inventor of several instruments, 
among them being the Denison stethoscope, 
an improved spirometer, and a manometer; 
as well as the extension windlass (gags for use 
chiefly in intubation), and a rib cutter (for re- 
section and tapping) ; other important de- 
vices are also well known contributions to his 
specialty. 
I>E ROALDES, Arthur W.,of New Orleans, 
La., was born in Opelousas, La., January 25, 
1849. He is the oldest son of Dr. A.deßoaldes 
and of Coralie de Folmont, both representatives 
of two old families of the South of France. His 
grand uncle, General Garrigues de Flaujac, an 
emigrant during the French Revolution,was one 
of the heroes of the battle of New Orleans in 1812. 
His classical education was acquired in France 
at Jesuit Colleges, and with private preceptors. 
In 1865, he received the diploma of Bachelor 
of Arts after a public examination before a 
jury of the University of France. The follow- 
ing year the diploma of Bachelor of Sciences 
was granted to him in the same manner. The 
outbreak of cholera in Paris in 1866 having 
closed the preparatory schools he returned to 
New Orleans, entered the Charity Hospital as 
a resident student, and graduate at the medi- 
cal department of the University of Louisiana 
in 1869. He returned immediately to Europe 
to continue his studies and had just passed his 
last examination for the title of “ Doctor in 
Medicine of the Faculty of Paris ” when the 
where his grandfather, Joseph H. Denison, 
and his father of the same name, were phy- 
sicians of note. He received his early educa- 
tion in his native town, and finished his 
collegiate course at Williams College, Will- 
iamstown, Mass. In 1869 he graduated as val- 
edictorian from the medical department of 
the University of Vermont. He then studied 
in New York City for one year; and was 
house surgeon of the Hartford City - Hospital 
for the same length of time, afterward settling 
at Hartford, Connecticut. After having a 
pulmonary hemorrhage, in 1872, be removed 
to Texas and Florida. In 1873 be went to 
Denver, where he soon regained his health, 
and has specially devoted himself to the study 
of climate in relation to the cure of chest dis- 
eases. He was president of the Denver Med- 
ical Association, and has served as secretary 
of the State Medical Society, of Colorado. 
He is also a member of the American Med- 
ical Association and the American Climatolog- 
ical Association, of which he has been presi- 
dent. He bolds the chair of diseases of the 
chest and climatology in the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Denver. He is an 
indefatigable worker, and has found time dur- 
ing an unusually busy professional life, to 
contribute a large number of valuable articles 
to medical literature on his special branch. Of 
these, his work on “Rocky Mountain Health 
Resorts,” is probably the most noted. Among 
his other articles are: “Colorado as a Health 
Resort in Winter;” “Influence of High Alti- 
tude on the Progress of Phthisis;” “The Pref- 
erable Climate for Consumption;” “Report on 
Tuberculin.” One of his latest papers, “Tuber- 
culin and the Living Cell,” was read before the 
American Climatological Association a short 
time ago. At the Milwaukee meeting of the 
American Medical Association, in June, 1893, 
Dr. Denison read before the section of med- 
icine an exceedingly iutei’esting paper of great 
Franco-Prussian war commenced. On the rec- 
ommendation of Professor Nelaton and of his 
fellow-countryman and friend, Dr. Marion EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
117 
Sims, he was commissioned assistant-surgeon 
and sent to the front with the Sixth Inter- 
national Ambulance. On the eve of the battle 
of Sedan his name was mentioned in the order 
of the day for an act of bravery on the battle- 
field, when, during the retreat, under a very 
heavy and close fire of the enemy, he saved the 
ambulance corps and a number of wounded by 
flying the flag of the Red Cross over the roof 
of the building. He served subsequently in 
the “Armee de la Loire” until the end of the 
war. During the outbreak of the French com- 
mune he organized and directed the ambu- 
lances of Chaville and Vi lie d’ Avray. In 
1872 he returned to his native State of Louisi- 
ana, was Chief of Clinic of Professors Richard- 
son and Logan, visiting surgeon at different 
periods of the Charity Hospital, and in 1880 
House Surgeon. From 1887 to 1889 he spent 
the spring and summer months abroad to 
familiarize himself with the study of diseases 
of the ear, nose and throat, and finally aban- 
doned general practice in 1889, when, with the 
help of the charity inclined, public spirited 
citizens, he founded the Eye, Ear, Nose and 
Throat Hospital, one of the most flourishing in- 
stitutions of its kind in the United States. In 
1890 he was chosen to the chair of diseases of 
the ear, nose and throat in the New Orleans 
Polyclinic School of Medicine. In 1892 he 
was elected vice-president of the State Medical 
Society, and also a corresponding member of 
the Societe Francaise d’Otologic, de Rhino- 
logie et de Laryngologie. In 1893 was made 
president of the Medical Society of the Parish 
of Orleans and a Fellow of the American 
Laryngological Association. He has contrib- 
uted to various medical journals, and is a 
collaborator of the “ Revue d’ Otologie de 
Laryngologie et de Rhinologie ” and of the 
“New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal.” 
His most important papers are a study on 
“ Gunshot Wounds of the Femur,” which de- 
served a mention honorable from the Faculty 
of Medicine of Paris; a dissertation on “ Post 
Nasal Adenoid Growths and Their Treat- 
ment; ” on “Atresia of the Larynx ” and on 
“ Cases of Alarming Epistaxis of Grippal Ori- 
gin and Dangers of Post Nasal Plugging.” He 
wasforseveral yearsexaminingphysicianof the 
New York Life Insurance Company, surgeon of 
the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and 
sui'geon of the First Brigade of the Louisiana 
State militia. 
DEWEES, William Bushey, of Salina, Kan., 
was born in Berks county, near Reading, Pa., 
July 18, 1854. He is the only son of George 
Dewees and Catharine {nee Bushey) Dewees. 
His father was of French descent, and his 
mother’s lineage is of English extraction. His 
grand-uncle, Prof. William Potts Dewees, was 
Professor of Obstetrics in the University of 
Pennsylvania, up to 1835, and is recorded as 
one of the fathers of obstetric science in Amer- 
ica. His earlier education was confined to 
winter schools and night study. When fifteen 
years of age, he passed a creditable examina- 
tion for a certificate to teach in the public 
schools. He taught two winter terms and dur- 
ing the summer months attended the Keystone 
State Normal School at Kutztown, Pa. His 
classical education was acquired at Ursinus 
College and at the University of Pennsylvania. 
He read medicine in the offices of Drs. J. C. 
and L. A. Livingood, at Womelsdorf, Pa. He 
was graduated in medicine at the University 
of Pennsylvania on March 12, 1877, with dis- 
tinguished honors for the merits of Ids thesis, 
entitled, “Means of Alleviating the Sufferings 
of Parturition.” He immediately began the 
practice of his profession at Myerstowu, Pa., 
but removed to Salina, Kan., in August, 1885, 
He never contributed a line to medical litera- 
ture until after he had ten years of practical 
experience. Thus we find Ids writings date 
from 1887, and are confined up to the present 
time (1892), to a period of live years, being 
acknowledged as very valuable contributions, 
for original and advanced thought, to medical 
literature. Among the articles published by 
him maybe mentioned: “Impure Sexual In- 
tercourse the Primitive Cause of Syphilis Scrof- 
ula and Phthisis;” “Too Much Medicine;” 
“Food and its Digestion;” “The Physician’s 
Duty to His Profession;” “Malarial Affec- 
tions;” “Influenza—La Grippe;” “Digitalis— 
Indications for the Use of;” “Disease by Im- 
agination and Cure by Suggestion;” “The Va- 
ginal Tampon and its Uses;” “Amenorrhea 
and its Treatment;” “Fetid Menstruation or 
Feteo-Menorrhea;” “Obstetric Notes, Based 
upon 1,000 Consecutive Obstetrical Cases in 
Town and Country Practice;” “Relaxation and 
Management of the Perineum During Parturi- 
tion;” “Relation of Gynecology to Neurology;” 
“Sanitation versus Do-Nothingism;” “The 
latrie Palestra,” and “A new Axis-Traction 
Obstetric Forceps.” Dr. Dewees is a fellow of 
the American Association of Obstetricians and 
Gynecologists, having been unanimously elect- 
ed to membership in this organization during 
its last meeting in September at St. Louis, Mo. 
In July, 1892, he was specially favored with 
an invitation and personal urging to prepare a 
paper and to read the same before the Interna- 
tional Periodical Congress of Gynecology and 118 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Obstetrics at Brussels in the following Septem- 
ber, which he accepted and is now engaged in 
preparing said paper, and expects to join the 
American delegation within a few weeks to go 
abroad. The title of his paper for this occa- 
sion is “A Much Neglected Essential Factor 
in Gynecology—External Support.” Dr. Dew- 
ees was the originator of the Golden Belt Med- 
ical Society of Kansas, which was organized 
in 1888, and was honored by his fellows who 
elected him unanimously its third president in 
1891. He received the high honor of vice-presi- 
dent of the First Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress for Kansas, at the meeting of the commit- 
tee on permanent organization at Detroit, 
Mich., in June, 1892. His mode of “Managing 
the Perineum During Parturition,” presented in 
1889 after years of patient trial, and his “Axis- 
Traction Obstetrical Forceps,” presented be- 
fore the American Medical Association at De- 
troit, June 7, 1892, are worthy of special men- 
tion, since the leading minds in the profession, 
not only in America, but in England, Ger- 
many and France, have commented very favor- 
ably on them. 
DEWEES, William Potts, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in Pottsgrove, Pa., May 5, 1768, 
and died May 18, 1841. His parents were of 
Scottish origin. As his family were not in 
affluent circumstances, in his youth he had to 
contend with difficulties in obtaining an edu- 
cation, and to make amends for the want of 
extensive means of intellectual training and 
industry and perseverance in the use of such 
as were within his reach. He determined 
early to study medicine, and was for this pur- 
pose placed by his father in the establishment 
of Dr. Phyle, a practicing apothecary. Under 
the superintendence of this gentleman he ac- 
quired a knowledge of pharmacy and its col- 
lateral sciences. He subsequently entered the 
office of Dr. William Smith, and during his 
continuance in this position and residence in 
Philadelphia attended lectures in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania. In 1789 at the age of 
twenty-one years, he took the degree of Bach- 
elor of Medicine. The early professional life 
of Dr. Dewees was spent in the country, at 
Abington, a settlement to the north of Phila- 
delphia. The appearance of the yellow fever 
in 1793 having thinned the ranks of the pro- 
fession in Philadelphia, Dr. Dewees was in- 
duced to remove thither in December of that 
year. He entered upon his new field of duty 
with the confidence, and, it may be stated, 
under the patronage of Dr. Rush. His asso- 
ciates and competitors for medical practice at 
the time were Drs. Physick and James, who 
had just returned from their sojourn abroad. 
It was at a period of need in the important 
branch of obstetrics that Dr. Dewees located 
himself as a practitioner among the citizens of 
that city. Its condition was not flattering, as 
Dr. Hodge informs us that “at that period the 
science was hardly known in America.” The 
physicians who occasionally engaged in its 
practice had received no instruction, with the 
exception of a few, who, having visited Europe, 
brought home a general knowledge of the sub- 
ject, but who, from the pi’ejudices existing 
against the employment of male practitioners, 
had few opportunities and fewer inducements 
to perfect their knowledge. Hence, midwifery 
existed almost universally as an art (the aged 
and imbecile nurse was preferred to the physi- 
cian) , except only so far as it had been taught 
by Dr. Shippen and as a mere appendage to 
the chair of anatomy and surgery, from which it 
received necessarily but little attention, it was 
comparatively ignored as a branch of scientific 
education in the medical school with which 
Dr. Dewees afterward became so prominently 
connected. Medical men, therefore, who de- 
sired to become proficient in this branch of the 
profession were under the necessity of visiting 
Europe, or of relying upon their own resources. 
To supply the demand for skillful and intelligent 
assistance in the conduct of labor, Dr. Dewees, 
with James Church and others directed their 
attention to this branch, and by rendering 
themselves especially masters of it, were en- 
abled to communicate their knowledge and ex- 
perience to others. No one could realize more 
fully than Dr. Dewees the want of more ex- 
tensive and efficient instruction on the subject 
of practical midwifery, and to use the words 
of the late Prof. Hodge “we find that he had 
the high honor of first attending a full course 
of lectures on obstetrics in America. In a 
small office he collected a few pupils, and in a 
familiar manner indoctrinated them with prin- 
ciples of this science, toiling year after year in 
opposition to the prejudices not only of the 
community but even of the profession, who 
could not perceive that so much effort was 
necessary for facilitating the natural process 
of parturition.” In 1806 Dr. Dewees received 
the degree of doctor of medicine from the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. His thesis on this 
occasion was on “The Means of Moderating 
or Relieving Pain during Parturition.” This 
essay was afterwards expanded and published 
as a book, which added to the reputation of 
the author. When, in 1810, it was determined 
to erect midwifery to an independent position 
in the university, Dr. Dewees became a candi- 
date for the chair. The struggle, we are told, 
was a warm one, and the claims of opposing 
candidates and the influence of their respect- 
ive friends rendered the event doubtful. “The 
strong claims of Dr. Dewees, his talents, his 
industry, his attainments, his dexterity, bold- 
ness, decision and judgment as a practitioner, 
his great success in the practice of his art; his 
popularity, supported by the strongest testi- 
monials from many of the distinguished men 
in the profession, including Drs. Rush and 
Physick, were met by analogous claims of Drs. 
James and Chapman.” The contest at this 
time resulted in the selection of Dr. James. 
In 1812, Dr. Dewees, under the apprehension 
of a pulmonary affection, retired from the pro- 
fession and became a farmer. This change 
did not result to his pecuniary advantage, and 
he returned to Philadelphia in 1817. In 1825 
he was elected to the position of adjunct pro- 
fessor of obstetrics. He had then passed the 
meridian of life. He was fifty-seven years of 
age, but his constitution was firm, and his en- 
ergy untiring. In this secondary post he re- 
mained until 1834, when he was elected to the 
professorship. Dr. Dewees was a voluminous 
writer; but his best book is his first, his “Com- 
pendious System of Midwifery.” Although 
not the first original treatise upon the subject 
in this country, it attracted the attention of 
European writers to American authorship. 
This work was published in 1826, and three 
editions were issued within the next two 
years. It deviated from the principles of the 
English authorities, and while resting upon 
those of Baudelocque, who was the exponent EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
119 
of the French school of obstetrics, presented 
so much of original thought and observation 
as to bestow a high reputation upon the author. 
“To an Amerian therefore, the appearance of 
Dr. Dewees’ work on midwifery is an impor- 
tant epoch in the history of our science as be- 
ing the first regular attempt to think for our- 
selves on Tokology, and to contribute to the 
onward progress of this important division of 
medical science.” It was written at the time 
when his personal influence was unbounded 
and wielded a sway over the opinions of his 
contemporaries and pupils which directed their 
practice and controlled their actions long after 
his death, and for this reason he may truly be 
regarded as the father of American obstetrics. 
He also wrote a “Treatise on the Physical and 
Medical Treatment of Children,” a “Treatise 
on the Diseases of Females,” and one on “Prac- 
tice of Medicine,” all of which were standard 
in their day, and of which many editions were 
issued. In November, 1835, the health of Dr. 
Dewees, which had been much impaired by 
age and laborious occupation, completely failed 
from paralysis, and after his second course of 
lectures had commenced,he was forced to resign 
and was succeeded in his chair of obstetrics by 
Prof. Hugh L. Hodge. After spending a win- 
ter in Cuba and a summer in the North, he 
settled in Mobile, but returned to Philadelphia 
a year before his death. 
DICKSON, Samuel Henry, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in Charleston, S. C., September 
15, 1798, and died in the former city March 31, 
1872. His father, wlio was of Scottish descent, 
emigrated from Ireland before the Revolution 
and fought in that contest under General Lin- 
coln. Young Dickson was graduated at Yale 
in 1814, and after studying medicine in Charles- 
ton and at the University of Pennsylvania, 
received his diploma from the latter institution 
in 1819. He soon established a large practice 
in Charleston and in 1823 delivered a course of 
lectures on physiology and pathology in that 
city before about thirty medical students. He 
was active in founding a medical college in 
Chai-leston, and on its organization in 1824 be- 
came professor of the institutes and practice of 
medicine. He resigned his chair in 1832, but 
in the following year, on the reorganization of 
the institution as the Medical College of South 
Carolina, was re-elected. He was professor of 
the practice of medicine in the University of 
New York from 1847 to 1850, but in the latter 
year resumed his chair in Charleston. From 
1858 until his death he held the same chair in 
Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. 
The University of New York gave him the de- 
gree of LL. D. in 1853. Dr. Dickson wrote 
not only on professional but literary and cur- 
rent topics, and added a graceful style to 
thoroughness of leai’ning. He published 
“ Dengue, Its History, Pathology and Treat- 
ment,” 1826; “ Manual of Pathology,” “Prac- 
tices of Medicine,” “ Essays on Pathology and 
Therapeutics,” 1845; “Essays on Life, Sleep, 
and Pain,” 1852; “Elements of Medicine,” 
1855; and “Studies in and Thera- 
peutics,” 1867. He not only made extensive 
contributions to medical but to general liter- 
ature, and published many occasional essays 
and addresses, including an address before 
Yale Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1843. On the 
“Pursuit of Happiness,” and a pamphlet on 
slavery asserting the essential inferiority of 
the negro race, 1845. Much of his talent ap- 
pears to have been inherited by his daughter, 
Jennie A. Dickson, who has also contributed 
largely in prose and verse to current literature. 
DORSEY, John Syng, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city December 23, 1783, and 
died there November 12, 1818. He was edu- 
cated at the Friends Academy, and at the early 
age of fifteen years commenced the study of 
medicine with his uncle, Dr. Physick, and was 
graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 
1802. The trustees, upon application to them, 
having dispensed with the rule which pro- 
hibited the conferring of the degree of M. D. on 
any one who had not attained the age of 
twenty-one years, granted him on account of 
his industry and proficiency, the honors of the 
doctorate at the age of nineteen. His thesis 
was upon “ The Powers of the Gastric Juice as 
a Solvent for Urinary Calculi.” It was pub- 
lished in the series of Theses edited by Dr. 
Caldwell. A few weeks after this the yellow 
fever broke out in Philadelphia and committed 
such ravages that a hospital was opened and 
the young graduate received the appointment of 
resident physician. He combatted the idea of 
contagion and strengthened his theory regard- 
ing the disease by courting infection in the 
most reckless manner. The next year, 1803, 
he visited France and England, attended the 
lectures of Humphrey Davy, the distinguished 
chemist, and afterwards visited the medical 
schools of Paris, returning to Philadelphia 
after an absence of about a year. In 1807 he was 
chosen adjunct to his uncle in the chair of 
surgery, University of Pennsylvania, and in 
that position continued until the decease of 
Dr. Barton, in 1815, when he was elected to 
the professorship of materia medica. In this 
position he remained until the spring of 1818, 
when, by the death of Dr. Wistar, the chair 
of anatomy was left without an occupant. 
For this position he was well adapted by edu- 
cation and experience, and was elected to it 
with universal approbation. While perform- 
ing the duties of the chair of materia medica, 
Dr. Dorsey published a syllabus of his lectures, 
but previous to this he had given to the public 
his “ Elements of Surgery” which appeared in 
1813. This work, which was adopted as a text- 
book in the University of Edinburgh, may be 
regarded as a faithful exponent of the surgery 
of the day, as it was taught by Dr. Physick, of 
whose opinions and mode of practice it was the 
record, and as it was practiced by the author 
himself, whose position as a surgeon of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital gave him opportunities 
for the acquisition of skill and experience. In 
that institution he tied the internal iliac artery 
the first time the operation was performed in 
this country. Dr. Dorsey was well versed in 
the literature of European surgery, and famil- 
iar with its conditions from personal observa- 
tion. At the time he was elected to the chair 
of anatomy he was thirty-five years of age, and 
exhibited all the enthusiasm of a zealous, 
rightly inspired, ambitious candidate for rep- 
utation in the field of enterprise before him. 
The course was opened, and on November 
2, 1818, he delivered his introductory lect- 
ure, which, from the portions published, was 
full of correct sentiments and elevated thought. 
It was the last delivered by him. In its prepara- 
tion the seeds of disease were laid which soon 
terminated his mortal career. The subjoined 
extracts from this discourse will serve to show 
how beautifully the newly elected teacher por- 120 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
trayed the uses of anatomy before his young 
auditors and how he would have infused life and 
vigor into the dead subject as it lay before him 
on the table in the amphitheater had he been 
spared to enter fully upon his professional 
labors. “Placed in a world in which we find 
ourselves at the head of creation—‘ a little 
lower than the angels ’—but superior, very far 
superior to all other animated beings which 
surround us, it is in every respect proper that 
we should know ourselves, and what was in- 
tended by the poet to express the importance 
of an acquaintance with the mind of man is 
equally true with respect to his corporeal or- 
gans and functions. In every sense, ‘ the 
proper study of mankind is man.’ Man is 
justly considered the most perfect animal. He 
possesses faculties and organs, many of which 
are peculiar to himself; some, however, he en- 
joys in common with the brutes, and in some 
the lower orders of animals surpass him. He 
can neither soar with the eagle, nor follow the 
finny tribes through the depths of the ocean. 
His smell is less acute than that of the grey- 
hound, his sight less piercing than the hawk’s. 
In strength he is surpassed by the elephant, in 
fleetness by the reindeer. The reasons are 
obvious—his mental powers render these en- 
dowments useless and place them all at his 
command. He has dominion ‘ over the fish of 
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over 
every living thing that moveth upon the earth.’ 
All are made tributary to his wants and even 
his caprices. Should it be demanded, 
‘ Why has not man a microscopic eye ? ’ 
The answer is a good one— 
‘ For this plain reason—man is not a fly.’ 
“The various organs which compose the hu- 
man structure can not be comprehended un- 
less they are very distinctly seen; and for the 
purpose of exposing them to view, various 
artifices have been contrived, by which differ- 
ent kinds of organization are rendered obvious. 
For this purpose the anatomist has recourse to 
dead bodies, the different parts of which are 
in succession exhibited and explained. In 
this species of intercourse with the dead, much 
violence is done to our natural feelings. An 
instinctive horror of death seems recognized 
by the whole human race. It was the curse 
pronounced on sin; it is a state to which we 
are all doomed; a state full of mystery, and 
one which ushers us into new modes of exist- 
ence, of which we can now have no distinct 
conceptions— 
-4 Through what variety of untried being, 
Through what new scenes and changes 
must we pass ? ’ 
These are considerations which render it im- 
possible for living man to approach with in- 
difference the confines of the tomb. There are 
other points of view from which the task ap- 
pears loathsome and disgusting. To seek for 
knowledge ‘ ’mid skulls and coffins, epitaphs 
and 'worms;’ to behold the changes which the 
fair frame of beauty is destined to suffer; the 
ruddy glow of health changed to the dim hue 
of putrefaction— 
-4 Whilst surfeited upon the damask cheek. 
The high-fed worm, in lazy volumes rolled, 
Riots unseared 
To contemplate the lifeless carcase when ae- 
serted by the soul and reduced to ‘ a clay clod 
lump,’ is surely enough to excite sensations of 
disgust and horror; and yet, gentlemen, these 
are the objects to which the anatomist invites 
you; with them you must learn to be familiar. 
The anatomist has no field for display of fancy; 
with him every subject is detailed as plain 
matter of fact. No oratorical displays of rhet- 
oric or eloquence can aid him to enliven your 
attention; his eloquence is of the hand; his 
rhetoric of the scalpel! But when years shall 
have rolled away and when your memory shall 
be tasked to recall the vestiges of scholastic 
learning, when your teacher’s tongue shall be 
silent and his hand motionless, then the im- 
pressions derived through the medium of your 
senses will be found fresh and vivid, long after 
the collections of impassioned oratory shall 
have faded from your minds. And now, gen- 
tlemen, I beg leave for a moment to call your 
attention from the subject, to those who have 
taught it. The professorship to which I have 
been elected in this school was originally 
founded by the exertions of Dr. William Ship- 
pen, a gentleman in whom were combined, in 
a remarkable degree, the varied talents neces- 
sary to form a teacher. His descriptive powers 
and fascinating eloquence riveted the attention 
of his pupils, and impressed with indelible 
force the lessons he inculcated. His successor 
(Dr. Caspar AVistar) is fresh in the recollec- 
tion of most of those whom I have the honor 
to address. With devotion to his arduous 
duties, he founded for himself a character 
of such unsullied excellence that envy itself 
would in vain attempt to tarnish its lustre. 
Learned, accomplished and amiable, he was 
master of his subject, and master of his pupils. 
Their feelings and their intellects acknowl- 
edged his sway; these he enlightened by the 
purest rays of science, and those he captivated 
by the unaffected benevolence of his heart. He 
was not one of those described by a late writer, 
‘professors enjoying the admiration of their 
young pupils,assuming a decided and dictatorial 
character, affecting to have gone to the bottom 
of everything and to have overcome every dif- 
ficulty, either by the natural powers of their 
own minds, or by severity of study and per- 
severance in the pursuit of knowledge.’ No! 
he was modest, and whenever doubts and dif- 
ficulties existed, he acknowledged them, and 
‘if truth lay beyond his reach, he confessed his 
ignorance with a decent and becoming sense of 
the imperfections of human nature.’ Were I 
to attempt a sketch of his method of teaching, 
I should say that its striking feature was ex- 
treme solicitude to force upon each of his 
pupils a knowledge of his subject and an utter 
disregard to every meretricious method of en- 
hancing his own reputation by obtrusive dis- 
plays of his learning or accomplishments. 
Happy had it been for you, gentlemen, happy 
for the University of Pennsylvania, and happy 
for the interests of science if his life had been 
prolonged till some successor, worthy of such 
a station, had been raised to take his place. 
The present incumbent is well aware that much 
strength must be necessary to flex the bow of 
Ulysses; yet he ventures without affectation of 
diffidence to attempt it, and not without a 
a hope that at a future day he shall have 
achieved by diligence some better claims to 
his present distinction. All he can even 
promise is his honest, zealous and unremitting 
effort to discharge those duties, heretofore per- 
formed by men whose memories are embalmed 
in the heart of every votary to medical science 
and whose glory, no longer in its zenith, still EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
121 
casts some lingering beams around the horizon, 
once illuminated by their noontide splendor.” 
The personal popularity of Dorsey was very 
great. “The warmth of his manner, his kind 
and genial disposition, his enthusiasm, the 
charm which he threw around his subject, Ids 
well-known honesty and the uncommon inter- 
est which he evinced in the instruction of his 
pupils, all conspired to render him the idol of 
Ids classes, both public and private. After his 
death his private students, of whom he always 
had a large number, united in a subscription 
to defray the expenses of a portrait, painted by 
Thomas Sully, and engraved by Goodman & 
Pigot, as a memorial of their beloved pre- 
ceptor. The likeness, which is said to have 
been a very correct one, represents Dorsey 
Avith a large white cravat and ruffled shirt, 
with a black coat, the collar of which was of 
enormous dimensions, strikingly in contrast 
with the narrow cervical apology worn at the 
present day. In person Dorsey was eminently 
handsome. He was of medium height, with a 
decided tendency, a few years before his death, 
to corpulency. His features were broad and 
intellectual, his nose prominent, his lips lai’ge, 
and his chin well rounded off. The eyes were 
blue and sparkling with intelligence, the fore- 
head was ample, and the hair, which was some- 
what brownish, fell negligently in a large cue 
over his collar, in accordance with the fashion 
of the times. The impediment in his speech, 
contracted in early life, if, indeed, it was not 
congenital, was, as has been already seen, per- 
fectly overcome long before he died. His 
mind was evidently of a high order and well 
stored with varied knowledge. His conversa- 
tional powers were remarkable. No one ap- 
proached him without being fascinated; and, 
on convivial occasions, he was the life and soul 
of the company. He had a decided taste for 
music, which he cultivated with much ardor in 
early life, and for which he always cherished 
a warm regard. It was said that lie could per- 
form well on several instruments. He also 
evinced a marked partiality for poetry, but it 
is not known that he has left anything, except 
some fugitive pieces, of special merit or inter- 
est, in this department of literature, for the 
cultivation of which the arduous duties of a 
practitioner’s life seldom afford any leisure. 
As a draughtsman he possessed unusual talent, 
and could he have indulged his tastes and in- 
clination, it is more than probable that he 
would have attained to distinguished eminence 
as a painter and an engraver.” It has been 
stated that he alone supplied the plates for 
his work on surgery; and several landscapes, 
still in the possession of his descendants, at- 
test the power of his brush. With a mind so 
versatile, so susceptible to the beauties of 
nature, it was not surprising that he should 
have been passionately fond of music, poetry, 
and the fine arts. Rich in knowledge, emi- 
nently self-possessed and fertile in resources, 
aided by a retentive memory and a fluent elo- 
cution, there were few men among Dorsey’s 
contemporaries who could successfully cope 
with him in debate or in the systematic dis- 
cussion of a professional topic. His displays 
before the Philadelphia Medical Society, com- 
prising many of the master-spirits of the day, 
were generally highly creditable and effective 
efforts. “As a debater,” says Dr. Chapman, 
in his eulogy delivered before the medical 
class, in 18l9—a gentleman who knew him 
well and intimately, and who loved him as a 
brother—“he never had a superior among us. 
The style of his speaking was peculiar and 
distinctive. Destitute of rhetorical preten- 
sions, it had the character of warm and ele- 
vated conversation, and while it was sufficient- 
ly strong to cope with the most powerful, it 
was intelligible by its simplicity to the mean- 
est capacity. Equally adroit in attack or de- 
fense, the resources he exhibited in these con- 
tests, and especially when pressed by the 
weight of an adversary, were surprising, and 
often drew forth strong expressions of admira- 
tion and applause. It has been objected to 
11is speaking that, though always ingenious 
and forcible, it was occasionally loose and de- 
sultory. But this defect was visible only in 
those ex tempore effusions, which escaped from 
him without premeditation or reflection, and 
proceeded in great measure from the fecundity 
of his genius, and the copiousness of his mat- 
ter. Teeming with ideas, and exuberant in 
facts, he could not always preserve his arrange- 
ment, nor the chain of his reasoning, perspic- 
uous and consecutive.” As a surgeon, consid- 
ered in the more lofty sense of that term, his 
ability shone forth with peculiar luster. Em- 
inently conservative in his practice, he never 
hesitated to employ the knife, when he found 
he could no longer rely upon his therapeutic 
resources, and it was upon such occasions that 
he evinced the highest talent in the art of the 
operator. Endowed with a firm and vigorous 
mind, thoroughly acquainted with relative an- 
atomy, and early habituated to the sight of 
blood, he went about his task with an unflinch- 
ing eye, and a hand that never trembled, how- 
ever trying the occasion, or unexpected the 
emergency. In short, he was a brilliant oper- 
ator, and an honest, conscientious surgeon and 
medical practitioner, doing nothing merely for 
the sake of doing it, but always for a definite 
object. With the exception of Physick and of 
Post, the one the leading surgical authority at 
that time in Philadelphia, and the other in 
New York, he had no rival as an operator in 
the country. Mott was then just merging into 
reputation, full of the promise that was within 
him, but it was not until after his young, ar- 
dent, and accomplished contemporary had 
been gathered to his fathers, that it reached 
its culminating point. His immortal oper- 
ation upon the innominate artery, which 
convulsed the surgical world, was performed 
only a few months before Dorsey’s death. 
As has been stated the last illness of Dorsey 
was sudden and violent. On the evening of the 
same day that he delivered before his class, in 
the presence of his colleagues and the trustees 
of the University of Pennsylvania, an intro- 
ductory to his course of lectures on anatomy 
abounding as already seen in passages of ex- 
traordinary beauty and eloquence, uttered with 
unwonted fervency, and while the praises 
which it elicited from his auditors were still 
resounding from their lips, he was struck down 
by that disease which was destined to consign 
him to an untimely grave. The attack was one 
of typhus fever, and such was its violence 
that in ten days from its commencement it 
closed his existence, leaving us only his envi- 
able name and his inestimable example. This 
sad event created much excitement through- 
out his city as well as throughout the whole 
American medical profession. It was regarded 
as a public calamity, that one so young, so 122 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
promising,*and so full of talent and ambition, 
should be cut off in the vigor of his manhood 
and in the midst of his usefulness. Philadel- 
phia had lost one of her most valued and pop- 
ular practitioners; and the long train of 
mourners, as they carried the mortal remains 
to their last resting place, attested their appre- 
ciation of his worth in heart felt sobs and 
sighs, such as the good and virtuous alone 
merit and receive when called away from the 
scenes of their earthly labors. One of his 
biographers states that Dorsey’s mind was 
early imbued with religious feelings which no 
doubt exercised a most salutary influence upon 
his career as a man, a practitioner, a teacher, 
and a citizen, and that shortly before he ex- 
pired, he observed : “I hope to live and to re- 
main Avith my family, but my desire to be with 
Christ is far greater.” Referring to the death of 
the subject of this memoir the late Prof. S. D. 
Gross in his American Medical Biography has 
said that at the time of its occurrence he Avas un- 
iversally regarded as one of the most able,tal- 
ented and promising members of the medical 
profession that America had yet produced. The 
event was so much the more deplored because 
of his many excellent social qualities and his 
remarkable personal popularity, as Avell as of 
his rapidly increasing fame and usefulness, to 
say nothing of the fact that he had just been 
elevated to one of the most honorable positions 
in the school in which fifteen years previously 
he had received his medical degree. Had he 
been spared to the age ordinarily allotted to 
the more favored portion of the race,he would, 
doubtless, have earned an undying fame as a 
great surgeon; for he unquestionably possessed 
all the attributes of a superior mind, blended 
Avith the accomplishments of a varied, if not a 
profound scholarship, and he was, next to 
Physick, the very man to Avhom above all oth- 
ers, the public 6A7eryAvhere looked as best qual- 
ified by nature, education and opportunity, to 
illustrate the character of the art and science 
of surgery, in the first third of the nineteenth 
century in the United States. 
DOIJGLAS, George, of Oxford, N. Y., was 
born at Franklin, Delaware county, that State, 
May 7, 1823. His father Avas a laAvyer, avlio 
practiced in the State courts and also the United 
States supreme court. The paternal ancestors 
of the subject of this sketch, Avere direct de- 
scendants of the celebrated William Douglas of 
Scotland, the progenitor of the “Good Sir James 
of Douglas,” who perished in Spain in 1330, 
while on a journey to the Holy Land with the 
heart of Robert Bruce. His family coat of 
arms is that of the Earls of Angus. His aca- 
demical education Avas acquired at the Dela- 
ware Literary Institute, New York, his medi- 
cal studies in the Geneva Medical College and 
at the Uni\7ersitAr of Ncav York, where he 
graduated M. D. in 1845. He commenced the 
practice of his profession at Oxford, Chenan- 
go county, N. Y., in 1846, doing, in the com- 
mencement, what was then considered re- 
markable feats in surgery, and entered at once 
upon a large and lucrative practice. 'During 
the late Civil War he Avas appointed surgeon of 
the examining board of the nineteenth dis- 
trict, State of Noav York. In 1858 the doctor 
Avas united in marriage to Ada E. Frink, of 
Onondaga county, N. Y. After her death, 
which occurred in but little more than four 
years, he married, in 1866, Jane A. Mygatt, 
daughter of the distinguished financier, Will- 
iam Mygatt, of Oxford. He lias but one child 
living, Ellen Douglas. In 1877 he retired from 
the active labors and responsibilities of his 
profession, and has since spent much of his 
time in travel, having twice traveled through 
most of the European countries, visiting its 
hospitals, and all of the States and Tei’ritories, 
together with all the principal cities of this 
country and of Canada. He is a member of 
the New York State Medical Association, and 
for twenty-two years of the American Medical 
Association, an honorary member of the Cali- 
fornia State Medical Society, also member of 
the Ninth International Medical Congress at 
Washington, D. C., and was a delegate from 
the National Medical Association to the 
World’s Medical Congress at Berlin, Ger- 
many, 1890. A paper descriptive of this Con- 
gress was read before the members of the New 
York State Medical Association, 1891, favor- 
ably commented upon, and published in the 
Transactions of that year. He is a mem- 
ber of the Rocky Mountain Medical Associa- 
tion, and in 1892 was elected president of this 
organization. Dr. Douglas was also a delegate 
from the American Medical Association to the 
Eleventh World’s Medical Congress, which 
met September 24, 1893, at Rome, Italy. 
DOUGLAS, John H., of Noav York City, was 
boiTi in Waterford, N. Y., in 1824, and died in 
Washington, D. C., October 2, 1892. He grad- 
uated M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1847. He Avas a resident of Ncav York dur- 
ing the greater part of his professional life, en- 
gaged in a specialty of diseases of the throat 
and lungs. He Avas General Grant’s physi- 
cian during the last painful illness of that em- 
inent American. Dr. Douglas Avas unremit- 
ting in his sendees, and found it expedient, 
after the death of the General, to go to Mexi- 
co on a recruiting excursion. He Avent to Cuba 
and Florida also, but he seems not to have EMINENT AND SURGEONS. 
123 
been benefited by the southern climate influ- 
ences. His health was still further broken 
in 1890 by a cerebral hemorrhage, and a second 
stroke was experienced by him in Washington, 
about a fortnight before his death. An un- 
pleasant discrepancy, some of the discussion 
of which was worked over in the newspapers, 
arose between the survivors of the General and 
Dr. Douglas regarding the latter’s fees. This 
was arranged, if not placated, by the payment 
of about $12,000 for services covering the 
greater part of ten months. Some of these 
services were exclusive, the class of all others 
concerning which there is the greatest room 
for disagreements and subsequent litigation. 
The last four years of Dr. Douglas’ life were 
spent in retirement, chiefly in the vicinity of 
New York and in Washington. Without doubt, 
under some forms of government, having more 
of gratitude than republics, Dr. Douglas 
would have been, in his latter days, in the 
receipt of a comfortable pension, as the con- 
stant care of his patient broke down his con- 
stitution, and in addition to bis two strokes of 
paralysis, he is said to have for some time suf- 
fered from the same kind of cancer that caused 
the death of General Grant. 
DOUGLAS, Orlando Benajah, of New York 
City, one of seven children and the eldest 
son of Amos and Almira (Balcom) Douglas, 
was born September 12, 183(1, in Cornwall, 
Vermont. His great grandfather, James Doug- 
las, removed from Connecticut in 1784, and 
was one of the first settlers in Cornwall. He 
descended from the New London family of 
Dea. Wm. Douglas, born in Scotland, 1610, 
and removed to Boston, Mass., in 1640. Dr. 
Douglas received his early education in the 
common schools, and later in the Vermont 
Literary and Scientific Institute, at Brandon, 
the birth-place of a distinguished relative, 
Stephen A. Douglas. In 1854, he taught school 
in Orwell, and subsequently in adjoining towns. 
He is a Baptist, and was active in the work of 
the Young Men’s Christian associations, Sun- 
day-schools, and temperance. In the fall of 
1808, after his mother’s death, he went to 
Brunswick, Mo., where an uncle resided, and 
began the study of medicine, which be pursued 
nearly three years and until the great Civil 
War began. Though living in town with, and 
a friend of General Sterling Price, he could not 
accept the doctrine of “States Rights,” and, 
with five friends, enlisted in the 18th Regi- 
ment Missouri Volunteers for the United States 
service. He was offered a captaincy, which 
he declined, feeling that his military education 
did not warrant its acceptance, but later 
received a commission as lieutenant, was 
appointed adjutant, and subsequently acting 
assistant adjutant-general. His regiment was 
on duty in north-west Missouri, at Island No. 
10, Pittsburgh Landing, Corinth, and finally 
went with Sherman through Georgia to the sea. 
Dr. Douglas was twice wounded in the service, 
suffered illness from exposure, and was honor- 
ably discharged in February, 1863, but was 
afterward in government service a year and a 
half, at Concord, Mass. He began practice in 
New York City, in the spring of 1877, having 
graduated from the University Medical College. 
In October, he was appointed assistant surgeon 
to Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, throat 
department, where he has since labored unre- 
mittingly. In 1885, he was made surgeon and 
director of that hospital; and has been an ac- 
tive promoter of the wonderful improvements 
made in treating catarrhal affections. The 
system he adopted for classifying and treating 
patients is unique and most excellent. In 1878, 
he did the work mostly alone, but his clinics 
in this hospital now require fourteen trained 
assistants. He had two years’ service in the 
out-door department of De Milt Dispensary, 
and for ten years had a good obstetrical and 
general practice. This he relinquished, and 
has devoted his time wholly to diseases of the 
nose, throat and ear. In 1888, he was elected 
Professor of Diseases of the Nose and Throat 
in the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hos- 
pital, which he still holds. From 1879 to 1887, 
he was treasurer of the Medical Society of the 
City and County of New York, and in 1890 was 
elected its president. He has been secretary 
of the Therapeutical Society of New York ; 
chairman of tbe section on rhinology and lar- 
vngology in the New York Academy of Med- 
icine; treasurer of the academy since 1889; 
secretary of its committee on admissions; di- 
rector of the New York Physician’s Mutual 
Aid Association ten years; member of the 
State Medical Society of New York; honorary 
member of the Vermont Medical Society. Fie 
has visited nearly every capital and principal 
city of Europe, and studied their hospitals and 
clinical methods. Dr. Douglas is surgeon of 
Reno Post, Grand Army of the Republic; com- 
panion of the First Class of the Loyal Legion 
of the United States; member of the Ma- 
sonic Fraternity; Fellow of the American Geo- 
graphical Society, and of other associations. 
It is truthfully said of him that he never sought 
position, asked for promotion, or solicited 
votes to elect him to any office. Fie has one 
son, Edwin Rust Douglas, born in 1872. 124 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
DOYLE, Gregory, of Syracuse, N. Y., was 
born at Killena, County Wexford, Ireland, 
March 28, 1840. His parents came to this 
country when he was but a year old. His 
early education was received at St. James’s 
Academy, Binghamton, N. Y. After pursuing 
a thorough classical course at Niagara Univer- 
sity he took up the study of medicine and sur- 
gery at Bellevue and University Medical Col- 
leges, New York, from the latter of which he 
graduated in 1865. During his studies and for 
a long time after graduation he was a valued 
assistant to the eminent surgeon, Lewis A. 
Sayre, of New York. The many advantages 
enjoyed by this fortunate association rapidly 
developed his natural adaptability for surgical 
work. After leaving New York City he 
practiced for a short time in Binghamton and 
inversion of talipes and illustrated its use be- 
fore the American Medical Association at New 
York in 1880. Many other orthopedic appli- 
ances owe their origin to him. He is a perma- 
nent member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, the Central New York Medical Asso- 
ciation and the Onondaga Medical Society, 
also ex-president of the Syracuse City Medical 
Society. He was appointed president of the 
United States examining board for pensions 
at Syracuse, N. Y., which position he held dur- 
ing Cleveland’s administration. He was 
official surgeon of the Buffalo, New York and 
West Shore Railroad from its inception until 
about a year ago, when he was obliged to re- 
linquish it as the work interfered too much 
with his private practice. The House of Prov- 
idence and St. Vincent’s Asylum appointed 
him many years ago their surgeon, in which 
capacity he has tendered his services gratui- 
tously ever since. Dr. Doyle has made two ex- 
tensive trips through Europe and has improved 
the opportunity by visiting several noted 
foreign institutions of learning. For years he 
has confined himself almost entirely to surgery, 
and believes in the doctrine that it is often 
very good surgery to know when not to oper- 
ate as well as when to operate, and for that 
reason he has had gratifying success in Ids pro- 
fession. Dr. Doyle was married in 1868 to 
Urania Morel, the accomplished daughter of 
Justin Morel, a leading merchant of St. Louis, 
Missouri. 
DRAKE, Daniel, of Cincinnati, Ohio, was 
born in Plainfield, N. J., October 20, 1785, and 
died November 6, 1852. His father moved 
to Kentucky when the subject of this sketch 
was about two years of age, and established 
his residence at Mayslick, a new settlement, 
consisting of a small colony of New Jersey 
people with a few stragglers from Virginia and 
Maryland, whose occupation was clearing the 
forest and cultivating the soil. Referring to 
this event and the subject of this memoir, the 
late Dr. S. D. Gross in his American Medical 
Biography says: The log cabin of that day, 
the residence of the Drake family, constituted 
an interesting feature of the landscape. As 
the name implies, it was built of logs, gener- 
ally unhewn, with a puncheon floor below, and 
a clapboard floor above, a small square win- 
dow without glass, a chimney of “cats and 
clay,” and a coarse roof. It consisted gener- 
ally of one apartment, which served as a sit- 
ting room, dormitory, and kitchen. The an- 
cestors of Dr. Drake, although poor and illit- 
erate, possessed the great merit of industry, 
temperance, and piety. Both his grandfathers 
lived in the very midst of the battle scenes of 
the Revolution; one of them, Shotwell, was a 
member of the Society of Friends, and was, 
of course, a non-combatant, while the other, 
who had no such scruples, was frequently en- 
gaged in the partisan warfare of his native 
State. The father of Dr. Drake died in Cin- 
cinnati in 1832, the mother in 1831, both at an 
advanced age. The first fifteen year’s of young 
Drake were spent at Mayslick, in the perform- 
ance of such labors as the exigencies of his 
family demanded. In the winter months, 
generally from November until March, he 
was sent to school, distant about two miles 
from his father’s cabin, while during the re- 
mainder of the year he worked upon the farm, 
attending to the cattle, tilling the soil, and 
clearing the forest, an occupation in which he 
Albany, and finally settled permanently in 
Syracuse, N. Y., where he now enjoys an ex- 
tensive surgical practice. He has contributed 
numerous articles on orthopedic surgery and 
other subjects to various journals. On Novem- 
ber 16, 1880, he read a paper before the New 
York Central Medical Association, in which 
he recommended the dressing of Colie’s 
fracture and fractures of the leg with plaster 
of pans splints, made in sections that could be 
easily changed or removed without pain or in- 
jury to the limb. The paper was soon after 
published in the International Journal of 
Medicine and Surgery, at that time pub- 
lished in New York. An English surgeon 
published an article on the same subject about 
two years subsequently as something new in 
dressings. Dr. Doyle invented the Spiral 
Spring Rotator for the automatic eversion or EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
He studied their manners and habits, observed 
their prejudices, noticed and compared their 
opinions, and thus acquired important know- 
ledge of human nature. Books and book- 
learning alone do not serve to make up a man’s 
education ; he must mingle with the world, and 
endeavor to derive from its intercourse those 
lessons of wisdom and practical tact which are 
to regulate his conduct and beautify his life. 
Thus it will be seen that his Alma Mater was 
the forest ; his teacher, nature; his classmates, 
birds, and squirrels, and wild flowers. Until 
the commencement of his sixteenth year, when 
he left home to study medicine, he had never 
been beyond the confines of the settlement at 
Mayslick, and it was not until his twentieth 
year, when he went to Philadelphia to attend 
lectures, that he saw a large city. The “Queen 
of the West,” as Cincinnati has since been 
styled, was then a mere hamlet, with hardly a 
few thousand inhabitants. Kentucky, at that 
early day, had but one university, and, al- 
though it was hardly fifty miles off, his father 
was too poor to send him thither. Young 
Drake was early destined for the medical pro- 
fession ; and in the autumn of 1800, at the 
j close of his fifteenth year, he was sent to 
Cincinnati, to Dr. Goforth, as a private pupil. 
The arrangement was that he should live in 
his preceptor’s family, and that he should re- 
mairf with him four years, at the end of which 
he was to be transmuted into a doctor. It was 
also agreed, between the parties, that he should 
be sent to school two quarters, that he might 
learn the Latin language, which, up to that 
time, he had wholly neglected. For his serv- 
ices and board, the preceptor was to receive 
four hundred dollars, a tolerably large sum, 
considering the limited means of his father. 
During his pupilage, he performed, with alac- 
rity and fidelity, all the various duties, which, 
at that early period of the West usually de- 
volved on medical students. His business was 
not only to study his preceptor’s books, but to 
compound his prescriptions, to attend to the 
shop or office, and, as he advanced in know- 
ledge, to assist in practice. The first task as- 
signed him was to read Quincy’s Dispensatory 
and grind quicksilver into mercurial ointment; 
the latter of which, as he quaintly remarks, he 
found, from previous practice on a Kentucky 
hand-mill, much the easier of the two. Sub- 
sequently, and by degrees, he studied Chesel- 
den on the Bones and Innes on the Muscles, 
Boerhaave and Van Swieten’s Commentaries, 
Chaptal’s Chemistry, Cullen’s Materia Medica, 
and Haller’s Physiology. These works con- 
stituted, at that time, the text-books of medi- 
cal students, and the custom of many was to 
commit to memory the greater portion of their 
contents. At the close of his studies he 
formed a partnership with his preceptor; and, 
in the autumn of 1805, attended his first course 
of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania 
under Rush, Wistar, Barton, Physick, and 
Woodhouse. Returning to the West at the 
termination of the session, he practiced medi- 
cine for a year in Mason county, Ky., near 
his former home; and then finally settled in 
Cincinnati. In 1807, he married Harriet Sis- 
son, a granddaughter of Col. Jared Mansfield, 
surveyor-general of the Northwestern Terri- 
tory, and afterwards a distinguished Professor 
in the Military Academy at West Point. This 
lady possessed elegant manners, unusual per- 
sonal beauty, and a vigorous understanding. 
125 
always took great delight. This kind of life, 
rude as it was, and uncongenial as it must, in 
the main, have been to his taste, was not with- 
out its advantages. It eminently fitted him 
for the observation of nature, so necessary to 
a physician. Nothing escaped his eye. Nature 
was spread out before him in all her diversi- 
fied forms, and he loved to contemplate her 
in the majestic forest, in the mighty stream, 
now placid and now foaming with anger, in 
the green fields, in the flowers which adorn 
the valley and the hill, in the clouds, in the 
lightning and thunder, in the snow and the 
frost, in the tempest and the hurricane. It had 
another effect. While it had the disadvantage 
of preventing him from pursuing a steady 
course of literary culture, and fitting him for 
the early practice of medicine, it excited in 
him habits of industry and attention to busi- 
ness, teaching him patience and self-reliance, 
and giving him an insight into many matters, 
to which the city trained youth is a stranger. 
Finally, the physical labor which he under- 
went there served to impart health and vigor 
to his constitution, and thereby contributed to 
produce that power of endurance which he 
possessed in a degree superior to that of almost 
any other man of his time. But the settlement 
of Mayslick was not without its charms and 
enjoyments. To the young and imaginative 
mind of Drake, ever)' little spot in the land- 
scape was invested with peculiar beauty and 
interest. What to an ordinary observer was 
barren and unattractive, was to him a source of 
never failing gratification. In the spring and 
summer, the surface of the earth was carpeted 
with the richest verdure, and'embellished with 
myriads of wild flowers, which, while they 
rendered the air redolent with fragrance, de- 
lighted the eye by their innumerable variety. 
The trees, those mighty denizens of the forest, 
were clothed in their most majestic garb, add- 
ing beauty and grandeur to the scene,enlivened 
by the music of birds, which thronged the 
woods, and constituted, along with the merry 
and frolicsome squirrel, the familiar compan- 
ions of the early settler. The scholastic ad- 
vantages of young Drake, during his residence 
here were, as already hinted, very limited. 
The teachers of the place were itinerants, of 
the most ordinary description, whose function 
it was to teach spelling, reading, writing, and 
ciphering, as far as the rule of three, beyond 
which few of them were able to go. The 
fashion in those days was for the whole school 
to learn and say their lessons aloud; a practice 
commended by Dr. Drake in after life, as a 
good exercise of the voice, and as a means of 
improving the lungs and disciplining the mind 
for study in the midst of noise and confusion. 
His first teacher was a man from the eastern 
shore of Maryland, an ample exponent of the 
state of society in that then benighted region. 
The school-house in which he was educated 
was fifteen by twenty feet in its dimensions, 
and one story high, with a wooden chimney, a 
puncheon floor, and a door with a latch and 
string. In the winter, light was admitted 
through oiled paper, by long openings between 
the logs. Glass was not to be obtained. The or- 
dinary fee for tuition was fifteen shillings a 
quarter. Daring his sojourn under his father’s 
roof, he was a close observer of the people 
around him, residents as well as emigrants, 
the latter of whom were in the habit of pass- 
ing in great numbers through the settlement. 126 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
The union was a most congenial and apprecia- 
tive one; their attachment, founded upon mu- 
tual esteem and good deeds, ripened with their 
years, and by degrees assumed almost a ro- 
mantic character. In her counsel and sym- 
pathy Dr. Drake found support and consola- 
tion in his pecuniary embarrassments and in 
many of the other trials of his varied and 
checkered life. He attended his second course 
of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1815, and was graduated at the end of the 
session with the compliment, from a member 
of the faculty, of being a young man of great 
professional promise! In May, 1816, he re- 
turned to Cincinnati and immediately recom- 
menced an active and profitable practice. But 
this was by no means his only employment. 
His mind was evidently occupied with various 
ambitious plans, professional, commercial, 
and literary,—all of which were successfully 
developed in his after-life, and influenced his 
character and fortune in various ways. A 
little over a year after he received his medical 
degree he was appointed to the Professorship 
of Materia Medica in the Medical Department 
of Transylvania University, at Lexington, and 
in the following autumn entered upon the dis- 
charge of the duties of his chair. In 1819 Dr. 
Drake founded, at Cincinnati, the Medical 
College of Ohio, and immediately afterwards 
organized a faculty, he himself taking the 
chair of medicine. A course of lectures was 
delivered to a small class of students, but mis- 
understandings soon sprung up, and Dr. Drake 
was expelled from the school by two of his 
colleagues, he himself being the presiding offi- 
cer on the occasion. Foiled in his attempt to 
build up a medical institution at home he was 
induced, in the autumn of 1823, to re-enter 
Transylvania University as an incumbent of 
the chair which he had held six years before. 
He discharged the duties of this department 
with rare ability for two years; when he was 
transferred to the Professorship of Medicine, 
which he occupied until 1827. Dr. Drake was 
called, in 1830, to the Professorship of Medi- 
cine in the Jefferson College of Philadelphia, 
then in its infancy, struggling like a young 
giant for a place among the medical schools of 
the country. Among his colleagues were two 
gentlemen whose reputation, then in a graves- 
cent state, became finally, like his own, co- 
extensive with the American Union. These 
men were the late Dr. George McClellan and the 
late Dr. John Eberle; the one an ingenious 
and adroit surgeon, and the other an able and 
accomplished physician. Both wrere excellent 
teachers of their respective departments, and 
both, but especially the latter, erudite and suc- 
cessful authors. It is no disparagement to these 
gentlemen to declare that the backwoodsman 
not only acquitted himself with great credit, but 
that, long before the close of the session, he was 
the most popular professor in the institution. 
Why Dr. Drake did not remain in Philadelphia 
is not now known; but the probability is,, that 
he was induced to leave because he found the 
school not sufficiently remunerative, and be- 
cause his heart was constantly yearning after 
his western home. Be this as it may, he re- 
signed his chair early in the spring, and re- 
turned to Cincinnati. In the summer of 1835, 
Dr. Drake conceived the project of organizing 
the medical department of the Cincinnati Col- 
lege. He had, a short time before, been in- 
vited to the chair of Medicine in the Medical 
College of Ohio, which he had founded sixteen 
years previously; but believing that it would 
be impracticable, in the then existing state of 
things, to place the institution in a flourishing 
condition, he deemed it his duty to decline the 
offer, and to enter at once upon the business 
of establishing a new school. The first course 
of lectures was delivered the ensuing winter, 
to a class of sixty-six pupils. The Faculty 
consisted of seven members, with Dr. Drake 
as Professor of Medicine. His colleagues 
were, Dr. L. C. Rives, the late able and pop- 
ular Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Col- 
lege of Ohio; Dr. Joseph Nash McDowell, 
subsequently of the University of Missouri; the 
late Dr. John P. Harrison, formerly of Louis- 
ville, and, after the downfall of the Cincinnati 
College, a Professor in the Medical College of 
Ohio; the late Dr. James B. Rogers, after- 
wards Professor of Chemistry in the University 
of Pennsylvania; and the late Dr. Horatio G. 
Jameson, a distinguished surgeon of Baltimore, 
and at one time a professor in the Washington 
College of that city. To Dr. S. D. Gross was 
assigned the chair of Pathological Anatomy, 
at that period the only one of the kind in the 
United States. At the close of the session Dr. 
Jameson resigned, and was succeeded by Dr. 
Willard Parker, afterwards the justly distin- 
guished Professor of Surgery in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of the City of New 
York. During the four years the school was 
in existence it educated nearly four hundred 
pupils; the last class being nearly double that 
in the rival institution—an evidence at once of 
its popularity, and of the ability and enter- 
prise of its faculty. The school had cost each 
of the original projectors about four thousand 
dollars, nearly the entire amount of the emolu- 
ments of their respective chairs, during its 
brief but brilliant career. Dr. Drake did 
not long continue idle. The Faculty of the 
Cincinnati College had hardly been disbanded, 
when he received an invitation from the trus- 
tees of the University of Louisville to the 
chair of Clinical Medicine and Pathological 
Anatomy. This chair, created with special 
reference to him, was not only novel in its 
character in this country, but it labored under 
the additional disadvantage of being an 
“eighth chair;” a circumstance at that time 
without a precedent in the United States. The 
anomaly wras still further increased by the es- 
tablishment of an aggregate ticket of one hun- 
dred and twenty dollars. It was a bold exper- 
iment; but the result showed that those wdio 
made it had not acted in the matter unwisely. 
The new incumbent acquitted himself with 
great ability; the new' chair soon became pop- 
ular, and the rapid increase of the school fully 
attested the wisdom and the policy of the new 
measure, which secured to its faculty a man of 
such enlarged experience and reputation as a 
teacher. Dr. Drake remained in the occu- 
pancy of this chair until the spring of 1844, 
wdien, on the retirement of Dr. Cooke, he wTas 
transferred to the chair of medicine. He con- 
tinued to labor in this department with his ac- 
customed zeal and eloquence until the close of 
the session of 1849; when he sent his resigna- 
tion to the board of trustees. The winter be- 
fore he vacated his chair he lectured to four 
hundred and six pupils, the largest class, up to 
that time, ever assembled within the walls of 
any medical institution in the valley of the 
Mississippi. The prosperity of the University EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
127 
indeed could hardly have been greater when 
he left it, although the number of students was 
somewhat less than the preceding session, 
and the utmost harmony prevailed in the fac- 
ulty. Notwithstanding these circumstances, 
he deemed it his duty to retire. The reason 
which he assigned for this step was, that he 
should, in another year, reach the peidod of 
life when, by an act of the board of trustees, a 
professor became superannuated, and lie 
thought it his duty to anticipate this law, not- 
withstanding the framers of it had. when they 
learned his intentions, abrogated it in his 
favor. Soon after his retirement from Louis- 
ville, Dr. Drake was invited to the chair of 
Medicine in the Medical College of Ohio, an 
appointment which, after some hesitation, he 
accepted, but which he filled only for one 
session. In the autumn of 1850, Dr. Drake 
was recalled to Louisville to the elixir which 
he had vacated eighteen months before. He 
remained in the school for two sessions, and 
then finally left it, once more to re enter the 
Medical College of Ohio, now reorganized with 
an abler faculty, and under brighter auspices. 
It was here, just at the opening of the session, 
full of hope and expectation about the class 
and the prospects of the institution, that the 
hand of death was laid upon him, an I that his 
varied but brilliant career was arrested. The 
immediate cause of his death was arachnitis, 
brought on by over-exertion of the brain, by 
the labor and excitement consequent upon the 
opening of the session of the Medical College 
of Ohio. His illness was of short duration; 
and he departed in the full vigor of his intel- 
lectual faculties, having, only a week before 
his final seizure, lectured and written with his 
accustomed energy and ability. Having 
spoken of Dr. Drake as a founder of medical 
schools and of his connection with various 
medical faculties, we may, in the next place 
contemplate him as a philanthropist, a patriot, 
and a medical author. The subject of public 
education and morals was always near his 
heart. He took an active part in the estab- 
lishment and support of the Western Liter 
ary Institute and College of Professional 
Teachers at Cincinnati, attended many of its 
meetings, often served upon its committees, 
and delivered several addresses, replete with 
wisdom and sound learning. Among these was 
a very elaborate “Discourse on the Philosophy 
of Family, School, and College Discipline.” 
one of the best and most able of his many 
occasional productions. He cherished with 
a deep and abiding interest all institutions 
for the diffusion of knowledge, and for 
the promotion of virtue and piety, as well as 
all charitable establishments, especially hos- 
pitals, lunatic asylums, and schools for the 
education of the blind and the deaf and dumb. 
In 1821 he procured the establishment, at Cin- 
cinnati, of the Commercial Hospital of Ohio, 
of which, at the time of his death, he was one 
of the physicians. The grant was accompa- 
nied by an endowment, which has afforded the 
institution great facilities, and enabled it to 
diffuse its blessings widely among the poor 
sick of the city and township of Cincinnati, as 
well as among the boatmen of the Southwest- 
ern waters. Connected with the Hospital was 
a Poor-house and an Asylum for the Insane; 
the latter of which, however, proving inade- 
quate to the objects intended, Dr. Drake used 
every possible exertion, by repeated appeals 
to his brethren, and finally to the legislature, 
to have this portion of the establishment re- 
moved, and placed under a separate board. 
The result was the present noble Institution 
for the Insane at Columbus, the capital of 
Ohio. In January, 1834, he made an appeal 
to the legislature of his adopted State in be- 
half of the establishment of an institution for 
the education of the blind, and, early in the 
following year, he read an able report before 
the Medical Convention of Ohio, at their 
meeting at Columbus, on the necessity for hos- 
pitals in the valleys of the Mississippi and the 
Lakes, for the accommodation and relief of those 
engaged in the commerce of the Southwest, as 
well as of travelers. Copies of this report 
were transmitted to the general assembly of 
Ohio and to the President of the United States, 
to Congress, and to the Heads of Departments. 
How far these labors were instrumental in 
promoting the object in question is not known, 
but it is certain that Congress soon afterwards 
authorized the establishment of these institu- 
tions. and that they now greet the eye and 
cheer the spirits of the boatman at numerous 
points of the Southwest. In 1827 Dr. Drake 
establishel the Cincinnati Eye Infirmary. 
It was modeled after similar institutions in 
New York and Philadelphia, had a regular 
board of visitors, and was intended for the re- 
ception and accommodation of all classes of 
ophthalmatic patients, the poor as well as the 
rich, but particularly the former. It was the 
first attempt of the kind in the'Southwest, and, 
for a time, was remarkably successful. The 
indigent sick from the city and neighborhood 
flocked to it daily for advice and treatment, 
and it speedily attracted persons from abroad. 
The consequence was that Dr. Drake soon be- 
came a distinguished oculist, and acquired no 
little skill as an ophthalmic surgeon. To the 
influence of Dr. Drake was due, in an eminent 
degree, the establishment of the Kentucky 
School for the Instruction of the Blind, at 
Louisville. Dr. Drake had always, from an 
early period of his life, evinced a deep inter- 
est in the cause of temperance, unfortunately 
now so much on the decline. During his resi- 
dence at Mayslick, the rallying point for many 
years of the people of the neighborhood on 
election, parade, and gala days, as well as dur- 
ing court-time, he often had occasion, when 
yet a mere boy, to witness the deplorable and 
disgusting effects of the inordinate use of in- 
toxicating drinks, and subsequently, after he 
had become a student and practitioner of med- 
icine, he could not fail to observe that it was 
a frequent cause of disease and death, both 
moral and physical. He saw that it was the 
source of incalculable mischief, and that it lay 
at the foundation of nearly all the crimes that 
degrade and debase society, and reduce man 
to the level and condition of the animals by 
which he is surrounded. He saw at work an 
enemy, which, like “the pestilence that walk- 
eth by noonday,” silently but effectually de- 
stroys the peace and happiness of the domestic 
circle, which raises the arm of the parent 
against the child and of the child against the 
parent, and which fills our infirmaries, poor- 
houses, and penitentiaries with inmates. In a 
word, he saw that intemperance was sitting, 
like a mighty incubus, upon the bosom of so- 
ciety, tainting its very breath, and in some 
instances, threatening the annihilation of en- 
tire families. To such scenes, so well calcu- 128 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
lated to rouse his young and philanthropic 
mind, Dr. Drake could not long remain an idle 
and unconcerned spectator. He felt that there 
was a necessity for reform, and like a‘true 
Christian and patriot as he was, he vigor- 
ously engaged in the work, determined, as far 
as his time and means would admit, to do his 
part in arresting an evil fraught with such 
momentous consequences to the peace and 
happiness of his fellow creatures. Address 
followed address, and for a time the pages of 
his medical journal, the sure and steady medi- 
um of communication between him and his 
professional brethren, were literally teeming 
with articles upon the subject, dwelling with 
eloquent emphasis upon the malign and 
destructive effects of ardent spirits upon 
the human subject, considered in his moral, 
physiological, intellectual, and legal relations. 
In December, 1841, Dr. Drake organized in the 
University of Louisville, then the medical in- 
stitute of that city, a Physiological Temper- 
ance Society, for the benefit of the members of 
the medical class, of whom it was exclusively 
composed. Its object was to investigate the 
subject of alcoholic drinks, in their effects 
upon the system, ajid, incidently, the abuse of 
other stimulants and narcotics. The society 
soon became popular with the pupils; for, in 
less than a month after its establishment, it 
had upwards of one hundred members, em- 
bracing nearly two-fifths of the entire class. 
Its meetings were held semi-monthly through- 
out the session of the school, and its exercises, 
in which the distinguished and philanthropic 
founder, who was also its president, always 
took an active part, consisted in the reading of 
reports and the delivery of addresses on the na- 
ture and composition of the different kinds of 
liquor and of their effects upon the system in 
its healthy and deceased condition. The asso- 
ciation continued in active operation until the 
spring of 1849, when, in consequence of Dr. 
Drake’s retirement from the university, it was 
abandoned. Dr. Drake was a voluminous 
writer. His contributions to medical journals, 
in the form of original essays, reviews and 
bibliographical notices, his temperance lect- 
ures and public addresses, would, if collected, 
form several large octavo volumes. His first 
attempt at medical or scientific authorship was 
in 1810, five years after he attended his first 
course of lectures in Philadelphia, and five 
years before he became a graduate. It was 
comprised in a small pamphlet on the “Topog- 
raphy, Climate and Diseases of Cincinnati,” 
Avhere he then resided. Although designed 
exclusively for his professional and scientific 
friends, the work soon attracted the attention 
of travelers in quest of information concern- 
ing the West, and thus suggested to him the 
idea of a treatise, constructed on a similar but 
much more extended scale. The result was 
his “Picture of Cincinnati,” which soon ac- 
quired for him not only an American but a 
European reputation. In 1827, Dr. Drake pro- 
jected the Western Journal of the Medical and 
Physical Sciences, the first number of which 
even under the most propitious circumstances, 
appeared in April of that year. It is no easy 
matter, to maintain a public journal of medi- 
cine. The difficulties were much greater at that 
time than at present. Then the west had few 
writers, and an editor was often compelled, 
from the paucity of material, to rely mainly 
upon his own efforts for filling up the pages of 
his periodical. Many of the contributions 
that were sent to the Western Journal of Medical 
and Physical Sciences displayed the most miser- 
able scholarship, and the consequence was +hat 
not a few of them had to be entirely rewritten 
before they could be committed to the hands 
of the compositor. Copying, transposing, 
abridging, inverting, retroverting, decompos- 
ing and recomposing were a part of the labor 
and drudgery to which Dr. Drake had to sub- 
mit in the progress of his enterprise. The in- 
terest which Dr. Drake always felt for his pro- 
fession induced him, in 1829, to begin the pub- 
lication in the Western Journal of Medical and 
Physical Sciences, of a series of “Essays on 
Medical Education and the Medical Profession 
in the United States.” The papers appeared 
in successive numbers of the periodical in ques- 
tion, and were finally, in 1832, collected into a 
small octavo volume of upwards of one hun- 
dred closely printed pages. They are written 
with the author’s wonted vigor of style and 
display throughout, great sound sense, a dis- 
criminating judgment and a profound acquaint- 
ance with the topics of which they treat. In 
1832 Dr. Drake published “A Practical Treat- 
ise on the History, Prevention and Treat- 
ment of Epidemic Cholera,” which was 
then desolating Cincinnati and the West- 
ern States. The work, forming a duode- 
cimo volume of nearly two hundred pages, 
was designed both for professional and 
general use, and comprised an excellent and 
graphic account of that formidable malady. 
In 1842, Dr. Drake published in the sixth vol- 
ume of the Western Journal of Medicine and 
Surgery a paper on the “Northern Lakes as a 
Summer Resort for Invalids of the South,” 
which, at the time, attracted much attention 
from the medical and public press. The 
article, which had been previously read as an 
introductory address to his course of lectures 
in the University of Louisville, was designed 
to illustrate the advantages offered in the hot 
season by our northern lakes as a residence to 
the people of the South, and was founded 
mainly upon his own observations made the 
preceding summer in a professional tour of two 
months. It abounds in beautiful and graphic 
delineations of the wild and romantic scenery 
of these great inland seas, of the towns and 
villages which stud and embellish their banks, 
of the nature of the climate, the productions of 
the surrounding country, the battle scenes of 
the late war with Great Britain, and the char- 
acter and mode of life of the inhabitants, 
themselves a subject of study for the painter, 
the poet and the philosopher. There are few 
tracts of the same size in the English language 
on the subject of travel which contain so vivid, 
gorgeous and life-like an account of the coun- 
tries to which they relate. Nothing seems to 
have escaped the observation of the author. 
At one time his mind is dazzled and almost be- 
Avildered by a Arast, dark and impenetrable for- 
est; at another, by the silvery and unruffled 
surface of a broad and unfathomable lake, 
reflecting the variegated and fantastic tints of 
the sky, or bearing upon its bosom the mighty 
steamboat and the canoe of the adventurous 
Indian, the Canadian trapper, or the holy and 
self-denying missionary; noAV, by some lofty 
and majestic cliff, rearing its head into the 
clouds, and serving as a monument for the 
Avorks of God; and anon, by the beAA'itching 
beauties of the setting sun as his rays sport EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
129 
upon the heavens above, or paint, in all the 
gorgeous colors of the rainbow, his image upon 
the waters below. The latest of the mine of 
productions of Dr. Drake’s pen was a small vol- 
ume of “Discourses” delivered, by appoint- 
ment, before the Cincinnati Medical Library 
Association in 1852. It is comprised in a small 
duodecimo volume, and is divided into two 
parts, the first of which treats of the early 
medical times in Cincinnati, and the other of 
medical journals and libraries. Few medical 
men, indeed,.few men of any profession, will 
rise from the perusal of this unpretending little 
volume without feeling that they have been 
both interested and instructed. The first part, 
giving an account of the pioneer physicians of 
the “Queen of the West,” and of the promi - 
nent men and scenery of that early period, 
possesses all the charm and interest of a 
romance, in which the author, while he ex- 
humes his predecessors and contemporaries 
and places them in life-like colors before the 
eyes of his readers, forms a conspicuous feat- 
ure. But the most splendid exhibition of his 
genius is in his work on the “Diseases of the 
Interior Valley of North America,” an endur- 
ing monument of his industry, his research 
and his ability. Upon this production, which, 
unfortunately, he did not live to complete, he 
spent many of the best and riper years of his 
life. As early as 1822, in an appeal to the 
physicians of the Southwest, he announced his 
intention of preparing it and solicited their 
co-operation. His object, as stated in his cir- 
cular, was to furnish a series of essays upon 
the principal diseases of this region of America, 
derived from his own observation and from that 
of his friends, and forming, when completed, a 
national work. Various circumstances conspired 
to delay the appearance of the work. The 
author’s time in the winter season was much 
occupied in teaching and in matters growing 
out of his official relations. Medical schools 
were obliged to be erected and fostered. 
Besides, he was the editor of a medical jour- 
nal, to the pages of which he was often the 
chief contributor, and he was also frequently 
compelled to deliver public addresses, which 
consumed much of his leisure. His facility 
as a public speaker was too well known in 
the community to permit him to reman un- 
occupied. The objects concerning which he 
was called upon to address his fellow-citi- 
zens were often of a benevolent character, 
and he had too much good nature to re- 
sist them, however much they might encroach 
upon his more legitimate pursuits and the 
great aim of his life. In 1837, fifteen years 
after the publication of his circular, he found, 
for the first time, sufficient leisure to enter 
vigorously upon the collection of materials for 
his long contemplated work. In the summer 
of this year, accompanied by his two daugh- 
ters, he visited a portion of the South for that 
purpose, during a tour of about three months. 
In 1843 he made a second tour, embracing 
Louisiana, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama and 
the Gulf of Mexico, and subsequently he ex- 
plored the interior of Kentucky, Tennessee, 
the two Carolinas, Virginia, Western Pennsyl- 
vania, New York, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, 
lowa, Wisconsin, Missouri, the great lakes 
and Canada. Wherever he went his fame pre- 
ceded him and he was kindly received by his 
professional brethren, many of whom vied 
with each other to show him attention and 
hospitality. It was during his absence upon 
these missions, which he performed with the 
zeal of an apostle of science, that he wrote 
those numerous and interesting traveling edi- 
torials, as he styled them, for the Western 
Journal of Medicine and Surgery. These epis- 
tles, which form so conspicuous a feature of 
that periodical during the time referred to, 
were usually descriptive of the manners, 
habits and diseases of the people among 
whom he wandered, of the climate, scenery 
and productions of the country, and, in short, 
of whatever seemed at the moment to strike his 
fancy or interest his mind. The materials thus 
collected were gradually digested and arranged 
and finally presented to the profession in the 
summer of 1850, under the elaborate title of 
“A Systematic Treatise, Historical, Etiologi- 
cal and Practical, on the Principal Diseases of 
the Interior Valley of North America, As 
They Appear In the Caucasian, African, Indian 
and Esquimau Varieties of Its Population.” 
The work is illustrated by numerous charts 
and maps and was published at Cincinnati 
under the author’s immediate supervision. A 
second volume, the composition of which was 
in an advanced state at the time of his decease, 
was afterwards issued under the joint care of 
Dr. Hanbury Smith, of Ohio, and Dr. F. G. 
Smith, of Philadelphia, and is entirely devoted 
to subjects on practical medicine. The two 
together constitute a monument of the genius 
and Industry of their author, as durable as 
the mountains and the valleys, whose medical 
history they are designed to portray and illus- 
trate. The toil and labor expended upon their 
production afford a happy exemplification of 
what may be accomplished by the well-directed 
and persistent efforts of a single individual, 
unaided by wealth and unsupported by the 
patronage of Ins profession. To his other ac- 
complishments he added that of a poet. Sev- 
eral of his pieces, composed during the hours 
of relaxation from his professional pursuits, 
possess much beauty and sweetness. They 
generally partook either of the humorous or of 
the solemn and pathetic. Dr. Drake was a 
man not of one, but of many characteristics. 
His very look, manner, step and gesture were 
characteristic; they were the outward signs of 
the peculiar nature within. His conversation, 
his voice and modes of expression were char- 
acteristic—all tending to stamp him, in the 
estimation and judgment of the beholder, as 
an extraordinary personage. “His mind was 
quick, grasping, far-seeing; he acquired knowl- 
edge with great facility, sometimes almost in- 
tuitively, and readily perceived the relations 
and bearings of things Imbued with the true 
spirit of the Baconian philosophy, he delighted 
in tracing effects to their causes, and in unrav- 
elling the mysteries of science and knowledge. 
He was a keen observer, not only of profes- 
sional matters, with which his daily studies 
brought him into more immediate contact, but 
of society and the world at large. Added to 
all this, he had a retentive memory, extraordi- 
nary powers of analysis, profound ratiocina- 
tion, and great originality, with industry and 
perseverance seldom combined in the same 
individual. He possessed, in short, all the at- 
tributes of a great and commanding intellect, 
capable of vast exploits, and the accomplish- 
ment of great designs. His executive powers 
were extraordinary. Nowhere did this intens- 
ity exhibit itself in a more stiking manner, or 130 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in a greater degree, than in the lecture-room. 
It was here, surrounded by his pupils, that he 
displayed it with peculiar force and emphasis. 
As he spoke to them, from day to day, respect- 
ing the great truths of medical doctrine and 
medical science, he produced an effect upon his 
young disciples, such as few teachers are capa- 
ble of creating. His words dropped hot and 
burning from his lips, as the lava falls from 
the burning crater, enkindling the tire of en- 
thusiam in his pupils, and carrying them away 
in total forgetfulness of everything, save the 
all-absorbing topic under discussion They will 
never forget the ardor and animation which 
he infused in his discourses, however dry or 
uninviting the subject; how he enchained their 
attention, and how, by his skill and address, 
he lightened the tedium of the class-room. 
No teacher ever knew better how to enliven 
his auditors; at one time with glowing bursts 
of eloquence, at another with the sallies of 
wit, now with a startling pun, and anon with 
the recital of an apt and amusing anecdote; 
eliciting, on the one hand, their admiration 
for his varied intellectual riches, and, on the 
other, their respect and veneration for his ex- 
traordinary abilities as an expounder of the 
great and fundamental principles of medical 
science.” “ Of all the medical teachers whom 
I have ever heard,” writes Gross, “ he was the 
most forcible and eloquent. His voice was re- 
markably clear and distinct, and so pow- 
erful that, when the windows of his lect- 
ure-room were open, it could be heard at 
a great distance. He sometimes read his dis- 
course, but generally he ascended the ros- 
trum without note or scrip. His fluency 
and facility of language gave him great ad- 
vantage as a public debater. To his ability 
as a profound reasoner, he added subtility of ar- 
gument, quickness at repartee, and an impas- 
sioned tone and style, which rarely failed to 
carry off the palm in any contest in which he 
was engaged. Dr. Drake always manifested 
extraordinary interest in the moral training 
of medical pupils. Sensible of the tempta- 
tions which constantly beset their path and 
allure them from their duty, he took special 
pains, at the opening of every session of 
the different schools with which he was, 
from time to time, connected, to point out 
to them their proper position, and to warn 
them of their danger. As a means of pro- 
moting this object, as well as of advancing 
the respectability of the profession, he deliv- 
ered, while a professor in the Cincinnati Col- 
lege, for several winters, a series of Sunday 
morning discourses to the students of that in- 
stitution, on medical ethics, the morale of the 
profession, and the virtues and vices of med- 
ical men, embracing their duties to their pa- 
tients, to the community, and towards each 
other. These addresses were usually attended 
by large numbers of the citizens of Cincinnati, 
and they exerted a wide and happy influence 
upon the youths for whom they were more 
especially prepared. He had a decided taste for 
the society of the young men of his profession, 
and always evinced a deep interest in their 
prosperity. The instances were not few in 
which he labored to advance the welfare of 
young men, some of whom have since risen to 
deserved distinction.” His own standard of 
medical knowledge was of the most elevated 
nature. No one understood better than he the 
importance of a thorough education, and of a 
well-disciplined mind. His own early defi- 
ciencies, ever present and ever recurring, had 
made an impression upon him, which nothing 
could efface. Elis occupation as a teacher of 
medicine had brought him, for years, in daily 
contact with men and youths, who were not 
only destitute of preliminary education, but 
absolutely, from the want of opportunity and 
mental capacity, utterly incapable of acquir- 
ing any This state of things, so prevalent 
and deplorable, he often lamented to his friends 
and colleagues, while he never failed, on all 
proper occasions, to assail it in his writings 
and prelections. The difficulty under which a 
teacher labors in impairing instruction to such 
pupils, and preparing them for the success- 
ful exercise of their high and responsible du- 
ties, as practitioners, can be more easily im- 
agined than described. His daily experi- 
ence in the lecture-room showed Dr. Drake 
how much of the good seed that is there sown 
falls upon barren soil, or how, instead of pro- 
ducing good fruit, it yields nothing but tares 
and thorns. Such was his feeling upon this sub- 
ject that he often expressed himself as being 
almost ready to abandon teaching forever. 
Like many others, he perceived the remedy, 
but was unable, from the want of co-operation, 
to apply it. Poor as he was, he would a thou- 
tancl times rather have lectured to a hundred 
intelligent and well prepared young men, than 
to five hundred ignorant and ill-prepared. His 
object was not the acquisition of gain, but the 
desire to be useful and profitable to those 
whom it was his duty to instruct in the great 
principles of the healing art. Of quackery, in 
all its forms and phases, he was an uncom- 
promising enemy. He loved his profession 
and the cause of truth too well to witness, 
without deep solicitude, its impudent and un- 
hallowed assaults upon the purity and dignity 
of medicine considered as a humane, noble, 
and scientific pursuit. Hence, he permitted 
no suitable opportunity to pass without rebuk- 
ing it, and holding up its advocates to the 
scorn and contempt of the public. In common 
with many of his brethren, he deprecated its 
unblusliing effrontery, and regretted the coun- 
tenance and support which it derives from a 
thoughtless clergy and an unscrupulous and 
unprincipled press. He saw that it was an 
evil of great magnitude, threatening the very 
existence of our profession; and, as a journ- 
alist, he deemed it his duty to bring the sub- 
ject frequently and prominently before his 
readers, intreating their aid and co-operation 
in suppressing it. He was the founder of no 
new sect in medicine. For such an enterprise 
he had no ambition, even if he had been sat- 
isfied, as he never was, of its necessity. He 
found the profession, when he entered it, at 
the dawn of the present century, steadily ad- 
vancing in its lofty and dignified career, re- 
freshed, and, in some degree, renovated, by 
his immediate predecessors, and his chief de- 
sire was to engraft himself upon it as an hon- 
est, conscientious, and successful cultivator. 
How well he performed the part which, in the 
order of Providence, he was destined to play, 
in this respect, the medical world is fully ap- 
prised. No man was more sensible than he of 
the imperfections and uncertainties of the heal- 
ing art, and no one, in this country, in the 
nineteenth century, has labored more ardently 
and zealously for its improvement. For the 
systems of the schools no physician and IMMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
131 
teacher ever entertained a more thorough and 
immitigable contempt. He was an Eclectic in 
the broadest and fullest sense of the term. 
His genius was of too lofty and pervasive an 
order to be trammeled by any authority, how- 
ever great, respectable, or influential. It was 
Nature and her works which he delighted to 
study and to contemplate. Not that he re- 
garded with indifference whatever was good 
and valuable in the productions of others, but 
simply because he preferred to drink at the 
fountain rather than at the turbid stream. 
Like Hippocrates and Sydenham, he was a 
true observer of Nature, and, we may add, a 
correct interpreter of her phenomena and her 
laws; his ambition was to be her follower 
during life, and at his death to leave a record, 
a true and faithful transcript, of the results of 
his investigations for the benefit of his breth- 
ren. In his intercourse with his professional 
friends his conduct was a model. His code of 
ethics was of the purest and loftiest character. 
He was not only courteous and dignified, but 
highly considerate of the rights of others. 
His habits of punctuality were established 
early in life, and were never departed from. 
He made it a rule never to make a professional 
brother wait for him at a consultation. The 
examination of his cases was conducted with 
great care and attention; indeed, he seemed 
occasionally to be over-minute and even tedi- 
ous, spending a longer time over his patients 
than the exigencies appeared to require. His 
early habits of caution never forsook him at 
the bedside of the sick. In his intercourse 
with his patients his conduct was regulated by 
the nicest sense of honor. No one understood 
better how to deport himself in their presence, 
or how to preserve inviolate their secrets. Hip- 
pocrates, who exacted an oath from his pupils 
never to reveal anything that was confided to 
them by their employers, never more scrupu- 
lously observed the sanctity of the sick-cham- 
ber. Kind and gentle in his manners, he was 
as much the friend as the physician of his pa- 
tients, not a few of whom made him their con- 
fidant and counselor. The advice which he 
delivered under such circumstances was often 
of great service to the interested party, by 
whom it was never forgotten, owing to the 
earnest and solemn tone in which it was im- 
parted. In the bestowment of his time and 
labor, he made no distinction between the 
rich and the poor; the latch-string of his heart 
was accessible to all. “ The importance of the 
malady and not the patient’s rank or purse, 
was the measure of the attention which he 
paid the case.’' His practice in acute inflam- 
matory diseases was bold and vigorous. The 
lancet was his favorite remedy; and he drew 
blood freely, and without stint, in every case 
in which the symptoms were at all urgent or 
threatening, provided the system was in a con- 
dition to bear its loss. Having attended, in 
early life, the lectures of Dr. Rush, the most 
eloquent and captivating teacher of medicine 
in his day, in this country, and a strenuous ad- 
vocate of sanguineous depletion, hg imbibed a 
strong prejudice in favor of this practice, which 
he retained to the latest period of his career. 
But it would be unjust to say that he employed 
the remedy without judgment or discrimina- 
tion. If he bled freely he also knew when to 
bleed. No man had a better knowledge of the 
pulse and the powers of the heart. Although 
Dr. Drake had many warm, stanch, and ad- 
miring friends, it would be untrue to say that 
he had no enemies. He had too ardent and 
positive a temperament, too much ambition, too 
much intellect, to be altogether exempt from 
this misfortune, if such, indeed, it may be 
called. The world’s record abundantly con- 
firms the conclusion, that no great, useful, or 
truly good man was ever wholly without ene- 
mies. Such an occurrence would be an anomaly 
in the history of human nature. It has been 
well observed, by one who was himself great, 
and who occupied, for many years, no small 
space of the public eye, that “slander is the 
tax which a great man pays for his greatness.” 
The more conspicuous his position, the more 
likely will he be to have enemies to assail and 
misrepresent his character. It is only the 
passive, the weak, the idle, and the irresolute, 
who are permitted to pursue, unobserved 
and unmolested, “the even tenor of their 
way.” To this class Drake did not belong. 
The life of Dr. Drake was surprisingly event- 
ful. No man that our profession has yet pro- 
duced has led so diversified a career. He was 
probably connected with more medical schools 
than any individual that ever lived. It is 
rare that physicians interest themselves in so 
many public and professional enterprises as he 
did. His mind was of unlimited application. 
His own profession, which he served so well 
and so faithfully, was incapable of restraining 
it; every now and then it overleaped its bound- 
aries and wandered off into other spheres. His 
career was thus in striking contrast to that of 
medical men generally, whose pursuits fur- 
nish few incidents of public interest or impor- 
tance. His mission to his profession and to 
his age was a bright and happy one. But his 
life was not only eventful; it was also emi- 
nently laborious. No medical man ever 
worked harder, or more diligently and faith- 
fully. His industry was untiring, his perse- 
verance unceasing. He had genius it is true, 
and genius of a high order; but without in- 
dustry and perseverance it would have availed 
him little in the accomplishment of the great 
aims and objects of his life. His habits of in- 
dustry, formed in early boyhood, before, per- 
haps, be ever dreamed of the destiny that was 
awaiting him, forsook him only with his exis- 
tence. His life, in this respect, affords an ex- 
ample which addresses itself to the student of 
every profession and pursuit in life, which the 
young man should imitate and the old man not 
forget. The great defect in his character was 
restlessness, growing, apparently, out of his 
ardent and impulsive temperament, which 
never permitted him to pursue any subject 
very long without becoming tired of it, or 
panting for a change. His mind required 
diversity of occupation, just as the stomach, to 
be healthful, requires diversity of food. Hence, 
while engaged in the composition of his great 
work, he could not resist the temptations that 
presented themselves to divert him from his 
labors. His delight was to appear before the 
public to deliver a temperance address, to pre- 
side at a public meeting, or to make a speech 
on the subject of internal improvement, or the 
Bible or missionary cause. For a similar rea- 
son he stepped out of his way to write letters 
on slavery, and discourses before the Cincin- 
nati Medical Library Association. No man in 
our land could have done these things better, 
few, indeed, so well; but useful as they are, it 
is to be regretted that he undertook them, be- 132 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
cause they occupied much of his time that 
might, and in the opinion of his friends, ought 
to have been devoted to the composition and 
completion of his great work, the ultimate aim 
and object of his ambition. It was the same 
restless feeling that caused his frequent resig- 
nations in medical institutions. Had his dis- 
position been more calm and patient, he would 
have been satisfied to identify himself with 
one school, and to labor zealously for its per- 
manency and renown. In moving about so 
frequently, he induced people to believe that 
he was a quarrelsome man, who could not 
agree with his colleagues, "and whose ruling 
passion was to be a kind of autocrat in every 
medical faculty with which he was connected. 
But while his own conduct gave coloring to 
such an idea, nothing could have been more 
untrue. Dr. Drake always cherished a pro- 
found respect for Christianity, but it was not 
until 1840 that he made a public profession of 
his religious views. He then united himself 
with the Episcopal Church, of which he re- 
mained ever afterwards a devout member. 
The personal appearance ot Dr. Drake was 
striking and commanding. No one could ap- 
proach him, or be in his presence, without 
feeling that he was in contact with a man of 
superior intellect and acquirement. His feat- 
ures, remarkably regular, were indicative of 
manly beauty, and were lighted up and im- 
proved by blue eyes of wonderful power and 
penetration. When excited by anger or emo- 
tion of any kind, they literally twinkled in 
their sockets, and he looked as if he could 
pierce the very soul of his opponent. His coun- 
tenance was sometimes staid and solemn, but 
generally, especially when he was in the pres- 
ence of his friends, radiant and beaming. His 
forehead, though not expansive, was high, 
well-fashioned, and strongly denotive of in- 
tellect. The mouth was of moderate size, the 
lips of medium thickness, and the chin round- 
ed off and well proportioned. The nose was 
prominent but not too large. The frosts of 
sixty-seven winters had slightly silvered his 
temples, but had made no other inroad upon 
his hair. He was nearly six feet high, rather 
slender and well formed. His power of endur- 
ance, both mental and physical, was extraor- 
dinary. He seemed literally incapable of 
fatigue. His step was rapid and elastic and be 
often took long walks, sufficient to tire men 
much younger, and apparently much stronger, 
than himself. He was an early riser, and was 
not unfrequently seen walking before breakfast 
with his hat under his arm, as if inviting the 
morning breeze to fan his temple and cool his 
burning brain. His manners were simple and 
dignified. He was easy of access, and re- 
markably social in his habits and feelings. 
llis dress and style of living were plain and 
unostentatious. His house was the abode of a 
warmfbut simple hospitality. For many years 
no citizen of Cincinnati entertained so many 
strangers and persons of distinction. He was 
a man of extraordinary refinement. This feel- 
ing was deeply engrafted in his constitution, 
and always displayed itself in a marked de- 
gree in the presence of the female sex. Al- 
though his parents were uncultivated persons 
and hardly ever mingled in the more relined 
society, they cherished a high and pure idea of 
the duty of good breeding. The principle of 
politeness was deeply rooted in both, and they 
never failed to practice it in their family and 
in their intercourse with the world. To those 
who are engaged in scientific, literary, and ed- 
ucational pursuits, or in the practice of medi- 
cine, it will not be uninteresting to know that 
Dr. Drake was poor, and until the last eight 
years of his life, pecuniarily embarrassed. 
Referring to this subject the late Dr. Gross, 
his friend and colleague, has said, that it 
was not until after his connection with the 
University of Louisville that be began to lay 
up anything from his earnings. His medical 
journal only brought him into debt. The first 
volume of his great work sold slowly, and had 
not yielded him one dollar at the time of his 
death. Since that period, his son-in-law re- 
ceived, as his literary executor, two hundred 
and fifty dollars as the balance to the author’s 
credit up to that time. This sum is not more 
than one-tenth of what he paid for the maps 
alone contained in the work, and engraved at 
his own expense. Nothing, in fact, that Dr. 
Drake ever undertook was pecuniarily profit- 
able. Money-making was not his ambition. 
His aims were always so lofty, and so far re- 
moved from self, that he never thought of 
money except so far as it was necessary to 
their accomplishment. 
DRAPER, John William, of New York City, 
was born at St. Helen’s, near Liverpool, May 
5, 1811, and died January 4, 1882. He received 
his education for the most part from private 
instructors. At eleven years of age he was 
sent to one of the public schools of the Wes- 
leyan Methodists, of which denomination his 
father was a minister. He remained there, 
however, only two years, and was then re- 
turned to private instruction. When the Uni- 
versity of London was opened, he was sent 
there to study chemistry under Dr. Turner, at 
that time the most celebrated of English chem- 
ists. At the instance of several of his Ameri- 
can relatives, he came to America and com- 
pleted his medical education at the University 
of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1836 with so 
much distinction that his inaugural thesis re- 
ceived the unusual compliment of being pub- 
lished by the faculty of that university. 
Shortly afterwards he was appointed Professor 
of Chemistry in Hampden Sydney College, 
Virginia, and in 1839 received an appointment 
to the same professorship in the University of 
New York, with which institution he was con- 
nected until 1881. His earliest scientific pub- 
lications were on the chemical action of light, 
a subject at that time almost completely neg- 
lected. Eventually he published in American 
and foreign journals, or read before scientific 
societies, nearly forty memoirs in relation to 
it. Some of the more important facts stated 
in these papers must be mentioned: Of all the 
chemical actions of light, by far the most im- 
portant is that of the decomposition of car- 
bonic acid by the leaves of plants, under the 
influence of sunshine. On this the whole 
vegetable world depends for its growth, and 
the whole animal world directly, or indirectly, 
for its food. The decomposition in question is 
essentially«a deoxidation, and up to about 1840 
it was generally supposed to be due to the vio- 
let rays of the spectrum, which in accordance 
with the views held at that time, were regarded 
as producing deoxidizing actions, and were 
consequently known as deoxidizing rays. But 
this was altogether an assumption unsupported 
by experimental proof. Prof. Draper saw that 
there was but one method for the absolute so- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
133 
lution of the problem, and that was by caus- 
ing the decomposition to take place in the 
spectrum itself. In this delicate and beauti- 
ful experiment he succeeded, and found that 
the decomposition was brought about by the 
yellow rays, at a maximum by those in the 
vicinity of the Fraunhofer fixed line D, and 
that the violet rays might be considered as 
altogether inoperative. The memoir contain- 
ing this result was first read before the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, and 
immediately republished in London, Paris, 
and Berlin. It excited general interest among 
chemists. Even up to the present time it has 
furnished to the German experimenters the 
basis of a very interesting discussion in photo- 
chemistry. In 1842 Dr. Draper discovered that 
not only might the Fraunhofer fixed lines in 
the spectrum be photographed, but that there 
exists a vast number of others beyond the vio- 
let, which up to that time had been unknown. 
He also found three great lines less refrangi- 
ble than the red, in a region altogether invis- 
ible to the eye. Of these new lines, which 
more than doubled in number those of Fraun- 
hofer, he published engravings. He also in 
vented an instrument for measuring the chem- 
ical force of light—the chlor-hydrogen photom- 
eter. This was subsequently extensively 
used by Bunsen and Roscoe in their photo- 
chemical researches. In their paper, read be- 
fore the Royal Society in 1856, they say: 
“With this instrument Draper succeeded in 
establishing experimentally some of the most 
important relations of the chemical action of 
light. ” Most of the papers he had written 
up to 1844 were in that year collected and pub- 
lished together, in a book bearing the title of 
a treatise on “ The Forces Producing the Or- 
ganization of Plants.” In this there are a 
great many experiments on capillary attrac- 
tion, the flow of sap, endosmosis, the influ- 
ence of yellow light on plants, etc. His mem- 
oir “On the Production of Light by Heat,” 
published in 1847, was an important contribu- 
tion to spectrum analysis; among other things 
it gave the means for determining the solid or 
gaseous condition of the sun, the stars, and the 
nebulae. In this paper he established experi- 
mentally that all solid substances, and prob- 
ably liquids, become incandescent at the same 
temperature; that the thermometric point at 
which such substances are red-hot is about 
977° Fahr.; that the spectrum of an incandes- 
cent solid is continuous, it contains neither 
bright nor dark fixed lines; that from common 
temperatures up to 977° Fahr. the rays emitted 
by a solid are invisible, but at that tempera- 
ture they impress the eye with the sensation 
of red; that the heat of the incandescing body 
being made continuously to rise, other rays are 
added, increasing in refrangibility as the tem- 
perature ascends; and that, while the addition 
of rays so much more refrangible as the tem- 
perature is higher is taking place, there is an 
augmentation in the intensity of those already 
existing. This memoir was published in 
both American and European journals. An 
analysis of it was read in Italian before 
the Royal Academy at Naples, July, 1847, 
by Melloni, which was also translated into 
French and English. But thirteen years sub- 
sequently, M. Kirchoff published, in a very 
celebrated memoir, considered by many as the 
origin of spectrum analysis, and of which an 
English translation may be found in the Lon- 
don and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, 
July, 1860, the same facts under the guise of 
mathematical deductions, with so meager a 
reference to what Draper had done that he 
secured the entire credit of these discoveries. 
In an historical sketch of spectrum analysis 
subsequently published, Kirchoff avoided all 
mention of his American predecessor. Dr. 
Draper was the first person who succeeded in 
taking portraits of the human face by photog- 
raphy. This was in 1839. He published a 
minute account of the process at a time when 
in Europe it was regarded as altogether im- 
practicable. He also was the first to take 
photographs of the moon, and presented speci- 
mens of them to the New York Lyceum of 
Natural History, in 1840. In 1841 the Univer- 
sity of New York established its medical col- 
lege, Dr. Draper being appointed professor of 
chemistry in it. A very great change in 
medical studies and teaching was at that time 
impending. The application of chemistry to 
physiology was about to be made by Liebig and 
his school. In these new views Dr. Draper 
completely coincided, and therefore soon after- 
ward physiology was added to his chair. He 
now resumed his early chemico-physiological 
researches, and eventually, in 1856, he pub- 
lished the result of them in “A Treatise on 
Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical.” 
This work at once became a standard text- 
book in American colleges. It has passed 
through a great many editions, and was trans- 
lated into several foreign languages. The 
Russian edition is used in the higher schools 
of that country. In this work appeared an ex- 
planation of the selecting action of membranes; 
electrical theory of capillary attraction; cause 
of the coagulation of the blood; theory of the 
circulation of the blood; explanation of the 
flow of sap in plants; endosmosis of gases 
through thin films; measure of the force of 
endosmosis; respiration of fishes; action of or- 
ganic muscle-fiber of the lungs; allotropism of 
living systems; new facts respecting the action 
of the skin; functions of nerve-vesicles and 
their electrical analogues; function of the 
sympathetic nerve; explanation of the action 
of certain parts of the auditory apparatus, par- 
ticulary the cochlea and semicircular canals; 
new facts respecting the theory of vision and 
theory of muscular contraction. The special 
object of the book was to apply physical theo- 
ries in the explanation of physiological facts, 
to the exclusion of the so-called vital prin- 
ciple of the old physicians. His “Physiol- 
ogy” was soon followed by a work of which 
the intention was to show that societies of men 
advance under the government of law. This 
was entitled “A History of the Intellectual 
Development of Europe.” Few philosophical 
works have attained so quickly to celebrity. 
Many editions of it have been published in this 
country, and it has been translated into almost 
every European language. Dr. Draper has 
published a few mathematical papers, the most 
important being an investigation of the elec- 
trical conducting power of wires. This was 
undertaken at the request of Professor Morse, 
at the time he was inventing his telegraph. 
The use made by Morse of this investigation is 
related by him in Silliman's American Journal 
of Science and Arts, December, 1843. The 
paper shows that an electrical current may be 
transmitted through a wire, no matter what 
the length may be, and that, generally, the 184 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
conducting effect of wires may be represented 
by a logarithmic curve. Among electrical 
memoirs there is one on the tidal motions ex- 
hibited by liquid conductors, and one on the 
electi’o-motive power of heat, explaining the 
construction of some new and improved forms 
of thermo-electric batteries. An abstract of 
this improvement is given in the Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica (Art. Voltaic Electricity). 
He was the first person to obtain photographs 
of the diffraction spectrum given by a grating, 
and to show the singular advantages which 
that spectrum possesses over the prismatic in- 
vestigations on radiations. In a memoir on 
the production of light by chemical action 
(1848), he gave the spectrum analysis of many 
different flames, and devised the arrangement 
of charts of their fixed lines in the manner 
now universally adopted. A memoir on phos- 
phorescence contains the experimental deter- 
mination of many important facts in relation 
to that property. Among purely chemical 
topics he has furnished a method for the qual- 
itative determination of urea by nitrous acid. 
In 1864, at the request of the New York His- 
torical Society, Dr. Draper gave four lectures 
before that body, which were subsequently 
published under the title of “Thoughts on the 
Civil Policy of America.” They were respec- 
tively on the influence of climate upon man; 
on the effects of emigration; on the political 
force of ideas, and on the natural course of 
national development. They contain discus- 
sions of several interesting points, which since 
that time have largely occupied public atten- 
tion, such as the internal emigration from the 
Atlantic States to the west, the Asiatic emi- 
gration to the Pacific States, the political 
effects of polygamy in Utah, the tendency of 
democratic institutions to centralization, a 
comparison of the European with the Ameri- 
can method of government. From 1860 to 
1870 Dr. Draper did but little in scientific re- 
search, devoting himself mostly to historical 
works. During this time he published his 
“History of the American Civil War,” in three 
volumes. His opportunities for giving accur- 
acy to the work were very great. It has been 
largely republished in Europe. Of some of 
his works translations have been made in 
French, Spanish, German, Russian, Italian, 
Polish and Servian, while portions of them 
have been reproduced in Arabic; of some of 
these translations there have been several edi- 
tions. In the summer of 1870 Dr. Draper suf- 
fered a severe bereavement in the loss of his 
wife. Of Brazilian birth, she was connected 
with an ancient and noble Portuguese fam- 
ily. After the death of his wife, Dr. Draper 
spent the following winter in Eui'ope, chiefly 
in Rome. Since his return he has pub- 
lished two short memoirs; one on the “Dis- 
tribution of Heat in the Spectrum,” showing 
that the predominance of heat in the less 
refrangible regions is due to the action of the 
prism and would not be observed in a normal 
spectrum, such as is formed by a grating, and 
that all the rays of light have intrinsically 
equal heating power. The second is an investi- 
gator of the distribution of chemical force in 
the spectrum. Also, a book entitled “History 
of the Conflict of Religion and Science,” which 
is now circulating all over Europe. It has been 
placed in the Index Expuryatnrius by the Papal 
government. 
DRYSDALE, Thomas Murray, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., sixth son of William Drysdale, was 
born in Philadelphia, August3l,lß3l. “His an- 
cestors were Scotch Covenanters, his uncle,Rev. 
Alexander Duff, being the distinguished mis- 
sionary of the Scotch Presbyterian Church. 
He received his preliminary education at the 
schools of the Rev. Joseph P. Engles and the 
Rev. Samuel Crawford, under whose tuition he 
was prepared for the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. Failing health, however, prevented the 
completion of his studies, and he was sent by 
his physician, Dr. James Rush, to the country, 
where he remained until his health was re- 
established. Early in life he had determined to 
devote himself to the study of medicine, and, 
encouraged by an improved state of health, he 
accepted a position in a drug store in order to 
become familiar with the science of pharmacy. 
Soon after he entered upon a course of medical 
instruction in the office of Dr. Washinton L. 
Atlee, who, at that time, occupied the chair of 
chemistry in the Pennsylvania Medical Col- 
lege. In connection with the office instruction 
under this distinguished surgeon, he attended 
lectures at the college, and became the assist- 
ant of his preceptor in his laboratory, of which 
he had full charge during the last two years of 
his college life. He graduated in 1852, making 
the subject of his thesis, ‘Liebig’s Theory of 
Animal Heat,’ which he supported and proved 
by a carefully-conducted series of experiments 
made upon himself with nitrogenous and non- 
nitrogenous articles of food. After graduating, 
his health again failing, he made a pedestrian 
tour of his native State in company with a 
professional friend. This proved of great 
service, and he returned invigorated. In 1853, 
Dr. Drysdale became associated with Dr. A. 
Owen Stille and Dr. W. Kent Gilbert in the 
examination of students; subsequently he 
united with Dr. Wm. Gobrecht, formerly Profes- 
sor of Anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio, 
and Dr. J. Aitken Meigs, afterward Professor of 
Physiology in the Jefferson Medical College, 
and engaged in the examination of students 
connected not only with the Pennsylvania Med- 
ical College, but with other similar institutions. 
In 1885, he was elected to fill the Chair of 
Chemistry in the Wagner Institute of Science, 
made vacant by the resignation of Professor 
Rand. Here he attracted large audiences, but 
was compelled to resign the position and de- 
vote himself exclusively to the duties of a 
rapidly-increasing practice, in which he made 
surgery and gynecology his specialties. In 1861, 
he performed successfully his first operation 
of ovariotomy, an operation which, at that 
time, was regarded with disfavor by the med- 
ical profession. In 1862, he delivered a course 
of lectures on the microscope, at the Franklin 
Institute, which reflected much credit on his 
abilities as a lecturer and microscopist. The 
study of the microscope had early claimed his 
careful attention, and notwithstanding the va- 
riety of professional duties which crowded 
upon him, he continued to pursue microscop- 
ical investigations, especially of the fluids of 
dropsies, adding important facts to the knowl- 
edge of the profession upon subtle points in 
discussion among physicians.” He was one of 
the founders of the American Gynecological 
Society, June 3, 1876; was elected a mem- 
ber of the British Medical Association in 
1877; has been a member of the American 
Medical Association since 1873; of the Penn- 
sylvania State Medical Society since 1864; EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
135 
of the Philadelphia County Medical Society 
since 1853; became a member of the Patho- 
logical Society in 1877; of the Obstetrical So- 
ciety in 1877, and was a delegate to the Inter- 
national Medical Congress in 1876. He has 
been corresponding secretary of the Pennsylva- 
nia State Medical Society for several years; was 
vice-president of the Philadelphia County Med- 
ical Society in 1875, and president of the same 
in 1876. His contributions to medical litera- 
ture comprise the following: “An Account of 
Three Surgical Cases,” 1856; “Case of Rupture 
of the Common Duct of the Liver: Forma- 
tion of a Cyst Containing Bile,” 1861; “Drop- 
sical Fluids of the Abdomen: Their Physical 
Properties, Chemical Analysis, Microscopic 
Appearance, and Diagnostic Value, Based on 
the Examination of Several Hundred Speci- 
mens,” forms Chapter XXIV. of Dr. W. L. 
Atlee’swork on the “Diagnosis of Ovarian Tu- 
mors.” A paper “On the Granular Cell found 
in Ovarian Fluid,” read before the American 
Medical Association, and published in their 
proceedings for 1873; “The Address in Surgery 
(Tracheotomy in Diphtheria and Psuedo-Mem- 
branous Croup)” delivered before the Medical 
Society of the State of Pennsylvania, and pub- 
lished in their proceedings for 1874; “Address 
Delivered Before the Medical Society of the 
State of Pennsylvania,” May, 1876, and pub- 
lished in their proceedings; “On the Use of 
Chlorate of Potassa in Diphtheria and Pseudo- 
Membranous Croup,” 1877. Dr. Drysdale mar- 
ried Mary L. Atlee, second daughter of his 
preceptor, in October, 1857. His son, Dr. Wm. 
A. Drysdale, is associated with him in practice. 
DU BOIS, Henry Augustus, of New Haven, 
Conn., died January 13, 1884. He was born 
August 9, 1808, in New York City, at what 
is now known as the corner of First avenue 
and First street, but which was then the 
country residence of his father, Cornelius Du 
Bois. “He was the sixth lineal descendant of 
Jacques Du Bois, a French Huguenot, who 
took refuge in Holland, and in 4675 came over 
with the Dutch settlers, to Kingston, Ulster 
county, N. Y., bringing with him his infant 
son, Pierre Du Bois, born in Leyden, and who 
afterwards became the founder of the first Re- 
formed Dutch Church in Poughkeepsie, and, 
also of the one still existing in Fishkill, N. Y. 
On his mother’s side he is the sixth in descent 
from John Ogden, who was born in North 
Hampton, England, in 1610, and represented 
South Hampton, Conn., in 1659, and during 
the Dutch rule was virtually the governor of 
the English portion of the province, and who 
afterwards settled in New Jersey, and built the 
first house in Elizabethtown. (See Hatfield’s 
History of New Jersey.) In 1817, Henry Au- 
gustus Du Bois entered the French Military 
Academy of Louis Blangel, a royalist refugee 
of the first French Revolution. In 1822, he 
left the academy, and in 1823 entered Columbia 
College of New York. August 7, 1827, he was 
graduated A. B. of Columbia College; October 
23, 1830, he was graduated M. D. of the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York, 
and the same year was appointed house phy- 
sician to the New York Hospital; October, 1831, 
he went to Eui’ope to complete his medical 
studies. In Paris, he entered the clinical 
courses of Louis, Andral, Chomel, and Brous- 
sais, in medicine; and of Dupuytren, Lisfranc, 
Roux, Velpeau, and of Amussat, in surgery. 
He was an intimate friend of Louis, and his 
private pupil in auscultation. He was the pri- 
vate pupil of Amussat in practical surgery, 
and of Mde. La Chapelle in obstetrics. lie 
was also the private pupil of the celebrated 
Elie de Beaumont, with whom he made many 
geological excursions. In 1831, shortly after 
his arrival in Paris, he was made a member of 
the Polish committee, which met weekly at the 
house of its president, General Lafayette, or at 
the house of J. Fennimore Cooper, the object 
of the committee being to send money and 
men to aid Poland in her last brief but inef- 
fectual struggle for liberty. Dr. Du Bois had 
formed the design of joining the Polish army, 
but was dissuaded therefrom by the committee, 
who judged the attempt futile.” April 9, 1834, 
he was elected, at Paris, a member of the Ge- 
ological Society of France, and in the same 
year attended the funeral of General Lafayette. 
He was one of the few who availed themselves 
of the special honor accorded to Americans of 
following immediately next to the body, this 
being the post of danger as well as of honor, 
for it was well known that an attempt would 
be made by the “Red Republicans” to obtain 
possession of the body, in order to make it 
their rallying standard. The first attack was 
made in the Place Vendome, and the double 
line of cuirassiers were forced back upon the 
cortege, nearly crushing Dr. Du Bois and oth- 
ers who were nearest to the bier. While in 
Europe he made the acquaintance, and re- 
ceived tokens of regard and friendship, from 
Sir Astley Cooper, Mr, Liston, of Edinburgh, 
and from Rasori and Tomassini, the celebrated 
authors of the “contra-stimulant” theory of 
bygone days. November, 1834, Dr. Du Bois 
returned to New York, and in 1835 was ap- 
pointed first on the list of physicians to the New 
York Dispensary. December 17, 1835, he was 
married to Catherine Helene Jay, third daugh- 
ter of Peter A. Jay, Esq., of the New York 
bar, by whom he has had seven sons and one 
daughter. February 6, 1837, he was elected a 
member of the New York Lyceum of Natural 
History, In the fall of 1840, Dr. Du Bois, act- 
ing in obedience to medical advice, gave up the 
practice of medicine on account of his health, 
and removed to Ohio, where he had inherited 
a large tract of unimproved land, situated be- 
tween the two branches of the Mahoning 
river. Upon this tract he laid out, and in a 
great measure built, the village of Newton 
Falls, which, in 1852, became a pleasant and 
flouishing town, well supplied with churches, 
schools, mills, and stores. While residing in 
Ohio he constantly refused to receive patients, 
his time being fully engrossed by more health- 
ful and lucrative pursuits; but, from motives 
of humanity and love for his profession, he 
consented to act as consulting physician for 
some dozen “doctors” in the neighborhood, 
who frequently called upon him in urgent or 
obscure cases, and whose opinions and practice 
he took especial pains to modify and improve. 
One of the most skillful of them, a regular M. 
D., often declared publicly that all his most 
valuable medical knowledge he had obtained 
from Dr. Du Bois. In 1852 he returned to New 
York, in improved health, but he did not re- 
sume the practice of medicine. He accepted 
the position of president of the Virginia Can- 
nel Coal Company, whose business he con- 
tinued to manage for several years, as well as 
that of its successor, the Peytona Cannel Coal 
Company, of Kanawha, W. Va. October 14, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
136 
1854, he removed to New Haven, Conn., for 
the purpose of educating his numerous family 
of sons, one of whom is now professor of dy- 
namical engineeing in the Scientific Depart- 
ment of Yale College. July 28, 1864, he re- 
ceived from Yale College the degree of LL. D., 
signalizing him as one “qui de fide Christiana 
defendenda bene meritus sit,” for his reply to the 
seven English “essayists,” which was repub- 
lished in London, with high eulogy, by the 
Dean of Carlisle; and for his “critical exam- 
ination” of the scientific infidelity of Darwin 
and Huxley. September 19, 1864, lie was elect- 
ed a member of the Academy of Arts and 
Sciences of Connecticut. October 20, 1869, he 
went to France, Italy and Malta, for the re- 
covery of his health, seriously impaired by 
incessant labor and hardship in Kanawha, W. 
Va., during the previous four years, while 
managing the affairs of the Peytona Cannel 
Coal Company. He returned July 5, 1870, but 
was obliged to leave again, in 1872, with a 
poi’tion of his family, and remained in Europe 
till September, 1874, when he returned to his 
residence in New Haven. Although Dr. Du 
Bois was prevented at first by ill health, and 
afterwards by other causes,from the continuous 
practice of medicine, he always maintained an 
intimate acquaintance with the profession. 
Immediately on his removal to New Haven, he 
was elected an honorary member of the med- 
ical association of that city, and regularly at- 
tended their weekly meetings for the purpose 
of conference and debate. Though he has 
published no contributions to the science of 
medicine, he may be said to have materially 
modified the opinions and practice of many of 
his professional brethren with whom he came 
in contact during his long and eventful career. 
When the scalet fever, some fifty years ago, 
prevailed in New York as an epidemic, he took 
a stand directly opposite to the theory of the 
“books” and the current practice of the day. 
He considered the epidemic asthentic in its 
character, and unsuited to the severe antiphlo- 
gistic treatment which then prevailed. He 
maintained that the disease was a determinate 
one, and must run its regular course, and 
scouted the idea that it could be “jugulated” 
by active treatment. He treated his patients 
successfully,with topical applications—quinine 
and a supporting regimen—while the best 
physicians, in the best quarters of the city, 
lost three out of five of bad cases, by anti- 
phlogistic treatment. His French medical ex- 
perience had prepared him to look with dis- 
favor on what was then called the antiphlogis- 
tic practice, which consisted chiefly in bleeding, 
purging, calomel, and tartar emetic. There 
was another point in which Dr. Du Bois differed 
from the majority of his medical brethren. It 
was, and perhaps still is, a latent belief among 
practitioners, that there is something life-giving 
and disease-killing in the action of potent 
remedies, and that, after the force of the dis- 
ease has been broken, they should still he ex- 
hibited to sustain life and confirm convales- 
cence. In opposition to this opinion, he main- 
tained that all our most potent and valuable 
remedies were, per se, life-destroying, and that 
their only useful application consisted in 
working changes in the system incompatible 
with the more deleterious changes which dis- 
ease was working, and therefore should be 
withdrawn at the very earliest opportunity. 
His rule was that, in all acute febrile diseases, 
active treatment by potent remedies must be 
confined to the first seven to ten days from the 
attack. Dr. Du Bois contributed two sons to the 
defense of his country during the War of the 
Rebellion, the only two who were then of age. 
DUDLEY, Benjamin Winslow, of Lexing- 
ton, Ky., was born in Spottsylvania county, 
Va., April 12, 1785, and died January 20, 1870. 
He was the son of Ambrose Dudley, a distin- 
guished Baptist minister and one of the early 
pioneers of Kentucky. “When but a year old 
he was brought by his father to Lexington, 
in which beautiful city the child became a man 
and lived, and wrought, and died at the ad- 
vanced age of eighty-five years.” In his 
address as president of the American Surgical 
Association, delivered at Washington in 
1890, Dr. D. W. Yandell, referring to the sub- 
ject of this sketch, describes in the following 
brief but eloquent terms the surroundings 
which set their impress upon the character of 
the noted pioneer surgeons of his State. The 
picture is full of meaning, dignity, and sim- 
plicity. In this time “Canetuckee” was still 
a part of Virginia. The grounds on which as 
boys they played were held by their fathers 
under what is known as a “tomahawk claim.” 
Beyond lay endless leagues of shadowy forest. 
“The Illinois” had not been admitted into the 
sisterhood of States. The vast domain west of 
the Mississippi river was unexplored. The 
city of St. Louis was but an out-post for trad- 
er's. The name “Chicago” had not been coined. 
Foi’t Dearborn, occupied by two companies of 
United States troops, marked a roll in the 
prairie among the sloughs, where stands to- 
day the queen and mistress of the lakes. Cin- 
cinnati had no place on the map, but was 
known as Fort Washington. General Paken- 
ham had not attempted the rape of New Or- 
leans, and General Jackson, who was to drive 
him with his myrmidons fleeing to his ships, 
were unknown to fame. Wars with Indians 
were frequent, massacres by Indians were 
common. The prow of a steamboat had never 
cut the waters of a western river; railroads 
were unknown in the world. There were but 
two avenues by which Kentucky could be 
reached from "the East. One was the water- 
way furnished by the Ohio river, the other was 
the “Wilderness Road,” blazed by Daniel 
Boone. The former was covered in keel- 
boats, flat-ooats and canoes, the latter was 
traveled on horseback or on foot. No wheel 
had broken it, or been broken by it. The first 
settlers followed the road after crossing the 
Alleghanies. They were a clear-eyed, a bold, 
an adventurous people. They wrested the 
land from the savage, made it secure by their 
arms, and by the toil of their hands fitted it 
for its present civilization. Amongthese, and of 
such as these, were our heroes in the bloody 
exploits of surgery reared. From such an- 
cestors they drew that dauntless courage which 
was so often tried in their achievements— 
achievements the fame of which will not lapse 
with the lapse of time. Boone had opened 
the way to the wilderness around them. He 
“blazed” a path through its unbroken depths, 
along which the stream of civilization quickly 
flowed. They blazed a path through the un- 
explored regions of their art along which sur- 
geons continue to tread. His name is written 
in the history of his adopted State and em- 
balmed in the traditions of its people. Their 
names are written in the chronicles of their EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
137 
beloved calling and upon the hearts of myri- 
ads of sufferers whom their beneficent labors 
have relieved. They may or may not have 
felt that their work was durable. But durable 
it is, and it hands down to posterity a monu- 
mentiim ere perennius, the absolute worth of 
which passes computation. No present or fu- 
ture modification of this work can rob its au- 
thors of that glory which crowns the head of 
the original workman. Like their kinsmen in 
genius, these toilers devised measures and 
dealt with issues in advance of their time. 
Take them they enjoyed but scant recompense 
for labors the far-reaching significance of 
which they did not comprehend. Let us who 
are reaping in the harvest which they sowed 
forget not how much we are beholden to these 
immortal husbandmen. And as we contem- 
plate the shining record of their deeds, let it 
counsel us to “bend ourselves to a better 
future.” Not that we may hope to rival their 
sublime achievements, but that each in his 
walk, however humble it may be, may strive to 
enlarge the sphere of his usefulness by making 
surgery the better for his having practiced it. 
Dr. Dudley studied medicine in Lexington 
with Frederick Ridgley, a very cultivated 
physician and popular man, who had won dis- 
tinction in the medical staff of the Continental 
Army. Young Dudley attended lectures at the 
University of Pennsylvania, from which insti- 
tution he was granted his medical degree in 
1806, just two weeks before he was twenty-one 
years old. The subject of his graduating the- 
sis was the “Medical Typography of Lexing- 
ton.” He returned home, opened an office, and 
offered his services to the public. The public 
gave him little business. “He was,” says Dr. 
Yandell, “deficient either in the knowledge or 
in the self-trust necessary to professional suc- 
cess. McDowell was located in a village hard 
by—was applying himself mainly to surgery 
and was already in full practice. Dudley re- 
solved to still better qualify himself for the 
work he was ambitious to do. He longed to 
go into the hospitals and follow the great 
teachers of Europe, but lacked the means. To 
get these he made a venture in trade. He 
purchased a flat-boat, loaded it with produce, 
headed it for New Orleans, and floated down 
the Kentucky, the Ohio, and the Mississippi 
rivers to the desired port. He invested 
the proceeds of his cargo in flour. This he 
billed to Gibraltar, which he reached some 
time in 1810; there, and at Lisbon, he dis- 
posed of it at a large advance.” The oppor- 
tunities he had sought were now near at hand. 
He hastened through Spain to Paris. While 
there he studied under Paul A. Dubois, and 
heard Baron Larrey recite his wondertul mil- 
itary experience. He made the acquaintance 
of Caulaincourt, “the Emperor’s trusted minis- 
ter.” Through him he was present with Talma 
and John Howard Payne, in the Chamber of 
Deputies, when Napoleon entered the building 
at the close of his disastrous Russian cam- 
paign. He saw the Emperor mount the tribune. 
He heard him begin his report with these por- 
tentious words: “The Grand Army of the 
Empire has been annihilated.” Remaining in 
Paris nearly three years* he crossed the Chan- 
nel to observe surgery as practiced in London. 
While there he listened to Abernethy, as he 
dwelt with all his wonted enthusiasm on his 
peculiar doctrine. He heard him reason it; 
he saw him act it, dramatize it, and came away 
believing him to be “the highest authority on 
all points relating to surgery, as at once the 
observant student of nature, the profound 
thinker, and the sound medical philosopher.” 
He always referred to him as the greatest of 
surgeons. He saw Sir Astlev Cooper operate, 
and habitually designated him as the most 
skilled and graceful man in his worlf he had 
ever known. He returned again to Lexington 
in the summer of 1814, “in manners a French- 
man, but in medical doctrine and practice 
thoroughly English.” The public was quick 
to detect that he had improved his time while 
away. “His profession had become the en- 
grossing object of his thought, and he applied 
himself to it with undeviating fidelity. He 
made himself its slave.” One who knew him 
well, wrote of him: “He had no holidays. 
He sought no recreation ; no sports interested 
him. His thoughts, he had been heard to say, 
were alway on his cases, and not on the ob- 
jects and amusements around him.” He 
found Lexington in the midst of an epidemic 
of typhoid pneumonia, the same that had pre- 
vailed in the older States. This singularly 
fatal disease was followed by a bilious fever, 
characterized, like the plague, by a tendency to 
local affections. Abscesses, formed among the 
muscles of the body, legs and arms, and were 
so intractable that limbs were sometimes am- 
putated to get rid of the evil. Recalling the 
use he had made of the bandage in the treat- 
ment of ulcers of the leg, Dudley applied 
this device to the burrowing abscesses he saw 
so frequently in the subjects of the fever. The 
true position and exceeding value of the roller 
bandage were not so generally recognized then 
as now. Dr. Dudley was no doubt himself 
surprised at the success which followed the 
practice. This success probably led him to 
urge that wide application of the bandage with 
which his name came in time to be so generally 
associated. The tide of practice now set fully 
toward him. He had come home a thorough 
anatomist. With opportunity he exibited sur- 
passing skill in the use of the knife. His 
reputation soon became national. No med- 
ical school had at that time been founded west 
of the Alleghanies. The need of such an in- 
stitution was felt on every hand. Transylvania 
University, already of established reputation, 
was in operation. It only required a school 
of medicine to make it complete in its several 
departments. The trustees met in 1817, and 
added this to its organization. Dr. Dudley was 
made its head, and appointed to fill the chairs 
of anatomy and surgery. A small class of 
students assembled in the autumn. At the 
commencement exercises held the following 
spring, W. L. Sutton was admitted to the doc- 
torate—the first physician given that distinc- 
tion by an institution in the West. Troubles 
arose in the Faculty. Resignations were sent in 
and accepted. Dr. Richardson, one of the corps, 
challenged Dr. Dudlej’-. A meeting followed. 
Richardson left the field with a pistol wound in 
his thigh, which made him halt in his gait the 
rest of his life. The year following a second or- 
ganization was effected, which included the two 
belligerent teachers. “The history of the Med- 
ical Department of Transylvania University,its 
rise, its success, its decline, its disappearance 
from the list of medical colleges—would practi- 
cally cover Dr. Dudley’s career and Would form 
a most interesting chapter in the development 
of medical teaching in the southwest. But it 138 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
must suffice to say that Dr. Dudley created 
the medical department of the institution and 
directed its policy. Its students regarded 
him from the beginning as the foremost man 
in the faculty. That he had colleagues whose 
mental endowments were superior to his he 
himself at all times freely admitted. He is 
said to have laid no claim to either oratorical 
power or professional erudition. He was not 
a logician, he was not brilliant, and his deliv- 
erances were spiced with neither humor nor 
wit.” A yet, says one of his biographers, in 
ability to enchain the student’s attention, to 
impress them with the value of his instructions 
and his questions as a teacher, he bore off the 
palm from all the gifted men who, at various 
periods, taught by his side. A friend and 
once a colleague described his manner while 
lecturing as singularly imposing and impres- 
sive. “He was magisterial, oracular, convey- 
ing the idea always that the mind of the 
speaker was troubled with no doubt. His de- 
portment before his classes was such as further 
to enhance his standing. He was always, in 
the presence of his students, not the model 
teacher only, but the dignified, urbane gentle- 
man ; conciliating regard by his gentleness, 
but repelling any approach to familiarity ; ami 
never for the sake of raising a laugh or elicit- 
ing a little momentary applause descending to 
coarseness in expression or thought. So that 
to his pupils he was always and everywhere 
great. As an operator they thought lie had 
distanced competition. As a teacher they 
thought he gave them not what was in the 
books, but what the writers of the books had 
never understood. They were persuaded that 
there was much they must learn from his lips 
or learn not at all.” His hold upon the public 
was as great as that upon his classes. “ Pa- 
tients came to him from afar because it was 
believed that he did better what others could 
do than any one else, and that he did much 
which no one else in reach could do.” During 
the larger part of Dr. Dudley’s life few physi- 
cians in any part of America devoted them- 
selves exclusively to surgery. The most .emi- 
nent surgeons were general practitioners—all- 
round men. In this class Dr. Dudley was 
equal to the best. In one respect, at least, he 
took advance ground—he condemned blood- 
letting. He was often heard to declare that 
every bleeding shortened the subject’s life by 
a year. Admiring Abernethy more than any 
one of his teachers, his opinions were natur- 
ally colored by the views of this eccentric 
Englishman. Like him he believed in the 
constitutional origin of local diseases, but his 
practice varied somewhat from that of his mas- 
ter. Like him he gave his patients “ blue pill ” 
at night, but omitted the “black draught” in 
the morning. He thought an emetic better, 
and secured it by “ tartarized antimony. ’ ’ Be- 
tween the puke and the purge his patients 
were fed on stale bread, skim milk and water 
gruel. And this heroic practice he pursued 
day after day for weeks and months together 
in spinal curves, hip curves, tuberculosis, ure- 
thral stricture and other diseases. But refer- 
ring to this method of treatment, Dr. Yandell, 
in his address, has said that as a physician 
Dudley was equal to the best of hi's day. 
“Negatively, if not positively, he improved 
upon the barbaric treatment of diseases then 
in universal favor. He wholly discarded one 
of the most effective means by which the doc- 
tors succeeded in shortening the life of man. 
This was just before those biological dawnings 
which were soon to break into the full light 
of physiological medicine and the rational sys- 
tem of therapeutics based thereupon. And it 
is not improbable that as a watcher in that 
night of therapeutical darkness, where the 
doings of the best strike us with horror, his 
prophetic eye caught some glimpses of the 
coming day which in old age it was given him 
to see. Though engaged chiefly with the great 
things of surgery, he deserves a place in the 
list of therapeutic reformers. Much of the re- 
nown acquired for Kentucky by her surgeons 
was in the treatment of calculous diseases. 
This State is believed to have furnished almost 
as many cases of stone as all the rest of the 
Union. Dr. Dudley stands the confessed lead- 
er of American lithotomists, heading the list 
with two hundred and twenty-five cases, losing 
only six patients, and had occasion to repeat 
the operation in but one instance. His success 
was so great that in England he was declared 
to be “the lithotomist of the nineteenth cen- 
tury. Of his cases of vesical calculi he presents 
an unbroken series of one hundred consecu- 
tive successful operations. In one case, when his 
patient was on the table, he discovered that 
his accustomed operation was impracticable 
from deformity of the pelvis, and while his 
assistants wrere taking their positions resolved 
to make the external incision transverse, 
which was executed before any one else pres- 
ent had remarked the difficulty.” Through 
this incision he removed a stone three and a 
half inches in the long diameter, two and a 
half inches in the short, by eleven inches in 
circumference. The patient recovered. Dr. 
Dudley performed the lateral operation exclu- 
sively and almost always with the gorget, a 
surgical devise now becoming obsolete. He 
preferred the instrument invented by Mr. 
t’line of London. In an article contributed to 
the Transylvania Journal of Medicine by Dr. 
Dudley in 1828, he thus wrote of the trephine. 
“The experience which time and circumstan- 
ces have afforded me in injuries of the head 
induced me to depart from the commonly re- 
ceived principles by which surgeons are gov- 
erned in the use of the trephine. In skillful 
hands the operation, beyond the atmosphere 
of large cities, is neither dangerous in its con- 
sequences nor difficult in the execution.” In 
this remark, says his biographer, Dr. Dudley 
bore early testimony to the efficacy of aseptic 
surgery. “He urged the trephine in the treat- 
ment of epilepsy and applied it in six cases— 
in four of which the disease was cured. The 
result in the two remaining cases is unknown, 
because the patients were lost sight of. Dr. 
Dudley believed himself to be the first surgeon 
who ever attempted to treat fungus cerebri by 
gentle and sustained pressure made with dry 
sponge aided by the roller. Of the first cases 
in which he used it he wrote. “By imbibing 
the secretions of the part the pressure on the 
protruded brain regularly and insensibly in- 
creased until the sponge became completely 
saturated. On removing it the decisive influ- 
ence and efficacy of the agent remained no 
longer a matter of doubt.” He noted the 
difficulty experienced in removing the sponge 
because of its being extensively penetrated by 
blood-vessels springing from the surface of the 
brain. This inconvenience he afterward ob- 
viated by putting a thin piece of muslin be- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
139 
tween the fungus and the sponge. He saw in 
this property of the sponge what no doubt 
others had seen before, the phenomenon of 
sponge-grafting, but like them he failed to 
utilize it in practice. (See Yandell’s address, 
“Pioneer Surgery in Kentucky.”) “Dr. Dudley 
was not a student of books. He had no taste 
for literature. He wrote but little, and that 
only for the Transylvania Journal of Medicine, 
edited by two ol;. his colleagues, Professors 
Cooke and Short. His first article did not ap- 
pear until 1828, fourteen years after he had 
begun practice. It was on injuries of the 
head. It abounded in original views, and did 
much to shape surgical thought at the time. 
To-day it may be consulted with profit. His 
second paper was on hydrocele; in this he ad- 
vocated the operation by incision and removal 
of the sac. He read so little that he fell into 
the error of believing that he was the origina- 
tor of the procedure. There are writers in our 
own day who would be able to hold their own 
against him in this particular. A paper on the 
bandage, another on fractures, and one on the 
nature and treatment of calculous diseases, 
embrace all his contributions to medical liter- 
ature.” He believed that Asiatic cholera 
was a “ water borne ” disease and during 
the first great epidemic in this country 
(1832), he and his family drank cistern 
instead of well water and were the only 
ones in Lexington to escape the malady. 
Dr. Dudley was a man of affairs. IDs 
practice was always large and paid him 
well. He amassed a handsome fortune. His 
opinions were often sought in courts of justice 
on professional points where his dignity, self- 
possession, and dry wit (which he seems to 
have suppressed at the lecturer’s desk) com- 
manded the respect of judge, juror, and advo- 
cate, while it made him the terror of the petti- 
fogger. Dr. Dudley had also a proper sense of 
the value of his professional services. It is 
said that he was called on one occasion to a 
town near Lexington, to attend a patient in 
labor, who was the wife of a man made rich 
by marriage. The husband was too wise to en- 
gage a “night rider,” and too purse proud to 
call the village doctor. At that time most of 
the one hundred dollar notes in circulation in 
Kentucky were issued by the Northern Bank, 
at Lexington. On the reverse side of the bill 
was the letter C in Roman capital. This let- 
ter was so round in figure that it looked like 
a “bull’s-eye,” and in local slang was so called. 
The visit being over, and the doctor ready to 
leave, the young father handed him one of 
these notes. Eyeing it for a moment, Dr. 
Dudley said: “Another ‘bull’s-eye,’ Mr. X., if 
you please.” In person Dr. Dudley was of 
medium size. “His features were refined, the 
forehead wide and high, the nose large and 
somewhat thick, the lips thin, the eyes bluish- 
gray. His hair was thin, light, and of a sandy 
tint. He was a graceful man. His voice was 
pleasing; his manners courtly; his bearing 
gracious.” He married a daughter of Major 
Peyton Short in 1821. He delivered his last 
lecture in 1850, and the last entry on his ledg- 
er bears the date of April 28, 1853. 
DUDLEY, Emelins Clark, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Westfield, Mass., May 29, 1850. 
His direct ancestor, a brother of Governor 
Thomas Dudley, landed in Boston, in 1638, 
and afterward settled in the famous old village 
of Guilford, Conn., the cradle of so many noted 
New England families. His father’s father 
and his mother’s grandfather fought in the 
Revolutionary War, and at a later period of 
our history, his great uncle held the impor- 
tant position of postmaster-general. The fol- 
lowing extracts, relating to the life history 
and professional achievements of the subject 
of this sketch are derived from a recent num- 
ber of the JVeic York Journal of Gynecology 
and Obstetrics: “Dr. Dudley’s father was a far- 
mer in the summer, and in the winter taught 
the district-school. Those who have some 
knowledge of New England life and character 
will appreciate what the union of school 
and farm meant. New England farms were 
not the most productive, and they required 
close attention to make their cultivation a suc- 
cess. The village life seventy-five years ago, 
resembled that in Merry England, without the 
interference of a superior and governing class, 
and the school-teacher in both countries was 
a man representing the culture of the peo- 
ple. On the “old sod” he dealt with an intel- 
ligence which had been repressed by its sur- 
roundings. In New England the people 
were infected with a bustling industry, which 
was forever endeavoring to find methods for 
accomplishing more work in a given time. 
Idleness was regarded as a crime. The district 
teacher had no easy task to keep his shoulders 
above the tide of knowledge coming from every 
source open to their eager search. Most of 
them became bent, from too studious a life, and 
dyspeptic, from a diet suited to the out-of-door 
life of their companions. But when the book- 
worm is joined to the tiller of the soil, strength 
and knowledge go hand in hand. Could we 
suggest a better parentage for one who .had to 
carve his careerto fame and fortune in the bust- 
ling Queen City? The subject of this sketch at- 
tended the public schools in Westfield until 140 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
thirteen, and from this age until eighteen he 
was in the service of an apothecary. This 
gave him a practical knowledge of pharmacy, 
which has always proved serviceable. In Sep- 
tember, 1868, at the age of eighteen, he began 
the study of Latin, Greek, algebra, and geom- 
etry, with a tutor, and eight months later 
passed the entrance examinations for the 
Freshman class of the Academical Department 
of Dartmouth College. He graduated from 
this institution in 1873, with the degree of A. B. 
While a student at college he taught school four 
terms, and at the end of each term returned to 
Dartmouth, made up lost studies, and continued 
with his class. During his collegiate career he 
relied almost entirely on his own efforts for sup- 
port.” In the summer of 1872 he was attached to 
the United States Coast Survey with Professor 
Quimby, who was engaged in triangulations 
between the New Hampshire sea coast and 
Lake Champlain. He attended medical lect- 
ures at Yale in 1873-4, and coached the boys 
preparing for the Freshman class in Latin, 
Greek and mathematics. He took his medical 
degree at Long Island College Hospital in 
1875, and was valedictorian of his class. After 
serving for a short period as interne at the 
West Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pittsburg, and 
at the Charity Hospital, Blackwell’s Island, 
he entered on his service at the Woman’s Hos- 
pital, in New York, and remained there eight- 
een months, completing the term in 1878. 
From this time he has been practicing in 
Chicago. In 1882 the Northwestern Univer- 
sity Medical School (Chicago Medical College) 
invited Dr. Dudley to accept the position of 
Professor of Gynecology, and he stills holds 
this position. In 1885 he was elected, by 
Dartmouth students, a member of the Phi 
Beta Kappa Society, Among the various po- 
sitions he has held or holds may be mentioned 
that of Gynecologist to St. Luke’s Hospital, 
Chicago; Member of the New York County 
Medical Society; Chicago Gynecological So- 
ciety ; American Medical Association; Ameri- 
can Academy of Medicine; American Gyne- 
cological Society; British Gynecological So- 
ciety ; Woman’s Hospital Alumni Association, 
and was president of the organization in 1892, 
and has a membership in various State and 
other local societies. He founded and was 
editor of the Chicago Medical Review. The fol- 
lowing is a list of his papers: “Puerperal 
Laceration of the Cervix Uteri and the Opera- 
tion of Trachelorrhaphy as a Means of Cure,” 
Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, March, 
1879; “Displacements of the Uterus,” Pepper's 
System of Medicine; “Pressure Forceps Versus 
the Ligature and the Suture in Vaginal Hys- 
terectomy,” Gynecological Transactions, 1888; 
“A Plastic Operation Designed to Straighten 
the Anteflexed Uterus,” American Journal of 
Obstetrics, 1891, and numerous other contribu- 
tions to medical literature, relating chiefly to 
diseases of women. The character of his work 
has arrested attention abroad as well as at 
home. His reputation, both in America and 
Europe, is that of a plastic surgeon and of a 
specialist in diseases of women." His practice 
is, we believe, among the largest of Chicago, 
and he has a very large consulting practice in 
the surrounding States. Dr. Dudley’s marked 
character!sties are said to be his strength of 
purpose, untiring energy and decided origi- 
nality. 
DUFFIELD, Samuel Pearce, of Detroit, 
Mich., was born at Carlisle, Pa., December 
24, 1833. He is a son of the Rev. George 
Duffield, D. D., and a great, great grandson, of 
George Duffield, who emigrated from Ireland 
to the colony of Pennsylvania, settling first in 
Lancaster county about the year 1730. His 
great grandfather, George Duffield, born in 
Lancaster county in 1732, and ordained a min- 
ister of the gospel in 1761, served as a fighting 
chaplain in the American Army through the 
darkest hours of the Revolution, a reward for 
his head having been offered by the English. 
His paternal ancestry ascends to the Hugue- 
not family, noticed in the books of heraldry 
under the name of Du Fielde, from the French 
Du Ville, and which accompanied William the 
Conqueror to England. His mother, Isabella 
Graham Bethune, of New York, was a sister 
of the distinguished Dr. Bethune, of that city, 
and granddaughter of Isabella Graham, the 
celebrated Christian philanthropist. He began 
his studies at the University of Michigan, and 
continued them at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, when his eyes failing, he went abroad, 
and in 1856 and 1857 was under Von Graefe’s 
treatment, and attended his clinics in Berlin, 
after which he went to Munich, where he 
studied under Liebig, and in accordance with 
Liebig’s recommendation, graduated before the 
faculty of Giessen as doctor of philosophy and 
medicine. Returning to Detroit in 1858, he 
entered upon his practice as a physician there, 
still keeping up prominently, however, his 
chemical investigations. His specialty em- 
braces chemistry, toxicology, and obstetrics. 
He has been called as an expert in several im- 
portant trials, among them the celebrated 
Vanderpool case in Michigan, tried three times 
and in which he appeared as the chemist for 
the people. He is a member of the Detroit 
Academy of Medicine; of the State Medical 
Society; the American Pharmaceutical Society; 
the Northwestern Medical; the American Med- 
ical and the American Public Health Associa- 
tions. His medical writings comprise papers 
on “Well Water as the Cause of Malarial Dys- 
entery,” “Ventilation of Sewers,” “Contami- 
nation of Drinking Water,” “Analysis of Al- 
coholic Liquors,” “Pure Brandy,” “Analysis 
of Malt by Polarization,” “Aconite Poison- 
ing,” and “Small-Pox Epidemic in Dearborn 
Township.” He delivered the opening ad- 
dress at the founding of the Detroit Medical 
College in 1868; read a paper at the Detroit 
meeting of the American Pharmaceutical As- 
sociation on “The Relation of Hypodermic In- 
jections to Toxicology,” which was published 
in the Transactions of the association, and in 
1876 delivered before the Young Men’s Chris- 
tian Association of Detroit a lecture entitled 
“The Religion of Christ vs. the Religion of the 
Scientists.” He was employed at one time by 
the city controller to settle a discrepancy be- 
tween the Detroit Gas Works and the city gas 
inspector, which he did to the satisfaction of 
both parties. He was also employed by some 
capitalists of Boston to examine into the truth 
of the tin pool on the North shore of Lake 
Superior, which he exposed as a fraud, expos- 
ing in like manner the Batchewanny iron mine. 
In 1877 he was called to be Professor of Chem- 
istry and Chemical Director, vice Professor 
Douglass, at the University of Michigan, but 
ow ig to the fact that matters were not in a 
satisfactory condition in the University, and 
because the tender of the professorship was EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
141 
made for only one year, refused to leave his 
active duties as a practitioner of medicine. 
Dr. Duffield is now health officer of the city 
of Detroit. 
DUHRINGr, Louis A., of Philadelphia, was 
born in that city, December 23, 1845. His 
father, Henry Duhring, came to this country, 
in 1818, from Mecklenburg, Germany, and be- 
came one among the most successful merchants 
in Philadelphia. His mother was a native of 
St. Gall, Switzerland. He pursued his studies 
at the University of Pennsylvania, graduated 
from the medical department in 1867, and was 
shortly after elected one of the resident phy- 
sicians to the Philadelphia Hospital. In this 
position he remained fifteen months, during 
which time he commenced the study of cuta- 
neous diseases, a branch of medicine for which 
he already showed marked aptitude and taste. 
On the expiration of his term as resident phy- 
sician, he sailed for Europe, and spent two 
years in acquiring a thorough knowledge of 
dermatology in the hospitals of Paris, London 
and Vienna, the greater part of his time being 
passed in the latter city, under the tuition of 
the celebrated Hebra. While abroad, he wrote 
several papers on affections of the skin for the 
medical journals, all of which gave evidence 
of careful study and practical ability. He re- 
turned home, and, in the latter part of 1870, 
founded and opened the Philadelphia dis- 
pensary for skin diseases, a branch of medi- 
cine heretofore sadly neglected in the United 
States. About this time he also became one 
of the editors of the Photographic Review of 
Medicine and Surgery. In the spring of 1871 
he was elected clinical lecturer upon diseases 
of the skin in the University of Pennsylvania, 
and four years later he was elected professor 
of diseases of the skin in the hospital attached 
to that institution. He now holds the same 
position in. the university. He is a perma- 
ment member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation ; vice-president of the American Der- 
matological Association; a member of the Phil- 
adelphia College of Physicians; of the Patho- 
logical Society, and a corresponding member 
of the New York Dermatological Society; 
member of the Philadelphia County Medical 
Society, and was a delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress in 1876. He is the 
author of “A Practical Treatise upon Skin Dis- 
eases,” which has been translated into 
French, Italian and Russian; “Atlas of Skin 
Diseases;” also, “Epitome of Skin Diseases,” 
and has contributed freely to the leading 
medical periodicals of America. His prac- 
tice is confined entirely to diseases of the 
skin. 
DUNCAN, Burwell A., of West Point, Miss., 
was born in Greenville, S. C., March 24, 1835. 
He is the son of the late Hon. Perry E. Dun- 
can and Mary A. Duncan, who were among 
the most prominent citizens of that city and 
connected with the most prominent families of 
that State and Georgia. While Dr. Duncan 
was quite young his parents moved to their 
farm, near Greenville, and his education was 
begun in a common country school of that 
period. But he subsequently attended the 
academy in Greenville, and then entered Fur- 
man University, of that city, where he re- 
mained four years; then studied medicine 
with Drs. Turpin and Jones, and finally grad- 
uated from the Medical College of the State of 
South Carolina, at Charleston, in 1857. In 
1858 he moved to Mississippi, and soon after- 
wards married Miss Celestia A. Strong, a 
most excellent and accomplished young lady, 
the daughter of Gen. Elisha Strong, of Aber- 
deen. Coming into possession, through this 
marriage, of large landed property in one of the 
most fertile regions of Mississippi, Dr. Dun- 
can, prior to the Civil War, devoted himself 
chiefly to his extensive farming interests, and 
felt his full share of the ruin which fell upon 
the large property holders of the South. At 
the close of the Civil War, finding his farming 
operations of but little profit under the new 
system of labor, he resumed the practice of 
his profession, in which he has been eminently 
successful. In addition to an active general 
practice, Dr. Duncan is surgeon of the Georgia 
Pacific Railroad and Examiner of the Mutual 
Life Insurance Company of New York. He is 
also a member of the State and American 
Medical Associations and of the National As- 
sociation of Railroad Surgeons, and Vice- 
President of the Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress from Mississippi. He has been for sev- 
eral years the chief health officer of his 
county. As a successful physician and sur- 
geon, he has for several years contributed from 
time to time his experience in valuable articles 
to the Journal of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Transactions Mississippi Medical Associa- 
tion, and recently also to the Railway Age and 
Northwestern Railroader. Among these contri- 
butions he has reported from his own experi- 
ence, “Tumorsof the Abdomen Successfully Re- 
moved ;” “Fracture of Skull into Frontal Sinus;” 
“Severe Wound of the Abdomen, involving 
Stomach and Liver;” “Pistol ball through Left 
Lung;” “Tetanus caused by Intestinal Irrita- 
tion,” and “Acute Rheumatism in Infancy.” 
Dr. Duncan was the first surgeon in the United 
States to report rupture of the funis with mother 
in horizontal position, with normal length of 
cord (as in his case) ; has been reported in 142 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
only two cases—one by Spath (fetus mace- 
rated) and one by Dupuy. To these Budin 
(Paris) adds two cases. Dr. Duncan has twice 
represented Mississippi on the nominating 
committee in the American Medical Associa- 
tion, and also on the committee appointed by 
tbat association to draft suitable resolutions in 
defense of railway surgery, whose views were 
expressed in an article in the Railway Age, 
November 6, 1891. Dr. Duncan is a man of 
pleasing address and accomplished suavity of 
manners, and his kindness of heart and syrn- 
Eathetic nature have no doubt greatly aided 
is skill in the attainment of his professional 
success. 
DUNGLISON, Richard James, of Philadel- 
phia, was born November 13, 1834, in Balti- 
more, Maryland. He is the son of'Dr. Robley 
Dunglison and Harriette Dunglison, natives of 
England. He pursued his academical course 
at the University of Pennsylvania, and his 
professional course at the Jefferson Medi- 
cal College, taking in the former institu- 
tion the degree of A. B. in 1852, and that 
of A. M. in 1855, and graduating from the 
latter in March, 1856. He settled in Phil- 
adelphia, where he has since resided. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
of which he was assistant secretary, in 1876, 
and treasurer in 1877; of the Pennsylvania 
State Medical Society, of which he was corre- 
sponding secretary in 1875; of the Philadel- 
phia County Medical Society, and of the Col- 
lege of Physicians, Philadelphia. He has con- 
tributed papers to the North American Medico- 
Chirurgical Review, among which may be men- 
tioned, “Observations on the Deaf and Dumb,” 
1858, and “ Statistics of Insanity in the United 
States,” 1860, both of which appeared also in 
pamphlet form, and “ Reflections on Exanthe- 
mata; Typhus,” 1861; to the Medical and Sur- 
gical Reporter, to the Philadelphia Medical 
Times, including a series of articles on “ Pub- 
lic Medical Libraries of Philadelphia,” 1872, 
published also as a pamphlet; and to the New 
York Medical Record, notably, “ Letters on 
Medical Centennial Affairs,” 1876, not to men- 
tion leading articles, letters, etc., to various 
medical journals. He edited Dunglison’s 
“History of Medicine,” 1872; Dunglison’s 
“Medical Dictionary,” 1874, and translated, 
from the French, Guersant’s “ Surgical Dis- 
eases of Children,” 1873. In 1862, and the 
three following years, he was acting assistant 
surgeon in the United States army, on duty in 
various military hospitals at Philadelphia, and 
in 1864 and 1865 was executive officer of the 
Filbert street United States army hospital, 
Philadelphia. For kind and courteous treat- 
ment while serving in this capacity he is held 
in grateful remembrance by the editor of this 
work, who was associated with him for a short 
time as Medical Cadet United States Army. 
Dr. Dunglison was formerly physician to the 
Albion Society and Attendant Physician to 
the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruc- 
tion of the Blind, as also to the Burd Orphan 
Asylum. He was assistant secretary of the 
International Medical Congress, as well as 
corresponding secretary of the Centennial 
Medical Commission, and is honorary local 
secretary of the New Sydenham Society of 
London,; president of the Musical Fund So- 
ciety of Philadelphia; also, treasurer of the 
American Medical Association; treasurer of 
the Association of Acting Assistant Surgeons 
United States Army, and editor of College and 
Clinical Record. 
DUNGLISON, Robley, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Keswick, England, January 4, 
1798, and died April 1, 1869. He received the 
degree of M. D. in London in 1819, and from 
the University of Erlangen in 1823. He set- 
tled at the British metropolis and began the 
practice of his profession, and also edited the 
London Medical Repository and the Medical In- 
telligencer, but in 1824, at the invitation of 
Thomas Jefferson, he came to the United 
States, and from that year till 1833 was Pro- 
fessor of Medicine in the University of Virgin- 
ia. He then accepted the Chair of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in the University of 
Maryland, and in 1836 that of the Institutes of 
Medicine in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, where he remained for more than 
thirty years, during a large portion of which 
time he was dean of the faculty; and the ex- 
traordinary success of this institution was 
largely due to the attractive course of lectures 
and to the remarkable tact and practical saga- 
city with which he administered its affairs. 
He was a close student of philology and gen- 
eral literature, and enjoyed a high reputation 
for benevolence, which was especially exer- 
cised in giving time and services to the Phila- 
delphia Institution for the Blind. Much of his 
attention was directed in later years to this 
cause and he was very successful in promoting 
the printing of books in raised letters for the 
use of the blind. Dr. Dunglison was presi- 
dent of the Musical Fund Society of Philadel- 
phia; vice-president of the Pennsylvania In- 
stitution for the Blind and of the American 
Philosophical Society, and a member of many 
other literary and scientific organizations. In 
1825 he received the degree of LL. D. from 
Yale. He translated and edited a large num- 
ber of foreign works including Magendies’ EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
143 
“Formulary,” the Cyclopedia of Practical 
Medicine of Dr. Forbes, Tweedie and Oonelly, 
and also edited many originally published in 
the United States. His published works, which 
have sold very largely, comprise “Commen- 
taries on Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels 
in Children,” 1824; “Introduction to the Study 
of Grecian and Roman Geography,” 1829; “Hu- 
man Physiology,” 1832; “Dictionary of Medi- 
cal Science and Literature,” 1833; of which 
fifteen editions were issued in the following 
twenty-five years. “Elements of Hygiene,” 
1835; “General Therapeutics,” 1836; “The 
Medical Student, or Aids to the Study of Medi- 
cine,” 1837; “New Remedies,” 1839; “The 
Practice of Medicine,” 1842; and “Human 
Health,” 1844. The latter work being a sec- 
ond edition to his former work entitled “Ele- 
ments of Hygiene.” 
DUNLAP, Alexander, of Springfield, Ohio, 
Avasborn in Brown county, that State, January 
12,1815. His father, a farmer, was one of the 
pioneers of Ohio, having moved with his parents 
to Kentucky in 1782, or thereabout, and thence 
removed in 1796 to the former State, six years 
before its admission as a State into the Union. 
His mother’s family came from Shepherds- 
toAvn, of which place its members were proba- 
bly the founders. He passed the Freshman 
and Sophomore years of his college life at the 
University of Ohio, in Athens, and his Junior 
and Senior years at the Miami University, 
graduating in 1836. He began to study medi- 
cine under his brother at Greenfield, Highland 
county, and attended lectures at the old Cin- 
cinnati Medical College, where he graduated 
in 1839. He associated himself in practice 
AArith his brother in Greenfield until 1846, when 
he removed to Ripley, BroAvn county, where 
he was engaged until 1856. Later he moved 
to Springfield. In 1843 he came into collision 
Avith the fraternity by venturing to remove an 
ovarian tumor. Although this operation had 
been performed, in a few cases, as early as 
1809, with some success, by Ephraim McDow- 
ell, of Kentucky, it had been denounced by the 
profession and characterized as unjustifiable 
butchery, and for more than thirty years had 
been abandoned as an element of medical and 
surgical art. In the various publications there 
Avas nothing but a brief notice of its failure, 
and the condemnation of the faculty. Clay, of 
England, had performed the operation in 1842, 
and Atlee, of Philadelphia, in the summer of 
1843. Two months after Atlee’s operation, he, 
not then having heard of the cases of these 
two practitioners, and folloAving only the tra- 
ditional report of McDoAvell’s case, ventured, 
at the earnest solicitation of the patient, who 
was apprised of the risk, to undertake the 
operation. Surrounded by a feAV country phy- 
sicians, he finally undertook the case, and re- 
moved successfully a tumor weighing forty-five 
pounds. A few weeks later the patient died, 
and the operation was denounced as altogether 
unwarrantable on the part of a “country sur- 
geon,” while the medical journals refused to 
report the case. The woman’s death had, 
hoAvever, not been the direct result of the 
operation, and though frowned upon in many 
quarters, he persevered in his studies and 
practice until a brilliant success dissipated en- 
tirely the clouds of prejudice. To-day his 
reputation as an ovariotomist is co-extensive 
Avith the circulation of medical literature, 
while his practice extends throughout the cen- 
tral and western portion of the United States. 
Down to the present time he has performed 
one hundred and twelve operations. In sev- 
enty-five per cent, of his cases he has met with 
complete success—a higher estimate than may 
be awarded to any other American or European 
ovariotomist, with but a single exception. He 
has outlived denunciation, and in 1868 received 
from the faculty of the State of Ohio the com- 
pliment of an election to the presidency of the 
Ohio Medical Society. He was twice elected 
one of the judicial council of the American 
Medical Association, from which he resigned 
in 1877 to accept the vice-presidency. He was 
elected a fellow of the American Gynecological 
Society in 1877. He has lately been appointed 
to a professorship in the Starling Medical Col- 
lege, of Columbus, O. In “Gross’s System of 
Surgery,” Vol. 11, he is reported, under the 
heading “Lithotomy,” as “having successfully 
removed a stone weighing twenty ounces,” 
the largest ever removed from a living person. 
In the volume of Transactions of International 
Medical Congress, 1876, he is quoted on the 
subject of “Fibroid Tumors of the Uterus.” 
In volume of Transactions of American Medi- 
cal Association, 1876, he is quoted on the sub- 
ject of “Ovariotomy.” He was a member of 
the International Medical Congress at Phila- 
delphia, in 1876. Among exceptional cases he 
has three times removed the under jaw, once 
ligated the common carotid artery, and once 
removed the clavicle. His son, Dr. Charles 
\V. Dunlap, is now associated with him. 
DGNMIRE, George Benson, of Philadelphia, 
Pa.,was born near McVeytown, Mifflin county, 
Pa., May 2, 1837. His father, Gabrien Dun- 
mire, now in his eighty-third year, has always 
been a resident of the county, holding posi- 
tions of trust in church and State; he descend- 
ed from German ancestry, who emigrated to 
America in its colonial days. His mother, 
Ann Dunmire, also a native of Mifflin county, 
Pa., recently deceased, was remarkable for her 
vigorous and active life, and was of Scotch-Irish 
extraction,whose ancestors came to this country 
before the Revolution. From these Christian 
parents’ early instruction, followed by the 
public and private schools, and later at Will- 
iamsport, Pa., have been the sources of his 
preliminary education. After which he taught 
school, and continued the study of the lan- 
guages, with Professor Miller, of Hollidays- 
burg, Pa. He began the study of medicine 
with Dr. Bower, of Newton, Hamilton county, 
Pa. August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in the 
125th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and 
took part in the following engagements, viz.: 
Antietam, South Mountain, and Chancellors- 
ville. At the end of nine months he was mus- 
tered out at Harrisburg, but re-enlisted as a 
first-lieutenant, in July, 1863, for three months. 
Going to Philadelphia, he graduated from 
the Jefferson Medical College, in March, 1865. 
Subject of his thesis: “Gunshot Wounds.” 
Re-entering the United States service, as con- 
tract surgeon, he was detailed to hospital 
duty at Chambersburg, Pa. At the close of the 
war, he began practice on North Seventh 
street, Philadelphia, afterward removing to 
Arch street, where he now resides. His 
start in life, as well as the success he enjoys, 
has been attained through his self-denying ef- 
forts and hard work. For six years he served 
as district physician to the Philadelphia Dis- 
pensary, his work running largely into the ob- 144 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
graduated with honor in January, 1872, the 
Faculty making special mention of the thor- 
oughness of his work, as shown by his exam- 
ination. Dr. Dunning, after graduation, be- 
gan practice at Troy, Michigan, where he was 
for a time District Superintendent of Instruc- 
tion. He was appointed correspondent of the 
Michigan State Board of Health, and while 
performing the duties of that office acquired 
his first experience as a writer on medical 
subjects which has since proven valuable to 
himself and the profession. In 1878, feeling 
himself competent for a wider field, he moved 
to South Bend, Indiana, where he was soon 
called into a large and valuable practice. His 
contributions to medical literature, which had 
attracted much attention while still a resident 
of Troy, were continued at South Bend, and 
gained him a National reputation. A num- 
ber of these which have appeared in medical 
journals, and more especially those on surgical 
diseases of the kidneys, and also on subjects 
relating to diseases of women, are of great 
value and did much in giving Dr. Dunning a 
wide reputation. He took several special 
courses in New York, and in 1889 made an ex- 
tensive trip abroad, during which he pursued 
his studies in the hospitals of Vienna, Lon- 
don and Paris. On his return to this country, 
at the request of members of the Faculty of 
the Indiana Medical College, he moved to In- 
dianapolis to accept the position of Adjunct 
Professor of Diseases of Women, and also to 
practice his profession with special reference 
to Gynecological and Abdominal Surgery. On 
stetrical, which has been most successful. 
During the year 1891, he combined visits to 
the hospitals in a pleasant tour to England 
and the different countries on the continent of 
Europe. In the cholera epidemic of August, 
1866, in Phila., his success was about fifty per 
cent, of recoveries. He has made some re- 
searches on Rhus Toxicodendron, and on June 
17, 1882 (in Philadelphia Medical Times), re- 
ported a case of proctitis and peritonitis, from 
rhus poisoning of the buttock. June, 1890, he 
reported some investigations on the per cent, 
of mortality resulting from rupture of the 
uterus, under the caption of, “The Deadly 
Spur (secale cornutum) in Labor.” (See Trans- 
actions of the Medical Society of Pennsylvania, 
June, 189 Q.) He is a member of the American 
Medical and State Medical Societies, to the 
latter he was elected treasurer, in June, 1890, 
which position he still holds. He is also a 
member of the Philadelphia County Medical, 
being vice-president in 1878, also member of the 
Pathological and Obstetrical Societies. He 
assisted in the organization of the Mutual Aid 
Association of the Philadelphia County Soci- 
ety, and has been its treasurer since 1882. 
DUNNING, Lehman H.,of Indianapolis, Ind., 
is a native of Michigan, and was born at Ed- 
wardsburgh, in that State, April 12, 1850. He is 
a son of Oscar M. Dunning, a substantial farmer. 
His ancestors were originally English, and 
settled in the State of New York. His grand- 
father, Dr. Isaac D. Dunning, was a leading 
practitioner at Aurora, Erie county, for thirty 
years, and emigrated to Michigan about 1836. 
The subject of this sketch was educated at the 
Edwardsburgh High School, studied medicine 
two years in the medical department of the 
University of Buffalo, and completed his course 
at Rush Medical College, Chicago, where he 
the death of Dr. T. B. Harvey, who had held 
the Chair of Diseases of Women for twenty 
years, Dr. Dunning was elected his successor, 
a position which he still fills with credit. He 
has taken high rank in the State as a teacher 
and clinical lecturer, and also as a safe and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
145 
successful operator in a large number of cases. 
He is also consulting gynecologist in the City 
Hospital and the City Dispensary. In May, 
1892, he opened a private hospital for the 
treatment of diseases of women in a large and 
handsome residence upon North Alabama 
street. To meet an increased demand this 
building has since been remodeled and en- 
larged so that now in all its appointments it will 
compare favorably with the best private special 
hospitals of the land. Dr. Dunning is a mem- 
ber of the Marion County Medical Society, 
the Indianapolis Surgical Society, the Chicago 
Medical Society, and of the American Medi- 
cal Association, and has been honored with 
invitations from about all of them to read pa- 
pers before them, which he has complied with 
on numerous occasions. At the ninth session 
of the International Medical Congress, held 
in Washington in 1887, he also read a paper 
before that body which was most favorably re- 
ceived. During the administration of Presi- 
dent Arthur, he was a member of the Board 
of Pension Examiners, at South Bend, and 
he still does a considerable share of work in 
State and other associations outside of his 
regular professional duties. Dr. Dunning was 
married December 9, 1875, to Miss Harriet 
Beauchamp, of Edwardsburgh, and has three 
children. 
DUPREE, James William, of Baton Rouge, 
La., a native of Jackson, La., (of Huguenotic 
extraction) was born in 1841 and was educated 
at Centenary College. He received the degree 
of M. D. from the New Orleans School of Med- 
icine in 1861. In November, 1802, he was ap- 
pointed assistant surgeon in the provisional 
army of the Confederate States of America, 
and ordered to report for duty to General 
Bragg, and was assigned to duty in the Artil- 
lery Corps of the Army of Tennessee. After a 
short service in this capacity he was invited to 
appear before the Army Medical Examining 
Board at Macon, Miss.; passing a satisfactory 
examination, was made surgeon at the early 
age of twenty-one years, and until the close of 
the war, served as chief surgeon of the Artil- 
lery Corps in the Army of Tennessee. The 
war ending, he returned to the Parish of Point 
Coupee and took charge of the large estate of 
his mother. In 1867 he located in the city of 
Baton Rouge, engaging in the practice of his 
loved profession, where he has ever since re- 
mained, enjoying the confidence and esteem of 
his brother physicians, and of his numerous 
clientele. In 1879 he was elected vice-president 
of the Louisiana State Medical Society, and in 
the following year made president of this hon- 
orable body of educated physicians. He has 
ever taken great interest in State medicine, as 
evidenced by his labors as chairman of the 
committee of Health and Quarantine of the 
General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, 
of which body he was a member from the Par- 
ish of East Baton Rouge. He has been a 
member of the American Public Health Asso- 
ciation since its organization; is a member of 
the American Medical Association; a member 
of the Association of Military Surgeons of 
the National Guard of the United States, and 
secretary of his local Medical Society. At the 
New Orleans meeting of the American Medi- 
cal Association in May, 1885, he was elected 
State member of its committee entrusted with 
the organization of the Ninth International 
Medical Congress and subsequently was ap- 
pointed one of the vice-presidents of the Con- 
gress. In the midst of his busy professional 
life he has found time to contribute many val- 
uable papers to medical literature, prominent 
among which may be mentioned the following: 
“Bovine Vaccinnation,” “Gunshot Wounds 
of the Intestines,” “Gunshots Wounds of the 
Stomach,” “Tuberculosis, its Etiology and 
Prophylaxis,” “Infant Mortality,” “Disposal 
of Sewage, ” “Disinfection and Disinfectants.” 
He has been medical officer of the Louisiana 
State University and Agricultural and Mechan- 
ical College for a number of years, and in 
1878 was elected Professor of Anatomy, Physi- 
ology and Hygiene to said institution, the du- 
ties of which he has ably and satisfactorily 
discharged at all times. In 1887 he was ap- 
pointed by Governor Nichols Surgeon General 
of the National Guard of Louisiana, with the 
rank of brigadier-general, and in 1892 was re- 
appointed by Governor Foster. As Health 
Officer of the city of Baton Rouge, during the 
fearful epidemic of yellow fever in 1878, his 
efforts were largely instrumental in the cre- 
ating of the National Board of Health, 
as the following resolutions offered by him 
in the Board of Health, at that time, will 
attest; “Be it resolved, By the Board of 
Health of the city of Baton Rouge, State of 
Louisiana, that we hereby urgently solicit the 
immediate co-operation of all the Boards of 
Health throughout the entire country to unite 
with us in an earnest appeal to his Excellency, 
the President of the United States, to appoint 
a special commission to investigate the origin, 
dissemination, and all the phenomena of the 
prevailing pestilence (yellow fever) with ref- 
erence to ascertaining the best mode of treat- 
ment and the means of preventing its recur- 146 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
rence. Resolved, That we hereby solemnly 
invoke his Excellency, the President of the 
United States to appoint without delay a spe- 
cial commission to consist of able medical men 
and skilled chemists to examine the causes, 
development, progress, and best mode of treat- 
ment of the disease now desolating our land; 
said commission to collate all authentic statis- 
tics, whether mortuary, meteorological, sani- 
tary or therapeutical, with any and all infor- 
mation relevant to the end proposed; namely: 
The discovery of most efficient treatment and 
the most effective prophylactic agencies, if 
such be discoverable.” 
DUKtrIN, Samuel H., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, of American parentage, and Scotch-En- 
glish ancestry, was born inParsonsfield, Maine, 
July 26, 1839. He was educated in his native 
town, and at Pittsfield and New Hampton 
Academies, New Hampshire, and pursued his 
medical studies at the Dartmouth and Harvard 
Medical Schools, graduating M. D. from the 
latter in July, 1864, and established himself in 
Boston, where he has since remained engaged 
in an extensive and successful practice of gen- 
eral medicine. He is a member of the Massa- 
chusetts Medical Society, of the Boston Society 
for Medical Observation, and of the American 
Public Health Association. From 1867 to 1873 
he held the position of Port Physician of Bos- 
ton, and during the same years was Resident 
Physician at Deer Island institutions; he has 
also been a member and chairman of the Bos- 
ton Board of Health for many years. During 
the war he was Assistant Surgeon to the First 
Massachusetts Cavalry, his services extending 
from July, 1864, to June, 1865. In November, 
1875, he married Mary 8., daughter of George 
F. Davis, Esq., of New Bedford, Massachusetts. 
DUTCHKR, Addison P., of Cleveland, Ohio, 
son of Josiah Dutcher—the latter a putative 
grandson of the Brown Dutcher immortalized 
by Irving—-was born in Durham, Green county, 
New York, October 11, 1818, and died in the 
former city January 30, 1884. His early edu- 
cation was received at the well-known school 
of Benjamin Remain—a school whence Pauld- 
ing, Irving and others scarcely less famous 
had been pupils. In 1834 he began his profes- 
sional studies under Dr. John Shanks, of New 
York; later, entered the office of Dr. Edward 
H. Dixon, and in 1839—having duly attended 
lectures—graduated M. D. at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, of New York City. 
After practicing in Cooksbury, in his native 
State, and New Brighton, Pennsylvania, he 
established himself in 1847, in Enon Valley, in 
the latter State, and was there resident for sev-' 
enteen years. In 1864 he was tendered the 
chair of Principles and Practice of Medicine in 
the Charity Hospital Medical College, Cleve- 
land. This position he accepted and held dur- 
ing two terms, and from 1866 until his death 
he had been in practice in Cleveland, occupy- 
ing a leading place in his profession. He was 
a Fellow of the Cleveland Academy of Medi- 
cine, President in 1868; honorary member of 
Beaver County (Pennsylvania) Medical 
Society, President in 1863, and ex-member of 
the Pennsylvania Medical Society. Dr. Dutch- 
er was active in the movement for the aboli- 
tion of slavery, and has taken a prominent 
part as speaker and writer in that for the pro- 
hibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors. 
His contributions to medical literature have 
been extensive, and while confined in the first 
instance to professional periodicals, have been 
since (in part) issued in book form. The most 
important of these volumes is “Pulmonary 
Tuberculosis—its Pathology, Symptoms, Diag- 
nosis, Causes, and Medical Management,” 
1876. Among his more noteworthy papers are 
“Epidemic Dysentery,” “Incision of Uterine 
Neck.” Sixteen of his lectures, delivered at 
the Charity Hospital, were also published by 
request. Among his publications outside of 
his profession may be mentioned “Selections 
from my Portfolio—Comprising Lectures and 
Essays on Popular and Scientific Subjects,” 
1858; and a series of articles under the title of 
“Sparks from the Forge of a Rough Thinker,” 
1880, and “Two Voyages to Europe,” the latter 
being published after his death. 
D WIGHT, Nathaniel, of Norwich, Connecti- 
cut, was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, 
January 31, 1790, and died in Oswego, New 
York, June 11, 1831. He was a brother of 
Timothy Dwight, the illustrious president of 
Yale College. The subject of this sketch stud- 
ied medicine in Hartford, Connecticut, and 
after practicing there became Assistant Sur- 
geon in the United States Army, and was sta- 
tioned at Governor’s Island, New York harbor. 
He afterward practiced in Westfield, Massa- 
chusetts, and New London and Wethersfield, 
Connecticut, but in 1812 entered the ministry 
and was settled in AVestchester, Connecticut, 
until 1820. He then resumed the medical pro- 
fession and established himself at Providence, 
Rhode Island, and subsequently at Norwich, 
Connecticut. Dr. Dwight was one of the first, 
if not the first physician in this country to pro- 
pose the present system of asylums for the 
insane. As early as 1812, when demented per- 
sons were still confined in cellars and exhib- 
ited like wild beasts, he proposed in a com- 
munication to the Connecticut Medical Society 
the establishment of a “hospital for lunatics.” 
He prepared a school geography, the first pub- 
lished in this country, and was the author of 
“The Great Question Answered,” and a “Com- 
pendius History of the Signers of the Declara- 
tion of Independence,” and made other con- 
tributions to general literature. 
DWIGHT, Thomas, of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, grandson of Jonathan Dwight, of Spring- 
field, and son of Thomas Dwight, of Boston, 
was born in Boston, October 13,1843. He was 
educated at Harvard University, and also in 
the medical department of that institution, and 
graduated in 1867, taking the first Boylston 
prize for an essay on “Intra-cranial Circula- 
tion.” After studying abroad for two years he 
settled in Boston in general practice. He was 
Instructor in Comparative Anatomy in Har- 
vard in 1872-73, and Lecturer and Professor of 
Anatomy at Bowdoin from 1872 to 1876. He 
was also Instructor in Histology at Harvard 
from 1874 to 1883, and in the latter year suc- 
ceeded Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes as Professor 
of Anatomy. Dr. Dwight is a Roman Catholic, 
and the first of that faith to hold a Harvard 
professorship. In 1878 he won the prize of the 
Massachusetts Medical Society by an essay on 
the “Identification of the Human Skeleton.” 
In 1880 he became president of the Catholic 
Union of Boston. He was editor of the Bos- 
ton Medical Journal from 1873 t 1878. In 1884 
he delivered a course of lectur s at the Lowell 
Institute on the “Mechanism of Bone and 
Muscle.” His ability as a ducator is a 
marked characteristic of the .. d family to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
147 
which he belongs. He is a member of 
the Boston Societies for Medical Improve- 
ment, for Medical Observation, of Medical 
Sciences, of Natural History, and numerous 
other medical and scientific organizations. He 
is the author of “Anatomy of the Head,” 1876; 
of “The Structure and Action of Striated Mus- 
cular Fibre,” in Proceedings of the Boston 
Society of Natural History, 1873, and of a de- 
scription of “Balanoptera Muscular (Razor- 
Back Whale),” in possession of that society 
(and which was mounted under his direction), 
and has published various papers of medical 
and scientific importance. 
EADS, Benjamin Franklin, of Marshall, 
Texas, of English descent, was born March 9, 
1833, in Caroline county, Virginia. He re- 
ceived his professional education at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, and L’Ecole de Medicine, Paris, gradu- 
ating from the University of Pennsylvania in 
1856. He is a member of the State Medical 
Association of Texas, and of the Harrison 
County (Texas) Medical Association. He 
served in the Confederate Army as Medical 
Officer, and has since been Surgeon of the 
Texas and Pacific Railroad Company at Mar- 
shall. Dr. Eads is one of the oldest and most 
accomplished physicians and surgeons in Texas. 
EARLE, Frank 8., of Chicago, was born in 
Lake county, Illinois, October 22,1860. He was 
graduated from the High-school in Waukegan, 
and studied medicine under the preceptor- 
ship of his brother, Charles Warrington Earle, 
of Chicago. After attending two courses of 
lectures at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, of Chicago, he attended a term at the 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., 
where he was graduated M. D., in 1885. Soon 
after this Dr. Earle was appointed attending 
physician in the West Side Free Dispensary, 
and Lecturer on the Practice of Medicine In 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which 
positions he resigned in 1890, in order to de- 
vote his entire time to the practice of his pro- 
fession. He is a member of the Chicago Med- 
ical Society, Chicago Pathological Society, and 
the Medico-Legal Society and the Practitioners’ 
Club, of that city; and also of the Illinois 
State Medical Society and of the American 
Medical Association. 
EARLE, Pliny, of Northampton, Mass., was 
born in Leicester, Mass., December 31, 1809, 
and died at his home May 18, 1892. He was a 
descendant of Ralph Earle, who with nine- 
teen others, successfully petitioned King 
Charles, in 1638, for permission to form them- 
selves into a body politic of the island of Rhode 
Island, and son of Pliny Earle, who made the 
clothing for the first cotton-carding machines 
moved by water power in America. He re- 
ceived his literary and classical education at 
Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, and at 
Friends’ School, Providence, R. 1., and pur- 
sued his medical studies in the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, 
whence he graduated M. D. in March, 1837. 
He first settle,d in Philadelphia, but shortly 
after became resident physician to the Friends’ 
Asylum for the Insane at Frankford, Philadel- 
phia county. In 1844 he was appointed super- 
intendent of the Bloomingdale Asylum for 
the Insane i , New York City; in February, 
1853, visiting physician of the New York City 
Lunatic Asylum, Blackwell’s Island; and in 
1864 superir.' dent of the State Lunatic Hos- 
pital, at Northampton, Mass. In the winter of 
1840-41, while at Friends’ Asylum, he delivered 
before the patients a course of lectures upon 
natural philosophy, illustrated by experiments; 
the first known attempt to address an audi- 
ence of the insane in any discourse other than 
religious. After graduating he paid a first 
visit to Europe, where he remained two years; 
one in the medical schools and hospitals of 
Paris, and the other in a tour of general ob- 
servation, in which he visited various institu- 
tions for the insane, from England to Turkey. 
He again went to Europe in 1849, and visited 
thirty-four institutions for the insane in Eng- 
land, Belgium, France and Gemiany. In 1871 
he went a third time, and visited forty-six 
similar institutions, from Ireland to Austria 
and Italy. He was one of the original mem- 
bers and founders of the American Medical 
Association, as well as of the Association of 
Medical Superintendents of American Institu- 
tions for the Insane; the New York Academy 
of Medicine; and the New England Psycho- 
logical Society, of which last he was the first 
president. He was elected a member of the 
Philadelphia Medical Society in 1837; of the 
New York Medical and Surgical Society in 
1845; of the Massachusetts State Medical So- 
ciety in 1868; of the American Philosophical 
Society in 1866; fellow of the New York Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1846; coun- 
cilor of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 
1876; and corresponding member of the Medi- 
cal Society of Athens, Greece, in 1839. He was 
also a member of the American Social Science 
Association. His contributions to medical 
literature have been voluminous. Among those 
which have been published in book or pamph- 
let form are: “A Visit to Thirteen Asylums for 
the Insane in Europe,” 1841; “Blood-letting in 
Mental Disorders,” 1854; “Institutions for the 
Insane in Prussia, Austria, and Germany,” 
1854; “Psychologic Medicine, its Importance 
as a Part of the Medical Curriculum;” “The 
Psychopathic Hospital of the Future,” 1867; 
“Prospective Provision for the Insane,” 1868; 
and “The Curability of Insanity,”lB77. Among 
his papers published in medical journals are: 
“Climate, Population and Diseases of Malta;” 
“Medical Institutions and Diseases at Athens 
and Constantinople;” “The Pulse of the In- 
sane;” “The Inability to Distinguish Colors;” 
“Experiments to Discover the Psychological 
Effects of Conium Maculatum;” and “Paraly- 
sis Peculiar to the Insane.” In 1863 he was 
appointed Professor of Materia Medica and 
Psychology in the Berkshire Medical Institute, 
Massachusetts. He was for several years a 
member of the Board of Health for North- 
ampton. His medical life was devoted chiefly 
to the specialty of insanity, being a recognized 
authority in psychiatry for a half century, and 
lived to the advanced age of more than four 
score years to enjoy his well deserved profes- 
sional reputation. Dr. Earle bequeathed 
§60,000 to the city of Northampton as a 
fund, the interest of which is to be used to- 
ward maintaining the Forbes Library in that 
city. 
EARLEY, Charles Richard, of Ridgway, Pa., 
was born in the town of Scio, Alleghany coun- 
ty, N. Y., May 1, 1823. In 1840 he began 
reading medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. Randall Reed, of Philipsville, N. Y. The 
rules of the county medical society at that 
time required three full years’ study in the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
148 
office and under the direction of a practicing 
physician and surgeon, when upon passing an 
examination by the society the student was 
permitted to enter upon the practice of his pro- 
fession ; having filled this requirement on March 
3, 1845, young Earley entered into partnership 
with Dr. Brayton Babcock of Friendship, N. 
Y., for the period of one year, but, owing to 
the prevalence of considerable sickness in- 
cluding an epidemic of erysipelas and ca- 
tarrhal fever, their association was extended 
until April 8, 1846. Soon after this date the 
subject of this sketch left home for a rest, as his 
health had become impaired from over work, 
and by advice went to the lumber region of Elk 
county, Pa., where he established himself and 
where he has continued in practice ever since, 
his first call being on the evening of his ar- 
rival in Ridgway, April 11, 1846. He is a grad- 
uate of the College of Medicine and Surgery of 
Cincinnati, 1860, and the Jefferson Medical Col- 
cient manuscript written in the twelfth century 
on 569 leaves of vellum, the other printed and 
published in 1478, by Coburger, are valuable 
and sacred mementoes of antiquity. In the 
collection are some twenty-five works printed 
in the fifteenth century. His medical library 
begins with the writings of Hippocrates and 
followed by all the standard writers down to 
the present time. He was a member of Alle- 
gany (N. Y.) Medical Society in 1844 and 1845. 
In 1871, he became a member of the Lycom- 
ing County (Pa.) Medical Society, and he is 
also an active member of the Pennsylvania 
Medical Society, the American Medical As- 
sociation, the Mississippi Valley Medical As- 
sociation, the Inter-State Medical Congress, 
the British Association, the Pan American 
Medical Congress and the West Branch Med- 
ical Society. He was a delegate to the 
International Medical Congress, at Washing- 
ton,D. C., in 1887, andto Beilin in 1890. In 1849 
he first treated cancer (constitutionally and 
locally) with such success that there was no 
return of the disease, and has since treated 
over one hundred cases with like results. The 
same year he treated snake-bite with olive oil, 
in accordance with “Gibson’s Surgery,” which 
proved a cure, and has been a never-failing 
remedy in an extensive practice where rattle- 
snakes and copperheads abound. In 1848, he 
used olive oil in his treatment for gall-stones 
with such perfect success that he has never re- 
sorted to any other remedy. His treatment of 
diphtheria, since 1860, has been unusually suc- 
cessful, and has been as much the result of in- 
vestigating and correcting the bad hygienic 
environments of the patient as in the use of 
local and constitutional remedies. Dr. Earley 
has, at various times, delivered able addresses 
on educational affairs, and has also contributed 
important articles to medical journals, and has 
read papers of great professional interest, be- 
fore the leading medical societies of this coun- 
try. Of his papers on medical subjects, may 
be mentioned those entitled: “Anemia,” 
“Scarlet Fever,” “Bleeding in Pneumonia,” 
“Diabetis,” 1888; “Croup,” 1890; and “Med- 
ical Progress,” 1891. The last two papers being 
read at the Nashville and Washington Meet- 
ings of the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Earley is one of those connecting links 
binding the medical experience of the past 
with that of the present. His account of the 
changes in therapeutic measures during his 
long professional career is not without interest 
to those who enjoy the advantages of reformed 
methods of treatment, and it is but simple 
justice to credit him with having the skill and 
judgment requisite in the pioneers of our pro- 
fession to secure this desired result. Referring 
to his excellent paper, entitled “Medical 
Progress,” published in the Journal of the 
American Medical Association, in 1891, we find 
when he first entered upon his professional 
life that it was considered mal-practice to omit 
bleeding in pneumonia, pleurisy and inflam- 
matory fevers, but his firmness in opposing 
the measure was rewarded by a more success- 
ful and extensive practice. He believes that 
many diseases, as yellow fever, scarlet fever, 
phthisis, pulmonalis and diphtheria, thought 
to be propagated by contagion, are also often de- 
veloped from bad hygienic conditions, and may 
arise independent of the former influence. In 
his day Dr. Earley witnessed the rise and fall 
of many so-called systems of medicine, and 
lege, Philadelphia, 1885. During the Civil 
War he was appointed assistant surgeon-gen- 
eral of Pennsylvania, rendering service in the 
hospitals of P’hiladelphia, and at other points 
in the State after the battle of Fair Oakes 
and at the battle of Gettysburg. He has 
served six terms as a member of the 
House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, 
being elected at different periods from 
1862 to 1880. He has also served as Superin- 
tendent of the common schools of his adopted 
county, and has done efficient work in pro- 
moting the cause of education. It is fair to 
state that he did not allow these positions to 
materially interfere with the practice of his 
profession. Dr. Earley is a man of culture 
and has a decided taste for general literature. 
His library, of more than a thousand volumes, 
contains a rare collection of ancient works. 
Two volumes of the Sacred Scriptures, of the 
old and new testaments, in Latin, one an an- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
149 
the sarcastic manner in which he ex- 
poses the fallacies and delusions of the 
“homeopathic,” “vita pathic,” “magnetic,” 
“eclectic” and “botanic” disciples of the heal- 
ing art is well worth the attention of every 
“regular” physician. The “humbugs” perpe- 
trated under the shelter of the words “Chris- 
tian Science” and “Faith Cure Doctors” have 
not escaped the keen thrusts of his caustic 
pen; while in the ranks of our own profession, 
the warning given against the adoption of 
many of the recent theories of Pasteur, Brown- 
Koch and others should not go un- 
heeded. His remarks concerning some of the 
evils of the present system of “specialism,” the 
best methods of combating “quackery,” and 
means to secure the dignity and elevation of 
modern Medicine and Surgery, particularly 
deserve the serious consideration of every 
honorable medical man. Dr. Earley is a man 
of affairs; has been a large stockholder in a na- 
tional bank of his adopted town, and has also 
taken much interest in agricultural pursuits 
and the raising of stock and prevention and 
cure of the diseases which affect them. His 
advice is often sought, and he is frequently 
called upon to deliver discourses upon subjects 
of professional and public interest. As a 
member of the Pennsylvania State Legisla- 
ture he has delivered many addresses which 
have been printed and widely circulated. He 
is a man of generous impulses and of untiring 
energy, who has been actively engaged in the 
practice of his profession for nearly fifty years, 
and now, at the advanced age of three-score- 
and-ten, lives to enjoy the fruits of his well- 
earned reputation, while his interest in all 
that concerns his profession’s welfare remains 
unflagging. 
EARP, Samuel Evingston, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Lebanon, 111., December 19, 
1858. He is of English descent, and a son of 
the Rev. Joseph Earp, of Illinois, a well 
known and popular minister of the M. E. 
Church. The education of the subject of this 
sketch was begun at the early age of five years 
in a private school in his native town. Later 
he attended High School at Alton, 111., and 
from there took a two years’ course of study 
at Shurtleff College; finally entering McKen- 
dric College, at Lebanon, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of Master of Sci- 
ence in 1879. During vacations in his college 
course he also read and studied medicine. Af- 
ter completing his academic education he en- 
tered the office of Dr. G. C. Green- 
castle, Ind., and remained with this distin- 
guished medical preceptor two years. He 
then attended two sessions of the Central Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapo- 
lis, Ind., and was graduated from that institu- 
tion in 1882, as valedictorian of his class. In 
addition to this high honor he also, upon the 
same occasion, received the “Waters Gold 
Medal ” as his prize for having passed the best 
competitive examination on disease of the 
chest, and a complete and valuable case of 
gynecological instruments for the best exam- 
ination in the department of obstetrics and 
diseases of women and children. Dr. Earp 
did some creditable newspaper correspondence 
during his college course, and the good results 
of his practice in this line may be noted in 
his fluent and finished professional writing 
and other literary work in later years. After 
receiving his medical degree he began the 
practice of his profession in Indianapolis, and 
has continued the same with marked success 
ever since. He is an active member of the 
Marion County Medical Society, and the In- 
diana State Medical Society. In 1882 he was 
elected Demonstrator of Chemistry in his Alma 
Mater; later, Professor of Chemistry, Toxico- 
logy and Clinical Medicine, and finally Profes- 
sor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Med- 
ical Chemistry, which latter position he now 
holds. He has filled the position of editor of 
the department of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics for the Indiana Medical Journal several 
years, and his writings have attracted unus- 
ual attention. He is consulting physician to 
the City Dispensary as well as to the City Hos- 
pital and clinical lecturer at St. Vincent’s Hos- 
pital. He was chemist for the Indianapolis 
Board of Health in 1885 and 1886, and has 
served as a member, secretary, and executive 
officer of the board for several years, having 
been called to this position by the unanimous 
O. Vta-iA. 
vote of the Common Council and Board of 
Aldermen. He is secretary of the Central 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, and has 
been dean of the Faculty, as well as one of 
the trustees of that institution. In 1891 he 
was elected by the Metropolitan Board Police 
Surgeon of Indianapolis, and served in that 
capacity until the new city charter was estab- 
lished, whereupon he was elected police and 
fire surgeon by the Commissioners of Public 
Safety. He is now filling the office with credit 
and general satisfaction. In the midst of his 
multifarious duties Dr. Earp has found time 
for valuable researches in medicine and has 
been given due credit for original work and 
discoveries in that direction by authors of med- 
ical works and editors of medical journals, 
and as physician, teacher and public officer, 
has won for himself a place much higher than 
usually falls to the fortune of the younger mem- 
bers of the profession. While his nreiess en- 
ergy and great aptitude to his life work are 150 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
traits of character that warrant the expecta- 
tion of still greater achievements from him in 
the future. 
EASTLAND, Orin, of Wichita Falls, Texas, 
is a native of that State, and was born July 31, 
1857. He is a son of Hon. James Eastland, a 
lineal descendant of Thomas Eastland, who 
came to this country with William Penn at the 
founding of Philadelphia. His maternal ac- 
cestors are traced to Pierce Butler, of South 
Carolina, a prominent figure in Colonial days, 
and signer of the new constitution of the Uni- 
ted States. The subject of this sketch studied 
medicine for three years under the preceptor- 
ship of Dr. G. W. Butler, of Palestine, Texas, 
prior to attending the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, St. Louis, in the years 1880, 1881 and 1882. 
In March, of the latter year, he graduated 
from this college, locating in Gonzales, Texas, 
from there moving to Wichita Falls, Texas, 
where he has since resided. He took a special 
course at the New York Polyclinic in 1887, and 
in 1890 made an extensive tour in Europe, 
comprising travel in England, Norway, Swe- 
den, Russia, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzer- 
land, Belgium and France, an essential feature 
of which was to attend the meeting of the 
International Medical Congress at Berlin, as 
delegate from both the Texas State Medical 
Association and the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, having become a member of the ninth 
International Medical Congress in Washing- 
ton, D. C., in 1887. He has served for several 
years as United States Examining Surgeon, 
and president of the Board of Medical Exam- 
iners for the Thirtieth Judicial District of 
Texas. He was married in 1888 to Miss Emma 
Jalonick, of Galveston, Texas. Dr. Eastland 
has contributed from time to time literature on 
medical and surgical topics, to be found in the 
published transactions of the Texas State 
Medical Association, of which body he was 
vice-president in 1888 and 1889. 
EASTMAN, Joseph, of Indianapolis, Ind.,was 
born in Fulton county, N. Y., January 29,1842. 
Fie is a son of Rilus Eastman and Catherine 
(Jipson) Eastman, and on his mother’s side is 
of German descent. His early education was 
confined to winter schools and night study, and 
before reaching the age of eighteen he became 
a proficient blacksmith, having worked three 
years at that trade. On the outbreak of the 
Civil War he enlisted as a private soldier in 
the Seventy-seventh New York Volunteers, 
went to the front and took part in four battles. 
After the battle of Williamsburg he became a 
victim of typho-malarial fever, and was sent 
to Mt. Pleasant Hospital, Washington, D. C., 
where, after his recovery, he was placed on 
light duty, and later was discharged from his 
regiment and appointed hospital steward in 
the United States army. While thus engaged 
for three years he attended three courses of 
medical lectures at the University of George- 
town, where he was graduated M. D. in 1865. 
He then passed the army examination and 
was commissioned Assistant Surgeon United 
States Volunteers, and served in this capacity 
until mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., in 
May, 1866. Soon after this, Dr. Eastman 
located at Brownsburg, Ind., where he was 
engaged in general practice for seven years. 
In 1868 he married Mary Catherine, daughter 
of Thomas Barker, of Indianapolis, Ind. Flis 
medical education was supplemented by attend- 
ing Bellevue Hospital Medical College, where 
he was again graduated in 1871. At the request 
of Drs. Parvin and Walker, of Indianapolis, 
he then accepted the position of Demonstrator 
of Anatomy in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, in that city, where he next located 
in 1875. Soon after this he was appointed 
Consulting Surgeon to the City Hospital, a po- 
sition he held for nine years, delivering lect- 
ures on clinical surgery to students during 
that time. He was the assistant of Dr. Par- 
vin, the distinguished obstetrician and gyne- 
cologist, for eight years. In 1879 Dr. Eastman 
was one of the organizers of the Central Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Indianapo- 
lis, and accepted the chair of anatomy and 
clinical surgery. After having taught anatomy 
in the two colleges for seven years, a special 
chair was established in the last named insti- 
tution—that of diseases of women and abdomi- 
nal surgery—which he has held ever since. 
For the past five years he has been president 
of this college. Since 1886, Dr. Eastman has 
limited his practice to diseases of women and 
abdominal surgery. His private sanitarium— 
the outgrowth of this work—has received pa- 
tients from fourteen different States. During 
this period of practice Dr. Eastman has opened 
the abdominal cavity more than five hundred 
times. He is the only American surgeon who 
has ever operated for extra-uterine pregnancy 
by dissecting out the sack which contained the 
child, and saving the life of both the infant 
and the mother. (See Hirst’s American Ob- 
stetrics, Volume 11, pages 269 and 270.) His 
operations are also referred to in other stand- 
ard text books, and have been described and 
discussed in all the leading American and Eu- 
ropean medical and surgical journals. He has 
been a frequent contributor to surgical litera- 
ture ever since 1868, and all his more impor- 
tant papers have been reports of his own work, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
151 
some of which have been copied into British 
journals, and translated and commented upon 
in Germany and France. Dr. Eastman has 
originated and perfected a number of instru- 
ments for use in abdominal surgery and dis- 
eases of women, which are most valuable con- 
tributions to this branch of our profession. 
As a delegate to the International Medical 
Congress, held in Berlin in 1890, he addressed 
the Section of Gynecology, demonstrating his 
method of removing fibroid tumors by the aid 
of his hysterectomy staff, which is now in use 
by the more advanced gynecologists in Berlin, 
Vienna and of the hospitals of other great 
cities. During his stay in Europe he visited 
the most noted German and Austrian hospi- 
tals, as well as those of London and Birming- 
ham, and has among his correspondents a 
number of the most illustrious gynecologists 
throughout the world, including such as Dr. 
Lawson Tait, of Birmingham, Cullingsworth, 
of London, Briesky, of Vienna, and many 
othbrs who value his opinions and give him 
credit for having done much excellent and 
original work, and for thus advancing the 
branches of surgery which they pursue in 
common. Those who have witnessed his capi- 
tal operations are impressed with his coolness 
and self-confidence, and in meeting dangerous 
emergencies with his readiness and ability to 
do the right thing at the right time and in the 
right way. These traits, with his accurate 
anatomical knowledge, have given him a repu- 
tation for surgical skill that is second to that 
of no other American gynecologist. In 1891, 
as a recognition of his professional merit, the 
degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by 
Wabash College. Dr. Eastman is at present 
(1893) Chairman of the Section of Diseases of 
Women. American Medical Association. 
EBERLE, John, of Lexington, Ky., was 
born in Lancaster county, Pa., December 10, 
1787, and died February 2, 1838. After receiv- 
ing such private instruction as the best men of 
his vicinity could afford, he attended three 
courses of medical lectures at the University 
of Pennsylvania in the days of Rush, who was 
a strenuous advocate for what he styled “a 
three course” study, young Eberle was granted 
his diploma. This occurred in 1809, and his 
thesis for the occasion was devoted to an in- 
vestigation of “Animal Life.” Like almost all 
young graduates in our profession, says his 
biographer and colleague, the late Prof. Thom- 
as D. Mitchell, young Eberle no doubt fancied 
that to obtain a diploma was to be a veritable, 
money-making doctor de facto, and that he had 
certainly passed the Rubicon. To be sure, he 
went to work like others in similar circum- 
stances, scarcely dreaming that he had an up- 
hill task in advance that might test his firm- 
ness and perseverance not a little. Suffice it 
to say that the dull round of laborious and un- 
productive toil, “up hill and down dale,” just 
to feel pulses, did not then exactly suit the 
proclivity of the young doctor’s mind; and 
hence the fact, that he became editor, and per- 
haps the proprietor of a political paper, with 
special reference to a gubernatorial election, 
that greatly excited the people just at that 
time. This new relation involved our candi- 
date for political fame in associations by no 
means calculated to elevate moral character, or 
even to retain it in statu quo. To be an editor 
then, at such a crisis, was to be identified with 
all sorts of office-hunters and unprincipled 
demagogues, and run into all their excesses. 
Hence, it turned out, in a very brief space of 
time, that Eberle, not only lost all his practice 
as a physician, but was led off into other kinds 
of practice that threatened for a season to in- 
volve him in utter ruin. But roused by some 
true friends, or awakened by his own reflec- 
tions to a sense of his imminent danger, he 
resolved to abandon the county of his birth 
and to eschew a political life altogether. ' This 
was wise; for, most assuredly, he never perpe- 
trated so great an error as that which drew 
him from the rounds of professional drudgery 
into the demagogue life of a thorough-going 
political editor. But where should he retire 
to resume professional labors? He had not 
only lost true friends by his past course, but 
his purse was sadly deficient; and to locate in 
a large city, where the expense of sustaining a 
family, even at that period, was very consider- 
able, seemed to be a very hazardous under- 
taking. But necessity bows to no legal code it 
is said, and it so happened that our hero found 
himself, perhaps even to his own surprise, a 
denizen of the city of brotherly love. He had 
very few acquaintances there, perhaps none 
who could or would render him really valuable 
aid in such a crisis. He was young enough 
and had physical force sufficient to encounter 
the risks and delays incident to professional 
effort in a new place. Had he retained as much 
moral and mental energy, in his escape from 
political life, as the coming emergencies would 
require? That was the very question which, of 
all others, most deeply interested Eberle and 
his growing family just then. To look for 
patronage from others of his own vocation was 
hopeless, or nearly so, and he soon realized 
that if his bark went up stream at all, he must 
pull the oars, pull hard, and pull constantly. 
“My first professional acquaintance with Eber- 
le, says Mitchell, was in the summer of 1819, 
when I resided at Norristown, Pa., and he 
on Race street, between Eighth and Ninth. 
He saw a patient who had been for some time 
under my care, affected with diabetes mellitus, 
and who, being on a visit to the city, met the 
Doctor casually and stated his case. This led 
to a consultation and laid the foundation of 
my favorable opinion of him as a practitioner. 
We conversed about some papers of mine that 
had appeared in the New York Medical Beposi- 
tory, then the only prominent medical journal 
in this country, and also touching some of his 
that had found a place in another periodical, 
and thus our literary and professional inter- 
course had its starting point. He expressed 
regret frequently that Philadelphia had no 
journal of its own, for at the period referred 
to, the Medical and Physical Journal of Barton 
had passed to the tomb of the Capulets, and 
the Medical Museum of Coxe went the way of 
all flesh. Besides these, there had been two 
or three ephemeral efforts to get up and main- 
tain a periodical suited to the wants of the 
profession. This desire on the part of Eberle 
was the more laudable, since the University of 
Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, and 
then the medical school of the country, was in 
itself a reason why an able journal ought to be 
sustained on the spot. It is hardly necessary 
to say that, as a consequence of reflections 
such as these, the American Medical Becorder 
made its debut, under the editorship of John 
Eberle, M. D., as a quarterly, and was ably 
sustained by men who were willing to write 152 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
without pecuniary reward, and some of whom 
perhaps owe their after elevation to the efforts 
of their pen at that time. The first number 
appeared in the year 1818, and the popularity 
of the work constantly increased under the 
auspices of its projector. Many of the most 
valuable papers ever published in this country 
are to be found on its pages, and to this day 
are subjects of reference. It may be proper 
here* to say that not one of the prominent pub- 
lishers in the city could be induced to under- 
take the issue of the Recorder, even without 
offering a cent of compensation to the editor. 
At length the late James Webster, who subse- 
quently became a pretty extensive book pub- 
lisher, embarked in the enterprise. And, not- 
withstanding the fact that for years the Re- 
corder was the only standard medical journal 
among us, Dr. Eberle repeatedly assured me 
that never did its clear avails enable the pub- 
lisher to pay him five hundred dollars for one 
year’s toil as editor. But for such a man as 
Webster in the management of the financial 
concerns, the editor would never have realized 
a dollar for his services. He made annual 
tours over the United States, calling on de- 
linquent subscribers for payment of arrearages, 
and soliciting new names, not by proxy, as is 
now done, but in person. He narrated to me 
the particulars of one of his interviews with a 
subscriber who was indebted for four or five 
years’ subscription, which are so full of inter- 
est to all publishers and editors of medical 
journals, that I venture to introduce the story 
here. The scene was located in Virginia, and 
the subscriber was a highly respectable Vir- 
ginia physician, and possibly there are many 
now in all the States of the Union in pretty 
much the same position. After a very polite 
reception, the Doctor began to find fault with 
the Recorder. ‘lt has fallen off sadly,’ said 
he, ‘and I think I will cease to take it; you 
ought to have been paid, however, long ago, 
but the thing passed from my memory.’ 
‘Well,’ said AVebster, ‘I should like to know the 
particular numbers to which you refer, for we 
respect the judgment of our patrons, and are 
glad to take a hint when it may profit all con- 
cerned. Please let me see the objectionable ar- 
ticles.’ The Doctor mounted a table to reach the 
lot of numbers piledon the upper shelf of a case, 
handing them down one by one with rather a 
bad grace, as the publisher thought. What 
must have been his surprise, we may conject- 
ure only, to find that in scarcely an instance 
had the leaves been cut so as to permit a peru- 
sal. It is hardly needful to add that the sub- 
scriber exhibited tokens of mortification which 
words could not describe, and that he not only 
paid his dues, but continued his subscription 
to the periodical. It was quite soon after the 
first appearance of the Recorder that “Eberle’s 
Therapeutics” came before the public, which 
was conceded to be, not only in this country, 
but in distant lands, the very best work on the 
subject ever issued from the American press. 
As evidence of the high estimate placed upon 
it, the work was translated into several foreign 
languages and has been quoted with marked ap- 
probation ever since. In truth, no American 
work on therapeutics has ever yet been pub- 
lished so full of originality and real excellence. 
The first edition appeared in 1822, and was ex- 
ecuted in the very best style known to publish- 
ers at that period, but owing to his financial 
embarrassment he was compelled to sell it to the 
publishers for two hundred and fifty dollars. 
Anterior to the publication of the work just 
noticed, Dr. Eberle had been a pretty regular 
attendant at the meetings of the Philadelphia 
Medical Society, in the business of which he 
took an active part. To those who have come 
on the stage of professional life since the 
palmy days when the Medical Society flour- 
ished, it may be proper to say, that the sessions 
of the Society were held in the same season 
with those of the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, then the only 
school of medicine in Philadelphia. On Sat- 
urday, at half-past seven p. m., the hall of the 
Society, which for several years was in the 
basement of the Masonic edifice on Chestnut 
street, began to receive the usual visitors. 
These were made up of such men as Dorsey, 
Parrish, Chapman, Eberle, Colhoun, Cleaver, 
Rousseau, McClellan, Jackson, Hodge, Rhees, 
Mitchell, Bell, and Hartshorne, together with a 
crowd of medical students, anxious to hear the 
discussions of important questions in theoret- 
ical and practical medicine. Near the close of 
each winter, a committee selected for the pur- 
pose, reported a list of lecturers for the weekly 
meetings of the next session, with the topic of 
lecture annexed. This list was published in 
the medical journal of the city, so that all who 
desired to know who would probably lecture 
on a certain night might easily gain the infor- 
mation. So, also, at the close of each meeting, 
the name of the next lecturer and his theme 
was announced by the secretary, in addition 
to which a notice of like import was placed in 
a conspicuous spot in the university edifice. 
Those whose memory is sufficiently retentive, 
and who were often present on such occasions, 
will recollect that Dr. Eberle was not an un- 
frequent participator in the debates; and while 
it is conceded that he was neither a finished 
orator, nor what is usually understood by the 
term “eloquent,” yet he spoke to the point, in- 
telligibly and sometimes with great force. On 
one occasion he had an opponent, who shall be 
nameless, who was very fond of quoting the 
works of old authors quite profusely, without, 
however, making reference to chapter or page. 
The gentleman referred to, on one occasion, 
indulged in this proclivity to a larger extent 
than usual, and seemed to carry the audience 
with him, by what sounded like unanswerable 
argument. It so happened that Eberle, who 
was vastly more of a bookworm than his oppo- 
nent, had read every author named in the dis- 
cussion ; and in reply he complimented the last 
speaker for his apparent familiarity with the 
ancient writers on medicine.” “The authors 
quoted,or named,rather,’’said he,“have indeed 
proved themselves to be true medical philoso- 
phers ; but it so happens that not one of them 
wrote on the special theme which my opponent 
has been professedly discussing. There is not 
an attempt made by any of them to argue the 
question now before us; and I pledge my ver- 
acity for this statement.” Such were substan- 
tially the remarks then made; and in an in- 
stant the tables were turned, and the laurels 
were obviously won by Eberle. As it could 
not subserve the cause of truth or science to 
disguise the fact, it should be stated that 
during a portion of the period that has passed 
in review, there were two professional par- 
ties in the city, each vigorously contending 
for the mastery. There was but one medical 
school; yet such were the feelings engendered EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
153 
from various causes, which need not be named, 
that a determination was deliberately formed, 
as early as 1822, that Philadelphia should have 
a second school of medicine; and this pur- 
pose had its rise with men who were edu- 
cated in the parent school. Intimately re- 
lated to this scheme were the regular courses 
of lectures given by Drs. Eberle and George 
McClellan, in the old Apollodorian gallery 
of Mr. Rembrandt Peale, in the rear of his 
residence on Walnut street, opposite Wash- 
ington Square. These lectures were well at- 
tended, and the lecturing powers of the per- 
sons named were thus made familiar to the 
profession. Referring to the establishment of 
this new enterprise Dr. Mitchell writes: “Often 
had I conversed freely with Eberle and McClel- 
lan in the city; in respect of the contemplated 
school; and they understood me perfectly in 
the premises. Unexpectedly, both paid me a 
visit at my residence in Frankford, avowedly 
to press me more closely to the advocacy of the 
cause. The daily papers had already opened a 
pretty fierce discussion of the merits of the 
case; and it was desired by both the individu- 
als named that my pen should come to their 
aid. This service was rendered with all the 
energy that I was able to carry into the con- 
test, and like the productions of the opposite 
party, under a fictitious signature. It is need- 
less to conceal the fact that all this zeal in the 
incipiency of the enterprise was, more or less, 
prompted by an expectation of being a com- 
ponent part of the faculty at the outset. 
Nothing less than this, as part of the scheme 
of the gentlemen, could have been inferred 
from our interviews; and yet it is a matter of 
history that, in this respect at least, it was my 
lot to he disappointed. And when I call to 
mind the jars and contentions, the hard 
speeches and lawsuits that marred the pros- 
pects of the school for years after its organiz- 
ation, I feel quite satisfied that my connection 
was providentially deferred to a more conven- 
ient season. As will always be the case, di- 
verse views were advocated in respect of the 
contemplated new school, especially touching 
its cognomen, location, and the corporate pow- 
ers under which it should be conducted.” As 
the ball was rolled on, it increased in magni- 
tude and importance, and many influential 
friends gave in their adhesion to its interests. 
The press teemed with essays pro and con, 
while the legislature was invoked, by all the 
considerations that party zeal could adduce, to 
interfere so as to defeat the purpose of the ad- 
venturous aspirants who dared to call in ques- 
tion the vested rights of a century. But the 
labor was in vain. The spirit and genius of 
democratic institutions was triumphant; and 
under the wing of the literary establishment 
at Canonsburg, known as Jefferson College, 
the school No. 2 of that great city, found a 
local habitation and a name; and so long as 
the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia 
shall exist will the name of John Eberle he 
identified with its rise, and also, to some ex- 
tent, with its progress. Within its walls he 
taught materia medica, and also the theory 
and practice of medicine, and both with marked 
ability. It was during the period of his 
connection with the Jefferson Medical College 
that Dr. Ebei’le issued his well known work on 
the Theory and Practice of Medicine, for 
which, as Ids fame was well established, he 
received a more liberal compensation than his 
Therapeutics yielded. It was the only Phila- 
delphia issue on practical medicine, in two oc- 
tavo volumes that had ever appeared, profess- 
ing to be original to a great extent, and not a 
mere reprint of a foreign work, with the addi- 
tion of a few brief notes. Hence the demand 
for it was very extensive, so that it reached 
the fifth edition prior to his decease, and found 
a place in almost all the respectable libraries 
of the profession, in all sections of the coun- 
try. Like his Therapeutics, this larger work 
became a text-book in various colleges, and 
had his life been prolonged, it would probably 
have been much enlarged, and in keeping 
with the progress of the science In close con- 
nection with the work on the Practice of Med- 
icine, appeared a small volume intended as a 
kind of vade-mecum for the student, and known 
by the title of “Eberle’s Notes.” It was a du- 
odecimo, containing the skeleton of his course 
on theory and practice. It had a fair sale in 
this city, and was so much sought for in the 
West, in 1832, as to require the issue of a new 
edition. It so happened that the success of 
the new school was not equal to the anticipa- 
tions of its founders, and especially did it dis- 
appoint the subject of this memoir. How much 
aid its annual revenue contributed to the sup- 
port of his family we know not; yet a conject- 
ure, not far from reality, might be made, from 
the fact that, as a sort of last effort to swell 
the number of matriculates, a Western teacher 
was engaged to give a course of lectures on 
theory and practice, in the session of 1830-31, 
for the sum of one thousand dollars. It is to 
be presumed that the existing faculty made 
the maximum offer of compensation in this in- 
stance, and even exceeded the actual resources 
of the school. It was an experiment. The 
fame of the teacher so engaged was a basis on 
which it was fondly hoped the reputation of 
the college would not only rest securely, but 
in virtue of which the seats would be filled to 
a larger extent than at any previous period. 
But the result was sheer disappointment, al- 
though the number of pupils was somewhat 
augmented. “Hope deferred,” it is well said, 
“makes the heart sick;” and Dr. Eberle, cha- 
grined at the lack of good fortune in his favor- 
ite enterprise, was ready for any reasonable 
proposition whose tendency might be to im- 
prove his pecuniary condition. His family 
expenses had been considerably increased by 
the education of his sons at Jefferson College, 
in Canonsburg, and by other outlays, inci- 
dental and unavoidable, and he was actually in 
debt at the period now passing in review. He 
was therefore quite willing to hear anything 
like a hopeful proposition for a change. Early 
in the session already named (1830-31), the 
scheme of a new medical school in Cincinnati 
was laid before him, decorated with all the 
tinsel and ornament that the high-wrought im- 
agination of a very sanguine individual could 
append, and Eberle took hold of it at once, 
and was induced to accept a chair in the medi- 
cal department of Miami University, purpose- 
ly intended as a rival, if not the annihilator of 
the Medical College of Ohio. This was con- 
summated in December, 1830, Dr. Drake being 
then a temporary teacher at Jefferson, and 
dean of the faculty of the projected Ohio 
school. In the fall of 1831, Eberle reached 
Cincinnati and entered on the duties of his 
chair, not, however, in the school first named, 
for it so happened that an amalgation of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
154 
schools took place, and the professors selected 
in Philadelphia found themselves in the old 
Cincinnati school, the Medical College of Ohio. 
“As a rival,” writes Mitchell, his colleague, “we 
were positively assured that our matriculating 
list would be at least two hundred: but here too 
was disappointment, for, even under the far 
more promising arrangement effected by the 
union of the schools, the number of pupils, all 
told, was one hundred and fifty, the pay class 
scarcely exceeding one hundred and thirty.” 
This deficit in expectation, raised but a few 
months before, soured the mind of Eberle not 
a little, and had a most unhappy effect on his 
deportment and general habits, from which he 
never after recovered. Truthfulness requires 
a bare reference to this matter, but details are 
not necessary, and so we pass the subject. It 
was during the new collegiate relation that the 
work on the Diseases of Children went to the 
press. For this, however, he received very 
little better compensation than that derived 
from his “Therapeutics.” But the publica- 
tion was an experiment, in which no book 
house had previously engaged in that city. 
The work was stereotyped, and had as good" a 
sale as could have been anticipated; all the 
work of disorganization had been commenced 
in the college, and the influence of party 
spirit could not be favorable to their sale, 
even if it did not diminish it. As a necessary 
consequence of the movements against the 
school, its classes waned sadly, and Eberle 
was doomed again to vexation of spirit, with 
the concomitants that too often follow in its 
wake. During his connection with the Medi- 
cal College of Ohio, the Western Medical Gazette 
was projected, the editors being Eberle, 
Staughton, and Mitchell. This periodical was 
sustained, as to its literary feature, almost ex- 
clusively by the pens of the editors, and ref- 
erence to its pages will show how largely the 
subject of this memoir contributed to give it 
popularity and value. His articles on “Diagno- 
sis” were especially prized, and no doubt caused 
numerous additions to the subscription list. So 
also in the Ohio Medical Lyceum, founded at 
the same period, Eberle put forth his best en- 
ergies, in papers read and discussed, thus 
offering additional inducements to the medical 
pupil. But the mutations of medical schools 
had not yet ceased. Not only did the Medical 
College of Ohio rock to its center, so that its 
walls shook even to the foundation, but its 
rival, the school of Lexington, Kentucky, now 
trembled under the ruthless hand of revolu- 
tion. A portion of its faculty sought a more 
quiet home in Louisville, to found an institu- 
tion for the very purpose of blasting the hopes 
of the remaining props and friends of Tran- 
sylvania. To insure the greatest amount of 
success, they detached from the Ohio school 
its Professor of Anatomy, who enjoyed a fair 
reputation in that department, electing at the 
same time Dr. Mitchell to the Chair of Chem- 
istry, and urging his acceptance of the same 
with great zeal. Just at this juncture, the in- 
dividual last alluded to was chosen to the Pro- 
fessorship of Chemistry in the school of Lex- 
ington, and after a lapse of a week, the chair 
of Theory and Practice was filled by the ap- 
pointment of Dr. Eberle, with a guarantee of 
four thousand dollars per annum for three 
years. It is needless, perhaps, to say that he 
accepted the new post, and so vacated his 
place in the Medical College of Ohio. A 
stranger would be very apt to conclude that, 
however disastrous and unsatisfactory had 
been his anterior connections, Dr. Eberle was 
now in the very position to meet all his rea- 
sonable wishes, and to render his family com- 
fortable and happy. The annual stipend Was 
regarded as ample, considered especially in 
connection with the low prices of all articles of 
living at the time, the cheapness of house 
rent, and ordinary requirements. Then, too, 
the anticipations for the school itself were en- 
couraging. The Medical College of Ohio was 
broken to fragments, and a new school was 
operating in the same city against it. The In- 
stitute of Louisville, formed by the professors 
ejected from Transylvania, was a sheer exper- 
iment, whose success was, to . say the least, 
quite doubtful in the judgment of many. And 
despite all its array of means, possessed and 
in prospect, the class of Transylvania for 
1837-38, the year of Eberle’s induction, num- 
bered not over twenty less than the roll of the 
previous session. These were encouraging 
features beyond cavil, but unfortunately his 
health became impaired, and his death oc- 
curred within a few months after. As a pub- 
lic teacher no one could venture to affirm that 
Eberle was very interesting, exceedingly 
sprightly, nor even tolerably eloquent. In his 
palmy days he knew how to interest a class by 
throwing his whole soul into the subject. He 
had an important advantage over some teach- 
ers in this respect; he always made the hearer 
feel that he understood his subject in all its 
bearings. He was anything but a good reader, 
but could happily blend reading with extem- 
porizing when he was in the right mood. To 
this course he resorted sometimes from neces- 
sity. “I called,” says Mitchell, “to see him 
once on professional business an hour before 
the time of his regular lecture. His manuscript 
was before him, and he appeared to be in a 
brown study. Said he, ‘I was up all night and 
got home but a few minutes ago, and here are 
just seven pages for an hour’s lecture.’ ‘Well, 
how will you manage,’ said I, ‘to fill your 
hour?’ To which he replied, ‘I have a bad 
cold, and shall be obliged to cough and use my 
handkerchief frequently, and to swallow a 
mouthful of water as often as I can. With 
these expedients, joined to the use of as much 
loose talk as I can command, I shall be able to 
eke out the hour with seven pages. I have 
done it before, and can do it again.” As a de- 
bater, he was just what I have elsewhere in- 
timated when speaking of the Philadelphia 
Medical Society. His accurate knowledge of 
authorities fully compensated for the deficien- 
cies of utterance and expression, which would 
otherwise have rendered his efforts less effect- 
ive. Touching his qualities as writer and 
practitioner, my opinion has been abundantly 
expressed already, and to say more would be 
superfluous. As a man, one of his most prom- 
inent defects was a lack of decision. Hence 
it occurred, no doubt, that he was severely 
censured for the erratic course of the Jeffer- 
son College in its early history, when, in fact, 
the difficulty had its rise in the facility with 
which others could operate upon him to ac- 
complish their purposes. lam the more dis- 
posed to this view of the case from a full 
personal knowledge of his demeanor in the 
troubles of the Medical College of Ohio from 
1831 to 1835. It was impossible to approbate 
his course at that trying crisis, yet it was pal- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
155 
pable that he was less, hy far, of an original 
actor in the scenes than a passive subject to he 
moulded hy designing individuals. Herein 
consisted his grand defect, as one invested 
with administrative powers, and whose pro- 
fessional position might have influenced others 
under different circumstances, to have pursued 
a better course. The defect alluded to, rather 
than any fixed purpose to do wrong to others, 
was the basis of a large portion of the censure 
which was so freely dispensed to our departed 
colleague. “Faithless,’’continues Mitchell, the 
biographer previously quoted, “would we be 
to truth and the welfare of the young men of the 
medical profession, did we keep utter silence 
touchinga failingof Eherle, that overshadowed 
his whole history, and brought him to a prema- 
ture grave. For more than ten years anterior 
to his immigration to Ohio, he had acquired 
the deleterious habit of opium-eating. In 
moments of calm reflection he saw his danger 
and made a sort of effort to extricate himself 
from the sad dilemma in which habit had in- 
volved him. But his resolutions were mere 
ropes of sand, that held him to his purpose of 
reform a few days or weeks at most. From one 
stimulant and narcotic he flew for relief to 
another, till finally his entire nervous system 
was crushed irrecoverably, and he died, an old 
man, in the meridian of life. It was our pur- 
pose to have suppressed this sad item of the 
history of one, who, but for the error to which 
we have referred, might have filled a much 
more conspicuous niche than has been allotted 
to him. But it seems to us as though our task 
would not be discharged, if we kept the youth- 
ful aspirant for professional fame in ignorance 
of the sad mistake by which the subject of this 
memoir cast a somber hue across the pathway 
of life, despoiling the fairest prospects, not 
only in respect of himself, but of all who were 
dear to him. 
EDENHARTER, George Frederick, of Indi- 
anapolis, Ind., was born in Piqua, 0., June 
13, 1857, and is of German descent. His pre- 
liminary education was received in the public 
schools of Dayton, O. He studied medicine 
with Dr. Frank Morrison, of Indianapolis, and 
was graduated in medicine at the Indiana 
Medical College of that city, in 1886, and suc- 
cessfully practiced his profession with his for- 
mer preceptor, until 1890. He Avas physician 
to the Marion County Asylum, from 1886 to 
1888, and physician to the Marion County 
Work-House from 1888 to 1889. He was also 
elected a member or the city council in 1884, 
and re-elected to the same position in 1886. 
In 1887, be was unanimously nominated can- 
didate for mayor of the city, by the Democratic 
Convention, and such was his popularity that 
in the race for the office he led the ticket by 
a thousand votes, and was only defeated by a 
small plurality. At a joint convention of the 
common council and board of aldermen, 
held in 1890, and composed of twenty-one 
Democrats and fifteen Republicans, he received 
their unanimous vote for the position of 
Superintendent of the City Hospital for the 
term of two years. During this time the law 
was changed, vesting the power to select can- 
didates for this office in the Board of Health, 
and at their meeting in December, 1892, was 
again elected to fill this position. Referring to 
the management of the Indianapolis City Hos- 
pital, the Indiana Medical Journal (December, 
1892), says: “This institution was never in 
better order than under the present superin- 
tendent. Dr. Geo. F. Edenharter is a master 
of the multitudinous details that make perfect 
a modern hospital. The surgery is a model 
for any institution of like character to copy. 
In it are a hundred devices showing the super- 
intendent’s thoughtful care and ingenuity. 
The operating-table, the serving-table, the ster- 
ilizing apparatus, the arrangement and supply 
of instruments, the dispensing of medicines, 
the pathological and clinical laboratory, the 
system of signals are all devices of the super- 
intendent. Over and above all this, the 
patients are not neglected. The writer has 
asked scores of them, when presented at the 
clinic, how they liked the City Hospital. 
There is never any complaint. The hospital 
is becoming popular among the poor. They 
have no fear of it, and are ready to go there 
when sick. The relations existing between 
the superintendent and the internes and the 
training-school for nurses are of the most 
friendly and helpful kind.” Dr. Eden barter 
is a man of fine professional accomplish- 
ments, and of excellent business capacity, 
and is in accord with the great philanthropic 
movements of the day. In the execution of 
his duties he is firm, but kind; the rules he 
has formulated are obeyed. Under his care this 
public charity is honestly, faithfully and eco- 
nomically managed,and is a credit to the profes- 
sion and the city, and affords a welcome refuge 
for those entitled to its benefits. Since writing 
this sketch, a vacancy occurred in the superin- 
tendency of the Indiana Central Hospital for 
the Insane, occasioned by the death of the 
late Dr. C. E. Wright. This hospital contains 
about two thousand patients and employes, 156 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
and is the largest asylum of the “single-build- 
ing” order in this country. In April, 1893, Dr. 
Edenharter was unanimously elected by the 
Board of Trustees as the Superintendent of 
this institution, a position which he still holds, 
and is filling with a marked degree of success 
and satisfaction. 
EDES, Robert Tliaxter, of Boston, Mass., 
was born at Eastport, Me., September 23, 1838. 
His family is of English descent. His liter- 
ary education was received at Harvard Col- 
lege from which he was graduated in 1858. He 
studied medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. Benjamin Cushing and received his medi- 
cal degree from the Harvard Medical School 
in 1861. He entered the United States Navy 
at the beginning of the Civil War and served 
as assistant and past assistant surgeon, 
chiefly in the West Gulf or Mississippi Squad- 
ron until June, 1865. He then visited Europe 
and supplemented his medical education at 
Vienna, after which he located at Hingham, 
Mass., and practiced his profession until 1869, 
then settled in Boston, afterwards (1886) in 
Washington City, D. C., and finally established 
himself again at Boston. He was attending 
physician at the Boston City Hospital from 
1872 to 1886. He has also been attending phy- 
sician to the Garfield Memorial Hospital, Wash- 
ington, D. C. He was Professor of Materia 
Medica in Harvard University from 1871 to 
1883, and Professor of Clinical Medicine in 
the same institution from 1883 to 1886. He is 
Resident Physician at Adams Nervine Asylum, 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. He is a member of num- 
erous medical and scientific organizations. He 
is the author of “Nature and Time in the Cure 
of Diseases,” 1870; and “Physiology and Path- 
ology of the Sympathetic Nervous System,” 
1871; “The Massachusetts Medical Society 
Prize Essay,” and the “O’Reilly Prize Essay” 
respectively. He is also the author of the 
“Therapeutic Handbook of the United States 
Pharmacopeia,” 1883; and a text-book of “Ther- 
apeutics ami Materia Medica,” 1887. The ar- 
ticles on the Kidney and Apoplexy in Pep- 
pers’ “System of Medicine,” Volumes IV and 
V, were written by Dr. Edes, as well as “Cold 
Bathing in Typhoid Fever,” in Publications of 
the Massachusetts Medical Society, 1875, and 
in Reports of the Boston City Hospital, and 
many other articles in the medical journals. 
ELDER, Elijah S., of Indianapolis, Ind.,was 
born in Hillsborough, Indiana, March 17, 1841. 
On his father’s side he is a descendant of a 
member of Lord Baltimore’s party, who set- 
tled in Maryland in 1634. His great-grand- 
father, Dele Elder, was a Continental soldier 
in the Revolutionary War. On his mother’s 
side his earliest ancestor in America was one 
of the Kerrs, who came from England in Col- 
onial times and were active patriots in the 
struggle for national independence. His father, 
Dr. Samuel Fletcher Elder, was a physician of 
distinction. His mother, Nancy Kerr Elder, 
was the daughter of David Kerr, Esq., who 
settled near Wilmington, Ind., in 1813. His 
parents removed to Mount Auburn, Ind., where 
the son was educated in the common and 
graded schools. At the age of eighteen he 
passed his examination for a teacher’s certifi- 
cate of the first-class, and then taught school 
in Shelby county for two years. During the 
next two years he was engaged in mercantile 
business at Mt. Auburn. He was appointed 
United States Provost Marshal for Shelby 
county and Assistant Provost Marshal for the 
Sixth Congressional District, Indiana, in 1863, 
and held these positions until the close of the 
war. He studied medicine with his father, 
and in the fall of 1865 entered the Medical 
College of Ohio, from which he graduated in 
1867, after attending two full terms. Dr. Elder 
began practice at Morristown, Ind., and re- 
mained there until 1875. He then attended 
lectures at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D., Ad Eundem, in 1876. In July of 
this year he went to Indianapolis, Ind., where 
he has ever since resided ami devoted himself 
to his profession. Dr. Elder helped to organ- 
ize the Shelby County (Ind.) Medical Society, 
of which he was vice-president. He became a 
member of the Rush County (Ind.) Medical 
Society in 1870, and was its vice-president in 
1872, its president in 1873-74, and was after- 
ward made an honorary member of the society. 
He became a member of the Indiana State 
Medical Society in 1867, and Avas elected sec- 
retary thereof in 1879, in which capacity he 
has served the society continuously from that 
date to the present time. Dr. Elder became a 
member of the American Medical Association 
in 1878, and still holds his membership in that 
body. He is a member of the Marion County 
(Ind.) Medical Society, in which he has held 
the offices of secretary, vice-president and 
president. He is president of the Mitchell 
District Medical Society, and is connected Avith 
several other medical and scientific organiza- 
tions. In 1876 Dr. Elder was elected Lecturer 
on Diseases of Children in the Medical Col- 
lege of Indiana, and in 1888 Avas elected Pro- 
fessor of Principles and Practice of Medicine 
in that institution, which chair he still fills. 
He has been dean of the college since 1890. 
He has also for many years been a member of 
the staffs of the Indianapolis City Hospital 
and the City Dispensary. In 1880 he Avas 
elected a member of the Indianapolis Board 
of Health, and Avas president of that body EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
157 
until 1882, when he was made its secretary and 
executive officer, which position he held until 
1885, when he resigned on account of his con- 
nection with the Indiana State Board of 
Health. He was elected secretary and execu- 
tive officer of the Indiana State Board of 
Health in 1884, and held the position until 
1886. During his connection with the board 
its work attained such a degree of efficiency 
as to gain the commendation of all parties. 
He was an active member of the American 
Public Health Association and other sanitary 
bodies during his official connections with the 
State and county boards, whose annual re- 
ports, issued under his direction, attest his 
great energy and recognized ability in the 
field of sanitary science. Since 1891 he has 
been president and general manager of the 
Indiana Medical Journal Publishing Company. 
Dr. Elder has always been an active and pro- 
gressive member of his profession. He has 
furnished numerous papers and articles for the 
various societies with which he has been con- 
nected. Among these were papers on the fol- 
lowing topics, which have been published in 
the transactions of the State Medical Society, 
in the reports of the State Board of Health ami 
in the American Public Health Association’s 
reports; “Morbo-Lacteo,” “Immediate Pla- 
cental Delivery in Natural Labor,” “Placenta 
Previa,” “Occult Hemorrhage and Malpresenta- 
tion,” “Pyrexiaand Hyperpyrexia,” “Typhoid 
Fever,” “Sanitary Survey of the School 
Houses of Indiana,” “Sanitary Supervision,” 
“Small-pox,” “Diphtheria” and “Erysipelas.” 
He was married to Miss Kate Lewis, daughter 
of John Lewis, Esq., of Edinburgh, Ind., in 
1867. Two children were born to them in 1868 
(twins), both of whom died in infancy. Their 
married life has been remarkably pleasant and 
happy. Dr. Elder has devoted much time and 
study to the collateral sciences, especially An- 
thropology, Ethnology and Geology. His con- 
tributions on these subjects to various societies 
have been numerous and attracted favora- 
ble attention. He is a member of the In- 
diana Academy of Spience. In 1890 De 
Pauw University conferred on him the degree 
of A. M. Dr. Elder has been an active and 
an official member of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church since his boyhood. He has been a 
member of the Masonic fraternity for twenty- 
five years, is a Knight Templar and a Thirty- 
second Degree Scottish Rite Mason. The Doc- 
tor enjoys travel, and has, in his annual sum- 
mer vacations, visited nearly every part of the 
United States and Canada. He is a thorough 
sportsman, and relishes a few weeks of “rough- 
ing it” every year. His physical organization 
is unimpaired, and promises many more years 
of vigorous life. 
ELLINWOOD, Charles Norman, of San 
Francisco Cal., was born at Cambridge, Vt., 
April 12, 1838, and is of English parentage. 
He was graduated at the Rush Medical Col- 
lege, Chicago, in 1858, and supplemented his 
medical education and training in the School 
of Medicine, Paris, France. He first estab- 
lished a practice in Chicago, and in associa- 
tion with Dr. Powell, started the first Free 
Dispensary in that city, as well as the first 
clinic of Rush Medical College. During the 
Rebellion he served as surgeon of the Seventy- 
fourth Illinois Infantry. In 1867 he removed 
to California and has been engaged in active 
practice in San Francisco for the last twenty- 
six years. In 1872 he became surgeon of the 
United States Marine Hospital service at that 
city, and is now surgeon of the city and county 
hospitals, and a member of the faculty of 
Cooper Medical College. Dr. Ellinwood is 
also a member of numerous medical and sci- 
entific organizations, medical director of the 
Home Benefit Life Association, and has con- 
tributed important articles on medical subjects 
to the leading journals of his profession. 
EMMET, Thomas Addis, of New York, was 
born May 29, 1828, at the University of Vir- 
ginia, where his father, Dr. John Patton Em- 
met, was then Professor of Chemistry and 
Materia Medica. He is a grandson of the 
famed Thomas Addis Emmet, and a grand- 
nephew of Robert Emmet, whose genius and 
fate immortalized his name. He received his 
education at a preparatory school at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, and in a school at Flush- 
ing, Long Island, under the charge of the Rev. 
Francis L. Hawks, completing it by a partial 
course in the academical department of the 
University of Virginia, after which, in 1845-6, 
he entered the Jefferson Medical College, Phil- 
adelphia, from which he graduated in 1850, 
serving afterwards as resident physician in the 
Emigrant Refugee Hospital, Ward’s Island, 
near the City of New York, for two years, be- 
fore the expiration of which, however, he was 
appointed in 1852 one of the visiting physi- 
cians to the same institution, serving in this 
capacity for three years. In the fall of 1852 
he commenced the practice of medicine in the 
City of New York, where he has since contin- 
ued it. In 1855, shortly after the building was 
opened for a hospital, under the charge of the 
Woman’s Hospital Association, he became at- 
tached to the institution as assistant surgeon to 
Dr. Sims. In 1862 he was appointed surgeon-in- 
chief. This institution was afterwards merged 
into that under the charter of the Woman’s 
Hospital of the State of New York, and the 
present hospital was built and organized under 
his direction He remained at its head until 
May, 1872, when it was thought advisable to 
place the hospital in charge of the Board of 
Surgeons, of which he was made a member, and 
on which he has since served as visiting sur- 
geon. He was appointed in 1876 one of the 
consulting physicians to the Roosevelt Hospi- 
tal of the City of New York. Since 1859 he 
has devoted his attention to the treatment of 
the diseases of females as a specialty. He is 
a permanent member of the New York State 
Medical Society; member of the New York 
County Medical Society; Medical and Surgical, 
and Gynecological Society, of New York, as 
well as the Academy of Medicine of that city, 
and has been president of the New York Ob- 
stetrical Society. His principal contributions 
to medical literature comprise the following 
productions: “ Calcareous Deposition on the 
Surface of the Heart, with References as to the 
manner in which the Blood is Propelled from 
that Organ,” 1855; “On (Edema Glottidis Re- 
sulting from Typhus Fever,” 1856; “Silver 
Ligatures and Sutures,” 1859; “A Radical Op- 
eration for Procidentia Uteri,” “Treatment of 
Dysmenorrhoea and Sterility,” 1865; “ Reduc- 
tion of Inverted Uteri by a New Method,” 
“Accidental and Congenital Atresia of the 
Vagina, with a Mode of Operating for Success- 
fully Establishing the Canal,” 1866; “Inver- 
sion of the Uterus with a New Mode of Pro- 
cedure to be Adopted as a Last Resort,” 158 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
“ Vesico-Vaginal Fistulaefrom Parturition and 
other Causes, with Cases of Recto-Vaginal 
Fistulse,” 1868; “ Surgery of the Cervix,” “ In- 
version of the Uterus,” 1869; “A Case of 
Ovariotomy—the Pedicle Secured with Silver 
Wire by a New Method,” 1870; “A Rare Form 
of Spina Bifida, Presenting Features in Com- 
mon with an Ovarian Cyst,” “Prolapsus 
Uteri, its Chief Causes and Treatment,” 1871; 
“ Chronic Cystitis in the Female, and a Mode 
of Treatment,” 1872; “Laceration of the 
Perineum, involving Sphincter Ani, and Op- 
eration for Securing Union of the Muscle,” 
1873; ‘‘Philosophy of Uterine Diseases,” 
“ Laceration of the Cervix Uteri, as a Fre- 
quent and Unrecognized Cause of Disease,” 
1874; “Treatment and Removal of Fibroids 
from the Uterus by Traction,” 1875; “Eti- 
ology of Uterine Flexures, with the Proper 
Mode of Treatment Indicated,” 1876; “ Proper 
Treatment for Lacerations of the Cervix 
Uteri,” “Removal of Fibrous Tumors from 
the Uterus by Traction,” 1877, and “Pelvic 
Inflammation,” read before the American Gyn- 
ecological Society, Baltimore, September, 1886, 
and “ Certain Mooted Points in Gynecology,” 
read before the British Medical Association 
the same year. But the work upon which his 
fame chiefly rests as an author, is his treatise 
entitled “ Principles and Practice of Gynecol- 
ogy” (1879, third edition revised, 1884.) 
This work passed through three editions in 
London and has been translated into German, 
1881; and French, 1887. 
At twenty-one years of age he was elected 
treasurer of Stock township, Harrison county, 
in his native State, and, in addition to his school 
work, was appointed a quasi-superintendent of 
all the schools in the township. He later en- 
listed in the 170th Regiment Ohio Volunteer In- 
fantry, as it entered the held, taking his place in 
the ranks. In February, 1865, he was enrolled 
as a student in the Ohio University, at Athens, 
graduating in 1868. His grade in the college 
won a free scholarship for the Senior Year. 
The study of medicine, previously begun, was 
continued at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, New York City, receiving the degree of 
M. D., February, 1870. During this time he 
occupied the chair of Geometry in Cooper In- 
stitute, New York. In April following grad- 
uation he was married to Julia E., daughter of 
Dr. E. G. Carpenter, Athens, 0., and began 
practice in the same town. He was appointed 
United States examining surgeon in 1872; re- 
signed and removed to Bay City, Mich., in 
December, 1873, where he has since contin- 
uously resided. In the earlier years of pro- 
fessional life he was a frequent contributor to 
current medical literature. With the exception 
of being for a time connected with the City 
Board of Health, he has not sought nor held 
any official position. He is a non-resident 
member of the Ohio State Medical Society, 
member of the American Academy of Med- 
icine, Michigan State Medical Society, and 
others. 
ETHERIDGE, James Henry, of Chicago, 111., 
is a native of the Empire State, being born at 
Saint Johnsville, Montgomery county, March 
20, 1844. His father, Dr. Francis B. Etheridge, 
was born in the town of Herkimer same State, 
and was a son of a Revolutionary soldier, and 
the descendant in the fourth generation of 
English parents. The mother of our subject, 
Fanny Easton, was a native of Connecticut 
and the sixth generation from England. Dr. 
Francis B. Etheridge was a practicing physi- 
cian forty-seven years. He moved to Has- 
tings, Minnesota, in 1860, and was a surgeon 
in a Minnesota regiment during the Civil War, 
dying in Hastings in 1871. The subject of our 
sketch, who is a prominent physician of Chi- 
cago, ami a member of the faculty of Rush 
Medical College, received most of his education 
in his native State, and had some experience 
in teaching a winter school. He was prepared 
in mathematics and Latin to enter the Junior 
year in Harvard College, but the breaking out 
of the war and the absence of his father in 
his country’s service disarranged the son’s 
plans and he concluded to go no further in his 
classical studies, but turn his attention to med- 
icine. He read four years with his father, at- 
tended three full winter courses at Rush Med- 
ical College, Chicago, and was graduated in 
March, 1869. In preparing for practice, he 
had taken careful and exhaustive courses, and 
on receiving his medical degree, stepped al- 
most immediately into a fair business, in the 
thriving village of Evanston, near Chicago, 
where he remained between one and two 
years. At the end of that period he made a 
tour of Europe, walking the hospitals of some 
of the largest cities, spending several months 
in London alone. On returning, Dr. Ethe- 
ridge settled in Chicago, July 31, 1871, and 
was elected to the chair of Therapeutics, 
Materia Medica and Jurisprudence in Rush 
Medical College. This chair he retained until 
Qf. 
ERWIN, Robert W., of Bay City, Mich., was 
born May 24,1842, at Laceyville, Ohio. When 
seventeen years old, after five months’ attend- 
ance at an academy in Hagerstown, Ohio, he 
taught school. The following spring and sum- 
mer he attended normal school at Hopedale, 
Ohio, succeeding which he taught school in win- 
ter and worked on his father’s farm in summer. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
159 
lege, now the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Tennessee. He drew off his dis- 
tinguished father, the late Dr. Paul F. Eve, 
from the University of Nashville, and with 
him, Drs. W. K. Bowling, T. B. Buchanan, 
J. Berrian Lindsley, W. P. Jones and others, 
began an institution whose success has seldom 
been equaled, having had during the last 
year over 300 students. Dr. Duncan Eve 
has been the Dean and Professor of Sur- 
gery ever since the organization of the Medi- 
cal Department of the University of Tennes- 
see. In 1877 he accepted the Professorship of 
Microscopy in the Tennessee College of Phar- 
macy, a position he was compelled to resign in 
two years’ time, having too many irons in the 
fire. Among the other positions of honor held 
by Dr. Eve may be mentioned the following: 
He was permanent secretary of the Tennessee 
State Medical Society for a number of years; 
vice-president of the Davidson County Medi- 
cal Society, 1884; chairman of the surgical 
section of American Medical Association, in 
1885; first vice-president of the American 
Medical Association, and presided at the Cin- 
cinnati meeting in 1889; and president of the 
Tennessee State Medical Society in 1890. He 
was also vice-president of the Southern Surgi- 
gical and Gynecological Association. He is 
surgeon to all the railroads entering his city, 
and surgeon to the City, St. Margaret and 
Good Shepherd Hospitals. In 1888, to obtain 
better hospital advantages, Dr. Eve entered 
municipal affairs and was elected to the city 
council, and while serving as a member was 
president of the council, and afterwards mayor 
of the city. Dr. Eve devotes his time exclu- 
sively to surgery, and is doing one of the 
largest practices in the South or West. 
1889, when he -was elected Professor of Gyn- 
ecology, the successor of the late Prof. Wm. 
H. Byford. In the year 1892, he was also 
elected to fill the chair of obstetrics, making 
his professorship in Rush Medical College that 
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the position 
which he holds at present. Dr. Etheridge was 
elected president©! the Chicago Medical Society 
in 1886, and presidentof theChicagoGynecolog- 
ical Society in 1890. He is at present the Profes- 
sor of Gynecologv in the Chicago Polyclinic. 
He is Attending Gynecologist to the Polyclinic 
Hospital, to the Presbyterian Hospital, and is 
Consulting Gynecologist to the St. Joseph Hos- 
pital, Chicago. He is a constant contributor 
to the medical journals of the day, and is a 
member, not only of the Chicago city socie- 
ties, but of the State, National, International 
and Pan-American medical associations. He 
is also a foundation and life member of the 
International Association of Obstetrics and 
Gvnecology, whose first meeting was held in 
Brussels in September, 1892. Dr. Etheridge 
was married June, 1870, to Harriet Elizabeth, 
daughter of the late Herman G. Powers, of 
Evanston, 111., and they have two children, 
both daughters. 
EYE, Duncan, of Nashville, Tenn., was 
born May 1, 1853, in Augusta, Ga. He re- 
ceived his literary education at the Kentucky 
Military Institute and University of Nashville; 
his medical training was also at the University 
of Nashville and Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, New York City. He remained in 
New York City after his graduation in 1874, 
and served as “Interne ” in both the Ninety- 
ninth Street and Bellevue Hospitals. Soon 
after returning home (Nashville, Tenn.) in 
1876, he organized the Nashville Medical Col- 
(Owe. 
EVE, Paul Fitzsimmons, of Nashville, Tenn., 
was born near Augusta, Ga., June 27,1806, and 
died in the former city, November 3,1877. He 160 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was a son of Captain Oswell Eve, and is of En- 
glish-Irish descent. Having graduated A. B. 
and LL. D. from the University of Georgia, in 
1826, he became an office student under the cele- 
brated Dr. Charles D. Meigs; he at the same 
time entered the Medical Department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and was graduat- 
ed thence M. D. in the spring of 1828. After 
practicing medicine for a year in Georgia, he 
sailed for Europe, and until May, 1831, prose- 
cuted his professional studies in London and 
Paris; in London, under Sir Astley Cooper, 
Abernethy and Johnson, and in Paris under 
Dupuytren, Larrey, Roux, Velpeau and others. 
In May, 1831, political events in Europe had 
reached a crisis. While in Paris he had wit- 
nessed the dethronement of Charles X., and 
had “participated professionally” in the revo- 
lution of July, and when the Russian advance 
was made upon Poland, he determined to offer 
his services to the latter country—“remember- 
Medical College of Georgia, and from 1832 to 
1849 was professor of surgery in that institu- 
tion; in 1850, was called to succeed Professor 
Gross in the chair of Surgery in the University 
of Louisville, but after one course resigned 
this position, because of the illness (terminat- 
ing in the death) of his wife. In 1851 he was 
made Professor of Surgery in the University of 
Nashville, then being organized, and during 
the ensuing ten years he discharged the func- 
tions of this office. In 1868 he was called to 
the chair of Surgery in the Missouri Medical 
College, but after two courses of lectures was 
compelled, by the severity of the climate, to 
resign his professorship, and returning to Nash- 
ville, was tendered the chair of Operative and 
Clinical Surges in the university, holding this 
position until 1877, when he accepted the chair 
of Principles of Surgery and Diseases of the 
Genito-Urinary Organs in the newly-founded 
Nashville Medical College (now the Medical 
Department of the University of Tennessee). 
His position as a leading surgeon of the south- 
west, naturally made him the recipient of re- 
quests from various institutions to become 
a member of their several faculties, and in 
accepting the professorships already men- 
tioned, he was compelled to decline calls from 
the Philadelphia Medical College, the New Or- 
leans Medical College, the Memphis Medical 
College,the Ohio Medical College, in Columbus, 
and the University of the City of New York. 
During his forty-five years of professional life, 
he never missed the delivery of a single lecture. 
No surgeon in the South held a higher posi- 
tion or did a larger practice of surgery than 
Dr. Eve. He crossed the Atlantic fourteen 
times in the interest of his profession. So far 
as can be determined Dr. Eve was the first 
American surgeon to make successfully hys- 
terectomy, the first to remove the crista-gally, 
and had remarkable success as a lithotomist; 
of 146 bi-lateral operations for stone in the 
bladder, only eleven terminated fatally. He 
trephined the lateral sinus of the brain, and 
by tracheotomy and with forceps successfully 
removed a nail from the left bronchus; in- 
troduced a simple canula needle for applying 
ligatures and sutures, and relieved extrover- 
sion of the female organs of generation. He 
was president of the Tennessee State Medical 
Society in 1871; president of the American 
Medical Association in 1857-58, and at the 
International Medical Congress held in Phila- 
delphia in 1876, was distinguished as special 
representative of surgery. His professional 
publications have been numerous, embracing 
some six hundred articles. His most import- 
ant worksare “Remarkable Cases in Surgery,” 
1857; “One Hundred Cases of Lithotomy,” 
Transactions American Medical Association, 
1870; “What the South and West have Done 
for American Surgery,” and the report of 
twenty amputations and thirteen resections at 
hip-joint (performed by Confederate surgeons), 
contributed to “The Medical History of the 
War.” He was also for a time editor of the 
Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, and as- 
sistant editor of the Nashville Medical and Sur- 
gical Journal. In 1846 he was the first volun- 
teer surgeon appointed to serve in the Mexican 
War. In 1859 he visited Europe; went direct 
to the seat of war, was at Magenta and Sol- 
ferino, and contributed the results of his ob- 
servations to the Nashville Medical and Surgical 
Journal for 1859. In November, 1861, he was 
(Svt9. 
mg,” as he himself says, “how the gallant 
Pulaski had fallen at the siege of Savannah, 
during our own Revolutionary War.” After a 
short detention at Berlin, he was permitted, 
by means of letters from Lafayette, chairman 
of the Polish committee of Paris, but es- 
pecially through the intervention of Dr. Carl 
Fred, von Graefe (himself a Pole), surgeon to 
the king—to proceed to Warsaw, and upon ar- 
riving in that city was at once assigned to hos- 
pital duty. For unremitting devotion to duty, 
he was promoted to be surgeon of the Fifteenth 
Infantry Regiment, and was made surgeon of 
ambulances in General Turno’s division. At 
the instance of the chief of the Medical Bu- 
reau, he was decorated with the golden cross 
of honor. After the fall of Warsaw, Septem- 
ber 8, 1831, he was for thirty days a prisoner 
within the Prussian lines,on the plea of cholera. 
He returned to Paris, and in November sailed 
from Havre for New York. He organized the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
161 
made surgeon-general of Tennessee; served 
also as surgeon to Johnson’s Hospital, and as 
a member of the army medical examining 
board; on the fall of Nashville was made sur- 
geon to the Gate City Hospital, of Atlanta, Ga.; 
was ordered to the field at Shiloh during the 
battle; subsequently served at Columbus, 
Miss., again at Atlanta, and finally at Augus- 
ta, Ga., being stationed at the latter city upon 
the termination of the war. He was at the time 
of his death preparing a text-book on surgery. 
He died aged 71, leaving two sons, Duncan and 
Paul F. Eve, Jr., to succeed him. 
EVERTS, Orpheus, of College Hill, Hamil- 
ton county, 0., was born in Union county, 
Ind., December 26, 1826. He is of English 
and Dutch lineage, and his father, Dr. Sylva- 
nus Everts, was a distinguished physician of 
Rutland county, Vt. The medical studies of 
the subject of this sketch were pursued at 
Laporte, Ind., and at the Indiana Medical 
College, from which institution he was grad- 
uated in 1846. He subsequently received the 
honorary degree of M. D. from the University 
of Michigan in 1865, and from Rush Medical 
College in 1867. He practiced six years in St. 
Charles, 111., and then removed to Indianapolis, 
Ind. He was Presidential Elector from In- 
diana in 1856; register of land office, Wis- 
consin, from 1857 to 1861. He was appointed 
surgeon of the Twentieth Indiana Infantry 
soon after the outbreak of the Civil War, and 
served four years in the field. He was on 
staff duty with brigade, division and corps, 
and, with the exception of Bull Run and An- 
tietam, was present at all the battles of the 
Army of the Potomac. Dr. Everts is a mem- 
ber of numerous medical societies, including 
the American Medical Association. After the 
close of the war he devoted especial attention 
to psychiatry and diseases of the nervous sys- 
tem. He was appointed Superintendent of 
the Indiana Hospital for the Insane in 1868, 
and served in that capacity for many years. 
He is recognized as one of the most eminent 
neurologists of this country, and has been a 
frequent contributor of articles on other sub- 
jects to periodical literature. He is now su- 
perintendent of the Cincinnati Sanitarium, a 
widely known but private institution for the 
treatment of nervous diseases, insanity, ine- 
briety and the chloral and morphine habits. 
FAIRCHILD, David S., of Ames, lowa, of 
English ancestry, some of whom were among 
the earliest settlers in Bridgeport and Fair- 
field, Conn., was born in Fairfield, Franklin 
county, Vt., September 16, 1846. He was ed- 
ucated at Barre, Vt.; studied medicine in the 
University of Michigan, from 1866 to 1868, and 
graduated from the Albany Medical College, 
December, 1868. He settled, first in High 
Forest, Minn., in 1869; removing to Ames, 
lowa, in 1872, where he has been in continuous 
practice since. He assisted in organizing the 
Story County Medical Society, and was its first 
president. He is a member of various local 
medical organizations, of the State Medical 
Society, American Medical Association, and 
the National Association, of Railway Surgeons. 
He was a member of the International Med- 
ical Congress in 1876. He was chairman of a 
committee appointed by the State Society to 
prepare a “History of Medicine in lowa,” in 
1876, which was completed. # He has prepared 
papers for various medical societies and med- 
ical journals. In 1877 he was appointed Phy- 
sician to the lowa Agricultural College, and in 
1879 was elected Professor of Physiology and 
Comparative Anatomy in the same institution. 
In 1881 he was elected Professor of Histology 
and Pathology in the lowa College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, at Des Moines. In 1885 
he was transferred to the chair of Pathology 
and Diseases of the Nervous System, and in 
1888, to the chair of Practice of Medicine and 
Pathology. He was appointed Division Sur- 
geon for the Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
way, in 1884. His practice is at present con- 
fined chiefly to consultations. In May, 1870, 
he married Wilhellmina C., daughter of Hon. 
W. K. Tattersall, of High Forest, Minn. 
FERGUSON, Frank C., of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Hendricks county, Ind., 
October 24, 1843. He is of Scotch descent, 
his great-grandfather on his father’s side hav- 
ing emigrated from Scotland to Virginia ante- 
rior to the Revolution. His father, James 
Ferguson, -was born near Stony Point, Va., and 
emigrated to Indiana when quite a young man, 
where he married Zelinda Darnell, who was 
born in Kentucky. In 1862, when eighteen 
years old, the subject of this sketch entered 
the Union Army, serving three years as a non- 
commissioned officer in Company C, Seven- 
tieth Indiana Volunteers. He participated, 
with his regiment, in the hard-fought battles 
of the Atlanta campaign, and marched with 
Sherman to the sea. At the close of the wrar 
he returned home and taught in the public 
schools four years, during which time he stud- 
ied medicine. In 1870-71 he attended a full 
course of lectures in the Miami Medical Col- 
lege, of Cincinnati, 0., and in the spring of 
1871 he commenced the practice of medicine 
as an undergraduate at New Winchester, Ind. 
In 1872 he removed to Cai’bon, Clay county, 
that State, where he had a wide and varied 
professional experience among the coal miners 
of that region. In 1875 he removed to Browns- 
burg, in his native county, where he did an 
extensive and successful general practice. In 
1881 he removed to Indianapolis, where he at- 
tended a full course of lectures and graduated 
at the Medical College of Indiana in March, 
1882, and was valedictorian of his class. In 
September of the same year he issued the first 
number of the Indiana Medical Journal, which 
he conducted successfully for ten years. Dur- 
ing the winter of 1888-89 he attended the New 
York Polyclinic and the clinics of the various 
hospitals of that city, devoting his studies ex- 
clusively to gynecology and abdominal sur- 
gery. In 1889 he visited London and Paris. 
Returning home, he was elected Adjunct Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Clinical Midwifery in 
the Central College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons. Dr. Ferguson is a member of the 
American Medical Association, the Indiana 
State Medical Society, and the Marion County 
Medical Society. In 1872 he was married to 
Matilda, daughter of James A. Bowen, of 
Danville, Ind. Dr. Ferguson now has charge 
of a private sanitarium, and limits his practice 
to obstetrics, gynecology and abdominal sur- 
gery, in which field he has attained excellent 
success and is well and widely known, not 
only in the city of his residence, but through- 
out his State. 
FITCH, Graham N., of Logansport, Ind., 
died there November 28,1892, aged eighty-four 
years. He was born in Leßoy, New York, in 
1808, and was one of the most notable men of 162 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Indiana. His grandfather was a soldier of the 
Revolutionary War, and his father in the War 
of 1812. The subject of this sketch was ed- 
ucated at Middlebury, and at Geneva College, 
completing his medical studies at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. He 
began the practice of his profession in his na- 
tive town, in 1832. In July, 1834, he located 
in Logansport, Ind. Dr. Fitch was a member 
of the Indiana Legislature, in the sessions of 
1836-37 and 1839M0. He three times served 
as presidential elector. In 1844 he was ap- 
pointed to a Professorship in Rush Medical 
College at Chicago. From 1848 to 1852 he was 
a Representative to Congress from his district. 
From 1856 to 1861 he was United States Sen- 
ator. While in Congress he saw the gathering 
sectional cloud, and pointedly warned the 
South of the fatal consequences to them of the 
war they seemed to desire. In the Presiden- 
tial election of 1860, Senator Fitch advocated 
the election of John C. Breckinridge, of Ken- 
tucky, who was a candidate of the South. This 
action was misconstrued, and he was heralded 
as a rebel sympathizer. His action was ex- 
plained by his adherence to Democracy and 
his unwillingness to support Stephen A. Doug- 
las, the northern Democratic candidate, for 
personal reasons. There had been a difficulty 
between the two in the Senate, resulting in 
the sending of a challenge by Douglas to Fitch. 
The latter promptly accepted, but as his mark- 
manship was unerring, friends of Douglas in- 
terfered, and while the duel never came off, 
the feeling continued. Thus the support of 
Breckinridge and the misconstruction it led to. 
When the war broke out Senator Fitch organ- 
ized the Forty-sixth Regiment Indiana Vol- 
unteers, and assisted in filling two other regi- 
ments. With his regiment he was placed un- 
der General Buell’s command at Louisville, 
Ky.; later he joined General Pope, and was 
immediately put in charge of a brigade. He 
participated in the sieges of Fort Thompson 
and Island No. 10. After the fall of these 
posts he was detailed, with his brigade, to lay 
siege to Fort Pillow, in conjunction with the 
navy under Commodore Davis. The day fol- 
lowing the fall of Fort Pillow, Colonel Fitch 
captured and garrisoned Memphis. A few 
days afterward he moved up White River, Ar- 
kansas, and captured, by assault, the fortifica- 
tions at St. Charles. At the last place he took 
prisoner the wounded commander of the Con- 
federate batteries, the unfortunate Colonel 
Fry, of Cuban notoriety. Colonel Fitch had 
two sharp engagement with the Confederates 
in Arkansas, in both of which he was victori- 
ous. An injury received in that State, by the 
fall of his horse, while on a reconnoitering 
expedition, compelled him to leave the service 
before the expiration of the war. He was an 
ardent Democrat, but never hesitated to dis- 
sent from his party when, in his judgment, its 
course was not for the best interests of the 
country. Many years ago he retired from all 
active participation in politics. Dr. Fitch was 
a man of diversified talent, and capable of 
meeting promptly extraordinary emergencies; 
illustrative of this, one of his personal friends 
relates, that on one occasion at Logansport, 
in 1852, when the doctor was making a po- 
litical speech during his race for Congress, 
a messenger called him from the stand to at- 
tend a man who was dangerously injured by 
the explosion of a steam boiler. Excusing 
himself, he asked the audience to remain 
seated twenty minutes. At the end of the 
specified time the doctor returned, reporting 
that he had amputated the patient’s leg, dressed 
the stump, and assuring the anxious people 
that the unfortunate victim was doing well, and 
would recover, calmly resumed the thread of 
his argument as unconcerned and as little dis- 
turbed as if nothing at all had happened. As 
a public officer he always fearlessly and 
faithfully performed every known duty. As 
a physician and surgeon few men have 
been more actively engaged, or met with 
greater success, and he continued to prac- 
tice his profession for the good of humanity 
until his last illness. He was a member of the 
Medical Convention, which met in Philadel- 
phia, in May, 1850, for the purpose of revising 
the United States Pharmacopeia, as a delegate 
from Rush Medical College, Illinois, and was 
appointed upon the Committee on Revision 
and Publication. He attended many of the 
meetings of the American Medical Association 
from an early date, among the last were those 
at Atlanta and Chicago. He occupied the 
chair of Professor of Principles and Practice 
of Surgery in the Medical College of Indiana, 
for four years, and was Emeritus Professor at 
the time of his death. 
FITCH, Thomas Davis, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Troy, Bradford county, Pa., July 14, 
1829. He is a son of Lewis Haines Fitch, 
and a direct descendant of Governor Thomas 
Fitch, first Colonial Governor of Connecticut. 
His early education was received in his native 
town and in Knox College, Galesburg, 111., to 
which State his father had removed in 1846. 
He studied medicine with his uncle, Dr. 
Charles Badger, of Mishawaka, Ind., com- 
mencing in October, 1848; attended lectures at 
the Rush Medical College, Chicago, during the 
session of 1850-51; also private courses of lect- 
ures given by Drs. A. B. Palmer and N. S. 
Davis. In 1851 he married Harriet W. Skin- 
ner, of Laporte, Ind. He graduated from the 
Rush Medical College M. D. in 1854, having 
previously practiced in Withersfleld, 111. In 
1854 he removed to Kewanee, in that State. 
In December, 1861, he entered the army as 
surgeon of the Forty-second Illinois Infantry, 
a position he held till May, 1863, when he re- 
signed on account of illness in his family. He 
removed to Chicago on May 1, 1864, where he 
has continued in the active practice of his pro- 
fession until the present time. His practice is 
general, but he has given special attention to 
gynecology. He is a member of the Illinois 
State Medical Society, has been its president; 
served on some of its principal committees, and 
been its permanent secretary for seven years. 
Was a member and organizer of the Henry 
County Medical Society, which was merged 
into the now large and influential medical so- 
ciety known as the Military Tract Medical As- 
sociation of Illinois; he served as its president 
and secretary. He is a member of the Chicago 
Medical Society, has been its president and 
secretary; of the Medico-Historical Society; 
American Public Health Association ; Medical 
Press Association, one of its directors; and the 
American Medical Association. He was also 
a member of the Medical Board of the Cook 
County Hospital, and has served as its secre- 
tary and president. He is the author of “Pe- 
rineal Pressure to Facilitate Labor,” published 
in the Transactions of the Illinois State Medi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
163 
cal Society ; “Report on Gynecological Instru- 
ments;’’ “Infantile Constipation;” “Report 
on Specialties and Medical Advertising,” and 
“Antagonism of Opium and Quinia,” read 
before the Chicago Medical Society, 1865, as 
well as numerous other important articles in 
medical periodicals. He was Physician to 
Cook County in 1865-66, and County Super- 
visor in 1867, and has held the position of At- 
tending Surgeon and Clinical Lecturer on Sur- 
gery in the Cook County Hospital from 1867 
to 1870, and that of Attending Gynecologist 
and Clinical Lecturer on Obstetrics and Dis- 
eases of Women and Children in the same in- 
stitution. Was one of the Consulting Surgeons 
to the Chicago Hospital for Women and Chil- 
dren, from its organization in 1865 to 1870; 
was one of the originators of the Woman’s 
Hospital Medical College, of Chicago, which 
was organized in 1870, in which he has filled 
the chair of gynecology and the office of trus- 
tee. He has been Attending and Consulting 
Physician of the Washingtonian Home for the 
Reformation of Inebriates for many years. 
FITHIAN, Enoch, of Greenwich, formerly 
of Bridgeton, N. J., died at his home in that 
State, November 15, 1892. He was born in 
May, 1792, and was the oldest graduate of the 
Medical Department of the University of 
Pennsylvania, having been a member of the 
class of 1815. He continued in medical prac- 
tice in Cumberland county for fifty years, or 
until about thirty years ago. He was the first 
secretary of his County Medical Society, and 
afterwards became its presiding officer. After 
his retirement from active practice, Dr. Fith- 
ian gave much time to local historical subjects, 
and he has left behind him many pages of re- 
trospective local interest. He was said to be 
the oldest living Free Mason in the United 
States, his tenure of membership having cov- 
ered fully seventy-five years. At the last elec- 
tion Dr. Fithian, with assistance, went to the 
polls and cast his eightieth annual ballot. 
One day in May, 1892, he celebrated his cen- 
tennial birthday. 
FLETCHER, William Baldwin, of Indian- 
apolis, Ind., was born in that city August 18, 
1837. His father, Calvin Fletcher, settled 
there in the woods in 1821, and soon became 
prominent in his profession—a lawyer, and 
foremost in public work, being among the first 
to aid in starting churches, Sunday-schools, 
and other institutions essential to the people’s 
welfare. He was active in establishing a pub- 
lic school system, and introduced the law 
which put a public library in every township 
in the State. Dr. Fletcher was a pupil at the 
new log school house, located in a beautiful 
woods where New Jersey and South street of 
his native city now intersect, and afterward at 
the old County Seminary, located on the South 
side of University Square. He inherited from 
his father a love of nature, of animals, trees, 
and plants, and like him was a student of na- 
ture from choice and love of it. He prepared 
for Harvard College in 1855, but instead of 
entering he studied, under Agassiz and Ten- 
ney, zoology, botany, and other branches of 
natural science, by which he laid a good solid 
foundation for his studies in medicine after- 
ward. These he pursued at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons in New York, from 
1856 to 1859, graduating in October of the year 
last named. He came home and remained un- 
til the troops to suppress the Rebellion were 
called out in 1861. He was among the first to 
go, and when his regiment, the Sixth Indiana, 
took the field, was detailed for duty on the 
staff of Gen. T. A. Morris. He was next 
transferred to the staff of Gen. J. J. Reynolds, 
and placed in charge of the secret service, a 
duty requiring great tact, skill, and hard work, 
and at the same time one of no small peril. 
Captured while on detached duty, he was 
brought in irons before Gen. Robert E. Lee, 
kept in solitary confinement six weeks, made 
two attempts at escape, was wounded and in 
October, 1861, tried, court-martialed, con- 
demned to death and ordered to execution. 
The prisoner was, most fortunately for him- 
self, reprieved by General Lee pending a fur- 
ther investigation. By a still more fortunate 
piece of luck and through the blunder of the 
sergeant, afterward Captain Wirtz, his iden- 
tity as a special prisoner was lost to the Con- 
federates. He was placed in charge of the Gan- 
grene Hospital near Richmond, and in March, 
1862, was paroled. Dr. Fletcher resumed 
the practice of his profession at Indianapolis, 
but during the entire war the best of his skill 
and talents were freely given to the Sanitary 
Commission, the State, or general government, 
wherever the need was greatest. In this way 
he gave aid at the battle fields of Perryville, 
Stone River, at Vicksburg and in many other 
places, doing medical and surgical duties, 
bringing home the sick and wounded and 
working faithfully in all emergencies where 
the services of a skilled physician and surgeon 
were in such great demand. In 1866 Dr. 
Fletcher visited Europe and studied in the 
hospitals of London, Paris, Glasgow, and 
Dublin, during that and the following year. 
For nineteen years he has been a professor in 
various departments of the Indiana Medical 
College, and is now Professor of Mental Dis- 
eases in the Central College of Physicians and 
Surgeons. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, of the New York Medico- 
Legal Society, of the Indiana State Medical 
Society, and of the State Microscopical Society, 
of which he was the first president. He also 
belongs to a number of other societies and as- 
sociations of a high standard. Dr. Fletcher 
established the Indianapolis City Dispensary 
in 1870, was for many years visiting surgeon or 
consulting physician to the City and St. Vin- 
cent Hospitals, and has in the course of his 
professional career found it incumbent on him 
to do a large amount of work. In 1882 Dr. 
Fletcher was elected a State Senator from his 
county, being one of the candidates on the 
Democratic ticket. In 1883 he was made su- 
perintendent of the Indiana Hospital for the 
Insane, a position he held for four years. 
During this time the institution made great 
advances. Among other very humane and 
beneficent ideas introduced was the abolition 
of restraints as a means of treating insanity. 
He was among the first in the West to recog- 
nize the advantages of having a woman physi- 
cian in charge of insane women, and was the 
first superintendent of a hospital for the in- 
sane in his State to appoint a woman on the 
medical staff. He has written extensively and 
well on the care and treatment of the insane 
as well as upon other branches of medical 
science. He has also done some writing in 
general literature which, though fugitive and 
off-hand, is far above the average in point of 
literary merit. In 1888 he established at In- 164 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
dianapolis a private sanitarium for the treat- 
ment of mental and nervous diseases, known 
as “Dr. Fletcher’s Sanitarium” where he con- 
tinues his work in the chosen branches of his 
profession. 
FLINT, Austin, Sr., of New York City, was 
born in Petersham, Mass., October 20, 1812, 
and died March 13, 1886. He was descended 
from Thomas Flint, who came to America from 
Matlock, Derbyshire, England, in 1638, and 
settled in Concord, Mass. Edward Flint, phy- 
sician, of Shrewsbury, Mass., was his great- 
grandfather. His grandfather, Austin Flint, 
after whom he himself and his son are named, 
was a physician, who died at Leicester, Mass., 
in 1850, having passed ninety years of age. 
In the struggle of the Colonies for independ- 
publications, rapidly brought himself into 
prominence in his profession. In 1844 he was 
appointed to the chair of the Institutes and 
Practice of Medicine in the Rush Medical Col- 
lege, Chicago; but this position he relinquished 
at the expiration of a year. The Buffalo Med- 
ical Journal, with which his name is most 
commonly associated, was founded in 1846, 
and during the ensuing ten years he conducted 
it with marked ability and success. In 1847 
he was associated with Professors White and 
Hamilton in founding the Buffalo Medical 
College, an institute in which, until 1852, he 
was Professor of the Principles and Practice 
of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine. In the 
latter year he accepted the chair of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Louisville, a professorship that he retained 
until 1856, when he resumed his connection 
with the college at Buffalo as Professor of 
Pathology and Clinical Medicine. From 1858 
to 1861 he passed the winters in New Orleans, 
holding the positions of Professor of Clinical 
Medicine in the New Orleans School of Med- 
icine and Visiting Physician to the Charity 
Hospital. In 1859 he removed from Buffalo, 
establishing himself in New York City, where 
he remained the rest of his life. He was ap- 
pointed in 1861 one of the physicians to the 
Bellevue Hospital, and Professor of the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Medicine and of Clin- 
ical Medicine in the Bellevue Hospital Medi- 
cal College, having previously been appointed 
Professor of Pathology and Practical Medicine 
in the Long Island College Hospital. The 
former position he held until his death; he re- 
signed the latter position in 1868. In 1872 he 
was elected president of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine, and held that position until 
1885, when he resigned on the adoption of the 
medical code sanctioning the consultation with 
physicians other than the “regular” school. He 
was a member of the leading American medi- 
cal and scientific societies, and a corresponding 
member of various European organizations of 
similar character. He was a delegate to the 
International Medical Congress, which assem- 
bled in Philadelphia in September, 1876, and 
was one of the orators, preparing and deliver- 
ing the address on “Medicine.” It was re- 
ceived with marked attention and the highest 
appreciation, which it eminently merited, 
being in all respects a most masterly effort. 
He was president of the American Medical 
Association in 1884, and attended the Medical 
Congresses held in London in 1881 and in 
Copenhagen in 1884, and had been elected to 
preside at the Congress to be held in Washing- 
ton in 1887. As an author he has materially 
aided the advance of his profession. Among 
his works may be mentioned “Clinical Re- 
ports upon Continued Fever, Chronic Pleurisy 
and Dysentery;” “Physical Exploration and 
Diagnoses of Diseases Affecting the Respira- 
tory Organs” (two editions); “A Practical 
Treatise upon the Pathology, Diagnosis and 
Treatment of Diseases of the Heart” (two 
editions), and his celebrated “Treatise upon 
the Principles and Practice of Medicine,” 
first published in 1866, and republished, for 
the fifth time, in 1881, and of which more than 
forty thousand copies have been sold. Two of 
his essays, “On the Variations of Pitch in Per- 
cussion and Respiratory Sounds,” and “On 
the Clinical Study of the Heart Sounds in 
Health and Disease,” received the first prizes 
ence he took a patriotic part, serving in the 
Revolutionary army, first as a private and 
afterwards as a surgeon. The father of the 
subject of this sketch was Joseph Henshaw 
Flint, a distinguished surgeon of Northamp- 
ton, Mass., and afterward of Springfield, in the 
same State. Austin Flint, after pursuing col- 
legiate studies at Amherst and Cambridge for 
three years, entered the Medical Department 
of Harvard College, and, pursuing a full 
course, received his degree of M. D. from that 
institution in 1833. He was married in 1835 to 
a daughter of N. W. Skillings, Esq., of Bos- 
ton. In 1836 he established himself in prac- 
tice in Buffalo, having meanwhile practiced in 
Boston and Northampton, and, both by his 
success in the treatment of disease and by his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
165 
of the American Medical Association in 1852 
and 1859. His later publications are: “Es- 
says on Conservative Medicine and Kindred 
Topics,” 1874; “Phthisis: Its Morbid Anato- 
my, Etiology, Symptomatic Events and Com- 
plications, Fatality and Prognosis, Treatment 
and Physical Diagnosis, in a Series of Clinical 
Studies,” 1875; “A Manual of Percussion and 
Auscultation,” 1876; “Clinical Medicine: a 
Systematic Treatise on the Diagnosis and 
Treatment of Disease,” 1879; “Physical Ex- 
ploration of the Lungs by Means of Ausculta- 
tion and Percussion,” 1882, and “Medical 
Ethics and Etiquette,” 1883. His works are 
regarded as authority on the subjects of which 
they treat. 
FLINT, Austin, Jr., of New York City, was 
born at Northampton, Mass., March 28, 1836, 
and his parents removed to Buffalo, N. Y., in 
the same year. He was educated at private 
schools in that city, and, when fifteen, he spent 
a year in the Academy of Leicester, Mass. He 
• He was editor for three years (from 1857 to 
i 1860) of the Buffalo Medical Journal, which 
was founded by his father in 1846, and ulti- 
mately transferred to New York and merged 
in the American Medical Monthly. In 1858 he 
was appointed one of the attending surgeons 
of the Buffalo City Hospital. The same year 
he became Professor of Physiology in the Med- 
ical School of Buffalo. In 1859 he removed 
with his father, and was appointed Professor 
of Physiology in the New York Medical Col- 
lege, delivering a course of lectures in 1859-60. 
In 1860 he received the appointment of Pro- 
fessor of Physiology in the New Orleans School 
of Medicine, delivered a course of instructions 
in 1860-61, and resigned the position at the 
breaking out of the war. While in New Or- 
leans he experimented on alligators, and devel- 
oped some important points with reference to 
the influence of the pneumogastric nerves 
upon the heart. He also made some experi- 
ments there upon the recurrent sensibility of 
the anterior roots of the spinal nerves. He 
was the first physiologist in this country to op- 
erate upon the spinal cord and the spinal 
nerves in living animals. In the spring of 
1861 he went to Europe, and studied several 
months with Charles Robin and Claude Ber- 
nard, with the former of whom he had close 
friendly and scientific relations, and main- 
tained a frequent correspondence. Professor 
Robin presented his memoir, “Sur une Nou- 
velle Fonction an Foie” (“On a New Function 
of the Liver”), to the French Academy of 
Sciences, for the Monthyon prize, without the 
knowledge of the author. In 1863, Dr. Flint 
made some important experiments upon the 
blood, employing a new mode of analysis for 
its nitrogenized constituents. He was one of 
the founders of the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, in 1861, and became Professor of Phys- 
iology and Secretary and Treasurer of its Fac- 
ulty, and has held the chair of Physiology in 
this institution during the last thirty-two years. 
He was also for eight years professor and 
lecturer on Physiology in the Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital of Brooklyn. In 1862 he made 
some remarkable observations on the excretory 
functions of the liver, published in the Amer- 
ican Journal of the Medical Sciences, in October, 
1863; translated into French, and presented 
by Robin to the French Academy of Sciences 
for the Concours Monthyon, and which received 
honorable mention, and a recompense to the 
author of fifteen hundred francs, in 1869. 
The important discovery put forth in this 
memoir was the production of cholesterine in 
the physiological wear of the brain and nerv- 
ous tissue, the elimination of cholesterine 
by the liver, and its discharge in the form of 
stercorine in the feces. It was established 
that the new substance (stercorine) results 
from the transformation of cholesterine in the 
feces. The diseased condition caused by the 
retention of cholesterine in the blood (chol- 
esteremia) is now recognized as a very im- 
portant pathological fact. Dr. Flint’s labo- 
rious researches and interesting conclusions 
upon this subject have been lately confirmed 
in Germany by experiments in which choles- 
teremia has been produced in animals by in- 
jection of cholesterine into the blood. In 1867, 
at the request of the Commissioners of Public 
Charities and Correction of New York City, 
Dr. Flint reorganized the dietary system for 
the institutions under their charge including 
prepared for college at Buffalo, and entered 
Harvard University as Freshman, in 1852. 
He left the university in 1853, and spent a year 
in the study of civil engineering. He began 
the study of medicine in the spring of 1854, at 
Buffalo, and attended two courses of lectures 
at the Medical Department of the University 
of Louisville, from 1854 to 1856. His taste for 
physiology was early developed, and he made 
some experiments on living animals, for Pro- 
fessor Yandell, of the Louisville school, while 
he was a student there. His final course of 
lectures was taken at Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, in 1856-57, and at the close of the 
course he graduated. His inaugural thesis on 
the “Phenomenaof the Capillary Circulation,” 
was honored with the recommendation to be 
published, and appeared in the American Jour- 
nal of Medical Sciences, in July, 1857. It was 
based upon numerous original experiments. 166 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Bellevue Hospital, Charity Hospital, Poor- 
house, Work-house and Penitentiary, making 
diet tables for more than ten thousand per- 
sons. In 1871 he made observations upon 
Weston, the pedesti’ian, analyzing his food and 
secretions for fifteen days before, during and 
after one of his great walking exploits. These 
inquiries help to decide some important phys- 
iological questions. In 1869 he published an 
elaborate review of the history of the discov- 
ery of the motor and sensory properties of the 
roots of the spinal nerves, in which the dis- 
covery was ascribed to Magendie instead of to 
Sir Charles Bell, who has generally been re- 
garded as its author. This review, originally 
published in the Journal of Psychological Medi- 
cine, New York, in 1868, was translated into 
French and published in Robin’s Journal de 
VAnatomic. It produced such an impression 
that it was soon followed by the publication, in 
the English Journal of Anatomy, of the origi- 
nal paper of Charles Bell, “Idea of a New 
Anatomy of the Brain,” which was privately 
printed (not published) in 1811. The original 
manuscript was furnished to the Journal of 
Anatomy by the widow of Sir Charles Bell. It 
was upon this paper that the claims of Charles 
Bell to the discovery were based; and, before 
its publication in Journal of Anatomy, it had 
been entirely inaccessible. Claude Bernard 
has been the eminent advocate of the theory 
that the liver is a sugar-producing organ; but 
observations upon this subject were discord- 
ant, and eminent physiologists contested Ber- 
nard’s position. In 1869 Dr. Flint published, 
in the New York Medical Journal, a series of 
experiments upon the “Glycogenic Function 
of the Liver,” in which he endeavored to har- 
monize the various conflicting observations, 
and is considered by most physiologists to 
have settled the question. In 1866 he an- 
nounced the publication of the “Physiology of 
Man,” a work in five volumes, of 500 pages 
each, and the last volume was issued in 1874. 
He printed a little work in 1870 on “Chemical 
Examinations of Urine in Disease,” which 
went through several editions. He contrib- 
uted the articles on “Gymnastics and Pugi- 
lism,” “On the Physiological Effect of Severe 
and Protracted Muscular Exercise,” 1871, and 
in 1876 published a voluminous “Text-book of 
Human Physiology,” of which several editions 
have been issued. He has also written much 
for scientific periodicals and popular journals, 
and has been actively engaged in his duties as 
a physiological teacher. In 1875 he was ap- 
pointed Surgeon-General of the State of New 
York by Governor Tilden, and was reappointed 
in 1877 by Governor Lucius Robinson. He is 
the medical examiner, for the city of New 
York, of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insur- 
ance Company, and has been since 1871. He 
is a member of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, the Medical Society of the State of 
New York, and correspondent of the Academy 
of Natural Science, of Philadelphia. 
FLORENTINE, Frank 8., of Saginaw, Mich., 
is a native of Illinois, having been born in the 
city of Chicago, June 16, 1849. His parents, 
Joseph and Cecile Florentine, were born in 
Orleans, France, and emigrated to the United 
States in 1849, the Doctor being born soon 
after the arrival of the family in Chicago. 
From the age of seven to twelve our subject 
attended the common school, and then the 
high school. At the age of fifteen he entered 
the service of his country, in March, 1865, and 
served one year as a private in Company H, 
Fifty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, and was mus- 
tered out in March, 1866, at Montgomery, Ala. 
Upon his return to Chicago he decided to at- 
tend secular schools for five years longer, at 
the same time keeping up the study of medi- 
cine under the late Prof. Moses Gunn, of Chi- 
cago, and afterward with Dr. D. K. Cornell, of 
St. Louis, Mo., also taking special studies and 
pursuing a course at Bourbonnais College and 
Kankakee High School. Afterward he taught 
school for awhile at Kankakee, Watseka, Beaver 
and Pleasant Grove, Illinois. Later he spent 
some time in the college at Eureka, in that 
State,where he attended to his classical studies. 
In 1872 the Doctor went to Paris, France, in or- 
der to complete his classical studies, remaining 
there eighteen months; then upon his return 
home he entered Rush Medical College, Medi- 
cal Department of the Northwestern Univer- 
sity of Chicago, being graduated therefrom in 
1876. Only a few weeks after he graduated 
from the latter institution he located in Sagi- 
naw, where he has resided ever since, in the 
pursuit of his profession. In 1889 he again vis- 
ited Europe and took special courses in gyne- 
cology and surgery, and after his return to this 
country located on the East Side of the city, 
where he has since conducted his professional 
work. He is a member of the American Med- 
ical Association, the Michigan State Medical 
Society, and the Alumni Association of Rush 
Medical College. He is also a member of 
Gordon Granger Post, No. 38, G. A. R. He 
was married in 1877 to Miss Marie Louise An- 
dre, daughter of the late Hon. Alexander 
Andre, of the well known real estate firm of 
Andre Bros., of Saginaw, and they have been 
blessed by the gift of two children. The 
Doctor has also been a member of the Board 
of Health, and Health Officer for a number of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
167 
years. He is a liberal contributor to medical 
journals, and has translated some valuable 
works from the French and German languages 
into the English vernacular. His specialties, 
in his practice at present, is diseases of wo- 
men and surgery. 
FORD, Corydon L., of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
was bom at Lexington, N. Y., August 29,1813. 
His early education was received at Canan- 
daigua Academy, and his medical degree was 
conferred by the Geneva Medical College, in 
1842, soon after which he settled in Medina, 
N. Y., to practice, from which he removed to 
Ann Arbor. From 1842 to 1848 he was Demon- 
strator of Anatomy in the Geneva Medical 
College, and from 1847 to 1851 he held the 
same position in the Medical College of Buffa- 
lo, N. Y. From 1849 to 1861 he was Professor 
of Anatomy in the Castleton Medical College, 
Vermont. From 1860 to 1867 he held the 
chair of Anatomy and Physiology in the Berk- 
shire Medical College, and from 1864 to 1870 
he held the same position in the Medical 
School of Maine. He has also lectured on 
this branch in the University of Michigan for 
many years, as well as in the Long Island 
College Hospital. He is a permanent member 
of the American Medical Association. He 
has prepared for medical classes systems of 
questions on anatomy, physiology, histology 
and other branches of medical science. 
FORMANECK, Frederick, of Chicago, 111., 
was born March 13, 1863, on a farm in lowa 
county, Wis., of Bohemian parents, where he 
received his preparatory education in a little log 
enough to attend school each following year. 
He worked at different lines each year; one 
summer took charge of a pleasure steamer on 
Green Lake, Wis., and another he traveled 
with the Engel Clock Company, and one vaca- 
tion he worked in the First National Bank of 
Wahpaton, N. D., and another in a dry goods 
store, and last he worked as expert for the 
McCormick Harvester Company, traveling all 
over the States for two vacations. He began 
his study of medicine in 1880, with Drs. Nuck- 
olls and Wiensma, of Wahpaton, N. D., as 
his preceptors, under the most unfavorable 
circumstances, and against the wishes of his 
parents, who had decided he should make 
theology his life study. He entered Rush 
Medical College in 1883, and graduated in 1886, 
with the highest honors, locating in Chicago, 
where, from the start, his success has been most 
marked. Dr. Formaneck has made surgery 
his specialty, and in this has had great success. 
In 1888 and 1889 he was, by appointment, 
made one of the surgical staff of Cook County 
Hospital, declining to serve longer on account 
of impaired health through overwork. The 
Doctor is a careful student and a thorough busi- 
ness man, well known and highly respected 
in a social as well as in a professional way. 
He is a member of the Masons, Knights of 
Pythias, National Union, as well as many other 
minor orders, where he serves as medical ex- 
aminer and lodge physician. He is also med- 
ical examiner for several life insurance com- 
panies. Nature has blessed him with that 
firmness of manner so necessary for a physi- 
cian to inspire in his patients a confidence 
in his ability to aid them, as well as a genial 
good humor, so essential to pave the way for 
the favorable reception of his advice. We can 
not predict too brilliant a future for one pos- 
sessing such admirable traits of character. 
FORSHEE, Thomas W., of Madison, Ind., 
was born in Warren county, 0., November 12, 
1825. He is a son of the late Dr. Edward M. 
Forshee, of Ohio, and is of French and Irish de- 
scent. His early education was confined to com- 
mon schools. He entered Springfield Academy, 
Ohio, at the age of twenty. In 1847, when the 
Government called for troops to go to Mexico, 
he enlisted in the United States Mounted Rifle- 
men ; participated in all the battles around 
the City of Mexico; had the honor of being 
one of Gen. Scott’s body guards in his tri- 
umphant entrance to the City of Mexico; -was 
appointed hospital steward of his regiment, 
after the city was captured. At the close of 
the war he returned to Ohio; read medicine 
with Dr. Bray, of Springfield, his father’s 
former partner. Graduated at the Cincin- 
nati College of Medicine and Surgery, 1854. 
Located at West Caanan, 0., where he built 
up a fine practice. At the breaking out of the 
War of the Rebellion he, like many of the old 
Mexican soldiers, offered his services, and 
was commissioned as captain and assigned to 
Co. K, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, and 
participated in the battle of Pittsburgh Land- 
ing and others, serving with distinction for 
one year; owing to failing health, had to re- 
sign. May, 1863, his health having improved, 
he was examined at Chicago by the United 
States Medical Board and commissioned first 
assistant surgeon of Eighty-eighth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry, and performed the duties 
of a full surgeon for two years, and again was 
compelled by ill-health to resign. He then lo- 
country school, working on the farm part of the 
time. Subsequently he entered the Fond du 
Lac Commercial College and English Acad- 
emy, where he spent the greater part of four 
years, working during this time so as to earn 168 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tion as a practitioner. He is doing one of the 
very largest, most lucrative and successful 
practices of medicine and surgery in the State 
of Georgia. In 1873 Dr. Foster was appointed 
physician in charge of the small-pox hospitals 
in Augusta, in which position he was charged 
with the duty of arresting the spread of that 
epidemic which so seriously threatened the 
city. In this he was eminently successful, 
stamping out the disease promptly. In 1874 
he held a similar position with like success. 
During these years he was also physician in 
charge of the small-pox hospitals of Richmond 
county, and held the epidemic thoroughly un- 
der control. In 1876, when the city of Augusta 
was seriously threatened by yellow fever, he 
was appointed health officer, and as such was 
entrusted with the entire management of the 
quarantine and inspection services which were 
enforced there and on the railroad trains en- 
tering therein. In 1880 he was appointed a 
member of the Board of Health of Augusta, 
and unanimously chosen president of that 
body. He was unanimously re-elected in 1881 
and 1884, 1888 and 1892. On the occasion of 
his second re-election to the presidency of the 
Board of Health, the members of that body, 
as a testimonial of their personal regard and 
their high appreciation of his eminent services 
to his native city, presented him with an ele- 
gant gold watch and chain and seal, on which 
were engraved the sentiments of the donors. 
Among the professional papers contributed by 
him are the following: “Carbolic Acid as 
Local Anesthetic in Surgical Operations;” 
“Treatmentof Constitutional Syphilis;” “His- 
CJf'. 
cated at Kinmundy, 111., where he practiced 
for fourteen years. Was appointed local rail- 
road surgeon of the Illinois Central and served 
several years with entire satisfaction to the 
railroad authorities, and stood at the head of 
the profession in his county, having passed 
through several epidemics with wonderful suc- 
cess, especially that of pneumonia. In 1880 
Dr. Forshee located in Madison, Ind. His 
ability as a physician and surgeon placed him 
in front as the leading surgeon of Ins county. 
Was a member of the United States Pension 
Board from 1882 to 1884, and is ex-president of 
the County Medical Association and a member 
of the American Medical Association, County 
Physician and Coroner of the county, and is 
doubtless the only surgeon who amputated 
the femur in upper third for traumatic embol- 
ism of femoral artery caused by gunshot 
wound of left breast; patient made a good re- 
covery ; case reported by State Medical Soci- 
ety in 1887, page 210, and by the suggestion of 
Dr. Hibberd was also published in Indiana 
State Medical Journal in order to give it a wider 
circulation. He is the author of a number of 
medical papers. 
FOSTER, Eugene, of Augusta, Ga., was born 
in that city April 7, 1850. His father was the 
Hon. John Foster, of Georgia, one of the 
most popular and worthy citizens of the 
State. Having received an academic educa- 
tion, he began the study of medicine in the 
fall of 1868, and was graduated M. D. from 
the Medical College of Georgia (now the 
Medical Department of the State University), 
on the Ist of March, 1872. The remainder of 
that year was spent by him in attendance upon 
college clinics and hospitals, where he enjoyed 
extraordinary opportunities for advancement 
in a knowledge of his chosen profession. Re- 
turning from New York in the winter of 1872, 
he entered upon the practice of medicine in all 
of its branches, taking, at once, a high posi- 
(S-M-aewe C^vd/dd. 
tory of Epidemics of Yellow Fever in Augus- 
ta, Georgia;” “The Most Effectual Means of 
Preventing and Controlling Small-pox;” 
“Sanitary Condition and Needs of Augusta;” 
“Examination of Alleged Dangers to Health 
from Excavations of Earth in Spring and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
169 
Summer Seasons;” “Sanitation—Its Impor- 
tance and Economy;” “Prevention and Con- 
trol of Small-pox by Vaccination, Isolation 
and Disinfection;” “The Relative Merits of 
Humanized and Bovine Vaccine Virus;” 
“Compulsory Vaccination—Laws of Plngland, 
Ireland, Scotland, Germany and France, with 
Considerations as to the Probable Results of 
such a Law Applied to America;” “Municipal 
Organization of the American Public Health 
Service;” “Syphilitic Diseases of the Brain;” 
“Diagnosis and Treatment of Small-pox;” 
“Dengue Fever;” “Syphilis as a Sociological 
Problem;” “The Sewerage and Drainage of 
Augusta, Georgia;” “The Water Supply of 
Augusta, Georgia;” “Stricture of Urethra;” 
“Treatment of Phimosis by Dilatation;” “Ra- 
tional Treatment of Diphtheria;” “Modern 
Antiseptic Midwifery;” “Alcoholic Liquors 
in Practice of Medicine;” “Enemata,” and 
“Modern Wound Treatment,” Dr. Foster is the 
writer of several of the leading chapters in 
Buck’s Reference Hand-book of the Medical 
Sciences. For the last sixteen years he has 
been a member of the Medical Association of 
Georgia, manifesting a deep interest in its ca- 
reer of usefulness. He has served as chair- 
man of the Committee on Inebriate Asylums, 
of the Committee on Prize Essays, of the 
Committee on Necrology, Committee on State 
Board of Health, and as a member of the 
Board of Censors, and in 1884 was chosen its 
president, showing his high standing in the 
estimation of the members of this distinguished 
body of physicians. Dr. Foster is a member 
of the American Public Health Association, 
and also of the American Medical Association, 
in both of which he holds positions on their 
most important committees, and has contrib- 
uted to both interesting and valuable medical 
papers. Dr. Foster is the writer of the article 
on Vaccination, in Vol. IX, Transactions of 
American Public Health Association, 1883. 
The publication committee placed it among the 
leading papers of the volume, assigning as the 
reason “that its marked ability and somewhat 
exhaustive character give it a dignity much 
above that of a report.” Dr. Foster is presi- 
dent of the Board of Health of Augusta; 
member of the Board of Trustees of the Lunatic 
Asylum of Georgia; vice-president for Georgia 
of the New York Medico-Legal Society ; mem- 
ber of the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science; member of the Board of Cen- 
sors of the Medical Association of the State of 
Georgia ; president Richmond County Medical 
Association; member of the American Medical 
Association; member of the American Public 
Health Association; member of the Auxiliary 
Committee of the Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress. Pie is a member of St. James Methodist 
Plpiscopal Church South, and is a member of 
both official boards of that church. He is also 
a member of the Joint Board of Finance of 
the Methodist Conference of Georgia. It is 
manifest, from the positions he has held and 
still holds, that he enjoys the highest confi- 
dence and esteem of his professional brethren. 
Dr. Foster is now Professor of Theory and 
Practice of Medicine and Sanitary Science in 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Georgia. To his scientific attainments he has 
added the accomplishments of literary culture, 
while his genial nature renders him a favorite 
in the high social circle in which he moves. 
Still young and in vigorous health, there is 
before him a prospective career of usefulness 
and distinction which may well be envied. 
Already his life has blessed mankind, and is 
an examplar worthy of imitation. 
FOWLKR, Allen, of Salt Lake City, Utah, 
was born in Monroe county, Ya., in 1840. He 
is a son of the late Dr. Thomas Fowler, who 
was one of the best-known physicians of his 
time in that portion of Virginia. His early ed- 
ucation was received at Emory and Henry Col- 
lege,Virginia. On theoutbreak of the Civil War, 
he left that institution and enlisted as a private 
soldier in McLaughlin’s Battalion of Artillery 
of the Second Corps of the Army of Northern 
Virginia. He was promoted to First Lieuten- 
tenant of Lowry’s Battery, in which capacity 
he was commander thereafter of said battery 
during the greater portion of the war. He 
took part in all the battles fought by General 
Early, through the Valley of Virginia and 
Maryland, such as the battles of Winchester, 
Monochacy Junction, Fredericksburg, Har- 
per’s Ferry, and Fisher’s Hill. Pie was severely 
wounded three times. In 1865, immediately 
at the close of the war, he entered upon his 
medical studies at the Medical Department of 
the University of Virginia, and subsequently, 
in 1867, he received his degree as M. D. from 
the University of Maryland. After graduation 
he practiced medicine at Virginia City, Mont., 
till the fall of 1868, when he located in Salt 
Lake City,Utah. On the founding of the Hos- 
pital of the Holy Cross of Salt Lake City, 
eighteen years ago, Dr. Fowler was appointed 
Medical Director. He is Division Surgeon to 
the Rio Grande Western Railroad, member of 
the Salt Lake County Medical Society,' Salt 
Lake Academy of Medicine and President of 
the Territorial Board of Medical Examiners. 170 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
FRENCH, Pinckney, of St. Louis, Mo., son 
of Isaac C. French, was born in Audrian 
county, Mo., May 10, 1852. He comes origi- 
nally of good old New England stock, whose 
virtues he illustrates in his own energetic and 
successful career. His early education was 
limited to the ordinary schools of the neigh- 
borhood in which he was brought up. Still, 
being a youth of sober, steady habits, of 
an inquiring mind, and with a marked 
taste for study, he succeeded in getting a good 
general English education. Deciding to devote 
himself to the medical profession as being the 
calling most in accord with his tastes and best 
adapted to the useful and successful exercise 
of his abilities, he entered upon a course of 
study under Doctors W. H. Lee and John S. 
Potts, both leading physicians of his native 
county. His career as a medical student was 
such as to raise high anticipations in the 
minds of his friends as to his future in medi- 
cine. Following his course of reading, he ma- 
triculated at Miami Medical College, of Cin 
cinnati, 0., from which institution he grad- 
uated in 1873. His course of college training 
was characterized by close application to his 
studies and by that clear and practical com- 
prehension of the principles involved in the 
branches of surgery which have marked his 
subsequent career. The Doctor immediately 
located in his native town, Mexico, Mo , where 
his High attainments and superior abilities as 
a physician soon became recognized, and he 
rapidly built up a large practice which he con- 
tinued to hold with increasing success and 
reputation. He was married in 1874 to Miss 
Lucy Guisenberry, of Boone county, Mo., a 
lady of varied accomplisments, of unusual 
brilliancy of intellect and conversational pow 
ers. In a few years he was appointed surgeon 
of the Chicago and Alton Railroad and surgeon 
of the Wabash Railroad, the former of which 
positions he continued to hold until July, 1891, 
when he resigned to give more attention to 
other duties. In 1879 he was elected presi- 
dent of the Medical Society of Audrian 
county. The following years he was honored 
by the Board of Curators of the Missouri State 
University with the appointment to a member- 
ship of the Board of Medical Examiners of 
that institution, which position he held for 
several years. The Doctor was elected first 
vice-president of the Missouri State Medical 
Association in 1882, and was Professor of Sur- 
gical Anatomy in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, of Chicago, 111., during the 
years of 1882 and 1883, resigning to resume his 
general practice. He was during this time 
associate editor of the surgical department of 
the Western Medical and Surgical lieporter, of 
Chicago. In 1885 he visited Europe, thus 
gratifying a cherished ambition, for the pur- 
pose of thoroughly acquainting himself with 
the rapid progress of modern sciences, more 
especially those pertaining to medicine. He 
visited hospitals of renown, observed and 
studied closely the branches of surgery, and 
gained much useful information and knowl- 
edge. There he was closely associated with 
some of the most eminent physicians and sur- 
geons that the world had ever produced. He 
has made a collection of their portraits and 
has secured interesting sketches of their lives, 
and visiting his office it would be both pleasant 
and interesting to note the collection thus ob- 
tained and so highly prized. Returning to 
this country, he found that the strides of 
progress had made St. Louis a city of great 
desirability as a place of residence, and Dr. 
French, like many other men of progressive 
and liberal ideas, left his native town and re- 
moved to that city, and thus united his ener- 
gies and consultation with those of the medi- 
cal men already there, in the work of making 
it one of the great medical centers of the 
world. He became at once connected with 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which 
chair he held until 1890. Having acquired a 
good practice among the best families of the 
city, in 1890 he moved his family and took up 
Ins" residence in St. Louis, and after studying 
the architectural designs of a number of places, 
planned out and erected one of the hand- 
somest residences of Delmar avenue, so popu- 
larly known for its beautiful dwellings. About 
tins time Dr. French became interested in the 
organization of the Marion-Sims College of 
Medicine, and was elected secretary of its first 
board of directors and also its first faculty. 
He was elected Professor to the Chair of the 
Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clin- 
ical Surgery, and continued to hold the same 
until the spring of 1892. His experience in 
this department of his profession gives evi- 
dence of his being an interesting and popular 
teacher, plain, practical, ready of language, 
clear in expression and discrimination in the 
enforcement of his conclusions. At all times 
he has been in sympathy with his students, 
and has ever looked to their interest and ad- 
vancement in their studies, and has gained 
the admiration, respect and esteem of every 
student who has had the good fortune to come 
under his well-directed instructions. “He has 
recently conceived the noble idea of rearing 
in his adopted city an institution of medical 
learning built upon a true foundation of proper 
management and established upon a policy of 
instruction which would be recognized the 
world over. As a result of this, the Barnes 
Medical College has had its birth, and with 
the aid of Drs. Hughes and Carpenter, a 
board of directors was formed of wealthy and 
influential citizens, and, as a well-earned re- 
ward, Dr. French was made secretary, vir- 
tually placing within his hands the manage- 
ment of an institution which has had its origin 
in prosperity, and, with a phenomenal begin- 
ning, will soon grow with unparalleled success, 
until it stands in the foreground of the pro- 
fession, the representative medical institution 
of the West. He has labored with unusual 
efforts to procure a large class of students, and, 
through his peculiar personal magnetism, a 
large number of representative young men 
have been drawn from this and other States. 
The subject of this sketch is now in full vigor 
and strength of manhood, with all his facul- 
ties unimpaired. He is a man of great sagac- 
ity, quickness, sound judgment, noble impulses 
and remarkable force and determination of 
character. Honorable in every relation of 
life, and of unblemished reputation, he com- 
mands the respect and confidence of all who 
know him. As a physician and surgeon, he is 
held in the highest esteem by his fellow- 
men. As he has devoted his life to a 
noble profession, so he is now crowned 
with its choicest rewards. In all pro- 
fessions, but more especially the medical, 
there are exalted heights to which genius 
itself dares scarcely soar, and which can only EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
171 
Re gained after long years of patient, arduous 
and unremitting toil, inflexible and unfaltering 
courage; to this proud eminence, we may safely 
say, Dr. Pinckney French has risen, and in this 
statement we feel confident we will be sus- 
tained by the universal opinion of his profes- 
sional brethren, the best standard of judgment 
in such cases.” Among the associations of 
which he is a member may be mentioned, the 
Surgical Association of the Wabash Railroad, 
of which he is now president; the Missouri 
State Medical Association; the American Med- 
ical Association; the Mississippi Valley Med- 
ical Association; and the St. Louis Medical 
Society. He is also consulting surgeon to the 
St. Louis City Hospital. He enjoys a large sur- 
gical practice, his professional labor including 
some of the most difficult work known to sur- 
gery, and in which he has been unusually suc- 
cessful. As a surgeon, he is skillful in diag- 
nosis, cautious and conservative in operative 
procedures and in all professional work; and 
for coolness and sound judgment in his under- 
takings, he is one of the most widely-known 
young surgeons in America. Among his work 
are included many laparotomies and crani- 
otomies and 177 amputations. While not a 
voluminous writer, he has prepared several 
articles of decided merit. Among which 
are the following: “Aneurism of Femoral Ar- 
tery, Ligation “Surgical Treatment of Dys- 
menorrhea;” “Spontaneous Fractures;” “Sur- 
gical Errors;” “Modern Treatment of Tuber- 
culous Joints;” “Cephalomatomia, Operation 
by Forcible Extraction;” “Cephalomatomia, 
its Treatment by Aspiration;” “Amputation, 
a Review of its History, with Report of One 
Hundred Cases;” and “Innominate Aneu- 
rism,” with a review of the cases now on record. 
FRICK, Charles, of Baltimore, Md., was 
born August 8, 1823, and died March 25, 1860. 
His father, the Hon. William Frick, was a 
distinguished member of the Maryland bar, 
and after filling several posts of prominence 
was elected Judge of the Superior Court of 
Baltimore City, a position which he held at 
the time of his death in 1855. The following 
extracts concerning the brief but brilliant ca- 
reer of the subject of this sketch are derived 
from an extended memoir by Prof. F. Donald- 
son in the American Medical Biography. His 
early life was characterized by remarkable 
sweetness of temper, by a careful observance 
of the rights of his companions, by unusual 
quickness in the acquisition of knowledge, and 
by a spirit of self-abnegation and a forbear- 
ance towards the weak and unfortunate, which 
secured him the esteem and admiration of all 
who knew him. His classical and mathemat- 
ical education was completed at Baltimore Col- 
lege under President Prentiss, who was heard 
to say, a few years before his death, that he 
had been the cleverest boy he had ever had 
under his charge. After leaving college he 
selected the profession of engineering, and 
was employed for a while as an assistant on 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In the spring 
of 1843 he began the study of medicine with 
his friend Dr. Thomas H. Buckler, and in the 
ensuing autumn attended a partial course of 
lectures in the University of Maryland. At 
the close of the session he was admitted as a 
resident pupil into the hospital attached to the 
Baltimore City and County Almshouse, aver- 
aging about six hundred inmates, with two 
hundred beds for the sick, and a lying-in de- 
partment. Dr. Frick took the deepest interest 
in his cases, discussing with his young col- 
leagues, their diagnosis and treatment, and 
never failing to examine the bodies of those 
who died. He was the first to keep a daily 
record <sf the diseases as they were admitted, 
finding that it gave accuracy to his reports, 
while it improved his methodical habits, 
which were afterwards of great service to him. 
Professor William Power, a brother-in-law of 
Dr. Frick, having several years previously re- 
turned from Paris, where he had been a favor- 
ite pupil of the great Louis, was the first to 
introduce a knowledge of auscultation into 
the practice in Baltimore. To this depart- 
ment, in the first instance, Mr. Frick’s atten- 
tion was attracted, and to acquire a familiar 
knowledge of it, he applied the zeal and 
energy always characteristic of him. The 
accuracy and beauty of this science warmed 
him into enthusiasm, and at hours when the 
other students thought they could sit and 
smoke together, he was often discovered wan- 
dering about from bed to bed, with stetho- 
scope in hand, marking out the limits of the 
diseases of the heart and lungs. In this way, 
not unfrequently, he would ferret out in the 
old chronic wards some rasping murmur, or 
perhaps some heretofore unsuspected aneu- 
rism. To him the house was never destitute 
of interest, even when others complained of 
the dullness of the wards; for his time and his 
thoughts were always employed in investigat- 
ing disease. His talk was of medical cases, 
and his accurate ear, and still more, his great 
attention, together with his power of discrim- 
ination and analysis, soon made him a fine 
auscultator. Yet he never hastily formed his 
opinions merely from physical signs, but gave 
them their due correlative value when associ- 
ated with the subjective symptoms; for he 
recognized the true principle that, by them- 
selves, they were indications of physical con- 
ditions, and not of pathological lesions. The 
dead-house was to him a source of great inter- 
est, for his favorite authors were Louis, An- 
dral, and Chornel, of the pathological school, 
all of whom taught him that descriptions of 
disease were valueless, unless the daily details 
of their progress were carefully recorded, to- 
gether with the post-mortem lesions, not mere- 
ly of those organs that appeared to bear upon 
a particular point of their history, but of all 
of them as minutely as the modes of examin- 
ation then accessible permitted. When others 
would weary of the unpleasant work Mr. 
Frick would remain and try “to search for 
truth even to the center,” at the expense of 
any amount of time and trouble. When he 
left the almshouse at the end of his year, he 
carried with him, besides a number of ana- 
tomical preparations, a large number of cases 
of a great variety of disease, hoarded up in 
the storehouse of his memory for future use. 
In March, 1845, he took the degree of Doctor 
of Medicine, in the same university where, 
twelve years subsequently, he was elected to 
the professorship. His inaugural thesis was 
written on Puerperal Fever, and contained 
numerous cases which he had himself carefully 
observed. In this he manfully maintained its 
contagious character, and ably criticised Nun- 
nelly’s view of its identity with erysipelas. 
Dr. Frick’s first article appeared in the April 
number of the American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, 1846. It consisted of reports of cases 172 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of remittent fever made by Dr. Washington F. 
Anderson and himself, together with remarks 
by Dr. Alfred Stills, of Philadelphia. Its 
value may be judged of from the fact that it 
has been extensively quoted in Bartlett’s book 
on Fevers, and, indeed, in all systematic treat- 
ises in which remittent fever is included, as 
an important contribution to our knowledge of 
its pathology. Louis’ valuable treatise on “Ty- 
phoid Fever” had made its appearance in 1836, 
establishing the characteristic lesions of that 
disease, which bad the effect of attracting at- 
tention to other fevers, and Dr. Stewardson 
published, in 1841, his paper on the lesions of 
“Remittent Fever,” for the first time showing 
that the anatomical characteristics of the dis- 
ease was the condition of the liver, which was 
enlarged with its consistence diminished, es- 
pecially of the right lobe, and its color changed 
to that of a slate or bronze, the surface of a 
section being polished. Dr. Stewardson’s 
cases were only nine in number, and Frick 
and Anderson’s were eleven, with one of 
pneumonia, in a patient who had had remit- 
tent fever, from the pathological lesions of 
which he had not recovered. The great value 
of these observations consisted in their con- 
firming those of Dr. Stewardson, and establish- 
ing the fact of the uniformity of the softening of 
tissue of various organs, but especially of the 
liver, spleen, and heart. Thus we have had a 
point of pathology fixed, and material aid 
afforded to a clear classification of essential, 
idiopathic fevers. soon after graduating, Dr. 
Frick opened an office in the spring of 1845, 
with his friend, Dr. Stedman R. Tilghman, 
whose talents for surgery gave great promise 
of usefulness and distinction. As is usually 
the case in large cities, these young practi- 
tioners made but little progress in the first two 
years, and Dr. Tilghman, having received an 
offer of the position of surgeon in one of the 
volunteer corps in the Mexican War, gladly 
accepted it. The climate of Mexico and the 
hardships of the campaign overcame his once 
vigorous constitution, and he died the follow- 
ing summer. Dr. Frick patiently struggled 
on, and organized, with three of his friends, 
in the fall of 1847, the Maryland Medical In- 
stitute, a preparatory school of medicine, he 
taking the department of practical medicine. 
This gave him occupation of a pleasant kind, 
and developed a talent for teaching, which, a 
few years later, made him a very acceptable 
professor. M. Andral’s little book on the 
blood, containing, as it did, his important re- 
searches as to its organic constituents, had 
given Dr. Frick, when but a student, a taste 
for animal chemistry, which soon ripened into 
a fondness for it. Moreover, with the fund of 
knowledge he had accumulated by his hard 
study and his year’s experience in a large hos- 
pital, he yet felt the necessity for still further 
aids to diagnosis, and had a strong desire to 
dive deeper into the human currents. He 
therefore cultivated his knowledge of chem- 
istry, in which, in fact, he had almost entirely 
educated himself, for he received but little as- 
sistance from others. In January, 1848, he 
published in the American Journal of the Medi- 
cal Sciences the results of his analyses of the 
blood, which, as he stated, he had undertaken 
with no view of supporting any particular 
theory in regard to the chemical changes the 
blood undergoes in disease, but to determine 
its healthy composition as a standard formula, 
in order to be able to note any alterations 
which disease might effect, and thus prove of 
assistance in diagnosis or treatment. Although 
Andral had already done a great deal in ascer- 
taining the changes disease produces in the or- 
ganic elements, yet it seemed to him that there 
was an ample field in the study of the inor- 
ganic changes. This article of Dr. Frick gave 
him a place among the most distinguished 
medical writers of his time, and in modern 
works on animal chemistry, these investiga- 
tions are quoted side by side with those of 
Lehman, Becquerel, Rodier, and Simon. In 
Ancell’s treatise on “Tuberculosis,” Dr. Frick’s 
analyses of the organic and inorganic ingredi- 
ents of the blood in that disease are given with 
minuteness and in detail. The care and labor 
which he bestowed upon these analyses were 
very great. He systematically tabulated every 
ingredient, with all the concomitant or modi- 
fying circumstances, in one hundred and fifty 
cases, including many of the principal diseases 
such as tubercular phthisis, idiopathic fevers, 
rheumatism and anaemia. As evidence of his 
patient spirit in his investigations of scientific 
facts, and his perfect fairness in his deduc- 
tions, it ought to be stated that in his conclu- 
sions he rejected no less than seventy of these 
troublesome analyses, because there was some 
little point in the diagnosis or in the process 
which he considered as uncertain. In October, 
1849, Dr. Frick was elected Attending Physi- 
cian to the Maryland Penitentiary, a position 
which he filled for seven years. His yearly 
reports to the trustees all contain data collect- 
ed from observations of the effect of the con- 
finement upon the inmates, which are of in- 
terest and value. He took the pains, after ex- 
amining the convicts when admitted, to 
weigh them systematically every six months 
for years, carefully tabulating the results, in 
order to ascertain what they lost or gained in 
weight under the influence of their imprison- 
ment, comparing the different occupations and 
diet upon both the whites and blacks. He made 
the hygiene of the institution his especial 
study, and his practical suggestions were 
found to promote in many ways both the com- 
fort and health of the inmates. As evidence 
of this, we find that of three hundred and 
eighty admissions, in the course of three years, 
only one case of tubercular phthisis had its 
origin within the prison. Before Dr. Frick 
left the almshouse, urinary pathology had be- 
come a favorite study with him, and he was 
pronounced a few years afterwards, by Prof. 
John A. Swett, of New York, who had him- 
self paid much attention to this class of dis- 
eases, as the most reliable authority in regard 
to them in the United States. As the fruits of 
his labor in this field, previously so little ex- 
plored, he published, in 1850, his volume on 
“Renal Diseases.” He stated in his preface 
that his motive was to simplify the study of 
urinary pathology, and to make it attractive to 
others. This he admirably succeeded in, to- 
gether with giving to the medical public many 
valuable hints and some important truths. 
One great beauty of Dr. Frick’s mind was that 
it was so well balanced, that, with all his en- 
thusiasm, he never had hobbies—he did not 
over estimate the importance of any one set of 
symptoms. As proof of this, we call attention 
to the introduction to this volume, .where he 
was decidedly in advance of others who had 
written on the same subject, when he urged EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
173 
his readers not to place too much confidence 
on the mere examination of the urine, either 
chemically or microscopically; claiming for it 
the same relative position that auscultation 
occupied in thoracic diseases, their significa- 
tion to be interpreted by the other symptoms. 
In July, 1852, in the American Journal of Medi- 
cal Sciences, will be found a report from Dr. 
Frick of some cases of diabetes meJlitus, giv- 
ing in minute detail the symptoms as they 
presented themselves, with carefully drawn-up 
tables, showing the influence of the various 
treatments upon the course of disease, as well 
as that of the different diets, animal, farina- 
ceous and vegetable. This paper is valuable 
as confirmatory, by close clinical observation, 
of M. Bernard’s view of the formation of 
sugar in the liver. So minutely and carefully 
is everything having any bearing, either upon 
the nature of the disease, its hygienic or ther- 
apeutical treatment, recorded in these cases, 
that it was spoken of to the writer of these 
pages by one of the most eminent medical au- 
thors of this country, as a model paper. In 
October, 1853, Dr. Frick married Achsah Sar- 
gent, the eldest daughter of the Rev. Thomas 
B. Sargent, D. D., of Baltimore, a distinguished 
Methodist clergyman. In June, 1854, he read 
before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland, at their annual meeting, a paper on 
the diuretic properties of different drugs, as 
shown by his experiments in no less than two 
thousand separate observations on the inmates 
of the prison. These were the average results 
obtained from the examination of a large 
number of cases taking the same remedy. 
Every precaution was taken by him to have 
the results accurate, by making allowance for 
th€ condition, age, and other controlling cir- 
cumstances in each case. Notwithstanding 
Becquerel and Bird’s published works show 
that the quantity of fluid passed is no test of 
itself of the increased or diminished function 
of the kidneys; but that the quantity of the 
solid materials is the real test, yet the division 
of diuretics into two classes, the hydragogue 
and depurative, is generally completely ig- 
nored. In his paper Dr. Frick draws particu- 
lai attention to this distinction, insisting upon 
its importance, demonstrating that very fre- 
quently the extra amount of urine passed is 
owing to the perspiratory functions being less 
active, or to the amount of water imbibed 
greater; whereas the number of grains of 
solid material represents the elements of 
the worn-out tissues and those substances 
which, although absorbed by the blood, 
subserve none of the purposes of nutrition, 
and therefore seek an outlet by the kidneys. 
In these experiments, Dr. Frick arrived at 
some novel results. The sulphate of quinine, 
three grains, with sulphate of iron, one grain, 
was the most powerful diuretic, producing fifty- 
seven fluid ounces, containing 1248 grains of 
solid material, 700 being the natural average, 
Next in value was juniper tea, causing dis- 
charge of fifty-six fluid ounces, with 1134 
grains. Below these two came in order the 
prussiate of iron, sulphate of iron, and acetate 
of potash. Sweet spirits of nitre, generally 
considered so valuable as a diuretic, did not 
increase in the least the fluid, and the solids 
to a very slight extent, in fact only 782 gi’ains. 
Morphia and strychnia decreased both the 
fluid and the solids. In connection with uri- 
nary pathology, Dr. Frick tried to clear up the 
indefinite ideas generally prevalent, in regard 
to Bright’s disease. In a paper read before 
the Baltimore Pathological Society, in 1855, 
and published among its transactions in the 
Virginia Medical Journal, and still later, in two 
clinical lectures published in the American 
Medical Monthly, of New York, he substan- 
tiates the general belief that the mere pres- 
ence of albumen does not show, as the dis- 
tinguished discoverer of the disease taught, 
that there is any Bright’s disuse; but that it 
may be owing to simple congestion, or to 
pressure, as in pregnancy. Dr. Frick believed, 
with Jones and Sieveking, that a diseased 
state of the blood is the essential cause of 
renal degeneration, and that this consists in 
an abnormal state of the natural constituents, 
probably of the albumen, or fibrine, which in- 
duces an unhealthy nutrition of the renal tis- 
sues. He made a broad distinction between 
the enlarged kidney from degenerative disease, 
and the contracted, granular kidney, resemb- 
ling cirrhosis. Dr. Frick taught that the pres- 
ence of fibrinous casts of the tubes containing 
spherical epithelium, and sometimes blood cor- 
puscles, indicate congestion or inflammation 
of the tubuli, and nothing else; but if these 
epithelial cells are enlarged, and their walls 
thickened, making them unusually opaque, if 
they are in sufficient quantity to block up the 
channel of the tubes, and, moreover, contain 
a certain quanty of oil-globules, we can have no 
doubt as to the nature of the disease. Equally 
important is it, when the casts are almost solid, 
containing more or less oil but no epithelium, 
showing that the epithelial cells have been al- 
ready thrown off, and the nutrition of the part 
is incapable of forming them anew. During 
these years that he was doing so much for the 
science, his reputation at home was gradually 
increasing his business as a practitioner, but 
not in proportion to his acknowledged mer- 
its. He was occasionally discouraged, but 
he knew if he persevered his success was in- 
evitable; so, with a bold but patient spirit, 
he did persevere, all the time endeavoring to 
prepare himself the better to attend to the 
cure of disease, in all and any shape it might 
present itself. He had many resources with 
which to fill up his spare time profitably and 
pleasantly. Belonging to a family remarkable 
for their cultivated intelligence, he had eai'ly 
in life acquired a fondness for general litera- 
ture, with an appreciative taste for the fine 
arts. The study of the natural sciences was 
very attractive to him, and he would have en- 
joyed spending much of his time upon them. 
Moi’eover, his social position gave him access 
to the most refined and educated of the com- 
munity, and his cordial manners made him a 
welcome visitor. Although his profession was 
the first object with him, yet he thought it his 
duty to cultivate himself as a member of so- 
ciety. He followed the advice he gave to the 
graduating class, when he said: “You should 
bear in mind always that you are members of 
an intelligent and civilized society, and that, 
as such, you are bound to use all your abilities 
to multiply and diffuse the heaven-born bless- 
ings, which tend to adorn and dignify the so- 
cial relations of man, and that constitute the 
greatest source of human happiness. Remem- 
ber that the tendency of every pursuit is to 
give a certain narrowness to each individual’s 
mind, whereby he accords too great import- 
ance to his own occupation, and underrates 174 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
all others. In your leisure moments, there- 
fore, endeavor in a knowledge of the useful 
and elegant arts, and in the charms of polite 
literature, to enlarge those acquirements, which 
are common to all educated men.” During 
the years 1855 and 1856, Dr. Frick took a 
prominent part in the Baltimore Pathological 
Society. The proceedings of this society, as 
found in Dr. Van Bibber’s reports in the Vir- 
ginia Medical Journal, contain some valuable 
papers from his,pen. In this association, con- 
sisting, besides men of his own date and age, 
of some of the older members of the profes- 
sion in the city, he was looked up to and lis- 
tened to with marked attention. In the dis- 
cussions, especially on urinary pathology, he 
was eagerly appealed to as authority. On the 
establishment, in 1856, of the Maryland Col- 
lege of Pharmacy, Dr. Frick was selected to 
fill the chair of Materia Medica. His accurate 
knowledge of his subject, and his peculiarly 
apt and impressive mode of imparting his in- 
formation, soon established his reputation as 
a lecturer. For two years he taught with sig- 
nal success. He had no small share in start- 
ing on a sure basis this college, organized to 
promote the standard of education among 
apothecaries. In the summer of 1856, he 
made a tour of a few months in Europe, visit- 
ing, with interest and pi'oflt, the hospitals in 
Paris and in London. He could not but have 
been gratified at his cordial reception, by the 
great pathologists, Paget, Todd, Bence Jones, 
and Trousseau, particularly when he found 
that it was in consequence of their familiarity 
with his scientific papers, and their high ap- 
preciation of them. He speaks glowingly in 
his journal of his enjoyment of the good and 
the beatiful in art and in nature, which he 
met with in his travels; but that which par- 
ticularly attracted his attention, and had most 
beauty in his eyes, was anything connected 
with his favorite study. In August he says: 
“I have never seen anything so beautiful as 
the Alpine Flora; on every side, quantities of 
aconite with its tall spike of blue hoods, the 
delicate little campanella with its bell-shaped 
cup, and the ‘ modest blue gentian ’ skirting 
the glaciers. And throughout Switzerland, I 
met with quantities of colchicum.” Every- 
where he kept in view his lectureship, as was 
shown from his bringing home with him a 
number of rare specimens of materia medica 
he had collected as he went along. On return- 
ing from Europe Dr. Frick recommenced his 
private practice with his accustomed energy 
and activity. Already his name had been 
mentioned in other schools of medicine, and 
he had been written to about them; but he 
would not consent, even to be offered a profes- 
sorship elsewhere, for he considered himself 
as permanently moored in Baltimore; and we 
question whether the most lucrative chair in 
the country could have enticed him away. 
His friendships and social connections were 
very strong, and he did not think a man could 
be a good teacher of medicine unless he was 
an active practitioner, daily meeting with the 
trials as well as successes necessarily attend- 
ant upon such a life. Dr. Frick thought that 
it would be indelicate in him to apply for a 
place in the school of medicine of his own 
city, particularly when the faculty, composed 
as it was entirely of medical men, had the se- 
lection. His high-toned sense shrank from 
such obtrusiveness. But this was unnecessary, 
for, as another friend of his has expressed it, 
“ in 1858 a vacancy occurred in the faculty of 
the University of Maryland, whereupon all 
eyes were turned towards Dr. Frick, as the man 
above all others in the medical profession of 
our city, whose entire fitness for the chair was 
pre-eminent and undeniable; and when the 
faculty, in verification of the universally ex- 
pressed opinion, elevated him to the professor- 
ship of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
most hearty congratulations were offered, as 
well to the new professor as to his colleagues; 
and the most confident predictions were ut- 
tered as to his success as a teacher, and the 
considerable part he was likely to take in ex- 
tending the usefulness and reputation of the 
institution.” Immediately on being appointed 
to the professorship, he took charge of the 
medical department of the Baltimore Infirm- 
ary, as visiting physician. This was, perhaps, 
to him, the most attractive part of his new 
field, because, to render his general course of 
lectures complete, he would be obliged to in- 
clude much of traditional teaching in regard 
to the action of remedies, about which he was 
by no means satisfied; although he endeav- 
ored, as far as possible, to guard against the 
excessive use of drugs, and a too great reliance 
upon them, without attending to the hygienic 
management, such as the regimen and the 
nursing, upon which he laid much stress. At 
the hospital, with cases of intricate disease to 
investigate, he was perfectly at home; and he 
had an opportunity of practically testing the 
value of the remedies of which he spoke at the 
university. His great familiarity with all the 
modern modes of searching into morbid phe- 
nomena, his being an expert auscultator, a fine 
analytical chemist, and his dexterity in the 
use of the microscope, and, above all, his pa- 
tient, unwearying industry, made him a re- 
markably accurate diagnostician. This, of it- 
self, fixed the attention and excited the ad- 
miration of a large class of students, who 
followed his daily visits. He was willing and 
anxious to impart his knowledge, and spared 
no pains to render all clear to them. His uni- 
form kindness attached them to his person, 
and his perfect frankness in regard to his 
opinions, confessing, as he always did, when 
he was in doubt, or when he had made an er- 
roneous diagnosis, gave them great confidence 
in his judgment. As a lecturer he was equally 
fortunate. He was listened to with marked 
attention, and even when speaking of dry de- 
tails of the drugs themselves, he made his sub- 
ject one of interest to them. In regard to the 
medical controversies of his day, Dr. Frick 
did not hesitate to express his opinions as he 
had matured them. Of that in relation to 
blood-letting, he did not disbelieve that it was 
sometimes useful in pneumonia and other in- 
flammatory diseases, but he taught that it was 
inadmissible in any other than the forming 
stage of the disease, and even then only with 
a view of relieving the pressing dyspnoea, 
when it was to be resorted to with great cau- 
tion, on account of its depriving the blood of 
its red globules, essential to its nutritive func- 
tions. In the important change visible every- 
where in the treatment of inflammations, he 
did not deny the theory of Watson and others, 
that there had been a change of type of dis- 
ease, but, to use his own words, “ one great 
cause of the change in regard to active treat- 
ment, including venesection, is the better ob- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
175 
servation of diseases, their progress, and the 
results of remedies upon them.” In 1858, Dr. 
Frick made a report to the Pathological So- 
ciety, containing his interesting investigations 
in regard to vaccination and revaccination. 
The whole number of revaccinations observed 
by him was six hundred and twelve. Vacci- 
nia being acknowledged now as a variola re- 
duced to its minimum, it is curious that, 
whereas in the latter the percentage of per- 
sons taking it twice is only five per cent., in 
the former Dr. Frick found the percentage of 
successful revaccinations in private practice 
was thirty-one per cent., and in the prison 
twenty-one per cent. He found that the sus- 
ceptibility of individuals to vaccination was 
not modified by age; and, what was still more 
curious, that the percentage of successful re- 
vaccinations was not greater as the years in- 
creased. So he concluded, not only that there 
was no particular age at which individuals are 
most liable to successful revaccination, but 
that the protection vaccine virus affords, con- 
trary to the received impression, does not di- 
minish by time, but is modified by the pecul- 
iarities of the individual’s constitution, which 
can only be ascertained by experiment. Re- 
ferring to the origin of urea, the most im- 
portant ingredient, in a physiological point of 
view, of the whole urinary secretion, Dr. Frick 
was led by his own investigations to differ 
from Liebig and Bischoff, who maintained that 
it was derived entirely from the metamor- 
phosis of the nitrogenous tissues, and to agree 
with Lehman and Schmidt, in admitting this 
source, but asserting that, in addition, the 
quantity is increased by the ingesta of nitro- 
genous food. The immediate formation of 
urea he believed, with Liebig and Dr. 'Will- 
iam A. Hammond, to be from the oxidation 
of uric acid, which he considered a substance 
one degree higher in the scale of descending 
metamorphosis of matter. Dr. Frick acknowl- 
edges that uric acid is a normal constituent of 
the blood, and that in acute and chronic gout' 
there is always an abnormal quantity present, 
wdiereas, in rheumatism, the reverse is the 
case, the excess being in the urine, and the 
deficiency in the blood. To do Dr. Frick’s 
views justice on this important point, we feel 
we ought to quote his own clear and expressive 
words: “But it is important to know that a 
deposit of this acid or its salts does not always 
occur because there is an excess. Indeed, 
such is never the case from excess alone. To 
be excreted from the blood at all, it must be 
in solution, and as it is then removed from the 
laws of vitality, and free to be influenced by 
chemical reaction alone, the cause of deposi- 
tion whilst in the urinary passages must be 
looked for either in the composition of the 
urine itself, or in the condition of the mem- 
brane over which it passes. The forms in 
which this substance is found to exist as a de- 
posit are urate of soda, urate of ammonia, and, 
now more rarely, urate of lime. Now, ammo- 
nia, as is well known, is not a constituent of 
healthy urine, but results from decomposition 
of the urea, either before or after emission. 
The existence, therefore, of urate of ammonia 
implies that decomposition has taken place 
after secretion. This decomposition is more 
likely to occur in the bladder than elsewhere; 
and hence, calculi of urate of ammonia should 
be most commonly found in this viscus. Such 
is really the case. Urate of soda, on the other 
hand, is the normal condition in which uric 
acid exists in solution; and if ammonia alone 
be produced by decomposition, the urate will 
be found in this form. Again, if, from decom- 
position, a stronger acid than the uric be de- 
veloped, this acid will unite with the soda, the 
result will be a deposit of uric acid alone. It 
is exceedingly rare for urine, on its emission, 
to contain free uric acid or urates as a deposit. 
It is apparently so, for these changes are pro- 
duced in a short time from the metamorphosis 
of the pigment into lactic acid, and sometimes 
also, acetic acid, by the influence of the mucus 
of the urinary passages.” This he imputes 
to what Sherer had called “ acid urinary 
fermenation.” The ferment can easily be 
removed by boiling fresh urine, by adding 
alcohol to it, or, still better, by filtering 
it. This fermentation can take place either 
out of the bladder or before it is voided. 
For this reason Dr. Frick could no longer rec- 
ognize a uric acid diathesis, inasmuch as the 
increased amount is simply due ta a departure 
from ordinary physiological laws; and the de- 
posit, to changes taking place in effete organic 
matter. In the same way, phosphoric acid, 
being a normal constituent of urine, is derived 
from the blood, and the amount is increased 
only in one class of diseases, and that is in- 
flammation of the brain itself, it being a phos- 
phorized tissue. Thus there is no ground for 
the phosphatic diathesis theory. Dr. Frick 
calls attention here to the fact how exceeding- 
ly common it is to find the phosphates in the 
urine of persons who, from paralysis or other 
causes, have lost the ability to empty their 
bladder, or who have chronic inflammation of 
this organ. In this latter case, an undue 
amount of altered mucus is secreted, which, 
acting as a ferment upon the urea, produces as 
a result, ammonia, by which the acid reaction 
of the urine is removed, and the phosphates at 
the same time deposited. We must, therefore, 
look for the causes of phosphatic calculi almost 
entirely in the bladder itself, renal calculi be- 
ing nearly exclusively of oxalate of lime and 
uric acid. In regard to oxalate of lime, Leh- 
mann had shown it to be an ingredient of 
healthy urine, by exposing it out of doors to a 
temperature just below 32° Fahr., by which 
means the water alone freezes; the urine con- 
centrates slowly, and the crystals are found in 
the deposit, in the form of octahedra. These 
chief constituents of calculi, uric acid, the 
phosphates and oxalate of lime* being healthy 
constituents of the urine, a deposit of any one 
of them by no means proves it is in excess. It 
may even be coincident with a diminution, and 
therefore it is fair to conclude, with Dr. Frick, 
that these diatheses, as they were called, do 
not really exist. Having established this 
point, he shows that calculi are most common 
in England, Holland, and in the northwestern 
part of France, where there is a great humid- 
ity of the air. This unusual amount of vapor 
in the atmosphere has the indirect effect, as is 
familiarly known as to the bronchi, of irritat- 
ing the mucous passages generally, and of those 
of the urinary organs in particular, by inter- 
fering with the normal action of the skin, and 
thus giving the kidneys extra duty, and alterT 
ing the mucous epithelium either in quantity 
or quality. Moreover, analyses have shown 
other facts having an important bearing upon 
this point. For we now know that these cal- 
culi contain much animal matter, sometimes 176 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
as nuclei, in the shape of clots of blood, mu- 
cus or epithelium; and calculi are frequently 
met with where there has been stricture of the 
urethra, disease of the prostate, and organic 
disease of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder. 
Then again, it has been long observed that for- 
eign substances in the bladder act almost in- 
variably the part of nuclei of calculi. These 
facts all appear to render Dr. Frick’s views 
correct, in attributing to morbid secretions, 
whether blood, albumen, or epithelial, result- 
ing from chronic or acute irritation of the 
bladder, the credit of the formation of calculi, 
and not, as has been heretofore supposed, to 
the composition of the urine. Such being the 
case, in order to prevent their formation or 
re-formation, he advises that the remedies be 
addressed to the urinary passages themselves, 
and not to their secretions. See essay on the 
“Formation of Urinary Calculi,” 1858. This 
article shows how unwilling he was to grope 
on in the dark, taking for granted what other 
men had written. He thus searches after 
truth and throws valuable light upon impor- 
tant points in pathology. Dr. Frick’s last pub- 
lication was one made by his class, being his 
lecture on diuretics. It is a clear exposition 
of his views on the action of a class of reme- 
dies which he had thoroughly studied. It is 
scientific, yet very practical. We have thus 
traced, step by step, Dr. Frick’s career, short 
in duration, but valuable in its results to 
science. Our motive has been to do justice to 
his talents and his labors; and to leave on 
record for those who follow him his bright 
example, demonstrating how much can be 
accomplished by persevering industry, and 
unwavering adherence to high principle and 
truth. For a due appreciation of the force of 
Dr. Frick’s character, it ought to be known 
that, from the moment of his commencing his 
medical studies, to the time of his receiving 
the appointment at the university, he was 
struggling under the depressing influence of 
pecuniary embarrassment. His proud spirit 
was almost broken from feeling so acutely the 
sting of temporary obligation from even his 
own brothers; yet he never flagged in the 
study and investigation of the truth. Nor 
could offers, which we know were made to him 
to go into business of a very lucrative kind, 
tempt him to abandon the profession of his 
choice and of his affections. Before conclud- 
ing this narrative with the last sad and pain- 
ful scenes of his life, we must be allowed to 
speak of the high estimate in which he was 
held in his native city by his professional 
brethren. He was considered, not only as oc- 
cupying an eminent position in science, but as 
destined to be a prominent practitioner; for, 
with all his high scientific attainments he was 
exceedingly practical, and his investigations 
had a direct bearing upon practical medicine. 
He was looked up to with reverence by the 
men of his own date; and, over the younger 
men, he had unbounded influence. His elders 
in medicine had already learned his value, and 
were availing themselves of his knowledge in 
consultations. He was acknowledged to be the 
very man for the times, in wrhich a great revolu- 
tionary movement was going on in medical 
doctrines, when some were disposed, in the 
reaction from polypharmacy to go to the other 
extreme, and become skeptical of the value of 
therapeutical agents. He was not credulous, 
but he did not permit his incredulity to shake 
his belief in all medication. He was not will- 
ing to be led by tradition in medical science, 
but he was ready to trust the statements of 
others, when they were based upon reliable 
experiments. He had, it is true, very little 
confidence in the mere dicta of men, however 
eminent, because no one knew better than he 
did upon how loose and unscientific founda- 
tions the reputation of drugs had often com- 
menced. He was conservative in the true 
sense of the word. He was fbr preserving the 
truly valuable of the old in medicine, and only 
in favor of the new, when it was the growth 
of healthful progress. With all his enthusi- 
asm, he was deliberate in the formation of 
his opinions, and never intolerant of those 
who differed from him. As a practitioner, he 
was highly esteemed, for he was sympathizing, 
kind, and attentive. He was thorough in his 
examinations, and careful and watchful in his 
treatment. Dr. Frick had been connected 
with the university for two years with entire 
satisfaction to all parties, and as he advanced 
in reputation and in practice, he devoted him- 
self with increased energy to the acquisition of 
knowledge. He seemed about to reap the 
fruit of all his labor, and to have his patience 
rewarded by a success in life, of which he 
might have been proud. He was attending to 
the active duties of his noble avocation, 
cheered by his present prosperous state and 
buoyant with bright hopes of the future. He 
was the pride of his friends and the ornament 
of his profession. On Tuesday, March 20, 
1860, he performed, at the infirmary, the oper- 
ation of tracheotomy upon a negro woman 
who was sinking from epidemic diphtheria. 
From early childhood he had shown peculiar 
susceptibility to idiopathic poisons. He never 
attended a case of scarlet fever that he did not 
suffer with his throat. So in this instance, in 
attempting to save the life of this poor creat- 
ure, he, apparently at least, inhaled the poi- 
son, and the next day he complained of some 
soreness about his throat, notwithstanding 
which, in the afternoon, he went to the funeral 
of a friend, and stood in the graveyard on the 
damp ground with his head uncovered, when 
there was blowing a chilling March wind. That 
night he had a severe chill, with increased 
swelling and pain about the throat, and the 
next morning—Thursday—when his uncle and 
Mend, Dr. John Buckler, was called to him, 
already the foul disease had taken a firm hold 
upon him, and the membrane characteristic of 
diphtheria was forming. From this time his 
sufferings became very acute, and the disease 
advanced in malignancy, notwithstanding both 
Dr. Buckler and Prof. George W. Miltenberger 
brought to bear all the resources of the art, 
with the skill for which they are so distin- 
guished. The agony in deglutition was so great 
that it was almost impossible for him to ac- 
complish it. Friday and Saturday were days 
of intense suffering. He went from chair to 
chair, from bed to lounge, wandering about 
the room, trying every position that might 
bring breath, and with it ease. His frame was 
worn out for since Tuesday night he had no 
sleep and could get none. Saturday evening 
the dark shadow of the result was unmistak- 
able, from his cold, cyanosed cutaneous sur- 
face and his depressed pulse. His physicians 
decided that tracheotomy could not benefit 
him, for he was sinking, not from mechanical 
trouble in his larynx, but from the depressing EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
177 
influence of the poison itself upon his whole 
system. He was aware of this, yet he himself 
urged it, saying that it would afford him some 
temporary relief. They reluctantly consented, 
and the operation was performed, and after it, 
all were rejoiced they had yielded to his en- 
treaties, for it enabled him to take a refreshing 
sleep. But this with all else that was done for 
him, was of no real avail. Those who were 
with him that last night of suffering can never 
forget it. But still more indelibly is there im- 
pressed upon their memories the calm, manly 
courage with which he met the approach of 
death, of which he was perfectly aware. His 
beautiful submission to God’s will and his forti- 
tude were worthy of the Christian. “Never,” 
said Dr. Buckler, “never shall I forget the 
manner in which he arose from his bed, seated 
himself in the chair, directed how the light 
should be placed so as to cast no shadow on 
the hand of the operator, handed the bistoury, 
and placing his finger on the spot, threw back 
his head with a courage perfectly heroic.” He 
died with his devoted wife by his side, sur- 
rounded by mother, sister, and brothers, and 
in the arms of a friend whom he had sum- 
moned that night to his dying bed, and who 
loved him as a brother. His death in his 
thirty-seventh year, although deeply regretted, 
was not untimely, for he had completed the 
work his Father had given him to do, and had 
done it well. He has left his mark, his im- 
press upon his generation. Young as he was 
in years, he was eminent in science, skillful in 
his art, high in the esteem of all who knew 
him, and his memory is cherished in the hearts 
of the many who loved him. 
FULLER, Henry Joseph, of New Bridge, Ore- 
gon, was born in Yergennes, Addison county, 
Vt., June 3, 1853. He is the son of Ezra Ful- 
ler and Caroline (Jordan) Fuller, both parents 
being of Fx-ench descent. He received his 
early education in Hopkinton, St. Lawrence 
county, N. Y., and studied medicine under the 
preceptorship of R. G. Scroggs, Professor of 
Physiology in the Miami Medical College of 
Ohio. In 1876-77, he attended medical lectures 
at the Louisville Medical College. He married 
March 14, 1875, Mary Ellen, daughter of Sam- 
uel Hushaw, of Prairie City, 111. He located 
in Millbrook, Kan., where he w’as engaged in 
general practice for several years; his medical 
education was supplemented by attending the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Chi- 
cago, 111., where he was appointed assistant in 
the chair of Gynecology. Soon after this he 
was appointed a member of the State Board of 
Health of Kansas; and was also appointed 
surgeon for the K. P. Railroad, which position 
he retained until his removal to Baker City, 
Oregon, in 1888. He has devoted himself to 
gynecology, and acquired great experience and 
national wide reputation as a quick and skill- 
ful diagnostician and operator. He is a mem- 
ber of several medical societies. In 1889 he 
contributed several articles to medical litera- 
ture. 
GAERTNER, Frederick, of Pittsburgh, Pa., 
was born July 25, 1860, at Fort Russell, Madi- 
son county, 111. He is of German descent, and 
a relative of the distinguished anatomist of 
the same name. His father came to America 
in 1848, and first settled in St. Louis, Mo., but 
after a few years became a citizen of Illinois. 
From 1866 to 1876 young Gaertner attended a 
country school at the old Fort Russell. From 
1876 to 1879 his father sent him to the St. 
Louis High School, and also gave him a busi- 
ness course at the Mound City Commercial 
College, from which he graduated, and in 1879 
he entered the St. Louis Medical College as a 
junior student, when the late John T. Hodgen, 
the eminent surgeon, was as yet at the head of 
the medical faculty. During the summer va- 
cation young Gaertner did not go home as the 
other students did, but remained in the 
office of his preceptor, Dr. Joseph Pogue, of 
Edwardsville, 111., for study. In 1882 he grad- 
uated, receiving the degree M. D. from the St. 
Louis Medical College; he also received in- 
structions and attended the clinics at St. 
Johns, Sisters and St. Louis City Hospitals. 
The young doctor was at once sent to Europe 
to enter upon a thorough training in medicine 
and surgery, and especially to get a thorough 
knowledge of the use and application of the 
microscope. Dr. Gaertner had seen by this 
time that it was an impossibility to become a 
scientific and practical physician without first 
having mastered microscopy. He therefore, 
J 
in 1882, entered upon a thorough course at the 
Koniglichen- Friedrich - Wilhelms - Universitat 
zu Berlin, and upon private and special courses 
with Professors Virchow, Langenbeck, Schro- 
der, Westphal, Martin, Fritsch, Dußois Ray- 
mond, Liebriech, Guttman and others. He 
studied surgery and surgical pathology with 
Prof. Von Langenbeck; with Virchow, he 
studied microscopy, pathology and patholog- 
ical histology. In the summer vacations he 
secured special permits from Prof. Virchow to 
work in his pathological and histological 
laboratories, where he experimented upon 
living cats, dogs and rabbits. At Berlin he 
attended the clinics at the Koniglichen-Char- 
ite-Krankenhaus, and also the Poliklinik in 
dem Koniglichen-Universitats-Klinikum, and 
Chirurgischen-Klinikum. During the years 
1883 and 1884, at Vienna, Austria, he studied 178 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
medicine, surgery and microscopy. At Vien- 
na, he had private and special courses with 
Professors Billroth, Briicke, Schenk, Kundrat, 
Bamberger, Schnitzler, Schrotter, Gruber, Ultz- 
maun, Dittle, Braun, Kaposi and others. With 
Professors Rokitansky, Kundrat and his assist- 
ants, Doctors Kolisko and Zemaun, he studied 
gross pathology, pathological histology, micros- 
copy, and the technique of post-mortem ex- 
aminations. From the K. K. Universitiit zu 
Wien (Vienna University) he received his de- 
gree D. M. (Doctor der Medicin), and hon- 
orary certificates of proficiency from all the 
professors at the Vienna University, at the 
Kaiserlichen and Kbniglichen Allgemeinen 
Krankenhause, Allgemeinen Poliklinik, and 
in dem Anatomischen Institute des Ehema- 
ligen Josephinums. He received special per- 
mits to visit the wards regularly and treat the 
patients. From Vienna he went to Strassburg 
to complete his studies with Professors Von 
Recklinghausen, Hoppe - Seyler, Schwalbe, 
Goltz, Jolly, Liicke, Schmiedeberg, Freund, 
Kussmaul Laqueur and others. With Prof. 
Hoppe-Sejder he studied pathological and 
physiological chemistry, and with Prof. Von 
Recklinghausen he worked in his pathological 
laboratory and studied pathology, pathological 
anatomy, pathological histology, the technique 
of post-mortem examinations and microscopy. 
From the University of Strassburg he received 
the degrees of A. M. and M. D.; he also attend- 
ed the remarkable clinics of Professors Kuss- 
maul and Liicke, at the St. Stepan Hospital at 
Strassburg. Thence he visited the Hospital 
Generale de Paris, Pasteur’s Inoculating Insti- 
tution, the hospitals in London and Dublin, 
whence he returned home. He soon after 
located in Pittsburgh to practice his profes- 
sion, that of medicine and microscopy. Dr. 
Gaertner is not only an eminent physician, but 
a scientist and microscopist. He has a collec- 
tion of 6,000 slides of microscopic specimens, 
histological and pathological tissue—even em- 
bryonic tissue—which he values very highly 
as the result of his own labor. Of late years 
Dr. Gaertner’s contributions to the magazines 
and scientific journals are principally articles 
of scientific and microscopic nature, all with 
an objective point of view. He does not write 
regularly for any publication or magazine, but 
when his time permits, indulges in the “co- 
coelhes scribendi,” which is growing more se- 
vere as he grows older. Dr. Gaertner is editor 
of several scientific magazines and journals, 
and has a world-wide reputation as a writer, 
observer and investigator. He is also associ- 
ate editor of the Dental and Surgical Micro- 
cosm; associate editor of the International 
Journal of Microscopy and Natural Science; 
associate editor of the Observer, another micro- 
scopical journal, of Portland, Conn., and col- 
laborator of the Bacteriological World, of Bat- 
tle Creek, Mich. He enjoys a very large and 
extensive practice in Pittsburgh and Allegheny 
City, and is very frequently called into court 
as expert witness in medico-legal cases. Re- 
cently he has written several articles of length, 
as follows: “Concerning the Differentiation 
of Black Pigment in the Liver, Spleen and 
Kidneys from Coal-dust Deposits;” “Concern- 
ing the Rules and Application of Reichert’s 
Haemometer;” “The Microscope the Princi- 
pal Factor in Discriminating Medical, Medico- 
Legal and Legal Complications;” “Vivisec- 
tions” (American Naturalist); “The Unavoid- 
able Application of the Haemometer in the 
Differentiation of Surgical and Gynecological 
Complications;” “Hayes’ Process of Generat- 
ing and Applying Anesthetics;” “Koch’s Dis- 
coveries, and His Cure for Tuberculosis;” 
“Asiatic Cholera—Its Cause and its Prevent- 
ive” (in the International Medical Magazine of 
January, 1893) ; “The Grapho-Prism and its 
Use;” “The Microscope” (in the October 
Arena), and many other scientific articles too 
numerous to mention. All of his work and 
articles are based upon the highest scientific 
advancement, advocating in all respects a 
higher education, both progressive and aggress- 
ive, characterized by terseness of expression 
and a marvelous significance. Four years 
ago he was offered by two different medical 
institutions the Chair of Professor of Pathol- 
ogy and Pathological Histology, which he de- 
clined. Dr. Gaertner has already credited to 
his reputation as a bold surgeon several capital 
surgical operations; two laparotomies, and one 
gastrotomy (a resection of the pyloric end of 
the stomach) for cancer, with apparently good 
results. He is a great advocate of the intro- 
duction of compressed air into the lungs, 
especially by the fanning process; he claims 
to have kept patients alive for hours and days, 
when in condition of collapse and extreme 
weakness. 
GAILLARI), Edwin Samuel, of Louisville, 
Ky., was born January 16, 1827, in Charleston 
district, S. C., and died February 1, 1885. He 
graduated in the South Carolina University, in 
December, 1845, and at the Medical College 
of South Carolina, with the first honor, in 
March, 1854, settling the same year in Florida, 
where he practiced until March, 1857, when he 
removed to New York, going the following 
August to Europe, and returning the following 
November. In March, 1861, he went from 
New York to Baltimore, and two months later 
he joined the Confederate Army at Richmond. 
He was appointed assistant surgeon of the 
First Maryland Regiment, in May, 1861; sur- 
geon of the same regiment,and also brigade sur- 
geon in August, 1861; medical inspector of the 
Army of Virginia in September, 1861; medical 
director of one-half of the army, in October, 
1861; a member of the medical examining 
board of the Army of Virginia, in December, 
1861; medical director of the Department of 
Aquia, in March, 1862; medical director of 
one-half of the army around Richmond, in 
May, 1862, losing his right-arm in the battle of 
the Seven Pines, May 29, 1862, but reporting 
for duty the following August; medical director 
of the Department of North Carolina and Vir- 
ginia, being in charge of all the hospitals of 
these two States, in September, 1862, shortly 
after which he was invalided for three months; 
medical inspector of the Hospital Department 
of Virginia, in April, 1863; and in December, 
1863, general inspector of the Confederate hos- 
pitals, serving in that capacity till the close of 
the war. In May, 1865, he took up his resi- 
dence in Richmond,Va., whence in May, 1868, 
he removed to Louisville, Ky. In 1861, he 
received the Fisk Fund prize, and in 1865 the 
prize of the Georgia Medical Association; he 
founded, in January, 1866, the Bichmond Med- 
ical Journal, which he moved to Louisville, in 
1868, and published there under the name 
of the Bichmond and Louisville Medical Jour- 
nal’, and established the American Medical Week- 
ly, in July, 1874. Dr. Gaillard was a vig- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
179 
orous writer, and one of the most aioted 
medical journalists of the country, but on 
account of the loss of his right hand he per- 
formed his professional and literary work un- 
der the greatest difficulty. In August and 
October, 1873, he received from the University 
of North Carolina the degrees of A. M. and 
LL. D. He was a member of the Medico- 
Chirurgical Society of Louisville, of which 
he was elected president, in December, 1868; 
the various other medical societies of Louis- 
ville ; the Richmond Academy of Medicine, of 
which he was elected president in 1867; the 
Kentucky State Medical Association; the 
American Mutual Benefit Association of Phy- 
sicians, of which he was elected president, in 
March, 1875; and the American Medical Asso- 
ciation ; a corresponding member of the Louis- 
ville Obstetric Society, and of the Boston 
Gynecological Society; an honorary member 
of the South Carolina Medical Association; 
and an honorary and corresponding member 
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
Arkansas; and was formerly a member of the 
Florida State Medical Society, of which he 
was elected vice-president, as also annual 
orator. In June, 1867, he was made Professor 
of General Pathology and Pathological Anat- 
omy in the Medical College of Virginia: and 
in May, 1868, he was elected to the same chair 
in the Kentucky School of Medicine at Louis- 
ville, of which he became dean. In August. 
1869, he was appointed Professor of the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Medicine and General 
Pathology in the Louisville Medical College 
of which he was the first dean. He was mar- 
ried in 1856, to Jane Marshall Thomas, daugh- 
ter of the Rev. Ed. Thomas, of Charleston, 
S. C., who died in April, 1860, leaving no 
children; and, October 5, 1865, to Mary Eliza- 
beth Gibson, daughter of Prof. C. B. Gibson, 
of Richmond, Va., and granddaughter of Prof. 
Wm. Gibson, of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia. By this marriage four children survived 
him. 
GALBRAITH, Thomas S., of Seymour, Tnd., 
was born in Bartholomew county, Ind., March 
9, 1846. His early education was obtained at 
Hartsville College. He attended a full course 
of medical lectures at the University of Mich- 
igan in 1864 and 1865, and was graduated from 
the Ohio Medical College, in the class of 1866. 
He commenced the practice of his profession 
in Bartholomew county. In 1870, he located 
in Seymour, where he still resides. In 
1877, Dr. Galbraith spent four months in post- 
graduate studies in New York City, where he 
had the good fortune to meet such eminent 
men in the profession as Edmund R. Peasley 
and J. Marion Sims. During the winter of 
1880, and again in the winter of 1881, he was 
at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, under the 
instruction of Dr. Paul F. Mundi, in the dis- 
eases of women. In 1886, he spent a few 
months abroad, visiting hospitals in Ireland, 
Scotland and England. Dr. Galbraith has 
made frequent contributions to medical Journ- 
als, mainly on the subjects of gynecology and 
obstetrics. In 1879, he originated a new pro- 
cedure in obstetric practice—“The Dislodging 
of Locked Twins,” an account of which was 
published in the American Journal of Obstetrics, 
Yol. XV (1882), page 919; also mentioned in 
Parvin’s Text Book of Midwifery. In 1887, 
without solicitation on his part he was elected 
to the superintendency of the Indiana Hos- 
St 
pital for the Insane (now known as the Cen- 
tral Indiana Hospital for the Insane). The 
work of the hospital during his administration 
was maintained at a high state of efficiency. 
The position, however, proved to be undesira- 
ble owing to the many political complications 
in which the trustees were involved. In 1889, 
he resigned and returned to Seymour, where, 
in 1891, he established a private sanitarium 
for the treatment of the diseases of women, 
which is now in successful operation. 
GALL, Alois D., of Indianapolis, Ind., was 
born in Wiel die-Stadt, Wurtemberg, March 
16,1814, and died February 11,1867. His early 
life was spent in his native town. With a de- 
cided bent for learning and an aptness in ac- 
quiring knowledge he was sent to Stuttgart 
and there continued his studies. On complet- 
ing his course, his young and adventurous 
spirit which desired expansion it could not 
then find in his own country prompted him to 
seek in the United States a field for the exer- 
cise of his ability. In 1842, therefore, he 
came to America and settled in Green Bay, 
AYis., where he purchased land and remained 
one year, after which he removed to Pitts- 
burgh, Pa., and studied medicine with Dr. 
Gross. After his graduation in medicine he 
established himself at Zellianoble, whence, 
after a year of active and laborious practice, 
he removed to Slippery Rock and subsequently 
to Poi'tersville, in Pennsylvania. The strug- 
gles of the young physician need not be here 
enumerated. The early days of his practice 
in those villages, in the Keystone State, were 
a rugged discipline that gave him strength and 
courage for other and larger fields in the years 
to come, and enabled him to bear greater re- 
sponsibilities. In 1847 he removed to Indi- 
anapolis, Ind., where he at once established a 
successful practice, which was continued until 
1853, when he was appointed United States 
Consul at Antwerp, Belgium, which position 
he held through the administrations of Presi- 180 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
dents Pierce and Buchanan. In this responsible 
position he merited and received the hearty ap- 
probation of his government and of all her citi- 
zens with whom he came in contact, discharg- 
ing all the duties of his office with honor to 
himself and credit to the power he represented. 
As an illustration of this, it is said that he was 
exceedingly popular with all American cap- 
tains who put in at the port of Antwerp, and 
that as an expression of their appreciation of 
his fidelity to the United States, and the in- 
terest of her citizens abroad, they presented 
him with a beautiful and elaborately wrought 
gold-headed cane, which he always counted 
among the chief of his treasures. In 1860 he 
returned to Indianapolis to be met with the 
warmest greetings of old and appreciative 
friends, and resumed his professional labors. 
In 1861, feeling the call of duty, he entered 
the army as surgeon of the Thirteenth Indiana 
Volunteers. Within a brief period he was ap- 
pointed brigade surgeon, and later, his ripe 
experience as a physician and surgeon becom- 
bers of the profession was this kindness most 
freely given, and his encouragement, advice 
and assistance many of the most prosperous 
physicians of Indianapolis now hold as a 
sweet and pleasant recollection. He was a 
Mason of high degree, and a sterling Demo- 
crat, much relied upon in the counsels of his 
party. He cared nothing for the honor and 
emoluments of office for himself, his inclina- 
tion and duty keeping him in the path of his 
chosen avocation. There are numerous anec- 
dotes of his heroism current in the profession 
to-day, for he was a man who shirked no duty 
and was absolutely without fear. 
GARRETSON, James Edmund, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in Wilmington, Del., Oc- 
tober 4,1828. Receiving his preliminary edu- 
cation at the Mantua Classical Institute, Del- 
aware, he was subsequently for several years 
engaged in medical study under the supervision 
of private teachers, having attended twenty- 
four courses, principally on anatomy, surgery 
and obstetrics. In 1857 he entered the medi- 
cal department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, receiving his degree in 1859. In the 
following year he succeeded to the Lectureship 
of Anatomy in the Philadelphia School of 
Anatomy and Surgery, and in 1865 was elected 
Professor of the Principles and Practice of 
General Sui'gery in the Philadelphia Dental 
College. This position he subsequently re- 
signed in order to accept the appointment of 
Oral Surgeon to the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. Dr. Garretson is ex-president of the 
Medico-Chirurgical Hospital and Emeritus, 
Professor of Oral and General Clinical Sur- 
gery in the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
Philadelphia. For the past twenty-five or 
thirty years he has restricted his practice as 
closely as possible to the treatment of surgical 
diseases, especially devoting himself to the 
study of diseases of the mouth, jaws and face. 
As a surgical author he has published “Dis- 
eases and Surgery of the Mouth, Jaws, and 
Associate Parts,” and “A System of Oral Sur- 
gery.” He has also been a considerable as 
well as a successful contributor to general lit- 
erature, his best known works being, “Odd 
Hours of a Physician,” “Thinkers and Think- 
ing,” “Two Thousand Years After; or A Talk 
in a Cemetery,” and “Hours with John 
Darby.” 
GARTER, John James, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born at Silver Lake, Ohio, February 
14, 1845; and is of Scotch descent. In early 
life he assisted his father in conducting a farm. 
His literary education was obtained at Fair- 
view High School, Ohio, and at a commercial 
school at Dayton, in the same State. He en- 
listed as a private soldier, January 30, 1862, in 
the Seventy-first Ohio Infantry, and served 
four years, participating in the battle of Shiloh, 
and those of the Atlantic campaign, and was 
in the battles of Columbia, Franklin, and of 
Nashville, Tenn. His regiment was, at the 
close of the war, ordered to the Rio Grande 
river, to prevent the Mexicans from crossing 
into the United States. During his service in 
the army he was offered, but declined, a lieu- 
tenant-colonel’s commission of the Sixteenth 
United States Colored Troops. On returning to 
Ohio he engaged in the drug business for sev- 
eral years. In 1870 he commenced the study 
of medicine, with Dr. Oliver Crook, of Dayton 
(a brother of General George Crook, United 
States Army), as his preceptor, and was grad- 
Q. 
ing known, medical director of General Peck’s 
Corps. After three years of arduous duty in 
the field, resulting in the impairment of his 
health, he resigned. Previous to returning 
home the officers of his regiment, who well 
knew his army service and the self-sacrificing 
spirit in which they had been given, presented 
him a magnificent sword as a testimonial of 
their appreciation and esteem. Returning to 
civil life he again entered upon the duties of 
his profession, which continued to engross his 
attention until his death, which occurred about 
three years afterward from an attack of apo- 
plexy. His wife, to whom he was married in 
Stuttgart in 1839, and one daughter and two 
sons survived him, the oldest of the sons being 
at this date treasurer of the State of Indiana. 
Dr. Gall was of a warm and sanguine temper- 
ament and genial as summer to his friends, 
whose name was legion. To the younger mem- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
181 
tion until the dose of the war. He then 
settled in New York City and commenced the 
practice of his profession, but the health of 
Mrs. Geddings becoming impaired by the 
Northern climate, Dr. Geddings on that account 
moved. South to Aiken in 1869, where he had 
ever since been continuously engaged in ac- 
tive practice; but for the past twelve years or 
more he had also engaged in a summer prac- 
tice at Bethlehem, N. H., returning each fall 
to Aiken, the place he loved, where he was 
highly esteemed and enjoyed a lucrative prac- 
tice, especially among the large number of 
visitors who were suffering with pulmonary 
diseases. Dr. Geddings was a learned and 
strong man and a great physician. It was not 
only as a successful practitioner that Dr. Ged- 
dings became noted. He also attained a 
national reputation for his learning and as a 
distinguished writer on medical and scientific 
subjects. His writings are numerous, and he 
contributed freely to the medical journals, 
especially on climatology and the diseases of 
the respiratory organs. He also contributed 
many ai’ticles on Dermatology, having been at 
one time a pupil of the great Hebra. The 
latest of these was “A Contribution to the 
History of Leprosy on the Eastern Coast of 
the United States,” which excited much inter- 
est among dermatologists. He prepared the 
article “Aiken” in Wood’s “Reference Hand- 
book of the Medical Sciences.” Perhaps one 
of his best articles was that on “Bronchial 
Asthma,” prepared for “A System of Practical 
Medicine by American Authors,” edited by 
Dr. Wm. Pepper. At the time of his death he 
was a member of the following societies: The 
American Medical Association, The South Car- 
olina Medical Association, The Climatological 
Association, and the Dermatological Associa- 
tion. 
GERRISH, Millard F., of Seymour, Ind., 
was born at Paris, Jennings county, that 
State, February 27, 1856. He is of English 
descent. His father, Dr. J. W. F. Gerrish, was 
an eminent physician and army surgeon 
(surgeon Sixty-seventh Indiana Infantry). 
His early education was that of common 
schools, and subsequently graduated at the 
Shields High School of Seymour in 1877. He 
entered his father’s office as a student of med- 
icine in 1872. He married Violet, daughter of 
James Molseed, of Philadelphia, Pa., April 3, 
1879. He was graduated in medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1881, receiving 
honorable mention of thesis “The Etiology of 
Typho-Malarial Fever.” Also receiving the 
degree of Ph. D. at the same school the same 
year; returning home, he at once entered the 
practice of his profession, supplementing his 
medical education at the New York Polyclinic 
in 1888. Like his father, being an admirer of 
surgery, he has met with unbounded success, 
bei n g re m a rk abl y successf u 1 i n rai 1 way i n j u r i es, 
and was surgeon to the Ohio and Mississippi 
Railroad for eight years, and is surgeon to P., 
C., 0. &St. L. R. R., Louisville Division. Fie has 
been indefatigable in his efforts to be among the 
shining lights of his profession, and in the 
alleviating of suffering humanity. He Avas 
one of the first to telegraph his services to 
the Johnstown sufferers. He is a permanent 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Association Railway Surgeons, Indiana Medi- 
cal Society, Mississippi Valley Medical Society, 
Mitchell District Medical Society, president 
-vei. 
uated at the Ohio Medical College, in 1876, and 
then located at Indianapolis, Ind., where he 
has continued in a very successful general med- 
ical and surgical practice ever since. In 1881 
he was elected superintendent of the City Dis- 
pensary, and served for live years, during 
which time he rendered very effective service 
to those entitled to its benefit as well as to the 
municipal government. Ju 1888, he was 
elected commissioner of the public schools, 
and has taken great interest in educational 
affairs, holding this position four years. In 
1889, he received the appointment of United 
States examining surgeon for pensions, a posi- 
tion which he also held for a like period. Dr. 
Garverisamemberof the Indiana State Medical 
Society and American Medical Association; 
and has written an important paper on general 
medicine. He has been a memberof the Marion 
County Medical Society since 1881, and on 
January 3,1893, was unanimously elected pres- 
ident of tliis organization. 
GEDDINGS, William H., of Aiken, S. C., 
Avas born in Charleston, April 23, 1838, and 
died at Bethlehem, N. H., after a short illness 
on August 27, 1892. Dr. Geddings was the 
youngest son of the late Dr. Eli Geddings, of 
Charleston, S. C., and a brother of the late Dr. 
Frederick Geddings, of the same city, and Dr. 
Edward Geddings, of Augusta, Ga. Of a fam- 
ily of distinguished physicians he Avas himself 
one of the brightest ornaments of his profes- 
sion in the United States. He first studied 
medicine at the Medical College of the State 
of South Carolina, at Charleston, and after- 
Avards prosecuted his studies in the universi- 
ties of Vienna, Berlin, Prague and Paris. At 
the commencement of the Avar between the 
States Dr. Geddings entered the Confederate 
Army in the line of his profession, and shortly 
afterAvard rose to the position of Chief Medi- 
cal Purveyor of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, Avhich high office he filled with distinc- 182 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Jackson County Medical Society, president 
Board of Health of Seymour, and United 
States Examining Surgeon for Pensions. 
GIBSON, William, of Philadelphia, was born 
in Baltimore, Md., March 14, 1788, and died at 
Savannah, Ga., March 2, 1868. He received 
his early education in the former city, and at 
St. John’s College, Annapolis. He subse- 
quently went to Princeton College, and re- 
mained during the session of 1803-4, leaving 
the institution before the time that his class 
graduated. He commenced the study of med- 
icine with Dr. John Owen, of Baltimore, and 
in 1806 attended a course of lectures in the 
University of Pennsylvania. He himself tells 
us that, upon his arrival in Philadelphia, he 
heard the first public lecture he ever listened 
to. It was from his distinguishd predecessor, 
Dr. Philip Svng Physick. Struck with the 
peculiar appearance of that extraordinary 
man, and with the precepts he poured forth, 
his attention was riveted to every action he 
displayed and every word that fell from his 
lips. (See Introduction Lecture, November 1, 
1841.) At the close of the lectures he sailed 
for Europe, and first repaired to Edinburgh, 
where he spent the summer in witnessing the 
private practice and operations of the cele- 
brated John Bell, then in the zenith of his 
fame—in attending botanical and natural his- 
tory lectures, and in devoting particular atten- 
tion to hospital practice. He graduated at the 
University of Edinburgh, in 1809, having writ- 
ten a thesis entitled,“De FormaOssium Gentil- 
lium.” The materials for this inaugural Latin 
dissertation were obtained from the museum 
of Monro. It was descriptive of the different 
forms of the bones pertaining to the races of 
mankind, and has been quoted by Pritchard, 
and other writers, in connection with their 
ethnological researches. The science of eth- 
nology was at that time almost in its infancy. 
On a journey from Edinburgh to London, he 
formed an acquaintance with a brother of Sir 
John Moore, commander of the British Army 
in Spain, who was killed at the battle of 
Corunna, and received from this gentleman 
such testimonials as enabled him to procure 
the means of witnessing, “in an unofficial ca- 
pacity,” after the arrival of the wounded in 
England, the important cases of gunshot 
wounds, and other similar injuries, which oc- 
curred at that battle. It is probable that Dr. 
Gibson was thus first brought into close asso- 
ciation with Sir Charles Bell, who was at the 
time a practitioner of surgery in London, and 
who had been detailed to assist in the care of 
the wounded soldiers. He entered, as a pri- 
vate pupil, the family of. Sir Charles Bell, and 
with his taste for artistic delineations, had am- 
ple opportunities for improvement under the 
direction of so consummate a teacher. In 1809 
there was a galaxy of distinguished medical 
men, at the height of their reputation, in Lon- 
don, of whom Dr. Gibson has mentioned Mr. 
Abernethy and Sir Astley Cooper as conducing 
to his improvement by their interesting lectures. 
After his return home in 1810, after three 
years’ absence, Dr. Gibson entered upon the 
practice of his profession in Baltimore, and 
two years afterwards was appointed to the 
Chair of Surgery in the University of Mary- 
land. This institution had recently been es- 
tablished, and in it he was associated with 
Drs. Davidge, Potter, Baker, De Butts and 
Hall. In 1812 he served as a medical officer 
in the militia of Maryland, at the time of the 
attack of the British on Baltimore, and in 
1814 revisited Europe and fought on the side 
of the allied forces at the battle of Waterloo, 
where he was slightly wounded. He became 
intimate with the surgeons, Sir Astley Cooper, 
Velpeau, Abernethy, Hastings and Halford, 
and was the friend and companion of Lord 
Byron. Dr. Gibson not only made frequent 
visits to Europe, but also traveled in remote 
regions of Asia and Africa. In 1819, upon the 
death of Dr. Dorsey, when Dr. Physick was 
transferred to the Chair of Anatomy in the 
University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Gibson was 
elected to fill the vacant Chair of Surgery. In 
1855 he resigned this chair, which he had held 
for thirty-six years, and was appointed Eme- 
ritus Professor of Surgery. It would be no 
small praise to state that Dr. Gibson fully sus- 
tained the reputation he brought with him 
from the University of Maryland, in the new 
position to which he had been called as the 
successor of Dr. Physick, the founder and 
illustrator of the Chair of Surgery in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. “Asa lecturer he was 
clear and emphatic; his voice was distinct and 
melodious; his language was well chosen, and 
his style of enunciation was attractive. His 
demonstrations of surgical anatomy were read- 
ily comprehended by the student; some of 
them especially, as those in connection with the 
neck, with hernia, and with lithotomy, could 
not be surpassed in lucid exposition.” For pur- 
poses of demonstration, Dr. Gibson had him- 
self prepared, and procured by purchase, an 
ample collection of morbid structures, diseased 
and fractured bones, models and casts, as well 
as pictures of large size, illustrative of disease, 
or of the anatomical parts of the body involved 
in operations. To these were added the ap- 
proved mechanical appliances of the day. In 
thus teaching, he set the example that has 
been followed extensively by other surgeons. 
As an operator Dr. Gibson was undoubtedly 
dexterous; of his operations and cases, a num- 
ber were from time to time communicated to 
the journals. In the treatment of fracture of 
the thigh, he placed before the notice of prac- 
titioners of this country a modification of the 
apparatus known as Hagedorn’s, and pub- 
lished a case that had been treated by it in 
the Journal of Medical and Physical Sciences. 
Dr. Gibson was the first surgeon to perform 
the Cesarean operation twice successfully to 
both mother and child, on the same patient. 
The details of the two operations have been 
published in the American Journal of the Med- 
ical Sciences, August, 1835. Dr. Gibson pub- 
lished in 1824 his “Institutes and Practice of 
Surgery,” being “Outlines of a Course of Lect- 
ures.” This work was intended as a guide to 
the students attending his lectures, and is 
marked for its accuracy of style and language. 
It passed through six editions, having been 
amended and improved; the last edition (of 
1841) being so enlarged as to constitute a con- 
siderable treatise on surgery. He published, 
in 1836, a paper entitled “A Sketch of Litho- 
tripsy, with Cases,” and in 1841 was issued his 
“Rambles in Europe, with Sketches of Promi- 
nent Surgeons and Physicans, Medical Schools, 
Hospitals, Literary Personages and Scenery.” 
At the age of seventy, having acquired a for- 
tune, he retired from practice and removed to 
Newport, R. I. He died while sojourning in 
the South at the advanced age of eighty years. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
183 
GHFFEN, Robert Emmett, of Lincoln, Neb., 
was born in. Coatsville, Chester county, Pa., 
August 25,1859. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. 
His father, James E. Giffen, was Principal of 
the Chester County Academy, and comes of an 
old Scotch family. His mother, Mary Jane 
(Galt) Giffen, is of one of the oldest families in 
Lancaster county, Pa., her forefathers having 
settled there in the days of William Penn. 
His early education was confined to winter 
school and night study, and at the age of six- 
teen taught one term in a district school. The 
following spring, 1876, he went to New York 
City and became a student of Dr. Joseph W. 
Howe; who placed him in St. Francis Hos- 
pital during the summer, where he learned the 
first rudiments of surgery. He took his first 
course at the University of New York, then at 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College from which 
St. Elizabeth Hospital. He is a member of his 
county and State medical societies and Colonel 
and Surgeon-General National Guard, Neb. 
GIHON, Albert Leary, of the United States 
Navy, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1833, 
and graduated first in his class at the Phila- 
delphia high school in 1850; studied medicine 
and graduated from the Philadelphia Medical 
College in 1853. In the same year he became 
Professor of Chemistry in the Philadelphia 
Medical College, holding the chair until the 
following year, when he resigned to enter the 
medical department of the navy. He was ap- 
pointed assistant surgeon on May 1, 1855, and 
attached to the sloop “Levant” of the East 
India squadron, and served in that vessel un- 
til 1858. During that year he was attached to 
the brig “ Dolphin,” forming part of the Bra- 
zilsquadron and the Paraguay expedition. In 
1859 he was promoted to passed assistant sur- 
geon. August 1, 1861, he was commissioned 
as surgeon. From 1862 to 1865 he served on 
board the sloop “St. Louis,” engaged on 
special service. During 1866-67 was on duty 
at the navy yard, Portsmouth, N. H., and from 
1868 to 1870 on board the storeship “ Idaho,” 
attached to the Asiatic squadron. In 1872, he 
was promoted to be Medical Inspector, with 
the relative rank of Commander, and in 1879, 
Medical Director, with rank of Captain. In 
1887 he was stationed at Mare Island, Califor- 
nia, but is now on special duty at New York 
City. His published works are, “Practical 
Suggestions in Naval Hygiene,” 1871; ” “ The 
Need of Sanitary Reform in Ship Life,” “ San- 
itary Common Places Applied to the Navy,” 
1877 ; “Prevention of Venereal Diseases by 
Legislation,” 1882, and numerous professional 
papers published in the reports of his depart- 
ment, and in the medical journals. He is 
also a constant contributor to magazines and 
newspapers. Dr. Gihon is an honored and 
active member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and has attended the meetings for 
many years in the capacity of delegate from 
the medical department of the United States 
Navy. 
(xiLLESPIE, Green 8., of Covington, Tip- 
ton county, Tenn., was born in Gordon county, 
Ga., in 1844, of an old South Carolina family 
of Scotch-Irish descent. He received an aca- 
demical education, and served in the Confed- 
erate Army during the latter part of the war as 
a private in the First Regiment of Cavalry from 
his native State. He read medicine under Dr. 
Howard of Fulton, Miss., and graduated from 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Nashville, and Vanderbilt University in 1875. 
He commenced the practice of his profession 
in Chickasaw county, Miss. He removed to 
Moscow, Ky., in 1877. He continued the prac- 
tice of his profession, forming a co-partnership 
with his college friend and classmate, Dr. S. 
M. Payne, who is now an oculist in New York 
City. From Kentucky Dr. Gillespie removed 
to Covington in 1879, and formed a co-partner- 
ship with Dr. L. Hill, Sr., one of the leading 
physicians of West Tennessee; which associa- 
tion was very pleasant for one year, when Dr. 
Hill retired from the practice. Dr. Gillespie 
has from the beginning of his professional life 
had a great fondness for surgery, and has 
turned his especial attention in that line, more 
particularly to the surgical diseases of women. 
He took a special course in gynecology in New 
Orleans in 1884-85: and in 1889 attended the 
he graduated March 1, 1880. lie entered 
(Charity Hospital the same year as house sur- 
geon for two years, then for three years his 
time was divided among the Maternity Hospi- 
tal, New York Dispensary, Demilt Dispensary 
and Children’s Hospital. He then returned 
to his old home in Chester county, Pa., where 
he remained until the spring of 1887, when he 
located in Lincoln, Nebr., turning the greater 
part of his study and work to surgery. In 
1889 he succeeded in founding a hospital which 
was placed under the control of the Sisters of 
St. Francis. He has performed thirty-three 
abdominal sections without a death, has tre- 
phined for depressed fractui'e of skull several 
times with perfect result, a number of times 
for vesical calculi, and perineal operations by 
the score. In 1890 he was elected to the Chair 
of Medical Jurisprudence in the State Univer- 
sity of Nebraska. He was the same year ap- 
pointed Citv Physician and Chief of Staff of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
18 4 
managed to escape, and after a perilous and 
fearful journey through the wilds of Western 
Virginia, arrived at his home at Middleport, 
0., to the utter surprise of every body, as he 
had been published dead. With shattered 
health he pursued his studies, clerked in a 
store, attended commercial college, and finally 
took up the study of medicine, reading at 
nights after his day’s work was completed. 
He enlisted again, but was immediately dis- 
charged for physical disability. In 1866, he 
married Lucinda, daughter of Judge T. L. 
Minturn, of Athens county, Ohio. In 1871, he 
graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, 
at Cincinnati, and resumed practice at Nelson- 
ville, 0. He was an active contributor to med- 
ical literature; and in 1877 was called to the 
chair of General Pathology, in the Columbus 
Medical College, to which city he removed. 
Here he soon acquired a lucrative practice. In 
1880 he accepted the chair of Physiology in 
Starling Medical College, and in 1885 that of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, in the 
same institution, which he has held ever since. 
He is also gynecologist to the St. Francis and 
St. Anthony Hospitals. For some years Dr. 
Gilliam has given special attention to gyneco- 
logical work and abdominal surgery. In this 
latter department he has achieved a gratifying 
success, his rates of recoveries in the last 
series being ninety-five out of one hundred. 
hospitals of London, Vienna and Berlin. His 
principal operations have been on the female, 
among which have been several laparotomies. 
He was the first surgeon in his State to per- 
form Emmet’s operation for the repairing of a 
lacerated cervix (1880). In the last two years 
he has opened a private sanitarium for the 
treatment of diseases of women. Dr. Gillespie 
does much in treating the eye, nose, throat 
and ear. He has done a number of cataract 
operations. The Doctor is a member of the 
American Medical Association; has served on 
the judicial council. Member of Tennessee 
State Medical Association; West Tennessee 
Medical and Surgical Association; The Tri- 
State Medical Association of Mississippi, Tenn- 
essee, and Arkansas; is now president for the 
third term of the Tipton County Medical So- 
ciety. Besides doing a very large practice, the 
Doctor finds time to take an interest in busi- 
ness affairs, being president of the Fanners 
Union Bank, and president of a large and 
thriving building and loan association. 
GILLIAM, David Tod, of Columbus, 0., was 
born in Hebron, 0., April 3, 1844. He is a son 
of William and Mary Gilliam, both of Eastern 
Virginia. On his mother’s side he is a de- 
scendant of the Lee family, of which General 
Robert E. Lee was the most illustrious repre- 
sentative. Pie received a common school ed- 
ucation, the long-cherished collegiate course 
being prevented by the outbreak of the war. 
He entered the Union service in the spring of 
1861, being then but seventeen years of age— 
a pale, delicate boy. The change was beneficial 
to his health, and he remained constantly in 
the field until the fall of 1862, when, as 
commander of the rear guard of a retreating 
army, he was shot through the chest and taken 
prisoner. He was started to Libby prison, 
but on account of his critical condition was 
left by the wayside. Five weeks later, he 
He is the author of two books (“The Essentials 
of Pathology” and “The Pocket-Book of Med- 
icine”), besides many papers on medical sub- 
jects, chiefly confined to his specialty. He is 
a member of the Ohio Medical Society, the 
American Medical Association, and the Inter- 
national Medical Congress. His family con- 
sists of two sons and one daughter, the elder 
son being a physician, and his father’s chief 
assistant; the other a laAvyer of much promise. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
185 
GOELET, Augustin H., of New York City, 
was born near Wilmington, N. C., April 1, 
1854. His father, Edward H. Goelet, was of 
French, and his mother, Virginia Lane Goelet, 
of English descent. The former was a phy- 
sician prominently known throughout North 
Carolina, and was a direct descendant of the 
original Jean Goelet who came to this country 
with the first Dutch settlers and located on 
Manhattan Island. The family fled from 
France to Plolland during the persecution of 
the Protestants. Of southern birth, and edu- 
cated in early life at the Cape Fear Military 
Academy, it was natural that Dr. Goelet should 
have attended a southern college. After read- 
ing medicine with his father as preceptor, he 
entered the University of Virginia, and in 
1873, graduated in some of the departments 
pertaining to medicine after a very severe 
course of study there. Of decidedly studious 
habits, he nevertheless found time to join his 
fellow-students in most of the popular under- 
time is now absorbed in the treatment of 
special cases sent to him by brother physicians 
and former patients; such, for instance, as the 
electrolytic decomposition of tumors and the 
application of electricity to other diseases com- 
prised in this special branch. Naturally of a 
mechanical bent of mind, he is the inventor 
of a modification of the Sims Speculum, known 
as Goelet’s Speculum, and of numerous elec- 
trodes for electro-therapeutic work in gynecol- 
ogy. The Doctor limits his practice to gyne- 
cology, and is now regarded as the leading 
exponent of gynecological electro-therapeu- 
tics in this country. Dr. Goelet is a prodi- 
gious worker. Notwithstanding a large prac- 
tice of the most wearing and exacting nature, 
he has made some very valuable contribu- 
tions to the literature of our profession. He 
is the author of “The Electro-Therapeutics of 
Gynecology,” published in 1892; also of va- 
rious contributions to medical journal litera- 
ture, among which are the following: “Di- 
latation and the Intra-Uterine Stem in the 
Treatment of Dysmenorrhaea and Sterility,” 
“ Dilatationversws Divulsion,” “A New Suture 
Fastener for Silver Wire, especially adapted 
for Operations upon the Cervix and Perineum,” 
“The Value of Electricity as a Substitute for 
Laparotomy in Diseases of the Uterine Ap- 
pendages,” “ The Treatment of certain Pelvic 
Tumors by Galvano-puncture and Drainage by 
the Vslgina,” “Conservative Treatment of 
Diseases of the Uterine Appendages and Se- 
quels,” “The Rational Treatment of Uterine 
Displacements, based upon a Consideration of 
the Pathological Condition,” “ The Treatment 
of Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia by the Gal- 
vano-caustic Action of the Positive Pole,” 
“ The Action and Application of the Faradic 
Current in Gynecology,” “Electricity versus 
the Curette in the Treatment of Bleeding Fi- 
broids of the Uterus.” He is Fellow of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, Fellow of 
the New York Obstetrical Society, Fellow of 
the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, 
member of the Society Francais d’Electrothera- 
pie, and member of the New York County Med- 
ical Society. He was editor of the Archives of 
Gynecology, Obstetrics and Paediatrics, in 1891 
and 1892; president of the American Electro- 
Therapeutic Association for 1893, and was 
twice its vice-president. Dr. Goelet is widely 
known both in this country and in Europe as 
an expert gynecological surgeon of the most 
conservative type. 
GOLDSPOHN, Albert, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in the township of Roxbury, Dane 
county, Wis., September 23, 1851, of German 
parents. They permitted nothing but the cor- 
rect German language to be spoken in the fam- 
ily, and, by practice and precept, inculcated 
the habit of constant industry. These features 
in his early training were of great advantage 
to him subsequently. Attendance at a country 
district school during winter sessions, when 
his services as the oldest child of the family 
were not too greatly needed to do chores and 
light work on his father’s farm, and private 
study and practice of penmanship during rainy 
days, constituted his educational facilities up 
to the seventeenth year. After that time his 
parents secured for him better opportunities in 
graded schools and Northwestern College, at 
Naperville, 111. From the latter institution he 
graduated in June, 1875, as Bachelor of Sci- 
ence, having completed the Latin scientific 
Of.&fc- 
graduate organizations. He was there an active 
member of the Washington Literary Society 
and a prominent member of the Beta Chap- 
ter of the Zeta Psi Fraternity. Upon leav- 
ing the university he came north to continue 
his studies at the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, graduating in 1874. He then received 
a hospital appointment in the Reception Hos- 
pital, surgical department Bellevue Hospital. 
When Apostoli came to this country a few years 
ago and read a paper upon the application of 
electricity to certain diseases of women before 
the International Medical Congress at Wash- 
ington, Dr. Goelet decided to investigate his 
claims. After two years’ thorough and ex- 
haustive investigation he became so thor- 
oughly convinced of its value as a therapeutic 
agent that he visited Paris and worked with 
Apostoli in his clinics. As a result of his suc- 
cess here and abroad, the greater part of his 186 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
course. In February, 1878, he graduated as 
Doctor of Medicine, at Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, and received a special certificate for 
attendance upon three winter and three spring 
courses. Six months previous to this time he 
entered the competitive examination for a 
position as interne (resident physician and 
surgeon) in Cook County Hospital, which posi- 
tion he obtained and occupied until the service, 
which is limited to eighteen months, expired 
March 1, 1879. His next object was to earn 
the means with which to pursue a course of 
post-graduate study in Europe, and for this 
reason he began his private practice at the 
suburban town of Des Plaines, 111., sixteen 
miles from Chicago, because an extensive gen- 
eral practice is usually more quickly acquired 
in the country than in a large city. In this, 
field of practice. This was more than a busi- 
ness transaction. Pathetic farewells were very 
numerous. He now discovered that former 
instances of intense mutual interest in cases 
of dangerous illness had created ties of grati- 
tude and esteem in very many families that 
were still unbroken. Hereupon he went to 
Europe and devoted two consecutive years 
continuously and closely to post-graduate stud- 
ies related to general surgery, and particularly 
to surgery incident to the diseases of women. 
Being thoroughly familiar with the German 
language, his time was divided into periods of 
variable lengths of attendance at the German 
universities of Heidelberg, Wuerzburg, Strass- 
burg, Plalle an der Saale and Berlin in suc- 
cession. Since August 4, 1887, the eve of his 
return to America, he is married to Cornelia 
E. Walz. On October 15, 1887, he began prac- 
tice in Chicago, and about six months later he 
was appointed as one of the attending sur- 
geons to the German Hospital. He is a mem- 
ber of the Chicago Medical Society, of the 
Illinois State Medical Society, and of the 
American Medical Association. He was ap- 
pointed Professor of Gynecology at the Chicago 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital in 
June, 1892. 
GOODELL, William, of Philadelphia, son of 
the Rev. William Goodell, D. D., missionary 
to Turkey, was born on the island of Malta, 
October 17, 1829. He was graduated at Will- 
iams College, Massachusetts, 1851, and studied 
medicine at Jefferson Medical College, gradu- 
ating in 1854. He married in Smyrna, Asia 
Minor, September, 1857, Caroline D., daughter 
of the late Judge Thomas S. Bell, of West Ches- 
ter, Pa. He practiced his profession first at 
Constantinople, Turkey, and remained there 
till 1861, when, on account of the unsettled 
condition of political affairs, he removed to 
West Chester, Pa. In 1865 he was appointed 
physician in charge of the Preston Retreat, 
and came to Philadelphia, making a specialty 
of obstetrics and diseases of women. He was 
president of the Obstetrical Society of Phila- 
delphia in 1873-74, and of the County Medical 
Society of Philadelphia in 1875, and vice-pres- 
ident of the American Gynecological Society 
in 1878. He is also a member of the College 
of Physicians of Philadelphia, corresponding 
member of the Boston Gynecological Society, 
of the London Obstetrical Society, of the Im- 
perial Medical Society of Constantinople, and 
member of the American Philosophical So- 
ciety and Pathological Society of Philadelphia. 
He is Professor of Clinical Gynecology in the 
University of Pennsylvania, and physician in 
charge of the Preston Retreat. Dr. Goodell 
has been a prolific writer on subjects connect- 
ed with his specialty and is the author of a 
treatise issued in 1886, entitled, “Lessons in 
Gynecology,” which on account of its practical 
character has had a wide circulation, and is 
regarded by the profession as a work of ex- 
traordinary merit. 
GOODM4N, Henry Earnest, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born at Speedwell, near the former 
city, April 12, 1836. He is of German descent, 
and grandson of an officer in the Continental 
army. His professional education was received 
in the University of Pennsylvania, whence he 
was graduated M. D. in 1859. In the same 
year he established himself in Philadelphia, 
engaging in a general practice, but giving es- 
pecial attention to orthopedic and ophthalmic 
his expectations were fully realized, as 
he was soon occupied to the fullest extent 
during the greater portion of each year; but 
the work was very laborious and oftentimes 
became quite irksome from want of sleep. 
Six years of hard work passed here very 
quickly, and were rewarded by much expe- 
rience. One very sad incident mars the mem- 
ory of those otherwise prosperous years. This 
was the death of his beloved wife, formerly Miss 
Victoria E. Esher, to whom he was married 
October 22, 1879. To her devotion, sympathy 
and practical assistance, as well as to her con- 
stant industry and frugality, he attributes no 
small share of the results of his work there. 
On June 29, 1885, while he was himself conva- 
lescent from typhoid fever, she died at the 
house of relatives in Chicago, from a severe 
attack of the same disease, with grave compli- 
cations. On October 15, of the same year, he 
introduced Dr. H. C. Thiele (deceased) in his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
187 
surgery. In May, 1861, he was commissioned 
surgeon of the Eighth, and in July, 1861, was 
made surgeon of the Twenty-eighth Pennsyl- 
vania Regiment; was appointed assistant sur- 
geon of United States Volunteers May 6, and 
was promoted to be surgeon May 26,1864. He 
subsequently served as surgeon-in-chief Sec- 
ond Division, Twentieth Army Corps, and as 
medical director of several army corps. In 
November, 1865, resigned his commission and 
left the service with the brevet rank of colonel 
of volunteers. While in the army he was, 
successively, surgeon in charge of the Twelfth 
Army Corps hospitals at Harper’s Ferry, 
Acquia Creek and Gettysburg; after Gettys- 
burg, was surgeon in charge of Camp Letter- 
man, and later, of a division hospital, and was 
present at the battles of Ball’s Bluff, Cedar 
Mountain, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
burg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, 
Ringgold, Resaca and numerous less important 
engagements. Of his notable cases may be 
mentioned amputation of leg near the great 
trochanter, and performance of tracheotomy, 
both successful. He is a member of the Col- 
lege of Physicians, Pathological Society, Oph- 
thahnological Society, Social Science Associa- 
tion, Academy of the Natural Sciences (all of 
Philadelphia), American Medical Association 
and American Public Health Association. 
From 1866 to 1872 he was port physician of 
Philadelphia, and since 1866 has been exam- 
ining surgeon to the United States Pension 
Bureau. In 1868 he \#Sited the prominent 
European hospitals, and attended as a delegate 
the convention of the British Medical Associa- 
tion at Oxford, and the International Ophthal- 
mological Congress at Heidelberg. He was 
one of the originators of the Philadelphia 
Orthopoedical Hospital, and of the Pennsyl- 
vania State Hospital for Women, and has 
served as resident physician Blockley Alms- 
house ; resident physician Wills’ Eye Hospi- 
tal, and as surgeon to the same institution; 
surgeon Orthopoedical Hospital; surgeon out- 
door department Pennsylvania Hospital; con- 
sulting surgeon Pennsylvania State Hospital 
for Women, and medical adviser Widows’ and 
Orphans’ Fund Life Insurance Company, At- 
lanta Branch. He married, April 11,1874, the 
widow of the late Gov. John W. Geary, of 
Pennsylvania. 
GOODWILLIE, David Henderson, of New 
York City, was born January 26, 1834, in Bar- 
net, Caledonia county, Vt. He comes from a 
long line of Scotch ancestors, men and women 
of marked traits of character, powerful intel- 
lects, and recognized leaders in the various 
walks of life which they chose to follow. His 
father, the Rev. Thomas Goodwillie, D. D., and 
his grandfather, the Rev. David Goodwillie, 
occupied the same Presbyterian pulpit for a 
period of eighty years, during which time they 
were elected to the Vermont State legislature 
and other responsible civil offices, also attend- 
ing to their ecclesiastical duties. Dr. Good- 
willie received his preliminary and classical 
education principally under the direction of 
his father, wrho was for many years President 
of the Caledonia County Academy, at wrhich 
many brilliant men commenced their career. 
In 1855 Dr. Goodwillie went to Edinburgh, 
Scotland, to commence the study of. his pro- 
fession in that world renowmed medical 
metropolis. After several years of study he 
returned to his native country and attended 
medical lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania and the Pennsylvania College of Dental 
Surgery, from which he received the degree of 
D. D. S.; the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York; the University of New York 
and the University of Vermont which con- 
ferred on him the degree of M. D. in 1868. . Dr. 
Goodwillie has a very logical and practical 
mind, and is much inclined to original scien- 
tific investigation and to invention. He has 
artistic ability. He was highly favored by the 
friendship and instruction, in private and hos- 
pital practice, of such eminent teachers as 
Drs. D. Hayes Agnew, and R. A. F. Penrose 
of Philadelphia; and Drs. J. R. Learning, J. 
Marion Sims, James R. Wood, and others of 
New York. Very few possessed such oppor- 
tunities in medical instruction, and this train- 
ing prepared him for his special professional 
wmrk. He has said that any specialty is of 
more practical value, which has its origin in a 
personal, practical, widely extended know- 
ledge in medical science. His professional 
labors are a fitting example of this truth. 
From his experience in private and hospital 
practice, he became exceedingly interested in 
the study of the diseases of the respiratory or- 
gans and associate parts. He devoted all his 
efforts to newr methods, both medical and sur- 
gical in their treatment. As a result of the 
many years of faithful labor, he has probably 
the largest and most interesting collection 
existence, consisting of preserved pathological 
specimens, colored wax casts of diseased parts, 
illustrations in oil, photographs, and drawings 
of the microscopic histology and pathology of 
the tissues. He has also a large amount of 
material in process of preparation. All of 188 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
these illustrate every form of disease of the 
lungs, throat, mouth, nose, ears and face. 
The whole collection was made by himself 
from cases coming under his knowledge, and 
contains their histories, methods of medical 
and surgical treatment, with the instruments 
devised and used by him. Dr. Goodwillie is 
widely known as an expert diagnostician in 
diseases of the respiratory and accessory or- 
gans, and as a skillful surgeon. He has per- 
formed many operations, of which he is the 
author. The following will indicate a few 
of them: In connection with a paper, 
“ Subperiosteal Extirpation of Necrosed 
Bone of the Nose and Maxillae, without 
External Incision, and with Subsequent Re- 
Ereduction of Bone and No Deformity,” read 
efore the International Congress, in London, 
England, in 1881. He made this operation 
by means of revolving surgical instruments 
and the electro-motor, on a patient in a London 
Hospital, before members of the Medical Con- 
gress. He was the first to introduce the use 
of the revolving surgical instruments and en- 
gine, in removing abnormal nasal or oral 
growths, or necrosed bone, in a paper read be- 
fore the Medical Society of the County of New 
York, April 28, 1879 (Published in Medical 
Becord, July 12, 1879). He read a paper,“Sur- 
gical Treatment of Naso-Pharyngeal Catarrh,” 
before the American Medical Association, in 
1880 (published in Transactions); a paper, 
“Electricity in Surgery, with Special Reference 
to its Use in the Nose, Mouth, and Throat,” be- 
fore the Medical Society of the State of New 
York, in 1891; and a paper, “Deafness as a 
Result of Nasal and Dental Diseases,” before 
the New York Academy of Medicine (section 
in Laryngology and Rhinology), in 1889. He 
has written many other articles, which have 
been published in medical journals or books. 
His principal non-professional paper, “Eccle- 
siastical History,” was delivered, by invitation 
of the United Presbyterian Synod of New 
York, at the Centennial Anniversary, August 
27, 1891, of the United Presbyterian Church 
of Barnet, Caledonia county,Vt., of which his 
grandfather was the first pastor. In 1875, Dr. 
Goodwillie established a private hospital (the 
first of the kind in the country), for the better 
treatment of diseases of the lungs, throat, 
mouth, nose, ears, and face. He has now in 
preparation for publication, his experience in 
the treatment of the organs of respiration and 
the associate parts, fully illustrated by cases 
from his large experience, and now represented 
in his museum. He is a Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine; member of the 
Medical Society of the State of New York; 
member of the Medical Society of the County 
of New York; and honorary member of the 
Canada Medical Society. He has been hon- 
ored by these societies by appointment as 
delegate to represent them at other medical 
societies, both at home and abroad. It has 
been said, by one who knew Dr. Goodwillie 
intimately, “He is a genius, full of unlimited 
intellectual resources which have brought him 
honor in the profession which he loves; he is 
amiable and retiring in disposition, abounding 
in charities for the suffering and in good works 
for their relief.” 
GOULD, George M., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born November 8, 1848, at Auburn, An- 
droscoggin county, Me., and is a descend- 
ant, on both the father’s and mother’s side, of 
unmixed New England stock for six genera- 
tions. His father moved to Salina, Athens 
county, 0., in 1852, and from 1856 to 1861 the 
subject of this sketch lived there. In 1861, at 
the age of twelve, he enlisted as a drummer 
boy in the war, and in Company A, Sixty- 
third Ohio Regiment, he served until dis- 
charged from illness about two years after- 
ward. Later in the war he enlisted again as 
drummer in the 141st Ohio, and served until 
the regiment was discharged. He was edu- 
cated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, Dela- 
ware, Ohio, receiving the degree of A. B. in 
1872. He studied at Cambridge, Mass., three 
years, and at Berlin, Leipzig and Paris for 
two years. He graduated at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1888, and 
entered at once upon practice as a specialist in 
diseases of the eye. He is Ophthalmologist to 
Philadelphia Hospital, President of the Amer- 
ican Academy of Medicine, editor of the Med- 
ical News, author of “The Meaning and the 
Method of Life, A Search for Religion in Bi- 
ology,” “A Pocket Medical Dictionary,” and 
“An Illustrated Medical Dictionary,” which 
have met withpopular reception. 
GRAEME, Tl homas, was born in Balgowan, 
Scotland, October 20, 1688, and died near Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., September 4,1772. He was one 
of the last of the foreign born physicians that 
were of prominence in colonial times. He 
came to this country in 1717, in the company 
of Sir William Keith, lieutenant-governor of 
Pennsylvania. Having previously studied 
medicine, shortly after his arrival he entered 
into its practice in Philadelphia, occupying an 
eminent place in his profession throughout his 
life. In 1727 he was appointed naval officer 
at Philadelphia, was again chosen in 1741, 
and continued to fill the office for more than 
twenty years thereafter. In February, 1726, 
he became a membfer of the provincial coun- 
cil, in 1731, a justice of the supreme court, in 
which office he served for many years. In 
1749 he was chosen the first president of St. 
Andrew’s Society, and in 1751-3 was physi- 
cian to the Pennsylvania Hospital, of which 
charity he was one of the founders. He was 
one of the early members of the American 
Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. After 
a long career in medicine, in which pursuit he 
from time to time performed the duties of 
many offices of honor and public trust, he 
finally retired to his country seat in Bucks 
county, Pa., where he spent the remainder of 
his life. This country seat has been known 
by the name of Graeme Park. The influence 
of those intelligent and educated physicians, 
like Dr. Graeme, was of incalculable advantage 
in all the ways where science and learning in 
this early period of our country’s history could 
be brought into requisition, but especially 
were their services important as teachers of 
their art and as preceptors of the rising genera- 
tion. 
GRAY, John Perdue, of Utica, N. Y., was 
born in Centre county, Pa., August 6, 1825, 
and died November 29, 1886. After receiving 
his academic education and graduating at 
Dickinson in 1846, he studied medicine and at- 
tended the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania where he was granted his 
medical degree in 1848. He early devoted at- 
tention to mental diseases, and in 1851 was 
appointed third assistant physician to the New 
York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, and two EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
189 
and his influence was felt in State legislation 
on the subject of insanity. He edited for 
many years the American Journal of Insanity, 
of which he took charge in 1854. He was much 
interested in all public charities, and was act- 
ive in the establishment of orphan asylums, 
hospitals, and all societies for the relief of 
the destitute. In 1874 Hamilton gave him the 
degree of “Doctor of Laws” as a recognition 
of his pre-eminent medical attainments, and 
his professional merit also secured for him 
many other honors both here and abroad. 
His published addresses include, “Homicide 
in Insanity,” 1857; “Thoughts on the Causa- 
tion of Insanity,” 1874; “Mental Hygiene,” 
1876; “Abstract of the Laws of New York 
relative to Insanity,” 1878; “Heredity,” 1884; 
and “Insanity and Some of its Preventable 
Causes,” 1885. On March 16, 1882, he was 
shot by Henry Rernshaw, a “lunatic”, and 
never fully recovered from the effects of the 
wound. His death occurred while still in the 
height of his professional renown, and in one 
sense, he died a martyred victim to the cause 
in which his long and useful life had been 
devoted. 
GREEN, George R., of Muncie, Ind., was 
born in Delaware county, that State, November 
15,1851. His father, Dr. A. J. Green, and 
mother, Massa (Johnson) Green, were of 
English-Irish descent. He was reared on a 
farm, and received his preliminary education 
at the Muncie High School. He began the 
study of medicine with his father, one of the 
self-made pioneer physicians of his native 
State, and graduated in medicine at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Indiana, 
in 1877. The year following (1878), he was 
granted an ad eundem degree by the Medi- 
years later became acting superintendent. In 
1853, when the Michigan State asylum was 
projected, he was elected the medical superin- 
tendent and designed the plans for the new 
institute at Kalamazoo. In 1854 he resigned 
the position and became Medical Superintend- 
ent of the Utica Asylum and held this posi- 
tion until his death. During the thirty-five 
years that he served in charge of the insane 
he did much to better the condition of this un- 
fortunate class in this country by improving 
modes of treatment, and in bringing insane 
paupers within the reach of hospitals. Dr. 
Gray also inaugurated in the various asylums 
of the United States a microscopical study of 
the brain. In 1858 he was appointed consult- i 
ing manager of the State Asylum for Insane j 
Criminals at Auburn, and acted as commis- 
sioner and adviser in establishing other asy- j 
Inins in New York. He has served as presi- j 
dent of the Medical Society of the State of 
New York, and in 1876 of the Psychological 
Section of the International Medical Con- 
gress in Philadelphia, where he read a paper , 
on “Mental Hygiene,” was a member of the I 
American Medical Association ; of the Associ- 
ation of Medical Superintendents of American 
Institutes for the Insane, and of numerous 
other medical organizations. He was made 
Professor of Psychological Medicine and Ju- 
risprudence in Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege in 1874, and in the Albany Medical 
College in 1876, and held these positions until 
1882. His services as an expert on insanity 
were frequently employed in the courts, anti 
he was regarded as good authority on all med- 
ical questions relating to life insurance. His 
management of the New York State Asylum 
gave that institution a wide reputation. His 
papers and reports relating to psychiatry were 
regarded as valuable contributions to science, 
- - - 
cal College of Indiana. He was married July 
20, 1878, to Miss Mary E. E. Monroe, of Mun- 
cie. During the course of his study at college 
he was selected from his class to be an assist- 190 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ant to the demonstrator of anatomy, and gradu- 
ated with high honors. Besides being a hard 
student, he has since his graduation supple- 
mented his medical studies by a post-graduate 
course of instruction in the New York Poly- 
clinic, and a course of private instruction in 
gynecology at the University of the City of 
New York. He has always practiced in his 
old home, in his native county, and for several 
years at Muncie, his time being devoted to 
the general practice of medicine and surgery. 
Dr. Green is an active member of the vari- 
ous local medical societies and the Indiana 
State Medical Society. 
GllE Ei\FIELD, Charles Edward, of Chicago, 
HI., was born on a farm near the little village 
of Brookston, Ind., December 5, 1859. His 
parents, Benjamin and Martha, are of English 
studies, that before arriving at the required 
age lie had determined to teach, and se- 
cured the license without the least effort and 
taught a country school three successful terms. 
At the age of nineteen he entered Wabash 
College, at Cravvfordsville, Ind., and con- 
tinued his studies there until he was offered 
the principalship of the public schools at Chal- 
mers. There young Greenfield was so suc- 
cessful that he abandoned public school work, 
only to enter the medical profession, which 
Avas his ideal. But he had long since decided 
to sacrifice anything to attain the goal of his 
ambitions, which was a thorough knowledge 
of the science of medicine. As a prelimi- 
nary training he entered a drug store at Lo- 
gansport. His work in this position gave him 
an extensive knowledge of drugs. Nights he 
spent in hard study, and by the time he felt 
himself ready to enter medical college he had 
a knoAvledge of medicine which some consider 
sufficient to justify the beginning of practice. 
In 1883 Greenfield entered Rush Medical Col- 
lege and after diligent application he grad- 
uated in 1886. Dr. Greenfield immediately 
located in Chicago and began practice at once. 
Before the Doctor had been long in the field 
lie found a help-mate was necessary, and on 
January 1, 1888, he Avas united in marriage to 
I Miss Edla Davey. Mrs. Greenfield possesses 
: all of those qualifications necessary to make a 
husband’s life a success, and his home a de- 
light. They have one child, Benjamin, Jr., a 
bright and interesting little boy two and a half 
years of age. Dr. Greenfield, pre-eminently a 
self-made man, Avith every discouragement in 
youth, had only his own perseverance and 
ability in assisting him to surmount the obsta- 
cles in his pathway. His success attests how 
Avell they have performed their work. His 
untiring energy and brilliant talents have Avon 
a place for him second to none of his age. His 
joAdal and genial disposition have secured him 
hosts of friends. It is safe to say that no phy- 
sician on the great West Side of Chicago has 
any larger practice than Dr. Greenfield. Nor 
is his fame confined to the West Side alone. 
He has been elected a member of the Faculty 
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Avhich position he uoav holds as lecturer on 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and also 
clinical instructor of the eye and ear depart- 
ment of same college. He is a member of a 
number of secret societies, including some of 
the most prominent, as Masons, Odd Fellows, 
Knights of Pythias and several more. He 
Avas recently appointed by the commissioners 
of Cook county a member of the Board of Phy- 
sicians for the county hospital. Dr. Green- 
field has not reached the prime of life, and 
Avith all the recognition his attainments have 
received in the past, Ave can predict for him a 
still more brilliant future. 
GRIFFITTS, Samuel Powell, was born in 
Philadelphia, Pa., July 21, 1759, and died 
there May 12,1826. Having been classically 
educated at the College of Philadelphia, he 
studied medicine Avith Dr. Kuhn. He attended 
lectures during the troubled times of the Revo- 
lution, and graduated Bachelor of Medicine in 
the University of Pennsylvania, July 4, 1781. 
He then proceeded to Europe, but, on account 
of the Avar existing betAveen Great Britain and 
the United Colonies, Avent first to France. 
After spending some time in attendance upon 
and Scotch descent. Both father and mother 
were anxious that their son should folloAV 
in the footsteps of his father and become a 
farmer. But it had been young Greenfield’s 
earliest and ever present desire to become a 
physician. Through the long hot days that he 
folloAved the pIoAV, his book Avas his constant 
companion. And at the turn of the furroAVS 
out came the book for a feAV moments, and it 
Avas thus that he laid the foundation for the 
education that has been the pride of his pa- 
rents and an honor to his profession. In the 
winter Avhen he could be spared from the farm 
he was permitted to attend the district school, 
from Avhich he graduated at the age of fifteen, 
He had made such remarkable progress 
and Avas so Avell versed in the elementarv EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
191 
the lectures and hospitals of Paris, he went to 
Montpelier, where, in the winter of 1782-83, 
he attended a course of lectures. An attrac- 
tion of this celebrated school at that time was 
the distinguished medical philosopher, Bar- 
thez. The following year was spent in Lon- 
don and at the Medical School of Edinburgh, 
when, after an absence of three years, he es- 
tablished himself in his native city. The first 
public enterprise in which he was engaged 
was the foundation of the charity which has 
operated so beneficially in relieving the mis- 
eries of the poor, known as the “Philadelphia 
Dispensary.” This institution went into op- 
eration in 1786, and, either as one of its phy- 
sicians or in the capacity of secretary of the 
board of managers, his services were given to 
it till the close of his useful life. From 1790 
to 1796 he held the Chair of Materia Medica 
in the University of Pennsylvania, and 
throughout this period his lectures are said to 
have evinced great industry in the acquisition 
of useful materials, method and perspicuity in 
their arrangement, and zeal for the advance- 
ment of his class in solid information. But 
the situation of a public lecturer was not alto- 
gether congenial to his feelings, which were 
most gratified by an active discharge of the 
less conspicuous duties of life. Perhaps, too, 
the disinclination which he always manifested 
to hold any place of emolument may have 
exercised some influence in producing his res- 
ignation of a chair which was every year be- 
coming more profitable, and even at that period 
conferred one of the highest honors within 
the reach of the profession. During the preva- 
lence of yellow fever in his native city in 1793, 
and the epidemics of 1797, 1802 anil 1805, he 
remained at his post, regardless of personal 
danger, and was of great service. From 1817 
till his death, Dr. Gritfitts was vice-president 
of the College of Physicians, and was also 
active in establishing, under the auspices of 
the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends, 
an institution for the relief of mentally de- 
ranged persons. In consequence of his early 
studies in connection with materia medica and 
pharmacy, Dr. Gritfitts was deeply interested 
in the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia. 
In June, 1788, he was placed on a committee 
of the College of Physicians to form a Phar- 
macopoeia for the use of the college, but this 
undertaking was permitted to slumber until 
1820, when the college united with other socie- 
ties for the formation of our present national 
work. Dr. Gritfitts served upon the committee 
then appointed, and for this duty his former 
experience well qualified him. At this time 
he read before a convention held in Washing- 
ton for the formation of a Pharmacopceia an 
essay on this subject, of which he was the 
principal author. 
GRONER, F. J., of Grand Rapids, Mich., 
was born in Richmond, Pa., August 8, 1849. 
His parents moved to Michigan when he was 
five years old. He was brought up on a farm, 
and had very little advantage of the country 
schools of those days. He received the degree 
of B. S. from the Michigan State Agricultural 
College in 1874. He began the study of medi- 
cine in the office of Wm. Ikeler in Three Riv- 
ers in 1887, and graduated from the University 
of Michigan, Ann Ai’bor, in 1880. He took 
post-graduate studies in New York City in 
1883. He located in Big Rapids, Mich., in 
1880, and was surgeon to Mercy Hospital for 
ten years. He treated over seven thousand 
patients in the hospital, a large number of 
them being surgical cases, as the hospital was 
for the benefit of men working in the lumber 
woods. Dr. Groner was one of the first to in- 
troduce aseptic and antiseptic surgery in 
Michigan. He moved to Grand Rapids, Mich., 
in 1890. He is visiting surgeon to the U, B. A. 
Hospital, and consulting surgeon to St. Mary’s 
Hospital. He is a member of the Grand Rap- 
ids Academy of Medicine, Michigan State 
Medical Society and American Medical Asso- 
ciation. He is a frequent contributor to med- 
ical literature, especially on surgical subjects. 
His papers on “Surgical Treatment of Empy- 
ema,” “Operation for Spina Bifida,” and “The 
Causes and the Remedies for Suits* for Mal- 
practice,” have been largely quoted. 
GROSS, Samuel David, of Philadelphia, was 
born near Easton, Pa., July 8, 1805, and died 
May 6,1884. After a classical education at the 
Wilkesbarre Academy and the high school, 
Lawrenceville, N. J., he studied medicine with 
Dr. Joseph K. Swift, of Easton; subsequently 
he was for nearly two years a private student 
under Prof. George McClellan. He graduated 
from the Jefferson Medical College in 1828, 
and began practice in Philadelphia, employing 
his leisure hours in close study, and in trans- 
lating several standard French and German 
medical works, which were published. In 
1830 he issued his first original work, “Diseases 
and Injuries of the Bones and Joints,” in 
which particular mention is made of the use 
of adhesive plaster as a means of extension in 
the treatment of fractures, now so generally 
employed by surgeons of tliis and other coun- 
tries. During the same year he returned to 
Easton. Dr. Gross made many original con- 
tributions to surgery. In early life he made 
experiments on rabbits, with a view to throw- 
ing light on manual strangulation, which are 
described in Beck’s Medical Jurisprudence. 
He was the first to suggest the suturing of 
divided nerves and tendons, wiring the ends 
of bones in certain dislocations, lapai-otomy in 
rupture of the bladder, and many other opera- 
tions, and was the inventor of numerous in- 
struments, including a tourniquet, an instru- 
ment for extracting foreign bodies from the eai 
or nose, and an apparatus for the transfusion 
of blood. His original investigations were 
varied, though often carried on with insuffi- 
cient means and amidst adverse surroundings. 
In 1833 he became Demonstrator of Anatomy 
in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, 
and two years later Professor of Pathological 
Anatomy in the medical department of the 
Cincinnati College. Here he delivered the 
first systematic course of lectures on morbid 
anatomy ever given in the United States, and, 
while thus occupied, composed his “Elements 
of Pathological Anatomy,” the first methodical 
treatise on the subject ever published on this 
side of the Atlantic or in the English language. 
After four years he accepted the Chair of Sui’- 
gery in the University of Louisville. For ten 
years he labored in this lecture room, and 
then, in 1850, resigned to accept a similar pro- 
fessorship in the University of New York, just 
vacant by the retirement of the venerable Dr. 
Mott. At the end of the first session he with- 
drew, and, at the earnest solicitation of his 
former colleagues, returned to his Louisville 
chair. In 1856 he was elected Professor of 
Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College, 192 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Philadelphia, and filled that chair until within 
two years of his death, when he resigned on 
account of advancing years and a desire for 
repose. Dr. Gross was a very voluminous 
author. In addition to the works already 
named, he has, among others, written his 
“System of Surgery,” upon which his posthu- 
mous fame will most probably mainly depend; 
it appeared in 1859, has passed through six 
editions, the last, issued in 1882, being thor- 
oughly revised and brought up to the existing 
state of the science, and is comprised in two 
large volumes, illustrated by upwards of 1,400 
engravings. It was translated into the Dutch 
language, and published at Nieuwediep, 1863, 
and is considered the most elaborate and ex- 
tion, to which, on two occasions, lie was an 
accredited delegate. He was one of the found- 
ers and early presidents of the Kentucky State 
Medical Society. While in Louisville he pub- 
lished an elaborate and exhaustive “Report on 
Kentucky Surgery,” in which he first estab- 
lished the fact that the late Dr. Ephraim Mc- 
Dowell, of Danville, in that State, was justly 
entitled to the honor of being the father of 
ovariotomy, until then erroneously ascribed to 
other surgeons. Shortly after settling in Phila- 
delphia, he founded, in conjunction with Dr. 
Da Costa, the Philadelphia Pathological Soci- 
ety, of which he was the first president and 
which now embraces a membership of nearly 
one hundred and fifty. In 1867 he was elected 
president of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, and in April, 1870, presided at the 
Teachers’ Medical Convention, held in Wash- 
ington, to consider the subject of medical edu- 
cation. June, 1870, he was chosen president 
of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society. 
In 1872, during his second visit to Europe, the 
University of Oxford, at its one-thousandth 
commemoration, conferred on him the hon- 
orary degree of D. C. L., and that of LL. D. 
was given him by the University of Cambridge. 
He was unanimously elected president of the 
International Medical Congress which met in 
Philadelphia in September, 1876. Dr. Gross 
was always a warm and decided advocate of 
professional progress and of a higher standard 
of medical education. Systematic and eco- 
nomical of time, he had, while punctually ful- 
filling all engagements as professor and practi- 
tioner, been enabled to maintain his early 
habits of earnest study, to keep thoroughly in- 
formed in medical and general literature, and 
to become a voluminous author. It is said 
that large portions of his literary work were 
composed while riding about the city in his daily 
professional routine. Dr. Gross was a skillful 
operator and a teacher of general surgery for 
forty years, during which time he was recog- 
nized as the greatest American representative 
of this branch of the profession. His pub- 
lished works were adopted as standard author- 
ity, not only in the army, navy and in the civil 
practice of our own country, but were regarded 
as of the highest value by other leading nations 
of the world. 
GIUICE, Napoleon Lorenzo, of Meridian, 
Miss., was born in Franklin county, that State, 
February 10, 1838. His early education was ac- 
quired in the country schools and was finished 
in the classics under a teacher of local dis- 
tinction, and in 1867-68 he studied the French 
language under a Parisian teacher. He was 
graduated from the medical department of the 
University of Louisiana (New Orleans) in 
1858. His medical education was supple- 
mented by attending three supernumerary 
courses at his alma mater and by a three 
months’ course at the New York Polyclinic. 
Dr. Guice first located in a wealthy (planting) 
community of Jefferson county, Miss., in 1858, 
whence he removed in 1866 to the town of 
Fayette, in the same county. In 1886 he re- 
moved to Natchez, and in 1893 to his present 
home. He was married first, in 1881, to Flor- 
ence, daughter of Col. Chas. Pugh of West 
Point, Miss., and again in 1890 to Annie, 
daughter of Geo. B. Neal, of Parkersburg, 
West Va. He has ever been a close stu- 
dent, not alone of medicine, but also of the 
haustive work on surgery ever written by one 
man. He edited a large work on “American 
Medical Biography,” 1861; was one of the 
founders and chief editors of the North Ameri- 
can Medico-Chirurgical Iteview (suspended at 
the outbreak of the war after a successful ca- 
reer of five years), and was the author of nu- 
merous addresses on medicine, surgery and 
biography, also of a “History of American 
Medical Literature,” and of a “History of the 
Progress of American Surgery During the Last 
Century.” He was a member of the American 
Philosophical Society; of numerous medical 
societies in the United States; of the Imperial 
Medical Society in Vienna; Medical Society of 
Christiana, in Norway; Royal Medical and 
Chirurgical Society, of London; Medico-Chi- 
rurgical Society of Edinburgh; Medical Soci- 
ety of London, and British Medical Associa- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
193 
collateral sciences, and has accumulated one 
of the finest scientific libraries in his State. 
In 1887 he made, upon the human subject, 
in the early months of pregnancy, experi- 
ments with a view to test the abortifacient 
(oxytocic) powers of ergot and other drugs of 
its class, the same being duly reported and 
published. About the same period he experi- 
mented with veratrum viride given hypoder- 
mically in puerperal eclampsia, and published 
two papers on the subject showing brilliant 
results. He also published some original ex- 
periments with electricity as an oxytocic and 
contributed many additional papers to current 
medical literature. He was one of the origin- 
ators of the Mississippi State Board of Health 
medicine, but lately has done only pathologi- 
cal work. He has devoted much time to the 
study of languages. Dr. Guiteras has had 
marked success in the diagnosis and treatment 
of yellow fever. He served in 1887 and 1888 in 
the Florida epidemics of this malady. He has 
made extensive reports on yellow fever in the 
“Bulletins of the National Board of Health” 
and the “Annual Reports of the Marine Hos- 
pital Service.” He has contributed descrip- 
tions of the continued thermic fever of warm 
countries. He is credited with the discovery 
of the filaria sanguinis hominis, in Charles- 
ton, S. 0., April, 1886. He was a member of 
the Havana yellow fever commission of the 
National Board of Health, in 1879. He en- 
tered the Marine Hospital service in 1880. He 
was appointed Professor of Practice in the 
Medical College of South Carolina, in 1886, 
and resigned in 1888, to take the chair of Pa- 
thology in the University of Pennsylvania, 
and was sent by the university, in 1889, to 
study the Koch method of the treatment of 
tuberculosis. 
GUTHRIE, William E., of Bloomington, 
111., was born in Abingdon, 111., July 26, 1857, 
of Scotch-German parents. At the age of 
fourteen he entered the Illinois Wesleyan 
University, where he continued four years. 
Two years were then spent in teaching school. 
When near twenty years old he commenced 
the study of medicine under the preceptor- 
ship of Dr. J. L. White, of Bloomington, and 
four years later graduated from Rush Medical 
College. He was immediately taken into 
partnership by his preceptor, and such union 
continued until January 1, 1892, when the 
partnership was dissolved. In 1888 Dr. Guthrie 
went to Europe and there remained one year, 
spending most of the time in Berlin. From 
1883 until his visit abroad he held the position 
of county physician. Since 1885 he has been 
district surgeon of the Lake Erie and Western 
Railroad. The Doctor is a member of the 
McLean County Medical Society, the Illinois 
State Medical Society, the American Medical 
Association, and the National Association of 
Railroad Surgeons. He is an examiner for 
most of the “old line” insurance companies. 
HADRA, Berthold Ernest, of Galveston, 
Tex., was born in Prussia, in 1842. After the 
usual course in classics, he studied medicine in 
the Universities of Breslau and Berlin, from 
which latter he graduated in 1866. Having 
passed his State examination, he served in the 
army as assistant surgeon until he emigrated 
to the United States, in 1869. He practiced in 
San Antonio and Austin, Tex., until he was 
called to the chair of Surgery in the Texas 
Medical College, at Galveston, in 1889. After 
the discontinuation of this school, he remained 
there, doing a general practice. His contribu- 
tions to current medical literature are quite 
numerous. The more important ones are: 
“De Diabete Insipido,” thesis, 1866, an often 
quoted essay; “Injuries of the Pelvic Dia- 
phragm,” American Journal of Obstetrics, 1884; 
“Traction on the Womb,” “Intraperitoneal 
Adhesions in Relation to Tait’s Operations,” 
read before the American Medical Association, 
1885; “Two Cases of Congenital Tarticollis,” 
advocating as the first operation by forced in- 
cision, New York Medical Record, 1886; “Open 
Treatment of the Abdominal Cavity,” read 
before the Southern Surgeon and Gynecolog- 
ical Association, 1889; “Lesions of Vagina 
and of the law regulating the practice of med- 
icine in his State. He has been a member of 
numerous medical societies, was president of 
the Mississippi State Medical Association in 
1887-88, and is now president of the Adams 
County Medical Society. From 1875 to 1885 he 
took an active interest in the politics of his 
State, and has ever been prominent in (local) 
humane work. He has made many capital 
surgical operations, one of which being the 
first laparotomy made at Natchez. 
GUITERAS, John, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Mantanzas, Cuba, and is of Span- 
ish descent. He received his preliminary 
education in his native city, and then studied 
medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. 
Pepper, Wood, Allen and Tyson, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., and was graduated M. D. in 1883, at 
the University of Pennsylvania, and obtained 
' the first prize ($100) for his thesis. His med- 
ical education was supplemented as resident 
in the Philadelphia Hospital. He practiced 
his profession seven years in Philadelphia, 
four years in Key West, Fla., and four years 
in Charleston, S. C., being in government 
service. During this time he practiced general 194 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
practitioners, very many of them, physicians 
of a high order? What physicians are more 
cool in judgment, keen to discriminate, wise 
in the use of expedients, more ready for all 
emergencies, or called upon to treat more dan- 
gerous cases? In the most critical times they 
must often stand by alone and save their 
patients, if they are saved at all. Perhaps the 
humble country doctor is too often looked 
down upon as an inferior. But if the truth is 
told, are there not thousands of country physi- 
cians who are as truly and nobly filling then- 
places as any of their highly favored city 
brethren, who may be medical authors, editors, 
professors or specialists. Give only due credit 
and honor to the country practitioners, very 
many of whom are making the best use of 
their limited advantages, are courageous, self- 
sacrificing, and are bending their energies un- 
tiringly in their labor of love to save life. 
These “unsung heroes,” God’s noblemen, are 
not few, who never sought applause nor fame, 
and whose work will be unrewarded in this 
world, save by the consciousness that they 
have faithfully endeavored to do their duty. 
HAINES, Walter S., of Chicago, 111., was 
born there September 27, 1850, and is a lineal 
descendant of John Haines, first governor of 
the colony of Connecticut. Dr. Haines was 
educated at the Chicago High School, and at 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
Boston. He studied medicine in the Chicago 
Medical College, and graduated in the spring 
of 1873. He also spent fifteen months in study 
in Europe. He settled in practice in Chicago, 
where he is devoting his attention exclusively 
to chemistry, toxicology, and other branches 
of medical chemistry. He is a member of the 
Chicago Chemical Society, and of the Ameri- 
can Public Health Association; and has con- 
tributed a few articles on medical chemistry 
to the journals. He was appointed Professor 
of Chemistry in the Chicago Medical College 
in 1873, which position was held till the sum- 
mer of 1876, when it was resigned to accept 
the like chair in the Rush Medical College. 
HALE, George Yarnum, of Wheatland, 
Tex., son of James Monroe Hale and Fannie 
(Fletcher) Hale, was born in Belmont, Mass., 
May 2, 1858. He was educated at the Univer- 
sity of Chicago; graduated LL. B. from the 
law department of same, 1878. He attended 
lectures at University of Michigan in 1879, at 
University of Virginia, 1881, and graduated 
M. D. at Jefferson Medical College, Philadel- 
phia, April, 1883, receiving the surgical prize 
offered by Professors S. W. Gross and John H. 
Brinton for a thesis on “A New Apparatus for 
Fractured Clavicle.” Failing health caused 
him to leave Illinois, the State of his adoption, 
and he settled in Wheatland, Dallas county, 
Tex. He married, in 1886, Lucie E., youngest 
daughter of Hon. H. K. Brotherton, of Dallas, 
and is at present doing a large country prac- 
tice at Wheatland, Tex. 
HALE, Samuel Echols, of New Orleans, La., 
was born at Athens, Ga., May 24, 1839. He 
descended from a distinguished English family 
of which Lord Chief-Justice Sir Matthew Hale 
was an illustrious member. His mother was 
of German descent. At an early age his pa- 
rents became financially embarrassed and were 
unable to give him a liberal education. At the 
age of sixteen he obtained the consent of his pa- 
rents to undertake the task of educating him- 
self, and for this purpose left home—without 
and the Pelvic-floor,” 1888; “Some Reflections 
on Morning Sickness,” Times and Register, 
1890; “Wiring of the Vertebra as a Means of 
Immobilization in Fracture and Potts’ Dis- 
ease,” read before the meeting of the Texas 
State Medical Association, Times and Register; 
1891, and “Omental Tumors,” Annals of Sur- 
gery, 1891. 
HAINE, William Joseph, of West Farming- 
ton, Ohio, was born in North Bloomfield, that 
State, January 11,1837. Besides a limited com- 
mon school education, he attended the Western 
Reserve Seminary, West Farmington, also fora 
short time Mount Union College, Ohio. Be- 
fore being able to finish his education, which 
he greatly desired to do, he enlisted as a pri- 
vate soldier, August 7,1862, in the 105th Regi- 
ment Ohio Volunteers. He was promoted to 
first lieutenant, served also as captain, and 
honorably retired from the army service in 
the spring of 1865. Having paid some atten- 
tion to medicine before enlisting, when neces- 
sity required it, he assisted the army surgeons 
in caring for the sick aud wounded soldiers in 
the field and hospitals. Beginning in the 
summer of 1865, he continued the study of 
medicine until he graduated at the College of 
Physicians and Sui-geons, New York, in March, 
1869. He commenced practice, remaining one 
year at the Cliff (copper) mine, near Lake 
Superior; afterward he was employed as sur- 
geon for four years by the Jackson Iron Co., 
at Fayette, Upper Peninsula of Michigan. 
Five years were spent in New York State, and 
the balance of the time he has been engaged 
in practice in Trumbull county, Ohio. Desir- 
ing to add to his stock of medical knowledge 
he spent about eight months, in 1876-77 in 
Philadelphia and New York. Dr. Haine is a 
country practitioner, which usually means a 
general practitioner. But are not country EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
195 
a dollar. He entered an academy and main- 
tained himself there by laboring on a farm, 
when out of school. Later he took the course 
in Cleveland Collegiate Institute of Georgia. 
In 1861 he was teaching in Mississippi, pre- 
paratory to taking his university course. He 
was correspondent of several papers, and wrote 
extensively for literary journals. On the break- 
ing out of the Civil War, sharing the convic- 
tions of the South, he volunteered as private 
soldier in the Eighth Mississippi Regiment. 
At the battle of Stone River, Tenn., he was 
dangerously wounded and was not able to join 
his regiment again. In 1863 he was appointed 
assessor of the war tax in Mississippi. He 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Louisville, in 1872. He went to New Orleans 
and began the practice of his profession. The 
following year he married Miss Alice C., 
daughter of R. W. Rague. In 1874 he was ap- 
pointed resident physician at the great sani- 
low fever patients, in the great epidemic of 
1878, with a loss, by death, of six per cent, 
only. In 1881, the ill health of his wife caused 
Dr. Hale to leave his practice, spending six 
years in travel, and in residence at various 
health resorts, hoping to restore her to health. 
In 1889 he was commissioned Surgeon-General 
of the Uniformed Rank K. of H., of the Uni- 
ted States and Canada, with the rank of Brig- 
adier-General. During the same year he was 
elected editor of the Uniformed Bank Argus. 
HALL, William Asbury, of Minneapolis, 
Minn., was born at Aurelius, N. Y., June 17, 
1853. He is a descendant of the Fairfield 
branch of the Halls, of New England, who 
emigrated from England to this country in 
1639; a family of Revolutionary fame and 
noted for its learning and ability. He received 
an academic education at Auburn, N. Y., and 
received a certificate of academic scholarship 
from the regents of the University of the 
State of New York, at the age of fourteen. 
He afterwards taught mathematics and the 
natural sciences until 1872, when he com- 
menced the study of medicine with Dr. A. S. 
Cummings, of Cayuga, N. Y. He graduated 
at the Albany Medical College, December 23, 
1875, receiving the special obstetrical prize and 
an honorable mention for his thesis and gen- 
eral proficiency. Immediately after gradua- 
tion he secured, by competitive examination, 
the position of Senior Resident Physician and 
Surgeon to Albany Hospital, and remained 
there until 1877, when he located at Fulton, 
N. Y., and soon obtained a very large general 
practice. In 1880 he married Miss Ida A. 
Dickinson, of Lowville, N. Y. He remained 
at Fulton until 1887, when he removed to 
Minneapolis, in order to devote more attention 
to surgical work. During the same year he 
was elected Professor of Medical Jurispru- 
dence in the Minnesota Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, and also Attending Surgeon to St. Mary’s 
and St. Barnabas’ Hospitals. He now holds 
the chair of Principles of Surgery and Clin- 
ical Surgery in the Minneapolis College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. He is recognized 
by the profession as a brilliant operator and 
one of the ablest medical experts in the North- 
west. He is a member of the various national, 
State and local medical societies, and is at 
present the president of the Hennepin County 
Medical Society. 
HAMILTON, Allan McLane, of New York, 
was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., October 6, 1848. 
He is the son of Philip Hamilton, youngest 
son of Alexander Hamilton; and on his moth- 
er’s side the grandson of Louis McLane, sec- 
retary of State in President Jackson’s cabinet. 
He graduated in 1870 at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York, in which city 
he settled and has since resided. At his 
graduation he received the first faculty prize, 
the subject of his thesis having been, “Gal- 
vanopuncture;” receiving also the Harsen 
prize medal. He devised, in 1874, a new dyn- 
amometer, described in the Psychological Jour- 
nal and Medico-Legal Journal for April, 1874; 
was one of the first practitioners to use galva- 
no-cautery in this country, and the first to use 
monobromate of camphor in delirium tremens, 
and nitro glycerine in epilepsy. In the trial 
of President Garfield’s assassin he testified as 
an expert in behalf of the government. His 
specialty is nervous diseases. He is a mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
tarium, Hot Springs, N. C. Late in the same 
year he went to London to continue his studies 
there. He studied gynecology with Robert 
Barnes and Sir Spencer Wells. Took a course 
in obstetrics in Rotunda Lying-in Hospital, 
Dublin. He returned to New Orleans in 1876. 
Was elected visiting physician to the Charity 
Hospital, and house physician to Fink Asv- 
lum. Became a member of the Orleans Par- 
ish Medical Association, the New Orleans Med- 
ical and Surgical Society, the American Pub- 
lic Health Association and the New Orleans 
Academy of Science. In 1877 he published 
descriptions of his successful treatment of 
Trismus Nascentium, and Traumatic Tetanus, 
by chloral hydrate; also, of his modified 
method of treating Fistula in Ano, by elastic 
ligature. He treated over three hundred yel- 196 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of which he was statistical secretary in 1874; 
of the Society of Neurology, of which he was 
secretary in 1875; and of the County Medical 
Society, and a delegate to the State Medical 
Society in 1877. He is the author of a work 
on “Clinical Electro-Therapeutics,” published 
in 1873; a text-book on “Nervous Disease,” 
1878-81; and on “Medical Jurisprudence,” 
1887; and of articles on “Epilepsy;” on “Gen- 
ital Irritation as a Cause of Nervous Diseas- 
es, and ‘Tremors and Incodrdination,” He 
was formerly editor of the American Psy- 
chological Journal. He is visiting surgeon 
to the Epileptic and Paralytic Hospital on 
Blackwell’s island, and was recently physi- 
cian in charge of the New York State Hospi- 
tal for diseases of the nervous system, and 
lecturer upon nervous diseases at the Long Is- 
land College Hospital, attending physician to 
New York Hospital for Nervous Diseases, con- 
sulting physician to New York City Insane and 
Idiotic Asylum; New York Asylum for Rup- 
tured and Crippled; and Hudson River State 
Hospital for Insane; Fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine; New York Neurolog- 
ical Society; and president of Cumberland 
Gap Park Company. 
HAMILTON, Frank Hastings, of New York, 
was born in Wilmington, Vt., September 10, 
1813, and died in the former city August 11, 
1886. He graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 
1835, and settled first in Auburn, N. Y., re- 
moving in 1844 to Buffalo, and thence to New 
York City in 1862. He has labored most in 
surgery, in which his notable operations have 
been too numerous for separate mention here, 
and to the science and art of which he has made 
very important contributions. He has invented 
a “bone drill,” and an apparatus for broken 
jaw, has devised or modified the apparatus 
for almost every fracture of long bones, also 
various instruments in military and general 
surgery, including the compound Nelaton’s 
probe, light bullet forceps, strong bullet for- 
ceps, movable apparatus for fractures of thigh, 
bone forceps, serrated giant bone-cutter, the 
modified Liston’s artery forceps, apparatus for 
double varus, hare-lip scissors, modification of 
Owen’s tonsillotome, and a method of manipu- 
lating the body in asphyxia from drowning, 
besides modifying and rendering more precise 
the methods of amputation through the joints, 
by furnishing what he has termed “keys” and 
“guides” to the articulations, one of his most 
valuable contributions to surgery. He has 
been especially instrumental in introducing 
gutta percha as a splint where irregular joint 
surfaces require support, and was the first to 
employ gutta percha as an “interdental splint,” 
as he was the first to make the operation of 
resection for simple talipes where there was 
no disease of the joint, and the first also to cut 
away the central portion of the thyroid gland, 
an operation subsequently performed by Gibb, 
of London. He likewise suggested and prac- 
ticed a safe method of cutting the sternal por- 
tion of the sterno-cleido-rnastoid. On the sub- 
ject of “Provisional Callus” he publicly con- 
troverted the views of Dupuytren, propound- 
ing doctrines which were original with him— 
although without his knowledge Paget had in 
fact advocated similar ones a short time be- 
fore—and which are now generally accepted. 
In relation to “Resection in Compound Dislo- 
cations of Long Bones,” he, in 1860 or there- 
abouts, announced views which are now re- 
ceived by Langenbeck and most German sur- 
geons; and in the matter of closing old ulcers 
by the transplantation of new skin, both the 
English and the French surgeons have repeat- 
edly ascribed to him the honor of having 
taken the first step. He devoted a good deal 
of attention to plastic surgery, having prac- 
ticed rhinoplasty twenty or more times, and 
introduced a method of operating from the 
forehead by returning the pedicle, and having 
been, moreover, the first to operate from the 
palm of the hand. He labored strenuously to 
impress upon surgeons the value of warm and 
hot water in the treatment of wounds, and in 
general was not less effective in urging new 
methods than fertile in devising them. He 
was a member of the New York State Medical 
Society, of which he was president in 1855; of 
the New York Pathological Society, of which 
he was president in 1866; of the New York 
Academy of Medicine; of the Medico-Legal 
Society, of which he was president in 1875; 
also of the American Academy of Medicine in 
1878, and of the New York Society of Medical 
Jurisprudence in 1885, and an honorary mem- 
ber of various other societies. He published 
a treatise on “Military Surgery;” a treatise on 
“Fractures and Dislocations,” which has been 
translated into German at Gottingen, and a 
“General Treatise on Surgery,” not to mention 
various other publications, comprising some 
valuable papers touching medical jurispru- 
dence, especially one on “Prognosis in Frac- 
tures,” published in the Transactions of the 
American Medical Association from 1855 to 
1857, and in those of the New York State Med- 
ical Society for 1855 and 1859, and one on the 
“Effect of a Sudden Loss of Consciousness on 
the Memory of Preceding Events,” 1876. He 
was medical inspector in the United States 
Army in 1863. In 1875 he resigned the Pro- 
fessorship of Surgery in the Bellevue Medical 
College, but retained the position of Visiting 
Surgeon to the Bellevue Hospital until his 
death. He was also consulting surgeon to 
other hospitals and to various city dispensa- 
ries, and in that capacity had few equals. On 
the assassination of President Garfield he was 
called in consultation, and remained associated 
with the case until the death of the President. 
HAMILTON, John 8., of Chicago, was born 
in Jersey county, Illinois, December 1, 1847; 
was educated at Hamilton Grammar School, 
and was graduated M. D, at Rush Medical Col- 
lege, February, 1869. He was married in 1871, to 
Miss Mary L. Frost, and they have had two 
children. He engaged in general practice from 
March, 1869, until 1874, when he was appoint- 
ed assistant surgeon and first-lieutenant United 
States Army, and served at St. Louis barracks 
and in the Department of the Columbia, at 
Fort Colville, Wash., where he resigned, in 
1876. In September, 1876, he entered the 
United States marine hospital service as an as- 
sistant surgeon, and served in New York City. 
He was then ordered to Boston, and in June, 
1877, was promoted to be a surgeon. In April, 
1879, he was promoted to be supervising sur- 
geon-general to succeed Gen. John M. Wood- 
worth, who died March 10, 1879. General 
Hamilton immediately began the reorganiza- 
tion of the service, and Congress finally 
passed a law placing the corps upon practi- 
cally the same footing as the medical corps of 
the army and navy. During his incumbency EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
197 
of the office he succeeded in having the na- 
tional quarantine acts passed, and successfully 
managed the campaign against two epidemics 
of yellow fever. He received the thanks of 
the Legislature of Florida for services during 
the epidemic in December, 1889. In June, 
1891, the House of Representatives having, for 
the second time, failed to pass the Senate bill 
providing for the equalization of the salary of 
the office with that of the surgeon-general of 
the army and the surgeon-general of the navy, 
he resigned his commission of surgeon-general, 
and once more came into the ranks of medical 
officers as a surgeon. Outside his official life, 
he was Professor of Surgery in the University 
of Georgetown (from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of Doctor of Laws, in 1888), 
and Surgeon to Providence Hospital. On re- 
turning to Chicago, he was made Professor of 
the Principles of Surgery and Clinical Surgery 
in Rush Medical College, Surgeon to the Pres- 
byterian Hospital, and Professor of Surgery in 
theChicagoPolyclinic,consulting Surgeon to St. 
Joseph’s Hospital and to the Central Free Dis- 
pensary. In 1887 he was the secretary-general 
of the Ninth International Medical Congress, 
held in Washington, and in 1890 he was a del- 
egate from our government to the International 
Medical Congress, held in Berlin, and there 
made the response on behalf of the Amer- 
ican delegates to the address of welcome. 
Professor Hamilton holds a weekly surgical 
clinic at Rush Medical College, and one at the 
Polyclinic. He is author of various articles in 
the medical journals, and of “Lessons on Lon- 
gevity” and “Lectures on Tumors,” and is the 
American editor of “Moullin’s Surgery,” pub- 
lished in 1893. Dr. Hamilton has given per- 
sonal supervision to the management of san- 
itary and quarantine measures against the 
spread of infectious and epidemic diseases. He 
founded “Camp Perry” in Florida, in the yel- 
low fever epidemic of 1888, and in 1892 founded 
“Camp Low,” on Sandy Hook, N. J., as a 
refuge cholera camp, for the overflow from New 
York quarantine. In 1893 he was elected ed- 
itor of the Journal of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and Executive President of the Section 
on General Surgery, Pan-American Medical 
Congress, delivered an address on “General 
Surgery,” and subsequently wrote an editorial 
of great interest for the Journal on the “Future 
Great University,” and the establishment of 
such an institution in this country, suggested 
by this assembly of physicians of the Western 
Hemisphere. 
HAMMOND, William Alexander, of Wash- 
ington, D. C., son of Dr. J. W. Hammond and 
Sarah (Pinckney) Hammond, both descend- 
ants of old Maryland families, was born in 
Annapolis, Md., August 28, 1828. He received 
his academic education at Harrisburg, and 
pursued his medical studies at the University 
of New York, whence he graduated M. D. in 
March,lß4B. In July, 1849, he married Helen, 
daughter of the late Michael Nisbet, Esq., of 
Philadelphia. He resided in Philadelphia one 
year after graduating, during which he was in 
attendance at the Pennsylvania Hospital; sub- 
sequently at Saco, Me.; and after six months 
entered the United States army as assistant 
surgeon. Here he remained eleven years, and 
then in the autumn of 1859 accepted the ap- 
pointment of Professor of Anatomy and Phys- 
iology in the University of Maryland, at Bal- 
timore. As surgeon of the Baltimore infirm- 
ary he attended the wouitQed men of the Sixth 
Massachusetts Regiment, who were fired on 
by the mob of Baltimore while passing through 
the city to the defense of Washington. He 
subsequently resigned his professorship, and 
re-entered the army as assistant surgeon, in 
the spring of 1860 (he having lost his rank ac- 
quired by previous service), and was attached 
to General Patterson’s headquarters, at Cham- 
bersburg and Frederick as medical purveyor. 
He subsequently organized the Camden Street 
Hospital, in Baltimore, of which he remained 
in charge for several months, and was assigned 
to duty in the department of West Virginia, 
then under command of General Rosecrans, 
by whom he was appointed medical inspector 
of camps and hospitals. In the spring of 1852, 
at the urgent request of the sanitary commis- 
sion, and by the advice of General McClellan, 
he was appointed Surgeon-General of the army 
of the United States, with the rank of Briga- 
dier-General. From inexperience, the hospi- 
tal systems which had prevailed in the old 
army were useless, and from his former con- 
nection with the army, and his perfect famil- 
iarity with foreign military systems, this 
branch of the service was from the beginning 
of his administration made the great object of 
his attention; and he succeeded, in the face 
of serious obstacles, in inaugurating a hos- 
pital system which was alike creditable to the 
country and to the age, the sick and wounded 
being better cared for in every respect in our 
military hospitals than ever before, and the 
rate of mortality in them being “far lower 
than had been observed in the experience of 
any army since the world began.” He was 
also the originator of the Army Medical Mu- 
seum, which he established by a special order, 
and of the “Medical and Surgical History of 
the Rebellion,” the whole plan of which was 
laid down in circulars, addressed to the medi- 
cal corps, during the first year of his admin- 
istration. During the whole of his service 
as Surgeon-General, his personal and official 198 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
relations with the Secretary of War were 
unfortunately, for the good of the army, of 
an unpleasant character. It would be im- 
proper in this place to enter into the discus- 
sion of all the causes which led to Dr. Ham- 
mond’s removal from office, but charges of 
irregularities in the award of contracts for 
hospital supplies were made against him, and 
he was tried by court martial and dismissed 
from the army in 1864. He at once removed 
to New York, where he established himself in 
the practice of his profession and made a 
specialty of diseases of the nervous system. 
In 1878 a bill was submitted to Congress au- 
thorizing the president to review the proceed- 
ings of the court martial and if justice de- 
manded, to reinstate Dr. Hammond. This 
measure was passed by the House unanimously, 
and by the Senate with but one dissenting 
vote. In August, 1879, it was approved by the 
President, and Dr. Hammond, after a full in- 
vestigation into all the facts of the case, was 
restored to his place on the rolls of the army 
as surgeon-general and brigadier-general on 
the retired list. In 1888 he removed to Wash- 
ington City, where he gives attention to his 
specialty. Soon after settling in New York, 
Dr. Hammond was appointed lecturer on dis- 
eases of the mind and nervous systems in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of that 
city. He resigned this after a short while to 
accept the professorship of the same branches 
in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College (the 
chair having been created for him). In 1874 
he also resigned this and accepted a like pro- 
fessorship in the medical department of the 
University of the City of New York. He was 
also Professor of Diseases of the Mind and 
Nervous System in the University of Vermont 
at Burlington, a position requiring his attend- 
ance a short time in the summer. His contri- 
butions to medical literature are as follows: 
“Physiological Memoirs,” “A Treatise on 
Hygiene, with Special Reference to the Mili- 
tary Service,” 1863; “Lectures on Venereal 
Diseases,” 1864; “On Wakefulness, with an 
Introductory Chapter on the Physiology of 
Sleep,” 1865; “On Sleep and its Derange- 
ments,” 1869; “Insanity and its Medico-Legal 
Relations,” 1866; “A Treatise on the Diseases 
of the Nervous System,” which has been 
translated into French and Italian, (1871— 
sixth edition, 1876); “The Physics and Phys- 
iology of Spiritualism,” 1870; “Clinical Lect- 
ures on Diseases of the Nervous System,” 
1874; “Insanity in its Relations to Crime,” 
1873; “Spiritualism and Allied Causes and 
Conditions of Nervous Derangement,” 1876; 
treatise on “Insanity in its Medical Rela- 
tions,” 1883. Dr. Hammond is also the au- 
thor of various novels, including “Robert 
Severne; his Friends and Enemies,” 1867; 
“Lai,” “Dr. Grattan,” 1884; “Mr. Oldmixon,” 
1885; “A Strong Minded Woman, or Two 
Years After,” 1886; and “On the Susque- 
hanna,” 1887. In addition he has contributed 
to the medical journals and to the transactions 
of the medical societies with which he is con- 
nected, a large number of essays and memoirs 
on physiological, psychological, and neurolog- 
ical subjects. He was also editor and origina- 
tor of the Maryland and Virginia Medical Jour- 
nal, published at Baltimore; one of the editors 
and originators of the New York Medical Jour- 
nal ; and editor and originator of the Quarterly 
Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical 
Jurisprudence. He is Fellow of the College of 
Physicians and member of the Pathological 
Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
and of the American Philosophical Society 
of Philadelphia; of the New York County 
Medical, Neurological, and Medico-Legal So- 
cieties; of the New York Medical Library 
and Journal Association; of the American 
Neurological and Anthropological Associa- 
tions ; of the American Geographical Society; 
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts 
and Sciences, Boston; honorary corresponding 
member of the British Medical Association; 
honorary member of St. Andrew’s Medical 
Graduates’ Association, Scotland; correspond- 
ing member of the Anthropological Institute 
of Great Britain and Ireland; foreign member 
of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edin- 
burgh ; member of the Verein Fur Gemein- 
schaftlichen, Heilkunde, Germany; of the Ve- 
rein Wurtemburgischer, Wundarzte, und 
Gebrutshelfer, Germany; and of the Proven- 
caal Utrechtsche Genootsshaf van Kunsten en 
Wetenschappen, Holland. 
t\Ov. I^- 
HARE, Hobart Amory, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born and educated in that city. His dis- 
tinguished medical preceptors were the late Dr. 
D. Hayes Agnewand Dr. H. R. Wharton. He 
graduated from the Univei’sity of Pennsylva- 
nia in 1884, and received the faculty prize for 
his thesis on “The Action of Quinine on the 
Blood.” In 1885 he won the Fiske Fund prize 
of the Rhode Island Medical Society for an 
essay on the “Physiological Effects of To- 
bacco,” and again in 1886 for an essay on 
“New and Altered Forms of Disease Due to 
the Advance of Civilization in the Last Half 
Century.” In 1887 he received honorable 
mention for his essay on “Antipyrine, Anti- 
febrine, Salicylic Acid and Carbolic Acid,” 
from the Cartwright Prize Committee of the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
199 
York. In 1888 the Fothergillian Medal of the 
Medical Society of London was awarded to an 
essay by Dr. Hare on the “Pathology, Clinical 
History and Diagnosis of Affections of the 
Mediastinum Other than Those of the Heart 
and Aorta.” In 1889 the Cartwright Prize of 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of 
New York, and the Warren Triennial Prize of 
the Massachusetts General Hospital were 
awarded to Dr. Hare and Dr. Edward Martin, 
for an essay on “The Nervous and Mechanical 
Government of Respiration.” In 1890 the 
Boylston Prize of Harvard University was 
awarded to Dr. Hare for his essay on the 
“Uses and Values of Antipyretics,” and in the 
same year the Royal Academy of Medicine in 
Belgium divided its prize of 8,000 francs be- 
tween Dr. Hare and Dr. Christian, of Charen- 
ton, France, for their essays on the “Pathol- 
ogy, Symptomatology and Treatment of Epi- 
lepsy.” In 1890 the Fiske Fund Prize of the 
Rhode Island Medical Society was awarded for 
a third time to Dr. Hare, who, with Dr. Mar- 
tin, wrote the successful essay on “Wounds 
and Obstruction of the Intestines.” In addi- 
tion to these essays Dr. Hare is the author 
of a “Text-book of Practical Therapeutics,” 
which has already passed through two edi- 
tions. He has also edited a “System of Ther- 
apeutics” in three volumes of 1,000 pages 
each, published by Lee Brothers, of Philadel- 
phia. For a time Dr. Hare edited the Univer- 
sity Medical Magazine, and for two years was 
editor of the Medical News. He is now editor 
of the Therapeutic Gazette. After having been 
Demonstrator of Therapeutics at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania for a number of years, he 
was elected, in the spring of 1890, Clinical 
Professor of Diseases of Children in that in- 
stitution, and, in the following spring, Pro- 
fessor of Therapeutics and Materia Medica in 
the Jefferson Medical College, a position he 
still occupies. Dr. Hare is also at present one 
of the visiting physicians to St. Agnes Hospi- 
tal, to the Jefferson College Hospital and to 
the Mediqal Clinic of the Children’s Hospital. 
In 1886 he studied in Leipzig and Berne, and 
in 1888 in London. The subject of this sketch 
is a member of the Association of American 
Physicians, of the American Society of Nation- 
alists, of the American Physiological Society, 
and of the College of Physicians, of Philadel- 
phia, in addition to several local societies de- 
voted to medicine in his native city. Dr. Hare 
has been a frequent contributor to the medical 
journals, detailing in his articles the results of 
original experimental or clinical research. 
HARE, Robert, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city, January 17, 1781, and died 
there, May 15, 1858. After finishing his ac- 
ademic education, he devoted some time to 
the occupation of a brewer in the establish- 
ment of his father, in which his active mind 
was engaged upon the chemistry of malt 
liquors and their preservation. At the age of 
twenty he entered the Chemical School of the 
University of Pennsylvania, where, in associa- 
tion with Dr. Benjamin Silliman, he pursued 
his studies under the direction of Woodhouse. 
In 1801, Dr. Hare contrived the oxy-hydrogen 
blow-pipe, and was awarded the Rumford 
medal of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences. For some years an effort was made 
in Europe to disprove his claims for the in- 
vention of the compound blow-pipe, but in 
1813 the merit of the discovery was acknowl- 
edged by Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh, in the fol- 
lowing language: “For the invention of this 
very ingenious machine we are indebted to 
Dr. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, a gentle- 
man whose merits claim a distinguished rank 
among the most successful promoters of chem- 
istry in the United States of America.” “When 
it is recollected that this was spoken at a time 
that a bitter war existed between Great Brit- 
ain and this country, we can not but admire the 
spirit of scientific candor manifested, elevated 
as it was above party feeling or the causes of 
national animosity.” The account of this 
great discovery, from the pen of Dr. Chap- 
man, may be stated in this connection: 
“Means of producing a sufficient degree of 
temperature to melt some of the metals, and 
other refractory substances, had long been 
desired by artists, and hitherto had fruitlessly 
engaged the attention of chemists. At the 
suggestion of Hare, the chemical society select- 
ed this subject as worthy of examination, and 
he was appointed to manage the investigation 
of it. The result of his labors was a discovery 
which has emphatically been pronounced, by 
a great chemist of Europe, to be one of the 
most important of the eighteenth century.” 
From the exposition of the discoveries of Dr. 
Hare and the elder Silliman, made with the 
instrument of the former, we may judge 
of the originality of the “Drummond Light,” 
which is only an application of time to the 
flame of the compound blow-pipe, the intensity 
of the light under these circumstances being 
perfectly familiar to these distinguished chem- 
ists, and annually shown to their class before 
any practical application was made of it. In 
1810, Dr. Hare accepted the appointment of 
Chemical Professor in William and Mary Col- 
lege, Ya., where he continued until his elec- 
tion to the same position in the University of 
Pennsylvania. This occurred in 1819. He 
was in possession of the chair of chemistry in 
the latter institution until 1817. As a lecturer 
Dr. Hare was remarkable for the scale of his 
experiments, which were uniformly successful 
and impressed the mind by their grandeur. 
His apparatus was elaborate and perfect so far 
as mechanical skill and ingenuity could accom- 
plish its completion. In galvanism and elec- 
tricity he invented instruments which far ex- 
ceeded those familiar to the scientific world, 
and produced results before unknown. His 
Calorimotor, so named from the facility of 
generating an immense amount of heat, was 
described in Silliman's Journal in 1820. Two 
years later he promulgated, through the me- 
dium of the Philadelphia Journal of Medical 
and Physical Sciences, a new theory of galvan- 
ism, accompanied by descriptions of some new 
modifications of galvanic apparatus. A modi- 
fication of his apparatus was termed Dr. Hare’s 
Deflagrator. With respect to it we quote the 
statement of Dr. Silliman: “It is not less a 
proof of the merits of Dr. Hare’s apparatus 
that Professor Faraday, in 1835, after having 
exhausted his ingenuity and experience in 
perfecting the voltaic battery, found that Dr. 
Hare had already, nearly twenty years before, 
accomplished all that he had attempted, and 
with a noble frankness, worthy of all praise, 
he at once adopted Dr. Hare’s instrument as 
embodying the best results then possible. Its 
power was sufficient to fuse platinum, with 
the production of a brilliant light. “ It was 
with these batteries that the first application 200 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of voltaic electricity to blasting under water 
was made in 1831, and the experiments were 
conducted under the direction of Dr, Hare.” 
He also contrived an improved Gasometer, a 
Eudiometer, a Litrometer, a Hydrostatic Blow- 
pipe, an apparatus for freezing water by the 
use of sulphuric acid, a single leaf Electro- 
scope, and numerous smaller improvements in 
chemical instruments. The description of his 
working apparatus, employed in his lectures, 
was given in his “Compendium,” a book 
which, originating in a mere outline or sylla- 
bus, was, at the time he left the university, en- 
larged to a bulky volume. Dr. Hare was ex- 
ceedingly fond of discussing the philosophical 
bearings of the branch of science which occu- 
pied the attention of his lifetime, and occa- 
sionally promulgated his views in a controver- 
sial way in the journals. He thought for 
himself, and was not unfrequently in disagree- 
ment with Berzelius and other prominent 
chemists of Europe of the time. One subject 
which much occupied his attention and gave 
rise to discussion on his part, was the “Salt 
Radical Theory,” A number of his papers 
were contributed to the pages of the American 
Journal of Pharmacy. Some of these refer to 
the especial subjects to which that journal is 
devoted, and others were upon nomenclature 
and more general topics. Dr. Hare received 
the honorary degree of M. D. from Yale in 
1806, and from Harvard in 1816. Although he 
was not regularly identified with the medical 
profession, and belonged more especially to 
that class which may be termed philosophical 
chemists, yet his mind was directed by his as- 
sociations to improvements in medicine and 
its several branches; hence it will be found 
that he endeavored by his experiments to pro- 
mote the advance of medical science. The 
preparations of opium, the ethers, and other 
medical articles, were the subjects of inves- 
tigation and of suggestions in their formation 
which were eminently useful. Pharmacy is 
indebted to him for the method of denarcotiz- 
ing laudanum; and to toxicology he gave the 
method of determining minute quantities of 
opium in solution. In the latter years of his 
life meteorology occupied much of his atten- 
tion. The apparatus which Dr. Hare had col- 
lected, the greater part of which had been 
invented by himself, was given to the Smith- 
sonian Institute, at Washington, when he re- 
signed his professorship, and it is deeply to be 
regretted that the entire collection was de- 
stroyed by the fire which laid a portion of that 
noble structure in ruins. 
HARLAN, David, of Churchville, Harford 
county, Md., was born in that vicinity, in 
1809, and died at his home, July 12, 1893. Dr. 
Harlan began the study of medicine in 1829, 
under Dr. John Archer, of Rock Run. He 
afterward attended the University of Mary- 
land. He graduated in 1832, and located in 
Chestertown, Kent county, and practiced there 
for three years. He applied for admission to 
the United States Navy, and was examined in 
1835 and commissioned as assistant surgeon. 
In the spring of 1835 he sailed from New York 
on the Peacock to Rio Janeiro, around the 
Cape of Good Hope to Zanzibar, to Muscat, 
Bombay, Ceylon, Bangkok, Siam, and Canton, 
China. While in Siam the Asiatic cholera 
broke out on board the Peacock. Dr. Harlan 
had charge of the vessel, and lost but one of 
the crew. Upon his return to the United 
States, two years later, he was presented with 
a sword by the members of the crew. During 
the Rebellion Dr. Harlan was fleet surgeon of 
the Gulf Squadron, and near the close of the 
war the editor of this work formed his pleasant 
acquaintance during a voyage on the United 
States supply steamer Fort Morgan, from New 
York to Key West. Having been ordered to 
that place, to aid in the care of the soldiers 
and sailors suffering from a sever epidemic of 
yellow fever, the kindly advice and sugges- 
tions as to the management of the malady, 
given by Surgeon Harlan, based on his personal 
experience, has ever been held in grateful re- 
membrance. In 1872 he was stationed at the 
naval hospital on the government farm at An- 
napolis. He was promoted to the rank of 
medical director, in 1871, and upon reaching 
the age of sixty-two, he retired. He built 
Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church at Church- 
ville, and was often a prominent member of 
diocesan conventions. He was a member of the 
board of visitors to the Naval Academy at An- 
napolis and was one of the best known and 
most highly respected citizens of the State of 
Maryland. He lived to the advanced age of 
eighty-four years. Four sons, Dr. Herbert 
Harlan, Judge Henry D. Harlan of Baltimore, 
W. B. Harlan, and David E. Harlan, survived 
him. 
HARMER, Joseph Randolph, of the United 
States Army, was born November 6, 1843, in 
Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated March, 1873, 
at the medical department of Howard Uni- 
versity, Washington, D. C. He served in the 
Army of the Potomac, in Company K, 118th 
Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was 
wounded and taken prisoner at Shepherds- 
town, Va., September 20. 1862. He was ap- 
pointed Acting Assistant Surgeon United 
States Army, June 1, 1876, since which time 
he has served in the Department of Texas, and 
has been on all the scouting trips after Indians 
and desperadoes and has been complimented 
by Gen. C. G. Augur, U. S. A., late Command- 
ing General, that department, and Gen. 0. H. 
Smith, Colonel Nineteenth United States In- 
fantry, for bravery and fidelity to duty in ac- 
tion. He has invented a combined field cot 
and stretcher. • His present address is San 
Antonio, Tex. 
HARRINGTON, Derillo W., of Buffalo, N. 
Y., was born October 23, 1844, at Sherburne, 
N. Y. He received his education in the com- 
mon and high schools of Wyoming county, 
and entered the army during the War of the 
Rebellion at seventeen, serving three years, 
being twice wounded. After this he taught 
mathematics and studied medicine, graduat- 
ing from the University of Buffalo in 1871. 
He served two years as resident physician and 
surgeon of the Buffalo General Hospital, and 
was appointed surgeon to the Sisters of Char- 
ity Hospital in 1875. He was lecturer on clin- 
ical surgery in the same hospital in 1876; was 
consulting surgeon to the Buffalo General 
Hospital in 1887; and is clinical Professor of 
Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases in the 
University of Buffalo. Dr. Harrington is a 
member of the American Medical Association; 
New York State, Erie County, and Buffalo 
Medical Associations. He has a large private 
practice, and in the line of his specialty is one 
of the most popular and successful surgeons in 
Buffalo. 
HARRISON, James Francis, of Harrison- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
201 
burgh, Va., was born in Fairfax county, in 
that State, March 20, 1822, and is of En- 
glish and Irish ancestry. He was educated in 
the home schools in Virginia, and graduated 
in medicine at Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, in 1852. In 1847 he entered the 
United States Navy as assistant surgeon, and 
was promoted to surgeon in 1861; was assistant 
surgeon during the Mexican War, 1847-48, and 
in 1858 was assigned to duty on the frigate Sa- 
bine, and was with Admiral Shubrick in the 
Paraguay war. He was for three years surgeon 
in the Confederate States Navy; chief of medi- 
cal bureau of the latter, and member of the Na- 
val Medical Examining Board. He has lived 
principally in Virginia. He has received gold 
medals from theimperial governmentof France, 
and from the corporation of Portsmouth, Va., 
for distinguished services. He was a member of 
the State Medical Society of Virginia; of the 
Medical Society of the Confederate States, and 
vice-president of the State Medical Society, 
and member of the Academy of Medicine of 
Richmond. In 1867 he was elected Professor 
of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence and 
Obstetrics in the University of Virginia, and 
in 1873 was elected chairman of the Faculty. 
One of his sons, a Professor of Chemistry in 
the Mobile Medical School, graduated at the 
University of Virginia. 
HARRISON, Joseph, of Greenville, Ala., was 
born at the junction of the French Broad and 
Suwanee rivers, in Buncomb county, three 
miles from Asheville, N. C., February 22, 1828. 
He was a son of Nathaniel and Sarah (Smith) 
Harrison, and a grandson of Joseph Harrison, 
a native of Charles City county, Va.; also a 
grandson of Daniel Smith, a native of New 
Jersey, both soldiers of the Revolutionary 
struggle for independence; the latter a captain 
in the Continental army. He was a lineal de- 
scendant of the old stock of Harrisons, who 
emigrated from England in the early Colonial 
days of Virginia. He is of pure English 
blood, so far as is known. His early school 
days were passed at old Newton Academy, 
near his native village. At the age of fourteen 
he emigrated to Georgia, where his education 
was completed at an academy of that State. 
During his boyhood he labored on a farm as a 
common hand for four years. In January, 
1849, he commenced the study of medicine in 
the office of Dr. A. B. Calhoun, of Newman, 
Coweta county, and after attending two full 
courses of lectures at the Medical College of 
the State of South Carolina, he graduated, 
March, 1852, in the same class with T. Gail- 
lard Thomas, of New York. Having chosen 
general surgery as his specialty, he located at 
Carrollton. After remaining there four years, 
during which time he married Miss Mary L. 
Tomlinson, he removed to Greenville, Ala. 
When the war commenced he entered the 
Confederate army as assistant surgeon and was 
assigned to duty in the military hospitals of 
Mobile. A year afterwards he was promoted 
to the full rank of surgeon and assigned to 
duty with the Twenty-ninth Alabama Regi- 
ment, which was soon afterward ordered to 
join the Army of Tennessee at Dalton, under 
command of Gen. J. E. Johnston. He re- 
mained with the army to the close of the war. 
Since the close of the Rebellion he has been 
established at Greenville, and engaged in a 
successful practice of general medicine and 
surgery. 
HARRISON, Wallace Easson, of Chicago, 
111., son of William R. and Susan L. (Kasson) 
Harrison, was born at Bethlehem, Conn., Au- 
gust 11, 1848. His earlief years were spent in 
district schools and farm work. He was pre- 
pared for college at the Connecticut Literary 
Institute, Suliield, Conn., and was graduated 
from Yale College in 1874. In 1875, with Dr. 
Albert Strong as preceptor, he commenced the 
study of medicine and attended a course of 
lectures at Rush Medical College. Subse- 
quently, for several years, he was engaged in 
teaching chemistry, and in 1882 received his 
degree of M. D. from the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of Chicago, with which 
college he remained until 1891, as Professor 
of Medical Chemistry. In 1890 he was elected 
to the chair of chemistry in the American Col- 
lege of Dental Surgery, which position he still 
holds. He is engaged in general practice and 
is a member of the Chicago Medical Society. 
HART, James Augustns,of Colorado Springs, 
Col., was born at Peekskill, N. Y., December 
19, 1849. After completing his academic ed- 
ucation he studied medicine and was graduated 
from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
New York, in 1873. He was resident phy- 
sician at St. Peter’s Hospital, Albany, N. Y., 
the following year, and practiced medicine and 
surgery in that city, from 1874 to 1876. 
On account of ill health he then went to Col- 
orado, located at Colorado Springs, and prac- 
ticed there until 1886. He spent the following 
three years on the Pacific Ocean, as surgeon to 
the Pacific Mail Company. In 1889 he returned 
to Colorado Springs, and resumed a successful 
general practice of medicine and surgery. 
HARTBHORNE, Edward, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city May 14, 1818, and 
died there June 22, 1885. He was the second 
son of Dr. Joseph Hartshorne, a well-known 202 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
hospital surgeon and leading practitioner of 
Philadelphia for nearly fifty years. He grad- 
uated A. B. at Princeton in 1837; received his 
degree of A. M. 1840; pursued his medical 
studies in the University of Pennsylvania, 
under the direction of his father, having 
commenced the study at Princeton in the office 
of Dr. S. T. Howell, then Professor of Anat- 
omy and Physiology in Princeton College, and 
obtained his degree of M. D. from the univer- 
sity in the last-named year. Under the guid- 
ance of Dr. W. W. Gerhard he spent almost a 
year in dispensary practice, and in December, 
1841, after a brief service as resident pro tern, 
in the Pennsylvania Hospital; was elected 
First Assistant Physician to the Pennsylvania 
Hospital for the Insane, which was then just 
opened for occupation in West Philadelphia, 
and of which Dr. Kirkbride was at the same 
time elected superintendent. During this serv- 
ice he superintended and conducted the trans- 
fer of the patients from their old quarters to 
the new, and had the immediate charge of the 
entire re-organization under Dr. Kirkbride. In 
April, 1841, he was elected Resident Physician 
of the old Pennsylvania Hospital, but still 
continued at intervals to aid Dr. Kirkbride, 
and also for a short time served as substitute 
to Dr. Pliny Earle, superintendent of Friends’ 
Asylum for the Insane, near Frankford. In 
March, 1843, he was elected Physician to the 
Eastern State Penitentiary, being the first 
medical officer resident in that institution. In 
June, 1844, he went to Europe and passed two 
years in study, visiting hospitals, lunatic asy- 
lums, and penal institutions as well as medical 
schools, both of Great Britain and the conti- 
nent. On his return he entered into the prac- 
tice of his profession, both in connection with 
and independently of his father. He married, 
December 26, 1850, Adelia C. (Pearse) daugh- 
ter of John B. Swett, of Philadelphia. He 
was elected one of the attending surgeons of 
Wills’ Hospital for Diseases of the Eye in 
1852, and resigned in 1859, when he was 
elected one of the attending surgeons to the 
Pennsylvania Hospital, which position he re- 
signed in 1864. During his student life he was 
elected junior secretary of the Philadelphia 
Medical Society, and after graduation was 
elected senior recording secretary of the same 
society; in 1848 he was secretary of the first 
Prison Discipline Convention held in Phila- 
delphia, and subsequently held a similar posi- 
tion at the first sanitary convention held in 
the same city; for several years was secretary 
of the College of Physicians, one of the cen- 
sors of the college, secretary of the building 
committee, and chairman of the hall com- 
mittee ; was for many years an active mana- 
ger of the Episcopal Hospital in Philadelphia, 
and secretary of its building committee and 
committee of arrangements, was one of the 
organizers, and during the whole of its exist- 
ence was secretary of the executive committee 
of the Philadelphia branch of the United 
States Sanitary Commission; chairman of the 
committee of arrangements of the American 
Medical Association at the Philadelphia 
meeting in May, 1872; served as vice-presi- 
dent and president of the Pathological and of 
the Opthalmological Societies of Philadelphia; 
was chairman of the executive committee of 
the Medical Alumni Society of the University 
of Pennsylvania, and vice-president of that 
society; also alumni manager of the Univer- 
sity Hospital. His thesis, presented on grad- 
uating, and which was ordered to be published 
by the faculty of the university, was a “Mon- 
ograph on Pseudarthrosis; or False Joints 
from Ununited Fractures.” Other publica- 
tions from his pen are numerous reports of 
cases, reviews and other contributions in the 
Medical Examiner; investigations on the “Sepa- 
rate System” for criminals, as embodied in 
the “Annual Report of 1843” of the Eastern 
State Penitentiary; also a partial report for 
1844, published by the inspectors in 1844 and 
1845; the first of these reports, having reached 
a second edition at home, attracted consider- 
able attention in England, and was trans- 
lated and published in France, Germany, Bel- 
gium and Holland; editorial articles in the 
Philadelphia Journal of Prison Discipline; re- 
view's and bibliographical notices and original 
papers in the American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, the Philadelphia Medical Examiner, 
and the Medico-Ghirurgical Bevieto; annual re- 
ports of the Episcopal Hospital, and was edi- 
tor and annotator of various English medical 
text-books, among them “Taylor’s Medical 
Jurisprudence,” of which work he superin- 
tended two editions, his annotations being ap- 
proved by the author and quoted in the later 
English editions. During the war he was 
actively engaged as Acting Assistant Surgeon 
United States Army, serving to some extent in 
the field, and during most of the time as con- 
sulting surgeon in army hospitals in Philadel- 
phia. He was also medical examiner and ad- 
viser for a long period to one of the leading 
life insurance companies of Philadelphia, as 
well as to others for shorter periods, being 
probably the oldest in that department of his 
profession in Philadelphia; and for some time 
was one of the vice-presidents of the Princeton 
Alumni Association of Philadelphia. He was 
a member of the American Philosophical So- 
ciety; of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
and of the Histological Society of Pennsyl- 
vania, as well as of other kindred associations, 
medical and general. 
HARTSHORNE, Henry, was born in Phila- 
delphia on March 16, 1823, and is a son of the 
late Dr. Joseph Hartshorne. He was educated 
at Haverford College (then Haverford School), 
whence he graduated in 1839. His medical 
preceptors were his father and his elder 
brother, Dr. Edward Hartshorne, a distin- 
guished physician and surgeon. He was 
graduated in medicine from the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1845. He obtained the de- 
gree of A. M. at Haverford College in 1860, 
and the honorary degree of LL. D. from the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1884. He was 
married, in 1849, to Mary E. Browm, daughter 
of Jeremiah Brown, of Philadelphia. He wras 
elected Professor of the Institutes of Medicine 
in the Philadelphia College of Medicine in 
1853, and in June, 1855, the Board of Guardians 
of the Poor selected him as one of the Con- 
sulting Physicians and Lecturers on Clinical 
Medicine in the Philadelphia Hospital. In 
1858 he filled the position of secretary of the 
State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, and 
was Recorder of the Biological Department of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia. A portion of the years 1858-59 he 
eled in Europe, visited Egypt, and ascended 
the Nile as far as Thebes. On his return to 
the United States he was elected, April 27, 
1859, Professor of the Practice of Medicine in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
203 
the medical department of Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, to fill the vacancy occurring by the resig- 
nation of Dr. Stille. In the following month 
of the same year he was chosen Attending 
Physician of the Episcopal Hospital. He was 
named Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, 
Natural History and Hygiene, in 1862, in the 
Philadelphia Central High School. In 1866 he 
was elected to the Professorship of Hygiene in 
the University of Pennsylvania, and was made 
Professor of Organic Science and Philosophy 
in Haverford College, in 1867. He has also 
held, at different times, professorships in the 
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Girard 
College, and the Woman’s Medical College of 
Pennsylvania; and, in addition to the hospi- 
tals previously named, has also been Attend- 
ing and Consulting Physician of the Woman’s 
Hospital of Philadelphia. He has been, and 
still continues, quite a voluminous author, both 
scientific and literary. His first production, 
in 1846, was his graduating thesis, entitled, 
“Water vs. Hydropathy.” Next followed a 
“Monograph on Glycerine and its Uses;” 
“Facts and Conclusions upon Cholera;” 
“Memoranda Medica;” “Guide to the Medi- 
cine Chest and Family Adviser;” “Essay on 
the Arterial Circulation,” being the prize essay 
of the American Medical Association for 1856. 
His “Essentials of the Principles and Practice 
of Medicine” first appeared in 1867. Within 
four years after its original publication two 
large editions were exhausted; in 1872 a third 
edition, thoroughly revised, was put forth, and 
in 1881 a fifth edition appeared. This work 
has been translated and published in Japan 
and over 25,000 copies have been sold up to 
this date, 1893. In 1869 the first edition of 
“A Conspectus of the Medical Sciences” was 
issued, being hand-books on anatomy, physi- 
ology, chemistry, materia medica, practical 
medicine, surgery and obstetrics. This work 
was prepared with the aid of collaborators, or 
experts in some of the special subjects intrusted 
to them; he confined himself to the divisions 
of anatomy, physiology and practice of medi- 
cine. This has also been translated and pub- 
lished in Japan. He edited, with considera- 
ble additions, the second American edition of 
Sir Thomas Watson’s “Lectures on the Prac- 
tice of Medicine,” in 1874, which task was so 
well performed as to call forth a very kind 
and favorable acknowledgment from the 
distinguished author of the book, which 
was communicated in a letter to the pub- 
lisher, Henry C. Lea. In 1879 he edited, 
with twelve new original articles and nu- 
merous annotations, “Reynolds’ System of 
Medicine,” consisting of three large volumes, 
by noted English writers. He prepared the 
articles on “Etiology,” “Diagnosis and Prog- 
nosis” in Pepper’s American System of Medi- 
cine. For many years he was a frequent con- 
tributor, especially in reviews of medical 
works, to the American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences. He has also written occasionally for 
the American Naturalist. A number of his pa- 
pers have appeared in the Transactions of the 
Philadelphia College of Physicians; one “On 
Organic Physics,” in the Proceedings of the 
American Philosophical Society; one “On the 
Relation Between Vigor and Sex,” in the Pro- 
ceedings of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, and a paper on 
“What to do Against Yellow Fever,” for the 
American Public Health Association, 1873. 
He contributed in 1872-73 a number of im- 
portant articles to Johnson's New Illustrated 
Cyclopedia, among which may be named 
those on “Hygiene,” “Anatomy Philosophic,” 
“Brain,” “Circulation of the Blood,” “Deaf 
Mutes” and “Evolution.” Of these the last 
was the most original and elaborate, endeavor- 
ing to give a full and concise summary of the 
whole subject, with the conclusions justified 
by the present state of science. His literary 
works embrace “Woman’s Witchcraft, or the 
Curse of Coquetry,” a dramatic romance, which 
appeared in 1854, under the nom de plume of 
Corinne L’Estrange. This book is credited, 
by mistake, in the catalogue of the Philadel- 
phia library to some lady author. “Bertram, 
the Prince, and Other Poems” was printed in 
1892. He has also contributed several poems to 
periodicals, especially to Lippincott's Magazine, 
Penn Monthly, and the Friend’s Review, and also 
prose literary essays on literary and religious 
subjects to the last named serial. He also 
contributed “European Correspondence” and 
other facetise to Vanity Fair, edited by Charles 
G. Leland, 1860-61. His latest medical papers 
have been on “Pneumonia—lts Mortality and 
Treatment,” Philadelphia College of Physi- 
cians, 1888, and on “Cholera and its Migra- 
tions,” in Philadelphia Medical News, 1892. In 
the former paper he opposed the modern treat- 
ment of pneumonia with whisky, quinine and 
opium; in the latter he urged the superiority 
of local and domestic sanitation, instead of 
quarantine, in the prevention of epidemic 
cholera. After a break-down in health from 
over-work, in 1858, Dr. Hartshorne gradually 
withdrew from practice, and gave a good deal 
of time to teaching and literary work outside 
of the medical field; but he continued his 
study and labor in medical and sanitary sci- 
ence, as the above-named publications give 
evidence. 
HARTSHORNE, Joseph, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in Alexandria, Va., December 
12, 1779, and died near Wilmington, Del., Au- 
gust 20, 1850. His father, William Hartshorne, 
had removed from New Jersey a short time 
previous to the commencement of the Revolu- 
tion. His ancestors were Quakers who emi- 
grated to this country on account of religious 
persecution, from a long established family in 
Leicestershire, England. The pioneer of the 
family, Richard Hartshorne, arrived at the 
American homestead on the Highlands of 
Neversink in 1669, and subsequently as one of 
the proprietaries in association with the Duke 
of York and William Penn, in 1682, became 
one of the largest land-holders in the Province 
of East Jersey. A portion of the estate, in- 
cluding the original seat of the head of the 
family, is said to be still in the possession of a 
lineal descendant. From an extended memoir 
written by his son, the late Dr. Edward Harts- 
horne, and published in the American Medical 
Biography, the editor of this work derives 
the following interesting details concerning 
the life, history and professional achievements 
of the subject of this sketch. But for an ac- 
cident, which had a marked influence upon 
his habits, Joseph Hartshorne would most prob- 
ably have followed the example of his father 
in confining himself, at least in early life, to 
commercial pursuits. Although in other re- 
spects of vigorous and active frame, he early 
increased the interest of his parents in his in- 
tellectual progress by a calamity which, at the 204 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
age of five years, had thrown him upon his 
mental resources by rendering him a cripple 
for life. Having been exposed to cold while un- 
der the influence of calomel, at the close of an 
attack of small-pox, his feet were attacked with 
a deep-seated suppurative inflammation, which 
was allowed to produce a permanent contrac- 
tion and flexion of the toes, and consequently 
incurable deformity and lameness. His ina- 
bility to engage in the customary sports of 
boyhood naturally developed an originally sen- 
sitive and retiring disposition, and led him to 
seek the society of those who were older than 
himself, and to engage in more mature pur- 
suits than those of ordinary boyhood. The 
loss of the companionship of his more active 
schoolfellows also, by subjecting him con- 
stantly to independent means of entertain- 
ment, strengthened a self-reliant nature, and 
taught him to find, in a resort to books and to 
his own reflections and observations, a higher 
reach of pastime, instead of the more phys- 
ical enjoyment which his lameness had denied 
him. His own sad experience, also, doubtless 
increased his sympathy for the sufferings of 
his neighbors; and, by interesting him in 
their various bodily ailments, probably led the 
way to his subsequent vocation. The first 
effect, however, was simply on his aspirations 
as a general student. Gifted with a retentive 
memory, clear perception, strong reasoning 
powers, and entire independence of judgment 
as well as general activity of mind, he devoted 
himself with energy to the exercises of the 
Alexandria Academy, at which, under the 
able direction of its worthy and learned prin- 
cipal, Dr. McGrath, the chaplain and valued 
friend of Washington, he became a distin- 
guished pupil, and completed his collegiate 
education. Latin and French were the favor- 
ite languages of his early studies; and the 
familiarity which he often manifested in after 
years with these, no less than the force and 
precision with which he wrote and spoke 
his native tongue, were characteristic of the 
thoroughness and accuracy of his scholastic 
training. Upon leaving the academy, he en- 
tered the counting-house of his father, for the 
benefit of a business education under the pa- 
ternal eye, which was deemed of great value 
to the young men of the neighborhood, on ac- 
count of the high standing of Mr. Hartshorne, 
in that part of the State, as a merchant and a 
man. The good effect of this commercial 
training was very striking in his prompt, punc- 
tual, methodical, and industrious habits, in 
conducting all his affairs in after life. With- 
out interfering with his inclination for study, 
it developed his natural aptness for order and 
precision, and increased the practical turn of 
mind, which, in spite of a naturally impulsive, 
and even enthusiastic disposition, eventually 
became a ruling and invaluable characteristic. 
It was at this period, too, that he established 
the perfect physical health which enabled him 
to devote himself to an enormous amount of 
mental and bodily labor, without intermission, 
throughout a long succession of years. During 
an interval of nearly forty years, he was not 
obliged to rest three days in succession on ac- 
count of sickness or fatigue; and it was a rare 
thing for him to indulge in a single day’s with- 
drawal from professional labor for purposes of 
recreation. He was an old man and an in- 
valid before he was willing to absent himself 
from his post; and even then he was ready to 
attend to what he regarded as the call of duty, 
without regard to his own condition, and with- 
out thought of compensation, wherever and 
whenever the claims of friendship or human- 
ity were properly presented to him. While 
dividing his time between the warehouse at 
Alexandria and the flour-mills at Strawberry 
Hill, he was induced, by the urging of his 
friends and some members of his family, whose 
penetration had already suggested his proper 
calling, to engage in reading works on medi- 
cine, with a view to his ultimately becoming 
a physician. He entered upon the course, 
however, with great reluctance. Although 
fond of the study, the prospect of undertaking 
the practice of the healing art was so distaste- 
ful to him that he at first resisted the importu- 
nities of his advisers, but was finally per- 
suaded to make the trial, in consideration of 
his lameness, which was supposed to incapac- 
itate him for more active occupation. He 
therefore became a regular pupil of Dr. James 
Craik, the family physician of Washington, 
and former surgeon of the Continental Army. 
Dr. Craik was the favorite military surgeon 
and medical adviser and companion of Gen- 
eral Washington in all his campaigns, from 
the ill-fated Braddock’s expedition until the 
close of the Revolutionary War, and possessed, 
in character and varied experience, unusually 
valuable qualifications as a private professional 
teacher. Our young student, however, was 
destined for a wider field. After one or two 
years’ preliminary reading and practical study 
with his accomplished preceptor, he was en- 
abled, through the assistance of his uncles, 
Samuel Coates and Pattison Hartshorne, of 
Philadelphia, then influential managers of 
the hospital, and of other relatives in that 
city, to secure an appointment to the post of 
resident apprentice and apothecary, then va- 
cant in the Pennsylvania Hospital. He en- 
tered this institution on the 27th of July, 1801, 
and thus commenced his residence and pro- 
fessional career in Philadelphia, about the 
middle of his twenty-second year. He entered 
the medical class of the University of Penn- 
sylvania at the commencement of the succeed- 
ing term; and, from that time forward, was 
assiduously engaged in the practical duties of 
the hospital, as well as in the more theoretical 
occupation of the library and lecture-room. 
We have not space to dwell on the reputation 
of both the schools in which he was so fortu- 
nate as to be thus auspiciously established. Nor 
need we say any thing of the importance and 
value of the teaching he enjoyed, as hospital 
surgeon, under such men as Rush, and Wistar, 
and Physick, and Barton, who were the phy- 
sicians and surgeons of the hospital, and his 
preceptors in the university. It is enough to 
say that he soon became warmly interested 
in the splendid opportunities afforded by 
his new field of observation, and did not fail 
to devote his whole time and energies to the 
mastery of the science and art, the grand ob- 
ject and nature of which he had just begun to 
comprehend, in their application to the stern 
realities of life before him. His previous ap- 
prehensions and antipathies were soon merged 
in a higher sense of admiration for the glories 
of the science, and a determination to unveil 
its mysteries for the noble purpose of abating 
the miseries of his fellow-men. During his 
five years’ term of service, the library and 
the museum received a large share of his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
205 
attention. Probably no resident of the insti- 
tution ever made himself more familiar with 
the books of the library, or the preparations 
of the museum than did Dr. Hartshorne, while 
they continued in his care; and it is worthy 
of note, that to him is due the first regular 
alphabetical catalogue prepared for publication 
at the hospital, as is shown by a special vote, 
in acknowledgment and commendation,which 
is on record in the minute-book of the board 
of managers. As he was no mere closet stu- 
dent, however, our librarian was still more 
diligently engaged in improving his acquaint- 
ance with the ravages of disease and injury 
in the ward and the dead-house, and in ad- 
vancing his knowledge of anatomy and sur- 
gery by the exercises of the dissecting-room. 
His interest in the study of anatomy and 
physiology, especially attracted the attention 
of Dr. Caspar Wistar, then the distinguished 
professor of the former branch; and his pro- 
ficiency in the professor’s favorite study was 
probably an influential source of regard which 
Dr. Wistar continued to manifest for him in 
after years. Dr. Hartshorne justly attached 
the highest importance to a thorough knowl- 
edge of anatomy in all its details and applica- 
tions ; and in insisting upon it as, with physi- 
ology and pathology, the only true and sub- 
stantial basis on which medical and surgical 
skill should rest, he was accustomed to at- 
tribute much of the confidence he felt in 
both medical and surgical practice to the 
familiarity with it acquired by him while a 
hospital student. Although always willing 
to listen to authority, and able and ready 
to give a reason for his own belief and pre- 
cept, he was too much a student of nature, 
and too independent in his habit of thought, 
not to value above all things in the pursuit of 
his profession the faculty of observation, and 
the ability, through a knowledge of healthy 
manifestations and appearances to direct his 
faculty to a useful end. After some seven 
years’ study, four of which were spent in the 
hospital, and in attendance on the university 
courses, he took his degree of Doctor of Med- 
icine. The thesis which he presented on the 
occasion of his graduation was an experi- 
mental one, “On the Influence of the Atmos- 
phere in Respiration.” It was published at 
the time, in accordance with the custom of the 
day, and copies of it are still extant. Although 
prepared and written under the press of his 
numerous duties as senior hospital resident, it 
gives evidence of literary taste and scholarship, 
and as a specimen of original investigation, is 
i ndicative of the ability and learning which soon 
rendered its young author conspicuous among 
his brethren. During the last twelve months of 
his service at the hospital, he was authorized 
to take the entire charge of the out-patients 
of the institution, in connection with a charity 
which has since been given up to the City Dis- 
pensary. For this purpose he was allowed the 
use of a horse and gig; and in the course of 
the year he was called to prescribe for seven- 
teen hundred different patients, the record of 
whose cases is still preserved. During the lat- 
ter few months of his residence in the hospital, 
also, he engaged in the translation of “De- 
sault’s Clinical Lectures on Fractures,” and 
had nearly completed his work, and secured 
a number of subscribers for the publication, 
when he was forestalled by a competitor. This 
induced him to prepare, at very short notice, 
an American edition of “Boyer’s Treatise on 
Diseases of the Bones,” with an original ap- 
pendix, containing notes of cases, and descrip- 
tions of some new forms of apparatus; the 
notes and descriptions being illustrated with 
several handsome copper-plate engravings. 
This is the only work in the book form with 
which his name has been connected as author 
or editor. He was at no time fond of writing 
for the press, and he soon became too much 
absorbed in the routine duties of his public and 
Erivate practice to be able to devote any time, 
ut what was needed for repose in bed, to labors 
with the pen. The few papers he has con- 
tributed are, like his appendix to the edition 
of “Boyer on the Bones,” entirely practical 
in their character, and intended to announce 
or elucidate some new or peculiar mode of 
treatment, which had been successful in his 
hands. He was in the habit, however, of 
recording all his important prescriptions from 
day to day, and briefly noted the cases of in- 
terest that occurred to him. Large numbers 
of memoranda of this kind are to be found 
throughout his book; but, although interesting, 
and to some extent available, they are not 
sufficiently connected in themselves to admit 
of arrangement for the press. His residence 
in the hospital was further distinguished by 
the introduction of an improved apparatus for 
the treatment of fractured thigh, which, for 
efficiency and simplicity, is superior to many 
that have been presented since. It still holds 
its ground in many places; and with the 
adaptation of more recent modes of applying 
the extending and counter-extending bands, 
may yet be regarded as one of the best forms 
of splints for the purpose. It is said that he 
attached but little importance to the claim of 
“originality” in the contrivance of instru- 
ments and apparatus, or in the minor modifi- 
cations of treatment, well knowing that the 
suggestions of practice are so frequently the 
same to intelligent and ingenious practitioners, 
that there are few expedients which have not 
occurred again and again, under the stimulus 
of necessity, to different individuals; and that 
very many of the so-called new inventions are 
to be found among the illustrations of our 
oldest works. These are the small vanities of 
the profession, which, in spite of his constant 
habit of adapting his own means to the par- 
ticular end in view, without subservience to 
established rule, he sometimes undervalued 
in his own case, and disregarded in others. 
So far did he go with this feeling, that he de- 
scribed his splint for fractured thigh as a mod- 
ification of that of Boyer, although it was 
altogether unlike its imaginary model, and 
only resembled it, in common with Desault’s, 
in treating the fractured limb in the straight 
position, and in the employment of a leather 
socket, which he soon afterwards abandoned. 
An opportunity having been presented for his 
embarking on a voyage to Batavia, as surgeon 
and supercargo of an East India merchantman, 
he obtained permission to resign his office at 
the hospital some six weeks before the expira- 
tion of his five years’ term of service. The 
certificate which was given him on this occa- 
sion, after speaking in the most cordial terms 
of his conduct, during his residence in the in- 
stitution, as meriting their highest esteem and 
respect, goes on to say: “In the practical duties 
of his profession, he has displayed, under the 
inspection and advice of six of the most em- 206 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
inent physicians of Philadelphia, a skill sel- 
dom to be met with in practitioners of his 
years. From a well-founded confidence in his 
abilities and fitness for the charge, the care of 
the out-door patients has been intrusted to 
him exclusively during the last year of his 
meritorious services; and the uncommon suc- 
cess with which his practice was marked, left 
us no cause either to regret or to diminish our 
confidence in him.” This voyage occupied 
him about ten months, and was very successful 
in a pecuniary point of view, at the same time 
that it was advantageous in other respects. 
He was soon tempted to make a second ven- 
ture, during which he was absent some four- 
teen or fifteen months, three of which was 
spent in a residence at Batavia. The mercan- 
tile result of the second voyage was as unfor- 
tunate as that of the first had been prosperous; 
and the surgeon and supercargo returned to 
his proper position in Philadelphia, a poorer 
man than when he left it. The lessons and 
opportunities of the new field, however, were 
by no means lost. The diseases and incidents 
of a long East India voyage, in the strongly- 
manned vessels of former days, and the malig- 
nant fevers and bowel affections so prevalent 
in Batavia at that time, afforded him ample 
professional employment, as well as means of 
enlarging his medical experience. Nor was 
this episode in his professional life without its 
moral tests. On two different occasions, his 
integrity and firmness are known to have been 
severely tried. Once, as supercargo, while 
seeking freight for his ship, he was offered a 
large consignment of spices, then monopolized 
by the government of Holland, on terms so 
advantageous as to manifest thesmuggling char- 
acter of the transaction by which they were 
obtained. He refused to be a party to a fraud 
which he could only suspect, and might easily 
have winked at without fear of exposure; and 
thus saved his honor at the expense of a 
certain fortune. The second trial was much 
more severe, as well as more appropriate to his 
peculiar mission. During the second voyage 
home, the master of the ship, a man of cour- 
age and ability, but unusually stern and arbi- 
trary, even for those days of ocean despotism, 
subjected his crew to an allowance and qual- 
ity of rations which created a serious amount 
of sickness as well as discontentamong the men. 
Dr. Hartshorne not only refused to justify the 
captain, but boldly protested against his course, 
and continued to insist upon a change, until 
he had secured it to some extent, although at 
the cost of his own comfort and liberty through- 
out the remainder of the voyage. He was ban- 
ished to the forecastle, and at one time would 
have been put in irons, if it had not been for 
the undisguised sympathy expressed for him 
by the subordinate officers and men, whose 
rights he was defending. It may be re- 
marked here that his determined stand against 
oppression of these poor mariners was only in 
accordance with the spirit of his whole after- 
life, in ministering to the sick and wounded 
who were confided to his care, and in protect- 
ing what he deemed to be their rights and 
needs, against the negligence or perversity of 
the attendants and friends. Nurses and pa- 
tients, of whatever position, well knew that 
his orders were meant to be obeyed without 
alteration or delay. He never hesitated to re- 
sent the absurd and mischievous intermed- 
dling so common in the sick-room; nor was 
he much more patient under the infliction of 
unreasonable and often impertinent catechiz- 
ing, so often visited upon the doctor under 
plea of interest in the patient. To the blunt- 
ness manifested on these occasions towards 
irresponsible parties in and out of the sick- 
room, and to the sternness with which he was 
apt to rebuke the careless or disobedient, may 
be attributed much, if not all, of his reputa- 
tion in many places for roughness and impa- 
tience. To the patients themselves he was 
ever tender and sympathizing, as he was to all 
who were really in affliction; although lie 
never withheld the truth when it was unequiv- 
ocally asked for. His own family and old 
friends,—all, indeed, who knew him best,— 
felt not the slightest fear either of words or 
frowns, unless really deserved, and were more 
likely to expect a warm grasp of the hand, 
and a benignant smile or hearty laugh, than 
either. On reaching Philadelphia once more, 
he was glad to settle down, and enter perma- 
nently upon the practice of his profession. 
His apothecary’s training at the hospital, and 
his extensive professional acquaintance, to- 
gether with the very limited income to be 
hoped for at that early stage of his career, in- 
duced him to engage in partnership with an 
old friend as a druggist. With this view he 
opened an apothecary’s shop and physician’s 
office in Market street above Eighth. A two 
or three years’ trial of this kind of life satis- 
fied him, that, although it was common, at 
that period, for city practitioners to compound 
their own prescriptions, as it now is in the 
rural districts, and the two different callings 
were not considered incompatible with each 
other, such a mode of prosecuting his vocation 
was not suited to his interest or temper. He 
therefore opened an office alone, within a short 
distance from his former hospital home. Here 
commenced the long struggle which, notwith- 
standing the difficulties incident to his lame- 
ness and to his entire dependence on the re- 
ceipts of his daily labor, was destined to end 
so happily to his advantage. The advance 
was slow, however, and the trial especially 
hard toone who had never known what it was to 
want, until he had left his father’s house. That 
father had been reduced by the misfortunes of 
others in his old age; and although still anx- 
ious to aid his favorite son by giving him a 
home in his native town, in the hope of secur- 
ing him a practice there, the only answer to 
his urgent offer was the prompt reply, that the 
paternal roof was no place for the sons, until 
they could bring their fortunes with them. In 
the year 1813, Dr. Hartshorne was married to 
Anna Bonsall, eldest daughter of Isaac Bon- 
sall, a prominent minister of the Society of 
Friends in Philadelphia; and his practice al- 
ready quite respectable in medicine and sur- 
gery, from that time rapidly increased. In 
1815, he was, without solicitation on his part, 
unanimously elected one of the surgeons of 
the Pennsylvania Hospital, he having with- 
drawn from a canvass for a similar appoint- 
ment a year or two previously, in favor of Dr. 
John Syng Dorsey, nephew of Dr. Physick. 
His colleagues then, and during several years, 
were Drs. Physick and Dorsey, who already re- 
garded him as a rising competitor for their 
well-earned fame. This return, in a higher 
capacity, to the scene of his early exploits, 
extended his general reputation, and brought 
him more prominently before the public as a EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
207 
practical surgeon. Upon the death of Pro- 
fessor Wistar, in 1818, his rising protege suc- 
ceeded him as attending physician in a large 
number of respectable families; and he began 
to be regarded by a considerable party as likely 
to be a desirable acquisition to the medical 
faculty of the university, which had just met 
with so severe a loss in the decease of his dis- 
tinguished patron. Accordingly, when the 
chair of Surgery became vacant by the trans- 
fer of Dr. Physick to the Professorship of 
Anatomy in Dr. Wistar’s place, Dr. Hartshorne 
was urged as a candidate therefor, in connec- 
tion with the accomplished Dr. Thomas T. 
Hewson, then already popular as a teacher of 
Surgical and Comparative Anatomy. The can- 
vass by the respective competitors and their 
advocates was an exciting one, although Dr. 
Hartshorne took no personal part in it. Dr. 
Hartshorne and his associate fell short by one 
vote only of the number that placed the suc- 
cessful candidate, Dr. Gibson, in the station 
which he so long held in the school; and, as 
Dr. Evans, from whose excellent memoir we 
freely quote, remarks: “It is no disparage- 
ment to the latter to say, that the strong de- 
sire to transplant from a neighboring and rival 
school one who promised to contribute mueh 
to its rising reputation, was, at the time, gen- 
erally understood to have been the principal 
cause of Dr. Hartshorne’s defeat.” He has 
often said, continues Dr. Evans, that his 
failure on that occasion was fortunate on many 
accounts, and that his private practice was im- 
mediately and decidedly augmented after it, 
so much so, that he would never have been 
willing to perform the duties of the two to- 
gether, even if the additional patients had 
been still disposed to seek him. To use his 
own expressive phrase, he would not have 
been hampered with the professorship. He 
was no office-seeker, and averse to mingling 
in crowds; and hence he not only declined all 
invitations to public positions which might 
have extended, what he shrank from, his no- 
toriety, but was rarely seen in the large social 
gatherings which are so common among the 
leading professional men of the city, and 
especially at the houses of the professors of 
the different medical schools. Although given 
to individual hospitality with all the warmth of 
his native State, and rarely without a guest in 
his house and at his table, he had no taste for 
social display, and never engaged in general 
entertainments. He was, therefore, known to 
the students only at a distance and in his hos- 
pital service; and, although he commanded 
their respect and confidence, he never sought 
that personal and social popularity among 
them which is so important in the relations 
between the teacher and his pupils. In a more 
intimate course with them, however, he would 
not have failed to attach them strongly to him, 
as he did all those with whom, as private pre- 
ceptor or consulting medical counselor, he was 
brought into association. He was candid and 
indulgent, always taking and expressing an 
unaffected interest in young medical men who 
proved themselves deserving and capable in 
the discharge of their duties, and ever ready 
not only to advise them in difficulties, and to 
protect them from misrepresentation or impo- 
sition, but to award them whatever praise their 
skill or good conduct may have merited. In 
the year 1820, Philadelphia was visited by the 
yellow fever; and from that period up to 1830, 
there was a remarkable prevalence of epi- 
demic diseases. Influenza of an aggravated 
character, as well as bilious fever in its various 
forms, visited, at short intervals, most parts of 
our country; and the city of Philadelphia, 
with its adjacent districts, repeatedly suffered 
from their inroads. Of the many eminent 
physicians who, during that time, resided there, 
perhaps, there was no one more constantly oc- 
cupied with the duties of his profession, few 
as much so, as Dr. Hartshorne. The calls 
upon him, either as attending or as consulting 
physician, were not only numerous from all 
parts of the city and districts, but he was con- 
stantly resorted to from that section below the 
city known by the name of “ The Neck,” with 
the inhabitants of which he had long been 
extremely popular, as well as from differ- 
ent parts of the neighboring country. In 
addition to the great amount of business 
thus heaped upon him, he was frequently 
consulted through letters by physicians at 
a great distance. Some idea may be formed 
of the extent of his practice at that period, 
from the fact that, during the course of a 
single autumn, he prescribed for over two 
hundred and eighty cases of fever alone, nearly 
all of which were under his personal care and 
attendance. The constant demand made upon 
his time by his private practice, rendered it 
necessary for him to give up his appointment 
as surgeon in the hospital, and in 1821 he ac- 
cordingly sent in his resignation, after a con- 
nection with it, as apprentice, resident phy- 
sician, and attending surgeon, of nearly twelve 
years. It was thus that so many years of Dr. 
Hartshorne’s life were passed; the reputation 
for skill and experience which he had acquired 
adding to his multiplied cares, and securing a 
continual interruption to rest or pleasure. He 
continued to devote the untiring energies of 
his powerful and cultivated mind to the duties 
and responsibilities of a wide-spread practice, 
never relaxing in the course he had marked 
out, until the time arrived when he, too, was 
obliged to succumb to the inroads of sickness 
and the shadow of death. His naturally 
strong constitution, sustained by an active life 
in the open air, his strict temperance, his ex- 
treme cleanliness of person, and regular mode 
of life, so far as his professional duties would 
admit, enabled him to resist the infirmities of 
age almost entirely, until he had nearly com- 
pleted his allotted threescore years and ten. 
He had undergone two very severe mental 
shocks, at some five years’ interval; the one 
being the loss of his eldest daughter, by a 
rapid consumption; and the other the, for 
some time, uncertain loss at sea of his eldest 
son. He had also been subject to occasional 
attacks of biliary obstruction, probably from 
gall-stones, for several years, but had never 
been obliged to interrupt his daily avocations. 
It was not until the autumn of 1848, and 
especially after the summer and fall of 1849, 
that he gave evidence of more serious disorder. 
The cholera epidemic of 1849 subjected him 
to numerous appeals from old and new patients, 
notwithstanding that he had previously been 
largely curtailing the extent of his practice. 
He became warmly interested in the work, 
and was once more almost as busily employed 
as he had ever been in his best days. While 
the excitement lasted, he did not appear to 
suffer; but the close of the season, and the 
cessation of the contest with the pestilence, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
208 
left him exhausted and fatally diseased. The 
remaining months of his failing life were but 
a struggle with inevitable decay, in which the 
intervals of comparative ease were just long 
and decided enough to delude him into the 
effort to go on with his labors, and to answer 
the calls which were daily made upon him, and 
often pertinaciously pressed, even in his sick- 
room, and when he was unable to leave his 
bed. Thus he dragged on a weary life, with 
little hope of improvement, and in entire resig- 
nation to the change which he knew was rap- 
idly approaching, until the latter end of June, 
1850. At this time he determined to leave the 
city, in order to secure the undisturbed repose 
which was impossible in his own house; and 
he had himself carried to the Brandywine 
Springs, near Wilmington, Del., there to spend, 
in a pure air and perfect retirement, the few 
days that yet remained to him. “At this place, 
attended by his sons, with the aid of Drs. 
Shallcross and Goddard, and surrounded by 
his family, he breathed his last, in peace with 
all men, and in the firm assurance of a better 
life above, through the salvation which is in 
Jesus Christ alone.” Having always been, by 
preference as well as birthright, a member 
of the religious society of Friends, now desig- 
nated as the “Orthodox” denomination, Dr. 
Hartshorne’s spiritual views were in conform- 
ity with the principles held by that body, 
although he attached but little importance to 
peculiarities of language and dress. When 
not overwhelmed with care, he was fond of 
social conversation, generally cheerful, and 
often quite hilarious, yet his mental abstrac- 
tion would not unfrequently, and especially 
among strangers, or in the street, render him 
apparently unconscious of persons and things 
around him. In this way he would create, on 
cursory observers, an impression of reserve 
and taciturnity, which was not his ordinary 
habit. Still the cast of his mind led him 
to serious reflection and its kindred read- 
ing. He took pleasure in theological dis- 
cussion, but not in disputation; and much of 
the leisure of the latter years of his life was 
spent in the study of the Bible and its litera- 
ture, and of standard works on religious be- 
lief and experience. Decided in his own views, 
he was ever willing to listen to those who dif- 
fered from him, while he strove to live in 
charity with all. Few men were more de- 
termined or independent than Dr. Hartshorne, 
when compelled to take an authoritative posi- 
tion under the dictates of his own reason and 
conscience; and yet, although never shrinking 
from responsibility, he had no wish to govern 
others. He never dogmatized; and was so 
adverse to mere argument, that he generally 
preferred dropping a subject to disputing over 
it. “I wish to live in peace and friendship 
with all mankind, and especially with my pro- 
fessional brethren,” was his remark to an old 
friend in reference to a controversy then pre- 
vailing in medical circles, the subject of which 
he did not consider worthy of the excitement 
created by it. “He was the most scrupulously 
truthful man,” continues the same friend, “ I 
ever knew. On whatever subject Dr. Harts- 
horne spoke, it never occurred to his auditor 
that an idea or word could be at variance with 
his real opinion, or inconsistent with the fact 
as he understood it. He was content to rely 
on the simple potency of truth, and always 
said exactly what he meant, never attempting 
either to add force to his assertion by artificial 
emphasis or ornament. There may have ap- 
peared, in this singleness of purpose and ab- 
sence of embellishment, a lack of some of the 
sophistication, not to say suavity, of polished 
society. There may have been absent, also, 
some of the conventional courtesies which are 
too apt to be used as cloaks, and which, as 
such, he held in light esteem. But in that just 
consideration for the persons and opinions of 
others, in which true politeness consists, and 
which has the golden rule for its only guide, 
he was never intentionally deficient, and usu- 
ally carefully observant. Beneath an occa- 
sional brusqueness of demeanor, and some- 
times, when the occasion perhaps demanded, 
of actual severity, there was a large amount of 
native goodness of heart; and his sympathies 
were ever in active exercise towards the af- 
flicted, save when the graver duties of his pro- 
fession called forth the higher and sterner at- 
tributes of his mind. An anecdote occurs to 
us, which exemplifies the remark just made in 
a forcible manner. It was related to us by a 
professional brother, who was then attending 
with him inthe capacity of house-surgeon of the 
hospital. In the course of his routine, he was 
observed to visit the cell of an old friend and 
schoolmate,who was confined therein, a raving 
and unmanageable maniac. He was so over- 
come by his feelings, that he stood outside the 
door, weeping like a child, for some minutes, be- 
fore he was able to regain his self-control; but 
the moment the door was open, and the physi- 
cian and patient were confronted with each 
other, all trace of the recent yearnings and 
weakness of the heart were gone, and an air of 
firm and calm authority alone appeared.” Re- 
ferring to his professional character and stand- 
ing, one of his biographers, Dr. Evans, has said 
that no one could be long associated with him, 
without being convinced of his extensive and 
exact knowledge of the principles governing 
the science of medicine; of his diagnostic 
acumen, and clear perceptions of the changes 
effected by disease; together with a thorough 
familiarity with the art applying, in the most 
successful manner, those agents most effective 
in arresting and removing it. Hence, in the 
sick-room he was distinguished by the facility 
with which he made himself acquainted with 
the nature and extent of the case before him, 
by the exercise of great sagacity, close obser- 
vation, and the well-remembered teachings of 
a large experience; arriving at conclusions 
which, although not universally correct, be- 
cause no human judgment is infallible, the 
event seldom proved to have been erroneous; 
and having satisfied himself of the character of 
the malady with which he had to combat, 
while always moving with great caution, his 
course was unhesitating, and regulated by 
principles from which nothing would tempt 
him to swerve. As a surgeon he was prudent, 
but never timid, and he was ever anxious to 
avoid the knife, when he thought it could be 
safely dispensed with. He was a decided and 
strong advocate for the use of the lancet; not 
resorting to it, however, empirically, without 
reference to the existing state of the constitu- 
tion, and of the various organs of the body, 
but always with precise views in his applica- 
tion, and having a distinct and satisfactory 
reason for its use. He was aware of there be- 
ing an impression abroad that he had, from 
habit, carried the use of this powerful remedial EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
209 
agent too far; but, after renewed considera- 
tion of the subject in all its bearings, his con- 
victions of the correctness of the course he 
had pursued were confirmed; and in a conver- 
sation held with the writer, a short time pre- 
vious to the commencement of his last illness, 
he remarked that, upon a careful review of his 
extensive practice, he could recall no single 
case that caused him any regret for having 
bled in it too freely; but there were many 
in which he feared he had erred, either by not 
bleeding in them at all, or having deferred it 
until it was too late. Being solicitous of keep- 
ing pace with the progress of medicine, so far 
as his numerous engagements would permit, 
he was a constant reader of the medical jour- 
nals and other publications of the day, gladly 
availing himself of the thoughts and experi- 
ence of others. The impulse of his own mind, 
however, prevented him from circumscribing 
his reasoning upon the subject, within the 
limits marked out by the author he was pe- 
rusing, since, his reliance being chiefly on 
the deductions of his own mind, whether 
in agreement or opposition to the opinions 
of others, he was necessarily prevented from 
becoming a mere imitator. The great con- 
fidence which his professional brethren re- 
posed in his judgment was evidenced by 
the frequency with which they resorted to 
him for advice in consultation, in the lat- 
ter part of his life this constituting a large 
part of his practice. And in this intercourse 
with other physicians, while he never con- 
cealed his sentiments for reasons of policy, or 
appeared to acquiesce in what he really disap- 
proved, for fear of infringing on the laws of 
politeness, yet he invariably treated all with 
candor and becoming deference, and was al- 
ways ready to listen to whatever was offered in 
relation to the facts connected, or remedies 
proposed, in the case. Satisfied that, with all 
Ids boasted talents and acquired skill, the 
efforts of man in warding off the approach of 
death, or for restoring health and strength, 
were unavailing, except as they were rendered 
effectual by the blessing of the Almighty, he 
freely acknowledged the obligation resting 
upon us to make those efforts with reference 
to their receiving that blessing. But while he 
thus confessed the limited powers of human 
agency in the dispensation of life and health, 
he nevertheless entertained a high estimate of 
his profession, and regarded it as a noble art, 
which conferred some of the choicest blessings 
on mankind; and in proportion to this high 
estimate was his contempt for and opposition to 
quackery, in all its phases; and he failed not 
to speak in the most decided terms of disap- 
probation of those members admitted within 
the ranks of the profession who countenanced 
or who refused, to oppose it. Dr. Hartshorne 
was elected a member of the Philadelphia 
Medical Society, in 1801; of the American 
Philosophical Society, in 1815, and of the Col- 
lege of Physicians in 1824. He was at one 
time a frequent attendant of the meetings of 
these bodies, and during his student life 
especially, was a useful and influential mem- 
ber and officer of the Philadelphia Medical 
Society. 
HARVEY, Thomas 8., of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born in Clinton county, 0.. November 29, 
1827, and died December 5, 1889. He was the 
son of Dr. Jesse Harvey, who taught the first 
school in Ohio to which colored children were 
admitted. He founded an academy at Har- 
veysburg, that State, and was a missionary 
among the Indians in Kansas when he died, 
in 1848. The elder Harvey was of English 
descent, a member of the Society of Friends, 
and his time and talents were given so freely 
to the poor and oppressed that there was none 
left for money-making. Hence the inheritance 
of the subject of this sketch, destined to be 
the future great surgeon and leader of men, 
was a noble mind, an honest heart, and a 
sound constitution, which fitted him for hard 
study and good work. He was compelled to 
practice stringent economy from his youth, but 
found time, nevertheless, for much reading in 
general literature and natural science. He 
began the study of medicine at the age of nine- 
teen and graduated from the Ohio Medical Col- 
lege in 1851. Dr. Harvey established himself 
at Plainfield, Ind., where he continued in prac- 
*~i ft yie 
tice for the period of eight years. The late 
Dr. Levi Ritter, afterward a leading member 
of the Indianapolis bar, was the only other 
physician of that locality, and he has written 
of his colleague and friend as follows: “A 
more perfect gentleman, professionally, I have 
never met in either law or medicine. In the 
sick-room he was the model physician; he 
studied to gain the confidence of the patients, 
nurses and friends, and his presence was a 
healing balm in those many cases where the 
mind and disposition required treatment as 
well as the body. I was present with him at 
his first major operation—amputation of the 
thigh—and have seen him operate many times 
since, and can bear testimony to his nerve and 
skill and to that rare confidence which led 
him not to be embarrassed when unforeseen 
complications arose. Dr. Harvey excelled in 
sympathy, and this was one of his strong 
holds on his patients. I remember a family 
in which poverty came from the death of the 
husband, and sickness followed, in which he 210 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
not only visited the sick widow, but would 
leave a bill folded in the prescription, to pur- 
chase food and medicine.” In Plainfield, Dr, 
Harvey married Miss Delitha Butler. When 
the War of the Rebellion came, he was 
made Examining Surgeon for the Central Dis- 
trict of Indiana, and he then became a citizen 
of Indianapolis. A contemporary says: “The 
war swept by, but before the close, none of the 
hundreds who had been called to the military 
center were better known than Dr. Harvey. 
He was of commanding presence; his personal 
appearance, an exponent of the man within, 
was as perfect, physically, and as handsome 
as the typical Greek. His frame was large and 
his face expressed kindness, strength and in- 
telligence. He attracted attention in any au- 
dience without speaking, and when he spoke, 
all ears were strained to hear the cadence that 
fell as music on the air. And with all these 
natural gifts, he was always a modest man, 
wholly without ostentation and without the 
least admixture of pride or professional jeal- 
ousy.” Dr. Harvey was by nature and in- 
heritance a teacher. In 1869, when the In- 
diana Medical College was organized, he was 
elected to the Chair of Medical and Surgical 
Diseases of Women, which he held to the 
day of his death. In the palmy days of 
the college it was no uncommon thing for Dr. 
Harvey to hold a clinic for hours, comprising 
the whole range of medical diseases. His 
clinics at the City Dispensary for Women 
were never neglected, nor at the City Hospi- 
tal, where, every Wednesday for twenty-five 
years, he was in attendance, attracting always 
a large concourse of students. He was an 
all-around practitioner, and was frequently 
called as consultant in general practice. His 
own practice, both in his office and out, was 
very large, and was attended to with great 
fidelity, both at night and day. He was a 
great friend and great help to other doctors, 
both in their practice and in cases where they 
required personally his professional skill. 
Dr. Harvey was the chief spirit in organizing 
the Hendricks County Medical Society in his 
adopted State, read the first paper before it, 
and was subsequently its president. He was 
the first president of the Indianapolis Academy 
of Medicine; afterward merged into the Ma- 
rion County Medical Society. He was a mem- 
ber of the Indiana State Medical Society, and 
its president in 1880, as well as a delegate from 
the same to the International Medical Con- 
gress of 1888. He was a member of the 
American Medical Association and of the 
Mississippi Valley Medical Society. In 1886 
the State University of Indiana conferred upon 
him the degree of LL. D., in recognition of his 
eminent professional attainments. He was 
the author of numerous papers on professional 
topics read before the societies to which he 
belonged. He died from a stroke of apoplexy 
while delivering his last lecture before the 
Medical College of Indiana. The medical, as 
well as the daily press, paid most hearty tribute 
to Dr. Harvey’s worth at the time of his 
death. He was given high rank, both as a 
man and as a physician and surgeon, and con- 
ceded much credit for his efforts in building 
up medical education and the standard of the 
profession. His funeral was attended by the 
members of his local medical society in a 
body, and also by many eminent medical men 
of Indiana and of other States. 
HATFIELD, Marcus Fatten, of Chicago, HI., 
was born February 20, 1849, and received his 
general education at the Flushing Institute 
and the Wesleyan University, graduating from 
the latter in 1870. He then studied medicine 
at the Northwestern University Medical 
School, from which he received his medical 
degree in 1872. During the year of his grad- 
uation and the succeeding one, he served as 
“ interne” or resident physician to the Mercy 
Hospital of Chicago. He then supplemented 
his medical education and training by visiting 
Europe, and pursued his studies for the period 
of two years in the principal schools and 
hospitals of Berlin and London. On his re- 
turn from abroad he established himself in 
Chicago where he now resides. Dr. Hatfield 
is a member of the faculty of the Chicago 
Medical College and was for several years Pro- 
fessorof Chemistry and Toxicology in that insti- 
tution. He is a recognized authority in that 
specialty and has on numerous occasions been 
called into court to testify as chemical expert. 
He has recently been made Professor of diseas- 
es of children in the Chicago Medical College. 
Dr. Hatfield is a member of the Chicago So- 
ciety of Physicians and Surgeons, of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, and of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. He was commissioner from Illinois to the 
Vienna Exposition. He married the youngest 
and accomplished daughter of Bishop W. L. 
Harris, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
HA.WES, Jesse, of Greeley, Col., was born 
in Corinna, Me., in August, 1843. There he 
was prepared to enter the literary department 
of Bowdoin College, when business affairs 
caused a removal of the family to Belvidere, 
111., shortly before the beginning of the Re- 
bellion. Leaving the anticipated collegiate EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
211 
course at the call of a more urgent duty, he 
oined the Union army in the summer of 1861, 
and served there until the close of the war, 
eral months in the New York Polyclinic, 
where he paid special attention to general 
surgery and gynecology. In 1890 he took a 
special course in abdominal surgery and gyne- 
cology at the Chicago Polyclinic. He has de- 
voted his time almost exclusively to the prac- 
tice of general surgery and gynecology and has 
achieved results second to none in the coun- 
try, having performed forty-five ovariotomies 
with a single death, and one hundred and 
twenty-five cystotomies with no deaths. In 
the year 1882 he was appointed Professor of 
Genito-Urinary Surgery in the Hospital Medi- 
cal College of Evansville, Ind., and filled that 
chair until the college closed in 1885. For 
this position he was well qualified, having 
made the study of genito-urinary surgery a 
specialty, and the discharge of his duties was 
eminently satisfactory. In 1882 he was ap- 
pointed on the staff of St. Mary’s Hospital as 
visiting physician which position he filled for 
six years with credit to himself and the insti- 
tution. In 1888 he was appointed surgeon-in- 
chief, which position he has held ever since. 
Dr. Hayden has met with great success; his 
ability as a surgeon has been recognized, and 
his wonderful achievements in that line have 
caused him to be considered one of the most 
prominent surgeons of Southern Indiana. He 
has also contributed numerous articles to the 
leading medical publications of the United 
States. Among the most important are: “In- 
dications for removal of Uterine Appendages, 
with Reports of Cases,” “Excision of Wrist 
Qedde £2&a'wed-. 
being wounded in 1862 and a prisoner most of 
the last year. Returning home, he immediately 
entered the University of Michigan and grad- 
uated thence in 1868. In 1871 he graduated 
from Long Island Hospital College, after which 
he made a short visit to Great Britain, and on 
his return entered upon the practice of medi- 
cine at Greeley, Col. Here he has won a high 
rank among the medical men of the State. 
His writings, published in various medical 
journals and in the transactions of the State 
Society, dealing chiefly with surgical matters, 
are characterized by marked clearness and 
force. He has been a trustee of the Colorado 
State Normal School since its creation by the 
Legislature. He is an ex-president of the 
Colorado State Medical Society, an ex-presi- 
dent of the Colorado Board of Medical Exam- 
iners, a vice-president of the American Medi- 
cal Association, a member of the State Board 
of Health, and an Adjunct Professor of Ob- 
stetrics in the Denver University. In 1874 he 
was married to Clementine S. Rockwell; their 
only living child is a daughter. 
HAYDEN, Anexamander M., of Evansville, 
Ind., was born in Shenendoah Valley, Va., 
May 28, 1852, and is the son of Dr. A. B. Hay- 
den and Louisa (Thompson) Hayden, and on 
his mother’s side is of German descent. His 
early education was secured at the country 
schools of his native county. Later he fin- 
ished his literary education at Winchester 
Seminary, Frederick county, Va. He com- 
menced the study of medicine in his father’s 
office at the age of eighteen and completed his 
medical education at Starling Medical College, 
whence he graduated M. D. in March, 1876. 
Then he came directly to Evansville, Ind., 
where he has been in the practice of medicine 
and surgery ever since. In 1884 he spent sev- 
d/f. o^9. 
Joint for Tubercular Disease of Bone,” “Con- 
genital Deformity of Heart,” “Cases of Ovari- 
an Tumor Operations,” “Nature and Treat- 
ment of Chancroid.” 
HAYES, Isaac Israel, of New York City, 
was born in Chester, Pa., in 1832, and died 
December 17, 1881. After a general education 
he studied medicine, attended the University 
of Pennsylvania, and was graduated M. D., 
from that institution in 1853. “During his 
studies he had become interested in the writ- 212 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ings and intentions of Dr. Kane and tendered 
him his services. In the latter part of May, 
1853, he was appointed surgeon of the second 
Grinnell expedition (better known from its 
commander as the Kane expedition) in search 
of Sir John Franklin in the Arctic regions. 
Dr. Hayes sailed in the brig Advance, and 
proved an energetic and valuable coadjutor 
of Kane. In addition to his duties as surgeon 
and naturalist, he made a short trip on the 
Glacier, inland from Van Rensselaer harbor 
and assisted in laying out depots in the au- 
tumn of 1853. In May, 1854, he crossed Kane 
Sea, and was the first civilized man to place 
foot on Grinnell Land, along the coast of 
which he traveled to Cape Frazer, about 793 
45' north latitude.” The “Advance” was 
frozen in on September 9, 1853, and remained 
so in the summer of 1854. Dr. Kane turned 
toward Beechy Island by boat for assistance, 
but was obliged by the condition of the ice to 
return to his old winter quarters. On August 
28, 1854, Dr. Hayes and eight others left the 
“Advance” in a hazardous attempt to reach 
Upernavik. An account of the trip is to be 
found in “An Arctic Boat Journey,” 1860, 
wherein Dr. Hayes justifies leaving the ship. 
“The journey was taken by Dr Kane’s per- 
mission, but this was given only after he had 
advised Hayes to forego the project, and ex- 
acted a renunciation of all claims on those 
left behind. The boat party reached a point 
sixteen miles South of Cape Parry, where they 
were stopped by ice, and dragged out a miser- 
able existence aided by the charity of the Etah 
Esquimaux until December, when they re- 
turned nearly frozen and starving. In the 
summer of 1854 the entire party under Dr. 
Kane by sledge and boat reached Upernavik 
safely.” On July 7, 1860, Dr. Hayes sailed in 
command of the “United States” which had 
been fitted out by public subscription for ex- 
ploration of the open polar sea. He wintered 
in Foulke Fiord, latitude 78° 18' north, near 
Littleton island. In May, 1861, he crossed 
Kane Sea, again set foot on Grinnell Land, 
attaining on May 18 a point which he called 
Cape Lieber, and which his observations 
placed in latitude 81° 35' north, longitude 70° 
30' west. His various official observations 
and personal accounts are not entirely consist- 
ent in this respect. Competent explorers who 
have since visited Kennedy Channel surmise 
that his latitudes were incorrect and that his 
farthest point was Cape Joseph Good, about 
latitude 80Jls' north, longitude 70° west. The 
“open polar sea” was doubtless the Southern 
part of Kennedy Channel which opens early 
every year. Breaking out of his ship on July 
10, 1861, an unprecedented early date for an 
Arctic vessel, he explored a considerable part 
of the eastern shore of Ellesmere’s Land, being 
the first known white man to land thereon. 
In 1869 Hayes again entered the Arctic circle, 
visiting Greenland with the artist William 
Bradford in the “Panther.” For his Arctic 
work Dr. Hayes received the founders’ medal 
of the Royal Geographical Society in 1867, and 
the gold medal of the Paris Society in 1869, 
and was made an honorary member of many 
scientific societies in the United States and 
Europe. He returned from his second expedi- 
tion to find the Civil War begun, immediately 
sought service, was commissioned surgeon of 
volunteers, April 4, 1862, and was brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel March 13, 1865. He resigned 
July 3, 1865, and removed to New York City, 
where he was elected to the assembly, serving 
five years ( from 1876 to 1880) and was each 
year on important committees of the House. 
As a lecturer he was heartily welcomed by 
large and appreciative audiences. Dr. Hayes 
is said to have possessed the essential qualities 
of a successful man, being quick witted, in- 
dustrious, nervous, energetic and versatile, he 
spoke well, wrote better, and understood his 
subjects, and therefore won a wide reputation, 
not only as an explorer, but as an author, lect- 
urer, surgeon and legislator. In addition to 
the work above referred to he published “ The 
Open Polar Sea,” giving an account of his 
second expedition, 1867; “Cast Away in the 
Cold, a Story of Arctic Adventure for Boys,” 
1868; and “The Land of Desolation,” 1871; 
the latter work describing his third voyage. 
HAYMOND, William S., of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born near Clarksborough, that State. 
February 20,1826, and died December 24,1885. 
He was of English descent, and his early edu- 
cation was gained in Harrison county, Ind., 
in a log school-house of primitive construction. 
These limited opportunities stimulated a desire 
for further study and the possession of a 
greater number of books than were then at 
his command. He, at the age of eighteen, 
commenced teaching, meanwhile pursuing his 
study and becoming proficient in the science of 
mathematics. For a limited period, surveying 
and engineering engaged his time and ener- 
gies, after which, at the age of twenty-three, 
he began the study of medicine at Clarksburg, 
Va., under the preceptorship of Dr. John 
Edmondson, of that place. He attended two 
courses of lectures at the Medical College of 
Cincinnati, and later became a student of the 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
213 
graduating from both these institutions. He 
chose Monticello, Ind., as an advantageous 
point for a young practitioner, and having met 
with success in his profession, remained thus 
located until 1877. Dr. Haymond soon took 
rank among the leading physicians of his 
county and established a reputation for skill 
in surgery, to which branch of practice he de- 
voted special attention. He served during the 
War of the Rebellion as assistant surgeon of 
the Forty-sixth Indiana Infantry, and was for 
weeks stationed at Fort Pillow. During his 
service he was on several occasions detailed 
for important duty at general hospitals. He 
was in 1874, as a Democrat, elected a member 
of the Forty-fourth Congress, and served on 
the Committee on Banking and Currency, 
bringing much financial ability and judgment 
to bear in the discharge of his duties. He 
distinguished himself as an orator, his eulogy 
on the death of Speaker Kerr having been 
pronounced the finest literary effort of the 
occasion. Other speeches on the subject of 
finance, internal improvements and various im- 
portant questions of public interest attracted 
marked attention. He contributed many able 
and valuable papers to medical journals on 
subjects of peculiar interest to the profession. 
His range of study outside the domain of 
medicine was not confined to the sciences and 
mathematics, but included in its scope the 
languages, in several of which he was pro- 
ficient. Dr. Haymond was a member of all 
the important medical societies of his State. 
He aided in the organization of the Central 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Indian- 
apolis, in 1879, and was made Professor of the 
Principles and Practice of Surgery, and Dean 
of the Faculty. He was noted for his elo- 
quence, wit and inimitable drollery, while his 
ability as a didactic lecturer was second to that 
of no other teacher in this country. 
HAYS, I. Minis, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city July 26,1847. He was edu- 
cated at the University of Pennsylvania and 
received its degree of B. A. in 1866, of M. D. 
in 1868, and of M. A. in 1869. Was editor of 
the Medical News, from its beginning as a 
weekly periodical in 1882, to October, 1889, 
and was associated with his father, the late 
Dr. Isaac Hays, as editor of the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, from 1869 to 
his death, in April, 1879, and was sole editor 
from that date to July, 1890. He was Secre- 
tary-General of the International Medical 
Congress, held at Philadelphia in 1876. He is 
a member of the College of Physicians of 
Philadelphia, and chairman of its library 
committee; is an original member and re- 
corder of the Association of American Physi- 
cians, and is a member of the American Phi- 
losophical Society. 
HEATH, Frederic Carroll, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Gardiner, Me., January 19, 
1857. His father, editor and publisher of the 
Gardiner Home Journal, was killed at the battle 
of Fredericksburg, the Grand Army Post at 
Gardiner being named in his honor. His 
grandfather was a physician of wide reputa- 
tion in the State of Maine. Dr. Heath pre- 
pared for college in the schools of Gardiner, and 
graduated at Amherst College in 1878, receiving 
the degree of A. M. a few years later. At the 
close of Junior year he won the Hutchins 
prize for best examinations in the Greek of 
Sophomore and Junior years, and was ap- 
pointed to Phi Beta Kappa Society for high 
general rank. After teaching a few years as 
principal of Granby High School, Gardiner 
Grammar School and Washington Academy, 
he entered the medical department of Bow- 
doin College, graduating in 1884 at the head of 
his class and delivering a valedictory address 
that was published in whole or in part in some 
of the leading papers of the State. The fol- 
lowing two years he served as Steward and 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Ma- 
rine Hospital Service at Portland, Me., and in 
1886 became an assistant surgeon, ranking 
first among a large class of applicants before 
the examining board at Washington, D. C., 
and serving at Chicago, Mobile, Buffalo, Cleve- 
land and Detroit. In 1890 he resigned to enter 
upon the practice of his specialty (eye and 
ear), to which he had previously given con- 
siderable attention, taking a long course of 
clinical work and study in the post-graduate 
schools and eye and ear hospitals of New 
York, and locating at La Fayette, Ind., where 
he was soon made Oculist and Aurist to St. 
Elizabeth’s Hospital. He removed to Indian- 
apolis in October, 1891, where he has been 
gradually acquiring a constantly increasing 
amount of confidence and support from the 
profession and public, and is now Eye and 
Ear Surgeon to the Indianapolis Polyclinique. 
He is an earnest worker in medical societies, 
and a contributor to medical journals. Among 
his papers are the following: “A Case of 
Aneurism of the Pulmonary Artery;” “Two 
Interesting Cases of Enteric Fever;” “Heart 
Tonics;” “The Physician’s First Indication;” 
“Nasal Reflexes;” “Gonorrhoeal Ophthal- 
mia;” “Steel in the Iris for Twenty-seven 
Years;” “Benefits and Evils of Glasses;” 
“The Eye in Relation to General Disease;” 
“Medical Harmony;” “Practical Suggestions 
to the General Practitioner in Ear Troubles;” 
“The Pathogeny of Sympathetic Ophthalmia.” 
HEKTOEN, Ludvig, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Wisconsin, July 2, 1863, of Norwegian 
parents. He graduated as B. A. from Luther 
College, Decorah, lowa, in 1883, and took a 
special course in the University of Wisconsin 
in 1883-84. He graduated from the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons in Chicago, 1887; and 
was the recipient of the faculty prize awarded 
to the highest competitor in examination for 
position as interne in Cook County Hospital. 
He was Assistant Physician to the Illinois 
Eastern Hospital for Insane at Kankakee, 
from March to October, 1887; was interne in 
Cook County Hospital from October, 1887, to 
April, 1889; was appointed Pathologist to 
Cook County Hospital in January, 1889, and 
has been reappointed each successive year; 
and has occupied the position of Lecturer on 
Pathological Anatomy and Histology in Rush 
College from 1889 to 1891. In 1891 he became 
Professor of Pathology in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, and Woman’s Medical 
College of Chicago. In 1892 he became Adjunct 
Professor of Medicine in the first named insti- 
tution. He was appointed physician to the 
coroner’s office of Cook county in 1890, which 
appointment he held until December, 1892. He 
is a member of many medical societies, and a 
frequent contributor to medical journals. 
HENDERSON, Ernest Lacy, of Kansas City, 
Mo., was born in New London, Howard coun- 
ty, Ind., September 3, 1858, and is of Scotch- 
Irish descent, Dr. J. F. Henderson, an emi- 214 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
nent army surgeon, being his father. His 
early education was that of public and private 
schools, Bryant College and the Kokomo, 
Ind., normal school. He served an appren- 
ticesliip in a printing office and filled all posi- 
tions from the “devil” up to editor; this was 
before the age of twenty, at which time he be- 
San the study of medicine with his preceptor, 
>r. W. K. Mavity, of Kokomo, Ind. Having 
had a year's previous study under his precep- 
tor, he matriculated at the Ohio Medical Col- 
lege, of Cincinnati, 0., and graduated there 
some two years later (in 1881), with honors. 
Dr. Henderson was a favorable contestant in 
Prof. Dawson’s bandaging contest, before 
three hundred students and physicians at the 
Good, Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati, O. 
Upon the convening of the alumni of the Ohio 
Medical College, he was elected a member of 
to the latter he offered a prize for the best 
essay by any of its members upon “Tubercu- 
lous Puhnonitis.” The father of Dr. Hender- 
son was surgeon of the medical department of 
Tennessee during the war, and from him no 
doubt he has received much instruction and 
his desire for research. While at medical 
college he not only attended the Good Samari- 
tan Hospital, but was regularly at the Cin- 
cinnati Hospital and others of that city. Upon 
his advent in Kansas City, he decided that his 
research and practice could be more thorough 
if a specialty was followed, and upon this dic- 
tation he entered the special practice on cuta- 
neous and venereal diseases, and has since 
discarded other practice entirely. His success 
has been extraordinaryand he numbers among 
his patients residents of many States, directed 
to him by brother physicians. All operations 
in surgery coming under his specialty he has 
performed with much success. While his 
practice is large, his loss by death has been 
phenomenally small; he having issued but one 
death certificate in over ten years. Much in- 
terest is taken in collateral sciences, his labor- 
atory for personal experiments is equipped 
with many new and costly instruments. His 
library, both that of his office and residence, 
are stocked with choice medical and scientific 
works. He devised an urethral bougie and in 
1890 he gave to the profession the treatment 
of urethral stricture by injections, which in 
time must supersede the old methods of treat- 
ment. Upon this treatment he labored for 
many years, but now he has the applaud of the 
profession for his perseverance. His articles 
in the leading medical journals in 1888 upon 
the local and constitutional treatment of pri- 
mary and secondary syphilis created much dis- 
cussion and praise for new thoughts and 
scientific research. Much of his practice is 
now devoted to consultations with physicians 
in and about Kansas City. He is now a mem- 
ber of the Kansas City Medical and Surgical 
Society and framed its constitution. Dr. Hen- 
derson has now in preparation two most valu- 
able works: “The Radical Cure of Syphilis—' 
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary,” and “The 
Physician’s Compendium of Practice. His 
work ‘ ‘The Radical Cure of Urethral Strict- 
ure” will soon be in press. He has been con- 
sulting physician to many charitable institu- 
tions; medical director of the Trans-Missis- 
sippi Life Insurance Company and medical ex- 
aminer for the Order of A. O. U. W. He has 
done much in his profession and is a hard 
student and a close observer. ’Tis said; “that 
the oil in his lamp burns late in his study— 
always.” 
HENSKE, Andrew A., of St. Louis, Mo., was 
born January 2, 1852, in Marburg, Germany, 
where he received his collegiate education. He 
studied philosophy at Muenster, Germany; 
received the degree of Master of Arts at 
St. Franciscus Xaverius University of the 
City of New York; Bachelor of Philosophy 
at St. Louis University, and graduated as 
M. D. at the medical department of University 
of the City of New York, 1877. He attended 
lectures at the medical department of Harvard 
University, 1877, and visited Berlin, Germany, 
1876. He was Physician to the Home of the 
Little Sisters of the Poor for the Aged, from 
1878 to 1882, and Physician in charge of the 
St. Ann’s Lying-in Hospital and Infant Asy- 
lum, from 1879 up to the present time. He was 
the executive committee, an honor conferred 
upon only three out of a class of one hun- 
dred and five. After graduation he returned 
to Kokomo, and entered active general prac- 
tice. Scarcely had he swung his shingle to 
the breezes, in the office of his preceptor, than 
he assumed the laborious city practice, includ- 
ing the medical and surgical practice for the 
jail, city station, poor farm and orphan’s 
home. After being in practice not over six 
months, he was elected a member of the 
Board of Health, which board upon convening 
elected the subject of this sketch secretary, 
upon whom involved the entire duties of the 
board. He, however, remained in Indiana 
less than a year, resigning his offices and 
practice to locate in that Western metropolis 
of phenomenal growth, Kansas City, in which 
place he has since been in continuous practice. 
Before leaving Indiana he was an active mem- 
ber of the Kokomo Academy of Medicine, the 
Howard County Medical Society and the Indi- 
ana State Medical Society. When a delegate EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
215 
Professor of Gynecology and Clinical Obstet- 
rics at the St. Louis College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, from 1885 up to the present time, and 
at the same time Professor of Anatomy and 
Operative Midwifery at the St. Louis College 
of Midwifery; also Consulting Physician to 
the City and Female Hospital. Dr. Henske 
has practiced medicine in the city of St. Louis 
since October, 1877. 
HEBYEY, James Walter, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born near Brookville, that State, 
April 5, 1819. He descended from Scotch and 
Irish ancestry, the Browns and Herveys, old 
Scotch families. His mother was a Wayland. 
The Waylands were a thrifty family and early 
settlers in Virginia. He has been in the active 
practice of his profession over fifty years and 
is still a diligent student and a persevering in- 
vestigator. While he was quite young his 
family moved to Butler county, Ohio, where 
he received a common school education. He 
then spent two years under the instruction of 
Professor Kemper, which completed his pri- 
mary education. His preceptor was Dr. John 
C. Fall, of Lewisburg, 0., in whose office he 
remained four years, at the same time having 
access to the libraries of Professor Baker, of 
Cincinnati, and Dr. Christian Saylor, of Win- 
chester. He then spent a year in the office of 
Dr. Miller, of Fairfield, Ind., where he had ac- 
cess to the splendid library of Dr. William 
Crookshank. He was very anxious to attend 
college but lacked the means, and was there- 
fore compelled to commence practice. With 
such text-books as he was able to secure he 
located in Hancock county, Ind. His first 
office was situated where the little village of 
Mount Comfort now stands. Soon after enter- 
ing upon the duties of his profession, a severe 
and dangerous form of malarial fever spread 
through the country. The old physicians then 
practicing in the community designated the 
disease “congestive fever,” and treated it by 
emetics, calomel, jalap and venesection. A 
large per cent, of their cases terminated fatally. 
Dr. Hervey here made the first innovations on 
established usages in that section.. Borrowing 
money he purchased several ounces (16) of 
quinine and commenced using it in large doses. 
It was prophesied that he would kill his pa- 
tients ; the result, however, failed to bear out 
the prophecy as nearly every case recovered 
and the Doctor soon had more than he could 
do. He was called the “Boy Doctor” on ac- 
count of his youthful appearance. After a 
time a malignant form of erysipelas appeared, 
attacking the face and scalp, and not infre- 
quently the tongue. Some of the local physi- 
cians applied to it the name of “black tongue,” 
after a symptom. Dr. Hervey applied the new 
theory to his cases with a success that induced 
others to adopt his plan of treatment. Strange 
to say that on the disappearance of this disease 
an epidemic of small-pox appeared which 
seemed to be modified by an erysipelatous di- 
athesis. The saving of the vital forces succeeded 
in the treatment of this formidable disease and 
saved many lives that under the old method 
of treatment would have been sacrificed. Dr. 
Hervey treated eighty-one cases with but a 
slight mortality. Every case that was bled or 
otherwise debilitated had a fatal termination. 
The Doctor claims to have taken part in bring- 
ing about a change that has done much good. 
Other incidents occurred during this time to 
demonstrate that the successful practitioner 
must come to the bedside of the sick armed 
with a different therapy from that the old au- 
thors had recommended. While engaged in 
practice at Mount Comfort an incident occurred 
that came near costing the Doctor his life by a 
night ride alone with a maniac. The details, 
which are too long for this sketch, were pub- 
lished in the Hancock Democrat and other 
papers. Dr. Hervey was sued for malpractice 
for using tincture of iodine and nitrate of sil- 
ver to prevent pitting in small-pox. He was 
vindicated, however, and afterward compli- 
mented for his work. An account of the case 
was published in the Indiana Medical Journal, 
also in the history of Hancock county. Dr. 
Hervey remained five years where he first 
located, buffeting the inconveniences of a 
country practice. He rode hundreds of miles 
through the woods and swamps on horseback; 
this was before the time of turnpikes and rail- 
roads. He visited Indianapolis very often, 
where he had access to the libraries of Drs. 
Dunlap and Bobbs, to whom he often resorted 
for counsel and advice, and who manifested 
much interest in his success. He graduated in 
1850, in the Medical Department of Asbury 
University. He then moved from Hancock 
county to the village of Oakland, located in 
the northeast part of Marion county, near 
where the counties of Marion, Hamilton, and 
Hancock join corners. This being remote 
from any medical association Dr. Hervey was 
instrumental in organizing a medical society 
which held monthly meetings at Oakland. He 
was elected the first president of the society, 
which organization continued until the War of 
the Rebellion. In 1854 Dr. Hervey was elected 
a member of the legislature. He hoped to 
secure some standard of qualification for a 
physician. During the time he remained at 
Oakland, he performed many important surgi- 
cal operations that were never reported. Sur- 
geons then were few and remote and he did 
the most of the surgery for five years. In 
1858 he wrote the “Scroll and Locket, ” or 
“The Maniac of the Mound,” a temperance 
story that was widely circulated. There is 
still a copy of the story in the Indianapolis 
public library. When the war broke out Dr. 
Llervey offered his services to Gov. Morton 
who assigned him to the Fiftieth Indiana Vol- 
unteer Infantry, as first assistant surgeon with 
the rank of captain. He remained with the 
regiment through all its marches and battles 
until February 3, 1863. At Parker’s Cross- 
roads he was injured by a falling hospital, 
which disability caused him to return to 
Indianapolis. He soon reported to the medi- 
cal director for duty, and was assigned to 
Burnside Barracks at that city as surgeon in 
charge and acting assistant surgeon United 
States Army, where he remained until the 
close of the war. He then moved to his pres- 
ent location, where he has since resided. He 
has worked earnestly for higher attainments 
in medical literature, and a wider range of 
usefulness. He has been a member of the 
Indiana State Medical Society from its first 
organization. He has contributed many 
papers to its literature, among which are the 
following: “Utility of Forces in Diagnosing 
and Treating Diseases,” 1873; “How to Pro- 
cure Medical Legislation,” 1875; “The Neces- 
sity of a State Board of Health and How to 
Obtain It,” 1876; “Public Hygiene and its 
Importance in Maintaining Public Health,” 216 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1879; and “Mental Hygiene—the Influence of 
the Body on the Mind; How to Elevate Man- 
hood,” 1881. Dr. Hervey became an active 
member of the Marion County Medical So- 
ciety and contributed to its literature papers 
on the leading inquiries before the medical 
profession. He has always taken an active 
part in the health affairs of the city. He was 
appointed by the county society a member of 
a committee to investigate the city’s water 
supply, also a chairman of a committee which 
investigated the hygiene of the public schools 
of the city. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association and generally attends its 
annual meetings; has also contributed some 
literature to the journal of the association. 
Dr. Hervey took an active part in the public 
health wTork and in procuring a public health 
department. Finding it could not be con- 
summated without educating public sentiment, 
he wrote fully a hundred articles to the differ- 
ent secular newspapers and journals. He was 
made a member of the State Health Commis- 
sion by the State Medical Society in 1878, in 
which capacity he served until the State Board 
of Health was secured. He spent much time 
in advancing public health interests for which 
he neither asked nor received any pay. Among 
the papers written while a member of the 
State Health Commission, we may mention 
those entitled as follows; “Influence of Popu- 
lar Customs and Habits on the Manhood and 
Virtue of the Community,” which was 
published in 1879 in the report of the State 
Bureau of Statistics. Also in 1880 “Hered- 
ity and the Detrimental Effect of Improper 
Marriages;” on the “Hygiene of the House- 
hold.” In 1883 he read a paper before the 
State Sanitary Society held at Seymour, Ind., 
on the “Influence of Popular Usages and 
Custom on the Public Health,” which was 
published in the Sanitarium edited by Prof. 
Bill of New York City. In 1888 Dr. Hervey 
was chosen by the historians of Hancock 
county, King and Binford, to write the history 
of medical men and the practice of medicine 
and surgery in Hancock county, which duty 
he performed to the entire satisfaction of 
every member of the profession. Dr. Hervey 
is a member of the International Medical 
Congress and of the American Public Health 
Association. He has two medals from the 
International Medical Congress. One from 
the meeting at Washington, D. C., in 1887, 
and one from the last meeting held in Berlin, 
Germany. While visiting this congress he 
visited most of the noted medical centers in 
Europe. For several years he has been study- 
ing diseases of the heart and has constructed 
a sphygmometer for diagnosing disease of this 
organ. He has long contended that some 
appliance can be constructed by which a more 
accurate opinion can be formed of the condi- 
tion of the heart and the performance of its 
functions, and the long list of fatalities from 
heart failure shortened. He is now complet- 
ing his instrument, which he thinks will give 
with mathematical accuracy the force, fre- 
quency, volume and regularity, as well as the 
elasticity of the pulse. He has exhibited this 
instrument before the Mai’ion County Medical 
Society. He exhibited a model of this appli- 
ance to some of the delegates at the Interna- 
tional Congress at Berlin, most of whom ex- 
pressed a belief that it would be of great value 
in investigations of this Avonderful organ, and 
encouraged him to complete the instrument. 
Dr. Hervey’s biography has been published in 
“Boys in Blue, or Those I Have Met,” by 
Samuel Harden of Anderson, Ind. The Doc- 
tor has been a newspaper correspondent for 
many years and has expressed an opinion on 
all the leading questions of the day. He was 
president of the Historical Society of Marion, 
Madison, Hancock and Hamilton counties for 
twenty years. He has, however, made all his 
thoughts bend to the demands of his pro- 
fession. 
HIBBERD, James Farquhar, of Richmond, 
Ind., is of English-Quaker ancestry, and was 
born at Monrovia, Frederick county, Md., No- 
vember 4, 1816. From his tenth to his twen- 
tieth year he lived with his uncle, Aaron Hib- 
berd, in Berkeley county, Ya., attending vil- 
lage school, laboring on a farm and in a woolen 
mill, and, later, taking a course in the Hallo- 
well Classical School, Alexandria, Va. Choos- 
ing the medical profession, he read with his 
cousin, Dr. Aaron Wright, a year, attending 
medical lectures in 1839-40 at Yale College, 
and August 14,1840, began practicing at Salem, 
O. In 1849 Dr. Hibberd graduated from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
and was at once made surgeon of the steam- 
ship Senator, from New York to San Francisco, 
touching at all intermediate South American 
ports, the voyage consuming seven and one- 
half months, and conferring on Dr. Hibberd 
the title of a “Forty-niner.” He remained in 
California until 1855, practicing medicine and 
engaging in business, with financial success. 
The fall and winter of 1855-66 he spent in 
New York, renewing his medical studies. In 
June, 1856, he opened an office in Dayton, 0., 
but in four months removed to Richmond, 
Ind., where he has been established continu- 
ously for thirty-seven years, building up a 
large and lucrative practice. During the ses- 
sion of 1860-61 he filled the Chair of Physiol- 
ogy and General Pathology in the Ohio Medi- 
cal College, Cincinnati. Dr. Hibberd assisted, 
early in his professional career, in the forma- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
217 
tion of the Ohio State Medical Society, and is 
one of the chief organizers of the Indiana 
State Medical Society and of the Wayne 
County Medical Society, of his adopted State. 
He has been a member, in brief, among the 
earliest of the city, county, district, State and 
tri-State medical societies, as well as the Rocky 
Mountain and American Medical Associations, 
and has been president of all save the latter, 
of which he was first vice-president in 1865, 
and now, 1893, after thirty years’ continuous 
and efficient service as a member, the associa- 
tion honors itself and him and the great State of 
Indiana, rapidly becoming the “Mother of 
Presidents,” by electing the subject of this 
sketch to its presidential chair. It is a happy 
coincidence, too, says his biographer, Dr. A. 
W. Bray ton, that the meeting over which he 
will preside is to be held in San Francisco, the 
scene of his earlier trials and triumphs. In 
May, 1871, Dr. Hibberd attended the Califor- 
nia meeting of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, going over in seven days the distance 
that had occupied seven months, sixteen years 
before. The 123 physicians who traversed the 
continent with him formed, with their wives 
and attendant visitors, the Rocky Mountain 
Medical Association, entirely social and mem- 
orial in its character, meeting at the same time 
and place as the American Medical Associa- 
tion. The addresses of the various presidents 
and the biographical sketches of the members 
were collected and published, in 1877, by Dr. 
J. M. Toner, of Washington, D. C., and con- 
stitute the most informal and charming book 
yet devoted to any group of physicians in the 
United States. In 1863, after the battle of 
Stone River, Dr. Hibberd was for some time in 
charge of a corps of volunteer surgeons and 
nurses at Murfreesboro, Tenn. In 1869 he 
visited Europe, Asia Minor, Palestine and 
Egypt, being absent a year. While abroad he 
was a delegate of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation at Leeds, England, and also to the 
International Medical Congress at Florence, 
Italy. During the years 1875-76 he was mayor 
of Richmond, and was in 1881 health officer of 
his county. To his efforts the State is largely 
indebted for the law creating a State Board of 
Health. Dr. Hibberd has a thorough knowl- 
edge of the science and art of medicine; he 
possesses rare tact and energy, as well as the 
most genial and social qualities, and is a wel- 
come physician and consultant. His superior 
executive ability and skill as a presiding officer 
have been frequently exercised in cases of 
doubt and difficulty in the Indiana State Medi- 
cal Society. His great influence in the pro- 
fession has been exerted in the interests of the 
people by urging the necessity of increased 
education among medical men, and in securing 
laws to aid in the prevention of disease. For 
many years Dr. Hibberd has been the sole 
member of the committee on necrology of his 
State Society, and has collected the memorials 
of nearly two hundred departed members. 
For twenty-five years he has been a prolific 
contributor to the periodical medical literature 
of the country. He has always been an ardent 
supporter of the home journals, contributing 
many book reviews and original communica- 
tions to the American Practitioner, formerly 
published simultaneously at Indianapolis and 
Louisville, under the editorship of Drs. T. Par- 
vin, of Indianapolis, and D. AY. Yandell, of 
Louisville. AVhen the Practitioner was trans- 
ferred to Louisville and became a Kentucky 
journal, Dr. Frank C. Ferguson established 
the Indiaita Medical Journal, and from the first 
had the hearty sympathy and active support of 
Dr. Hibberd. In a recent conversation Dr. 
Ferguson expressed the belief that had Dr. 
Hibberd cast his lot in New York City he 
would have become a great medical leader and 
author, of the type of the elder Flint. Indiana 
may be congratulated that he has devoted a 
life-time of active pioneer work to the West, 
and has aided in bringing our State into the 
front ranks of medical progress through nearly 
half a century. Among his contributions to 
medical literature may be mentioned “Ob- 
servations on Milk Sickness,” 1845; “General 
Blood-letting in the Treatment of Inflamma- 
tion,” 1860, and the prize dissertation to the 
Massachusetts Medical Society, 1868, on “The 
Part taken by Nature and Time in the Cure of 
Disease.” One of Dr. Hibberd’s earliest pa- 
pers before the Indiana State Society was in 
1862: “Inflammation as Seen by the Light of 
Cellular Pathology.” In 1861, while saturated 
with the teachings of Paget, Bennett and 
others touching inflammation, he received 
fresh from the London press a copy of Virch- 
ow’s Cellular Pathology, “which threw a flood 
of light directly into the dark and intricate 
labyrinths of physiological and pathological 
activity, histology and morbid anatomy.” 
Thirty years later, before the same society, 
Dr, Hibberd reviewed the subject of inflam- 
mation in the light of the modern pathology. 
This paper was published in the Indiana Medi- 
cal Journal for June, 1892. Other papers pub- 
lished in this journal of late years are an im- 
portant contribution to the “Symptomatology 
of Myxedema,” in 1889, and upon “Jacksonian 
Epilepsy” in the May issue of that year. Po- 
litically, Dr. Hibberd has affiliated with the 
Whig and Republican parties. He has been 
an advocate of the education of woman for all 
the spheres of her capacity, including medi- 
cine. His parents were Friends, and his an- 
cestry came to this country with Win. Penn, 
but since manhood Dr. Hibberd has not affil- 
iated with any sectarian organization. Of late 
years he has not interested himself in any of 
the secret fraternities, which so frequently 
seem a necessity to the social life of the citi- 
zen, but which the larger and more catholic 
natures are very prone to lay aside or outgrow. 
Dr. Hibberd was a friend of the late Dr. T. B. 
Harvey, of Indianapolis, and with him shared 
the honor of receiving from the Indiana State 
University the honorary degree of Doctor of 
Law. A large retinue of Richmond and In- 
dianapolis friends, mostly physicians, attended 
these honorable worthies to Bloomington on a 
two days’ pilgrimage in June of 1885, to wit- 
ness the conferring by the highest educational 
institution in their native State this unique 
and unsought, but most worthily bestowed 
honor. 
HILL, Thomas Carter, of Anniston, Ala., 
was born in Greene county, that State, on No- 
vember 14, 1837. His literary education is very 
complete, having been placed under the direc- 
tion of the best teachers in his native State, 
and at Princeton, N. J. He was graduated 
from the Medical College of South Carolina in 
1860, after a course of three years’ study in 
Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston, S. 
C. This was supplemented by a two years’ 
course in Europe, in 1870 and 1871. At the 218 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
beginning of the late Civil War, he entered 
the medical service of the Confederate States, 
and passed through the various grades of 
assistant surgeon, surgeon, brigade surgeon, 
and Medical Director of the Valley District of 
Virginia. At the close of the war he returned 
to Alabama, where he practiced his profession, 
in connection with other pursuits, by which he 
recovered his property, which had been en- 
tirely swept away by the war. Various con- 
tributions have been made by him to the med- 
ical journals. He has always been a busy 
man, and has done much good by his charities 
and liberalities to the poor people of his city 
and county. He is still hard at work, and 
when he is called to surrender his field to 
the younger men of the profession, they will 
always have a worthy example to emulate. 
For many years he has held various offices of 
trust among his business and professional asso- 
ciates, and is still carrying those trusts with his 
usual energy and business sagacity. 
HITCHCOCK, Edward, of Ithaca, N. Y., 
was born at Stratford, Conn., September 1, 
1854, and is of English descent. He received 
his preliminary education at Easthampton 
and Amherst, Mass., and studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Israel Taylor, 
of the latter place. He was graduated M. D. 
at Dartmouth Medical College, Hanover, N. 
H., in 1880. His medical education was sup- 
plemented by eighteen months’ service in the 
New York City Dispensary, and with post- 
graduate lectures in Bellevue Medical College, 
New York. He practiced his profession for 
three years at Amherst, Mass., during which 
time he was an assistant in the Department of 
Anatomy, Physiology and Physical Culture of 
Amherst College. During the last nine years 
his whole time has been occupied as Professor 
of Hygiene and Physical Culture at Cornell 
University, Ithaca, N. Y., and in continuous 
research in the matter of anthropometry, 
with frequent contributions to periodicals of 
articles on that and collateral subjects. He 
has been vice-president of the American Acad- 
emy of Medicine, secretary of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Physical 
Education, and is vice-president of the De- 
partment of the Congress of Physical Educa- 
tion of the Columbian Exhibition. 
HOADLEY, Albert E., of Chicago, 111., was 
born at Chenango Forks, in the State of New 
York, on the 19th day of November, 1847, of 
American parents. During his childhood the 
family moved to Illinois. After receiving his 
preliminary education in the schools of Am- 
boy, he, when eighteen years old, went to 
Chicago and shortly afterwards entered the 
Chicago Medical College, from which institu- 
tion he graduated in 1872. In 1876 he was 
married to Miss Annie E. Dicker, of Chicago. 
In 1888 he took a special course in surgical 
pathology in the Edinburgh University, Scot- 
land. In 1881 he was elected Professor of 
Anatomy in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, which chair he held until 1887, when 
he was elected to the Chair of Orthopedic 
Surgery, and in 1891 Surgical Diseases of 
Joints and Clinical Surgery were added to the 
title. He was elected director of the college 
and president of the West Side Free Dispen- 
sary the same year. In 1885 he was one of the 
organizers of the Chicago Polyclinic, where he 
taught clinical surgery for several years. In 
1886 he was made a director. In 1891 he was 
appointed to the Chair of Orthopedic Surgery 
and Surgical Diseases of Joints. He is Attend- 
ing Surgeon to the Railway Brotherhood Hos- 
pital. He was Surgeon to Cook County Hos- 
pital from 1886 to 1890. For the year 1899 he 
was President of the Chicago Meclical Society. 
HOBBY, Cicero Mead, of lowa City, lowa, 
was born at Skaneateles, N. Y., October 16, 
1848, his ancestors were all of New England 
origin since 1640, and five of them were in the 
military service during the Revolutionary War, 
on the American side. He was educated at 
the Academy in Moravia, N. Y., studied med- 
icine with his uncle, Dr. Nelson Mead, at 
Locke, N. Y., and graduated from Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College in 1870. He began 
the practice of medicine in central New York, 
and was located for a short time at Saginaw, 
Mich., but removed to lowa City in 1871, 
where, with the exception of two years, he has 
since been continuously engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession. He wss married June 
4, 1874, to Miss M. L. Parker, of Pittsfield, 
Mass. In 1875 he was appointed lecturer 
upon Ophthalmology and Otology in the 
medical department of the State Univer- 
sity of lowa, which position he held for four- 
teen years. During ten of the fourteen years 
he also demonstrated anatomy in the same in- 
stitution. He was examining surgeon for pen- 
sions seven years, and has also been attend- 
ing Surgeon to the Mercy Hospital in lowa 
City. Dr. Hobby has been an active member 
and Secretary of the lowa City Medical So- 
ciety, and the Union District Medical Society 
as well as a member of the Ninth and Tenth 
International Medical Congresses, was elected 
president of the lowa State Medical So- 
ciety in 1892, and is executive president of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
219 
“Excisions of the Hip, of the Knee, of the 
Elbow, and of the Wrist;” “Ovariotomy and 
a New Form of Trocar for the Evacuation of 
Ovarian and other Abdominal Fluids,” and 
“The Construction, Ventilation and Hygienic 
Management of Anatomical Rooms.” During 
the war he was one of the Surgeons to the 
United States Satterlee Hospital, Philadelphia; 
was also attached to the Pennsylvania Reserve 
Corps of Surgeons, and was Pension Surgeon 
to the United States Sanitary Commission. 
Besides his hospital service, he rendered val- 
uable service in the field at Yorktown, White 
House, Harrisonburg, Chambersburg, Freder- 
icksburg and Gettysburg. 
HOLMES, Edward Lorenzo, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Dedham, Mass., January 28, 1828. 
He graduated at Harvard College, in the class 
of 1849, and at the Harvard University Med- 
ical College in 1854, settling in Chicago. Soon 
after his establishment in that city he devoted 
his attention to the study and treatment of dis- 
eases of the eye and ear, and became in this line 
one of the most eminent specialist of the North- 
west, and has held for many years the chair of 
Ophthalmology and Otology in the Rush Med- 
ical College, and was one of the founders of 
the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, 
organized in 1858. He is a member of the 
Illinois State Medical Society; of the Ameri- 
can Ophthalmological Society; of the Ameri- 
can Otological Society, of which he was vice- 
president ; and of the International Otological 
Society, of which he was also vice-president. 
He has contributed numerous articles to the 
Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, and to 
the Transactions of the above-mentioned soci- 
eties. Dr. Holmes was one of the victims of 
the great fire of Chicago, which, in a few 
hours, destroyed the accumulated possessions 
of a life-time, but it is said that his misfortune 
was soon retrieved by his extensive practice 
and skill as an oculist and aurist. 
HOLMES, Oliver Wendell, of Boston, was 
born in Cambridge, Mass., August 29, 
1809. He is a son of the Rev. Abiel Holmes, 
author of the “Annals of America,” and 
Sarah, daughter of the Hon. Oliver Wendell, 
of Boston. He received his preparatory edu- 
cation at Phillips’ Academy, Andover, gradu- 
ated at Harvard University in 1829, and after 
a year’s study of law entered the Harvard 
Medical School, from which he graduated in 
1836, having previously passed several years 
abroad in attendance at the hospitals of Paris 
and other medioal centers of Europe. He 
settled in Boston, where he still resides, 
though he gave up medical practice about 1849. 
Among the societies of which he is a member 
are the American Academy of Arts and Sci- 
ences, the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
and the Massachusetts Medical Society. In 
1838 he published three “Boylston-Prize Dis- 
sertations;” in 1842, “Lectures on Homeop- 
athy and its Kindred Delusions;” and in 
1848 a “Report on Medical Literature,” in- 
cluded in the Transactions of the American 
Medical Society. He has also published an 
essay on the “Contagiousness of Puerperal 
Fever,” and in conjunction with Dr. Jacob 
Bigelow, an edition of Hall’s “Theory and 
Practice of Medicine;” “Currents and Counter 
Currents in Medical Science,” and “Border 
Lines in Some Provinces in Medical Science.” 
Several of these contributions to professional 
literature have been reissued in one volume 
C#. 
the Section of Otology in the Pan-American 
Medical Congress. He has furnished frequent 
contributions to Medical Journals, the most 
important being, “An Operation for Ptery- 
gium,” American Journal of Otology, and 
“Cerebro Spinal Fever as a Cause of Deaf- 
ness,” Transactions of the Ninth International 
Medical Congress. 
HODGE, Hugh Lenox, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city, July 30, 1836, and died 
there July 10, 1881. He was a son of the late 
Prof. Hugh L. Hodge, the famous obstetrician, 
and was of Scotch-Irish descent. He was 
educated at private schools and at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania; graduated A. B. in 1855, 
and A. M. and M. D. in 1858. Dr. Hodge was 
for two years subsequent to the latter date 
Resident Physician at the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital. In 1860 he entered upon a general prac- 
tice, which in process of time he restricted 
to surgery and diseases of women. A year 
later he was appointed Demonstrator of Sur- 
gery to, and Chief of the Surgical Clinic and 
Dispensary of, the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, and in 1870 was appointed Demonstrator 
of Anatomy to the same institution. Previous 
to this appointment he was eminently success- 
ful as a lecturer to private classes in operative 
surgery. He was appointed Surgeon to the 
Children’s Hospital in 1864; to the Presbyte- 
rian Plospital upon its opening in 1872, and was 
Consulting Surgeon to several other equally 
prominent charitable institutions. He was a 
member of the American Medical Association; 
Philadelphia County Medical, Obstetrical and 
Pathological Societies (being president of the 
latter), and a Fellow of the College of Physi- 
cians. He contributed freely to medical lit- 
erature, some of his more important papers 
being: “Metallic Sutures;” “Tracheotomy in 
Cases of Pseudo-Membranous Croup;” “The 
Drainage of Abscesses and Wounds by Solid 
Metallic Probes;” “Deformities of the Hip;” 220 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
with the title “Medical Essays,” 1883. In 
1839 and 1840 he was Professor of Anatomy 
and Physiology in the Medical School of Dart- 
mouth College, and in 1847, on the resignation 
of Dr. John 0. Warren, he was elected Park- 
man Professor of <■ Anatomy and Physiology 
in the Medical School of Harvard University, 
in which he until recently still held the pro- 
fessorship of anatomy. The fame of Dr. 
Holmes as a medical author is well deserved, 
but his large and exquisite contributions to 
literature, not medical, no less reflect their 
splendor upon the profession. His successive 
volumes of poetry have borne the titles 
“Urania,” 1846; “Astrea: the Balance of Illu- 
sions,” 1850; “Songs in Many Keys,” 1861; 
“Songs of Many Seasons,” 1875; and “The 
Iron Gate,” 1880. When the Atlantic Monthly 
was established in 1857, Dr. Holmes was one 
of the first contributors, and by many readers 
was esteemed the most brilliant of all that 
notable galaxy. His first contributions were 
in the form of a series of conversational 
papers entitled: “The Autocrat at the Break- 
fast Table,” in which were included some of 
the finest of his poems. In addition to num- 
erous other papers of this class, Dr. Holmes 
also wrote two novels, “Elsie Venner, a Ro- 
mance of Destiny,” 1861, and the “Guardian 
Angel,” 1868, which are considered more re- 
markable as character studies than for dra- 
matic power. Some of his other and more re- 
cent prose works are “Soundings from the 
Atlantic,” a collection of essays, 1864; “Mech- 
anism in Thought and Morals,” 1871; “A 
Mortal Antipathy,” 1885; and “Our Hundred 
Days in Europe,” 1887. Dr. Holmes has been 
successful in every kind of literature that he 
has undertaken, but the “Autocrat at the 
Breakfast Table” is considered his most brill- 
iant and popular work, while probably the 
most enduring products of his pen are his 
poems. In these, a critic has said, the expres- 
sion is so admirably clear that the reader does 
not always immediately appreciate the depth 
of the thought. Among his serious poems, his 
own favorite is said to be “The Chambered 
Nautilus,” but “The Voiceless,” “Sun and 
Shadow” and several of his patriotic lyrics, 
seem to be of equal merit. Some of his sati- 
rical pieces, like “The Moral Bully,” are as 
sharp as the most merciless critic could desire, 
while many of his most purely humorous ones, 
like “The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay,” are 
already classic. As a poet of occasions, it is 
doubtful if he ever had an equal. The pub- 
lishers of the Atlantic Monthly gave a breakfast 
in his honor on his seventieth birthday at 
which many literary celebrities were present 
when he read his poem “The Iron Gate” writ- 
ten for the occasion. 
HOLT, Benjamin L., of Penn Yan, N. Y., 
was born in Rochester, that State, December 
11, 1850. After studying medicine he attended 
lectures at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York City, and received his medi- 
cal degree from that institution in 1875. Soon 
after his graduation he was appointed Acting 
Assistant Surgeon United States Army, and 
served in that capacity at Fort D. A. Russell, 
Wyoming Territory. He also served as Act- 
ing Post Surgeon at Fort Sanders, and Post 
Surgeon at Cheyenne Depot and at Medicine 
Bow. His service terminated December 11, 
1876. Dr. Holt has been a member of the 
New York State Medical Society, and presi- 
dent of Yates County Medical Society. He 
has also been county physician and health 
officer of Penn Yan; coroner of Yates county, 
and an assistant surgeon in the New York 
National Guards. He has contributed an 
article to medical literature on “Skin Graft- 
ing,” as well as papers upon other important 
subjects. 
HOLT, Erastus Eugene, of Portland, Me., 
was born in Peru, Oxford county, Me., June 
1, 1849, graduated from the Medical School of 
Maine (Bowdoin College), June, 1874, and 
took an ad eundem degree from the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia College), 
in 1875. He served as demonstrator of anatomy 
at the Medical School of Maine two years, and 
as house-surgeon of Maine General H ospital one 
year. After several years in general practice, 
Dr. Holt limited his practice to diseases of the 
eye and ear in which he has been a pioneer in 
his section of the country, having written 
many papers upon the subjects, which papers 
have been published in journals and in the 
transactions of various societies to which he 
belongs. His great work, however, in this 
connection has been the founding of the Maine 
Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1886. The new 
building for the permanent home of this insti- 
tution is one of the best of its kind, and adorns 
the western part of the city. It was completed 
and dedicated in 1892. On this occasion, Dr. 
Gordon took occasion to say “that in my 
opinion there is no other man in the medical 
profession in this State who could, amid all 
the discouraging circumstances, have brought 
it to completion and united so many in its 
support as has Dr. Holt.” 
HOLTON, Henry D., of Brattleboro, Vt., 
was born July 24, 1838, at Rockingham, that 
State, where he received his academical edu- 
cation. He studied medicine two years with 
Dr. J. H. Warren, of Boston, and two years 
with Professors Valentine and Alex. B. Mott, 
of New York, attending lectures at the same 
time in the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of New York, receiving his degree of 
M. D. from that institution in 1860. Dr. Hol- 
ton first began practice in Brooklyn, and was 
Physician to Williamsburg Dispensary, but 
soon afterward removed to Putney, Vt., where 
he remained seven years, and finally estab- 
lished himself in the city of his present resi- 
dence. He is a member of the Connecticut 
River Valley Medical Association, of which he 
was secretary from 1862 to 1867, and president 
in 1868; of the Vermont Medical Society, of 
which he was censor for several years, and also 
president in 1868; of the American Medical 
Association and the British Medical Associa- 
tion ; a corresponding member of the Boston 
Gynecological Society and American Public 
Health Association, and has been a delegate 
to the International Medical Congress at Brus- 
sels, in 1875. He was Medical Examiner to 
the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, and in 
1873 was elected by the Legislature one of the 
trustees of the University of Vermont, and 
has since held the Professorship of Materia 
Medica and General Pathology in that institu- 
tion. While engaged in the general practice 
of medicine, Dr. Holton has devoted special 
attention to gynecic surgery, and obtained a 
wide reputation as an ovariotomist. He has 
devised some valuable surgical appliances and 
made important contributions to the medical 
journals of this country. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
221 
HOOPER, Philo 0.,0f Little Rock, Ark., was 
born in 1833; obtained his literary education 
in Nashville, Tenn.; and graduated in medicine 
in the spring of 1856 at Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia. Dr. Hooper was surgeon 
during the late war between the States, and 
president of the Army Medical Board for the ex- 
amination of applicants for positions in the 
medical department of the Confederate States 
Army; president of the State Medical Society 
of Arkansas; president of the faculty of the 
medical department of Arkansas Industrial Uni- 
versity, and its dean from its organization un- 
til his resignation in 1886, when he was elected 
Emeritus Professor of Practice of Medicine. 
He was first vice-president of the American 
Medical Association in 1882, and presided over 
that body with great executive and distin- 
guished ability and delivered the annual ad- 
dress at its meeting at St. Paul. He was also a 
tion was received at the academies of Salem 
and Warrenton, in his native State. His med- 
ical studies were conducted under the precep- 
torshipof Prof. HughT. McGuire, of Winches- 
ter, Va., also Profs. Wm. E. Horner and H. 
H. Smith, of Philadelphia, and was graduated 
from the Academic and Medical Departments 
of the Universities of Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania. He also took a post-graduate course at 
Jefferson Medical College and at the Philadel- 
phia Medical College. He was commissioned 
an assistant surgeon of the United States Navy, 
in 1851, and served in this capacity and as 
past - assistant and acting surgeon, United 
States Navy, before, during, and after the war 
between the States, being on active duty for 
the period of fifteen years, and is at present 
retired past-assistant surgeon United States 
Navy. He has been engaged in medical prac- 
tice in Virginia, from 1866 to 1872. His med- 
ical education has been supplemented by 
attending clinics at St. Thomas Hospital, Lon- 
don, Eng., and the Royal College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, as well as the leading medical 
schools and hospitals of Paris, France. From 
1872 to 1893, his time has been mostly occupied 
as a medical and literary journalist and author, 
but also devoting special attention to the treat- 
ment of inebriety as a disease. Dr. Horner 
has had marked success in surgery, and in dis- 
eases of women and children. He has taken 
much interest in intellectual, moral and relig- 
ious sciences, the practice of vaccination, and 
in school hygiene. He has successfully per- 
formed many important surgical operations, 
either reported to various medical journals or 
now on files of the Navy Department. In 
1853-54, he was engaged in the treatment of 
an epidemic of yellow fever on board the 
United States ship Jamestown, at Rio de 
Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil; lost no cases,and 
one patient, a seaman, was rescued amid 
symptoms of black vomit. Again, in 1855, he 
took part in the management of an epidemic of 
this malady which prevailed at Havana, Cuba, 
and the cities of Portsmouth and Norfolk, Va., 
while surgeon of the United States ship Va- 
rina, United States coast survey, during which 
no cases occurred on his ship. He was a mem- 
ber of the board of health, to determine the 
character of the fever, which was fatal to many 
naval officers, seamen and operatives at the 
Norfolk Navy Yard and to hundreds of the 
citizens of the towns on the Atlantic coast. 
In 1869 he published in the Medical and Sur- 
gical Beporter, Philadelphia, original investi- 
gations entitled “Inebriety a Disease.” His 
researches in this line have also been widely 
published in the Transactions of the New 
England Medical Society, State Medical Soci- 
ety of Virginia and in the Journal of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. He was among the 
first to successfully treat epilepsy with bromide 
of potassium. In 1873 he was appointed dele- 
gate to the International Association for the 
Cure of Inebriates, held in London, Eng. At 
the meeting of the American Medical Associa- 
tion at St. Louis, Mo., he was the first to pro- 
pose and adopt a plan to hold the International 
Medical Congress at the Centennial celebra- 
tion in Philadelphia, in 1876. He was one of 
the medical reporters from Virginia to the 
Second International Medical Association in 
America, which was held in Washington City. 
During the bombardment of Buenos Ayres 
and battle between the Buenos Ayreans and 
Q[ 
member of the board of trustees of the American 
Medical Association, and president of the 
board for several years, and an active member 
in the management and conduct of its journal. 
And was largely instrumental in getting the first 
appropriation passed in the Legislature of 
Arkansas to erect a hospital for the insane, 
and was president of the board of trustees of 
that institution after its completion and up to 
1886, when he was elected its Medical Superin- 
tendent, and now holds that position. He is 
also a member of the American Medico-Psy- 
chological Association, the American Medico- 
Legal Society, Mississippi Valley Medical As- 
sociation, and honorary member of several 
municipal and county societies, 
HORNER, Frederick, of Marshall, Va., was 
born at Berry’s Ferry, June 26, 1828, and is of 
English and Scotch descent. His early educa- 222 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the armies of Brazil, he volunteered his serv- 
ices to attend the wounded. Dr. Horner was 
among the few naval surgeons of the Southern 
States who remained loyal to the Federal 
Union during the War of the Rebellion, and 
on the reorganization of the navy, in 1861, his 
commission of Passed Assistant Surgeon Uni- 
ted States Navy was confirmed by President 
Lincoln and Congress. In 1859 he contributed 
to have the grog rations of the seamen of the 
American Navy abolished. 
HORNER, William Edmonds, was born in 
Warrenton, Va., June 3, 1793; died in Phila- 
delphia, Pa., March 13, 1853. His ancestry 
emigrated from England to Maryland before 
the Revolution. Dr. Horner was educated at 
first at the academy of Charles O’Neill at 
Warrenton, and afterwards at Dumfries. Upon 
the completion of his academic studies, in 1809, 
he commenced to study medicine under the 
direction of Dr. John Spence, a Scotch physi- 
cian educated at Edinburgh. He continued 
the pupil of Dr. Spence until 1812, and during 
this period attended two sessions at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Anatomy was the 
branch that more particularly interested him, 
and for which he manifested the most decided 
partiality. In July, 1813, while an under- 
graduate, he entered the United States Army 
as a surgeon’s mate, and performed his first 
military duty upon the Canadian frontier. In 
this subordinate capacity he continued to serve 
until the conclusion of peace with Great Brit- 
ain in 1815, when he resigned. Of his adven- 
tures during this campaign he kept an inter- 
esting record and published a series of papers 
detailing his observations and experience in 
the Medical Examiner, of Philadelphia, as late 
as 1852, the year before his death. During 
the winter of 1813-14, having obtained a fur- 
lough, he attended the lectures in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania preparatory to his gradu- 
tion, which took place April, 1814. The thesis 
written by him was on “Gunshot Wounds.” 
Upon resigning from the army in 1815, after 
a brief sojourn in Warrenton, his native place, 
Dr. Horner settled in Philadelphia, and here 
located, we are informed by Professor Samuel 
Jackson, his enthusiasm for anatomy, his earn- 
est application to dissection, his quiet de- 
meanor, his steadiness of character, the neat- 
ness and elegance of his preparation had 
attracted the notice of Professor Casper Wistar 
and gained his friendship, confidence and 
esteem. In the spring of 1816 an arrangement 
was made with Dr. Wistar, who filled the chair 
of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, 
by which Dr. Horner became his assistant 
in the anatomical course, preparing the sub- 
ject for demonstration. By this associa- 
tion the demonstrations of the anatomical 
course were fuller and more complete than 
they had been previously, and the anatomical 
museum was rapidly increased by numerous 
specimens and preparations, particularly of 
fine injections as well as important patholog- 
ical illustrations. The late 'Prof. Joseph Car- 
son writes that upon the death of Dr. Wistar, 
in 1818, Horner engaged with Dr. Dorsey as 
his assistant, and when that professor was 
stricken down at the very beginning of his 
course, the engagement was renewed with Dr. 
Physick, who undertook the labor of deliver- 
ing the anatomical lectures in addition to his 
own on surgery. “The course of 1818-19 was 
completed in a manner highly satisfactory to 
Dr. Physick and the class. The assiduity and 
zeal of Dr. Horner and the excellence of his 
demonstrations, by lightening the labor of the 
course and facilitating its progress, contrib- 
uted in no small degree to the result.” For 
this reason, in 1820, Dr. Horner was elected 
adjunct professor, and upon the resignation of 
Dr. Physick, in 1831, became the Professor 
of Anatomy, and held this chair until his 
death, over twenty years afterwards. As a 
lecturer, Dr. Horner was neither fluent nor 
copious in language, nor had any preten- 
sions to elocution. His plan, to a certain 
extent, was novel. He composed a text- 
book, his “Special Anatomy,” which was a 
complete but concise treatise on anatomy. 
It was written in strict reference to the course 
of study in the University of Pennsylvania, 
and was kept in as compendious a state as 
possible, so that there should be no unneces- 
sary loss of time in reading it. This book 
was, in fact, his lectures. In the lecture room 
he confined himself chiefly to the demonstra- 
tions of the text of his work, by dissections, 
preparations, drawings and models. Dr. Jack- 
son further remarks, with respect to this plan: 
“On the value of the method there will be 
different opinions, but it is certain that he 
made good anatomists. I have frequently 
heard students declare that, plain, simple and 
unadorned as were the lectures of Dr. Horner, 
they had learned anatomy better from him 
than from any others they had heard lecture 
on that branch. The Anatomical Museum 
of the University, founded, as has been nar- 
rated, by Dr. Wistar, is an evidence of the 
great anatomical skill and untiring application 
of Dr. Horner. A very large portion of it, 
upwards of two-thirds at the time of his death, 
and containing most of its finest preparations, 
rivalling those of the best anatomical museums 
of Europe, was the result of his labors. Dr. 
Horner, from time to time, presented the 
preparations he had made to the University, 
which was acknowledged by the board of 
trustees, but on his death he bequeathed an 
extensive collection, together with all his in- 
struments and apparatus connected with dis- 
sections, to the medical department.” The 
trustees have, in consequence of this liberal 
bequest, bestowed on the collection thus con- 
stituted the name of the “Wistar and Horner 
Museum.” These fine anatomical collections 
were valued at 110,000. Dr. Horner is entitled 
to credit as an original observer. He deter- 
mined the existence of a special muscle, situ- 
ated on the posterior surface of the lachrymal 
duct and sac, which solved the difficulty of 
explanation as to the mode by which the tears 
were conveyed into the nose. He named the 
muscle tensor tarsi. Its existence has been 
verified by anatomists in this country and in 
Europe, where it has been called “Musculus 
Horneri.” He was an active member of the 
city sanitary board during the cholera epi- 
demic of 1832, and was presented by the citi- 
zens with a silver pitcher for his exertions. 
He first detected the fact that in cholera the 
whole of the epithelium was stripped from the 
small intestines, and hence the turbid rice- 
water dejections in that disease. This he did 
by making a minute injection of the mucous 
membrane, and then examining it by the 
microscope under water. Dr. Horner united 
with the Roman Catholic Church in 1839, and 
in 1847 founded St. Joseph’s Hospital. In EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
223 
1848 he visited Europe and was well received 
by scientific men. His health began to fail in 
1841, and it is said that during his last years 
he suffered greatly, but continued his lectures 
till two months before his death. He left his 
large library to St. Joseph Hospital. Dr. 
Horner published several works upon anato- 
my. Eight editions of his “Special Anatomy 
and Histology” were issued between 1826 and 
1851. Five editions of his “United States 
Dissector” were published, the last being re- 
vised by his son-in-law, the late Prof. Henry 
H. Smith, in 1856. The “Anatomical Atlas” 
is another well-known publication of Dr. 
Horner, and in addition to his books, he con- 
tributed many important articles to the medi- 
cal periodicals of his time. 
HORMBROOK, Edward, of Cherokee, la., 
was born in Grenville county, Ontario, October 
28, 1838. Parents Irish. He was educated at 
public schools, by private tutors, and at the 
Fractured Patella.” Both were published in 
the Canada Lancet and attracted wide atten- 
tion. An abstract of the latter is published in 
“Holmes’ System of Surgery.” Among his 
later publications may be mentioned the fol- 
lowing papers, viz: “Pyonephrosis“Punct- 
ure of the Liver;” “Two Laparotomies with 
Peculiar Complications;” “Resection of the 
Tibia and Fibula;” “Pelvic Peritonitis and 
Pelvic Celluletis;” and “Neurasthenia.” He 
is now a member of the board of trustees of the 
Hospital for the Insane at Independence and 
of the Sioux City Medical College. 
HOSACK, David, of New York, was born in 
that city, August 31, 1769, and died there De- 
cember 22, 1836. From an extended memoir 
written by his son, Dr. A. E. Hosack, and pub- 
lished in the American Medical Biography, the 
editor has derived the following interesting ex- 
tracts relating to the life, history and profes- 
sional achievements of this noted pioneer 
physician. After receiving the ordinary edu- 
cation of childhood, he attended an academy 
at Newark, N. J., and finally, in 1786, entered 
Columbia College, New York, and availed him- 
self in the meantime of instruction in the lan- 
guages under private teachers. Finding his 
time not fully occupied during his college 
course, he resolved upon the study of medi- 
cine, and accordingly, in May, 1788, entered 
as a private pupil with the late Dr. Richard 
Bayley, an eminent surgeon in New York. 
He had scarcely begun his studies before the 
celebrated “Doctor’s Mob” occurred, which 
threatened serious results to those concerned; 
it arose in consequence of the imprudence of 
some of the students carelessly pursuing dis- 
section in the building upon the site since oc- 
cupied as the New York Hospital. This mob 
caused many of the professors to absent them- 
selves from the city, and others to seek shelter 
in the city jail. Mr, Hosack, with the rest of 
the students interested, learning that the mob 
had seized upon and demolished the anatomi- 
cal preparations found in the lecture-room 
above referred to, repaired immediately to Co- 
lumbia College, with the view of saving such 
specimens as were to be found in that institu- 
tion. Before reaching the college, however, 
and when on his way to Park Place, he was 
knocked down by a stone striking him on the 
head; he would, in all probability, have been 
killed, had it not been for the protection he 
received from a neighbor of his father, Mr. 
Mount, who was passing at the time, and took 
care of him; he never saw that gentleman af- 
terwards without feeling and expressing his 
gratitude to him for his kindness. In the au- 
tumn of 1788, he removed to Princeton, 
N. J. After being examined with the stu- 
dents of the college then entering into their 
Senior year, he was admitted into the Senior 
class, and was graduated Bachelor of Arts in 
the autumn of the succeeding year, that is, 
1789. His great inducement for removing to 
Princeton was a desire to complete his course 
of collegiate studies as soon as possible, in or- 
der to devote his exclusive attention to medi- 
cine, to which he had now become ardently 
attached, and that he might also have the ben- 
efit of attending the valuable lectures on Moral 
Philosophy and Elocution delivered by the 
learned president of that college, the Rev. Dr. 
Witherspoon; those of Belles-Lettres and 
Composition, by the vice-president, the Rev. 
Dr. Samuel Stanhope Smith; and the instruc- 
University of Toronto. He graduated in med- 
icine at Victoria College in 1861. He practiced 
his profession at Mitchell, Ontario, for eigh- 
teen years, and removed to Cherokee in 1879. 
He was an active member of the Canada and 
Ontario medical associations, and contributed 
many papers to each. He was delegated to 
represent the former society at the American 
Medical Association in 1878, and still retains 
his membership in the latter. He is also a 
member of the lowa State, Missouri Valley, 
Cedar Valley and Cherokee County Associa- 
tions. His contributions to medical societies 
and to the medical press have been chiefly 
records of his own experience and observa- 
tions. In 1874 he published a paper upon 
“Empyema and Its Treatment by Aspiration 
and Injection of lodine without Drainage, in 
Children,” and in 1876 on the “Treatment of 224 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tion in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 
by the celebrated mathematician, Dr. Walter 
Minto, allot which presented attractions which 
he could not resist. Having finished his course 
at Princeton, he returned to New York, and 
resumed his favorite medical studies, to which 
he now gave his undivided attention, availing 
himself of every advantage which the city at 
that time presented. He attended the lectures 
on Anatomy and Physiology, delivered by Dr. 
Wright Post; those on Chemistry and Practice 
of Physic, by Dr. Nicholas Romayne; and the 
valuable course on Midwifery and the Diseases 
of Women and Children, by Dr. Bard. He 
also attended the practice of physic and sur- 
gery at the almshouse, which then offered the 
only means of clinical instruction in the city; 
they were, however, very ample, the house 
being daily visited by Dr. Post, Dr. William 
Moore, Dr. Romayne, and Dr. Benjamin Kis- 
sam. In the autumn of the year 1790, being 
desirous of obtaining all the advantages of in- 
struction which the United States at that time 
afforded, he proceeded to Philadelphia, the 
medical school of which had already acquired 
great celebrity from the learning of its profes- 
sors, especially Drs. Shippen, Rush, Kuhn, 
AYistar, and Barton. At that time a division 
already existed among the faculty, which led 
to the institution of a medical college as a 
rival school to that connected with the univer- 
sity, and not a little contributed to the benefit 
of both, and the ultimate advancement of the 
science of medicine in Philadelphia. He en- 
tered as a regular pupil, and attended all the 
courses of lectures delivered during the winter 
in the university. He also attended those de- 
livered on the Theory and Practice of Physic 
by Dr. Rush, then a professor in the College 
of Philadelphia, as well as his clinical instruc- 
tions in the Pennsylvania Hospital. In the 
summer of the succeeding year, after the usual 
private and public examination, he was admit- 
ted to the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the 
University of Pennsylvania, upon which occa- 
sion he duly defended an inaugural disserta- 
tion on cholera morbus, in which he endeav- 
ored to illustrate the doctrine of Dr. Kuhn on 
that subject, that an acid in the primse vise, 
chiefly the effect of the use of ascessants, was 
the most usual proximate cause of that disease. 
Upon that subject, however, his views subse- 
quently changed. After receiving the degree 
of Doctor of Medicine, Dr. Hosack returned 
to Princeton and married Miss Catharine 
Warner, a lady of great worth, to whom he 
had become attached while pursuing his col- 
legiate studies. “Marriage,” says Leibnitz, 
“is a good thing, but a wise man ought to con- 
sider of it all his life.” His marrying at that 
early age might, perhaps, be considered indis- 
creet on his part, as he was without the means 
of supporting a family; it doubtless, however, 
proved an incentive to exertion. Soon after, 
by the advice of Dr. Rush and others whom he 
consulted, he removed, in the autumn of the 
same year, to Alexandria, in Virginia, which 
he then believed would, at some future day, be 
the capital of the United States. He took 
with him letters of introduction from Dr. 
Witherspoon and Dr. Smith, the president and 
vice-president of his Alma Mater, Princeton 
College, as well as from his friends and pre- 
ceptors of the University of Pennsylvania. 
He soon acquired a considerable practice; it, 
however, proved insufficient for his wants. 
Being dissatisfied after a year’s experience, 
and desirous of residing near his family, he 
returned to New York in 1792, a step which 
ultimately proved very judicious. Upon com- 
mencing the practice of his profession at this 
time, he felt the necessity, and perceived the 
importance of a European education, and, as 
he says, “observing the distinction which our 
citizens at that time made between those 
physicians who had been educated at home 
and those who had had additional instruction 
from the universities of Europe, and knowing 
how little property I had reason to expect 
from my parents, 1 found that my chief de- 
pendence was upon my own industry and un- 
ceasing attention to the profession I had 
chosen as the means of my subsistence; my 
ambition to excel in my profession did not 
suffer me to remain insensible under such dis- 
tinction. Although it was painful for me to 
think of leaving my family, consisting then of 
a wife and child, 1 accordingly suggested to 
my father the propriety of my making a visit 
to Europe, and of attending the medical schools 
of Edinburgh and London. He at once, with 
his characteristic liberality, acquiesced in my 
views and wishes. In August, 1792, leaving 
my family to the care of my parents, I took 
passage for Liverpool. The day after my 
arrival there I called upon Mr. William Ren- 
wick, the father of Professor Renwick, of New 
York, to whom I had letters of introduction; 
he kindly insisted upon my removal to his 
house, to remain with his family during my 
stay in Liverpool. Mr. Renwick introduced me 
to many of his friends in that town; among 
these were the late Dr. William Currie, Dr. 
Brendrith, Dr. Thomas Renwick and others, 
from whom I received many kind attentions. 
At the house of Dr. Brendrith I passed an 
evening in the society of some of the choicest 
spirits who at that time distinguished the town 
of Liverpool, and who were assembled to meet 
the Ayrshire poet, Burns, then on a visit there, 
and already becoming distinguished for his 
enchanting verse. After supper, the toddy 
passing freely round, he gratified us by singing 
one of his own songs. I was then but little 
aware of the fame that awaited him, and the 
distinction that his name has since acquired. 
From Liverpool I proceeded to Edinburgh, 
where I arrived in time to attend the medical 
lectures of the University of that city. I at- 
tended not only the lectures delivered by Dr. 
Monro on anatomy, Dr. Black on chemistry, 
Dr. Gregory on the practice of physic, Dr. 
Duncan on institutes, Dr. Home on materia 
medica, Dr. Alexander Hamilton and his son, 
Dr. James Hamilton, the present Professor of 
Midwifery; but I also attended the demon- 
strations in anatomy by Andrew Fyfe, the 
practice of the infirmary and the clinical lect- 
ures delivered during that winter in this insti- 
tution by Dr. Duncan, Dr. Gregory, Dr. Home 
and Dr. James Hamilton, afterwards the au- 
thor of the celebrated work on purgatives. I 
also enjoyed, in addition to the advantages I 
received from the professors’ public courses of 
lectures, the benefit of much private inter- 
course with them and their families, especially 
those of Drs. Duncan, Gregory and Alexander 
Hamilton. At the table of Dr. Gregory, I had 
the gratification frequently of meeting many 
of the distinguished literati of Edinburgh; 
among these were Dr. Greenfield, the colleague 
of the Rev. Dr. Blair, and for some time the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
225 
reputed author of the Waverly Novels; Dr. 
Rotherham, Prof. Rutherford, and other gen- 
tlemen of distinction. Upon one occasion I 
had also the pleasure of meeting at dinner, at 
the house of Dr. Gregory, two of his sisters, 
who were then making an annual visit to their 
brother; these were the ladies to whom their 
father, Dr. John Gregory, had addressed his 
memorable ‘Legacy to his Daughters.’ ” In 
addition to the foregoing interesting characters 
mentioned here, many others might be cited 
from whom Dr. Hosack received every kind- 
ness and attention, such as Dr. Charles Stew- 
art, a distinguished physician of Edinburgh; 
the Rev. Dr. Erskine, of Lauristan, and Henry 
Mackenzie, the author of the “Man of Feel- 
ing,” at whose table he was frequently a 
guest. He then continues his remarks. Speak- 
ing of the learned divines, perhaps the most 
learned of any age, he says: “I regularly at- 
tended church, sometimes hearing sermons 
from Principal Robertson, at other times from 
Dr. Erskine, Sir Henry Moncrieff, of Well- 
wood, and occasionally frwn Dr. Blair. Dr. 
Robertson’s discourses were distinguished for 
the valuable instruction they conveyed, and 
the dignified style and manner in which they 
were delivered. Dr. Erskine was remarkable 
for the piety and Christian fervor which per- 
vaded his sermons, and in which they exhib- 
ited great resemblance to those published by 
his relatives of the same name. The most 
eloquent and animated preacher of Edinburgh 
was Sir Harry Moncrieff, whose discourses 
were attractive, and were always listened to 
with the utmost attention by a crowded au- 
dience, while those of the celebrated Dr. 
Blair, though sanctioned by the presence of 
the town council of Edinburgh, with their 
provost at their head, who always attended as 
a body with their insignia of office, and accom- 
panied him to his church every Sabbath in a 
regularly formed procession, were not remark- 
able for any interest except as beautiful moral 
essays; but these even were delivered in a 
dull, monotonous, prosing manner, as if the 
speaker himself were scarcely conscious of the 
merits of the admirable discourses he was pro- 
nouncing; totally forgetful of the lessons so 
happily inculcated in his lectures on rhetoric, 
and so practically illustrated in his valuable 
papers contained in the ‘Royal Edinburgh 
Transactions.’ ” In the spring of 1793, while 
in Scotland, he made a short tour to the 
north as far as Elgin, the birthplace of his 
father, and there met several of his relations. 
After his return to Edinburgh he proceeded to 
London, where he entered as a pupil of St. 
Bartholomew’s Hospital, under Sir James 
Earle, the son-in-law and successor to the cel- 
ebrated John Hunter, whose death took place 
at this time, and whose funeral he had the 
gratification of attending. He also frequently 
visited other hospitals, when any important 
surgical operations were performed, surgery 
being the favorite subject of his pursuit; he 
nevertheless did not neglect the collateral 
branches of medical science, as will be seen 
by his own statement: “Having,” as he says, 
“upon one occasion—while walking in the 
garden of the Professor Hamilton, at Bland- 
ford, in the neighborhood of Edinburgh,— 
been very much mortified by my ignorance of 
botany, with which his other guests were 
familiarly conversant, I had resolved at that 
time, whenever an opportunity might offer, to 
acquire a knowledge of that department of 
science. Such an opportunity was now pre- 
sented, and I eagerly availed myself of it. 
The late Mr. William Curtis, author of the 
‘Flora Londinensis,’ had at that time just com- 
pleted his botanic garden at Brompton, which 
was arranged in such manner as to render it 
most instructive to those desirous of becoming 
acquainted with this ornamental and useful 
branch of a medical education. Although Mr. 
Curtis had for some time ceased to give lect- 
ures on botany, he very kindly undertook, at 
my solicitation, to instruct me in the elements 
of botanical science. For this purpose I visited 
the botanical garden daily throughout the 
summer, spending several hours in examining 
the various genera and species to be found in 
that establishment. I also had the benefit, 
once a week, of accompanying him in an ex- 
cursion to the different parts of the country in 
the vicinity of London. Dr. William Babing- 
ton, Dr. Thornton, Dr. now Sir Smith Gibbs, 
Dr. Hunter of New York, the Hon. Mr. Gre- 
ville, and myself, composed the class in these 
instructive botanical excursions, in the sum- 
mer of 1793. By Mr. Dickson, of Covent 
Garden, the celebrated cryptogamist, the ‘max- 
imus in minimis,’ as Mr. Curtis has very prop- 
erly and facetiously denominated him, I was 
also initiated into the secrets of the crypto- 
gamic class of plants. During my residence 
in London, the winters of 1793-94, I devoted 
myself to anatomical dissections, under the 
direction of that very distinguished teacher of 
anatomy and surgery, Dr. Andrew Marshall, 
of Flavel’s Inn, Holborne; to chemistry, prac- 
tice, and materia medica, under Dr. George 
Pearson, of Leicester Square; to mineralogy, 
as taught by Schmeisser. At the same time I 
daily visited the hospitals, and attended the 
various surgical operations which were per- 
formed during that period. I also frequently 
visited the Leverian Museum, having taken a 
ticket, which gave me the privilege of seeing 
and examining the precious collection of ob- 
jects in natural history contained in that valu- 
able establishment.” In the midst of such 
diligent application and study it is not surpris- 
ing that he should, as a young man, have 
sought recreation in the various amusements 
of London. Having been initiated in the ex- 
cellencies of the drama while in Edinburgh, 
he says: “I was prepared to enjoy the superior 
and more numerous attractions of London, in 
the succeeding years of 1793-94, a period when 
the stage displayed a constellation of talent 
that has never been exceeded, if it has ever 
been equaled. John Kemble, and if possible 
his more extraordinary sister, Mrs. Siddons, 
Mr. and Mrs. Pope, Miss Farren, since Coun- 
tess of Derby; Mrs. Eden, Mrs. Jordon, Miss 
De Camp, afterwards the wife of Charles Kem- 
ble; John Palmer, Parsons, Quick, Holman, 
King, Bannister, Munden, Suett, Faucett, and 
Irish Johnstone, afforded to the friends of the 
drama a gratification never to be forgotten; 
while in song and at the opera, Madame Mara, 
and Billington, Banti, Mrs. Crouch, Signora 
Storace, Incledon, Kelly, and others, fasci- 
nated the lovers of music with their most ex- 
quisite performances.” These delightful 
amusements, however, alluring as they were, 
did not divert him from the more important 
objects of his visit to Europe. In 1794 he re- 
turned to New York in the ship Mohawk, after 
a passage of fifty-three days. Among his fel- 226 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
low-passengers were Mr. Thomas Law, brother 
of the late Lord Ellenborough, Mr. Daniel Mc- 
Kinnon, author of “Travels in the West In- 
dies,” and Mr. Hunter, late Senator of the 
United States from Rhode Island. During 
the voyage typhus fever made its appearance, 
and became very general, particularly among 
the steerage passengers. Dr. Hosack being the 
only physician on board, was called upon to 
exercise his professional skill in the treatment 
of them, in which he was singularly success- 
ful, not losing a solitary case. His services 
were duly appreciated by all, as was evinced 
by the unsolicited vote of thanks published in 
the daily papers. From this date commences 
his professional career in the city of New 
York. He was encouraged by his success; 
experiencing the benefit growing out of an in- 
timacy formed with his fellow-passenger, Mr. 
Law, who, upon his arrival in this country, 
took pleasure in introducing him to most of 
his acquaintances, among whom were General 
Hamilton and Colonel Burr. The favorable 
impression he made upon the minds of these 
distinguished persons induced them to adopt 
him as their family physician. His receipt 
from his first year’s practice, together with 
that derived from four private pupils, 
amounted to about fifteen hundred dollars, 
which enabled him to support his family, con- 
sisting at that time of himself and wife; his 
only child, a son, having died during his ab- 
sence. In 1795 he was honored by being ap- 
pointed to the Professorship of Botany in 
Columbia College, upon the duties of which 
he immediately entered. At the termination 
of the course he published a syllabus of his 
lectures, afterwards inserted in his “Medical 
Essays.” In the autumn of 1795, the yellow 
fever made its appearance in the city of New 
York, and was peculiarly malignant and fatal, 
affording ample opportunity to young medical 
men to distinguish themselves. At this time 
he attracted the attention of Dr. Samuel Bard, 
an eminent physician of New York, who, 
forming a strong friendship for him, and with 
due appreciation of his talents, was induced 
to place him in charge of his practice during a 
short visit to the country. Upon his return to 
the city, gratified by his assiduity and atten- 
tion to his patients, Dr. Bard proposed a con- 
nection with him in business preparatory to 
his retiring from the profession, which he did 
after the lapse of three or four years, leaving 
Dr. Hosack in the enjoyment of an extensive 
and profitable practice. This preference was 
in itself highly complimentary; not but that 
Dr Hosack would have been successful in his 
profession with his energetic and determined 
character, and the distinguished friends he 
had already acquired. Still, the patronage of 
one so eminent as Dr. Bard, while it tended to 
confirm them in the correctness of their choice, 
was certainly of the greatest importance to so 
young a man. A feeling of affection grew out 
of this connection more like that of father and 
son. At this period of his life he became 
more particularly known to the community for 
his success in the treatment of yellow fever, 
which had made its appearance during four 
successive summers, viz: 1795, 1796, 1797 and 
1798, and since in 1803, 1805, 1819 and 1822. 
From the extensive opportunity of observation 
thus afforded him, he became a strong advo- 
cate of contagion and of the foreign origin of 
the disease, and was the first to pursue the 
sudorific and mild treatment of it, to which 
may be traced the successful results attendant 
upon his practice. To use his own language: 
“I have generally,” he says, “pursued the 
sudorific treatment during every visitation of 
yellow fever since 1794. With due respect for 
the opinions and views of other practitioners, 
I am no less convinced of the injurious conse- 
quences to be apprehended from the indis- 
criminate use of the lancet and mercury in 
this epidemic form of fever.” To quote from 
a biographical sketch of Dr. Hosack, published 
in the “National Portrait Gallery,” in 1834, 
where the writer remarks: “The attention 
which Dr. Hosack paid to this disease in the 
years referred to, received, in a peculiar man- 
ner, the approbation of his fellow-citizens; for 
it was remarked of him that during those sev- 
eral epidemics he was always present, and 
thereby enjoyed the amplest opportunity of 
observation, and of forming correct opinions 
of the nature and character of the disease.” 
In 1798 he was himself attacked with the yel- 
low fever, and he pursued in his own case the 
same treatment he had so successfully em- 
ployed in others. Such, too, was the public 
confidence in the correctness of his views and 
practice, that, at the request of the corpora- 
tion and board of health of New York, he was 
frequently called upon for the express purpose 
of ascertaining the character of a disease, to 
allay thereby the anxiety of their fellow-citi- 
zens. In 1811 he was requested, as a member 
of a committee, to investigate the nature 
and trace the introduction of the yellow 
fever, which appeared at Amboy, in New 
Jersey, in that year. The report of that com- 
mittee, which was communicated to De Witt 
Clinton, as president of the board of health, 
was written by Dr. Hosack. This luminous 
and circumstantial statement was received as 
a conclusive document, showing the specific 
character of the disease, and its communica- 
tion by means of contagion, and was repub- 
lished in the medical journals of Edinburgh 
and London, and also in the third volume of 
the “Medical and Philosophical Register” of 
New York. Upon the death of Dr. William 
Pitt Smith, in 1797, who held the chair of Ma- 
teria Medica in Columbia College, Dr. Hosack 
was appointed to that branch, in addition to 
the one of botany already held by him. In 
this department he acquired further reputation. 
He continued to fill these joint professorships 
until 1807, when the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of the State of New York was estab- 
lished, when he was chosen Professor of Sur- 
gery and Midwifery. He soon, however, re- 
linquished the former for that of the theory 
and practice of physic and clinical medicine. 
By the foregoing statement, it may be observed 
that Dr. Hosack had already, and in so short 
a space of time, held these professorships, and 
had actually lectured upon five different 
branches of medical science. Referring to Dr. 
Hosack’s qualifications as a physician and 
teacher, Dr. Mintnrn Post says: “Perhaps 
there is no science which requires so penetrat- 
ing an intellect, so much talent and genius, so 
much force of mind, so much acuteness and 
memory, as the science of medicine.” These 
requisites were eminently conspicuous in the 
character of Dr. Hosack. He now became 
distinguished as a general practitioner, enjoy- 
ing a more extensive practice than many of his 
contemporaries, and among his patients may be EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
227 
enumerated many of the most learned and dis- 
tinguished citizens of New York. It has often 
been remarked that many men, though gifted 
with great talents, and whose fame rests upon 
an enduring basis, were in no degree remark- 
able either for conversational or oratorical 
powers, while in others these qualities have 
been happily blended. In no respect was 
Dr. Hosack more remarkable than as a lect- 
urer ; gifted with a commanding person 
and a piercing eye, of an ardent tempera- 
ment, and of strong convictions, his manner 
of treating the various subjects connected with 
his professorship was at once bold, impressive, 
and eloquent. Occupying, during the most 
distinguished portion of his career, a chair— 
that of the theory and practice of physic and 
clinical medicine—which, perhaps, embraced 
a greater variety of subjects than any other, 
the scope which he gave to his observations 
was of the most extended character. None of 
the ills to which flesh is heir escaped his re- 
search, or baffled his investigation. The 
beautiful science of botany lent to less attract- 
ive subjects its kindred grace and classical 
allusion, and added a charm to a discourse 
already beaming with observations of the 
highest import to humanity. Gifted as Dr. 
Hosack was with a keen desire for the acqui- 
sition of knowledge, he was strongly attracted 
to all who exhibited an ambition to excel in 
the various departments of learning. He thus 
became intimately associated with the most 
remarkable men of our country, and was im- 
bued with the spirit, the manner, and the 
characteristics of the most distinguished vota- 
ries of science, literature, and art. Stored as 
his mind thus was, he was enabled to give to 
subjects comparatively unattractive an inter- 
est which was imparted to them by the charm 
of his impressive manner. His great object 
was to direct the student to the importance of 
the subject under examination, to lead him by 
his eloquence, and to rivet his attention by his 
earnestness, and no man ever succeeded better 
as a public lecturer in attaining these results. 
Students from every part of our widely ex- 
tended country were ever anxious for the hour 
of his lecture to arrive, and were inspired with 
new zeal as they listened to the eloquent 
teachings that fell from his lips. Dr. Hosack 
was a man of great and untiring industry. 
Numerous as his engagements were, the ap- 
pointed hour found him at his desk in the 
lecture-room, with his notes before him. 
Upon many subjects connected with his 
branch of medical science, he held opinions 
which were controverted by many of his pro- 
fessional brethren. Upon these subjects espe- 
cially his style of lecturing was conspicuous 
for its bold and fearless character. As a pro- 
fessor of the science of medicine, he was of 
the opinion that many of its most distinguished 
votaries had taken too limited a view of its 
nature and extent, and had founded theories 
which, being based upon some particular part 
of the system, were found, when applied to 
practice, to be inadequate and valueless. In 
his lectures, he says: “We shall not, as some 
have done, confine ourselves to any particular 
part of the body in considering the cause of 
disease, but shall examine the whole, and in 
so doing we shall adhere strictly to the induc- 
tive system to establish our facts. This was 
not formerly the case. Thus, Hoffman gave 
his whole attention to the nervous system, as 
also Cullen, who attempted to explain all the 
phenomena of disease by the same cause; 
he overlooked the fluids entirely, except in 
diabetes, typhus, and scorbutus. Before the 
time of Hoffman, all was humoral pathology. 
Darwin resolved all by the absorbent and 
nervous systems; Sydenham and Boerhaave 
by the fluids. Rush and his followers are 
modifiers of the Brunonian school. But the 
dreams and speculations of a .Darwin, and the 
fertile imagination of a Brown, shall have no 
place here. I attend to the whole circle—to 
the nerves, fluids, and solids; in fine, every 
part of the system, for every part may become 
the seat of disease. The principles of the 
practice of medicine should invariably be de- 
duced from the structure of the body and the 
cause of the disease. Principles are but the 
assemblage and classification of facts, and are 
the only safeguards to practice, as has been 
well observed by Rush. The plan to be pur- 
sued in studying the theory and practice of 
medicine will be: The structure of the human 
frame, more especially the various functions 
it performs in health, including those that ap- 
pertain to the mind. The natural functions of 
the system; the causes of disease, whether in- 
herent in the body, or produced by the opera- 
tion of external agents; the influence of 
climate, soil, clothing, food, sleep, and exer- 
cise ; both bodily and mental; the passions of 
the mind; the functions peculiar to the sexes; 
the various trades and occupations; as also the 
sensible and adventitious qualities of the at- 
mosphere in the production of endemic and 
epidemic diseases. How far the functions of 
the constitution extend their influence in over- 
coming or preventing disease, as ascribed to it 
by the ancients and some moderns, under the 
term of ‘vis medicatrix naturae’; and the ar- 
rangement in the best order of the diseases to 
which the human body is subject, with their 
respective treatment and symptoms.” The 
extended outline exhibited above, gave free 
scope to the energetic and comprehensive 
mind of Dr. Hosack, embracing in its outline 
both the primary and collateral branches of 
the healing art. His course was marked by an 
extent and variety of information, which made 
it singularly attractive to the young votary of 
science. Of an ardent and sanguine tempera- 
ment, he threw his whole soul in support of 
the opinions he had adopted, and appeared at 
all times ready as their champion and defender. 
His advocacy of the doctrines of the humoral 
pathology was marked by the ardor and de- 
cision which distinguished his character. His 
illustrations in support of these principles, as 
drawn from typhus, scorbutus, and other dis- 
eases, were at once pointed, cogent, and con- 
vincing. Could he have lived to see the man- 
ner in which these doctrines have since been 
received by distinguished members of the pro- 
fession, how great would have been his joy 
and satisfaction. Dr. Hosack was gifted with 
a fine sonorous voice, great play of expres- 
sion, and a remarkable vivacity of manner, 
qualities which, being as it were contagious, 
begat in his youthful auditory a kindred sym- 
pathy, relieved from the tedious monotony of 
manner, which has characterized some distin- 
guished professors of medical science— 
“Pleased they listened, and were won.” 
In lecturing upon points of theory and prac- 
tice, on which he held controverted views, he 228 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was singularly eloquent. Gradually rising 
with the subject, his voice would assume a 
depth and power that gave evidence of the 
faith that was in him, while his gestures added 
to the effect which his discourse produced. 
Nor were his powers of illustration less re- 
markable. In lecturing upon fever, on croup, 
on tetanus, and scarlatina, diseases upon which 
he held opinions peculiar to himself, and, in- 
deed, in advance of most of his professional 
brethren, the cases with which his portfolio 
was stored were exceedingly interesting and 
impressive. The general reader may form 
some idea of the manner in which he illus- 
trated his subjects by the example which we 
subjoin. At one time during his professional 
career, scarlet fever prevailed in New York as 
an epidemic, and had attacked several of the 
family of General Alexander Hamilton. The 
General, who was in public office, was at the 
time absent from the city, although informa- 
tion was communicated to him, from time to 
time, in reference to the state of his family, 
but he was at last summoned home, by an ur- 
gent letter, informing him of the hopeless con- 
dition of one of his children. He started 
immediately, and after a fatiguing journey in 
winter, arrived during the night at his sorrow- 
ful home. He proceeded immediately to the 
sick-room of his child, where, to his inexpres- 
sible joy, he found his little son in a sweet 
sleep. Being informed of the change wrought, 
and of the means by which it had been ef- 
fected—a spirit and ammonia bath,—refusing 
all importunities to take repose, the General 
repaired immediately to the adjoining cham- 
ber, where Dr. Hosack had retired to rest, 
after several fatiguing and sleepless nights. 
Being awakened from his slumber, what was 
his surprise to see the form of General Hamil- 
ton, the friend and companion of Washington, 
kneeling at his bedside, and returning thanks 
to his God for his merciful interposition. The 
General said, in his most impressive manner, 
and in accents that showed his deep emotion, 
that he could not lie down until he had taken 
him by the hand and expressed his heartfelt 
gratitude to him who had been a “minister- 
ing angel ” in restoring his child to him. To 
Dr. Hosack, the interview, with the accompa- 
nying circumstances, was overwhelming, and 
was ever remembered by him as among the 
most gratifying compliments and acknowledg- 
ments he had ever received. “Laudari laudato 
viro,” must ever be, to the generous mind, the 
highest species of praise, and this he had in- 
deed received. In his lectures upon scarlet 
fever, he always cited this interesting incident, 
with a view to elevate the profession, by ex- 
hibiting to students that medical science and 
unceasing exertions were ever duly appre- 
ciated, adding, at the same time, that “ such 
heartfelt gratitude, thus expressed, was worth 
more than any pecuniary compensation what- 
ever.” A friendship, cemented under such in- 
teresting circumstances, survived till death, 
and was conspicuous on every occasion; in 
none was it more so than when he accompanied 
his illustrious friend to the fatal field, when he 
fell in his unfortunate duel with Colonel Burr, 
a conflict which carried dismay to the hearts 
of our citizens, and which was mourned by 
the whole nation, as the untimely fall of a 
great man, wrho had devoted his time, his tal- 
ents, and his energies to the great cause of 
liberty. It will be easily perceived that a 
course of lectures, illustrated by cases so in- 
teresting and instructive, would be highly at- 
tractive to the youthful student, and was emi- 
nently calculated to cheer him onward in the 
rugged path of his professional career; but 
when we add to these his clear voice, his gest- 
ures, and his animated countenance, the effect 
was indeed conspicuous. Many of the views 
which Dr. Hosack entertained have since been 
adopted by the profession; others have been 
considerably modified. He had pointed out 
the use of the stethoscope, but he did not at- 
tribute to the beautiful study of auscultation 
the importance which it has since acquired; 
but his treatment of fever, of croup, of teta- 
nus, of scarlatina, and many other diseases, 
will ever remain as enduring evidences of his 
skill and research. As a clinical lecturer, he 
brought to the bedside the same methods 
of quick perception, close investigation, and 
sound judgment; he brought every resource 
of his art to wrestle with the fell destroyer, 
and was ever ready to respond to the call of 
the afflicted. To the student he pointed out 
the marked and distinguishing features of the 
case, and, although pathological investigations 
were not then prosecuted as at present, still 
his great experience enabled him to point out 
with accuracy the character of the disease be- 
fore him. His clinical lectures were clear, 
lucid, and practical, giving to the student such 
information as would serve him in the hour of 
need. He took a deep and abiding interest in 
his profession, and in all who exhibited a de- 
sire to receive information in its arduous and 
responsible duties. He lived in memorable 
times, before the great men of the Revolution 
had passed away; had seen and conversed 
with the most eminent of the age; had lis- 
tened to the inspired song of Burns, tuned to 
sweet cadence, from his own lips; was inti- 
mate with Rush and Gregory, and Sir Joseph 
Banks, and was the friend of Clinton and 
Hamilton. “His career will ever remain to 
the youth of our country a bright example of 
the influence which industry, talent and energy 
have in the attainment of reputation and fame.” 
He is said to have possessed the confidence of 
the community generally, to which he was 
fully entitled, not only from his skill and abil- 
ity as a physician, but from his urbanity of 
manner, social disposition, and great decision 
of character as well as for his uniform kind- 
ness to the poor. He never spared himself, 
and was never known to shrink from what he 
conceived to be his duty. He observed with 
strict precision the numerous engagements of 
his profession, and was always punctual in his 
attendance in consultation with his fellow- 
practitioners, treating them with deference and 
respect; and if he differed from them in opin- 
ion, he would patiently listen to their argu- 
ment, and if not convinced, he seldom failed 
to persuade them to his way of thinking. So 
conscientious was he as a physician, that fre- 
quently upon returning home late at night, 
fatigued after an arduous day’s duty, feeling 
anxious about some patient, he voluntarily 
visited him, when his visit would be wholly 
unexpected by the family. He was remark- 
able for his skill in diagnosis, having a quick 
perception and an almost intuitive tact in de- 
tecting disease, which may, in a great measure, 
be attributed to the fact that he always acted 
upon first impressions, as the mind is then 
most free from bias. He was indefatigable in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
229 
his habits of industry, for he always spent 
hours in his study after the labors of the day,, 
and seldom retired to rest until after midnight, 
either devoting himself to medical study, read- 
ing over the lecture he was to deliver the fol- 
lowing morning, or answering letters to his 
numerous correspondents, professional and 
otherwise, which, with an extensive practice, 
shows a diligence and application seldom to be 
met with. He was not the less known as a 
surgeon, having been a pupil of one of the 
most distinguished surgical practitioners, Dr. 
Bayley; he was, under his tuition, fully qual- 
ified for the practice of this branch of his 
profession; besides having, while abroad, 
availed himself of the ample opportunities 
afforded him, while in attendance at the hos- 
pitals in London and Edinburgh, of witness- 
ing operations performed there by Mr. Earle, 
Abernethy, John Bell, and others. Upon 
being appointed to the Chair of Surgery, he 
delivered, at the opening of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, in the city of New 
York, November, 1807, an introductory lect- 
ure, entitled, “Surgery of the Ancients.” 
His authorities, were, of course, those of the 
old writers in medicine, such as Hippocrates, 
Celsus, Galen, and others; he was conse- 
quently obliged to translate from the original 
languages in which they were written, the 
Greek and the Latin. This lecture contains 
many interesting facts in surgical history. 
Being one of the surgeons of the Almshouse 
Hospital, he there performed many important 
surgical operations, done for the first time in 
America; among which may be cited that of 
tying the femoral artery at the upper third of 
the thigh, after the manner recommended by 
Professor Scarpa; this operation was per- 
formed by Dr. Hosack as early as 1808. He 
tied the same artery several times afterwards 
for aneurism. He introduced, as early as 1795, 
in American surgery, the operation for hy- 
drocele by injection. He also contributed 
several valuable essays on surgical subjects 
and cases, such as, “Observations on Glossi- 
tis;” “Cases of Tetanus Cured by Wine, 
Spirits, and Brandy;” “Observations on Tic- 
Douloureux;” “Cases of Anthrax;” “Observa- 
tions on Hemorrhage, and the Removal of 
Scirrhous Tumors from the Breast.” In this 
latter communication he dwells particularly 
upon the advantages to be derived from expos- 
ing the wound to the air, after operations, with 
a view of checking hemorrhage; a practice 
since claimed by Sir Astley Cooper, of London, 
and Professor Dupuytren, of Paris. He pos- 
sessed all the physical requisites fora surgeon, 
and had he confined himself to this depart- 
ment of the profession, he would, doubtless, 
have been pre-eminent. His attention was, 
however, diverted to the more elaborate the- 
ory of medicine, to the abstruse reasoning of 
which he directed the best energies of his mind ; 
being encouraged so to do by the offer made 
him, by the trustees of the college, of the Pro- 
fessorships of the Theory and Practice of Med- 
icine and Midwifery. The former of these he 
retained until the end of his professional career. 
Holding so conspicuous a situation as a lead- 
ing practitioner, as well as being a professor 
in the university, Dr. Hosack could not fail to 
interest himself in most of our public scien- 
tific institutions and charities, and was instru- 
mental in establishing several of them. His 
love of botanical science induced him to found 
the Elgin Botanic Garden, which he did at his 
own individual expense, as early as 1801. It 
was situated about three and a half miles from 
the city of New York. It consisted of about 
twenty acres of land on the middle road. It 
was selected, from its varied soil, as peculiarly 
adapted to the cultivation of the different 
vegetable productions. The grounds were 
skillfully laid out and planted with some of 
the most rare and beautiful of our forest trees. 
An extensive and ornamental conservatory 
was erected for the cultivation of tropical and 
greenhouse plants, as well as those devoted to 
medical purposes, more especially those of our 
own country. At this time there were under 
cultivation nearly fifteen hundred species of 
American plants, besides a considerable num- 
ber of rare and valuable exotics. To this col- 
lection additions were made from time to time, 
from various parts of Europe, as well as from 
the East and West Indies. It was the inten- 
tion of the founder of this beautiful garden, 
had his means been more ample, to devote it 
to science generally; more especially those of 
zoology and mineralogy. This, however, he 
was compelled from want of fortune to relin- 
quish, hoping that the State of New York 
would, at some future day, be induced to carry 
out the plan as suggested by him, similar, in 
all respects, to that of the Garden of Plants in 
Paris; but in this he was disappointed. The 
State purchased the garden from him, but like 
many other public works, unconnected with 
politics, it was suffered to go to ruin. While 
it was in his possession it afforded him many 
a pleasant hour of recreation, and served to 
abstract him from the cares and anxieties of 
an arduous profession. As early as 1792, by 
an essay published by him upon suspended 
animation from drowning, the corporation of 
the city was induced to co-operate with him 
in establishing an institution known as the 
“Humane bociety.” His friend, Gen. Jacob 
Morton, a distinguished citizen of New York, 
known for his charitable and benevolent acts, 
lent his aid in the cause, and in speaking of 
Dr. Hosack, says: “But in the charities of 
life, in those services which carry comfort to 
the poor and distressed, was he eminently 
useful. To him the ‘Humane Society’ is in- 
debted for its establishment. When he first 
joined it, it was called the Jail Society, and its 
services were confined to the supply of provis- 
ions to the prisoners in jail for debt. Upon 
his suggestion, and through his instrumen- 
tality, a charter was obtained, extending the 
objects of its charity, and naming it the ‘Hu- 
mane Society.’ A convenient soup-house was 
erected with the funds of the institution, aided 
by the corporation. Apparatus for the recov- 
ery of persons apparently drowned were pro- 
cured and distributed in several parts of the 
city. The soup-house department of this insti- 
tution was extended to the relief of the re- 
spectable poor who chose to apply.” In the 
severe winters with which the city has been 
visited, this institution was eminently and ex- 
tensively useful. A general direction was also 
given to the matron of the house never to re- 
fuse an applicant, so that the city might have 
the proud boast that “no one need perish from 
hunger.” This institution existed in active 
operation for many years; the necessity of it 
has since been superseded by the liberal and 
more extended plan of the city almshouse 
establishments, and arrangements for the for- 230 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
eign poor. The City Dispensary received no 
less his care and attention. It was principally 
through his exertions that it was remodeled, 
and became useful both as a charity and as a 
school for young medical practitioners. One 
of the principal features of this institution was 
the extension of vaccination to the poor; for 
almost immediately after its discovery by Dr. 
Jenner it was, through the interests of Dr. 
Hosack, fully adopted, as he was among the 
first, if not the very first, supporters of it. In 
his discourse for the improvement of the med- 
ical police of the city of New York, delivered 
to the medical class in 1820, as introductory to 
a course of lectures on “The Practice of 
Physic,” he urges the necessity of a separate 
and independent building for the reception of 
the sick poor afflicted with yellow fever or 
other epidemic diseases. He says: “I early 
in the past season called the attention of the 
board of health to this subject, and recom- 
mended, upon the first appearance of typhus 
fever in our city, the instantaneous removal of 
the sick either to Bellevue or some other suita- 
ble place to be provided. I then earnestly 
urged upon the board the necessity of some 
permanent provision being made commen- 
surate with the increasing population of the 
city.” Dr. Hosack, being at that time the 
resident physician, induced the corporation to 
select a spot at Bellevue for the erection of an 
extensive fever hospital, which was accord- 
ingly done. The necessity for such an insti- 
tution could not be doubted for a moment; we 
are only surprised that New York, abounding 
in numerous charities, is still deficient in such 
accommodation for the poor, to say nothing of 
the advantages to be derived to the health of 
the city by isolating diseases of a malignant 
character. Additional suggestions are also 
made by him in this lecture deserving of no- 
tice. Of national quarantine laws he says: 
“It is an unavoidable inference, from the view 
taken of the importation of fever, that nothing 
short of the most rigid system of quarantine 
laws, and those, too, executed by officers who 
conscientiously believe in their utility, will 
secure our cities from a repetition of the evils 
we have experienced. Nor can our country be 
effectually guarded against the renewal of the 
yellow fever in our seaports, while our com- 
merce continues with the torrid zone, unless 
the government of the United States shall, as 
has been done in Great Britain, institute a gen- 
eral system of quarantine regulations, to be 
strictly enforced in every commercial city of 
the Union. When, too, we take into view the 
late progress of the plague, and call to mind 
the introduction of that disease in former days 
into the cities of London, Marseilles and Mos- 
cow, have we not reason to expect that our 
commerce with the Levant will, ere long, add 
another scourge to our country, unless we are 
protected by a code of health laws, to be alike 
operative in all our seaports?” This paper on 
medical police contains many other valuable 
suggestions for the further improvement of the 
sanitary condition of the city, such as the ex- 
tensive establishment of sewers, and the sub- 
stituting for wood, stone piers, erected upon 
arches, thereby enabling the current to force 
them from accumulation, which tended so much 
to the engendering of disease to the citizens. It 
was also a suggestion that the sewers should ex- 
tend to the termination of these piers, and 
discharge their contents into the channel. It 
has often been a subject of wonder to his friends 
that Dr. Hosack should have found leisure, in 
the midst of his various pursuits, to have con- 
tributed so much to the literature of his pro- 
fession. This may be accounted for by his ex- 
traordinary method and system in the division 
of time. His leisure moments, if such they 
may be called, were always occupied by mis- 
cellaneous reading, as the works of his library 
will attest, most of them bearing pencil-marks 
and reference to soipe facts therein contained. 
It was also his habit from the commencement 
of his professional life to record in a note- 
book every fact, case, or prescription deemed 
by him of importance. At an early period he 
commenced the publication of the Medical and 
Philosophical Begister, in which he was asso- 
ciated with Dr. John W. Francis, formerly a 
private pupil of Dr. Hosack, and for many 
years afterwards united with him in his prac- 
tice. This journal was issued quarterly, and 
each number contained a hundred pages and 
upwards. He afterwards published three vol- 
umes of his “ Medical Essays,” containing ad- 
dresses before the different societies, intro- 
ductory lectures, biographical sketches and 
obituary notices of some of the most distin- 
guished medical men of the United States, 
besides some of his most practical papers on 
vision, scarlet fever and contagion. It was 
observed by a distinguished foreign critic, in 
reviewing his various publications, that “he 
would rather be the author of Dr. Hosack’s 
paper on the Laws of Contagion, than the 
writer of the ponderous quarto volume of Dr. 
Adams on Morbid Poisons,” then a popular 
work of the day. He also published an exten- 
sive appendix to a work on the Practice of 
Medicine, by Dr. Thomas, of Salisbury, Eng- 
land, in which are contained most of his views 
of the treatment of diseases generally. Adopt- 
ing nosological arrangement, as a system best 
calculated to illustrate diseases, he was induced 
to prepare a work on that subject, which ran 
through several editions. Dr. Hosack, being 
the intimate friend and associate of many of 
the distinguished men of our country, both 
literary and scientific, as well as of most of 
our eminent statesmen, could not, with his 
acute penetration and singular discernment of 
character, have failed in forming a correct ap- 
preciation of them. His intimacy and confi- 
dential friendship with Mr. Clinton, from his 
earliest boyhood through life, induced him, 
upon the death of that distinguished states- 
man and accomplished scholar, to pronounce 
his eulogy; this he did at the request of the 
public authorities and different literary in- 
stitutions of New York, in many of which 
Mr. Clinton and himself had been so inti- 
mately associated. He felt honored by the 
appointment, and rendered that homage to 
his friend which was so justly his due. It 
occurred at a time when Dr. Hosack was 
most engaged in the various duties of his pro- 
fession, and it was with difficulty he could find 
time to complete so ample a biography as he 
offered to the friends and admirers of Mr. 
Clinton. Not being a political man himself, 
it required a very extensive and elaborate cor- 
respondence on the part of Dr. Hosack to ob- 
tain the necessary information from his politi- 
cal friends for such an undertaking. It is 
of interest to note the fact that the greater 
part of this work was written upon the backs 
of ’ letters during his visits to patients while EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
231 
waiting to be admitted to the sick room, so 
characteristic was this of his economy of time. 
From the flattering notices of this work by the 
various journals and reviews, and also by com- 
plimentary letters from distinguished men 
from all parts of the United States, as well as 
from eminent statesmen on the other side of 
the Atlantic, he had every reason to feel grati- 
fied with the performance of the task. His 
public spirit was not less manifest in his dona- 
tions to the different institutions. Having 
imbibed, whilst abroad, a taste for mineralogy, 
as well as of the collateral branches of medi- 
cal science generally, he early began to form 
a cabinet of minerals. To quote from a 
sketch of his life by a friend: “He attended 
in the winters of 1793-94, the first course of 
lectures on mineralogy that was delivered in 
London by Schmeisser, a pupil of Werner. 
With this additional knowledge of mineralogy 
which Dr. Plosack had begun to study at Edin- 
burgh, he continued to augment the cabinet 
of minerals which he had commenced in Scot- 
land. This collection was brought by him to 
the United States, and was, it is said, the 
first cabinet that crossed the Atlantic; it was 
afterwards deposited in Princeton College, in 
rooms appropriated by the trustees, but fitted 
up at the expense of the donor, similar to 
those at the Ecole des Mines at Paris. To ren- 
der this donation immediately useful, it was 
accompanied by a collection of the most im- 
portant works on mineralogy.” He also made 
a liberal contribution to the library of Colum- 
bia College, consisting of several hundred 
volumes. The New York Hospital and histor- 
ical societies profited much by his liberality. 
In private life Dr. Hosack was no less conspic- 
uous for his social qualities and kindness of 
heart. His home was made a happy one, not 
only to himself, but to all who dwelt under his 
roof. His love of society induced him, as may 
be said, “to keep open house,” the stranger, 
of any claim to literature or scientific distinc- 
tion, as well as our own prominent citizens, 
partook of his hospitality, and always found 
a hearty welcome. His constant professional 
engagements interfering greatly with his dis- 
position and wish to entertain, induced him to 
set aside an evening in each week for the re- 
ception of his friends, and he selected Satur- 
day for that purpose during the winter months. 
At these pleasant “reunions” were to be found 
the poet, the painter, the learned theologian, 
and eminent jurist, as well as all who were 
distinguished in medical science; it was a 
school for the young aspirant in every depart- 
ment of knowledge. Of the distinguished 
persons who were to be seen at these “conver- 
saziones” may be enumerated the Abb6 Corea, 
Andrew Michaux, Sir John Franklin, Dr. 
Richardson, Captain Sabine, Captain Basil 
Hall, Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, 
Bryant, Halleck, Chancellor Kent, Thomas 
Addis Emmet, Professor Silliman, Bishops 
Hobart and Wainwright, and De Witt Clinton. 
During Dr. Hosack’s professional career, he 
always took pleasure in fostering talent in 
youth, and from his knowledge of character 
and acute discernment, he seldom failed in 
his predictions of their future success in life. 
Indeed there was scarcely a time when he was 
without some protege; his selection was always 
among those whose want of means debarred 
them from obtaining the advantages of a lib- 
eral education. Those thus selected were ed- 
ucated in the profession of medicine; most of 
them were successful, and some became emi- 
nent. In one of his early walks, when at his 
country seat near the city, he observed a 
young man gathering flowers. Upon inquir- 
ing of him his object, he discovered him to be 
a young Frenchman, who politely apologized 
in French for the intrusion, saying that he 
was a botanist, which proved to be a sufficient 
passport, and was peculiarly gratifying to Dr. 
Hosack, who had always been so great an ad- 
mirer of that science himself. After further 
conversation with him, and finding him to be 
an ardent follower of the system of Jussieu, 
he became much interested, and invited him 
in to breakfast; this was the only introduction, 
but it proved to be all that was necessary. 
The young man informed him that his family 
had been obliged to leave France during the 
troubles of the Revolution, and he being de- 
sirous of pursuing his favorite study of botany 
in the wild fields of America, had emigrated 
to this country. The young man being poor, 
he adopted him into his family, and educated 
him in the profession of medicine, as best cal- 
culated to give him a support. In due course 
of time, he graduated in the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons in the city of New York. 
Upon the termination of the Reign of Terror, 
and the Empire being established, he returned 
to his native land, and became an attache to 
the Jardin des Plantes in Paris; here he at- 
tracted the notice of some of the most eminent 
botanists in that country, so much so, that 
when the Emperor was organizing his corps de 
savans of the army of Egypt, our young friend 
was particularly recommended to him as best 
qualified for the department of botany. The 
Emperor gave him an interview, and asked 
him many questions, such as where he had 
studied his profession, and where he had ac- 
quired his knowledge of plants. His answers 
doubtless must have surprised the Emperor, 
who , at that time, could have had but a very 
imperfect knowledge of the United States. 
Indeed, it is creditable to our country that a 
young man at that early period should have 
been here educated in the profession of medi- 
cine, and have been prepared to occupy so im- 
portant a situation, and still more surprising 
that he should have been chosen from among 
the many who, it might have been supposed, 
had enjoyed superior advantages. Neverthe- 
less, such was the fact, and he proved to be 
not only an honor to the appointment, but to 
the French nation, now proud to place 
his name among the most learned and 
scientific of their countrymen; this person 
was Professor Delile, of the School of 
Medicine at Montpellier, and Superintendent 
of the Jardin des Plantes in that city. 
It was formerly, more than at present, the pre- 
vailing opinion that the study of anatomy, and 
medical science generally, tended to unsettle 
the mind, and frequently led to atheistical 
principles; so far from this being the fact, it 
has a direct tendency to awaken reflections of 
a very serious character, and if doubt of the 
great first cause exist in the minds of any one, 
it must be dispelled by contemplating the in- 
finite beauty of our organization, the harmony 
and extraordinary combination of matter to 
sustain life and resist disease. In the lan- 
guage of a celebrated naturalist, we might ex- 
claim, “OGod! how thy works infinitely sur- 
pass the reach of our feeble understandings; 232 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
all that we actually know of Thee, or ever can, 
is but a faint and lifeless shadow of thy ador- 
able perfections, in contemplation of which 
the highest understandings grow bewildered! ” 
Many, therefore, who study medicine are fre- 
quently more strongly impressed with the 
truths of religion, and are induced to relinquish 
the pursuit of the former to enlist under the 
banner of the cross. Several who were edu- 
cated as private pupils of Dr. Hosack, have 
since become distinguished divines, and orna- 
ments to the church of their adoption. Though 
this may not be attributed to any influence 
which he as preceptor may have exerted upon 
the minds of his pupils, yet he never failed in 
his teaching to show his reverence for, and en- 
tire belief in, the truths of religion, and to ex- 
press his high admiration of the works of the 
Creator. In his later years Dr. Hosack retired 
from the profession, with the intention of de- 
voting himself to agriculture and rural life. 
It is an old saying that “professional men live 
well, work hard, and die poor.” As a general 
rule, it would seem to be correct; applicable 
alike to law, physic, and divinity. If an excep- 
tion occur, it affords the individual thus favored 
facilities to entertain and keep around him 
his old associates and friends, and to do honor 
to the elevated position he naturally assumes 
in the community generally. He lives to en- 
joy, in a retrospective view, his past well-spent 
life, honored and revered before retiring from 
the world. If constant occupation have pre- 
vented him from disseminating the knowledge 
acquired by experience, an opportunity is now 
afforded him of doing justice to himself by 
furnishing to the world the result of his labors. 
Dr. Hosack, after a life of nearly fifty years 
spent in the arduous duties of the profession 
of medicine, retired to his beautiful residence 
at Hyde Park, Duchess county, situated on the 
banks of the Hudson, where he passed his re- 
maining years, devoting himself to agriculture 
in all its various departments. He carried 
with him the same ardor and zeal which had 
been so characteristic of him in his profes- 
sional career. He introduced into the country 
many of the finest breeds of cattle, sheep, and 
swine, which he imported at great expense from 
abroad. The grounds were cultivated in the best 
possible manner, and the most esteemed fruits 
and vegetable productions of the country were 
made to thrive in the greatest luxury possible. 
His extensive farm was indeed a model one, 
and from its wide-spread reputation attracted 
many strangers from different parts of the 
Union, as well as from abroad, to visit it. The 
pleasure-grounds were arranged with great 
taste and skill, and are thus described by 
some of the distinguished persons who have 
written travels in this country. Mr. James 
Stewart, of Scotland, says: “The splendid ter- 
race over the most beautiful of all beautiful 
rivers, admired the more the oftener seen, 
renders Hyde Park, as I think, the most envi- 
able of all the desirable situations on the river. 
The grounds are very charming, and the views 
from them very picturesque and striking, in 
which the Catskill Mountains form a bold and 
remarkable feature.” Miss Harriet Martineau, 
in her work on this country, observes: “I felt 
that the possession of such a place ought to 
make a man devout, if any of the gifts of Prov- 
idence can do so. To hold in one’s hand that 
which melts all strangers’ hearts, is to be a stew- 
ard in a verv serious sense of the term. Most 
liberally did Dr. Hosack dispense the means 
of enjoyment he possessed. Hospitality is in- 
separably connected with his name in the 
minds of all who ever heard it, and it was 
hospitality of the heartiest and most gladsome 
kind. Dr. Hosack had a good library, I be- 
lieve one of the best private libraries in the 
country; some good pictures, and botanical 
and mineralogical cabinets of value. Dr. Ho- 
sack drove me around his estate, which lies 
on both sides of the high road, the farm on 
one side, and the pleasure-grounds on the 
other. The conservatory is remarkable for 
America, and the flower garden all that can be 
made under present circumstances; but the 
neighboring country people have no idea of a 
gentleman’s pleasure in his garden, and of 
respecting it. On occasions of weddings and 
other festivities, the villagers come up into the 
Hyde Park grounds to enjoy themselves, and 
persons who would not dream of any other 
mode of theft, pull up rare plants as they 
would wild flowers in the woods, and carry 
them away. Dr. Hosack would frequently 
see some flower that he had brought with 
much pains from Europe flourishing in some 
garden of the village below. As soon as he 
explained the nature of the case, the plant 
would be restored with all zeal and care; but 
the losses were so frequent and provoking as 
greatly to moderate his horticultural enthusi- 
asm. We passed through the poultry-yard, 
where the congregation of fowls exceeded in 
number and bustle any that I have ever seen. 
We drove round his kitchen-garden, too, 
where he had taken great pains to grow every 
kind of vegetable which will flourish in that 
climate. Then crossing the road, after paying 
our respects to his dairy of fine cows, we drove 
through the orchard, and refreshed ourselves 
with the sweet river views on our way home. 
There we sat in the pavilion, and he told me 
much of De Witt Clinton, and showed me his 
own life of Clinton, a copy of which, he said, 
should await me on my return to New York. 
When that time came he was no more; but 
his promise was kindly borne in mind by his 
lady, from whose hands I received the valued 
legacy.” Captain Hamilton, the author of 
the “Peninsular Campaign,” and “Cyril 
Thornton,” also makes mention of his visit 
to Hyde Park, and' thus expresses himself: 
“I accepted the very kind and pressing invita- 
tion of Dr. Hosack to visit him at his country 
seat on the banks of the Hudson. The various 
works of this gentleman have rendered his 
name well known in Europe, and procured his 
admission to the most eminent philosophical 
institutions in England, France and Germany. 
For many years he enjoyed, as a physician, 
the first practice in New York, and has recently 
retired from the toilsome labors of his pro- 
fession, with the warm esteem of his fellow- 
citizens. I reached Hyde Park in a heavy 
snow-storm, but the following morning was 
bright and beautiful. The snow, except in 
places where the wind had drifted it into 
wreaths, had entirely disappeared, and, after 
breakfast, I was glad to accept the invitation 
of my worthy host to examine his domain, 
which was really very beautiful and extensive. 
Nothing could be finer than the situation of the 
house. It stands upon a lofty terrace over- 
hanging the Hudson, whose noble stream lends 
richnesp and grandeur to the whole extent of 
the foreground of the landscape; below, its EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
233 
waters are seqn to approach from a country 
finely variegated, but unmarked by any pecu- 
liar boldness of feature; above, it is lost among 
a range of rocky and woody eminences, of 
highly picturesque outline. In one direction 
alone, however, is the prospect very extensive; 
and in that—the northwest the Catskill 
Mountains, sending their bald and rugged 
summits far up into the sky, form a glorious 
framework for the picture. Dr. Hosack was a 
farmer, and took great interest in the laudable 
but expensive amusement of improving his 
estate. He had imported sheep and cattle 
from England, of the most improved breeds, 
and, in this respect, promised to be a bene- 
factor to his neighborhood. I am not much of 
a farmer, and found the Doctor sagacious about 
long horns and short legs in a degree which 
impressed me with a due consciousness of my 
ignorance. The farm buildings were extensive 
and well arranged, and contained some excel- 
lent horses. I visited Hyde Park again in the 
month of June. I now beheld its fine scenery 
adorned by the richest luxuriance of verdure. 
Poet or painter could desire nothing more 
beautiful. There are several villas in the 
neighborhood, tenanted by very agreeable fam- 
ilies, and had it been necessary to eat lotus in 
the United States, I should certainly have se- 
lected Hyde Park as the scene of my repast.” 
After such flattering descriptions of Dr. Ho- 
sack’s home, it is not surprising that his life 
was now one of continued enjoyment and 
happiness. His habit of early rising, which, 
during his professional career, had been ac- 
quired from the necessity of toil and labor, 
now became that of unalloyed pleasure. The 
song of birds, the hum of bees, and the sweet 
perfume of flowers springing into renewed 
life before the rising sun, and gentle breezes 
of the morn, while it delighted the senses, 
could not fail to exert a benign influence upon 
a mind so well stored and fully prepared to 
admire “nature, for nature’s sake alone.” To 
him it was an inestimable blessing, and one 
which he enjoyed to its fullest extent. Re- 
ferring to the last days of this noted physi- 
cian, his son, Dr. Alex. E. Hosack, has written 
as follows: “In the autumn of 1835, Dr. Ho- 
sack removed as usual with his family to his 
city residence, and a few weeks after was 
seized with apoplexy, which terminated his 
existence. On Friday morning, December 18, 
1835, he rose as usual in his wonted good 
health. After breakfast he made one or two 
calls in the neighborhood for the purpose of 
transacting business. On his return home he 
found he was paralyzed in his right arm. 
Upon entering his parlor, he calmly signified 
by signs, as his speech was confused, his actual 
condition to some members of his family. I 
was immediately sent for. Perceiving his sit- 
uation, and in obedience to his request, I took 
from him eighteen ounces of blood, and 
directed a bed to be prepared for him in the 
same room. His symptoms increased, his 
articulation became more indistinct, and finally 
unconsciousness and stupor came over him; 
the usual treatment in such cases was pursued, 
but without effect. He lingered in this state 
until Tuesday, December 22, when he ceased 
to live, expiring without a struggle, and sur- 
rounded by his affectionate and devoted family. 
Some three or four weeks previous to his last 
illness, my father, in conversation with me, 
said to me that he had a conviction that he 
would either be attacked with apoplexy or 
paralysis, and that the period was not far dis- 
tant, and that the attack would be on the right 
side. So confirmed was he in this belief that 
he told me he intended to practice writing 
with his left hand, in order that he might make 
known his wishes in such an event. A few 
days after this conversation, when in his study, 
he handed me a, note from a friend, which he 
said had been written with his left hand, he 
being paralyzed; he then made an attempt 
himself. The subject being a painful one to 
me, I discouraged further discussion of it. He 
continued to entertain the belief that the fatal 
disease was hovering over him, and acting un- 
der this impression, he stopped at the jewel- 
ler’s, and ordered several rings with his hair 
set in them, which he presented to his chil- 
dren. I never could discern a reason for his 
adopting such a belief, as he appered to me as 
well as I had ever known him. The convic- 
tion that death was so near did not disturb his 
tranquil mind, or affect his spirits in the least.” 
Dr. Hosack had attained his sixty-sixth year. 
He received every attention during his illness 
from his professional friends, Dr. J. W. Fran- 
cis, Dr. W. J. Macneven, Dr. Alexander H. 
Stevens and Dr. George Wilkes, who in his 
devotion and kindness seldom left his bed- 
side. Dr. Hosack was educated a Presbyte- 
rian, his parents being members of that church. 
His children were also christened in that faith, 
but afterwards he was induced to give the 
preference to that of the Episcopal service, 
and though not a communicant, he observed 
its forms and ceremonies, and was a regular 
attendant upon church until his death. His 
death was noticed at the time by all the jour- 
nals of the day, with appropriate and eulo- 
gistic remarks. Upon the occasion of his death 
the following words of tribute appeared in 
the National Intelligencer: “The death of Dr. 
Hosack may be considered as an additional 
bereavement to the city of New York, and in- 
deed to our country, as few men have contrib- 
uted more than he to elevate the character of 
the medical profession in the United States, 
and to the general encouragement of science, 
literature and the arts. His regular and 
methodical industry, and his kind though de- 
cided deportment, which immediately inspired 
confidence in those who had not previously 
tested his skill, raised him early in life to emi- 
nence and fortune; and he employed the ad- 
vantages thus honorably acquired in a manner 
which rendered them beneficial to the whole 
community. Endowed by nature with a gen- 
erous disposition and a taste for intellectual 
pleasures, his house was the seat of hospitality 
and refinement. There the polished European 
met with a society not inferior in accomplish- 
ment or elegance to any which he had left be- 
yond the Atlantic, while the most humble in- 
dividual, who had any claim to notice, from 
his efforts in the advancement of knowledge, 
or of the interests of humanity, received a 
welcome, and frequently found a friend. To 
his example and his judicious aid, many, if 
not all of the scientific and benevolent insti- 
tutions of New York owe their origin and suc- 
cess. He devoted his time to them, he gave 
them funds, and he distributed among them 
precious collections of books and of objects in 
the various departments of natural history, in 
the formation of which he had spent years, 
and from which he could not have separated 234 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
himself without regret, in order that they 
might thus be rendered more accessible to the 
public.” 
HOTZ, Ferdinand Carl, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in Wertheim, Baden, Germany, July 
12, 1843, received a collegiate education at the 
Lyceum at Wertheim, and studied medicine at 
Jena in 1861 and 1862, at Heidelberg from 1863 
to 1866, under Helmholtz, Simon and Knapp, 
and at Berlin in 1866 and 1867, under Graefe, 
Virchow and Langenbeck. He also spent a 
part of the year 1867 in study at Vienna. He 
received his diploma of M. D. from the Uni- 
versity of Heidelberg in 1865, and after visit- 
ing Paris, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and 
Dublin, came to this country and settled in 
Chicago in 1869. His contributions to medical 
literature consist of a number of papers to 
the Illinois State Medical Society, and to the 
Journal and Examiner, of which he is associate 
editor. From 1864 to 1866 he was house sur- 
geon in the surgical department of the Uni- 
versity Hospital at Heidelberg, subsequently 
volunteer surgeon in the South German Army, 
during the war between Prussia and Austria, 
in 1866; assistant surgeon to Knapp’s Eye In- 
firmary, Heidelberg, during 1867 and 1868, and 
ophthalogical surgeon to the Illinois Eye and 
Ear Infirmary, a position he has held since 
1876. He is a member of the Chicago Medi- 
cal Society; of the Illinois State Medical So- 
ciety, of which he was vice-president in 1872; 
and of the American Medical Association. 
Since 1875 he has been director of the Chicago 
Public Library, and is at tbis date, 1893, Pro- 
fessor of Ophthalmology at the Chicago Poly- 
clinic. 
HDEBSCHMANN, Francis, of Milwaukee, 
Wis., was born in Riethnordhausen, Grand- 
duchy of Weimar, April 19, 1817, and died 
March 21, 1880. He was educated at Erfurt 
and Weimar, and was graduated in medicine 
at Jena, in 1841. He came to the United 
States in 1842, and settled in Milwaukee, where 
he resided until his death. He was school 
commissioner from 1843 till 1851, a member of 
the first constitutional convention, in 1846, and 
served on the committee on suffrage and elect- 
ive franchise. He was the especial champion 
of the provision in the constitution of his 
adopted State granting foreigners equal rights 
with Americans. He was Presidential Elector 
in 1848, member of the city council, and county 
supervisor from 1848 till 1867, and from 1851 
till 1872 served three terms as State Senator, 
and from 1853 till 1857 he was Superintendent 
of Indian Affairs of the North. During the 
War of the Rebellion he entered the National 
service in 1862 as surgeon of the Twenty-sixth 
Wisconsin Infantry. He was surgeon in charge 
of a division at the battle of Chancellorsville, 
and of the Ninth Army Corps at Gettysburg, 
where he was held by the Confederates for 
three days. He was also at the battle of Chat- 
tanooga, in charge of the corps hospital in 
Lookout Valley in 1864, and brigade surgeon 
in the campaign to Atlanta. He was honora- 
bly discharged in that year, and returning to 
Milwaukee, became connected with the United 
States General Hospital. 
HUGHES, Charles Hamilton, of St. Louis, 
Mo., was born in that city in 1839. He is a 
son of Captain H. J. Hughes, the organizer 
of the first military company in the State of 
lowa. The subject of this sketch is originally 
from Royal Welsh stock, the family being 
known in English Heraldry as the Hughes of 
Gwercies in Edeirnion, County of Merioneth, 
Wales. This renowned family was granted 
armorial bearings, November 4, 1619, when 
Sir Thomas Hughes was knighted at White- 
hall, Mr. Hughes then having his seat at 
Wells, Somerset, and at Gray’s Inn, being a 
barrister at law. Richard Hughes, of this his- 
torical family, removed from Tipperary county, 
Ireland, to the New England Colonies about 
1760. Referring to Burk’s Encyclopedia of 
Heraldry, we find the Hughes, of Tipperary 
county were a family of great antiquity and 
noble alliance, and were derived from Abra- 
ham Hughes, a gentleman of Welsh descent, 
who crossed over to Ireland from Wales with 
Cromwell about 1650, and acquired by mar- 
riage a large estate in Wexford county. The 
great-grandfather of Dr. Hughes (Richard 
Hughes) was a Methodist and kept a public 
inn in Tipperary county, where he entertained 
John Wesley who preached from the “ Upping 
block ” in front of his house, when that cele- 
brated evangelist made an itinerant journey 
from Dublin to Cork in 1750. Richard Hughes 
settled at first upon the site of Harrisburg, 
Pa., to which he subsequently obtained a title 
through his wife, and of which he was finally 
dispossessed because of non-occupancy. Upon 
the breaking out of the Revolution, he enlisted 
in the Continental Army and served through- 
out the whole struggle for American independ- 
ence. He was with Washington at Valley 
Forge, and at the battle of Brandywine re- 
ceived a severe gunshot wound. After the 
close of the war he married an English lady, 
Elizabeth Scarlet, and located upon a farm in 
Rockingham county, Va. Four sons were 
born to them; Richard, AVilliam, John and 
David. Upon this farm the venerable ances- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
235 
tor of the American branch of this family, 
and veteran soldier of the Revolution, died at 
the age of one hundred and five years. Rich- 
ard married Nancy Davis, a native of Vir- 
ginia, and removed to West Virginia, near the 
present site of Weston, and subsequently to 
Allen county, Ohio, near Lima, in 1829. To 
these parents were born twelve children, seven 
sons and five daughters, the name of the 
father of Dr. Hughes being Harvey J., who 
married Miss Elizabeth R. Stocker, of Eliza- 
bethtown, Ind., daughter of Capt. Zachius 
Stocker, the founder of that town, who named 
it in her honor. Dr. Hughes lived in St. Louis 
till nine years of age, when his parents moved 
North, his father having become associated in 
many business enterprises on the upper Mis- 
sissippi with George L. Davenport, son of Col. 
Davenport, commandant at Rock Island (who 
was murdered on that island), and Antonie 
Leclaire, an early pioneer of that upper Mis- 
sissippi country. His early education was 
commenced in a private school for small chil- 
dren, located on North Fifth street, conducted 
by Mrs. Freeman, and continued in a public 
school conducted by Mr. Avery, and in the 
primary department of the St. Louis Univer- 
sity. Later, after his parents had removed 
from St. Louis, he was sent to Dennison’s 
Academy, at Rock Island, 111., and completed 
his literary school training in lowa College, 
then under the management of a faculty of 
professors from Amherst, Mass., a most ex- 
cellent institution where instruction was so 
thorough that students were admitted from the 
classes of this college to the next higher grade 
in Yale or Harvard. Dr. Hughes began the 
study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr. 
John T. O’Reardon, at Davenport, la., who 
was a graduate of Apothecary’s Hall, Dublin, 
and of the medical school at Louvain, Belgi- 
um, finishing his education as an interne in a 
Paris hospital under the famous surgeon Le- 
Roux. Dr. James Thistle, who went from 
Natchez, Miss., to Davenport, was also one of 
his preceptors, and while under Dr. Thistle’s 
teaching Dr. Hughes enjoyed the friendship 
and medical assistance of Dr. Thistle’s broth- 
er-in-law, the distinguished Dr. Cartwright, of 
New Orleans, who spent his summer vacation 
with Dr. Thistle, and inspired his pupil, young 
Hughes, with his own ambition and love of 
the profession. Dr. Hughes acknowledges a 
debt of gratitude to Dr. Cartwright for the in- 
terest taken in his youthful studies and the 
help given him by this distinguished Southern 
physician, now deceased. Dr. William M. 
McPheeters and Dr. Charles A. Pope, of St. 
Louis, were also Dr. Hughes’ earlier instructors 
in medicine. Dr. Hughes’ medical studies 
were completed for graduation at the St. Louis 
Medical College, where, after a four years’ 
course of private and collegiate medical study, 
he graduated in 1859. During his student days 
he was engaged for a year as acting assistant 
physician in the United States Marine Hospi- 
tal, of St. Louis. On graduation he visited 
the principal colleges and hospitals of the 
East, and on the out-break of the war he en- 
tered the government service as assistant sur- 
geon, being promoted to full surgeon in July, 
1862. He was then placed in charge by Medi- 
cal Director Madison Mills, United States 
Army, of the Hickory St. Post Hospital and 
the McDowell’s College Prison Hospital, and 
the Schofield Barracks, including the Strag- 
glers Camp of St. Louis. Dr. Hughes’ medical 
services throughout the war were of the most 
valuable character to the government, for he 
had charge of the forces from St. Louis to 
Pilot Knob, Mo., for two years, and during 
the last of Price’s raids into Missouri, he had 
also medical charge of the refugees and free- 
men. He was mustered out in 1865, having 
earned from headquarters the praise of hav- 
ing the best field hospital in the service. He 
was one of the youngest surgeons to receive a 
commission in the Union Army, and on leav- 
ing the service he was placed upon the board 
of management, and in 1866 was elected to the 
medical superintendency of the Missouri State 
Lunatic Asylum, at Fulton, the only institu- 
tion of the kind then in the State, but now 
called No. 1, because of two similar State asy- 
lums which have since been established, being 
one of the youngest superintendents in the 
United States at that time, as he was also one 
of the youngest of its full military surgeons. 
Dr. Hughes remained at the head of this large 
institution, for over five full years, making 
annual visits to other institutions within and 
without the United States, and studying with 
that zeal which has always characterized his 
professional life, the varying phases of mental 
and nervous diseases in hundreds of hospitals 
and with the kindly assistance and advice of 
the venerable Ray, Stribbling, Workman, 
Howard, Gray, and a host of other famous 
men among the living and the dead in the 
walks of clinical and forensic psychiatry who 
were the friends and patrons of his youth, un- 
til his young heart was filled with the grand- 
eur of his chosen pursuit, and stimulated into 
a life-long enthusiasm, by the noble example 
of lives so illustrious and so worthy of emu- 
lation. Dr. Hughes early identified himself 
with the Association of Superintendents of 
American Institutions for the Insane, now 
the American Medico-psychological Associa- 
tion, and at the annual meetings of this dis- 
tinguished body, he would come in contact 
with its shining lights, imbibing illumination 
and experience from the more venerable in 
years and knowledge. In 1876, at the Inter- 
national Medical Congress held at Philadel- 
phia, he read before the Section of Psychiatry 
the first American contribution ever made be- 
fore any public association on the interesting 
subject of the “Simulation of Insanity by the 
Insane.” This paper was pronounced at the 
time and is still regarded by competent 
judges as the most systematic and complete 
treatise extant upon tliis important subject in 
forensic psychiatry. His previous essay, at 
Nashville, Tenn., before the Association of 
Superintendents, entitled “Psychical or Phys- 
ical,” being an inquiry into the relations of 
mind and organism, and a critical discussion 
of the mind and matter problem, which was 
then attracting so much attention from mental 
philosophers and alienists, made a marked 
impression upon the association and profession 
generally, as a remarkably clear presentation 
of a much discussed and most obscure sub- 
ject. His contributions since this time have 
been numerous and almost constant, until 
nearly every practical subject which might en- 
gage the attention of alienists and neurolo- 
gists in active practice has received elucidation 
in some phase from his clearly descriptive pen. 
Besides the many medico-legal papers, he has 
editorially for the past eleven years conducted 236 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
and published the Alienist and Neurologist, a 
journal of scientific, clinical and forensic psy- 
chiatry and neurology, which he founded in 
1880. Its pages have contained, in each num- 
ber, from its foundation to the present date, 
samples of his industry and genius, both in 
its original and editorial departments. This 
journal has been received, both by the practi- 
tioner and the student, with no small degree 
of favoritism (and circulates over the whole 
world), because of the peculiar perspicuity, 
the force, simplicity and practical character 
of its editorial utterances and the soundness 
of its doctrine generally, relating to diseases 
of the mind and nervous system and to ques- 
tions of forensic psychiatry and neurology. 
In 1887 Dr. Hughes read before the Section of 
Psychiatry in the International Medical Con- 
gress at Washington a paper on the “True Na- 
ture and Definition of Insanity,” of which 
body he was one of the vice-presidents of the 
physiological section. At the preceding In- 
ternational Congress at London, he presented 
a “Plea for Moral Insanity” in psychiatry, 
which there received commendation from ex- 
alted sources of psychiatric distinction. Dr. 
Hughes’ contributions to psychiatry have been 
too numerous for designation here. All who 
are so fortunate as to know him, know that 
his literary standard is of the very highest, 
and any further mention of his writings would 
not raise the Doctor in the estimation of his 
warm admirers. We might, however, make 
note here that the presidential address to the 
Mississippi Valley Medical Association, has 
won for the Doctor distinction both far and 
near, and has awakened professional attention 
to many important topics; the entire paper 
and abstracts having from time to time been 
published in the principal medical journals of 
this country. In this address the Doctor en- 
ters considerably into the politics of this coun- 
try and expressed his belief that it would be 
well to have a representative in the cabinet of 
the United States from among the physicians. 
He advocated the policy of physicians who 
are pecuniarily independent or retired from 
active practice, entering more into the field of 
politics, so that their power would be felt in 
our legislation. He, however, strongly op- 
poses the political interference with the ad- 
ministration of benevolent associations. His 
remarks respecting specialists have been com- 
mended by all intelligent physicians and spe- 
cial practitioners. He devised an aesthesiome- 
ter which bears his name. The Doctor, in 
1891, made a report to the Missouri State Med- 
ical Association of the advances made in neu- 
rology during recent years, and pointed out the 
steps by which the present state has been 
reached. Among the more recent papers con- 
tributed by Dr. Hughes may be mentioned the 
one read before the St. Louis Medical Society, 
January 30,1892, upon the “Epidemic Inflam- 
matory Neurosis or Neurotic Influenza,” main- 
taining that this epidemic disease is essentially 
nevous in its symptoms and effects on the sys- 
tem,although abloodpoison. Hecallsita“Tox- 
i; Neurosis.” A medical journal thus speaks con- 
cerning Dr. Hughes: “As a physician, the Doc- 
tor is probably better known, inside and out- 
side of America,than any physician in St. Louis. 
His reputation, so far as his own country is 
concerned, is as broad as its limits. He en- 
joys the esteem and confidence of a large cir- 
cle of friends who contribute to making up the 
extensive and lucrative practice in which he 
is engaged. The Doctor is a cheerful, cordial, 
genial and attractive man socially, and neces- 
sarily very popular, although he needs to be 
known to be thoroughly appreciated.” In 
1890 Dr. Hughes became connected with the 
Marion-Sims College of Medicine, and held 
the Chair of Professor of Psychiatry, Diseases 
of the Nervous System and Electro-Therapy 
in that institution of medicine up to the spring 
of 1892, when he was called to take a similar 
chair and the presidency of the faculty of the 
Barnes Medical College, in which position he 
still continues. Besides his membership in 
the American Medico-Psychological Associa- 
tion, he also is a member of the American 
Neurological Society ; the American Medical 
Association; the Mississippi Valley Medical 
Association, of which he was its president in 
1891; president of the Neurological Section of 
the Pan-American Medical Congress of 1893; 
vice-president of the Medico-Legal Congress 
for 1892; vice-president of two sections of the 
International Medical Congress in 1873. He 
is a member of the St. Louis Medical Society, 
Missouri State Medical Society and member of 
the Judicial Council of the American Medical 
Association. He is honorary member of the 
British Medico-Psychological Society; corre- 
sponding member of the New York Medico- 
Legal Society, and of the Chicago Academy of 
Medicine, and other distinguished professional 
bodies. Dr. Hughes has not yet written a 
literary novel, as many of his distinguished 
colleagues in medicine, like Hammond and 
Wier Mitchell, have done, but whenever his 
busy professional life has permitted him to do 
anything literary, the work of his pen has not 
been unappreciated. “The Great of Humble 
Birth in History,” which originally appeared 
in the St. Louis Magazine; his address before 
the Mary Institute, on “Mind and Organism,” 
and some of his patriotic poems, have been 
well appreciated; chief among them may be 
noted “The Patriot’s Prayer,” “Don’t Give 
Up the Ship,” and “Up with the Flag.” One 
of his youthful poems, written at the age 
of seventeen, when financial embarrassment 
had overtaken his father, and he was thrown 
for the first time on his own resources 
for his further education, reflects the natu- 
ral hopefulness, courage and energy of his 
young character, for it had for its caption 
“Nil Desperandum.” From that time on, Dr. 
Hughes’ career has been that of a self-made 
man, if there can really be said to be any who 
are absolutely such. At all events, after the 
age of seventeen, his financial resources and 
professional acquirements have been entirely 
of his own personal acquisition. One incident 
shows his determination to succeed in life: In 
1857 he received from his father sl20—never 
afterwards any more—in Nebraska money, 
which was of par value there, but at a discount 
of thirty per cent, in St. Louis. This money 
young Hughes invested in a small cargo of 
potatoes at twenty cents per bushel, embark- 
ing with them for St. Louis and hypothecating 
the cargo as security for his passage to St. 
Louis. These potatoes were disposed of in 
that city at eighty-five cents per bushel, the 
proceeds invested in the same depreciated 
money that bought them and sent North for 
another load. They having been likewise dis- 
posed of, young Hughes had means enough 
(and more) to carry him through college dur- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
237 
ing the winter. In the following spring he 
went into the Marine Hospital. His character 
is therefore as worthy of emulation as his 
merited success in life is of approbation. Dr. 
Hughes has been twice married. His first 
wife was a Miss Addie Case, daughter of 
Luther Case, Esq., and cousin of Dr. George, 
of St. Louis, who was a very bright and 
charming lady. In 1873 he married the hand- 
some and accomplished daughter of H. Low- 
ther, Esq., of Calloway county, Mo. The 
Doctor has three children by his first wife; of 
his last marriage three children have also been 
born. We are indebted for this record of Dr. 
Hughes to biographies found in the New York 
Medico-Legal Journal, the Medical Mirror, of 
St. Louis, the Northwestern Medical Reporter, 
the Lancet Clinic and other medical journals, 
and to a history of the pioneers of the Ohio 
Valley, in which the record of the Ohio 
branch of his family is given. 
HUGHES, Michael Aric, of Salt Lake City, 
Utah, was born in Lorain county, Ohio, Sep- 
city, he received his degree of M. D., in 1875. 
In 1877 he removed to Sandusky, where, he 
practiced his profession for a little more than 
three years. In 1881, Dr. Hughes located at 
Port Clinton, in his native State, here he re- 
mained till the fall of 1883, when he went to 
New York City, and pursued post-gradute 
studies for eight months. In 1887 he formed 
a partnership with Dr. D. C. Bryant, of 
Omaha, Neb. In 1888, he went to Berlin, 
Germany, and studied there several months, 
after which he went to the Royal Opthal- 
mic Hospital, of London, studying the dis- 
eases of the eye, and at the Royal Ear Hos- 
pital, Soho Square, under Dr. Urban Pritchard. 
The diseases of the nose and throat he studied 
in Dr. Morrell Mackenzie’s Hospital, in Golden 
Square. Returning to the United States in the 
summer of 1889, he located in Salt Lake City, 
Utah, where he successfully practices the 
specialty of the eye and ear. He is one of the 
medical and surgical staff of the Hospital of 
the Holy Cross, and oculist and aurist of the 
R. G. W. Railway Company. In September, 
1891, he was married to Miss Marie Gorlinski, 
the accomplished daughter of Major Joseph 
Gorlinski, of Salt Lake City. Dr. Hughes is 
a member of the Salt Lake County Medical 
Society and Salt Lake Academy of Medicine. 
HUNT, J ames Gillespie, of Utica, N. Y., 
was born in Litchfield, Herkimer county, N. 
Y., June 21, 1845. He is a son of the late Isaac 
J. Hunt, a noted physician, and is of Anglo- 
Saxon descent. His ancestry is traced backward 
through several generations to the Rev. Rob- 
ert Hunt, who was one of the four brothers 
who emigrated from England to this country 
about the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
tury and settled in the township of New Lon- 
don, Conn. The boyhood experience of the 
subject of this sketch was not materially differ- 
ent from that of a large majority of American 
youth, though he was fortunate in being able 
to devote neai'ly the whole of his early years 
to study. Beginning with the district school 
lie continued on until he graduated at the 
Utica Free Academy at a comparatively early 
age, and he then began preparations in his 
father’s office for the profession which was to 
be his life work. As all of his uncles, four in 
number, as well as his father were physicians, 
he may be said to have grown up surrounded 
by the* atmosphere of the medical profession. 
After about four years of industrious study, 
under careful instruction, he entered the medi- 
cal department of the University of Michigan, 
where he took two courses of lectures, and a 
course in the laboratory of analytical and ap- 
plied chemistry. These were followed by a third 
course in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia,Pa.,from which he graduated March 13, 
1871. On returning to Utica he entered imme- 
diately into practice in association with his fath- 
er. This partnership continued until 1874, since 
which time Dr. Hunt has conducted his large 
practice alone, and he has met with an unusual 
degree of success. In attempting to note the 
elements of this success it may, perhaps, be 
justly said that they consist chiefly in this 
thorough knowledge of his profession, gained 
by persistent and judicious study, supple- 
mented by constant reading of the later de- 
velopments that have been recorded through- 
out the range of medical literature, coupled 
with a temperament and manner which hap- 
pily fit him for his work. His capacity for 
tember 23, 1850. He is of Irish extraction, his 
parents having come to America in the early 
thirties. Left an orphan when a mere child, 
he lived with his uncle, John Hughes, until he 
attained his majority. In the fall and winter 
of 1867-68, he attended an academy at Berlin 
Heights, Erie county, 0., and afterwards at 
Oberlin College, where he remained about 
two years. In 1872 he began the study of 
medicine under Dr. E. P. Haines, of Elyria, 
and a few months later removed to Cleve- 
land, where he entered upon the study of 
medicine at the Medical Department of 
Wooster University. At the same time he 
placed himself under the instruction of Dr. 
M. L. Brooks, who was at that time one of the 
leading physicians of the “Forest City.” 
After three years’ of study in the last-named 238 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
professional labor is almost unbounded, and 
he never spares his energies in his devotion to 
his duties. Dr. Hunt’s professional standing, 
as well as the position he occupies in the com- 
munity, may be judged to a certain extent by 
the various calls that have been made upon 
him to stations of honor and responsibility. 
He is a member of the Delta Phi Society, lota 
Chapter, of the University of Michigan, 1869, 
and of the Jefferson Medical College Alumni 
Association, 1871; was made a member of the 
Oneida County Medical Society in 1872; is 
a member of the Utica Medical Library 
Association, and was its president in 1886; 
was elected a member of the Oneida County 
Microscopical Society in 1881; is a member of 
the American Medical Association, the New 
York State Medical Association, and was 
chosen a member of the American Public 
Health Association in 1880; was appointed by 
present time; also the New York, Ontario 
and Western Railroad, and of the New York, 
West Shore and Buffalo Railroad, from 1886 
to 1889. In 1891 he was elected a member 
of the National Association of Railway Sur- 
geons, and in 1892 he was elected a mem- 
ber of the New York State Association of 
Railway Surgeons. He has also filled the 
post of Surgeon in the Paxton Hospital, 
1880-86; St. Luke’s Hospital, 1883 to the pres- 
ent time; and St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, 1888 
to the present date. Lie holds the ranks of 
first-lieutenant in the Forty-fourth _ Separate 
Company National Guard, and is assistant sur- 
geon to that military organization, and was for 
several years president of the Utica Citizen’s 
Corps. It is just to say that in all of these 
various positions Dr. Hunt has shown his fitness 
and capacity for his capable discharge of 
their duties, and earned the respect and esteem 
of those with whom he had been associated. 
In politics Dr. Llunt is a Republican, and 
was appointed coroner by Governor John A. 
Dix to fill vacancy in November, 1873, and 
continued in the office nearly ten years. In 
1874, he was appointed health officer of the 
city of Utica, and still holds the office. In 
1887 he was strongly urged for the mayoralty 
of that city and received the unanimous nomi- 
nation at the convention, but for personal rea- 
sons he was compelled to decline the honor. 
On January 28th, 1874, Dr. Hunt was mar- 
ried to Ella R. Middleton, daughter of Robert 
Middleton, of Utica. He has contributed 
largely to the Annual Reports of the State 
Board of Health articles of great interest 
on public health matters. Among his best 
efforts in public health matters is his report 
as Chairman of the Committee on Public 
Institutions in the “First Annual Report 
of the State Board of Health of New York,” 
for the year 1880. This is a very lengthy 
report, and the doctor presents the results 
attained in one of the largest and most use- 
ful public buildings—New York State Lu- 
natic Asylum—in a very able and scientific 
manner, touching upon the system of ventila- 
tion, heating, drainage and water supply. In 
the Second Annual Report of the State Board 
of Health of New York, for the yeai; 1881, as 
Chairman of the Committee on Public In- 
stitutions, in his introduction he says: He 
presents an outline of results of personal in- 
spection and exact inquiry into the present con- 
dition and sanitary wants of school-houses, as 
shall fitly serve the purposes of the board to 
institute and induce needed sanitary improve- 
ments in our school-houses, and in the schools 
themselves, and at the same time to suggest 
and stimulate local concern in this matter. 
His lectures to the School of Nurses of St. 
Luke’s Hospital, of Utica, for the past number 
of years, have been very instructive to the 
nurses, and have been read by thousands of 
those who have made public health a study; 
he is known far and near throughout the 
United States, on all questions pertaining to 
public health. As a sanitarian, he ranks 
among the first in the State of New York. 
HUTCHINSON, James, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Bucks county, that State, January 
29, 1752, and died September 6, 1793. He was 
educated at the College of Philadelphia, and 
graduated with the first honors of his class. 
He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. 
Cadwalader Evans, and attended the medical 
Gov. A. B. Cornell as Health Commissioner of 
the State Board of Health, and served from 
1880 to 1885; is physician to, and one of the 
incorporators of, the Society for the Prevention 
of Cruelty to Children, organized in 1881; is a 
life member and a trustee of the Utica Mechan- 
ics’ Association; was appointed surgeon of the 
Board of United States Pension Examiners in 
1889; was made a trustee of the Utica Fe- 
male Academy in 1888, and is a director of the 
Globe AYoolen Mills. Dr. Hunt has also taken 
a deep interest in fraternal organizations and 
is prominent as a Mason,_ having taken the 
Thirty-second Degree, and is an Odd Fellow. It 
is much to his professional credit that he was 
chosen a surgeon for the Delaware, Lacka- 
wanna and Western Railroad Company in 
1885, and is acting in that capacity at the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
239 
HUTCHISON, Joseph Chrisman, of Brook- 
lyn, N. Y., was born in Old Franklin, Howard 
county, Mo., February 22, 1827, and died July 
17,1887. He was of Scotch-Irish descent. Hav- 
ing received a collegiate education at the Uni- 
versity of Missouri, he entered the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
and while attending lectures at the latter in- 
stitution was a private pupil of Drs. Gerhard 
and Peace. Graduating M. D. in 1848, he 
practiced during the ensuing four years in Mis- 
souri, removing thence in 1853, and establish- 
ing himself in Brooklyn, where he remained 
until his death. In his specialty, surgery, he 
successfully treated numerous notable cases, 
and performed the various leading operations. 
He was a member of the Kings County Medi- 
cal Society, president in 1864; member of the 
New York State Medical Society, president in 
1867 and 1868; member of the New York Path- 
ological Society, president in 1871; Fellow of 
the New York Academy of Medicine, vice- 
president in 1869, 1870 and 1871; honorary 
member of the Connecticut State Medical So- 
ciety ; and corresponding member of the Bos- 
ton Gynecological Society. In 1867 he was a 
delegate from the American Medical Associa- 
tion to the International Medical Congress at 
Paris; in 1875 a delegate from the same body 
to the meeting of the British Medical Associa- 
tion at Edinburgh; and in 1876 a delegate from 
the New York State Medical Society to the In- 
ternational Medical Congress at Philadelphia, 
and also to London in 1881. Among his more 
important publications may be mentioned: 
“Dislocation of Femur into Ischiatic Notch,” 
“Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene,” “Acu- 
pressure,” prize essay New York State Medi- 
cal Society; and reports of “Removal of Up- 
per Maxillary and Malar Bones without 
External Incision,” “Excision of the entire 
Ulna,” “Ligation of External Iliac Artery for 
Femoral Aneurism.” During the cholera epi- 
demic of 1854 he was physician to the Brook- 
lyn Cholera Hospital. In 1857 he became sur- 
geon to the Brooklyn City Hospital. He was 
the founder and for a number of years sur- 
geon-in-chief of the Brooklyn Orthopedic In- 
firmary ; also consulting surgeon to the Kings 
county, St. Peter’s and St. John’s Hospitals. 
From 1854 to 1856 he was lecturor on diseases 
of women in the New York University Med- 
ical College; from 1860 to 1867 was Professor 
of Operative and Clinical Surgery in Long Is- 
land College Hospital, resigning his chair in 
the latter year; and was health commissioner 
from 1873 to 1875 of the city of Brooklyn. Dr. 
Hutchison attained in his special field of op- 
erative surgery a high rank among American 
surgeons. In 1880 the degree of LL. D. was 
conferred upon him by the University of Mis- 
souri. 
HYNDMAN, James Gilmour, of Cincinnati. 
Ohio, was born in that city, September 12, 
1853. His parents were of Scotch-Irish Pres- 
byterian stock. His early education was ob- 
tained in the public schools of Cincinnati, and 
he graduated in 1870 from Woodward High 
School. He immediately thereafter began the 
study of medicine, under the preceptorship of 
Dr. James T. Whittaker, and was graduated 
from the Medical College of Ohio in March, 
1874. For two years prior to receiving his de- 
gree (he was not yet of legal age) he was Resi- 
dent Physician at the Cincinnati Hospital, a 
position always secured by competitive exam- 
lectures of the college. His tickets of admis- 
sion are in the hands of his descendants and 
are said to be written on the back of “playing 
cards.” In the year 1774, at the time he grad- 
uated Bachelor of Medicine, the trustees pre- 
sented him with a gold medal for his superior 
knowledge in chemistry. Dr. Hutchinson 
subsequently went to London and continued 
his medical education under the protection 
and guidance of Dr. Fothergill. It is stated 
by his biographer, that while pursuing his stud- 
ies in Europe the disputesbetween England and 
American Colonies were approaching a crisis, 
which he saw must end in an open rupture. The 
prospect of this event hastened his return to 
his native country, the cause of which he warm- 
ly espoused. He returned home by way of 
France, and was entrusted with important dis- 
patches from Dr. Franklin, the American 
Minister there, to the Congress of the United 
States. When near the American coast, the 
ship in which he was a passenger, was chased 
by a British armed vessel, and being anxious 
to save the dispatches he left the vessel in an 
open boat under a heavy fire from the enemy 
and landed safely. A short time after he left 
the vessel, she was captured by the enemy in 
sight, and he lost everything he had, includ- 
ing a fine medical library collected in England 
and France. Dr. Hutchinson served in the 
army during the Revolution, and was espe- 
cially interested in public affairs. In a vindi- 
cation of himself from the charge of receiving 
pay to which he was not entitled, published in 
the Pennsylvania Journal, February 6, 1782, 
Dr. Hutchinson gave an account of the serv- 
ices rendered by him during the war. In this 
he states that he was in the employment of 
the United States for upwards of one year, 
and of the State of Pennsylvania from the 
latter part of 1778 till the beginning of Febru- 
ary, 1781. While in the Continental service 
he had a commission as the senior surgeon to 
the Flying Hospital in the middle department, 
and with only six assistants inoculated 3,496 
men, while the army lay at Valley Forge. 
When the army moved across the North River, 
after the battle of Monmouth, having no duty 
to perform in his own department, and desir- 
ous of being useful to his country, he went to 
Rhode Island as a volunteer in the expedition 
against that place under General Sullivan. 
Soon afterwards he resigned his commission. 
On his return to Philadelphia he was appointed 
Surgeon to the State Navy. The emoluments 
derived for medical services may be learned 
from the following statement: “The pay an- 
nexed to this station (State Navy) was three 
continental dollars and five rations per day. 
The duty consisted in taking care of the offi- 
cers and men belonging to the galleys, and of 
the militia who were occasionally at Fort 
Mifflin. This, though considerable, was per- 
formed without an assistant.” He was trustee 
of the University of Pennsylvania from 1779 
until his death, and was Professor of Materia 
Medica in that institution from 1789 till his 
election in 1791 to the chair of chemistry. For 
several years he was secretary of the Philo- 
sophical Society. He was also for many 
years one of the physicians to the Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital and physician to the Port of 
Philadelphia. His brilliant medical career 
was cut short while in the prime of life. He 
was a victim of the epidemic of yellow fever 
that prevailed in the autumn of 1793. 240 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ination. After completing his hospital service 
he began practice in Cincinnati. Like all 
young practitioners his time was not always 
in great demand by patients. He occupied his 
spare time during his early years of practice in 
making abstracts and translations from the Ger- 
man and French medical journals for The Clinic, 
a weekly medical journal, at the time owned 
and conducted by the faculty of the Medical 
College of Ohio. His connection with this 
journal, either as assistant editor or managing 
editor, continued until it was merged into the 
Lancet and Clinic. His work on The Clinic 
was observed by Eastern editors, and as a re- 
sult he was selected as one of the translators 
of Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine. The 
treatises on echinococus, cysticercus cel- 
lulosse and trichinosis, in the third volume, 
were all translated by Dr. Hyndman. In 
1879 he was elected Lecturer, and the subse- 
quent year was made Professor of Medi- 
cal Chemistry and Clinical Laryngology in 
the Medical College of Ohio. While he has 
not altogether discontinued his general prac- 
tice, his principal field of study and work has 
been in the direction of throat work, and the 
greater portion of his literary contributions 
have been in this department. In June, 1883, 
he was married to Miss Mary E. Mitchell, 
daughter of Samuel M. Mitchell, of Martins- 
ville, Indiana. 
eai-ly education in the public schools near his 
native place, at the State Normal Institution, 
and in the Rock River Seminary at Mt. Morris, 
111. He studied medicine with his uncle, 
Prof. Ephraim Ingals. He came to Chicago in 
1867, and graduated at Rush Medical College 
in 1871. The same year he became connected 
with the spring faculty of that institution, a 
position which he occupied until he was elected 
to the regular faculty, with which he has since 
been identified, now holding the Chair of Dis- 
eases of the Chest and Laryngology. He has 
also for several years held the Chair of Diseases 
of the Throat and Chest in the Northwestern 
University Woman’s Medical School, and is 
Professor of Laryngology and Rhinology in 
the Chicago Polyclinic, and is the Attending 
Laryngologist at the Presbyterian and St. 
Joseph’s hospitals. Fie has long given special 
attention to this class of diseases. He is the 
ex-president of the American Laryngological 
Association, and ex-first vice-president of 
the American Climatological Association, and 
president of the Laryngological section of the 
Pan-American Medical Congress. He was also 
recently honored by the presidency of the 
Illinois State Medical Society. Prof. Ingals is 
the author of many articles on diseases of the 
throat, nose and chest, as also a text-book, 
well known and extensively used in the col- 
leges, on the same subject, and which has 
already passed through its second edition. He 
is an indefatigable worker, giving every min- 
ute of his time to his profession, whose motto 
is to do the very best that can be done for each 
individual patient, and as a result he is one of 
the best known and most popular physicians 
in Chicago. While his professional attain- 
ments are of the highest order and place him 
in the front rank of the profession, he is mod- 
est and unassuming and the friend and ally of 
all the faithful workers in the profession with 
whom he comes in contact, especially among 
the younger physicians. He was married in 
1876 to Miss Lucy S. Ingals, daughter of 
Ephraim and Melissa R. Ingals. They have 
two living children, a son and a daughter. 
INGALLS, William, of Boston, Mass., son 
of a distinguished physician of the same name, 
was born in that city January 12, 1813. He 
was educated at North Andover and at Har- 
vard, and studied medicine under his father 
and Dr. Charles Harrison Stedman and at Har- 
vard Medical School, graduating M. D. from 
that institution in 1836. Soon afterward he 
established himself in Boston and engaged in 
the general practice of his profession, but 
early devoted special attention to obstetrics, 
in which field he has had vast experience and 
is widely known. Dr. Ingalls is a member of 
the Massachusetts Medical Society; of the 
Boston Society for Medical Observation; of 
the Obstetrical Society of Boston, and of the 
Suffolk District Medical Society. He has pub- 
lished a “Synopsis of Private Obstetrical Prac- 
tice,” 1876, which covers a period of forty-two 
years of his professional experience. During 
the War of the Rebellion he was surgeon of the 
Fifth Massachusetts Infantry, and of the Fifty- 
ninth Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers. lie 
has also been medical director, of the Second 
Brigade of the Massachusetts Militia. He has 
held the position of surgeon in charge of the 
United States Marine Hospital at Chelsea, 
Mass., and that of visiting surgeon to the 
Boston City Hospital. 
INGALS, E. Fletcher, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Lee Center, Lee county, 111., Septem- 
ber 29, 1848. He is the second son of Charles 
F. and Sarah H. Ingals, who were among the 
early pioneers of Illinois. He is an Ameri- 
can, proud of his ancestors, who, on his 
father’s side, came to this country in 1627, 
and, on his mother’s side, long before the 
Revolutionary War. The Doctor received his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
241 
INGE, Richard, of Greensborough, Ala., 
was born in Green county, that state, January 
18, 1851. On the completion of his academic 
education he entered the Southern University, 
Alabama, and subsequently the University of 
Virginia and the University of New York, re- 
ceiving the degree of M. D. from the last two 
institutions in 1871 and 1872 respectively. Re- 
turning to his native State he established him- 
self in Greensborough where he has since 
remained engaged in a successful general prac- 
tice of medicine and surgery, also tilling the 
Chair of Anatomy in the Southern University. 
Dr. Inge has been secretary of the Hale Coun- 
ty Medical Society, and first vice-president of 
the Alabama State Medical Association. 
INGHAM, James V., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born July 5, 1843, in that city. His aca- 
demic education was acquired at Williams 
College, after which he studied medicine and 
attended the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, and received his 
medical degree from the latter institution in 
1866 and settled in Philadelphia, where he has 
since remained. He early devoted special at- 
tention to obstetrics and diseases of women 
and children, in which line he has been quite 
successful. Dr. Ingham is a member of the 
American Gynecological Society; of the Ob- 
stetrical and Pathological Society; and is a 
Fellow of the College of Physicians, Phila- 
delphia. He has edited the American supple- 
ment of the Obstetrical Journal of Great Brit- 
ian and Ireland, and has been Obstetrician to 
the State Hospital for Women and Infants. 
IRELAND, J. Alexander,of Louisville, Ky., 
of English descent, was born in Jefferson 
county, Ky., September 15, 1824. After receiv- 
ing his English education, and acquiring a fair 
knowledge of Latin and Greek, he studied 
medicine and attended the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Louisville, and the 
Kentucky School of Medicine, receiving his 
medical degree from the latter institution, in 
1851. He then established himself in Louis- 
ville, and conducted a general practice in that 
city and surrounding country, until 1864, when 
he made a specialty of obstetrics and gyne- 
cology, which he has pursued for the last thirty 
years. He is a member of the Kentucky State 
Medical Society, and several local medical or- 
ganizations, and was also a member of the Inter- 
national Medical Congress, at Philadelphia, in 
1876, and is the ex-president of the Tri-State 
Medical Society, of Kentucky, Indiana, and 
Illinois. In 1864 he was elected Professor of 
Obstetrics in the Kentucky School of Medicine; 
in 1866, Professor of Clinical Medicine in the 
University of Louisville; in 1872, Professor of 
Diseases of Women and Children in the Lou- 
isville Medical College, and in 1875 he was 
elected to the same chair in the Kentucky 
School of Medicine. He still holds this posi- 
tion in the Louisville Medical College and is 
dean of the faculty. 
IRWIN, Crawford, of Hollidaysburgh, Pa., 
was born in Blair county, that State, April 20, 
1824. He descended from Scotch-Irish ances- 
try, who came to this country about the mid- 
dle of the last century. Having received the 
degree of A. B. from Jefferson College, at 
Cannonsburg, Pa., in 1844, he studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. J. A. Landis 
and entered the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, and was graduated M. D. from 
that institution in 1847. After practicing for 
a few months at Davidsburgh and at Johns- 
town, and for nearly five years at Frankstown, 
in his native State, he established himself in 
the town of his present residence in January, 
1854, where he has been engaged in a success- 
ful general practice of medicine and surgery 
for about forty years. He is a member of the 
Blair County Medical Society ; has filled each 
of the several offices of the Juniata Valley 
Medical Association and of the Pennsylvania 
State Medical Association, being elected presi- 
dent of the latter in 1875. He was for many 
years Physician to the Blair County Alms- 
house and to the County Prison. During the 
War of the Rebellion he was assistant surgeon 
in the provost marshal’s office for one year, and 
was for two years examining surgeon to the 
United States Pension Bureau. 
ISHAM, Asa Bm of Cincinnati, 0., was born 
in that State July 12, 1844. He is of New 
England ancestry. His academic education 
was received at Marietta College. In 1861 he 
conducted the Lake Superior Journal at Mar- 
quette, Mich., and in 1862 he edited the city 
department of the Detroit Daily Tribune. In 
the latter part of that year he enlisted as a 
private in the Seventh Michigan Cavalry form- 
ing part of Custer’s brigade in Kilpatrick’s 
and Torbert’s cavalry divisions, armies of the 
Potomac and Shenandoah. In May, 1863, he 
was severely wounded while in action near 
Warrenton, Ya.; was promoted first lieuten- 
ant, March, 1864; and captured in a cavalry 
charge at Yellow Tavern, Ya., in May, 1864; 
was exchanged in December of the same year, 
and honorably discharged for disability "from 
wounds in April, 1865. He pursued his pro- 
fessional studies at the Medical College of 
Ohio and was graduated M. D. at that institu- 
tion in 1869, and established himself in Cin- 
cinnati where he has since remained, engaged 
in medical practice and medical teaching, 
holding the position of Professor of Physi- 
ology in the Cincinnati College of Medicine 
and Surgery, and Professor of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics from 1877 to 1881. Dr. Isham 
is a member of the Walnut Hills Medical Soci- 
ety and the Ohio State Medical Society. He 
has contributed largely to medical literature 
and to the history of the late Civil War. 
ISOM, Thomas 1)., of Oxford, Miss., was 
born in Maury county, Tenn., April 5, 1816. 
His early education was at country schools. 
He studied medicine at Transylvania Univer- 
sity, Lexington, Ky., and at Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, and graduated M. D. 
from the latter institution in 1839. In 1840 he 
established himself at Oxford, where he has 
practiced his profession for more than a half 
century. Dr. Isom was one of the earliest 
practitioners in the section where he settled 
to leave off venesection and other depletants 
in the treatment of febrile diseases of mala- 
rious and malignant type with which the 
country thereabout was scourged, and to suc- 
cessfully adopt the practice of administering 
large doses of quinine without regard to the 
preparatory treatment to rid the system of 
irritation. He was incited to the change by 
the non-success of the old methods in such 
cases, and adopted this procedure while at the 
Louisville Medical School, which he attended 
in 1841 for the purpose of still further prose- 
cuting his studies. Dr. Isom was a member of 
his State Convention in 1860, and surgeon of 
the Seventieth Mississippi Infantry at the be- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
242 
ginning of the War of the Rebellion, and 
opened the Mississippi Hospital at Warrenton, 
Va., in 1861; returned to Mississippi in the 
winter; in 1862 re-entered active service and 
had charge of several hospitals, and in 1863 
he was placed on the Army Examining Board. 
In 1876 he was elected president of the 
La Fayette County Medical Society of Missis- 
sippi, and has been an active member of the 
American Medical Association. 
IYES, Eli, of New Haven, Conn., was born 
there February 7, 1779, and died in that city, 
October 8, 1861. He was the son of Levi Ives, 
a skillful practitioner, a founder of the 
New Haven Medical Society, and one of the 
editors of Gases of Observation, which was 
reputed to be the first medical journal that 
was published in the United States. The sub- 
ject of this sketch was graduated at Yale, in 
1799, and for the next two years was rector of 
the Hopkins Grammar School, in New Haven. 
In the meantime he studied medicine, and in 
1801 began practice in association with his 
father, meeting with great success. In 1813, in 
connection with the elder Silliman, he secured 
the establishment of the Medical Department 
of Yale College, and was Professor of Materia 
Medica in that institution, from 1813 till 1829, 
and then occupied the Chair of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine and held this posi- 
tion for twenty-three years, resigning in 1852. 
He gave special attention to indigenous vegeta- 
ble remedies, and is said to have been one of 
the first to employ chloroform, having adminis- 
tered it in 1831, by inhalation, for the relief of 
a case of difficult respiration. He founded, 
and was for many years president of the hor- 
ticultural and pomological societies, and spent 
much time and labor in the maintenance of a 
botanical garden. He had been president of 
Connecticut State Medical Society and the 
American Medical Association; and was an 
active advocate of temperance, education and 
emancipation. He contributed valuable ar- 
ticles to the Journal of Science. His grandson, 
Charles L. Ives, was for several years a Pro- 
fessor of Theory and Practice of Medicine in 
Yale, and the author of an article on “Prophy- 
laxis of Phthisis Pulmonalis,” and a prize 
essay on the “Therapeutic Value of Mercury 
and its Preparations,” both of which were pub- 
lished by the Connecticut Medical Society. 
JACKSON, Abraham Reeves, of Chicago, 
111., son of Washington and Deborah (Lee) 
Jackson, was born in Philadelphia, June 17, 
1827, and died in the former city, November 
12, 1892. Graduating from the Central High 
School of Philadelphia, he began the study of 
medicine under Dr. John Wiltbank, subse- 
quently entered the medical department of 
Pennsylvania College, and in 1848 received 
from that institution his degree of M. D. After 
practicing for a year in Kresgeville, Munroe 
county, Pa., and for eight months in Colum- 
bia, Warren county, N. J., he established him- 
self in Stroudsburg, Pa., where he remained 
until 1870. In the summer of 1862 he was ap- 
pointed contract surgeon United States Army, 
and was made assistant medical director of the 
Army of Virginia. An attack of typhoid fever 
compelled him to return home. In 1867 he 
was appointed surgeon to the ship “Quaker 
City,” and in this capacity served on the trip 
made historic in Mark Twain’s “Innocents 
Abroad.” He was the original “My friend 
the Doctor” in that famous publication. Re- 
moving to Chicago in the spring of 1870, he 
made a specialty of surgical diseases of women. 
Soon after entering upon practice in that city, 
he conceived the idea of establishing a hospi- 
tal to be devoted exclusively to the treatment 
of diseases of this class. Enlisting the sup- 
port of many prominent men and women, he 
worked energetically to attain the desired end, 
and on September 1,1871, a charter was granted 
incorporating the Woman’s Hospital of the 
State of Illinois. Of this institution, imme- 
diately upon its opening, he was appointed 
surgeon-in-chief. In the winter of 1872 he was 
appointed lecturer on Gynecology in the Rush 
Medical College. In 1882 he became one of 
the founders of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Chicago, of which he was presi- 
dent up to the time of his death. He was a 
member of the Chicago Society of Physicians 
and Surgeons; member of the Chicago Medi- 
cal Society; fellow of the Chicago Academy 
of Sciences; member of the Chicago Medico- 
Historical Society; member of the Illinois 
State Medical Society; member of the Illinois 
State Microscopical Society, and corresponding 
member of the Boston Gynecological Society. 
At the time of his death he was president of 
the American Association of Gynecologists. 
In May, 1874, he was elected editor of the 
Chicago Medical Begister, published by the 
Medico-Historical Society, and with this, as 
also in leading professional periodicals, and in 
the transactions of the several societies of 
which he was a member, he published a num- 
ber of important papers and reports. Of these 
may be mentioned: “Successful Removal of 
Both Ovaries;” “Uterine Fibroid of Posterior 
Wall Successfully Removed ;” “Fibrous Tumor 
of Bladder Successfully Removed;” “Non- 
Ovarian Menstruation; ” Vesico-Vaginal Fis- 
tula, with Cases;” “Retroversion of the Un- 
impregnated Womb;” “Unsuccessful Attempt 
to Remove Fibrous Tumor of Anterior Wall of 
Uterus;” “On the Treatment of Fibrous Tu- 
mors of the Uterus by Hypodermic Injection 
of Ergotine;” “Remarks on Intro-Uterine 
Polypi;” “The Ovulation Theory of Menstru- 
ation—Will it Stand?” and many other able 
contributions during the last twenty-five years 
which have served to make his professional 
career prominent and familiar to all readers of 
medical literature. Dr. Jackson was one of 
the most highly esteemed and best beloved 
members of the medical profession in Chicago. 
He stood with the limited few on the top rung 
of the ladder in his specialty, becomingly ac- 
cepted the honors so freely bestowed upon 
him by his fellows, and in his departure they, 
as well as the laity, sustain the irreparable 
loss of a progressive leader. The immediate 
cause of his death was an apoplexy, which is 
believed to have been the sequence to a poi- 
soning of the system by an infective wound 
received while performing an operation some 
fifteen years previously. 
JACKSON, Edward, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born near West Chester, Pa., March 31, 
1856. He was the son of Halliday and Emily 
(Hoops) Jackson, descendants of early English 
settlers in the Province, and was educated in 
the Friends’ School at West Chester, and at 
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., where he 
graduated in the course on civil engineering, 
in 1874. He studied medicine with Dr. Morde- 
cai Price, of Philadelphia, and graduated from 
the Medical Department of the University of EMINENT' AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
243 
Pennsylvania, in 1878. After a term as assist- 
ant in the Philadelphia Dispensary, he engaged 
in general practice at West Chester. In 1885, 
he removed to Philadelphia, and restricted his 
practice to diseases of the eye. In the same 
year he became connected with the Philadel- 
phia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in 
Medicine, and in 1888 he was elected Professor 
of Diseases of the Eye in that institution. In 
1890 he was chosen one of the attending sur- 
geons at Will’s Eye Hospital. He is a member 
of the American Medical Association, and in 
1887 was elected Secretary of its Section on 
Ophthalmology. He is a member of the 
American Ophthalmological Society and Fel- 
low of the Philadelphia College of Physicians. 
He is American editor of the Ophthalmic lie- 
view, and has charge of the department of 
Ophthalmology in the American Journal of 
Medical Sciences. He has published a small 
work on the “Essentials of the Refraction and 
Diseases of the Eye,” and a large number of 
journal articles, among the more important of 
which are those on “Skiascopy, orthe Shadow 
Test;” the “Numbering and Decenting of 
Prisms;” “A New Form of Ophthalmoscope;” 
the “Symmetrical Aberration of the Eye,” 
and the “Extraction of Cataract.” 
JACKSON, George Thomas, of New York 
City, was born there December 19, 1852. His 
grandfather, Dr. Samuel Macauley, was a suc- 
cessful practitioner of medicine of old New 
York. Dr. Jackson was educated in private 
and public schools of New York City, and for 
a time in the College of the City of New York. 
His medical preceptors were Dr. J. W. War- 
ner and Dr. F. Delafield. He was graduated 
from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Columbia College in the class of 1878. He then 
entered Charity Hospital as interne, and aft- 
erwards (1879 and 1880), studied in Berlin, 
Vienna, and Strasburg. He began practice in 
New York City in 1881, and has been engaged 
in practice there ever since. After some three 
years of general practice he turned his atten- 
tion to dermatology, and has been engaged in 
that specialty about ten years. He was appointed 
Visiting Dermatologist to the Randall’s Island 
Hospitals in January, 1889, and Consulting 
Dermatologist to the Presbyterian Hospital in 
April, 1892, which positions he still holds. He 
has published “Diseases of the Hair and 
Scalp,” E. B. Treat, N. Y., in 1887; and “The 
Ready Reference Hand-book of Diseases of 
the Skin,” Lea Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, 
1892. He has contributed various papers to 
medical societies and current medical litera- 
ture ; besides doing editorial work and con- 
tributing book reviews for the New York Medi- 
cal Journal and The Journal of Cutaneous and 
Genito-JJrinary Diseases. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association, the New 
York Dermatological Society, the New York 
Academy of Medicine, and other societies. 
JACKSON, Samuel, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that'city March 22, 1787, and died 
there April 4, 1872. He was educated in the 
University of Pennsylvania, and was gradu- 
ated at its medical department in 1808. After 
conducting his father’s drug store for several 
years and serving as a private soldier in Dela- 
ware and Maryland during the campaign of 
1814, he established himself in the practice of 
medicine in his native city, and in 1820 became 
president of the Board of Health, making a 
special study of yellow fever. In 1821 he 
aided in organizing the Philadelphia College 
of Pharmacy, and became Professor of Mate- 
ria Medica, and held the position until 1826. 
In the following year he was chosen assistant 
to Professor Nathaniel Chapman in the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. In 1832, in antici- 
pation of an epidemic of Asiatic cholera, Dr. 
Jackson was placed at the head of a commis- 
sion of medical men that visited Canada, where 
the malady first appeared, and his reports were 
published in pamphlet form. During the 
prevalence of the disease in Philadelphia he 
had charge of one of the cholera hospitals in 
that city. In 1835 he was appointed Professor 
of the Institutes of Medicine in the University 
of Pennsylvania, and held this position for 
twenty-eight years, resigning his chair in 1863, 
and was then Emeritus Professor until his 
death. He acquired considerable reputation 
as a medical teacher, and made important con- 
tributions to the literature of his profession. 
As early as 1818 he read before the Academy 
of Sciences in Paris a paper entitled “Mediate 
Auscultation.” He was the author of “Princi- 
ples of Medicine,” published in 1832; a dis- 
course commemorative of Prof. Nathaniel 
Chapman, 1854, and numerous articles issued 
under the title of Medical Essays. He also, 
in 1855, wrote the introduction to J. C. Mor- 
ris’s “Translation of Lehmann’s Chemical 
Physiology.” 
J ACOBI, Abraham, of New York City, was 
born near Minden, Westphalia, North Ger- 
many, May 6, 1830. He was educated at the 
universities of Greifswald, Gottingen and 
Bonn, graduating in 1851. He was prosecuted 
for high treason and confined in Prussian 
State prisons from 1851 to 1853. He set- 
tled for a few months in Manchester, En- 
gland, and then came to New York and estab- 
lished himself there in general practice, and 
has been actively engaged in the same for the 
last forty years, and has become eminent. In 
iB6O he was made Professor of Diseases of 
Children in the New York College, held the 
same chair in the medical department of the 
University of the City of New York from 
1865 till 1870, and in 1870 became Clinical Pro- 
fessor of the Diseases of Children in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons. He has 
been president of the New York Pathological 
and Obstetrical Societies, and twice of the 
Medical Society of the County of New York. 
He has been visiting physician to the German 
Hospital since 1857; to Mount Sinai Hospital 
since 1860; to the Hebrew Orphan Asylum 
since 1868; and to Bellevue Hospital since 
1874. He is also consulting physician to the 
New York Skin and Cancer Hospital. In 1882 
he was president of the New York State Medi- 
cal Society and in 1885 became president of the 
New York Academy of Medicine. From 1868 
till 1871 he was joint editor of the American 
Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children. In 1873 he married Mary C. 
Putnam, the noted physician, medical author 
and teacher, of New York, who was the first 
woman admitted to the Ecole de Medicine, 
Paris, where she was graduated in 1871. His 
contributions to medical literature are volumi- 
nous and very valuable. Among them may be 
mentioned the following: “Inaugural Thesis,” 
written in Bonn in 1851; “De Vita Rerum 
Naturalium;” “Invagination of the Colon De- 
scendens in an Infant;” “On the Oxysulphu- 
ret of Antimony as an Expectorant;” “On EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
244 
the Etiological and Prognostic Importance of 
the Premature Closure of the Fontanels and 
Sutures of the Infantile Cranium,” 1858; “On 
Diphtheria,” I 860; “Dentition and its De- 
rangements;” “Clinic on Diseases of Chil- 
dren in the New York Medical College,” 1862; 
“Contributions to the Pathology and Thera- 
peutics of Croup,” 1868; “Some Unknown 
Causes of Constipation;” “On Congenital Sar- 
coma;” “On the Development of the Infant 
Brain,” 1869; “Contributions to the Pathol- 
ogy and Therapeutics of Diphtheria,” 1875; 
and of a “Treatise on Diphtheria,” in 1880. 
He contributed chapters on the care and nutri- 
tion of children, diphtheria and dysentery, to 
Gerhardt’s ‘ ‘ Handbuch der Kinderkrankeiten” 
(Tubingen 1877) also articles on some of the 
important affections of Childhood in Pepper’s 
“System of Practical Medicine,” and has pub- 
lished lectures and reports on midwifery and 
female and infantile diseases, and articles in 
medical journals. His “Sarcoma of the Kid- 
ney in the Fetus and Infant,” is printed in the 
transactions of the International Medical Con- 
gress at Copenhagen. 
JAMES, Thomas Chalkley, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city in 1766, and died 
there July 25, 1835. “He was of Welsh ances- 
try, and of that band of earnest, honest, Chris- 
tian men, followers of George Fox, who 
embraced the offers of perfect toleration made 
by William Penn, and making large purchases 
of land in the province of Pennsylvania, mi- 
grated with their families to the yet unex- 
plored wilderness to establish there amid the 
privations incident to the New World homes 
in which their posterity might hold in peace 
principles which in the Old World they were de- 
nied, privileges which they valued only less 
than their sense of duty to God. Agricultu- 
rists in the Old World, they retained their 
fondness for the same pursuits in the New; 
and a belt of outlying townships, to which 
they lovingly gave the familiar names of the 
different parts of the principality from which 
they severally came, still surround Philadel- 
phia, and transmit to succeeding generations 
the evidence of the source from whence their 
fathers sprang.” From this stock arose the 
James, Cadwalader, Lloyd, and other fami- 
lies, associated in each generation with the 
best society in Philadelphia, and furnishing 
to each the medical men, who discharged 
with fidelity the trust reposed in them. Dr. 
Caspar Morris, the friend and colleague of the 
subject of this sketch, has written that Abel 
James, the father of Dr. James, settled in 
Philadelphia, and became an active and suc- 
cessful merchant, one of the number of those 
whose privilege it was to give to the mercan- 
tile character of the city a position which cer- 
tainly has never been excelled. Enterprising 
in their undertakings, zealous in their efforts, 
honest in their principles, high-minded and 
honorable in their transactions, they earned 
for themselves a name, which was adorned by 
a modest and simple deportment, and a liberal 
and generous style of living, appropriate to 
the ample fortunes which were the fruit of 
their industry. The substantial city resi- 
dences, and spacious country mansions now 
swallowed up by the ever-increasing growth of 
the city, were not the only tokens of their 
taste. The choicest editions of the best au- 
thors of the period were imported freely, with 
the more bulky cargoes of the ships which 
crowded the wharves, and found among them 
a ready sale. Mr. James had collected what, 
at that time, would have been thought a hand- 
some private library, even in the mother coun- 
try ; thus proving the possession on his part of 
an elevated and refined taste, which he trans- 
mitted to his children, together with the ap- 
pliances for its cultivation. Holding the first 
rank among the merchants of Philadelphia, he 
cheerfully united with his fellow-citizens in 
the patriotic determination to sacrifice their 
present interests by resisting the encroach- 
ments on their liberties as Englishmen, made 
by the government of the day; and met the 
attempt at “taxation without representation” 
by the agreement to abstain from the impor- 
tation of the products of the industry of En- 
gland. When the struggle for independence 
took place, of resistance to oppression, Mr. 
James withdrew from the city to an estate in 
the vicinity belonging to his wife; where, ac- 
cording to contemporaneous testimony, “he 
found employment for half the village of 
Frankford in rebuilding the family-seat, 
where he kept open house and a plentiful 
table, at which the traveler was hospitably 
entertained, while the wandering beggar free- 
ly partook with the servants.” One of the 
popular legends of the Revolutionary War re- 
lates, that at the juncture when the fortunes of 
our country were at the lowest ebb, the Fed- 
eral treasury exhausted, and Washington, 
with a handful of men whose term of service 
had expired, was conducting his masterly re- 
treat through New Jersey before the forces of 
Lord Howe, he appealed to Congress for a cer- 
tain sum of hard money, which was absolutely 
essential to the existence of the army. Robert 
Morris, who was at the head of the committee 
on finance, meeting Mr. James in the street, 
was asked by him, “What news?” to which he 
replied, “The news is that I am in immediate 
want of a sum of hard money, and that you 
are the man who must procure it for me; your 
security to be my note of hand and my honor.” 
Though a “Friend” and non-combatant, Mr. 
James at once did what scarcely any other 
could have done, advanced the money and re- 
lieved the embarrassment of the country. 
The friend of Benjamin Franklin and a mem- 
ber of the American Philosophical Society, he 
was among the earliest and most prominent 
promoters of the many efforts for the improve- 
ment of the province which had their origin 
at that early period. He was a member of the 
Provincial Assembly, and as such was ap- 
pointed on a committee to examine the possi- 
bility of a project to establish a commercial 
connection with the northwestern country by 
the medium of a canal to unite the waters of 
the western lakes with those of the Delaware 
and Schuylkill; while the construction of 
bridges, lighthouses, and other means of pro- 
moting the facilities of access to the city, in 
which he took an active interest, proved his 
enlarged and liberal views. Such was the pa- 
ternal ancestry of Dr. James. His mother was 
a daughter of 'Thomas Chalkley, widely known 
as an eminent member and minister of the 
Society of Friends. Through both father and 
mother he inherited an honorable name, and 
from them he received an education and 
training in conformity with the principles 
which governed their own actions. He re- 
ceived a good classical education at the 
1 “Friends’ School,” where he was the pupil of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
245 
Robert Proud, the historian. It was the pur- 
pose of his parents to provide him with the 
most ample facilities for the cultivation of his 
powers, and he chose the medical profession 
as that which presented both a strong incen- 
tive to intellectual culture, and the widest 
field for the application of philanthropic en- 
ergy. Having completed his scholastic course 
he commenced his medical studies under the 
direction of Dr. Adam Kuhn, himself a pupil 
and friend of Linnfeus, and then Professor of 
the Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania. It had been the intention of 
his father, and his own hope, that he should 
prosecute his studies still further in the 
schools of Europe; but the proverbial vicissi- 
tudes of commerce, falling ever with most 
force upon the most enterprising in the pur- 
suit of business, prostrated the fortunes of 
his father; while his moth6r, with a high feel- 
ing of honor, willing to sacrifice everything to 
preserve the reputation of her husband for 
integrity, threw her own patrimony, which 
was handsome, into the fund for the liquida- 
tion of his indebtedness. Young James thus 
found himself at the very outset of his career 
called to imitate the virtues, and illustrate the 
principles which had been instilled into his 
childhood. The dissipation of his cherished 
hope only stimulated him to increased exer- 
tion. Instead of abandoning his plan for en- 
larging the stores of preparation, he took 
his degree of Bachelor of Medicine from the 
University in the year 1787, when he was only 
twenty-one years of age; and accepting the 
position of surgeon on board of an East India- 
man (of which the father of Prof. Alfred 
Stille was supercargo) bound to Canton, 
China, with which port the merchants of 
Philadelphia at that period carried on a large 
and lucrative trade, he, by a judicious mercan- 
tile adventure, secured the means for the ac- 
complishment of his cherished wish—to pros- 
ecute still further his medical studies; while 
he at the same time was promoting the same 
result by the opportunity thus afforded for ob- 
servation of foreign climes and manners, as 
well as by the experience of the year’s prac- 
tice of his profession. With the means thus 
acquired, he repaired to London about the 
year 1791, where he found his fellow-towns- 
man, Dr. Physick, pursuing his studies as a 
pupil of John Hunter, at St. George’s Hospi- 
tal. Dr. James entered himself as a pupil in 
a lying-in hospital, under the care of Dr. Os- 
borne and Dr. John Clark; and spent the 
winter of 1791-92 in London, in the study of 
his profession, while he also availed himself 
of the opportunities for elevating social inter- 
course which his parentage and connection 
presented. The following winter was spent in 
attendance upon the courses of the University 
of Edinburgh, though he did not remain to 
take a degree. Returning home, he reached 
Philadelphia during the summer of 1793, in 
time to participate in the anxieties, responsi- 
bilities, and perils of the fearful pestilence 
which, in the autumn of that year, devastated 
the city. A handsome piece of plate, pre- 
sented to him by the Welsh Society of Phila- 
delphia, as a token of their appreciation of his 
faithful services to their countrymen during 
that terrible epidemic, remains in his family 
to perpetuate the remembrance of his moral 
courage and professional skill. Dr. James was 
not prevented by his religious scruples from 
taking part in the patriotic movements of the 
day, or from serving the cause of his country 
in upholding its government and laws. When 
the young men of Philadelphia were called 
upon by General Washington, in 1794, to lend 
their aid in the suppression of the rebellion 
which first threatened the stability of the 
newly-formed Republic, Dr. James proffered 
his services, and ■ joined the army, which 
marched from Philadelphia to suppress the 
disturbance in the western counties of Penn- 
sylvania, which is known as the “Whiskey 
Insurrection.” He joined the expedition in 
the capacity of Surgeon of “McPherson’s 
Blues,” a corps d'elite of young gentlemen, 
who had promptly tendered their services at 
the request of their President. The expedi- 
tion was a bloodless one, from the force em- 
ployed, which overawed the insurgents; but it 
tried the spirits and endurance of these deli- 
cately educated youths, and sometimes sub- 
jected them to depression. “To dispel this in 
a measure, fell to the lot of Dr. James, who, 
upon a drum-head, wrote an inspiring song, 
which was set to music and sounded through 
the camp with renovating accents.” We thus 
find him fairly launched on his voyage of life. 
There are few things more important to the 
young aspirant after professional distinction 
than the knowledge of his adaptation to the 
one or the other of the several paths which 
lie open before him. The physician, the sur- 
geon, and the obstetrician are equally mem- 
bers of the noble brotherhood of medicine. 
But for entire success in either line, 
special qualities of mind are requisite. 
We have seen that Dr. James, when 
in London, availed himself of the best 
opportunities presented there for the ac- 
quisition of practical knowledge of the 
obstetric art. Midwifery had been taught 
in Philadelphia, it is true for many years, 
by Dr. Shippen, and more than one of 
the older physicians was specially devoted to 
that branch of the practice. The feelings and 
habits of the community had not yet, however, 
been brought into accordance with just views 
of its pre-eminent importance. The lives of 
mothers and infants, and the happiness of hus- 
bands and families, were too frequently sacri- 
ficed at the shrine of a spurious modesty, 
which demanded that the hour of the greatest 
human anguish, and that in which is con- 
centrated the sum of human hope, should be 
confined to the care and control of ignorance, 
too often combined with meddlesome and pre- 
tentious charlatanism, utterly without qualifi- 
cation to avert evil or afford relief. Dr. Dun- 
lap, who was then the principal obstetric practi- 
tioner, though especially devoted to that branch 
of practice, was too frequently called upon 
only when nature had failed, and ignorance 
had done her worst. He was, moreover, get- 
ting old. No man could have been found with 
higher qualifications to step into the breach, 
and place the flag of the profession triumph- 
antly on the high ground it has ever since sus- 
tained in this community than Dr. James. 
Perfect in his bodily proportions,possessing fea- 
tures of the purest style of manly beauty, from 
which radiated not only the expression of a 
highly gifted intellect, but the manifestations 
also of a kindly, generous, noble heart, he 
ever arrested the attention of the passing 
stranger as a citizen worthy of honor; while 
those who knew him most intimately prized EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
246 
him most highly, and found each added year 
of acquaintance, and every opportunity for 
more close and searching investigation of his 
character, to give additional assurance that he 
was one whose ingenuous nature had survived 
its contact with the world, and whose guileless 
truthfulness justified the confidence which was 
reposed in him by the entire community in 
which he dwelt. Bland and courteous in his 
manners, refined in his feelings, and delicate 
in his address, he carried with him a presence 
which invited the confidence of the female 
heart, and disarmed the repugnance to receive 
from the other sex the assistance which may 
be needed in the hour of maternal anguish, 
which innate modesty must always feel. His 
patient disposition was itself supported by the 
intellectual stores which he had accumulated, 
and which he could also render available to 
beguile the tedious hours of labor; while the 
tones of cheerful encouragement were mingled 
with expressions of sympathy, which at once 
soothed the fears and excited the hopes of the 
sufferer and her friends. At the foundation 
of these qualifications were others still more 
important. He was calm and dignified, and had 
that self-possession which can legitimately 
spring only from the consciousness of having 
devoted himself thoroughly to the study of 
his art, and of having, with untiring assiduity, 
rendered himself master of all the stores of 
knowledge which had been accumulated by the 
observation and thought of his predecessors. 
The extreme modesty of Dr. James led him 
ever to esteem more highly than he should 
have done, the merits of others when con- 
trasted with his own; but when thrown on his 
own responsibility, and left to the acting of his 
own mind, his powers were always equal to 
any emergency. Thus qualified for the post, 
he became the founder of the school of mid- 
wifery in this country. Dr. W. Shippen, Jr., 
had, it is true, annually delivered a few lectures 
on the subject, in connection with his course 
on anatomy; and, so early as 1797, Dr. W. P. 
Dewees had made an unsuccessful attempt to 
deliver a private course of lectures on the same 
branch. It was not, however, till after nearly 
ten years’ practice that Dr. James, in conjunc- 
tion with Dr. Church, delivered a complete 
course of lectures on the science of mid- 
wifery. In order to accomplish this object, he 
procured the establishment of a lying-in de- 
partment in the Hospital of the City Alms- 
house, accepting the onerous duty of attend- 
ance upon it, and admitted the students who 
attended his lectures, in sub-classes of three, 
to be present at each accouchement. With 
respect to these lectures, we are told that, “To 
render his teaching useful, Dr. James, assisted 
by Dr. Church, not only employed the usual 
modes of illustration, but zealously endeavored 
to instruct practically as well as theoretically.” 
So assiduous was Dr. James inthe prosecution of 
this undertaking, that he had no sooner closed 
the first course, on March 2, 1803, than he en- 
tered upon a second, beginning on the 10th of 
the same month. During three years, he con- 
tinued to deliver two courses annually. On 
the death of his first associate, Dr. Church, he 
formed a fresh alliance with one who was des- 
tined to an eminence as lofty in another 
branch as Dr. James had acquired in obstet- 
rics ; and who even then afforded unmistakable 
evidence of the ability and eloquence which 
placed him subsequently as professor of practice 
in the front rank of American teachers. Dr. 
Nathaniel Chapman was, during several years, 
the able and accomplished associate of Dr. 
James, in the delivery of his course of lectures, 
and contributed largely to promote the estab- 
lishment of the just claims of midwifery to 
stand on the same level with the other branches 
of the medical profession, an achievement for 
which we are chiefly indebted to Dr. James. 
On the death of Dr. Shippen, who held the 
Chair of Midwifery, in connection with that 
of Anatomy, Dr. Wistar, who had during 
many years been Adjunct Professor, was 
elected by the trustees of the University to 
fill the vacancy. Recognizing the importance 
of midwifery, and the necessity that it should 
receive more attention from the students than 
it would while it held a secondary rank, and 
was kept in an unnatural alliance with anato- 
my, Dr. Wistar communicated to the trustees 
of the university his views on the subject, and 
urged upon them the necessity of the erection 
of midwifery into a separate chair. It was 
not, however, till after the lapse of two more 
years (1811), with courses necessarily imper- 
fect, that the board acted upon this suggestion, 
and created a distinct professorship of mid- 
wifery. To this Dr. James, who had received 
the honorary degree of M. D. from the uni- 
versity, was appointed, with Dr. Chapman as 
assistant professor. Even then, however, so 
gradual is the advance of light, the attendance 
upon these lectures was left to the choice of 
the students, who were attracted by the dili- 
gent and faithful teaching of James and the 
brilliant eloquence of Chapman, though they 
were not obliged to submit to the examination 
of their knowledge on this subject in order to 
qualify themselves for the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine. Finally, in the year 1813, on the 
death of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who had held 
the Chair of Practice, Dr. Barton, Professor of 
Materia Medica, was advanced to the vacant 
chair, while Dr. Chapman was elected to that 
of Materia Medica, and Midwifery was placed 
on the same footing as the other chairs, with 
Dr. James as the sole incumbent. He was at 
this time in the maturity of his physical and 
intellectual power. His personal appearance 
was highly attractive, his knowledge of his 
subject as great as that of any contemporary, 
and it was his privilege to sustain fully the 
honor of the post assigned to him. His lect- 
ures were the product of careful study and 
diligent preparation. They contained an accu- 
rate analysis of all the knowledge which had 
been accumulated by the labors of Smellie, 
and Denman, and Burns, and Baudelocque, 
combined with the results of his own observa- 
tion and large experience. His manner of 
delivery was appropriate to the subject and the 
character of the man. There was a quiet, un- 
ostentatious simplicity which attracted the at- 
tention of the student and commanded his re- 
spect. Having thus secured, by long-contin- 
ued, patient and judicious effort, a proper 
appreciation of the value of obstetric science, 
Dr. James continued, during more than ten 
years, annually to interest, as well as to in- 
struct, the large and steadily increasing classes 
which frequented the halls of the University 
of Pennsylvania. But about the year 1825, the 
result of uninterrupted mental and bodily ex- 
ertion, pursued by night and by day with little 
intermission, began to be manifest. There 
was first a mere tremor of the muscles of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
247 
right arm. This soon extended to the body 
generally, and finally so impaired his utter- 
ance that it was with difficulty he could fill 
with his voice the amphitheater in which he 
lectured. Unwilling that the large classes of 
students which then frequented the University 
course should suffer any injury from his failing 
strength, Dr. James made application to the 
trustees to appoint an assistant, and Dr. W. 
P. Dewees, who had become possessed of a 
wide reputation as a lecturer on midwifery in 
the Medical Institute established under the 
auspices of Dr. Chapman, was appointed by 
them to that post. Upon him Dr. James grad- 
ually devolved the duties and honors of the 
chair, dividing with him the emoluments, un- 
til, in the year 1834, he resigned the professor- 
ship, from a conviction that his failing powers 
were inadequate to the toils and duties which 
were inseparable from it. The private prac- 
tice of Dr. James had long been large and 
select, and it could not be but that his patients 
were warmly and devotedly attached to him. 
The same motives which induced him to re- 
sign his public duties, impelled him now 
also to curtail his practice. He had been, 
first as physician and then as obstetri- 
cian, one of the medical staff of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital during twenty-five years. 
He well merited the encomium of the board, 
who, in accepting his resignation, tendered 
him “their acknowledgment for his long, faith- 
ful and useful labors, and assured him of their 
cordial regard and best wishes.” Dr. James 
was deeply interested in everything which had 
a tendency to promote the advancement of 
medical science, and after having served the 
Philadelphia College of Physicians in various 
official relations, he was elected president of 
that body on the death of Dr. Parke, an office 
which he held till his death. To that body he 
made occasionally verbal and written commu- 
nications on subjects which were always inter- 
esting and instructive. He was also associated 
with Drs. Hewson, Parrish and Otto, as editor 
of the Eclectic Repertory, which, during eleven 
years, disseminated among the medical men 
of this country important abstracts from for- 
eign journals and books, then not accessi- 
ble as now, while original papers on practical 
subjects were also added to the stores thus 
culled from other sources. The modest esti- 
mate of his powers, which was a strongly 
marked peculiarity of Dr. James, caused him 
to shrink from a large responsibility as a med- 
ical writer, and induced him to adopt as a 
text-book of his course of lectures the work of 
Dr. Burns, to the American editions of which 
he added many valuable notes, the expression 
of his own views as distinguished from those 
of the author. Almost every young man of 
refined taste and cultivated intellect has, at 
some period of his career, ventured either 
more or less into the field of literature. It 
was so with Dr. James and a select circle of 
his youthful associates. Minor poems and 
fugitive essays were published by him anony- 
mously in the periodicals of the day. They 
served to beguile the hours of youth, and to 
confer on him the reputation of a man of lit- 
erary acquirements. The same tastes and dis- 
positions were marked features in his charac- 
ter through life. He was always fond of read- 
ing, and sought his relaxation in the compan- 
ionship of books rather than in the social 
circle, from which he was too much inclined 
to withdraw himself. He thus maintained his 
familiarity with the Greek and Latin classics, 
was a good German and French scholar, and 
entered with the zest of congenial taste into 
the frequent perusal of the works of the best 
English writers of his own day as well as of 
the past. Botany was a favorite subject of 
study, to which he invited others by his pre- 
cept and example. In the history of our own 
country he took especial interest, and it was 
through his influence, and almost entirely by 
his fostering care, that the Pennsylvania His- 
torical Society was organized, with the design 
of gathering the scattered fragments of local 
history before they should be irrecoverably 
lost. In his private personal relations Dr. 
James was signally blessed. At an early pe- 
riod he was united in marriage to a lady in 
every way adapted to make happy that home 
to which he ever retired as the center of his 
delights and the focus of his affections. She 
was permitted to minister to his happiness and 
comfort during a period more prolonged than 
is generally allotted to this hallowed relation, 
and survived his death. The false assertion 
that medical men are prone to infidelity has 
been so often reiterated that it has passed 
into almost axiomatic acceptance. There is no 
foundation for the calumny. The loftiest men 
in our profession have been as prominent for 
their piety as they have been distinguished by 
their intelligence, ability, and professional 
attainments. An array of names might be 
presented, if this were the proper place to do 
so, carrying uninterruptedly, through each 
successive generation, the stream of those who 
have thus honored their nature by rendering 
honor to their God, It is no violation of pro- 
priety to record the fact that Dr. James was, 
in the strictest sense of the word, and in an 
eminent degree, a Christian man. Having 
been made sensible, by personal experience, 
of the necessities of his nature, he investigated 
carefully the relations of man to his Creator, 
and accepted, with the full assurance of intel- 
ligent faith, the offers of the Gospel as the 
only ground on which man can rest his ac- 
ceptance with God. Not satisfied with this, 
he scrutinized with diligence the various 
diversities which mark the profession of this 
faith, and recognizing the common foundation 
of them all, in active relief in the merits of a 
divine Savior and the atonement of the Son of 
God, he clung to this as his own hope through 
life; and most truly did he adorn the doctrine, 
by his effort to imitate the character of Christ. 
It would be impossible to catalogue and ar- 
range his virtues for display, or to analyze 
them for investigation. They may be summed 
up in the language of inspiration. He had 
“his fruit unto holiness.” His philanthropy 
was extensive, embracing in its affections all 
the various human interests which claim the 
sympathy of man. Yet was it limited in its 
application by that discretion which is neces- 
sary to give practical value to what, without 
it, becomes a mere fruitless sentiment; or, 
what is worse, an erratic misapplication of 
power. He bestowed his pecuniary means 
with an unsparing hand. We may not raise 
the veil which he himself gathered in careful 
folds over the ceaseless daily operations of his 
charity, which, as a living principle, was ever 
renewed in its inexhaustible supply, and dif- 
fused daily its gentle and refreshing streams, 
causing joy and gladness to follow in his path. 248 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
There was no relation—as husband, father, 
friend, citizen, or man—which he did not 
adorn by the active virtues appropriate to each. 
Such was he in life; and when that life drew 
to a close, it was with the mellowed light and 
rich drapery of the departing day, perfect in 
its beauty, awful in its majesty, sublime in its 
truthful simplicity. After years of feeble 
health, borne with the patience of a Christian 
man, and some weeks of active disease, the 
sure precursor of dissolution, he called to his 
bedside those medical friends who had minis- 
tered, as best they could, to his necessities, 
and with calm composure addressed to them 
his sincere thanks for what he was pleased to 
call their skillful and assiduous care; and then, 
recognizing the steady and near approach of 
the end of the relation which thus subsisted 
between them and himself, expressed his de- 
sire that they should sustain him in the hour 
of dissolution, adding, “It is a fearful thing, a 
very fearful thing, to change this state of exist- 
ence, but my trust is not in works of righteous- 
ness that I have done, but in the mercy of God 
in the face of Jesus Christ.” Thus, with 
characteristic abnegation of all personal merit, 
and with firm faith in his Redeemer, he passed 
from this world. 
1871, and having passed a successful competi- 
tive examination, served as one of the physi- 
cians of the hospital for one year. In 1872 
Dr. Jameson returned to Indianapolis and 
entered into practice with his uncle, Dr. P. 11. 
Jameson, and Dr. David Funkhouser, both 
leading physicians. This arrangement lasted 
for about ten years, when the uncle and 
nephew formed their present partnership. Im- 
mediately on beginning practice, young Dr. 
Jameson was elected Demonstrator of Chem- 
istry in the old Indiana Medical College. In 
1876, when the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons was organized, he was elected to fill the 
Chair of Chemistry, and held this position 
two years, when he was elected Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the same 
institution, and on its consolidation with the 
reorganized Medical College of Indiana, he 
was assigned to the Chair of Chemistry once 
more. Dr. Jameson in succession filled chairs 
in Obstetrics and Diseases of Children and 
Practice of Medicine, and has, since 1889, held 
the Chair of Clinical Medicine. He is popular 
both with his students and his colleagues in 
the profession, and is widely recognized as a 
successful teacher in his department. In the 
earlier years of Dr. Jameson’s practice he was 
an enthusiastic student of chemistry and mi- 
croscopy. His knowledge of these studies, 
and especially the former, caused him to be 
much sought after over his State in matters 
involving medical jurisprudence, in the way of 
making analysis in criminal cases and as an 
expert witness. He has perhaps been called 
on to testify in. a larger number of important 
cases in his State than any other physician or 
scientist of his age. Among the large number 
of these was the Lewis Lumpkin case, in 
which Ex-President Harrison was employed 
in the defense, and in which his client was 
acquitted, and others which attracted much 
interest in legal and other circles. Before a 
large and constant practice, added to his duties 
of professor, so closely monopolized Dr. 
Jameson’s time and energies, he had become 
noted for his researches with the microscope, 
and was of service in making a more extended 
use of the same in medical and general science. 
While teaching in the Medical College of In- 
diana, he devised an original apparatus for 
illustrating in the class-room, in a practical 
manner, the phenomenon of the total reflection 
of light. This apparatus was of sufficient 
merit to attract general attention, and was 
adopted by the Stevens’ Institute of Technol- 
ogy for the purpose of illustrating this princi- 
ple to the classes. Dr. Jameson was also the 
first to introduce in medical teaching the 
method of projecting by the electric lantern 
objects for illustration before the class. He 
was one of the organizers of the American 
Society of Microscopists, in which Indianapo- 
lis may justly claim the greater share of credit 
for its initial success. Of this, Dr. Jameson 
was secretary for a term and a leading spirit 
for years. He is a member of the consulting 
staff of the St. Vincent and City Hospitals and 
City Dispensary, and a member of the Marion 
County and Indiana State Medical Societies, 
of the American Medical Association and also 
of numerous social organizations. His widely 
known skill and success as a physician, his 
genial disposition, untiring industry and ca- 
pacity to perform a large amount of continu- 
ous labor through sleepless nights, without loss 
y/'e'n'i'y' . 
JAMESON, Henry, of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born in Marion county, that State, Sep- 
tember 9,1848. He is of English descent, and 
is a son of the late Alexander Jameson, a man 
noted for his integrity and business capacity, 
who served the people as county commissioner 
for a number of terms, and was one of the 
board which built the splendid court-house of 
Marion county, one of the most attractive 
architectural features of Indianapolis. The 
subject of this sketch was educated at Butler, 
then known as the Northwestern Christian 
University, from which he graduated in 1869. 
He then studied medicine, and attended Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College, New York, 
where he received his medical degree in March, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
249 
of good nature or ability to cheer and encour- 
age his patients by his presence, are traits of 
character which have added largely to his pro- 
fessional and social popularity. 
JAMESON, Patrick Henry, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Jefferson county, that State, 
April 18, 1824. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. 
Having received for the times a good educa- 
tion, he came to Indianapolis in September, 
1843, where he taught school for several years, 
during which time he began the study of med- 
icine with the late Dr John 11. Sanders. He 
graduated from the Jefferson Medical College 
of Philadelphia, March, 1849, and immediate- 
ly after located in Indianapolis, where he has 
since busily and continuously practiced. None 
of his confreres have prescribed oftener, or 
visited more patients than he; and none have 
remained so many years active in the profes- 
sion. In the early years of his practice he 
encountered both Asiatic cholera and an epi- 
demic of dysentery, which prevailed generally 
and was very fatal. At this time he was first 
author of an address on “Scientific Medicine 
in its Relations with Quackery,” published in 
the Indiana Medical Journal, 1871. From 1861 
to 1868, he was a commissioner or trustee of 
the Indiana Hospital for the Insane. From 
April, 1861, to March, 1866, he was surgeon in 
charge of the unorganized United States 
troops in quarters for the Military Post of 
Indianapolis. From January 1, 1863, to 
March, 1866, acting assistant surgeon United 
States Army in the same service. From 1861 
to 1869 he was physician for the Indiana Insti- 
tute for the Deaf and Dumb. From 1869 to 
1879, was president of the several boards of 
the benevolent institutions of Indiana. The 
holding of this office made him a member of 
the three boards, which respectively managed 
the Hospital for the Insane, the Institute for 
the Deaf and Dumb, and that for the Blind. 
To this responsible and important office he 
was twice re-elected by the State legislature 
for the term of four years. From 1863 to 1869 
he was a member of the common council of 
Indianapolis. As such he took an active part 
in all its affairs. As chairman of the commit- 
tee on revision of ordinances in 1865 he made 
a complete revision of the city laws which was 
then published in book form. From 1865 to 
1869 he was chairman of the finance committee 
of the council. Under his guidance and by 
the aid of his associates such levies and ex- 
penditures were made as restored the depreci- 
ated credit of the city and cleared it of a 
heavy debt by the close of his term. As the 
chairman of a special committee for that pur- 
pose, he devised an original plan for the 
establishment and conduct of the City Hospi- 
tal. This was embodied in an ordinance 
drafted and reported by him, which was 
passed by the council May 2, 1866. This plan 
was a new departure, in that it authorized a 
resident medical superintendent, something 
then not in vogue, but which seems to have 
worked well, as it has ever since been con- 
tinued. In 1872-73 the legislature by a law 
then enacted made him ex-officio, a member of 
a provisional board to erect a hospital for the 
insane women, in connection with the Hospi- 
tal for the Insane near Indianapolis. He was 
by the terras of this act associated with the 
late Governor Thomas A. Hendricks and cer- 
tain other State officers for the purpose indi- 
cated. To provide the means for this work, 
an appropriation of six hundred thousand 
dollars was made by the State. He was cho- 
sen treasurer of this board and had custody 
of its funds. Under its direction the build- 
ings of the magnificent institution now known 
as the Indiana Central Hospital for the Insane 
was completed. No State officer ever labored 
so long as he, or more earnestly or effectively 
for the good of the unfortunate insane of Indi- 
ana. He has for thirty years or more been a 
director of Butler University; was the sole 
agent for the sale of its large real estate prop- 
erty in Indianapolis, and for the erection of 
its buildings at Irvington. While president 
of its board he effected a union between it 
and the Indiana Medical College which con- 
tinued several years. As one may easily infer 
from the foregoing, Dr. Jameson is a man of 
affairs, well versed as to business methods. 
He has long enjoyed a well earned competency. 
In philosophy he is an optimist. He thinks 
things are pretty good already, and slowly, 
but certainly growing better. He accepts 
to observe a malignant and fatal form of 
anaemia, which affected women in the 
latter months of gestation. He is a charter 
member of the Indiana Medical Society, 
founded in 1849; also of the Indianapolis local 
society of which he was president in 1876, He 
has also been connected with several other 
like organizations. Of his published writings 
are: “The Commissioner’s Annual Reports 
for' the Indiana Hospital for the Insane,” 
from 1861 to 1879 inclusive; and also sevei’al 
similar reports for the Institute for the Deaf 
and Dumb, and the Institute for the Blind; 
all of which were published by the State. He 
also presented a paper to the Indiana Medical 
Society on “Veratrum Yiride in Typhoid and 
Puerperal Fevers,” which was published in 
the proceedings of 1859, and almost entirely 
republished in the American Journal of the 
Medical Sciences of that date. He is also the 250 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the cardinal truths of the Bible; loves a good 
man or a good deed, but dislikes bigotry and 
cant, and above all that limited class of noisy 
religionists who “say and do not” and other 
like shams. While the Doctor is not a spe- 
cialist, he is quite well versed in all branches of 
medicine. The specialist was not available in 
his earlier years, and like the physicians of 
that time, he was compelled to treat all kinds 
of ailments. More laterly, however, he has 
preferred the general practice and has gladly 
consigned to specialists such of his cases as 
belong to them ; but he still thinks the highest 
medical skill consists in the ability to treat a 
dangerous case of acute disease so as to give 
the patient the best chances of a perfect and 
speedy recovery. As a practitioner he is rather 
conservative, preferring established methods 
and agencies to those of doubtful utility. It 
has been his aim to be progressive without 
being empirical. His deportment in the sick 
room is quiet, kindly, cheerful and reassuring, 
but never gushing. He is deservedly popular, 
both in his profession and out of it. In society 
his manners are affable and unostentatious, 
but at times somewhat diffident and con- 
strained. The accompanying plate is from a 
photograph taken in 1893. He is quite active 
and well preserved for one of his age. He 
has been most happy in his domestic relations. 
On June 20, 1850, he was married to Maria 
Butler, a daughter of the late Ovid Butler, 
a prominent lawyer, and the founder of But- 
ler University. This union remains unbroken. 
He has two living daughters, Mrs. John M. 
Judah, of Memphis, and Mrs. Orville Peck- 
ham of Chicago, and one son, Ovid Butler 
Jameson, a well known attorney of Indianapo- 
lis. His character and standing as a physi- 
cian are high, and he is regarded as a useful 
and enterprising citizen. 
JANE WAY, Edward Gh, of New York City, 
was born August 31,1841, in Middlesex county, 
N. J. He was educated at Rutgers College, 
New Jersey, from which he graduated in 1860, 
after which he served as acting medical cadet 
United States Army, during 1862 and 1863, at 
one of the military hospitals in Newark, N. J., 
and pursued his professional studies at the 
New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
graduating in 1864. He then settled in New 
York City, where he has become eminent in 
the practice of his profession. He is a mem- 
ber of the New York County Medical Society, 
of which he was censor in 1873; of the New 
York Pathological Society, of which he was 
vice-president in 1874; of the New York Med- 
ical Journal Association, of which he was 
president in 1876; of the New York Public 
Health Association, and of the American Pub- 
lic Health Association. In 1875 he was ap- 
pointed health commissioner for the city of 
New York, and held this position until 1882. 
He was Professor of Pathological Anatomy in 
the University Medical College, New York, in 
1869. From 1868 to 1871 he was Visiting Phy- 
sician to the Charity Hospital, New York, and 
from 1870 to 1874 to the Hospital for Epilep- 
tics and Paralytics, as he has been to the 
Bellevue Hospital since 1871, and also one of 
the Pathologists to that institution from 1867 
to the present time. He likewise delivered a 
course of lectures on materia medica and ther- 
apeutics at the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College from 1873 to 1876. He then became 
Professor of Pathological Anatomy and His- 
tology, Diseases of the Nervous System and 
Clinical Medicine. In 1881 he added the in- 
struction in principles and practice of medi- 
cine to his duties. As a diagnostician his 
reputation is second to no other physician in 
this country, and his consulting practice is 
quite extensive. His principal contributions 
to medical literature consist of articles in the 
medical journals of New York; of an article 
(of which he is joint author) in the Bellevue 
Hospital Transactions, concerning the autop- 
sies made in that institution; of an article on 
“Leucocythsemia,” in the New York Medical 
Becord, 1876, and of a clinical lecture on 
“Points in the Diagnosis of Hepatic Affec- 
tions.” 
JARYIS, George C., of Hartford, Conn., was 
born of New England parentage, April 24, 
1834. He received his general education at 
the public schools and Military Academy, 
Norwich, Vt., and at Trinity College, Hart- 
ford. After reading medicine under his father, 
Dr. G. 0. Jarvis, he attended the University 
of the City of New York, at which institution 
he was graduated M. D. in 1860. He first es- 
tablished himself at Stamford, Conn., where 
he remained until the commencement of the 
War of the Rebellion. He then entered the 
National army and served as surgeon in field 
and hospitals throughout the war, being in 
Virginia from December, 1861, till October, 
1862; in the Department of the South, in 
charge of post and general hospitals at Fer- 
nandina and St. Augustine, Fla., and in the 
siege at Morris Island, till April, 1864; in the 
Grant campaign about Richmond and at Pe- 
tersburg, Va., to December, 1864, where he 
served as operating surgeon for flying hospi- 
tals of the tenth, eighteenth and twenty- 
fourth army corps; at Fort Fisher, as chief of 
operating staff, and Avas subsequently in charge 
of exchanged Union prisoners at Northeast Sta- 
tion, near Wilmington, N. C., and was in charge 
of the general hospital at that place. In 1866 he 
married Martha, daughter of George Gillum, 
Esq., of Portland, Conn. Dr. Jarvis has served 
as State Examiner at the medical department 
of Yale College for many years; as Visiting 
Surgeon at the Hartford Hospital, and as presi- 
dent of the United States Examining Board 
for Pensions, at Hartford. 
JEFFRIES, B. Joy, of Boston, Mass., and 
of New England parentage, was born in that 
city, March 26, 1833. He Avas educated at the 
Boston Latin School, and graduated at Harv.ard 
University, in 1854. He also studied medicine 
in the Medical Department of the same insti- 
tution, and from Avhich he Avas graduated 
M. D. in 1857. His medical education and 
training was supplemented by tAvo years’ 
study in the leading schools and hospitals of 
Europe, after which he established himself in 
his native city, and devoted especial attention 
to diseases of the eye and diseases of the skin. 
Dr. Jeffries is a member of the Massachusetts 
Medical Society, and of the American Oph- 
thalmological Society; also of the Boston So- 
ciety of Medical Observation, and of the Boston 
Society of Natural History. Among his more 
important contributions to medical literature 
may be mentioned: “The Eye in Health and 
Disease,” 1871; “Animal and Vegetable Para- 
sites of the Human Hair and Skin,” 1872; 
“Boylston Prize Essays on Diseases of the 
Skin;” “Enucleation of the Eye-ball;” and 
“Cases of Cataract Operations.” He has held EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
251 
the position of Ophthalmic Surgeon to the 
Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirm- 
ary, and the same position to the Carney Hos- 
pital and to the New England Hospital for 
Women and Children. 
JENKS, Edward W., of Detroit, Mich., was 
horn in Victor, N. Y., March 31, 1833. His 
father, Nathan Jenks, of New England, of 
Quaker ancestry, emigated to Indiana in 1843, 
where he founded a town called “Ontario,” 
and endowed a collegiate institute called “La 
Grange Collegiate Institute.” Young Jenks 
received his academic education there, and 
attended lectures in the medical department of 
the New York University in 1852, and at the 
Castleton Medical College, Vermont, in 1855, 
at which time he received his medical degree 
from the latter institution. He also, in 1864, 
received the ad eundem degree of M. D. from 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, 
and settled in Detroit, Mich., where he has 
since remained. Dr. Jenks had, prior to this, 
practiced his profession in Ontario, Ind., and 
Warsaw, N. Y. He was one of the founders 
of the Detroit Medical College, in 1868, and 
became president of the faculty and Professor 
of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. From 
1871 till 1875 he was Professor of Surgical Dis- 
eases of Women in Bowdoin College, Me. He 
has also been Surgeon to the Gynecological 
Department of St. Mary’s Hospital and St. 
Luke’s Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to 
the Woman’s Hospital of Detroit. He is a 
member of numerous medical societies, the 
American Medical Association, and was presi- 
dent of the Detroit Academy of Medicine in 
1870, and of the Michigan State Medical Soci- 
ety in 1874. He was formerly editor of the 
Detroit Review of Medicine. In recognition of 
his eminent medical attainments, the degree 
of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Albion 
College, in 1878. He was appointed to the 
Chair of Medical and Surgical Diseases of 
Women in the Chicago Medical College, and 
moved to that city in 1879, but on account of 
climatic difficulties, returned with his family 
to Detroit in 1884. He is now Professor of 
Gynecology in the Michigan College of Med- 
icine and Surgery. He is the author of 
numerous contributions to professional litera- 
ture, including “Report of a Successful Case 
of Cesarean Section,” 1877, “Practice of 
Gynecology in Ancient Times,” 1882, and 
“New Mode of Operating for Fistula in Ano,” 
1883. He is one of the authors of “American 
System of Practical Medicine,” edited by Dr. 
Wm. Pepper, 1885, and of the “American 
System of Gynecology,” 1887. Dr. Jenks is 
regarded as one of the leading gynecologists 
of Detroit, having devoted special attention to 
that field of practice during the last thirty 
years. 
JENNINGS, Roscoe G., of Little Rock, Ark., 
was born in Leads, Me., June 11, 1833. His 
English ancestry, settled in this country 
near the close of the seventeenth century. 
His early education was received under the 
instruction of Gen. O. O. Howard, at the 
Wayne High School, and he was also a student 
at Monmouth Academy and Kent’s Hill Sem- 
inary, in his native State. In 1853, he entered 
the office of Alonzo Garcelon, M. D., at Lewis- 
ton, with whom he pursued his professional 
studies until he graduated. He attended 
Dartmouth College and the Medical School of 
Maine, receiving his medical degree from the 
latter institution, in 1856. Soon after which he 
settled in Lapeer, Mich., where he practiced 
his profession about a year, when he removed 
to Arkansas. Duringthe War of the Rebellion 
he was surgeon of the Twelfth Arkansas In- 
fantry, and was division surgeon of Gen. J. R. 
Jackson, of the United States Army. In 
1864 he was contract surgeon United States 
Army,at St. John’s Hospital,Officer’s Hospital, 
Small-pox Hospital,and the Refugee and Freed- 
men’s Hospital. In 1865, he was appointed 
United States examining surgeon for pensions, 
and was Surgeon-General of Arkansas, during 
the State revolution, in 1874. He was alderman 
of the city of Little Rock, and a director of 
the Merchants’ National Bank for several 
years, and its vice-president in 1870. He has 
been engaged in the general practice of med- 
icine and surgery in the city of his present 
residence since 1864. He is a member of nu- 
merous medical societies, including the State 
Medical Society of Arkansas and the American 
Medical Association, and has been secretary 
of the former organization. He is Secretary 
of the Medical Department of the Arkansas 
Industrial University, and Professor of 
Clinical Surgery and Dermatology in that in- 
stitution. lie is the author of various papers 
contributed to medical journals, and of works 
relating to the sanitary condition and vital 
statistics of his adopted city and State. 
JOHNSON, Hosraer Allen, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in a town called Wales, near Buffalo, 
N. Y., October 22, 1822, and died at his home 
in the winter of 1891. He lived in his native 
village until about ten years of age, enjoying 
those advantages for early boy life which 
spring from a home filled with elevating influ- 
ences, and from contact with the phenomena 
of rural nature. “It was interesting to note 
how this early study of the beautiful in nature 
acted like a lofty education, and impressed 
itself on the whole tone of his mind. Near 
his early home there is a hill range of consid- 
erable height. Its rocks are carved by streams 
into gorges, decorated with mosses and wild 
flowers and crowned with woods. Here the 
boy, Hosmer Johnson, used to wander and 
climb, studying the beauty of the views, and 
filling his memory with pictures which tinted 
all his after life and were never effaced by the 
larger views of other regions. Here he learned 
to love nature, and to realize how its magnifi- 
cence typifies the glory of its Creator. These 
sentiments never died out. On the contrary, 
they strengthened with his growth, and helped 
to form in him that pure and elevated taste 
which gave such a charm to his whole career. 
It was this which caused him to select a scien- 
tific profession, as well as to study nature for 
a recreation. He traversed wild rivers in a 
canoe, sleeping in the forests; he climbed the 
White Mountains on foot, and rolling himself 
in a blanket, slept under the stars with a 
friend or two at his side. The same feeling 
led him to explore Switzerland, California, 
Colorado and the mountains about Puget’s 
Sound.” These memories prompted him when 
he assisted to found the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences and the Astronomical Society, as well 
as the Historical Society, and led him to say 
and do all he could to encourage the study 
of natural objects. Such results are worthy 
of thought at a period when the growth of 
cities is more and more shutting men out of 
nature. Perhaps if we could bring more chil- 252 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
dren under the influences which molded the 
youth of Johnson, we would have more such 
men in after life. “At the age of about ten 
years he removed to Almont, Mich., and helped 
cut a farm out of the woods, at a time when 
wolves and Indians were far more abundant 
than civilized beings. During this period an 
attack of sickness left him with an irritation 
of the bronchial tubes which never fully left 
him, and caused many of his acquaintances to 
suppose for fifty years that he was on the verge 
of consumption. There was, however, not the 
slightest tendency to tuberculosis in any part 
of his body, but the pulmonary irritation sub- 
jected him to repeated attacks of pneumonia, 
and it was one of these which at last caused 
his death at the age of sixty-eight years. In 
his early manhood he expected only a short 
life, and scarcely dreamed of attaining the age 
which he finally reached.” In the year 1841 
he entered an academy at Romeo, Mich., where 
he prepared for college, and then entered the 
University of Michigan, from which he grad- 
uated in 1849. His educational career showed 
a remarkable talent for the acquisition of 
languages, both ancient and modern, and he 
studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Ger- 
man, Italian, and, to some extent, Spanish. 
In his boyhood he also picked up, from the 
surrounding Indians, a considerable practical 
knowledge of the Ojibway tongue. Three 
years after taking his degree of A. B. he re- 
ceived the degree of A. M., and at a later 
period that of LL. D. After graduation he 
went to Chicago and commenced the study of 
medicine under the supervision of Prof. Her- 
rick. In 1851 he became the first interne 
of Mercy Hospital, and in 1852 graduated in 
Rush Medical College. In 1853 he became a 
member of the faculty, and continued with it 
until 1858, when he resigned. Not long after 
his resignation he united with a few others in 
founding the Chicago Medical College, in 
which he was a professor and trustee from the 
beginning to the day of his death, and was the 
first president of the faculty. He was for some 
years editor of the Northwestern Medical Journal, 
and afterwards a member of the City, State and 
National Boards of Health. During the War 
of the Rebellion he was commissioned by 
the Governor, with the rank of major, as one 
of the board for examining surgeons and as- 
sistant surgeons for the Illinois regiments, and 
such was the faithfulness of the board that the 
medical officers of Illinois were conspicuous in 
the whole army for their thorough knowledge 
and their humane and skillful conduct on the 
field of battle. It is said that as member and 
president of this board, he examined for ap- 
pointment over one thousand physicians. In 
examining assistant surgeons for promotion, 
he had to traverse the field of war, and his 
duties brought him occasionally under fire, at 
which times he showed his skill as an operator 
and as a manager of field ambulance service. 
After the great Chicago fire, Dr. Johnson was 
one of the chief managers of the Relief and 
Aid Society, which distributed millions of dol- 
lars of property among the sufferers. Dr. 
Johnson was much more than simply an emi- 
nent physician. He was a magnificent man, 
possessing a clear, trenchant intellect, and a 
great and noble heart. His reputation is with- 
out spot and his honor without stain. 
He married Miss Margaret Seward, a rela- 
tive of the New York statesman, William H. 
Seward. He had two children, of whom only 
one survived him, Dr. Frank S. Johnson, Pro- 
fessor of Pathology in Chicago Medical Col- 
lege. 
Not all the good of earth die young: 
Of him no truthful tongue spoke ill; 
And praises to his gentle skill 
By twice ten thousand hearts are sung. 
JOHNSON, Joseph Taber, of Washington, 
D. C., was born in Lowell, Mass., June 30, 
1845. He is a son of Rev. Lorenzo Dow John- 
son, he is a descendent of John Alden, who 
came to this country in the May Flower, and 
is also descended from Revolutionary ancestors, 
and is a member of the Society of the Sons 
of the American Revolution. His attendance 
at Columbian University was interrupted by 
the war in 1861, but he was awarded the hon- 
orary degree of A. M., in 1869. He received 
the degree of M. D. from the Medical De- 
partment of Georgetown University, in 1865, 
and from the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege in 1867. He held the position of acting- 
assistant surgeon United States Army, and 
was assigned to the Freedmen’s Hospital after 
the close of the war, and for three years was 
Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children in the Howard University, in 
Washington. In 1870, he visited Europe, and 
spent much time in the Hospitals of Dublin, 
Edinburgh, London, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. 
He passed his examination before Professor 
Carl Braun, in Vienna, and received a diploma 
for proficiency in obstetric operations, in 1871, 
since which date he has practiced his profes- 
sion in Washington, making a specialty of ob- 
stetrics and gynecology. He has been con- 
nected with many of the city hospitals and 
dispensaries; was surgeon to the Columbia 
Hospital for Women, which he reorganized in 
1891, and from which he resigned in 1892. He 
is at present Gynecologist to the Providence EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
253 
Hospital; Consulting Gynecologist to the 
Emergency Hospital and Central Dispensary; 
President of the Woman’s Dispensary; in 
charge of his own private Hospital for Gyn- 
ecological and Abdominal Surgery; and Profes- 
sor of Gynecology in Medical Department of the 
University of Georgetown, in which he has 
lectured since 1874. He is a Fellow of the 
American Gynecological Society, of which he 
was one of the founders, and was its secretary 
and editor of its Transactions for three years; 
Fellow of the Southern Surgical and Gyneco- 
logical Society; Fellow of the British Gyneco- 
logical Society; of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society; of the Virginia Medical Society; 
American Medical Association; Medical Soci- 
ety and Medical Association of the District of 
Columbia; Washington Obstetrical and Gyne- 
cological Society, of which he was president 
for two years; he was also president of the 
Medical Society of the District of Columbia, 
and Alumni Societies of his two Alma Maters; 
member of the Philosophical and Anthropo- 
logical Society of the District of Columbia, 
and received the Degree of Doctor of Philoso- 
phy from Georgetown University, in 1890. He 
is author of many papers, addresses, and re- 
ports of important cases, mostly on subjects 
relating to his specialty. Dr. Johnson has 
opened the abdomen over 300 times. In May, 
1873, he married Edith Maud, daughter of Pro- 
fessor William F. Bascom, of Washington, D. 
C. and they have a family of five children. 
JOHNSTON, William W., of Washington, 
D. C., was born in that citjr December 28,1843. 
Having studied medicine under the preceptor- 
ship of his father, the late Dr. Wm. P. John- 
ston, he attended the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, from which institution he received his 
medical degree in 1865. He was for twelve 
months resident physician in Bellevue Hospi- 
tal, New York, and was for six months in the 
Charity Hospital and other institutions on 
Blackwell’s Island. He then went to Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, and became clinical assistant 
to Prof. I. Hughes Bennett, and also assistant 
to Dr. T. Grainger Stewart, Pathologist to the 
Royal Infirmary. Afterward he pursued his pro- 
fessional studies in Paris, and in 1868 returned 
to Washington and established himself in 
practice. He is a member of the Royal Medi- 
cal Society of Edinburgh; of the Medical So- 
ciety of the District of Columbia, was secre- 
tary of the latter in 1870, and is a member of 
the Philosophical Society of Washington; 
American Medical Association; American 
Association of Physicians, and American Cli- 
matological Association. Dr. Johnston has 
been the Professor of the Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine in the Medical Department 
of the Columbian University since 1871, and 
has been Consulting Physician to the Chil- 
dren’s, Garfield, and Emergency Hospitals for 
many years. 
JONES, John, was born in Jamaica, N. Y., 
in 1729, and died in Philadelphia, Pa., June 
23, 1791. He was a son of Dr. Edward Jones, 
one of the earliest colonial physicians, and a 
grandson of Dr. Thomas Wynne. Both of 
these ancestors were Welsh physicians, who 
came over with William Penn in 1682, and 
were men of the best education that their day 
could offer. Both were active practitioners of 
physic, and lived to hold many offices of 
political trust and honor in their adopted 
country. Dr. John Jones went abroad early 
and again at a later date, and was educated 
professionally at the medical schools and 
hospitals of London, Paris, Leyden and Edin- 
burgh, where he became acquainted with the 
most eminent contemporary professors. In 
England he was a warm friend of Hunter and 
Potts. On his return after a long sojourn in 
Europe, he settled in New York. In 1755 he 
served with Sir Win. Johnson in the French 
war. He was Professor of Surgery in King’s 
College from 1767 till 1776, and was one of the 
two original founders of the New York Hospi- 
tal, Dr. Samuel Bard beingtheother (1771). For 
a time he sat in the senate of New York. He 
left New York on the British occupation of 
the city and entered the army, and in 1778 he 
settled in Philadelphia after that city had 
been evacuated by the enemy and there spent 
the remainder of his life. He succeeded Dr. 
Redmon in the Pennsylvania Hospital, and 
became the first president of the Humane So- 
ciety, and was physician of the Philadelphia 
Dispensary until his death. He was regarded 
as one of the ablest surgeons of his time, and 
especially skillful as an operator in cases of 
lithotomy. It is said that he was so expert 
that he frequently operated for stone in a 
minute and a half. For this malady (vesical 
calculi) he attended Franklin of whose philo- 
sophical cheerfulness in his last illness he has 
left a detailed and interesting account. Dr. 
Franklin remembered him in his will as 
among his personal friends. In 1790, the year 
he attended Franklin, he went to New York 
to consult in the case of Washington, who 
suffered at that time from some acute disease 
of the lungs. Both in New York and Phila- 
delphia he was highly esteemed, holding sev- 
eral offices of trust and importance connected 
with his profession, and was honored by the 
confidence and friendship of the leading men 
of our country. We are indebted to Dr. Jones 
for the first American book on surgery, en- 
titled: “Plain Remarks upon Wounds and 
Fractures,” New York, 1775. This work was 
dedicated to Dr. Thomas Cadwalader in 
which he said: “If I can not cure the fatal 
diseases of my unfortunate country, I can at 
least pour a little balm into her bleeding 
wounds.” 
JONES, John C., of Gonzales, Texas, was 
born in Laurence county, Ala., March 10, 1837. 
His parents, Tignal and Susan (King) Jones, 
were born in North Carolina, and descended 
from ancestry who came in early days from 
Scotland and Wales. They emigrated to 
North Alabama, and were among the pioneer 
settlers of that wealthy and refined Commun- 
ity that peopled the Tennessee Valley in ante- 
bellum times. He received his academic edu- 
cation at LaGrange College, Alabama, a noted 
institution of learning in those days, where 
he had the advantage of such instructors as 
Hardy, Wadsworth and Rivers, celebrated 
educators of the South. Having taken the 
degree of A. M. he came to Texas in 1856, and 
joined his parents, who had previously located 
in San Antonio. After a few months prepar- 
ation in’ reading, he went to Scotland and 
entered the University of Edinburgh. He re- 
mained there four years, taking the degree of 
M. D. The university was then in the zenith 
of its fame, and numbered among its officers, 
Sir William Gladstone and Lord Brougham; 
in surgery, Sir James Syme, of whom it was 
said: “He never spoke an unnecessary word, 254 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
nor spilt an unnecessary drop of blood.” Sir 
James Simpson, to whom the world is indebted 
for the invaluable boon in the discovery of 
chloroform, conferred upon Dr. Jones a special 
diploma in obstetrics. He also took a special 
course in surgical pathology and operative sur- 
gery, under Sir Joseph Lister. Graduating at 
Edinburgh, he went to Dublin, and was ap- 
pointed resident student in the Rotunda Hos- 
pital, one of the most extensive and renowned 
maternity institutions in Europe. While there 
he attended the clinics of Stokes and Corrigan, 
also the eye clinics of the talented Sir Will- 
iam Wilde, father of the esthetic Oscar 
Wilde. From Dublin he went to London, 
and took the surgical courses of Ferguson, 
Erichson and Paget, attending the eye clinics 
of Bowman and Chritchett, at Moorefleld Eye 
Hospital. Leaving London, he went to Paris 
and continued his studies in the hospitals un- 
der Velpeau, Nelaton, Jobert, Trousseau and 
Chassaignac. During his studentship in Edin- 
burgh he spent his vacations in visiting all the 
places of historical interest in Great Britain 
and on the Continent, embracing a tour 
through the Alps on foot. When the first 
notes of war between the States were sounded 
across the Atlantic in 1861, he returned at once 
to his native land, and on the personal recom- 
mendation of the lat.e President Jefferson 
Davis, was assigned to duty in the army of 
Northern Virginia, and served as surgeon in 
the famous Hood’s brigade until the surren- 
der at Appomattox. He attended the brigade 
in all its numerous battles and skirmishes, 
without a day’s absence, endearing himself to 
his comrades. As the result of those gigantic 
conflicts in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsyl- 
vania, he had a rich field in which to put into 
practice the sound surgical knowledge that he 
had imbibed from his masters in Europe, and 
soon became known as one of the most skill- 
ful operators in the army of Northern Virginia. 
He was selected to take charge of General 
Hood, when that gallant commander was des- 
perately wounded at Chickamauga, and had 
him carried by faithful litter-bearers a distance 
of sixteen miles, to a farm house, where he 
remained with him until he was restored. At 
the close of the war, Dr. Jones made his way 
back to Texas upon the steed that had borne 
him through all his campaigns, and located in 
Gonzales, where he has since continuously re- 
sided and practiced medicine. He has served 
on all the examining boards of his judicial 
district; is county physician and health officer 
of Gonzales; is a member of the Texas State 
Medical Association, and has been elected one 
of its vice-presidents and chairman of the sec- 
tion on surgery, and is also a member of the 
American Medical Association, and of the 
Ninth International Medical Congress. He 
Avas one of the first physicians and surgeons 
in the State to successfully open the abdomen 
for the relief of intestinal obstructions, and 
for the treatment of Avounds of the intestines. 
It has also fallen to his lot to be called upon 
to perform the important operation of litho- 
tomy upon his own father, a feat that no other 
surgeon, the Avriter knoAVS of, has performed. 
Some of the most successful and honored 
members of the medical profession in south- 
western Texas have read medicine in his 
office; among the number may be mentioned 
the late Drs. G. W. Kerr, of Waelder; J. J. 
Atkinson, of Yorktown; Patton, of Sweet 
Home; Roger Atkinson, of San Marcos; 
Brown King, of Rancho; W. A. King, of 
Lavernia, and Lee Roy Beach, of Houston. 
Dr. Jones was married in 1867 to Miss Mary 
Kennon Crisp, daughter of Dr. John H. 
Crisp, a wealthy planter of Colorado county, 
Tex., and formerly an eminent practitioner of 
West Tennessee and North Mississippi, who 
emigrated to South America at the close of the 
war, and died in Brazil July 8, 1888, in his 
ninetieth year. Dr. Crisp witnessed the aboli- 
tion of slavery both in the United States and 
Brazil. Dr. Jones’ family consists of his ac- 
complished wife, two daughters and three 
sons. He has prospered, amassed a handsome 
fortune, and resides in an elegant home. Con- 
stantly occupied by the demands of an exten- 
sive practice he has found little time to write; 
nevertheless, he has contributed liberally to 
Texas surgery, and has written some valuable 
papers that liave been published. He is of 
medium size, five feet eleven inches in height, 
weighs one hundred and sixty pounds, has 
brown hair and dark hazel eyes, is retiring and 
studious in disposition, and like most of the 
descendants of the old families of the South, 
is fond of fine horses and field sports. He is 
a devout churchman, and has long been a 
warden of the Church of the Messiah, 
Gonzales. 
JONES, Joseph, of Noav Orleans, La., was 
born in Liberty county, Ga., September 6,1833. 
In the subject of the present sketch we rec- 
ognize a man of mark in the medical and sci- 
entific world, whose achievements in the realm 
of authorship, and as an original investigator, 
command the respect and esteem of co-Avorkers 
in the several departments claiming his indus- 
try and abilities; a profound scholar, skilled EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
255 
professor, and notable chemist; an indefati- 
gable laborer in the vineyard of his profession, 
and a practitioner who has devoted over 
thirty-five years of his life to the alleviation 
of human suffering. His father, was the Rev. 
Charles Colcock Jones, D. D., a distinguished 
Presbyterian divine, eloquent in the pulpit, 
eminent as a theological instructor, and the 
author of a “History of the Church of God;” 
his maternal grandfather, was Capt. Joseph 
Jones, of the Liberty Independent Troop, who 
served in the War of 1812; his great-grand- 
father on the paternal side, was Maj. John 
Jones, an officer in the Continental Army, who 
was aide-de-camp to Brigadier-General Lachlan 
Mclntosh, fell before the British lines around 
Savannah during the memorable assault in 
October, 1779, and himself connected with the 
Pinckneys. Haines, Swintons and Legares of 
the Palmetto State, his ancestor in the male 
line having removed from England to Charles- 
ton, S. C., nearly two centuries ago. Dr. 
Joseph Jones reflects in his person and accom- 
plishments the dignity of an old and honored 
family. Concerning the life, history and pro- 
fessional achievements of this noted physician, 
Mr. Charles E. Jones, of Augusta, Ga., has 
kindly contributed the following interesting 
details: His early education was, in the 
main, acquired through the aid of private 
tutors at the paternal homes, Montevideo and 
Maybank plantations, in Liberty county, Ga. 
In 1849, when he was sixteen years of age, he 
repaired to South Carolina College, at Colum- 
bia. Having completed his Freshman studies 
in this institution, he matriculated at Nassau 
Hall, Princeton, N. J., in the Sophomore class, 
1850. There three profitable years were spent, 
and, graduating with distinction, he received 
his A. B. diploma from that college in June, 
1853. Selecting the healing art as his profes- 
sion, Dr. Jones subsequently entered the med- 
ical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, where he addressed himself with all 
diligence to a preparation of his life-work. 
His record while a student was commendable, 
and his progress rapid. Shortly after the award 
of his doctorate, which occurred in 1855, in rec- 
ognition of the high order of his attainments, 
he was elevated to the professorship of Chem- 
istry in the Medical College of Savannah, Ga. 
This appointment dates from 1856; and since 
then he has, under various auspices, filled the 
position of medical instructor continuously up 
to the present time. In 1858, he became Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry and Geology in the State 
University, at Athens, and in the following 
year was called to the chair of Chemistry in 
the Medical College of Georgia, in Augusta. 
This office he retained during the period cov- 
ered by the late war, faithfully and energet- 
ically performing the duties incident to it, ex- 
cept when interrupted by active engagements 
in the field. In 1866, he was tendered the 
professorship of Institutes of medicine in the 
University of Nashville. Responding to the 
call, he repaired to that city, and at once be- 
came identified with the interests of that insti- 
tution. His connection with that university 
was only terminated when he removed to New 
Orleans, in the fall of 1868. It was there that 
his distinguished labors in behalf of the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Louisiana, 
now Tulane LTniversity, began. He is still 
actively associated with the position of Profes- 
sor of Chemistry, in which he was then in- 
stalled. Dr. Jones’ appointment as visiting 
physician to the Charity Hospital of New 
Orleans, was likewise contemporaneous with 
his arrival in that metropolis. His long and 
valuable ministrations in this capacity have 
proved beneficial, alike to the State of Louisi- 
ana and to the cause of medical science. Nu- 
merous have been the honorable and influen- 
tial positions which the subject of this sketch 
has at different periods occupied. He was the 
chemist of the Cotton Planters’ Convention, 
in 1860, and the compiler and author of the 
first report submitted to that body touching 
the agricultural resources of the “Empire State 
of the South.” When the Southern Historical 
Society was founded, in New Orleans, in May, 
1869, he became the first secretary of that or- 
ganization. The framer of its original consti- 
tution, and an intense friend of the movement 
which gave it birth, Professor Jones was ener- 
getic in the consummation of its purposes. For 
two years or more he continued a zealous par- 
ticipant in the labors of this society. To his 
individual efforts the sustentation of its vitality 
in the infant stage of its history, was to a 
large extent due. The organization was, sub- 
sequently (about 1873), transferred to Rich- 
mond, Va., its present place of abode. The 
officers of the Southern Historical Society, 
as first founded in New Orleans, were, Rev. 
Dr. B. M. Palmer, President; General Brax- 
ton Bragg, Vice-President; and Dr. Jones 
as Secretary and Treasurer. In April, 1880, 
Professor Jones was made president of the 
Board of Health of the State of Louisiana, 
which had been reorganized in accordance 
with the provisions of the State Consti- 
tution of the preceding year. His appoint- 
ment was by the Governor, and his term ex- 
pired in April, 1884. Truly, the four years 
constituting his tenure of this responsible posi- 
tion were replete with important results! His 
administration of the affairs of the board were 
characterized by ability, fidelity and enlight- 
ened industry. His conduct merited the ap- 
probation of the public, and should challenge 
the emulation of succeeding presidents. In 
April, 1887, Dr. Jones was elected president of 
the Louisiana State Medical Society, and for 
the space of a year fulfilled the duties belong- 
ing to that office. His annual address before 
the Society in the spring of 1888 is embodied 
in the second part of the third volume of his 
“Medical and Surgical Memoirs.” He bore a 
prominent part in the deliberations of the 
Ninth International Medical Congress, which 
convened in Washington City in the summer 
of 1887. On that interesting occasion he acted 
as president of the Fifteenth Section—Public 
and International Hygiene. In 1890 he was 
made Surgeon-General of the United Confed- 
erate Veterans. Alluding to his war expe- 
riences, we record the fact that Doctor Jones 
was commissioned full surgeon in the Confed- 
erate Army in 1862. His duties as such ceased 
in 1865. For some months prior to receipt of 
his commission, he had regularly discharged 
the functions of the office to which he was 
afterwards promoted. As early as January, 
1861, he volunteered in the Liberty Independ- 
ent Troop, and entered upon active service 
in October of the same year. During his con- 
nection with this cavalry troop he acted as 
surgeon to several kindred organizations doing 
duty on the Georgia coast. Prof. Jones is a 
member of leading medical and scientific 256 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
societies, both in this country and in Europe. 
His chief claims to distinguished recognition 
rest upon his achievements in the field of 
original investigation, and upon his reputation 
as an authoritative and exhaustive writer. 
From this latter stand-point we will now con- 
sider him. Permitting several minor publica- 
tions, his first production was “Investigations, 
Chemical and Physiological, Relative to Cer- 
tain American Vertebrata.” It was comprised 
in the eighth volume of the Smithsonian “Con- 
tributions to Knowledge,” and appearing in 
1856. The inquiries forming the subject-mat- 
ter of this monograph, which met with a cor- 
dial reception, were commenced while the 
Doctor was still a lad, and in the summer of 
1853. In the same year (1856) his “Physical, 
Chemical and Physiological Investigations 
upon the -Vital Phenomena and Offices of 
Solids and Fluids of Animals” (an inaugural 
dissertation for the degree of M. D.) was given 
to the public. This was followed by his “Ob- 
servations on Malarial Fever,” which filled a 
space in the Southern Medical and Surgical 
Journal, of Auguste, Ga., for 1858-59, and by 
his “Observations on Some of the Physical, 
Chemical, Physiological and Pathological 
Phenomena of Malarial Fever.” These latter 
observations were published in Yol. XII of 
the Transactions of the American Medical 
Association, and were published in Philadel- 
phia in 1859. Subsequently appeared his 
“Suggestions on Medical Education;” “First 
Report to the Cotton Planters’ Convention of 
Georgia on the Agricultural Resources of 
Georgia” (Augusta, Ga., 1860); “Investiga- 
tions into the Diseases of the Federal Prison- 
ers Confined in Camp Sumter, Andersonville, 
Ga.;” “Investigations into the Nature, Causes 
and Treatment of Hospital Gangrene, as it 
Prevailed in the Confederate Army” (New 
York, 1866) ; “Researches upon Spurious Vac- 
cination in the Confederate Army” (Nash- 
ville, 1867) ; “Sanitary Memoirs of the War 
of the Rebellion” (New York, 1866-1868); 
“Mollifies Ossium” (Philadelphia, 1869) ; 
“Outline of Hospital Gangrene in the Confed- 
erate Armies” (New Orleans, 1869) ; “Surgical 
Memoirs of War of the Rebellion” (New 
York, 1871); “Observations upon the Treat- 
ment of Yellow Fever” (Louisville, Ky., 1873) ; 
“General Conclusions as to the Nature of Yel- 
low Fever” (New York, 1873); “Hospital 
Construction and Organization” (Baltimore, 
1875), and “Explorations of the Aboriginal 
Remains of Tennessee,” which was published 
by the Smithsonian Institution at Washing- 
ton, in 1876. The last-named represents the 
author’s principal contribution to the science 
of archaeology. Articles and pamphlets dis- 
cussing the modes of burial, burial caves, 
earthworks, mounds and relics of the South- 
ern Indians have likewise been furnished by 
his pen. Several of these have appeared un- 
der the auspices of the institution to which we 
have just referred. The year 1876 was notable 
in the scientifico-literary career of the subject 
of this sketch. It marked the publication of 
the first volume of his “Medical and Surgical 
Memoirs,” containing investigations on the 
geographical distribution, causes, nature, rela- 
tions and treatment of various diseases, and 
embodying results to the attainment of which 
more than twenty years had been devoted. 
This initial octavo is well worthy of compan- 
ionship with the volumes to which the atten- 
tion of the medical profession has since been 
invited. As in the first, a large space is given 
to a study of the disease of the nervous sys- 
tem, so in all their phases receive exhaustive 
and discriminating consideration. The con- 
cluding volume of these Memoirs dates its 
appearance since 1890. It consists of two 
parts, the first being mainly a review of the 
endemic, epidemic, contagious and infectious 
diseases. In that part is likewise comprised a 
complete and satisfactory account of the quar- 
antine and sanitary operations of the Louisi- 
ana State Board of Health during the presi- 
dency of the author. In the second part of 
the volume we are introduced to Prof. Jones’ 
latter-day labors and researches, as recorded 
in a series of monographs, among which his 
“Philosophical Principles of Education and 
their Scientific Application to the Develop- 
ment and Perfection of Medical Science,” 
takes foremost rank. As presiding officer of 
the Medical Society of Louisiana, he delivered 
this address in the spring of 1888. Other 
matters of interest and value to scien- 
tists and members of his profession are 
the papers treating of the “Relations of 
Quarantine to Commerce in the Valley of 
the Mississippi River,” “Public and Interna- 
tional Hygiene,” ami the “Progress of the 
Discovery of Disinfectants and their Applica- 
tion for the Arrest of Contagion.” So much 
for a hurried glance at the general scope and 
contents of these medical and surgical mem- 
oirs. In them Dr. Jones, profiting by a long 
and varied experience as practitioner in the 
several branches of the healing art, and rely- 
ing upon the resources of a mind replete with 
wisdom, enriched by reflection, and active in 
the pursuit of truth, has raised in honor of 
Aesculapius a memorial which dignified alike 
its maker and his God. Professor Jones’ life 
has been devoted to the scientific investigation 
of the causes and means for the prevention of 
diseases in the daily round of private practice, 
in the civil and military hospitals, in the 
camp and prison, and on the battle field. 
During the war between the States he not only 
ministered to the treatment of the sick anil 
wounded, but likewise thoroughly examined 
into the nature and conditions of measles, 
small-pox, hospital gangrene, pyaemia, and 
malarial fever—maladies so prevalent among, 
and which proved so destructive to Confeder- 
ate soldiery. By careful study, moreover, he 
penetrated the causes of the great mortality 
amongst military prisoners, and suggested 
measures for their relief. The importance of 
his labors and the value of his services were 
fully recognized by the Confederate govern- 
ment, by which every facility was afforded for 
the prosecution of his inquiries. His observa- 
tions and researches upon these matters have 
been rendered into type and form a unique 
chapter in the medical history of that event- 
ful period. During his presidency of the 
board of health the quarantine and sanitary 
measures instituted and perfected by Doctor 
Jones were effectual in excluding yellow fever 
from the Valley of the Mississippi. When we 
consider the odds against which he was forced 
to contend, and the nature of the diffi- 
culties by which he was confronted, we can not 
fail to be impressed with the magnitude of his 
final triumph. On the one hand the demand 
of the epidemic, raging now at the quarantine 
station (Mississippi) then at Brownsville and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
257 
Pensacola, again at the Naval Reservation and 
Brewton, and always in the Vera Cruz, Hav- 
ana, and Rio de Janerio, sought to overmaster 
him in the struggle, and to lay hold upon the 
dominion of which he stood the ever-watchful 
guardian. On the other side, the gigantic 
maritime and railroad corporations, secure in 
their wealth and influence, attempted to crush 
him to the wall, and to impugn the legality of 
the principles of which he was the indomi- 
table champion, but in the end he proved him- 
self the victor. Yellow fever was met and 
thwarted at all points, and the Mississippi 
Valley remained untainted by the pestilence. 
The quarantine laws of Louisiana were sus- 
tained and their constitutionality was affirmed 
by the supreme tribunal of the United States. 
Dr. Jones has been twice married. On the 
26th of October, 1858, he was united to Miss 
Caroline S. Davis, of Augusta, Georgia. His 
marriage to Miss Susan Rayner Polk, a daugh- 
ter of the Right Rev. Leonidas Polk, Bishop of 
Louisiana and Lieutenant General in the 
Armies of the Southern Confederacy, occurred 
June 21, 1870. In the same year he went 
abroad, visiting England, France, and Wales, 
and making a careful tour of the hospitals and 
museums of those countries. The cordial re- 
ception tendered by Professor Richard Owen, 
late director of natural history in the British 
Museum, and the friendly courtesy shown him 
by eminent scientists, were very gratifying. 
Special opportunities for observation were 
afforded, and the ends with a view to which 
the journey had been undertaken were fully 
answered. That Professor Jones has felt a 
lively interest in, and been an earnest student 
of American archteology, sufficiently appears 
from the fact that he was the author of “Ex- 
plorations of the Aboriginal Remains of 
Tennessee.” To his reputation as a writer on 
archaeology he unites the distinction of being 
an extensive collector. He has a valuable as- 
sprtment of primitive objects, and his speci- 
mens from Mexico and Peru are exceptionally 
fine. His brother, Col. Charles C. Jones, Jr., 
of Augusta, Ga., the historian of the State, is 
likewise a familiar figure in the antiquarian 
world, and possesses notable collections. His 
“Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particu- 
larly of the Georgia Tribes,” published in 
1873, enjoys high repute on this continent and 
in Europe, and is generally regarded as the 
standard work upon the subject treated. 
Viewed as a whole, the life of Dr. Jones pre- 
sents a panorama of varied and never-ceasing 
activity. We indulge in no extravagance 
when we affirm that his labors in the cause of 
medical education, and in behalf of sanitary 
science, are national in their character. As 
further evidence of this it may be stated that 
in the Times Democrat of October 5, 1890, ap- 
pears this complimentary notice of the sub- 
ject of the foregoing. “Dr. Benjamin Ward 
Richardson, F. R. S., of London, England, 
has dedicated the sixth volume of his original 
work, ‘The Asclepiad,’ to Dr. Joseph Jones, 
of New Orleans, M. D., LL. D., Professor of 
Chemistry and Clinical Medicine in the Tulane 
University of Louisiana; a model student of 
medicine, always seeking, always finding, 
always imparting with unwearied industry, 
new and useful knowledge to the great republic 
of medical science and art, this the sixth volume 
of ‘The Asclepiad,’ is sincerely dedicated.” Dr. 
Richardson is the most eminent living British 
original worker and authority in experimental 
therapeutics and practical hygiene. He has 
devoted his life to the elevation of the medical 
profession by his extensive original researches, 
and to the alleviation of the ills of humanity 
by his works on insanity and hygiene. 
JONES, Samuel J., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born at Bainbridge, Pa., March 22, 1836. “He 
is a son of Dr. Robert H. Jones, a native of 
Donegal, Ireland, who landed in Philadelphia 
in 1806, and graduated from the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1830, and who practiced medicine in the 
Keystone State from that time up to the date of 
his death, in 1863. His mother’s maiden name 
was Sarah M. Ekel, who came of one of the old 
families of the old town of Lebanon, Pa., and 
was a descendant of Marcus Ekel, a native of 
Zurich, Switzerland, who landed in Philadel- 
phia in 1743. Having, from the time he 
was old enough to give his attention to books, 
had the best educational advantages, he was 
prepared to enter college at an early age. He 
was matriculated at Dickinson College, Carlise, 
Pa., and graduated with the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts from that institution, in 1857, when he 
was twenty-one years of age. Three years 
later he received the degree of Master of Arts 
from his Alma Mater, and in 1884, the honorary 
degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon 
him by the same institution.” In a recent 
biographical sketch of Dr. Jones, written by 
H. L. Conard, and published in the Magazine 
of Western History, February, 1890, we find, 
that immediately after his graduation from 
Dickinson College, he began the study of med- 
icine under the preceptorship of his father, 
and the following year he entered the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
from which his father had graduated twenty- 
eight years earlier. In 1860, at the end of a 
three years’course of study,he received his med- 
ical degree from the university, and was ready 258 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Flag Officer Stringham, the officer command- 
ing the naval forces. His reason for pursuing 
that course, expressed in very vigorous En- 
glish, was that it was the naval and not the 
land forces which had compassed his defeat 
and made the surrender a necessity. After 
this engagement Assistant Surgeon Jones re- 
turned to duty on the Minnesota, and was 
aboard that vessel until a short time before the 
fight with the Merrimac. During this time it was 
known that the iron-clad war vessel was being 
fitted up at Norfolk, and that she would prove 
a formidable and dangerous enemy, the officers 
of the Union squadron were dully convinced. 
They also knew that the Monitor was being 
constructed, but what service she would be 
able to render was a question about which 
there was more or less difference of opinion. 
While hoping that they might be reinforced by 
a vessel which would at least be the equal of 
the Merrimac in naval conflict, the officers of 
the squadron had determined in any event 
to attack her whenever she should appear. 
So complete were the preparations which had 
been made on the Minnesota for an engage- 
ment, and so good was the discipline aboard, 
that on the darkest nights, with her 800 officers 
and men, the ship could be prepared for ac- 
tion within eight minutes from the time the 
enemy was sighted. The plan of attack which 
had been agreed upon, was to keep the vessels 
of the squadron in close proximity to each 
other, and when the Merrimac should make 
her appearance, the heavy frigates were to 
bear down upon her, and by “ramming” were 
to send her to the bottom at the risk of going 
down themselves at the same time. That in 
this way the iron-clad might have been de- 
stroyed, in her first engagement, is more than 
probable, had she not made her appearance at 
a time when the steamers were prevented 
from reaching her, because of low water on 
the intervening bar, and she was thereby en- 
abled to engage them in detail. In January, 
just preceding this engagement, Assistant Sur- 
geon Jones was again detached, this time to 
accompany the Burnside and Goldsborough 
expedition against Roanoke Island, as the 
surgeon of Flag-Officer Goldsborough’s staff. 
After the capture of Roanoke Island, he 
was assigned to duty on the staff of Com- 
mander Rowan, in the expedition which re- 
sulted in the capture of Newbern, Wash- 
ington, and other important points on the 
inner waters of North Carolina. Most of the 
service which he was called upon to render 
while connected with these expeditions was 
extremely hazardous, and many were the in- 
cidents of heroism which he witnessed among 
the brave seamen, who participated in the 
short but hotly contested engagements, which 
were a distinguishing feature of the squadron’s 
operation. In one instance, at Roanoke Is- 
land, when he had passed under a galling fire 
from one vessel to another, to look after the 
wounded of a vessel that had no surgeon, a 
gallant gunner who had fallen at his post of 
duty, was the first to receive attention. Real- 
izing that he was mortally wounded and had 
but a few minutes to live, the seaman said: 
“It’s no use trying to do anything for me, 
surgeon; I’ve got to die, and it’s hard because 
I leave a family behind; but as long as I’ve 
got to die, if they’ll carry me to my gun, and 
let me fire one more shot I’ll die in peace.” 
After these expeditions Dr. Jones returned to 
to begin the active practice of his profession. 
His attention had been attracted to the United 
States naval service, which he looked upon as 
an inviting field for the young practitioner, 
both on account of the professional advantages 
offered, and the opportunity which it would 
afford for adding to his stock of general infor- 
mation and knowledge of the world. With a 
view to entering that branch of the govern- 
ment service, he submitted himself to a com- 
petitive examination for the position of assist- 
ant surgeon in the navy, in which he was 
successful. He received his appointment a 
few months before the War of the Rebellion 
commenced, and a short time after the inaug- 
uration of President Lincoln, was ordered to 
the United States steam frigate Minnesota, 
which sailed under sealed orders from Boston, 
on the Bth day of May, 1861, as the flagship of 
the Atlantic blockading squadron. From the 
time she sailed out of Boston Harbor with 
banners flying, and salutes resounding from all 
quarters, until she returned to the same port 
twenty-one months later, for repairs, the fires 
in the Minnesota were not allowed to go down. 
During all that time she was in active service, 
her most hazardous experience being partici- 
pation in the deadly conflict with the Merri- 
mac, when the Cumberland and Congress fell 
victims to the rebel iron-clad, in the memora- 
ble engagement in Hampton Roads, on March 
8, 1862. Assistant Surgeon Jones participated 
in the naval battle which resulted in the capture 
of the Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet,in Au- 
gust, 1861, and which put a stop to the trouble- 
some blockade running at that point. At the 
opening of that engagement an effort was made 
to land the forces on Hatteras Island, on which 
Forts Hatteras and Henry were located, but a 
storm came on and the vessels were compelled 
to put to sea, leaving 320 officers and men, the 
only ones who had been landed, entirely un- 
protected and within two miles of the Confed- 
erate forts, garrisoned by 1,500 men. It was 
night time, however, and the Confederates, 
supposing the entire force aboard the vessels 
had been landed, awaited all night underarms 
the attack which they expected would be 
made, and did not discover their error until 
the following morning, when the vessels of the 
squadron returned from sea and the engage- 
ment was renewed. Assistant Surgeon Jones 
was among those set ashore, and he has still a 
vivid recollection of that night’s experience of 
the handful of men, left without food or am- 
munition, in sight of the enemy, and in mo- 
mentary expectation of being captured and 
carried into the forts as prisoners of war. 
That was the first naval battle in history in 
which steamships were used and kept in mo- 
tion while in action. The 1,500 prisoners cap- 
tured as the result of the surrender of the 
forts, was the largest number of prisoners 
which had, up to that time, been captured in 
any engagement of the war. In this connec- 
tion a digression will .be permissible, for the 
purpose of putting into print a bit of probably 
unwritten history. It is well known that in 
this engagement the land forces connected 
with the expedition rendered no important 
service, but not so well known, perhaps, that 
in view of this fact, the Confederate com- 
mander, Commodore Barron, refused, after 
raising a flag of truce, to surrender to Gen. 
Butler, the ranking officer, until the latter had 
been delegated to receive the surrender by EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
259 
the Minnesota. Later he was with Lieutenant 
Cushing, of “Albermarle” fame, and Lieut. 
Lamson, a no less daring and intrepid officer, 
in their operations on the Nansemond River, 
which were designed to relieve the Union 
forces under command of Gen. Peck, then 
hemmed in by Gen. Longstreet’s command at 
Suffolk, Virginia. In order to afford immedi- 
ate relief to Gen. Peck, such boats as could be 
picked up were armed as well as they could be 
under the circumstances, and sent up the 
Nansemond, a narrow and tortuous stream, 
to participate in some of the hottest fighting 
of that campaign, and all things considered, 
to engage in a service about as perilous as any 
in which the naval forces took part during the 
war. In the spring of 1863, after two years of 
such service, Dr. Jones was assigned to duty 
at the naval rendezvous at Philadelphia. 
Whilst there he passed his second examina- 
tion for promotion, and some months later was 
advanced to the grade of surgeon. He was 
then transferred to the naval rendezvous at 
Chicago, where in addition to his other duties, 
he was designated to act as examining surgeon 
of those wishing to enter the medical corps 
for duty in the naval service, in connection 
with the Mississippi river squadron. While sta- 
tioned at Chicago, he had the unusual experi- 
ence of examining and passing into the 
United States government service, over three 
thousand Confederate prisoners of war, who 
were thus liberated from Northern military 
prisons, after being regularly enlisted in the 
naval service. It is a fact not generally 
known that in 1863-64 a large number of the 
captured Confederates who were confined at 
Camp Douglas, Chicago, at Rock Island and 
Alton, Illinois, and at Columbus, Ohio, made 
application to the government to be enlisted 
in the Union service. Their representations 
were that they had been impressed into the 
Confederate military service; that they had 
not voluntarily taken up arms against the 
government, and that they preferred to fight 
for the Union and not against it. These men 
were not allowed to enter the military service, 
for the reason that they would have been ex- 
posed to the danger of being captured and 
executed as deserters by the Confederates, but 
the government availed itself of the proffered 
services to a considerable extent, though in a 
different way. Those who were physically 
capacitated for the service were allowed to en- 
ter the navy and were placed aboard vessels 
sailing for foreign ports, a corresponding num- 
ber of experienced men being thereby 
released from duty at those ports and brought 
back for active service. Before the Confeder- 
ates were enlisted, their physical qualifica- 
tions had to be passed upon favorably by the 
examining surgeon designated to act in that 
capacity. Surgeon Jones visited all the mili- 
tary prisons named for this purpose, and the 
government accepted these three thousand 
able bodied Southerners, who contributed 
their share to the suppression of the rebellion. 
In the summer of 1864 he was relieved from 
duty at Chicago, and ordered to report to Ad- 
miral Farragut, who was then in command of 
the West Gulf blockading squadron. His first 
assignment in that squadron was to the sloop- 
of-war Portsmouth, but after a little time he 
was detached and assigned to duty as surgeon 
of the New Orleans Naval Hospital, and pur- 
veyor of medical supplies for the squadron. 
At that time yellow fever was prevalent to a 
certain extent in the squadron, and the care- 
ful attention given to sanitary matters during 
that period in the history of New Orleans, 
when the city was under military government, 
undoubtedly prevented the breaking out of a 
serious and disastrous epidemic, and taught 
the resident population a lesson which has 
since been kept in mind. The government 
military and naval surgeons made a careful 
study of the disease with the result that some 
interesting facts relating to its character were 
brought to light, or at least had much addi- 
tional light thrown upon them. Among other 
things, the infectious rather than contagious 
character of the disease, if not for the first 
time brought prominently before the medical 
profession, was so clearly defined as, to attract 
special attention. There were numerous cases 
of the disease in the naval hospital, and it was 
impossible to wholly separate the fever pa- 
tients from others. In accordance with the 
hospital regulations they were stripped of 
their clothing, given a bath and fresh, clean 
clothing before being admitted into the wards 
with other sick and disabled inmates. 
Although sufferers from the scourge of the 
South were treated at the hospital during the 
closing months of 1864, and as late as Janu- 
ary, 1865, it was noted that none of the 
patients who came in direct contact 
with them contracted the fever, while 
the assistant surgeon, whose duty it was 
to receive patients arriving, and the guard 
who received and disinfected their cloth- 
ing, both fell victims to the disease. Within 
the hospital the fever was kept under perfect 
control, and there were no cases outside the 
quarantine established around it. In the fall 
of 1865, the war having ended, the naval hos- 
pital at New Orleans was closed, and Dr. Jones 
was ordered to Pensacola, Fla., as surgeon at 
the navy yard and naval hospital located there, 
where he remained until 1866, when he was 
ordered north and again assigned to duty at 
Chicago. After a time the marine rendezvous 
to which he was attached at Chicago was 
closed, and after awaiting orders for several 
months he was ordered east in 1867 and as- 
signed to duty as surgeon of the frigate Sabine, 
a practice ship for naval apprentices, then 
cruising on the Atlantic coast. This was his 
last active duty in the naval service. Having 
determined to engage in private practice, he 
tendered his resignation, which was accepted 
on the Ist of March, 1868, after he had spent 
eight years in the navy and had participated 
in the active and trying service incident to the 
war period. He returned to Philadelphia, and 
having become a member of the American 
Medical Association, he was accredited a dele- 
gate from that body to the Medical Societies 
of Europe. At the same time he was commis- 
sioned by Gov. Geary to report upon hospital 
and sanitary matters in Great Britain and 
upon the continent of Europe, for the State of 
Pennsylvania. He attended during that year 
meetings of noted medical societies of Europe, 
held at Oxford, Heidelberg and Dresden. At 
the last-named place, during the meeting of 
the Association of German Physicians and 
Naturalists, held in September of 1868, the 
first Otological Congress ever held was organ- 
ized, of which Dr. Jones was a member and in 
the deliberations of which, he participated. 
The remainder of that year he spent investi- 260 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
gating matters pertaining to medicine and sui- 
gery in different parts of Europe. At the end 
of the year he returned to the United States 
and came to Chicago, where he established 
himself in private practice. Prior to and 
whilst traveling abroad he had given special 
attention to that branch of the practice which 
deals with diseases of the eye and of the ear, 
and early in 1869, but a short time after he 
located in Chicago, he was made a member of 
the professional staff of St. Luke’s Hospital, 
where he established a department for the 
treatment of these diseases, with which he has 
been connected since that time. In 1870 he 
was again accredited a delegate _ from the 
American Medical Association to similar for- 
eign associations, and he again went abroad to 
spend some time in research and investiga- 
tion. The same year a Chair of Ophthalmol- 
ogy and Otology was created in Chicago Med- 
ical College, the medical department of North- 
western University, and Dr. accepted 
the new professorship tendered to him, which 
he has ever since held. For purposes of clin- 
ical instruction in the college, he started an 
eye and ear department in Mercy Hospital, 
and also in the South Side Dispensary, both of 
which departments he conducted for about ten 
years. He was also, for several years, one of 
the surgical staff of the Illinois Charitable Eye 
and Ear Infirmary. Although he was for 
some years a member and president of the 
Board of Examining Surgeons for United States 
pensioners in Chicago, lie has not been engaged 
in general practice since 1870, but has confined 
his work exclusively to the treatment of those 
diseases which require the attention of the 
oculist and aurist. Referring to the abilities of 
Dr. Jones as a physician, a writer and educa- 
tor, his biographer, previously quoted, in the 
“Magazine of Western History,” says that for 
more than twenty years he has been identified 
with the medical profession and medical insti- 
tutions of Chicago. A practitioner of more 
than local renown, he is known to the public 
generally as a skillful operator within the 
special field to which he has for many years 
given his attention, and to the profession as a 
man of broad culture, with a thorough knowl- 
edge of the principles and practice of medi- 
cine, who has labored earnestly and assidu- 
ously through the various associations and 
societies with which he is connected, as well 
as through the press, to elevate medical edu- 
cation to the highest available plane; to stim- 
ulate practitioners to put forth their best 
efforts to keep pace with the developments oi 
medical science, and to improve in a general 
way the character and standing of the pro- 
fession to which he belongs. For several years 
he was editor of the Chicago Medical Journo, 
and Examiner, which represented the consoli 
dation of two journals formerly published ir 
that city, and which has held a front rani 
among the medical publications of the coun 
try. His contributions to medical literatun 
through this and other similar channels hav< 
been "numerous. He had received a libera 
literary and medical education, and before h« 
commenced the practice of medicine in Chi 
cago this had been supplemented by years o 
medical and surgical practice in a field whicl 
afforded the best facilities for study and in 
vestigation, and also by the professional am 
general knowledge gained through foreigi 
ravel under circumstances which gave hin 
the entree to the most renowned medical asso- 
ciations and societies of Europe. Few West- 
ern physicians have participated so actively as 
has Prof. Jones in the deliberations of noted 
gatherings of medical men from all parts of 
the world. In 1876 he was a delegate from the 
Illinois State Medical Society—of which he 
became a member in 1869—to the Centennial 
International Medical Congress which met in 
Philadelphia. In 1881 he was a delegate from 
the American Medical Association and the 
American Academy of Medicine to the sev- > 
enth International Medical Congress, held in * 
London. As president of the section of otol- 
ogy in the Ninth International Medical Con- 
gress, held in Washington in 1887, he was 
ex-officio a member of the executive committee, 
upon which devolved the responsibility of 
making the preparations for the congress and 
the entertainment of foreign delegates. At 
the meeting of the American Academy of 
Medicine at Chicago, in 1890, Dr. Jones, who 
had previously served two terms as vice-presi- 
dent, was elevated to the presidency of that 
organization. At all these important conven- 
tions of medical men he has been an active, 
working member, and has become noted for 
his capacity to do a large amount of work 
withoutever appearing to be uncomfortably hur- 
ried. Dr. Jones has been Ophthalmic and Aural 
Surgeon to St. Luke’s Hospital, Chicago, since 
1869, and a member of the Chicago Academy 
of Sciences since 1868. In his private practice 
he has been conspicuous for his devotion to 
the welfare of his patients, and in the public 
professional positions which he has occupied, 
and in the various medical organizations of 
which he is a member, he has been not less 
conspicuous for his labors in behalf of the 
elevation of his profession. He has never 
participated actively in political life, and has 
made no effort to attain any prominence other 
than that which might come to him as the re- 
ward of painstaking and conscientious pro- 
fessional labors, in varied fields, which have 
afforded unusual opportunities for exceptional 
experience. „ , 
JOSEPHI, Simeon Edward, of Portland, 
Oregon, was born in the city of New York, De- 
cember 3, 1849. His father, Edward Josephi, 
was a native of St. Petersburgh, Russia; his 
mother was an English woman. Dr. Josephi 
spent his early life in New York, where he re- 
■ ceived his literary education, chiefly in the 
■ public schools. lii 1863 he graduated from the 
; Grammar School, and entered the New York 
i College, on Lexington avenue. After pursu- 
-1 ing his studies there for a year, he accepted a 
■ clerkship in a mercantile house, but being pos- 
-5 sessed with a desire to see the great West, he 
I Went to California, in 1866. In January, 1867, 
- he went to Portland, Ore., and there com- 
i menced the study of medicine at the Oregon 
: Hospital for the Insane and County Hos- 
- pi tab In 1869, he went to New York for 
3 the purpose of entering Bellevue; but a 
3 question arose involving a sacrifice of con- 
-1 victions and principles, and rather than 
3 renounce them for financial profit he was 
- compelled to abandon his object. Resolved 
f to obtain his degree, he worked at clerical era- 
i ployment for six years, and having saved 
- money for the purpose, he matriculated in 
I 1876, 'at the Medical Department University 
i of California, from which he received his de- 
i gree in November, 1877. Returning to Oregon, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
261 
he accepted the position of Assistant Physician 
to the Oregon Hospital for the Insane, under 
his old friend and preceptor, Dr. J. C. Haw- 
thorne. In which position, and in the general 
practice of his profession, he continued until 
the death of Dr. Hawthorne, in February, 
1881, when he succeeded his late chief as 
superintendent. He continued in charge 
until October, 1883, when the insane were 
transferred from this institution to the new 
asylum at Salem. He then entered into 
general practice at Portland, and so contin- 
ued until May 1,1886, when he accepted the 
superintendency of the State Insane Asylum, 
at Salem, Ore. This position, for political 
reason, he resigned in July, 1887, returning to 
Portland, he again entering into general prac- 
tice. During the professional career of Dr. 
Joseph!, he has occupied various educational 
positions. In 1879, he was elected Professor 
of Anatomy and Psychology in the Medical 
Department of Willamette University. ■ In 
1881, at his own request, he was transferred to 
the Chair of Obstetrics in the same college. 
At the reorganization of this college, in 1887, he 
was offered the chairs of anatomy and obstet- 
rics, but declined both. Later in the year 1887, 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Oregon was chartered,and Dr. Josephi accepted 
the Professorship of Obstetrics and Psychol- 
ogy. At the final organization, in the fall of 
1887, he was elected dean of the Medical 
Faculty, to which position he has been re- 
elected each succeeding year, and which he 
now occupies. He is a member of the Oregon 
State Medical Society, of which body he was 
president in 1884; and he was also president of 
the Portland Medical Society in 1885. He is 
one of the trustees and a member of the med- 
ical and surgical staff of the Good Samaritan 
Hospital. 
JUDSON, Adonirain Brown, of New York 
City, was born at Maulmain, Burmah, April 7, 
1837. He was the eldest son of the mission- 
ary, Adonirain Judson, and a descendant of 
William Judson, who came from Yorkshire, 
England, to Massachusetts Bay in 1636. He 
graduated at Brown University in 1859, receiv- 
ing the Masters’ Degree on the day of gradu- 
ation, as was the custom under the rule estab- 
lished by President Francis Wayland. Be- 
coming a post-graduate student to the Univer- 
sity, he began the study of medicine in the 
office of Dr. A. H. Okie, of Providence, and 
continued it in the recitations held at the 
Harvard Medical School by Drs. H. J. Bige- 
low and 0. W. Holmes, and under the pre- 
ceptorship of Drs. J. H. Brinton and J. M. 
Da Costa, at the Jefferson Medical College in 
Philadelphia. He was commissioned as as- 
sistant surgeon in the United States Navy by 
President Lincoln in 1861, after passing the 
official examination, and before completing 
his medical studies or receiving the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine. He was promoted to 
past assistant surgeon in 1864, and received 
the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the 
Jefferson Medical College in 1865. He was 
commissioned surgeon in the navy in 1866. In 
1868 he received the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine, ad eundem, from the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, and resigned from the 
navy to settle in New York. In 1869 he was 
appointed inspector in the health department 
under the superintendency of Dr. Elisha 
Harris, and served as assistant superintend- 
ent before resigning office in 1877. His prac- 
tice has been strictly limited to orthopedic 
surgery since 1875, after he had been the 
pupil for a year of Dr. Charles Fayette Taylor. 
From 1877 to 1884 he was secretary of the New 
York Board of Examining Surgeons for Pen- 
sions. His contributions to literature have 
been chiefly confined to matters connected 
with the public health and the theory and 
practice of his specialty. His public health 
writings include: Reports on the “Course of the 
Epizootic among American Horses in 1872 and 
1873“ and on the “History of Asiatic Cholera 
in the Mississippi Valley in 1873.” He con- 
tributed an original study of the “Cause of 
Rotation in Lateral Curvature of the Spine,” 
to the Transactions of the New York Academy 
of Medicine in 1876. Among his numerous 
other orthopedic papers may be enumerated 
the following: “Ischiatic Support of the Body 
in the Treatment of Joint Diseases of the 
Lower Extremity,” 1881; “Practical Infer- 
ences from the Pathological Anatomy of Hip 
Disease,” 1882; “The Rationale of Traction 
in the Treatment of Hip Disease,” 1883; 
“Criticism of Certain Theories of the Cause 
of Rotation in Lateral Curvature,” 1884; “The 
Management of the Abscesses of Hip Dis- 
ease,” 1885; “Treatment of White Swelling of 
the Knee,” 1886; “The American Hip Splint,” 
1887; “Practical Points in the Treatment of 
Potts’ Disease of the Spine,” 1888; “More 
Conservatism Desirable in the Treatment of 
the Joint Diseases of Children,” 1889; “The 
Rotary Element in Lateral Curvature of the 
Spine,” 1890; “Orthopedic Surgery as a Speci- 
alty,” The President’s Address before the 
American Orthopedic Association, delivered 
at Washington, D. C., 1891; “The Weight of 
the Body in its Relation to the Pathology and 262 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Treatment of Club-Foot,” translated into 
French, German, Italian and Spanish, 1892. 
KANE, Elisha Kent, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was horn in that city February 20, 1820, and 
died in Havana, Cuba, February 16, 1857. His 
father was an eminent jurist, and president of 
the American Philosophical Society. The sub- 
ject of this sketch attended the University of 
Virginia, but when seventeen years of age was 
compelled, on account of illness, to abandon 
an elective course at that institution. Im- 
proving in health, he applied himself so dili- 
gently to the study of medicine that when but 
twenty-two years of age he graduated M. D. 
with the highest honors of his class at the 
University of Pennsylvania. The following 
interesting details relating to the life and 
achievements of this noted member of the 
medical profession are derived from Apple- 
ton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography; In 
1843, Dr. Kane entered the United States 
Navy as an assistant surgeon, and was pro- 
moted to be past assistant surgeon in 1848. 
He served as surgeon in China, on the coast 
of Africa, in Mexico (where he was wounded 
while on special service), in the Mediterra- 
nean, and on coast survey duty in the Gulf of 
Mexico, from which he was relieved, at his 
urgent request, for duty with the first Grinnell 
Arctic expedition. In all his service he eagerly 
sought opportunity for travel, exploration and 
adventure, and once, in descending into the 
crater of Teal, in the Phillippines, he barely 
escaped with his life. His experiences included 
six months of practice as physician in China, 
an encounter with Bedouin robbers in Egypt, 
and a visit to the King of Dahomey, in Africa. 
Kane prepared for his Arctic voyage in two 
days’ time, and sailed as surgeon of the Ad- 
vance, under Lieut. Edwin J. DeHaven, who 
commanded the squadron, the Advance and 
the Rescue. These vessels, purchased, strength- 
ened and fitted out through the liberality of 
Henry Grinnell, were accepted by the United 
States, under the joint resolution of Congress, 
approved May 5,1850, for the purpose of assist- 
ing in the search for the English expedition 
under Sir John Franklin. The squadron dis- 
covered “Grinnell Land,” an island north of 
Cornwallis Island, which should not be con- 
founded with the better known Grinnell Land 
bordering on the frozen sea. Failing to reach 
an advantageous point for farther search, De- 
Haven decided to return home the same year, 
but his vessels were closely beset by the ice in 
Wellington’s Channel, and drifted from Sep- 
tember, 1850, till June, 1851, southeasterly into 
Baffin’s Bay, where they finally escaped from 
the pack. Dr. Kane’s exertions and medical 
skill did much to mitigate the ills of the 
scurvy-stricken squadron and bring back the 
party with undiminished numbers. His repu- 
tation as an Arctic explorer depends almost 
entirely upon his second expedition, which 
was undertaken at the solicitation of Lady 
Franklin in a search for Franklin and his 
companions. The expedition contemplated an 
overland journey from Baffin’s Bay to the 
shores of the Polar Sea. Kane sailed May 30, 
1853, from New York, in command of the brig 
Advance, which Henry Grinnell had placed at 
his disposal. George Peabody contributed lib- 
erally, while various scientific societies of the 
country also fostered the undertaking. Dr. 
Kane not only spent much of his private 
means, but, through strenuous exertions, suc- 
ceeded in sailing under the auspices of the 
United States Navy Department, although 
Congress failed to aid him. Dr. Isaac 1. Hayes 
went as surgeon of this expedition. The Ad- 
vance touched at various Greenland ports, 
where Esquimau recruits were obtained, and 
finally, by following the bold coast of Smith 
Sound, reached 78J 43' north, the highest 
latitude ever attained, even to this day, 
by a sailing vessel in that sea. Una- 
ble to proceed farther, Kane wintered in 
Van Rensselaer harbor, 78° 37' north, 70J 40' 
west. Short journeys that autumn resulted in 
the discovery of Humbolt glacier which issuing 
at its southern edge from the great mer-de- 
glace of Greenland in 79° 12', extends north- 
ward many miles. An attempt to push north- 
ward along the glacier in the spring of 1854, 
resulted only in the loss of two lives and the 
maiming of two other persons. Later Morton 
with Esquimau Hans, reached by dog-sledge 
Cape Constitution in 80° 35'north, June 21, 
1854, from which point the southwesterly part 
of Kennedy channel was seen to be entirely 
open and free from ice. Dr. Hayes with dog- 
sledge crossed Kane sea and reaching Cape 
Hawkes, Grinnell Land, pushed northward 
to the vicinity of Cape Frazier 79° 45' north. 
The ice remaining unbroken near his winter 
quarters, Dr. Kane in July, 1854, made an un- 
successful attempt by boat to visit Beechy 
island, about 400 miles distant, whence he 
hoped to obtain assistance. Later that year 
half the party, under the command of Peter- 
son, a Dane, abandoned Dr. Kane and the 
brig in an attempt to reach Upernavik, but 
after three months of extreme hardship and 
suffering, were obliged to return to Kane, who 
received them kindly. In 1855 Kane was 
reluctantly forced to abandon the “Advance” 
which was yet frozen in. By indefatigable 
exertions he succeeded in moving his boats 
and sick some sixty miles to the open sea, 
losing one man on the way. During this jour- 
ney he received much aid and kindness from 
the Etah Esquimaux. He reached Cape York 
July 21, and crossing Melville bay, successfully 
arrived at Upernavik August 6, 1855. This 
second voyage of Dr. Kane greatly enlarged 
the world’s knowledge of the Etah Esqui- 
maux, and added to geography the most 
northern lands of that day, while the scien- 
tific observations were more accurate and 
valuable than those of any preceding polar 
expedition. The explorer and his companions 
were received with enthusiasm. On their re- 
turn Arctic medals were authorized by Con- 
gress and the Queen’s medal was presented to 
officers and men. Kane received the founders’ 
medal of 1856 from the Royal Geographical 
Society, and the gold medal of 1858 from the 
Societe de Geographic. His health had been 
much impaired by the sufferings of his second 
expedition. In the hope of recovering it he 
visited England and then went to Havana, 
Cuba, where his illness terminated fatally. 
His remains were taken to Philadelphia and 
accorded civil and military honors. Dr. Kane 
published “The United States Grinnell Ex- 
pedition,” 1854; and “The Second Grinnell 
Expedition,” 1856. 
KEARSLEY, John, was born in England 
about 1692, and died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 
January, 1772. He was educated in London 
for the medical profession, Dr. Carson wi’ites, 
that in the progress of time the inhabitants of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
263 
the thriving and extended colony established 
in this country by William Penn became so 
numerous as to require an additional number 
of medical attendants. In response to this 
demand, Dr. Kearsley arrived and settled in 
Philadelphia, Pa., in 1711, where he became 
eminent in his profession. He served for 
many years in the Assembly of Pennsylvania, 
became a vestryman of Christ’s Church, in 
1719, and continued to serve in this capacity, 
or as warden, until his death. Being known 
to possess skill and taste in architecture, he 
was selected by this church, in 1727, to direct 
the remodelling and enlarging of their edifice, 
which work he performed under plans drawn 
by himself. The building, at the time of its 
erection, surpassed any thing of the kind in 
this country. In 1729, he was one of the com- 
mittee appointed by the Assembly to select a 
site and prepare plans for a state-house (after- 
ward Independence Hall). He was the founder 
of Christ’s Church Hospital, having by his 
will bequeathed a large estate for this purpose, 
the design of which is to afford a comfortable 
home for respectable aged indigent females. 
By judicious management tins benefaction has 
proved a munificent one. Dr. Kearsley, 
throughout his career, was extensively en- 
gaged in the practice of medicine and surgery. 
He was a favorite of the people, and as a mem- 
ber of the House of Assembly, after advocat- 
ing their interests in debate, was often carried 
to his home upon their shoulders. On the 
completion of Christ’s church, May 11, 1747, 
the vestry passed a vote of thanks, and ordered 
apiece of plate of the value of forty pounds 
to be given to Dr. Kearsley, as a lasting testi- 
monial and acknowledgment of his services. 
He had not only superintended the building 
from the commencement to its finish, but often 
advanced large sums of money to defray the 
expense of materials and the bills of work- 
men. He was the author of “A Letter to a 
Friend, Containing Remarks on a Discourse 
Proposing a Preparation of the Body for the 
Small-pox,” Philadelphia, 1751; and, “The 
Case of Mr. Thomas,” 1760. He was the med- 
ical preceptor of many students, who after- 
wards became renowned in the annals of the 
profession. He died at the advanced age of 
eighty years, and was succeeded in practice by 
his son. 
He was soon after transferred to the obstetrical 
and children's departments, and for fifteen 
years delivered clinical lectures on the dis- 
eases of women and children. During this 
time many of his lectures and experiences 
were published in the journals and society 
reports. He was Lecturer on Diseases of 
Children in the University of Pennsylvania 
until his resignation in 1880, and was also for 
a time Professor of the Principles and Practice 
of Medicine at the Woman’s Medical College 
of Philadelphia. In 1878 he married the eld- 
est daughter of the Hon. Peter McCall, of 
Philadelphia. In January, 1879, he joined 
General Grant in Paris, together with the late 
Hon. A. E. Borie, ex-Secretary of the Navy, 
and became the physician of the party during 
Gen. Grant’s tour through Egypt, India, Bur- 
mah, Malacca, Penang, Johore, Singapore, 
Siam and China. Leaving the party at Shang- 
KEATING, John M., of Colorado Springs, 
Colo., was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 30, 
1852. He is the son of Dr. William Y. Keat- 
ing, of Philadelphia, formerly Professor of 
Obstetrics at the Jefferson College, and Susan 
La Roche, daughter of Dr. Rene La Roche, a 
well-known physician of Philadelphia, and 
author of works on “Yellow Fever.” He 
received his preliminary education at Roth’s 
Academy, in his native city, and at Seton Hall 
College, South Orange, N. J., and afterwards 
attended the Polytechnic College (engineer- 
ing), in Philadelphia, for two years. Always 
desirous of studying medicine, he matriculated 
at the medical department of the University 
of Pennsylvania, as the office student of 
William Pepper, and graduated at that institu- 
tion in 1873, receiving the |lOO prize for his 
thesis upon the “Physiological Action of Er- 
got.” In the same year he became interne at 
the Philadelphia Hospital (Blockley), and after 
serving the required term, and upon entering 
into practice in Philadelphia, was elected a Visit- 
ing Physician to that well-known institution. 
hai, he visited Japan, with l\£r. Borie, who 
was obliged to leave China and return home 
on account of failing health. He was elected 
Medical Director of the Penn Mutual Life In- 
surance Company, of Philadelphia, in April, 
1881, and actively managed the company’s 
medical department until he was obliged to 
permanently locate in Colorado, in 1891, on 
account of his health. Dr. Keating is a mem- 
ber of the American Gynecological Society. 
He served for several years as Gynecologist 
to St. Joseph’s and St. Agnes’ Hospitals, Phila- 
delphia. He was president of the Association 
of the Medical Directors of Life Insurance 
Companies, and is now an honorary member 
of that body. He is first vice-president of the 
American Pediatric Society, and chairman of 
the Section on Diseases of Children for the 
Pan-American Medical Congress of 1893. In 
1892 the honor of LL. D. was conferred upon 
him by Seton Hall College. In 1887 he was 264 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians 
of Philadelphia. In 1890 his health became 
impaired by acute illness, and he was obliged 
to go to Colorado, where he has since practiced 
his profession, giving exclusive attention to 
gynecology and literary work. He contributed 
articles toPepper’s System of Medicine, Buck’s 
Reference Hand-book, Cyclopedia of the Dis- 
eases of Children, and Sajou’s Annual of 
the Universal Medical Sciences. He has writ- 
ten the following books; “With General 
Grant in the East,” 1880; “The Mother’s 
Guide in the Feeding and Management of In- 
fants,” 1881; “Maternity, Infancy and Child- 
hood,” 1887; “Diseases of the Heart and 
Circulation in Infancy and Adolescence” (with 
Dr. W. A. Edwards), 1888; “Howto Examine 
for Life Insurance,” 1890; “Mother and 
Child” (with Dr. E. P. Davis), 1892; “A New 
Pronouncing Medical Dictionary” (with Henry 
Hamilton), 1892. He is editor of the Interna- 
tional Clinics, and of the Climatologist. Proba- 
bly his best known work is the “Cyclopedia of 
the Diseases of Children” (medical and surgi- 
cal), which he originated and edited. This is 
considered a standard authority on these sub- 
jects. (Dr. Keating died November 17, 1893.) 
KEATING, William V., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city April 4,1823. His father, 
Baron John Keating, a knight of St. Louis, 
emigrated to this country from France, and 
was afterward married to a French lady. The 
subject of this sketch was graduated at St. 
Mary’s College, Baltimore, in 1840; studied 
medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 
graduating M. D. in 1842. After receiving his 
medical degree he settled in Philadelphia, his 
native place, and has ever since remained 
there. He is a member of the College of 
Physicians, American Philosophical Society, 
Academy of Natural Sciences, and a member 
of the County Medical Society. He has been 
the American editor of “Ramsbotham’s Mid- 
wifery” and “Churchill on Diseases of 
Women,” and has always made a specialty of 
diseases of women. He first introduced the 
colpeurynter as an artificial bag of water in 
labor. For ten years he taught in a summer 
medical school; in 1860 was elected Professor 
of Obstetrics in the Jefferson Medical College 
in place of Dr. C. D. Meigs, but was compelled 
by the failure of his health to resign in a few 
months. He has also served for many years 
as physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital and St. 
Joseph’s Orphan Asylum. For three years, 
from 1862, he was medical director of the 
United States Army Hospital at Broad and 
Cherry streets; previous to that he was con- 
nected with the staff of the Satterlee Hospital 
in Philadelphia. Dr. Keating has been one of 
the prominent physicians of Philadelphia for 
a half century. 
KEEN, William W., of Philadelphia , was born 
in that city, January 19, 1837. He graduated 
successively from the Philadelphia High 
School, in 1853; Brown University, in 1859; 
and Jefferson Medical College, in 1862. In 
May, of the latter year, he entered the United 
States Army as acting assistant surgeon, serv- 
ing until July, 1864. During this period he 
was in charge of the Ascension and Eighth 
Street General Hospitals, at Washington, and 
subsequently of the United States Army Hos- 
pital for Nervous Diseases, at Turner’s lane, 
Philadelphia. From 1864 to 1866 he studied 
at leading medical schools in Europe, returning 
in 1866 to America, and establishing himself 
in Philadelphia. He was appointed, immedi- 
ately upon his return, lecturer upon Pathologi- 
cal Anatomy to Jefferson Medical College, a 
position that he held for many years. During 
the same period he conducted the Philadelphia 
School of Anatomy, lecturing upon anatomy 
and operative surgery to the largest private 
class ever assembled in this country. He has 
also lectured upon artistic anatomy, and was 
Professor of Artistic Anatomy at the Pennsyl- 
vania Academy of the Fine Arts. He is now 
Professor of Principles of Surgery in the Jef- 
ferson Medical College. He is a member of 
the College of Physicians; of the Pennsylva- 
nia Academy of the Natural Sciences, and of 
the Pathological Society—of the last-named 
he served as secretary from 1869 to 1872. He 
was elected a trustee of Crozer Theological 
Seminary, in 1867, of Brown University, in 
1873, and a manager of the American Baptist 
Publication Society in 1872. He has for sev- 
eral years been a contributor to the literature 
of his profession, writing extensively for med- 
ical periodicals, and also publishing a number 
of works. Among the latter may be instanced 
the following: “On Reflex Paralysis;” “Gun- 
shot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves;” 
“A Sketch of the Early History of Practical 
Anatomy;” “History of the Philadelphia 
School of Anatomy;” “The Surgical Results 
of Continued Fevers,” and reprints, edited 
and enlarged, of Heath’s “Practical Anatomy,” 
and Flower’s “Diagrams of the Nerves of the 
Human Body;” besides which he has edited 
“Gray’s Anatomy,” 1887, and other important 
works. 
KEILLER, William, of Galveston, Texas, 
was born in Midlothian, Scotland, July 4, 1861, 
He was educated in Perth Academy, and 
afterwards in Edinburgh University, and 
studied medicine in that institution and the 
Edinburgh Medical School. While a student 
he obtained the senior silver medal for prac- 
tical anatomy and was Pattison prize-man 
for the best mounted dissection. He was 
successively prosector, junior and finally sec- 
ond senior demonstrator of anatomy to Dr. 
Macdonald Brown, from whom he received 
his anatomical training. In July, 1888, he ob- 
tained the conjoined diploma of the Royal 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Edin- 
burgh, and of the Faculty of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Glasgow, and in July, 1890, was 
elected Fellow of the Royal College of Sur- 
geons of Edinburgh. He has been successively, 
demonstrator of pathology under Dr. Alex 
Bruce; House Surgeon at the Edinburgh Royal 
Infirmary, and Chloroformist to the Edinburgh 
Dental Hospital. He was assistant medical 
officer, and afterward physician for diseases of 
women to the Edinburgh Provident Dispen- 
sary. In 1890 he was appointed Lecturer on 
Anatomy in the Edinburgh Medical School 
and elected Fellow of the Edinburgh Obstet- 
rical Society. Dr. Keiller now holds the Pro- 
fessorship of anatomy in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Texas. 
KEMP, William M., of Baltimore, Md., was 
born in Frederick county, Md., February 21, 
1814, and died September 6, 1886. He gradu- 
ated at the University of Pennsylvania M. D. 
in 1834, and located himself first in Frederick 
City, Md., and finally settled in Baltimore in 
1839. He was a member of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and was its EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
265 
vice-president; was President of the Board of 
Health of Baltimore from 1855 to 1861. and 
during the year first named repeatedly visited 
Norfolk, where the yellow fever was then 
raging. A careful study of this and compari- 
son with the same visitation in Baltimore in 
1819, led him to the conclusion that it was 
non-contagious. His associates in the board, 
Drs. Jacob \V. Houck and Judson Gilman, 
concurring in this view, the board at once de- 
termined not to quarantine the vessels plying 
between Norfolk and Baltimore for transpor- 
tation of passengers, thus affording refugees 
abundant opportunity to escape. The Bay line 
of steamers between Norfolk and Baltimore 
made their usual daily trips. A number of 
refugees were seized with the fever after their 
arrival in Baltimore, a large proportion of 
whom recovered. Although these persons 
sickened in different sections of the city, 
there was not one instance in which members 
of the families, physicians or nurses contracted 
the fever. There were no hasty burials of 
those who died. All the facts here unmistak- 
ably proved the non-contagiousness of the 
fever, and the action of the board of health 
throughout the season was accordant with this 
view. Baltimore was the only port in com- 
munication with Norfolk, where quarantine 
was not enforced. This solitary action of the 
board of health evoked much criticism at the 
time, and committees from several of the sea- 
board cities visited Baltimore, to confer with 
the board and to remonstrate against their 
proceedings. The, board continued their 
arrangements throughout the epidemic, and 
the results demonstrated the correctness of 
their position. An extensive correspondence 
with boards of health in many of the cities 
revealed the fact, that the quarantine regula- 
tions in the different ports were not based on 
the same general principles, each port having 
its own special ideas, and the quarantine being 
managed according to the peculiar views of 
the locality. Hence arose the call for a gen- 
eral meeting of delegates from corporations, 
boards of health, merchants’ exchanges, med- 
ical associations, and all bodies directly inter- 
ested in the subject of quarantine laws and 
their proper execution. This meeting con- 
vened in Philadelphia in 1857 and became 
The National Quaratine and Sanitary Associa- 
tion,” which held annual conventions until 
the year 1860, when the war occurred and pre- 
vented subsequent conventions. The associa- 
tion had held conventions in Philadelphia, 
Baltimore, New York and Boston, and gave to 
the public a great mass of valuable matter on 
the subject. Dr. Kemp was president of the 
second convention. He was the author of 
various articles in the medical and surgical 
journals throughout the country, also of a 
monograph entitled: “Obstetrical Notes Based 
on One Thousand Cases of Delivery.” In 1883 
he was elected President of the Baltimore 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty. He con- 
tinued to practice his profession until his 
death and was one of the oldest and most 
widely known physicians of Baltimore. His 
son, Dr. Wm. F. A. Kemp, is now one of the 
prominent physicians of that city. 
KEMPER, G. W. H., of Muncie, Ind., was 
born in Rush county, that State, December 16, 
1839. Plis parents, Arthur S. and Patience 
(Bryant) Kemper, were natives of Kentucky, 
and were of German descent. He received a 
common school education, and worked for two 
years in a country printing office. At the 
age of twenty-one years he entered upon the 
study of medicine, in the office of the late 
J. AY. Moodey, M. D., at Greensburg, Ind. 
He had read but a few weeks when the tocsin 
of war was sounded, and President Lincoln 
called for 75,000 volunteers. He enlisted and 
served as a private in Company B, Seventh 
Regiment Indiana Volunteers, during the three 
months’ service. On September 25,1861, he re- 
enlisted as hospital steward of the Seventeenth 
Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and served in 
that capacity until February 20, 1863, when he 
was promoted to assistant surgeon of the same 
regiment, a position he filled until the expira- 
tion of his term of enlistment, July 27, 1864, 
when he was discharged. During the winter 
of 1864-65, he attended a course of medical 
lectures at the University of Michigan, at Ann 
Arbor, and in the spring following, a second 
course at the Long Island College Hospital, at 
Brooklyn, N. Y., where he graduated, in June, 
1865. The same year he located in Muncie, 
where he has since been engaged in the general 
practice of medicine. He was coroner of Dela- 
ware county, Ind., from 1870 to 1875. He was 
appointed examining surgeon for pensions in 
May, 1872, and has served in that capac- 
ity for a period of nearly twenty years. 
He is a member of the Delaware County Med- 
ical Society, the Indiana State Medical Society 
and the American Medical Association. In 
1879, he was elected treasurer of the Indiana 
State Medical Society, and filled that position 
until 1886, when he was elected president of 
that society, and presided at the session of 
1887. He has contributed more than fifty ar- 
ticles on medical subjects, among which may 
be named the following: “Operation for the 
Radical Cure of Varicocele;” “Exophthalmic 
Goitre;” “Retention in Utero of the Dead 
Fetus, Considered Particularly with Regard to 266 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
its Effects upon the Mother;” “A Case of 
Podelcoma”—the only case reported in the 
United States; “Affections of the Gall-blad- 
der, Tending to Result in Cutaneous Biliary 
Fistula;” “Incarceration of the Placenta at 
Full Term;” “Ligation of the Femoral Ar- 
tery;” “Primary Cancer of the Lung;” “A 
Case of Lodgment of a Breech-pin in the 
Brain—Removal on the Second Day—Recov- 
ery ;” “A Study of the Subject of Spontaneous 
Rupture of d;he Membranes , at Full Term of 
Gestation Preceding the Beginning of Labor;” 
“A Case of Painful Paraplegia;” “Antiseptics 
in Normal Labor;” “Synchronous, or Double 
Amputations;” and “One Thousand Cases of 
Labor and their Lessons.” 
KEYES, Edward L., of New York City, was 
born in Charleston, S. C., August 28, 1843. 
He is the son of Gen. Erasmus Darwin Keyes, 
of the United States Army. He was educated 
by private tutors at Taunton, Mass.; entered 
Yale in 1859, becoming a member of the prin- 
cipal class societies, and was graduated in 
1863, taking the degrees then and later of A. 
B. and A. M. His degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine was received from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of New York, in 1866. 
The following eighteen months were spent in 
Europe, where he continued his professional 
studies, mainly in the hospitals of Paris, pay- 
ing especial attention to genito-urinary, vene- 
real and skin diseases. In the latter part of 
1867 he returned to America and established 
himself in New York City. In 1870 he became 
associated in practice with Prof. W. H. Van 
Buren. In 1871 he was appointed Lecturer on 
Dermatology and Instructor in Genito-Urinary 
Surgery in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
and soon after held the professorship of these 
branches in that institution. His rise to 
prominence in the profession has been rapid 
and uninterrupted, and in his special field he 
stands foremost. He is, or has been, president 
of the New York Pathological Society, New 
York Dermatological, American Association 
of Neurology and Syphilology, and vice-presi- 
dent of the New York Academy of Medicine; 
is Consulting Surgeon to the Bellevue, Charity, 
Skin and Cancer, and Italian Hospitals, and 
Surgeon to St. Elizabeth Hospital. He has 
been an extensive writer of books and mono- 
graphs on medical and surgical subjects, 
among which may be named “Syphilis of the 
Nervous System,” 1870; “Galvano-Puncture of 
Abdominal Aneurism,” 1871; “Tonic Treat- 
ment of Syphilis,” 1877; “Genito-Urinary 
Surgery,” 1874; “Effect of Mercury in Increas- 
ing the Number of Red Blood Cells;” the 
section on “Urinary Calculus,” in Ashurst’s 
Encyclopedia of Surgery, and numberless es- 
says. So widely is Dr. Keyes known that he 
is constantly called to all parts of the country 
to operate or to consult. 
KEYSER, Peter I)., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city February 8,1835. His family is 
of German origin, and at the time of the Refor- 
mation its then representatives were among 
the first to accept the doctrines of Luther, in 
consequence whereof Leonard Keyser was 
publicly burned at the stake at Scharding, 
Bavaria, in August, 1527. The family then 
moved to Holland on account of the religious 
persecution; from whence Dirck Keyser emi- 
grated to America in 1688, being one of the 
first settlers at Germantown, Philadelphia. 
Maternally Dr. Keyser is a descendant of Col. 
-I. Eyre, of Kensington, who commanded the 
Philadelphia artillery during the revolution- 
ary war. After receiving a collegiate educa- 
tion in the Delaware College, which termi- 
nated in 1852, he studied chemistry for two 
years in the laboratory of Dr. F. A. Genth, in 
Philadelphia, publishing several analyses in 
the American Journal of Sciences, and which 
were subsequently incorporated into “Dana’s 
Mineralogy.” After this he went to Europe 
to pursue his professional studies in Germany, 
returning to America in 1858. Upon the 
breaking out of the Civil War he entered the 
government service as captain in the Ninety- 
First Pennsylvania Regiment, and served in 
the Army of the Potomac in the Chickahom- 
iny campaign, until after the battle of Fair 
Oaks. His health being greatly impaired by 
wounds and sickness, he resigned his commis- 
sion, and for purposes of recuperation and 
study again visited Europe. Entering the 
medical department of the University of Mu- 
nich, and afterwards that of Jena, where he 
graduated M. D. in 1864, and after visiting the 
hospitals of Berlin, Paris, and London, re- 
turned to this country in the same year. He 
was appointed acting assistant surgeon in 
the United States service, and was detailed to 
the Cuyler Hospital at Germantown. In 1865 
he resigned from the service in order to enter 
upon private practice, and that he might be 
enabled to fill the position of surgeon in 
charge of the Philadelphia Eye and Ear Hos- 
pital. This institution, incorporated in 1869 
as the “Philadelphia Eye and Ear Infirmary,” 
he had founded in 1864, having especially 
directed his studies toward ophthalmology 
while abroad. In 1868 he delivered a course 
of lectures to physicians upon the accommoda- 
tion and refraction of the eye, and in 1870 de- 
livered the first regular course of clinical lect- 
ures upon opthalmology ever given in Phila- 
delphia—a course continued in 1871-72. He 
was elected opthalmic surgeon to the medical 
department of the Philadelphia German So- 
ciety in 1870. Several other positions to 
which he was elected by prominent benevo- 
lent institutions, he was for want of time 
compelled to decline. He is at this date 
(1893) Dean and Professor of Opthalmology 
in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Phila- 
delphia, and has been surgeon to Wills’ Eye 
Hospital for the past twenty years. He has 
contributed largely to professional periodicals, 
both in Europe and America; his most note- 
worthy papers being: “On Persistent Pupil- 
lary Membranes;” “On the Measurement of 
the Prominence of the Eye, with a New In- 
strument Therefor;” “Reports on Cataract 
Operations;” “On an Instrument for Meas- 
uring the Face and Nose for Fitting Spectacle 
Frames, and a New Scheme for Recording 
Cases of Refraction;” “Impairment of Vision 
the Result of Dental Irritation;” “On Air as 
an Anesthetic in Opthalmology;” “On Sym- 
pathetic Ophthalmia;” “On Ametropia being 
a Cause of Blepharitis.” He is a member of 
the Philadelphia County and Pennsylvania 
Medical Societies, of the American Medical 
Association, and of the International Opthal- 
mological Congress and of the Pennsylvania 
Historical Society. 
KIERNA.N, James (4., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in New York City, June 18, 1852, of 
Celtic Irish, Lowland Scotch, and Northum- 
brian English descent. He was educated in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
267 
the public schools of New York, and received 
an academic education in the College of the 
City of New York. He graduated June 18, 
1874, from the medical department of the 
University of New York. He practiced on 
Ward’s Island, New York, from 1874 to 1878; 
in New York City from 1878 to 1881; in Cook 
county (Chicago), 111., from 1881 to the pres- 
ent time. He has been Assistant Physician to 
the Ward’s Island Insane Hospital and Super- 
intendent of the Cook County Insane Hospital. 
His practice is limited to nervous and 
mental disease. He has conducted origi- 
nal researches and published valuable papers 
on the following subjects in the American Jour- 
nal of Insanity, Alienist and Neurologist, Ameri- 
can Lancet, St. Louis Clinical Record, and other 
leading medical journals of this country: 
“Katatonia,” 1877; “Trophic Disturbances of 
the Insane,” 1878; “Syphilis in Relation to 
Insanity,” “Transitory Mania,” “Paranoia,” 
1880; “Rheumatism and Insanity,” “Lead- 
Poisoning and Insanity,” 1881; “Simulation 
of Insanity by the Insane,” “Scarlatina and 
Insanity,” 1882; “Paretic Dementia,” “Mea- 
sles and Insanity,” 1883; “Moral Insanity,” 
“Epileptic Insanity,” “Gynecology and In- 
sanity,” 1884; “Conium in Insanity,” “Race 
and Insanity,” 1886; “Genius and Insan- 
ity,” 1887; “Cardiac Disease and Insan- 
ity,” “Phthisis and Insanity,” 1890; “Gout 
and Insanity,” 1891; “Variola and Insanity,” 
“Evolution of the Sexual Appetite,” and “Art 
in the Insane,” also “Congenital Opium 
Habit,” 1892. He has been editorially con- 
nected with Qaillard's Medical Journal, the 
Chicago Medical Review, the Journal of Ner- 
vous and Mental Disease, the Journal of 
Neurology and Psychiatry, and has been editor 
of the Medical Standard since its foundation. 
KIMBALL, Gilman, of Lowell, Mass., was 
born at Hill (formerly New Chester), N. H., 
December 8, 1804, and died at his home in 
July, 1891. He was the oldest and most noted 
physician in the city of Lowell, having lived 
and practiced his profession there for over 
sixty years. He was educated at a private 
school, and graduated from the Medidal School 
of Dartmouth College, in 1827. He began to 
practice in'Chicopee, Mass., but removed to 
Lowell in 1830. Previous to his removal he 
visited Europe, and spent his time chiefly in 
Paris, attending the surgical cliniques of De- 
puytren, at Hotel Dieu, and of Boyer, at La 
Charity. During the sixty years of his prac- 
tice he has performed all the operations nat- 
urally occurring in the line of surgery. As 
among the notable of these may be mentioned 
two of amputation at hip-joint, one of which 
was successful; ligation of the internal iliac 
artery, fatal the nineteenth day after secondary 
hemorrhage; of the external iliac, carotid and 
subclavian, all successful; he has performed 
225 operations for ovariotomy, with sixty-nine 
per cent, of recoveries; extirpated the uterus 
in twelve cases, with five recoveries. He re- 
ceived honorary degree of M. D. from Williams 
College in 1837, and from Yale College in 1856; 
also honorary degree of A. M. from Dart- 
mouth College in 1839. In 1832 he was elected 
a member of the Massachusetts Medical Soci- 
ety, and in 1877 member of the American 
Gynecological Society, and vice-president of 
the Massachusetts Medical Society. Of his 
contributions to medical literature the most 
important relate to gastrotomy, ovariotomy, 
and uterine extirpation; cases illustrating cer- 
tain points of practice in the first, and tending 
to release the operation from some of its most 
serious dangers; a case relating to the last- 
mentioned operation is notable as being, ac- 
cording to Koeberl6, of Strasbourg, the first on 
record where the operation was successfully 
performed upon a correctly established diag- 
nosis; paper on the “Treatment of Uterine 
Fibroids by Electrolysis or Galvanism, and a 
paper on the “Extirpation of the Uterus,” 
read before the American Medical Associa- 
tion in Chicago, June, 1877. In 1844 he was 
elected Professor of Surgery in the Vermont 
Medical College, Woodstock, and in 1845 in 
Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass. 
He subsequently resigned these professorships 
to take charge of the Lowell Hospital, an in- 
stitution established by the proprietors of the 
various manufacturing corporations of Lowell 
for the benefit of their operatives. He served 
for four months under Gen. B. F. Butler, as 
brigade surgeon, at Annapolis and Fortress 
Monroe, at both places superintending the 
organization of the first military hospitals 
established for the benefit of the sick and 
wounded in the War of the Rebellion. It 
may be said of Dr. Kimball that he gained a 
world-wide reputation as a leader and discov- 
erer in his special line of surgery, and that 
few men have retained their physical and 
mental vigor to such a remarkable degree. He 
continued practice up to a time far beyond 
that at which most men retire, and only then 
when forced to do so by the failing of his 
physical powers. He was devoted to his pro- 
fession, and pursued the most delicate and 
difficult branches of it with a zeal and courage 
that have resulted in much permanent good 
for suffering humanity and his name will oc- 
cupy a high niche in the temple of fame. 
KINGSLEY, Byron Fillmore, of San Antonio, 
Texas, was born in Ripley, New York, July 
11, 1852, of English and German descent. He 
was educated in the public schools of his na- 
tive place, and at Coldwater, Michigan, where 
he studied medicine under the late Dr. C. S. 
Tucker. In 1871-72 he took the regular 
course in pharmacy at the University of Mich- 
igan. Here he also attended his first and 
second courses of lectures in medicine. He 
graduated at the Detroit Medical College in 
1874 and later in the same year at the Long 
Island College Hospital. He then located in 
St. Louis, Mo., where he remained only a 
year when he removed to Carrollton, 111.; here 
he soon became secretary of the Green County 
Medical Association and county physician. 
Desirous of a wider field, and being possessed 
of a somewhat adventurous spirit at that 
time, he removed to San Antonio, Texas, 
early in 1877, arriving on the first through 
passenger train to the latter place. In June, 
1879, he was made an Acting Assistant Sur- 
geon United States Army, by Surgeon-Gen- 
eral Moore (retired) then medical director de- 
partment of Texas. For the next four years 
he was stationed at different posts in Texas, 
Colorado, and the Indian Territory, returning 
to San Antonio in 1883. In 1885 was elected 
vice-president of the Western Texas Medical 
Association; in 1888 vice-president Texas State 
Medical Association ; in 1891 president West- 
ern Texas Medical Association; in 1892 was 
appointed United States Pension Examiner. 
He is a member of the American Medical 268 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
credited with being the first surgeon that ever 
performed laparotomy for gunshot wound of 
the abdomen without a protrusion of the vis- 
cera. He invented an improved urethrotome 
and stricture dilator, also an intra-uterine stem 
pessary. By birth, Dr. Kinlock inherited both 
Scottish and Welsh traits; by education he 
was cosmopolitan, having, besides his training 
at home, and at the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, a considerable term of study in the" hos- 
pitals of London, Edinburgh, and Paris; by 
his personal character and the fine temper of 
his intellect, he was worthy to be filed in the 
Bramin class, as it has been outlined by Dr. 
Holmes. 
KINNEY, Augustus C., of Astoria, Ore., was 
born in Muscatine, lowa, July 26, 1845. He is 
a son of Robert C. Kinney, of Oregon, for- 
merly of St. Clair county, HI. He was gradu- 
ated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 
New York City in 1870, and served as interne 
on the staff at the Charity Hospital for eigh- 
teen months. He practiced his profession at 
Portland, several years thereafter at Astoria, in 
his adopted State. He has paid particular atten- 
tion to diseases of the lungs, and in the treat- 
ment of tuberculosis has originated an un- 
usually successful treatment. He has served 
four years as State Health Officer, and is re- 
garded as one of the leading physicians of 
Oregon. 
KIRKBRIDE, Thomas S., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born near Morrisville, Bucks county, 
Pa., July 31, 1809, and died in the former city 
December 16, 1883. His ancestor, Joseph 
Kirkbride, came to this country from the parish 
of Kirkbride, county of Cumberland, England, 
with William Penn, being connected with the 
Society of Friends, as have been his descend- 
ants down to the present generation. He re- 
ceived his academical education at Trenton, 
N. J., and graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 
March, 1832. In the following April he was 
appointed Resident Physician to the Friends’ 
Asylum for the Insane, in which position he 
served for one year, when, in March, 1833, he 
was elected Resident Physician to the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital, where he remained two 
years, after which he engaged in private prac- 
tice, settling in Philadelphia and pursuing his 
practice till December, 1840. In October of 
the latter year he was elected, without solicita- 
tion on his part, Physician-in-Chief and Su- 
perintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital for 
the Insane, a new institution, then nearly 
completed, and to which it was proposed to 
remove the insane from the old hospital at 
Eighth and Pine streets. The new hospital 
was opened on the first day of January, 1841, 
since which time he had the care and manage- 
ment of it until his death, the inmates having 
increased meanwhile. In 1854, the original 
building having become crowded, he recom- 
mended the erection of a new one on the 
grounds of the institution, and a complete 
separation of the sexes. He further recom- 
mended that the building proposed should be 
erected through an appeal to the public, which 
accordingly was made and with entire success, 
the building being completed wholly from pri- 
vate contributions, exceeding in the aggregate 
$355,000. The new building was opened in 
1859, and since that time the Pennsylvania 
Hospital for the Insane has consisted of two 
separate departments—one for men and one 
Association and American Public Health As- 
sociation. He has devoted special attention 
to diseases of chest, but in later years his 
practice has developed largely into surgical 
and gynecological. He has a private sanitar- 
ium in conjunction with his sister, Dr. Jose- 
phine Kingsley, for the accommodation of the 
latter class of patients. He was married to 
Miss Nellie A. Glennon, of Chicago, April 
26, 1892. 
KINLOCK,Robert Alexander, of Charleston, 
S. C.,was born in that city, February 20, 1826, 
and died there December 23, 1891. He was 
graduated at the College of Charleston in 
1845. He was Professor of Surgery as well as 
dean of the faculty, in the South Carolina 
Medical College, and ex-president of the Med- 
ical Society of South Carolina, and was for- 
merly vice-president of the American Medical 
Association and first surgeon to the Roper 
Hospital, on Queen street. He was a visitor 
to the Berlin Medical Conference, in 1890. He 
was at one time editor of the Charleston Med- 
ical Journal. During the war he served the 
Confederate forces as medical examiner, in- 
spector of hospitals, and medical director of 
the Southeastern Department. He was a con- 
tributor to the local periodicals, and to the 
American Journal of Medical Sciences, chiefly on 
surgical and epidemiological subjects. He was 
an associate member of the Philadelphia Col- 
lege of Physicians. It is said that he made 
the first resection of the knee-joint, for chronic 
disease in the United States, and the first to 
treat fractures of the lower jaw and other 
bones by wiring the fragments. He was also EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
269 
for women—each having a capacity for 250 
patients, and entirely distinct from each other 
in all their arrangements, though with the 
same physician-in-chief and the same board of 
managers. The success of this experiment has 
been complete, and has led to the adoption of 
the plan in other institutions. He was a mem- 
ber of the Association of Medical Superin- 
tendents of American Institutions for the In- 
sane, of which he was one of the originators, 
and for eight years the president; the Phila- 
delphia Medical Society, and the American 
Philological Society; a Fellow of the College 
of Physicians of Philadelphia, and honorary 
member of the British Psychological Associa- 
tion, not to mention others at home and 
abroad. He has written a work on “The Con- 
struction, Organization and General Arrange- 
ments of Hospitals for the Insane,” 1856, and 
one on “Rules for the Government of those 
Employed in the Care of the Insane,” “An- 
Appeal for the Insane,” 1854; besides thirty 
six “Annual Reports” from the hospital, which 
are regarded as very valuable, and in which 
most subjects connected with the care of the 
insane are discussed. He has also contributed 
various articles and reviews to the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, the American 
Journal of Insanity, and other periodicals. 
While in private practice he was physician to 
numerous charitable institutions, including the 
House of Refuge, the Magdalen Asylum, and 
the Institution for the Blind, of which latter 
he was a manager from near the time of its 
first foundation. His son, Dr. Joseph I. Kirk- 
bride, who survives him, is a prominent physi- 
cian of Philadelphia. 
KITCHEN, John M., of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born in Piqua, Miami county, Ohio, July 
12, 1826. He resolved early in life to study 
medicine, and after suitable instruction in the 
office of a local practitioner of good standing, 
attended lectures in the Jefferson Medical 
College of Philadelphia, and the University 
Medical College, New York City, graduating 
in the latter institution in March, 1846. Com- 
mencing practice in Fort Wayne, Ind., he re- 
mained there until 1849, when he went to Cal- 
ifornia as second doctor on an emigrant ship. 
Upon arriving, after a seven months’ voyage 
around Cape Horn, at San Francisco, he im- 
mediately entered into practice, continuing 
until March, 1850, when he went on foot to 
the mining regions near the head waters of 
the Yuba river, and established a small hospi- 
tal for miners; in this hospital he performed 
the duties of cook, nurse and physician. This 
experience afforded many valuable lessons in 
practical medicine, for the difficulty in procur- 
ing medical supplies frequently made it neces- 
sary to rely more on nature than art in the 
management of disease and the results often 
being unexpectedly favorable served to make 
a lasting impression. Finally, in 1851, In- 
dianapolis was selected for a permanent loca- 
tion. In 1853 he was married to Mary F., 
daughter of John H. Bradley, Esq., of that 
city. For more than thirty years he has en- 
deavored conscientiously to perform the duties 
required of a general practitioner of medicine 
and surgery, but not having a taste for writ- 
ing, has only occasionally contributed brief 
articles for medical journals. He is a member 
of the Marion County Medical Society; of the 
Indiana State Medical Society, and of the 
American Medical Association, and has also 
at different times held the following positions: 
president of the board of trustees of the City 
Hospital; trustee of the Indiana Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb; physician to the 
State Institution for the Blind; consulting 
physician to the City Hospital; consulting 
physician to the State institution for the Deaf 
and Dumb; surgeon in charge of United States 
Army General Hospital, at Indianapolis, from 
1861 to 1865; president of the Board of United 
States Examining Surgeons for Pensions, from 
1886 to 1893; and is now, and has been for 
many years, medical examiner for many of 
the leading life insurance companies of this 
country. Having acquired a fortune by his 
professional skill, industry, and good business 
management, he has retired from general 
practice and confined himself of late years to 
office and consultation business and the enjoy- 
ment of that recreation and repose which his 
long and faithful devotion to his profession so 
justly entitles him. 
KNIGHT, Frederick Irving, of Boston, 
Mass., was born in Newburyport, Mass., May 
18, 1841. He graduated from Yale, in the class 
of 1862, and then began the study of medicine, 
which he continued until the spring of 1867, 
first at the United States Hospital, New Haven, 
then in the Harvard Medical School, where he 
received the degree of M. D., in 1866, and 
finally in New York City. For a year from 
April, 1865, he held the position of senior 
house physician at the Boston City Hospital. 
In the spring of 1867, he left New York to be- 
come associated in practice with Dr. Henry I. 
Bowditch, of Boston, with whom he was in 
partnership until 1879. Meanwhile he held 
appointments in the Boston Dispensary, in 
the Carney Hospital, and in the City Hospital. 
These he relinquished in the summer of 1872, 
to establish a special clinique of laryngology at 
the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 
1871-72, Dr. Knight spent a year in Europe, 
studying in Vienna and Berlin. In -May, 1872, 
he received the appointment of instructor in 
auscultation, percussion and laryngoscopy in 
Harvard University. He has always devoted 
considerable time to the medical school there, 
and in 1882 was appointed Assistant Professor 
of Laryngology, and in 1888 Clinical Professor. 
From 1880 till 1883, he was associate editor of 
Archives of Laryngology, published by G. P. 
Putnam’s Sons, New York. Dr. Knight is a 
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts 
and Sciences; was president of the Ameri- 
can Laryngological Association in 1882, and 
was president of the American Climatolog- 
ical Association, 1891; a national organi- 
zation founded in 1883 for the study of cli- 
matology, hydrology, and diseases of respira- 
tory and circulatory organs. He is also a 
member of the Boston Society for Medical 
Observation, and was president of the Boston 
Society for Medical Improvement, from 1891 till 
1893. He is consulting physician to the Massa- 
chusetts General Hospital, and has been a fre- 
quent contributor to medical journals of articles 
upon affections of the throat and chest, and 
upon climatology. Dr. Knight was married in 
Berlin, in 1872, to Louisa Armistead Appleton, 
formerly of Baltimore. A daughter (Theodora 
Irving) is their only child. 
KNIGHT, James, of New York, was born at 
Taney Town, Frederick county, Md., February 
14, 1810, and died in the former city October 
24, 1887. He was the son of Samuel Knight, 270 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
a manufacturer of military arms, and em- 
ployed by the United States government, who 
died at Richmond, Va., in 1809. His grand 
parents came from England in 1766. He was 
educated in the village school, and at St. Mary’s 
College, South Mountain, Md., and graduated 
from the AVashington Medical College, Balti- 
more, in March, 1832, having spent seven 
years in the Baltimore General Dispensary. 
Practicing in Baltimore for one year, and in 
Cincinnati, Ohio, for about nine months, he 
afterwards traveled in various parts of the 
United States for the improvement of his 
health, and finally settled in the city of New 
York, in December, 1835. He continued as a 
regular family practitioner till 1840, from 
which time, by the advice of his friend, Prof. 
Valentine Mott, he devoted special attention 
to orthopedic surgery, a branch of the pro- 
fession to which he had given much study 
when in the Baltimore General Dispensary. 
In 1842, and up to 1844, he assisted in the or- 
thopedic treatment of patients attending the 
public clinics in the medical department of 
the University of New York. His experience 
at those clinics impressed him so deeply with 
the necessity for a charitable institution to 
supply the wants of indigent patients that he 
made a strenuous, and eventually successful, 
effort to organize such an institution, the or- 
ganization being consummated on April 13, 
1863, and known as the New York Society for 
the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled, he 
surrendering his private dwelling for a hospi- 
tal. In 1870, however, the society completed 
a most capacious hospital of its own, and he 
was appointed physician in charge, and in 
which many thousand patients have been 
treated annually, almost all of them being 
supplied with surgical appliances free of ex- 
pense. He was a member of the Medico- 
Chirurgical Society of Maryland; the District 
Medical Society of Ohio; the County Medical 
Society of the City of New York; the Medical 
Journal Association of the City of New York; 
and Resident Fellow of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine; a life-member of the New 
York Society for the Relief of AVidows and 
Orphans of Medical Men, and also of the 
American Institute; an honorary member of 
the New York Horticultural Society ; and a 
fellow of the Academy of Design. He pub- 
lished a work on “The Improvement of the 
Health of Children and Adults by Natural 
Means,” 1868; and one entitled “Orthopedia; 
or, a Practical Treatise on the Aberrations of 
the Human Form,” 1874; and “Static Elec- 
tricity as a Therapeutic Agent,” 1882. 
KOLLOCK, Charles Wilson, of Charleston, 
S. C., was born in that State, April 29, 1857. 
His father is Cornelius Kollock, M. D., who is 
a native of South Carolina, and his mother, 
Mary Henrietta, second daughter of the late 
Charles B. Shaw, of Boston, Mass. He at- 
tended private schools in Cheraw until sixteen 
years of age, when he entered the AUrginia 
Military Institute, at Lexington, Ara., and was 
graduated in the class of 1877. After reading 
medicine for a year in the office of his father, 
he matriculated in the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, from which 
he was graduated in March, 1881. In Septem- 
ber, 1881, he was appointed one of the Resi- 
dent Physicians in the Philadelphia (Block- 
ley) Hospital, and served for one yeai' in this 
institution. He next served six months in the 
same capacity in the Children’s Hospital, and 
for one year as Resident Surgeon in the Wills 
Eye Hospital, of Philadelphia. Dr. Kollock 
spent some time in Europe, and attended the 
eye clinics in London and Paris. In June, 
1885, he settled permanently in Charleston, 
and has since confined his practice strictly to 
diseases of the eye and ear. He is a member 
of the American Medical Association, of the 
American Ophthalmological Society, the South 
Carolina Medical Association, and one of the 
honorary chairmen of the Ophthalmological 
Section of the Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress for 1893. Dr. Kollock is Ophthalmic 
Surgeon to the Charleston City Hospital and 
Shirras Dispensary. Of late he has been giv- 
ing considerable attention to the peculiarities 
and diseases of the eye of the negro. 
KORNITZER, Joseph, of Socorro, New Mex- 
ico, was born in Vagh-Ujhely, Hungary, where 
his father, Philip, an immigrant from Moravia, 
held the position of council clerk. After a 
six-years’ gymnasia! course at Trencheny and 
Buda-Pesth, Hungary, and a two-years’ course 
of philosophy at the University of Vienna, 
Austria, he entered upon his medical studies 
in the “Josephinum,” an institution for the 
education of army surgeons, in Vienna. At 
the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution, in 
1848, he shouldered the rifle, to serve as a pri- 
vate in the Hungarian army. After its sur- 
render (Anlagos, August 13, i 849) to the Rus- 
sian auxiliaries, sent to the rescue of Austria’s 
throne, he fled, first home to see his old 
father, and then to different places in Hungary, 
where, unknown and unmolested, he for sew 
ei’al years was teaching school and applying EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
271 
himself hard to the studies of anatomy, and phy- 
siology, until a general amnesty, granted to 
the rebels by the Emperor Francis Joseph, 
made it possible for him to resume his medi- 
cal studies at the University of Vienna, from 
where he also graduated in 1866. In July of 
the same year, during the Austro-Prussian 
War, he was commissioned surgeon-in-chief to 
a ward of a hospital established at Klosterneu- 
burg, near Vienna, for the reception of the 
wounded in battle. Soon, however, a raging 
cholera epidemic prevailing in Moravia, then 
densely occupied by the Prussian army, in- 
duced him to go there in order to try (i. e., to 
originate) the then novel hypodermic treat- 
ment in this disease. A detailed description 
of this fact he recently contributed to Merck's 
Bulletin (October, 1892). In 1868 he came to 
this country and opened practice in New York 
City. Anxious to acquire a home of his own, 
he removed (1873) to Topeka, Kan. During 
his stay there, in February, 1880, he went to 
Cincinnati, 0., where he intended to publish 
a work on the pathology and abortive treat- 
ment of the zymotic and inflammatory dis- 
eases. A lecture on this object, delivered 
before the Academy of Medicine of that city, 
and subsequently published in a pamphlet, 
was received with applause and favorably com- 
mented upon. A few articles, soon to appear 
in Merck’s Bulletin, on the same object will lay 
before the profession some really original 
therapeutical ideas, which, if widely adopted, 
are destined to divest the eruptive diseases 
(scarlet fever, variola, diphtheria, erysipelas, 
etc.) of the largest part of their horrors. 
When in full train, writing up his intended 
work, he was called away from Cincinnati to the 
bedside of his wife, whose health, for quite a 
while, had been failing. For this reason, too, in 
February, 1882, he removed to Socorro, New 
Mexico, his present abode, which is one of re- 
markable climatic salubrity. For the last 
twelve years he made tuberculosis his special 
study. The result thereof he has recently con- 
tributed in concise articles to the periodical 
above mentioned, which are sure to prove a 
highly valuable contribution to our noble art 
and should command the general attention of 
the profession. Whatever Dr. Kornitzer wrote, 
makes the impression of science applied. Non 
multa, sed mnltnm. 
KUHN, Adam, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Germantown, Pa., November 28, 1741, 
and died July 5,1817. His father was a native 
of Swabia, a physician by profession, and a man 
of bright parts and liberal education. Having 
removed to Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, where 
he became a magistrate, “he was deeply inter- 
ested in the promotion of classical learning 
amongst the youth of that place, and for this 
end procured the erection of a school-house, 
in which the Greek and Latin languages were 
taught by the best qualified masters.’' Under 
such auspices Dr. Kuhn received his element- 
ary education, and commenced his medical 
studies with the advantage of parental direc- 
tion. In 1761, Dr. Kuhn went to Europe, and, 
deviating thus far from the course pursued by 
his colleagues, resorted to Sweden for instruc- 
tion in botany and materia medica, at the 
hands of Linneus, then at the height of his 
renown. He subsequently went to Edinburgh, 
and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
from that university, in 1767. The thesis, 
published by him on that occasion, “De Lava- 
tione Frigida,” was dedicated to his friend and 
instructor, Linneus. The letters of that emi- 
nent naturalist to the father of Dr. Kuhn, 
evince the deep interest he took in the son, 
and the particular estimation he had conceived 
of his abilities. On his return from Europe 
he settled in Philadelphia and practiced med- 
icine. In January, 1768, he was appointed the 
Professor of Materia Medica and Botany in 
the College of Philadelphia, and in November, 
1789, he became the Professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania. He also held the chair of the 
Practice of Medicine, from the date of the 
union of the college and the university, in 
January, 1792, till 1797. He was a physician of 
the Pennsylvania Hospital from May, 1775, till 
January, 1798, and was president of t he College 
of Physicians from July, 1808, until his death. 
LACKERSTEEN, Mark Henry, of Chicago, 
111., was born in London in 1835. His early 
education was conducted chiefly in St. An- 
drews, Scotland, where he received the ele- 
ments of a sound classical training, and the 
foundation of a thorough knowledge in the 
physical sciences under the teaching of Sir 
David Brewster. After a short stay at King’s 
College, London, and a course in the Royal 
School of Mines, he entered the University of 
Cambridge and graduated in 1854. In the 
same year he commenced his medical studies 
in King’s College and University College, 
London, and obtained honors in chemistry, 
physiology, zoology and medicine. lie passed 
the examination of membership of the Royal 
College of Surgeons in 1857, and graduated 
M. D. in St. Andrew’s University in 1858. 
Through the recommendation of Faraday he 
was elected to a life fellowship of the Chem- 
ical Society, and Bentley and Rhymer Jones 
proposed and seconded his election to a life 
fellowship of the Linnean Society. He then 
visited the schools in Paris, Berlin and Vienna, 
in order to study the methods then in vogue 
on the continent, and on his return to England 
successfully competed for an assistant sur- 
geoncy in the Bengal Army Medical Depart- 
ment for service during the mutiny. He 
served in Lucknow to the end of 1859, and on 
the establishment of peace was placed in 
charge of a hospital for diseases of women and 
children, and in 1861 was appointed Superin- 
tendent of the Central Asylum and Hospital 
I for Nervous Diseases in the Punjaub. In 1865 
Dr. Lackersteen was selected by the imperial 
j government for special duty in connection 
with the sanitation of the province, under the 
| administration of Lord Lawrence. Dr. Lack- 
ersteen received the special thanks of the gov- 
ernment for his official reports of three epi- 
demics of Asiatic cholera; for reports on the 
etiology and treatment of the Delhi sore or 
Aleppo boil; for a series of chemical analyses 
of the potable well waters of the north west- 
ern provinces; for the report on the causes and 
prevention of the immense mortality among 
the prisoners in the jails of Punjaub; for a re- 
port on the Indian methods of treating the 
bites of rabid animals; for a summary of 
Hindoo medicine, with an account of the in- 
digenous materia medica; for statistical and 
tabulated reports of the outbreak of fever and 
cholera in relation to meteorological condi- 
tions, and produced by unwholesome and im- 
properly prepared food and impure drinking 
i water; and for the treatment of insolation and 272 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
heat apoplexy. Dr. Lackersteen obtained high 
proficiency certificates from the Fort William 
College in Calcutta for successfully passing 
examinations in the Sanscrit, Persian, Hin- 
dostani and Bengali languages. Close applica- 
tion to his duties in a very trying climate 
gradually broke down the Doctor’s health, and 
he was obliged to return to England on sick 
leave in 1867. His services seem to have been 
well appreciated by the government, for during 
his prolonged absence from duty, extending 
over a period of five years, he was allowed the 
full pay and allowances of his special appoint- 
ment in India. During his medical furlough 
he took special courses in the Royal School of 
Mines in chemistry under Frankland, and in 
biology under Huxley, and passed his examin- 
ation for membership of the Royal College of 
Physicians of London, which made him eligi- 
ble to hospital and college appointments and 
to consulting practice in London. He was 
soon elected attending physician to St. George’s 
and St. James’ Infirmary, and in 1875 he re- 
tired from the army medical service with the 
rank of surgeon major. In 1877 Dr. Lacker- 
steen married Edith Trimmer, the only daugh- 
ter of Captain J. Trimmer, of the British 
Army, and a cousin of Ed Trimmer, the secre- 
tary to the Royal College of Surgeons of En- 
gland, and took up a chamber and consulting 
practice in London. In 1880, by representa- 
tions made to him he was induced to sail for 
America, a step he has never regretted. The 
scientific work he was supposed to undertake 
proving a myth, he settled down to profes- 
sional practice in Chicago, where he has es- 
tablished a respectable office and consulting 
business. He was one of the founders of the 
Polyclinic, and subsequently of the Post Grad- 
uate School of that city in which he holds the 
chair of general and clinical medicine. 
LAGORIO, Antonio, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in that city, March 6, 1857. At the age 
of six years he was taken by his parents to 
Italy for an education, and was placed in school 
at Chiavari, province of Genoa, when, having 
completed his studies in the gymnasium, and 
mastered the modern languages, he returned 
to Chicago, and immediately entered Rush 
College, graduating with honor from this insti- 
tution in the spring of 1879. Desirous of ac- 
quiring a deeper knowledge of bacteriology, 
pathology, and particularly nervous diseases, 
he again returned to Europe, in 1884. The 
cliniques of Paris, Rome, Genoa, and Pavia 
were all visited in turn for a period of nearly 
five years. It was during this time that L. 
Pasteur had made known his discovery on the 
preventive treatment of hydrophobia, and this 
meeting with his views, and being directly in 
line with his studies, Dr. Lagorio decided at 
once to devote his attention to it. To this end 
he was admitted, and attended for several 
months the Pasteur Institute at Milan, and 
mastered all the delicate maneuvers required 
in the preparation, propagation, and attenua- 
tion of the rabic virus to be applied to the 
treatment of man. At the termination of these 
important studies he returned to Chicago and 
founded the Chicago Pasteur Institute, the only 
one in the West, and which has achieved mar- 
velous results. At this time of writing, nearly 
three hundred cases have been treated without 
a single failure. During the past two years 
Dr. Lagorio has devoted considerable time to 
the study of epilepsy, and has applied recently 
a modified form of Pasteur inoculations for 
its treatment, with encouraging results. While 
abroad Dr. Lagorio took part in the meeting 
of the Italian Medical Association, held at 
Pavia, in 1887. He was also special corre- 
spondent of the Chicago Medical Journal and 
Examiner. His correspondences were many, 
highly scientific, and read with interest He 
is a member of the Chicago Medical Society; 
Fellow of the Academy of Medicine, and other 
scientific societies; and lecturer on hydro- 
phobia and the Pasteur system, in Rush Med- 
ical College. He is married, and the happy 
father of three children, to whom he is affec- 
tionately attached. 
LAIDLEY, Leonidas H.* of St. Louis, Mo., 
was born September 20, 1844, in Carmichaefs, 
Pa., a village situated in the beautiful valley of 
the Monongahela river. His father, ‘Dr. 
Thomas H. Laidley, a medical gentleman in 
his days known as an able physician and re- 
spected as a worthy citizen, reared twelve 
children, the subject of this sketch being the 
tenth child. His mother was Sarah Barclay, 
daughter of the honorable Hugh Barclay, of 
Pennsylvania, a well known gentleman in. the 
halls of the legislature of that State. Reared 
in a medical atmosphere he was early taught 
to revere the medical men of that day which 
gave him a desire to enter the profession hon- 
ored by his father and so kindly regarded by 
him. As early as at the age of ten years he 
was placed in the flourishing institution, 
Greene Academy, located at his native place. 
His education was directed with a view to en- 
tering the medical profession. He continued 
in school, spending his leisure moments in his 
father’s office, until the year 1866, when he en- EMINENT AMERICAN 
PHYSICIANS 
AND SURGEONS. 
273 
tered the Cleveland Medical College. The 
following year he entered the Jefferson Medi- 
cal College at Philadelphia, Pa., attending the 
hospitals of that medical centerandenjoyingthe 
teaching of the most noted medical faculty of 
that day, including Professors Dunglison, Gross 
and Pancost, who have made a brilliant his- 
tory for medicine in America. Graduating from 
that institution in the spring of 1868, he 
entered into active practice with his father 
and brother (Dr. Jno. B. Laidley). Owing 
to the limited field for study in that 
community, he went to New York, where he 
entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College; 
there he took a higher and more thorough 
course, and graduated with distinguished hon- 
ors in that institution in 1872. He immediately 
returned home, and not finding a sufficiently 
large field for a successful and extensive prac- 
tice, made known his intentions to locate in 
the city of St. Louis, where he established 
himself in the spring of 1872. Unaided, in a 
strange city, but with an honest purpose in view 
he began his career in the practice of medicine, 
meeting with the usual success and that just 
reward which is assured to those who will 
pay the price “labor”—actuated by right 
principles. In 1880 he married Miss Elizabeth 
Latta, daughter of William Latta, Esq., of 
Lancaster, O. Two bright children are the re- 
sult of this union. Early in his career he 
showed a decided love for the humanitarian 
side of his profession, organizing, in company 
with a few others, the “Young Men’s Christian 
Association” in St. Louis, giving especial at- 
tention to the sick applying for aid to that in- 
stitution. His work grew in such proportions 
that a free dispensary was organized, which 
was the nucleus of the Protestant Hospital 
Association, giving to that city one of the most 
prominent institutions- of its kind. As a 
teacher of medicine, he was early called to fill 
the Chair of Anatomy and Chemistry in the 
Western Dental College, of his adopted city. 
He continued in that position until two years 
later, when, on the organization of the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis, he 
was called to the Chair of Surgical Diseases 
of Women. After five years of successful 
work he resigned, with eight of his colleagues. 
Plaving attained reputation as a teacher, he was, 
on the organization of the Beaumont Hos- 
pital Medical College, again called to the chair 
of Surgical Diseases of Women in that institu- 
tion, which position he still holds. Dr. Laid- 
ley is also surgeon to the Protestant Hospital, 
and consultant to the Female Plospital of St. 
Louis. As a writer, he has confined his work 
to the reports of his cases, which have been 
large in number, especially in the field of sur- 
gery, to which branch the doctor has given his 
untiring attention. He has been identified 
with the profession as a member of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, medical societies of 
Pennsylvania and Missouri, and the St. Louis 
Medical Society, in which he has held offices at 
various times. In 1883, he went as a delegate 
to the British Medical Association, held at 
Liverpool. During the same year he also vis- 
ited the hospitals at Edinburgh, London, and 
Paris. 
LANGrDOX, Frank Warren, of Cincinnati, 
0., was born in that city December 16, 1851. 
He is descended from one of the pioneer fami- 
lies of America, the earliest representatives of 
which, Philip Langdon and two brothers, hav- 
ing landed at Boston from Yorkshire, England, 
in 1610. Three generations of the family 
were soldiers in the Revolution, namely: 
Philip’s son, Paul, his grandson, John, and 
great-grandson, John W. His paternal grand- 
father, Elam P. Langdon, settled in Cincin- 
nati in 1806, and was one of the leading citi- 
zens of the future great city. His paternal 
grandmother was Ann Cromwell, daughter of 
a New York ship-builder, a direct descendant 
of Oliver Cromwell, the Protector. His ma- 
ternal grandfather, B. P. Aydelotte, M. D., 
D. D., was of Swedish descent, and one 
of the prominent educators and divines of 
Cincinnati in early days. Dr. Langdon was 
educated at the Cincinnati public schools and 
by private tutor, and pursued the study of 
medicine under the late Dr. Wm. Clendenin, 
of Cincinnati, graduating in 1881 at the Miami 
Medical College. After a year’s service at the 
Cincinnati Hospital as Resident Physician, he 
located in Cincinnati for practice, and was at 
once offered the position of Assistant Demon- 
strator of Anatomy at his Alma Mater. He 
has successively occupied the positions of 
Demonstrator of Anatomy, Professor of De- 
scriptive and Surgical Anatomy, and of Clin- 
ical Medicine, and at present occupies the 
Chair of Surgical Anatomy in the same insti- 
tution. He has also been Curator and Micro- 
scopist to the Cincinnati Hospital, Acting 
Pathologist to the same, 1882, and Physician 
and Surgeon to the Home for Incurables, 
1891-92. He has been a contributor to current 
zoological literature, especially in the depart- 
ments of anthropology and ornithology, and, 
in recognition of work in these branches of 
science, was elected, in 1882, a Fellow of the 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science; also to membership in the American 
Ornithologists’ Union, the Boston Zoological 
Society, the Linnean Society of New York, 
the Association of American Anatomists and 
the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In 
1891 he was elected president of the Cincinnati 
Medical Society, and is also a member of the 
Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati, the Wal- 
nut Hills Medical Society and the Society 
of Ex-Internes of the Cincinnati Hospital. 
In 1892 he visited the medical schools and 
hospitals of London, Glasgow, Hamburg, Ber- 
lin, Munich, Vienna and Paris, devoting his 
time chiefly to surgical studies. Dr. Langdon 
has been a contributor to current medical lit- 
erature, among his more important writings 
being that on “The Surgical Anatomy of the 
Brain,” wherein an original system of local- 
izing brain areas by external guides is pre- 
sented as simpler and more exact than the 
methods heretofore in use. (See Cincinnati 
Medical Journal, April, 1891.) He was also the 
first to advocate the treatment of intestinal 
(fecal) obstruction with large doses (three to 
four ounces), frequently repeated, of warm 
olive oil, which method has found much favor 
with the profession. He also devised (in 1890) 
a special colon tube, adapted to irrigation of 
the entire colon for various purposes, which 
has been appreciated and is in extensive use 
by the profession. (See Cincinnati Lancet- 
Clinic, April 4 and 11, 1891.) Tn 1891 [New 
York Medical Record, August 15) he revived the 
view (rejected by most modern anatomists) 
that the arachnoid of the brain was a double 
sac, and demonstrated the same by dissections 
and diagrams; also pointing out the existence 274 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of two undescribed foramina by which the 
arachnoid cavity communicated with the sub- 
arachnoid space. A paper on the use of “Ben- 
zine as a Parasiticide” and cleanser of surgi- 
cal areas and instruments has also attracted 
favorable comment, Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, 
1891. 
dent. He was for several years secretary of 
the Kentucky State Medical Society; a mem- 
ber of the International Congress meeting at 
Philadelphia in 1876; also a member of the 
Ninth Congress of 1887. He was in attend- 
ance as delegate to the meeting of the Inter- 
national Medical Congress, Berlin, 1890. As 
a medical writer he has contributed largely to 
the medical journals of the day. Conspicu- 
ous among his contributions are: “Summer 
Complaints of Children;” “EpidemicCerebro- 
spinal Meningitis;” “Ricketts;” “Scarlet Fe- 
ver;” “Chorea Rheumatism” and “Infantile 
Therapeutics.” His specialty is children’s 
diseases. He was elected to the chair of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics and Clinical 
Lecturer on Diseases of Children in the Hospi- 
tal College of Medicine in 1874. He has filled 
the chair of practice and is at this time Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children in 
that institution. He has been appointed hon- 
orary chairman of the section on therapeutics 
in the Pan-American Congress, Washington, 
D. C., September, 1893. . 
LEALE, Charles Augustus, of New York, 
was born in that city, March 26, 1842. 
He is the son of Captain William Pickett 
Leale and Anna Maria (Burr) Leale, both 
of English ancestry. His father, a courageous 
and noble man, was drowned at the age of 
twenty-three, leaving his young mother a 
widow eighteen years of age, with this only 
surviving child. His mother was a handsome, 
highly educated lady, who taught her son his 
first lessons in the classics and botany. His 
grandfather was an accomplished gentleman 
of means, and was among the few in the United 
States to attain to the thirty-third degree in 
Free Masonry. He was noted for his liberal- 
ity, and during the great famine in Ireland 
shipped a cargo of cereals at his own expense 
to that country. Dr. Leale, after careful prep- 
aration, at fourteen years of age, began the 
study of anatomy, physiology, materia medica 
and chemistry, and at eighteen years he matri- 
culated as a medical student, and after receiv- 
ing a practical analytical and university course, 
became a private pupil of Professor Frank H. 
Hamilton, at the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, and daily attended the large surgical 
clinics in New York City. Subsequently, after 
an examination before the United States Army 
Medical Board in New York City, he was 
selected and appointed Medical Cadet, United 
States Army. In September, 1864, “for zeal, 
intelligence, professional devotion and suc- 
cess,” the surgeon-general transferred him to 
New York, where he received special instruc- 
tion in diseases of the heart and lungs, from 
Dr. Austin Flint, Sr., and in gunshot wounds 
and surgery, from Dr. Frank H. Hamilton. 
In February, 1865, he received the degree of 
M. D. from Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, and was immediately invited to appear 
before the Army Medical Board of Examiners, 
at Washington, D. C., where, after a com- 
petitive test of seven days, he was chosen and 
commissioned by the President, and confirmed 
by the Senate, Assistant-Surgeon United States 
Volunteers, and at once assigned to duty at 
United States Army General Hospital, Armory 
Square, Washington, D. C., where he had a 
practical experience among a large number of 
severely wounded soldiers, and performed 
many important surgical operations. He had 
not been on duty a month before he was made 
LARRABEE, John Albert, of Louisville, 
Ky., was born at Little Falls, Gorham, Maine, 
May 17,1840. He is a descendant of an old and 
distinguished French family. The Larrabees 
trace their advent into this country to the rev- 
ocation of the edict of Nantes, in the year 
1685, when four hundred thousand Protestants, 
called Huguenots, quitted France and sought 
homes in other countries, and is a son of 
John Rogers Larrabee, who was a prominent 
manufacturer of cotton fabrics, and a de- 
scendant of John Rogers, the martyr. He re- 
ceived his academic education at Gorham, 
Bethel Hill and Brunswick academies. He 
graduated with honor at the Maine Medical 
School of Bowdoin College in 1864. In the 
late Civil War he served first as medical cadet, 
entering the United States Army by examina- 
tion, and reported for duty under orders of the 
Secretary of War at Louisville, Ky.; after- 
wards as acting assistant surgeon, serving on 
land and sea in the department of Virginia, at 
Fortress Monroe and at Louisville, Ky. While 
still in the United States service he was mar- 
ried, March 30, 1865, to Miss Hattie Bulkley, a 
daughter of William H. Bulkley, of Louis- 
ville. The Bulkley family traces its origin 
back to William the Conqueror, 1066. The 
Larrabee and Bulkley arms adorn Dr. Larra- 
bee’s residence in the Highlands. On retiring 
from the army Dr. Larrabee located in Louis- 
ville, and soon became an earnest worker in 
medical societies. He was one of the found- 
ers of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, of 
which he has been both a secretary and presi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
275 
executive officer of that large and important 
army hospital, a position he retained until its 
final closure at the end of the war. He was 
then twenty-three years of age. Thus, as 
events proved, Dr. Leale, from early youth, 
had been prepared for the skillful, efficient, 
courageous and important part in which he was 
soon destined to be a participant, whereby a 
President’s death was for hours averted, and 
the country given time during the following 
day of suspense to preserve its continuity at 
the most critical period of its existence, ena- 
bling President Lincoln’s son to see his father 
alive, and the Cabinet to assemble for delib- 
erate counsel. When President Lincoln was 
assassinated, April 14, 1865, Dr. Leale was the 
first surgeon to reach him, and, at the request 
of Mrs. Lincoln, took charge of the President. 
He found him crouched dowrn in a sitting pos- 
i done until death. At Dr. Leale’s suggestion, 
and under his directions, the dying President 
was removed to the nearest available house, 
where he then placed him in the position and 
upon the bed on which he died, again and 
again removed the coagula from the opening 
to the brain, wrapped him in warm blankets, 
and applied sinapisms and artificial heat. 
After Dr. Leale had done all that was impera- 
tively needed, he sent for the Surgeon-General 
and the President’s family physician and his 
clergyman. Dr. Leale remained at his bedside 
until he breathed his last, and at the moment 
of dissolution he held the martyr’s right hand. 
At the obsequies, as one of the attending sur- 
geons, Dr. Leale occupied the carriage imme- 
diately preceding the catafalque, and remained 
at the side of the body at the White House 
and in the rotunda of the Capitol until the end 
of the funeral services at Washington. The 
painting of the “Death of President Lincoln,” 
by Littlefield, represents Dr. Leale as he stood 
at the right of the President during that entire 
night. A brief record of his services at this 
time was printed in the official reports of the 
Surgeon-General to the Government in the 
Medical and Surgical' History of the War of 
the Rebellion. While on duty at Washington, 
Dr. Leale successfully performed an operation 
on the son-in-law of Governor Fenton, which 
so pleased the Governor that he personally 
sought an introduction, and asked if there was 
anything within the gift of his State that he 
could offer. The Governor was sincerely 
thanked by the young surgeon, who replied in 
the negative, as it might interfere with his 
mission in life. The mission referred to was 
that of physician and philanthropist which 
has been of incalculable benefit to his afflicted 
fellow creatures. Dr. Leale remained on duty 
as Executive Officer of Armory Square Hos- 
pital until it closed, then was directed to in- 
spect the old military hospitals of the North- 
ern Defenses of Washington, which were sat- 
urated with the most malignant septic germs 
from the thousands of wounded and dying sol- 
diers during the entire war, when, from long 
exposure to disease, having contracted a severe 
illness, he was honorably mustered out on Jan- 
uary 20, 1866; he subsequently received a 
brevet commission as Captain United States 
Volunteers. While still suffering from sick- 
ness, he learned that the Asiatic cholera was 
rapidly spreading through Europe, and that it 
threatened to reach America. He rose from 
his sick bed, and in March, 1866, started for 
Europe, visiting the principal hospitals in 
England and France. On his return to Lon- 
don, he found that the epidemic had developed 
in a fatal form in Liverpool, where thousands 
of emigrants were in transit for America. 
After receiving an appointment and authority 
from the British Government, he examined 
over one thousand of these people who were 
about to embark for the United States, and 
rejected all who showed any symptoms of the 
disease. Through his efforts the spread of the 
pestilence on the Atlantic Ocean and to Amer- 
ica was to a great extent arrested. On May 2, 
1866, at a time when Asiatic cholera wTas most 
fatal on the ocean, he left Liverpool as surgeon 
to the Harvest Queen, with 1,003 human beings 
on board, 836 being steerage passengers. He 
had completely stamped out on his ship all 
traces of cholera at Liverpool, but had many 
hundred cases of lesser troubles, among which 
ture, with his head held up in a large arm 
chair. He was in profound collapse and 
pulseless at the wrist, and apparently dead. 
Dr. Leale immediately stretched him out upon 
the floor, which relieved the heart failure and 
caused pulsation to be resumed. He then 
made a careful examination, and discovered 
and stated while in the theater that recovery, 
even to consciousness, was impossible, and the 
wound through the brain was positively fatal. 
The doctor removed the coagula from the open- 
ing to the brain, and thereby relieved brain 
pressure and paralysis. It was the diagnosis 
and prognosis of Dr. Leale that was first tele- 
graphed over the world informing it of the sad 
event. Without an instant’s delay Dr. Leale 
resorted to forced respiration, and prevented 
two modes of death that appeared to be imme- 
diately inevitable, viz: Death from asthenia, 
or death by apnoea. Through Dr. Leale’s 
prompt efforts, the life of the President was 
undoubtedly prolonged for over nine hours, 
as nothing more than what he had directed was 276 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
an epidemic of measles arose. After a most 
tempestuous voyage of thirty-three days, he 
reached New York, having lost only five of the 
most feeble ones during the voyage. The 
Harvest Queen, on a later voyage, was lost at 
sea, not one of her crew or passengers surviv- 
ing. On the same day, May 2, the Helvetia 
left Liverpool, and in consequence of the rap- 
idly increasing fatality of cholera, she returned 
to England, after having lost her surgeon and 
forty of her passengers. On his return home 
he volunteered to attend those afflicted with 
the disease in his own district. He labored 
day and night, and was instrumental in saving 
many lives. He subsequently published the 
results of his experience for the benefit of 
other physicians. In 1866 he married Miss 
Rebecca Medwin Copcutt, and, with their six 
children, have a happy American home. 
From 1866 to 1871 he was physician in 
charge of the Children’s Class at the North- 
western Dispensary, New York City, and there 
gratuitously treated over five thousand sick 
poor children. For the past six years he has 
devoted his summer vacations to ameliorating 
the conditions of the exhausted poor mothers 
having sick children crowded together in New 
York City, and also the work before being 
made president, as chairman of the committee 
of the Sea-Side Hospitals for Children of the 
St. John’s Guild, a unique charitable institu- 
tion ; that during the past twenty-four years 
has cared for several hundred thousand of the 
poor weary mothers and their sick children, 
found by the physicians of New York City, in 
their visits to the abodes of misery. Dr. Leale 
is connected, officially and otherwise, with 
many of the medical and benevolent institu- 
tions of New York City; is a member of the 
board of managers of the New York Society 
for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Med- 
ical Men, and is a Companion of the first class 
of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of 
the United States. He has been a frequent 
contributor to medical literature, and is a 
member of the most important medical and 
surgical associations of the United States, and 
actively participated in the discussions of the 
International Medical Congress, in London, in 
1881. For more than twenty-six years of his 
medical career, Dr. Leale has had a large pri- 
vate practice among the prominent families 
of New York City. lie was one of the orig- 
inal organizers of his College Alumni Asso- 
ciation, and was its first chairman. In 1875, 
he was chosen president of the Alumni As- 
sociation of Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, and in 1886 re-elected for a second term 
president of the New York County Medical 
Association. Dr. Leale’s most important lect- 
ures and writings have been upon the surgery 
of children, and the surgery of the thorax and 
lungs. On his retiring from office, the follow- 
ing resolution, offered by Dr. P. B. Porter, in 
executive session of the New York County 
Medical Association, and seconded by the late 
Dr. Isaac E. Taylor, was unanimously adopted: 
“Besolved, That the special thanks of this 
association are due to the retiring president, 
Dr. Charles A. Leale, for the able and courte- 
ous manner in which he has presided over its 
deliberations during the past two years; for 
the high standard which he has maintained in 
its scientific proceedings, and for his unre- 
mitting labors in furtherance of the general 
welfare.” 
BEAMING, James Roaeburgh, of New York 
City, was born in Groveland, Livingston 
county, N. Y., February 25, 1820, and died 
December 5, 1892. His father’s ancestors 
came to this country from England in 1663, 
and settled in Southampton, L. I. His moth- 
er’s family ■ came from the north of Ireland, 
or Scotland, in 1730, and his maternal great- 
grandfather, Rev. John Roseburgh was chap- 
lain of Pennsylvania militia from Allen town- 
ship during the Revolution, and was killed at 
Trenton in 1777. Dr. Learning was educated 
at Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., and 
graduated in medicine from the medical de- 
partment of the University of the City of 
New York in March, 1849, settling immedi- 
ately after in New York. He was a member 
of the New York Academy of Medicine; the 
New York County Medical Society ; Patholog- 
ical Society; Medical Journal Association; 
and other local societies; also member of the 
New York State Medical Society, and of the 
American Medical Association. He was au- 
thor of “Cardiac Murmurs;” “Respiratory 
Murmurs,” 1872; “Plastic Exudation within 
the Plura, Dry Pleurisy,” 1873; “Haemopty- 
sis,” 1874; “Disturbed Action and Functional 
Murmurs of the Heart,” and “Fibroid Phthi- 
sis,” read before the New York Academjr of 
Medicine, 1876. He held the position of vis- 
iting physician to the Northeim Dispensary for 
seven years, and was afterwards attending 
physician on chest diseases at Demilt Dispen- 
sary nine years; for more than ten years visit- 
ing physician to St. Luke’s Hospital, New 
York; and consulting physician to House of 
Rest for Consumptives, Tremont, N. Y. He 
was Professor of Practice of Medicine for 
three years in the Woman’s Medical College 
of the New York Dispensary for Women and 
Children, and was afterward emeritus pro- 
fessor of the same. 
LE CONTE, Joseph, of Berkeley, Cal., 
was born February 26, 1823, in Liberty county, 
Ga., his father being Lewis Le Conte, a de- 
scendant of Win. Le Conte, a Huguenot, who 
left Rouen on the revocation of the edict of 
Nantes in 1685, going to Martinique, and sub- 
sequently settling on Staten Island, N. Y. Af- 
ter receiving a preliminary training in the 
schools of his native county, the subject of 
this sketch was educated in Franklin College, 
University of Georgia, from which he received 
the degree of A. B. in 1841, and that of A. M. 
four years later. He obtained the degree of 
M. D. from the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York, in 1845. After practicing 
Ins profession for three years at Macon, Ga., 
he became a student in organic science and 
geology under Prof. Agassiz in 1850, since 
which time he been a professor of these 
sciences. He has served as Professor of Ge- 
ology and Natural History in the University 
of Georgia, from 1852 till 1857; Professor of 
Geology and Chemistry, and Professor of 
Chemistry in the Medical Department of the 
University of South Carolina from 1857 till 
1869. During the late Civil War he served as 
chemist of the Confederate laboratory for the 
manufacture of medicines, 1862-63, and as 
chemistof thenitre and mining bureau, 1864-65. 
Since 1869 he has been Professor of Geology 
and Natural History in the University of 
California. He is a member of numerous 
medical societies including the State Medical 
Society of South Carolina and of California. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
277 
He is also a Fellow of the American Philo- 
sophical Society; and member of the Califor- 
nia Academy of Science; National Academy 
of Science; American Academy of Science 
and Arts (Boston), and the New York Acad- 
emy of Science. He is the author of many 
papers of interest, among which are those “On 
Science of Medicine and the Causes which have 
Retarded its Progress,” 1850; “Law of Sexes, Re- 
view of M. Thury,” 1866; “Correlation of Phy- 
sical, Chemical and Vital Forces,” 1873; “A 
Volume on Science and Religion,” 1874; “Rela- 
tion of Instinct to Intelligence,” and a series of 
articles on “Binocular Vision,” 1875; also “For- 
mation of Mountain C bains and the Ancient 
Glaciers of the Sierra,”lß76; “Glycogenic Func- 
tion of the Liver,” 1879; “Ptomaines, and Leu- 
comaines and their Relation to Disease,” 1889. 
LEE, Charles Carroll, of New York, was 
born in Philadelphia, March 24, 1838. He 
was educated at Mount St. Mary’s College, 
Emmittsburg, Md., and graduated thence in 
1856. He studied medicine at the University 
of Pennsylvania, and received his medical de- 
gree from that institution in 1859. After grad- 
uating he served as House Physician and Sur- 
geon in the Wills’ Hospital, Blockley Hospital 
and the Pennsylvania Hospital successively; 
and after leaving the latter he entered the 
United States Army and served as assistant 
during the War of the Rebellion. In 1867 he 
was sent to New York as a member of a medi- 
cal examining board for the army, and after 
the termination of this service, resigning his 
commission, he settled immediately in New 
York in general practice. ?Ie is a member of 
the New York County Medical Society, of the 
Academy of Medicine, and of the Patholog- 
ical Society of New York; of the Medical 
Journal Association and Obstetrical Society. 
His contributions to medical literature have 
been on “Gynecology,” “Syphilis,” “Lithot- 
omy,” and other important subjects. He has 
served as Surgeon of the Charity Hospital; 
Physician to the New York Foundling Asy- 
lum; Assistant Surgeon of Woman’s Hospital; 
and Physician of the Medical Aid Association. 
In November, 1863, he married Helen Parrish, 
daughter of the late Dr. Isaac Parrish, of 
Philadelphia. (Dr. Lee died May 10, 1893.) 
LEFFERTS, Georsre M., of New York, was 
born in that city, February 24, 1846. He was 
educated at the College of the City of New York, 
received the honorary degree of A. M. from 
Dickinson College in 1869, and M. D. from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
York in March, 1870. He settled in that me- 
tropolis, making diseases of the throat and 
chest a specialty. In July, 1874, he performed 
the operation of sub-hyoidean laryngotomy— 
the first and only time it had been accom- 
plished in this country, and the sixth time it 
had ever been performed. He has been Clin- 
ical Professor of Laryngoscopy and Diseases 
of the Throat to the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, of New York; Laryngoscopic Sur- 
geon to St. Luke’s Hospital; Surgeon to the 
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the 
Demilt Dispensary (throat departments) ; and 
chief of clinic to Prof. Karl Stork, in the Im- 
perial University of Vienna. He is a member 
of the New York Academy of Medicine; of 
the Medical Journal Association, of which he 
was corresponding secretary in 1875, trustee in 
1876; and president of the Laryngological 
Society in 1876. He has contributed largely 
to medical journals, among his contributions 
being one “On a New Instrument for the In- 
sufflation of Powders in the Larynx,” 1873; 
“Treatment of two cases of Fibroid Growths 
by Excision and Evulsion upon the Vocal 
Cords,” “Removal of a Brass Ring, which had 
lodged in the Larynx, by Sub-Hyoidean La- 
ryngotomy,” 1874; “Jntra-Laryngeal Growth 
treated by Excision,” 1875; “Prolapse of both 
Ventricles of Larynx, their removal by Thyrot- 
omy,” 1876; “Modern Methods of Examin- 
ing Air Passages,” Seguin’s American Clinical 
Lectures. He has also translated “Friinkel 
on the General Diagnosis of Diseases of the 
Nose, Pharynx and Larynx; ” in “Ziemssen’s 
Cyclopedia of the Practice of Medicine, Be- 
sides the above he has conducted the quarterly 
reports of laryngoscopy in the New York Med- 
ical Journal and the semi-annual reports on 
syphilis of the mouth, throat, and larynx, in 
the Archives of Dermatology. Dr. Lefferts is 
widely known as one of the most accomplished 
and succesful laryngologists of this country. 
LEIDY, Joseph, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city, September 9, 1823, and died 
there April 30, 1891. His ancestors were of 
German descent, and he was destined by his 
parents to be an artist; but an early fondness 
for botany and mineralogy led to the pursuit 
of a different avocation. His leisure hours in 
early life were passed in a wholesale drugstore, 
where he further acquired a knowledge of 
pharmacy and chemistry, to which he added 
comparative anatomy. With this foundation, 
after receiving a preparatory education in 
private schools, he began, in 1840, the study 
of medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. 
Paul B. Goddard and James McClintock, and 
was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1844. He then became assistant to 
Robert Hare and James B. Rogers, in the 
chemical laboratory of the university, and also 
began the practice of medicine. The latter he 
discontinued in 1846, in order to devote his 
time exclusively to teaching. Meanwhile, in 
1845, he had become prosector to the chair of 
Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, 
then held by Prof. Wm. E. Horner, and in 
1846 he was elected demonstrator of anatomy 
in the Franklin Medical College, but this he 
relinquished after a term, in order to return to 
Dr. Horner, with whom he gave a private 
course of anatomical lectures, in 1847. In 
1848, he visited Europe with Dr. Horner, ex- 
amining the museums and hospitals there. 
In 1849 he gave a course of lectures on physi- 
ology at the Medical Institute; but on account 
of failing health these were abandoned, and 
he again visited Eui’ope, in order to aid Dr. 
George B. Wood in forming the collection of 
specimens and models used in the department 
of materia medica. Owing to Dr. Horner’s 
illness, in 1852, he was called to deliver lect- 
ures in his department, and in 1853, on the 
death of his associate, he was elected to the 
full possession of the chair of Anatomy, which 
position, together with that of dean of the 
faculty, he held until his death. During the 
Civil War, he entered the United States service 
as acting assistant surgeon in Satterlee Gen- 
eral Hospital, Philadelphia. His special duty 
was to report on the more important post- 
mortem examinations; and several of his re- 
ports, with his own drawings, were published 
in the “Medical and Surgical History of the 
Rebellion.” In 1871, he was chosen Professor 278 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of Natural History to Swathmore College, and 
in 1884, on the establishment of the Depart- 
ment of Biology, and the auxiliary depart- 
ment of Medicine in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, he wras made its director. He also 
held the chair of Zoology and Comparative 
Anatomy in the faculty of the college depart- 
ment of the university. Professor Leidy was 
an accomplished draughtsman, and as early as 
1844, when Professor Binney began the publi- 
cation of his great work on the “Terrestrial 
Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States,” 
he selected Dr. Leidy to dissect and draw the 
internal organs of the species that were to 
be described. The result wras the production 
of sixteen plates, giving the anatomy of thirty- 
eight species of native mollusks, and the chap- 
ter entitled, “Special Anatomy of the Mollusks 
of the United States.” In 1847, he published 
his first paleontological paper, “On the Fossil 
Horse of America,” in which he clearly estab- 
lished the former existence of a diminutive 
species, for which he proposed the name of 
“Eqims Americanus.” This subject, with later 
discoveries, in the hands of Thomas H. Hux- 
ley and Othniel C. Marsh, has been largely used 
as a demonstration of the theory of evolution. 
His work in this direction included the deter- 
mination of the former existence of a tropical 
climate on the Pacific slope, in which lived 
varieties of lion, tiger, camel, rhinoceros, and 
other forms of animals having no living repre- 
sentatives in the United States. Many of the 
earlier specimens obtained in the various 
surveys under the United States Government 
were submitted to him for investigation and 
report. His earlier work in paleontology had 
reference to the extinct mammoth species, but 
in recent years his studies were devoted to the 
lower forms of animal creation. Prof. Leidy 
received the Walker prize of SI,OOO from the 
Boston Society of Natural History in 1880, and 
the Lyell medal, with cash prize, from the 
Geological Society of London, in 1884, as a 
recognition of his valuable contributions to 
paleontology, and for the same reason the de- 
gree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by 
Harvard in 1886. He was elected to the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, in 
1845, and from 1846 till his death, held the 
office of chairman of curators, and after 1882 
was president of that world-renowned institu- 
tion. In 1849 he was elected to the American 
Philosophical Society, and was an Associate 
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences. He was chosen to the National Acad- 
emy of Sciences in 1884, and was a member of 
numerous other Scientific Societies in this 
country and abroad. The titles of his pub- 
lished works exceed 800 in number, ranging 
from pamphlets to elaborate treatises compre- 
hending several volumes, and were all on bio- 
logical subjects, among which may be men- 
tioned “Memoir on the Extinct Species of the 
American Ox,” 1852; “A Flora and Fauna 
Within Living Animals,” “Ancient Fauna of 
Nebraska,” 1853 ; “On the Extinct Sloth Tribe 
of North America,” 1855; “The Cretaceous 
Reptiles of the United States,” 1865; “The 
Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Ne- 
braska,” 1869; ‘‘Contributions to the Extinct 
Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories,” 
1873; “Description of the Vertebrate Remains 
from the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina,” 
1877; “Fresh-Water Rhizopods of North 
America,” 1879; “The Parasites of the Term- 
ites,” 1881; “On Manayunkia Speciosa,” 1883, 
and “Tapeworms in Birds,” 1887. The greater 
part of his more important works have been 
issued through the Smithsonian Institution, at 
Washington, D. C., the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, of Philadelphia, Hayden’s United 
States Reports of Surveys of the Territories, 
and under the auspices of the National Govern- 
ment, as special monographs. He edited an 
edition of Sharpley and Quain’s “Anatomy,” 
and also wrote “An Elementary Text-book on 
Human Anatomy,” 1861. In his memory a 
fund of $50,000 is being collected, in order to 
establish a Leidy Memorial Museum as an 
independent part of the one now forming at 
the University of Pennsylvania, the institu- 
tion with which his fame as a teacher and sci- 
entist had been for so many years identified. 
LENT, Frederick I)., of Cold Spring, N. Y., 
was born at Newbern, N. C., December 23, 
1823, and died September 17, 1883. He was of 
Dutch and Huguenot descent. He was edu- 
cated at the University of North Carolina, 
where he was graduated A. M. with the first 
honor in his class. His medical studies were 
conducted in the medical department of the 
University of New York, from which he re- 
ceived his medical degree in 1849. From 1848 
to 1851 he was House Surgeon at the New 
York Hospital, and from the latter year till 
1870 he was Surgeon at the West Point Foun- 
dry at Cold Spring. He was then appointed 
Professor of Gynecology and Diseases of Chil- 
dren in the University of New York. He was 
also Assistant Surgeon of the Woman’s Hos- 
pital of the State of New York, Surgeon to St. 
Mary’s Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to 
the New York Free Dispensary for Sick Chil- 
dren. On account of failing health, he resided 
during his latter years at Palatka, Fla., in the 
winter, and in the summer at Saratoga Springs, 
N. Y. Dr. Lent was an extensive contributor 
to medical journals, but his writings have not 
been collected and published in book form. 
The following articles from his pen are worthy 
of special note: “Coup de Soliel,” among the 
first contributions on the subject published in 
this country; “Dangers of Anaesthesia,” one 
of the first efforts to warn against the danger 
of chloroform inhalation, 1856; “Sedative Ac- 
tion of Calomel,” “Intra Uterine Medication,” 
1870; “Carbuncular Inflammation of the Lip,” 
the first paper calling prominent attention to 
this peculiar and very fatal disease, and to the 
diagnosis between this and similar affections; 
“Albuminuria in Pregnancy and Treatment of 
Puerperal Convulsions by Morphine,” one of 
the first efforts to establish this treatment; 
“Hypodermic Use of Ergot in Hemorrhage,” 
the earliest use of this agent for this purpose 
by this method; “The Neurotic Origin of Dis- 
eases and the Action of Remedies on the 
Nervous System,” read before the Neurological 
Society in 1874. He has devised some valua- 
ble surgical instruments employed by gynecol- 
ogists, and was an active member of various 
professional societies, many of which elected 
him to office. He was a founder of the Ameri- 
can Academy of Medicine, a manager of the 
Hudson River State Hospital, and a member 
of the American Public Health Association, 
before which he read papers. Dr. Lent was a 
representative from Florida on the Executive 
Committee of the Centennial Medical Com- 
mission. 
LEONARD, Charles Henry, of Detroit, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
279 
Mich., was born at Akron, Ohio, March 28, 
1850. He is of English descent. His ances- 
try were early settlers in the State of Connec- 
ticut. He received the degree of A. B. from 
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1872, 
and that of A. M. from the same institution in 
1882. He studied medicine under the precep- 
torship of Prof. S. C. E. Weber of Cleveland, 
0., and was graduated M. D. from the medical 
department of the Universitv of Wooster, 
Cleveland in 1874. Dr. Leonard’s medical ed- 
ucation was supplemented at Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College and the Women’s Hos- 
pital, of New York City. Soon after his grad- 
uation he located to practice in Detroit, Mich., 
and has resided there since 1874. He has de- 
voted especial attention to gynecology and in 
this line has had fair success. He has taken 
an interest in the collateral sciences in a gen- 
eral way, is something of a microscopist and 
has devoted considerable time to the study of 
geology and chonchology. In 1879 he estab- 
lished the therapeutic value of “ustilago raai- 
dis” and has devised several instruments of 
importance in gynecological surgery, such as 
“Leonard’s Vaginal Speculum,” “Utero Metric 
Sound,” and “Flexible Probe.” He was pres- 
ident of Wayne County Medical Society from 
1888 to 1890, and was for three years section 
officer in the Michigan State Medical Society. 
In 1879 he was elected to the Chair of Gyne- 
cology in the Michigan College of Medicine 
and held this continuously until 1885, when 
through consolidation of the two colleges he 
was appointed to the same chair in the Detroit 
College of Medicine and holds this professor- 
ship at the present time. Dr. Leonard has 
made important contributions to Medical liter- 
ature and is the author of several works of 
great practical value, such as his “Reference 
and Dose Book“ Auscultation, Percussion, 
and Urinalysis;” “System of Day Books and 
Ledgers,” while his “Pocket Anatomist,” 
“Manual of Bandaging,” “Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics,” and the one entitled “The 
Hair, its Growth, Care, Disease and Treat- 
ment,” have had a wide circulation in this 
country, and large editions have been sold in 
England, and two of the same are reprinted 
there. He is also editor of numerous smaller 
works and established Leonard's Illustrated 
Medical Journal in 1879, and has been its edi- 
tor and publisher continuously since then. 
LEUF, Alexander H. P., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 2,1861, 
of poor parents, who were both German by 
birth. The name Leuf is a contraction of Le 
Boeuf, and the Doctor is related to the French 
Marshal of that name, the contraction taking 
place early in the century, as the result of 
family intrigue and villainy that successfully 
diverted a large fortune to another branch of 
the family. Dr. Leuf attended a German 
Catholic parochial school, between the ages of 
six-and eleven years, when he began to work 
for a living and in aid of the family, in which 
he was the oldest of seven children. At the 
age of fourteen he began attendance upon the 
Brooklyn Evening High School, in its second 
year. In this he continued during three sea- 
sons, graduating in various branches, among 
which were anatomy and physiology. His 
teacher in this was Dr. A. G. Kimberly, a man 
of fine attainments and superb logical facul- 
ties, and an ex-army surgeon. He entered the 
Long Island College Hospital, at Brooklyn, N. I 
I Y., in the fall of 1878. Here he became the 
protege of Prof. Landon Carter Gray, now of 
New York City, but then Professor of Nervous 
and Mental Diseases at that institution. He 
graduated June 14, 1881, receiving many com- 
pliments from his teachers for the excellence 
of his examinations in the scientific depart- 
ments. He practiced medicine in Brooklyn 
from the date of his graduation until 1886, 
when he came to Philadelphia, where he still 
is, in the active duties of a physician. He 
is not, strictly speaking, a specialist though 
having a varied experience in numerous lines 
of work. His interest in the collateral sciences 
is keen and active, believing that no man can 
be a truly good physician who is not almost 
universally informed. As an anatomist and 
pathologist he has done some valuable work, as 
will appear. In surgery, he has done many 
leading operations, one of the most difficult 
being, perhaps, an excision of the entire left 
upper jaw, inclusive of the floor of the orbit 
1 and nasal process, as well as half of the malar 
bone, all of the lachrymal, with the exception 
of the orbital plate, and almost the entire 
pterygoid process, for osteo-sarcoma, and all 
with only a single artery forceps to check 
hemorrhage. The duration of the operation 
was only thirty minutes. This was done at 
the Woman’s Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 
March, 1884, in the presence of eighteen or 
twenty of Brooklyn’s leading surgeons. Among 
his original researches may be mentioned his 
discovery of “Accessary Supra and Infra- 
Orbital Foramina,” appearing in Seguin's 
Archives of Medicine, in June, 1880, and a 
further note upon the same subject the follow- 
ing February. Another was his announce- 
ment, in January, 1885, in the American Jour- 
nal of Medical Sciences, of a “Peculiar Form 
of Pulmonary Congestion, Causing Sudden 
Death,” and with this he made a plea for aspi- 
ration of the heart. He always took a decided 
stand against the prevailing sentiment of 
general germ infection, and vigorously an- 
nounced his views before the Brooklyn Patho- 
logical Society in 1886, in a paper published in 
the only volume of transactions ever issued by 
the society. In 1887 he announced the result 
of his investigations by vivisection, clinical 
and post-mortem studies in reference to the use 
of fluids during the injestion of meals, con- 
cluding and proving that the desire of the in- 
dividual was usually a safe guide, and that 
water taken into the stomach at any time was 
at once passed through into the small intes- 
tines. He also laid stress upon the vertical 
position of the stomach and its being almost 
entirely upon the left side of the median line 
of the body. In 1887 he published the result 
of his studies of base ball injuries, and es- 
pecially on “Base Ball Pitcher’s Arm,” in 
the Medical Mercs, being the first systematic 
study and published announcement of the 
pathology and treatment of these conditions. 
In 1888, he issued his “Hygiene for Base Ball 
Players,” in which he enlarged upon his 
former publications and brought out additional 
facts of interest. During the same year he 
contributed numerous articles on physical 
education containing novel views upon the 
subject, generally contenting himself with an- 
nouncing broad principles and leaving their 
carrying out to the intelligence of the reader. 
Among these may be mentioned “Exercise in 
the Treatment and Cure of Deformities“Re- 280 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
spiration Exercises, with Special Reference 
to the Muscles of Respiration,” and “Respira- 
tion Exercises with Reference to Weak Heart. ’ ’ 
Here may also be mentioned his paper upon 
“Physical Education of Children,” read be- 
fore “the American Medical Association, Sec- 
tion on Pediatrics, at Newport, R. 1., on June 
25, 1889, and published in the Archives of 
Pediatrics, as well as in the Journal of the 
American Medical Association, during that year. 
He invented a flexible dissecting scalpel in 
1881, but did not announce it till October 27, 
1891, in the New York Medical Itecord. The 
only civil offices held by him was that of Vac- 
cinating Physician for the Brooklyn Board of 
Health in 1885-86, as also the making of post- 
mortem examinations for the coroner of Brook- 
lyn, from 1882 to 1886 inclusive. The only 
military office held by him was that of Physi- 
cal Director of the Third Regiment, N. G. P., 
in 1889. Among the numerous medical posi- 
tions held by Dr. Leuf may be mentioned, in 
the order of appointment or election, Assistant 
Demonstrator of Anatomy, Lecturer upon the 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous Sys- 
tem, and Assistant to the Department of Ner- 
vous and Mental Diseases, at the Long 
Island College Hospital from 1881 to 
1884; secretary of the Brooklyn Patho- 
logical Society from 1883 to 1886; Pathol- 
ogist to St. Mary’s General and to St. 
Mary’s Female Hospitals and to the Hospital 
for Nervous and Mental Diseases, Brooklyn, 
N. Y., from 1883 to 1886; also General Surgeon 
to the Woman’s Hospital of Brooklyn, from 
1882 to 1884; and its surgeon-in-chief during 
part of 1884 while it was being reorganized, 
and upon his suggestion and with his aid it 
was converted into the Hospital for Nervous 
and Mental Diseases. He was Surgeon to the 
Southern Dispensary and Hospital of Brooklyn, 
from 1884 and 1885; Associate Visiting Physi- 
cian Department of Nervous and Mental Dis- 
eases, St. Mary’s General Hospital, from 1882 
to 1886; and Associate Visiting Physician to 
the Department of Children, St. Mary’s Fe- 
male Hospital, from 1884 till 1886. He was also 
the senior assistant of Prof. Landon Carter 
Gray in the department of nervous and men- 
tal diseases at the New York Polyclinic from 
its opening till 1886. Upon his removal to 
Philadelphia in 1886, he was immediately ten- 
dered several positions, but declined all except 
a private assistant to Prof. Chas K. Mills, and 
to assist him at the Philadelphia Polyclinic in 
the department of nervous and mental diseases, 
where he remained nearly two years, leaving 
these positions to accept the Directorship of 
Physical Education at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, which he held for three seasons and 
then sent an ultimatum to the board of trustees 
naming the only conditions upon which he 
could continue to serve the institution with 
credit to himself and satisfaction to them. 
This was not accepted, and he left. Among his 
numerous contributions to medical literature, 
which altogether amount to more than one 
hundred and fifty, may be enumerated the fol- 
lowing in addition to "those already referred to 
above, to wit:—“Fractures of the Humerus 
near the Elbow Joint,” 1881; “Anomalies of 
the Brachial Plexus;” “Report of Anatomical 
Anomalies.” His monograph, “The Spinal 
Nerves,” with one unique diagram of all the 
nerves, and six charts, being the most com- 
plete and yet concise description of these parts 
ever offered; “The Walsh Case,” 1882; “On 
the Eradication of Syphilis by Surgical 
Means;” “Treatment of Scarlatina,” 1885; 
“Immunity in Disease,” 1886; “Surgical In- 
fection,” 1887; “Transactions of the Brooklyn 
Pathological Society;” “Forcible Feeding of 
the Insane;” “The Spinal Cord, its Removal;” 
a series of lay articles on “Domestic Medicine,” 
1888; “Some Obstetric Cases,” 1889; “Physi- 
cal Education in Nervous Diseases,” in Univer- 
sity Medical Magazine, 1890. Besides these lie 
has made numerous reports of medical and 
surgical cases, anatomical anomalies, and post- 
mortem findings. He wrote voluminously 
upon physical education and athletics in lay 
papers, sometimes over his own name, and at 
others by pseudonym. As a writer upon eco- 
nomic subjects he also is known to many. As 
surgical editor of the American Medical Digest 
he annotated excerpts with great freedom be- 
sides writing editorials and book reviews. 
On November 13, 1888, he organized the Phys- 
ical Education Society of Pennsylvania, and 
was elected its first president. He positively 
declined re-election at the end of his year of 
office, being succeeded by Dr. Benjamin Lee, 
of Philadelphia. He called a meeting for the 
formation of an association of American anat- 
omists in Washington, D. C., on September 
17, 1888, which was well attended. The asso- 
ciation was formed by that name, and Prof. 
Joseph Leidy was elected president, and Dr. 
Leuf its secretary-treasurer, in which office 
he was succeeded by Dr. D. S. Lamb, of Wash- 
ington, D. C., at the Boston meeting in 1891. 
The Doctor is now engaged in active general 
practice, and devotes his spare time to aiding 
organized labor in its efforts to escape from 
economic bondage. In the order of the 
Knights of Labor, of the principles of which 
he is an ardent supporter, he has risen with- 
out effort on his part to the distinguished posi- 
tion of District Master Workman of the cele- 
brated District No. 1. 
LEYICK, James J., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born and educated in that city, and is of En- 
glish descent. His ancestors were Friends 
and associates of Penn, and in the early his- 
tory of the colony took an active part in civil 
and religious society. His literary and class- 
ical education was obtained under a private 
tutor. He graduated at Haverford College, in 
1842. He studied medicine in the office of 
Prof. George B. Wood, and graduated from 
the University of Pennsylvania, in 1847. He 
then visited Europe, and on his return was for 
a little while assistant physician at the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital for the Insane, and was then 
elected resident physician of the Pennsylvania 
Idospital, where he remained for over two 
years. In 1851 he began general practice in 
Philadelphia, and in the same year commenced 
giving private medical instruction to the sum- 
mer pupils of Dr. Wood ; and subsequently, in 
association with Drs. IT. Hartshorne, Hunt, 
Lassiter, and Penrose, was engaged in office 
and other medical teaching, their pupils in the 
aggregate numbering over a thousand. He 
was elected a member of the College of Phy- 
sicians in 1851; a little later, of the Philadel- 
phia County Medical Society; and, in 1864, 
became a member of the American Medical 
Association. He is a member of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of 
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. His 
contributions to medical literature have been EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
281 
various; among them are the following; “Spot- 
ted Fever without Cerehro-Spinal Meningitis 
on “Spotted Fever So-called,” maintaining its 
identity with epidemic cerebro-spinal menin- 
gitis so-called, its character as a fever rather 
than as a phlegmasia, and giving preference 
to the name “Cerebro-Spinal Fever,” 1866; 
“Sun-stroke Treated by the Use of Large 
Pieces of Ice;” “The Prolonged Use of Hypo- 
dermic Injections of Morphia;” “Remarks on 
Epidemic Influenza;” paper on “Miasmatic 
Typhoid Fever;” “Remarks on Sun-stroke,” in 
which attention is directed to its resemblance, 
in many of its symptoms, to an idiopathic 
fever, and it is suggested that these phenomena 
may be due to a modification in the nerve 
centers, from the elevation of temperature, by 
which the conservative or regulating influence 
of nervous power is lost in part or in whole; 
“Remarks on Chorea and Allied Disorders;” 
“Sketch of the Dance of St. Vitus;” “Notes 
of Cases of Phthisis Pulmonalis in Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital, with Remarks on Cod-liver ; 
Oil in Tuberculous Diseases.” Besides serv- 
ing as physician to several smaller charitable 
institutions, he was elected, in 1853, attending 
physician to Wills Hospital, and continued so 
till the junction of the duties of the medical 
and surgical staff; in 1856, he was elected at- 
tending physician to the Pennsylvania Hospi- 
tal, a position retained till he resigned, in 
1868, and where he introduced the use of ice 
in the treatment of sunstroke. In 1868, he was 
appointed lecturer on auscultation and percus- 
sion, in the summer course of the University 
of Pennsylvania. During the Rebellion he 
received the appointment of surgeon-in-charge i 
of the hospital at Twelfth and Buttonwood ! 
streets, Philadelphia; organized a military 
hospital at Hagerstown, as volunteer surgeon, 
after the battle of South Mountain; and, sub- 
sequently rendered efficient aid after the battle 
of Antietam. Dr. Levick is now one of the 
oldest physicians of Philadelphia, having been 
engaged in general practice in that city for 
more than forty years. 
LEWIS, Bransford, of St. Louis, Mo., was 
born at Ft. Charles, Mo., November 14, 1862. 
His father, Edward A. Lewis, was formerly 
judge of the State Supreme Court, of Missou- 
ri, and chief justice of the St. Louis Court of 
Appeals. After acquiring an academic educa- 
tion at the Washington University of St. Louis, 
Dr. Lewis entered upon his medical studies in 
the Missouri Medical College, where he was 
graduated in 1884. Succeeding, through com- 
petitive examination, to an assistantship at 
the City Hospital, he served a year there and 
was then successively appointed to fill the 
same positions at the City Poor House and the 
Woman’s Hospital, after which he was made 
one of the first two senior assistant physicians 
(newly created positions) at the City Hospital. 
Upon completing his term of service in this 
capacity, he was promoted to the (also newly 
created) position of Assistant Superintendent 
to the City Hospital, which he held for two 
years, resigning in 1889, to enter private prac- 
tice. About that time Dr. Lewis was made 
editor of The Weekly Medical Review, which he 
conducted until 1891, when he resigned to go 
abroad. He was also elected Lecturer on 
Genito-Urinary Surgery and Venereal Dis- 
eases, by the Faculty of the Missouri Medical 
College, the oldest medical college west of the 
Mississippi. After pursuing special studies in 
andrology and attending the clinical service 
of Fenwick, Harrison and others (London), 
Guyon and Fournier (Paris), Kaposi, Finger, 
Grunfeld, Neumann and others (Vienna), 
he returned and, with the collaborative and 
editorial support of such gentlemen as Nich- 
olas Senn (Chicago), Joseph Price (Philadel- 
phia), Landon Carter Gray (New York), Tuh- 
olske (St. Louis), Finger (Vienna), and Fen- 
wick (London), he inaugurated the publica- 
tion of The Medical Fortnightly, which soon 
attained recognition as an active exponent of 
progressive and scientific medical teachings. 
Dr. Lewis has been an energetic participant in 
society work; he is a member of the Ameri- 
can Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons; 
American Medical Association; National Asso- 
ciation of Railway Surgeons; Mississippi Val- 
ley Medical Association; Missouri Valley 
Medical Association; American Medical Edi- 
Shewed. 
tors’ Association; Missouri State Medical As- 
sociation; St. Louis Medical Society; City 
Hospital Medical Society (in the founding of 
which he was largely instrumental), and the 
Missouri Medical Alumni Association; and 
honorary member of St. Charles County Med- 
ical Society. Though engaged in general jour- 
nalistic work, Dr. Lewis has taken especial 
interest in the field of genito-urinary surgery, 
and the ideas, as well as the original surgical 
devices, introduced in his contributions on that 
subject have been well received. He is young 
in the profession, but he has made rapid 
strides towards recognition in his chosen field; 
he has been honored with the appointments of 
Consultant in Genito-Urinary Surgery to the 
Missouri Pacific and Iron Mountain Railway 
Hospital, and to St. Mary’s Infirmary of St. 
Louis. Dr. Lewis has also recently received 
the appointment of Consultant in Genito- 
urinary Surgery and Venereal Diseases to the 
City Hospital of St. Louis. He was among the 282 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
first to perform the operation of supra-pubic 
prostatectomy in St. Louis. 
LEWIS, Daniel, of New York City, was 
born at Alfred, Allegany county, New York, 
January 17, 1846. On the paternal side he is 
of the fifth generation from ancestors who 
were among the early settlers of Rhode Island, 
his father, Alfred Lewis, being a native of that 
State. The latter, who was born in 1817 and 
died in 1873, married Miss Lucy Langworthy, 
daughter of Daniel Langworthy, Esq., of Asli- 
away, R. 1., who is still living. The grand- 
father of Dr. Lewis was Christopher C. Lewis, 
of Hopkinton, R. I. Born towards the close 
of the last century, this gentleman early rose 
to prominence among his fellow-citizens, and 
was chosen to the office of town clerk of Hop- 
kinton, the duties of which he so faithfully 
performed that he was retained in the position 
for the extraordinary period of forty years, by 
annual re-election. Among the well-known 
physicians of Rhode Island there have been 
many bearing the name of Lewis, all more or 
less closely related to the subject of this 
sketch. One of these, Dr. Daniel Lewis, of 
Westerly, was a man of marked ability. Two 
of Dr. Lewis’ paternal uncles and one mater- 
nal uncle, also two of his cousins and an elder 
brother, all entered the medical profession. 
Dr. Lewis received his early education at the 
Alfred Academy, and at the close of the term, 
the Civil War being then in progress, entered 
the naval service. He remained in the navy 
until the close of the war, when he resumed 
his studies, entering Alfred University, from 
which he was graduated in 1869. He had al- 
ready devoted considerable time to the study 
of medicine under the instruction of his uncle, 
Dr. Edwin R. Lewis, of Westerly, R. 1., and 
upon his graduation at Alfred University he 
entered the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York, where he 
took his first course of lectures. He then en- 
tered the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of New York, and was graduated with the 
degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1871. The 
ensuing two years were devoted to practice in 
Andover, Allegany county, N. Y., after which 
he returned to New York City, where he has 
practiced steadily ever since, latterly making 
a specialty of surgery. When the New York 
Skin and Cancer Hospital was established, Dr. 
Lewis became Assistant Surgeon to that insti- 
tution, in 1885 was appointed Surgeon, and 
still holds this position. Shortly after the 
organization of the Post-Graduate Medical 
School he became connected with that institu- 
tion as Lecturer on Surgery, and in 1890 was 
appointed to the Chair of Special Surgery 
(Cancerous Disease). His researches in this 
department of medicine have been exceedingly 
thorough, and his experience and views have 
been recorded in a number of valuable papers, 
which have attracted wide attention in the 
profession. Among his principal publications 
may be mentioned the following papers: 
“Cancer and its Treatment,” American Prac- 
titioner, 1874; “Marsden’s Treatment of Can- 
cer,” read before the Medical Society of the 
State of New York, 1878; “Digitalis in the 
Treatment of Scarlatina,” also read before the 
State Society, in 1882; “The Development of 
Cancer from Non-malignant Diseases,” read 
before the same body in 1883; “Treatment of 
Erysipelas,” Journal of Cutaneous and Vene- 
real Diseases, 1885; “Treatment of Epitheli- 
oma with Mild Caustics,” in same journal, 
1887; “Cancer of the Rectum,” Medical 
Monthly, 1887; “The Chian Turpentine Treat- 
ment of Cancer,” read before the State Medi- 
cal Society of New York, 1888; “A Malignant 
Tumor in an Umbilical Hernial Sac,” with re- 
marks on the “Etiology of Cancer,” Medical 
Record, 1889; “Horse-hair Sutures and Drain- 
age,” Transactions of the New York State 
Medical Society, 1884, and “Cancer and its 
Treatment,” Geo. S. Davis, Detroit, 1892. Dr. 
Lewis is an interesting and impressive speaker. 
A number of his addresses have been published 
and widely circulated; among others, his ad- 
dress at the Eighty-fourth Annual Meeting of 
the Medical Society of the State of New York, 
in 1890, in which he argues strongly and with 
irresistible logic in favor of State control over 
the practice of medicine. Dr. Lewis joined 
the Medical Society of the County of New 
York in 1873, and for three years was a dele- 
gate from it to the State Medical Society, and 
for five years a member of the Board of Cen- 
sors. He was elected president of the Society 
in 1884, and was re-elected to that office in 
1885. He is now the editor of the Medical Di- 
rectory, published by this Society. Since 1880 
he has been a Fellow of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine, and has served five years as 
a member of its committee on admissions. He 
has also been a member of the New York 
Pathological Society since 1880, and of the 
New York Dermatological Society since 1885. 
In 1884 he was elected a member of the Medi- 
cal Society of the State of New York, and in 
1889 had the distinguished honor of being 
chosen its president. He is likewise an active 
member of the New York Physicians’ Mutual 
Aid Association, and has been its President 
since 1887. Dr. Lewis received the degree of 
Master of Arts, in course, from his Alma 
Mater in 1872, and in 1886, at the semi-centen- 
nial of this institution, was further honored 
Avith the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In 
1887 he was elected president of the Alumni 
Association of Alfred University, a position 
which he held for three years. For purposes 
of research and recreation Prof. Lewis has 
visited Europe several times, and in 1882 spent 
several months in the study of his specialty at 
the Cancer Hospital in London. For many 
years he has been an active member and sur- 
geon of Reno Post of the Grand Army of the 
Republic, in New York City, and in 1887 held 
the office of Medical Director (with the rank 
of Brigadier-General) of the Department of 
New York. 
LEWIS, Eugene R., of Kansas City, Mo., 
was born near Huntsville, Randolph county, 
Mo., June 7, 1853. His father and mother 
both died before he was six years of age, and 
he was received into the family of his uncle, 
JohnF. Lewis, Glasgow, Howard county, Mo., 
by whom he was brought up and educated. 
He graduated in physical science at Central 
College, Fayette, Mo., at the age of eighteen. 
He read medicine, graduating from the Jeffer- 
son Medical College of Philadelphia, March 
11, 1874, and located shortly after in Kansas 
City, Mo., where he has practiced his profes- 
sion continuously since. In 1880, he was 
elected to fill the chair of Descriptive and Sur- 
gical Anatomy in the now University Med- 
ical College of Kansas City, which chair he 
filled till 1889, when he was elected to the 
chair of Principles and Practice of Surgery, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
283 
made vacant by the death of Dr. John W. Jack- 
son, and which chair he still holds, taking much 
pride in the fact of having delivered the first 
lecture delivered in this thrifty medical school, 
repeatedly performing most of the major op- 
erations in surgery, and had successfully cut 
for stone in the bladder (lithotomy) before he 
was twenty-two years of age. He was coroner of 
Jackson county in 1877-78; was one of the 
charter members or the National Association 
of Railway Surgeons, organized in Chicago, in 
1888, including in its membership Canada, Old 
Mexico, and the United States, and was its 
first corresponding secretary, and at present 
the secretary. He is a permanent member of 
the American Medical Association, a member 
of his State and local medical societies, and 
for years a member of the American Public 
Health Association of North America. He is 
at pi’esent, and has been for several years, 
health officer of Kansas City; is a member 
of the surgical staff of the German Hos- 
pital ; is consulting surgeon of the Missouri 
Pacific Railway system; local surgeon of 
Wabash Railroad, and is the English-speaking 
secretary of the railway section of the Pan 
American Medical Congress, which meets in 
Washington, D. C., in September, 1893. He has 
has just been elected by the World’s Fair Com- 
missioners a member of the advisory council 
of a World’s Public Health Congress, /to be 
held in Chicago during the World’s Fair. He 
is the Missouri member of the advisory council 
of the American Public Health Association, 
and was elected by the Missouri State Medical 
Society as a delegate to the twentieth annual 
meeting of that body in the City of Mexico, 
Mex., which was in session from November 
29 till December 2, 1892. In April, 1880, he 
married Nannie L., only daughter of Dr. H. 
W. Pitman, of Jonesburg, Mo., by whom he 
has living two sons. 
LINK, Edwin William, of Palestine, Texas, 
was born March 31,1858, in Anderson county, 
that State, andis of Anglo-Saxonfamily descent. 
His literary education was received in the 
schools of his native county, and by four 
years’ attendance at Hamden Sidney College, 
Prince Edward county, Va., from which insti- 
tution he received the degree of A. B. in 1880. 
His medical preceptor was Dr. H. H. Link, of 
Palestine, Tex. He was graduated in medi- 
cine at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College 
in 1883, and his medical education was supple- 
mented at the New York Polyclinic in 1892. 
After receiving his first medical degree (1883) 
he located in the town of his birth (Palestine, 
Tex.,) where he has continuously and success- 
fully been engaged in the general practice of 
medicine and surgery, and is regarded as one 
of the most prominent of the younger medical 
men of his State. He is an honored member 
of the State Medical Society of Texas, and of 
the American Medical Association. 
LITTLE, James Lawrence, of New York, 
was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., February 19, 
1836, and died in the former city, April 4, 
1885. His professional education was obtained 
as a student under Dr. Willard Parker, and at 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York. Graduating M. D. in March, 1860, 
having previously served six months as junior 
assistant physician to Bellevue hospital, he 
was appointed junior assistant to the New 
York Hospital soon after his graduation, and 
was subsequently raised to be senior assistant 
and afterwards house surgeon. After holding 
this latter post for a year, he was in 1862 ap- 
pointed surgeon-in-charge of the Park bar- 
racks. In 1863 he was appointed clinical as- 
sistant to Prof. Willard Parker in the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, and in 1864 he 
delivered his first course of lectures in the 
spring term of that college on fractures and 
their treatment. These lectures were delivered 
annually until 1868, when a regular summer 
faculty was formed, in which he was appointed 
lecturer on operative surgery and surgical 
dressings, a position which he held for several 
years. In 1875 he accepted the Chair of Sur- 
gery in the University of Vermont, still, how- 
ever, retaining his residence in New York. He 
was appointed, in 1865, Consulting Surgeon to 
the Northwestern Dispensary; in 1868 Attend- 
ing Surgeon to St. Luke’s, and in 1876 Attend- 
ing Surgeon to St. Vincent’s Hospitals. He 
was recognized as one of the most accom- 
plished and successful surgeons in difficult 
cases that this country has ever produced. He 
rendered valuable service to the National 
Government during the Civil War, and in the 
spring of 1864 he joined in the movement in 
the direction of sanitary reform in New York 
City, and was instrumental in the formation 
of the present board of health of that metrop- 
olis. He was a permanent member of the 
American Medical Association and of the New 
York State Medical Society; Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, and a member of 
the Pathological, County Medical, and North- 
western Medical and Surgical Societies and 
of the Medical Journal Association. As 
an author his publications were confined to 
contributions to professional periodicals, and 
to the Transactions of the several societies, of 
which he was a member. One of his most im- 
portant papers, published in 1861, described a 
new method, which has since been very gener- 
ally adopted, of making splints of plaster of 
Paris. This paper, considerably enlarged by 
the author, was republished and extensively 
circulated by the Sanitary Commission, and 
at the session of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation in 1867, he presented a report upon 
“The Use of Plaster of Paris in Surgery.” Of 
his other important publications may be men- 
tioned: “Median Lithotomy,” a subject upon 
which he speaks authoritatively, having per- 
formed the median operation more frequently 
than any other now living American surgeon; 
and reports of “Excision of the Lower Jaw 
for Osteo-Sarcoma;” “Anchylosis of the Tem- 
poro-Maxillary Articulation, Successfully 
Treated by Excision of the Right Condyle;” 
and “Naso-Pharyngeal Tumor Removed by 
Galvano-Cautery. ’ ’ 
LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, of Chicago, 
111., was born in Deerfield, Mass., August 24, 
1832, of American parents, of Irish and Welsh 
descent. His literary education was obtained 
at a local college in Cincinnati, O. He began 
the study of medicine under Prof. John T. 
Shotwell, and completed it after the death of 
this preceptor, under Prof. Reuben D. Mussey. 
Both of these were distinguished surgeons of 
the West some forty years ago. He was grad- 
uated in medicine at the Miami Medical Col- 
lege in 1853; received the ad eundem from the 
Ohio Medical College in 1857, and the same 
from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 
1868. He was appointed resident physician, 
after competitive examination, to Ht. John’s 284 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Hospital, Cincinnati, which position he filled 
for two years. He was assistant to the pro- 
fessor of chemistry in Miami College, and 
lecturer upon that branch in the summer course 
of the same school. He removed to Leaven- 
worth, Kan., in 1858, and began the practice of 
his profession. He established and edited with 
Dr. T. Links, The Leavenworth Medical Herald, 
the first medical journal published in Kansas. 
For some fifteen years he was one of the fore- 
most physicians of that State. He was one of the 
first presidents of the Kansas State Medical 
Society, and took a leading part in every 
movement, State and local, in the interest of 
medicine. He was appointed at the outbreak 
of the Rebellion, to be President of the State 
Board of Medical Examiners, which board ex- 
amined all applicants for the post of regimen- 
tal surgeon throughout the war, and during 
the frequent border battles he was often at the 
front. He was appointed botanist to the first 
geological survey of Kansas, and made an able 
report upon the botany and sanitary relations 
of the State. He received the degree of A. 
M. from Yale College in 1868, and the degree 
of LL. D. from the National University of 
Chile in 1884. He served as United States 
minister to Chile from 1873 to 1877, and then 
resumed the practice of medicine in Chicago 
from 1877 to 1879. During this time he pub- 
lished “The Physics-of the Infectious Dis- 
eases,” illustrating the subject with original 
observations upon the physical and medical 
aspects of the west coast of South America. 
In 1879 he was appointed United Minister to 
the five Central American States, with resi- 
dence at Guatemala. In 1882 he was reap- 
pointed Minister to Chile, and returning in 
1886, he spent a year in the schools and hospi- 
tals of London, Paris and Berlin. During his 
twelve years’ service in the diplomatic field, 
he not only achieved a brilliant reputation as 
a diplomatist, but he also became distinguished 
for the promotion of the interests of medicine. 
His large experience in hospitals and schools 
enabled him to benefit in many ways those of 
the Spanish-American republics, and many 
modern ideas and improvements in both are to 
be credited to him. During his residence in 
Chile he used his official and personal influ- 
ence to break down a very exclusive regulation 
of the State Board of Medical Examiners of 
that country, before whom all persons desiring 
to practice medicine in the republic must ap- 
pear and submit to a rigid examination. This 
regulation permitted no applicant to be exam- 
ined not holding a diploma from a college with 
which the board were “in correspondence.” 
Up to that time the Harvard diploma was the 
only one recognized ; but after a severe strug- 
gle Dr. Logan succeeded in having all of the 
reputable medical schools of the United States 
officially recognized for all time. He has been 
the recipient of many civil honors, and of 
these it may be mentioned that he was elected 
in 1872 to the position of Grand Secretary of 
the Order of Odd Fellows in America, which 
position he filled with great ability for two 
years. After his return from Europe he settled 
to the practice of medicine in Chicago, though 
to a limited extent, and he was again tempo- 
rarily interrupted during the year 1890, when 
he was sent to Europe as the first Commis- 
sioner of the World’s Exposition, to be held 
during 1893. His contributions to medical lit- 
erature and to general science are scattered 
through many publications, and cover a wide 
range of subjects. 
LOGAN, Joseph Payne, of Marietta, Ga., was 
born in Botetourt county, Va., November 20, 
1820, and died June 2, 1891, in the seventy-first 
year of his age. He was educated at Washing- 
ton College, in his native State, and graduated 
in medicine from the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1841. He practiced for a brief period 
at Baltimore, and was Professor of the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Medicine in Washington 
University of that city, but made Atlanta the 
permanent field of his professional life. He 
was appointed Professor in the Atlanta Medi- 
cal College, of the departments of Physiology 
and Principles of Medicine. He also edited 
the Medical and Surgical Journal, of that city. 
He had been president of the Georgia Medical 
Association, of the Atlanta Academy of Medi- 
cine, and was one of the earlier vice-presidents 
of the American Medical Association, having 
held that office from 1860 till 1863. He was 
for a time a member of the State Board of 
Health of Georgia, in which capacity he con- 
tributed several valuable reports upon yellow 
fever and other epidemic diseases. 
LOMAX, William, of Marion, Tnd., was 
born in Guilford county, N. C., March 15, 
1813, and died at his home, April 27, 1893. 
He was a son of Abel and Elizabeth Lomax, 
of English, Welsh, and Irish descent. He 
came with his parents to Indiana, in 1817, 
about the date of the admission of that State 
into the Union. His father removed to Wayne 
county when he was five years old, and his 
home until early manhood was in that county. 
His early education was necessarily of back- 
woods order, but this was supplemented by an 
extensive course of reading under his father's 
watchful care. He began the study of med- 
icine in Dr. Joel Bugg’s office, at Newport, in 
1834. In 1836, he entered the Medical College 
of Ohio, at Cincinnati. In 1837 he located at 
Marion, when the place was but a muddy vil- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
285 
lage, entering the office of Dr. John Foster, 
where he remained three years. In 1847 
and 1848, he attended lectures at the Indi- 
ana Medical College, and received his medical 
degree, afterward entering the University of 
the City of New York, where he again grad- 
uated in 1850. He practiced at Marion until 
1861, when he began enlisting volunteers for the 
Civil War, and was made surgeon of the regi- 
iment, his being the first surgeon’s commission 
issued by Governor Morton. He was always 
near the Twelfth Indiana Infantry throughout 
the Rebellion, his skill resulting in his being 
called to act as surgeon-in-chief of division and 
medical director of the Fifteenth Army Corps. 
His wife, nee Sarah Van de Vanter, went with 
him to help care for the wounded, but fell a vic- 
tim to disease, and died at Sharpsburg, Mary- 
land, December 24, 1861. After his return 
from the war, he married Miss Maria Hen- 
drix, of Wabash, Indiana, who survives him. 
Dr. Lomax was one of the organizers of the 
Grant County Medical Society in 1848, and by 
his unremitting interest and work, that society 
has stood at the head of the listof county medi- 
cal societies of his State since its organiza- 
tion. He represented that medical society at 
the third annual meeting of the American 
Medical Association at Cincinnati, in May, 
1850, and was therefore one of the earliest 
members of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. He was one of the founders of the 
Indiana State Medical Society; was its presi- 
dent in 1856, and when it was reorganized and 
counted into a delegate body in 1866 he took 
an active part in the plan of reorganization, 
and was the author of its present constitution. 
He was a frequent contributor to its annual 
volume of Transactions. To each of these 
meetings he rode on horseback to and from 
his home. He attended the meetings of those 
societies almost unfailingly for nearly forty 
years, and until the infirmities of age positively 
precluded his leaving home. He was appointed 
a member of the first State Board of Health in 
Indiana, and served as its president for four 
years. Dr. Lomax was a man of rare execu- 
tive ability and prescience. He became con- 
vinced that the highest degree of usefulness 
and good was not attained by the organization 
of his State Medical Society under its original 
incorporation. He therefore earnestly studied 
the matter and was the first to agitate the 
question of the reorganization of the Society 
and establishing it on the basis where it 
rests to-day. He lived to see his fondest 
hopes realized, and the Indiana State Medi- 
cal Society, without peer and its organiza- 
tion referred to as the ideal one. Dr. 
Lomax was one of the best known of the 
old-school surgeons in Indiana, and made 
many valuable contributions to medical soci- 
eties and literature, and preserved a careful 
record of cases. He is credited with having 
performed the “flap” amputation below the 
knee, fifteen years before the earliest recorded 
operation of that description. He was a man 
who always devoted his spare time to his own 
higher education, and did much to help others 
do the same. His entire life was one of singu- 
lar purity and nobility of character. He was 
an earnest, faithful, unassuming Christian 
gentleman, a member of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church for nearty sixty, years and a 
most upright and honored citizen. “In all the 
long record of his earthly career, there is 
naught to remember of him but usefulness and 
kindness. In public and private life he was 
the same unassuming and kindly gentleman. 
He was the friend of the poor and dependent, 
and the unfortunate and suffering. In his 
skillful care all fared alike. His charity was 
unbounded. Lie speedily gained the confi- 
dence of the people, and maintained it during 
the half century that he spent in active prac- 
tice in his community.” It is said that while 
in the army he was untiring in his devotion in 
alleviating the sufferings of the soldiers, and 
often went forward into the battle where the 
dead and wounded were lying, to attend more 
promptly to the calls made upon him. Dr. 
Lomax was a constant advocate of every 
measure having for its object the advancement 
of medical science and professional dignity, he 
was at all times outspoken in his contempt for 
unprofessional conduct of those physicians 
who seek to gain practice and notoriety by re- 
sorting to the tricks and dishonorable schemes 
of quacks and charlatans. For a time he held 
the chair of Surgery in the Fort Wayne Med- 
ical College. He held the position of presi- 
dent of the board of trustees of the Medical 
College of Indiana for several years, and the 
present welfare and future usefulness of this in- 
stitution was a source of very great interest to 
him. Lie was noted in the State for his pro- 
nounced views as to the necessity of young 
men securing an elaborate preliminary educa- 
tion before entering upon the study of med- 
icine. He was exceedingly generous with his 
means, when young men desiring a sound ed- 
ucation to fit them for their professional work 
attracted his attention. During his long pro- 
fessional life he devoted thousands of dollars 
to this purpose. His love for his profes- 
sion, and his earnest desire to promote its 
interest especially in the direcion of a higher 
medical education induced him, about two years 
before his death to make a munificent gift to 
the Medical College of Indiana. This bequest 
consisted of property near Marion, valued at 
about $50,000. He also made other provis- 
ions for the college, the details of which have 
not been published, but which will bring the 
total amount up to about $75,000. Dr. Lomax 
was a high degree member of the Order of 
Free Masons, having taken the highest degree 
in America. At the recent meeting of the 
Indiana State Medical Society, Dr. E. S. Elder, 
the secretary, in his report, in referring to the 
death of Dr. Lomax and others, said: The 
familiar faces and figures of these old mem- 
bers will be sadly missed, especially of Dr. 
Lomax, who, having become a member of the 
society in 1850, has rarely ever missed one of 
its meetings. No man ever exerted a greater 
influence for the welfare of our society than 
he. These men may be said to have belonged 
to the heroic age of medicine in our State. 
They fought battles, won victories, endured 
hardships, and in various ways prepared the 
way for our present flourishing society. The 
remnant of these heroes constitute the old 
guard, ever vigilant and faithful; although 
dying, they never surrender. If we are as 
true in maintaining the honor and dignity of 
the profession throughout the commonwealth 
as those veterans have been in placing us in 
the favorable position we now occupy, the 
future prosperity and honor of our society is 
secure. Dr. Lomax lived the ideal life of the 
highest type of Christian manliness. After 286 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
devoting himself to the relief of distressed 
humanity, at the close of more than four-score 
years, full of wisdom and good works, with 
unclouded intellect, and a firm reliance on 
the promise of future happiness, he went down 
to a death as calm and beautiful as the setting 
of the unclouded sun on a summer evening. 
LONG, Crawford W., of Athens, Ga., was 
born in Danielsville, Madison county, that 
State, November 1, 1815, and died June 16, 
1878. His father, James Long, was a noted 
politician of Georgia. His grandfathers served 
in the Revolutionary War. Dr. Long received 
his general education at Franklin College, Pa., 
from which he was graduated in 1835 and at- 
tended the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, from which institution 
he* received his medical degree in 1839. He 
then practiced his profession at Jefferson, in 
his native State, for the next twelve years, and 
removed to Athens, Ga., in 1851, where he 
continued in the general practice of his pro- 
fession until his death. He claimed that he 
performed on March 30, 1842, the first surgical 
operation with the patient in a state of anes- 
thesia from the inhalation of ether. In his 
history of the discovery of anesthesia Dr. J. 
Marion Sims says : “ Dr. Long was the first 
to intentionally produce anesthesia for sur- 
gical operations, and that this was done with 
sulphuric ether; that he did not by accident 
hit upon it, but that he reasoned it out in a 
philosophical and logical manner; that Hor- 
ace Wells without any knowledge of Dr Long’s 
labors demonstrated in the same philosophical 
way (in his own person) the great principle of 
anesthesia by the use of nitrous-oxide gas in 
December, 1844, thus giving Long the priority 
over Wells by two years and eight months, and 
over Morton who followed Wells in 1846.” In 
connection with this subject, however, the edi- 
tor of this work desires to call attention to the 
apparent justness of the claims of one who is 
still living, and whose biographical sketch is 
printed on another page of this volume. He 
now refers to the venerable Dr. Win. E. Clarke 
of Chicago. Professor Lyman (on page 6) in 
his work on “Anesthesia,” states that Clarke, 
while a student in Prof. E. M. Moore’s office, 
in Rochester, N. Y., in the winter of 1842, ad- 
ministered ether to a young woman, who after 
resisting the efforts of a dentist to extract a 
diseased tooth, became seemingly unconscious 
under the effects of the ether and the tooth 
was extracted without pain. Professor Moore 
recently stated that at that time he was of the 
opinion, that the woman in a hysterical freak 
feigned unconsciousness, and for that reason 
advised his pupil to make no more experiments 
in that direction, and that his advice was un- 
fortunately followed. Dr. Clarke was there- 
fore one of the very first, if not the first, to 
use ether as an anesthetic, and as the above 
communication was received too late to add to 
his biographical sketch the honor thus due him 
should be here recorded. The name of the 
subject of this sketch, with AVm. T. G. Mor- 
ton, Charles T. Jackson, and Horace Wells, 
were presented in a bill before the United 
States Senate in 1854, to reward the probable 
discoverers of practical anesthesia. Dr. 
Long’s contributions to medical literature re- 
late chiefly to his discovery. 
LONG, Robert William, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in New Maysville, that State, 
December 11, 1843. He is of English ances- 
try, and a son of the late Dr. William Long, 
one of the noted pioneer physicians of Indi- 
ana. The subject of this sketch obtained his 
general education at the common schools in the 
vicinity of his home and at Franklin College, 
in his native State. During the early part of the 
War of the Rebellion he enlisted as a private 
soldier in the Seventy-eighth Indiana Infantry, 
and upon the expiration of his term of service, 
began the study of medicine, under the pre- 
ceptorship of his father. He attended his first 
course of lectures at the Rush Medical Col- 
lege, Chicago, in 1864-65, and the following 
year entered the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, when Gross, Dunglison, Pan- 
coast and other noted teachers in that school 
were at the height of their renown, and was 
graduated in medicine from that institution in 
1866. Although the youngest of his class, he 
was awarded a valuable prize by Prof. Ellers- 
lie Wallace, on account of his proficiency in 
the department of obstetrics. While in Phila- 
(at 
delphia he also attended the School of Prepa- 
ration for a medical degree and for appoint- 
ment on the Medical Staff of the Army and 
Navy and received a diploma therefrom. In 
addition to these advantages, his medical edu- 
cation and training were supplemented by an 
attendance at the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, New York, from which he received 
an ad eundem degree in 1869. On returning to 
his native town from Philadelphia in 1866, Dr. 
Long, in association with his father, estab- 
lished himself in a large and lucrative prac- 
tice, which continued to engage his time and 
attention for the next ten years. In 1871 he 
married Clara J. Parsons, daughter of the late 
Dr. William Parsons, a distinguished physi- 
cian of Montgomery county, Ind. To this faith- 
ful companion and accomplished lady much of 
his success in after life is due. In 1875, at 
the earnest solicitation of his friends, he was 
induced to remove to Irvington, a beauti- 
ful suburb of Indianapolis, noted for its ele- 
gant homes, refined society and cultured citi- 
zens. His experience and professional skill EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
287 
securgd for him at once an active and exten- 
sive held of practice, which he held for the 
next fifteen years. Having already acquired 
a considerable number of patrons in Indian- 
apolis, and desiring to renounce some of the 
more objectionable features of a semi-rural 
practice, such as continuous night-riding and 
exposure during the winter months, he re- 
moved to that city in 1891, where he still pur- 
sues his professional avocation, but devoting 
more time to consultation and office practice 
than previously. While Dr. Long has always 
been engaged in the general practice of medi- 
cine, he has devoted special attention to ob- 
stetrics and the diseases of women and chil- 
dren, in which field probabty no man of his 
age in Indiana has had more experience or 
better success. It is said that as a physician 
the importance of the disease, without regard 
to any other consideration, has been his main 
incentive in the care of his patients. He is a 
member of the Marion County Medical Soci- 
ety, of the Indiana State Medical Society, 
and has been for many years a member of the 
Board of Trustees of the Central College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis. He 
has made important contributions to medical 
journals, mainly relating to cases occurring in 
his own medical experience, and has been the 
preceptor of several medical students who 
have attained prominence in the profession, 
while his extensive consultation practice has 
enabled him to impart much valuable knowl- 
edge to his professional colleagues. Dr. Long 
is a man of affairs and of excellent business 
capacity, who has accumulated a fortune 
through his professional work and judicious 
investments. He is a stanch Democrat, whose 
judgment and advice is often sought in the 
councils of his party. His indomitable energy, 
industry and integrity, with a genial, encour- 
aging disposition and an ability to discern and 
adapt himself to all the varying phases of 
“human nature,” are traits of character which 
serve to explain the secret of his success in 
his chosen avocation, and which warrant the 
prediction of achievements still more brilliant 
in the future. 
LOOMIS, Alfred L*, of New York City, was 
born in Bennington, Vt,, October 16,1831. His 
early education was obtained at Hoosick Falls 
and in Rochester, N. Y. He also entered 
Union College, from which he graduated in 
1850, and received his degree of A. M. in 1856. 
He studied medicine with Dr. Willard Parker 
of New York, and in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons in that city, receiving his de- 
gree of M. D. from that institution in 1852. 
Immediately after graduating he entered the 
hospitals on Ward’s and Blackwell’s Islands, 
as assistant physician, a position he held for 
two years. He afterwards established himself 
in New York in general practice, but with 
special attention to diseases of the heart, lungs 
and kidneys, in which field he has become emi- 
nent. In 1859 he was appointed Visiting 
Physician to Bellevue Hospital, and subse- 
quently Visiting Physician to the Charity 
Hospital on Blackwell’s Island In 1862 he 
was appointed Lecturer on Physical Diagnosis 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
New York, a position he retained three years. 
In 1866 he was made adjunct Professor of 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Uni- 
versity of New York, and two years later Pro- 
fessor of Pathology and Practice of Medicine 
in the same institution, which chair he still 
holds. “An unknown friend of the University 
gave through Dr. Loomis in 1886 the sum of 
SIOO,OOO to the medical department, to build 
and equip the Loomis laboratory, which is 
intended to be the finest and most complete of 
its kind in the United States.” Dr. Loomis is 
an active and honored member of numerous 
medical societies both in this country 
and in Europe, and has been president of 
the New York Pathological Society, and also 
of the New York State Medical Society. He 
is the author of a treatise on “Physical Diag- 
nosis,” published in New York in 1873 (tenth 
edition revised and enlarged in 1893); and 
also of a volume on “Diseases of the Respira- 
tory Organs, Heart and Kidneys,” published 
in 1876; “Lectures on Fevers;” “Diseases of 
Old Age,” 1882; and “A Text-Book of Prac- 
tical Medicine,” 1884. 
LOVE, I. N., of St. Louis, Mo., was born in 
Barry, Pike county, 111., his father having em- 
igrated thither from Old Virginia, and his 
mother being a native of Kentucky. Referring 
to the subject of this sketch, Dr. L. S. Mc- 
Murtry, of Louisville, Ky., writes as follows: 
His early youth was spent in the vicinity of 
the place of his birth, and when thirteen years 
of age he went to St. Louis, and became a 
member of the family of his relative, the late 
Dr. John T. Hodgen, who at that time, and for 
years afterward, was the most eminent sur- 
geon in St. Louis and the West. Here his 
studies were directed at the St. Louis High 
School, and in private schools, with a view to 
his entrance upon the study of medicine, 
which course he followed under the admirable 
practical directions of Dr. Hodgen. Indeed, 
he was in reality a student of medicine before 
he formally matriculated in the St. Louis Med- 
ical College. In 1872 he received the degree 
of M. D. from the old St. Louis Medical Col- 
lege, which was located at the corner of Sev- 288 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
enth Street and Clark Avenue. In the compet- 
itive examination, open to all the graduates oi 
the medical schools in St. Louis, he won the 
position of assistant resident physician at the 
City Hospital, where he remained two years in 
the active discharge of his duties, and then 
became an assistant of Dr. Hodgen. This lat- 
ter year was perhaps the most valuable of all 
his medical pupilage. Soon after entering 
upon private practice, he was appointed city 
physician of St. Louis, which position he oc- 
cupied for more than a year. Designing this, 
he gave all his attention to the development of 
his private practice, which was rapidly grow- 
ing in the west end of the city. Up to this 
time, Dr. Love’s studies and associations with 
• soon afterwards made several contributions of 
practical character to the literature of pedia- 
! tries, and his practice in this special field rap- 
idly increased, his services being sought both 
by the public, and by his professional col- 
leagues in consultation. In 1889 he accepted 
the chair of Pediatrics in the St. Louis College of 
Physicians and Surgeons,and continued to write 
and teach this important practical branch to 
which his studies were directed. In 1887 he was 
secretary under the presidency of Dr. J. Lewis 
Smith, of New York, of the Pediatric Section 
of the Ninth International Medical Congress, 
at Washington. The same year he was elected 
president of the Mississippi Valley Medical 
Association, probably the second largest med- 
ical organization in America. In 1889 he was 
elected president of the Section of Diseases 
of Children of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and during the same year was elected a 
member of the board of trustees of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association Journal, the duties of 
which latter position he discharged for three 
years. During the same year he was elected 
president of the American Medical Editors’ 
Association, being at that time an associate 
editor on the staff of several well-known medi- 
cal periodicals. Dr. Love was several times 
solicited during these years to accept chairs in 
medical colleges, but it was only three years 
ago that he assumed active duties as a pro- 
fessor, when he became one of the charter 
members of the faculty of the Marion-Sims 
College of Medicine in St. Louis, occupying 
the chair of clinical medicine and diseases of 
children. The success of this school has been 
phenomenal, and a goodly share is credited to 
the energy and ability of the subject of this 
sketch. Hitherto his teachings were devoted 
to Pediatrics, but here he soon demonstrated 
his especial fitness for clinical teaching in the 
broad domain of general medicine and diseases 
of children. In January, 1890, Dr. Love 
issued the first number of the Medical Mirror, 
announcing that this journal was not estab- 
lished to fill any long-felt want, but wholly 
from the fact that its owner and editor con- 
fessed a fondness for medical journalism, and 
believed he could be of service to his profes- 
sion in this way. As a result of his experi- 
ence in journalism and his wide reputation as 
a forcible, ready and interesting writer, the 
Medical Mirror at once took place in the very 
front rank of medical journalism in America. 
It has grown in circulation and influence, and 
is probably the most popular monthly medical 
magazine in America. The editor and propri- 
etor discharges all the duties in his character- 
istic, thorough and pleasing style, and discards 
the padding and impersonal editorials and 
comments, which characterize so many medi- 
cal periodicals. In the midst of a large and 
busy practice he found time three years ago to 
prepare an elaborate monograph entitled, 
“Practical Points in the Management of the 
Diseases of Children,” which was published 
in the Leisure Hour Series, put before the pro- 
fession by George S. Davis, the enterprising 
medical publisher of Detroit. Dr. Love is a 
member of the committee on organization, ap- 
pointed by the American Medical Association 
for the Pan-American Medical Congress to be 
held in Washington, September, 1893. He is 
a member of the board of trustees of the con- 
gress, assistant secretary-general, and also 
honorary president of the section on diseases 
0$ 
Professor Hodgen had encouraged his tastes 
and developed his qualifications in the line oJ 
surgery, although his hospital experience and 
private practice had given him a rich experi- 
ence in all departments of medical, surgical 
and obstetrical practice. He was for some 
time a teacher of physiology in the St. Louis 
Medical College. At this time he married, 
and about the same time the position of demon- 
strator of anatomy was offered him. With a 
family of his own, and an extensive private 
practice, he accepted the demonstratorship 
and determined to make of himself an all- 
round practitioner. An innate fondness for 
children, and a deep sense of the imperfect 
knowledge of children’s diseases at that time, 
together with an appreciation of the high rate 
of infant mortality in large cities, determined 
him to devote special attention and study to 
the diseases of infancy and childhood. ' He EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
289 
of children of the congress. At the meeting 
of the American Medical Association in Mil- 
waukee, June, 1893, he received the distin- 
guished honor of being elected vice-president 
of the association. Dr. Love possesses a gen- 
uine love for his profession, is thoroughly 
practical and profoundly versed in all the 
varied field of internal medicine. He has by 
nature great energy, keen perception, and a 
personal magnetism which makes him welcome 
to the homes of his patients and gains for him 
hosts of warmly attached friends at home and 
abroad. He is eminently a practical man, and 
his greatest success in life been demon- 
strated in his work at the bedside of his 
patients. As a diagnostician he is quick, accu- 
rate, and thorough; in practical therapeutics 
he is scientific and successful. As a teacher 
he has the gift of enthusiasm which is conta- 
gious, and awakens the interest and attracts 
the confidence of his pupils. He is widely 
known in the profession as a gifted and charm- 
ing after-dinner speaker, and at all large gath- 
erings of the profession he is invited to enter- 
tain and instruct with his happy and erudite ex- 
pression. Dr. Love is a man of positive convic- 
tions, and whatever he undertakes throws his 
wholesoulinto taaccomplishment. Hismotives 
are generous and his impulses are kind; and 
when he errs he is the first to repair anyinjustice 
that he may unintentionally do any one. He 
draws to himself friends wherever he goes, 
and is withal a genial, accomplished gentle- 
man. He leads a busy life and gives to his 
professional labors all of his time and strength. 
He is about forty years of age, and possessed 
of a strong constitution, and it is reasonable 
to expect that with his characteristic energy 
and devotion he will be spared many years to 
the labors which have distinguished him in 
his profession. His interesting family con- 
sists of his accomplished wife and two chil- 
dren, a daughter and son, the latter bearing 
the name of his early friend, preceptor and 
illustrious kinsman. 
LUSK, William Thompson, of New York, 
was born at Norwich, Conn., May 23, 1838. 
He entered the class of 1859 in Yale, but left on 
completion of Freshman term. He received 
the honorary degree of A. M. from that insti- 
tution in 1872. He studied medicine for three 
years in Heidelberg and Berlin (1858 to 1861) ; 
returned to America and served in the United 
States Volunteer Army during the first three 
years of the Rebellion, beginning as a private 
in the ranks, and being successively commis- 
sioned second lieutenant, first lieutenant, cao- 
tain and assistant adjutant-general. He then 
attended lectures at the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, and was graduated thence M. 
D. in 1864. He subsequently spent a year and 
a half in study in Edinburgh, Parish Vienna 
and Prague, and in 1865 established himself in 
practice in New York. He is a member of 
the New York County Medical Society; Fellow 
of the New York Academy of Medicine; mem- 
ber of the New York Obstetrical Society, vice- 
president in 1875; member of the American 
Gynecological Society, and a corresponding 
Fellow of the Edinburgh and London Obstet- 
rical Societies. From 1868 to 1871 he was Pro- 
fessor of Physiology in the Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital. In 1870 he became Lecturer on 
Physiology in Harvard Medical School. He 
has been Professor of Obstetrics, Diseases of 
Women, Diseases of Infants, and Clinical 
Midwifery in Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege since 1871, and has been editor of the 
New York Medical Journal. He is Gynecolo- 
gist to Bellevue and St. Vincent Hospitals, and 
Obstetric Physician to the Emergency Hospi- 
tal. Of his numerous articles in periodicals 
may be mentioned the “Histological Doctrines 
of M. Robin;” “Uremia a Common Cause of 
Death in Uterine Cancer;” “Inquiry into the 
Pathology of Uterine Cancer; “Irregular 
Uterine Action During Labor;” “Clinical Re- 
port of the Lying-in Service at Bellevue Hos- 
pital for the year 1873;” on the “Origin of 
Diabetes, with Some New Experiments Re- 
garding the Glycogenic Function of the Liver;” 
the “Cephalotribe and Cephalotripsy,” 1867; 
the “Genesis of an Epidemic of Puerperal 
Fever,” 1873; “Morphia in Child-Birth,” 1877; 
“Nature, Causes, and Prevention of Puerperal 
Fever,” Transactions of International Medical 
Congress, 1876; on the “Necessity of Caution 
in the Employment of Chloroform During 
Labor,” American Gynecological Transac- 
tions, 1877. In 1867 he published a description 
of a new cephalotribe weighing less than two 
pounds. He is the author of “The Science 
and Art of Midwifery,” published in 1881 (an 
enlarged edition in 1885), which has been 
translated into several European languages. 
LUZENBERGr, Charles Aloysius, of New 
Orleans, La., was born July 31, 1805, and died 
July 15, 1848. He was a native of the city of 
Verona, where his father, an Austrian of 
ancient and respectable family, had followed 
the army in the capacity of commissary. 
Soon after his birth, his father returned with 
the army to Alsace, residing with his family 
alternately at Landau and Weissemberg. At 
the latter place, one of his uncles was estab- 
lished as a practitioner of medicine, a circum- 
stance which, perhaps, suggested the idea 
of educating him for that profession. His 
biographer, Dr. T. M. Logan, in an interesting 
sketch, published in the “American Medical 
Biography,” says: His earliest tuition was at 
the public school of Landau, where his pre- 
cocity first evinced itself, in the rapidity with 
which he learned arithmetic, and the French 
and Latin languages. Afterwards, when his 
father removed to Weissemberg, he was re- 
ceived into the city college, at the early age of 
ten years, being the youngest pupil ever ad- 
mitted. On account of his attainments, the 
rules for admission were waived in his favor, 
and he was held up as a model to the other 
scholars. In the year 1819 his father left his na- 
tive country, and settled with his family in Phil- 
adelphia, and sparing no expense, sacrificed 
almost all his means to procure for his eldest 
son every facility his adopted city could afford 
for the completion of his studies. True to the 
German standard of a perfect education, he 
was taught music, fencing, boxing, and other 
exercises in gymnastics, and soon acquired the 
same proficiency in his athletic training as he 
afterward attained in the medical arena. In 
1825 he attended the lectures of the Jefferson 
Medical College, and evinced such assiduity 
and zeal in the acquisition of knowledge, es- 
pecially in the dissecting rooms, as to furnish, 
even at that early period, strong indications 
of his future eminence. Although he made 
the study of his profession the base-line of his 
pursuits, he did not neglect to prosecute the 
departments of classical literature, and espe- 
cially natural history; which latter he made EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
290 
subsidiary to comparative anatomy. At this 
period, Dr. Physick was in the zenith of his 
surgical career, and it is presumed gave a 
bias to the mind of’ his hospital pupil for his 
particular department. Hence, surgery be- 
came his ruling passion; and he spared no 
trouble or pains, by constant attendance at 
the almshouse, or by going almost any dis- 
tance to witness an important or interesting 
operation. In the year 1829, he went to New 
Orleans, taking with him many most flattering 
letters, but contenting himself with delivering 
a single one to Dr. David 0. Ker, one of the 
visiting physicians to the Charity Hospital. 
On his first visit to that institution, upon the 
invitation of Dr. Ker, he performed a difficult 
amputation, in a manner so satisfactory, and 
so indicative of that courage and genius, 
which were soon to ripen into maturity, that 
he was almost upon his arrival, and when 
scarcely known to the administrators, elected 
house-surgeon. In this situation his talents 
found a field somewhat commensurate with 
their extent, and which soon brought him a 
rich harvest of celebrity and reputation. The 
abundant opportunities here afforded of wit- 
nessing every variety of calamity and casualty 
to which suffering humanity is subject, and 
the many emergencies which tasked his judg- 
ment, boldness, and address, soon enabled 
him to acquires those qualities which are found 
in all great surgeons—a sure and steady hand, 
an imperturbable self-possession, and a quick 
sagacity to seize new indications and employ, 
at the instant, the means of fulfilling them. 
These were only some of the evidences of his 
genius for surgery, which were now developed. 
While in pursuit of surgery, his earliest and 
his first love, he was not unmindful of the im- 
portance of the other departments of his pro- 
fession. About this time his attention was 
attracted to the numerous cases of small-pox 
which were received into the Charity Hospital. 
While engaged in the post-mortem examination 
of a patient, who hadbeen some years previously 
so afflicted with small-pox as to produce deep 
pits upon the face, Dr. Luzenberg was surprised 
to find that those parts of the body which had 
been protected in a great degree from the action 
of light by clothing, were entirely unmarked. 
Putting this in connection with the fact re- 
corded by Baron Larrey, with which he was 
doubtles acquainted, that the Egyptians and 
Arabians were accustomed to cover the exposed 
parts of small-pox patients with gold leaf, the 
idea was impressed upon his mind that light 
was the agent of this phenomenon. Acting 
upon this impression, he placed a number of 
patients in an apartment so constructed that the 
reflected rays of the sun, even at its meridian, 
could not penetrate therein. The result con- 
firmed his opinion, and fully established the 
position, that the exclusion of light prevents 
pitting; for all who were discharged cured, 
exhibited neither pit nor mark upon the face 
or body, and even such as had the disease in its 
worst confluent form, passed rapidly and with- 
out any difficulty through the maturative and 
desiccating stages,and I’ecovered with compara- 
tively none of those marks and disgusting dis- 
colorations which so signally disfigure the sub- 
jects of this most loathsome disorder. Thus 
satisfied of the correctness of his conclusion, 
he communicated the fact in scientific good 
faith to the class of young men around him, 
requesting them to prosecute the subject, with 
the view of further testing its reliability. One 
of them made it the subject of a paper, which 
will be found in the American Journal of the 
Medical Sciences, for 1832, and thus attracted 
the attention of European physicians to the 
subject, as may be seen in the Bevue Medicate, 
for August, of the same year. Much acrimo- 
nious disputation transpired as to who was the 
actual discoverer of this method; at which we 
need not be surprised, when we remember the 
old adage, that “there is nothing new under 
the sun.” Our own Physick was almost shorn t 
of the eclat of one of his most important sur- ’ 
gical discoveries, by Dupuytren and Schmalkal- 
ken; and, like him, if Dr. Luzenbergdid not 
lirst bring into notice the practice of excluding 
the light in treatingvariolousdisorders, he at all 
events revived it, and finally got as much credit 
for it as he deserved; for, continues Dr. Logan, 
I well remember when I arrived in Paris, soon 
after, that he was pointed out to me at one of 
the hospitals, by a French student, as an em- 
inent American physician, who had discovered 
a new mode of treating small-pox. His reputa- 
tion soon spreadbeyond the walls of the Charity 
Hospital, and a better field was opened for him 
in private practice, which furnished additional 
scope for the exertion of all his powers, as 
well as the gratification of his highest ambi- 
tion. In March, 1832, he was married to Mrs. 
Mary Fort, daughter of the late Henry Clem- 
ent, of New York. By the ample fortune 
which was at once, with the most exemplary 
confidence, placed at his disposal, he was 
raised to a height whence he could look down 
with pity upon the rivalries and jealousies of 
the profession, and in the seclusion of a well- 
stocked library, and all the appliances for study 
with which he now supplied himself, shut his 
ears against the hubbub of his assailants. 
More eager now for the acquisition of knowl- 
edge than the accumulation of riches, he did 
not fall into the fatal error of supposing that 
the distinction he had already acquired en- 
titled him to repose or indolence. He had 
learned enough—the most important learning 
—to be conscious of his comparative ignorance, 
and looking abroad from this new eminence 
to which he had urged his way, he felt the 
overpowering conviction, that what he had 
already gained bore but a ratio, eternally de- 
creasing, to what was still contained within the 
ever expanding horizon of knowledge. Thus 
did he determine to avail himself of his acquire- 
ments in the languages, to collect materials in 
Europe to erect the superstructure for which he 
conceived he had but as yet laid the foundation. 
He accordingly, left New Orleans, accompanied 
by his family. He went bv way of the west,with 
a view of first acquainting himself with the 
features of his own country, and sailed from 
New York for Liverpool. Making excursions 
through England, Scotland and Ireland, and 
taking notes of everything remarkable in these 
interesting countries, especially in the line of 
his profession; he next passed over into France 
and spent the ensuing winter in Paris. Here 
he luxuriated in hospitals, schools of medi- 
cine, natural history, and the arts, and with a 
kind of peripatetic study, enriched his mind 
with all the valuable discoveries in science and 
art, for which the capital of France is so fa- 
mous. Partaking of the same industry which 
is manifested by the medical, scientific, and 
literary men at Paris, and which is wholly un- 
known in this country, he was with the pro- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
291 
lessors and students before daylight in the 
morning with taper in hand, pressing through 
the crowd at the bedside of the sick and dis- 
eased, or assisting at the material clinique of 
some illustrious professor. Hurrying from one 
hospital to another, he might be found at a 
more advanced hour of the day on the benches 
of the Ecole de Medecine, or at some other of 
the numerous colleges, academies, or gardens 
of natural history, hearing, seeing, feeling and 
comparing all the multiplied and varied sources 
of spreading knowledge. The day was not 
long enough. The same enthusiasm carried 
him by night to the dissecting rooms and oper- 
ating courses, hardly leaving him time to eat, 
drink, or sleep. Thus he passed the whole 
winter in Paris, visiting successively, the Hotel 
Dieu, la Charity, la Piti6, and other institu- 
tions, going from one master to another, dis- 
cussing all the opinions, ancient and modern, 
seeing all the methods, and preparing himself 
to shed a new lustre upon American medicine. 
But it was chiefly at the unrivalled clinique 
of Dupuytren that he passed most of his time. 
“Who has seen the autocrat of the Hotel Dieu, 
in green coat and white apron, treading with 
measured steps at the head of his crowded 
class, through the vast salles of his chirurgical 
empire, with his redoubtable looks and regal 
dignity, putting bluntly a few questions to 
each patient as he passes on, so pertinent as 
to draw forth as prompt a response, without 
being fascinated by the power and omnipo- 
tence of his strong mind? But it was not for 
this ascendency and domination that Dr. Lu- 
zenberg admired the chirurgeon en chef; on the 
contrary, no one condemned more than he 
did his stern and despotic severity. It was 
for his wonderful acumen and diagnostic fore- 
sight, his oracular decision based upon scien- 
tific deduction, and the admiral forecast with 
which he modified general methods of prac- 
tice according to particular individual cases, 
that he yielded to him the homage due to ex- 
traordinary merit. He was often heard to say 
that he would not give one morning’s visit to 
the Hotel Dieu for one whole year’s know- 
ledge that can be got from books. This is a 
high, but by no means exaggerated estimate. 
Besides having been a perfect and finished 
operator, the Baron Dupuytren possessed a 
talent for clinical instruction that never was 
and perhaps never can, be equaled. To have 
seen him give an apparently superficial glance 
at a patient, one would have believed the case 
to be a veiy simple one, or at all events to 
possess few points of interest; but arrived in 
the amphitheater, he would overwhelm you 
with a crowd of interesting circumstances, 
discuss them with his peculiar method and 
spirit of order, and expose the perilous intri- 
cacies of the case with as much precision and 
perspicuity as if he had weighed and elabor- 
ated them in the silence of his study. So, 
likewise, when he performed an operation, he 
showed, after it was over and the patient re- 
moved, how thoroughly he had comprehended 
its diagnostic problem, and deliberated before 
proceeding to the dernier resort, although for 
all this but a few moments were required. In 
addition to these brilliant qualities, “the first 
surgeon of the king” possessed what was still 
more important in a clinical lecturer—an in- 
exhaustible fund of practical reflections of 
the highest interest, which a talent for ex- 
temporaneous speaking and a command of 
words, resulting from his knowledge of the 
languages, enabled him to impart in a diction 
so pure and elegant as actually to serve as a 
lesson in elocution to the students.” Dr. Lu- 
zenberg expressed with great satisfaction at an 
incident, which confirmed his opinion of the 
value and importance of a thorough knowl- 
edge of the dead languages, to render a phy- 
sician’s preparatory education complete, and to 
admit him into the great catholic communion 
and fellowship of scholars throughout all ages 
and all nations. It was during one of those 
unlooked for occurrences in the operating am- 
phitheater, which exemplified all the resources 
of genius, that M. Dupuytren addressed him- 
self to a German student who had stepped 
forward from the first bench, directing him 
how to assist him. The young man hesitated, 
and replied in Latin that he did not under- 
stand the French language. Never discon- 
certed, M. Dupuytren readily explained him- 
self in Latin, and the brilliant operation was 
soon concluded. We have thus dwelt upon 
the splendid qualifications of M. Dupuytren, 
because he embodied the beau ideal of pro- 
fessional eminence, which Dr. Luzenberg had 
set up in his own mind for future attainment, 
in a higher degree than any other of the liv- 
ing surgeons of the day, and presented in his 
qualities, like the artist in the statue of Prax- 
iteles, the aggregated excellencies of the par- 
tial and subordinate, but highly meritorious 
worth around him. To this standard of ex- 
cellence he modelled all his future efforts, and 
worked up to it unceasingly with a pre-deter- 
mined resolution. Not that it was in the na- 
ture of Dr. Luzenberg, gifted as he was with a 
lofty, independent, and capacious intellect, to 
seek for and depend upon foreign resources, 
but in his enthusiastic admiration of M. Du- 
puytren, he contemplated, like an artist, the 
nearest approximation to the conception of a 
standard he had previously formed in his own 
mind, and which he had assigned to himself as 
a life-work. After spending five months in 
Paris, Dr. Luzenberg proceeded on his travels 
through Europe, visiting most of the principal 
cities of Germany, Italy, Prussia, Poland, 
Holland, and the Netherlands, and taking 
copious notes of the hospitals and everything 
pertaining to medical science, which he at one 
time had some idea of publishing, but which 
incessant demands upon his time and atten- 
tion afterward prevented. At Gottingen he 
was much gratified by the attention he received 
at the hands of the distinguished Langenbeck 
and Himly, who, it would seem, took special 
pains to acquaint him with the mode of their 
university lectures, which are delivered gratu- 
itously at the respective houses of each pro- 
fessor and who, likewise, have their hospitals 
within their own domiciles. The constitution 
of these seminaries is such as to permit the 
professor to deliver as many private courses 
as he pleases, and charge whatever he thinks 
fit, or can get. Hence result a subdivision of 
the branches unheard of in our home economy, 
and a competition and rivalry among the pro- 
fessors, which exert a wholesome reaction 
among the pupils. At Cracow he had the sat- 
isfaction of meeting with an uncle, who was 
commander of that portion of the Austrian 
army stationed in that neighborhood, and who 
furnished him with a special passport for visit- 
ing the wonderful salt mines of Wicliczka. 
His range of investigation was not limited to 292 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the prosecution of the different branches of 
medical and chirurgical science, or to attend- 
ance at the hospitals and lectures of the most 
renowned teachers in the world, but to the 
best acquisitions in medicine he added the 
study of mineralogy, zoology, botany, and the 
fine arts; so that when he returned home he 
brought with him a choice collection of rare 
and precious specimens, and subsidies in 
every department of knowledge and art. He 
returned to New Orleans in the winter of 
1834. As soon as it was known that he had 
resumed his business, patients, speaking the 
languages of all nations, flocked to him, and 
he was soon engaged in an extensive and 
lucrative practice. Such was the general con- 
fidence reposed in his skill, that he was fre- 
quently sent for from great distances to 
perform important operations, or to meet 
consultations; indeed, this latter mode of 
medical practice formed for the last ten 
years a large share of his daily avocations. 
On these occasions his conduct was regulated 
by the nicest sense of professional etiquette, 
and the established rule of medical ethics. 
He was scrupulously careful to say nothing in 
the presence of the patient or friends which 
could even in an indirect manner weaken their 
confidence in the medical attendant. On the 
contrary, if the physician was a young man of 
merit or character,'he did all in his power to 
raise him in the estimation of those who em- 
ployed him. Upon all occasions he was ready 
to confer freely with his professional brethren 
on any subject respecting which they desired 
his advice or counsel, whether in special rela- 
tion to themselves and their affairs, or to those 
under their treatment. Prodigal of his knowl- 
edge as he was generous with his money, he 
assisted largely in the education of many who 
drew freely from the inexhaustible fountain of 
his instruction; and among the prominent 
physicians of New Orleans, there are several 
who owe their position and success to his lib- 
erality and bounty. Recognizing in all its 
bearings the force'of the maxim that “every 
man is a debtor to his profession,” he never 
compromised its dignity by underselling his 
services, or by competing in the cheapening 
practice with his younger or less fortunate con- 
freres. He always graduated his charges ac- 
cording to the circumstances of the patient and 
his own valuation of the services he had ren- 
dered. Perhaps no contemporary practitioner 
in the United States ever enjoyed so lucrative 
a practice, or received larger fees for single 
cases or operations. To the poor he devoted 
two hours every day, from 8 to 10 o’clock, at 
his office, and cheerfully gave them his advice 
and experience gratuitously. Nor did his 
charity stop here. Many are the respectable 
families in that city whose slender circum- 
stances scarcely enabled them to live decently 
apart from his bounty, and who are now 
mourning for him as their greatest friend, not 
only in whatever related to their health, but 
also to their pecuniary well-being. Gratitude, 
however, continued his biographer, was not the 
object which prompted his disinterested kind- 
ness, for this was seldom manifested towards 
him during life. He did good for the gratifica- 
tion and reward which every virtuous action 
carries with it, and could those persons who 
form their opinions from appearances or hear- 
say have been admitted behind the scenes into a 
nearer and truer view of his real character, they 
would, instead of doing him more injustice than 
they have already done, acknowledge that he 
was possessed of the kindest and softest emo- 
tions of which human nature is susceptible. 
Many instances might be related, did they not 
infringe upon the sancity of professional confi- 
dence, of his warmest sympathy with the afflic- 
tion of others, and of the tenderness he evinced 
for the suffering of such as were compelled by 
the force of circumstances to submit to his un- 
yielding knife The consciousness of the benefit 
which would result enabled hiqi on these try- 
ing occasions to steel his sensibilities into ap- 
parent apathy or indifference. Such were the 
principles and feelings; thus exalted were the 
ends, the aims and the objects which actuated 
and guided Dr. Luzenberg through the whole 
of his professional career. Active and opera- 
tive in his character, he was unable to restrain 
from practical application the speculations of 
his ardent and energetic mind, but was con- 
tinually devising new schemes for enlarging 
the sphere of his usefulness and benefiting the 
community by every means in his power. 
Before one year had expired after his return 
from Europe, he built the Franklin Infirmary, 
now the Luzenberg Hospital, situated on the 
Champs Elysees road, so that those whose cir- 
cumstances prevented them from receiving his 
advice at their dwellings, might, for a com- 
paratively small amount, share equally with 
the more opulent the benefit of his skill and 
experience. It was almost as easy, once the 
visit made, for one possessed of his quick and 
perspicacious insight into the causation and 
nature of disease, as well as powers of rapid 
analysis, to prescribe for fifty patients, when 
congregated together, as for one. As he fore- 
saw, the sick and suffering gathered soon in 
considerable numbers to his infirmary, and it 
has been stated by Dr. J. H. Lewis, who was 
the first physician associated with him in this 
enterprise, that, such was Dr. Luzenberg’s 
popularity at this period, there were seldom 
less than from eighty to a hundred patients at 
any one time during, his residence at the hos- 
pital. As already stated, long before his visit 
to Europe, Dr. Luzenberg had reaped in the 
vast field of the Charity Hospital a stock of 
practical knowledge and experience in the 
treatment of surgical cases, which had already 
established his fame as an operator of the first 
order. There remained but few of the recog- 
nized procedures of chirurgical art Avhich he 
had not mastered. An opportunity offered 
soon after his return to New Orleans for the 
further display of his surgical attainments. It 
was in the case of an elderly man suffering 
with a cancer of the parotid gland, which was 
much enlarged, as may be seen by a painting 
taken before the operation. The risk and 
danger attendant upon such a perfect extirpa- 
tion of this gland as to preclude the possibility 
of a recurrence of the disease is well known 
to the profession. Suffice it to say that the 
operation was performed in so thorough a 
manner that the disease never returned, and 
that the man enjoyed good health for many 
years afterward. The following account of this 
operation is translated from the Gazette Medi- 
cale de Paris, 1834: “A man sixty-two years 
of age had been affected for twenty years with 
an enlargement of the parotid gland. About 
six years prior to this time it began to increase 
rapidly, and soon acquired the size of a hen’s 
egg; extensive ulceration attacked the sum- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
293 
mits of the tumor, from which a thin ichorous 
pus was discharged, and acute lancinating 
pains were experienced in the diseased parts; 
in a word, it manifested all the usual symp- 
toms of a cancerous affection. Dr. Luzenberg 
resolved to extirpate this tumor, and com- 
menced by passing beneath the primitive ca- 
rotid artery a loose temporary ligature; then, 
after having circumscribed the cancerous mass 
by two incisions, he detached it from the deep- 
seated parts, extending the dissection to so 
great a depth that both the styloid and mastoid 
apophyses were fully exposed to view. At 
this stage of the operation it was easy to see 
that the entire parotid gland had degenerated 
into an encephaloid substance. The profuse 
hemorrhage which supervened towards the 
close of the operation rendered it necessary to 
tighten the ligature which had been cast around 
the common carotid artery during the first 
steps of the operation; this promptly arrested 
the flow of blood.” The next operation, which 
may be called the capital of his surgical pillar, 
was the excision of six inches of the ileum. 
This was a case of strangulated hernia in a 
man, treated jointly by Dr. Lewis and Dr. 
Luzenberg. Dr. Lewis states that when they 
cut down to the sac, the intestine was found so 
completely mortified for the extent of at least 
half a foot as to yield under the touch. With 
his peculiar quick and comprehensive judg- 
ment, which enabled him to determine in- 
stantly the merits of a procedure, when most 
men would be still hesitating as to what ought 
to be done, Dr. Luzenberg proceeded, with the 
assistance and concurrence of Dr. Lewis, to 
remove all the mortified portion of the gut, and 
to bring the serous surfaces of the separated 
ends together by means of stitches, after the 
manner recommended by Prof. Gross, of Phila- 
delphia. The patient was put upon opium 
treatment, and in thirty-five days the stitches 
came away and he entirely recovered, and 
afterwards remained in good health for more 
than thirty years. The next triumph in sur- 
gery of Dr. Luzenberg was the tying of the 
primitive iliac artery for the cure of an aneur- 
ism of the external iliac. The subject was a 
mulatto man, about eighteen or twenty years 
of age, who bore the operation well. The 
ligature came away in twenty-one days, the 
anastomotic circulation was gradually estab- 
lished, the tumor became absorbed in due 
time, and the patient, when last seen many 
years afterward, was well and hearty. It 
would swell the pages of this memoir to an 
unnecessary extent to detail all those multi- 
plied and varied achievements of his knife, 
which proved a surgical genius, not only in 
expertness of execution, but in the invention 
of modes of operation. There is one class of 
operations, however, in which Dr. Luzenberg 
took particular interest, and that was couching 
for the cataract. Whether it was that he pos- 
sessed a peculiar tact in the use of the needle, 
or that he exercised a rare faculty of prognosis 
in the cases he undertook, it is certain he sel- 
dom, if ever, failed in producing, if not a com- 
plete, at least a partial restoration of vision. 
Many are the once blind in New Orleans who 
owe to him the recovery of their visual powers 
after years of obscuration. There is one case 
in particular, which was published in the jour- 
nals of the day, of an individual who, after a 
total eclipse of light for eight years, caused by 
cataract, was in the space of one minute re- 
possessed of the full enjoyment of a sense, the 
loss of which is in itself one of the most dread- 
ful misfortunes that can befall humanity. No 
sooner was his Infirmary established on a per- 
manent basis than Dr. Luzenberg hastened to 
accomplish his cherished idea of instituting a 
medical school. As he was at this period ex- 
tensively known and appreciated, not only by 
the members of his own profession, but also by 
all who cultivated science in general, and en- 
joying, as he likewise did, the friendship of 
the Governor of the State, he had no difficulty 
at first in carrying out his plans. His col- 
leagues in this enterprise entered upon the 
preliminary arrangements with similar views, 
no doubt entertained simultaneously with him- 
self, and from their combined exertions and 
influence arose the Medical College of Louisi- 
ana. Dr. Luzenberg was chosen dean, and the 
first session opened with a class of sixteen ma- 
triculated students. The lectures were deliv- 
ered in the State House, on Canal street, and 
the anatomical demonstrations at the Charity 
Hospital. The chair of Anatomy was filled 
ad interim, as well as that of Surgery, of which 
he was Professor, by Dr. Luzenberg, with his 
well-known ability and accustomed zeal. Dr. 
Luzenberg is said to have been a superior lect- 
urer, and on all occasions exhibited great pow- 
ers of reasoning, joined to the charm of a 
fluent and energetic elocution. “In his various 
discussions before the Medico-Chirurgical So- 
ciety of Louisiana, he was remarkable for 
great copiousness of language, and that deli- 
cate tact which is appositely resorted to by 
men of varied learning and distinguished so- 
cial relations in keeping up the interest of 
their hearers.” Untiring in his devotion to 
every subject connected with his profession, as 
well as to the medical institutions of the State, 
and ever active in alleviating the sufferings of 
humanity, we find him next taking a deep in- 
terest in the regulation and internal manage- 
ment of the Charity Hospital, of which he was 
appointed one of the administrators by the 
Legislature. He was elected vice-president of 
the institution—in fact, virtually president, 
the Governor being ex-officio nominally so; an 
office which he continued to fill with zeal and 
fidelity during the remainder of his life. It 
would have been an impossibility for a 
thoughtful and energetic man like Dr. Luzen- 
berg, who had consecrated to learning the 
passion of his youth and the strength of his 
manhood, and had made even the portion of 
his life when he traveled a period of more dili- 
gent application, now, when his feelings had 
become regulated by the discipline of philoso- 
phy and his opinions mellowed by meditation 
and experience, to abstain, so long as the wel- 
fare of humanity was the object of his pur- 
suits, from turning to practical purposes the 
results of his intellectual acquirements, and 
thus contributing to the interest nearest to his 
heart. The repeated recurrence of yellow 
fever in New Orleans, and the confused and 
imperfect accounts published concerning a dis- 
ease of which so little positive knowledge was 
as yet established, determined him to make its 
investigation the subject of a publication which 
should be as perfect as the most diligent appli- 
cation of the residue of his natural allotment 
of life could make it. Accordingly he set him- 
self to work collecting materials for this ob- 
ject, and perhaps there exists no book in any 
of the languages, having the most remote bear- 294 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ing on yellow fever, which he did not procure. 
His plan was to have large and accurate plates 
of evecy phasis of the disease, somewhat after 
the manner of M. Pariset, and he had already 
caused to be painted in oil, as large as life, the 
most accurate delineations of the facies and 
other morbid appearances which are so readily 
recognized as pathognomonic of yellow fever. 
His writings and pathological researches on 
the subject had reached a voluminous extent 
at the time of his decease, but still it was far 
from being completed, nor did he contemplate 
publishing the work until he had established 
every fact and assertion to his satisfaction. 
With his peculiar predilection for the Latin 
language, the manuscript is in that tongue, 
but whether he intended to publish it in such 
classic form is not known to any one. Never 
satisfied unless he was incessantly occupied 
in prosecuting measures which appeared to him 
best fitted to promote the cultivation of those 
branches of human knowledge so necessary 
for the intellectual improvement of society as 
well as the progression of his profession in the 
collateral sciences, we find him, in 1839, be- 
coming the founder of the “Society of Natural 
History and the Sciences,” which was liber- 
ally endowed by the Legislature, with full 
power to create professorships and confer de- 
grees. To the advancement of this institution, 
of which he was forthwith elected President, 
he devoted every hour that he could spare 
from other avocations, or snatch from the 
time allotted to sleep; and to forward 
the great objects in view, he was always 
ready to sacrifice the claims of worldly 
prudence and self-interest. The rich collec- 
tion of specimens in natural history and the 
natural sciences which he has left behind him 
attests his munificence and disinterested exer- 
tions in the cause of education. Believing in 
the principle of association, so characteristic 
of our republic, and so potent an agent in the 
diffusion, as well as in the augmentation, of 
knowledge, Dr. Luzenberg, succeeded at last 
in consummating a long-projected scheme for 
uniting his medical friends of the city into a 
society for the purpose of mutual improve- 
ment and the promotion of medical science. 
In 1843, a legislative act was passed, incorpo- 
rating this organization under the title of The 
Louisiana Medico-Chirurgical Society, and at 
its first meeting Dr. Luzenberg was unani- 
mously chosen president. In the midst of his 
active life Dr. Luzenberg’s health began to 
fail suddenly. Although for a considerable 
time previously he had experienced the most 
undoubted symptoms of cardiac disease, still 
he did not suffer to any noticeable degree un- 
til about the beginning of the spring of 1848, 
when actual pain in the praecordial region, to- 
gether with obstinate and readily excited par- 
oxysms of palpitation and dyspnoea, totally 
incapacitated him from application to any 
business whatever. The worst fears of his 
medical friends were now excited, and their 
diagnosis confirmed, with an accuracy worthy 
of the school of Corvisart, by M. Rouanet, of 
France, recently arrived in New Orleans, who, 
as was verified by the autopsy, pointed out the 
precise location and character of the disease. 
Without any expectation of deriving benefit 
from travelling or other means, but solely with 
the view of escaping from the unavoidable 
molestations incidental to his numerous busi- 
ness relations, Dr. Luzenberg, after experi- 
encing some degree of alleviation from the 
quiet of a seashore residence, determined at 
the first approach of summer to sequester him- 
self at the Red Sulphur Springs of Virginia. 
By the time he reached Cincinnati, however, 
his malady had made such inroads upon his 
constitution that he could proceed no further, 
and here he lingered until death terminated 
the suffering and the earthly career of one of 
the most brilliant members of the medical 
profession that this country has yet produced. 
The obsequies were performed on the day after 
the arrival of his remains at New Orleans; 
and the large concourse of sympathizing 
friends and acquaintances, who attended and 
followed on foot to his last resting-place, in 
the Protestant Cemetery, showed the high and 
general estimation in which he was held. The 
Philharmonic Society, of which he was presi- 
dent, appeared in a body as the procession was 
moving off, and accompanied it, unexpectedly 
to every one, with strains of the most appro- 
priate and solemn music. But the most affect- 
ing part of the ceremony was to witness the 
children of the Protestant Female Orphan 
Asylum, to which he had been a number of 
years the physician, following in the wake, 
uniformed in the habiliments of mourning. 
Truly touching was it to observe this testimo- 
nial of the fatherless and afflicted to their de- 
parted benefactor, which spoke more elo- 
quently than the best-couched eulogy. During 
the time occupied in closing up the tomb, ap- 
propriate addresses were made to suit the 
mixed multitude assembled, in the French, 
English, and German languages. 
LYDSTON,©. Frank,of Chicago, 111.,was bom 
in Jacksonville, Tuolumne county, Cal., March 
3, 1857, his parents being among the pioneers EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
295 
of 1849. He is of Scotch-English descent, 
his ancestors having been among the earliest 
settlers of New England. He was a student 
under Dr. F. B. Norcom and Prof. Joseph W. 
Howe, of New York, both of whom are recently 
deceased. He graduated at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1879, and was soon after 
awarded the highest mark in the competitive 
examination for the New York Charity Hos- 
pital. He served eighteen months in this insti- 
tution, after which he was appointed resident 
surgeon to the State Immigrant Hospital, at 
Ward’s Island, N. Y. In 1881, he resigned 
the latter position, and went to Chicago to 
practice his profession. For seven years he 
held the lectureship on genito-urinary and 
venereal diseases in the Chicago College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. He was appointed to 
the full professorship in this institution in 
June, 1891. Dr. Lydston is well known as a 
writer on scientific topics and as a teacher, and 
is rated as one of the most successful practition- 
ers in Chicago, having built up a very large 
and select clientele. His practice is limited 
to office and surgical practice, much of his 
time being devoted to genito-urinary surgery 
and syphilology. Dr. Lydston’s contribu- 
tions to medical literature number over one 
hundred papers and books, upon a wide 
range of topics. His first paper, published 
in 1880, was on “Anomalous Origin of the De- 
scendens Noni.’’ Among his most important 
papers and monographs since published are: 
“Lectures on Syphilis,” 1884; “A Treatise 
on Varicocele,” “A Treatise on Gonorrhea,” 
“A Monograph on Stricture of the Ure- 
thra,” 1892; and essays entitled: “The Sur- 
gical Treatment of Peritonitis;” “Sexual 
Perversion;” “Studies of Criminal Crania;” 
“Tropho-Neurosis in its Relations to the Phe- 
nomena of Syphilis;” “Aberrant Sexual Dif- 
ferentiation;” “Evolution of the Infectious 
Diseases;” Observations on Urethral Strict- 
ure;” “Gonorrhea in the Female;” “Material- 
ism vs. Sentiment in the Study of Crime;” 
“Syphilis in its Relations to the Repair of 
Wounds;” “Chronic Ulceration of the Female 
Genitalia;” “The Rationale of Extension in 
Diseases of the Spinal Cord;” “The Physi- 
ological Action of Heat and Cold.” For 
many years Dr. Lydston has been associate 
editor of the Western Medical Beporter, his ed- 
itorial writing being of a characteristically 
independent and progressive character. 
LYMAN, Charles 8., of Denver, Colo., son 
of Dr. J. B. Lyman, of Salem, Mass., was 
born in Rockford, 111., September 20, 1863. 
When he had reached the age of seventeen 
years his father moved to Salem, Mass., at 
which place he received his preliminary edu- 
cation consisting of a preparatory college 
course. At the age of nineteen he entered 
the medical department of Harvard Univer- 
sity, Boston, at which institution he spent 
four years, graduating in 1886, with the degree 
of M. D. “cum laude,” with the highest stand- 
ing in his class, and at the same time being 
the youngest member of his class. Soon after 
graduation he went to Denver, Colo., to 
accept a position as surgeon to the Union 
Pacific Railway at that point, which position 
he has held since that time; although only 
twenty-nine years of age he has attained a 
prominent position amongst the surgeons of 
Colorado, especially in the line of railway 
surgery. In 1887 he was appointed instructor 
in physiology in the medical department of 
Denver University, in 1890 he gave up that 
position to take a similar one on fractures and 
dislocations, which position he has since held; 
he holds the following hospital positions:- 
Genito-Urinary Surgeon to the Deaconnesses 
Home Hospital, Surgeon to St. Luke’s, St 
Joseph’s, and the Union Pacific Railway Hos 
pitals; he is a member o.' the local and State 
societies and the American Association of 
Railway Surgeons; also the Denver Clinical 
and Pathological Society. His writings have 
been confined to reports from time to time of 
interesting surgical cases. 
McBURNEY, Charles, of New York City, 
was born February 17, 1845, at Roxbury, Mass. 
He received his preparation for college in the 
private schools of Boston, entered Harvard 
with the class of 1886, being graduated in due 
course and receiving therefrom the degrees of 
A. B. and A. M. He removed at once to New 
York for the study of medicine in the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, now a depart- 
ment in Columbia College. He occupies the 
Chair of Surgery in this institution which is, 
perhaps, one of the most highly esteemed pro- 
fessional honors in the American medical 
world. In addition to this he is sole attend- 
ing surgeon to Roosevelt Hospital. He is also 
consulting surgeon to St. Luke’s, the Presbyte- 
rian and Orthopedic Hospitals. He is a prom- 
inent member of the Union League, Univer- 
sity, Century and Harvard clubs, and is widely 
known as a distinguished and successful sur- 
geon. 
McCALL, Joseph W., of Huntington, Tenn., 
was born in Henderson county, that State, 
January 20, 1832. He attended the medical 
department of the University of Nashville and 
received the degree of M. D. from that insti- 
tution in 1857. His medical education and 296 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
training were supplemented by attending the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
and the medical department of Vanderbilt 
University, receiving his ad eundem degree 
from the former institution in 1869, and from 
the latter in 1882. An honorary degree was 
also conferred upon him by the medical de- 
partment of the University of Tennessee in 
1883. He served in the war of the Rebellion 
as acting assistant surgeon from October, 1862, 
till March, 1864. He was in the skirmish ,at 
Lexington, Tenn., at the time of the capture 
of Col. R. G. Ingersoll, December 10, 1862, 
and was stationed at Trenton, Salsberry, Un- 
ion City and at Grand Junction, Tenn. His 
literary contributions consists of important 
cases occurring in his own practice, among 
which may be mentioned: “ Report of a Case 
of Rupture of the Uterus and Escape of the 
Child and Placenta into the Cavity of the Ab- 
domen and Removal by Gastrotomy,” Nash- 
ville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 1873; 
“ Report of Seven Cases of Trichinosis in One 
Family and their Successful Treatment,” State 
Board of Health Bulletin, 1891. Dr. McCall 
has also written an interesting article entitled, 
“The Reasonable Theory of Malaria,” which 
was published in 1878. Dr. McCall has been 
an examining surgeon for pensions since 1866, 
and is president of the United States Exam- 
ining Board of Surgeons at Huntington. He 
has been engaged in a constant and successful 
practice of medicine and surgery for thirty- 
six years. He is ex-president of Carroll County 
Medical Societ}r, and is recognized as one of 
the most prominent members of the profes- 
sion in that section of his State. 
McCASKEY, G. W., of Fort Wayne, Ind., 
was born in Delta, Fulton county, 0., Novem- 
ber 9, 1853. His parents resided on a farm, 
where he spent his early life, with such educa- 
tional advantages as were afforded by the 
“district school.” He received the degree of 
M. D., from Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1877, and the degree of A. M. 
(in course), from De Pauw University, after 
having, as a non-resident student,pursued a full 
course of study, and passed his examinations for 
the Bachelor’s Degree, subsequent to his grad- 
uation at Jefferson. After practicing three 
years in Cecil, 0., he spent a portion of the year 
1880 studying in Europe, following which he 
began practicing his profession in Fort Wayne, 
where he has since pursued a successful career. 
At the time of his removal to Fort Wayne, he 
occupied the chair of Physiology and Clinical 
Medicine, in the Fort Wayne College of Med- 
icine, which he filled for several years, until 
he was transferred to the chair of Theory and 
Practice of Medicine and Clinical Diseases of 
the Chest and Nervous System, the duties of 
which he now discharges. He has contributed 
some twenty-five papers to the various medical 
journals of the country, the subjects covering 
a very wide range of medical thought and dis- 
cussion. For several years past, however, his 
contributions to current literature, as well as 
his clinical instruction, have been largely in 
the field of nervous diseases. These comprise 
within the last year, for instance: “Cei’ebral 
Thrombosis,” with report of three cases; 
“Some Remarks on the Pathology and Treat- 
ment of Epilepsy;” “The Recognition and 
Treatment of the Simpler Forms of Neuritis;” 
“Report and Discussion of a Case of Persistent 
Masticatory Spasm;” “Hemianopsia as a Di- 
J<o. Qfr. . 
agnostic Sign of Brain Disease;” and the 
“Importance of the Early Diagnosis of Spinal 
Cord Disease.” He enjoys among his col- 
leagues an extensive reputation as a general 
diagnostician, more especially in the domain 
of nervous disease. He has been at different 
times president of the Fort Wayne Academy 
of Medicine, Fort Wayne Microscopal Society, 
and Allen County Medical Society; and is, in 
addition, now a member of the Indiana State 
Medical Society, American Academy of Med- 
icine, American Medical Association, Amer- 
ican Psycical Society, and American Academy 
of Political and Social Science. 
McCLELLAN, George, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born at Woodstock, Windham county, 
Conn., December 23, 1796, and died in the 
former city May 9, 1847. From a memoir pre- 
pared by his son, Dr. J. H. B. McClellan, we 
glean the following interesting details con- 
cerning the achievements of one of the most 
extraordinary surgeons that this country has 
ever produced; He was descended from an 
old Scottish family, who had emigrated to this 
country at an early period, from Kirkcud- 
bright, Galloway, Scotland, where they had 
taken an active part in all the wars, both civil 
and foreign, of their native land, from the 
days of William Wallace down. His family 
had mostly remained for several generations 
in the town where he was born, and many of 
its members had been engaged in the war of 
the Revolution with considerable distinction. 
His early education was obtained from the 
academy of his native town ; one of those New 
England schools which, although at that time 
embracing but a limited scope in their studies, 
were thorough in their teaching, and have 
been the foundation of the career of many of 
our ripest scholars and most distinguished 
men. Here he derived a thorough training in 
the rudiments of Latin, Greek, and mathe- 
matics. At the early age of sixteen, in the 
year 1812, he entered the Sophomore class of 
Yale College, New Haven, at that time under EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
297 
the presidency of Dr. Dwight. His collegiate 
life was marked by singular quickness of per- 
ception, readiness in the acquisition of knowl- 
edge, and an enthusiastic but unmethodical 
devotion to his studies. His talent particu- 
larly displayed itself in mathematics and the 
languages; in the former he showed profi- 
ciency, while in the latter his attainments 
were far above mediocrity. He also mani- 
fested a fondness for the natural sciences, and 
his zeal and success in their cultivation are 
favorably recorded in the early numbers of the 
American Journal of Science. Whilst at col- 
lege, becoming much attached to the celebrated 
Professor Silliman, he formed a close friend- 
ship and intimacy with him which lasted 
through life. Through his influence he was 
attracted to the above mentioned studies, more 
especially botany, mineralogy, and geology, 
which he cultivated by reading with extreme 
fondness, even during the busiest portions of 
his after professional career. In 1815, he ob- 
tained his academical degree, with a high rep- 
utation for knowledge in certain branches, and 
for the remarkable vigor and quickness of in- 
tellect which he had evinced. He immedi- 
ately afterwards commenced the study of med- 
cine in the office of the late Dr. Thomas 
Hubbard, of Pomfret, near Woodstock, who 
subsequently became Professor of Surgery in 
the Medical College at New Haven. In 1817 
he came to Philadelphia to attend the lectures 
in the University of Pennsylvania, at that 
time the only medical school in that city. 
Here he entered the office of Dr. Dorsey, Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Anatomy in the 
university, as a private pupil, and remained 
with him until his early and lamented death, 
in 1818. “Here again,” to use the words of his 
distinguished friend, Dr. Samuel G. Morton, 
“his restless activity and sleepless vigilance in 
the pursuit of knowledge, were remarked and 
admired by all; exciting the surprise of his 
fellow-students, and drawing from older heads 
the presage of future distinction.” In 1818, a 
year before his graduation, he was elected resi- 
dent physician to the hospital of the Philadel- 
phia Almshouse, and whilst there showed the 
most enthusiastic devotion and application to 
the study of medicine and surgery. Perhaps 
few men ever laid a better or more thorough 
foundation for a future successful career than 
did Dr. McClellan during the period of his pu- 
pilage ; working day and night in the dissect- 
ing-room, taking notes of all the lectures, 
reading with avidity and with patience all im- 
portant books within his reach, he stored up 
knowledge which, in the rapid accession of 
private practice that soon attended him—be- 
sides the habit of study and close applica- 
tion,—was of the utmost importance, and 
aided, perhaps as much as his superior in- 
tellect, to hurry him at an early age into the 
successful business of his profession. That 
there is “no royal road to knowledge,” was 
clearly exemplified in his early preparation. 
The copious note-books collated whilst in his 
collegiate course at Yale, and in the lecture- 
rooms and hospitals, as well as in the earlier 
years of his private practice, evinced the pains- 
taking and patient labor of many years, which 
few, who were only acquainted with his busy, 
active habits, and mercurial disposition in 
later life, could appreciate. “Here,” quoting 
from the excellent memoir written by Dr. W. 
Darrach, who was a fellow-resident at the hos- 
pital with him, “ever advancing in medical 
knowledge and ever communicating, he be- 
came our daily mental stimulus. His unriv- 
alled unison of eye and hand has been men- 
tioned; with equal truth. I notice also his 
equally remarkable unison of a rapid mind 
and tongue. Neither at his meals, nor in his 
bed, can I recall to mind McClellan. My as- 
sociations of him relate to his rapid walkings; 
rapid and constant talkings; his perpetual pre- 
scribings, manipulatings, experimentings; his 
autopsies and operations rapid; rapidly at it, 
and always at it! Book after book on medi- 
cine he constantly and rapidly read, and clearly 
and pleasantly detailed, making us listen to 
him. He provoked us to physiological experi- 
ments. Each corpse in the dead-house was 
marked by his autopsy and surgical opera- 
tions. Thus he sometimes made trouble, easily 
quieted though, for the people even then 
seemed intuitively to know that McClellan was 
appointed to be their head doctor, in spite of 
all the great doctors; and they let McClellan 
do anything. In surgical matters he was ever 
active, testing and trying whatever he had 
read or heard of. On one occasion, I well 
remember, that while reading, he jumped 
from his chair, and exclaimed, ‘ Mott, of 
New York, it is said, has taken up the 
innominata for aneurism, and I believe 
it.’ Having immediately afterward left us a 
while and then returned, he exultingly ex- 
claimed, ‘l’ve done it!’ He had gone to the 
dead-house and there imitated Mott’s opera- 
tion on the subject. Such in 1818-19, at the 
age of twenty-two years, was the deportment 
of McClellan in the Philadelphia Almshouse.” 
In the year 1820 he married into an influential 
family of Philadelphia, and had already be- 
come established as a practitioner. During 
the very first year of his practice he performed 
many of the most important operations in 
surgery, such as lithotomy, extraction of the 
lens for cataract, and extirpation of the lower 
jaw. He openqd a dissecting-room and gave 
private courses of lectures, both on anatomy 
and surgery, displaying that same vivacity of 
manner which characterized him through life, 
and he became an attraction to medical stu- 
dents. His attentive class consequently be- 
came very soon so numerous as to require for 
their accommodation a larger room. His more 
public career as a lecturer began in 1828, when 
he founded the Jefferson Medical College, of 
his connection with which, and with the differ- 
ent medical schools of Philadelphia, his biog- 
raphy, written by the late Dr. S. G. Morton, 
his colleague for many years, and to the time 
of his death his most valued and intimate 
friend, may here be quoted; After having 
given a private course of anatomical lectures, 
Dr. McClellan conceived the bold idea of 
founding a new medical school. With him, 
thought and action were simultaneous; a 
memorial was addressed by himself and others 
to the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and a 
charter was obtained in the winter of 1825 for 
the Jefferson Medical College. Says Morton, 
from a personal knowledge of the time and 
circumstances, no professional innovation was 
ever more unfavorably received by the physi- 
cians of Philadelphia than this. It had -a 
direct tendency to isolate its author, and cer- 
tainly influenced his destiny throughout life. 
It was assumed and asserted that there was 
not patronage for the support of two schools, 298 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
and that the new one could only succeed at 
the expense of its elder rival. And, inasmuch 
as the whole scheme was regarded as a pro- 
fessional heresy, it need not be added that its 
partisans met with no favor. Dr. McClellan 
reasoned differently; he maintained that stu- 
dents would flock to that city in numbers pro- 
portioned to the increased facilities for educa- 
tion, and that each institution might be amply 
supported without any conflict of interest. 
The result verified his prediction. In place of 
five hundred students, which was the maxi- 
mum number before this competition was or- 
ganized, Philadelphia now enrolls annually 
more than a thousand, embracing a portion of 
the genius and talent of every State of the 
Union. It is important, however, to observe 
that, owing to the general disapproval of the 
plan of a new college, Dr. McClellan met with 
great difficulty in organizing a medical faculty, 
and his colleagues were unavoidably chosen 
from among men greatly inferior in talent to 
himself. Incongruous elements were thus as- 
sociated together; dissensions arose, and dis- 
union followed. Yet, notwithstanding all these 
adverse circumstances, Dr. McClellan had the 
satisfaction, in the year 1836, to welcome no 
less than three hundred and sixty pupils into 
the school he had founded. Dr. McClellan’s 
lectureship was Surgery, and he continued his 
instructions in this branch until the year 1838, 
when, for reasons unknown to his biographer, 
the professorships of Jefferson College were all 
vacated, by a decision of the Board of Trus- 
tees, and a new organization took place, from 
which Dr. McClellan’s name was excluded. 
This new faculty was composed of men of dis- 
tinguished attainments. The medical public 
acquiesced in the change; Jefferson College 
was received into favor, and collegiate compe- 
tition was legitimized. So true is the adage 
that times change and we change with them: 
“ Tempora mutantur et nos mutantur cum illis.” 
Mortified, but not discomfited, by this ad- 
verse issue of his cherished plans, Dr. Mc- 
Clellan immediately conceived the project 
of a third medical school, and with charac- 
teristic buoyancy of spirit and determina- 
tion of purpose, he went in person, accom- 
panied by a single professional friend, to solicit 
a charter from the State Legislature. Corpo- 
rate privileges were, in consequence, granted 
to an institution entitled “The Medical De- 
Eartrnent of Pennsylvania College,” at Gettys- 
urg, and McClellan, with five associates, com- 
menced the initiatory course of lectures in 
Philadelphia, in November, 1839. This insti- 
tution had an auspicious beginning, in a class of 
nearly one hundred pupils, between which 
number as a maximum, and eighty as a mini- 
mum, it continued under the direction of the 
same faculty for four consecutive years. Not- 
withstanding this seeming prosperity, it is due 
to Dr. McClellan’s memory to state that some 
injudicious pecuniary arrangements, entered 
into in the first instance, and in which he had 
no part, tended to embarrass the institution 
through the entire period of its existence. 
The sinister effect of these arrangements was 
soon felt by all concerned, and nothing but a 
mutual sense of honor sustained the faculty in 
combined execution during the four annual 
courses of lectures, the last of which termi- 
nated in the spring of 1843. Soon after this 
date the entire faculty resigned their professor- 
ships into the hands of the trustees. The mo- 
tive that influenced a part of these gentlemen 
in taking this step may be inferred from the 
preceding statement; other members were in- 
fluenced, at least in degree, by other considera- 
tions. It may, perhaps, be safely asserted that 
Dr. McClellan was the only member of the 
faculty who reluctantly abandoned this his last 
and cherished enterprise. His zeal and enthu- 
siasm could see nothing but success in the 
future, and he never abandoned the conviction 
that further perseverance would have been 
crowned with commensurate reward. Though, 
as remarked by Dr. Morton, “he lived to ex- 
perience the proverbial misfortune of most 
pioneers and discoverers, who sow the seed 
of which others reap the reward,” it is still 
a great satisfaction to those who early sym- 
pathized with him in his exertions, and still 
survive, to see the success of the first institu- 
tion he founded, amidst the difficulties and 
conflicts of the complications of the times. 
The Jefferson Medical College now enjoys the 
first rank among the medical schools of this or 
any other county. In fact, for Dr. McClellan 
may be claimed the sole authorship of the ex- 
tended system of medical education as it now 
exists in this country. The clinical instruction 
of the colleges was originated by him, and the 
many schools in the different sections of our 
Union derive their origin from the impetus 
given by him. Whilst here summing up his 
career as a public teacher, one of his biog- 
raphers alludes to his peculiar style of lectur- 
ing, which he describes as purely extempora- 
neous, not what is usually called so, reciting 
matter previously committed to memory, but 
he thought aloud; his mind, well stored with 
the subject and trained by early classical edu- 
cation and logical deduction, expressed itself 
in a natural manner and diction, which has 
never been excelled. Utterly unconscious of 
those around him, giving himself up to the 
subject before him, his lectures achieved a 
popularity and produced an effect seldom 
equalled. He was remarkable for exuberance 
of thought, and this attribute was responded 
to by corresponding volubility of speech. In 
lecturing, or in conversation, he was never 
at a loss for words; yet, in spite of 
this amazing fluency, his ideas mani- 
festly accumulated more rapidly than the 
tongue could give them utterance. During 
the latter part of Dr. McClellan’s life, he 
obtained one of the largest practices known 
in the country; his name had extended to the 
Old World, and on this continent he attracted 
patients from all parts of our Union, and the 
West Indies and South America. Few men in 
private practice have operated so frequently. 
His list included almost every capital opera- 
tion known to surgeons, together with others 
that were original with himself; and these 
multiplied efforts of his genius were rewarded 
with a full share of success. In ophthalmic 
surgery he was particularly eminent. The 
number of his operations for cataract, and 
other diseases of the eye, was remarkable, and 
for extraction of the lens he was very success- 
ful, and among the first to introduce it here. 
Many of the operations in surgery, which are 
now quite common, were not employed in this 
country in the earlier period of his practice; 
and he shared with Mott, of New York, and 
Warren, of Boston, the credit of establishing 
many procedures new on this side of the At- 
lantic. He performed lithotomy nearly fifty EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
299 
times with great success, mainly by the lateral 
operation, and was one of the first to use the 
high or supra-pubic method here. Lithotripsy 
was also performed by him in very many cases. 
As early as 1823, he amputated the body of the 
lower jaw, an operation which was afterwards 
repeated by him many times, as well as dis- 
articulation from either side. The upper max- 
illary along with the malar, and a portion of 
the external angular process of the frontal 
bone, including the lachrymal gland, was re- 
moved by him prior to Mr. Lizars’s operation, 
and subsequently he exsected the bone in 
other cases, even involving a greater extent of 
structure. The extirpation of the parotid 
gland, so long a mooted point and source of 
serious contention among surgeons, was per- 
formed by him several times, most of which 
were successful, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing quotation of a note by the editor of his 
surgery: It may not be amiss here to claim for 
the author the credit of having done more 
than any other surgeon, by the number and 
success of his operations, to establish com- 
pletely, as safe and feasible, the extirpation of 
the parotid gland. In tracing back the records 
of surgery, we find, prior to his first operation, 
in 1826, several isolated cases, which prove 
that among the earlier surgeons, even as far 
back as the celebrated Heister, of whom 
Bordeu, in his “Researches” on the glands, 
remarks, in speaking of the parotid, there 
were some bold enough to attempt this really 
formidable operation, and to consider its suc- 
cessful execution not only within the bounds 
of probability, but of reason and security. 
Still, at that period, their authenticity was not 
only questioned by the majority of the profes- 
sion, but the many dangerous anatomical ob- 
stacles involved, as well as the deep and almost 
inaccessible situation of the gland, rendered 
its removal at least so serious an undertaking 
that it was laid down by most authors as ex- 
tremely hazardous, and even characterized, in 
the strong language of John Bell, as “impos- 
sible and absurd.” The case of Bedard, only 
a year or two before, having terminated fatally, 
did much at that time to prejudice opinion 
against the operation. Cases which have since 
been reported as having been performed pre- 
viously, were not then made known; and, on 
the whole, as regards boldness in entering 
upon a new and scarcely explored field of 
surgery, the first case of Dr. McClellan may 
be considered as almost an original one. 
There was then no record of the difficul- 
ties and complications of this operation; 
nothing laid down to guide the adventurer 
as to the dangers likely to be met with in 
his progress through an untried region; and 
the very first case undertaken by him had 
been previously attempted and given up 
by eminent surgeons abroad. The accumu- 
lated experience of European and American 
surgeons has now, however, completely dem- 
onstrated its practicability, and we may safely 
place it among the standard and established 
operations of surgery. The parotid gland has 
now been repeatedly removed by various sur- 
geons, but no one has done so much to effect 
the change of opinion regarding the operation 
as Dr. McClellan. He extirpated eleven en- 
tire parotids, in various conditions of organic 
disease, and only one of his patients died in 
consequencp of the operation; that one sank 
under coma on the fourth day after the opera- 
tion, from the effect of the ligature around the 
common carotid artery. The other ten patients 
recovered, and seven of them were alive and 
well at the time of his death. Only one of 
these died from a return of the disease in the 
same part three years after recovery from the 
operation. His operation for exsection of the 
ribs was, at the time of its performance, 
novel. In 1838, he removed successfully, on 
account of an encephaloid cancer, the whole 
of the upper extremity, including the scapula 
and clavicle, with success; an operation which 
was never attempted before or since, save once 
by Dr. Gilbert, in a less degree. Indeed, his 
scope in surgery extended as far as that of 
any man who had gone before him, and be- 
yond others of his own time, embracing every 
species of operative procedure, repeated again 
and again with remarkable success. Nature 
and early education had eminently fitted him 
for an operative surgeon, and his thorough 
knowledge of anatomy led him to attempt 
without hesitation many things from which 
others would recoil. Every cut of the knife 
was made with a confidence that could only 
result from positive knowledge. AVith regard 
to his editorial labors, Dr. Morton says: “Dr. 
McClellan’s excellent classical education was 
blended with a continued fondness for literary 
pursuits, and a lively interest in general 
science. He read much, but wrote little. He 
always took up his pen with reluctance; and 
it was only at the earnest and long-continued 
promptings of his friends that he at length 
commenced his ‘Principles of Surgery.’ The 
first printed sheet was placed before him dur- 
ing Ids brief illness, but he was already too 
much exhausted to notice its contents. The 
work, however, has been ably edited by his 
son, and it is now before the world an abid- 
ing memorial of the skill and genius of its 
author. Novelty in practice is not the test of 
excellence or superiority in either surgery or 
medicine. The annals of our profession are full 
of proofs of the truth of this axiom. Dr. McClel- 
lan made no parade of originality; but he set 
forth, with the hand of a master, the multiplied 
experience of more than a quarter of a century ; 
and this experience was, no doubt, as exten- 
sive as that of any private practitioner among 
us during that long period of professional toil. 
Skill, decision, and promptness were in him 
remarkably conspicuous, and they were com- 
bined with a judgment that had become ma- 
tured in the school of observation and reflec- 
tion. In the ‘Principles of Surgery’ we find 
no temporizing treatment, no timid practice, 
but the positive knowledge of a mind that 
knew and relied upon its own resources. In 
earlier years he was a contributor of original 
papers to different medical periodicals, and 
was one of the conductors of the American 
Medical Review and Journal; he subsequently 
edited an edition of ‘Eberle’s Theory and 
Practice of Physic,’ with notes and additions. 
His work on surgery was only commenced 
within the last few months of his life. The 
constant interference of a large practice pre- 
vented him from writing, except at uncertain 
and irregular intervals. Many of its pages 
were penned whilst suffering acutely from 
disease; and relief from pain was often sought 
by occupying his mind with the work. As if 
forewarned by some indefinite impression that 
he might not be spared to carry out his entire 
object, he seemed bent upon hastily finishing 300 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
what was meant to be the first volume, and its 
earlier pages were actually passing through the 
hands of the printer whilst he was preparing the 
closing ones. Suddenly cut off in the midst of 
his labors, the work was necessarily incom- 
plete.” Beside his surgical labors and his liter- 
ary efforts, as is usual in this country, where 
no one can devote himself entirely to surgery, 
his medical practice was large, and perhaps he 
pi-ided himself as much upon it as upon his 
operations. Thoroughly acquainted with all 
the theories of the times, he acted from the 
principles of common sense, the old Baconian 
system of deduction, which he always advo- 
cated in his lectures. To exemplify this, in a 
valedictory address delivered by him to the 
graduating class of Jefferson Medical College, 
in 1836, he says: “In regard to the best mode 
of cultivating your profession, I shall have 
time to say but a few words. Recollect what 
I have so often, and so constantly urged on 
your attention, respecting the rules of induc- 
tive science. Be always governed by the ob- 
servation of symptoms, and not by the ima- 
ginary causes of them. The whole science of 
nature consists in the classification of phenom- 
ena. We can do but very little in the way of 
theory, and nothing in the way of hypothesis. 
Be content, I beg of you, to follow the dictates 
of common sense in all cases and under all 
circumstances. Be satisfied with the opinions 
you can form from a plain and careful exam- 
ination of the indications which nature holds 
up to your view; and reject all inquiry into the 
secret and undeflnable causes of life and dis- 
ease. You can not imagine the advantages 
which you will gain by such a course of prac- 
tice, over those who are governed by the long- 
exploded precepts of the schoolmen—revived 
and repolished, as it must be confessed they 
have been, by the innovators of France. 
While they are balancing doubts and difficul- 
ties, and vibrating from one conjecture to an- 
other, you will be fortified by the calm and 
unchangeable dictates of sound reason and 
philosophy.” The remaining portion of Dr. 
McClellan’s life, after he retired from lectur- 
ing, was spent in the active duties of his pro- 
fession. For some years he was afflicted with 
neuralgia, commencing on one side of the 
head, which afterwards extended throughout 
all his limbs and body; but he bore it with 
singular fortitude, and would not allow it to 
interfere with his daily duties. Some men live 
in months or weeks what would be to oth- 
ers as years. Time will not measure the 
actions and deeds of men; and the subject of 
this memoir was one of those who in unceas- 
ing activity, wore out the vital forces, which 
in others would have lasted to a period far be- 
yond the age at which he died. Referring to 
this sad event his son, Dr. McClellan, has 
written as follows: His final illness was se- 
vere; his death sudden. On the morning of 
the Bth of May, 1847, he assisted in the per- 
formance of two surgical operations. He 
came home soon after noon, complaining of in- 
digestion, which was quickly followed by 
symptoms analogous to those of bilious colic. 
These increased every moment in severity. 
Medicines at length afforded some mitigation 
of his sufferings, and for a short time, gave 
promise of relief; but it was presently observed 
that, as his pain abated, exhaustion and rest- 
lessness followed. These symptoms increased 
towards evening, and at eleven o’clock at 
night, to the surprise and dismay of his fam- 
ily and friends, the hand of death was evi- 
dently upon him. His mind continued clear, 
but his articulation became hurried and in- 
distinct. At midnight he was pulseless, and 
soon afterwards fell asleep; and in this state 
of unconscious tranquility he died, at half-past 
one o’clock the same night, in the fifty-first 
year of his age. At a post-mortem examina- 
tion, ulceration of the mucous coat of the 
bowels was discovered, and a perforation, a 
few inches below the sigmoid flexure of the 
colon, as the immediate cause of his sudden 
death. Few men have had warmer and more 
attached friends; and many more interesting 
instances of his close intimacy with the dis- 
tinguished men of his time might be detailed. 
He possessed a sensitive and generous spirit, 
blended with a confiding manner, that strongly 
marked his intercourse with men. His feel- 
ings were quickly excited and warmly ex- 
pressed at the sense of unkindness or injustice; 
but there was a magnanimity in his nature 
that readily forgave an injury. Ever ready to 
afford assistance, whether professional or oth- 
erwise, with generous impulses and forgetful 
of self he attracted the most unbounded pop- 
ularity among the poorer classes, as evinced 
by their strong manifestation of respect at 
the time of his death. His name is 
still a household word among them. Two 
sons survived him. The eldest, Dr. John H. 
B. McClellan, was born in Philadelphia in 
1823, and died in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1874, 
He graduated in medicine at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1844, became Professor of 
Anatomy in the medical department of the 
Pennsylvania College in 1855; surgeon to St. 
Joseph Hospital and Wills Eye Hospital for 
many years, and during the Civil War was 
connected with South Street Hospital, and af- 
terwards acting assistant surgeon at Mowers 
Hospital, where he performed many notable 
operations of which accounts are given in the 
Medical and Surgical History of the Rebellion. 
It is said that he inherited much of his father’s 
quickness, and that his skill in diagnosis of 
disease was almost intuitive, while his ex- 
treme delicacy of feeling and genial nature 
made him a welcome visitor in the sick-room. 
The second son, the late General George B. 
McClellan, born in 1826, the year his father 
began his public lectures as Professor of Sur- 
gery in Jefferson Medical College, who after- 
wards became the illustrious Commander of 
the United States Army during the Rebellion, 
died in Orange, N. J., in 1885. Dr. Samuel 
McClellan, who aided in founding the Jeffer- 
son Medical College, afterwards Professor of 
Anatomy and Obstetrics in that institution, 
was a brother of Dr. George McClellan, and 
who was associated with him in practice, par- 
ticularly in opthalmic surgery, died in 1853. 
He also left two sons. The eldest was Cars- 
well McClellan, a civil engineer, who became 
topographical assistant on the staff of General 
Andrew A. Humphreys, United States Army 
during the Rebellion, was present in most of the 
important battles participated in by the Army 
of the Potomac, and was twice wounded. The 
other son, General Henry B. McClellan, served 
in the Confederate Army as Assistant Adju- 
tant-General of the Cavalry Corps of the Army 
of Northern Virginia. He was, during the 
latter part of the war, Chief of Staff to Gen- 
erals James E. B. Stuart and Wade Hamp- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
301 
ton, and served by assignment on the staff of 
General Robert E. Lee. Since 1870 he has 
been principal of Sayre Female Institute in 
Lexington, Ky. Dr. George McClellan, son of 
the late Dr. J. H. B. McClellan, was graduated 
in 1870 at the institution founded by his grand- 
father, and is now a prominent member of bis 
profession in Philadelphia. He is believed to 
be the only living medical representative of 
his distinguished ancestors. 
McDANIEL, Edward Davies, of Mobile, 
Ala., was born in Chester county, S. C., July 
7, 1822. He belongs to the Scotch-Irish ele- 
ment of our population. His grandfather was 
Edward McDaniel, a soldier of the Revolution, 
where, after six years of incessant study (he 
took no vacation), he received, in 1844, the 
degree of A. B. In less than a month after 
graduating, he was employed as principal of 
an academy in his native county, and at the 
same time began the study of medicine, under 
Dr. John Douglass. At the end of 1845, some 
old college friends in Alabama, recommended 
him to their friends, and he removed to Dallas 
county, Ala., where he continued to teach and 
to study medicine until the fall of 1855, wdien 
he entered the Medical College of the State of 
South Carolina, at Charleston, and at the same 
time the School of Anatomy and Physiology, 
taught by many eminent medical scholars of 
Charleston. In the spring of 1857, he grad- 
uated in medicine from the Medical College of 
the State of South Carolina, and returning to 
Alabama, located at Camden, Wilcox county, 
where he at once obtained a very large practice, 
and maintained it for more than thirty years, 
at the end of which time advancing age and 
failing health admonished him to relax his 
bodily efforts. On May 12, 1858, he was mar- 
ried to Miss Matilda Blair Tabb, of Dallas 
county, Ala., who made him the father of nine 
child Ten, and died in 1890. Dr. McDaniel re- 
ceived the degree of A. M. from Erskine Col- 
lege, in 1849: and in the early fifties the same 
degree from the University of Alabama. Early 
in the seventies he received the degree of 
LL. D. from the University of Alabama. Some- 
time about 1853, the University of Alabama 
advertised that an “honorary certificate” 
would be awarded to the teacher whose pupil, 
from any State, should, on competitive exam- 
ination be found the best prepared, and 
awarded the certificate to McDaniel. Dr. Mc- 
Daniel is an ex-member of the town council 
of Camden, of the board of health of Camden, 
an ex-health officer of Wilcox county, an ex- 
vice-president of the Wilcox County Medical 
Society, an ex-secretary, ex-treasurer, ex-pres- 
ident of the same society in which he served 
in these offices for many years. He has been 
respectively vice - president and president 
of the Alabama State Medical Association. 
He is the author of many papers, read before 
the Wilcox County Medical Society and the 
Alabama State Medical Association. His most 
important contributions to medical literature 
are, a paper “On Irritation of the Urinary Or- 
gans, Produced by Santonica and Santonine,” 
published about 1869 in the New Orleans Med- 
ical,and Surgical Journal; a paper on “Hem- 
orrhagic Malarial Fever in Alabama,” Trans- 
actions of Alabama State Medical Association, 
1874; one on “A New Method of Artificial 
Respiration and the Care of New-born Babes,” 
in Transactions of the American Medical As- 
sociation, for 1869; and again, with more am- 
plification, in the Transactions of Alabama 
State Medical Association, somewhere be- 
tween 1870 and 1880; and two papers on the 
“Report of 188 Cases of Hemorrhagic Mala- 
rial Fever,” showing pernicious effects of qui- 
nine in the treatment. His method of artifi- 
cial respiration, after elaborate investigation, 
on the part of the State Board of Health of 
Alabama, was adopted as the authorized 
method in the State. For the last six years 
Dr. McDaniel has held the Professorship of 
Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Clinical 
Medicine in the Medical College of Alabama. 
McDOWELL, Ephraim, of Danville, Ky., was 
born in Rockbridge county, Ya., November 11, 
who died after the close of that war, of a wound 
received in his country’s service; his grand- 
mother was Elizabeth McCaw McDaniel, who, 
like many other women of the period,live to ripe 
old age. His father was William McDaniel, a 
civil engineer and a teacher of mathematics. 
His mother was Jane Strong McDaniel. His 
father died at the early age of forty-one years, 
leaving six children, most of them small and 
helpless. The administrator of the small 
estate that was left, ran away with the pro- 
ceeds, and left the mother and children to 
struggle for subsistence as best they could. 
Edward Davies, the second in age of the three 
boys, being only eight years old, attended the 
instructions of some graduates of Edinburgh, 
who for a number of years taught in the vicin- 
ity. On reaching the age of twelve years, he 
had completed geography, arithmetic, English 
grammar, and book-keeping, He then spent 
eighteen months in a mercantile house, and 
thence, after attending some high schools for 
a time, he repaired to Erskine College, S. C., 302 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1771, and died at his home, June 25, 1830. 
The following interesting details of his life 
and professional achievements are derived 
from an extended sketch by the late Prof. S. 
D. Gross, in his American Medical Biogra- 
phy,” and from a recent address on “Pioneer 
Surgery in Kentucky,” by Prof. D. W. Yan- 
dell as president of the American Surgical 
Association. It is known that this world- 
renowned surgeon was a descendant of a sturdy 
stock, his blood being especially rich in two of 
the best crosses—the Scotch-Irish. His great- 
grandfather rebelled against the hierarchy of 
his time and enlisted as a Covenanter, under 
the banner of James I. After honorable serv- 
ice, he laid down his arms, gathered his fam- 
ily together, and came to America. It was in 
honor of this ancestor that the subject of this 
sketch was named. The maiden name of his 
mother was McClung. She was a member of 
a distinguished family of Virginia. His 
father, Samuel McDowell, was a man of note 
and influence in that State, and was honored 
with many positions of trust. In 1773 he re- 
moved with his family to Danville, Ky. At 
this time his son Ephraim was but two years 
of age. Having been appointed a commis- 
sioner to settle land claims in the Territory, 
he entered immediately upon the discharge of 
his onerous and responsible office. During his 
residence there he was also made judge of the 
district court and took part in organizing the 
first court ever formed in the Territory of 
Kentucky. He remained upon the bench un- 
til within a few years of his death, which oc- 
curred in 1817. He lived to see his son, who 
was the ninth of twelve children, become the 
foremost surgeon south of the Blue Eidge. 
But it was not given to eyes of that day to see 
that the achievements of the village operator 
had illuminated all the work which has since 
been done in the abdominal cavity; that one 
had grown up and toiled in their midst— 
“ Whose influence ineffable is borne 
’Round the great globe 
To cheerless souls that yearned 
In darkness for this answer to their needs. 
Young McDowell’s early education was ob- 
tained at the school of the town in which he 
lived, and at an institution of somewhat higher 
pretentions, situated in a county near by. No 
anecdotes are preserved of his childhood. 
During his school age he clearly preferred the 
out-door sports of his companions to the in- 
door tasks of his teachers. On quitting school, 
he crossed the Alleghanies and became an 
office pupil of Dr. Humphreys, of Staunton, 
Ya. After reading under this preceptor for 
two years, he repaired to the University of 
Edinburgh. The Scotch metropolis was then 
styled the “Modern Athens.” It afforded op- 
portunities at that time for acquiring a medi- 
cal education the best in all the world. “It 
was then to the medical profession what Ley- 
den had been in the days of Sir Thomas 
Browne; what Paris became when Velpeau 
and Louis taught there. He entered the pri- 
vate class of John Bell, whose forceful teach- 
ings and native eloquence made a lasting im- 
pression on the mind of the youthful hearer. 
It has been said that McDowell conceived the 
thought of ovariotomy from some suggestions 
thrown out by this great man.” It is difficult 
to conceive at this distant day the charm 
which that great teacher infused into his 
subject and the ambition which he inspired in 
his pupils. All loved him, not a few idolized 
him. Among the latter was the subject of 
this memoir. During his attendance upon his 
prelections, the young American was enrapt- 
ured by the eloquence of his teacher and the 
lessons which he imbibed while thus occupied 
were not lost upon him after his return to this 
country. Mr. Bell is said to have dwelt with 
peculiar force and pathos upon the organic 
diseases of the ovaries, speaking of their 
hopeless character when left to themselves, 
and of the possibility, nay practicability of re- 
moving them by operation. The instruction 
thus given made a powerful impression upon 
McDowell which as has been stated was not 
lost upon him after he took leave of the aca- 
demic groves of Edinburgh. He resided 
abroad for about two years, during which 
time he stored his mind with a large amount 
of useful information. He came away with- 
out a diploma, but with what was of far greater 
value than a degree the acquisition of that 
anatomical and surgical knowledge requisite 
to place him in the front rank of his profes- 
sion. He returned to his home in Kentucky 
in 1795 and settled among the people who had 
known him from boyhood. His success was 
immediate and yet Dr. Samuel Brown who 
knew him in Virginia and was his classmate 
in Scotland had said when asked of him: 
“Pish! he left home a gosling and came back 
a goose.” In a little while he commanded all 
the surgical operations of importance for hun- 
dreds of miles around him and this continued 
till some years later, when Dudley returned 
from Europe to share with him the empire in 
surgery. In 1802, fully established in his pro- 
fession and with an income which rendered 
him independent, he married Sarah, daughter 
of Governor Isaac Shelby. In 1809 he did his 
first ovariotomy. “This deed, unexampled in 
surgery, is destined to leave an ineffaceable 
imprint on the coming ages. In doing it 
Ephraim McDowell became a prime factor in 
the life of woman; in the life of the human 
race. By it he raised himself to a place in the 
world’s history alongside of Jenner, as a ben- 
efactor of his kind; nay, it may be questioned 
if his place be not higher than Jenner’s, since 
he opened the way for the largest addition 
ever yet made to the sum total of human life.” 
He believed this operation to be without pre- 
cedent in the annals of surgery, yet he kept 
no note of it or of his subsequent work. He 
prepared no account of it until 1817. This 
appeared in the Eclectic Repertory. It was so 
meager and carelessly written and yet so start- 
ling, that surgeons hesitated to credit its 
truth. The paper was thought to bear internal 
evidence of its author having “relied upon 
his ledger for his dates and upon his memory 
for the facts.” The critics from far and near 
fell upon him. The profession at home cast 
doubt upon the narrative. The profession 
abroad ridiculed it. For all that McDowell 
kept his temper and his course, and when he 
finally laid down his knife he had a score of 
thirteen operations done for diseased ovaria, 
with eight recoveries, four deaths, and one 
failure to complete the operation, because of 
adhesion. Referring to the technic observed 
by McDowell, one of his biographers, Dr. 
Yandall, remarks that the procedure in many 
of its features was necessarily that of to-day. 
“The incision was longer than now usually 
made, and the ends of the pedicle ligature EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
303 
were left hanging from the lower angle of the 
wound, but the pedicle itself was dropped 
back into the abdomen. The patient was 
turned on her side to allow the blood and 
other fluids to drain away. The wound was 
closed with interrupted sutures. This marvel 
of work was done without the help of anes- 
thetics or trained assistants, or the many im- 
proved instruments of to-day, which have 
done so much to simplify and make the opera- 
tion easy. McDowell had never heard of an- 
tiseptics, nor dreamed of germicides, or 
germs; but water, distilled from nature’s un- 
polluted cisterns by the sun, and dropped 
from heaven’s condensers in the clean blue 
sky, with air winnowed through the leaves of 
the primeval forest, which deepened into a 
wilderness about him on every hand, gave 
him and his patients aseptic facility and en- 
vironment which the most favored living lapa- 
rotomist well might envy. These served him 
well, and six out of seven of his first cases 
recovered. He removed the first tumor in 
twenty-five minutes, a time not since much 
shortened by the average operator.” Refer- 
ring to this first case of ovariotomy the late 
Dr. Gross says: Dr. McDowell had practiced 
medicine and surgery for fourteen years, and 
had secured for himself a large share of repu- 
tation for his bold and successful exploits, 
when in the autumn of 1809 he was consulted 
by Mrs. Crawford, the subject of a large ovar- 
ian tumor, whose case from its novelty and 
the attendant circumstances, must forever re- 
main memorable in the annals of our profes- 
sion. After a most thorough and critical ex- 
amination, Dr. McDowell informed his patient, 
a woman of unusual courage and strength of 
mind, that the only chance for her relief was 
excision of the diseased mass. He explained 
to her with great clearness and fidelity the 
nature and hazzard of the operation; he told 
her that he had never performed it, but that 
he was ready, if she were willing, to under- 
take it, and to risk his reputation upon the 
issue, adding that it was an experiment, but 
an experiment well worthy of trial. Mrs. 
Crawford listened to the surgeon with great 
patience and coolness, and at the close of the 
interview, promptly assured him that she was 
not only willing, but ready to submit to his 
decision; asserting that any mode of death, 
suicide excepted, was preferable to the cease- 
less agony which she was enduring, and that 
she would hazard anything that held out even 
the most remote prospect of relief. The result 
has been long before the profession. Mrs. 
Crawford submitted to the operation, and thus 
became the first subject of ovariotomy, of 
whom we have any knowledge. He had thor- 
oughly studied the relations of the pelvic 
viscera, in their healthy and diseased condi- 
tions, and felt fully persuaded of the practica- 
bility of removing enlarged ovaries by a large 
incision through the wall of the abdomen. He 
knew very well that the Cesarian section had 
been repeatedly performed with success, and 
he could perceive no reason why ovariotomy 
should be attended with more difficulty to the 
surgeon, or greater hazard to the patient. 
When Dr. McDowell undertook this operation 
he was not aware that it had ever been per- 
formed by any one else, a precedence which 
certain writers have attempted to prove. In 
speaking of his first case, he distinctly states 
that he had “never seen so large a substance 
extracted, nor heard of an attempt or success 
attending any operation, such as this required, 
nor was such an operation ever performed 
before.” Referring to its priority the eminent 
Gross has said- “From all the testimony 
that I have been able to collect 
upon the subject, I am satisfied that 
it was first executed by Dr. McDowell.” 
It may not be improper to state, in concluding 
the consideration of this part of Dr. McDow- 
ell’s professional services, that an attempt was 
made, many years ago, to deprive him of the 
credit of his first operation, by ascribing the 
performance of it to his nephew, Dr. James 
McDowell, at the time his partner in practice. 
In consequence of this attack upon his 
veracity and pretensions to surgery, Dr. Mc- 
Dowell was induced, in 1826, to address a 
printed card to the “physicians and surgeons 
of the West, and particularly to the medical 
faculty and class at Lexington,” in vindication 
of his claims. After remarking that he had 
visited Mrs. Crawford, the subject of the opera- 
tion in question, at her residence in Green 
county, Ky., a distance of sixty miles from 
Danville, for the purpose of examining her 
case, and that she soon after came to his own 
house, to undergo the operation of ovariotomy, 
he says; “My nephew, Dr. James McDowell, 
whom I had brought up, had graduated a few 
months before this time, in Philadelphia, 
and had commenced business as my part- 
ner. Being in delicate health at the time, 
it was my intention to remove to the coun- 
try in the spring, or as soon as I could 
establish my nephew in business. From the 
time of Mrs. Crawford’s arrival, he had made 
frequent attempts to persuade me from operat- 
ing; but, finding my determination was fixed, 
he agreed to be present, but not until the 
morning I operated, and as my partner, to as- 
sist ; for, should the patient die, the responsi- 
bility was all my own; should the patient live, 
it would assist him in his outset in business. 
The day having arrived, and the patient being 
on the table, I marked with a pen the course 
of the incision to be- made; desiring him to 
make the external opening, which, in part, he 
did; I then took the knife, and completed the 
operation, as stated in the Medical Itepertory, 
Although the termination of this case was 
most flattering, yet I was more ready to at- 
tribute it to accident than to any skill or judg- 
ment of my own; but it emboldened me to 
undertake similar cases; and not until I had 
operated three times—all of which were suc- 
cessful—did I publish anything on the subject. 
I then thought it due to my own reputation, 
and to suffering humanity, to throw all the 
light which I possessed upon diseased ovaria.” 
It was not alone, however, in this hitherto un- 
explored field of surgery, that McDowell 
showed himself a master. His skill was ex- 
hibited equally in other capital operations. 
He acquired at an early day distinction as a 
lithotomist, wdiich brought to him patients 
from other States. He operated by the lateral 
method, and for many years used the gorget in 
opening the bladder. At a later period he em- 
ployed the scalpel throughout. For a time he 
was almost the only physician in Kentucky 
who peformed this operation. In the latter 
period of his life, he was eclipsed, in this 
branch of surgery, by his neighbor, Dr. Dud- 
ley, of Lexington, who, after the establish- 
ment of the Transylvania Medical School, for 304 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
many years almost monopolized the stone 
cases in Kentucky and the adjoining States. 
It is not known how often Dr. McDowell per- 
formed this operation; but it is positively 
ascertained that he had, up to 1828, two years 
prior to his death, executed it thirty-two times, 
and that without the loss of a single patient. 
Such success is as rare as it is creditable to Dr. 
McDowell’s skill and judgment. One of his 
most interesting cases, not from any peculiar 
circumstances or merit, but from the exalted 
position afterwards attained by the patient, 
was that of the late James K. Polk, President 
of the United States. This gentleman had 
suffered from symptoms of vesical calculus 
from an early period, and in his seventeenth 
year he was induced to visit Danville in search 
of advice. The operation was performed in 
the autumn of 1812, with Dr. McDowell’s usual 
skill,and a happy recovery was the consequence. 
The calculus was of small size, very hard and 
heavy, with a rough, tuberculated surface. 
Mr. Polk carried it home with him, not in his 
bladder, but in his pocket, to show it to his 
friends and neighbors, with whom it was a 
source of great curiosity. In a letter, dated in 
Maury county, West Tennessee, December 3, 
1812, he informs his surgeon of the progress of 
his cure, and feelingly expresses his sense of 
gratitude for,the services which he had received 
from him. This letter, as a specimen of lit- 
erary composition, is far below mediocrity; it 
is badly spelled, and written in the worst style. 
In these respects, it is in striking contrast with 
another letter addressed to Dr. McDowell, 
nearly fourteen years afterward,when Mr. Polk 
represented his adopted State in the Congress 
of the United States. In this communication, 
written with great accuracy, and even elo- 
quence,Mr.Polk again expresses his gratitude to 
Dr. McDowell; speaks of the excellence of his 
health, and alludes to the manner in which he 
had spent his time since his recovery from the 
operation. “I have been enabled,” he says, 
‘‘to obtain an education, study the profession 
of law, and embark successfully in the prac- 
tice. I have married a wife and permanently 
settled in Tennessee, and now occupy the 
station in which the good wishes of my fellow- 
citizens have placed me. When I reflect, the 
contrast is great, indeed, between the boy, the 
meager boy with pallid cheeks, oppressed and 
worn dowrn with disease, when he first pre- 
sented himself to your kind notice in Danville 
nearly fourteen years ago, and the man at this 
day in the full enjoyment of perfect health.” 
The career of that gentleman and that of his 
surgeon show how early obstacles may be van- 
quished by industry, and how perseverance 
enables men from small beginnings to attain to 
great ends. It is inferred that Dr. McDowell 
performed numerous other operations. His 
anatomical knowledge, courage and dexterity 
were sufficient to enable him to execute any 
operation that might have been required with- 
in the extensive circle of his practice. It can 
not be supposed for a moment that the man 
who was the first to excise a diseased ovary, 
and who cut thirty-two patients for stone with- 
out a single failure, would shrink from the per- 
formance of any surgical duty, however novel 
or hazardous, provided he was certain that it 
was imperatively demanded by the circum- 
stances of the case. He paid much attention 
to the subject of hernia. He often operated suc- 
cessfully for the relief of strangulation, and 
performed many radical cures by means of the 
truss. His reputation in this branch of surgery 
attracted patients from a great distance. It is 
said that as a surgeon, Dr. McDowell was ex- 
ceedingly cautious, and never undertook an 
operation until his own mind and the patient’s 
system were prepared to his entire satisfaction. 
Notwithstanding his extraordinary accuracy in 
anatomical and surgical knowledge, he never 
operated, in any important case, without care- 
fully reviewing the relations of the structures 
involved, and referring to the best surgical au- 
thorities in his library on the subject. His 
pupils were obliged to do the same thing, as 
well as to examine the case, and favor him 
with their opinion on it. His assistants were 
carefully selected and regularly drilled, until, 
like-so many Thespians, they perfectly under- 
stood their parts. He was remarkably kind 
to his patients, sympathizing with them in 
their suffering, and encouraging them by ten- 
der and soothing expressions. His hand never 
quivered in an operation, nor did his mind 
quail; but his face flushed, and even in the 
depth of winter the perspiration often started 
from every pore. One who knew Dr. McDow- 
ell intimately, and who was himself an excel- 
lent operator, writes that he was the best 
operator he ever saw, in all cases where he had 
a rule to guide him. He always preferred to 
operate on Sunday mornings, saying that he 
liked to have the benefit of the prayers of the 
church. He was an accomplished anatomist. 
He made it a business to dissect, more or less, 
every winter, and he took special pains, on 
such occasions, to aid his pupils in acquiring a 
knowledge of the human structure. Subjects 
were not always obtained, at that period, with- 
out trouble and even risk. Dr. McDowell was 
no writer. The only contributions he ever 
made to medical literature are his first five 
cases of ovariotomy, in the seventh and ninth 
volumes of the Philadelphia Eclectic Itepertory. 
It is a subject of deep regret that he should 
have felt, throughout the whole of his life, 
such a deep repugnance to the publication of 
the results of his experience. Extensively 
engaged, as he was, for so long a period in the 
practice of medicine and surgery, he must 
have accumulated avast amount of knowledge, 
most valuable to the profession and to suffer- 
ing humanity, and eminently conducive to the 
extension of his own fame. But such exercise 
was distasteful to him, and no remonstrance 
on the part of his friends could induce him to 
engage ini t. Temporary notoriety and posthu- 
mous fame were subjects alike of indifference 
to him. He pursued the “even tenor of his 
way,” and his habits were so confirmed that it 
was impossible to change them. Dr. McDowell 
was an honorary member of several medical 
associations. The Medical Society of Phila- 
delphia, one of the oldest and most respecta- 
ble institutions of the kind in the country, sent 
him its diploma in 1807. In 1825 he received 
from the University of Maryland, then in the 
height of its renown, the honorary degree of 
Doctor of Medicine—a distinction whicli was 
a full acknowledgment of his exalted reputa- 
tion, and which afforded him genuine gratifi- 
cation, the more especially as it was unsolic- 
ited upon his part. Referring to his ability as 
a surgeon, Dr. Gross has written: Had Dr. 
McDowell lived in France, he would have been 
elected a member of the Royal Academy of 
Surgery, received the cross of the Legion of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
305 
Honor from the King, and obtained a mag- 
nificent reward from the government as an 
acknowledgment of the services which he ren- 
dered his country, his profession and his 
fellow-creatures. His own country, and es- 
pecially his own neighborhood and State, 
failed to appreciate him. It was said by one 
whose veracity was indisputable that but few 
of his immediate fellow-citizens were capable 
of drawing a just distinction between him and 
the merest charlatan in his vicinity. Such 
must ever be the fate of true greatness in all 
new communities. Dr. McDowell had the 
misfortune to live before his time; he was born 
in advance of his age. It is said that he was 
a kind-hearted, amiable man, an urbane and 
accomplished gentleman, a benevolent physi- 
cian, a warm and generous friend, an excel- 
lent neighbor, an affectionate husband and an 
indulgent and anxious parent. His charac- 
ter in all the relations of his life was most 
exemplary. Of a lively, social temperament, 
abounding in wit and pleasantry, he was the 
master spirit and delight of every company 
which he honored with his presence. His 
great deeds had not made him arrogant. No 
man was ever more agreeable, more amusing, 
more unassuming. Frank in his manners and 
easy of access, it was impossible to be a stran- 
ger in his society, or to leave his presence 
without a feeling of regret. In person, Dr. 
McDowell was commanding. He was tall, 
nearly six feet in height, broad-shouldered, 
stout-limbed. His head was large, his nose 
prominent and full of character, his chin 
broad, his lips full and expressive of determi- 
nation, his complexion florid, his eyes dark— 
black. He was of a remarkably happy dispo- 
sition, and rather inclined to corpulency. Up 
to the very time of his sickness, he was one of 
the most active men in Kentucky. As an 
illustration of his agility and muscular 
strength, the following anecdote, which he 
often narrated with special .glee, affords a 
striking example: AVhile he sojourned in 
Edinburgh, a celebrated Irish foot-racer, a sort 
of Mike Fink, arrived, boasting that he could 
out-run, out-hop and out-jump any man in the 
city, and bantering the whole medical class. 
McDowell was selected as their champion. 
The distance was sixty yards, and the stake 
ten guineas; the trial took place in the college 
grounds, and the American purposely allowed 
himself to be loser. A second race for one 
hundred guineas, and at an increased distance, 
came off soon afterwards, and this time the 
Irishman, after much bullying, was badly 
beaten, much to his own chagrin and the 
gratification of the students. As a scholar, he 
was entitled to no ordinary rank in comparison 
even with some of his most distinguished con- 
temporaries of the learned profession of which 
he was a member. He was much devoted to 
study, especially in early life, and was a most 
admirable recitationist. He was fond of Greek 
and Latin, a knowledge of which he retained 
long after his return from Europe. But his- 
torical and belles-lettres literature occupied 
more of his time and attention than classical 
and scientific works. Burns and Scott were 
his greatest favorites. In his readings of these 
authors, he rolled the Scottish idiom upon his 
tongue in a manner perfectly indescribable. 
His voice was clear and manly; he often exer- 
cised it in recitations from Scottish dialogues, 
and his adapting its intonations to the sup- 
posed character of the speaker was said to be 
more entertaining and exciting than any the- 
atrical exhibition. He was fond of music, and 
sung a variety of odes and catches in Latin, 
English and Scotch, in good taste and with 
tine comic effect. His favorite pieces—those 
of a comic and humorous character—he fre- 
quently accompanied with his violin, an in- 
strument to which he was very partial, but 
upon which he was a poor performer. Like 
Themistocles, the Athenian, “he could not 
fiddle, but yet he could make a small town a 
great city;’7 he could achieve wonders in sur- 
gery, such as had never been achieved before, 
and thus immortalize his State and country. 
His excellence in the Scottish dialect and 
melody is probably attributable to his summer 
rambles in Scotland during the vacations of the 
medical sessions in the University of Edin- 
burgh. In company with two of his class- 
mates, Dr. Brown and Dr. Speed, of Kentucky, 
he perambulated a considerable portion of that 
“land o’ cakes,” much to their mutual delight 
and edification. They traveled on foot, each 
packing a change of clothes in a wallet. In 
the tour, Dr. McDowell met with several 
respectable members of his family con- 
nection, who recognized and received 
him as a clansman, pretty much after 
the style and manner of hospitality com- 
memorated and immortalized by Burns and 
Scott. The travelers were well provided with 
letters to distinguished personages, “en route” 
who never failed to treat them with marked 
attention and respect. On approaching the 
residences of these individuals they always 
hired a conveyance, and riding up in due form 
and style, were received accordingly. They, 
however, if their entertainment was to their 
liking, soon “let the cat out of the wallet;” 
immediately upon which all formality ceased, 
and they were carried about all over the 
neighborhood, either on horseback or in a 
coach, as they happened to fall in with a com- 
moner or a “gigman,” and exhibited to all sorts 
of people as gentlemen from the extreme 
backwoods of America. It is very question- 
able whether the United States have had, at 
any time since, the good fortune to be more 
creditably represented in that ancient and in- 
teresting country; a trio of equal intelligence, 
of fine looks, wit, and good fellowship, is 
rarely to be found anywhere. After his return 
to Kentucky, Dr. McDowell frequently re- 
curred in terms of the greatest delight, to the 
happy hours spent in these peregrinations, re- 
counting with peculiar glee the incidents 
which befell him and his backwoods compan- 
ions. He ever after cherished a warm attach- 
ment for the Scotch, their beautiful and ro- 
mantic country, and their noble, scientific, and 
charitable institutions. His library was quite 
extensive for the period in which he lived, 
consisting of all the standard medical works, 
many of which he had brought from Europe. 
On the practice of physic he always procured 
and read the most celebrated authorities; 
more it is said on account of his students, of 
whom he always had a considerable number, 
than of his patients. He was an ardent ad- 
mirer of Sydenham and Cullen and never 
could appreciate any advances worthy of note 
upon these celebrated writers. With many of 
his contemporaries, he regarded the portrait- 
ures of disease, delineated by the hands of 
these masters as inimitable. In his judgment, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
all other writers on the practice of medicine 
were mere bunglers and copyists; a decision 
in which nearly all intelligent men of that 
period concurred. He was in the habit of 
earnestly cautioning his student against too 
free use of medicine. As a secret, he ap- 
prised them of his impression that the em- 
ployment of medical drugs was more of a 
curse than a blessing to the human race, and 
that quackery perpetrated much more mis- 
chief and destruction by their means than the 
science of the profession could counteract. In 
the surgical branch of the profession he took 
great delight; he characterized it as the cer- 
tain branch of the healing art, and spared no 
pains to advance and perpetuate his know- 
ledge of it. He does not seem to have had 
any particular fondness for the practice of 
medicine, as he always had a partner upon 
whom devolved most of this kind of business, 
especially after he had achieved some reputa- 
tion as a surgeon. His fees for surgical oper- 
ations were regulated as a general rule by the 
ability of his patients. As might be supposed 
from the extent of his practice, and from his 
benevolent disposition, he frequently rendered 
his service gratuitously. Pauper patients no 
doubt often went to him from a great dis- 
tance, and McDowell would have been the last 
man to turn a deaf ear to their entreaties for 
advice and relief. To a humane surgeon fully 
appreciating his duty, the claims of the sick 
poor appeal with irresistible force, proving 
paramount to every sellish consideration; they 
are his best subjects because in the language 
of Boerhaave, “God is their pay master, and 
because the expression of their gratitude_ is 
voluntary, not extorted in the hope of obtain- 
ing a small bill for services received from 
their professional attendants.” Occasionally 
his fees were large; in one instance almost 
princely. Allusion is made to the case of Mrs. 
Overton, upon whom he performed the opera- 
tion of ovariotomy in the summer of 1822. 
This lady lived in the vicinity of the Hermitage, 
in Tennessee, the residence of President Jack- 
son, and Dr. McDowell had agreed to operate 
upon her at her own house for five hundred 
dollars. He remained with her for some days 
and on the morning of his departure, her hus- 
band, a highly respectable and intelligent citi- 
zen, gave him a check, as he supposed for the 
stipulated sum, on one of the banks of Nash- 
ville. On presenting it, he discovered that it 
was drawn for fifteen hundred dollars, instead 
of five hundred. Presuming that a mistake 
had been made, he immediately dispatched 
his servant to the gentleman, who replied that 
no mistake had occurred, and that the services 
he had received from Dr. McDowell more than 
counterbalanced the sum he had paid him. 
Such generous liberality was alike honorable 
to the giver and to the receiver. So far as known, 
says Gross, this was the largest fee ever paid in 
this country for a surgical operation. Con- 
sidering the value of money at that time in 
the Southwest, or, in other words, the cheap- 
ness of living, and the comparatively small 
compensation'for professional services gener- 
ally, it was fully equivalent to the celebrated 
fee of a thousand guineas paid by Mr. Hyatt, 
a AVest Indian merchant, for an operation per- 
formed upon him by Sir Astley Cooper. Re- 
ferring to the original charge of five hundred 
dollars, Dr. Yandall has well said that Mc- 
Dowell had a proper appreciation of what was 
due his guild from those whose means allowed 
them to make remuneration for professional 
services. AVhen the fact is borne in mind 
that the purchasable value of money was 
much greater then than now, it will be seen 
that the “father of ovariotomy” at least set 
his successors in the field a good example. 
This is made conspicuous by the fact that Sir 
Spencer Wells has declared this amount of 
money a sufficient fee for the operation, and 
has seldom charged a larger sum than this. 
Dr. McDowell was not wealthy; his estate at 
the time of his death was estimated at from 
forty to fifty thousand dollars. His mode of 
living was plain and unostentatious; he was 
always glad to see his friends, and to extend 
his hospitalities to them. He was a man of 
enlarged and liberal views. He spent his 
money and his time freely upon charitable 
objects, and manifested great interest in ad- 
vancing the prosperity of Danville, the scene 
of his professional labors and renown. Of 
Centre College, located in that town, which 
became the most successful literary institution 
in Kentucky, he was one of the founders and 
original trustees; subscribing liberally towards 
its support. Dr. McDowell was always a de- 
cided Christian in his feelings and conduct. 
At the time of his settlement at Danville, in 
the latter part of the last century, nearly the 
entire male population of the village was athe- 
istically inclined; and not a few were of the 
Robespierrian school, having achieved the 
grand disc’overy that “death is but an eternal 
sleep.” With these men he had no sympathy, 
though he was of too benevolent and tolerant a 
nature to fall out with any one for entertain- 
ing different tenets from his own. He lived a 
God fearing man, and two years before his 
death united with the Episcopal church. He 
expired in the fifty-ninth year of his age. His 
disease was inflammatory fever. From the 
very moment of his seizure he had a presenti- 
ment that he would not survive it. The mal- 
ady terminated his life on the fourteenth day of 
the attack. Dr. McDowell remained faithful 
to his profession until the last moments of his 
life. He literally died in the harness. A few 
months before his final illness he commenced 
the building of a large and beautiful mansion 
in the country; two miles from Danville, 
where he intended to spend the evening of his 
life, away from the cares and fatigues of a 
busy practice. Death, as has already been 
seen, frustrated this design. The mansion was 
finished, but occupied by other tenants. To 
the professional pilgrim of the AVest, it will 
not be uninteresting to know that the remains 
of Kentucky’s first great surgeon repose in the 
family burial ground of Gov. Shelby, five 
miles from Danville. His tombstone, a plain 
slab of marble, bears the simple inscription of 
his name, “Ephraim McDowell.” 
McGAUGHEY, James Brown., of AVinona, 
Minn., was born near Gettysburgh, Pa., Decem- 
ber 31, 1842. Parentage Scotch-Irish. Grand 
parents were all natives of the United States. 
He attended the public schools of Illinois, and 
was pursuing studies at a private academy in 
Macomb, 111., at the outbreak of the war of 
1861-65. Dr. A. B. Stuart, formerly of Ma- 
comb, 111., was his medical preceptor. He 
was graduated from the medical department 
of the University of Michigan in March, 1867, 
and located in AVinona, Minn., in April of 
that year, since which time he has, without EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
307 
interruption, pursued the general practice of 
medicine and surgery at that place. He served 
as private hospital steward and Second Lieu- 
tenant in the United States Volunteer Army 
from January 11, 1862, to October 20, 1865. 
He has been a member of the Winona County 
Medical Society from its organization; secre- 
tary since 1872; is a member of the Minnesota 
State Medical Society; president, in 1884, of 
the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and of 
the American Medical Association (1872). He 
was coroner of Winona county in 1872-4, and 
served as a member of the Board of Educa- 
tion of the city of Winona for a period of ten 
years. In January, 1891, he received the ap- 
pointment of member of the Board of Medical 
Examiners for the State of Minnesota, which 
position he now holds. He is also secretary 
of the Board of United States Pension Exam- 
ining Surgeons at Winona. 
McGLHRE, Hunter Holmes, of Richmond, 
Va., son of Dr. Hugh H. McGuire, was born 
in Winchester, Ya., October 11,1835. He was 
in that institution in 1885. Dr. McGuire or- 
ganized in connection with his large surgical 
practice St. Luke’s home for the sick in Rich- 
mond, with a training school for nurses. He 
was president of the Association of Confeder- 
ate Medical Officers in 1869, and of the Vir- 
ginia Medical Society in 1873; vice-president 
of the International Medical Congress in 1876, 
and of the American Medical Association in 
1881, and president of the American Surgical 
Association in 1887. In June, 1892, Dr. Mc- 
Guire was also unanimously elected president 
of the American Medical Association. The 
University of North Carolina in 1887 gave him 
the degree of LL. D. Pie has published in 
medical journals and in various papers an ac- 
count of the circumstances of the wounding 
and death of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson, 
whom he attended. Among his contributions 
to medical literature the following are the 
most important: “Gunshot Wounds of Joints 
“Excision of OsCalcis;” “Fibro Cystic Tumors 
of Uterus with Case;” “Gunshot Wounds of 
Pelvis Followed by Stone with Three Cases;” 
“Clinical Lectures on Stone in the Male;” 
“Extract from Clinical Lectures on Stone in 
the Female Bladder with Case;” “Drainage in 
Obstinate Chronic Inflammation in Female 
Bladder;” “Useof Adhesive Plaster in Chron- 
ic Urinary Abscess;” “Cases of Ovarian Tu- 
mor Operations;” “Gunshot and other 
Wounds of the Peritoneum;” “Varicocele, 
How to Operate,” “Ligation of Aorta;” “Lig- 
ation of Sub-Clavian;” “Injecting Male 
Bladder Without the Use of a Catheter and 
some of Its Advantages.” He has also con- 
tributed to John Ashhurst’s “International 
Cyclopedia of Surgery,” 1884; William Pep- 
per’s System of Medicine,” 1885-87; and the 
American edition of Holmes’ “Surgery.” 
McKEE, Edward Sydney., of Cincinnati, 
0., son of William McKee and Louisa (Stipp) 
McKee, was born near Hamilton, 0., January 
6, 1858. He received his literary education at 
Monmouth College, Miami University, and the 
University of Cincinnati. After graduating 
in medicine at the Medical College of Ohio 
(Cincinnati), the doctor spent more than two 
years abroad continuing his medical studies 
in the universities and hospitals of London, 
Paris, Vienna, Leipsic, Berlin and Dublin. 
He began the practice of medicine in Cincin- 
nati, and was married November 16, 1882, to 
Miss Louise McClintock, a graduate, with hon- 
ors, at the Oxford College. The Doctor is 
clinical lecturer on gynecology at the Medical 
College of Ohio, and assistant to the chair of 
obstetrics and gynecology in the same institu- 
tion. He was at one time clinical assistant in 
the Hospital for Sick Children, London, En- 
gland. Dr. McKee is secretary of the Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Association, and also of 
the Obstetrical Society of Cincinnati. He was 
a member of the International Medical Con- 
gresses at London and Washington, and the 
German Congress fuer Innere Medizin which 
met at Wiesbaden. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association, Mississippi 
Valley Medical Association, Ohio State Medi- 
cal Society, Southwestern Ohio Medical So- 
ciety, Obstetrical Society of Cincinnati, and 
the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. Dr. 
McKee has earned considerable fame in the 
line of medical literature. His writings may 
be found in “The Reference Handbook of the 
Medical Sciences,” New York; “The Annual 
educated at Winchester Academy, and studied 
medicine at the Medical College of Virginia, 
the medical schools of Philadelphia and New 
Orleans, and Winchester Medical College, 
from which he received his diploma in 1855. 
He practiced first in Winchester, holding the 
Chair of Anatomy in the Medical College from 
1856 to 1858, when he removed to Philadel- 
phia. In the beginning of the Civil War he 
enlisted in the Confederate Army, was soon 
promoted to the post of Medical Director of 
the Army of the Shenandoah Valley and brig- 
ade surgeon under “Stonewall” Jackson, 1861- 
62, and was afterward Medical Director of the 
Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, 
1862-65. He was married December 19, 1866, 
to Mary, daughter of Hon. A. H. H. Stuart, of 
Virginia. At the close of the war he was 
elected Professor of Surgery in Virginia Medi- 
cal College, Richmond, which chair he held 
until 1880. He was made professor emeritus 308 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Dixmont, Pa. He remained there two years, 
and left to accept the position of Professor of 
Anatomy in the Western Pennsylvania Medi- 
cal College, at Pittsburgh, in 1886. He still 
occupies that chair. He attended a course on 
neurology of three months in London, 1891. 
He holds the following hospital positions; 
Assistant Surgeon to the AVestern Pennsylva- 
nia Hospital; Physician of Insane Depart- 
ment of St. Francis* Hospital; Physician to the 
Pittsburgh Hospital for Children, and to the 
Rosalie Foundling and Maternity Hospital. He 
is a member of the Allegheny County Medical 
Society, Pennsylvania State Medical Society, 
Minnesota State Medical Society, and Ameri- 
can Medical Association. Dr. McKennan has 
contributed to the medical journals from time 
to time, and has performed many important 
operations, notably: Removal of enlarged 
spleen, excisions of hip and knee joints, tre- 
phining for abscess of the cerebellum, many 
amputations of the leg and thigh, besides nu- 
merous minor operations. 
McLAIN, John S., of AArashington, D. C., 
was born in that city, August 9, 1848. He 
studied medicine at the National Medical Col- 
lege, medical department of Columbian Uni- 
versity and received his degree of M. D. from 
that institution in 1871. He practiced his pro- 
fession in his native city for the next three 
years, and was House Surgeon at Providence 
Hospital in 1873. In 1874 he was appointed 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army, 
and served with the Eighth United States 
Cavalry in New Mexico until 1876, and partici- 
pated in numerous expeditions in search of 
hostile Indians who had committed depreda- 
tions in that section of the country. He was 
with General Aliles at that £ime Colonel of the 
Fifth United States Infantry, in scouting the 
“Staked Plains” and the “Pan Handle” of 
Texas, and portions of the Indian Territory, 
from October, 1874, till January, 1875, when 
he returned to his post, Fort Union, New Mex- 
ico, having been in the field five months on an 
expedition that was ordered for forty days. 
He was also with the troops in the southwest 
Colorado during the following summer and 
was on duty at Fort Clark, Texas, Fort Selden 
and Fort Stanton, New Mexico, during the 
year 1876. His contract was annulled at his 
own request on January 1, 1877, but he was re- 
appointed in 1878, and was ordered to San An- 
tonio, Texas, and was assigned duty at Fort 
Clarke, that State. On June 10, 1878, he was 
ordered to report to Col. R. S. Mackenzie, 
Fourth Cavalry, commanding “District of the 
Neuces,” for duty with troops in the field 
“Army of Invasion,” and four days later, 
with six companies of cavalry, eight of infan- 
try and two batteries of artillery, nearly 
twelve hundred men, the command crossed the 
Rio Grande into Mexico. They were con- 
fronted with Mexican troops under Gen. Pie- 
dro Valdez at “Remolino,” Mexico, but no en- 
gagement took place and the next day the 
troops recrossed the river into Texas. This 
movement was considered necessary on ac- 
count of the continued cattle stealing at that 
time going on at all the fords of the Rio 
Grande. During the year following he spent 
most of the time in camp and scouting with 
troops on the Rio Grande, and June 2, 1879, 
relieved assistant surgeon H. S. Turrill, United 
States Army, of his duties as post surgeon and 
post treasurer at “Post of San Felipe,” Texas, 
(Oe/'WU'lc/ Cyf^cJ2/(ee. 
of the Universal Medical Sciences,” Phila- 
delphia, and “Diseases of Women,” Second 
American Edition, by A. Martin, of Berlin. 
He has also been a frequent contributor to 
many of the best medical journals of America, 
and some of his writings have been widely 
quoted and highly complimented. Among his 
works which have obtained favorable notice 
are, “Cephalhaematoma,” “Hour Glass Con- 
traction of the Uterus,” “Malformation of the 
Heart, Congenital,” “The Hymen,” “Consan- 
guinity in Marriage,” “The Early Diagnosis 
of Pregnancy,” “Obesity in its Relation to 
Menstruation and Conception,” “Ovarian Pro- 
lapse,” “Vaginal Extirpation of the Uterus 
for Cancer,” “Sterility in AVoman, its Eti- 
ology and Treatment,” “External Means in 
the Diagnosis of Pregnancy,” “One Hun- 
dred Deliveries,” “Pruritus Pudendi,” “Abor- 
tion,” and “Repeated Abortion.” Dr. McKee 
began his literary career as city editor of the 
Richmond (Ind.) Daily Independent, previous to 
his commencing the study of medicine. 
McKENNAN, T. M. T., of Pittsburgh, Pa., 
was born in AVashington, Pa., July 13, 1859. 
His father was Dr. Thomas McKennan, a well- 
known physician. His grandfather was the 
Hon. T. M. T. McKennan, a member of Con- 
gress for many years, and also a member of 
President Fillmore’s Cabinet, as Secretary of 
the Interior. Dr. McKennan received his 
classical education at AVashington and Jeffer- 
son College, graduating in 1879. He then at- 
tended three full courses at the medical de- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia, and graduated in 1882. He was 
then appointed a Resident Physician in the 
Western Pennsylvania Hospital, at Pittsburgh, 
and after one year’s service, went to Minne- 
apolis, Minn., to practice. He only stayed 
there one year, when he returned to Pitts- 
burgh, and . after practicing six months, was 
appointed an Assistant Physician in the West- 
ern Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, at EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
309 
bat continued field duty during the summer. 
On October 6, 1879, he was ordered to accom- 
pany four companies of the Fourth Cavalry 
en route by rail from San Antonio, Texas, to 
Fort Hays, Kansas. On June 17, 1880, he was 
ordered to report to Capt. W. R. Livermore, 
chief engineer Department of Texas, for duty 
as medical officer and botanist with “an expe- 
dition to survey and explore the country 
west of the Pecos river in Texas.” This 
expedition remained in the field from June 
25 to December 24, 1880. During that time 
“Victoria,” the renegade Apache, was mak- 
ing his celebrated raid into northern Texas 
and Mexico, and the command, getting 
upon his trail, rode sixty-five miles one after- 
noon and night, but he reached the Rio Grande 
and crossed an hour ahead in the morning, and 
the troops were forbidden by the laws in force 
at the time to follow him. Shortly afterwards 
his band wras corralled by the Mexican troops 
in the mountains of Northern Mexico and 
captured. From June, 1881, till May, 1882, he 
was on duty at various posts in Texas and Kan- 
sas. On May 8, 1882, he was assigned to duty 
with cavalry battalion in camp on Neuces 
river, Texas (grazing camp in the mountains), 
and September 8 was ordered to proceed from 
said camp to Fort Brown, Texas, at the mouth 
of the Rio Grande, the yellow fever having 
broken out among the troops stationed at 
Brown, and one of the surgeons was down 
with it. He remained in quarantine at Fort 
Brown and yellow fever camp, adjacent there- 
to, until December 10, 1882, wffien he accom- 
panied a portion of the Nineteenth Infantry 
(headquarters staff and four companies) from 
Brown, via Brazos Santiago, Gulf of Mexico, 
Galveston and San Antonio to Fort Clark, 
Texas. Arriving at Fort Clark January 1, 
1883, he w'as assigned to duty as post surgeon 
at sub-post of Del Rio, Texas, relieving assist- 
ant Surgeon S. S. Tesson, United States Army. 
He remained on duty at Del Rio until Novem- 
ber 12, 1883, when he proceeded to San An- 
tonio and had his contract annulled November 
18, 1883, after which he proceeded to Wash- 
ington, D. C., and has since that time been en- 
gaged in the practice of his profession in that 
city. 
McMURTRY, Lewis S., of Louisville, Ky., 
was born in dlarrodsburg, the county seat of 
Mercer county, Ky., of Scotch parentage. Re- 
ferring to the life and professional achieve- 
ments of the subject of this sketch Dr. I. N. 
Love, of St. Louis, Mo., writes as follows: His 
youth was spent in central Kentucky, and 
when about sixteen years of age he entered 
Centre College at Danville, from which insti- 
tution in due time he received the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts, followed afterwards by the 
honorary degree of A. M. He began the 
study of medicine in the office of the late Dr. 
John D. Jackson, of Danville, Ky., a man of 
high character, scholarly attainments, and 
brilliant professional qualifications. He in- 
spired his pupils with ambition to attain high 
rank in the profession, and gave them sys- 
tematic instructions in his office and anatomi- 
cal rooms. Dr. McMurtry received the degree 
of M. D. from the medical department of the 
Tulane University of Louisiana in New Or- 
leans in 1873, and remained one year after 
graduation as chief-of-clinic in the great Char- 
ity Hospital in that city. He began the prac- 
tice of medicine a year later in Danville, Ky., 
where he made his home for several years, de- 
voting himself to a large general practice in 
Danville and surrounding counties. In 1878 
he spent several months in New York pursu- 
ing studies in histology and pathology, and 
clinical medicine and surgery. He was chair- 
man of the McDowell Memorial Committee of 
the Kentucky State Medical Society, and it was 
through his active efforts that the McDowell 
monument was erected in Danville, in 1879, to 
commemorate the fame of the “Father of Ova- 
riotomy.” In 1881 he accepted the chair of 
Anatomy in the Kentucky School of Medicine 
in Louisville, and filled this position for a 
year. He spent a portion of 1883 in Philadel- 
phia, entering upon the study of gynecology 
and pelvic surgery, with a view to perfecting 
himself in this special branch of surgery. He, 
however, continued to engage in general prac- 
tice until 1889, when he went to Europe in or- 
der to witness the operative methods and study 
gynecic surgery at the hands of the masters in 
that brilliant department of surgery in En- 
gland, Scotland, France and Germany. Re- 
turning to America, he took up his permanent 
residence in Louisville. Early in his profes- 
sional career Dr. McMurtry exhibited a special 
fondness for surgery. While doing a general 
practice, he successfully performed most all 
the capital operations in surgery. Among 
these may be mentioned ligature of the sub- 
clavian artery for aneurism, excision of joints, 
and other operations. He soon acquired a 
wide-spread reputation, and his services were 
sought from all parts of Kentucky. In 1883 
he successfully performed ovariotomy, and in 
a short time had done twenty-five abdominal 
sections for various conditions, with two 
deaths, the operations being done at the home 
of the patients and without skilled assistants 
or trained nurses. His reputation in this 
branch of surgery rapidly extended, and he 
soon left off general practice and determined 
to devote himself exclusively to gynecology 
and abdominal surgery as a specialty. From 
this time to the present he has given himself 
with unremitting energy to this branch of 
practice. He was among the first to push 
actively to the front in the Southwest the ad- 
vanced principles and practice of gynecology 
and abdominal surgery which have within a 
few years revolutionized this department of 
medical practice. His labors and successful 
results have contributed largely to the estab- 
lishment of the new surgery in the confidence 
of the profession. He has made numerous 
contributions to the literature of gynecology 
and abdominal surgery, which may be found 
in various medical journals and transactions of 
societies. He is recognized as a cautious and 
sagacious practitioner and painstaking, self- 
reliant operator. Dr. McMurtry is the Pro- 
fessor of Gynecology in the Hospital College 
of Medicine (the medical department of the 
Central University of Kentucky), in Louis- 
ville, and Surgeon-in-Charge of the Jennie 
Casseday Free Infirmary for Women. He is 
also Gynecologist to Sts. Mary and Elizabeth 
Hospital. In 1888 he was elected president of 
the Kentucky State Medical Society. He is 
now (1893) president of the American Asso- 
ciation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 
In 1890 he was elected president of the South- 
ern Surgical and Gynecological Association. 
He is corresponding member of the Philadel- 
phia Obstetrical Society; honorary member of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
310 
ferson Medical College. Early in the year of 
1870, Dr. McShane was appointed physician to 
the medical department of Bedford Street Mis- 
sion. Daring his services in that capacity, re- 
lapsing fever made its appearance in that city 
and many of the first cases came under his ob- 
servation. The subject having been laid be- 
fore the Board of Health, Dr. H. Earnest Good- 
man, port physician to the city and ports of 
Philadelphia, investigated the matter, and by 
his recommendation Dr. McShane was ap- 
pointed assistant post physician, a position 
which he occupied during the prevalence of the 
epidemic, which continued for some months. 
In the fall of 1870 he returned from Philadel- 
phia and attended a course of lectures in the 
the Gynecological Society of Boston; Fellow i 
of the British Gynecological Society and of 
the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society. He is also 1 
an honorary member of the Medical Society of s 
the State of New York. Dr. McMurtry is 1 
about forty years of age, his home circle being i 
composed of his mother and daughter, having i 
lost his wife one year after marriage, in 1880. In : 
the prime of life, in the front rank of his pro- : 
fession of his State, Dr. McMurtry is equipped 
for many long years of usefulness. His record 
should be emulated by those ambitious to 
jump too hastily into the arena of specialism 
immediately after graduation and before being 1 
properly trained in the broad field of general 
practice. Dr. McMurtry’s work and position 
give evidence of the fact that a modest location 
in the out-start of the professional life is not 
antagonistic to great achievements and a world- 
wide fame. The literary style of Dr. McMur- 
try is smooth, terse and direct, giving evidence 
of scholarly attainments; and, being a careful | 
observer, let us hope that he will be in the , 
future, as he has been in the past, a liberal | 
contributor to the literature of the profession. 
Surely no one is better prepared for furnishing 
the great text-book of the future and the inline-1 
diate present on abdominal surgery than Dr. 
McMurtry. At the last meeting of the Ameri- j 
can Medical Association, held at Milwaukee, 
June, 1893, Dr. McMurtry was elected a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trustees of the American 
Medical Association Journal to fill the vacancy 
occasioned by the death of ex-President Dr. W. 
W. Dawson, of Cincinnati. 
MeREYNOLDS, John 0., of Elkton, Ky., 
was born in Campbell county, Va., March 30, 
1827. He is of Scotch-Irish descent, and after 
receiving a preliminary education, studied 
medicine and entered the Jefferson Medical 
College, from which institution he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1849. He located to prac- 
tice in St. Louis, Mo., but finally returned to 
Elkton, where he has since remained, engaged 
in a successful and extensive practice of medi- 
cine and surgery, but devoting special atten- 
tion to gynecology. In the latter branch of the 
profession he has performed with good results 
many of the more important operations. He 
claims to be one of the first in this country to 
employ the aspirator, having applied it for 
paracentesis thoracis, in 1872, and has since 
frequently used it in a variety of cases and for 
tapping the bladder. He is a member of the 
Kentucky State Medical Society, and has 
served on the Board of Medical Examiners for 
the Fourth District of that State. He was in 
charge of a military Hospital at Clarksville, 
Tenn., during the War of the Rebellion. 
McSHANE, John Thomas, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Hamilton county, that 
State, December 2, 1847. He is a son of 
James Gray McShane and Martha (Silvey) Mc- 
Shane, and a grandson of Francis McSbane, 
who came from Baltimore, Md., to Harrison 
county, Ky., and from thence to Hamilton 
county, Ind., where he settled in 1825. In 
1871 Dr. McShane was married to Alice C., the 
daughter of the late Hon. James W. Cole, of 
Tippecanoe county, Ind. After obtaining a 
liberal literary education he began the study 
of medicine, in the latter county, under the 
preceptorship of Flavius J. Van Vorhis, M. 
D. In the fall of 1869 he went to Philadel- 
phia, Pa., where he attended lectures during 
the winter and following summer terms in Jef- 
Indiana Medical College, from which he re- 
ceived a diploma in 1871. Again in 1885 he 
joined the class of Jefferson Medical College, 
and in 1886 he attended a course of lectures in 
the medical department of Tulane University 
of Louisiana, New Orleans. Dr. McShane’s 
life has been one of activity in his practice, 
which has been large and general in character. 
He has occasionally taken time to write for 
publication articles on subjects with which his 
observations had made him particularly famil- 
iar, and reports of such cases as he deemed of 
interest to the profession, among which may 
be mentioned, his report of a “Case of Trau- 
matic Tetanus, Successfully Treated by Calabar 
Bean,” published in the Medical and Surgical 
Beporter, of Philadelphia, December 1, 1883. 
In this case he administered sixty grains of the 
extract and twenty-four ounces of the bean in 
six weeks, the doses of the powdered beans 
ranging from ten to thirty grains, repeated EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
311 
part of the time as often as every two hours, 
the latter dose, probably, exceeding all previ- 
ous records. In “Some Notes on Venesec- 
tion,” published in the Medical World, Decem- 
ber, 1884, he reports his uniform success in the 
management of puerperal convulsion by the 
free abstraction of blood. His article pub- 
lished in the Medical Mirror, of St. Louis, on 
“The Use of Rhigolene in the Treatment of 
Carbuncles,” has been widely quoted, both in 
this country and abroad, as has also his article 
“On Gnaphalium in Dysmenorrhea.” For some 
years Dr. McShane has been surgeon of the 
Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railway. 
McWILLIAMS, Samuel A., of Chicago, 111., 
was born February 9, 1835. He was educated 
at the University of Michigan, graduating in 
1861, and also receiving the degree of A. M. 
from that institution in 1864. He then entered 
the Chicago Medical College, from which he 
received his medical degree in 1866, taking at 
his graduation the first prize for the best medi- 
cal thesis. He soon after established himself 
in Chicago, where he has since remained en- 
gaged in teaching and practicing medicine and 
surgery. He has lectured in the Chicago Med- 
ical College on urinary and renal diseases, and 
was Professor of Anatomy in the Woman’s 
Hospital Medical College of Chicago for four 
years, and was honored on his resignation 
of this chair with the presentation of a gold 
medal. He is a member of the Chicago Medi- 
cal Society, of the Chicago Society of Physi- 
JQt. a-ce/o-/n<Z'&. 
School, the following two years were spent in 
teaching a select school at North Sydney, C. 
8., and in 1865 he entered upon his medical 
studies at the University of Edinburgh and 
Royal College of Surgeons. He obtained the 
diploma of the latter college in 1869, and 
graduated at the university with honors in 
| 1871. He began practice in Durham, England, 
and for six years enjoyed a large patronage, 
: when failing health compelled him to return 
to Canada. Here he wrote the history of his 
j native county, which won for him the Aitken 
prize of Kings College. The epidemics of 
diphtheria, scarlet fever and typhoid, which 
were at that time almost decimating the Prov- 
ince, next claimed his attention, and in view 
of the fact that the government was doing 
next to nothing in the way of preventing these 
j diseases, Dr. Macdonald, through the press 
and on the platform, brought the matter so 
forcibly before the public that reforms were 
soon inaugurated. In his investigations on 
this subject he traveled through every town 
and village of the province and embodied the 
result in a sanitary report to the government. 
It is mainly due to his efforts that in two 
years the mortality from diphtheria alone fell 
from 2,000 to 200 a year. In 1880 he was ap- 
pointed Medical Officer to the Steel Company 
of Canada, at their works in Londonderry, N. 
S., a position which he held for six years. 
In 1887 he resigned his position and removed 
to Minneapolis, where he has devoted himself 
specially to surgery. He has filled the chairs 
of Principles and Practice of Surgery and of 
Clinical Surgery in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons; is Consulting Surgeon to the 
Northwestern Hospital and vice-president of 
the Presbyterian Hospital. Among his con- 
tributions to medical literature are: “Expe- 
rimental Research on the Nature and Treat- 
ment of Bronchial Hemorrhage” (Chm-chill & 
Sons, London); “A Successful Case of Para- 
cians and Surgeons, and of the Illinois State 
Medical Society. 
M ACDONALD. John William, of Minneapo- 
lis, Minn., was born in Nova Scotia, June 25, 
1844. His early education was obtained at the 
Antigonish Grammar School and at St. Fran- 
cis Xavier’s College, at each of which he won 
several prizes. After graduation at the Normal 312 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
centesis of the Pericardium” (British Medical 
Journal, 1884) ; “The Surgical Treatment of 
Diseases of the Chest” (Northwestern Lancet, 
1888) ; “The Nature and Treatment of Acute 
Suppuration” (Minneapolis Academy of Medi- 
cine, 1890). 
MACNEVEN, William James, of New York 
City, was born at Ballynahowne, county of 
Galway, Ireland, March 21, 1763, and died 
July 12, 1841. His biographer, the late Dr. J. 
W. Francis, writes that his ancestors were re- 
spectable country gentlemen, residing on their 
own estate, which was transmitted in a direct 
line from father to son. They owned origi- 
nally large possessions in the north of Ireland, 
but were deprived of them in the time of 
Cromwell, and, with many of their country- 
men, were allotted lands in the wilds of Con- 
naught. The subject of this memoir was sent 
for by his uncle, Baron Macneven, to receive 
his education in Germany, a custom very gen- 
eral in Catholic families, and rendered neces- 
sary at that time by the operation of penal 
laws. Young Macneven received an excel- 
lent classical education at the college at 
Prague; subsequently he passed through the 
medical college, and took the degree of Doctor 
in Physic at Vienna, in 1784. He seems to 
have been a favorite pupil of the learned Prof. 
Pestel. The same year tfe returned to Dublin, 
and entered upon the practice of his pro- 
fession. With youth, health, superior abili- 
ties and education in his favor, and good fam- 
ily connections, he had a fair and pi’osperous 
career opened to him, and had Ireland been 
in a happier condition, or could selfish motives 
have deadened his love of his unfortunate 
country, eminence in his professional vocation 
must have been secured. His political asso- 
ciations, however, were of a character which 
he considered vital to the interests of his 
country; but, though much absorbed in mat- 
ters of a public nature, he nevertheless con- 
tinued the practice of his profession, and 
mingled in society as usual. The flattering 
prospect of renown in his medical vocation, 
and the pleasurable devotion to science, were 
destined to receive a check by the stormy ca- 
reer that was before him, and the future desti- 
nies of his life to be essentially modified by 
events of national influence on his country. 
It little becomes this work to dwell with 
minuteness on the scenes then about to trans- 
pire in revolutionary Ireland. To American 
readers, the career of the Emmets, Macneven 
and Sampson, both in their native land and 
in the country of their adoption, are already 
recorded in accessible pages, and in Dr. Mac- 
neven’s narrative, entitled “Pieces of Irish 
History.” His intimacy with that ardent 
youth, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, with Jones, 
O’Conner and other individuals of note; his 
entrance as a member of the secret soci- 
ety, in which he was joined by Thomas 
Addis Emmet; his arrest on the 12th of 
March, 1798; his confinement in Kilmainham, 
and subsequent removal to Fort George, are 
among the foremost occurrences most worthy 
of detail. The elasticity of his spirits abated 
not from his long imprisonment, and his love 
of knowledge gave, him a support which 
lessened the privation • and the annoy- 
ances of his imprisonment. In books he 
found society; they were his great resource. 
Among his studies, during his privation of lib- 
erty, we find he gave great attention to the 
writings of Ossian, many of which he trans- 
lated from the original Gaelic, a language with 
which he was perfectly familiar. It is said 
that his studies led him to the belief that Scot- 
land was originally colonized by the Irish. It 
is also said that he contributed to General 
Vallancey’s Gaelic Dictionary. After the ar- 
rival of the Emmet family at Fort George, he 
imparted to them instructions in the French 
language, and actually compiled for their use 
a French grammar. After the liberation of 
the state prisoners from Fort George, he passed 
the summer and autumn of 1802 in a pedes- 
trian tour through Switzerland, and wrote an 
account of his journey, called “A Ramble 
through Switzerland.” At the completion of 
this tour, he visited his relations in Germany, 
and ever after maintained a correspondence 
with them. The following year, 1803, he went 
to Paris, and at the latter part thereof he en- 
tered the French army, as a captain in the 
Irish Brigade. In justification of this move- 
ment, he was led to believe that the French in- 
tended the invasion of Ireland, and on en- 
rolling himself in the service of France, he 
conceived he was only in another way devot- 
ing himself to his country, and to that cause 
which he had elsewhere espoused. He had 
sought an interview with Bonaparte, and had 
conferences with Talleyrand. Disappointed in 
these hopes, he at length resigned his commis- 
sion. The reader, curious of further informa- 
tion concerning the active career of Dr. Mac- 
neven, with his co-patriot Emmet, will consult 
the volumes on the Rebellion of 1798, pub- 
lished by Dr. Madden. It may be here added 
that the vicissitudes of his political life made 
him, like Dr. Cooper, of Carlisle, personally 
well acquainted with a remarkable body of re- 
markable men, many of whom are immortal- 
ized on the pages of Junius. That he pur- 
chased his knowledge at no small expenditure 
of time and suffering, will readily be believed. 
New resolutions now animated his bosom. 
The cause of liberty in his own country had 
sustained a blow, the effects of which paral- 
yzed further effort. A country where that 
great principle was the active spring in the 
transactions of a recent republic occupied his 
serious thoughts. He had at least one tried 
and long-devoted friend there, and thither he 
proposed to embark. He accordingly set sail 
from Bordeaux for New York, in June, 1804, 
and arrived in that metropolis on the after- 
noon of the 4th of July, in the midst of the 
rejoicings of the American nation in commem- 
oration of the Declaration of Independence. 
He lost no time in making known his inten- 
tions of becoming an American citizen. He 
fixed upon New York as his permanent resi- 
dence, and immediately entered upon the prac- 
tice of physic. That venerable seat of classical 
learning, Columbia College, causa honoris, con- 
ferred on him the degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine. He was strongly countenanced by his 
early and devoted friend Emmet, and upon the 
arrival of his co-patriot in Irish affairs, Will- 
iam Sampson, on the 4th of July, 1895, he 
found another generous supporter to illume his 
endeavors. The confidence which this trio of 
talents and virtue reposed in each other was 
of the most unbounded kind, nor was that 
confidence ever interrupted through their long 
lives for a single day. His countrymen at 
large soon gathered around him, and Dr. Mac- 
neven had now proof sufficient to satisfy his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
313 
judgment that the chosen scene of his future 
life was the city of his adoption. In 1810 he 
was united in wedlock to Mrs. Jane Margaret 
Tom, an accomplished lady, the widow of a 
merchant, of New York, and daughter of Mr. 
Samuel Riker, of Newtown, Long Island, a 
descendant of the early Dutch settlers. By 
this marriage Dr. Macneven had a family of 
several sons and daughters, most of whom died 
of pulmonary consumption. His own consti- 
tution, however, was naturally of an excellent 
order, and secured to him the enjoyment of 
almost uninterrupted health until the last two 
years of his life when it failed rapidly. He died 
at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. 
He was a consistent and enlightened Ro- 
man Catholic, and his examination of other 
creeds tended only to confirm him in that 
persuasion. Extensive learning, rare attain- 
ments, great natural abilities, and long service 
in the cause of medical philosophy, entitle Dr. 
Macneven to a prominent place in biographical 
annals. He was alike distinguished in the 
political history of his own country and in the 
progress of science in the United States, the 
country of his adoption. The powers which 
had been granted to the honorable the regents 
of the University of the State of New York, 
after being long dormant, were called into 
active operation by the charter granted by that 
body for the establishment of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, in 1807, with the 
learned Nicholas Romayne, as president. Dr. 
Macneven delivered at their opening session a 
long course on clinical cases as they occurred in 
the New York Almshouse, of which institution, 
with the late Dr. Hosack, he was an associate 
physician. In 1808 he received from the 
regents the appointment of Professor of Mid- 
wifery. In 1810, a reorganization of the 
school took place, when Samuel Bard was 
placed at the head. Dr. Macneven was now 
chosen the Professor of Chemistry, and, in 
1816, while Dr. Francis was in Europe, Mate- 
ria Medica was added to his chair. This ar- 
rangement continued until 1820, when they 
were separated, Dr. Mitchell being assigned 
that duty, with Natural History. In 1826, he 
resigned his professorship in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, and, with his col- 
leagues, who withdrew at the same time from 
the institutian, he received the thanks of the 
board of regents for the faithful and able man- 
ner in which they had filled their respective 
offices as instructors and lecturers'in said col- 
lege. Few public documents on collegiate sub- 
jects could prove more gratifying to the feel- 
ings of an enlightened body of long-devoted 
teachers than the elaborate report on the 
college at this crisis, as drawn up by the re- 
gents, Marcy, Van Rensselaer and Talmage. 
In November following, he commenced an 
elaborate course of instruction on the Materia 
Medica in Rutgers Medical College, which inti- 
itution, with a majority of his former associates, 
Drs. Hosack, Francis, Mott, and Drs. Gris- 
com and Godman, was now organized in New 
York, at an expense of $24,000, and opened at 
the usual period for the fall and winter courses. 
The success of this new school was demonstra- 
tive of the high opinion the public cherished 
for this well-known faculty, and it continued 
its operations with increased renown, and 
gave the stongest assurance of its beneficial 
services to medical and philosphical knowl- 
edge. After four years, however, its doors were 
closed in consequence of legislative enact- 
ments, and Dr. Macneven, with his fellow- 
professors, ceased his labors as a public 
teacher. It will thus be perceived that, amid 
the vicissitudes which marked the history 
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
and the Rutgers Medical College, Dr. Macne- 
ven for more than twenty years was en- 
gaged as a professor of medical knowledge, 
and that for that long period he was most as- 
siduous in contributing, with zeal and ability, 
to promote the soundest interests of a respon- 
sible and important science. He had left the 
State school, which he had helped to rear, in 
a condition of great prosperity, both in repu- 
tation and in the number of its pupils, and 
which, at the commencement of its career, had 
yet to secure the approbation and support of 
the profession. Its anomalous government, 
and the capricious measures of the trustees, 
were of themselves sufficient to distract the 
best councils and lead to results at war with 
that wise policy essential to great issues. In 
the ardent contentions which were maintained 
between the faculty and the trustees, Dr. Mac- 
neven’s pen bore a powerful part in vindica- 
tion of his colleagues, and several of his able 
compositions of sufficient pungency on the 
subject may be found in the third volume of 
his learned associate, Dr. Hosack’s, Essays. 
The appeal to the regents of the University, 
and to the Legislature, on behalf of the in- 
corporation of Manhattan Medical College, 
written by an actual student of the school, 
may be consulted by the curious reader solicit- 
ous of enriching his mind with medical poli- 
tics. This manly effort for the creating of a 
new and independent medical and ehirurgical 
school was approved almost unanimously by 
the higher branch of the legislative councils of 
the State, and only failed through the lateness 
of the hour at which the act of incorporation 
was introduced to the consideration of the 
Assembly of New York. It was unquestiona- 
bly a most benighted hour for the interest of 
knowledge when the authority of the regents 
was made subservient to the extinguishment 
of so laudable a design to advance Hippocratic 
wisdom. As a professor, Dr. Macneven was 
learned as an instructor, and ample in his ex- 
position. His erudition gave him peculiar ad- 
vantages. The stores of ancient and modern 
science were equally accessible to him, and he 
was ever ready to communicate. In chemical 
philosophy he was universally esteemed to 
hold a high rank. His studious disposition 
enabled him to penetrate the hidden wisdom 
of the astute and scholastic, and close atten- 
tion to the progress of discovery, imparted 
new powers, with each returning term of the 
college, to improve his lectures and add new 
illustrations to experimental truths. It re- 
mains to notice briefly his literary labors. His 
“Rambles in Switzerland” have been already 
mentioned.- His “Pieces of Irish History,” 
and his numerous political tracts, which his 
eventful life was the cause of occasionally 
bringing forth, evince how deeply rooted in 
his bosom were the political vicissitudes of his 
country, and this sympathy with the land of 
his birth he cherished to the latest period of 
his existence. With Hugh Williamson and 
David Hosack, he was an active promoter of 
the organization of the Literary and Philo- 
sophical Society of New York, and contributed 
to the first volume of its Transactions a minute 314 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
analysis, with medical reflections on the re- 
medial qualities of the mineral waters of 
Schooley’s Mountain, N. J. He deemed them 
valuable in nephritic disorders and in calcu- 
lous complaints. As his colleague, the erudite 
Mitchill, at the commencement of his experi- 
mental and collegiate career twenty years be- 
fore, had in his instruction urged and defended 
the Lavoisierian system, so did Macneven 
press upon the attention, with the zeal of a 
proselyte, the atomic theory of Dalton, and 
his “Exposition of the Atomic Theory,” which 
he printed in 1820, was received with favor, 
both abroad and at home, and reprinted in the 
French Annals of Chemistry. As co-editor of 
the Veto York Medical and Philosophical Journal, 
a work which, made up chiefly of selections, 
he projected, with Dr. Benjamin De Witt, in 
1812, he wrote several papers on subjects 
strictly medical. He also published, in 1821, 
with emendations, an edition of Brande’s 
Chemistry. His professional worth secured 
him several advantages. Governor De Witt 
Clinton appointed him Resident Physician 
of New York, an office which he held for sev- 
eral years, and in 1840 he received the same 
favor from Governor Seward. Pie was early a 
member of the Literary and Philosophical So- 
ciety, and in 1823 he was elected a Fellow' of 
the American Philosophical Society. When 
the Asiatic cholera made its first appearance in 
New York, in 1832, the municipal authorities 
selected him as one of its council. The official 
reports of the medical board during that awful 
crisis again and again affirmed it as their most 
mature conviction that the pestilence presented 
no evidence of a contagious or communicable 
character, the better to diminish the alarm 
created by the fearful visitor; yet notwith- 
standing these official annunciations Dr. Mac- 
neven and others of that sanitary guardian- 
ship believed the disorder to be a nova pestis 
in this country, and that its progress in the 
land was best explained by considering it a 
specific disease, and regulated by the law of 
sub modo contagion. That the life of Dr. 
Macneven was one closely devoted to knowl- 
edge and its promulgation is demonstrated by 
the following brief record of his principles 
and achievements: He was a prodigious 
reader, and his love of books was a prominent 
passion with him, and it is said that no medi- 
cal man of the faculty with whom he was 
associated surpassed him in physiological pur- 
suits and in the acquisition of languages. He 
was a classical scholar, and ready with citations 
from the most approved English writers. He 
spoke German and French with the same facil- 
ity as the English, and in the Italian unlocked 
with delight the treasures of Dante and 
Ariosto. His native tongue, the Irish, as it 
was the first that he had learned, he conversed 
in through life with fluency. In his death 
all felt that learning had lost a distinguished 
ornament, real knowledge a true disciple, the 
charities of life an ardent friend, and patriot- 
ism one who had sustained martyrdom in her 
glorious cause. 
MARCY, Henry Orlando, of Boston, Mass., 
son of Smith and Fanny (Gibbs) Marcy, was 
born in Otis, Mass., June 23, 1837. His an- 
cestry was of Puritan stock—paternal (Marcy- 
Lawton) ; maternal, Gibbs-Morton—dating 
back to the early settlers of New England. 
His grandfather, Thomas Marcy, was one of 
the first settlers in northern Ohio. His ma- 
ternal great grandfather, Israel, and grand- 
father, Elijah Gibbs, served in the Revolu- 
tionary War, and were with General Gates at 
the surrender of General Burgoyne. His 
father, who served in the war of 1812, was a 
teacher by profession. Dr. Marcy received 
his preliminary and classical education at 
Wilbraham Academy and Amherst College, 
and was graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of Harvard University, 1863. He was 
commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the Forty- 
Third Massachusetts Volunteers in April, 1863, 
and in the following November surgeon of the 
first regiment of colored troops recruited in 
North Carolina. He was appointed medical 
director of Florida in 1864, and served on the 
staffs of Generals Van Wyck, Potter and Hatch. 
In the autumn of 1863 Dr. Marcy was married to 
Miss Sarah E. Wendell, of Great Falls, N. H. 
At the close of the war he returned to Cam- 
bridge, Mass., and entered upon the active 
practice of his profession. In the spring of 
1869 he went to Europe for the purpose of 
study and entered the university at Berlin, 
Avhere he remained a year as a special student 
of Professors Virchow and Martin. He then 
visited the various capitals of Europe and 
studied the hospitals and their service, spend- 
ing the summer in London and Edinburgh. He 
was the first American pupil of Prof. Lister, 
and returned to put in practice the now famous, 
but then (in this country) unknown methods 
of aseptic and antiseptic surgery. For the 
purpose of devoting himself more especially 
to the study of surgical diseases, Dr. Marcy 
removed to Boston in 1880 and opened in 
Cambridge a private hospital for women, 
which is still in successful operation. Dr. 
Marcy has devised a considerable number of 
special operations now generally adopted by EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
315 
1885; “The Histology and Surgical Treat- 
ment of Uterine Myoma,” “Address as Presi- 
dent of the Section of Gynecology,” Inter- 
national Medical Congress, Washington, 1887; 
“Placental Development in Woman,” 1887,” 
“The Climate of the Southern Appalachians,” 
Ninth International Congress, 1887; “The 
Surgical Advantages of the Buried Animal 
Suture;” “The Perineum; its Anatomy, Phys- 
iology and Methods of Restoration after In- 
jury,” 1888; “Chronic Inversion of the 
Uterus; Reduction by a New Method;” 
“Exploratory Laparotomy;” “General Treat- 
ise on Hernia ;”“The Animal Suture; its Place 
in Surgery;” “The Cure of Hemorrhoids by 
Excision and Closure with the Buried Animal 
Suture,” reprint from Annals of Surgery, 
November, 1889; “The Surgical Treatment of 
Non-pedunculated Abdominal Tumors,” 1890; 
“Surgical Relief for Biliary Obstruction,” 1890; 
“Plastic Surgery of the Pelvic Structures,” 
Transactions International Medical Congress, 
Berlin, 1890; “The Scientific Rationale of Mod- 
ern Wound Treatment,” 1891; “Femoral and 
Ventral Hernia in Woman;” “The Kangaroo 
Suture,” Transactions American Association of 
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1891 ; “Evolu- 
tion of Medicine,” the president’s address, 
American Medical Association, Detroit, June, 
1892; “Inguinal Hernia in the Male,” The 
Southern Surgical and Gynecological Associ- 
ation, Louisville,November, 1892; “The Recon- 
struction of the Pelvic Structures in Woman,” 
Transactions American Association of Obstet- 
ricians and Gynecologists, 1892; “The Surgical 
Treatment of Hernia,” the annual address de- 
livered at the meeting of the South Carolina 
State Medical Society, April, 1893; “Ventral 
Hernia following Laparotomy; its Cause and 
Means of Prevention;” “Analyses of One 
Hundred and Thirty-six Cases of Hernia, Op- 
erated on for the Purpose of Radical Cure,” 
American Medical Association, June, 1893; 
“In what Class of Wounds Shall We Use 
Drainage?” Surgical Section Pan-American 
Congress, Washington, September, 1893; “The 
Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia,” 
large quarto, fully illustrated, D. Appleton & 
Co., New York, 1892. 
MARMION, William Y., of Washington, D. 
C., was born at Harper’s Ferry, Va., May 27, 
1843. He received his academic course at that 
place, and his collegiate education at St. 
Mary’s College, Emmitsburg, Md., where he 
was graduated in 1859. He pursued his pro- 
fessional studies at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania and at the University of Vienna. His 
medical degree was obtained at the former in- 
stitution in 1866. He then entered the United 
States Navy as assistant surgeon, serving five 
years, and resigned as passed assistant surgeon 
in 1871. He established himself in Wash- 
ington in 1872, where he has devoted special 
attention to ophthalmology. Dr. Marmion 
has been an active member of the Medical 
Association of the District of Columbia, and 
has been for many years an attending surgeon 
to the Children’s Hospital, and has had charge 
of the eye and ear department of that institu- 
tion. 
* MARSHALL, John S., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in England, June 26, 1846. He served 
in the ranks of the Federal army, and with 
Sheridan’s Cavalry Corps, from 1864 to the 
close of the Rebellion. He received his aca- 
demic education at Fayetteville, N. Y., and 
the profession. He was largely instrumental 
in introducing plastic splints and did much to 
perfect them both in the materials used and 
the methods of preparation. He was the first 
to use and recommend the buried animal sut- 
ure, and to him the profession is indebted for 
the introduction of the tendon suture, especi- 
ally from the kangaroo, now widely accepted 
as superior to any other. Dr. Marcy is one of 
the most active and best known surgeons in 
New England. He participated actively in 
the Seventh International Medical Congress, 
held in London in 1881, and was president of 
the gynecological section of the Ninth Con- 
gress, held in Washington in 1887. He has 
contributed largely to surgical literature, and 
is an active worker in the American Medical 
Association, to the vice-presidency of which 
he was elected in 1879. In 1882 he was presi- 
dent of the section of obstetrics and gyne- 
cology, and was for some years a member of 
the judicial council of this association. In 1891 
Dr. Marcy was chosen president of the associ- 
ation, over which body he presided at the 
annual meeting held in June, 1893, at Detroit. 
He is a member of various medical and scien- 
tific organizations in both Europe and Amer- 
ica, and was president of the American Acad- 
emy of Medicine in 1884. The Wesleyan 
University conferred in 1887 the honorary de- 
gree of LL. D. upon Dr. Marcy in recognition 
of his skill and literary merit. In 1884 Dr. 
Marcy published in two volumes the transla- 
tion of the works of Prof G. B. Ercolani, of 
Bologna, Italy, upon the “Reproductive Pro- 
cesses,” besides which he has published his 
own special studies of the uterine mucosa 
during pregnancy. During the last twenty 
years many important articles from his pen, on 
surgical subjects, have appeared in the Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal, Annals of Anato- 
my and Surgery, The Medical Gazette, of New 
York, and other periodicals. Numerous pa- 
pers read by him before the American Medical 
Association, American Association of Obstetri- 
cians and Gynecologists, and the International 
Medical Congress have been published in the 
Transactions of these organizations. His best 
known publications are: “Carbolised Cat-gut 
Sutures (buried in the tissue), for the Cure of 
Hernia,” 1871; “Fractureof the Patella,” 1876; 
“Plastic Splints in Surgery,” 1877; “Cure of 
Hernia by the Antiseptic Use of the Animal 
Suture,” 1878; “Aspiration of the Knee Joint,” 
1879; “The Comparative Value of Germicides,” 
1880; “Histological Studies of the Develop- 
ment of the Osseous Callous in Man and An- 
imals,” 1881; “Double Irrigation, Injection, 
and Drainage Tubes—Double Rubber Cath- 
eters,” American Medical Association, 1881; 
“The Best Methods of Operative Wound 
Treatment;” “Fibroid Tumors of the Ute- 
rus,” their histology illustrated by many sec- 
tions projected upon the screen ; the annual ad- 
dress in obstetrics and diseases of women, St. 
Paul, June, 1882, American Medical Associa- 
tion; “The Relations of Micro-organisms to 
Sanitary Science,” 1883; “The Restoration of 
the Perineum by a New Method,” American 
Medical Association, 1883; “The Relation 
of Micro-organisms to Surgical Lesions,” 
American Medical Association; “The Role 
of Bacteria in Infectious Diseases,” 1884, Amer- 
ican Medical Association; “Medical Legisla- 
tion;” “The Role of Bacteria in Parturi- 
tion;” “The Climatic Treatment of Disease,” 316 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the Rappahannock, second Bull Run and 
Antietam. He was then discharged for dis- 
ability, but afterward commanded a company 
in the Sixth Delaware Volunteers, and from 
June, 1863, acted as surgeon of that regiment 
during its term of service. During the war he 
also had charge of a hospital at Front Royal, 
Va. At the close of the war he resumed civil 
practice, finally settling in the town of his 
present residence in 1866. He has devoted 
special attention to surgery and obstetrics. 
While in the army he performed the success- 
ful operation for resection. He has been Sec- 
retary of his County Medical Society, and is 
ex-President of the Delaware State Medical 
Society; is a member of the American Medical 
Association, and of numerous other medical 
organizations. He is the author of a treatise 
“On Neuralgia,” and one on “Eclampsia,” 
and has made other important contributions 
to medical literature. 
MARYOTT, Erastus Edgar, of Springfield, 
Mass., was born in North Stonington, Conn., 
September 29, 1845. He is the third son of 
Ichabod B. and Almira (Miner) Maryptt. 
His father was a Baptist clergyman, whose 
great-grandfather, though coming to this coun- 
try from England, was probably a French 
Huguenot. He received his elementary edu- 
cation at the village school, and was fitted for 
college at the Connecticut Literary Institute, 
at Suffield. In 1866 he entered Brown Uni- 
versity and graduated in 1870, receiving the 
degree of A. M. three years later. He studied 
theology at Crozer Seminary, Chester, Pa., and 
was engaged in literary pursuits until he 
graduated in medicine at the Albany Medical 
/ A. 
began the study of medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of William T. Plant, of Syracuse, 
and attended the Medical Department of 
Syracuse University, and was graduated M. D. 
from that institution in 1876. He immediately 
afterward established himself in the gen- 
eral practice of his profession at Syracuse, 
N. Y., and remained there six years, when he 
removed to Chicago, where he has since re- 
sided, and where he has devoted special 
attention to the treatment of the face, mouth 
and jaws. He is oral surgeon to Mercy Hos- 
pital, and St. Luke’s Hospital, and Professor 
of Oral Surgery in the American College of 
Dental Surgery, Chicago. Dr. Marshall is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Illinois State Medical Society, Chicago Med- 
ical Society, and of the Practitioners’ Club of 
that metropolis. 
MARSHALL, William, of Milford, Del., was 
born in Milton, Sussex county, that State, 
May 23,1827, and is of English parentage. He 
received his academic education at Milton, 
and his professional training at Jefferson 
Medical College, at which institution he was 
graduated in 1847. He began the practice of 
his profession in his native town, but soon 
after removed to Philadelphia and then went 
to California, being one of the Argonauts of 
1849. He was surgeon of the expedition that 
went on the barque “Clarissa Perkins.” On 
his arrival in the Golden State he settled 
in Placerville, staying there until 1852, when 
he returned to Milton, Del., but soon after es- 
tablished himself at Georgetown, in his native 
State, where he remained until the outbreak 
of the War of the Rebellion, in which he took 
part as surgeon of the Third Delaware Volun- 
teers, participating in the battles of Harper’s 
Ferry, Bolivar Heights, Charlestown, Cedar 
Creek, Winchester, the nine days’ fight on 
<S. 
College, in 1882. His medical preceptors were 
the late Dr. George A. Pierce and Dr. Albert 
of Albany, N. Y. His medical 
career has been mostly spent in Springfield, 
Mass., in the constant activity of study, prac- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
317 
tice and authorship. He has written many 
articles on medical subjects, most of which 
have been reserved for a work in preparation 
for the press, “A Modern System of Medicine 
for the People.” This will be a volume of 
about a thousand pages, covering a wide range 
of medical and sanitary subjects. His special 
qualifications are in the lines of materia med- 
ica and obstetrics, and he has the remarkable 
record of never having lost a patient after con- 
finement. Dr. Maryott is a Fellow of the Massa- 
chusetts Medical Society, the American Acad- 
emy of Medicine, and was recently elected to 
membership in the American Academy of 
Political and Social Science. He is prominent 
in Masonic circles and belongs to Springfield 
Commandery of Knight Templars. 
MASi'IN, Claudius Henry, of Mobile, Ala., 
was born June 4, 1826, at Huntsville, Ala. 
His academic education was at Green Acad- 
emy, Huntsville, Ala.; collegiate education at 
University of Virginia. In 1846 he began the 
study of medicine; Dr. Geo. B. Wood, of Phil- 
adelphia, was his private preceptor. He took 
the degree of M. D. from the University of 
Pennsylvania, in 1849, and the degree of Doc- 
tor of Laws (LL. D..) from the same university, 
in 1875. He also studied his profession at the 
University of France, hospitals of Paris, and af- 
terwards at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lon- 
don, then at the University of Edinburgh, Scot- 
land, and settled in Mobile, Ala., in 1854. 
He was for five years surgeon of City Hos- 
pital, also surgeon in charge of Unted States 
Marine Hospital, and subsequently three 
years surgeon of Providence Infirmary. He 
served in the Confederate States army, as med- 
ical director upon the staff of Major-General 
Leonidas Polk, of the First Grand Division of 
the Western Department; subsequently as 
corps surgeon of General Polk’s Corps of the 
Army of the Tennessee, with other army 
service. He has invented several surgical in- 
struments. The University of Pennsylvania 
gave him the degree of LL. D., 1875. He was 
one of the original Fellows of the American 
Surgical Association, aftenvards its second 
vice-president, then first vice-president, and in 
1890-91 its president; then elected a member 
of its council. He was one of the organizers 
of the American Genito-Urinary Association, 
a member of the Boston Gynecological Soci- 
ety, a member of the Southern Surgical and 
Gynecological Association, an honorary mem- 
ber of the Texas Historical Association, a 
member of the Central Council of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, and one of its exam- 
ining board. He is one of the trustees of the 
Pan-American Medical Congress, and honorary 
chairman of its Surgical Section. He has 
contributed largely to medical and surgical 
literature. He devotes his time chiefly to 
surgery, both general and special, and has 
operated extensively, doing many of the most 
important operations. He is the founder of 
the Congress of American Physicians and 
Surgeons. In 1885 he presented a memoir to 
the American Medical Association, then in 
session in Washington, D. C., which resulted 
in uniting the various special American med- 
ical associations into a common body, under 
the name and title of the Congress of Amer- 
ican Physicians and Surgeons, which organiza- 
tion was completed October 5, 1887; and he is 
a member of other medical organizations. 
MATHEWS, Joseph McDowell, of Louis- 
ville, Ky., was born at New Castle, Ky., in 
1847. The subject of this sketch is one of the 
best known and most popular surgeons in the 
United States. He enjoyed a fine classical 
education, the fruits of which are seen in his 
writings and public speeches. He graduated 
in medicine in 1867, and entered at once upon 
a country practice in his native town. He re- 
moved to Louisville, Ky., in 1872, and did a 
large general practice until 1878, when he 
went to London, England, and became asso- 
ciated with the celebrated Allingham, of St. 
Mark’s Hospital. Upon his return to Louis- 
ville, Dr. Mathews entered upon the special 
practice of rectal diseases, and is to-day re- 
garded as among the best authorities upon this 
class of affections. He was the pioneer spe- 
cialist in rectal diseases in this country. Dr. 
Mathews was formerly Lecturer on Diseases 
of the Rectum in the Hospital College of 
Medicine in Louisville. He has, however, for 
a number of years been Professor of Surgery 
and Diseases of the Rectum in the Kentucky 
School of Medicine. Dr. Mathews occupies 
many important public positions. He is Sur- 
geon to the Louisville City Hospital and the Sts. 
Mary and Elizabeth Hospital, and ex-president 
of the Mississippi Valley Medical Association 
and of the Louisville Clinical Society. Dr. 
Mathews was a very close second in the race 
for the presidency of the American Medical 
Association two years ago. He was selected 
to deliver the address on surgery at the meet- 
ing in Washington in 1891. That Dr. Mathews 
is editorially prominent, the pages of Medical 
Progress bear witness. Dr. Mathews is proba- 
bly the finest speaker in the American medical 
profession; always at his ease, with perfect 
command of language and never at a loss for 
a subject or phrases wherewith to clothe it, he 
is at all times a representative of whom the 318 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
medical profession may well be proud. To be 
considered a great orator in Kentucky, the 
home of orators, is indeed a distinction in 
which Dr. Mathews may take pride, and no- 
where is he done more honor than upon his 
native soil. As an author, Dr. Mathews ranks 
with the leading authorities, either in this 
country or in Europe. His book on “Diseases 
of the Rectum, Anus and Sigmoid Flexure,” 
just issued by the Appletons, is said by com- 
petent critics to be a work of great originality 
and rare merit, and is meeting with a large 
sale. 
nati Hospital. At the expiration of his hospi- 
tal service, one year, he came to Indianapolis 
and associated himself with Dr. Theophilus 
Parvin as his assistant, with whom he re- 
mained until Dr. Parvin accepted a professor- 
ship in the Jefferson Medical College, and 
removed to Philadelphia eight years after- 
ward. Dr. Maxwell served as coroner of 
Marion county four years, being elected in 
1879 and re-elected in 1881. He was elected 
Professor of the Theory and Practice of Med- 
icine in the Central College of Physicians and 
Surgeons in 1887, which position he now 
holds. He is also one of the clinical lecturers 
at the City Hospital on the practice of medi- 
cine, having been a member of the hospital 
staff for four years. He is also a member of 
the City Dispensary Staff. Two years ago Dr. 
Maxwell was appointed by the mayor of In- 
dianapolis, the republican member of the 
board of health commissioners under the new 
city charter, which position he now holds. He 
has been secretary and president of his county 
Medical Society. His contributions to medi- 
cal literature have been comparatively few, re- 
lating more especially to diseases of the chest. 
MAXWELL, George Troupe, of Jackson- 
ville, Fla., was born in Bryan county, Ga., 
August 6, 1827, his father being Col. John 
Jackson Maxwell, planter, who repeatedly 
represented his county in the State Senate. 
His maternal grandfather was Col. John Ba- 
ker, an officer distinguished in the Revolution- 
ary War, and after whom Baker county, Ga., 
was named. His ancestors, both paternal and 
maternal, were intimately associated with the 
early history, Colonial and State, of Georgia. 
His preliminary education was received at 
Chetham Academy, Savannah, from whence 
he proceeded to the University of New York, 
taking his degree of M. D. in the medical de- 
partment of that institution in 1848. He es- 
tablished himself in practice at Tallahassee, 
where he remained until 1857, when he was 
appointed Surgeon to the Marine Hospital at 
Key West. In 1860 he was elected Professor 
of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
Children in Oglethorpe Medical College, and 
upon accepting the position removed to Savan- 
nah. In April, 1861, he entered the Confed- 
erate army as a private, serving for four 
months in the First Florida Regiment. At 
the expiration of his term of service he was 
commissioned major of cavalry, and in 1862 
was raised to colonel. In the fall of 1863 he 
organized and commanded the Florida brig- 
ade, serving under Gen. Bragg in the Army of 
the Tennessee until the battle of Mission 
Ridge, when he Avas captured, sent north and 
imprisoned on Johnston’s Island until March, 
1865. When captured, he was recommended 
for promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, 
and was appointed, while in prison, colonel of 
a Florida Regiment, formed by the consolida- 
tion of six skeleton regiments, a position 
which he was prevented from filling by the 
termination of the Avar., In 1865 he Avas 
elected a delegate from Leon county to the 
convention held under the call of President 
Johnson, for the purpose of remodeling the 
constitution and reorganizing the State govern- 
ment of Florida, taking an active part in the 
deliberations of that body. The succeeding 
Avinter he was elected a member of the State 
Legislature. In 1871 he removed to Ncav 
Castle, Del., where he resided until his final 
MAXWELL, Allison, of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born at Bloomington, Ind., September 24, 
1848, his parents being Dr. James Darwin Max- 
well and Louisa Howe Maxwell. As Dr, Max- 
well’s entire name is Scotch, it is not to be infer- 
red that his immediate ancestors came from 
Scotland. His fatherwas born at Hanover, Ind., 
in 1815; his grandfather, Dr. David H. Maxwell, 
was born near Danville, Ky., and studied med- 
icine under the immortal Dr. Ephraim Mc- 
Dowell ; his great grandfather was a Virginian, 
by name Bazeleel Maxwell, and his father 
immigrated from Scotland to the north of Ire- 
land and thence to Virginia. The subject of 
our sketch was reared in his native town, 
and graduated at Indiana University in 1868. 
After graduation he was appointed tutor in 
Latin and Greek in the university, which 
position he resigned to accept a place in the 
large book and publishing house of A. L. Ban- 
croft & Co., San Francisco, Cal., where he re- 
mained two years as the manager of the edu- 
cational department. On leaving San Fran- 
cisco he came home and studied medicine with 
his father. After a three years’ graded course' 
at Miami Medical College, by a competitive 
examination, he became interne in the Cincin- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
319 
removal to the city of his present residence. 
He was a member of the Delaware Medical 
Society, was its vice-president in 1874, and its 
secretary in 1875-76. He has contributed to 
various medical journals, his most important 
papers being “An Exposition of the Liability 
of the Negro Race to Yellow Fever;” “A 
Demonstration of the Non-digestive Powers of 
the Large Intestines,” and “A History of His 
Invention' of the Laryngoscope,” the latter 
first read before the Delaware Medical Society, 
and subsequently published in the Medical 
jßecord of Neio York, fall of 1872. “This in- 
vention was accomplished in 1869, the instru- 
ment being actually used in November of that 
year, or several months before Czermak had 
published his invention. While the laryngo- 
scope of Dr. Maxwell has no claim to priority, 
it has entirely valid claim to originality, and 
he has the honorable distinction of having been 
first of all American physicians to see, and 
with his own instrument, the vocal chords in 
a living subject.” It was but a short time be- 
fore this period of his life that the editor of 
this work formed his pleasant acquaintance at 
Tallahassee, Fla. Dr. Maxwell was not only 
recognized as a skillful physician and surgeon, 
but a man of diversified talent and extraordi- 
nary ability. His social qualities and brilliant 
conversational powers made a lasting impres- 
sion upon all with whom he was associated. 
MAY, John Frederick, of Washington City, 
D. C., was born May 19, 1812, and died May 
1, 1891. His ancestry were of the early New 
England colonists and patriots of the Revolu- 
tion. The father of Dr. May was a dis- 
tinguished physician, who graduated at Har- 
vard College in 1795, and settled in the same 
year in the then infant capital of the United 
States. The subject of this sketch received a 
collegiate education at Columbia College, and 
took his medical degree from the same institu- 
tion, in 1834. Shortly after this, he went to 
Europe, where he spent more than a year in 
professional study in the leading hospitals of 
London and Paris. In this way he familiar- 
ized himself with all the latest advances in 
medicine and surgery. After an extended 
tour through Europe, the West Indies, and the 
United States, he began to practice in his na- 
tive city. He joined the Medical Association 
of the District of Columbia, in 1838, his father 
being president of that body at the time. In 
1840, he became a member of the Medical So- 
ciety of the District. This organization his 
father assisted in founding, his name appearing 
in the original charter of 1819, and also in the 
amended charter of 1838. In 1839, Dr. May 
was elected to the chair of Anatomy and 
Physiology, in the Columbian College. In 
1841, he was transferred, by the consent of the 
faculty, to the chair of the Principles and 
Practice of Surgery. This position he filled 
most acceptably until his resignation, in 1858. 
He was honored, about the same time, with 
the professorship of surgery in the University 
of Maryland, which he filled for two years 
without vacating his college duties in Wash- 
ington, and to the satisfaction of his associates 
in both faculties. He became also a member 
of the Section of Physiology and Medicine of 
the National Institute, in Washington, a sci- 
entific organization, antedating the existence 
of the Smithsonian Institute of that city. 
This association of physicians was active in 
1843, and for a number of years sent delegates 
to the American Medical Association. Even- 
tually, however, it was merged into, or its 
functions were absorbed by, the Smithsonian 
Institute. The Pathological Society of the 
District of Columbia was formed about 1846, 
Dr. May taking an active and influential part 
in its discussions. The family of the Mays 
have been noted for generations for their line 
physical development, bright intellects, and 
honorable traits of character. In 1847, Dr. May 
became a member of the American Medical 
Association, being a delegate from the Medical 
Department of the Columbian College. In 
1858, he was elected to the Chair of Surgery 
in the Shelby Medical College, at Nashville, 
Tenn., which he filled very acceptably until the 
breaking out of the Civil War. Although Dr. 
May is best known by his splendid record as a 
surgeon, he was, throughout his professional 
career, a general practitioner, and was equally 
astute, strong and able in each and all the de- 
partments of medicine. He took,it is true,great 
pains to qualify himself as a surgeon, making 
special studies in anatomy, and equipping him- 
self with the best instruments devised for the 
different operations, obtainable either at home 
or abroad. Being a man of fine physique, over 
six feet in stature and well proportioned, calm 
and self-possessed, with clear convictions and 
steady nerve, he was every way suited for the 
duties and responsibilities of that branch of the 
profession. His skill in surgery speedily at- 
tracted attention, and placed him in the very 
front rank of this field of practice in the United 
States. He was one of the first surgeons of 
America to amputate, with success, at the hip 
joint, and the first in Washington to perform 
ovariotomy. His skill in surgery was widely 
recognized, so that for years most of this kind 
of practice in the city of Washington fell to his 
care. He was Surgeon to the Washington In- 
firmary, which was conducted under the aus- 
pices of the faculty of the National Medical 
College, in which he was the Professor 
of Surgery. Dr. May was punctilious in 
his intercourse with his professional breth- 
ren and with the public, but he was at 
the same time the soul of honor. He was 
always ready, on a proper basis, to render 
service to the afflicted and to advise and assist 
the young practitioner in difficult cases. He 
loved his profession, and esteemed the man 
who, by his merits, won the approbation of 
the medical fraternity. It is said that he was 
not only a good surgeon and physician, but an 
excellent financier, attentive to business mat- 
ters, making good investments and accumu- 
lating a large and productive estate. He was 
earnest and zealous in whatever engaged his 
attention, whether it was his profession or his 
business investments. In all his affairs he 
brought a clear, strong judgment to bear, and 
wasted nothing on sentiment. Shortly after 
the war Dr. May removed to the city of New 
York. He continued, however, to spend much 
of his time in Washington, attending to his real 
estate and other interests. His family, how- 
ever, returned to reside in that city about 1880. 
In 1884 he was elected surgeon on the consult- 
ing staff of Garfield Memorial Hospital. He 
served there faithfully and as president of the 
medical staff for five years, when the necessity 
for lessening his duties, owing to the accumu- 
lation of his years, induced him to resign. 
One of his sons, William May, is treading in 
the footsteps of his father, having studied 320 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
medicine and being now in full practice, with 
a predilection for surgery. 
MAYS, Thom as J., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Lebanon county, that State, January 10, 
1846. He was graduated at Jefferson Medical 
College in 1868, and practiced his profession 
at Williamsport and Upper Lehigh, Pa., until 
1885, when lie moved to Philadelphia. In 1882 
and 1883, he spent nine months in medical 
work under the tuition of Kronecker, Gra- 
witz, Fhinkel, and Baumann in Berlin, and in 
the Brompton Hospital for Consumption in 
London. His principal object in going abroad 
was to familiarize himself with the latest 
methods of pharmacological, therapeutical 
and pathological investigation, and to specially 
study diseases of the lungs and heart. Imme- 
diately after locating in Philadelphia he be- 
came associated with the Polyclinic of that 
city, being elected professor of diseases of the 
chest in 1888, a position which he has held 
ever since. He also assisted in organizing the 
Rush Hospital for Consumption of Philadel- 
phia in 1890, in which institution he holds the 
appointment of visiting physician. He is also 
one of the Visiting Physicians to St. Mark’s 
Home for Aged Women in Philadelphia, and 
one of the Consulting Physicians to the Insti- 
tution for Feeble-minded Children in Vineland, 
New Jersey. He is a member of numerous 
medical societies, and his practice is devoted 
exclusively to diseases of the chest. His ex- 
perimental work consists largely of original 
observations, among which the following are 
the most important: on the fundamental 
difference between the contraction of the 
heart and of the skeleton muscles; the action 
of the principal alkaloids, glucosides, alkalies, 
and acids; on the frog’s ventricle, in which 
he was the first to demonstrate experimentally 
the contrary effects of minimum and maxi- 
mum doses of these drugs; the antagonism of 
drugs; the nasal reflex; a new method of 
determining the sensory action of drugs; the 
nutritive value of beef extracts; the action of 
kreatin and kreatinin and their allies; and the 
differential action between theine and caffeine. 
To him also belongs the credit of first showing 
experimentally the difference between the 
breathing movements of the civilized and the 
Indian female. He has contributed about one 
hundred and twenty-five articles to the medi- 
cal press, most of which are devoted to a 
consideration of chest diseases and therapeu- 
tic subjects. Besides he has written the fol- 
lowing named brochures: “The Therapeutic 
Forces,” “Theine in Neuralgia,” and “Pulmo- 
nary Consumption a Nervous Disease.” 
MEACHAM, Franklin Adams, of Salt Lake 
City, Utah, was born in Cumberland county, 
Ky., October 28, 1862. He is a son of the late 
Dr. Franklin Meacham, major and surgeon 
United States Army. Dr. Meacham is a mem- 
ber of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion 
of the United States, by inheritance from his 
father. He was prepared for college at Phil- 
lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and was grad- 
uated with honors as A. B. from Yale Univer- 
sity in 1887. Then studying medicine, he re- 
ceived his degree as M. D. from the Medical 
Department of the University of Virginia, in 
1889. He located in Salt Lake City, where he 
is engaged in general practice. He was ap- 
pointed Assistant Surgeon to the Holy Cross 
Hospital. June 30, 1890, Dr. Meacham was 
appointed City Physician and a member of the 
Board of Health of Salt Lake City, the first Gen- 
tile that ever held that office in'that city. He 
wasa Iso appointed United States Examining 
Surgeon for Pensions. He is a member of the 
Salt Lake County Medical Society and Salt 
Lake Academy of Medicine. 
MEIGS, James Aitken, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city July 31, 1829, and died 
there November 9, 1879. He was of English 
and Scotch ancestry on his father’s side, and 
Scotch and German through his mother. Hav- 
ing received his primary education from pri- 
vate tutors, he entered, in 1843, the Mount 
Vernon grammar school, from which, after at- 
taining the required proficiency, he passed to 
the Central High School of Philadelphia, from 
which he was graduated in February, 1848, be- 
ginning in April of that year the study of 
medicine in the office of Drs. F. G. Smith and 
J. M. Allen, his studies under whom he sup- 
plemented by attending a course of lectures 
on various medical subjects in the schools of 
anatomy, after which, in October of the same 
year, he was matriculated in Jefferson Medical 
College, from which he was graduated in 
March, 1851, receiving at the same time the 
certificate annually conferred by the corps of 
lecturers of the Philadelphia association for 
medical instruction on those students who 
passed successfully the examinations upon the 
lectures delivered by the association. The 
subject of his thesis on the occasion of his 
graduation was “The Hygiene and Therapeu- 
tics of Temperament.” He began practice in 
his native city, where he remained until his 
death. For several years he acted as assistant 
to the Professor of Physiology in the Pennsyl- 
vania College, and engaged in the examina- 
tion and preparation of students for gradua- 
tion. In 1854 he delivered, by appointment, 
the semi-annual address before the Alumni EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
321 
Association of the Central High School, the 
address being published by a committee of the 
association. In September of the same year 
he was appointed lecturer on climatology and 
physiology at the Franklin Institute for the 
promotion of the mechanic arts, holding the po- 
sition for eight years, during which he also lect- 
ured frequently on physiological and ethno- 
logical subjects at the different mechanics’ 
institutes in Philadelphia, and before various 
literary associations in neighboring cities. In 
1855 he was elected physician to the depart- 
ment of diseases of the chest in the Howard 
Hospital and Infirmary for Incurables, a posi- 
tion which he filled for thirteen years. In the 
following year he became librarian of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
the duties of which office he discharged for 
several years until increasing professional du- 
ties compelled him to resign it. In 1857, by 
invitation of the Faculty and Board of Corpora- 
tors of the Philadelphia College of Medicine, he 
accepted the Chair of Institutes of Medicine in 
that institution, and continued to occupy it 
until April, 1859, when he was transferred to the 
professorship of institutes in the medical de- 
partment of Pennsylvania College, previously 
held by Prof. F. G. Smith, for whom the chair 
was originally created by the trustees of the 
parent institution at Gettysburg. While in 
the latter school he delivered two systematic 
courses of lectures on physiology, illustrating 
them with an extensive series of vivisectal 
demonstrations, which attracted much atten- 
tion at the time, as no sustained, systematic 
effort to teach physiology experimentally had 
been made before in either of the four medical 
schools then existing in Philadelphia. In 
November, 1859, while still connected with the 
Pennsylvania College, he was elected by the 
board of guardians Consulting Physician and 
Clinical Lecturer to the Philadelphia Hospital 
at Blockley. On the breaking out of the Civil 
War in 1861, he, in company with his col- 
leagues, resigned from the Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, and for a number of years following de- 
voted himself exclusively to medical and ob- 
stetric practice. In 1866, a spring course of 
lectures having been established by the faculty 
of Jefferson College, with the object of extend- 
ing the facilities of instruction so as practically 
to lengthen the regular winter course, he de- 
livered in this special course, at the request of 
the faculty, a series of lectures on the physi- 
ology and pathology of the blood and circula- 
tion, In June, 1868, on the resignation of the 
late Prof. Robley Dunglison, he was elected, 
by the board of trustees of Jefferson Medical 
College, Professor of the Institutes of Medi- 
cine and Medical Jurisprudence, his applica- 
tion for the chair having been supported by 
the medical profession of Philadelphia, and 
recommended in letters addressed to the board 
by Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion; the late Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile; Pro- 
fessors Wilson, of Toronto; Owen, of the 
British Museum; Turner, of the University of 
Edinburgh; Broca, of the Academy of Medi- 
cine, of Paris; Yon Diiben, of the Carolinska 
Institute, of Stockholm; Pruner-Bey, of Cairo, 
and other distinguished physicians and scien- 
tists of America and Europe. In August of the 
same year the board of managers of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital chose him, without the usual 
canvass, one of the physicians to that institu- 
tion. These two positions he retained until 
his death. He was a member of the Philadel- 
phia County Medical Society, of which he was 
elected recording secretary in 1857, and a year 
later corresponding secretary, to which latter 
office he was twice re-elected, becoming in 
1867, moreover, one of the vice-presidents, and 
in 1871 the president; the Franklin Institute; 
the Academy of Natural Sciences; the College 
of Physicians; the State Medical Society of 
Pennsylvania and the American Medical As- 
sociation, in both of which his member- 
ship was permanent; the State Historical 
Society of Wisconsin; the Biological De- 
partment of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences ; the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science; the Medico-Legal So- 
ciety of New York; the Numismatic and Anti- 
quarian Society of Philadelphia; the New York 
Lyceum of Natural History; the Linnean So- 
ciety of Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg; 
the Societe d’ Anthropologie de Paris; the 
Ethnological Society of London; the Anthro- 
pological Society of London; the Societas 
Medicorum Svecanse of Stockholm, and the 
International Congress of Prehistoric Arche- 
ology. He also was a delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress held in P hiladelphia 
during the Centennial Exposition. In 1877 he 
was elected a member of the Board of Trustees 
of the Polytechnic College of the State of 
Pennsylvania to fill the vacancy created by 
the death of the late Dr. Condie. While a 
student of medicine and for some time after 
his graduation, he contributed to the Medical 
Examiner clinical reports of cases treated at 
Jefferson College and the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital, the discussions of the Philadelphia 
county Society, and papers on the mortuary 
statistics of Philadelphia. In 1855 he pub- 
lished in the journal of the Franklin Institute 
an article on the physiology of stammering 
and its treatment by mechanical means. In 
the same year he read before the Adademy of 
Natural Sciences a paper on the “Relation of 
Atomic Heat to Crystalline Form,” which was 
published in the journal of the academy. In 
1856 he prepared an appendix to the first 
American edition of Carpenter’s work on the 
microscope. The following year, being chair- 
man of the standing committee on anthro- 
pology, he arranged and classified the exten- 
sive collection of human crania in the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, and prepared a systematic 
catalogue of the collection, which was pub- 
lished by the academy. He also contributed 
during this year to Nott and Gliddon’s “Indi- 
genous Races of the Earth,” an essay on the 
“Cranial Characteristics of the Races of Men,” 
presenting a general survey of human skulls 
in their ethnical relation; and edited an 
American edition of “Kirke’s Manual of Phys- 
iology.” To the proceedings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, the reports of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, and other like publications 
he contributed, at various times, many orig- 
inal articles on craniography, prominent among 
which may be mentioned, “Hints to Crani- 
ographers upon the Importance and Feasibility 
of Establishing some Uniform System by 
which the Collection and Promulgation of 
Craniological Statistics and the Exchange of 
Duplicate Crania may be Promoted;” “De- 
scription of a Deformed Fragmentary Human 
Skull found in an Ancient Quarry Cave at Jeru- 
salem;” “Observations on the Form of the 
Occiput in the Various Races of Men;” “On 322 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the Mensuration of the Human Skull;” and 
“Observations on the Cranial Forms of the 
American Aborigines.” He likewise contrib- 
uted numerous reviews, on a great variety oi 
physiological, medical and scientific subjects, 
to the Medical Examiner, the North American 
Medico-Cfyirurgical Beview, and the American 
Journal of Medical Sciences, and prepared for 
Prof. Gross’ “American Medical Biography” 
the memoir of Hr. Randolph. In 1868, as in- 
troductory to his course of lectures on physi- 
ology in Jefferson College, he delivered an 
inaugural dissertation on the “Correlation of 
the Physical and Vital Forces,” of which two 
editions, of over a thousand copies each, were 
published. In October, 1872, he delivered an 
address at the laying of the corner-stone of 
the new edifice of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences, which was published by the academy. 
Besides attending to his private practice, he 
lectured annually in Jefferson College, on dis- 
eSses of the nervous system, in September; 
on physiology, from October to March; and 
also on clinical medicine, during January and 
February; having had charge as attending 
physician, furthermore, of the medical wards 
of Pennsylvania Hospital, from May to Au- 
gust, throughout which period, in addition to 
his daily visits, he delivered, twice a week, a 
series of clinical lectures, which made a part 
of the course of instruction given for eight 
months of the year by the faculty, hospital 
staff and corps of special lecturers of Jeffer- 
son Medical College. 
MEISENBACH, Albert H., of St. Louis, Mo., 
was born of German parents in St. Louis, June 3, 
1852. Because of general ill-health, the family 
moved to Northern Illinois, where he was edu- 
cated in the public high school of Mendota 
and the Wesleyan Seminary. He began the 
study of medicine at the age of eighteen. It 
was the desire of his father to fit him for mer- 
cantile pursuits, and he was started in busi- 
ness. This not being congenial to his tastes, 
he, during the three years engaged in busi- 
ness, devoted a great part of the time to med- 
ical and scientific reading. At the age of 
twenty-one, deciding to adopt the medical pro- 
fession, he entered the office of Dr. E. P. 
Cook, of Mendota, with whom he read medi- 
cine for over a year. Dr. Cook being a well- 
qualified practitioner and able surgeon, with a 
large practice, he enjoyed superior advantages, 
so that when he attended lectures he was well 
grounded in the elementary branches of medi- 
cine. He attended lectures at the St. Louis 
Medical College, being graduated from that 
institution in March, 1876. He entered the 
competitive examination held by the board of 
health for position as Assistant Physician to 
the Female and City Hospitals, and being one 
of the successful candidates, received an ap- 
pointment as Assistant Physician to the Fe- 
male Hospital. Serving three months in that 
institution, he was transferred to the position 
of Assistant Physician at the City Hospital. 
He enjoyed the advantages offered there until 
May, 1877, when he resigned and entered pri- 
vate practice, locating in Mascoutah, 111. He 
soon established a good practice, but after two 
years, finding country practice not congenial 
and the sphere limited, he concluded to settle 
in St. Lonis, to which place he removed May 
I, 1880. Locating in a part of the city where 
many factories are situated, he soon began to 
establish a surgical practice and gain a reputa- 
tion as a skillful surgeon and enjoying a lucra- 
tive practice. He immediately became identi- 
fied with the St. Louis Medical Society, taking 
part as one of its active working members, and 
contributed many reports of surgical cases. 
After fifteen years of uninterrupted hard work, 
in the spring of 1889 he concluded to take a 
rest, and to enjoy, with his wife and three 
children, a year’s vacation in Europe. Al- 
though seeking rest, it was impossible for him 
to keep away from medical work, and we find 
him during the summer visiting the principal 
art and medical centers and the hospitals of 
Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy and France, 
taking notes of his observations and commu- 
nicating his experiences to the medical public 
through the columns of the St. Louis Medical 
Itevieic. Having spent the summer in travel- 
ing over Europe, he located permanently in 
Berlin. Here he found ample opportunities 
for satisfying his desires for further study and 
improvement, devoting all of his time to the 
study of bacteriology, histology, pathology and 
operative surgery, enjoying superior advan- 
tages in these departments of medical science. 
Upon his return to St. Louis, he was called to 
the chair of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in 
the Marion-Sims College of Medicine, which 
he acceptably filled for two years, after which 
he was elected to the chair of Clinical Surgery 
and Surgical Pathology, which position he still 
occupies. 
MKNDOZA, Francis Felix, of Key West, 
Monroe county, Fla., is an American citizen 
of Cuban descent, having been born in Guines, 
near Havana, Cuba, July 10,1851, where he re- 
mained until six years of age, and began his ear- 
lier and elementary education in the best public 
schools. In 1857, he entered the Subizarreta’s 
School, a very creditable college of Havana, in 
which he remained three years. From 1861 EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
323 
to 1863, he continued his studies in the High 
School of his birth-place, and in this period 
was editor of the infantile (manuscript) news- 
paper, El Progreso (?). From 1865 to 1868, he 
continued his studies of the course of Bachelor 
in Science, Literature, and Latin, inclusive, in 
the High School of the first grade, Sto. Angel, 
dean, Prof. E. Sotolongo, and in the same class, 
Royal College of Belen, S. J., with honors and 
prizes from all these colleges. He then com- 
menced the study of medicine and pharmacy, 
with Dr. Masnata, and in the S. Ignatio’s 
drug store. Since then he has devoted the 
most of his time to medical studies. From 
1869 to 1870 he was at Paris, France, attend- 
ing the hospitals and clinics, which was dis- 
continued on account of war between France 
and Germany. Moving to Osnabrueck, Han- 
over, he took courses in botany, chemistry, 
physics, physiology, and anatomy, in the High 
School of Professor Noelle, and others, till the 
end of 1871, when he returned to Cuba, where 
he continued his medical studies with Dr. 
Masnata, of Havana, for three years. In 
1873, he went to New York, and attended the 
clinics of the colleges and hospitals of that 
city until 1876. He then went to Spain, and 
received his medical degree from the regular 
Spanish Medico-Surgical Academy, and was 
made a member of the Spanish Anatomical 
Society. From 1876 to 1885, he practiced in 
Pinar del Rio and Guines, Cuba, with high 
credit, and from 1885 to 1888, he practiced in 
Mexico, at Vera Cruz, Puebla, and other places, 
and was the physician of many prominent 
people. In Guines he was manager of the Mu- 
nicipal Hospital, treasurer of the board of city 
commissioners and of public instruction. In 
Vera Cruz, Mexico, he was auxiliary physician 
of the port (quarantine), and of the Lazaretto. 
In 1888, he went to Key West, Fla., where he 
has since been engaged in the general practice 
of his profession, and has performed many 
surgical operations of importance. 
MGRRIAM, Laureston Alphonso, of Omaha, 
Neb., was born in Malone, Franklin county, 
N. Y., December 7, 1843, (His father, of En- 
glish descent, was born in New Hampshire. 
His mother, of Scottish and English descent, 
was born in Vermont.) He received a clas- 
sical and scientific education at Franklin Acad- 
emy, Malone, N. Y., and was graduated there- 
from in 1867. He began the study of medicine 
in 1868 under H. G. Pope, M. D., at Berlin, 
Wis., accepting soon after the position of 
principal of Waukau High School for the pe- 
riod of two years, when he resigned to again 
enter upon his medical studies, at Berlin, Wis., 
under Mile Mix, M. D., as preceptor, and 
continued his studies at the medical depart- 
ment of Michigan University from 1870 till 1872, 
and 1872-73, and was graduated therefrom 
with the degree of M. D., March 26, 1873. 
He located in Cresco, Howard county, lowa, 
and became a member of the North lowa Med- 
ical Society, being honored successively with 
the offices of secretary, treasurer, vice-presi- 
dent and president of the same. In 1876 he 
became a member of the lowa State Medical 
Society, and was elected delegate to the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. In the spring of 
1879 he went to New York City to spend a 
year in the hospitals and special study of 
nervous and mental diseases. He matriculated 
at Bellevue Hospital Medical College and the 
University of the City of New York in 1879 
and 1880, pursuing special studies, and located 
in Omaha, Neb., July 1, 1881. He became a 
member of the Nebraska State Medical So- 
ciety May, 1883, was elected corresponding 
secretary of the same May, 1887, which posi- 
tion he held until May, 1892, each year giving 
a complete and extended review and criticism 
of the doings and papers of other State medi- 
cal societies. In 1883 he was elected Professor 
of the Principles and Practice of Medicine in 
the University of Nebraska College of Medi- 
cine, which position he held until the summer 
of 1887. He is also an active member of 
“Omaha Medical Society,” “The Medical So- 
ciety of the Missouri Valley,” and “The Ne- 
braska Academy of Sciences.” Among his 
frequent contributions to medical literature 
may be especially mentioned his study of dis- 
ease in the light of modern evolution, in a 
paper entitled, “Degeneration the Law of Dis- 
ease,” St. Louis Courier of Medicine, 1884; 
“What is Disease,” see Transactions Nebraska 
State Medical Society, 1886; and “The Jugula- 
tion of Acute Diseases,” Transactions Nebraska 
State Medical Society, 1889. 
MERRILL, Cyrus Strong, of Albany, N. Y., 
was born at Bridport, Vt., September 21, 1847. 
His mother was a Strong, and both the Mer- 
rill and Strong families were prominent in the 
Colonial and Revolutionary period. He was 
educated at Amherst College, graduating with 
honor in 1867. He studied medicine at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New 
York City, where he graduated in 1871, after 
which he served as House Surgeon for a year 
at the Brooklyn Eye and Ear Hospital, and 
then went abroad for two years to study his 
specialty of diseases of the eye and ear. Hav- 
ing studied in the hospitals of Zurich, Vienna, 
Heidelberg, Patis and London, he returned 
in 1874 and settled at Albany, where he rap- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
idly gained a large practice and the reputation 
of "being a very skillful operator. In 1876 he 
was appointed Professor of Diseases of the 
Eye and Ear in the Albany Medical College, 
which position he still holds. He is Ophthal- 
mic and Aural Surgeon to the Albany Hospi- 
tal, St. Peter’s Hospital, the Child’s Hospital 
and the Troy Hospital. He is a member of 
the American Ophthalmological and Otological 
Societies, and of the New York State Medical 
Society. He has contributed various articles 
to the current journals. 
MICHEL, William Middleton, of Charles- 
ton, S. 0., was born in that city, January 22, 
1822. He is of French and Scotch ancestry, 
his father, Dr. William Michel, being of direct 
French origin and wholly educated in France, 
while his mother was a South Carolinian, a 
Miss Fraser, and a lineal descendant of Simon 
Fraser, Lord Lovat, of Scotland. Two years 
of his early life were passed at school in Paris, 
after which he returned to Charleston, again 
spending five years in Paris, at the Ecole de 
Medecine, from 1842-46. In March, 1847, he 
graduated from the medical college of the 
State of South Carolina, and began practice in 
Charleston. He was a private pupil of, and 
dissected for, Oruveilhier, in his laboratory, 
for two years, and afterwards was in the 
private laboratory at the College de France, 
as private pupil of Coste. During this term of 
residence in Paris, in 1844, he delivered a 
private course of lectures on anatomy, in the 
French language, to a class of eighteen French- 
men at the Ecole Pratique, in conjunction 
with Prof. Richet, then interne of Prof. 
Velpeau. He was the founder in 1848, and 
the conductor until 1861, of the Summer Medi- 
cal Institute of Charleston, a private school, 
in which he delivered lectures on anatomy, 
physiology and midwifery to perhaps the 
largest classes ever assembled in the South 
at one time numbering 150 students; it was 
not a chartered school, and was independent 
of any assistance or patronage from the medi- 
cal college. In his practice the most notable 
cases have been: Trephining for epilepsy: 
cure; elephantiasis scroti (immense), operated 
on: cured; ligature of subclavian, et.-scaleni, 
for gunshot wound: cured; removal of parotid: 
death; ligature of carotid, twice, on the same 
side, in the same patient, for secondary hem- 
orrhage : death; and removal of cystic tumor 
of thigh of entire region. Among his con- 
tributions to medical literature may be men- 
tioned: “Organogeny; or, the Science of 
Organization;” “Corpus Luteum Coinciding 
with Menstruation;” “Early Human Ovum;” 
monograph on “Pathology of the Pituitary 
Body;” “Researches on Black Vomit, Yellow 
Fever;” “Spontaneous Healing of Gunshot 
Wounds;” “Anatomy of Bullet Track;” “Epi- 
thelioma of Lower Lip;” “Gunshot wounds 
of Face;” “Hare-Lip in Negro;” and “Fibroma 
Moluscum.” He was editor of the Confederate 
States Medical and Surgical Journal in 1863 
and 1864, and the Charleston Medical Journal. 
During the war he was consulting surgeon to 
the Confederate hospitals at Richmond, Va., 
with Drs. Charles Bell Gibson and J. B. 
Read, and surgeon to the South Carolina 
hospitals at Richmond, Va. He is professor 
of physiology and medical jurisprudence in 
the medical college of the State of South Caro- 
lina. He is an ex-President of the Medical 
Society of South Carolina, and a member of 
the Academy of Science, Philadelphia; of the 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, and a corresponding member of the 
Imperial Society of National History, Paris. 
Among his other contributions to science 
should be noted his researches on the “De- 
velopment of the Opossum,” which attracted 
the attention of Dr. George Morton, who, of 
his own motion, nominated and elected Dr. 
Michel a member of the Academy of Science, 
Philadelphia, and which also led to a tilt with 
Prof. Agassiz, in a debate of an hour, before 
the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science. His diploma as correspond- 
ing member of the Imperial Society of Na- 
tional History, Paris, was brought to him by 
Prof. Agassiz, when he first visited the United 
States. 
MILLS, Charles Karsner, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born at the Falls of the Schuylkill, in 
Philadelphia county, Pa., December 4, 1845. 
He was graduated from the Central High 
School, of Philadelphia, in 1864. While a stu- 
dent at this school, in 1862, and again in 1863, 
he volunteered for the defense of the State, 
and served in the ranks of the Thirty-third 
Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia. 
He graduated from the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1869, and 
in 1871 received the degree of Ph. D. from the 
same institution. He has been a member and 
officer of numerous scientific and medical as- 
sociations ; among other positions, holding 
those of president of the Philadelphia Branch 
of the American Society for Psychical Re- 
search, of the American Neurological Associa- 
tion, of the Medical Jurisprudence Society of 
Philadelphia, and of the Philadelphia Neuro- 
logical Society; and chairman of the Section 
of Neurology and Medical Jurisprudence of 
the American Medical Association. Soon after 
graduation in medicine he began to interest 
himself in neurology, hut continued to be ac- 
tively engaged in general practice until 1885, 
when increase of special work made it neces- 
sary for him to devote his entire time to nerv- 
ous diseases and insanity. He has held vari- 
ous teaching positions in the medical institu- 
tions and colleges of Philadelphia: as lecturer 
on Electro-Therapeutics in the University of 
Pennsylvania, 1877-82, and since then lecturer 
on mental diseases; for several years lecturer 
on, and since 1891, Clinical Professor of Nerv- 
ous Disease in the Woman’s Medical College 
of Pennsylvania; professor of Diseases of the 
Mind and Nervous System in the Philadelphia 
Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medi- 
cine, of which he was one of the founders, in 
1882. He has been connected with numerous 
medical institutions; among others, with St. 
Mary’s Hospital, the Episcopal Hospital, the 
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 
the Philadelphia Hospital, and the Howard 
Hospital; the State Hospital for the Insane at 
Norristown, Pa.; the Pennsylvania Training 
School for Feeble-minded Children at Elwyn, 
Pa; St. Joseph’s Hospital, Philadelphia; the 
New Jersey Home for the Education and Care 
of the Feeble-minded; the Home for Crip- 
pled Children, Philadelphia; the Woman’s 
Hospital, Philadelphia; the West Philadel- 
phia Hospital for Women, and the Hospital 
for Epileptics of Philadelphia. The neuro- 
logical department of the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital, which is unequaled in this country and 
scarcely equaled abroad, for the opportunities EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
325 
which it affords for studying and treating 
nervous and mental disease, was founded by 
him in 1877. He has frequently represented the 
medical societies of Philadelphia in the State 
and national medical organizations. He is the 
author of numerous medical monographs and 
papers, chiefly neurological; his articles cov- 
ering a large range of subjects, clinical and 
pathological, and include reports on many 
cases of brain tumor; numerous clinical lect- 
ures and reports on the affections of the nerv- 
ous system; articles on hypnotism; medico- 
legal papers; the Toner Lecture on Mental 
Overwork and Premature Disease among Pub- 
lic and Professional Men, published by the 
Smithsonian Institution; articles on Hyste- 
ria, Hystero-Epilepsy, Catalepsy and Ecstacy, 
in the American System of Practical Medi- 
cine ; and in the same work, Tumors of the 
Brain and its Envelopes, and Tumors of the 
Spinal Cord and its Envelopes (with Dr. J. 
Hendrie Lloyd; numerous reports on cases of 
insanity; and biographical sketches of Benja- 
min Kush and Isaac Ray. Since 1878 he has 
contributed many observations and papers on 
the subject of cerebral and spinal localization. 
At the Congress of American Physicians and 
Surgeons held in Washington, in September, 
1888, he opened an important discussion on 
‘‘Cerebral Localization in its Practical Rela- 
tions,” with a paper which was expanded into a 
monograph of about 100 pages. He is author 
of a school book on Physiology and Hygiene, 
and of a manual on the Nursing and Care of 
the Insane. In 1892 he edited the first vol- 
ume of the Philadelphia Hospital Reports. 
He is associate editor of several journals de- 
voted to neurology and psychiatry; was one 
of the collaborators of the Annual of the Uni- 
versal Medical Sciences, and a contributor to 
Keating’s Cyclopedia of the Diseases of Chil- 
dren, and to Hare’s System of Therapeutics. 
In the Review of Insanity and Nervous Dis- 
ease he has published an elaborate monograph 
on Aphasia and other Affections of Speech 
in their medico-legal relations. He is fre- 
quently engaged in practical medico-legal work 
in the courts, and has testified in many noted 
cases. 
MILTENBERGER, George Warner, of Bal- 
timore, Md., son of the late Gen. Anthony J. 
W. Miltenberger, who held a commission in 
the War of 1812, was born March 17, 1819. 
His primary education was obtained at Boiss- 
eau Academy, Baltimore, and his classical and 
literary education at the University of Vir- 
ginia. He studied medicine in the University 
of Maryland, graduating M. D. in 1840, and 
settling in general practice in Baltimore. In 
the last-named year he was elected Demon- 
strator of Anatomy in the University of Mary- 
land, a position he held till 1852. He also 
commenced a course of lectures in the same 
institution, and these he continued till 1847, 
and completed the course on Anatomy which 
had been left unfinished by reason of the death 
of (his preceptor) Dr. William Baker. In 
1847 he was placed in charge of the surgical 
wards of the Infirmary, a position previously 
restricted to one of the faculty. In the same 
year he was elected Lecturer on Pathological 
Anatomy. In 1849 he became one of the at- 
tending physicians to the Baltimore City and 
County Almshouse. In 1852, he was elected 
to succeed Professor Chew (who had been 
transferred to the chair of Theory and Practice 
of Medicine), in the chair of Materia Medica, 
Therapeutics and Pathology. This position 
he held till 1858, when he was elected Profes- 
sor of Obstetrics, a position he held for many 
years. In 1855, he had been chosen dean of 
the faculty of the university. The above duties, 
together with his ever-increasing practice, 
compelled him, in 1858, to discontinue hispri- 
vateclass,which up to that date had been largely 
attended. He is now Consulting Physician to 
Johns Hopkins Eye and Ear Institute and 
Woman’s Hospital, Baltimore, and Emeritus 
Professor of Midwifery in the University of 
Maryland. Dr. Miltenberger is, perhaps, the 
oldest and most widely known physician in 
Baltimore, having been engaged in the active 
duties of his profession in that city for more 
than fifty years. 
MITCHELL, John Kearsley, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in Jefferson county, Ya., 
May 12, 1798, and died April 4, 1858. He re- 
ceived his early education at Ayr and Edin- 
burgh, Scotland, whither he had been sent at 
the age of eight, and on his return to this 
country, studied medicine under the preceptor- 
ship of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, and was 
graduated at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, in 1819. Impaired 
health induced him to accept the appointment 
of ship surgeon, and he made three voyages to 
China and the East Indies, but in 1822 he 
settled in Philadelphia, where he became emi- 
nent, both in the treatment of nervous dis- 
eases and in the general practice of his pro- 
fession. In 1824 he was chosen to lecture on 
the Institutes of Medicine and Physiology, at 
the Philadelphia Medical Institute, and in 1826 
was made Professor of Chemistry in that 
School. In 1833 he was also appointed to the 
same chair at the Franklin Institute, and for 
five years thereafter delivered annually courses 
of lectures on chemistry applied to medicine 
and the arts. In 1841 he was called to the 
chair of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
in Jefferson Medical College, which position 
he retained until his death. He was Visiting 
Physician to the Pennsylvania and City Hos- 
pitals, and his services during seasons of pes- 
tilence were twice rewarded by municipal 
gifts. Dr. Mitchell contributed numerous pa- 
pers to medical periodicals, and he was the 
author of many popular lectures on scientific 
subjects which were published in magazines. 
He was also the author of “Saint Helena,” a 
poem “by a Yankee,” 1821; “On the Wisdom, 
Goodness and Power of God, as Illustrated in 
the Properties of Water,” 1834; “Indecision, 
a Tale of the Far West, and Other Poems,” 
1839; “On the Cryptogamous Origin of Mala- 
rious and Epidemic Fevers,” which was a 
theoretical anticipation of the recent views as 
to the microphytic or bacterian development 
of many diseases, 1849, and “Five Essays on 
Various Chemical and Medical Subjects,” 
1858, issued after his death. 
MITCHELL, Samuel Weir, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born February 15, 1829. He is of 
Scottish descent, and is a Virginian by birth. 
His father, the late Dr. John K. Mitchell, 
however, practiced for many years in Phila- 
delphia, where he stood at the head of his 
profession. The literary education of the sub- 
ject of this sketch was acquired at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania. His medical degree was 
conferred by the Jefferson Medical College, in 
1850. He early adopted the treatment of dis- 326 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
eases of the nervous system as his chosen 
specialty, in which line of practice he has 
gained a world-wide reputation. Referring to 
the subject of this sketch, a recent writer 
has said: Philadelphia is full of points of 
interest for an intellectual inquirer, but there 
is no place in it better worthy of visit, if such 
privilege can be obtained, than the house in 
Walnut street, where an unobtrusive plate on 
the window still announces the professional 
adode of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. In Dr. Mitch- 
ell’s office you will be most courteously re- 
ceived by the doctor’s secretary, a lady of gra- 
cious presence, who, by a quiet gesture, offers 
you a comfortable seat and calmly resumes her 
work in a corner of the room. The first thing 
which strikes you is that, though this is the 
Doctor’s day off, the room is half full of peo- 
ple, of both sexes and various ages. These 
people are well worthy of notice. They are 
sufferers from nervous diseases who have come 
from such a long distance to see Dr. Mitchell 
that he can not find it in his heart to refuse 
them. Sunk in a capacious sofa, with the 
latest number of the Graphic, one can observe 
without intruding. It is a room one could 
willingly live in—but not with the people who 
are in it now. There are exceptions, however. 
Two of the gentlemen are very pleasant-look- 
ing fellows and are making themselves most 
agreeable to the others. They are chatting 
with them in low tones, but in quite a lively 
way, and their friendliness puts even the most 
timid at their ease. Certainly if these young 
men are suffering from nervous trouble they 
do not show it. One of them, the tall, fair- 
haired one with the winning smile, is “young 
Dr. Mitchell,” and the other, the dark one, 
with the glasses and the fresh complexion, is 
also a rising light of the profession. They are 
Dr. S. Weir Mitchell’s assistants, and their pres- 
ent function is to make friends with the pa- 
tients, allay their excitement, and get from 
them as clear a statement of their symptoms 
and sensations as they can. This preliminary 
application of sympathy and delicate kindness 
by trained, vigilant and acute assistants, is 
part of Dr. Mitchell’s treatment, and a very 
important part in many cases. By the time 
the patients meet the great specialist himself, 
they have not only said all they have to 
say about themselves—a vast saving of 
time and trouble to him—but they have got 
into a state of comparative tranquility, 
which enables him to examine them much 
more effectively than he otherwise could. 
When the last of the patients has been thus 
disposed of, the assistants take their depart- 
ure, and Dr. Mitchell comes out and conducts 
his visitor to an easy chair in front of a glow- 
ing wood fire in his own room. It is another 
library, crammed with books and pictures, and 
sculptures, and souvenirs of a high and schol- 
arly life, reminding one of nothing so much 
as the study of some Oxford don. The central 
figure in the scene is entirelyl in harmony 
with the surroundings. Dr. Mitchell is a very 
tall man, considerably over six feet, and his 
erect bearing and well-knit figure display the 
whole of his height. He has abundance of 
grey hair, and a full, grey beard, slightly 
peaked, after the manner of the poet Brown- 
ing, whom he resembles not a little. He car- 
ries his sixty years well, though the intensely 
arduous nature of his work shows itself in his 
visage, and in several peculiarities that are not 
easily described. Dr. Mitchell makes it, as far 
as possible, a rule to take no part in literary 
work during the busy period of his overwhelm- 
ing practice. Every summer, like a wise man, 
he gives himself a long holiday, not a long 
spell of idleness, but rather a change of occu- 
pation whilst in close contact with nature. 
For several summers past he has gone to the 
Restigouche river in Canada. He takes with 
him all the materials for his literary work, and 
it is to this open-air habit of writing that we 
owe his delightfully easy scientific treatises, as 
well as those dryly philosophical novels, fairy 
tales and poems which have given him an em- 
inent place in literature. Referring to phases 
of specialism, this noted neurologist is quoted 
as saying, that in a strict sense there does not 
exist any special science of nervous diseases 
aside from general pathology, and that special- 
ism is or should be merely a matter of division 
of labor. “It first arose by the wholesome 
and gradual evolution of the individual special- 
ist out of the general practitioner; but to-day 
the special physician is too apt to select his 
branch too early. He would be a better doc- 
tor if he had behind him more years of general 
clinical labor. Sometimes one branch of med- 
ical science is in advance of the rest, and 
sometimes another; and a man who narrows 
himself down to a specialty is likely to lose a 
great deal of knowledge which is as necessary 
for his branch as for others. The various 
fields of medical investigation overlap each 
other, and no man can be a really good special- 
ist who is not also a good general practitioner. 
The physical system is so complex that the 
parts act and react upon each other in a won- 
derful way. Nervous phenomena may be only 
symptoms of an organic disease; or organic 
phenomena may be only symptoms of a nerv- 
ous disease. The real value of specialism 
to science is that it perfects knowledge 
in particular branches, which knowledge 
afterward spreads through the whole body 
of medicine, and so all branches are refreshed 
by new, advanced and precise ideas. The 
general practitioner is apt to see only the 
beginnings of diseases, without correctly in- 
terpreting them or asking counsel early enough 
to be useful. He confuses with rheumatism 
the neuralgias due to the faint beginnings of 
spinal disease, or he vainly tries to allay head- 
ache by drugs, when a specialist would tell 
him in an hour that it is the result of defective 
sight, or ear trouble, or nasal disease. But 
specialism ought to be as broad as possible, 
and the specialization of practice is to be 
feared in proportion as it tends to become nar- 
row. Even specialists in insanity, Dr. Mitchell 
thinks, instead of living in eternal contact 
with the insane, ought to come into relation 
with neurologists and others. He even goes 
so far as to say that insane asylums ought to 
become hospitals, with an outside staff of at- 
tending physicians; and that we can not 
safely permit any class of specialists to drift 
away from general and frequent contact with 
the rest of us. As to specialism in surgery, 
and most particularly as to the use of the 
knife, which has been the subject of such 
fierce discussion lately, Dr. Mitchell holds 
strong views and expresses them freely. The 
precision of instruments in modern times, by 
greatly diminishing the peril of life in opera- 
tions, has created a vast temptation for the 
younger surgeons. This remark applies with EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
327 
peculiar force to female complaints, in which 
it seems so easy and so safe to restore health 
by removing a part; that too often and too 
promptly the gynecologist resorts to but one 
drug, namely, steel in the trenchant form, and 
deprives the patient of the inestimable possi- 
bilities of the wife and mother when they 
might be preserved by patient medical treat- 
ment.” Dr. Mitchell considers it established 
beyond dispute that nervousness is the charac- 
teristic malady of the American nation, grow- 
ing upon them in a frightfully accelerated 
ratio every year, and threatening them with 
disaster at no distant date which the mind 
shrinks from contemplating. The number of 
deaths from this cause is already appalling 
and is steadily and rapidly increasing. In 
some of the busy centers the tables of mor- 
tality show that the proportion of nerve death 
has multiplied more than twenty times in the 
last forty years and that now the nerve deaths 
number more than one-fourth of all the deaths 
recorded. What is most shocking in these re- 
turns is, that this fearful loss of life occurs 
mainly among young people of both sexes. 
This means that the Americans are fast be- 
coming a very short-lived people; and, if they 
were shut in on themselves for only a few 
years, and without any influx of vitality by 
immigration, the publication of the census 
would send a pang of horror and alarm 
throughout the land. Dr. Mitchell is clearly 
of the opinion that the first and most potent 
cause of this is the climate; and says the 
operation of climatic conditions in relation to 
health in this country is mysterious; but he is 
quite persuaded that the development of a 
nervous temperament is one of the race- 
changes which are also giving the Americans 
the facial, vocal and other peculiarities de- 
rived from none of their ancestral stocks. That 
even the changes of the seasons and the 
weather have curious effects on the nervous 
system, which are not noticed in other coun- 
tries. He considers it proved that the paralysis 
of childhood—acute anterior myelitis—a sadly 
common affliction, is a disease of the summer 
months, and he is so much impressed by the 
relation of the nervous affection called chorea to 
the weather curves, and of traumatic neuralgia 
to storms, that he has prepared special treatises 
for medical use on both of those subjects. 
As to the comparative effect of the American 
climate on the different races of mankind, he 
is quoted as saying it is too early to form any 
very confident judgment. “But this much is 
certain. White races are affected more than 
colored. Full-blood negroes are found to be 
entirely exempt from some of the worst and 
most prevalent forms of nervous disease, and 
even a slight trace of color seems to be a safe- 
guard. The Anglo-Saxon Americans are the 
greatest sufferers from the national disease, 
and especially those in the higher walks of 
life. Females are more under the influence of 
this terrible scourge than males, and town 
dwellers than country folk. The prevalence of 
the more serious nervous diseases is shown to 
be in almost exact proportion to the conges- 
tion of population. There is no surer test of 
the nervous condition of any people than 
this—can the women, when they become 
mothers, nurse their children themselves? 
In America it is found that, whereas in the 
rural districts, from seven-tenths to nine-tenths 
of the women can do so, in the cities the pro- 
portion is not more than one-half, and Dr. 
Mitchell declares that he would not be be- 
lieved if he were to say how many even of 
these are unfit to be wives or mothers at all!” 
Americans, however, are not responsible for 
the climate. That is one of the evils they have 
to bear in compensation of the thousand bless- 
ings and advantages they enjoy in the posses- 
sion of this mighty tract of marvelously pro- 
ductive land. But they are responsible, almost 
criminally responsible, for aggravations of the 
effects of the climate by their habits of life, 
which multiply the number of victims tenfold, 
and must, in the long run, degrade and attenu- 
ate the race. The two most formidable factors 
that impair the national health are over-educa- 
tion and the struggle for wealth. The former 
attacks particularly females, the latter males, 
but both sexes are more or less exposed to the 
malign influence of both evils. “The flower 
of American womanhood is wilted by over- 
culture before it comes fully into bloom. The 
long hours, the multiplicity of studies, the 
number of teachers—each striving to get the 
utmost out of the pupils—the craving rivalry 
to be well-graded, the all-devouring ambition 
to command a means of living, the hurried or 
neglected meals, the want of exercise and the 
fatal irregularity that it entails, and the gnaw- 
ing worry that murders sleep—it is these, and 
these alone, that condemns tens of thousands 
of American women to a life of misery and 
uselessness before they have ceased to be chil- 
dren. Dr. Mitchell deliberately maintained 
that, for all the best purposes of female society, 
it would better that American girls were not 
educated at all until they were seventeen, than 
that they were over-wrought as they are at 
present. They study seven or eight hours a 
day, when two or three would be sufficient to 
keep their intelligence in training—and all for 
what ? To spend their after years on a sofa or 
in a sick room, and to be a burden, instead of 
a help, to those who are dearest to them.” It 
is a tremendous saying, from one speaking 
with authority, that as much domestic unhap- 
piness is caused in America by domestic nerv- 
ousness among women as by dram-drinking 
among men. Yet such is Dr. Mitchell’s ver- 
dict. He holds that every girl ought to be 
examined as to her nervous temperament when 
about to go to school, and at frequent intervals 
afterward, that leisure, exercise and whole- 
some meals ought to be insisted upon, and that 
studies ought to be compulsorily diminished, 
or discontinued altogether, the moment the 
well-known signs of over-strain appear. If 
girls are maintained in normal nervous condi- 
tion until they are seventeen, they may study 
almost as hard as they please afterward 
without imperiling their woman’s life. 
But let there be no mistake about it, over- 
work and unnatural worry, from eight or 
nine to seventeen, mean ruin and wretched- 
ness from seventeen till early death. “As 
for the latter influence, its power is mani- 
fested in that wide-spread complaint which 
physicians call cerebral exhaustion. The 
American male stands the racket of the school 
much better than the female. He takes more 
exercise and he has not the troubles of puberty 
to contend against. But he meets his fate 
very shortly afterward. He goes to business 
far too young, and he straightway consumes 
his vital energy till nothing is left but dust and 
i ashes. It is often pointed out with pride that 328 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
America is the country of young men, and so 
it is. We quite usually see here labors and 
responsibilities borne by mere boys, which no- 
where else would be undertaken by many un- 
der middle-age.” That is very striking and 
interesting to the casual observer. But what 
it means to such observers as Dr. Mitchell 
is that America is the country of young inval- 
ids, young wrecks, young drug victims, young 
inebriates, young maniacs, young suicides. The 
prematureness of business responsibility and 
the frantic baste to be rich and powerful, pro- 
duces in plain sight what is nothing short of a 
frightfully general social evil. The most ap- 
palling cases of nervous diseases that the doc- 
tor meets with are those of young men in the 
highest posts, who entered business life too 
early and suddenly encountered periods of ex- 
cessive anxiety and grave responsibility. It 
would have been a mercy to them if they had 
been street sweepers or coal porters, instead of 
railroad presidents or bank managers. A vol- 
ume might be written on this one aspect of the 
subject, and every line of it quick with the 
thrilling romance of real life. But what would 
be the use? Dr. Mitchell believes that to 
preach to the present generation of American 
business men, for their own salvation, is as the 
voice of one crying in the wilderness. His 
warnings are as the prophecies of Cassandra— 
disregarded in proportion as they are fatefully 
true. But, he says, “there is hope for the 
future. If our business men have no care for 
their own health or happiness, their hearts 
are not altogether made of bank paper. Let 
them feel for their sons and their sons’ sons 
who are to be the Americans of the coming 
century. For the sake of humanity, for the 
sake of morality, for the sake of patriotism, 
let them give the youth of the great Republic a 
chance to live while they live, to be heirs to 
something more than piles of white and yel- 
low metal, to know the joys of high thinking 
and high living, the dignity and nobleness of 
a healthy mind in a healthy body. Let them 
secure for their successors in the. boundless 
wealth and energy of this marvelous country 
such a strength of nerves, that they may know 
how to bind the ‘dollar-deviT with chains and 
make it their obedient servant instead of their 
cruel and remorseless tyrant.” We have pre- 
sented these extended views of Dr. Mitchell 
in regard to what is termed the national dis- 
ease of this country. Upon such a subject it 
would be futile to cite the opinion of any for- 
eigner, nor is there any need to do so In 
every part of the world where advanced sci- 
ence has any footing at all, the name of 8. 
Weir Mitchell is not only known and honored, 
but carries with it the greatest weight of au- 
thority. No man knows more about Ameri- 
cans than he does; and no man knows more 
about the nervous system. Americans, there- 
fore, may take it with good grace from their 
own famous specialist that the national dis- 
ease of this mighty Nation is nervousness in 
all its forms. Dr. Mitchell is president of the 
Medical Society of Pennsylvania; a member 
of the National Academy of Science of the 
United States, and of numerous other scien- 
tific institutions, both at home and abroad. 
He has been a voluminous writer, as the fol- 
lowing list of his books and essays contributed 
to various medical jounials will amply testify: 
“On the Various Forms of Uric Acid Crystals, 
and on the Mode of their Formation,” 1852; 
“The Relations of the Pulse to Conditions of 
Fixed or Extreme Inspiration and Expira- 
tion,” 1854; “Bibliographical Notices of Amer- 
ican Memoirs upon Physiological Subjects,” 
“Observations on the Blood Crystals of the 
Sturgeon Acipenser Brevirostrum,” Proceed- 
ings of the Biological Department of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, with colored 
plates, “On the Inhalation of Cinchonia and 
its Salts,” “Notes upon the Effects of Alcohol, 
Glycerine, Water, Gum, Ammonia, and the 
Vacuum upon the Excised Hearts of the Frog, 
Turtle, and Sturgeon,” 1858; “Experimental 
Researches Relative to Corroval and Vao, two 
New Varieties of Woorara, the South Amer- 
ican Arrow Poison,” by Wm. A. Hammond, 
M. D., and S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Bio- 
logical Department Academy of Natural 
Sciences, with wood-cuts; “An Experimental 
Examination of the Toxicological Effects of 
Sassy Bark, an Ordeal Poison from Liberia, 
AVest Africa,” by S. AVeir Mitchell, M. D., and 
AVm. A. Hammond, M. D., Biological De- 
partment Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil- 
adelphia, “On the Production of Cataract in 
Frogs by the Administration of Saccharine 
Substances,” Biological Department Academy 
of Natural Sciences, 1859; “On the Physical 
and Chemical Characteristics of Corroval and 
Arao, two Recently Discovered Varieties of 
Woorara, and on a New Alkaloid, Constituting 
their Active Principle,” by Wm. A. Hammond, 
M. D., and S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Proceed- 
ings Academy of Natural Sciences, Biological 
Department, “Researches upon the Venom of 
the Rattlesnake, with an Investigation of the 
Anatomy and Physiology of the Organs Con- 
cerned,” Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl- 
edge, accepted for publication, July, 1866, 
wood cuts, with full bibliography, and an 
enumeration of genera and species, by E. D. 
Cope; “On the Treatment of Rattlesnake 
Bites, with Experimental Criticisms upon the 
Various Remedies now in Use, ”1861; “Exper- 
iments and Observations upon the Circulation 
in the Chelonura Serpentina (Snapping-Tur- 
tle), with Especial Reference to the Pressure of 
the Blood in the Arteries and Veins,” Mem- 
oirs of the American Philosophical Society, 
April, 1862; “Researches on the Anatomy and 
Physiology of Respiration in the Chelonia,” 
by S. AVeir Mitchell, M. D., and George R. 
Morehouse, M. D., Smithsonian Contributions 
to Knowledge, accepted for publication, March, 
1863, with wood cuts; “Reflex Paralysis” 
(Circular No. 6 of Surgeon-General’s Office, 
1864), by S. AVeir Mitchell, M. D., Geo. R. 
Morehouse, M. D., and AVm. AV. Keen, Jr., M. 
D.; “Gunshot AVounds and other Injuries of 
Nerves,” by S. AVeir Mitchell, M. D., Geo. R. 
Morehouse, AI. D., and AVm. AV. Keen, Jr., M. 
D., in charge of United States Army AVai’ds 
for Diseases and Injuries of the Nervous Sys- 
tem, Turner’s Lane Hospital, Philadelphia; 
“On Malingering, Especially in Regard to 
Simulation of Diseases of the Nervous Sys- 
tem,” by AArm. AV. Keen, Jr., AI. D., S. AVeir 
Alitchell, AI. D., and Geo. R. Alorehouse, AI. 
D., in charge of United States Army Hos- 
pital AVards for Diseases and Injuries of the 
Nervous System, Turner’s Lane Hospital, 
Philadelphia, “An Inquiry into the Correct- 
ness of the Belief that Prof. Bibron was 
the Inventor of the Antidote which bears 
his name,” 1863; “Arsenical Albuminuria,” 
“On the Antagonism of Atropia and Alor- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
329 
phia,” founded on observations and experi- 
ments made at the United States Army Hos- 
pital for Injuries and Diseases of the Nervous 
System, by S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Wm. AY. 
Keen, Jr., M. D., and Geo. R. Morehouse, M. 
D., 1865; “Paralysis from Peripheral Irrita- 
tion,” 1866; “On Retrogressive Motions in 
Birds, Produced by the Application of Cold to 
the Cervical Spine, with remarks on the use 
of that agent as an aid in Physiological In- 
vestigations,” 1867; “On the Production of 
Reflex Spasms and Paralysis in Birds, by the 
Application of Cold to Definite Regions of the 
Skin,” “Experimental Contributions to the 
Toxicology of Rattlesnake Venom,” 1868; 
“Researches on the Physiology of the Cerebel- 
lum,” “On Certain Forms of Neuralgia, Ac- 
companied by Muscular Spasm and Extrava- 
sations of Blood, and on Purpura as a Neu- 
rosis,” “Effects of Chloral, Chloroform and 
Ether Hypodermically Employed,” “On the 
Insusceptibility of Pigeons to the Toxic Ac- 
tion of Opium,” 1869; “On the Effect of 
Opium and its Derivative Alkaloids,” “Ob- 
servations on Poisoning with Rattlesnake 
Venom,” “On the Use of Bromide of Lith- 
ium,” “Gunshot Wound of Lungs,” a report 
of a case of rapid respiration, with John H. 
Brinton, M. D., “Ulceration of the Skin, as 
an Effect of the Use of the Bromides,” 
“On the Use of Skimmed Milk as an Ex- 
clusive Diet in Disease,” 1870; “On the 
Growth of the Nails as a Prognostic Indi- 
cation in Cerebral Paralysis,” 1871; “Wear 
and Tear Hints for the Overworked,” 
“Cases Illustrative of the use of Ophthalmo- 
scope in the Diagnosis of Intra-Cranial Les- 
ions,” with Wm. Thomson, M. D., “The In- 
fluence of Rest in Locomotor Ataxia,” “The 
Influence of Nerve Lesions on Temperature,” 
Archives Science and Practice of Medicine, 
“Anal and Perineal Neuralgia,” 1873; “The 
Supply of Nerves to the Skin,” “Emboli of 
the Right Middle Cerebral Artery; Left Hemi- 
plegia and Death,” “Traumatic Neuralgia; 
Section of Median Nerve,” “Headaches, from 
Heat-Stroke, from Fevers, after Meningitis, 
from Over-Use of Brain, from Eye-Strain,” 
“The Nervous Accidents of Albuminuria,” 
“Post-Paralytic Chorea,” 1874; “The Head- 
aches of Childhood,” “On the Use of Nitrite 
of Amyl in Various Forms of Spasm, and on 
its Value as an Aid to Diagnosis,” “On the 
Spasmodic Diseases of Stumps,” “Spinal Ar- 
thropathies,” “Rest in the Treatment of 
Nervous Disease,” 1875; “On Some of the 
Disorders of Sleep,” “Notes on Headache,” 
“Neurotomy,” by S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., 
with “An Examination of Three Regenerated 
Nerves, and Notes on Neural Repair,” by R. 
M. Bertolet, M. D., “Headaches from Eye- 
Strain,” “Cases Illustrating Local Injuries 'of 
Nerves, and their Trophic Consequences, 
with Comments,” 1876; “The Relation of 
Pain to Weather, being a Study of a 
Case of Traumatic Neuralgia,” “Clinical 
Lectures on Traumatic Neuralgia, Chorea, 
Palsies,” “Hysteria,” “Vertigo,” “Nervous 
Exhaustion,” “Clinical Lectures on Nervous- 
ness in the Male,” “The Annual Oration be- 
fore the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland,” “Fat and Blood, and How to 
Make Them,” “Nurse and Patient, and Croup 
Cures,” 1877; “Diseases of the Nervous Sys- 
tem, especially of Women,” 1881. Dr. Mitch- 
ell first turned his attention to fiction during 
the Civil War, when he wrote “The Children’s 
Hour,” the sales of which were in aid of the 
Sanitary Commission Fair in Philadelphia. 
Afterward he wrote short stories for the Chil- 
dren’s Hospital in that city, and in 1880 pub- 
lished his first novel. Since then he has also 
produced several volumes of verse. Of these 
works maybe mentioned “The Wonderful Sto- 
ries of Fuz-buz, the Fly, and Mother Grabem, 
the Spider,” 1867; “Hephzebah Guinness,” 
“Thee and You,” and “A Draft on the Bank 
of Spain,” 1880; “The Hill of Stones, and 
Other Poems,” 1882; “In War Time,” 1884; 
“Roland Blake,” 1886; “A Masque, and Other 
Poems,” 1887; “Prince Littleboy, and Other 
Tales out of Fairyland,” 1888. He has since 
written “Doctor and Patient, a Series of Es- 
says,” and made other important contributions 
to general literature. 
MITCHILL, Samuel L., of New York City, 
was born in North Hempstead, formerly Plan- 
dome, Queen’s county, Long Island, N. Y., 
August 20, 1764, and died September 7, 1831. 
This distinguished individual, so long and 
familiarly known to the citizens of the United 
States, and so highly appreciated by the en- 
lightened of Europe, merits a record of his 
character and labors, as the pioneer philoso- 
pher in the promotion of natural science and 
medicine in America. His father, Robert 
Mitchill, of English descent, was an indus- 
trious farmer, of the Society of Friends. He 
died in 1789, leaving behind him six sons and 
two daughters, most of whom he lived to see 
respectably settled in life. Samuel was the 
third son, who was remarkable for those habits 
of observation and reflection which were des- 
tined to elevate him to an enviable distinction 
among his contemporaries; and, fortunately 
for mankind, his talents and laudable ambition 
met a discerning and liberal patron in his ma- 
ternal uncle, Dr. Samuel Latham, a skillful and 
intelligent medical practitioner in his native 
village. Young Mitchill received his classical 
education under the direction of the learned 
and accomplished Dr. Leonard Cutting; the 
elementary principles of medicine under his 
uncle Latham; and completed his professional 
studies in New York, with the erudite Dr. 
Samuel Bard, with whom he continued three 
years—a devoted pupil. Referring to this 
period of his life, his biographer, Dr. J. W. 
Francis, has written as follows: The condi- 
tion of affairs in New York, owing to the occur- 
rences of the revolutionary contest, and the 
occupancy of this city by the British, led 
young Mitchill to avail himself of the advan- 
tages held out by the University of Edinburgh, 
where he arrived in 1783, and which was at 
that time adorned by the talents of Cullen, 
Black, Duncan, and Monro. Here he enjoyed 
the gratifying intercourse of many remarkable 
students, and among his fellow-companions 
were the late Sir James Mackintosh; the ex- 
cellent Dr. Caspar Wistar; Richard S. Kis- 
sam, the popular surgeon; William Ham- 
mersly, long a professor in Columbia College; 
and Thomas Addis Emmet, still so well re- 
membered as pre-eminent at the New York 
Bar. Upon his return to his native country, 
the young physician, richly laden with stores 
of professional and general information, de- 
voted a portion of his leisure to acquire a 
knowledge of the laws and Constitution of 
the Republic, under the direction of Robert 
Yates, at that time Chief Justice of the State 330 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of New York. His medical career, his pro- 
fessional labors, and his contributions towards 
the natural history and science of his country, 
will be best comprehended by those who in- 
vestigate the progress those departments of 
knowledge have made in this country. “The 
universal praise which Dr. Mitchill enjoyed 
in almost every part of the globe where science 
is cultivated, during a long life, is demon- 
strative that his merits were of a higher order. 
A discourse might be delivered on the variety 
and extent of his services in the cause of 
learning and humanity. Dr. Mitchill’s char- 
acter had many peculiarities; his knowledge 
was diversified and most extensive, if not 
always profound. Like most of our sex, he 
was married, but, as old Fuller would say, the 
only issues of his body were the products of 
his brain. He advanced the scientific reputa- 
tion of New York by his early promulgation, 
when first appointed professor in Columbia 
College, of the Lavoisierian system of chem- 
istry. His first scientific paper was an essay 
on Evaporation; his mineralogical survey of 
New York, in 1797, gave Volney many hints; 
his analysis of the Saratoga waters enhanced 
the importance of these mineral springs.” 
About this time, he published “An Account of 
the State of Learning in Columbia College.” 
His ingenious theory of the doctrine of septon 
and septic acid gave origin to many papers, 
and impulse to Sir Humphrey Davy’s vast dis- 
coveries ; his doctrines on pestilence awakened 
inquiry from every class of observers through- 
out the Union; his expositions of a theory of 
the earth and solar system captivated minds of 
the highest qualities. His speculations on the 
phosphorescence of the waters of the ocean, 
on the fecundity of fish, on the decortication of 
fruit trees, on the anatomy and physiology of 
the shark, swelled the mystery of his diversi- 
fied knowledge. His correspondence with 
Priestley is an example of the delicious man- 
ner in which argument can be conducted in 
philosophical discussion. His elaborate ac- 
count of the fishes of our fresh and salt waters 
adjacent to New York, comprising 166 species, 
afterwards enlarged, invoked the plaudits of 
Cuvier. His reflections on somnium—the case 
of Rachel Baker—evinced psychological views 
of original combination. His numerous pa- 
pers on natural history enriched the annals of 
the Lyceum, of which he was long president. 
His researches on the ethnological character- 
istics of the red man of America, betrayed the 
benevolence of his nature and his generous 
spirit. His fanciful article, “Fredonia,” in- 
tended for a new and more appropriate geo- 
graphical designation for the United States, 
was at one period a topic which enlisted a 
voluminous correspondence, now printed in 
the proceedings of the New York Historical 
Society. He increased our knowledge of the 
vegetable materia medicaof the United States, 
and he wrote largely on the subject to Barton, 
of Philadelphia; Cutler, of Massachusets; 
Darlington, of Pennsylvania; and Ramsey, 
of South Carolina. He introduced into prac- 
tice the sessamum orientate. He wrote amply 
to Percival, of Manchester, and to other phi- 
losophers in Europe, on noxious agents. He 
largely seconded the views of Judge Peters, on 
gypsum as a fertilizer. Hecheered Fulton when 
he was dejected; encouraged Livingston in 
appropriation; awakened new zeal in Wilson, 
when Tomkins, the governor of the State, had 
nigh paralyzed him by his frigid and unfeel- 
ing reception ; and with John Pintard, Cad- 
wallader D. Golden, and Thomas Eddy, was a 
zealous promoter of that system of internal im- 
provement which has stamped immortality on 
the name of Clinton. He co-operated with 
Jonathan Williams in furtherance of the Mil- 
itary Academy at West Point; and, for a long 
series of years, was an important Professor of 
Agriculture and Chemistry, in Columbia Col- 
lege, and of Natural History, Botany, and Ma- 
teria Medica, in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, of New York. His letters to Till- 
och, of London, on the progress of his mind 
in the investigation of septic acid—oxygenated 
azote—is curious as a physiological document. 
Many of the leading papers from his pen are 
to be found in the London Philosophical Mag- 
azine, and in the New York Medical Repository, 
a journal of wide renown, which he established 
with Miller and Smith; yet he wrote in the 
American Medical and Philosophical Register, the 
New York Medical and Physical Journal, the 
American Mineralogical Journal, of Bruce, the 
“Transactions of the Philosophical Society of 
Philadelphia,” and supplied several other peri- 
odicals, both abroad and at home, with the 
results of his cogitations. He accompanied 
Fulton on his first voyage in a steamboat, in 
August, 1807; and, with Williamson and Ho- 
sack, he organized the Literary and Phi- 
losophical Society of New York, in 1814. He 
was associated with Griscom, Eddy, Golden, 
Gerard, and Wood, in the establishment of 
the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb; and, 
with Eddy and Hosack, may be classed with 
the first in New York City, in respect to time, 
who held converse with the afflicted mute by 
means of signs. With Dr. Townsend and 
Sylvanus Miller, he disinterred a mammoth, at 
the Walkill, in Orange county, in 1818; and 
constituted a prominent member of a conven- 
tion, held at Philadelphia, in 1819, for prepar- 
ing a National Pharmacopeia. He was one of 
the commissioners appointed by the general 
government for the construction of a new naval 
force, to be propelled by steam—the steamer 
“Fulton the First.” While he was a mem- 
ber of the United States Senate* he was un- 
wearied in effecting the adoption of improved 
quarantine laws, and aided Dr. Richard Bay- 
ley in the undertaking; and, among his other 
acts important to the public weal, was strenu- 
ous to lessen the duties on the importation of 
rags, in order to render the manufacture of pa- 
per cheaper, the better to aid the diffusion of 
knowledge by printing. Ancient and modern 
languages were unlocked to him, and a wide 
range of physical science, the pabulum of his 
intellectual repast. An essay on composts, a 
tractate on the deaf and dumb, verses to sep- 
ton, or to the Indian tribes, might be elimi- 
nated from his mental alembic within the com- 
pass of a few hours. He was now engaged 
with the anatomy of the egg, and now deci- 
phering a Babylonian brick; now involved in 
the nature of meteoric stones; now in the dif- 
ferent species of brassica; now in the evapori- 
zation of fresh water; now in that of salt; 
now scrutinizing the geology of Niagara; now 
anatomizing the tortoise; now offering sug- 
gestions to Garnet, of New Jersey, the 
correspondent of Mark Akenside, on the 
angle of the windmill; and now con- 
curring with Michaus on the beauty of 
the black walnut as ornamental for parlor EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
331 
furniture; now, with his conchological friend, 
Akerly, in the investigation of bivalves; and 
now with the learned Jewish Rabbi, Gershom 
Seixas, in exegetical disquisitions on Kenni- 
cott’s Hebrew Bible. Now he might be waited 
upon by the indigent philosopher, Christopher 
Colies, to countenance his measures for the 
introduction of the Bronx River into the city; 
and now a committee of soap-boilers might 
seek after him, to defend the innoxious influ- 
ence of their vocation in a crowded population. 
For his services in this cause of the chandlers, 
Chancellor Livingston assured him, doubtless 
facetiously, by letter, that he deserved a mon- 
ument of hard soap; while Mitchill, in return, 
complimented Livingston, for his introduction 
of the mei’ino sheep, as chief of the Argo- 
nauts. In the morning he might be found 
composing songs for the nursery; at noon 
dietetically experimenting and writing on 
fishes, or unfolding to admiration a new 
theory on terrene formations; and at evening 
addressing his fair readers on the healthy in- 
fluence of the alkalies, and the depurating 
virtues of whitewashing. At his country re- 
treat, at Plandome, he might find full employ- 
ment in translating, for his mental diversion, 
Lancisi, on the fens and marshes of Rome, or 
in rendering into English poetry the piscatory 
eclogues of Sannazarius. One day, in work- 
manlike dress, he might have been engaged, 
with his friend, Elihu H. Smith, on the natural 
history of the American elk, or perplexed as 
to the alimentary nature of tadpoles, on which, 
according to Noah Webster, the people of Ver- 
mont almost fattened, during a season of 
scarcity; another, attired in the costume of a 
native of the Fiji Islands—for presents were 
sent him from all quarters of the globe— 
he was better accoutred for illustration, and 
for the reception, at his house, of a meeting of 
his philosophical acquaintances; while again, 
in the scholastic robes of an LL.D., he would 
grace the exercises of a college commence- 
ment. His detailed narrative of the earth- 
quakes, which occurred on the 16th day of 
December, 1811, and which agitated the parts 
of North America that lie between the Atlantic 
Ocean and Louisiana, and of subsequent occur- 
rences of a like nature, is a record of physical 
phenomena well worthy of notice, but which 
seem to have escaped the attention even of the 
distinguished philosopher, Dr, Maury, the 
famed author of the Physical Geography of 
the Sea. This elaborate paper of Dr. Mitchill 
is to be found in the Transactions of the New 
York Literary and Philosophical Society. Of 
Dr. Mitchill’s collegiate labors in the several 
branches of knowledge, which he taught for 
almost forty years, his biographer, Dr. Francis, 
says: His appearance before his class was 
that of an earnest instructor, ready to impart 
the stores of his accumulated wisdom for the 
benefit of his pupils, while his oral disquisi- 
tions were perpetually enlivened with novel 
and ingenious observations. Chemistry, which 
first engaged his capacious mind, was rendered 
the more captivating by his endeavors to im- 
prove the nomenclature of the French savants, 
and to render the science subservient to the 
useful purposes of agriculture, ai’t, and hygiene. 
In treating of the materia medica, he delighted 
to dwell on the riches of our native products 
for the art of healing, and he sustained an 
enormous correspondence throughout the land, 
in order to add to his own practical observa- 
tions the experience of the competent, the 
better to prefer the claims of our indigenous 
products. As a physician of that renowned 
institution, the New York Hospital, he never 
omitted, when the opportunity presented, to 
employ the results of his investigations for 
clinical appliances. The simplicity of his pre- 
scriptions often provoked a smile on the part 
of his students, while he was acknowledged a 
sound physician at the bedside. His anec- 
dotical remarks on the theories and sys- 
tems at once declared that he was fully 
apprised of previous therapeutical means, 
from the deductions of Hippocrates and 
Pliny, Boerhaave and Hoffman, to the fan- 
ciful speculations of Brown and Darwin. He 
was filled with the precepts of the Salernian 
code. But his great forte was natural history. 
Here his expositions of that vast science, in its 
several ramifications, gave the best proofs of 
his capacious stores of bookish wisdom and 
personal knowledge. He may fairly be pro- 
nounced the pioneer investigator of geological 
science among us, preceding McClure by sev- 
eral years. He was early led to give his counte- 
nance to the solidity of the Wernerian theory, 
but had occasion to announce his belief, from 
subsequent investigation in after-life, that the 
Huttonian system was not wholly without 
facts deduced from certain pnenomena in this 
country. His first course of lectures on natu- 
ral history, including geology, mineralogy, 
zoology, ichthyology and botany, was deliv- 
ered, in extenso, in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, in 1811, before a gratified audi- 
ence, who recognized in the Professor a teacher 
of rare attainments and of singular tact in un- 
folding complex knowledge with analytic 
power. Few left the lectures without the con- 
viction that an able expositor had enlisted 
their attention. He, in fact, was a great 
teacher in that faculty which included Hosack, 
Post, Macneven and Mott. There was a whole- 
some natural theology, blended somewhat after 
the manner of Paley, with his prelections, and 
an abundance of patriotism, associated with 
every rich specimen of native mineral wealth. 
It would have proved difficult for him to have 
found adequate language to express his grati- 
fication, at the present day, of our California 
treasures. His manner throughout, as an in- 
structor, was calculated to attract the atten- 
tion of the students by his intelligible lan- 
guage and pleasing elucidations. His confi- 
dence in his expositions was not always per- 
manent—new facts often led to new opinions—• 
but the uncertainties of geological doctrines, 
not yet removed, gave him sometimes more 
freedom of expression than rigid induction 
might justify; and when he affirmed as his 
belief that the American continent was the 
Old World, and that the Garden of Eden 
might have originally been located in Onon- 
daga Hollow, he imposed a tax on credulity 
too onerous to bear. Jefferson, indeed, con- 
sidered the red men of America of more re- 
mote antiquity than those of Asia, and the 
Abb6 Clavigero thought that the first Ameri- 
can people descended from different families 
after the confusion of tongues. In contem- 
plating’his investigations on fishes, Mitchill 
thought he had enlarged the boundaries of 
science, and his exclamation, “Show me a 
scale, and 1 will point out the fish!” was not 
thought too hyperbolical for his scholars. But 
even in the warmth of such utterance, he did 332 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
not outvie the assertion of John Bell, the 
great surgeon of Edinburgh, who, in a conver- 
sation held with him on American natural 
history, affirmed that, with a mammoth bone, 
he could form a new theory of the earth. 
Pages might be appropriated to a record of the 
career of this American philosopher, and his 
various occupations with men of all ranks and 
of every profession. His popular address; 
his unpretending demeanor; his cordial feel- 
ings to advance the interests of all classes, 
blended with his well-known and acknowl- 
edged merits, constituted him an oracle among 
his fellow-citizens. He held converse with the 
way-faring man; could amuse an old soldier 
by the recital of martial deeds, and excite the 
admiration of a Radcliffian professor of phi- 
losophy. Almost every pi’ojector of a new 
device sought his judgment and asked his de- 
cision. This was in an especial manner the 
case with artists and mechanical men. Some 
new American pigment; some modification of 
a gridiron; some newly-devised rudder, was 
sure to summons the doctor’s artistic or prac- 
tical powers; and scarcely an indigenous au- 
thor sprung up, who was willing to overlook 
him, without first securing his approbation to 
his yet unfledged thoughts. Anomalous pro- 
ducts in creation; monstrous formations in 
animals; hybrid plants; literary curiosities of 
remote nations; Indian hieroglyphics and 
illustrations of Indian mounds all were 
subjected to his critical knowledge for opin- 
ion. His personal acquaintance with authors, 
travelers, and particularly naturalists, was 
almost unbounded, and among those of this 
last designation, Bartram, of Pennsylvania, 
and Volney, the French savant, were the 
themes of his warmest admiration. Our earlier 
poets, Freneau and Barlow, Humphreys and 
Alsop, were among those who held liim in 
estimation for his sprightly conversation on all 
topics; but his own gratification was most am- 
ple when Correa de Serra or Muhlenberg dealt 
out the treasures of their natural science. 
Mitchill was imaginative and poetical, but 
preferred the Georgies to the yEneid. He de- 
servedly classed Rush with the highest medi- 
cal writers of his native land. He knew no 
North—no South; the Union, with him was 
one family. His cabinet boasted of few golden 
coin; but his collection of unclassified speci- 
mens, of divers sorts, was imposing, and his 
herbarium worthy of consultation. The whole 
after his demise were presented to the New 
York Lyceum. The proudest day of his life 
was that in which, at the canal celebration, in 
October, 1825, when he, with Clinton, Golden, 
Eddy, and others, united in “indissoluble 
marriage” the waters of our inland lakes with 
the ocean. It is manifest that Dr. Mitchill 
from early life aimed to secure a name in let- 
ters and science, and that his multifarious pur- 
suits ever kept him alive as a close observer. 
That he accomplished much is also demonstra- 
tive. His industry was unintermitting. He 
mingled with all classes. Though a medical 
man by profession, it may be justly inferred, 
that, saving as a physician to some of our char- 
ities, he early abandoned private practice. His 
utilitarian principles led him incessantly into 
the field of physical inquiry; and when we 
contemplate the ample scope of his knoAvledge 
in physical investigation, not yet even ap- 
proached by any other philosopher in our an- 
nals of science, we need not wonder that every 
day opened to Mitchill new subjects of study. 
There was something of the exalted Franklin in 
Mitchill. The indigenous wheat which his in- 
timate friend De Witt Clinton had described; 
the Fezzan ram of Davis; our native Fire-fly; 
the trilobites of Trenton Falls,—all provoked 
new inquiry on his part, and De Kay and Tor- 
rey and Cooper often summoned by new spec- 
imens his geological and botanical resources. 
He was the delight of a meeting of naturalists; 
the seed he sowed gave origin and growth to a 
mighty crop of those disciples of natural sci- 
ence. He was, emphatically, a great living 
ichthyologist. The fishermen and fishmongers 
were perpetually bringing him new specimens; 
they adopted his name for our excellent fish, 
the streaked bass, and designated it generi- 
cally as the perca Mitchilli. When he had cir- 
cumnavigated Long Island, the light-house at 
Sands’ Point was called the Mitchill, and the 
topographers announced the highest elevation 
of the Neversink Hills as Mount Mitchill. 
His courtesy among all ranks, and the adula- 
tion he almost hourly received, rendered him 
a social friend among them, and an interpreter 
to all their queries. To an interrogatory put 
to him, what season would prove most ad- 
vantageous in their business to catch black- 
fish, he replied with the promptitude of an 
Italian improvisatore: 
When chestnut leaf is large as thumb-nail. 
Then bite blackfish without fail; 
But when chestnut leaf is as broad as a span 
Then catch blackfish—if you can. 
These lines, he said, were but stray feathers 
from his poetical pinions. The records of State 
legislation and of Congress must be consulted 
to comprehend the extent and nature of his 
services as a public representative of the peo- 
ple. He manfully stood by Fulton in all his 
trials, when navigation by steam was the pro- 
lific subject of almost daily ridicule by the 
Solons at Albany; and when the purchase of 
the Elgin Botanic Garden, by the constituted 
authorities, was argued at the Capitol, he rose 
in his place, and won the attention of the 
members, by a speech of several hours’ length, 
in which he gave a history of gardens, and the 
necessity for them, from the primitive one of 
our first parents down to the last institution of 
that nature, established by Roscoe, at Liver- 
pool. It is probable that no legislative body 
ever received more instruction in novel infor- 
mation than the eminent philosopher poured 
out on that occasion; and even the enlightened 
Regents of the University may have imbibed 
wisdom from his exposition. With his botani- 
cal Latinity occasionally interspersed, he prob- 
ably appeared more learned than ever. Van 
Horne, a western member of the House, was 
dumbfounded at the Linnean phraseology, and 
declared such knowledge to be too deep for 
human powers to fathom. De Witt Clinton, 
only an hour or so before the learned Doctor’s 
speech, had intimated to him the topic of his 
address, as best fitted to impress the Legis- 
lature with the value of the purchase, and 
Mitchill, in a barber’s shop, digested the sub- 
stance of his effective discourse. Dr. Mitchill 
was eminently a practical man. Nature was 
the altar at which he worshiped. His ambition 
developed itself among all the incongruities 
of his busy life. He could neither forget nor 
bear to be forgotten. He felt more comfort- 
able when presiding over a gooseberry society 
than when occupying a seat as a sitting mem- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
333 
ber of an archeological association. While a 
student at Edinburgh, he was decorated with 
the insignia of fellowship of the order of the 
Roman Eagle, by the celebrated Brown, the 
founder of the Brunonian system of medicine, 
and honors without number steadily flowed in 
upon him to the time of his death, from his 
own and remotest nations. His diplomas and 
scientific distinctions might have demanded a 
cart team for their conveyance. He said they 
were burdens ever imposed on the shoulders 
of the learned. It is questionable whether he 
ever suffered a morbid hour, or lost, by unoc- 
cupied faculties, any serious portion of his 
time. He deemed it imperative that each day 
should be marked by some service in the cause 
of science or humanity. Public attention 
must be aroused by some fresh suggestion, 
in theory or in practice; for, according to 
him, the echo of notoriety must perpetually 
reverberate around the heads of public men. 
The quality of his scientific productions can 
not here be pointed out. Yet how elaborate 
are his speculations in the promulgation and 
defence of his theory of septon; what an in- 
spiration in his doctrine of the omnipresence 
of hydrogen: a doctrine afterward better com- 
prehended by the brilliant achievements of 
Sir Humphrey Davy. And most assuredly his 
science and his ingenuity abated not in public 
estimation from his forensic display in the 
still well-remembered case of “a whale is not 
a fish.” He could argue constitutional law 
when Kent and Spencer were in the ascend- 
ant. He had great resources at command for 
illustration, and great independence in reason- 
ing. Though the love of fame was with him a 
ruling passion, he neither sought nor desired 
the ostentatious displays of luxurious and 
fashionable life. He was indifferent to the 
appropriations of extravagant expenditure; 
but the simplicity of his habits was best com- 
prehended by all who best knew him. I never 
encountered, continues Dr. Francis, one of 
more wonderful memory. When quite a 
young man he would return from church 
service and write out the sermon nearly ver- 
batim. There was little display in his habits 
or manners; his means of enjoyment corre- 
sponded with his desires, and his Franklinian 
principles enabled him to continue superior to 
want. He often observed that he had seen 
many who, in aiming to live in lofty edifices, 
had built themselves out of house and home. 
The great Dr. Black saw beauty in a crucible. 
The little violet, or an Indian skull, gave 
Mitchill more delight than the fashionable 
baubles of the day. By choice his legs were 
in general his carriage, and this was in con- 
formity to his notions of health and his early 
botanical life. His pedestrian tours often em- 
braced many miles. He might, on these occa- 
sions, stray alone, or be accompanied by Mas- 
son or Michaux, or Le Conte, or Pursh. He 
thus studied nature in lawns and in forests, at 
brooks and at rivers, in her original attire, and 
plucked knowledge at its source. Pie was 
wont to revisit the scenery of the spot where 
the apostle of Quakerism, George Fox, more 
than a century before, had given utterance to 
his inspirations, and under the famous oaks at 
Flushing hold communion with creation, with 
a volume of Cowley or of Pope, his most 
esteemed poet. At other times, tenaciously 
impressed with early associations, he would 
enter the memorable building, hard by, erected 
in 1661 by the primitive John Bowne, the 
Quaker victim of the persecuting spirit of the 
Dutch governor of the colony, Peter Stuy- 
vesant, but who was subsequently honorably 
liberated by the authorities of Holland; and 
here, with some of his once juvenile friends, 
discuss the blessings of religious toleration. 
Thus constituted, no place was uninhabited to 
him. His instructor was everywhere. He 
w'as a gratifying specimen of those excellent 
practices which so peculiarly designated the 
Knickerbockers of the “olden times;” fidelity 
in fiscal concerns, and a scrupulous observ- 
ance of the meum and tuum. Exact in pecuni- 
ary matters, yet willing to advance his com- 
petency, he never forgot the old currency of 
Ids youth, “that a pound demanded the pay- 
ment of twenty shillings.” With all his official 
honors and scientific testimonials, foreign and 
native, he was ever accessible to everybody— 
the counsellor of the young, the dictionary of 
the learned. Even the captious John Ran- 
dolph called him the Congressional library. 
To the interrogatory, why he did not, after so 
many years of labor, revisit abroad the scenes 
of his earlier days for recreation, his reply 
was brief; “I know Great Britain, from the 
Grampian Hills to the chalky cliffs of Dover; 
there is no need of my going to Europe; 
Europe now comes to me.” The inhabitants 
of New York will long bear him in grateful 
recollection, and the Historical Society cherish 
his memory for the distinction he shed over 
that institution; for his unassuming manners, 
his kind nature, and the aid he was ever ready 
to give to all who needed his counsel. For 
their collections he furnished a eulogium on the 
great jurist, Thomas Addis Emmet ; on Dr. 
Rush; also on Dr. Samuel Bard, and De Witt 
Clinton. His “Discourse on the Botanical Writ- 
ers of North and South America” is printed in 
their Transactions. Other addresses might be 
mentioned, abounding in curious facts and 
historical interest. For public occasions he 
was ever ready for any emergency. He ad- 
dressed the Black Friars and glorified St. Tam- 
many, whose genealogy he elaborated with 
antiquarian research. The Krout Club and 
the Turtle Club he enlightened by his gastro- 
nomic knowledge and natural science; while 
the naturalists of Long Island, at Prince’s 
Garden, were stimulated to renewed efforts by 
his laudatory strains in behalf of botany and 
the knight of the polar star, the world re- 
nowned Linnaeus. Dr. Mitchill has not un- 
justly been pronounced the Nestor of American 
science. It might prove too hasty a generaliza- 
tion to conclude that the high qualities of Dr. 
Mitchill’s mind, thus specified, would be ac- 
knowledged by all. He had his detractors, 
and his peculiarities were such as not to be 
comprehended by every one. The masses were 
his friends and admirers, and a contemplative 
student, with knowledge of men and things, 
could analytically class him among remarka- 
ble individuals. It has already been observed 
that he was long a professor in Columbia Col- 
lege. Three of the presidents of that institu- 
tion, who may be justly thought to have be- 
come well acquainted with him, either while 
he was a member of the faculty or subse- 
quently, have given their opinions concerning 
him. The classical scholar and grave bishop, 
Dr. Benjamin Moore, pronounced him a chaos 
of knowledge; but it demanded an intellect 
better stored with philosophical research to 334 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
arrive at a just estimate of the scientific claims 
of Dr. Mitchill. The harmony of the Gospels, 
however edifyingly fitted for the pulpit, was 
hardly the best criterion by which to test the 
scientific acquisitions of a distinguished savant. 
President Duer has frankly recorded of the 
Doctor, that he was more of a natural philos- 
opher than a physician; he states that, upon 
the arrival from Europe of the Doctor, he was 
the lion of the day, not only in the medical 
and literary, hut in the fashionable circles; 
that his various learning was more valuable to 
others than to himself; that he was used by 
others as a living encyclopedia; that, upon 
the whole, he was more of a professor than a 
practitioner, shone more as an epicurean or a 
peripatetic than as an experimental or moral 
philosopher, and is remembered more for the 
goodness of his heart than the strength of his 
head. Those who are dissatisfied with this 
portrait will bear in memory that it is drawn 
by one who, though rich in the graces of ele- 
gant literature, had done little in the natural 
sciences, and was, moreover, somewhat a se- 
vere censor on such characters as Fulton, and 
Golden, and Clinton. A more generous esti- 
mate of Dr. Mitchill seems to have influenced 
the opinion of President King, of Columbia 
College; he personally knew the Doctor long 
and well. With a kinder impulse, he pro- 
nounced him a man renowned for much and 
various learning, and of rare simplicity of 
character; a genius, prompt in execution and 
original in combination; a successful promoter 
of physical science. He was highly esteemed 
by that enlightened and accomplished phi- 
losopher of the age, Louis Agassiz. None who 
knew Dr. Mitchill ever doubted his Herculean 
memory. Those most familiar with him were 
often delighted with the original train of 
thought which would rapidly spring up from 
the subject-matter before him, and the actual 
science he unfolded in the classification of new 
materials. It may be somewhat difficult to 
harmonize these conflicting opinions of con- 
temporaries, enlightened and intelligent as 
they unquestionably were. But Dr. Mitchill 
long stood alone as the recognized devotee to 
physical studies in our population of that 
day, and sustained a foreign reputation lit- 
tle understood at home, either as to its 
causes or extent. Indifferent as he was to 
the aids which often contribute to the in- 
crease of renown, his self-sustained reliance 
cast aside the displays of personal importance, 
and in the plenitude of his acquisitions, his 
simple manners, his beaming countenance, 
his cordial approach, and his frank utterance, 
proved effective substitutes for any deficiencies. 
What else was left to the beholder, but wonder 
and admiration to witness this unsophisticated 
disciple of nature, in the public walks of the 
city, giving counsel for humanity’s sake to an 
infirm beggar as to the easiest method by 
which he might carry his burden, while per- 
haps he himself might be returning homeward 
with his pockets freighted with a flattering 
correspondence from the most eminent savants 
of Europe. The man had a heart as well as a 
head. In the prime of his manhood Dr. 
Mitchill was about five feet ten inches in 
height, of comely, rather slender and erect 
form; in after life he grew more muscular and 
corpulent, and lost somewhat of that activity 
which characterized his earlier days. He pos- 
sessed an intelligent expression of counte- 
nance, an aquiline nose, a gray eye, and full 
features. His dress at the period he entered 
into public life was after the fashion of the 
day, the costume of the times of the Napole- 
onic consulate—blue coat, buff-colored vest, 
smalls, and shoes with buckles. He was less 
attentive to style of dress in his maturer years, 
and abandoned powder and his cue. From a 
hemorrhagic tendency of his chest, at the age 
of seventeen years, he adopted exercise on 
horseback, and was fortunate enough to avert 
the progress of pulmonary evils. His person- 
ality, however, varied in advanced life with 
the cogitations of his graver years, and he 
might at times be seen without hat or over- 
coat, exposed to the vicissitudes of inclement 
weather. His robustness preserved his full 
features, and to the last not a wrinkle ever 
marked his face, nor did lapse of years modify 
his thirst for knowledge, or his cordial and 
prompt and sprightly utterance; thus setting 
at naught the declaration of the poet: 
“Old age doth give by too long space, 
Our souls as many wrinkles as our face.” 
He died in the sixty-eighth year of age. His 
funeral was a great demonstration for a private 
citizen. His colleague, friend, and faithful 
biographer, the late Dr. Francis, was of the 
multitude that attended, and lingered at the 
grave until all save the sexton had withdrawn. 
Not being recognized by that official, he in- 
quired whom he had just buried? “A great 
character,” he answered; “one who knew 
all things on earth, and in the waters of the 
great deep.” 
MONMONIER, John F., of Baltimore, Md., 
was born in that city April 4,1813, is the eldest 
son of Francis Monmonier of Paris, and grand- 
son of Charles de Monmonier, Chevalier Scon- 
becque, of France. His mother’s ancestors 
were early English settlers of Bohemia Manor, 
Md., near the Delaware line. His early edu- 
cation was obtained at a private academy in 
Baltimore, and then at St. Mary’s College, un- 
der the control of the Society of St. Sulpice. 
After five years spent here he entered the pri- 
vate anatomical school of Dr. Duncan Turn- 
hull, then pursued a three years’ course at the 
University of Maryland, graduating in March, 
1834, and settling in Baltimore. In 1838, he 
was elected physician to the Maryland peni- 
tentiary, and served four years. In 1849 he 
was appointed physician to the Board of 
Health, and also ex-officio president of the 
Board, serving in that capacity for a term of 
two years. In 1867, he aided in the organization 
of the medical department of the Washington 
University, was its professor of physic, till 
1876, and then professor of diseases of women 
and children in the same institution. He is a 
member of the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, and has been for years 
chairman of its executive committee, and its 
president in 1870; has been frequently its del- 
egate to the American Medical Association, 
and was representative to the International 
Medical Congress at Philadelphia in 1876; is a 
member of the Baltimore Medical Association, 
its vice-president in 1875, and was, in 1878, 
a member of its committee of honor. In 1836 
he was elected to the Baltimore City Councils, 
and also one of the Board of School Commis- 
sioners, occupying the latter position sixteen 
years, and being for several years its presi- 
dent. During his administration the school 
system was much improved and its usefulness EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
335 
extended; he was one of the organizers of the 
Merchants’ and Mechanics’ Fire Insurance 
Company, and its director previous to its loss 
of capital by the Chicago fire; and has been 
a director of the Central Savings Bank for the 
poor and persons of moderate means. Dr. 
Monmonier is one of the oldest and most 
widely known members of the profession in 
the city of Baltimore, where he was not only 
Korn but where he has continued his profes- 
sional work for a period of sixty years. In 
August, 1837, he married Catharine, daughter 
of Captain John Hooper, of Dorchester county, 
Md. Two of his sons became physicians—one, 
Dr. John N. Monmonier, having been Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Operative Surgery in 
Washington University. 
3IOM HOMER Y, William T., of Chicago, 
111., was born in Gibson county, Ind., August 
12, 1843. His parents both dying when he 
was about ten years old, he was adopted by 
an uncle, a farmer, with whom he lived until 
the breaking out of the war. In August, 1861, 
he enlisted in Company F, Thirty-third In- 
diana Volunteers, and served until the close 
of the war. After the close of the war he at- 
tended school and college, and taught school 
until 1868, when he began the study of medi- 
cine with Dr. William T. Kirk, of Atlanta, 
111. Graduating from Rush Medical College in 
1871, he was elected “Interne” to Cook County 
Hospital, and served from July, 1871, to March, 
1873. He has practiced medicine in Chicago 
ever since, doing a general practice for eight 
years, and for the past twelve years confining 
his practice to diseases of the eye and ear. In 
1874 he was appointed oculist and aurist to Cook 
County Hospital; in 1879 Professor of Ophthal- 
mology and Otology in Woman’s Medical Col- 
lege, Chicago, and in 1880 surgeon of the Illi- 
nois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. In 
1883 he visited Europe, taking special courses 
of study in London and Vienna. He is a clear 
and impressive teacher and a successful practi- 
tioner in his specialty. Among his contribu- 
tions to current medical literature are the fol- 
lowing: In 1874 “Complications and Sequelae 
of Typhoid Fever.” In 1880 “Report on Dis- 
eases of the Eye and Ear.” In 1885 “Jequirity 
in the Treatment of Chronic Granular Con- 
junctivitis.” In 1887 “After-treatment of Catar- 
act Extractions.” 
MOORE, Jeliiel T., of Minneapolis, Minn., 
was born in County of Oxford, Province of 
Ontario, Canada, in 1848. He is of Scotch de- 
scent on his father’s side, and English-German 
on his mother’s side. He received his pre- 
liminary education at the Canadian Literary 
Institute, Woodstock, Canada; also partly at 
the Collegiate Institute in Galt, Canada. Dr. 
Sylvanus Joy, of Tilsonburg, Canada, was his 
private medical preceptor. He graduated from 
the medical department of McGill Univer- 
sity, Montreal, in 1874. He practiced for 
two years in Port Burwell, Canada. Thence 
he removed to Tilsonburg, where he practiced 
for about seven years. The large country 
practice proving too much for his constitution, 
he removed to Minneapolis, in 1882. Not only 
has he been identified with the leading hos- 
pitals of that city, but his time and talents have 
been freely given toward the advancement of 
medical education. He has been Dean of the 
Minneapolis College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons and has lectured on theory and practice 
of medicine since 1883. In 1886 he made the 
first resolution, which was passed by the State 
Medical Society, looking to the advancement 
of requirements for medical education in the 
State, and, with others, labored with the Leg- 
islature until it became a law. His name has 
been identified with medical education from 
the first year of his residence in the United 
States. 
MOREHOUSE, George Read, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in Mt. Holly, N. J., March 
25, 1829. He received the degree of A. M. 
from Princeton, in 1851, and the degree of M. 
D. from the Jefferson Medical College in the 
same year, and later the same degree from the 
University of Pennsylvania. In 1892, he re- 
ceived from the College of New Jersey the 
honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
Dr. Morehouse for many years has been one of 
the leading physicians of Philadelphia. Re- 
ferring to Dr. Morehouse, a recent writer in the 
University Magazine (New York) says: Al- 
though independent in fortune, his love for his 
profession, its benevolent field, and its ever- 
advancing stimulus to new thought and work, 
still holds him to its active pursuit. He has 
not been a profuse writer, although his pen has 
added many very important contributions, 
both to medical and scientific literature. 
Probably his best known work is that apper- 
taining to diseases of the nervous system, 
made during the Civil War, while in associa- 
tion with Drs. Weir Mitchell and Keen, in 
charge of the special hospitals for nervous 
diseases, instituted at that time by the surgeon- 
general. These hospitals, established to com- 
mand expert service, and to distribute the re- 
sults of their experience to the various military 
hospitals of the country, were unique in the 
world’s history, in the opportunity afforded 
for special study. Gunshot injuries of nerves, 
aggregating almost every nerve in the human 
body, were nerve wounds pure and simple, 
and occurring in healthy soldiers, their study 
was free from the clouding influence of con- 
current or previous general disease. The 
issue of this work revealed much that was new 
in nerve distribution, and especially those 
slowly-developed atrophic changes of tissue, 
following injuries of the nerves by which they 
were supplied. Again, in comparative anat- 
omy, it is rare to find an example of original 
research more complete and convincing than 
in the volume styled, “Researches on the 
Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration in 
the Chelonia,” published by the Smithsonian 
Institute, the joint work of Dr. Morehouse 
and Dr. Mitchell. The function of respiration, 
so important in classification, was generally 
accepted as being of the same type in batra- 
chia and chelonia, having been so determined 
by Cuvier, and afterwards by Agassiz, in his 
folio work on the “Testudime of North Amer- 
ica.” The absence of ribs in the frog, and 
their immobile and rudimentary condition in 
the turtle, separated both of these classes from 
the higher mammalian type, and probably 
suggested their association. These researches, 
however, brilliantly established the fact that 
the mechanism of respiration in these two 
classes is radically different. In the frog the 
function is essentially cephalic, the nasal valves 
and possible air-tight mouth being necessary 
factors, while, in the turtle, the head is not at 
all concerned, the mechanism being well- 
defined muscles of expiration and inspiration 
located in the body. The slight variation in 336 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the insertion of the expiratory muscle in differ- 
ent species of turtles beautifully determines 
the relative position of any given species in 
the scale of development. These illustrations 
of originality of thought and sound judgment 
in the subject of our sketch, indicate his facil- 
ity to acquire the eminent position he now 
holds. 
MORGAN, John, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city in 1736, and died there, October 
15, 1789. His father, Evan Morgan, emigrated 
from AYales to Philadelphia and engaged in 
mercantile pursuits until his death, in 1763. Dr. 
Morgan acquired his literary education at the 
“College of Philadelphia,” from which he re- 
ceived the degree of A. B. in 1757, with the 
first class which was graduated. He studied 
medicine with Dr. Redman, and upon the ex- 
piration of his indentures entered the Provin- 
cial army as a surgeon. This was at the con- 
clusion of the French War, which terminated 
by the expulsion of that nation from Canada. 
In 1760, having resigned his commission in the 
army, he sailed for Europe with the view of 
perfecting his medical knowledge. On his 
return to Philadelphia, when speaking of 
himself with reference to this period, he 
states: “It is now more than fifteen years 
since I began the study of medicine in this 
city, which I have prosecuted ever since 
without interruption. During the first years I 
served an apprenticeship with Dr. Redman, 
who then did, and still continues to enjoy a 
most justly acquired reputation in this city for 
superior knowledge and extensive practice in 
physic. At the same time I had an opportunity 
of being acquainted with the practice of other 
eminent physicians in this place, particularly 
of all the physicians to the hospital, whose 
prescriptions I put up there above the space 
of one year. The term of my apprenticeship 
being expired, I devoted myself for four years 
to a military life, principally with a view to 
become more skillful in my profession, being 
engaged the whole of that time in a very ex- 
tensive practice in the army amongst diseases 
of every kind. The last five years I have 
spent in Europe, under the most celebrated 
masters in every branch of medicine, and 
spared no labor or expense to store my mind 
with an extensive acquaintance in every sci- 
ence that related in any way to the duty of a 
physician; having in that time expended in 
this pursuit a sum of money of which the very 
interest would prove no contemptible income. 
With what success this has been done others 
are to judge, and not myself.” During Dr. 
Morgan’s residence in London, he experi- 
enced the benefit of the instruction of the 
Hunters, and of Hewson. With the latter, as 
appears from his correspondence, he was on 
intimate terms. He graduated as M. D. at 
Edinburgh in 1763, his thesis being written 
upon the formation of pus, and when pub- 
lished was dedicated to the Medical Society of 
Edinburgh. In this essay the doctrine is main- 
tained that pus is a secretion from the vessels, 
and in this he anticipated Mr. Hunter. Dr. 
James Curry, lecturer at Guys Hospital, gives 
the credit of priority in this statement to him, 
and says: “I could not avoid giving that 
merit to Dr. Morgan, who discussed the ques- 
tion with great ingenuity in his inaugui’al dis- 
sertation on taking his degree at Edinburgh 
in 1763. Whilst I could find no proof that 
Mr. Hunter had taught or even adopted such 
an opinion until a considerable later period.” 
(See London Medical and Physical Journal, 
1817.) While in England, Dr. Morgan became 
proficient in the art of injecting organs with 
wax, and preparing them by subsequent cor- 
rosion. Carrying with him to the Continent 
the evidences of Ins skill, he acquired such a 
reputation as to procure his admission as a 
member to the Academy of Surgery of Paris. 
While there residing, and attending the lect- 
ures of the distinguished anatomist, M. .Sue, 
he prepared a kidney by this process, which 
led to the distinction specified. Besides this 
honor, he was elected a member of the Royal 
Society of London, admitted as a Licentiate 
of the College of Physicians of London, and 
as a member of the College of Physicians of 
Edinburgh. He was also admitted to member- 
ship of the Society of Belles Lettres, of Rome. 
When in Italy, Dr. Morgan visited Morgagni, 
at Padua. Dr. Rush says, in his notice of 
Morgan, that “this venerable physician, who 
was the light and ornament of two or three 
successive generations of physicians, was so 
pleased with the Doctor that he claimed kin- 
dred with him from the resemblance of their 
names, and on the blank leaf of a copy of his 
works, which he presented to him, he inscribed 
with his own hand the following words: 
Affini suo, medico pneclarissimo Johanni Mor- 
gan, donat auctor.'’ These volumes were placed 
by Dr. Morgan in the library of the College of 
Physicians of Philadelphia. Dr. Morgan, 
while in Europe, appears to have constantly 
revolved in his mind the course he would pur- 
sue. In writing from London, November 10, 
1764, to Dr. Cullen, he remarks; “1 am now 
preparing for America, to see whether, after 
fourteen years’ devotion to medicine, I can 
get my living without turning apothecary or 
practitioner of surgery. My scheme of insti- 
tuting lectures you will hereafter know more 
of. It is not prudent to broach designs prema- 
turely, and mine are not yet fully ripe for 
execution.” It has been shown that the prac- 
tice of medicine in the Colonies embraced 
every branch of the profession, including 
pharmacy. This arose from the necessity of 
the case, and the difficulty of division of labor 
in a restricted community. The plan pursued 
in Europe of a separation of practice into 
several departments was regarded as inexpe- 
dient, and had not been adopted. When Dr, 
Morgan returned from Europe, he determined 
to take a different course from that in opera- 
tion, and was the first physician who restricted 
himself to simply prescribing for the sick. In 
the preface to his discourse he published his 
views with respect to the mode of practice 
which he thought should be pursued by the 
physician, enforcing them with arguments de- 
rived from the advantages which he believed 
would be secured by such procedure. Having 
been appointed professor in the college, there 
was another reason, having reference to this 
position, which must be admitted as valid. It 
is thus given: “As far as I can learn, every- 
body approves of my plan for instituting medi- 
cal schools, and I have the honor of being 
appointed a public professor for teaching 
physic in the college here. Can any man, 
the least acquainted with the nature of 
that arduous task, once imagine it pos- 
sible for me to acquit myself in that 
station in an honorable or useful manner, 
and yet be engaged in one continued round of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
337 
practice in surgery and pharmacy as well as 
physic? To prepare for a course of lectures 
every year requires some leisure, and a mind 
undisturbed with too great variety of pursuits. 
So that my usefulness as a professor makes 
it absolutely necessary for me to follow 
that method of practice which alone appears 
to be calculated to answer that end.” 
In reference to this, Dr. Carson, one of his 
biographers, says: “Although the opinions 
of Dr. Morgan were not at the time adopted, 
nor was his example immediately followed, 
still, in connection with the history of the 
profession they are important, from the fact 
that he was the first practitioner in the city of 
Philadelphia who placed himself upon the 
highest ground by separating himself from the 
handicraft which requires distinct skill, and 
so long a training, as to constitute in itself an 
occupation. He insisted upon the distinction 
being made between medicine proper and 
pharmacy, which ultimately became a recog- 
nized necessity, affording relief to the phy- 
sician, while by improving pharmacy, he was 
provided with greater resources for the appli- 
cation of his skill. The course pursued by 
Dr. Morgan may be said to have given the 
original impulse to the cultivation of the pro- 
fession of pharmacy and sanctioned its inde- 
pendent existence.” The biographer above 
quoted informs us that the College of Phila- 
delphia was founded in 1749, sixteen years 
before a medical school was engrafted upon it. 
This institution was intended to meet the de- 
mands of the population for education of a 
more extended nature than was afforded by 
the private schools in existence; as liberal 
pursuits engaged the attention of a greater 
number of individuals in the Province, and as 
preparations for the professions, as well as a 
diffusion of knowledge in arts and letters, be- 
came necessary, the importance of employing 
all the facilities at command was made appar- 
ent. “Franklin drew up the plan of an acad- 
emy to be erected in the city of Philadelphia, 
suited to the state of an infant country; but 
in this, as in all his plans, he confined not his 
views to the present time only. He looked 
forward to the period when an institution on 
an enlarged plan would become necessary. 
With this view he considered his academy as 
a foundation for posterity to erect a seminary 
of learning more extensive and suitable 
for future circumstances.” On the return 
of Dr. Morgan to Philadelphia from Europe 
he proposed to establish a medical school 
in connection with the College of Phila- 
delphia. In this laudable enterprise he was 
indorsed by a letter from Thomas Penn, dated 
London, February 15, 1765, and his plan was 
also approved by Dr. Fothergill, Dr. Hunter 
and Dr. Watson, of the British Metropolis, as 
well as by Dr. Cullen, of Edinburgh; “men 
distinguished for their superior knowledge in 
literature, and particularly eminent in every- 
thing which relates to medical science.” 
All the gentlemen who were called upon to 
give aid and counsel to this enterprise were 
among the most respectable in Philadelphia. 
Five prominent physicians were members of 
the Board of Trustees at the time, viz: Thomas 
and Phineas Bond, Thomas Cadwalader, Will- 
iam Shippen, Sr., and John Redman. To such 
an organization was the proposal of Dr. Mor- 
gan submitted. The impression which his 
earnestness and the arguments in his applica- 
cation made upon the Board of Trustees, sus- 
tained by the letters from abroad, which were 
submitted, prevailed with them to accede to 
his propositions and to approve the scheme, 
and, as the records express it, “entertaining a 
high sense of Dr. Morgan’s ability and the 
high honors paid to him by different learned 
bodies and societies in Europe, they unani- 
mously elected him Professor of the Theory 
and Practice of Physic.” The first medical 
professorship in America was thus created. 
The date of the event is May 3, 1765. At the 
public commencement of the college, which 
took place on the 30th and 31st of May follow- 
ing, Dr. Morgan delivered his famous in- 
augural address, entitled “A Discourse upon 
the Institution of Medical Schools in America.” 
It had been prepared in Paris. This discourse 
constituted a part of the commencement exer- 
cises on both days of their continuance. In 
noticing this performance, the Pennsylvania 
Gazette thus comments upon it: “We would 
not wish to anticipate the judgment of the 
public, and shall only say that the perspicuity 
with which it was written and spoke drew the 
close attention of the audience, particularly of 
the gentlemen of the Faculty of Physic.” In 
this address will be found an exposition of the 
nature and scope of medical science; a sketch 
of the departments of which it is composed, 
with the reasons for their special cultivation; 
an advocacy of classical, literary, and general 
scientific attainments on the part of the 
student of medicine, and, what is pertinent to 
the purpose, the demonstration that to be 
effectively taught “a coalition is required of 
able men, who would undertake to give com- 
plete and regular courses of lectures on the 
different branches of medicine.” In connec- 
tion with his statements, the author insists 
especially upon the advantages presented by the 
city of Philadelphia, to which even then stu- 
dents resorted, attracted as well by the reputa- 
tion of its practitioners, as by the facilities for 
clinical instruction afforded them in the hospi- 
tal. In this literary and scientific performance, 
a prognostication was uttered which has been 
fully realized, viz.: “Perhaps this Medical In- 
stitution, the first of its kind in America, 
though small in its beginning, may receive a 
constant increase of strength, and annually 
exert new vigor. It may collect a number of 
young persons of more than ordinary abilities, 
and so improve their knowledge as to spread 
its reputation to distant parts. By sending 
these abroad duly qualified, or by exciting an 
emulation amongst men of parts and literature, 
it may give birth to other useful institutions 
of a similar nature, or occasional rise, by its 
example, to numerous societies of different 
kinds, calculated to spread the light of knowl- 
edge through the whole American continent 
wherever inhabited.” It is worthy of note, 
that at the time this was uttered the popula- 
tion of the city of Philadelphia was about 
twenty-five thousand, and of the colonies in 
the aggregate less than three millions. In 
September following, the appointment of Dr. 
Morgan, Dr. Shippen was, on application to 
the board, unanimously elected the Professor 
of Anatomy and Surgery. “In October, 1775, 
Dr. Morgan was appointed by Congress 
Director-General to the military hospitals, 
and Physician-in-Chief to the American army, 
and immediately joined General Washington, 
in Cambridge. He found the hospitals and 338 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
army without medicines and (appliances, and 
reorganized the General Hospital, requiring 
proofs by examination of the qualifications of 
the assistants that were to he intrusted with 
the sick and wounded.” Previous to this many 
unlettered and incompetent medical officers 
had found their way into the army, and the 
resulting condition of things was said by 
Washington to be “a disgrace to the profes- 
sion, the army and to society.” In conse- 
quence of unjust complaints Dr. Morgan was 
dismissed by Congress, without reason, on 
January 9, 1777; but a committee of that body 
aftei’wards investigated his conduct, and honor- 
ably acquitted him. Washington, in a letter to 
Dr. Morgan, dated January 9, 1779, says: ‘‘No 
fault, I believe, was or ever could be found 
with the economy of the hospitals during your 
directorship.” In 1773, Dr. Morgan visited 
Jamaica, W. 1., at his own expense, to solicit 
donations for the advancement of general lit- 
erature in the College of Philadelphia. Dr. 
Morgan died at the age of fifty-four years. It 
is stated that he had retired very much from 
active life, actuated by chagrin at his treat- 
ment by Congress, in removing him from the 
post of Director-General, upon charges from 
which he was ultimately exonerated. That 
Dr. Morgan had lost his interest in the duties 
of his professorship, would appear from a com- 
munication from the professors to the trustees 
of the University, in December, 1788, in 
these terms: “That the Faculty are of opin- 
ion that the Medical School suffers for want 
of a course of lectures being delivered annu- 
ally on the ‘Theory and Practice of Physic.’ ” 
Dr. Benjamin Rush, who was the successor of 
Dr. Morgan in the Medical College (Oct. 24, 
1789), says: “His memory was extensive and 
accurate; he was intimately acquainted with 
the Latin and Greek classics; had read much 
in medicine, and in all his pursuits he was per- 
severing and indefatigable. I never knew a 
person who had been attended by him that did 
not speak of his sympathy and tenderness 
with gratitude and respect.” His paintings 
and engravings which he had collected in 
Europe, with a choice library of books and 
original manuscripts, were either destroyed by 
the British at Bordentown, N. J., where he 
had removed them for safety, or consumed by 
fire at Danbury, Conn., in the destruction of 
that place by the troops under Governor 
Try on. He took an active part in founding the 
American Philosophical Society, in 1769, and 
published papers in its Transactions. He was 
for many years a Physician to the Pennsylva- 
nia Hospital. His writings include “A Dis- 
course upon the Introduction of Medical Schools 
in Philadelphia,” 1765; “Dissertations on the 
Reciprocal Advantages of a Perpetual Union 
between Great Britain and her American Colo- 
nies,” 1766; “A Recommendation of Inocula- 
tion According to Baron Dimsdale’s Method,” 
1776, and “A Vindication of his Public Char- 
acter in the Station of Director-General of Mil- 
itary Hospitals,” 1777. 
MORRIS, Seth Mabry, of Galveston, Texas, 
was born in Austin, that State, in 1867, and is 
a son of Dr. W. A. Morris, a well-known phy- 
sician of the South. He received his prelimi- 
nary education in the schools of his native 
city, and on completion of the University of 
Texas, matriculated amongst the very first pu- 
pils. He took the five years’ course, devoting 
special attention to chemistry under Professors 
Mallett and Everhart, and physics under Dr. 
Macfarlane. In both of these branches he 
won distinction, and during his last senior 
year he was chosen by Professor Everhart as 
laboratory assistant. Graduating at the uni- 
versity in 1888, with the degree of B. S., he at 
once began the study of medicine in his father’s 
office, and in the fall of that year entered the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons in New 
York. Here he took the required three years’ 
course, giving special attention to chemistry 
under the instruction of Professor Chandler, 
and graduated, M. D., from that school in 
1891. In addition to the degree of Doctor of 
Medicine conferred upon him, he was awarded 
a “special examination diploma,” and a cash 
prize, being one of the ten to whom special 
honors were awarded, in a graduating class of 
over one hundred and fifty. Dr. Morris has 
recently been elected to the chair of chemistry 
in the medical department of the University of 
MORTON, Samuel George, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city in January, 1799, and 
died there May 18, 1851. He was educated in 
the strictest school of the Quaker sect, and 
was destined, originally, for commercial pur- 
suits. Revolting at the details of mercantile 
life, shut out from the bar and the pulpit by 
his birth and education as a Quaker, he became 
a student of medicine under Dr. Joseph Par- 
rish, though assisted in his studies by others, 
among whom was prominent Dr. Richard Har- 
lan, an accomplished teacher of natural his- 
tory of that period. In January, 1820, he at- 
tained his majority, and received his degree of 
Doctor of Medicine in March of the same 
year. Later i n the season he sailed for Europe, 
and in the spring of 1823 he received his de- 
gree at the University of Edinburgh. During 
his stay on the other side of the Atlantic he 
visited France and Italy. In 1824 he returned, 
and began the practice of medicine in Phila- 
delphia, and at the same time became a promi- 
nent member of the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences. In 1839 he was appointed Professor of 
Anatomy in the Pennsylvania College of 
Philadelphia, which position he held until 
1843. His last few years were devoted to 
ethnological research and collateral science. 
His death occurred in the midst of his active 
investigations and at a period but little beyond 
the meridian of life, but not until he had at- 
tained a world-wide fame as a philosopher. 
Such is the brief record which tells the story 
of the life of one whose genius has left its im- 
press on the age, and whose teachings are des- 
tined still farther to modify and control public 
opinion on some of the most important ques- 
tions of the day. To fill out this sketch, to 
show wherein lies the true greatness of Mor- 
ton’s life, is a task that has been admirably 
executed by his biographer, Dr. Sanford B. 
Hunt, as follows: His early career manifested 
only a broad, general taste for natural science; 
the specific branch of' research in which he 
was to become great was not indicated until 
a later period. Thus, his Edinburgh thesis 
was upon the subject of pain. On his return 
from Europe he presented to the Academy of 
Natural Sciences a collection of the greenstone 
rocks of Scotland; in 1827 he published an 
“Analysis of Tabular Spar from Bucks Coun- 
tyin the succeeding year, some “Geological 
Observations.” His attention, thus directed 
to geology, was naturally turned to its paleon- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
339 
tological features, and a long and important 
series of papers was published by him in 
Silliman's Journal, or in the Journal of the 
Academy, On the fossils of the cretaceous forma- 
tions of the United States. In 1834 these were 
gathered into a volume, with the title, “Synop- 
sis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous 
Group of the United States.” This book, in 
itself, might well form the subject of a warm 
eulogy of its author, but it was only a stepping- 
stone to higher labors. By a natural pro- 
gression, comparative anatomy also occupied 
his attention. In 1831 a paper on some “Par- 
asitic Worms;” in 1841, a description of “An 
Albino Raccoon,” and in 1844, a memoir, “On 
a Supposed New Species of Hippopotamus,” 
were published, and still exist as evidences of 
the breadth of his studies. Nor was his at- 
tention drawn away from his profession by 
these studies. As author, or editor, he made 
some valuable additions to American medical 
literature in rapid succession. In 1834 he 
published a laborious work, entitled “Illus- 
trations of Pulmonary Consumption: its 
Anatomical Characters, Causes, Symptoms 
and Treatment;” in 1835, an American 
edition, with notes, of “Mackintosh’s Prin- 
ciples of Pathology and Practice of Physic;” 
and in 1839, a text-book of human anatomy, 
under the designation of “An Illustrated Sys- 
tem of Human Anatomy, Special, General, 
and Microscopic.” Many men have built up, 
and deserved, an enduring medical reputation, 
on claims to consideration no more ample than 
these. The anatomical work, especially, is 
remarkable for the clearness and beauty of its 
descriptions. But the true fame of the scholar 
in natural science is not attained in the mere 
addition of isolated facts to our general store 
of knowledge. This is worthy and useful. 
The pursuit of details may exhibit great pei’- 
severance and acumen, but a fact is a dead 
thing until associated with its surround- 
ings. To group together, to interpret, to 
generalize, this is the province of the mind 
having within it the true philosophical ele- 
ment. Thus far in our record of Morton’s 
work, we have seen only the observer, pa- 
tient, careful, painstaking, and meritorious, 
but not as yet the parent of any great orig- 
inal idea. To use the broadest term, it was in 
his ethnological studies that Morton secured 
his highest and most permanent reputation. 
The publication of his “Crania Americana,” 
in 1839, and of the “Crania Egyptiaca,” in 
1844, were the result of studies dating back to 
1830, and pursued during that long interval with 
enthusiasm and industry. The one embodied a 
description of 155 skulls of Toltecan Indians, 
and of 161 skulls of the various barbarous tribes 
of American Indians, including their facial an- 
gle, their contour, their relative capacity of dif- 
ferent portions of the cranium, and, finally 
and most important, their internal capacity 
in cubic inches, ascertained by accurate 
measurement. Its principal conclusions were, 
in his own language: That the American 
race differs essentially from all others, not 
excepting the Mongolian; nor do the feeble 
analogies of language, and the more obvi- 
ous ones in civil and religious institutions 
and the arts, denote any thing beyond casual 
or colonial communications with the Asiatic 
nations; and even those analogies may per- 
haps be accounted for, as Humboldt has sug- 
gested, in the mere coincidence arising from 
similar wants and impulses in nations inhabit- 
ing similar latitudes. That the American na- 
tions, excepting the polar tribes, are of one 
race and one species, but of two great families, 
which resemble each other in physical, but 
differ jn intellectual character. That the 
cranial' remains discovered in the mounds 
from Peru to Wisconsin, belong to the same 
race, and probably to the Toltecan family. 
“Crania Egyptiaca” was a work of similar 
character, embracing similar observations of a 
large number of ancient and modern Egyptian 
skulls, from which similar and equally impor- 
tant conclusions were reached. In the course 
of these two works, moreover, and in various 
less pretentious publications, the cranial char- 
acteristics of many skulls of different races 
were examined, including, finally, a suffi- 
ciently full measurement of all the leading 
families, to lead to the grave conclusion, that 
the events of history and of national conquests 
have, from the creation of the world, rested as 
much upon the relative superiority or inferi- 
ority of the cranial capacity of nations, as 
upon those other causes of climate, education, 
or warlike character, Avhich have heretofore 
been supposed to govern and control the prog- 
ress of human events. It is interesting to 
recognize the curious fact, that it was in a 
nominally exhausted science, that of descrip- 
tive anatomy, that Morton obtained these re- 
sults. At that time, when Morton had fairly 
enlisted as an anatomist, and fixed upon that 
department of science as his future field of 
labor, it became a question in what province 
of anatomy he should apply himself. The 
attention of students had been for a long time 
turned away from descriptive anatomy. In 
comparative anatomy, the labors of Cuvier 
had developed a grand and comprehensive 
division of the animated creation, so far- 
sighted and philosophical that it only re- 
mained for his followers to fill up the details; 
the great plan was already complete. But 
even here was an inviting task. The fauna of 
the New World still needed description and 
study. The geographical distribution of ani- 
mals, as well as their geological history, waited 
for the discoverer of their wonderful relations 
to the world’s progress, relations destined to 
remain unnoticed, until, at the magic touch of 
Agassiz, they sprang into a theory, bold, far- 
reaching, and, in the truest sense of the word, 
sublime: a theory, like many others, derived 
from the study of God’s works, startingly at 
variance with merely human ideas of God’s 
will. No less deeply hid beneath the myriad 
superficial forms of comparative anatomy was 
the then undeveloped theory of design in the 
vertebrate creation, of one original pattern, 
upon Avhich, and its modifications, are built up 
all those otherwise incomprehensible varia- 
tions in the vertebrates. True, the genius of 
Oken had already sent its electric light into 
this chaos; but with his peculiarly trans- 
cendental mind, he had not conferred upon 
his theory that clearness and precision which 
Avould gain it favor with the exact and practi- 
cal minds who governed public opinion on this 
subject. Thus it happened that, at the time of 
Avhich we are writing, the new developments 
of anatomical research, since known as “trans- 
cendental,” or “philosophical anatomy,” and 
illustrated and made clear by the accurate 
mind of Owen, were not in a favorable posi- 
tion for attracting the notice or enthusiasm of 340 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the student. Like the very subject it investi- 
gated, its relations to actual, practical science 
were as dim and indistinct as those of the 
complex and stalactitic head of the fish, to the 
typical vertebra of which it is but a modifica- 
tion. So by Providence, or accident, it was 
not in the wide region of comparative anat- 
omy that Morton was destined to shine as a 
discoverer. The field was wide, its paths in- 
viting, but the subject of our notice trod them 
only in the footsteps of others who had gone 
before. At that time, more than at any other 
in the history of medicine, the revelations of 
the microscope conferred upon general anat- 
omy a deep and absorbing interest. Art had 
perfected the necessary instrument. The hu- 
man eye—profoundest problem of creative wis- 
dom—had magnified its powers a thousand 
fold. As the difficulties of distance and mag- 
nitude had been overcome by the telescope, so 
now had the opposite conditions of proximity 
and minuteness yielded to the art of the cun- 
ning optician. Here beckoned at once the 
charm of novelty and the forms of beauty, the 
faultless symmetry and unapproachable per- 
fection which are hidden by nature from the 
unassisted eye. Here, too, was utility devel- 
oped, in the added powers to control disease 
given to us by a deeper knowledge of the tis- 
sues it inhabits. And greater attraction than 
these to the philosophical mind, here was the 
cell, the problem of embryology, the integer 
vitae. In it lay undiscovered mystery, in it 
God’s deepest design for the preservation and 
perpetuation of life; beyond it all, the solemn 
question, “What is life itself? ” Here emula- 
tion prompted. Others were eagerly engaged, 
and honors were rapidly accumulating upon 
them. But with Morton, though the head 
was interested, though he earnestly kept pace 
with the progress of others, and in the honest 
discharge of his mission as a physician, suffered 
no knowledge to escape him, he but profited by 
the labors of others—his heart was not there. 
Only descriptive anatomy was left. We may 
not tell why it, rather than the other provinces, 
was chosen. Accident, or whim, often guide 
the most earnest minds, “by ways which they 
know not,” to results equally unexpected. 
Looking at the probabilities of acquiring dis- 
tinction as a philosopher, originator, discoverer 
in descriptive anatomy, the chances were in- 
deed meager. Works on the subject abounded, 
but for a long series of years no one of their 
authors had laid claim to originality. The 
most that any hoped for was a convenient 
classification and the high merit of credible 
and lucid description. Meckel and others, it 
is true, had, by comparison of many bodies, 
made known all those variations from the 
archetype which are liable to occur, and by 
numerical analysis had taught the surgeon in 
what proportion of cases he might find this 
artery varying from its normal distribution, or 
that one deficient. Others still, as Suichkahas 
since done, might trace a nerve deeper to its 
origin in the cerebral mass, or track its wind- 
ings by the microscope to a more distant dis- 
tribution than that before assigned. All this 
was useful and honorable, but it was not the 
work of a comprehensive mind, fitted to grasp 
the more intricate relations of one department 
of science to another. And yet this seemed 
then, as it now does, all that the descriptive 
anatomist might hope for. His was an ex- 
hausted science—not a point remained unoccu- 
pied. From head to foot, from the epidermis 
to the innermost medullary canal, patient and 
careful observers had traversed every tissue. 
Every prominence upon a bone, every curve 
upon an artery, each sinuous winding of a 
nerve, and every swelling of a muscle, had 
been described and named. The medieval 
worthies who, at the revival of learning, had 
renewed and enlarged the teachings of Hippo- 
crates, Avicenna, Aristotle, Galen and Celsus, 
those later workers who, after the Harveian 
discovery, had again reconstructed and com- 
pleted the labors of Vesalius and his followers, 
were the only true discoverers in descriptive 
anatomy. Vieussens, Fallopius, Eustachius, 
Monro, Malpighi, Steno, Havers and many 
others, had perpetuated their names in con- 
nection with parts by them first described, 
until no room seemed left for the modern stu- 
dent. The chivalry and romance of anatomy 
had no longer a being. In the day of many of 
those just named, the study was prosecuted 
only by the truly brave. All that strong mate- 
rialistic veneration for the dead human body, 
which is even now so strong in the multitude, 
then amounted to such an overwhelming pub- 
lic opinion that an actual bodily danger sur- 
rounded the student; and it may be readily 
supposed that he too was not entirely free from 
the prejudices of his age. Under these cir- 
cumstances of danger, and, if not of supersti- 
tion, of that heroic triumph over it which is 
equally exciting, the older anatomists were 
enthusiasts. In the awed silence of some 
lonely tower, beneath the antique overhanging 
lamp, alone with the dread majesty of death, 
in their dissections those grave old men saw 
wonders such as the modern dissector can not 
see. The scalpel, in their hands, was like the 
prow of a ship cleaving its way to unknown 
countries, and the discovery of a new organ 
came to the sense of the anatomist— 
“ Welcome as the cry 
That told the Indian Isles were nigh 
To the world-seeking Genoese; 
When the land-wind from fields of balm, 
And orange groves, and woods of palm, 
Blew o’er the Haytien seas! ” 
How changed all this in the nineteenth cen- 
tury ! The solemn awe with which the early 
dissectors prosecuted, in dangerous secrecy, 
their dread researches into the undiscovered 
mysteries of dead humanity, has given place 
to the light song of the boy-student, in 
the cheerful, well-arranged dissecting room, 
around which pass the merry jest and rapid 
repartee, the gay, exuberant vitality of 
youth, in unnoticed proximity to dull, 
disfigured death! And yet it was in this 
exhausted science—these ways of learn- 
ing worn by the feet of all that countless 
multitude who, from century to century, had 
sought an entrance to the medical profession—• 
that Morton struck out a new avenue to fame, 
and gained the priceless name of philosopher. 
From the time when, in 1830, he failed to pro- 
cure a sufficient number of skulls to illustrate 
the cranial forms of the five great races, in an 
introductory lecture to a class in anatomy, on 
to the close of his life, he set himself to sup- 
ply this remarkable deficiency, and to study 
the forms of the human skull. Gradually his 
collection grew in size such as he had not 
himself anticipated. In every section of the 
country, and finally in all countries, he found 
willing and enthusiastic helpers. The Pyra- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
341 
raids of Egypt, and the lone burial-ground of 
the Indian, on that far western coast— 
“Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound, 
Save his own dashing ” 
the old Phoenician tombs of Malta, and the 
temples of the Incas of Peru, alike gave up 
their dead to his unwearied search. Time 
went on. The office of Morton became a 
“place of skulls.” At the time of his death, 
his collection of human skulls amounted to 
nearly a thousand specimens, while of mam- 
mals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, he had some 
seven hundred more. With patient toil, with 
large expense, this gathering of crania was 
continued for many years, until its result far 
exceeded that of any other in the world. The 
visitor to the Academy of Natural Sciences at 
Philadelphia, as he paces its long and crowded 
galleries, will behold the windowed shelves 
containing these vestiges of humanity. From 
out the clear glass glares the stony gaze of the 
Egyptian mummy, the withered, blackened, 
parchment cheeks of old kings of Peru and 
priests of the sun worshippers; lips which 
breathed music, or uttered prayers three thou- 
sand years ago, cling shrivelled to the shrunken 
gums and glistening teeth. And there are the 
patched-up heads, the skulls broken and com- 
minuted to fragments, of brave old knights of 
the Crusades, and Saracenic opponents. The 
glittering lance, the flying pennon, the rattling 
shield, are long since mouldered, rusted, gone 
to nothingness; the lusty mouth which shouted 
the war-cry of “Mary, Mother of God,” or 
“Allah-il-Allah,” can speak no more of its old 
history, can tell no tale of the human passions 
which beat and throbbed in the bony case of 
that silent skull; but out of it speaks a com- 
mon humanity, a strong lesson of the perma- 
nence of races, the enduring character of na- 
tional ambitions, and the solemn fact that 
man, as we see him now in the crowded street, 
is, after all, but the man of centuries ago. 
The gradual gathering together of these crania 
developed in the mind of Morton a taste or 
passion for the study of ethnology—the sci- 
ence of races—and the noblest study which 
can, by any possibility, occupy the human in- 
tellect. In it lie the deepest problems of God’s 
will to man, out of it shall yet be solved the 
most intricate questions of man’s destiny. It 
was a new study. In the eighteenth century, 
Camper, the original propounder of the theory 
of the facial angle, had announced the hereti- 
cal idea of diversity of races. Late in the same 
century, Blumenbach, of Gdttingen, took up 
the subject, and by the decennial publication 
of his Decades Craniorum, placed himself at the 
head of ethnologists. His wrorks were made 
familiar to the English reader by the lectures 
of William Lawrence, at the Royal College of 
Surgeons, in 1819. Before this, however, Mr. 
Pritchard, the able author of the “Natural 
History of Man,” took the field as an ethnolo- 
gist in the larger sense of the word, and has 
ever since been hailed by the clergy, and by 
biblical scholars, as the champion of their be- 
lief. When Morton returned from his sojourn 
in Edinburgh, in 1824, Gall and Spurzheim, and 
their collegues, had widely promulgated what 
was then considered the science of phreno- 
logy. Great attention was at that time devoted 
to cranial forms, and though Morton pursued 
the subject as an ethnologist, he never com- 
mitted himself to the doctrine of phrenology 
as such. In our days, when phrenology ranks 
with mesmerism, and other pseudo-sciences— 
when it simply constitutes a disreputable 
means of livelihood for a few beggarly itiner- 
ant lecturers—we are apt to forget that Gall 
and Spurzheim were not the vagabond teach- 
ers of the present day; that they were men of 
reputation, honesty, learning, and varied ac- 
complishment ; that their dictum was of itself 
weighty in the scientific world; and that, 
therefore, we need feel no surprise, if, on 
searching the records, we find sound anato- 
mists and able physiologists committed to the 
doctrines of phrenology. A calm, unpreju- 
diced investigation will show us, even now, 
that they are based on principles of undisputed 
correctness; that only in their application—in 
the absurd mapping out of the cerebrum into 
territories for the passions and intellect, which, 
like the States of our own national govern- 
ment, have each a sovereign power*, and are 
each constantly embittered and at war with 
each other on some question of sectional preju- 
dice—is it really at fault. The division of the 
head into general regions of intellect and of 
animal life, is one which forces itself upon the 
physiologist; that which assigns a thimble-full 
of brain to one imaginary organ, and a cubic 
inch to another; that which destroys the unity 
of the mind, and makes it up of a hundred 
warring contrarieties—which packs organ with 
organ in the cranium, like so many eggs in a 
basket, one of which may be addled while the 
others are sound—is at once unwarranted by 
anatomy, and disastrous in its reaction upon 
our ideas of human responsibility. To return. 
It can not be doubted that the active discus- 
sion of the phrenological idea had an impor- 
tant influence in directing Morton’s mind to 
the study of craniologjb That he never 
adopted it, is in itself a strong contradiction 
of the theory. Even at that early period of his 
studies, he had familiarized himself with the 
different forms of craniological development, 
to an extent far beyond the attainment of 
many who thought themselves deeply versed. 
But, fortunately for him, fortunately for sci- 
ence, his investigations were not confined to 
the crania of a single race. Grouping to- 
gether hundreds of skulls, belonging to a sin- 
gle nation, he recognized that, aside from the 
comparatively trivial individual differences, to 
which the investigations of phrenology were 
confined, there existed broad national differ- 
ences ; that, for instance, the skull of the Tol- 
tecan Indian was an individuality, and could 
never be mistaken for that of the German, or 
other of the dominant white races. For 
awhile his mind was interested in these fonns. 
He noted the cranium of the Indian, with its 
low, receding forehead, its short antero-poste- 
rior diameter, its great breadth between the 
ears, its flattened occiput, prominent vortex, 
high cheek-bones, and prominent and ponder- 
ous jaws, and compared with it that glorious 
Grecian form, immortalized in the Apollo 
Belvidere, but daily seen upon our streets. 
And so on through other races, he traced a 
permanent, unchangeable type of form, which 
dated back to the earliest historic periods. 
So accurate did he become in assigning 
nationality to any individual skull, that, in 
one instance, when a skull, unlike any in his 
collection, reached him from an unknown 
source, he unhesitatingly labelled it “Phoeni- 
cian,” and placed it on the shelf. More 
than a year afterward, he learned that it had 342 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
been found in an old Phoenician tomb, at 
Malta. Among other permanent differences 
which he noticed in skulls, was a difference of 
size, in comparing nationalities. His mind 
grasped the great idea which this involved, 
that not only variety in form, but actual dif- 
ference in cranial capacity, in the size of the 
brain itself, was one of the conditions of na- 
tional greatness. First devising a careful and 
accurate means of measurement, he subjected 
all the crania in his collection to the test of 
capacity, and reached the following results: 
The Teutonic family, made up of Germans, 
English, and Anglo - Americans, had the 
highest capacity, viz., 92 cubic inches; and 
that the lowest is assigned to the Hottentots 
and Australians, viz., 75 inches. Ranging 
between these two, we have the Celtic, with 
its 87 inches; the Malays, 85; the Chinese, 
82; the African Negro, 83; the barbarous 
American Indian, 84, and the Toltecan In- 
dian, 77. This, then, is the doctrine. Each 
of the pure, unmixed races has a cranial 
capacity and form, which is one of its most 
marked and permanent conditions. In a 
word, there is a permanent inequality in the 
size of the brain of different races of men, and 
also a variety of shape and contour of the 
brain-case, which is almost equally marked 
and descriptive. Having thus traced the grad- 
ual development of this doctrine of a different 
cranial capacity, we should pause for a moment 
and study the bearings of the theory, those 
tendencies and relations to political economy 
whicli distinguish it from all other diScoveries 
in purely natural science, and which have 
their only counterpart in the wide-spread in- 
fluence which geology has had upon religious 
belief. It is a marked feature in the grouping 
and generalizations of modern science that 
this sphere of influence is not confined to 
science alone, but involves those great ques- 
tions of religion or politics which come nearer 
to the passions of men than any mere discov- 
ery, however useful. In this way a fearful re- 
sponsibility is incurred by the teacher in nat- 
ural science. The memorable onslaught made 
upon religion by the French encyclopedists is 
a familiar instance of the close connection be- 
tween science and religion, and of the manner 
in which one may be brought to war upon the 
other. The still more recent teachings of 
geology, going to prove the great antiquity of 
the globe, and the gradual development of one 
organism into another, without a distinct crea- 
tive fiat for each race of animals—the historical 
theories evolved from the deciphering of the 
hieroglyphics of the Pyramids, and supposed 
to show a continuous nationality in Egypt back 
to a period preceding the Noachian deluge—- 
have in turn arrayed the religious against the 
scientific world. Morton’s doctrines, like 
these, involved great moral issues; and let 
them once be widely circulated among the 
common people, let them be made the topics 
of newspaper discussion, and an embroilment 
would result whose termination no man can 
foresee. We do not intend to discuss, contin- 
ues Dr. Hunt, that effort which has been 
made, since his death, to array Morton on the 
side of a diversity of origin of human races. 
We have many reasons for wishing to avoid 
this. During his life-time he never declared 
for or against the unity of the races. The doc- 
trine of the diversity of races is not a neces- 
sary deduction from his theory. But, more 
than this, we distrust our own capacity to 
handle this subject without doing harm. The 
doctrine mentioned is one involving the most 
solemn interests. Denying the unity of the 
human race, it makes a myth of the Adamic 
curse and fall, and does away with the re- 
demption through Christ, by making it at once 
unnecessary and insufficient. Able, earnest 
and honest minds are at work upon this prob- 
lem. To them we leave it, and have only thus 
alluded to it because the fact of a varying 
cranial capacity in different races has been 
strongly urged as one of the arguments for a 
diverse origin. For us, the political and social 
tendencies of Morton’s theory have breadth 
and magnitude enough. Looking first at the 
broad fact, so amply established by Morton, 
that different races have a different cranial 
capacity, the mind seeks naturally for those 
influences which such a difference might be 
supposed to produce upon the political and 
social conditions of different races. Is it acci- 
dent, or is it a great providential design, look- 
ing toward the ultimate perfection of human- 
ity ? Shall all our cherished notions of liberty, 
equality, fraternity, be crushed beneath the 
one inexorable fact of unequal brain, coupled 
with unequal mental power ? The fact may as 
well exist in scientific theory, as in the actual 
workings of human relations. In looking 
back upon the records of that Providence 
which dictates the pages of human history, we 
find one nation always in servitude, another 
always free. One particular family gradually 
overspreads the temperate zone; before it 
perish all other kindred tribes and tongues. 
The fact, inevitable as death, is there, 
however disagreeable to the kindly, generous 
doctrine of social equality. Let us not argue 
that the doctrine of human equality, the right 
of each member of the human race to equal 
privileges, is, in itself, as just as it is generous, 
or as truthful as it is kindly. The problem of 
government is not to be solved by asserting 
the dignity of human nature, per se, for all his- 
tory and all analogy contradict it. In history, 
we find that, so far as the .welfare of nations 
is concerned, there is no such thing as equality; 
that the strong hand, guided by the intelligent 
brain, has ever conquered; and through so 
many apparent variations, so many momentary 
defeats resulting in permanent victories, has 
this held true, that, however false the asser- 
tion “Might makes right” may be, so far as 
ends merely human are concerned, neverthe- 
less,'the Divine Will attains its purposes through 
Might as the means, and makes the feeble 
Right the temporary victim. Human crimes, 
as well as human virtues, work out the flats 
of the Almighty; and all things, great and 
small, willing or unwilling, do serve him. We 
need not travel from our own continent to 
find the history of a series of races which will 
illustrate with sufficient fullness the influence 
of a single anatomical fact upon national suc- 
cess. “Human history,” says Dr. Robert 
Knox, “can not be a mere chapter of acci- 
dents. The fate of nations can not be always 
regulated by chance; its literature, science, 
art, wealth, religion, language, laws, and mor- 
als, can not surely be the result of mere acci- 
dental circumstances.” The monumental his- 
tory, as well as the traditions of the aborigines 
of our country, indicates that the Toltecan or 
Peruvian was once the dominant race of this 
continent. As described by Cortez and his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
343 
followers, they were a gentle people, of fixed 
habits, given to assembling in large communi- 
ties, and the building of great cities. The 
arts of civilization existed among them to a 
great extent. A monarchical government, a 
priestly hierarchy, and a provident agriculture 
indicated a condition far above barbarism. 
Their average cranial capacity, as ascertained 
by Morton, from the measurement of two 
hundred and thirteen skulls, was seventy- 
seven cubic inches. Its conformation pre- 
sented a low receding forehead, the longitudi- 
nal and parietal diameter nearly equal, a flat- 
tened occiput, high cheek bones, and heavy 
and projecting jaws. This race once held pos- 
session from the great lakes to the Isthmus of 
Darien. It was they who constructed the forts 
and mounds which dot our western prairies. 
But long before the peopling of North America 
by the whites, they had disappeared from the 
whole country north of the Rio Grand; and 
their place was occupied by a race superior to 
them in cranial development, but inferior in 
the arts. The barbarous tribes had some seven 
cubic inches of brain the advantage over the 
Toltecans. The cranial conformation was sim- 
ilar, with the exception of a fuller occiput, and 
smaller intellectual lobe. These anatomical 
characters found an analogy in their minds. 
Crafty, subtle, vindictive, nomadic, despising 
manual labor, and incapable of civilization, 
they were still permitted, in the providence of 
God, to drive before them the mild Toltecan, 
and give to rapine and blood the land which 
once waved with corn. It was the manifest 
destiny of the Toltecan race to perish from the 
earth. Their civilization, their knowledge of 
fortification and defense, were no match for 
the larger brain of the red man. The men of 
largest brain, of strongest will, fiercest animal 
passions, and smallest share of human sympa- 
thies, passed from their northeastern origin, 
and swept all obstacles from their path. It 
was the work of annihilation, and nothing was 
left of the Toltecan but his forts and mounds. 
The second act in this great drama opens with 
the most important and immense migration of 
the human race on record. There came to the 
shores of New England and Virginia some 
feeble bands of men, who, whether rightfully 
or not, were soon engaged in bloody wars with 
the numerous tribes around them. Looking at 
the probabilities as they then existed, the 
chances were a thousand to one that a broil 
once commenced between the white and the 
red man, the former would soon be driven 
from the shores of the continent, or find a 
grave beneath its forests. They had to con- 
tend with a race numerous, powerful, vindict- 
ive, armed with efficient weapons, and the 
bravery to use them. Why is it, then, that we 
have seen the Teuton gradually enlarging his 
borders, and the red man as steadily perishing 
before him ? The work is like that which the 
Indian had previously inflicted on the Tol- 
tecan. It was not conquest or subjection, but 
annihilation. Rank by rank, and tribe by 
tribe, the red man faded from his possessions. 
Like some Sarsar wind of death, the races of 
the Teuton have passed from the portals of the 
East, until now the golden shores of the Pa- 
cific acknowledge their dominion. It mattered 
little what means were chosen to accomplish 
this result. The peaceful policy of William 
Penn and the stern, unyielding integrity of the 
Puritans were as fatal to the Indian as the 
fierce slaughter of the Spaniards in the halls 
of Montezuma. And the high necessities of 
civilization were but a secondary element in 
this contest. On the whole line of advance, 
from the Bay of Massachusetts to the Gulf of 
Mexico, the progress of the white race was 
preceded and picmeered by a class of adven- 
turers who fled from the life of towns and as- 
similated themselves to barbarism. It was not 
for civilization that the Daniel Boones of our 
country fought and struggled. They contended 
with the Indian for his hunting-grounds, and 
not for sites of cities. It was the physiological 
antipathy of race for race, not sufficiently 
proximate, and too proud and stubborn to 
blend. And here we may pause to notice an- 
other marked difference in the conquering 
races. The Teuton, with an average cranial 
capacity of ninety-two inches—or if we take 
the pure English stardard of the Puritans, of 
ninety-six inches, making a capacity of twelve 
cubic inches above that of the red man—fought 
less and conquered more than did the Span- 
iards and French at the South, with an average 
of eighty-four and eighty-seven cubic inches, 
thus nearly assimilating them to the barbarous, 
but not reducing them to the Toltecan meas- 
urement. As a natural consequence, we find 
that the Teuton has never widely amalgamated 
with the Indian. The animal passions were 
too feeble, and the innate pride of birth and 
connection too high, for such an intermingling. 
But the converse held true with the Spaniard 
and Frenchman. The Iberian and Celt belong 
to the swarthy families of the Caucasian race, 
and are as distinctly separable from the Anglo- 
Saxon as from the negro. Possessing as a 
race five cubic inches less of brain than the 
Teuton, they more nearly approximate the 
aborigines than the men of the North. They 
have everywhere first fought and conquered, 
and then amalgamated with the Indian. The 
consequence is a feeble and hybrid race, de- 
fining hybridity as a loss of permanence of 
national type. The physical degeneration 
which has resulted from this blending is a very 
noteworthy feature in anatomical science. The 
races now inhabiting Mexico are a breed so 
disgracefully mixed and intermingled that the 
types of the heroic Indian, as well as the dig- 
nified Spaniard, have alike disappeared. The 
average size of the head in Mexico is so small 
that it is with the greatest difficulty that an 
American of average cranial size can find a 
native hat sufficiently large. Still another 
race comes in to mingle in the confusion of 
American population. We are indebted to our 
English forefathers for the presence among us 
of more than three millions of a low type of 
human organization—the negro. Prognathous 
jaws, narrow, elongated forms, receding fore- 
heads, large posterior development, and an 
internal capacity of only eighty-three inches, 
characterize the cranium of the African Ne- 
gro. The cranial capacity is nine inches less 
than that of the Teuton, but still exceed- 
ing the Toltecan by six inches, and only one 
less than the barbarous Indian. The history 
of the negro, not only on the American but 
the African continent, illustrates the influence 
of the anatomical on the national conditions. 
Although he has never, in his native state, 
attained to any degree of culture, he is endowed 
with a wonderful imitative faculty, which en- 
ables him to adapt himself to the customs of 
civilized life. But we find that he more read- 344 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ily amalgamates with the Indian than with the 
white. The red man, though he sometimes 
makes a slave of his black fellow, is still more 
generally disposed to admit him to a footing of 
equality. In his relations with the whites he 
for two centuries remained in servitude, with- 
out an effort on his part to escape from bond- 
age. The casual flight of a few solitary indi- 
viduals, does not invalidate the fact that he 
was enchained by a people which could not 
thus enslave the Indian. The story of “Uncle 
Tom’s Cabin” contains a most truthful moral 
on this point, however unconciously on the 
part of the author. “George,” the almost 
white slave, strikes for freedom with a bold 
hand, preferring death to slavery. So too, did 
“Cassy,” and every other light mulatto in the 
book. But we find that Mrs. Stowe has always 
portrayed the pure black as a willing bonds- 
man, and “Uncle Tom,” himself, as a model 
of submission to the lash, and to bitterest 
wrong and outrage. This was not mere 
Christian non-resistance. The meekest mar- 
tyr, from St. Stephen to John Rogers, would 
have resisted such wrong, by force of arms. 
It is an inborn characteristic of the black race. 
While we may not sanction the idea that the 
mere fact of inferiority, or diversi-ty of race, 
can justify the holding of a fellow man—for a 
fellow-man he is—in involuntary servitude, it 
is nevertheless evident, that the anatomical 
facts of difference should have some influence 
in modifying our sentiments, and render us 
slow in imposing the responsibility of self- 
support upon a race whose ability to maintain 
themselves, in competition with the white 
man, is at least as much a problem as is that 
of the co-existence of the Anglo-Saxon and the 
Indian. It is impossible for eighty-three cubic 
inches of cerebral matter, fed by negro blood, 
to compete with ninety-two of educated, Teu- 
tonic brain. It is not the province of the 
anatomist to decide what should be done; but 
it is safe to assume, that any being, however 
degraded, if he possess reason and con- 
science, should also possess the liberty to use 
them for his own welfare. The limit of au- 
thority over a degraded race should not extend 
beyond an exercise of paternal care and supe- 
rior wisdom, in guiding, protecting, and ele- 
vating it, in such a manner of life as is best 
fitted to its capacities. The amalgamation of 
the two races produces the mulatto, who man- 
ifests a certain degree of hybridity. He is a 
superior negro, but a very inferior white man. 
As we go on approximating to the white, we 
have increasing aptitude to learn, and greater 
intelligence; but this is accompanied by a cor- 
responding degradation of the white. The 
mulatto is an unnatural and a sinful existence. 
Feeble in constitution, unable to perform 
severe labor, he manifests a tendency to scrof- 
ulous diseases and early death. Though the 
pure negro is naturally long lived, we find the 
mulatto rarely attaining the verge of old age. 
It is a notorious fact that, were it not for con- 
stant importations from the South, the race of 
negroes would soon disappear from the North- 
ern States, from amalgamation, and conse- 
quent short life. If amalgamation is thus 
fatal to the existence of the negro, what better 
would be his condition if left to his own re- 
sources? It is but just that we should look the 
anatomical argument fairly in the face. The 
condition of the negro has ever been that of 
servitude—a consequence of his lack of brains. I 
It can not be pretended that this should form 
a justification of American slavery; but the 
anatomist will still shrink from hastily disturb- 
ing the present order of things. An immediate 
setting free of the bondsmen of the South, 
would place three and a half millions of an 
inferior race in competition with one far supe- 
rior to it in anatomical perfection. Who can 
doubt where misery would fall? The experi- 
ment has already been tried twice on this con- 
tinent. The Toltecan and the Indian have in 
turn faded, and passed away from the broad 
lands they once claimed as their own. With- 
out a claim to the soil, without a vestige of 
national organization, and in competition with 
a vastly superior race, that annihilation which 
has so surely dogged the retreating footsteps of 
the Indian, would find but a feeble resistance 
from the humble, crouching African. One cir- 
cumstance may, in this contingency, operate in 
favor of the negro. Had the Indian been capa- 
ble of subjection to slavery he would still be 
found among us. The negro would soon, in free- 
dom, adapt himself somewhat to his new con- 
dition; and, although a large class might, like 
the wretched inhabitants of the British West 
Indies, prefer abject poverty to labor, yet the 
influence of a colder climate, and the neces- 
sity of providing for a winter, might gradually 
engraft industrious habits. Even the ever- 
working bee, when transported to Jamaica, 
laid up his store of honey for a single season 
only. Ever after that he forgot his provident 
Northern notions, and led a roisterous and dis- 
sipated life among the sweets of the sugar- 
houses, unmindful of the morrow. [The reader 
will understand that this memoir was written 
immediately before our Civil War and the 
emancipation of the negro by President Lin- 
coln's proclamation, and that while his ulti- 
mate destiny in competition with the domi- 
nant race of this country remains an unsolved 
problem, yet his history and condition since 
that period by no means justify a contradic- 
tion of the ethnological conclusions then pub- 
lished.—Editor.] It is now a received opinion 
with ethnologists that the large-headed Teuton 
is the dominant race of all the earth. Wherever 
climate will permit his existence, his passion 
for discovery leads him. The negro, the Hin- 
dostanee, the Malay, the aborigines of America, 
have all fallen before him; and now he knocks 
at the door of the Japanese Mongol, and de- 
mands admission there. One by one the lesser 
tribes have owned his sway. The lively Celt 
of Ireland has yielded his long-fought battle 
with the English Teuton; the high-spirited 
Hungarian and the wily Italian feel the yoke 
of the Austrian Teuton; and throughout the 
world the race of the great brain is enlarging, 
by war or by diplomacy, its conquests. Who 
can tell where or when this immitigable ad- 
vance shall cease? And what shall be the fate 
of feebler nations beneath its sway? There is 
no cause for anxiety, for an all-wise Governor 
controls it. Out of all this seeming wrong 
cometh good. If the Teuton rob a feebler 
race of its possessions, we find that with him 
go all the arts of civilization,—the power of 
steam, the blessings of education, the priv- 
ileges of freedom, and an open Bible. The 
forests fall, and the ring of the artisan’s ham- 
mer is heard in cities; and peace smiles upon 
broad fields of wheat, white for the harvest. 
Here, in the broad foundation and the full 
elaboration of such a theory, we find Morton’s EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
345 
true glory. In the most unpromising of all 
the sciences assigned to the physician, he has 
struck out a discovery, from which, as from 
some wondrous spring, has welled forth a 
fountain of public opinion, which, starting 
from the quiet valleys of scientific research, 
has grown into a torrent as it reaches the vast 
teeming plain of active human thought. Not 
in the domain of medicine do its consequences 
stop, but sweeping resistlessly on, it forms one 
of the chiefest of those currents of belief which 
agitate the restless sea of social and political 
discussion. What though it buries beneath 
its tide of evidence our preconceived ideas of 
human liberty, equality, fraternity? Not out 
of the hopeless selfishness, the inborn de- 
pravity, the jealousies, the secret crimes of 
human hearts, can we contrive a scheme of 
Providence. The heaviest burden borne by 
the truly ambitious medical mind, the great 
deficiency in the relations of the medical pro- 
fession toward society, is that it stands at one 
side of the current of human life, and exerts 
no direct and palpable influence upon the 
creeds of men. Those natures which would 
seek in medicine an opportunity to mingle in 
the grander competitions of life, and long for 
fame, in the broad, satisfactory sense of the 
term, are doomed to disappointment. Physi- 
cians live at one side of the world; they are a 
separate people, and their mission links them, 
not to human greatness, but to human weak- 
nesses and sorrows. But the physician, if, 
like Morton, he is content to be, rather than 
to be seen to be, can make his mark upon 
the world’s progress through those avenues 
wherein natural science is now operating upon 
creeds of belief and systems of ethics. Like 
Morton, we may not stand in the hot van- 
guard of opinion, but, placed calmly in the 
rear, seeking only for truth without regard to* 
creeds, we may push on the column, and watch 
the battlements of error, the dogmas of the- 
orists, the nicely-built strongholds of policy, 
tottering and falling before an impulse which 
had its origin in the quiet study of the unpre- 
tending man of science. 
MOTT, Alexander Brown, of New York City, 
son of the late Dr. Valentine Mott, was born in 
that city, March 31,1826, and died in Yonkers, 
N. Y., August 12, 1889. His preliminary edu- 
cation was received from a private tutor, Wm. 
Darling (afterward Prof. W. Darling, M. D., 
of the University Medical College of New 
York), and he subsequently entered Columbia 
College Grammar School. In 1836 he accom- 
panied his family to Europe, where he received 
a thorough classical education, returning to his 
native city after an absence of five years. A 
love for a military life about this time led him 
to place himself under military instruction at 
West Point, but in deference to the religious 
peace principles of his father he abandoned 
the idea. In 1842 he again visited Europe, 
and after passing a year in Germany and 
France, he accepted a position of trust in the 
naval agency, Marseilles. In 1844 he became 
private secretary of Commodore Morris, United 
States Navy, commanding the Mediterranean 
Squadron. He subsequently visited Spain, took 
part in the revolution there in command of a 
battery, and was present at the siege and sur- 
render of Barcelona. He afterwards worked 
his way to Marseilles, and became connected 
with a commercial firm in that city, visiting 
Italy, Austria, Piedmont, Greece and Turkey, 
in their interest, during 1845. He passed most 
of the years 1846 and 1847 at Havre, where his 
first studies in medicine were prosecuted, un- 
der the direction of a practicing friend. Re- 
turning to New York, he entered his father’s 
office as a student, and attended lectures at 
the University Medical College. He was 
also a graduate of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, New York Medical College and 
Castleton Medical College. He commenced 
practice in 1850. He tied the common ca- 
rotid fifteen times, internal carotid twice, sub- 
clavian four times, innominata once, (fnnmon 
iliac twice, internal iliac twice, and external 
iliac five times; femoral eighteen times; per- 
formed the operation of resection of the femur 
three times; also two amputations at hip- 
■ 
joint; exsection of ulna twice; removal of en- 
tire lower lower jaw for phosphor-necrosis 
twice, and performed lithotomy twenty-one 
times. He acted for many years as prosector 
to his father, Prof. Valentine Mott, at the 
University medical clinic, and performed many 
of the operations in the surgical clinics. In 
1850 he was appointed Surgeon to the New 
York Dispensary; in 1853 Visiting Surgeon of 
St. Vincent's Hospital, which he had assisted 
in founding in 1849; he was Attending Sur- 
geon to the Jewish Hospital in 1855, a position 
he held till 1863, and also Surgeon to the 
Charity Hospital, which he held for fourteen 
years/ In 1859 he was appointed Attending 
burgeon at Bellevue Hospital, and later, Con- 
sulting Surgeon to the Bureau of Medical and 
Surgical Relief to the Out-door Poor, and was 
at one time Professor of Surgical Anatomy in 
the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, of 
which he was one of the founders, and filled 
the chair of Clinical and Operative Surgery in 346 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
that institution from 1872 till his death. At 
the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion, 
April 18, 1861, he was requested to accompany 
the first regiments of militia and ordered to pro- 
ceed to Washington, on two hours’ notice. He 
organized the medical corps of the regiments 
under his charge; was subsequently appointed 
medical director pro tern, in New York, and 
inspected all the recruits for thirty-eight regi- 
ments of New York Volunteers, over 70,000 
men passing under his supervision. He sub- 
sequently, under orders, visited and inspected 
all the *New York regiments around Washing- 
ton and Fortress Monroe, and continued this 
arduous work till he was relieved on account 
of sickness contracted in the performance of 
his duty, when, on returning to New York, he 
resumed the office of inspector, besides being 
associated with the United States Mustering 
and Disbursing Office of that city. He caused a 
post hospital to be prepared for the sick troops 
passing through the city, but this proving inad- 
equate, in 1862 he founded, in connection with 
several patriotic ladies of New York, the 
United States Army General Hospital, corner 
Fifty-first street and Lexington avenue, which 
he was placed in charge of by the Surgeon- 
General. In November, 1862, he was made 
Surgeon United States Volunteers, and thence- 
forth gave much of his time to the hospital 
above mentioned. He was appointed as one 
of the medical examining board for admission 
to the Medical Corps of the Army for Sur- 
geons of Volunteers, and served for one year 
in that capacity. From time to time during 
the war he was ordered on special duty with 
the army, and in the winter of 1864-65 was 
placed on duty as inspector of the Department 
of Virginia, with headquarters with the Army 
of the James, then under command of Maj.- 
Gen. Ord. He served with him until the close 
of the war, and after the memorable campaign 
of April, 1865, was present at the conference 
between Gens. Ord and Longstreet, on the 
morning of the 9th of that month, and in the 
room, by special request, at the interview be- 
tween Gens. Grant and Lee, in the afternoon 
of that day, when the articles of agreement of 
surrender were signed at Appomattox 0. H., 
Va. After this he was ordered on duty in 
Richmond, Va., and shortly after, upon hear- 
ing of his father’s severe illness, obtained a 
short leave of absence, and reached New York 
three days before his death, which took place 
on the 26th of April, 1865. His father had 
been taken ill on the Saturday previous, com- 
plaining of a chill and intense pain in his left 
leg, which was much swollen and very sensi- 
tive to the touch. His son, immediately on 
his arrival Sunday night, examined the limb 
and found that the circulation was more feeble 
than in the other, and suspected a beginning 
of gangrene from obstruction in the iliac 
artery. He called a consultation of several of 
the most eminent physicians and surgeons of 
the city for the next day, and expressed his 
opinion to them, which was fully verified on 
the following day by the appearance of vesi- 
cation on the foot. He was mustered out of 
the United States service on August 1, 1865, 
with the rank of Brevet-Colonel United States 
Volunteers. Several reports of interesting 
cases treated by him have been published. 
He was a permanent member of the American 
Medical Association; honorary member of the 
Hudson County Pathological Society; fellow 
of the American Geographical Society; mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Sciences; of 
the New York Society for the Relief of Widows 
and Orphans of Medical Men; of the New 
York Medico-Legal Society, and of the New 
York Physicians’ Mutual Aid Association. In 
April, 1851, he married the youngest daughter 
of Thaddeus Phelps. He left one son, Valen- 
tine Mott, who graduated from Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College in 1878, and who is now 
a prominent member of the profession in New 
York City. 
MOTT, Valentine, of New York City, was 
born in Glen Cove, L. 1., August 20, 1785, and 
died April 26, 1865. From a recent sketch in 
“Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biogra- 
phy,” we derive the following details concern- 
ing the life and achievements of this noted 
surgeon: He was descended from an English 
Quaker who settled on Long Island about 
1660, and was a son of Henry Mott, a physi- 
cian who practiced his profession for many 
years in New York City. The subject of this 
sketch received a classical education, and at 
the age of nineteen began the study of medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of his kinsman, 
Dr. Valentine Seaman, with whom he re- 
mained for three years, in the meantime at- 
tending the medical lectures at Columbia Col- 
lege, which conferred upon him the degree of 
M. D., in 1806. He then went to London and 
became a pupil of Astley Cooper; studied prac- 
tical anatomy by means of dissection; visited 
the hospitals and attended the lectures of 
the chief surgeons of the British Metropolis; 
afterwards spending more than a year at Edin- 
burgh under the instruction of eminent teach- 
ers of the University of that city. He re- 
turned to New York City in 1809, and rapidly 
attained a reputation in surgery. In the win- 
ter of 1810 he delivered a pi-ivate course of 
lectures on this branch of his profession, and 
shortly afterward he was jnade Professor of 
Surgery in Columbia College. In 1813, the 
medical faculty withdrew from that institution 
and was merged in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, and in 1826 the trustees gave of- 
fense to Dr. Mott and his associates, who formed 
a new school under the auspices of Rutgers 
College, and subsequently connected them- 
selves with the college at Geneva, N. Y., but 
were compelled to close their institution in 
1830, on account of a decision regarding the 
legal right to confer degrees. Dr. Mott then 
returned to the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons as Professor of Operative Surgery 
and Surgical and Pathological Anatomy. 
In 1835 he resigned, in order to rest from ex- 
hausting labors, and repair his health by travel. 
He was already recognized in Europe as one of 
the first surgeons of the age. After visiting 
London, and a tour on the Continent, he re- 
turned to the United States at the end of six- 
teen months. Finding his health not fully re- 
stored, he returned to Europe, and made 
annual excursions from Paris into various 
countries during the next five years, when he 
finally returned to New York with health com- 
pletely invigoi’ated. While abroad he spent 
much time in the hospitals of Paris, and be- 
came much interested in orthopedic surgery. 
When visiting Constantinople he removed a 
tumor from the head of the Sultan, Abdul 
Medjid, and was invested for this service 
with the Order of the Medjidieh. Dr. Mott 
was the principal founder of the New York EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
347 
University Medical College, and became Pro- 
fessor of Surgery and Relative Anatomy, as 
well as President of the Faculty, on its 
establishment in 1841. In 1850', his lect- 
ures were interrupted by a third trip to 
Europe. From 1852 until his death he was 
Emeritus Professor, and lectured occasionally 
to the classes every year. He drew his sub- 
ject matter and illustrations largely from his 
own personal experience, and devoted but lit- 
tle attention to theories. He was for fifteen 
years Senior Consulting Surgeon to Bellevue 
Hospital, and for different periods served in 
the same capacity for St. Luke’s, the Hebrew, 
St. Vincent’s, and Women’s Hospitals. Dr. 
Mott early gained a world-wide reputation for 
boldness and originality as an operative sur- 
geon. Through life it was his constant prac- 
tice, before every novel or important opera- 
tion, first to perform it upon the cadaver. 
When but thirty-three years of age, he was 
the first to place a ligature around the in- 
nominate artery for aneurism of the right 
subclavian artery. The neighboring arteries 
became involved and the patient died from 
secondary hemorrhage, due to ulceration, on 
the twenty-third day. Dr. Van Graefe, of Ber- 
lin, repeated the operation three years later, 
With the same result, and it was not until 
1864 that Dr. Andrew W. Smyth performed it, 
and insured the recovery of the patient by 
tying also the common carotid and the vertebral 
arteries. In 1821, Dr. Mott excised the right 
side of the lower jaw for osteosarcoma, having 
first ligated the primitive carotid in order to 
prevent hemorrhage, and afterwards he thrice 
removed the bone at the tempero-maxillary 
articulation. He performed a successful am- 
putation at the hip joint in 1824. In 1827 he 
ligated the common iliac artery for a large an- 
eurism of the external iliac artery, placing the 
ligature within half an inch of the aorta. The 
artery had been secured once before for the 
arrest of hemorrhage with a fatal result, but 
never for the cure of aneurism. Another of 
his original operations was cutting out two 
inches of the deep jugular vein, which was 
imbedded in a tumor. He was also the first 
surgeon to tie both ends of that vein, and the 
first to close with fine ligatures longitudinal or 
transverse wounds in large veins, even when 
slices had been cut out. He tied the common 
carotid artery forty-six times. In 1828 he re- 
moved the right clavicle, on which a large 
sarcomatous tumor had formed that had con- 
tracted adhesions with important structures on 
every side. He termed it his “Waterloo op- 
eration,” not, however, because it surpassed, 
as he declared, in tediousness, difficulty and 
danger anything he had ever witnessed or per- 
formed, but because, as it appears, it fell on 
the 18th of June, the anniversary of the battle 
of AYaterloo. We. find, however, that this 
was not the first operation for the removal of 
the entire clavicle. It is stated by Dr. John- 
son, in the New Orleans Medical Journal (Jan- 
uary, 1850), and in an address by Dr. D. AY. 
Yandall, on “Pioneer Surgery in Kentucky,” 
that this had been accomplished for the first 
time in the history of surgery by Dr. Charles 
McCreary, a young practitioner living in a 
village composed of a few scattering houses 
situated in a sparsely settled country, where 
opportunities for cultivating surgical science 
were necessarily rare, and the means for ac- 
quiring anatomical knowledge correspondingly 
difficult. The date of this operation was 1813, 
fifteen years before the case of Mott. The 
place Hartford, Ohio county, Ky.; the patient 
a lad named Irvin. The disease for which the 
operation was performed was said to be scrof- 
ulous. Recovery was slow but complete. The 
use of the arm remained unimpaired, and the 
patient lived in good health to be forty-nine 
years old. It is greatly to be regretted that 
more is not known of McCreary’s personal 
and professional character. He is said to have 
been a serious, thoughtful man, given.to study, 
devoted to his calling, and fatally fond’of drink, 
to which he fell a victim when but thirty- 
seven years of age. Mott’s operation is said 
to have required nearly four hours for its exe- 
cution ; he tied the jugular vein in two places 
and not less than forty arteries, but after all 
it proved to be not a complete extirpation, for 
the autopsy, made many years later, showed 
three-quarters of an inch of the bone at the 
acromial end still in its place, yet the case 
passed quickly into the annals of surgery and 
added much to the already great renown of 
the operator. “To this day,” says Yandall, 
“it is referred to by surgical writers as ‘Mott’s 
Celebrated Case,’ and the description of his 
procedure is often given in his own words.” 
Although these two cases both repovered it 
was thirty years before any other surgeon 
had sufficient confidence in his dexterity, 
strength and knowledge of surgical anatomy 
to attempt a similar operation. In 1830 Dr. 
Mott effected a cure for hydrorachitis or cleft 
spine, removing a tumor at the lower part of 
the back, and later performed the same opera- 
tion at the neck. From an early period in his 
practice he was remarkably successful in rhino- 
plastic operations, and in many instances re- 
stored the form of cheeks and lips that had 
been badly mutilated through the excessive 
use of mercury. Immobility of the jaw, 
caused by the same practice, engaged his at- 
tention soon after he began his professional 
work in New York City, and he finally devised 
an instrument on the screw and lever princi- 
ple for prying open the jaw after preliminary 
operation with the scalpel, which he put into 
use in 1822, He was the first to remove the 
lower jaw for necrosis. He was one of the 
foremost lithotomists of his day, operating by 
the lateral method with the bistoury. He re- 
moved one stone that weighed more than 
seventeen ounces, and operated 165 times, al- 
together averaging the loss of only one patient 
in every twenty-seven cases. His amputa- 
tions numbered nearly a thousand. It is said 
that Dr. Mott possessed all the qualifications 
for a great operator. His acute vjsion, steadi- 
ness of nerve, and physical vigor were extra- 
ordinary. He could cut with one hand almost 
as well as with the other, and developed a 
dexterity in the use of the knife that has never 
been surpassed. He cultivated and refreshed 
his knowledge of surgical and pathological 
anatomy by constant dissection and post- 
mortem examinations, and collected a large 
museum of morbid specimens at a period 
when the law obstructed these practi- 
cal methods of study, which are now al- 
lowed and protected. Although the most 
intrepid operator of his age, perform- 
ing, as said by Sir Astley Cooper, “more 
of the great operations than any man 
living, or that ever did live,” yet he was a 
friend and advocate of conservative surgery, 348 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
and never performed an operation without 
weighing the question of its necessity with 
much deliberation. “His success in capital 
operations was due not simply to his surgical 
knowledge and skill, but in a large measure to 
his care in the after-treatment of the patient, 
and to a knowledge of therapeutics that bril- 
liant operators rarely possess. In addition to 
his surgical practice, Dr. Mott’s services as a 
physician were often sought. He invented 
many valuable surgical and obstetrical instru- 
ments, and till the end of his life was eager to 
adopt in practice the inventions and improve- 
ments of others in surgery or medicine. The 
introduction of anesthetics was facilitated by 
his early and frequent use of them. His 
health and vigor lasted until the end of his 
life, and in his old age he was still able to per- 
form difficult surgical operations. In 1864 he 
went with other physicians to Annapolis to 
investigate and report on the condition of 
prisoners of war released from Confederate 
jails.” Dr. Mott received the honorary degree 
of M. D. from the University of Edinburgh, 
and in 1851 that of LL.D. from the regents of 
the New York State University. The medical 
societies of several States of the Union, the 
Imperial Academy of Medicine of Paris, the 
Paris Clinical Society and the Medical and 
Chirurgical Societies of London and Brussels 
each made him a Fellow, as well as Kings and 
Queens College of Physicians of Ireland, 
which has elected only twenty new members 
within 200 years. He was for a long period 
president of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, and at the time of his death was presi- 
dent of the New York Inebriate Asylum. 
Shortly after Dr. Mott’s death, his museum of 
anatomical specimens was destroyed in the 
fire which consumed the medical college on 
Fourteenth street, and many of his most val- 
uable surgical plates and preparations were 
consumed. His widow succeeded in gathering 
some mementos of his laborious life, and 
placed them in the building at 64 Madison 
avenue, now known as the Mott Memorial, 
which was incorporated in 1866, and was after- 
ward under the special care of his son, the 
late Professor Alexander B. Mott. It contains 
a library of nearly 4,000 volumes, exclusively 
on medical and surgical topics, and is free to 
all medical students and physicians, on appli- 
cation. Dr. Mott created a trust in his will by 
virtue of which one gold, one silver, and one 
copper medal are bestowed upon the three 
graduates of the New York University Medical 
College, for the best dried anatomical speci- 
mens. After his return from abroad, in 1841, 
Dr. Mott published “Travels in Europe and 
the East.” His published papers on surgical 
subjects number only twenty-five, though some 
of them are of great length, and illustrated 
with numerous engravings. It is said that 
literary composition was distasteful to him. 
In 1818, with Dr. John Watts and Alexander 
H. Stevens, the other professional attendants 
at the New York Hospital, he established the 
JVeio York Medical and Surgical Begister, which 
was intended to chronicle the more important 
cases, on the model of the Dublin Hospital De- 
ports, but the publication continued for 
only one year. He supervised the transla- 
tion, by Dr. Peter S. Townsend, of Alfred L. 
M. Velpeau’s “Surgical Anatomy,” adding a 
preface and copious notes and illustrations, 
from his published cases and reports, filling 
several hundred pages. The curvilinear in- 
cision in resections of the bones and operations 
on the jaws, to which Professor Valpeau at- 
tached much importance, was mainly orig- 
inated by Dr. Mott, though not credited to him 
in the French treatise. In 1862 he prepared, 
at the_ request of the United States Sanitary 
Commission, a paper on the use of anesthetics 
for the benefit of the army surgeons, and sub- 
sequently a pamphlet on the means of sup- 
pressing hemorrhage in gunshot wounds,which 
was intended as a guide for the use of soldiers 
on the battle-field. Several of his professional 
papers were published in the “Transactions” 
of the New York Academy of Medicine, and 
one was presented to the Royal Medical and 
Chirurgical Society of London, treating of a 
rare congenital tumor of the skin, called 
pachydermatocele, first described by him. 
He published a “Sketch of the Life of Dr. 
Wright Post.” His inaugural address as pres- 
ident of the New York Academy of Medicine 
was printed; also, an address entitled, “Rem- 
iniscences of Medical Teaching and Teachers 
in New York,” 1850; “Address before the 
Trustees of the New York Inebriate Asylum at 
Binghamton;” “Anniversary Discourse be- 
fore the Graduates of the University of New 
York,” 1860; and a “Eulogy on John W. 
Francis, M. D.,” 1861. 
MONDE, Paul Fortnnatus, of New York, 
was born in Dresden, Saxony, September 7, 
1846, his father being descended from Swedish 
emigrants who came to Germany with Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, his mother belonging to a 
Saxon baronial family. Immigrating to Amer- 
ica with his parents, in 1849, he was educated 
in this country, graduating from the medical 
department of Harvard University in March, 
1866. While a medical student, he was, in 
1864, an acting medical cadet in the United 
States army. Going to .Europe in the year of 
his graduation, he entered the Bavarian serv- 
ice as a volunteer assistant surgeon, serving 
through the war, and being decorated at its 
close with the cross of civil merit. In 1867-70 
he was clinical assistant to Professor Scanzoni, 
and house physician to the Lying-in Hospital 
at Wurzburg, Bavaria; from *lB6B to 1870 he 
was tutor to the School for Midwives in the 
same city. At the outset of the Franco-Prus- 
sian war he tendered his professional services 
to the Bavarian government for the period of 
the conflict, and being accepted, was attached 
as battalion surgeon to the Second Corps of the 
Bavarian army, accompanying that corps on 
its march to Sedan, and thence to Paris, be- 
fore which city he lay in camp for five and a 
half months. In 1871, at the close of the war, 
he took his discharge, receiving the German 
service medal for service in the field, and also 
that for non-combatants. After retiring from 
the army he pursued his professional studies 
in Vienna for nearly a year, receiving the de- 
gree of Master of Obstetrics from that univer- 
sity in December, 1871. Thence he went to 
Berlin, Heidelberg, Paris, London and Edin- 
burgh, spending several weeks at each of these 
universities. Returning to America in Octo- 
ber, 1872, he established himself in New York, 
making a specialty of gynecology and obstet- 
rics. In 1873 he married Eleanor Claire, 
daughter of E. B. M. Huges, Esq., of New 
Haven, Conn. He is a fellow of the American 
Gynecological Society; New York Obstetrical 
Society, of which he was secretary, 1873-76; EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
349 
New York Academy of Medicine, and corre- 
sponding fellow of the Edinburgh, Leipsic and 
Philadelphia Obstetrical Societies; also mem- 
ber of the New York County Medical Society. 
He was assistant surgeon to the Woman’s Hos- 
pital, New York, and has been since 1881 Gyn- 
ecologist to the Mount Sinai Hospital; since 
1880 Professor of Gynecology at Dartmouth, 
and since 1882 he has held the same chair in 
the New York Polyclinic. For eighteen years 
he was editor of the American Journal of Obstet- 
rics, to which he has contributed a number of 
important papers—among the most noteworthy 
of these are “The Treatment of Cancer of the 
Uterus with the Sharp-edged Scoop or Curette 
“The Cranioclast as Improved and Used by the 
Vienna School;” “The Radical Operation for 
Prolapsus Uteri, as Practiced by Professor Carl 
Braun, of Vienna;” “A Case of Presumptive 
True Lateral Hermaphrodism;” “Retention of 
the Dead Ovum;” “Reposition of Retro-dis- 
placement of the Gravid Uterus by Posture 
and Atmospheric Pressure;” “Chronic Vagin- 
itis and Endometritis;” “The Flap Splitting 
Operation for Lacerated Perineum.,” 1889; “The 
Conservative Treatment of Salpingitis,” 1892, 
besides numerous reviews of books and for- 
eign articles. He is also one of the collabora- 
tors to Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, hav- 
ing written the article “Obstetrics” for that 
work. He published “Obstetric Palpation” 
in 1880, and “Minor Surgical Gynecology” in 
the same year, which was revised and en- 
larged in 1885. He has invented numerous 
and valuable instruments now in general use 
with gynecian surgeons. 
MURDOCH, J. 8., of Pittsburgh, Pa., was 
born in Glasgow, Scotland, in the year 1830, 
and came with his father, who was a mission- 
ary of the Presbyterian church to Canada in 
1833. He left Canada for the United States at 
the time of the “Patriot War” and has since 
resided at Ballston, Catskill and Oswego, N. 
Y., and at Pittsburgh, Pa., which latter place is 
his present residence. He took his degree as 
a physician from the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York City, in the spring 
of 1854. During the year 1855 he was surgeon j 
of the steamship North Star, which vessel be- ' 
longed to the Vanderbilt line of ocean steam- 
ers, and sailed between New York City and 
Havre, France. From 1856 until 1872 he prac- 
ticed medicine at Oswego, N. Y., where he was 
a member of the Oswego County Medical So- 
ciety, and its president in 1865; also a member 
of the New York State Medical Society. In 1861 
he was made surgeon of the Twenty-fourth 
Regiment New York State Volunteers, which 
served for two years in the War of the Rebell- 
ion. He was made surgeon-in-chief of his Brig- 
ade, which consisted of the Fourteenth, Twen- 
ty-second, Twenty-fourth and Thirtieth Regi- 
ments of New York Volunteers, and served as 
surgeon of the Brigade atthebattles of Bull Run, 
Falmouth, Rappahannock Station, Sulphur 
Springs, Groveton, South Mountain, Antietam, 
Gainesville, Manassas Plains, Fredericksburg 
and Chancellorville. Returning to Oswego at 
the expiration of his term of service, he was 
made surgeon of the Board of Enrollment of 
the Twenty-second District of New York, 
which position he held until the close of the 
war. During his residence at Pittsburgh, Dr. 
Murdoch has been a member of the Allegheny 
Medical Society and its president in 1885, and 
a member of the Pennsylvania State Medical 
Society, of which he was president in 1888. 
He was company surgeon of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, at Pittsburgh, from 1876 to 1880. He 
has been company surgeon of the Pittsburgh, 
Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway 
since 1876, and still retains the position. He 
is attending surgeon at the Western Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital at Pittsburgh, which position 
he has held since 1872. He was one of the 
charter members of the National Association 
of Railroad Surgeons, and was made its presi- 
dent at St. Louis in 1889. He is at present 
clinical professor of surgery at the Western 
Pennsylvania Medical College, Pittsburgh, and 
is also dean of the college. Dr. Murdoch has 
been a frequent contributor to the medical 
journals of the country. Reports of his sur- 
gical clinics of the Western Pennsylvania Med- 
cal College have been made from year to year, 
and are published in the Journal of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. His articles on the 
“Torsion of Arteries,” for the arrest of hem- 
orrhage, have been widely circulated, and it 
may be truly said that he has done more to 
popularize this method than any other Ameri- 
can surgeon. 
MURDOCK, E. P., of Chicago, 111., was born 
in Dearborn county, Ind., December 15, 1845, 
being the fourth son of E. P. Murdock, Sr., 
and Rachel Taylor, his father being of Scotch 
descent, the great grandfather having been 
reared in Ayrshire, Scotland, but immi- 
grated to America to take part in the War of 
the Revolution. His maternal ancestors, “the 
Taylors,” came to America from England, after 
the downfall of Oliver Cromwell, and settled 
in Virginia. The doctor was raised on a farm 
in Missouri and pursued his studies at home 
until his fifteenth year, when he attended one 
term at the Quincy Academy, which school he 
left to join his associates in the interstate war- 350 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
fare at the opening of hostilities. He acted 
as guide to Union soldiers in their search for 
guerrillas in North Missouri, and served in 
the State Militia during the first years of the 
war; he then joined the Forty-seventh Illi- 
nois Volunteer Infantry, in which regiment 
he served until 1866. During the summer of 
1865, while stationed at Selma, Ala., he was de- 
tailed as hospital steward in the Hospital for 
Freedmen and Refugees, and was placed in 
charge of the Small-pox Hospital during the 
latter part of the summer. In returning from 
the army he attended literary college and 
graduated in 1868, after which he taught school 
and gave attention to natural history, being a 
student and friend of the elder Agassiz. He 
was superintendent of the city schools at 
Canton, Mo., and later at Streator, 111.; and 
at public conventions of educators was a lect- 
urer upon natural history; graduated at Rush 
Medical College and was made the curator of 
the museum immediately after graduation, 
which position he held until he resigned to 
accept the lecturership of the surgical diseases 
of women in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Chicago. He has made a special 
study of prenatal deformities and has pub- 
lished numerous articles on teratology, show- 
ing the fallacy of maternal impressions being 
the cause of deformities in their offspring. 
He is an active and successful practitioner, a 
skillful surgeon, and a popular teacher, being 
now Professor of Oral and Clinical Surgery in 
a dental college, and Professor of Physiology 
and Hygiene of the Voice in Song and Speech 
in the American Conservatory of Music. He 
has been an active worker in the societies of 
organized labor, and a leader in the work of 
having them systematize their societies to the 
plan of mutual protection and sick and insur- 
ance benefits. He is a member of a number 
of medical societies—the State Microscopical 
Society, the Cornell Alumni Association, Sur- 
geon for the Grand Lodge of Switchmen, the 
Amalgamated Carpenters and Joiners, and 
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Railway Brotherhood 
Hospital. 
MURPHY, John 8., of Chicago, 111., was 
born December 21,1857, at Appleton, Wis. He 
was educated at the public school, and gradu- 
ated from the High School, June 26, 1876. Prac- 
ticing Surgeon Dr. J. R. Reilly, of Appleton, 
was his preceptor. He graduated from Rush 
Medical College in 1879. He was Interne in Cook 
County Hospital, from February 1,1879,t0 Octo- 
ber 1,1880; he then practiced medicine in Chi- 
cago until Seprember, 1882. From that date 
he studied at the universities and hospitals in 
Vienna, Munich, Berlin, and Heidelberg, un- 
til April, 1884. Since that time he has prac- 
ticed surgery in Chicago; is Professor of Clin- 
ical Surgery in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Chicago; Professor of Surgery in 
the Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago; 
Attending Surgeon to Cook County Hospital for 
the past ten years; Attending Surgeon in Aleri- 
an Brothers’ Hospital; President of Medical 
Staff of Cook County Hospital; Vice-pi-esident 
of the National Association of Railway Sur- 
geons; and member of the Entertainment Com- 
mittee for Visiting Physicians to the Columbian 
Exposition. His principal professional writings 
have been: “Gunshot Wounds of Abdomen;” 
“Actinomycosis Hominis,” he being the first 
man to recognize the disease in this country; 
“Early Operation in Perityphilitis;” “Echino- 
coccus of Liver;” “Original Experimental 
and Clinical Research in Surgery of Gall- 
Bladder, Liver, and Intestinal Tract,” illus- 
trating utility and application of his “Anasto- 
mosis Button” in abdominal surgery. The 
“Anastomosis Button,” invented by him, is 
very ingenious. It relieves intestinal surgery 
of many of its dangers, and simplifies its tech- 
nique very materially. 
MUSSES', Reuben D., of Boston, Mass., was 
born in Pelham, N. H., June 23,1780, and died 
in the former city, June 21, 1866. He was 
graduated at Dartmouth in 1803; studied 
medicine and attended the University of 
Pennsylvania, from which he received the 
degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1809. It is 
said that while a student at the latter institu- 
tion he subjected himself to an experiment 
that demonstrated the incorrectness of the 
theory that the human skin has no power of 
absorption. Immediately after graduation he 
established himself at Salem, Mass., where he 
continued the practice of his profession until 
1814, when he became Professor of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in Dartmouth, hold- 
ing that position until 1820. He was also 
Professor of Obstetrics from 1814 till 1838, and 
was made Professor of Anatomy and Surgery 
in 1822, holding this chair for sixteen years. 
From 1831 till 1835 he lectured on anatomy 
and surgery in Bowdoin. He was Professor 
of Surgery in the Ohio Medical College from 
1838 till 1852, and held the same chair in Miami 
Medical College from 1852 till 1860, when he 
removed to Boston. In 1830 he proved (what 
Sir Astley Cooper had said was impossible) 
that intra-capsular fractures could be united, 
and was the first person to tie both carotid 
arteries. In 1837 he removed the entire scap- 
ula and clavicle of a patient who was suffering 
from osteo-sarcoma, the first operation of the 
kind on record. Dr. Mussey was president of 
the New Hampshire Medical Society, and was 
an early advocate of the temperance cause. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
351 
Harvard gave him the degree of A. M. in 1806, 
and Dartmouth that of LL.D. in 1854. In 
addition to addresses, he was the author of 
“Health: its Friends and its Foes,” 1862. 
His son, the late William H. Mussey, was a 
distinguished surgeon in the National Army 
during the Rebellion, and was afterwards Pro- 
fessor of Clinical and Operative Surgery in 
Miami Medical College from 1865 until his 
death, which occurred in 1882. 
MUTTER, Thomas Dent, of Philadelphia. 
Pa., was born in Richmond, Va., March 9, 
1811, and died in Charleston, S. C., March 16, 
1859. His academic education was received at 
Hampden Sidney College, and his medical 
education at the University of Pennsylvania, 
from which he received the degree of M. D. 
in 1831. He then went abroad, attended the 
schools and hospitals of Paris, and on his re- 
turn established himself in Philadelphia. 
From 1841 till 1856 he was Professor of Sur- 
gery in Jefferson Medical College. He wrote 
an account of the Salt Sulphur Springs of Vir- 
ginia, an essay on “Club Foot,” and con- 
tributed various papers to medical periodicals, 
and in 1846 published an edition of Robert 
Liston’s “Lecture on the Operations of Sur- 
gery,” with additions to the same. 
NASH, Herbert M.,of Norfolk, Va., was born 
there May 31,1831. His ancestry were English, 
and settled in his native State before the War 
of the Revolution. He was graduated in 
medicine at the University of Virginia, in 
1852, and established himself in practice the 
following year in his native town. During the 
War of the Rebellion he was in the medical 
service of the State of Virginia and of the 
Confederate Army, and attached to the Ninth 
Virginia Infantry, Armstead’s brigade; the 
Sixty-first Virginia Infantry, Mahone’s brig- 
ade; the artillery service, as Surgeon of 
Poague’s Battery, and later as Chief of the 
Medical Department of the Artillery, Third 
Army Corps, to the close of the war, serving 
with the Army of Northern Virginia in all its 
active movements from 1862 to the surrender 
at Appomattox Court House. He was presi- 
dent of the Board of Health of the city of 
Norfolk, in 1875, and resigned in 1876 in order 
to accept the position of Medical Officer of the 
Quarantine District, comprising Norfolk and 
Portsmouth, a position he has held for several 
years. He is a member and ex-president of 
the Norfolk City Medical Society, and is an 
active member of the Virginia State Medical 
Society; member of the State Medical Exam- 
ining Board of Virginia; member of the 
American Medical Association, and the South- 
ern Surgical and Gynecological Association. 
NEBINGER, Andrew, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city December 12, 1819, and 
died there April 12, 1886. After receiving an 
academical education, he was apprenticed to 
the drug trade, and in 1839 established himself 
in business on his own account. This business 
he continued during the ensuing eight years, 
then relinquishing it for the purpose of study- 
ing medicine. He attended lectures in the 
medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania, obtaining therefrom his degree 
of M. D. in April, 1850. Establishing himself 
in Philadelphia, he rapidly acquired a very 
large general practice, which continued to in- 
ceased until within the past few years, when 
his various official duties compelled him to 
curtail its extent. He was a member of the 
State, County and Northern Medical Societies, 
having held the positions of vice-president of 
the State, and president, vice-president and 
treasurer of the County Societies, and of the 
Obstetrical Society. He was also a member 
of the American Medical Association, a Fellow 
of the College of Physicians, and a life member 
of the Academy of Natural Sciences. For 
three years he was a member of the Board of 
Managers of the Wills Ophthalmic Hospital, 
being elected by the city councils, and serving 
during the latter half oi his term as president 
of the board. In 1868 he was appointed mem- 
ber of the Board of Education of Philadelphia, 
and had been reappointed to that position every 
three years until his death. He was Medical 
Director of St. Mary’s Hospital. During the 
war he was an active member of the Cooper 
Shop Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, which 
institution he served as surgeon-in-charge 
during the entire continuance of the war. He 
also assisted in the organization and was one 
of the corporators of the Cooper Shop Sol- 
diers’ Home, the first institution of the kind 
established in the country, serving as its vice- 
president. In addition to his duties as mem- 
ber of the Board of Education, he also had 
the management of several charitable institu- 
tions. To one of these, St. Agnes Hospital, he 
left a large bequest. He was an extensive 
contributor to the literature of his profession, 
his writings having appeared in the leading 
medical journals. Of his most important pa- 
pers may be mentioned: “Variola: its Nature 
and Treatment,” in which was advocated a 
compensating nutritive treatment; “Diphthe- 
ria,” and “Puerperal Convulsions.” He was 
also the author of many addresses to societies 
and biographical sketches of deceased physi- 
cians. 
NEBINGER, George W., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city, July 23, 1824, and 
died there March 8, 1868. He had been a 
prominent democratic politician prior to the 
War, anda Presidential elector in 1856. He first 
studied pharmacy and then medicine, after 
which he entered the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, from which institution he received the de- 
gree of M. D. in 1862. He soon after acquired 
an extensive practice, and served during the 
Civil War as a volunteer surgeon, and after the 
battleof Antietam had charge of all the hospitals 
about Hagerstown. It is said that when it 
was feared that Lee would advance after the 
battle of Antietam, Dr. Nebinger was the only 
volunteer surgeon that remained at his post. 
He was Comptroller of Public Schools in Phil- 
adelphia for many years, and was for nine 
years one of the directers of Girard College, 
in that city. He was a brother of Drs. Andrew 
and Robert Nebinger, and was for a time asso- 
ciated with them in the management of the 
Cooper Shop Hospital. The three brothers 
were unmarried, and were men of fine per- 
sonal appearance. 
NEFTEL, William Basil, of New York City, 
was born in Riga, Russia, September 22,1830. 
Having received a thorough classical and 
mathematical education in St. Petersburg!!, 
he entered the Medical College of the 
University of St. Petersbugh, and after 
five years of study of medicine under 
the celebrated Carl Ernst von Baer, Gruber 
Pirogoff, and other professors, graduated in 
1852 with honors. He was appointed phy- 
sician to the Military Hospital of St. Peters- 352 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
burgh, and was for two years assistant to Prof. 
Pirogoff. During the Crimean War he re- 
ceived the appointment of Surgeon to the Im- 
perial Guards, and in 1857 was sent by the 
government as member of an expedition to 
Central Asia. For his services he was awarded 
the rank of Aulic Councellor (Hofrath), and 
was sent at the expense of the government to 
the universities and hospitals of Germany, 
France and England. In 1868 he settled per- 
manently in New York, devoting his attention 
to nervous diseases, electro-therapeutics and 
electro-surgery. Prominent among his re- 
searches are those on the “Electrolytic Treat- 
ment of Tumors,” which included both malig- 
nant and non-malignant, and also fibrous tu- 
mors of the uterus, published in Virchow's 
Archives between 1868 and 1881, and therefore 
long before Apostoli. He also published re- 
searches on “Atremia” (a nervous affection first 
described by him), on “American Nervousness,” 
on “Locomotor Ataxia and Its Most Successful 
Treatment by New Methods.” Hewas the first 
to describe the periodical form of psychical af- 
fections, notably periodical melancholia, and 
pointed out their etiological and prognostic im- 
portance. He has published researches on “Ep- 
ilepsy,” on “Nervous Diseases of Women,” and 
on the “Rational and Efficient Treatment of 
Chronic Neuroses and Psychosis,” also, mono- 
graphs on “Galvano-Therapeutics,” on the “Gal- 
vanic Reaction of the Optic and Auditory Nerv- 
ous Apparatus in the Healthy and Diseased 
Conditions,” and on various other subjects. 
NEILL, John, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city, July 9, 1819, and died there 
February 11, 1880. He was the son of a noted 
physician of Philadelphia. The subject of this 
sketch was graduated in arts at the University 
of Pennsylvania, in 1837, and in medicine at 
the same institution in 1840. He began the 
practice of medicine in his native city, but 
spent a short time in the West Indies in 1841. 
The following year he was appointed Assistant 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University 
of Pennsylvania, where, in 1845, he became 
Demonstrator. In 1847, he was elected Sur- 
geon of Wills’ Hospital, and lectured on An- 
atomy at the Medical Institute of Philadelphia. 
In 1849, he was appointed *Physician to the 
Southeastern Cholera Hospital, where his 
method of treatment formed the basis of a re- 
port that was published by the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. He was elected 
Professor of Surgery in the Pennsylvania Col- 
lege, at Gettysburg in 1854, Surgeon to the 
Philadelphia Hospitals in 1855, Surgeon-in- 
Charge of Military Hospital in 1861, and or- 
ganized the first eight general hospitals in 
that city. In 1862, he was commissioned Sur- 
geon of United States Volunteers, and in 1863 
appointed Medical Director of the forces from 
Pennsylvania. The same year he was brevet- 
ted Lieutenant-Colonel for meritorious serv- 
ices. Dr. Neill established the hospital at 
Dickinson College, after the bombardment of 
Carlisle, also the hospitals at Hagerstown, and 
was afterward appointed Post-Surgeon at Phil- 
adelphia. In 1874, he became Professor of 
Clinical Surgery in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, but resigned that position in 1877. In 
addition to many articles in medical journals, 
he wrote “Neill on the Veins,” in 1852, and in 
connection with the late Professor Francis 
Gurney Smith, “Neill and Smith’s Compend 
of Medicine,” 1848, a work of great value to 
medical students while attending courses of 
lectures. 
NELSON, Daniel T., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Milford, Mass., September 16, 1839. 
Having received his preparatory education at 
Amherst College, he entered the Harvard Med- 
ical School, and received the degree of M. D. 
from that institution in 1865. While a student 
at Harvard he served at the Mason United 
States General Hospital, Boston, successively 
as nurse, medical cadet and house surgeon, and 
after his graduation was an Acting Assistant 
Surgeon United States Army, serving in that 
capacity during the last few months of the Re- 
bellion. In November, 1865, he established 
himself in Chicago, where he still remains en- 
gaged in general practice, but devoting special 
attention to gynecology. He has invented 
some important instruments employed in gyn- 
ecian surgery, which have been generally 
adopted. His improved tri-valve speculum 
has been extensively used by the profession. 
In 1866 he was appointed lecturer, and in 1867 
Professor of Physiology and Histology in the 
Chicago Medical College, which position he 
held until 1880. In 1881 he became adjunct 
Professor of Gynecology in the Rush Medical 
College. He is also attending physician at 
Mercy Hospital. He has contributed impor- 
tant articles to medical periodicals, relating 
chiefly to his special line of practice. Dr. 
Nelson is now recognized as one of the lead- 
ing members of the medical profession in the 
Northwest. 
NEW, George W., of Indianapolis, Ind., was 
born in Madison, that State, February 27,1819, 
and died in the former city, April 10, 1891. 
Plis ancestry were among the early settlers 
of Delaware. His grandfather, Jethro New, 
served under Gen. Washington in the War of 
Independence, and was one of the guard over 
the unfortunate Andre, whose execution he 
witnessed. His father was the Rev. John B. 
New, of the Christian Church, one of the most 
noted pioneer preachers of the State of Indi- 
ana. The subject of this sketch received an 
academic education, the intervals of study 
having been spent in labor on a farm, or in the 
shop of a neighboring cabinetmaker. From 
1836 to 1838 he became interested in the study 
of forestry and botany, and in 1837 began the 
study of medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. W. C. Thompson, of Indianapolis; he 
then entered the Medical College of Ohio, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1840. 
He selected Greensburg, a flourishing town in 
his native State, as the field of his earliest 
professional labors, and was associated in prac- 
tice with Dr. Abram Carter, a distinguished 
physician and a former student of Dr. B. W. 
Dudley, of Lexington, Ky. In 1841 Dr. New 
was married to Miss Adelia, daughter of Dr. 
Carter. Dr. New was, at the time he located 
at Greensburg, the only graduate of medicine 
in that vicinity, and speedily attained a prac- 
tice which extended to adjacent counties, hav- 
ing performed all the surgical operations for a 
Avide area of territory. In 1860 he removed to 
Indianapolis, and in April, 1861, entered the 
National Army as Surgeon of the Seventh In- 
diana Volunteers, receiving the first commis- 
sion as surgeon issued by Governor Morton. 
After three months service in West Virginia, 
where he dressed the first amputated leg of 
the war and attended the first wounded Fed- 
eral colonel, the regiment was reorganized, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
353 
and Dr. New continued as its surgeon. He 
followed the fortunes of this regiment until 
the fall of 1864, and it is said that no case of 
surgery under his charge proved fatal, though 
he had the supervision of an operating table 
on the occasion of every battle. During this 
time he was surgeon-in-chief both of a brigade 
and of a corps. In the latter part of 1864 he 
was commissioned by Governor Morton Mili- 
tary Agent of Indiana, and assigned to the 
Department of the Gulf, with headquarters at 
New Orleans. At the close of the war he was 
commissioned by the Secretary of the Treasury 
examiner of drugs for the port of New Orleans. 
In 1867 he returned to Indianapolis, after an 
absence of six and a half years, where he re- 
mained, engaged in active general practice, 
until within a few years of his death. He was 
a member of the Marion County Medical So- 
ciety, the Indiana State Medical Society, and 
of the American Medical Association. 
NEWELL, Timothy, of Providence, R. 1., 
was born in Sturbridge, Mass., March 29, 1820. 
After receiving his preparatory, academical and 
collegiate education, he entered the Vermont 
Medical College and received the degree of 
M. D. from that institution in 1850. After 
practicing his profession three years at Crans- 
ton, R. 1., he established himself at Provi- 
dence, that State, where he has since re- 
mained engaged in the successful pursuit of 
his profession. During the Civil AVar he was 
for a period of nine months Surgeon to the 
First Rhode Island Cavalry, being for a-short 
time a voluntary prisoner in the enemy’s lines 
for the purpose of caring for the wounded of 
the Army of the Potomac. He is a member 
of the American Health Association, Provi- 
dence Medical Association, and of the Rhode 
Island Medical Society; and has been Treas- 
urer of his State Medical Society. In 1874 he 
drew attention of the members of the latter 
organization to the need of a rational system 
of school hygiene, and presented, as chairman 
of a committee appointed on the subject, a re- 
port, a portion of which was extensively copied 
throughout the country. His publications have 
been limited to contributions to popular jour- 
nals, and have in the main been discussions 
of sanitary subjects; the most important of 
these is a paper upon “The Changes De- 
manded by Physiology in Our School System,” 
published in New York Sanitarian, 1877. 
NEWELL, William L., of Millville, N. J., 
was born in Bridgeton, that State, March 27, 
1834. He received his preparatory education 
at Mount Holly Academy, and subsequently 
attended Princeton College for two years. Af- 
ter studying medicine he entered the Jefferson 
Medical College and obtained the degree of M. 
D. from that institution in 1859, and soon after 
established himself in the city of his present 
residence. In 1862 he entered the United 
States service as surgeon of the Twenty-fourth 
New Jersey Infantry. AVith this regiment he 
continued for nine months, when he became 
brigade surgeon (and surgeon-in-chief of Kim- 
ball’s brigade). Subsequently he served as 
surgeon-in-chief of General French’s division, 
Second Corps, Army of the Potomac. On re- 
turning to private practice, he located at Sa- 
lem, in his native State, for one year, when he 
returned to Millville where he has since re- 
mained. Dr. Newell is a member of the Cum- 
berland County District Medical Society and 
the American Medical Assosiation. He has 
been president of the former and delegate to 
the latter, and has taken an active interest in 
the deliberations of these organizations. 
NEWMAN, Henry Parker, of Chicago, 111., 
was born at Washington, N. H., December 2, 
1853. He is of New England parentage, his 
father being one of eight brothers reared among 
the granite hills of New Plampshire, and his 
mother a descendant of the old and respected 
Fairbanks and Everett families, so prominent 
in anti-slavery days. His parents, James and 
Abby (Everett) Newman, moved to Hillsbor- 
ough, N. H., when he was but a few months 
old, and the rudiments of his education were 
acquired at the public schools of that place. 
He attended the Literary Institute at New 
London, and afterwards continued his prepara- 
tion for college under a private tutor. He 
commenced reading medicine under Dr. Geo. 
Cook, of Concord, N. PL, prior to 1875, when 
he entered the medical department of Dart- 
mouth College, and took one course of lectures. 
After a year engaged in teaching, he removed 
to Detroit Mich., and continued the study of 
his profession at the Detroit Medical College. 
AVhile a senior student he held the position of 
house physician at St. Luke’s Plospital, De- 
troit. He graduated in 1878, and spent the 
following years in post-graduate study in the 
leading universities of Germany. Pie was for- 
tunate in receiving instruction from some of 
the most celebrated scientists and clinicians of 
the day, and enjoyed special privileges in the 
private laboratory of Professor Cohnheim of 
Leipsic, through the courtesy of that eminent 
pathologist and teacher. AVhile abroad, Dr. 
Newman visited the more noted hospitals and 
universities of Germany, Austria, France and 
Great Britain. He returned to this country in 
1880 and located in Chicago. He married in 354 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1883 Fanny Louise, the only daughter of one of 
Chicago’s ablest lawyers, Lothrop S. Hodges. 
Of their four children two are living, Helen 
Everett and Willard Hodges. Dr. Newman is 
a member of the Chicago and Illinois State 
Medical Societies, the Illinois State Micro- 
scopical Society, and the American Medical 
Association. He is secretary of the Chicago 
Gynecological Society, corresponding Fellow 
of the Detroit Gynecological Society, and has 
contributed quite largely to the medical litera- 
ture of the day. In 1890 he revisited Europe 
as a delegate to the fourth International Med- 
ical Congress at Berlin. Dr. Newman was one 
of the founders of the Post-Graduate Medical 
School, its first president, and is Professor of 
Diseases of Women. He has been president of 
the Laboratory of Experimental Research since 
its organization as an auxiliary of the former 
institution. He has also been actively asso- 
ciated with the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of Chicago since its establishment, in 
1882, and holds the chair of Professor of Ob- 
stetrics and Clinical Gynecology, and Lecturer 
on Gynecology. Dr. Newman is Surgeon in 
the department of Diseases of Women in the 
Post-Graduate Hospital, St. Elizabeth Hospi- 
tal, Chicago Public, and West Side Free Dis- 
pensaries. 
NEWMAN, Robert, of New York City, 
was born in Germany, where he received the 
usual liberal education for which that country 
has been so long renowned. When quite young, 
and hardly out of his boyhood, Dr. Newman 
participated in the War for Liberty, fighting at 
the barricades, and later on as adjutant of the 
Battalion Homburg, in the Palatinate. After 
several battles- in Bavaria and Baden, the 
cause of the Liberalists was lost, and the Doc- 
tor then accompanied Gen. Ligel’s column in- 
to Switzerland, but diplomatic pressure was 
brought to bear, and the refugees, with the 
Doctor amongst them, emigrated to America. 
Arriving in New York, the Doctor once more 
devoted his attention to the study of medicine, 
and became a pupil of Dr. Joseph Kammerer, 
whose specialty was gynecology, being on the 
staff of the German Dispensary. After study- 
ing at the New York Medical College, at the 
Long Island College Hospital, and at the 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, he was 
graduated at the Long Island College Hos- 
pital in 1863, and later at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1869. During the Civil 
War in 1863 he went to the front as State’s 
Volunteer Surgeon. In the same year he was 
appointed Physician to the Northern Dispen- 
sary, and from that period he has been a resi- 
dent of New York City. In 1864 he was ap- 
pointed by Prof. Hutchison, Prosector and 
Chief of the Surgical Clinic in the Long Island 
College Hospital; also Physician to the North- 
eastern Dispensary, and a Sanitary Inspector 
in the Council of Hygiene and Public Health. 
In the same year he became a member of 
the New York County Medical Society, and 
was elected a member of the New York Patho- 
logical Society. During the next year, 1865, 
he was appointed District Physician to the 
New York Lying-in Asylum, and joined the 
Medico-Historical Society, whose object it was 
to classify the members of the medical pro- 
fession and print a list of the regulars in the 
Medical Begister. When the Metropolitan 
Board of Health was organized in 1866 he was 
appointed a Sanitary Inspector. His zeal in 
his duty in this capacity was too great, and 
while inspecting an old house in Nassau street 
with too much minuteness, he fell through a 
trap door, and was injured to such a degree 
that he was laid up for six months, and then 
went to Europe to restore his health. During 
the same year he operated successfully in 
ovariotomy, and was the first who removed 
the tumor with a galvano-cautery battery, in- 
troducing antiseptic precautions, drainage, and 
washing out the abdominal cavity. In 1867 
Dr. Newman was one of the founders of the 
Medico-Legal Society, and its first vice-presi- 
dent. The New York State Medical Society 
appointed him a committee to investigate the 
result of consanguineous marriages. For two 
years he corresponded largely with medical 
men all over the world in order to complete 
his investigations, and made an elaborate re- 
port to the society at the meeting in 1869. 
Soon after, he was one of the founders of the 
Forensic Society, which had only a short life. 
In 1870 he was appointed Chief Medical Ex- 
aminer by the Republic Life Insurance Com- 
pany, and the Gynecological Society of Boston 
elected him a corresponding member. He was 
also a member of the Neurological and Elec- 
trological Society, and in 1872 became a per- 
manent member of the American Medical As- 
sociation, and in the next year, 1873, was 
elected a permanent member of the New 
York State Medical Society. After having 
delivered some lectures he was elected, 
in 1874, a honorary member of the 
Ulster County Medical Society. During 
the same year he also Avas honored by 
elections as Vice-President of the Alumni 
Association of Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, and President of the NortliAvestern Medi- 
cal and Surgical Society, of which lie was one 
of the founders. In 1875 Dr. Newman received 
the appointment as Surgeon of the North- 
Avestern Dispensary, which position he has 
held for fourteen years, and during that period 
he has performed many operations. For EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
355 
several years, beginning in 1879, he was Cor- 
responding Secretary of the Alumni Asso- 
ciation of Bellevue Hospital Medical College. 
Since the organization of the Alumni Asso- 
ciation of Long Island College Hospital in 
1880, Dr. Newman has been in the Board of 
Managers and successively its Vice-President, 
and lastly President. While Dr. Newman has a 
preference for surgery, he has made electrolysis 
his special study, in which branch he is the 
acknowledged authority; and his improved 
method of treating strictures by electrolysis, 
which he has practiced successfully now for 
twenty-three years, is well known and accred- 
ited. All the electrodes for this operation 
have been devised by him and are distin- 
guished by his name. In 1886 he also devised 
the galvano-cautery sound for the treatment 
of hypertrophied prostate. In medical litera- 
ture the Doctor is not unknown. Articles 
from his pen are again and again appearing, 
and some of his papers read before medical 
societies in this country have attracted so 
much attention that they have been translated 
and published in the leading European medi- 
cal journals. He has contributed to medical 
literature forty-five articles; and when in Ber- 
lin in 1890, at the International Medical Con- 
gress, he read a paper in German upon “Elec- 
trolysis.” Besides the societies previously 
mentioned, Dr. Newman is now a member of the 
following societies: The Physicians’ Mutual 
Aid Society ; Society for Relief of Widows and 
Orphans of Medical Men; the New York 
Countv Medical Association; the New York 
State Medical Association; the Society of 
Medical Jurisprudence; the New York Ger- 
man Medical Society; Fellow of the Ameri- 
can Electro-Therapeutic Association; honorary 
member of the Berlin Cremation Society, and 
honorary member of the Danbury (Conn.) 
Medical Society. He is also in active service 
as Consulting Surgeon to Hackensack Hospital; 
Consulting Surgeon to Bayonne Hospital; Con- 
sulting Physician to Home for Aged and In- 
firm at Yonkers, and Consulting Surgeon to 
German Dispensary, West Side, New York. 
NEWMAN, William Henry, of Pueblo, Col., 
was born February 24, 1829, in Spencer county, 
Ky., his parents being natives of that State. 
Receiving an academic education at St. Jo- 
seph’s College, Bardstown, Ky., he subse- 
quently entered the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, and graduated in March, 1855. 
Locating in Bardstown, Ky., he there practiced 
until 1863; then at Louisville until 1872, when, 
seeking relief from asthma, he removed to 
Denver, Col. He practiced there, and in 
Leadville, for ten years, when he removed to 
Pueblo. While residing in Bardstown he was 
Physician to St. Joseph’s College and the Naz- 
areth Female Academy. Entering the United 
States Army in 1862, he served as Surgeon of 
the Third and Tenth Divisions, Army of the 
Cumberland, and in charge of hospitals at 
Bardstown, Ky., until the close of 1863. In 
1864 he was elected Professor of Obstetrics 
in the University of Louisville, but immedi- 
ately resigned, in the fall of 1865 he delivered 
a series of nine lectures on the “Surgical Dis- 
eases of Women,” which is believed to be the 
first course ever given upon this subject. In 
1870. in .performing ovariotomy, he demon- 
strated, probably for the first time, the effi- 
ciency of carbolic acid as a local anaesthetic. 
For three sessions, 1869-70, he gave clinical 
lectures on the diseases of women at the Lou- 
isville City Hospital. He is a member of the 
Obstetrical Society (of which he was president 
in 1869-70) and College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons of Louisville; corresponding member of 
the Gynecological Society of Boston, Mass., and 
was vice-president of the Colorado Territorial 
Society. Among his contributions to the liter- 
ature of his profession are papers on, “Ampu- 
tation of the Cervix Uteri;” “On Chronic 
Inflammation of Cervix Uteri;” “Rupture of 
Cervix Uteri Occurring at Time of Parturi- 
tion;” “Inversion of Uterus;” “On Ovariot- 
omy without Anesthesia;” and “Colorado as 
a Health Resort.” 
NICHOLS, Arthur H., of Boston, Mass., was 
born, in that city, September 9, 1840. He re- 
ceived his medical education at the medical 
department of Harvard University, and ob- 
tained the degree of M. D. from that institu- 
tion in 1866, and immediately afterward estab- 
lished himself in practice in his native city. 
He has devoted especial attention to domestic 
and public hygiene. He is a member of the 
American Social Science Association; of the 
Boston Society for Medical Observation; the 
American Statistical Society, and the Norfolk 
District Medical Society, and was secretary of 
the latter organization for many years. He 
is also an active member of several other med- 
ical societies and scientific bodies. His con- 
tributions to medical literature have been nu- 
merous and important, among which may be 
mentioned, “ Charbon in Massachusetts,” 
“The Effects on Health of the Use of Sewing 
Machines,” “The Adulteration of Milk,” and 
the “Contamination of Drinking-Water by Im- 
pure Ice,” all of which have been published 
in the reports of the Massachusetts State Board 
of Health. 
NICHOLS, Henry L., of Sacramento, Cal., 
was born in Augusta, Me., September 11, 1823. 
He received his medical education from Bow- 
doin College, and was graduated at that insti- 
tution in 1845. He first established himself in 
the general practice of his profession in his 
native city, where he remained for about eight 
years. In 1853 he removed to California, and 
located in Sacramento, where he has since re- 
mained. Dr. Nichols has been a member of 
the Sacramento County Society for Medical 
Improvement, and of the Medical Society of 
the State of California. Dr. Nichols is a man 
of affairs, and has been honored with many 
positions of honor and trust since a resident 
of the Golden State. He was Mayor of Sac- 
ramento City from 1858 to 1859; Secretary of 
State from 1867 till 1871; and was a member of 
the State Capital Commission. He was also 
Director of the State Prison, and has served 
as Trustee of the State Library. 
NIYISON, Nelson, of Burdett, N. Y., of 
Scotch-English ancestry, was born in Ulysses, 
N. Y., May 27, 1816. Having received an 
academical education he obtained his profes- 
sional training at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of the Western District of New 
York, at the Geneva Medical College, and at 
the University of New York. He received the 
degree of M. D. from the Geneva institution 
in 1856, and his ad eundem degree from the Uni- 
versity of New York in 1859. Dr. Nivison be- 
gan his professional career at Mecklenberg, in 
his native State, in 1839. He practiced in that 
village during the ensuing ten years, and for 
the next twelve years at Hector, in the same 356 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
State, and since 1861 has been established in 
the town of his present residence. He is a 
member and one of the founders of the Schuy- 
ler County Medical Society, and has served as 
president of the same. He is also a member 
of the New York Medical Society and of 
the American Medical Association. From 
1863 till 1872 he was Professor of Physiology, 
Pathology and Microscopic Anatomy in the 
Geneva Medical College, and has since been 
Professor of Physiology, Pathology and Hy- 
giene in the medical school of the Syracuse 
University. He has occasionally contributed 
reports and essays to professional periodicals, 
one of his more important papers being “On 
Certain Antagonistic Effects of Opium and Qui- 
nine,” published in the American Journal of 
Medical Science, and extensively noticed in 
other leading medical publications. 
NORTH, Elisha, of New London, Conn., was 
born in Goshen, that State, January 8, 1771, 
and died in the former city December 29, 1843. 
Being the son and grandson of physicians, he 
was early influenced to follow that profession. 
For this purpose he studied in Hartford, under 
Lemuel Hopkins, and subsequently in Phila- 
delphia, under Benjamin Rush. After being 
admitted to practice, he settled in his native 
town and engaged in the pursuit of his pro- 
fession until 1812, when he removed to New 
London, and in both places obtained a wide 
reputation for his skill and judgment. Dr. 
North was always foremost in adopting im- 
provements in medicine, and was among the 
earliest to practice vaccination in the United 
States. He was the first to introduce vaccine 
matter in New York, sending to Dr. Edward 
Miller, of that city, a person who had been 
vaccinated expressly for the purpose of sup- 
plying the physicians with genuine virus. 
Dr. North devoted special attention to diseases 
of the eye, and established the first Eye In- 
firmary in this country, at New London, in 
1817. “When the new and obscure disease 
known as ‘spotted fever’ raged in New En- 
gland from 1806 till 1810, Dr. North treated it 
with marked success, and his publication on 
the subject received general approbation.” 
He published “A Treatise on a Malignant Epi- 
demic Commonly Called Spotted Fever,” 1811; 
“Outlines of the Science of Life,” 1829, and 
numerous essays, one of the latest being upon 
the subject of phrenology. 
NOYES, Henry H., of New York, was born in 
that city in 1832, and was educated at the 
New York University, from which he gradu- 
ated A. B. in 1851, and A. M. in 1854. He 
studied medicine at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York, in 1855, and* also at 
the New York Hospital from 1855 to 1858, and 
settled in New York City, making a specialty 
of diseases of the eye and ear. He is a mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine; 
County Medical Society; Pathological and Oph- 
thalmological Societies; Medical Library Jour- 
nal Association ; State Medical Society, and of 
the American Medical Association. His con- 
tributions to medical literature have appeared 
in the American Journal of Medical Sciences, in 
the New York Medical Becord, in the New York 
Medical Journal, in the Transactions of the 
American Ophthalmological Society, and in 
those of the Medical Society of the State of 
New, York; and in the Ophthalmic Hospital Re- 
ports, London. He has also recently pub- 
lished a “Text-Book on Diseases of the Eye,” 
1892. He has been Professor of Ophthalmology 
and Otology in Bellevue Hospital College 
many years, as well as Executive Surgeon of 
the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. Dr. 
Noyes was the first to establish the use of 
cocaine in this country as a local anesthetic 
in ophthalmic surgery. 
NUTT, George 1)., of Williamsport, Pa., was 
born in Pemberton, N. J., April 17, 18-45. He 
was educated at Hightstown Classical and 
Scientific Institution, and studied medicine at 
the University of Pennsylvania, from which 
he received theldegree of M. D. in 1869. He 
immediately afterward settled in the town of 
his present residence, where he has been en- 
gaged in general practice, but has in the mean- 
time given special attention to diseases of the 
eye and ear. His medical education and 
training have been supplemented by attend- 
ance at the Philadelphia Polyclinic, in 1882. 
He has been an active member, secretary, and 
president of the Lycoming County Medical 
Society; he is also a member of the West 
Branch Medical Association; Pennsylvania 
State Medical Society, and of the American 
Medical Association. Dr. Nutt is Attending 
Surgeon to the Williamsport Hospital, and is 
recognized as one of the leading medical men 
of that section of Pennsylvania. 
O’HANLON, Philip Frank, of New York 
City, was born there September 13,1862, in the 
family house in East Eighteenth street. His 
father, also a physician, and a distinguished 
soldier of the Irish Brigade during the war 
between the North and South, was an Irish- 
man, born in Limerick county, where the name 
of O’Hanlon has been associated with medi- 
cine for many years, father and son yielding 
the knowledge down the line of new genera- 
tions. Philip is the family name. The subject 
of this sketch was trained in the public schools 
of the city in which he was born, and also in 
the Jesuit College, at Montreal, Canada, and 
St. Francis Xavier, in that city. After gradu- 
ating at the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York, Dr. O’Han- 
lon secured a position on the hospital staff of 
Gouverneur Hospital, and at the expiration of 
service at that institution he was appointed At- 
tending Physician to the Out-door Poor of 
Bellevue Hospital. During his service as 
House Surgeon at Gouverneur Hospital, he 
introduced a method of overcoming oedema of 
the lungs by placing patient on his chest, in- 
clining head downwards. It was a success in 
two cases of oedema complicating pneumonia, 
the fluid in the lungs coming out in a considera- 
ble flow, a condition in which the patients 
were literally being drowned. The heart ac- 
tion in both cases being strengthened, the re- 
covery resulted. In the same year he intro- 
duced, per rectum, a rubber tubing three and 
a half feet long into the intestines, overcom- 
ing, by the introduction of water, a fecal im- 
paction of the bowel, which resulted in the 
saving of the life of the patient after his case 
was pronounced hopeless by several good prac- 
titioners who had sent the case to the hospi- 
tal. Both of these cases were published in the 
Medical Becord, 1887 and 1889, respectively. 
O’HARA, Michael, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city January 2, 1833. He is the 
eighth of thirteen children; his oldest brother, 
the Right Rev. William O’Hara, is the first 
bishop of Scranton, Pa. His parents were 
Thomas O’Hara and Louisa Miller of Lima- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
357 
waddy, County Derry, Ireland. He received 
his preliminary education in the public schools 
of Philadelphia, and graduated from the Cen- 
tral High School of that city in 1848. His 
medical preceptor was Dr. William V. Keat- 
ing, at one time Professor of Obstetrics in the 
Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. 
He is a graduate of the Medical Department 
of the University of Pennsylvania, April, 
1852. The degree of Master of Arts was con- 
ferred on him by the faculty of the Central 
High School of Philadelphia in 1853. He first 
practiced in Philadelphia, and subsequently 
served as Assistant Surgeon of the United 
States Navy, from 1854 to 1859,when he returned 
to private practice in Philadelphia. On Septem- 
ber 12, 1862, he was appointed Assistant Sur- 
geon to the One-Hundred-and-Fiftieth Regi- 
ment Pennsylvania Volunteers (second Buck- 
delphia County Medical Society, the first In- 
ternational Medical Congress of America (in 
which he served as delegate), held at Phila- 
delphia, July 4, 1876. He was also a delegate, 
and contributed a paper on “Extra-uterine 
Gestation,” to the Ninth International Con- 
gress at Washington, D. C., 1887. Since 
March, 1873, he has been active in the Catho- 
lic Total Abstinence Union of America, and 
served as chairman of the committee, which 
erected the Centennial fountain and statuary 
in Phildelphia Park, and presented to that 
city and dedicated July 4, 1876, in honor of 
religious and civil liberty. He also served as 
chairman of the committee to endow the 
Father Mathew Memorial Chair in the Ameri- 
can Catholic University at Washington, D. C. 
He is a member of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science. He has 
written for various magazines, and for the so- 
cieties of which he is a member. His contri- 
butions are mainly contained in the reports of 
County Medical, Pathological and Obstetrical 
Societies. He was one of five brothers who 
served during the late war, and is at present 
corresponding secretary of Survivors of the One- 
Hundred-and-Fiftieth Pennsylvania Volun- 
teers. He is the father of ten children, the 
oldest of them being Dr. Michael O’Hara, Jr., 
who is Assistant Gynecologist to St. Agnes 
Hospital, Philadelphia." 
OHMANN-DUMESNIL, A in ant Henry, of St. 
Louis, Mo., was born at Dubuque, lowa, Sep- 
tember 30, 1857. He is of French extraction, 
his parents being born in France. When quite 
young he was sent to school, but illness inter- 
fered with a regular attendance until January, 
1868, when he began in the primary class of the 
College of the Christian Brothers, of St. Louis, 
receiving the degree of A. B. in 1874. He then 
entered the Missouri School of Mines and 
Metallurgy (Missouri State University), from 
which he obtained the degree of M. E. (Min- 
ing Engineer), in 1877, receiving the degree of 
M. A. the same year. He then matriculated 
in the St. Louis Medical College (Washington 
University), and had the degree of M. D. con- 
ferred on him in 1880. He then immediately 
entered upon the practice of his profession. 
He always had a leaning for dermatology, but 
devoted himself to general practice for seven 
years, after which he gradually abandoned it 
and now limits himself entirely to his chosen 
specialty. In 1891 he married Mrs. Lillie P. 
Beecher, who was a resident of St. Louis. From 
the time he began to study medicine, Dr. 
Ohmann-Dumesnil was a constant attendant 
upon the meetings of medical societies. In 
1881 he was elected recording secretary of the 
St. Louis Medical Society, which position he 
occupied for three successive years. In 1883 
he was elected secretary of the Missouri State 
Medical Association. In 1887 and 1888 he 
acted as treasurer of the Mississippi Valley 
Medical Association. In 1887 he was first vice- 
president of the Section on Dermatology of the 
ninth International Medical Congress, and is 
at present president-elect of the Section on 
Dermatology of the Pan-American Medical 
Congress. He is a member of the Interna- 
tional Congress of Dermatology. He was one 
of the charter members and incorporators of 
the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
National Guard of the United States, being at 
that time the medical officer of Battery A, N. 
G. Mo. He has also been, for years, an active 
fyreJLbd/ 
tails), and on November 13, 1862, he was pro- 
moted Surgeon. Since his resignation from the 
army in 1863, he has been engaged in general 
practice in his native city. He was president 
of the Board of Examining Surgeons of the 
Pension Bureau at Philadelphia in 1888 and 
1889. He was Visiting Physician to St. Mary’s 
Hospital, Philadelphia, from 1878 to 1892, and 
to St. Agnes Hospital, of the same city, since 
its opening in 1884. He is now serving his 
seventeenth year as Physician to House of the 
Good Shepherd, Philadelphia. He is Medical 
Examiner for the Catholic Knights of America, 
and one of the Physicians to Hibernian So- 
ciety of Philadelphia. He is a member of the 
following societies, viz; Philadelphia County 
Medical (of which he was vice-president and 
librarian) ; the Pathological; Obstetrical; the 
Pennsylvania State Medical, and the American 
Medical Association. He, with Drs. L. Turn- 
bull and J. G. Stetler, constituted a committee, 
who originated and organized, for the Phila- 358 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
member of the American Medical Association, 
being a member of the executive committee 
of the Section on Dermatology, having been 
largely instrumental in its organization. Dr. 
Obmann-Dumesnil began to teach at an early 
date. He first occupied the chair of Derma- 
tology in the St. Louis College for Medical 
Practitioners, in 1881. A year later he was 
called to the chair of Dermatology and Lypho- 
graphy in the St. Louis College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, in which position he has con- 
tinued to the present day, being now one of 
the oldest members of the faculty. Original 
investigations have always occupied a large 
portion of his time; and, as a result of former 
investigations, he has originated a number of 
therapeutical methods of established worth, 
and has invented a number of instruments for 
the use of dermatologists. Dr. Ohmann-Dum- 
Hand,” “Kraurosis Yulvae,” “Parasitic Dis- 
seminated Perifolliculitis,” “Neurotic Hyper- 
trichosis,” “Alopecia Areata.” Many of these 
were conditions which were undescribed be- 
fore he called attention to them, such as “In- 
tra-Urethral Chancroid,” 1891. All of his con- 
tributions have been marked by originality of 
research and rarity of diseases described. Dr. 
Ohmann-Dumesnil has also contributed some 
books to medical literature, the principal of 
which are: “A Hand-Book of Dermatology,” 
1890; “A Critical Translation, with Notes and 
Additions, of Buret’s Syphilis in Ancient and 
Prehistoric Times,” 1891; “Syphilis in the 
Middle Ages,” and “Syphilis in Modern 
Times,” 1892. He is comparatively a young 
man yet, and has a brilliant future before him. 
He is an indefatigable worker in his profes- 
sion and is entirely devoted to dermatology. 
O’NEA.L, John W. C., of Gettysburg, Pa., was 
born near Alexandria, Ya., April 21, 1821, and 
is of Irish and English descent. His classical 
and literary education was obtained at Pennsyl- 
vania College and the primary schools con- 
nected with that institution. His medical 
studies were pursued under the preceptorship 
of Dr. John Swope, of Taneybown, Md., and 
the teaching of the Medical Department of the 
University of Maryland, from which he ob- 
tained the degree of M. D., in 1844. He first 
settled in Hanover, Pa., where he remained 
five years, when he removed to Baltimore, in 
1849, in which city he practiced his profession 
twelve years, and finally established himself 
at Gettysburg, in 1863. He is a member of 
Adams County Medical Society, of the Penn- 
sylvania State Medical Society, and of the 
American Medical Association. He has con- 
tributed to the literature of the profession a 
pamphlet, “On the Cholera of 1852, as it Ap- 
peared in Baltimore;” “Medical and Surgical 
Experience upon the Battle Fields of Antietam 
and Gettysburg,” and numerous other papers 
and reports. He has been a member of the 
Board of Public Charities, Commonwealth of 
Pennsylvania, since 1883. He was President of 
the Pennsylvania and Maryland Association of 
Physicians and Surgeons in 1887. He attended 
as Medical and Surgical Adviser of the House 
of Industry of Adams county, Pa., from 1863 
till 1871, inclusive, and resigned in favor of his 
son, Dr. Walter H. O’Neal, Avho has since filled 
that position. 
OPIE, Thomas, of Baltimore, Md., was born 
at Martinsburg, W. Va., February 14, 1840. 
After receiving a preparatory education at 
Staunton, Va., he attended two sessions at the 
University of Virginia; studied medicine and 
entered the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, receiving the degree 
of M. D. from the latter institution in 1861. 
Soon after he was graduated he entered the 
Army of the Confederate States as Surgeon of 
the Twenty-fifth Virginia Regiment, and was 
subsequently placed in charge of a division 
hospital at Staunton, Va. On leaving the 
army in 1865, he located at Baltimore, where 
he entered on the private practice of his pro- 
fession. In 1867 he married the daughter of 
Col. M. G. Harmon, of Staunton, Va. Dr. 
Opie has held the position of Dean of the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Balti- 
more, since its organization in 1872, and has 
filled the chair of Obstetrics in the same insti- 
tution, and that of Obstetrician to the Mary- 
land Lying-in Hospital. He is a member of 
esnil has been a noted clinician and frequent 
contributor to medical literature since 1877. At 
that time he was a regular contributor to the 
St. Louis Medical and Surcjical Journal, becom- 
ing associate editor in 1880. For several years 
past he has been its editor and continues to 
occupy that position. In addition to this he 
assumed the editorial management of the Med- 
ical Beview (weekly) in January, 1892, and 
still continues in that position. Aside from 
the editorial work connected with the above 
journals, Dr. Ohmann-Dumesnil has been a 
prolific writer. He has always confined his 
contributions to dermatology and syphilology, 
and his articles have been published in for- 
eign and American medical journals, both gen- 
eral and special. Among his most noteworthy 
publications may be mentioned a series of 
clinical lectures published in the International 
Clinics, during 1891,1892 and 1893, and articles 
on the following subjects: “A Case of Indig- 
enous Leprosy,” “Lupus Erythematosus of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
359 
the American Medical Association, Southern 
Sn .r: • I and Gynecological Association, Med- 
ical d. Chirurgical Society of Maryland, 
P ■. re Medical and Surgical Society, Gyne- 
• I and Obstetrical Society of Baltimore, 
• iib Clinical Society of Baltimore. 
011 ME, Henry S., of Los Angeles, Cal., was 
born at Milledgeville, Ga., March 25, 1837. 
He is of English descent, and was educated 
at Oglethorpe University, from which he re- 
ceived the degrees of A. B. and A. M. in 1858. 
He attended medical lectures at the University 
of Virginia in 1859-80, and at the University 
of New York in 1860-61, receiving the degree 
of M. D. from the latter institution. From 
1861 till 1865 he served as Assistant Surgeon 
and Surgeon in the Confederate States Army. 
From September, 1865, till December, 1867, he 
was engaged in the general practice of his pro- 
fession at Atlanta, Ga., and from July, 1868, 
to the present date he has been established at 
Los Angeles. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, American Public Health 
Association, Medico-Legal Society of New 
York, ex-president and member of the Los 
Angeles County Medical Society, member of 
the California State Medical Society, ex-presi- 
dent of the California State Board of Health, 
member of the Southern California Medical 
Society, and is Professor of Hygiene in the 
Medical College-University of Southern Cali- 
fornia. He has been Physician to the Los 
Angeles Small-pox Hospital, and has been for 
many years Physician and’ Surgeon to the Los 
Angeles County Hospital. He has read papers 
before the California State Medical Society on 
the topography and climatic advantages of 
Los Angeles as a health resort. 
ORTON, John (*., of Binghamton, N. Y., 
was born at Seneca Falls, that State, Decem- 
ber 5, 1827. His ancestors emigrated from 
England, in 1636, and settled in Windsor, 
Conn. His professional education was received 
at the University of New York, and he was grad- 
uated M. D. from the medical department of 
that institution, in 1853, settling in the spring 
of 1854 at Binghamton, where he has since re- 
mained engaged in the general practice of his 
profession. In 1856, he was married to Helen 
M., daughter of Dr. Amni Doubleday, of 
Binghamton. He is a member of the Amer- 
ican Public Health Association; permanent 
member of the New York State Medical So- 
ciety ; American Medical Association; Inter- 
national Medical Congress, and founder and 
ex-President of the New York State Medical 
Association. He has also held the posi- 
tion of Consulting Surgeon to the New York 
State Inebriate Asylum, and the Binghamton 
City Hospital. Among his contributions to 
medical literature special mention may be 
made of, “A Case of Successful Operation for 
Ovarian Dropsy;” “Amylene as an Anaes- 
thetic,” and “Contributions to Clinical Path- 
ology,” which have been published in the 
Transactions of the medical societies in New 
York. Dr. Orton has for many yeai’S held the 
position of Manager of the New York State 
Inebriate Asylum; Manager and President of 
the Orphan Asylum at Binghamton; Trus- 
tee of the New York State Blind Asylum; 
Trustee of the Binghamton Savings Bank; 
member of the Board of Education of that city, 
and United States Examining Surgeon for 
Pensions. He has also been the confidential 
adviser and medical examiner for a majority 
of the life insurance companies represented in 
Broome county, N. Y. 
OTIS, Fessenden Nott, of New York, was 
born in Ballston Spa, Saratoga county, N. Y., 
March 6, 1825. He was educated at the Can- 
andaigua and Fairfield Academies, and re- 
ceived his literary degrees from Union College, 
Schenectady, N. Y. He studied medicine in 
the New York Medical College, and at the 
College of Physicians, and Surgeons, New 
York; graduated M. D. at the former in 1852; 
he also received the honorary M. D. from the 
latter in 1864. In 1859 he married Frances H., 
daughter of Apollos Cooke, of Catskill, N. Y. 
He was first at Blackwell’s Island Hospital; 
in 1853 he became Surgeon of the United States 
Mail Steamship Company, a position he held 
till 1860; he has since resided in New York. 
He is President of the Medical Board of the 
Strangers’ Hospital, New York; fellow of the 
New York Academy of Medicine; member of 
the New York County Medical Society; of the 
New York Pathological Society; of the New 
York Dermatological Society; of the New 
York Medical and Surgical Society; Ameri- 
can Association of Genito-Urinary Surgery, 
and British Medical Association. He was 
appointed Lecturer on Genito-Urinary Or- 
gans in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York, in 1862; Clinical Professor 
in same institution, in 1871; was President of 
the Board of Surgeons of New York Police De- 
partment, 1870 and 1872; Superintending Sur- 
geon Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 1869 
to 1873; President of the Medical Board of 
Strangers’ Hospital, New York, 1871 and 1873; 
Honorary Advising Physician of Artists’ Fund 
Society; Visiting Surgeon of Charity Hospital 
since 1873; Consulting Surgeon of St. Eliza- 
beth’s Hospital since 1876; Consulting Sur- 
geon of New York Colored Orphan Asylum, 
Manhattan Eye and Ear, and New York Skin 
and Cancer Hospitals; Clinical Professor 
(emeritus) of Venereal Diseases at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York; Sur- 
geon to the Genito-Urinary Department of the 
Strangers’ Hospital. His contributions to med- 
ical science consist, among other papers, of a 
pamphlet on “The Physiology of Syphilitic 
Infection,” 1872; “Monographs on Urethral 
Strictures and Various Diseases of the Male 
Genital Organs,” 1877, and “Genito-Urinary 
Diseases and Syphilis,” 1883—Students’ Edi- 
tion, 1886. In 1871 Dr. Otis invented the 
urethrometer and the dilating urethrotome, 
which he perfected in 1872 and 1875, respect- 
ively. He is the inventor also of the dilating 
catheter and prostatic guide; the cold water 
coil; the ready aspirator, which he introduced 
in 1875, and a simplified evacuator for remo- 
ving stone from the bladder, after lithotrity; 
introduced in 1883 and perfected in 1888. 
OTIS, George A.,of Washington, D. C., was 
born in Boston, November 12, 1830, and died 
in the former city, February 23, 1881. Grad- 
uating, with degrees of A. M. and A. 8., from 
Princeton, he entered the medical department 
of the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his 
degree of M. D. from that institution in 1850. 
He subsequently prosecuted his professional 
studies in London and Paris, eventually re- 
turning to this country and establishing him- 
self at Springfield, Mass.-, in 1854. In Sep- 
tember, 1861, he entered the army as Surgeon 
of the Twenty-seventh Massachusetts Volun- 
teers, and rendered efficient field service dur- 360 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
OUCHTERLONY, John A., of Louisv lie, 
Ky., was born in Sweden, June 24, 1838. His 
father, an officer in the Swedish army, was of 
Scotch lineage, and his mother was a lady of 
French descent. He was educated in Sweden, 
studied medicine in the University of New 
York, and received his medical degree from 
that institution in 1861. He served as medical 
officer in the National Army during the Rebel- 
lion. He settled first in New York, but subse- 
quently removed to the city of his present 
residence, where he has been engaged in the 
practice of his profession for many years. He 
has contributed numerous papers to medical 
periodicals of great value, among which may 
be mentioned “Angina Pectoris,” “Graves’ 
Disease,” “Cystic Degeneration of Kidneys,” 
“Molluscum Fibrorum,” “Cholelithiasis” and 
numerous clinical records. Dr. Ouchterlony 
is Professor of the Principles and Practice of 
Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the Uni- 
versity of Louisville; Consulting Physician to 
St. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital and the 
Louisville City Hospital. He has been presi- 
dent of the Louisville Medico-Chirurgical So- 
ciety and secretary of the Louisville Obstet- 
rical Society. He is an active member of the 
Louisville Clinical Society; of the Kentucky 
State Medical Society; of the American Med- 
ical Association, and honorary member of the 
Michigan State Medical Society, as well as 
numerous other medical, scientific and social 
organizations. 
OWEN, Abraham M., of Evansville, Jnd., 
was born at Madisonville, Ky., March 19,1849. 
His preliminary education was acquired at 
Notre Dame School, Indiana; he was also a 
student at the University of Virginia. He read 
medicine under the preceptorship of his father, 
who was a physician, and entered Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, and re- 
ceived his medical degree from that institution 
in 1869. Dr. Owen then established himself 
at Evansville, where he has since remained en- 
gaged in a successful practice of his profession. 
In 1871 he established the Free Dispensary 
in that city. In 1874 he was made Professor 
of Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the Medical 
College of Evansville, and has since been ap- 
pointed Professor of General and Operative Sur- 
gery in the same institution. He is a member 
of the Evansville Medical Society, and the Van- 
derburg County Medical Society, and has been 
president of the former and vice-president of 
the latter. He is also an active member of the 
Indiana State Medical Society, the American 
Medical Association, and of the fh’st Pan- 
American Medical Congress, held in Washing- 
ton, D. C., September, 1893, and served as 
treasurer of that distinguished assembly. Dr. 
Owen is also a member of numerous other 
medical and scientific organizations. 
OWEN, Griffith, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Wales about 1647, and died in 1717, 
He was liberally educated and became a phy- 
sician and surgeon. When William Penn re- 
ceived his charter for the Province of Penn- 
sylvania, Owen, then a Quaker, took an active 
part in promoting the emigration of his Welsh 
co-religionists, and being desirous of retaining 
their language, laws and customs in the New 
World, he, with others, induced Penn to set 
apart 40,000 acres as a Welsh tract, in which 
the Welsh alone should have the right of pur- 
chase, and within the limits of Avhich the lan- 
guage of ancient Britain should prevail. On 
ing the entire war. In February, 1866 he was 
appointed Assistant Surgeon in the United 
States Army. In September, 1866, he was 
made surgeon and brevet lieutenant-colonel in 
the regular service. He was a member of the 
leading medical societies of America, and cor- 
responding member of various similar organi- 
zations in Europe. He has written freely for 
prominent medical journals, but the bulk of 
his literary work has been in the shape of the 
reports which he has issued under orders from 
the Army Medical Department, viz.: “The 
Surgical "Report of Circular 6, S. G. 0., on the 
Nature and Extent of the Materials Available 
for a History of the War;” on “Amputation 
at the Hip-joint;” on “Excisions of the Head 
of the Femur; on “A Plan for Transporting 
Wounded Soldiers by Railway;” on “The 
Transport of Sick and Wounded by Pack Ani- 
mals;” “Report of Surgical Cases Treated 
in the Army of the United States from 1867 
to 1871;” also “A Check-list of the Anatom- 
ical Section of the Army Medical Museum at 
Washington,” and two volumes, constituting 
Vol. 2 of Part I, and Vol. 2 of Part 11, of “The 
Medical and Surgical History of the War of 
the Rebellion.” The compilation of this last- 
named work placed Surgeon Otis among the 
most prominent of contributors to surgical his- 
tory. 
OTTO, John Conrad, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born near Woodbridge, N. J., March 15,1774, 
and died June 26,1844. He was of German de- 
scent, and his ancestry for several generations 
were prominent in the medical profession. 
“His grandfather came to this country in 1752, 
and settled in Philadelphia, where he engaged 
in the practice of medicine, and during the 
winter of 1778, he had charge of the Hospital 
of the Continental Army at Valley Forge. 
His father, Dr. Bodo Otto, was warmly at- 
tached to the patriot cause; he sat in the sen- 
ate of New Jersey, and served during the war 
as an officer in the Revolutionary Army.” 
The subject of this sketch was graduated at 
Princeton in 1792, and in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania in 1796. In 1798 he 
was elected one of the physicians of the Phil- 
adelphia Dispensary, and in 1813, on the death 
of Dr. Rush, he was chosen to succeed the 
latter as one of the physicians and clinical 
teachers of the Pennsylvania Hospital, which 
he held twenty-one jrears, and in connection 
with which he became extensively known 
throughout the United States. He was phy- 
sician to the Orphan Asylum and the Mag- 
dalen Asylum of his adopted city for many 
years. During the cholera epidemic of 1833, 
he was one of the twelve physicians that were 
chosen by the public authorities of Philadel- 
phia to adopt sanitary measures, and estab- 
lish and conduct hospitals in the city, and at 
the organization of the Sanitary Board he was 
made its president. He was a Fellow of the 
College of Physicians in which he held the 
office of Censor, and from 1840 until his death 
that of vice-president, and he was also for 
many years a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society. He was the author of numer- 
ous papers, including “An Account of an Hem- 
orrhagic Disposition in Certain Families,” 
1803; and another paper on the same subject, 
in 1805, which were published in the New York 
Medical Repository, and Goxe’s Medical Museum, 
respectively. It is said that these papers were 
the first to appear on this subject. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
361 
securing this, Owen emigrated with his family, 
arriving in Pennsylvania in September, 1684, 
and settled on this tract which was called 
Merion. He acquired an extensive practice 
both there and in Philadelphia, to which place 
he subsequently removed, and performed the 
first surgical operation, it is thought, in Penn- 
sylvania, namely, the amputation of a young 
man’s arm injured by the premature firing of 
a cannon on the occasion of Penn’s second 
visit to the Province. Thomas Story narrates 
that this operation was performed in Philadel- 
phia (Dec. 1, 1699), and in a skillful manner, 
but as the arm was cut off, some spirits in 
a basin happened to take fire and being spilt 
on the surgeon’s apron, set his clothes on fire, 
and there being a great crowd of spectators, 
some of them were in the way and in danger 
of being burned, as was the surgeon himself 
upon his hands and face, but running into the 
street the fire was quenched, and so quick was 
he that the patient lost not very much blood, 
though left in that open bleeding condi- 
tion. Dr. Owen, whose merit and ability raised 
him to several offices of trust, continued his 
vocation as physician, “in which he was very 
knowing and eminent,” as we are informed 
by Proud in his History of Pennsylvania. In 
fact, he appears to have been the chief medi- 
cal practitioner of Philadelphia, and was highly 
respected for his professional talents, integ- 
rity and energy. Thus we find that he became 
coroner in 1685, and the next year was chosen 
to the assembly, in which body he served 
many years. In 1690 he was made a pro- 
vincial councilman for a term of tln-ee years, 
and in 1700 was again chosen to this body, of 
which he remained a member until his death. 
Among the other offices that he held were 
those of an alderman under the charter of 
1691; a justice of the peace; a judge of the 
court of common pleas, and one of Penn’s 
commissioners of property. In the church 
affairs of the Society of Friends he bore a use- 
ful part, not only as a layman, but as a minis- 
ter, and in the performance of religious work 
traveled frequently into other colonies and to 
England and Wales. In 1689, with others, he 
drew up a paper “to incite the quarterly meet- 
ings to keep up a godly discipline and a tender 
inspection over the youth.” He attended the 
historical meeting of Quaker ministers at Bur- 
lington, N. J., in 1692, where George Keith 
declared: “There is not more damnable here- 
sies and doctrine of devils amongst any prot- 
estant professions than among the Quakers,” 
and was at the head of the committee of three 
that was appointed “to admonish Keith.” 
Owen was one of those who prepared the tes- 
timony of the “Public Friends” against Keith, 
and he was the first to sign the noted Quaker 
document, “Our Ancient Testimony Renewed 
Concerning Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, 
the Holy Scriptures, and the Resurrection,” 
of which paper it is said he was the author. 
“He was frequently employed to write epistles 
from the meeting in Philadelphia to the meet- 
ings in other places. Dr. Owen was one of the 
“Dear Friends” to whom William Penn, in 
1712, addressed a letter from England, in which 
he said: “Now, know that though I have not 
actually sold my government (Pennsylvania) 
to our truly good queen, yet her able lord 
treasurer and 1 have agreed it.” The sale was 
not consummated, however, owing to Penn’s 
illness. Dr. Griffith Owen left no record of a 
medical sort, but was a man of diversified tal- 
ent, and held an unquestioned and somewhat 
curious pre-eminence in connection with the 
most important affairs of his time. He ac- 
complished many things, which nowadays 
would scarcely be regarded as within the legiti- 
mate career of the broadest-minded physician. 
He died at about the age of seventy years, and 
was succeeded by his son, who practiced medi- 
cine for some time after his father’s death. 
OWEN, Pascal H., of Montgomery, Ala., 
was born in Lowndes county, that State, Octo- 
ber 3, 1839. He is the son of Col. Lewis 
Owen, for many years president of the Mont- 
gomery and Eufaula Railroad Company. He 
was educated at New Haven, Conn., and at 
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. His med- 
ical education and training were received at 
the University of New York, from which in- 
stitution he was graduated M. D. in 1859, on 
which occasion he delivered the valedictory 
address. He soon after established himself at 
Montgomery, and has ever since been actively 
engaged in the practice of general medicine 
and surgery in that vicinity. During the Re- 
bellion he assisted in organizing the General 
Military Hospital at Montgomery, and became 
surgeon-in-charge after the resignation of Sur- 
geon Gindrat, in 1862. In 1869 he was elected 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion ; he is also an active member of the Ala- 
bama State Medical Association, and of the 
Montgomery Medical and Surgical Society. 
He is the author of “Reports of Mott’s Sur- 
gical Clinique,” “Essay on Cannabis Indica,” 
and a “Monograph on Diphtheria.” In 1876 
he was elected Judge of the Court of Appeals, 
and in the same year State Senator. In the 
latter position he was instrumental in getting 
an act passed in the Legislature of Alabama 
to regulate the practice of medicine in that 
State, which protects regular practitioners and 
severely punishes “quackery.” 
OWEN, William T., of Louisville, Ky., was 
born in Claiborne county, Miss., November 3, 
1829. He was educated in the University of 
Louisville, receiving therefrom the degree of 
A. B. in 1844, and that of M. D. in 1849. In 
the latter year he established himself in Lou- 
isville, where he has since remained engaged 
in the general practice of his profession. In 
1854 he married Sarah E., daughter of Major 
Moses T. Hoagland,of Gen. Andrew Jackson’s 
staff, Hunter’s Bottom, Ky. He is a member 
of numerous medical organizations in his city 
and State, as well as of the American Medical 
Association. He has published important pa- 
pers on professional subjects, among which 
may be mentioned: “Critical Epitome of the 
Differentiae of Pyemia and Leucocythemia, ” 
1866; “Rheumatism, a Review of Fuller,” 
1868; “Case of Extra-Uterine Pregnancy,” 
1870; “The Cause of Cholera,” 1876; and a 
criticism of “A Note of Warning,” by Dr. 
Ely McClellan, United States Army, 1877. 
From 1868 to 1870, inclusive, he was Professor 
of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the 
Kentucky School of Medicine. 
OWENS, John E., of Chicago, 111., was born 
in Cecil county, Md., October 14, 1838. His 
preparatory education was received at the 
schools of his native county, and in the city of 
Baltimore. In 1858 he began the study of 
medicine, under the preceptorship of Drs. J. 
and T. D. Dunott, Elkton, Md., remaining 
with them about two years. In 1860 he en- 362 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tered the Jefferson Medical College, and was 
graduated from that institution in 1862, after 
which he received the appointment as “In- 
terne” of Blockley Hospital for the period of 
one year. During the spring of 1863 he re- 
moved to Chicago, and served as surgeon in a 
military hospital in that city until 1864. He 
then established himself in general practice, 
devoting his time mainly to surgery. He has 
served as Surgeon to the Illinois Central Rail- 
road, and as Visiting Surgeon to St. Luke’s 
Hospital, Chicago, .for many years. He has 
also lectured at the Rush Medical College on 
diseases of the urinary organs, and since 1872 
on general surgery in that institution. He has 
contributed important articles to medical lit- 
erature, and is an active member of numerous 
medical societies, including the American Med- 
ical Association. 
dent of each. He was one of the original 
members of the American Surgical Association, 
and for two years its treasurer. His literary 
work, besides contributions to various medical 
journals, is as follows: A translation of “Mal- 
gaigne’s Treatise on Fractures,” 1859; “Hand- 
book of Minor Surgery,” 1863; “Lectures on 
Inflammation,” 1865; “Hand-book of Oper- 
ative Surgery,” 1870; important articles on 
“Poisoned Wounds” and on “Fractures,” in 
OWINGS, Thomas 8., of Ellicott City, Md., 
was born in Howard county, that State, Sep- 
tember 23, 1830. His father was Dr. J. H. Ow- 
ings, for forty years a leading practitioner of 
Maryland, and his grandfather, Capt. Thomas 
Boyle, of the privateer sloop “Vigilant,” 
that blockaded the English Channel during 
the War of 1812. The subject of this sketch, 
having received a liberal preparatory educa- 
tion, entered the University of Maryland and 
was graduated in medicine from that institu- 
tion in 1852. In the same year he established 
himself in Ellicott City, where he has since 
remained, engaged in a successful general 
practice of medicine and surgery, and has 
served for many years as physician to various 
local educational institutions. He has been an 
active member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland and of numerous other 
medical organizations. 
PACKARD, John Hooker, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city, August 15, 1832. 
His family, of English descent, were among 
the original settlers of Massachusetts. Pie was 
educated at the University of Pennsylvania, 
going through the academical department, the 
department of arts, and the medical school, 
where he took the degrees of M. A. and M. D. 
in 1853. His medical studies were pursued 
under the preceptorship of Prof. Joseph Leidy. 
Soon after graduation he began private teach- 
ing in anatomy, surgery and obstetrics, and 
for over fifteen years was engaged in demon- 
strations and examinations on these subjects. 
During the War of the Rebellion he was 
an acting assistant surgeon, serving as 
Attending Surgeon at the Christian Street 
and Satterlee United States Army Gen- 
eral Hospitals, in Philadelphia, and as Con- 
sultant at the Haddington Hospital, as well 
as at the Hospital at Beverly, N. J. He 
was one of the Surgeons to the Hospital of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, 
from 1863 to 1884. In the latter year he was 
elected on the staff of the Pennsylania Hospi- 
tal, a position which he still holds. Dr. Pack- 
ard became a Fellow of the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of Philadelphia in 1858; 
was its secretary for the fifteen years, 1862- 
1877, and its vice-president from 1885 to 1888. 
He was also the first Mutter lecturer in that 
institution from 1864 to 1866. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association, State Med- 
ical Society of Pennsylvania, and County Med- 
ical Society of Philadelphia; was one of the 
founders of the Pathological and Obstetrical 
Societies of Philadelphia, and twice presi- 
AshhursVs Cyclopedia of Surgery, 1883, and one 
on “Fractures and Dislocations,” in Keating’s 
Cyclopedia of the Diseases of Children, 1889. 
He also published three editions of the Phila- 
delphia Medical Directory in 1868, 1871 and 
1873. For many years engaged in a general 
practice, Dr. Packard has of late given his at- 
tention almost wholly to surgery. Among his 
other operations have been two successful hip- 
joint amputations, a successful ligation of the 
common iliac artery, etc. In 1872 he published 
the first notice of the primary anesthesia from 
ether, discovered by him, and since that time 
extensively used for brief operations. 
PAINE, J. Y. F., of Galveston, Texas, was 
born in West Feliciana Parish, La., August 
16, 1840, and is of Scotch-English descent. 
He received an academic education at Cen- 
tenary College, Louisiana, and graduated in 
medicine at the University of Louisiana in 
1861, duringthe service of the immortal Warren 
Stone, the great physician and surgeon of the 
South, then in the zenith of his renown. 
On the breaking out of the war between the 
States, Dr. Paine entered as a private soldier 
in the Fourth Louisiana Regiment of Vol- 
unteers, but was appointed assistant surgeon 
of the Twenty-second Louisiana Regiment in 
December, 1861. After the fall of New 'Or- 
leans he served in the hospitals at Corinth and 
Holly Springs, Miss.; was examined May, 
1862, at Columbus, Miss., by the Army Board EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
363 
of Medical Examiners (Yandell, Pirn and 
Heustis), and was commissioned surgeon with 
rank and pay of Major of Cavalry; assigned 
as surgeon of the Twenty-first Alabama Regi- 
ment, which was sent to Fort Morgan at the 
mouth of Mobile bay. By seniority of com- 
mission, he took rank as chief surgeon of the 
forces constituting the defense of Mobile bay. 
At the fall of these forts, in 1864, Dr. Paine 
was assigned as chief surgeon of General Hos- 
pital Nidelet, at Mobile, where he served till the 
surrender of that city, in 1865. Dr. Paine was 
then ordered to Gainsville. Ala., and took rank 
as surgeon in charge of the General Hospital 
at that post, and remained there till the final 
surrender of all the Confederate forces, in 
June, 1865. Upon the declaration of peace 
Dr. Paine settled in Mobile and engaged in 
general practice; removed to Texas in 1874; 
was elected to the chair of Obstetrics and Dis- 
eases of Women and Children in the Texas 
Medical College and Hospital at Galveston in 
1875; after competitive examination, was made 
dean of the faculty in 1879; was elected chair- 
man of the Section on Gynecology in the Texas 
State Medical Association, in 1885, and chair- 
man of the Section on Practice, in 1886; was 
chosen secretary to the Section on Gynecology 
in the American Medical Association, 1885; 
elected president of the Galveston County Med- 
ical Society in the same year; was one of the 
vice-presidents of the Section on Public and In- 
ternational Hygiene of the Ninth International 
Medical Congress; and elected to the chair 
of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene 
in the medical department of Tulane Univer- 
sity—his alma mater—in 1885, which position 
he filled one term, to the entire satisfaction of 
the faculty and trustees, and with distin- 
guished credit to himself and to Texas. Re- 
signing this honorable position, for private 
reasons satisfactory to himself, he resumed 
practice in Galveston, where he has a large 
clientelle of the wealthier classes, and lives in 
elegance and comfort, in a beautiful home on 
Broadway—the boulevard of Galveston—the 
fruits of his individual labors and industry. 
On resigning the chair in the university, at the 
close of the session, after repeated solicita- 
tions to reconsider his determination, he was 
made the recipient of a testimonial from the 
faculty, in the shape of a set of resolutions, 
expressive of the high appreciation of his 
services (which were characterized as emi- 
nently satisfactory and valuable), entertained 
by his colleagues, individually and collect- 
ively ; and of deep and sincere regret at the 
necessity which induced him to sever relations 
so pleasant to them. These resolutions bore 
testimony to Dr. Paine’s professional attain- 
ments and ability, no less than to those agree- 
able social qualities for which he is distin- 
guished ; and altogether, expressed a sincere 
regard for him as a teacher, a physician and a 
man—whom to know, is to respect ; couched 
in a language as courteous as complimentary. 
Dr. Paine is an honorary member of the South- 
ern Surgical and Gynecological Association; an 
honorary member of the Louisiana State Phar- 
maceutical Association, and was president of 
the Texas State Medical Association in 1888-9. 
He filled the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases 
of Women and Children in the Texas Medical 
College from 1876 till 1890,and upon the organi- 
zation of the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Texas in 1891, was chosen by the Re- 
gents for the corresponding position, and filled 
that chair the first session, 1891-2, having been 
also elected dean, the position which he now 
fills. He has contributed but little to current 
medical literature, toeing kept busy by his large 
practice, the demands of which were such as to 
prevent his even being present in the hall when 
Ids election as president of the Texas State 
Medical Association was announced amidst 
cheers and applause. His best papers are to 
be found in the Transactions of the Texas State 
Medical Association—notably his address as 
chairman of the Section on Practice—and in 
the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. 
Dr. Daniels writes that, “Dr. Paine is charac- 
terized by a distinguished courtesy of manner, 
and has an easy and forcible manner of speak- 
ing which is impressive. These, conjoined to 
a splendid physique, mark him as a man well 
fitted to lead, and especially adapted to the 
position he fills.” 
FALLEN, Montrose A., of New York City, 
was born January 2, 1836, in Vicksburg, Miss., 
and died in the former city October 1, 1892. 
His father, a Virginian, was Professor of Ob- 
stetrics in the St. Louis Medical College for 
twenty-seven years. Dr. Fallen received his 
medical education at the St. Louis University, 
from which he graduated in 1856. He spent 
two years in the medical schools and hospitals 
of London, Paris and Berlin, and then settled 
in St. Louis, where he remained till 1874, when 
he was called to the chair of Gynecology in 
the medical department of the University of 
the City of New York. During the War of 
the Rebellion, Dr. Fallen was medical director 
of Gen. Henry A. Wise’s Legion in 1861, of 
Gen. William J. Hardee’s Army Corps in 
1862, and later on the Department of Missis- 
sippi until February, 1863. Subsequently he 
was sent to Canada by the Confederate gov- 
ernment to report on the condition of the 
Confederate prisoners on Johnson’s Island. 
He returned to Richmond in 1864, went to 
Paris, and obtained surgical and medical sup- 
plies for the Confederate armies. He was sent 
to Montreal again, but was captured on his 
way, back to the South, and held on parole in 
New York until the end of the war. He was 
Professor of Gynecology in the Humboldt 
Medical College in 1866-67; Adjunct Professor 
of Obstetrics in the St. Louis Medical College, 
1867-68; Professor of Gynecology in the St. 
Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
1869-70; Professor of Anatomy in the Missouri 
Medical College, 1871-72, and Professor in the 
medical department of the University of the 
City of New York from 1874 to 1882. In 1883 he 
assisted in forming the Post-Graduate Medical 
College. He also served as Surgeon to the 
Charity Hospital. He was a member of the 
New York Journal and Library Association; of 
the New York County Medical Society; of the 
New York Obstetrical Society; the New York 
Neurological Society; of the American Medi- 
cal Association, and of numerous other medical 
organizations. In 1858 and in 1867 he was au- 
thor of prize essays on “The Ophthalmoscope” 
and “Uterine Abnormities,” read before 
the American Medical Association. He also 
contributed numerous valuable papers to med- 
ical journals, relating to the practice of oph- 
thalmology, neurology, gynecology and obstet- 
rics. 
PALMER, Alonzo 8., of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
was born in Richfield, Otsego county, N. Y., 364 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
October 6, 1815, and died December 23, 1887. 
His father, born in Stonington, Conn., came of 
Puritan stock. He was educated in the schools 
and academies of Otsego, Herkimer, and Os- 
wego counties, N. Y., and graduated in med- 
icine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of the western district of New York, in 1839. 
After passing the winters of 1847 and 1848 in 
New York City, and that of 1849 and 1850 in 
Philadelphia, in attendance on medical schools 
and hospitals, he took up his residence at Te- 
cumseh, Mich., but removed to Chicago soon 
after. During 1852 he served as city physician 
during a severe cholera season among emi- 
grants from the northern ports of Europe, and 
in the same year received the appointment of 
Professor of Anatomy in the College of Med- 
icine and Surgery in the University of Mich- 
igan ; in 1854 he was transferred to the chair 
of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Diseases 
of Women and Children; and in 1860 was 
transferred again, this time to the chair of 
Pathology and Practice of Medicine, holding 
the latter professorship until his death. In 
1855, he was the recipient of the degree of A. 
M. from the University of Nashville, Tenn. 
Visiting Europe in 1859, he spent most of his 
time in the medical schools and hospitals of 
London, Dublin, Edinburgh, and Paris, return- 
ing to this country on the opening of the War 
of the Rebellion, in which he became subse- 
quently engaged. In September, 1861, he re- 
sumed his duties as Professor in the Univer- 
sity of Michigan. In 1864 he was appointed 
Professor of Pathology and Practice of Med- 
icine in Berkshire Medical College, Mass., and 
in 1869 to the same chair in the Medical School 
of Bowdoin College, Me. The latter position 
he held for many years, the lectures being de- 
livered during the vacation of the University 
of Michigan. Although occupied with a large 
general practice in Tecumseh and Chicago, 
he had, since his removal from Chicago, 
devoted himself principally to teaching med- 
icine and the practical duties of the physi- 
cian; and while his clinical, hospital, and 
consulting practices were still large, yet his 
most absorbing work was teaching, most of 
his time being occupied with his duties of 
instruction. His students, in the different 
medical schools in which he was engaged, 
number more than ten thousand. During the 
whole period in which he held the professor’s 
chair, he had been a decided antagonist to the 
habitual use of alcoholic liquors and other 
narcotics, whether tobacco or opium, and even 
taught the inutility and often ill effects of tea 
and coffee when used as stimulants. Dr. 
Palmer was a member of the American Medi- 
cal Association, and for many years took.an 
active part at its meetings. He was elected its 
vice-president in 1860, and held that office 
during its suspension and until its meeting in 
Chicago. He had also, at different times, 
been chairman of various standing committees 
of the association. In 1859 he was elected 
honorary member of the New York State 
Medical Society; was president of the Michi- 
gan State Medical Society in 1872 and 1873, 
and was elected honorary member of the State 
Medical Society of Maine in 1875. Among his 
varied contributions to medical literature may 
be mentioned, “A Full Report of the Chicago 
Cholera Epidemic of 1852,” referred to above, 
considered in connection with the sanitary 
condition of the city at that time. As chair- 
man of committees of the American Medical 
Association, he made various reports, viz; 
On “The Plan of Organization of State and 
County Medical Societies;” on “Medical Lit- 
erature,” and on “Medical Education.” He 
contributed numerous papers to medical jour- 
nals, besides publishing a brochure on “Sul- 
phate of Quinine,” and another on “Asiatic 
Cholera;” four lectures on “Homeopathy,” 
criticising adversely the dogmas of that school. 
He published several clinical lectures on 
“Paralysis” and on “Pneumonia,” reference 
being made in the latter to the experience of 
several years’ practice in the use of free anti- 
pyretic and antiphlogistic doses of quinine. 
In addition to the above, he was, with others, 
editor, from 1852 to 1859, of the Peninsular 
Journal of Medicine. In the beginning of the 
War of the Rebellion, in the spring of 1861, 
he was appointed surgeon of the Second Michi- 
gan Regiment of Infantry; was ranking sur- 
geon in Gen. Richardson’s Brigade at the first 
battle of Bull Run, and dressed the first wound 
inflicted by the enemy at Blackburn’s Ford, on 
the 18th of the following July. The position of 
army surgeon, however, he resigned in Sep- 
tember, 1861, to perform the duties of the pro- 
fessorship previously mentioned. He never- 
theless visited the army as volunteer surgeon, 
during the vacations of the college, on various 
occasions during the war. 
PALMER, Gideon S., of Washington, D. C., 
was born in Gardiner, Me., June 14, 1813, 
and died in the former city December 8, 1892. 
When a young man he taught the Lyceum at 
Gardiner, and fitted himself for college. He 
graduated from Bowdoin College, Maine, in 
the clas*s of 1838, and afterward studied medi- 
cine in Philadelphia. He served his native 
city as councilman, alderman, representative 
in the State Legislature, where he was asso- 
ciated with Secretary Blaine. At the begin- 
ning of the late war he enlisted as a volunteer 
surgeon, serving as brigade surgeon on Gen. 
O. O. Howard’s staff in the Army of the Po- 
tomac. He was in charge of Lincoln Hospital, 
of a hospital at Annapolis, and retired with 
the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel. In 1869, 
at the request of Gen. Howard, Dr. Palmer 
took the chair of physiology and hygiene in 
the medical department of Howard University. 
He was for many years dean of the university 
faculty and surgeon in charge of the Freed- 
man’s Hospital. 
PALMER, Henry, of Janesville, Wis., was 
born in New Hartford, N. Y., July 30, 1827, is 
a son of Ephraim and Abigail (Brown) Pal- 
mer, and a descendant from English Puritan 
and Scotch ancestors. His early education 
was received at Whitestown and Cazenovia 
Seminaries, and he subsequently entered on a 
course of teaching in New York and Massa- 
chusetts. In 1849 he made a cruise to the 
Arctic regions, and on his return entered the 
office of Professors March and Armsby, of 
Albany, N. Y., and graduated at the Albany 
Medical College in 1854. He was the resident 
surgeon of the Marshall Infirmary, Troy, N. 
Y., until he removed to his present place of 
residence in 1857. For thirty-five years the 
Doctor has been in general practice, which has 
been largely surgical, and between five and 
six years of this time was devoted to military 
surgery in the late war as surgeon of Volun- 
teers and medical inspector, and in theTurko- 
Russian war in Europe. He has occupied EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
365 
many positions of honor and trust; has held 
the office of mayor of the city of Janesville 
two terms; was Surgeon-General of Wisconsin 
for ten years, and has held various positions in 
local, State and national, medical and surgical 
societies, and is examining surgeon for pen- 
sions. The Doctor was appointed Professor of 
Operative and Clinical Surgery and Pathology 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Chicago, 111., when it was organized in 1882, 
Upton S. Heath, Esq., of Baltimore; but re- 
linquished this profession in order to enter the 
navy. Being too old to enter as midshipman, 
he studied medicine, and on March 26, 1834, 
was commissioned assistant surgeon, having 
just graduated M. D. from the University of 
Maryland. On the 29th following, he was 
ordered to the frigate “Brandywine,” and 
sailed in her for the Pacific station, where 
(January 9, 1835) he voluntarily exchanged 
to the sloop “Vincennes,” bound on a cruise 
through nearly all the South Sea islands, to 
China and other ports, and so around the 
world, home. After a short period of shore 
service, he applied for orders to sea. On J uly 
17, 1838, he was ordered to the store-ship 
“Relief” of the exploring expedition under 
Lieut. Charles Wilkes. After very interesting 
service in that vessel, which made a perilous 
escape from shipwreck at Noir Island, in at- 
tempting the Brecknock passage into Magel- 
lan’s straits, he was transferred to the sloop 
“Peacock.” The adventurous cruise of that 
vessel is recorded in the general history of the 
exploring expedition; but Dr. Palmer has em- 
bodied one episode in a poem, the last 
edition of which is called the “Antarcitic Ma- 
riner’s Song,” and describes the adventures of 
the “Flying-Fish” and the “Peacock,” on a 
cruise as far south as the ice-barrier would per- 
mit. In a search for land, and penetrating too 
far into an ice-channel, the “Peacock” en- 
countered an island of ice thirty-two miles in 
area, and higher than her mastheads. Her 
wreck was nearly complete; but, by the mag- 
nificient seamanship of her commander, Lieut. 
Hudson, she was taken safe to Sydney, New 
South Wales. After the wreck of the “Pea- 
cock” at the mouth of the Columbia river, 
July 19, 1841, he (Palmer) was, of necessity, 
established in command of a large shore-party 
at Astoria, and required to keep meteorological 
and tide-tables, and to perform duty with the 
scientific corps. On September 30, 1841, camp 
was broken at Astoria, and he was ordered to 
a purchased brig, called the “Oregon,” in 
which he took passage to the bay of San Fran- 
cisco, where, October 25, 1841, he was finally 
transferred to the flagship “Vincennes,” in 
which he finished the exploring expedition, 
being detached in New York, June 17, 1842. 
After this long and perilous service, generally 
beyond the pale of civilization, and entirely 
aut of the atmosphere of the profession, he 
bad almost to begin anew; but the difficulties 
Df examination were finally overcome, and he 
was commissioned as surgeon October 27,1841. 
In that grade he served at the Washington 
Navy Yard, where he had charge of the numer- 
ous wounded by the frightful explosion on 
board the “Princeton,” and gained some pain- 
ful professional experience without losing any 
of his patients. October 31, 1844, he was or- 
iered to the sloop “St. Mary’s,” in the squad- 
ron commanded by Commodore Stockton, and 
went to the coast of Mexico, where he was 
present at the annexation of Texas, and con- 
tinued throughout the consequent war; at the 
bombardment of Vera Cruz, the surrender of 
3an Juan de Ulloa, the taking of Tampico, and 
ather operations on the coast. After another 
long period (three years and five months) 
aboard the “Vanalia,” in the Pacific, and some 
short services ashore, he was ordered, April 11, 
1857, to the steam frigate “Niagara,” on the 
first effort to lay the Atlantic cable. The sec- 
and continues to hold that position; he is sur- 
geon for several railroads and to several hos- 
pitals. Dr. Palmer’s original investigations 
and literary contributions have been largely 
in the direction of brain and abdominal sur- 
gery, and with results that have been satisfac- 
tory, as his last thirty-one cases of ovariotomy 
and hysterectomy have resulted in recovery/ 
PALMER, James Croxall, of Washington, 
D. C., late Surgeon-General United States 
Navy, was born in Baltimore, Md., June 29, 
1811, and died in the former city April 24, 1883. 
He was a descendant of an English family, 
Crochelle, A. D. 1056, and Croxall in 1640, all 
of Warwickshire. Richard Croxall I. of Bir- 
mingham, having married Joanna Carroll, 
cousin to Charles Carroll, Esq., who was chan- 
cellor to Lord Baltimore (the lord proprietor 
himself having married Alice Croxall), immi- 
grated in the seventeenth century and estab- 
lished himself near the site of Baltimore town. 
Edward Palmer, also descended from a good 
English family, married Catharine Croxall in 
Baltimore. The subject of this sketch graduat- 
ing A. B. from Dickinson College, in 1829, en- 
tered upon the study of law, in the office of 366 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tions aboard the “Niagara” and “Agamem- 
non” had their strands of armor-wires laid in 
different ways, one to the right and the other 
to the left. This, of course, rendered ordinary 
splicing impossible; for each must, of neces- 
sity, pull the other apart. The fate of the cable, 
when spliced in mid-ocean, depended upon 
overcoming this difficulty. Everybody was 
called upon for a plan; and the surgeon’s was 
preferred by the commanding officer, Capt. 
Hudson, although interested in his own. The 
unfortunate break, 103 miles from the Irish 
coast, prevented an experiment. After a short 
cruise in the Mediterranean, he returned as 
fleet-surgeon, and was attached to the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis. The Civil War broke 
out, and the academy was transferred to New- 
port, R. I. He went, in sole medical charge 
of it, and, under great difficulties, accom- 
plished hospital organization ashore and 
aboard the school-ships. But the war was go- 
ing on, and he represented to the Bureau of 
Medicine and Surgery that he ought to be else- 
where. Accordingly, August 11, 1863, he was 
ordered to report as fleet-surgeon to the 
Western gulf blockading squadron, com- 
manded by Admiral Farragut, and was 
attached to the flag-ship “Hartford” at 
the battle of Mobile, August 5, 1864, in 
which, out of six members of the medical staff, 
two were killed outright. After passing the 
forts and fleet and anchoring in the bay, he 
took the Admiral’s steam barge (the “Loyall”), 
and went around the fleet, to aid the surgeons 
who had no assistants; and, upon returning 
to the “Hartford,” he was hailed by Admiral 
Farragut and directed to go aboard the ene- 
my’s ram, the “Tennessee,” just captured, and 
attend to Admiral Buchanan, who had had his 
leg broken in the action. It had been decided 
to amputate that leg, but he suspended the op- 
eration and reported the result of his visit to 
Admiral Farragut. Then followed numerous 
surgical performances by the medical officers 
of the ship, and some who had been signalled 
to come aboard. Among the cases that fell 
to his own share was an excision of the right 
clavicle, which was accomplished without ac- 
cident, and successful in its issue, though the 
patient died about three weeks afterwards of 
acute pneumonia. On the morning after the 
battle the Federal and Confederate wounded— 
the latter being assigned to his exclusive 
charge—were taken to Pensacola and lodged 
in temporary hospital barracks. Of Admiral 
Buchanan personally, being bis blood relation, 
he took exclusive charge, and in due time had 
the satisfaction of sending him north, with his 
leg restored and no limp in his gait. He took 
advantage of these hospital associations to ac- 
complish between the Confederate Secretary 
Mallory and Admiral Farragut, whose consent 
had been previously obtained, a final agree- 
ment exempting all medical officers and at- 
tendants from detention as prisoners of war. 
Soon after the “Hartford” returned north, 
with Admiral Farragut’s now renowned flag; 
but the fleet surgeon remained at Pensacola, 
to account for the men and material of so large 
a fleet. But unfortunately he stayed too long 
for his good, and was finally taken home in a 
dying condition, from accumulated malarious 
poisoning. He did, however, wind up the 
affairs of his department and was detached, 
with gratifying acknowledgments, from the 
bureau of medicine and surgery, September 21, 
1865. He was afterwards in charge of the 
Naval Hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., for about 
four years; but he continued in such precarious 
health for many months, that his death was re- 
ported imminent; though he finally, but slowly, 
recovered. On March 3, 1871, he was com- 
missioned as a medical director; and on June 
10, 1872, as Surgeon-General. From that office 
he was retired on June 29, 1873, and was put 
on the retired list according to law. During 
his period of active service he passed in actual 
sea-cruises seventeen years; on shore-stations 
seventeen years and four months; and was un- 
employed four years and eleven months. Af- 
ter his retirement, he was for four years a 
visitor to the Government Hospital for the In- 
sane, near Washington. He published a vol- 
ume of 240 pages, on a philological subject, and 
made some important professional contribu- 
tions through the Bureau of Medicine and 
Surgery. 
PANCOAST, Joseph, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Burlington county, N. J., in 1805, 
and died in the former city March 7, 1882. 
Adopting the profession of medicine and sur- 
gery, he studied at the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated 
therefrom in 1828. He at once commenced 
practice, and made surgery his specialty. He 
began teaching practical anatomy and surgery 
in 1831, and during the same year he translated 
from the Latin a “Treatise on the Structure, 
Functions and Diseases of the Human Sympa- 
thetic Nerve,” by J. Frederick Lobstein, to 
which he added notes. In 1834 he was elected 
one of the Physicians of the Philadelphia 
Hospital, Blockiey; shortly afterwards Physi- 
cian-in-chief to the Children’s Hospital, in the 
same institution, and from 1838 to 1845 he was 
one of the visiting surgeons to the same hos- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
367 
pital. In 1838 he was elected Professor of 
Surgery in the Jefferson Medical College. In 
1844 he published his “Treatise on Operative 
Surgery,” which he revised and enlarged in 
1852, when it had passed to a third edition. 
During the first nine years of its existence up- 
wards of four thousand copies were sold. He 
also, in 1844, remodeled the able work—origi- 
nally written by Dr. Casper Wistar, to which 
the late Prof. William E. Horner had made 
valuable additions—entitled “A System of 
Anatomy for the Use of Students.” On March 
27, 1854, he was elected one of the Surgeons of 
the Pennsylvania Hospital, and resigned that 
position on February 29, 1864. In 1847 he was 
elected Professor of Anatomy in Jefferson 
Medical College, from which he resigned in 
1874, and was succeeded by his son, Dr. Wil- 
liam 11. Pancoast. He thus filled for a period 
of thirty-six years, successively, two of the 
most important chairs in that celebrated school. 
Among the many new operations devised by 
him is the following one for soft and mixed 
cataracts: A very fine needle, turned near 
the point into a sort of hook, was introduced 
three-sixteenths of an inch behind the cornea; 
it was passed through the front part of the 
vitreous humor, between the margin of the 
dilated iris and the lens, and did not even 
touch the coi’pus ciliare—the most sensitive 
part of the interior of the ball. The advantage 
of this needle is that the soft parts of the lens 
can be well and deeply cut, and any hardened 
nucleus withdrawn by the needle, along the 
line of its entrance, by a sort of horizontal 
displacement, and the piece left in the outer 
border of the vitreous humor; surprisingly 
little irritation usually follows this operation. 
He devised, in 1841, the plough and groove, or 
plastic suture, in which four raw surfaces, the 
beveled edges of the flaps, and the margins of 
the groove cut by the side of the nose to re- 
ceive the flaps, come together. He continued 
the use of this suture, and was quite certain to 
have union to follow in all his rhinoplastic 
operations. In removing cystic tumors, he 
advised not to cut them out, but to open the 
integuments down to the sac, and then cut on 
a director the cullular connections that hold 
the sac down. For the occlusion of the nasal 
duct, in the ordinary cases of epiphora, he in- 
troduced from the front, by a puncture of the 
lachrymal sac, a hollow ivory tube from which 
the earthy matter had been removed, and left 
it to slowly dissolve. Mr. Bowman, of Lon- 
don, endorsed the plan, and very frequently 
used it. He demonstrated that in bad cases 
of internal strabismus the tendon of the inter- 
nal oblique muscle is often girdled by rigid 
connective tissue. The eye then will hardly 
come right till the tendon is drawn out with 
the blunt hook and cut. He has shown that, 
after the eyebrow had been destroyed, a good- 
looking substitute could be mnde by raising 
a flap of the scalp with the soft, drooping hairs 
of the temple, and giving it a long pedicle, to 
run in a bed cut for it up to the brow. He 
performed four times, with success, a lumbar 
operation for large abscesses, lying in the con- 
nective tissue between the colon and cecum 
and the front of the quadratus muscle. It is 
caused sometimes by a blow, but more fre- 
quently from inflammation of the colon and 
cecum; operations in these cases are peremp- 
torily required. The posterior muscles of the 
velum palati are sometimes robbed of their 
mucous membrane, and from the cicatrices 
following these throat ulcers, the muscles be- 
come rigid and hold the velum drawn up and 
so fixed as to impair the voice. By cutting 
these muscles behind the velum and loosen- 
ing any attachment it may have made 
to the pharynx, a voice that was un- 
intelligible, can often be restored. This ope- 
ration was also often successfully performed 
by Dr. Pancoast. In 1829 he published, in 
the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 
an operation for empyema, by raising a semi- 
circular flap of the integuments over the ribs, 
and puncturing the pleura near the base of the 
flap, putting a short catheter down to the inner 
end of the puncture, secured with a strong 
string; and forming thus a fistulous opening, 
to which the movable flap served as a valve, 
when the catheter was removed. He was the 
originator of the operation for the relief of 
extrophy of the bladder, by the turning down 
of cutaneous flaps from the abdomen and 
groin, over the hollow raw surface of the open 
bladder. This operation was first done by him 
in January, 1868, and has since been repeat- 
edly practiced in Europe, as well as in this 
country, with more or less success. Amputa- 
tions at the hip-joint or even high up on the 
thigh, were formerly very fatal operations from 
the excessive loss of blood. Far more patients 
died than recovered from these operations, 
especially that of the hip. Dr. Pancoast devised 
a plan to prevent this, by using the abdom- 
inal tourniquet with a large roller compress 
over the lower end of the aorta, so as to shut off 
all the arterial blood from the lower limbs. 
He found, by trial, that the patients could 
respire freely with this pressure, under ether, 
so as to give all necessary time for the opera- 
tion, and carefully closing the divided vessels. 
The venous blood, before the aortic pressure 
was made, was swept back into the circulation 
by raising and rubbing the limbs. In June, 
1860, he performed this operation at the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital, on a large, muscular man, 
for a cancer of the thigh. The patient did not 
lose more than two or three ounces of blood, 
and made a very rapid recovery. In 1864, at 
the Jefferson Medical College, he made a sim- 
ilar operation on a fleshy woman, for a large 
bony tumor of the femur, extending the whole 
length of the shaft. The operation was here 
rapid and almost bloodless—she made a speedy 
recovery, and has since borne several children. 
This plan of operation is now followed in all 
such cases in this country, and in very many 
instances in Europe. In fact, it must become 
the fixed rule. There are cases of tic dol- 
oreux, involving all the branches of the second 
and third divisions, of the fifth pair of nerves 
—producing for months and years horrible 
suffering; and for which there is no relief but 
the division of the trunks of these nerves, 
as they come out of their foramina, at the base 
of the skull. He devised a plan for that ope- 
ration which he successfully practiced in four 
cases. The first case was done in 1862, before 
the class of the Pennsylvania Hospital. Three 
others were done in the presence of the class 
of the Jefferson Medical College. He edited 
at sundry times, “Manec on the Great Sympa- 
thetic Nerve,” and the “Cerebro-Spinal System 
in Man,” by the same author; and subse- 
quently, “Quain’s Anatomical Plates.” He 
was a voluminous contributor to the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences; the American 368 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Medical Intelligencer, and the Medical Examiner; 
besides publishing various monographs, both 
pathological and surgical, and at the time, 
many new operations in the then novel depart- 
ment of plastic surgery. He also published 
sundry essays and introductory lectures to his 
class; the one of 1856 is entitled, “Professional 
Glimpses Abroad.” He was a member of the 
American Philosophical Society, of the College 
of Pharmacy, and other scientific institutions; 
of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, 
and the Medical Society of Pennsylvania. 
PANCOAST, William H., £of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city October 16, 1835. 
He is a son of the late Dr. Joseph Pancoast, 
Emeritus Professor of Anatomy in the Jeffer- 
son Medical College. He completed his col- 
legiate education at Haverford College, Pa., 
graduating B. A. at the age of eighteen, in 
the spring of 1853. He subsequently, upon 
furnishing original papers, received the degree 
of M. A. from the same institution. He pur- 
sued his medical studies at the Jefferson Med- 
ical College, and graduated M. D. in 1856. The 
two and a half years following were spent in 
Europe, visiting the great hospitals of London, 
Edinburgh, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, in the 
continued pursuit of his profession, as well as 
in the study of such special courses as were 
afforded in those centres of medicine. While 
in Paris he was a special student with, and 
often an assistant of, the distinguished French 
surgeon Civiale (the founder of a surgical 
service in the Hospital of Necker; surgeon to 
the Emperor Louis Napoleon; to Leopold, 
King of the Belgians, and officer of the Legion 
of Honor), who wished him to settle in Paris 
as his assistant, and offered to take charge of 
his future—an offer respectfully declined. He 
returned to this country and settled in his na- 
tive city, where he commenced a general prac- 
tice, but devoting himself chiefly to the surgical 
branch of his profession, also to private teach- 
ing, and especially anatomy Dr. Pancoast is 
now recognized as one of the most prominent of 
medical men in Philadelphia. He is seldom 
mistaken in diagnosis, is conservative in treat- 
ment, and has acquired a high reputation as a 
bold, rapid and skillful operative surgeon. 
Among the incidents of his career was his 
conception to obtain the bodies of the Siamese 
twins for the purpose of the scientific exami- 
nation of the band uniting therq—a concep- 
tion subsequently put in execution. For this 
purpose, after their death, in the spring of 
1874, he visited North Carolina with his col- 
leagues, and procured the bodies, upon which 
he subsequently made a post-mortem exami- 
nation, under the auspices of the College of 
Physicians of Philadelphia, and proved that 
the band could not have been safely cut ex- 
cept in their childhood. He is a member of 
the Academv of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia; fellow of the College of Physicians of 
Philadelphia; member of the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society, of which he was 
elected president in 1869; permanent member 
of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, of 
which he was elected vice-president in 1870; 
permanent member of the American Medical 
Association; member of all the various Phila- 
delphia Medical Societies, and was a member 
of the International Medical Congress held in 
Philadelphia in 1876. His contributions to 
medical literature consist of papers to the dif- 
ferent medical journals; clinical lectures on 
surgery, published in the Medical and Surgical 
Beporter and Philadelphia Medical Times. He 
also published a report on the surgical anatomy 
of the band which united the Siamese twins, 
and which settled the question that had pre- 
viously interested scientific surgeons all over 
the world, in the Ti’ansactions of the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. He was elected 
Visiting Surgeon to the Charity Hospital, Phila- 
delphia, in 1859—a position he held for ten 
years, and during which he established a large 
surgical clinic. On resigning that position lie 
was elected Consulting Surgeon and placed on 
the board of trustees. During the War of the 
Rebellion he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief 
and Second Officer in charge of the Sixth and 
Master Streets Military Hospital, Philadel- 
phia ; and for volunteering surgical services in 
the field upon three occasions during the war, 
was elected a member of the Loyal Legion. 
In 1862 he was appointed Demonstrator of 
Anatomy of the Jefferson Medical College, 
and held that position for twelve years; was 
also appointed by the faculty of the college 
Lecturer on Surgical Anatomy in the summer 
school. In 1866 he was elected one of the 
Visiting Surgeons to the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital. During the absence of Prof. Joseph 
Pancoast in Europe, in 1867 and 1868, he was 
appointed Adjunct Professor of Anatomy in 
Jefferson College, and in that season lecturing 
as professor of anatomy and as demonstrator 
of anatomy, teaching operative surgery, hold- 
ing surgical clinics at the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital twice a week for the first half of the ses- 
sion, and at the Jefferson College twice a week 
for the last half. In 1873 and 1874 he served 
a second time as Adjunct Professor of Anatomy 
in the Jefferson Medical College, aiding his 
father; and in the spring of the last-namqd 
year, on the resignation of his father, was 
elected, by the trustees of the college, Profes- 
sor of General Descriptive and Surgical An- 
atomy of that institution. In 1886 he became 
Professor of General Descriptive and Surgical_ 
Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the Medico-' 
Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, a position 
he now holds. 
PANT/ER, Hugo Otto, of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born at Sheboygan, Wis., June 9,1858, and 
is the eldest child of German parents. He at- 
tended the German Lutheran school two years, 
and afterward the public schools of his native 
city. At the age of fifteen years, before com- 
pleting the course at high school, he started 
out in life, relying upon his own unaided 
efforts. He worked as draughtsman, and later 
as machine hand on a Mississippi river sound- 
ing boat, in the service of the United States 
Government Survey Office at Rock Island, 111. 
With his savings he attended the Bryant & 
Stratton Business College at Davenport, la., 
from which he graduated with honors in 1874. 
Enticing mercantile positions were rejected 
that he might resume his literary education. 
He attended three courses at the German- 
English Academy of Milwaukee, Wis., then 
did work as book-keeper, and for his physical 
development devoted his evenings to the prac- 
tice of gymnastics. In January, 1875, he was 
accepted as a pupil in the Gymnastic Teachers’ 
Seminary of the North American Turnerbund 
(German system), at Milwaukee, and one year 
later he graduated there. He taught gymnas- 
tics during five years, and by this employment 
found the leisure and means with which to pur- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
369 
sue his general and medical education. He was 
engaged by the Turnvereins at Sheboygan and 
Plymouth, AVis., and at Indianapolis, and 
was tutor in the family of a mining superin- 
tendent in Southwestern Utah. Meanwhile he 
had had various honorary appointments with- 
in the gift of the North American Turnerbund, 
and he was a frequent contributor to its official 
organ and other German publications. The 
loss of his savings in 1878 thwarted his plans 
of attending at Cornell University, and in- 
duced him to take up the study of medicine 
without first acquiring a full humanitarian edu- 
cation. He read medicine at Sheboygan, un- 
der Drs. Carl Muth and Alonzo Clarke, and, 
later, at Indianapolis, became the skident of 
Drs. AVm. B. Fletcher and E. F. Hodges, and 
attended lectures at the Indiana Medical Col- 
lege, from which he graduated in the spring 
of 1881. Hisessay on “Puerperal Eclampsia,” 
Munich; attended the bacteriological course 
at Koch’s Institute, at Berlin; was practicant 
at the obstetrical wards of the Allgemeine 
Krankenhaus, at Adenna, besides taking many 
other courses on medical and surgical spec- 
ialties with such renowned medical teachers, 
as Schroeder, AVinckel, Carl Braun, Hof- 
meier, Ziemssen, Nothnagel, Leyden, Ger- 
hardt, Billroth, Albert, Maydl, Helferich, 
Thomsen, Oppenheim, Goltz, Pettenkofer, 
Kaposi, Rothmund, Gruenfeld, Ultzmann, 
Schnitzler, Seifert, Bumm and others. The 
last visit was devoted to surgery and 
gynecology, and a part was spent at 
Bonn, where he was assistant at the 
Surgical University Clinic under Prof. AAdtzel. 
He has enjoyed.at all times a rare degree of 
success in practice. In 1891, while he was pre- 
paring to change from general to special 
practice, he engaged the services of Dr. Haeber- 
lin, lately asistant to the chair of Obstetrics 
and Gynecology at the Zurich University, who 
remained with him until in May, 1892, at 
which time he limited his practice to sur- 
gery and diseases of women. He has con- 
structed and equipped, at Indianapolis, an 
elaborate private sanitarium for his special 
practice. He is a member of various medical 
societies, amongst them the American Medi- 
cal Association and the International Medical 
Congress; he is president of the Indianapolis 
Surgical Society; a member of the Judicial 
Council of the Marion County (Indianapolis) 
Aledical Society, and Gynecologist to the City 
Dispensary and the City Hospital. He has 
prepared papers on various subjects read be- 
fore county, State and interstate medical so- 
cieties, which were published in the transac- 
tions of the relative societies, and in various 
journals. Amongst these papers are: “Mor- 
bus Basedowii;” “The Treatment of Ruptured 
Ovarian Cysts;” “The Influence of Grip on 
Surgical Practice;” “Rare Cases of Malarial 
Intoxication;” “The Technique of Abdomi- 
nal Surgery;” “Treatment of Herpes Zos- 
ter; “Cancer Following Cholecystotomy for 
Stones,” and “Emphysema of the Abdominal 
Cavities After Laparotomy.” He has done 
the first successful case of laminectomy per- 
formed in Indiana, restoring to perfect health 
a man who, after an injury to his spine, four 
and one-half years previously, had become 
paralyzed and helpless. This case and another 
of its kind was published in the New York 
Medical Journal of August 26, 1893, and was 
reproduced in extract in many other home 
and foreign journals. Dr. Pantzer was mar- 
ried on June 23, 1891, to Miss Emmy Schmidt, 
a native of Hagen, AVestfalia, Germany, the 
daughter of a physician, and herself a pupil of 
the Frankfort Conservatory of Music. He has 
one child, a son, named Kurt Friedrich. The 
Doctor is a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite 
Mason, and is a Republican in politics, though 
not a partisan. 
PARK, Roswell, of Buffalo, N. Y., was born 
in Pomfret, Conn., in 1852, his father being 
Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., who was first an 
officer in the United States Army, and later 
Professor in the University of Pennsylvania, 
and then the founder of Racine College, Ra- 
cine, AAUs. His ancestors on both sides were 
prominent in the AArar of the Revolution. He 
received the degrees of B. A. and M. A. in 
course from Racine College, and then became 
a student in the Chicago Medical College, his 
the prize thesis for the senior year, attained 
meritorious distinction, and at the competitive 
examination for City Dispensary and City 
Hospital positions in 1881, he obtained the 
highest average, and selected and held the 
Dispensary appointment for one year. He 
then practiced general medicine at Indi- 
anapolis until the spring of 1892. During 
this time he made three trips to Europe, spend- 
ing altogether three and a half years in study 
at different German university cities, and at 
Vienna, Paris and London, and in travel in 
Hungary, Italy and Switzerland. His effort 
abroad was directed toward perfecting his 
general knowledge in medicine and surgery. 
He spent eight months on pathology at Strass- 
hurg, under von Recklinghausen; was co- 
assistant during two courses at the Surgical 
Clinical Institute of Prof, von Nussbaum, at 370 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
home being at that time in Chicago. Here he 
graduated in medicine in 1876, taking the first 
prize among his class. He served as interne 
in the Mercy and Cook County Hospitals, then 
became Demonstrator of Anatomy in the 
Woman’s Medical College. In 1879 be became 
Demonstrator and Adjunct Professor of Anat- 
omy in his alma mater. This position he held for 
three years, then resigned it in order to study 
abroad. His foreign studies were pursued for 
a number of months, when he was given the 
position of Lecturer on Surgery in Rush Med- 
ical College. He was also made Surgeon to 
the Michael Reese Hospital. Before leaving 
for Europe he also gave up the position of As- 
sistant Surgeon to the Illinois State Eye and 
“Mutter Lectures on Surgical Pathology.” It is 
in this field, especially, that he has done much 
and original work, and he is one of the few 
surgeons who does, or superintends, his own 
bacteriological work, having equipped for this 
purpose a private but complete bacteriological 
laboratory. He was for some years associate 
editor of the Annals of Surgery. He also ed- 
ited for some time the Weekly Medical Beview, 
of Chicago; and after removing to Buffalo, the 
Medical Press of Western New York. 
PARKER, Benjamin, of Bradford, Mass., 
was born at the old Parker homestead, in that 
town, in !759. He died in his ancestral home 
in Bradford, what is now Groveland, in 1845, 
at the age of eighty-six years. 
He was the grandson of Abraham Parker 
and Elizabeth Bradstreet, and son of Brad- 
street Parker and Rebecca Balch. He was 
a student of the Hummer Academy while 
the celebrated Master Moody was the princi- 
pal. He was graduated from Harvard College 
in 1782, and received his medical degree from 
Dartmouth Medical School. He practiced in 
Virginia, mostly in Cumberland county, where 
he acquired considerable property and a very 
honorable professional and trust position. He 
married for his first wife a Mrs. Brown, a 
widow of a prominent Virginia family. She 
died shortly after the birth of her daughter, 
Maria, who mapied Governor Dramond, of 
Rhode Island. \ Later in life, he sold his 
plantation in Virginia and returned to Brad- 
ford and married for his second wife Miss 
Hannah Moulton, by whom he had three sons, 
William Thornton, Eldred Simpkins and 
Charles Francis. Dr. Benjamin Parker was a 
man of great professional ability, of deep re- 
ligious character, sterling honor and of dig- 
nified and commanding presence. He was 
prominently mentioned at one time as a can- 
didate for President of the United States, 
PARKER, Willard, of New York City, was 
born in Hillsboro, N. H., September 2, 1800, 
and died in the former city April 25, 1884. 
He descended on both sides from English 
Puritan stock. The family on the father’s 
side emigrated to Massachusetts in 1640, and 
settled at Chelmsford, Middlesex county, as 
farmers. Several members of different branches 
of the family were active patriots in the War 
of the Revolution. Col. Moses Parker, a great 
uncle, who had been distinguished in the 
French war, was at Bunker’s Hill, where he 
was wounded and taken prisoner, dying in 
Boston, July 4, 1775. On the maternal side, 
his grandfather, Capt. Peter Clark, was with 
Stark at Bennington, and also at the surrender 
of Burgoyne. Although born in New Hamp- 
shire, his father returned to Massachusetts 
when the subject of this sketch was five years 
old, and settled on the old homestead, which 
was owned by the Doctor at the time of his 
death. Being the oldest, much of his time was 
spent in working on the farm until he was 
nineteen, when he took charge of a district 
school, resolving by such means to prepare for 
college. He graduated at Harvard in 1826. 
In his freshman year an incident occurred 
which attracted his attention to surgery. His 
chum happened to have strangulated hernia, 
and was at first attended by the surgeon of the 
town, but without relief. In the morning, Dr. 
John 0. Warren, the Professor of Surgery in 
the college, was sent for, and the facility with 
which he diagnosed the case and reduced the 
Ear Infirmary. In 1883 he was made Profes- 
sor of Surgery in the University of Buffalo, 
and Surgeon to its General Hospital, which 
position he has since held, declining most flat- 
tering calls to other institutions. He is a 
member of the German Congress of Surgeons, 
of the American Surgical Association, the 
American Association of Genito-Urinary Sur- 
geons, the American Orthopedic Association, 
the New York Academy of Medicine, the New 
York State Medical Society, and of numerous 
other medical and scientific societies. In 1892 
he Avas made the recipient of the honorary 
degree of M. D. from Rush College. His 
practice is limited exclusively to surgery, and 
he enjoys a large consultation practice, drawn 
from extensive territory. He is Surgeon to 
the Fourth Brigade National Guard, State of 
New York, and a member of the Military 
Service Institute. Dr. Park has been a rather 
prolific writer, as the Index Medicus will 
show. Besides numerous addresses, journal 
articles, and editorials, and a monograph on 
Brain Surgery, he has contributed important 
articles to most of the Cyclopedias and Systems 
of the day. In 1892 he published a volume of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
371 
hernia so forcibly impressed young Parker 
that he resolved to devote his life to the study 
and practice of medicine and surgery. In the 
spring of 1827 he received the appointment of 
House Physician in the United States Marine 
Hospital at Chelsea, remaining there about 
two years, and having the best of opportunities 
for the study of practical anatomy under the 
late distinguished surgeon, S. D. Townsend, of 
Boston. In the winter of 1828-29 he became 
the private pupil of Dr. John 0. Warren, whose 
lectures he had attended for two years, and 
whom he had aided in the anatomical depart- 
ment. The office of House Surgeon had 
just been created in the Massachusetts 
General Hospital, and the situation was 
proffered to Mr. Parker, who gladly 
accepted it, serving nearly a year, attend- 
ing lectures in the meantime, and gradu- 
years, subsequently accepting the chair of 
Clinical Surgery, which he resigned a few 
months before his death. During the next ten 
years after his removal to New York he estab- 
lished a large and lucrative practice, and took 
the highest rank in his profession. His re- 
markable success was based on great knowl- 
edge and skill and his mode of treatment, 
which inspired the absolute faith of his pa- 
tients. In the spring of 1840, appreciating the 
want of practical demonstration in teaching 
surgery, and not being connected with a hos- 
pital, he visited, with the students, two of the 
city dispensaries. Soon afterwards interest- 
ing cases were selected and taken from the 
dispensaries to the college, then in Crosby 
street, where the anatomical theater offered 
superior advantages for making diagnoses and 
performing operations before the whole class. 
This was the commencement, in this country, 
of what are called college clinics. In 1845 the 
present Bellevue Hospital, then the City Alms- 
house, was reorganized under a board of gov- 
ernors, and Dr. Parker and Dr. James R. 
Wood were appointed Visiting Surgeons. For 
many years after this no changes were made 
in his professional relations except an appoint- 
ment of Visiting Surgeon to the New York 
Hospital in 1856. On the death of Dr. Valen- 
tine Mo.tt, in 1865, who was then president of 
the New York State Inebriate Asylum, at 
Binghamton, Dr. Parker was appointed his 
successor, a position which he accepted upon 
concluding that it offered a field for work in 
which he had taken a deep interest. The suc- 
cess which has attended the institution in 
overcoming much opposition attests the wis- 
dom of the appointment. The position held 
by Dr. Parker, and many others in this country 
and in Europe, is that alcohol is essentially a 
poison, that it can not be considered as a food, 
and should only be used in exceptional cases 
and under the advice of a physician, and in 
the preparation of medicines. He received 
the degree of LL.D. from the College of New 
Jersey, at Princeton, in 1870. Dr. Parker was 
Consulting Surgeon to the New York Hos- 
pital, Bellevue Hospital, St. Luke’s Hos- 
pital, Roosevelt Hospital, Mt. Sinai Hos- 
pital, and Emeritus Professor of Surgery 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
having resigned the active duties of pro- 
fessor in 1870. He was an honorary mem- 
ber of many of the State Medical Societies. 
He made many important discoveries in prac- 
tical surgery. Dr. Parker was the first to point 
out a condition which is known as “Concussion 
of the Nerves,” as distinguished from concus- 
sion of the nerve centers, and which had been 
previously mistaken for one of inflammation. 
The operation of cystotomy for the relief of 
chronic cystitis, and also that for the cure of ab- 
scess of the appendix vermiformis, are among 
his>contributions to the art of surgery. His oper- 
ation, introduced several years ago, for lacera- 
tion of the perineum occurring during parturi- 
tion, in which the sphincter of the rectum is 
divided near its coccygeal attachments, and 
the edges of the septum divided, so as to give 
increased uniting surface, the strain upon the 
sutures being taken off by relief incisions, must 
be regarded as an important advance in the 
science of surgery. As a teacher, Dr. Parker 
enjoyed the highest reputation. With a fine 
personal presence, and a courteous and affable 
manner which won the personal regard of his 
ating in medicine in February, 1830. In the 
summer of 1829 the medical school at Wood- 
stock, Yt., wanted a Lecturer on Anatomy, and 
was referred to Dr. Parker, who delivered an 
anatomical course there the following year, 
after graduation. In June, 1830, he was ap- 
pointed to the chair of Anatomy in the Berk- 
shire Medical College at Pittsfield, Mass., then 
a leading country school, continuing also to 
lecture in the Vermont school. In 1832 a va- 
cancy occurred in the surgical chair at Pitts- 
field, which was also filled by Dr. Parker, he 
lecturing twice daily. In 1836 he accepted the 
chair of Surgery in the Cincinnati Medical 
College, and afterwards spent some time in the 
English and French hospitals. On his return 
to America he expected to make Cincinnati 
his home, but on account of ill-health, caused 
by the climate, and the advice of his medical 
friends, he removed from the West, and in 
1839 was appointed to the chair of Surgery in 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the 
city of New York, which he held for thirty 372 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
anatomical artist he is said to have been sim- 
ply unrivalled. His Anatomical Atlas is a 
work of great beauty and value. He was an 
accomplished musician, playing the flute with 
rare skill. He was an able writer, and de- 
scribed with great clearness and with interest 
his travels in foreign lands. His professional 
writings were very clearly and accurately pre- 
sented, and some of them have been published. 
His professional record of cases show an able 
and competent observer and a successful prac- 
titioner. He was a truly great physician, a 
loving husband and father, and devout, fear- 
less, and consistent Christian. Receiving what 
was practically a mortal wound on his head, 
while in the" discharge of his professional 
duties, his strong system gave way under the 
heroic treatment then in vogue, and he died 
from consumption, in March, 1855, at Jamaica 
Plain, Mass. He left a widow and one son, 
and a host of sincere friends to mourn his un- 
timely loss. 
PARKER, William Thornton, of Groveland, 
Mass., was born in South Boston, December 
24, 1849. He was the son'of the preceding Dr. 
William Thornton Parker, of Boston, and a 
grandson of Dr. Benjamin Parker, of Bradford, 
Mass. He attended school at Vinson’s Acad- 
emy, at St. Paul’s School, Concord, and at the 
Highland Military Academy. He began the 
study of medicine under the tutorship of Dr. 
Dixie Crosby, of Hanover, and attended his 
first course of lectures at Dartmouth Medical 
College. He afterwards went to Europe, 
studying for some years in Edinburgh, London, 
Paris and Vienna, and graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Munich, with honors, in 1873. He 
was the private student of Von Gietl, of Mu- 
nich, the dean of the Medical Faculty. He was 
surgebn, after graduation, in the service of 
the Hamburg Line, and returning to this coun- 
try in 1874, was offered the first assistancy of 
the Flatbush Lunatic Asylum. He returned 
to Europe and took a post-graduate course of 
medicine in the hospitals of Leipsig, Paris 
and London. He married, in 1875, Elizabeth 
Richards Stebbins, daughter of Hon. John B. 
Stebbins, of Springfield, Mass., He served as 
acting assistant surgeon in the United States 
Army in the Department of Missouri, and was 
appointed by Secretary Manning for service at 
Hampton Roads, Virginia, during the cholera 
epidemic of 1886. He was vice-president of 
the Section of Anatomy of the International 
Medical Congress at Washington, and was 
medical examiner at Newport, R. I. He 
founded, in this country, the Medical Guild of 
St. Luke, and the Misericordia (the Medical 
Society of Mercy). He was the originator of 
the bill to provide a National Sanitarium for 
Consumptives. He was appointed acting Pro- 
fessor of Medical Jurisprudence in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons,Chicago. He is 
a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 
the American Medical Association, the Acade- 
my of Hygene, France; Recorder of the Asso- 
ciation of Acting Assistant Surgeons United 
States Army, anti member of other medical so- 
cieties. Among his contributions to medical 
literature are the “Burton (murder) Case;’’ 
“Boroglyceride in Surgery,” and many arti- 
cles on hygiene. He has invented several in- 
struments and appliances for use in his pro- 
fession. He now resides in the old home of 
IllQ QTIPPQfnT’C! 
PARKES, Charles T., of Chicago, 111., was 
pupils, he also riveted their attention by his 
direct and lucid manner in unfolding the prin- 
ciples of his art, and by the unexcelled and 
simple and common-sense character of his 
operations and general treatment. With an 
erect carriage and elastic step, and an eye and 
features kindling with animation, he was one 
of the best examples of the preservation of a 
splendid physical and mental organization by 
the observance of those laws of health he so 
long and so ably advocated. All the important 
and rare operations which only fall under the 
hands of great surgeons have been performed 
by him with more than average success. Few 
American surgeons have filled so acceptably so 
large a number of responsible offices. He was 
not a book-maker; his extensive practice pre- 
vented his giving much time to writing, and 
even the reports of his cases have been made 
by other members of the profession. A vol- 
ume compiled from these, and from his private 
memoranda, could not fail to be welcomed as 
one of the most important contributions to the 
physicians’ and surgeons’ library. The follow- 
ing are a few of the cases which have been 
reported in medical journals during the last 
thirty years of his life; “Oases of Extensive 
Encephaloid Degeneration of Kidneys in Chil- 
dren;” “Case of Polypus of the Larynx;” 
“Some Rare Forms of Dislocation;” “Tre- 
phining the Cranium and Ligature of the 
Carotid in Epilepsy, and Cure;” “Case of 
Fracture of Processus Dentatus;” “Cases of 
Cancer of Omentum, Stomach and Rectum;” 
“On the Radical Treatment of Hydrocele by 
the Local Application of Lunar Caustic to the 
Internal Surface of the Tunica Vaginalis;” 
“On the High Operation for Stone;” “Case 
of Strangulated Femoral Hernia Containing 
Ovary and Fallopian Tubes;” “Practical Re- 
marks on Concussion of the Nerves;” “Liga- 
ture of Subclavian Artery for Axillary and 
Subclavian Aneurism;” “Operation for Ab- 
scess of the Appendix Vermiformis;” “Lacer- 
ation of the Perineum and Sphincter Ani 
During Parturition, Cured by Division of the 
Coccygeal Attachment of the Sphincter and 
Subsequent Closure of the Perineum by Su- 
tures;” “Excision of Umbilicus for Malignant 
Disease;” “Ligature of the Subclavian Inside 
the Scalenus, together with Common Carotid 
and Vertebral Arteries, for Subclavian Aneu- 
rism-Hemorrhage from Distal End of Sub- 
clavian—Death after Forty-two Days.” Dr. 
Parker continued to practice until within two 
years of his death. He was a member of many 
foreign and domestic professional bodies, ac- 
tive in benevolent and religious organizations, 
and the friend of education. The Willard 
Parker Hospital for Contagious Diseases was 
erected and named in his honor. 
PARKER, William Thornton,of South Boston, 
Mass.,was born at the old Parker homestead in 
Bradford (what is now Groveland), January 
8, 1818. He was graduated from Dartmouth 
College, and received his degree of M. D. from 
the Harvard Medical School. Soon after grad- 
uating in medicine he settled in South Boston, 
and speedily acquired a very excellent practice 
among the leading families of that section. 
He married, in 1845, Clementina Morse, a 
daughter of Elijah Morse, a prominent lawyer 
of Boston, and granddaughter of Hon. Asa 
Rand, M. D., and of Dr. William Jackson, of 
London, England. He took an early interest 
in the Church of the Advent, Boston. As an EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
373 
born in Troy, N. Y., in 1847, and died at his 
home, March 28, 1891. He served during the 
war in an Illinois volunteer regiment, and was 
mustered out as captain in 1865. Entering 
upon the study of medicine he at once assumed 
a foremost position in his classes, and from 
1868 until 1875 was Demonstrator of Anatomy 
in Rush Medical College. He was then ad- 
vanced to the chair of Anatomy, which pro- 
fessorship he held until his appointment to 
the Chair of Surgery, in the same institution, 
made vacant hy the death of Prof. Moses 
Gunn. His advancement in his profession was 
phenomenal, and the sudden termination to 
his brilliant career brought grief to the hearts 
of all who knew him; and was a signal loss to 
his college, to his city, and the country. His 
death resulted from pneumonia, produced by 
an attack of the “grip,” his illness lasting 
about two weeks. 
PARRISH, Joseph, of Burlington, N. J., 
son of Dr. Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, 
was born in that city, November 11, 1818, and 
died January 15,1891. His classical and literary 
education was under private tutors, and at a 
private academy in Burlington, N. J., and his 
medical studies were pursued at the University 
of Pennsylvania, whence he graduated M. D. 
in 1844. He located himself in practice first 
in Burlington, and remained there till 1855. 
He then removed to Philadelphia and took the 
chair of Obstetrics in the Philadelphia Medi- 
cal College. Failure of health, however, after 
some time caused him to visit Europe; and 
having while in Rome noticed the imperfect 
management of the Insane Hospital of that 
city, he obtained an interview with Cardinal 
Antonelli, and addressed the pope on the sub- 
ject. By this intervention the abuse was cor- 
rected and the thanks of the pope tendered to 
him through ex-President Filmore. In 1857, 
on his return, he was called to reorganize and 
place on a permanent basis the Pennsylvania 
Training School for Feeble-Minded Children, 
and under his administration large grants were 
obtained from the legislatures of Pennsylva- 
nia, New Jersey, Delaware, and the city of 
Philadelphia, and the present structure now 
occupied by that institution erected. During 
the war he entered the service of the sanitary 
commission, and acting as Hospital Inspector 
under a roving commission from the Presi- 
dent, visited the hospitals and camps from 
Washington, along the Atlantic coast, to New 
Berne, N. 0., Fredericksburg, and Petersburg, 
and westward to the fields of Nashville, Look- 
out Mountain and Chickamauga, with orders 
for supplies and hospital stores. He also had 
charge of the sanitary posts of White House 
and City Point, and subsequently visited the 
governors of loyal States, and aided in the or- 
ganization of auxiliary associations for the 
continued supply of hospital stores. After the 
war he established and conducted for seven 
years the Pennsylvania Sanitarium for the 
Treatment of Alcoholic and Opium Inebriety; 
was the originator of the American Associa- 
tion for the Cure of Inebriates in 1870, and of 
which he was president for four years. In 
1872 he was sent for by a committee of the 
British Parliament, to give evidence in Lon- 
don as to the work of inebriate asylums in 
America, and the effect of laws of this coun- 
try, known as prohibitory and local option 
laws and license laws. A verbatim report of 
his testimony was laid before the House of 
Commons, and published in the British “Blue 
Book.” His recommendations were adopted 
by the committee. Subsequently his testi- 
mony was questioned by Dr. John Charles 
Bucknell, of London, but an open letter in 
reply, which was distribuied among the profes- 
sion of Great Britain by the British Medical 
Association, and by its delegate to the 
Congress des Sciences Medicales, at Geneva, 
was universally acknowledged to be a fair and 
complete refutation of Dr. Bucknell’s state- 
ments. The letter has since been republished 
in England by the friends of inebriate asylums 
there for circulation among Members of Par- 
liament and the medical profession. The re- 
sult of his labors was the establishment of the 
Dalrymple Home for Inebriates in England on 
the general American plan. He finally settled 
in Burlington in 1875 and opened a private 
sanitarium for invalids. He was a member of 
the College of Physicians of Philadelphia; 
formerly of the Philadelphia County and Dela- 
ware County Medical Societies, president of 
the latter for three years; of the State Medical 
Society of Pennsylvania, of which he had been 
first vice-president; was associate member of 
the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia; per- 
manent member ol the Medical and Chirurg- 
ical Faculty of the State of Maryland; of the 
Medical Association of Baltimore; of the 
American Medical Association; of the Ameri- 
can Association for the Cure of Inebriates; 
the District Medical Society of the County of 
Burlington, N. J., of which which he was his- 
torian; of the New' Jersey Academy of Medi- 
cine, and honorary member of the New Jer- 
sey State Medical Society, and delegate to the 
International Medical Congress in Philadel- 
phia, 1876. In 1885 he was elected president 
of the New Jersey Medical Society. His con- 
tributions to medical literature consist of va- 
rious editorial and other communications on 
general medical subjects, contained in his Re- 
ports, for six years; Reports on “Idiocy and 
Feeble-mindedness,” for seven years; Report 
to the Medical Society of Pennsylvania; “In- 
temperance as a Disease;” an essay on “Al- 
coholic Diathesis;” “Philosophy of Intem- 
perance;” “The Classification and Treatment 
of Inebriates;” “Opium Intoxication;” “Re- 
port on the Criminal and Dependent Popula- 
tion of Pennsylvania,” addressed to the Legis- 
lature; “The Pathology of Inebriety,” and 
“Insanity and Law.” In 1848 he established 
and edited the New Jersey Medical and Surgical 
Beporter, which is still continued, but under 
other auspices, and with slight modification, 
in Philadelphia. He also edited The Sanitary 
Commission Bulletin, and was editor of the 
Transactions of the Associations for the Cure 
of Inebriates, and was its secretary for foreign 
correspondence, and was one of the editors of 
a quarterly, published at Hartford, Conn., en- 
titled the Quarterly Journal of Inebriety. 
PARRY, Charles, of Indianapolis, Irid., was 
born near Philadelphia, Pa., February 15, 1814, 
and died in the former city August 11, 1861. 
His parents were Quakers. His literary edu- 
cation was received mainly at Wilmington, 
Del., in a school under the charge of Samuel 
Smith, a famous mathematician, whose in- 
struction found a mind that was well devel- 
oped and strengthened under its rigid disci- 
pline. With young Parry, the pursuit of this 
part of his education was doubtless an import- 
ant factor in cultivating his perceptive and 374 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
reasoning powers, teaching him accuracy and 
clearness of thought—serving in after years in 
making him a clear-headed, sagacious prac- 
titioner, much superior to the majority of phy- 
sicians. It is said that no net-work of falla- 
cies and sophistries could entangle him, but 
through them all he marched deliberately and 
steadily onward to rest upon solid truth and 
fixed facts. His classical education was de- 
fective, and knowledge of Greek and Latin he 
had none. This he greatly regretted, and had 
there not been this defect he would not only 
have enjoyed a wider range of medical litera- 
ture than he did, but he himself would have 
been a] frequent contributor to medical jour- 
nals, and the treasures of his experience, the 
fruit of his ripened judgment and large under- 
standing would have been valuable indeed. 
Twice only (each time in the American Journal 
of Medical Science) did he break his life-long 
of his thesis being “Hemoptysis.” Immedi- 
ately after receiving his medical degree he 
went to Camden, N. J., and there had his first 
experience of the trials of a young physician. 
In a year or two he removed to the West, by the 
advice of his uncle, the late Hon. O. H. Smith, 
then a member of the United States Senate 
from Indiana, and settled in Connersville, that 
State, where he remained about two years, 
and then removed to Indianapolis and there 
resided until his death, a period of nearly 
twenty-three years. Not at once, however, at 
the State Capital did he meet his professional 
success; not at once find a place in the golden 
field for his sickle; other reapers monopolized 
the labor and the reward. He was poor, often 
having to borrow money to pay the postage on 
letters from his friends in the East; but he 
patiently waited until time and opportunity 
should vindicate his right to occupy a foremost 
place among the practitioners of medicine and 
surgery. These came, and a few years found 
him doing as large a business as any physician 
of his city, possibly larger. During some sea-' 
sons, when severe epidemics of malarial fever 
occurred, it was not unusual for him to ride 
sixty or seventy-five miles a day, and the night 
brought him no rest. Sometimes even a week 
would elapse without removing his clothes, but 
he would sleep in a chair, in his buggy, some- 
times even on horseback. No man, unless 
possessed of an iron constitution such as he had, 
could endure so great fatigue and exposure. 
Physically he was a remarkable man. His 
bodily presence was impressive; a manly, 
erect figure; about six feet in height, his 
weight over two hundred pounds; he would 
have been taken in any assembly as a man of 
mark. It is rare to find such a combination 
of professional ability as existed in Dr. Parry’s 
case. He was a superior physician and an ex- 
cellent surgeon and obstetrician. His obstet- 
rical business for some time averaged over 
eighty cases a year, and every year he had a 
greater or less number of capital operations. 
As a surgeon he was not a brilliant, dashing 
operator, but cool and collected, his eye intent 
upon his work, his hand steady and firm. He 
always knew where his knife was, and never 
attempted what he could not readily perform, 
and never operated merely for the sake of op- 
erating. His abilities as an operative surgeon 
were indeed excellent. But his greatest merit 
was as a practitioner of medicine. It may be 
inferred that he was highly esteemed in this 
regard, from a remark made by one of the 
most intelligent and successful practitioners, at 
a meeting of physicians held to take action in 
reference to his death: “Had Ave been taken 
dangerously sick, and were we thinking whom 
we would prefer to attend us, the great major- 
ity would decide for Dr. Parry.” This com- 
mendation was most worthily bestowed. Dr. 
Parry was not rash in forming his opinion, 
nor in jumping at conclusions. He studied 
disease not so much in books as at the bed- 
side, and he thoroughly investigated a case, 
even if that investigation required an hour 
or more for its completion. He was cautious, 
seeking all the light he could, carefully reason- 
ing, and his natural sagacity, logical under- 
standing, and strong practical sense, directed 
him almost invariably to a correct diagnosis. 
Seldom, indeed, could a man be found making 
fewer mistakes. “Dr. Parry did not hesitate 
to use freely, in what he believed proper cases, 
silence by speaking io flie profession through 
the press; but those two articles—one on ac- 
count of an operation on a limb crooked and 
useless from a badly-treated fracture, the op- 
eration similar to that performed by Barton 
for anchylosed knee, and the other on con- 
gestive fever—though published many years 
ago, gave him a name ever known by all in- 
telligent members of the profession through- 
out the country. He began the study of medi- 
cine with Dr. Stokes, of New Jersey. After- 
ward he went to Philadelphia, entered the 
office of the late J. K. Mitchell, subsequently 
the eminent Professor of Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in Jefferson Medical College. 
He then attended the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, and was grad- 
uated from that institution in 1835, the subject EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
375 
the lancet, mercury, and the blister, and his 
patients got wrell oftener sooner, and better 
than they would have done under the treat- 
ment of those who in effect renounce art, and 
rely only on nature.” In three important re- 
spects Dr. Parry’s life must be pronounced a 
decided success. First, in the attainment of 
wealth; second, in the attainment of reputa- 
tion ; and third and highest, in the relief of. 
much suffering. While it is pleasant to speak 
of his abilities and the success which crowned 
their exercise, yet, says his biographer, the 
moral aspects of his character must not be 
omitted, and on those especially it is grateful 
to dwell. He was honest, honest not merely 
in business transactions, but honest in all his 
intercourse with his professional brethren, and 
honest, too, in the sick-room and at the bed- 
side ; honest in matters of life and death. A 
deceiver in any respect he never could be. To 
his friends he was generous and kind-hearted. 
Many physicians know that their start in pro- 
fessional life while young was, in a great 
measure, due to the kind words and deeds of 
Dr. Parry. His time and invaluable counsel 
were ever at the service of the young practi- 
tioner in difficult cases, without hope of pecu- 
niary reward. He kindly concealed errors 
from the erring party unless by plain statement 
of them he could prevent further mistakes. 
He was kind to his patients and profoundly 
sympathetic, though usually repressing de- 
cided manifestations, and yet he often wept 
with all a woman’s tenderness with the father 
and mother over their dying child. He was 
of a spirit too noble to be consumed by the 
fires of jealousy. “If families left him—a rare 
event in the case of any worthy ones; his 
friends adhered to him with great tenacity— 
he cherished no unkind feeling towards their 
new medical adviser, attributed to him no dis- 
honesty of conduct, cultivated no spirit of re- 
taliation, but without a whisper of complaint, 
graciously and gracefully yielded. He would 
listen patiently to the opinions of the young 
physician, and if they could be well estab- 
lished, no false pride, no prejudice kept him 
from at once abandoning his own and accept- 
ing them. He was not blind either to the 
truth of the judgments or to the abilities of 
others. Indeed, he was one of the most 
catholic of men.” His character was fixed, 
not fickle. Few men presented a more manly 
front or stood more firmly by their conviction 
than he did. He changed not from year to 
year. “He was no April day, alternate sun- 
shine and clouds, the light of love and the 
darkness of hate, but his friendship was abid- 
ing, weakened by no lapse of time, varying 
not from month to month or year to year, no 
mean jealousy or plotting hate disturbing the 
equanimity of his temper or the kindness of 
his conduct. He was ever the same, speaking 
of you or to you. Resentful he might have 
been at times when greatly wronged, but 
it was rarely manifested, and there were 
wrongs that he did not resent. He meekly 
forebore when others might have been pro- 
voked, lest he might say or do anything which 
would cause unkind feelings or pain.” It is 
believed by those wrho knew him well that had 
Dr. Charles Parry acquired a more liberal lit- 
erary education, had he been more ambitious of 
fame and been given a larger sphere, an arena 
suitable for such strength and culture, he 
might have placed himself among the fore- 
most men, not only of the country, but of the 
age. 
PARTIN, Theophilus, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born January 9, 1829, at Buenos Ayres, 
where his father, the Rev. Theophilus Par- 
vin, of New Jersey, a graduate of Princeton 
Theological Seminary, was at that time re- 
siding with his family. His mother, Mary 
(Rodney) Parvin, of Wilmington, Del., died 
a few days after his birth, and he was shortly 
thereafter brought to this country by his father. 
The subject of this sketch is therefore not only 
an American, but is said to be of American 
heritage of several generations. “Dr. Parvin’s 
early education was derived principally from 
Lafayette College, and in 1847 he took academ- 
ical honors at the University of Indiana. 
Thence he returned to New Jersey, and spent 
three years in teaching at the High School 
and in the Female Seminary of Lawrence- 
ville, in his adopted State.” Referring to the 
former, a recent biographer in the New York 
Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, says: 
“I do not know if this stepping-stone to 
Princeton College had then the fashionable 
reputation it now possesses, but it has certainly 
maintained its habit of attracting to its teach- 
ing corps many young men who later in life in 
the great schools of academical and profes- 
sional science have fulfilled the early prom- 
ise of the high-school teacher.” In 1862 he 
received his medical degree, after the usual 
course of study, from the University of Penn- 
sylvania, and became Resident Physician to 
the Wills Hospital in Philadelphia. In about 
a year, however, he resigned this post and re- 
turned to Indiana. It is believed that this 
early preference for the West was not alto- 
gether a professional one, for he married there 
within the year, Miss Rachel, daughter of 
Amos Butler, Esq., of Hanover, Ind. His 
marked abilities soon brought him in recogni- 
tion among his Indiana brethren for nine years; 376 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
later we find him President of the State Medi- 
cal Society. In 1864 he accepted the chair of Ma- 
teria Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical 
College of Ohio, and in a few years he resigned 
this for the newly created professorship of 
the Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women. 
For the next fourteen years he held consecu- 
tive professorships in the University of Louis- 
ville, the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
of Indianapolis, and in the Medical College 
of Indiana after it had become consolidated 
with the preceding school. In 1882 he re- 
turned to the University of Louisville, hut one 
year later was elected to and accepted the 
chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children in the Jefferson Medical College 
of Philadelphia, where he has since remained. 
He is obstetrician to the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital ; consulting obstetrician to Preston Re- 
treat, Women’s Hospital, and Northern Dis- 
pensary, and is an honorable fellow of Edin- 
burgh Obstetric Society, and a member of 
numerous other medical and scientific organi- 
zations. “Although Professor Parvin early 
identified himself with gynecology, his repu- 
tation as an obstetrician, whether by circum- 
stances or by inclination, has attained such 
overshadowing proportions that the profession 
at large have come to consider him a specialist 
par excellence in obstetrics rather than in the 
former branch of medicine. He ranks to-day, 
undoubtedly, among the very greatest obstet- 
rical authorities in America, and these are 
necessarily few. As a lecturer he appears to 
have been eminently successful. Since a man’s 
success, generally speaking, is dependent more 
upon what he says and the way in which he 
says it than upon what he writes, especially in 
his own generation, Dr. Parvin’s right to pop- 
ular estimation is not only well but doubly 
earned. His personal admirers, though many, 
are most numerous among those whose fortune 
has led them to reap the fruit of the truths 
sown in his lectures.” He has written much 
on obstetrics, but the cream of all his writings 
and the work which at once placed him in the 
front rank of his profession is his “Science 
and Art of Obstetrics.” This book first ap- 
peared in 1886; its worth was at once recog- 
nized and it has already passed through two 
editions. Not long ago he translated and 
placed upon the American market the work of 
Winckel, of Munich, entitled, “Diseases of 
Women.” Among the many honors he has 
received from his professional brethren the 
most conspicuous have been the presidency of 
the American Medical Association, of the Phil- 
adelphia Obstetrical Society, and of the Ameri- 
can Academy of Medicine. He was also one 
of the founders of the American Gynecologi- 
cal Society. “It may safely be said that no 
one of equal eminence has more devoted and 
admiring friends, both among those of his own 
generation and high standing in the profes- 
sion, as well as among those of a younger gen- 
eration—‘the mute inglorious Miltons’—whose 
turn is yet to come. The personal traits of 
Dr. Parvin are striking and in some respects, 
unfortunately, rare. He is cordial, helpful 
and sympathetic to his younger brethren, to 
whom these things mean much upon the thresh- 
old of their lives, but his finest trait, and the 
rarest, is a broad-minded capacity which ena- 
bles him to appreciate the good work of his 
peers, and to acknowledge it open-heartedly.” 
Dr. Parvin has received the degree of LL. D., 
which was conferred upon him by Hanover 
College in consideration of his superior pro- 
fessional attainments. 
PATTEE, Asa Flanders, of Boston, Mass., 
was born in Warner, N. H., March 5, 1835. 
He was the sixth son of Asa Pattee, an intelli- 
gent and well-to-do farmer. He belongs to one 
of the old families of New England, and among 
his predecessors on the Pattee side were sev- 
eral noted physicians. Peter Pattee, the head 
of the family, came from England, and settled 
in Virginia in 1658. He was the son of Sir 
William Pattee (or “Petty,” as it was then 
called), physician to Oliver Cromwell, and 
King Charles 11. Although brought up on a 
farm, Asa F. Pattee showed from his child- 
hood a taste for anatomical and chemical pur- 
suits, and performed dissections on sheep and 
other lower animals, when a youth, long be- 
fore he began the study of medicine. His edu- 
cation was derived from the public school in 
Warner, up to the age of sixteen, when he re- 
ceived private instruction in Latin, mathe- 
matics and medicine. In the autumn of 1854 
he entered Dartmouth Medical School, and the 
following year became private pupil of the late 
Prof. E. R. Peaslee. In 1857 he received the 
degree of Doctor of Medicine from Dartmouth 
College. His limited means the following year 
compelled him to teach, and he remained in 
Warner till 1859, when he began the practice 
of medicine in Amesbury, Mass., remaining 
there seven years. His spare time was de- 
voted to the study of botany and materia medica. 
In the autumn of 1864 he entered the army as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon. He returned to 
Amesbury in 1865, but remained only until 
the following year, when he came to Boston 
for a permanent residence, and soon ac- 
quired a lucrative practice. In 1859 and 1860 
he was in charge of an epidemic of small-pox EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
377 
in Amesbury, and met with remarkable suc- 
cess, only three persons dying out of the one 
hundred and fifty treated; these being a 
woman of eighty, a child of three years, and 
a consumptive. In 1885 he made a most re- 
markable cure of senile grangrene in the foot 
of a man of seventy; the toes of the left foot 
had sloughed away, the line of demarcation 
being just below the tarso-metatarsal articula- 
tion. Nature did the whole work of amputa- 
tion. The patient is still living. In 1887 he 
invented a catheter attachment for irrigating 
the bladder. In 1867 he lectured on Chemis- 
try and Materia Medica at the New England 
Female Medical College, Boston. In 1883 he 
was elected Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics, and lecturer on Nervous Dis- 
eases, at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, Boston, which chair he occupied four 
years. He is a member of the Massachusetts 
Medical Society, the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and was one of the founders, and for 
several years president, of the Boston Thera- 
peutical Society. He is an honorable member 
of the Botanical Society-of Italy, and in 1887 he 
received the honorary degree of M. A. from 
Dartmouth College. His contributions to med- 
ical literature have been more or less constant 
throughout his professional career. In 1859 
he wrote, “Therapeutic Properties of Yeratrum 
Veride,” with cases illustrating its use in pneu- 
monia; then followed, “Atropia in Inconti- 
nence of Urine,” “Atropia in AVounds and 
Inflammation of the Eye,” “Asclepius Cor- 
nuti,” physiological experiments to show its 
action on the kidneys and heart; “Phytolacca 
Decandra,” its use in the prevention of milk 
abscess, chronic induration of the mammae, 
and scrofula; “Chemical Labratory of Plants,” 
how and where acids, alkaloids, sugars, glu- 
cosides, starches, and oils are formed; the 
cause of the beautiful colored tints of autumn 
leaves; “Cactus Grandiflora” (Night Bloom- 
ing Cereus), its habitat and therapeutic uses 
in disease of the heart, with cases; “Thera- 
peutics of Metorrhagia and Menorrhagia, and 
Hemorrhage from Fibroid Tumor,” “Picro- 
toxine,” in nervous exhaustion, obstinate 
headache, and paralysis of the lower extremi- 
ties; a large double “Hydro-Hematocele” of 
the “Scrotum,” containing 147 ounces; “Re- 
covery under Operation and Antiseptic Treat- 
ment; ” “Resorcine ” as an anti-fermentative 
and anti-putrifactive agent in diseases of the 
stomach and bowels; also as a general anti- 
septic (read before the American Medical 
Association, at New Orleans, April 28, 1885; 
“The Percuteur,” in obscure nervous diseases, 
with cases (read at same time and place); 
and “Treatment of Chronic Tubercular Con- 
sumption.” His articles in all comprising over 
two hundred. He also has a book to appear 
shortly, entitled, “The Physiology of Nerv- 
ousness.” 
PATTERSON, Duncan Nathaniel, of Man- 
gum, Richmond county, N. C., was born at the 
“Old Beaver Pond,” in the county of Moore, 
that State, and is of pure Scotch descent; 
both father and mother could converse in and 
read the Gaelic language. His mother came 
to America from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, in 
the year 1802, at the age of twelve years. His 
early education was obtained from the com- 
mon schools in the community in which he was 
raised. His academic education and training 
was gained at the Jackson Springs Academy, 
in Moore county, N. C., a celebrated watering 
place, under the superintendence of Rev. 
Hugh McLaurens, a minister of the Presbyte- 
rian Church, and at a high school at Carthage, 
Moore county, N. C., under the management 
of Rev. A. D. McNeil, also a minister and 
teacher of much celebrity. Dr. Patterson com- 
menced the study of medicine at Carthage, N. 
C., in the office and under the preceptorship of 
Dr. John Shaw, but completed his course at 
Mangum, N. C., in the office of Dr. Wiley 
Smith, with whom lie formed a partnership 
after his graduation, which lasted one year. 
On the death of his preceptor and partner he 
remained in this field of labor, and ever since 
he has devoted his whole time and talent to 
the study and practice of his chosen calling. 
It is not often found that a life work be done 
in one locality, as in this instance. His prac- 
tice, a general one, has almost imperceptibly 
drifted into the specialties of gynecology and 
diseases of the nervous system. Dr. Patterson 
was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, 
of Philadelphia, in the day when Dunglison, 
Meigs and Pancoast were celebrities. He is a 
member of the Pee Dee Medical Association, 
of which he has been president as well as one 
of its founders; is a member of the Medical 
Society of North Carolina, of which he has 
been vice-president and its delegate to the 
American Medical Association, and since 1881 
a permanent member of the body. As a gen- 
eral practitioner his work was medicine and 
surgery, but . from an early inclination and 
study that way, it is now confined to diseases 
of the female sexual organs and pelvic cavity, 
together with diseases of the nervous system. 
His writing has been confined to diseases of 
f6IH3/IGS 
PEASLEE, Edmund Randolph, of New York 
City, was born in Rockingham county, N. H., 
January 22, 1814, and died January 12, 1878. 378 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
He was educated at the New Hampton Insti- 
tution and Atkinson Academy, N. H.; entered 
Dartmouth College in September, 1832; grad- 
uated in 1836, and served as tutor in his alma 
mater for two years; studied medicine in the 
Medical Department of Yale, and there re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1840, having 
received that of A. M. from Dartmouth the 
year previously. After his medical graduation 
he visited Europe for the purpose of still further 
pursuing his medical studies in the hospi- 
tals of London and Paris, and while absent 
was elected Professor of Anatomy and Phys- 
iology in Dartmouth College, as successor to 
Dr. Oliver AVendell Holmes. In 1841 he as- 
sumed the duties of that professorship, and 
continued them till 1871, when he resigned, 
and was elected Professor of Gynecology in that 
College. He settled in Hanover, N. H., on his 
return from Europe, in August, 1841, and re- 
sided there till 1858, when he established him- 
self in New York City, more especially as a 
gynecologist. He performed the first success- 
ful ovariotomy in New England, by the large 
abdominal section, in September, 1850; all 
of his first six cases, previous to 1857, be- 
ing successful. He also first made use of 
injections into the peritoneal cavity after ova- 
riotomy, in 1855. He was a member of the 
New York County and Pathological Societies; 
of the Medical Journal Association; of the 
New York Academy of Medicine; the Medical 
and Surgical Society; Obstetric Society; Phy- 
sicians’ Mutual Aid Society; the Society for the 
Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical 
Men ; New York State Medical Society; of the 
American Gynecological Society; and the 
American Medical Association. He was also 
president of the New Hampshire State Med- 
ical Society; was president of the Pathologi- 
cal Society of New York, in 1858; of the New 
York County Society, in 1867; of the Obstetric 
Society in 1875; of the Academy of Med- 
icine, 1871 to 1873; of the Medical Journal 
Association in 1876; and was ex-president 
of the American Gynecological Society. He 
was also a member of the New York Academy 
of Natural Sciences; of the American Geo- 
graphical Society; of the New York Historical 
Society, and other scientific associations; hon- 
orary member of the Obstetric Societies of 
Louisville and Philadelphia; corresponding 
Fellow of the Obstetric Society of Berlin; 
and honorary Fellow of the London Obstet- 
ric Society. He received the degree of LL. 
D. from Dartmouth College in 1859. In 1843 
he was appointed Professor of Anatomy 
and Surgery in the Medical School of Maijie, 
a position he held for seventeen years; in 
1851, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in 
the New York Medical College, and in 1853 
was transferred to the chair of Physiology and 
General Pathology, and still later to that of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. He re- 
signed this connection in 1860. From 1872 to 
1874 he was Lecturer upon the Diseases of 
Women in the Albany Medical College; and 
from 1874 until his death he has been Profes- 
sor of Gynecology in Bellevue Hospital Medi- 
cal College. From 1858 to 1865 he was physi- 
cian to the Demilt Dispensary, in the depart- 
ment of Diseases of Women; and he had been 
a surgeon to the Woman’s Hospital since its 
reorganization in 1872. During the War of 
the Rebellion he was one of the surgeons of 
the New England Hospital in New York City. 
and was similarly connected with the New 
York State Hospital, on Howard street. His 
contributions to medical literature are as fol- 
lows: “Human Histology,” in 1858, the first 
systematic work on this subject in the English 
language; “Uterine Displacements,” 1860; 
‘Ovarian Tumors and Their Treatment, Ex- 
cept by Ovariotomy,” and “Ovariotomy,” 
papers read before the New York Academy of 
Medicine, 1864; “Statistics of One Hundred 
and Fifty Cases of Ovariotomy,” “Retro- 
flexion of the Unimpregnated Uterus,” 1865; 
“Ovariotomy, When and How to Perform It, 
and Its Treatment,” 1867; “History of Ovari- 
otomy, and Sketch of Dr. E. McDowell’s 
Life,” read before the Medical Journal Asso- 
ciation, “Intra-Uterine Medication,” “Intra- 
Peritoneal Injections,” 1870; “Inflammations 
and Congestions of the Non-Gravid Uterus;” 
“Ovarian Tumors and Ovariotomy,” in 1872,the 
only complete monograph on these subjects 
which had been published in any language; 
“Incision and Discission of the Cervix Uteri,” 
1876. He also was one of the editors of the 
American Medical Monthly during his connec- 
tion with the New York Medical College, in 
which appeared a number of his lectures and 
reports. 
PENNELL, William W., of Fredericktown, 
Ohio, was born in Benton, Holmes county, that 
State, February 2, 1853, the third son of Hugh 
and Martha A. Pennell, being of English de- 
)jr 
scent. His parents having but limited means, 
he was given as good an education as could be 
procured in the public schools, and which he 
supplemented by home studies aided by com- 
petent persons, thereby gaining a fair knowl- 
edge of literature, science and language. He 
was a teacher for two years, and studied medi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
379 
cine under the preceptorship of Dr. Isaac H. 
Hague, of Nashville, in his native State. He 
was graduated in 1875 from the medical de- 
partment of the University of Wooster, and en- 
tered the practice at once with his preceptor. 
Dr. Pennell married Melvina M. Williams in 
1875. An ad eundem degree of M. D. was con- 
ferred upon him in 1882, by Adelbert College 
Western Reserve University. He pursued a 
post-graduate course in Philadelphia the winter 
of 1883. He located in Fredericktown in 1884, 
in the meantime keeping up instructive read- 
ing outside of medicine as outlined by the Chau- 
tauqua Course of Study. He is a member of the 
Ohio State Medical Society, American Medical 
Association, American Medical Temperance As- 
sociation and Pan-American Medical Congress. 
He has contributed several articles to current 
medical literature, and in 1890 read before the 
State Society a paper on the then recent “In- 
fluenza Epidemic.” In June, 1892, before the 
section of medicine of the American Medical 
Association at Detroit, Mich., he read a paper 
entitled “The Genesis of Croupous Pneumo- 
nia,” which was subsequently published in 
the Medical News, of Philadelphia. Dr. Pen- 
nell is also the author of a small volume, “Po- 
etical Compositions,” on which he has re- 
ceived many friendly criticisms. He enjoys a 
large share of patronage and for several years 
has been a member of the Board of Education, 
of which he is president. 
PENROSE, Richard Alexander F., of Phila- 
delphia, Pa., was born in Carlisle, that State, 
March 24, 1827. He is the second son of Hon. 
Charles B.Penrose. His early education was re- 
ceived at Dickinson College, where he gradua- 
ted with the degree of A. 8., in July, 1846, his 
medical studies being pursued in the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
from which institution he graduated with honor 
in 1849, He began the practice of medicine in 
Philadelphia in 1853, and rose rapidly to emi- 
nence. He was one of several members of the 
profession through whose instrumentality the 
wards of the Philadelphia Hospital, which had 
previously been closed to the profession, were 
opened to medical instruction in 1854. He 
was soon after elected consulting physician of 
that institution, and in a short while com- 
menced a series of lectures on the diseases of 
women and children. These he made thor- 
oughly subserve their purpose by the intro- 
duction of illustrative cases selected from the 
wards of the hospital, thus strengthening the 
effect of his teachings by the presentation of 
examples whose principles he was elucidating. 
As a private teacher of medicine he was very 
successful, his lectures on obstetrics especially 
attracting very large classes by their concise- 
ness and practical character. In 1856 he took 
prominent part in the successful endeavor to 
found the Children’s Hospital of Philadel- 
phia. He was also one of the founders of 
the Gynecian Hospital, and of the American 
Gynecological Society. In 1863 the trustees 
of the University of Pennsylvania elected him 
to the Professorship of Obstetrics and Diseases 
of Women and Children, a position made 
vacant by the resignation of Prof. Hugh L. 
Hodge. He filled the chair for many years, 
and as a teacher in this department of med- 
icine he retained his popularity as long as he 
was connected with that institution. In con- 
sideration of his eminent professional attain- 
ments, the degree of LL. D. was conferred 
upon him by Dickinson College, in 1875. Dr. 
Penrose is now Emeritus Professor of Obstet- 
rics and the Diseases of Women and Children 
in his alma mater. He has contributed to 
various medical journals important jarticles 
relating to his special line of practice. 
PEPPER, William, Sen., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city January 21, 1810, 
and died there October 16, 1864. After his col- 
legiate studies at Princeton, where he was 
graduated with the first honors of his class in 
1828, he entered the office of Dr. Thomas T. 
Hewson, who, in his capacity of private pre- 
ceptor, was excelled by none of his contempo- 
raries. Dr. Pepper graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1832, the subject of 
his thesis being “Apoplexy.” After receiving 
his medical education, he spent two years in 
Europe, more especially engaged in studying 
diseases in the great hospitals of Paris. “Upon 
his return to Philadelphia, he ardently de- 
voted himself to the practice of his profession, 
and rose rapidly in reputation until for several 
years before his death he was recognized as 
the chief consultant in his community.” He 
was physician to the Philadelphia Dispensary, 
and to Wills Hospital for several years. In 
1841 he was chosen physician to the Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital and held this position for sev- 
enteen years, during which time he took an 
active share in clinical teaching. In 1860 he 
was elected Professor of the Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, but was forced by ill health to resign 
in 1864. Prof. Carson writes that the strong 
feature of Dr. Pepper’s medical character was 
the possession of analytical acumen, and de- 
cided ideas of diagnosis. This he carried into 
his office of a teacher. “As a didactic lecturer 
he was clear, concise and complete. Thirty 
years of active practice had made him familiar 
with disease in its varied terms, and had led 
him to reject as useless that which was merely 
speculative in medicine, while it enabled him 
to speak with authority of all that was valua- 
ble in our science. Thoroughly familiar with 
medical literature, he had also studied disease 
in the great book of nature, at the bedside in 
private practice, and in the wards of hospitals. 
Thus, to him, nearly every disease treated of 
presented itself in the form of individual cases 
which had come under his notice, or been under 
his immediate care. From this great treasury of 
knowledge he continually drew in illustration 
of the subject-matter of his lecture. Catching 
at the typical features of the disease, its pa- 
thological history and phenomena, its diag- 
nosis, general and differential, were given 
with such clearness and force, that the stu- 
dent saw before him, as at the bedside, all 
that was distinctive and important in the 
case; while the principles of treatment and 
it results followed with almost mathe- 
matical accuracy and precision. Dr. Pep- 
per made no effort at oratorical display. 
The main object of his teaching was appa- 
rent—to give a thoroughly practical course, 
one which, as far as possible, would prepare 
his pupils for the intelligent treatment of dis- 
ease. His enunciation was distinct, and his 
delivery rather a rapid than a slow one. No 
one could visit his lecture-room without no- 
ticing the marked attention of the class, nor. 
be associated with the students without per- 
ceiving with what affectionate respect they re- 
garded their preceptor. It is a remarkable 380 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
fact, and in keeping with what has already 
been noticed, that during the four years of his 
professorship, a period the most exciting and 
important in our national history, notwith- 
standing the cares of a very large practice and 
the infirmities of declining health, he was 
never absent from a lecture, and never failed 
to meet his class punctually at the time ap- 
pointed for its delivery.” The career of Dr. 
Pepper was short in connection with the uni- 
versity, but was so marked as to give promise 
of eminence and usefulness. Some papers were 
contributed by him to the periodical journals; 
they were, on account of his engrossing prac- 
tice, few in number, but marked by excellent 
reflection and the spirit of inquiry, his long 
experience in the Pennsylvania Hospital hav- 
ing placed ample material at his command. 
Dr. Pepper was a member of various learned 
societies and a Fellow of the College of Physi- 
cians. 
PEPPER, William, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city August 21, 1843. He is a son 
of the late Dr. William Pepper, and was educat- 
ed at the University of Pennsylvania, graduat- 
ing from the academy department in 1862, and 
from the medical department in 1864. He has 
been connected with various hospitals, and 
was chiefly instrumental in the establishment 
of the University Hospital, securing a gift for 
the site from the city of Philadelphia, and 
served as chairman of the finance and building 
committee, and is a member of the board of 
managers of that institution. From April, 
1864, to 1865, he was Visiting Physician of 
the Philadelphia Infirmary; from April, 1865, 
to October, 1866, Resident Physician of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital; from 1866 to 1870, 
Curator and Pathologist of that institution; 
from 1867 to the present time, Visiting Physi- 
cian to the Philadelphia Hospital; from 1867 
to 1871, Pathologist to the last-mentioned insti- 
tution ; from 1868 to 1870, Lecturer on Morbid 
Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania; 
from 1870 to the present time, Visiting Physi- 
cian to the Children’s Hospital; in 1870, Lect- 
urer on Clinical Medicine in the University 
of Pennsylvania; from 1876 till 1887, he was 
professor of the latter branch, and was then 
elected to the chair of Theory and Practice of 
Medicine and Clinical Medicine to succeed 
Prof. Alfred Stille, a position he now holds. 
In 1881 he was unanimously elected provost of 
the uuiversi ' ’7, and at the same time the dig- 
nity and powers of the office were materially 
increased. During no period in the history of 
this instiution has its interest been more 
rapidly advanced than since his assumption of 
this office. He founded the Philadelphia Medi- 
cal Times, and was its editor in 1870-71; in 
1875 and 1876 Medical Director of the Centen- 
nial International exhibition. For his services, 
in connection with the latter position, he re- 
ceived from the King of Sweden the decora- 
tion of knight commander of the order of St. 
Olaf. He is a member of the College of Physi- 
cians; of the Society of the Lincoln Institu- 
tion ; of the American Philosophical Society; 
of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, 
of which he was vice-president in 1870, 
and president from 1873 to 1876; of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia, in which he has been director of the 
biological section; of the Obstetrical Society of 
Philadelphia; of the American Neurological 
Association; of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation; of the Pennsylvania State Medical 
Society; of the Philadelphia County Medical 
Society; a delegate to the Centennial Interna- 
tional Medical Congress, and an honorary 
member of the New Jersey Medical Society; a 
member of the American Climatological Asso- 
ciation, and was its president in 1886. He was 
also president of the First Pan-American Medi- 
cal Congress, which convened in Washington 
in September, 1893. Upon that occasion, which 
is regarded as one of the most important events 
in the history of medicine that has ever oc- 
curred in the Western Hemisphere, he deliv- 
ered a very eloquent address, which has been 
widely published and read with great interest. 
His contributions to medical literature com- 
prise “Lectures on Morbid Anatomy,” deliv- 
ered in the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in the 
University of Pennsylvania; “Lectures on 
Clinical Medicine,” in the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital, and the University of Pennsylvania; a 
“Catalogue of the Museum of the Pennsylva- 
nia Hospital; a Pennsylvania hospital report 
on “The Fluorescence of Tissues,” prepared in 
conjunction with Dr. E. Rhoads; “Phosphorous 
Poisoning,” “Variola,” 1869; “Meigs and Pep- 
per on Diseases of Children,” 1870; “Trache- 
otomy in Chronic Laryngitis,” “Abdominal 
Tumors,” “Trephining in Cerebral Diseases,” 
“Progressive Muscular Sclerosis,” 1871; “Local 
Treatment of Tuberculous Cavities,” “Opera- 
tive Treatment of Pleural Effusions,” 1874; 
“Annual Address in Medicine,” before the 
Pennsylvania State Medical Society, “Sanitary 
Relations of Hospitals,” read before the Ameri- 
can Public Health Association, “Progressive 
Pernicious Anemia,” 1875; “Cheyne-Stokes 
Respiration in Tubercular Meningitis,” 1876, 
and numerous other articles and lectures in the 
American Journal of Medical Sciences, Philadel- 
phia Medical Times and Medical and Surgical 
Reporter, as also in the Transactions of the 
various societies mentioned above. His most 
important literary work, however, has been 
the editing of the “System of Medicine by 
American Authors,” 1886. This work consists 
of five large volumes, and has met with imme- 
diate success, being recognized as the chief 
American authority on medical questions. He 
is a member of the executive committee of the 
Alumni Society of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia ; also a member of the board of directors of 
the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. 
PERKINS, George William, of Ogden, Utah 
Territory, was born in Essex county, Mass., 
January 6,1860, of native New England parent- 
age. He fitted for college at Phillips Academy, 
Exeter, N. H., graduating in 1879; entered 
Harvard College in the fall of the same year, and 
completed the four years’ course in three years, 
obtaining the degree of A. B. in June, 1882; 
was appointed Assistant in Biology in Harvard 
University soon afterward, and held that posi- 
tion for two years, pursuing at the same time the 
studyof medicine in the Medical School of Har- 
vard University, where he completed the medi- 
cal course in 1885, having obtained, in Decem- 
ber, 1884, an eighteen months' appointment as 
House Officer in the Boston City Hospital, 
where he served as House Surgeon in 1885 and 
1886, deferring on this account the taking of his 
degree of M. D. till the latter year. He was ad- 
mitted a Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society in 1886, and the same year received the 
appointment of Division Surgeon for the Moun- 
tain Division of the Union Pacific Railway EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
381 
Company, with headquarters at Ogden, Utah, 
where he has charge of the Union Pacific Rail- 
way Company Hospital, to which all serious 
cases from about sixteen hundred miles of the 
Union Pacific Railway system are sent for 
treatment. In 1888 he was appointed Surgeon 
for the Southern Pacific Company. 
PERRY, Joseph M., of Lakeland, Polk 
county, Fla., was born near Liberty Hill, Ker- 
shaw county, S. C., April 7, 1837, of Irish and 
Scotch extraction, being born and reared in 
one of the wealthiest slave-owning districts of 
the South, he had, in common with other young 
men of his day, sons of wealthy slave-owners, 
the advantage of good educational facilities in 
the way of select schools in which he obtained 
the greater portion of his literary education. 
He commenced the study of Medicine in 1856, 
ih office with his brother-in-law, Dr. Henry J. 
Lee, of Darlington, S. C., and entered the 
Medical College of the State of South Caro- 
lina in the year 1858, graduating on the 15th 
of March, 1860. The Civil War breaking out 
shortly after, his devotion to principle, and 
fondness of adventure, led him to join the 
Confederate Army, entering service as a scout, 
serving throughout that terrible struggle to its 
close, in different capacities, losing both 
property and health, contracted bronchitis 
with Hemoptysis early in his military life, 
from which he suffered for ten years. At the 
close of the war he sought a more genial cli- 
mate in an effort to recover his health and 
made Florida the home of his adoption, re- 
covering entirely from the hemorrhages in the 
salubrious climate of Florida. Dr. Perry has 
been in active practice of his profession up to 
the present time, participating in every epi- 
demic of yellow fever since his coming to the 
State. Has been a member of the Florida 
State Medical Society from its inception, has 
been honored with the vice-presidency of that 
body; one of the surgeons of South Florida 
Railroad from its completion, and is now at 
the age of fifty-six, actively engaged in his 
profession. He has held several positions of 
trust in civil life in the home of his adoption. 
Dr. Perry was married in Winnsborough, S. 
C., March 31, 1864, to Miss Emma L., daughter 
of Col. Felix Long, and a grand-daughter of 
Col. William McCreight of Revolutionary fame, 
when America achieved her independence. 
PETERSON, Frederick, of New York City, 
was born in Faribault, Minn., March 1,1859; 
and is of Swedish and Russian descent. His 
preliminary education was obtained from pub- 
lic high schools and private tutors. He was 
graduated from the Medical Department of the 
University of Buffalo, in 1879. His graduation 
thesis was. on “The Physiology of the Posterior 
Lobes of the Brain,” which received honor- 
able mention. He studied for several years 
in Vienna, Strasburg, Leipzig, Stockholm, 
Paris, and London, making a special study of 
general pathology, and of nervous and mental 
diseases, under Von Recklinghausen, Weich- 
selbaum, Chiari, Obersteiner, Benedikt, and 
Meynert. He practiced general medicine in 
Buffalo, N. Y., several years; he then entered 
the Hudson River State Hospital for the In- 
sane, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., for three years, 
as First Assistant Physician; and established 
himself as a specialist in nervous and mental 
diseases in New York City, in January, 1888. 
He visited Europe three times, from 1881 to 
1892, during which he devoted six years to for- 
eign study. He was Professor of General 
Pathology and Director of the Laboratory in 
the University of Buffalo, from 1882 to 1884, 
and was Pathologist to the State Insane Asy- 
lum and Erie County Insane Asylum, at Buf- 
falo. His present positions are, Pathologist 
to the New York City Insane Asylum, Profes- 
sor of Nervous Diseases in the University of 
Vermont, Chief of Clinic Nervous Department, 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
Attending Physician to the New York Hos- 
pital for Nervous Diseases, and to the St. 
Xavier’s Sanitarium for Inebriate Women. 
Dr. Peterson is one of the editors of the New 
York Medical Journal, the American Medical and 
Surgical Journal, and the Journal of Nervous 
and Mental Disease. The following are his 
contributions to medical literature, which have 
been published in the Buffalo Medical and Sur- 
gical Journal, Philadelphia Medical News, New 
York Medical Record, American Journal of In- 
sanity, Medical Analectic-Electrical World, Med- 
ico-Legal Journal, Journal of Mental and 
Nervous ' Diseases, American Journal of Psy- 
chology, New York Medical Journal, Alienist 
and Neurolgist, and other leading periodi- 
cals and “Transactions” of medical societies, 
“The Physiology of the Posterior Lobes of the 
Cerebrum,” graduation thesis;“ A Large Renal 
Calculus in a Case of Acute Insanity,” “Trau- 
matic Aneurism of the Femoral Artery,” 1879; 
“Sarcoma of the Wrist,” “Compound Comi- 
nuted Fracture of the Skull,” “Various Arti- 
cles Translated from the French and Danish,” 
“A Remarkable Fracture Case,” “A Case of 
Puerperal Septicemia,” 1880; “Cremation,” 
1881; “Medical Letters from Strassburg and 
Vienna,” 1882; “The Aliptic Art,” “Reports 
of Interesting Autopsies at the State and 
County Insane Asylums and General Hospital, 
Buffalo,” “Contagium Animatum,” 1883; “Re- 
ports of Two Hundred and Fifteen Autop- 
sies,” 1884; “Pneumonokoniosis,” 1885; “Hy- 
drobromate of Hyoscine, its Use in Thirty-six 
Cases of Insanity,” 1885; “On the Adoption 
of Some General System of Districting the 
New York State Asylums,” 1886; “The Biele- 
feld Epileptic Colony,” “Remarks on Some 
European Asylums ” (visited in 1886, 1887); 
“Morbus Basedowii” (Prize Essay Dutchess 
County Medical Society,) 1887; “Some of the 
Principles of Craniometry,” “A Case of Arsen- 
ical Paralysis,” “Critical Digests on Insanity 
and Nervous Diseases,” “Experiments with 
Electrical Death-Currents,” “Capital Punish- 
ment by Electricity,” 1888; “A Contribution 
to the Study of Muscular Tremor,” “Extracts 
from the Autobiography of a Paranoiac,” 
“Cranial Measurements in Twenty Cases of 
Infantile Cerebral Hemiplegia” (with E. D. 
Fisher); “Electric Cataphoresis as a Thera- 
peutic Measure,” “ Cephalocele ” (Wood’s 
Reference Handbook); “ Electrothanasia,” 
“Notes on Exalgine,” “A Case of Paraplegia 
from Gunshot Wound of Skull,” “Neuroses 
from Electric Injuries,” “The Proposed New 
Lunacy Law for New York State,” “The Col- 
onization of Epileptics,” “Paranoia in two 
Sisters,” “Electricity as a Death Penalty,” 
1889; “Ichthyosis Linearis Neuropathica,” 
“The Cerebral Palsies of Early Life, Based on 
a Study of One Hundred and Forty Cases” 
(with Dr. B. Sachs); “A Clinical Study of 
Forty-seven Cases of Paralysis Agitans,” 
“Homonymous Hemiopic Hallucinations,” 
“A Second Note on Homonymous Hemiopic 382 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Hallucinations,” “Note on the Disturbance of 
the Sense of Taste after Amputation of the 
Tongue,” “Chapter on Insanity and one on 
Paralysis Agitans in Starr’s ‘Familiar Forms of 
Nervous Disease,’ ” published by W. Wood & 
Co., N. Y.; “A Plea for the Epileptic,” 
“A Case of Locomotor Ataxia Associated 
with Nuclear Cranial Nerve Palsies and with 
Muscular Atrophies,” “A New Method of Ac- 
curate Dosage in the Cataphoretic Use of 
Electricity,” 1890; “Further Studies in the 
Therapeutics of Anodal Diffusion,” “The In- 
troduction of Drugs into the Human Body by 
Electricity,” “Notes on Some Southern Health 
Resorts,” 1891; “Observations on the Riviera,” 
“Athenian Hospitals,” “The Insane in Egypt,” 
“An Ancient Spa,” “Outline of a Plan for an 
Epileptic Colony,” “Progress in the Cure and 
Colonization of Epileptics,” “The Treatment 
of Epilepsy,” “Wintering in Egypt,” “A New 
Portable Faradic Battery of Small Size and 
Great Power,” “Gyrospasm of the Head of 
Infants,” “Electricity in the Diagnosis of 
Nervous Diseases,” “Three Cases of Acute 
Mania from Inhaling Carbon Bisulphide,” 
“Some Practical Points in the Localization of 
Spinal Cord Disorders,” “Physiological Ex- 
periments with Magnetism at the Edison Lab- 
oratory” (with A. E. Kennedy), 1892; “Hydro- 
therapy in Mental and Nervous Diseases,” 
“The New Phrenology,” “The Treatment of 
the Insane Outside of Asylums,” “The Treat- 
ment of Alcoholic Inebriety,” “A Study of the 
Temperature in Twenty-five Cases of General 
Paresis of the Insane,” 1893. 
PHELPS, A. M.,of New York City, was born 
at Alburgh, Yt., January 27,1851. He is a de- 
scendant of the Phelps family of Tewksbury, 
England, who emigrated to this country in 
1630, landing in Connecticut. He was edu- 
cated in the University of Michigan, where he 
graduated in medicine March 27, 1873, after 
which he spent three years in the German 
Universities, studying surgery. He practiced in 
Chateaugay, Franklin county, N. Y., from 1873 
to 1877, when he moved to New York and took 
the chair of Orthopedic Surgery in the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York, and in the 
Post-Graduate School and Hospital he was 
given the same chair. He held the chair of 
Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Ver- 
mont from 1885 to 1888, when, upon the resig- 
nation of J. Williston Wright, he was elected 
to the chair of Surgery which he holds at the 
present time (1893). He is at present Visiting 
Surgeon to the City Hospital; Attending Sur- 
geon to the Orthopedic ward of the Post-Gradu- 
ate Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to the Mary 
Fletcher Hospital; member of the State Med- 
ical Society; Academy of Medicine; New York 
County Medical Society; American Orthopedic 
Association; ex-vice-president of the New 
York State Medical Society; delegate from the 
University of Vermont, to the Tenth Interna- 
tional Congress, Berlin, Germany. Dr. Phelps 
originated an improved operation for talipes 
varo equinus and for hare-lip, and devised a 
hip splint, a club-foot machine, artery forceps, 
and aspirator and other surgical instruments 
and appliances which bear his name. 
PHYSICK, Philip Syng, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city July 7, 1768, and 
died there December 15, 1837. From an ex- 
tended memoir written by the late Dr. John 
Bell, and life sketches by Dr. Jacob Randolph 
and Dr. Joseph Carson, of Philadelphia, the 
editor is indebted for the details concerning 
the personal history and professional achieve- 
ments of this remarkable man, who is known 
as the father of American surgery. Referring 
to his ancestry, Dr. Bell writes as follows: 
His father, Edmund Physick, was an English- 
man, possessed of considerable strength of 
mind and noted for his integrity. He held 
office in the Colonial government, as Keeper 
of the Great Seal, and after the Revolution he 
became agent of the Penn family, and was in- 
trusted with the charge of its estates. His 
wife, Miss Syng, the mother of the subject of 
this sketch, was the daughter of a silversmith, 
and was also noted for her intellectual vigor, 
correct judgment and decision. It was by such 
an inheritance that young Physick, so soon as 
his calling in life was chosen or indicated for 
him, evinced that steadiness of aim and in- 
tentness of purpose which, within the limits 
of reasonable ambition, seldom fail to insure 
success. Wanting them, the richest gifts of 
genius are of little avail, even if they do not 
mislead their possessor into erratic courses and 
by-paths in which the energies are weakened 
and fail to produce the desired effect at the 
critical moment of struggle for the prize. 
Some of the chosen few may, indeed, like 
Byron, awake some morning and find them- 
selves famous. Some, from an unusual and 
unexpected concatenation of circumstances, 
such as family influence, popular whim and a 
lucky chance, may have fame thrust upon 
them; but it is only the fame of the hour, 
which serves them in no better stead for ob- 
taining future confidence or abiding reputation 
than did the effort of the “Single Speech Ham- 
ilton” in the House of Commons. It was his 
first and his last, and as such was more no- 
ticed, perhaps more noticeable. But no single 
speech or single act ever made a man a great 
orator or a great leader, either at the council 
board or in the field. Once on the topmost 
round, a man becomes suddenly more con- 
spicuous than before; but to have attained 
that eminence was the work of time and of 
patient and laborious effort, of which, dur- 
ing its progress, the world does not 
always take the trouble to inform itself. 
The father of young Physick was not pre- 
vented by his painstaking habits of business, 
and the accumulation of riches consequent on 
their exercise, from a watchful regard for the 
proper education of his son, or a liberal be- 
stowment of money for the purpose. This 
would seem, indeed, to be the first duty and 
one of the chief pleasures of a parent solicitous 
for the welfare of his child; but it is not always 
so regarded, and we every now and then find 
that a liberal and even lavish expenditure in 
matters of household and personal adornment 
is not deemed to be at all incompatible with 
the closest economy, if not positive niggard- 
ness, in making a pecuniary return, we can 
not say requital, to the teacher. Edmund 
Physick thought and acted differently; and 
believing the ordinary charges for tuition to 
be too low, he gave double the customary re- 
muneration to the teacher of his son Philip, 
who was placed under the care of Robert 
Proud, the historian, principal of the Friends’ 
Academy in Fourth street, near Chestnut. As 
Mr. Physick resided in the country, seven 
miles from Philadelphia, on the banks of the 
Schuylkill, his son was introduced, as a 
boarder, into the family of Mr. John Todd, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
383 
father-in-law of the lady who, as widow Todd, 
became the wife of James Madison, at the 
time a member of Congress, and afterwards 
President of the United States. Philip was 
allowed by his teacher to visit his parents every 
Saturday, and to remain with them until the 
following Monday morning; and in availing 
himself of this permission, he never failed to 
return in time to be present at the opening of 
the school, although sometimes his walk back 
to town was in very inclement weather. Thus 
early the boy evinced a punctuality which 
soon became a confirmed habit, forming, in 
after-life, one of the distinguishing traits of 
the man. It is but natural for us to infer that 
the scholar went through his lessons in the 
same methodical manner in which he per- 
formed his weekly visits to his parents and re- 
turned to his school. From the academy Philip 
was transferred to the classical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, in which he 
continued his studies until he had reached his 
eighteenth year, when, in 1785, he took the de- 
gree of Bachelor of Arts. Of his school boy 
and college days, nothing has come down to 
us; no record or incident, illustrative either of 
precocity or genius in the recitation-room, or 
of scrapes or escapades, and follies or vices, 
which are so often the concomitants of genius, 
as to lead to the vulgar error that they are neces- 
sarily incorporated with it. After a month’s 
rest from study, the young bachelor of arts 
was received into the office of Dr. Adam Kuhn, 
then Professor of Materia Medica and Botany 
in the Philadelphia College of Medicine, a post 
to which he was first appointed in the year 
1768, that in which Physick was born. The 
period of his medical pupilage under Dr. 
Kuhn extended to three years and six months. 
If there have been men who had an early and 
almost instinctive fondness for the profession 
of medicine, Philip Syng Physick was not of 
the number. He yielded, on this occasion, to 
the wishes of his father, and for this act of 
filial obedience he received, in after-life, an 
ample reward in fame and wealth. An in- 
itiatory scene in the Medical College in Fifth 
street, opposite Independent Square, to which 
he was a witness, and which consisted in the 
preparing of a skeleton, was not adapted to 
make him either a follower of Esculapius or 
an imitator of Machaon. But his entreaties 
for an abandonment of his professional desti- 
nation were urged in vain. They who knew 
and watched with admiration the calm, un- 
wavering look, and steady hand of the great 
surgeon in the height of his fame, would hardly 
credit the fact of his almost fainting, and of 
his being obliged to quit the amphitheater of 
the hospital, when, at the instance of Dr. 
Kuhn, he had been taken by his father to wit- 
ness, for the first time, the amputation of a 
limb. In proof of his diligence as a student 
one trait will suffice. Having been recom- 
mended by his preceptor to study carefully 
“Cullen’s First Lines of the Practice of 
Physic,” he complied so fully with the ad- 
vice as to commit the entire work to mem- 
ory. It must be considered a fortunate cir- 
cumstance in the student-life of young Phy- 
sick, that he did not conceive himself to have 
been born a surgeon, and was not bent on an 
exclusive devotion to surgery; for in such a 
case he would probably, as so many always do, 
have neglected to acquire a knowledge of the 
principles of medicine and a habit of looking 
over the entire domain of the science, so to 
see and appreciate the reciprocal connection of 
its several branches and the support which 
they gave to each other. He was, happily, 
prevented from becoming a merely mechanical 
and jobbing surgeon, dexterous in the use of 
instruments, but ignorant of the conservative 
and recuperative powers of nature, and the as- 
sistance derived from medicine, by which the 
use of instruments and the mutilation of the 
patient are avoided. In the office of Dr. Kuhn, 
the young student went through a course of 
reading which must have had a good effect in 
liberalizing and enlarging his therapeutical 
methods and appliances beyond the mere em- 
piricism which too often accompanies “pure 
surgery.” We may grant that in many of the 
volumes read there was much useless lore; but 
is it certain that all the pretentions to positive 
knowledge, by the demonstrative methods of 
chemistry, microscopy, and statistics of the 
present day, will be sustained by the observa- 
tions and experience of those who may be in 
quest of the truth a century later. It is not 
probable that the students of that period, while 
receiving some of these recorded phenomena, 
after having subjected them to fresh scrutiny, 
as valuable aids to medical science and proofs 
of progress, will still look back to the penulti- 
mate century, and to many centuries beyond 
it, for accurate physiognomical and life-like 
descriptions of morbid changes and sanitary 
recuperation, and of the effects of medicines 
and alimentary regimen, even although no 
chemical analysis had exhibited the constitu- 
ent elements of the articles used in therapeu- 
tics and hygiene, or taught which were the 
essentials, and which the secondary or unim- 
portant ones? Young Physick did not coptine 
himself to reading under the guidance of his 
preceptor, Dr. Kuhn; he also attended the lect- 
ures of the latter on materia medica and 
botany, and of his associates in the College of 
Philadelphia; for it was not until the year 
1789 that a union was brought about between 
this institution and the University of Penn- 
sylvania, which had been chartered by the 
revolutionary legislature in 1778. The medi- 
cal department of the Philadelphia College, 
the first organization of the kind in the then 
provinces, was founded, in 1765, by Dr. John 
Morgan and Dr. William Shippen. Its Fac- 
ulty consisted, at the time of which we are 
now writing, of Dr. Shippen, Professor of 
Anatomy, Surgery, and Midwifery; Dr. Kuhn, 
of Materia Medica and Botany; and Dr. Rush, 
of Chemistry, and of Clinical Medicine in the 
Hospital. Dr. Morgan had withdrawn him- 
self from the school, on the occasion of his 
entering the army in 1775, in which he acted 
for a while as Surgeon-General. He died in 
1789. Although young Physick was undoubt- 
edly an attentive listener to the prelections of 
the professors in the Philadelphia College, and 
turned his opportunities of medical instruc- 
tion to the best account, yet he wisely declined 
to ask for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 
and thus early, it might have been said prema- 
turely, to assume the heavy responsibilities in- 
cident to the practice of his profession, 
until he had given himself a wider range for 
observation and more time for maturing his 
judgment. The father, fortunately coinciding 
with these views, gratified the longing desire 
of his son to visit Europe, and even went still 
farther by determining to accompany him 384 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
across the Atlantic. They arrived in London 
in January, 1789, and Mr. Physick, without 
loss of time, placed Philip under the care of 
John Hunter, so that he became at once a 
member of the family, and could be benefited 
by the continued teaching of this great sur- 
geon and physiologist. How the young Ameri- 
can, now in his twenty-first year, comported 
himself, and how he turned to account the 
great opportunities for instruction offered in 
the dissecting-room and the museum at the 
house of Mr. Hunter, and in the wards of 
St. George’s Hospital, of which the latter 
was surgeon, may be inferred from his previ- 
ous habits, and might readily be gathered 
from his whole life, even if there had 
not been contemporary evidence on this 
point. The first intimation of the course 
of study which his preceptor wished him to 
pursue, was made in the Hunterian fashion— 
sententious, bordering on the abrupt, but quite 
explicit. It was given in a reply to a question 
from the father, what books it would be nec- 
essary for him to procure for his son! “Then, 
sir, follow me: I will show you the books your 
son has to studyand leading the way from his 
own study to the dissecting-room, he pointed 
to several bodies, adding: “There are the 
books which your son will learn under my di- 
rection ; the others are fit for very little.’’ The 
pupil received the advice' in the earnest spirit 
in which it was given, and at once engaged in 
a course of dissections, in which he displayed 
so much neatness as to win the favorable notice 
and approval of Mr. Hunter, whose confidence 
in him was farther manifested by making him 
an assistant in his experiments, the useful de- 
ductions from which must necessarily depend 
on their being performed accurately, as well as 
recorded in good faith. The pupil became 
gradually the trusted friend of his teacher, 
who gave a practical evidence of regard, on 
the occasion of a vacancy in the post of House- 
surgeon to St. George’s Hospital. Among the 
many applicants to fill the vacancy, young 
Physick was the successful one, owing to the 
recommendation and exertions of Mr. Hunter 
in his favor. His term of service was for one 
year, which began on the first of January, 
1790. We can easily conceive that the newly 
elected house-surgeon would, in this new field 
of labor, be continually alive to the importance 
of the duties devolving on him, as well as in- 
tent on acquiring a knowledge on practical 
surgery, the principles of which he was in the 
habit of hearing so ably expounded by his 
master. The hospital was the school in which 
he prepared himself for the active exercise of 
his profession, at a future day, in his native 
city. There he became familiar with the ope- 
rations of the first class, and with minor sur- 
gery, including the apparatus and contrivances 
best adapted to the relief and cure of fractures 
and deformities. In fine, he learned to pre- 
pare himself for prompt action in sudden and 
unforeseen emergencies, and to adapt the 
treatment to the circumstances of each partic- 
ular case. Of his self-possession and readi- 
ness of resources, he gave early proof before 
the assembled class at the hospital, by his 
prompt reduction of a dislocation at the 
shoulder-joint downwards, without the aid of 
an assistant or of apparatus of any kind. By 
temperament, and early education under good 
parental example, young Physick was pre- 
vented from catching the impulsive ways and 
often rude manners of his great preceptor; 
for, with all his genius, industry, and habits 
of labor, John Hunter wanted self-control and 
amenity, as well as intellectual cultivation. 
The usual conditions on which he took pupils 
were the payment of five hundred guineas— 
about $2,645—and their being bound to him 
for five years. In the case of Physick, this 
rule must have been waived, as he only re- 
mained under Mr. Hunter’s care two years and 
four months, or from January, 1789, to May, 
1791, of which time one year was spent in St. 
George’s Hospital as house-surgeon. In the 
first part of this period he attended regularly 
the lectures delivered by Mr. John Clarke and 
Dr. William Osborne on midwifery. It is very 
probable that the previous medical studies of 
the young Philadelphian were taken into ac- 
count, as well as his intention to visit Edin- 
burgh and spend some time there, after he 
should have left London. His age, he being 
in his twenty-first year when he was placed 
under the care of Mr. Hunter, was no bar to 
prolonged residence with his preceptor, what- 
ever may be thought on the subject in these 
times of railroad speed in study as in every- 
thing else. Jenner, it is said, had attained 
this age when he became a pupil of Mr. 
Hunter. But we are not left to measure young 
Physick’s professional knowledge and attain- 
ments by the standard of chronology or the 
actual length of time in which he had been 
studying medicine. Practical and unmistaka- 
ble evidence on this point was given in the 
laudatory testimonials from the governing au- 
thorities of St. George’s Hospital of his med- 
ical qualifications and correct deportment. 
They even went so far as to declare that the 
institution was indebted to him for the zeal 
and ability which he manifested in the dis- 
charge of his duties for the relief of the in- 
mates of the hospital. In farther proof was 
the offer made to him by Mr. Hunter. This 
eminent man, conscious of his own great pow- 
ers, and tasking them to the uttermost in his 
anatomical and physiological researches, could 
scarcely keep terms with mediocrity, either in 
his pupils or in his compeers in the profession. 
He was perhaps too ready in conferring his 
friendship on very young men if he perceived 
anything in their character which pleased 
him; but he was equally ready to throw them 
off again on finding them to fall short of what 
he had anticipated. He had every opportunity 
of becoming acquainted with his American 
pupil; first as a student continually under his 
eye, and next at St. George’s Hospital, of 
which he himself was one of the attending 
surgeons. The scrutiny must have been as 
thorough as it was satisfactory, since it led 
Mr. Hunter to invite Physick to take up his 
residence with him, and to take a share in his 
professional business. Inducements of a pros- 
pective nature, looking to the permanent es- 
tablishment of Physick in London, as a can- 
didate for professional hqnors and emolu- 
ments, were also held out. In the event of his 
accepting the temporary offer, he would most 
probably have replaced Mr. Hunter in the 
practice of surgery, so as to allow of the latter 
devoting more time to his cherished studies in 
his anatomical cabinet and museum. Nor 
would he have foregone all assistance, even 
here, from his young partner, of whose neat- 
ness in dissection and whose dexterity in mak- 
ing preparations, as well as in performing EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
385 
physiological experiments, he had already 
made satisfactory trials. In his “Treatise on 
the Blood,” Hunter says: “Many of these 
experiments were made by Dr. Physick, 
now at Philadelphia, when he acted as 
House - Surgeon to St. George’s Hospital, 
whose accuracy I could depend upon.” 
There can be no question of the entire suc- 
cess of Physick and the eminence which he 
would have reached had he remained in Lon- 
don. The road was open, and he possessed all 
the needful qualifications for traveling it with 
signal honor to himself, and for the benefit of 
a large number of his fellow-men. The annals 
of English surgery would then have exhibited 
his name in equal prominence with those of 
Astley Cooper, Abernethy, Carlisle, Home, 
and their younger contemporaries, Charles 
Bell, Brodie, Lawrence, Travers, Samuel and 
Bransby Cooper and Guthrie, not to speak of 
John Bell in Edinburgh, Hey in Leeds, and 
Carmichael and Macartney in Dublin. Hap- 
pily for American surgery and for the interests 
of humanity, Physick declined the offers of 
Mr. Plunter, and looked to his native city as 
the theater on which to try his fortunes and 
exhibit his professional skill and attainments. 
We are told that he may have been influenced 
in his course by the fact that the air of Lon- 
don did not agree with him, in its probably 
subjecting him to repeated attacks of catarrh, 
to which he was prone through all his life. 
While in St. George’s Hospital he had a severe 
attack of illness, for which no name has been 
given. It was so serious, however, that Mr. 
Hunter was on the point of writing to his 
father to tell him of the necessity of his son’s 
returning home. In parting from his pre- 
ceptor and friend, who had given such convinc- 
ing proofs of the strength of his regard, Physick 
must have felt deep emotion. He cherished 
in all after-life the memory of John Hunter, 
for whom he felt greater admiration, we may 
truly add, more profound veneration, than for 
any other man. In the year 1791, Physick re- 
ceived his license from the Royal College of 
Surgeons in London, and in May of the same 
year, he repaired to Edinburgh with a view of 
procuring the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 
In the Scotch capital he turned to account the 
opportunities offered for instruction with the 
same zeal and assiduity that he had displayed 
in London; he attended regularly the medical 
lectures in the university, and visited with 
equal regularity the Royal Infirmary, then, as 
now, the chief clinical school in Edinburgh. 
Having complied with the requisitions of,the 
university, which could not have been so strin- 
gent on the score of time of study as it now is, 
he took in May, 1792, his degree of M. D. after 
having written and defended a thesis “De Apo- 
plexia.” Dr. Randolph, in his “Memoir on 
the Life and Character of Dr. Physick,” speaks 
of the original manuscript copy of this inau- 
gural essay in English, then in his possession, 
as evincing the great care with which it had 
been prepared. There are two interesting 
facts, writes Dr. Carson, in connection with 
his graduation as Doctor of Medicine, which 
may be noticed; the one, that it occurred at 
the time of the coalition between the two Fac- 
ulties in Philadelphia, and the permanent 
establishment of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, of which he was destined to become so 
conspicuous an ornament; the other, that he 
was placed upon an ad eundem standing with 
the University of Edinburgh, and permitted to 
graduate with attendance upon one course. 
We are told “that the professors of the Uni- 
versity of Edinburgh were very careful upon 
whom they conferred its honors, and have 
never deviated from the resolution they had 
taken that none should be promoted to the 
honorable degree of Doctor of Medicine with- 
out having studied medicine at least three years 
at this or some other university; at the same 
time producing certificates of having attended 
regularly the public lectures prescribed by 
the statute and submitted to be examined 
in the most solemn manner by the Fac- 
ulty.” We are not aware of an instance of 
a similar nature having previously occurred at 
Edinburgh in the case of an American student. 
Even at Edinburgh, where there were no facili- 
ties, and, at the best, but scant means for the 
study of practical anatomy, he did not forget, 
during his short stay there after graduation, 
John Hunter’s “books;” as we learn from his 
note-book, an extract from which is given by 
Dr. Randolph, in the following words: “June, 
1792. Prepared for the house-surgeon at the 
Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, intussusceptio, in 
which the ileum had passed into the colon, and 
at last dragged down six inches of the colon. 
Most probably there was a stricture formed 
about the termination of the ileum, near the 
valve, as there were strictures in other parts 
of the intestines. At present, a stricture of 
the ileum at this part certainly exists, but 
whether that did not arise from the binding of 
the inverted colon, and the inflammation con- 
sequent thereon, I am not sure. I was not 
present at the dissection of the body, and the 
person who took out the parts tore them very 
much.” Dr. Physick returned home in Septem- 
ber, 1792, in the twenty-fifth year of his age, 
and the eighth of his medical studies, an age 
and a period the bare idea of passing through 
which would alarm our students of the present 
day. Too many of their number think them- 
selves quite prepared by the time they are 
twenty-one years old and had studied medicine 
after a fashion during three years, some of them 
barely eighteen months of this period, to rush 
out into the world and to take on themselves 
the weighty cares and responsibilities of pro- 
fessional life. If his biography be intended, 
as all biographies ought to be, for the instruc- 
tion of the living, it will not be amiss for us to 
pause for a while before we follow Dr. Physick 
in his subsequent career to eminence and 
fame, and to inquire into the foundation on 
which he and his friends could reasonably rest 
their hopes of his future success. His was not 
the adventurous mind to catch at fame in her 
onward and sometimes capricious flight, nor the 
bold and self-confident one to compel fortune 
to do his bidding, in spite of all opposition. 
No equipage of his rolled over the streets of 
Philadelphia to serve as an advertisement of 
the arrival of a young and promising surgeon, 
who, by implication, it must be supposed, had 
traversed the streets of London in a similar 
style in the carriages of its celebrities. There 
was no combination of overkind but not over- 
scrupulous friends, who, trumpet-tongued, 
might proclaim his brilliant talents, and the 
wonderful operations performed by him in the 
hospital at London; none who, in a confiden- 
tial whisper sent into the ear of every person 
whom they met, would tell of this patriotic 
man declining all the offers and prospective 386 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
honors and emoluments with which he had 
been tempted to remain in London, and of his 
preferring to devote his skill and his labors to 
the benefit of his countrymen at home. He 
never could have been brought, by any stress 
of circumstances, either to countenance or in 
any way to give his aid to these devices; nor 
could he, in Cossack fashion, make daily sallies 
on the unsuspecting halt, and maimed, and 
blind, by following them into cellars and gar- 
rets and out of the way places, in order to 
beguile them into a consent to an operation, 
under iterated assurances that he would cure 
their infirmity and restore them to usefulness 
and to the world. He never boasted of his 
performing brilliant operations, with a view of 
getting his name up as a surgeon of great dex- 
terity, who could take off a limb or cut out a 
tumor in the twinkling of an eye. Dr. Physick 
must have felt conscious of resources within 
himself, superior to all those ephemeral clap- 
traps. He had passed through a long period 
of probationary study, in which, first under 
Dr. Kuhn, he had made himself familiar with 
the medical classics—the opinions and the 
practice of the great teachers of former times; 
and afterwards, under John Hunter, and in St. 
George’s Hospital, he had become a thorough 
anatomist and a practical surgeon, intimate 
with the several organs and tissues of the 
body, and the changes which they underwent 
in inflammation, as well as with the most ap- 
propriate means of relieving all external in- 
juries and lesions, both by mechanical aids 
and the use of the knife. He had learned, 
also, the necessity of restraining and re- 
moving inflammation, when occurring either 
from traumatic lesion, or consecutive on 
an operation, and which, if neglected, might 
prove fatal. In listening to the lectures and 
private locutions of his great teacher, he be- 
came imbued with the doctrines of sympathy, 
which taught that external local injury affects 
often severely the internal organs, and that, 
inversely, the condition of these, particularly 
of the digestive system, will greatly modify, 
for good or for evil, the condition of the ex- 
ternal parts and their lesions, whether these 
be wounds or ulcers. He had acted, in prac- 
tice, on a knowledge of this sympathetic con- 
nection, for years before the appearance of the 
work of Mr. Abernethy on the “Constitutional 
Treatment of Local Diseases.” Thus prepared 
by reading, by study, and by habits of observa- 
tion, and mental and manual experience, and 
adopting principles in medicine only so far as 
they might serve for the condensed expression 
of positive facts, constitutionally calm and 
unimaginative, and trusting to no plausible 
conjecture or even large generalizations, Dr. 
Physick could wait patiently for coming op- 
portunities for the exercise of his talents and 
the display of his available skill. It is for 
others to create the occasion; happy the man 
himself if he is on the spot at the opportune 
moment, and has the ability to turn it to ac- 
count—a conjunction of circumstances this 
which is absolutely necessary, although often 
overlooked in our speculation on the different 
fortunes of two persons, who seemed, at the 
outset of life, to be equally capable of running 
the same career to eminence. The subject of 
this biography was not one who could invite 
others to his aid, and inspire them with much 
warmth of regard. He had not the ready 
smiles, the honeyed speech, the ready bow, and 
demonstrative manners, which would imply 
an eagerness to anticipate another’s wish, cov- 
ering all the while the hope to obtain the vote 
and influence of this other. His calm and 
dignified expression of countenance, occasion- 
ally overcast, even at that early day, with a 
shade of melancholly, his erect port, and 
measured gait, were not calculated to invite 
confidence, however well-adapted they might 
be to retain it. A natural consciousness of his 
own great resources did not, however, prevent 
Dr. Physick from entertaining some anxiety, 
when he found time gliding on without his 
being able to see a list of patients; nor was 
he entirely consoled by the kindness of his 
friend, Mr. Prestman,whose well-stored library 
was opened to him during his leisure hours. 
The first step to professional business was an 
agreement which Dr. Physick, at his own in- 
stance, made with this gentleman and some 
others, to attend their respective families for 
the sum of twenty dollars a year. Dr. Charles 
Caldwell represents the beginning of Dr. 
Physick’s professional life to have been of a 
still more discouraging character, and he re- 
peats the language which the latter held on 
this subject: “I walked the pavements of Phil- 
adelphia, after my return from Europe, for 
nearly three years, without making as much 
by my practice as put soles on my shoes, and 
such were my discouragements and dissatis- 
faction that I would have sold the fee-simple 
of my profession for a thousand pounds, and 
never again have felt a pulse in the capacity 
of a physician.” That Dr. Physick should 
have held this desponding language need not 
excite surprise. How many, who subsequently 
rose to eminence in the different professions, 
have expressed themselves in similar terms. 
Obstacles and discouragements belong to the 
history of genius, as we learn from the lives 
of nearly all who have won for themselves a 
name in the annals of fame; and it would 
seem, indeed, such are the contradictions in 
human nature, as if difficulties, in their 
being a spur to action, were an indispensa- 
ble condition for success. Undue stress has 
been laid on the alleged advancement of Dr. 
Physick’s professional standing and income 
from the indirect effects of his services 
in the yellow fever of 1793. Reputation won 
by public services of any kind is seldom con- 
vertible into bullion, still less into the current 
.coin by which a man procures his bread; and al- 
though it has been said that an epidemic disease 
is the harvest of the physician, experience 
tells a different story. So far from garnering 
an abundant harvest, they rather gleaners 
of scattered and fallen grain, themselves ex- 
posed the while to pestilence, and subjected to 
the privation of sleep and meals, and all social 
pleasures. Not a few of them fall victims to 
the disease from which they are trying, at 
every cost, to protect or relieve their fellow- 
citizens. The survivors, it is true, get a vote 
of thanks, sometimes a piece of plate, some- 
times a piece of poetry, for which they are ex- 
pected to be profoundly grateful, and to feel 
that they have been richly rewarded for all 
their arduous labors. Literal folks and utili- 
tarians, who have no feeling of the senti- 
mental, may be inclined to take a different 
view of the case, and irreverentl}7 repeat Fal- 
staff’s question, “What is honor?” Dr. Phys- 
ick must have been among the small number 
of the professors who, as we learn from Dr. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
387 
Rush, continued at their posts during the try- 
ing months of September and October, 1793. 
Some were carried off by the others 
carried themselves away to the country and 
neighboring towns, under the feeling of gen- 
eral alarm which infected nearly all whom the 
fever spared. There are on record two proofs 
of Dr. Physick’s remaining in the city, and of 
his doing his share of duty among the forlorn 
hope, viz: his being himself attacked with the 
fever, and his making, in conjunction with Dr. 
Cathrall, dissections of some of those who had 
died of the disease. The result of these ex- 
aminations confirmed the opinions antece- 
dently expressed by Dr. Lining, of South Caro- 
lina, and by Dr. John Mitchell, of Virginia, 
that the force of the fever was spent on the 
stomach. Dr. Physick’s constitution received 
a shock from the attack of the fever, from 
which, it was always his own belief, he never 
completely recovered. It is evident that, in 
the following year, 1794, the subject of this 
memoir had reached a recognized position 
among the more prominent members of the 
profession. Dr. Rush, in his “Account of the 
Bilious Yellow Fever of 1794,” makes frequent 
reference to Dr. Physick; at one time as tell- 
ing Dr. Rush of his having a patient with yel- 
low fever under his care as early as the 6th of 
June, at another, of the inefficacy of bark; 
and, again, of the good effects of the anti- 
phlogistic treatment, in this disease. At these 
times, his name is associated with those of 
Griffitts, Woodhouse, and Dewees. In this 
year, Dr. Physick was elected one of the sur- 
geons to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and, also, 
a prescribing physician in the Philadelphia 
Dispensary. His long connection with the 
first of these institutions was to him a means 
of usefulness and distinction; to it, increase 
of reputation, as an asylum in which all that 
could be done by the art of surgery was ac- 
complished. We shall have occasion to speak 
hereafter, in a more particular manner, of the 
value of his services in the hospital. During 
the short period in which he held the post of 
physician to the dispensary, he discharged his 
duties to it with what may henceforth be called 
his characteristic punctuality and conscien- 
tiousness. We are told by Dr. Randolph that 
the professional engagements of Dr. Physick, 
as shown by his papers, increased very con- 
siderably during the year 1795; and that about 
this period, the prospect of establishing him- 
self in business was exceedingly flattering. 
We learn, from the same authority, that in 
this year he began to keep a journal of the 
most remarkable and interesting cases which 
occurred in his practice, more especially such 
as were of a surgical character. This journal 
was continued up to the year 1810; but if we 
except the probable gleanings from it by Dr. 
Dorsey, introduced into the “Elements of Sur- 
gery” of the latter, the profession has derived 
no benefit from this precious record, which 
keeps company with his lectures in some old 
trunk or forgotten closet. The yellow fever of 
1797 tried severely the physicians of Philadel- 
phia. Dr. Physick suffered, in this year, from 
a second attack, during which he was bled to 
the amount of one hundred and seventy-six 
ounces. Dr. Rush states, in his history of the 
fever of 1797, that he attended two other per- 
sons at this time who had been affected by the 
epidemic of 1793, and two others who had suf- 
fered in a similar manner in 1794. Among 
the eleven hundred deaths from yellow fever 
in 1797, were those of nine physicians. Seven 
others in addition to Dr. Physick, viz., Drs. 
Reynolds, Caldwell, Church, Benjamin Duf- 
fleld, Hayworth, Boys and Strong, survived an 
attack of the disease. It has been well said 
by a historian of the fever of this year, “If a 
generous contempt of danger and of death 
merits the gratitude of mankind, that tribute 
is undoubtedly due to the physicians of Phila- 
delphia. The most laborious, hazardous and 
disagreeable task was, in almost every in- 
stance, to be performed gratuitously.” Among 
those physicians who fell victims to the dis- 
ease was Dr. Annan, one of the early medical 
attendants at the Bush Hill Hospital in 1793, 
in connection with Physick, Leib and Cath- 
rall. Another, Dr. Pleasants, had retired to 
the country; but, feeling himself called on to 
confront danger, he returned to the city and 
gave his life as an evidence of the sincerity of 
his benevolence. The case of Dr. Thompson 
was of a still more startling and melancholy 
nature. “He had been married in the even- 
ing; had gone to bed, and within two hours 
felt the symptoms of the disorder approach- 
ing. The family were alarmed. The bride- 
groom was removed, and died on the 
third or fourth day, leaving his unfortu- 
nate wife ‘at once a widow and a bride.’” 
It is said that there were only twenty-three or 
twenty-four physicians in the city who at- 
tended patients during this season of pesti- 
lence ; we can well imagine the excessive 
strain of mind and body to which they would 
be subjected, even if their ranks had remained 
entire, instead of being thinned by the death 
of eight of their number, and farther weak- 
ened for a season by the sickness of nine 
others. The name of Dr. Physick will ever 
be associated with the history of the scourging 
epidemic yellow fever of 1798, and his gratui- 
tous and invaluable services as Resident Physi- 
cian in the City or Bush Hill Hospital are 
duly recorded in the annals of Philadelphia. 
He had for associate on the occasion Dr. Sam- 
uel Cooper, who himself fell a victim to the 
disease. Some surprise will probably be felt 
at Dr. Physick’s being able, conscientiously, 
to detach himself from the families and indi- 
viduals in the city who must have regarded 
him as their medical counselor. On this point 
we can not offer any explanation, unless it be 
in the fact of the flight of so many families 
from the city. Certain it is that he was now 
looked upon as a man of mark, and was in 
high repute among his professional brethren— 
evidenced both by his being made president 
of the Academy of Medicine and by the fre- 
quent reference to his observations on the yel- 
low fever of this year, in Dr. Rush’s brief his- 
tory of the disease. The opinion unequivo- 
cally advanced by Dr. Deveze in 1794, that 
yellow fever is not contagious, was, with slight 
reservation, now advanced by the Academy of 
Medicine in a communication signed by the 
president, Dr. Philip Syng Physick, dated Au- 
gust 8, to the Board of Health. We meet in 
this document with the following declaration: 
“Many respectable modern authorities assert 
that yellow fever is not contagious in the West 
Indies, and repeated observations satisfy us 
that it is rarely so during the warm weather in 
the United States. None of the cases we have 
yet seen have propagated it, and we conceive 
it to be an error as absurd in its nature as it 388 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
has been fatal in its operation upon the city of 
Philadelphia, that the contagion of a disease 
should adhere to the timber of a ship during 
a sea voyage, and should spread from the 
timber of the ship without contact, through 
an extensive neighborhood, and cease to com- 
municate itself afterwards by long and close 
connection of the sick with their families and 
attendants.” The City Hospital was opened 
on the 9th of August for the reception of the 
sick, and closed on the Ist of November. Few 
of the nurses of the hospital were attacked 
with the disease. It was often customary for 
them to sleep on the same bed with the sick. 
One or two instances occurred of wives nurs- 
ing their husbands, and mothers their children; 
and while thus engaged they would often lie 
on the same bed with them; but in no instance 
did these persons have the fever. It will, per- 
haps, be alleged that some of the scenes and 
incidents, and the names of individuals which 
we have introduced in relation to the epidemic 
visitation of the yellow fever in Philadelphia 
in the year 1798, and in the preceding years of 
1793, 1794 and 1797, do not belong to the per- 
sonal history of Dr. Physick. But without 
some historical references to the eventful times 
and the agitated and distressed community in 
which he performed so useful, and, in some 
sense, so conspicuous a part, we can not do full 
justice to the man as a philanthropic citizen 
and a courageous physician. After learning, 
in this way, who were his local contemporaries, 
and what were the circumstances in a social 
and professional point of view in which he was 
placed, Ave shall be able, to some extent, to ap- 
preciate the trials to which he was exposed, 
the dangers he incurred, and the difficulties he 
overcame, while discharging the high trusts 
confided to him, as a member of a chosen band 
who had inwardly vowed to battle with dread 
pestilence, and to restore health and hope to 
their fever and fear-stricken friends and fel- 
low-citizens. The simple announcement of the 
fact that Dr. Physick had volunteered his 
services as Medical Superintendent of the City 
Hopital, and that the offer had been accepted, 
would create a favorable opinion of his hu- 
manity and benevolence; but they would fail 
to convey any idea, approaching to the reality, 
of the scenes of suffering—the torments of the 
sick, and the agonies of the dying—of which 
he was hourly a deeply interested, but at the 
same time, of necessity a self-possessed wit- 
ness—calm himself amid the groans, the cries, 
and contortions around him. More trying still, 
were the anxious inquiries of mothers, Avives, 
and sisters after their sick r°latives in the hos- 
pital, often at a time, too, Avhen he must have 
felt that they Avere doomed to inevitable death. 
And then the grief, sometimes displaying itself 
in tears and sobs, sometimes in the low moans, 
and again in the piercing cries of the bereaved 
and hope-abandoned parents, who had lost 
their only son, or a sister her beloved brother, 
her only protector on earth! Such scenes as 
these called for more than a soldier’s fortitude, 
Avhile his part in them promised far less, in the 
way of subsequent honors and distinction, than 
a soldier’s reward. Dr. Physick was placed in 
nearly a similar situation to that of the com- 
mander of an outpost of a beleaguei’ed city, 
from which he was continually hearing of the 
sickness and the death of neighbors, friends 
and acquaintances, many of Avhom he must 
have esteemed for their virtues and venerated 
for their piety. He would be told, at the same 
time, of the protective measures taken by the 
authorities, and of the daily toils and exposure 
of the lives of the medical brotherhood, with 
all of whose names and merits he was familiarly 
acquainted. With what intense anxiety he 
must have inquired, from day to day, whether 
Rush, the more than “hero of a hundred 
fights,” Avas still spared to lead on, as he had 
done in former years, the forlorn hope, and to 
teach the affrighted people, even in the very 
extremity of suffering, lioav to draw courage 
from despair. And there was his worthy com- 
peer, the drab-coated Grilfitts, who, ever at his 
post, showed now, as in former years of pes- 
tilence, how great civil courage and active ser- 
vice could be combined with Quaker mildness 
and simplicity of manner. Of Wistar, of whom 
afterwards he become the colleague in the 
University of Pennsylvania, Physick must 
also have received daily news relating to 
his professional efforts in the common cause. 
All thoughts and feelings of jealous rivalry in 
the path of surgery were, at this time, dormant 
in the minds of both. The ears of the Resident 
Physician at the City Hospital were becoming 
familiar with the names of Caldwell and 
Coxe, Avho had now appeared in the field of 
danger and took part in the battle against 
pestilence and death. The former was to 
speak, nearly forty years afterwards, his funer- 
al eulogium on the banks of the Ohio, in a city 
at that time barely knoAvn and in a State but 
then recently received into the Union. The 
latter Avas destined to be, in two several chairs, 
his collegiate associate in medical teaching. 
Dr. Church Avas another of the medical garri- 
son in the more than besieged city. He was 
among our earliest lecturers on midwifery, 
and cards may still be seen with the name of 
Dr. James associated with his OAvn for a course 
of lectures on this branch. While ample pro- 
vision Avas made for the sick Avho could be 
taken to the City Hospital, those similarly 
afflicted among the poor in the city itself were 
not uncared for. The north part of the city, 
and the Northern Liberties, Avere placed under 
the medical charge of Dr. Francis Barnes 
Sayre, Dr. James Mease and Dr. Kinlaid; 
SouthAvark, and the south part of the city, were 
attended by Dr. John Church and Dr. Benja- 
min Duffield, while the center was under the 
care of Dr. Samuel Duffield. It will be seen 
from this record and the references which we 
haAre previously made that, great and con- 
spicuous as Avere the merits of Dr. Physick, in 
taking his station at the City Hospital, he did 
not stand alone in devotion to the public Avel- 
fare, under the trying circumstances of this 
memorable year. There Avas no need of any 
foil to set off the benevolent traits of these 
good men, although we are pained to say that 
it Avas created by the opposite course of other 
members of the profession. So at least Ave 
learn from a very significant passage in an able 
and a feeling address of the Board of Health, 
signed by its president, William Jones, to the 
citizens of Philadelphia, invoking their aid in 
the emergency. The Avords to Avhich we refer 
are these: “View the list of your physicians, 
and mark hoAV feAV are at their posts.” In the 
absence of statistics which might indicate the 
entire number of practicing physicians in 
Philadelphia in the year 1798, before the 
breaking out of the epidemic, we are unable 
to say how far the grave accusation, implied in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
389 
the words just quoted, is deserved. On com- 
paring, however, the number on duty in the 
city during this year with that of a similar 
class in 1797, we find the proportion to be more 
than three in the first to one in the last. The 
mortality in the medical ranks does not seem 
to have been as great in 1798 as it was in 1797, 
although the actual and proportionate mor- 
tality among the citizens generally was much 
greater in the former than in the latter of these 
two years. Dr. Physick, in addition to his 
direct services in the cause of humanity, by 
his applying all the resources of medical sci- 
ence for the relief of the sick in the hospital, 
contributed indirectly but efficiently to the 
same end by his pathological investigations. 
He continued, on this occasion, post-mortem 
examinations similar to those which he had 
made in 1793, and with the result of ascertain- 
ing, still more clearly than before, the gastric 
character of yellow fever and the origin of 
the black vomit, which he and Dr. Cathrall 
showed to be given out from the inflamed ves- 
sels of the stomach and intestines. In the 
absence of any account, by himself or others, 
of his mode of practice in yellow fever, we are 
left to infer that, regarding, as he would do, 
the disease to be gastritis, he must necessarily 
have avoided the use of stimulants and of 
irritants—a conclusion the more probable, as 
we are told by Dr. Randolph “that, in one in- 
stance, he ascribed the death of a patient 
laboring under this malady to a relapse pro- 
duced by swallowing a small quantity of 
chicken-water.” On the termination of 
his voluntary duties at the Bush Hill 
or City Hospital, he received a very flattering 
and at the same time substantial testimonial 
of the estimation in which his services were 
held, in the shape of several pieces of plate, 
valued at more than a thousand dollars. In 
the year 1800, Dr. Physick, then thirty-two 
years of age, married Miss Emlen, “a highly 
gifted and talented lady, and daughter of one 
of the most distinguished ministers of the 
Society of Friends.” Of this union, four 
children were the fruit. The year 1800 was a 
memorable one in the life of Dr. Physick in 
another respect; for it was in that year that he 
commenced a regular private course of lectur- 
ing on Surgery at the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
to a number of students who were attending 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Pennsylvania, and gave the promise of that 
reputation and authority he possessed in after 
years, and which warranted the appellation 
applied to him, “Fatherof American Surgery.” 
In 1805 he was given the independent chair of 
Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, 
which he held for thirteen years. This was 
the first separate Professorship of Surgery 
established in America. In the University of 
Edinburgh the institution of the Chair of Sur- 
gery did not occur until a quarter of a century 
later (1831). Dr. Physick was from the time 
of his election in the possession of the widest 
field for the exercise of his talents, “and was 
listened to by the large classes in the Univer- 
sity, through the members of which he could 
disseminate the principles of surgery imbibed 
from his celebrated preceptor, John Hunter— 
strengthened and enforced by his own medita- 
tion and personal experience obtained in hos- 
pital and private practice.” Referring to his 
first lectures on surgery, Dr. Bell writes: 
“He was encouraged to take this important 
step by Dr. Rush, who, in giving his advice, 
was probably influenced by mixed motives. 
The latter may have felt the necessity of a 
more extended course of instruction in surgery 
than was compatible with the restricted plan in 
the university, in which this branch was taught 
in conjunction with anatomy and midwifery, 
by Dr. Shippen; and at the same time he may 
not have been loth to bring forward a rival to 
Dr. Wistar, who was then somewhat promi- 
nent as a surgeon, and who was also the ad- 
junct of Dr. Shippen. Between Wistar and 
Rush a misunderstanding, some would choose 
to call it a quarrel, had existed since 1793, 
owing to some circumstances with the precise 
nature of which we are unacquainted. What- 
ever may have been the motive, the effect of 
the measure was in every way beneficial. Dr. 
Physick began to prepare himself for his new 
duties with his usual method and perseverance; 
and he was cheered at the outset by the appro- 
bation of those to whom his lectures were ad- 
dressed. The introductory was committed to 
memory before it was delivered. At the close 
of the lecture, Dr. Rush, who was present by 
invitation, approached the lecturer, and, after 
shaking hands, observed with some emphasis: 
“Doctor, that will do; you need not be appre- 
hensive as to the result of your lecturing. I 
am sure you will succeed.” Words of proph- 
ecy ; for seldom was man more successful in 
the accomplishment of all that he could have 
proposed to himself, or that could have been 
expected from him by others, than was Dr. 
Physick as a teacher of surgery. Not only did 
he attract attentive classes to his lectures for 
some years following this time, but he suc- 
ceeded in opening the eyes of the trustees 'of 
the university to the necessity of erecting an 
independent chair from whicli surgery should 
be taught, and also, as an almost inevitable con- 
sequence, of appointing him to fill it. This 
measure as stated was taken in the year 1805. 
It was one not less of policy, in reference to 
the interests of the institution, than of grati- 
fication arid gain to himself. During the 
period in which he filled the chair of sur- 
gery, that in which the school, be it said, 
had the largest classes and the highest rep- 
utation, it was the good fortune of Dr. 
Physick to diffuse what must ever be regarded 
as sound and clear views of the principles 
and practice of surgery, and to make his 
opinions the received canons over a greater 
extent of territory than had ever previously 
received the lessons of any other teacher of 
this branch. In listening to him, the students 
felt that they were addressed by one who spoke 
with an authority, not merely derived from 
office, but from profound and thorough knowl- 
edge of his subject, and an entire conviction 
of the accuracy of what he was saying. With 
him there was no superfluity of phrase; no at- 
tempt to embellish the truth. What might 
seem to be wanting in copiousness, was made 
up in precision of diction. That which he 
knew, from carefully ascertained experience, 
had been his guiding star, ought, he believed, 
to fix in like manner the attention of his 
hearers. When, as has happened within our 
own observation, continues his biographer, Dr. 
Bell, on a gloomy winter morning he held 
foi’th to his class with his lecture in one hand 
and a candle in the other, the attentive and 
almost venerating students might believe, for 
the moment, and especially when looking at 390 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
his clearly defined, as if chiseled, features, 
and pale face, that he was a messenger from 
beyond the grave who had come to announce 
to them truths of deep import, which it be- 
hooved them to know well and to practice 
faithfully. His lectures were carefully pre- 
pared and written out. Of his meaning there 
could he no misconception on the part of his 
auditors, for the very sufficient reason, “that 
he never undertook to instruct others upon 
subjects which he did not clearly understand 
himself.” What a wonderful curtailment of 
writing and lecturing, and of preaching, too, 
would result if this rule were adopted by the 
crowd of us who are authorized, or claim, if 
not authorized, the privilege of teaching by 
the exercise of the tongue or of the pen. Dr. 
Physick was opposed to extemporaneous lectur- 
ing, alleging that no man had a right to place 
so much confidence in his memory as would be 
implied by this practice, when treating of 
scientific subjects. There is some misconcep- 
tion in the meaning here attached to extem- 
poi’aneous, which implies, properly, the utter- 
ance of sentiments and opinions without prior 
preparation, and of course without the speaker 
having previously marshaled them in his 
memory. Dr. Physick himself could not be 
said to have delivered the introductory to his 
first course of private lectures extemporane- 
ously, when he spoke it memoriter. In debat- 
ing the question of the relative merits of an 
extemporaneous and a written discourse, we 
ought to bear in mind the different ideas at- 
tached to the former, according as it is under- 
stood to apply to the thoughts or to the lan- 
guage. Few men can trust themselves to ex- 
temporize their thoughts; many, if the subject- 
matter be duly weighed and arranged, may 
adventure with a probability of success on ex- 
temporaneous speech. Some in whom the cojnn 
verborum is allied to poverty of thought, are 
heard as extemporaneous speakers; but such 
persons can not, without a long and tedious 
training, by which they learn to elaborate 
something from their small stock of thoughts, 
be listened to with the hope of receiving from 
them knowledge or instruction. In this case, 
the greater the fluency of speech, the smaller 
will be the flow of thought, as the very facility 
in the former indisposes from taking the time, 
and exercising the patience necessary to insure 
the latter. But without prior elaboration and 
suitable arrangements of his ideas, a man, hav- 
ing what is called a ready pen, incurs as much 
danger from being superficial in a written as 
he would in an extemporaneous discoui’se. The 
pen is no more trustworthy than the tongue, 
if it be allowed to give expression to the first 
vague notions and crude thoughts just as they 
occur to the mind at the moment. But as more 
time is taken up in the act of writing than of 
speaking, a better opportunity is offered in the 
former than in the latter case for a lecturer to 
arrange his subject in a methodical manner, 
so as, on the one hand, to avoid the pleonasms, 
redundancies, and repetitions to which he may 
be prone in oral discourses; and, on the other, 
of escaping the omission of some link in his 
chain of argument, or some pertinent fact in 
enforcement of a principle just enunciated. 
But entire success in either written or extem- 
poraneous discourse must depend on a pre- 
viously careful study of the subject, and medi- 
tation on all its bearings and great divisions, 
before an attempt is made to clothe it with 
language either written or spoken. It is very 
evident, therefore, from the preceding re- 
marks, that to be a good, that is, an instructive 
extemporaneous lecturer, requires a thorough 
training of the intellectual faculties, careful 
and prolonged study, and patient elaboration 
of the subject under its several divisions, to a 
greater extent than is demanded in writing a 
lecture, during which the mind has time to 
draw on the stores that had been treasured up 
in the memory, and to frame the requisite 
argument and introduce appropriate illustra- 
tions. It must be equally clear from these 
premises, that he who shall pretend to teach 
extemporaneously because he has not time to 
write his lecture or discourse, commits a griev- 
ous mistake, since fully as much time, and 
certainly, as we have just seen, more study is 
required in the first than in the second of these 
modes of delivering his thoughts. The lecturer 
will probably do himself and his subject, as 
well as his auditors, most justice by first writ- 
ing out fully his lecture, and then making a 
record of the prominent points as notes, which 
will both remind him of the divisions of his 
subject, and prevent him from the wandering 
and diffuseness to which a person who has not 
thoroughly studied it is so prone in extem- 
poraneous discourse; at the same time, he will 
be enabled to look at his audience, and en- 
gage their attention with more certainty than 
if Ids eyes were continually on his manu- 
script. These notes ought, in fact, to resemble 
the “contents” of a chapter, telling briefly 
what has been excogitated and fully written 
out; instead of being merely the dotting down 
of certain things as they may happen to occur 
to the mind at the moment, and which are 
meant to be merely suggestive of what is to be 
developed in the course of the lecture. Dr. 
Physick’s impressiveness as a lecturer arose, 
as already intimated, from his entire mastery 
of the subject, which he was careful never to 
magnify beyond its due proportions; and 
hence he always kept it within his grasp. The 
same thoughts and inculcations might have 
been uttered in a more masculine, certainly in 
a more ornamental style, compatibly still with 
good taste; but it is not certain that the es- 
sence itself would have produced a stronger 
sensation or been longer remembered by its 
being blended with these pleasant adjuvants. 
It is very doubtful, also, whether the delivery 
of the lectures on surgery by another person, 
and he even a man of mark, or their perusal 
in print, would have produced as instructive an 
effect as when they were given by Dr. Physick 
himself. Was it owing to a belief of this kind 
that the great professor never allowed his MS. 
lectures to be published, or left any discre- 
tionary power to a literary or professional ex- 
ecutor to perform this office ? The period that 
elapsed between the date of his resignation of 
the chair of surgery and his death allowed full 
time for a revision of his lectures, and of their 
being sent out as a welcome offering to the 
profession in the United States. It is true that 
the principles and modes of practice that were 
inculcated in them had become familiar to the 
numerous alumni of the University of Penn- 
sylvania, who were to be found in all parts of 
the country, and of whom some had become 
teachers in their turn to an equally numerous 
body in the several States in which new med- 
ical schools were founded by them. Dr. Phys- 
ick had been appointed Surgeon Extraordi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
391 
nary, and also one of the physicians of the 
Almshouse Infirmary, in 1801, the duties of the 
former of which offices he discharged, in con- 
nection with those at the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital, down to the year 1816. During this pe- 
riod of his life he underwent a vast amount of 
daily labor, to do which he was obliged to be 
economical of his time and methodical in the 
division of it. His custom was, as he often 
told Dr. Randolph, to rise at four o’clock in 
the morning throughout the winter months; 
and as it was too early to expect the services 
of a domestic, he was obliged to make or ar- 
range his own fire. “He would then sit down 
to his desk and prepare his lecture for the day, 
after which he would dress himself and then 
take his breakfast and leave his house between 
eight and nine o’clock, in order to attend to a 
most extensive and laborious practice. In ad- 
dition to all this, he discharged his public du- 
ties as Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital 
and the Almshouse Infirmary. This latter 
building was in Spruce, between Tenth and 
Eleventh streets, and, with its offices and out- 
houses, extended back to Pine street. On its 
site have been erected private houses. The 
present Almshouse, with its spacious Infirm- 
ary, known as Blockley, or the Philadelphia 
Hospital, and the Asylum for Insane Poor— 
the Pauper Palace, as it is not unaptly called— 
lies on the other or west side of the Schuylkill. 
He used often to remark, that in order to ob- 
tain entire success as a practitioner of medi- 
cine, it was necessary to work hard. It will 
he conceded that no portion of his success 
ever came to him gratuitously; on the con- 
trary, he made laborious exertions to obtain 
it. He returned home about one o’clock, at 
which hour he dined. Between the hours of 
two and three p. m. he received patients in his 
office, and on this occasion gave cheerfully 
gratuitous advice to those who consulted him. 
When his health allowed, he went out again 
after three o’clock, and continued to make 
visits until sunset. He seldom left his house 
in the evening or in the night, owing to his 
great liability to catarrh. When the business 
of the day was over, he was obliged to take a 
recumbent posture from mere exhaustion. 
His common hour of retiring to bed was nine 
o’clock.” A few words are due to a mention of 
the names of Dr. Physick’s colleagues in the 
University of Pennsylvania. In the same 
year in which he was made Professor of 
Surgery, Dr. Rush was formally elected 
to the chair of the Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine, 
although he had been discharging the duties 
pertaining to it for some years previously. In 
1808 the death of Dr. Shippen left Dr. Wistar in 
full possession of the chair of Anatomy and Mid- 
wifery ; but in two years from this time he de- 
tached himsel f from the latter of these branches, 
which was created into a separate chair,whose 
flrsfincumhent was Dr. Thomas C. James. Dr. 
Benjamin Smith Barton continued to teach 
materia medica and botany, having held the 
chair from the time of the union of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania with the College of 
Philadelphia, in 1791. He had received a sim- 
ilar appointment in the Medical College of 
Philadelphia, in 1789, on his return from 
Europe. On the death of Dr. Rush, in 1813, 
Dr. Barton was elected to the chair of the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine, and was 
succeeded on the occasion by Dr. Chapman. 
who had, a few years previously, been associ- 
ated with Dr. James in giving a coarse of 
private lectures on midwifery, and who now 
became Professor of Materia Medica. In the 
first period of Dr. Physick’s professorship, 
Dr. Woodhouse occupied the chair of Chemis- 
try, which, on his death, in 1809, was filled by 
the appointment of Dr. John Redman Coxe. 
Dr. JohnSyng Dorsey, nephew of Dr. Physick, 
was made adjunct professor of surgery to his 
uncle, in 1807. In the year 1816 he received 
the appointment of Professor of Materia Medica 
as successor to Dr. Chapman, who, as stated 
above, had been transferred to the chair of the 
Theory and Practice after the demise of Dr. 
Barton. This event took place toward the 
close of the year 1815, shortly after the profes- 
sor’s return from Europe, where he had spent 
the previous summer. Further changes fol- 
lowed in quick succession. The death of Dr. 
Wistar in 1818,left a vacancy,which was filled by 
the election of Dr. Dorsey to the chair of Anat- 
omy, who was succeeded by Dr. Coxe in that 
of Materia Medica, while Dr. Hare was in- 
stalled in that of Chemistry. Dr. Dorsey died 
before the completion of his first course. 
What a glorious privilege was that enjoyed for 
nearly a decennial period by the students who 
attended the medical lectures in the University 
of Pennsylvania; to pass from the amphithea- 
ter of the great teacher of anatomy, Dr. Wis- 
tar, to that of Physick, the “Father of Amer- 
ican Surgery,” and thence to go and hear the 
prelections of Rush, the American Hippocra- 
tes, and the father of American medicine, the 
medical philosopher, the philosophical philan- 
thropist, patient, learned, yet ever learning, 
diligent in collecting facts, and ready when 
the opportune moment came to expand facts 
into principles; whose purity of life, from 
boyhood to advanced age, was the practical 
commentary on his elevated ethics, and whose 
pen and tongue were enlisted in the advocacy 
of every theme that could give value to the 
independence of his country, by improving 
the health, cultivating the minds, and preserv- 
ing the morals of its people. During the 
quarter of a century that followed the election 
of Dr. Physick to the chair of Surgery, he was 
the recognized chief of the surgeons in Philadel- 
phia, and there were but few, if any, to con- 
test the leadership with him in any other city 
in the Union. This may be said without dis- 
paragement of the merits of men of deserved 
eminence both here and elsewhere. Among 
the first we can not overlook the names of 
Hewson, Parrish, and Hartshorne, his more 
immediate contemporaries during this period 
in Philadelphia; nor of Post and Mott, in New 
York, Warren in Boston, and Dudley in Lex- 
ington, not to speak of Gibson in Baltimore. 
Nor was his reputation confined to surgery; 
he ranked very high as a physician also, and 
his advice was continually invoked by his pro- 
fessional brethren in consultation, both at 
home and at a distance, and by large numbers 
of invalids from all parts of the United States, 
who came to Philadelphia expressly to place 
themselves under his care. If the keepers of 
hotels and hoarding houses, and the manu- 
facturers and venders of light and ornamental 
articles for furniture and personal adornment 
had placed to Dr. Physick’s credit a moderate 
percentage of the sums which they received 
from strangers who came to consult him, and 
from members of their families and other 392 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
friends, it would, we think, have very prob- 
ably amounted to an income equal to all 
his personal and domestic expenses. As 
Surgeon to the Hospital and Almshouse In- 
firmary, his name became familiar to, and 
prized by, the common people. As teacher of 
surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, his 
precepts and practice were carried by his ven- 
erating students to every part of the country, 
and their animated representations could 
scarcely fail to induce many who were their 
friends, neighbors or patients, to come and re- 
ceive healing balm from the chief dispenser 
himself. At home, in his native city, in the 
circles among which were to he found the 
most affluent and the most intelligent, his suc- 
cesses, his punctuality, and his readiness of 
resource to meet any emergency, had become 
familiar as household words, and insured him 
continual applications for the relief of their 
various ailments, wounds or deformities, and, 
at the same time, large remunerative fees in 
return for his services. What more did this 
eminent man want to make him happy ? He 
had acquired fame, honors, wealth, and he en- 
joyed the proud consciousness that, by the 
teachings and practice of his profession, he 
was a benefactor, not only to his native city, 
but to the nation at large. But, alas! these 
are not the sole, nor even the chief conditions 
for happiness, where health and the flow of 
spirits which health alone can give are absent; 
they can not compensate for the want of the 
intimacy of friends, or of the chosen compan- 
ions who heartily and appreciatively enter into 
our feelings, participate in our triumphs, and 
bring home distinctly and pleasurably to our 
daily perceptions an intimate knowledge of 
the admiration and regard which the world 
feels for us. All is vague, indeterminate and 
unsatisfactory until the opinion comes with 
more than the force of an oracle from the 
mouth of a friend, as expressive of that friend’s 
own convictions. Dr. Physick, throughout the 
greater part of his career, as far as regards 
social intercourse, its amenities and minor 
pleasures, and the charms of friendship, seems 
to have lived lonely and alone. In the de- 
clining years of his life, he must often have 
said to himself—if not in the very words, yet 
with the feelings of poor Kirke White—“l 
have lived an unloved and solitary thing.” 
His health—never very good, and especially 
after his successive attacks of yellow fever in 
1793 and 1797, to which he had been sub- 
jected—was shaken severely and durably from 
typhus fever in 1813, the same year in which 
Dr. Rush was carried off. He was also liable 
to frequent returns of catarrh, and to a still 
more painful, the poor sufferer himself would 
call it, excruciating malady, consisting in the 
formation of small calculi in the kidneys, and 
their slow passage through the ureters into the 
bladder. “I knew him intimately,” writes 
Dr. Horner, “since the death of his nephew, 
Dr. Dorsey, in 1818, and may say that he never 
passed a day without some sensation of pain, 
feebleness and derangement in his system— 
sometimes a catarrh—at other times a head- 
ache—sometimes pains in his kidneys, with 
sabulous discharge—sometimes dyspepsia—at 
other times anasarcous swelling of the legs, 
and always a small, feeble, wiry pulse, irregu- 
lar, and indicative of ossification, or some other 
change about the left valves of the heart. To 
these were added frequent exacerbations of his 
habitual disorders—catarrh and nephritis— 
amounting to threatening illness, and from 
which he recovered very slowly.” Bodily in- 
firmities and disorders thus frequently recur- 
ring must have indisposed, even if they did 
not actually preclude, Dr. Physick from inter- 
course with the world beyond the rigid re- 
quirements of professional duty, which were 
of themselves heavy and exacting. He does 
not seem to have availed himself of those 
other sources of consolation in books, through 
which we can hold “communion large and 
high with bards and sages old,” and terminate 
or prolong, without offense, an intercourse 
with various minds, according as time allows 
or inclination prompts. He did not seek for 
sweet oblivion of the dull, hard, and often re- 
pulsive realities of every-day life by losing 
himself, for an hour in the evening, in the 
mazes of speculative philosophy, for which 
he had no fondness, and, as we should 
infer, no respect. He cared not, fancy 
free, to follow the poet in his songs 
of love and friendship, his descriptions 
of sylvan scenery, or, in more lofty strains, 
the trials and adventures of the hero of the 
epic muse. We speak not now of the still 
higher, purer sources of consolation, when 
faith, on the wings of imagination, points the 
way to the great future, opening out pictures 
of wonderful beauty and variety, in the con- 
templation of which the wearied soul finds 
consolation and refreshment. The subject of 
this memoir had no imagination, nor any deli- 
cate perception and love of the beauties of 
either nature or art: he cared not for philoso- 
phy nor for poetry, and he was not prone 
himself, nor very patiently allowed others to 
indulge in any prolonged reasoning on medical 
subjects. Dr. Physick had not the inclination, 
or he wanted the art to bring forward young 
men in the profession, and to give them en- 
couragement in their early trials similar to that 
which he received at the hands of Dr. Rush. 
In this respect, there was A marked contrast 
between him and one of his colleagues in the 
university, Dr. Chapman, who rallied around 
him a body of young men, to whom—especially 
in the Philadelphia Medical Institute of which 
he was the founder—he furnished opportuni- 
ties and incitements for exertion, by which 
they all acquired position, and became, in their 
turn, instruments for the diffusion of much 
professional knowledge and promoters of sound 
medical ethics, as lecturers, authors and jour- 
nalists. The only attachment of this kind felt 
by Dr. Physick, which would seem really to 
have been characterized by warmth, was that 
for his nephew, Dr. John Syng Dorsey, whose 
talents and attainments and rapid rise justified 
his partiality, and whose comparatively early 
death must have left him bereaved of that 
companionship which alone could awaken his 
dormant sensibilities, and make him at all de- 
sirous of keeping up social relations with the 
world around him. His son-in-law, Dr. Ran- 
dolph, a kind, good-hearted gentleman, and 
who, under his auspices, attained eminence in 
surgery, came too late, even if he had possessed 
the requisite qualities for acquiring influence, 
and imparting a healthier tone to his feelings. 
We must be understood, in these remarks, as 
speaking of Dr. Physick out of his domestic 
circle. Within it, as far as we can learn, he 
was a kind and even an indulgent parent. In 
his intercourse with his professional brethren, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
393 
Dr. Physick was punctiliously observant of all 
the recognized rules of medical ethics, when 
he met them in consultation, as well as when 
their practice and opinions, as revealed to him 
at the bedside, were made the subject of re- 
mark or criticism by the sick and their friends 
in his presence. Being himself a model of 
precision, punctuality and caution, he laid 
proper stress on these qualities being mani- 
fested by others in their intercourse with him ; 
and if he was betrayed into impatience, it was 
at a neglect on this score, which might not 
only compromise the reputation of the profes- 
sional adviser, but, a still more important con- 
sideration, prove detrimental to the patient. 
The very frequent calls on him to visit the sick 
made it indispensably necessary that he should 
economize his time, both in justice to them and 
to himself. Being habitually, we might say 
constitutionally, a man of few words, and hav- 
ing neither time nor inclination to 'touch on 
extraneous themes, or to set himself about con- 
ciliating either the patient or his friends by 
any arts of manner or speech, he proceeded at 
once to ascertain the previous history and the 
actual symptoms of the disease, with a view 
of forming a correct diagnosis and of deducing 
from it the appropriate treatment. Intent on 
discharging the first part of his duty by ques- 
tions made with the least possible waste of 
words, he was equally desirous of acquitting 
himself of the obligations of a prescriber in a 
similarly laconic style; and hence he was not 
disposed to receive hints or suggestions from 
either the patient or his nurse and friends, as 
to the course to be pursued; and still less 
could he brook opposition to the advice which 
he finally laid down on the occasion. After 
careful inquiry into the nature of the disease of 
his patient, and its morbid antecedents, a phy- 
sician is I iound by the highest sense of duty para- 
mount to all considerations of his own dignity, 
to decision in laying down the rules of treat- 
ment, and firmness in enforcing obedience to 
these dicta. Idiosyncrasy, constitutional pe- 
culiarities and predisposition, previous disease, 
and habitual infirmities have, it is to be sup- 
posed, all been inquired into, and their rela- 
tive influence in modifying the character, in- 
tensity and progress of the existing disease 
studied by the physician before he prescribes 
the therapeutical and dietetic course to the 
patient. In this way he leaves no show of 
reason or logic for ignorance, impertinence, or 
misguided affection to obtrude its fears and its 
cautions, and sometimes its prognostics of a 
sinister termination of the case. If he desires 
to be useful and efficient, he must preserve his 
authority, and be regarded, for the nonce, as 
the oracle whose dicta are beyond appeal; for 
who, in the sick-room, shall compete with him? 
Who has brought to the judgment the facul- 
ties strengthened by exercise and experience, 
and a knowledge of the resources called for by 
the emergency, which he possesses? If he con- 
cede one point,he will be asked to yield another, 
and soon he will be supposed to have no fixed 
opinion at all, and, by and by, the patient and 
old crones and gossips of either sex will erect 
themselves into a college, and enter on a 
course of empirical guesses and trials which, 
as the case has been reduced already to an 
affair of guessing and trying, may, they think, 
be as good as the uncertain opinions of the 
easy and flexible doctor. But while he main- 
tained his professional and personal dignity, 
Dr. Physick was rarely abrupt, never rude in 
manner or in speech, and could retain his self- 
possession under circumstances of considera- 
ble aggravation. We can not regard as devia- 
tions from this course his sometimes remind- 
ing patients that he had rights as well as they, 
and that among these was the privilege of 
withdrawing from attendance when he found 
that his directions were not obeyed, or so im- 
perfectly followed as to make them of little 
avail. He would not accept responsibility 
when deprived of control, nor allow it to be 
said that he was the physician in a case in 
which others were the advisers, or nullified 
his carefully devised and connected plans of 
treatment. He never furnished an excuse, by 
vacillation or yielding to the caprices of his 
patient, for the corrupt and senseless course of 
the venal crew, who, in conflicting systems of 
medicine, if, indeed, an absence of all the 
rules of logic and common sense can entitle 
every absurd fancy to be called a system, allow 
the sick man to choose the one by which he 
shall be treated. There would be scarcely a 
broader contrast, and one marked by more 
cruelty and absurdity, were a commander of a 
steamer to tell his passengers that he leaves it 
to them to determine by vote whether, when 
the machinery has become deranged, the en- 
gines shall be repaired and continue to work 
in the old way, so as to send the vessel forward 
at the rate of ten or twelve miles an hour, or, 
in accordance with a new creed in mechanics, 
they shall raise motive power by blowing the 
bagpipes, the bassoon and the French horn, 
and by making sundry gyrations with their 
arms, and pirouettes in the style of the ballet, 
so as to simulate the rotation of the paddle- 
wheels. Calm as he was in appearance and 
manner, and sententious in speech, even to 
to such a degree as to cause him to be looked 
upon as cold and repelling, Dr. Physick could 
unbend himself to sympathy for patient 
suffering, and manifest considerate kind- 
ness for those who resigned themselves in 
all confidence to his professional guidance. 
Hitherto, all the offices and honors conferred 
on Dr. Physick were fairly won, and incon- 
testibly appropriate, and in unison with his 
favorite tastes and pursuits, of which the chair 
of Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania 
might be regarded as the illuminating Center. 
Here he was the ministering high-priest, stand- 
ing alone and above all, before the altar in the 
temple of Epidaurus. By what sinister influ- 
ence then, says his biographer, was he per- 
suaded to abandon his post, and to become one 
of the sacrificial priests—a sacred butcher, with- 
out even a soothsayer’s privilege of declaring 
the auspices? When speaking, a little way 
back, of his associates in the medical depart- 
ment of the university, and of the changes in 
the occupancy of the chairs during the period 
in which he was Professor of Surgery, we did 
not extend the narrative further than the death 
of Dr. Dorsey, in 1818. Dr. Physick was ap- 
pointed to succeed his nephew, the following 
year, 1819. Pliable, and yielding up his own 
better judgment to the schemes of others, for 
perhaps the first time in his life, when, more 
than at any former period he ought to have 
been firm, he “allowed himself to be trans- 
ferred—for the act was not of his own choice— 
from the chair of Surgery to that of Anatomy, 
from the place where he was emphatically at 
home, to one in which he was comparatively a 394 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
stranger. In this step his pre-eminence did 
not accompany him. Though unequaled as a 
surgeon, he had more than equals as an anat- 
omist. He had many superiors. He ought 
not, therefore, to have consented to this trans- 
action. It did not belong to his character and 
standing, to submit to inferiority, and invite 
defeat, by engaging in an enterprise in which 
others could surpass him. The act was a de- 
scent from his ‘high estate,’ which dimmed 
and deadened his academic luster.” The con- 
nection of Dr. Physick with the university for 
the next twelve years was one of commonplace 
routine, which his friends and the friends of 
the institution hardly cared to notice at the 
time, and would willingly have forgotten 
since. A sad commentary this on jobbing in 
collegiate chairs, which one sees, every now 
and then carried on in medical schools, with 
as little regard for the interests of science 
and learning as if it were a question of arrang- 
ing the seats of the guests at a dinner-table. 
His resignation of the chair of Anatomy, in 
1831, owing to increasing infirmities, if it ex- 
cited any sensation at all, gave satisfaction to 
the medical community; as by this act he 
freed himself from trammels that he ought 
never to have allowed to be imposed on him. 
In regard to this, however, Dr. Joseph Carson, 
who attended his lectures, writes, that in any 
position Dr. Physick was capable of command- 
ing respect; his dignified bearing and impos- 
ing presence, his sympathetic manner and 
painstaking execution of his duties deeply im- 
pressed his pupils and commanded the pro- 
foundest deferences, and his anatomical lect- 
ures were listened to with earnest attention. 
The University suffered from Dr. Physick’s 
abandonment of the chair of Surgery; but it 
lost nothing by his leaving that of Anatomy. 
In the first, he had been succeeded by Dr. 
Gibson; in the second, by Dr. Horner; the 
latter of whom, after having been for many 
years his adjunct, was appointed his successor. 
The trustees, on account of his resignation, 
unanimously elected him “Emeritus Professor 
of Surgery and Anatomy,” This honor was 
purely titular. He never gave a lecture after 
it was conferred upon him. Mention maybe 
made here of some other offices of honor and 
membership of societies in which he was 
electee!. In 1802 he was made a member of the 
Philosophical Society; but, like many others 
who were affiliated with it, he never con- 
tributed anything to its Transactions, and 
rarely, if ever, attended its meetings. He did 
not imitate his former fellow-student, Sir Ed- 
ward Home, whose communications to the 
Royal Society of London were very numerous. 
We must add, however, at the same time, that 
Home’s originality in many of the questions 
of anatomy and physiology, on which he wrote, 
and his honesty in procuring the means by 
which he obtained the materials for his papers, 
have been more than questioned. He bor- 
rowed largely from their contents, and even 
abstracted no inconsiderable portions of 
the manuscript papers of his distinguished 
brother-in-law, John Plunter, which, with 
the museum of the latter, had been deposited 
in the Hall of the College of Surgeons. He 
left in the minds of all a strong suspicion 
amounting almost to conviction, that much 
of what he had sent to the Royal Society, 
as his own, was derived from his former 
teacher and relative; and it was ascertained 
that in order to conceal his literary piracy, he 
burnt the abstracted documents which would 
have furnished evidence to convict him. In 
1821, Dr. Physick was elected Consulting Sur- 
geon to the Institution for the Blind; and, in 
1822, president of the Phrenological Society 
of Philadelphia, just then founded. This last 
appointment furnished an amusing instance 
among the many that are continually met with, 
of the readiness of people to pin their faith to 
a name; they being entirely ignorant of the 
thing itself. Many persons who thought them- 
selves privileged to ridicule and contemn the 
doctrines of phrenology, without their having 
given them any thought in the way of obser- 
vation and study, assumed a new and altered 
tone, when told that Dr. Physick was elected 
president of the Phrenological Society. It 
must be confessed that the founders of the 
latter had this result in view, when they in- 
vited him to take the office. It was enough 
for him that the new inquiries of Gall and 
Spurzheim had already thrown additional light 
on the anatomy and physiology of the brain, 
without his caring to inquire into the accuracy 
of the details of their physiognomical system. 
In 1824 he was elected president of the Phila- 
delphia Medical Society, and he retained this 
office until his death. The election of Dr. 
Physick to the presidency of the Pennsylvania 
State Temperance Society, in 1834, was made 
with a knowledge of his own temperate habits, 
and of his inculcation of similar ones on those 
over whom, either as physician or friend, his 
advice would carry weight. The society was 
not insensible to the influence of his name, 
even though he had never formally enrolled 
himself among its members. His tenure of 
office, however, was short. He had no objec- 
tion to give his name and the social influence 
which it would carry with it to so good a cause; 
but he did object to give his money also, es- 
pecially in the large figures then common with 
some of the more ardent and generous of the 
board of managers of the society. In 1825 he 
was elected a member of the French Royal 
Academy of Medicine; he being, we are told, 
the first American who received this honor. 
The last distinction of the kind conferred on 
him was in his being made an honorary Fellow 
of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society 
of London. The last winter of his life was 
marked by a spontaneous exhibition of the ad- 
mii’ation and esteem in which Dr. Physick was 
held by the medical students of the University 
of Pennsylvania, although they might be said 
to belong almost to a new generation, since his 
withdrawal from the duties of his chair. At 
a meeting of the class, held December 3, 1831, 
a committee was appointed to procure Dr. 
Physick’s consent to sit for his portrait to 
the eminent artist, Mr. Inman. This re- 
quest was complied with, and on the morn- 
ing of February 22 the portrait was pre- 
sented to the Medical Faculty, in the pres- 
ence of many of the trustees, several strangers, 
and the medical class. A brief and pertinent 
address, in the name of the latter, was made 
by Mr. N. Berkeley, which was responded to 
by Dr. Horner, the Dean, on the part of the 
Medical Faculty. He was followed in some 
remarks appropriate to the occasion by Dr. 
Hare, whose sentiments, in looking at the por- 
trait, “were the mingled offspring of admira- 
tion for talent, esteem for virtue, and gratitude 
for the most zealous, effectual and disinter- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
395 
ested services.” The speaker declared that 
Dr. Pliysick, in the sphere of his practice, 
“had fairly enthroned himself upon the grati- 
tude and esteem as well as the admiration of 
his patients. ’ ’ Increasing infirmities and weak- 
ness had for some years past caused longer and 
more frequent interruptions to his regular at- 
tendance on the sick, until at last his fellow- 
citizens had reached the painful conviction 
that they must forego entirely his services, and 
speak of him and pass his mansion as if they 
were never more to see him approach their 
bedsides while bringing to them hope and 
health. It had been, indeed, a matter of sur- 
prise that, with his feeble frame, he still con- 
tinued in the practice of the profession, when 
he could not be supposed any longer to be influ- 
enced by the common incentives—love of fame 
and love of lucre, even were we to admit that he 
had been previously swayed by considerations 
of this nature. He was now one of the weal- 
thiest men in Philadelphia. Some explana- 
tion may be found in the force of habit—per- 
sistence in doing what we have been long ac- 
customed to do, irrespective of pleasure or of 
profit—and the painful void left by cessation 
of the daily routine, in whatever it may have 
consisted. It is only in this way that we can 
find a solution of the seeming anomaly exhib- 
ited in all men actively engaged in any pro- 
fession or calling: the physician and the law- 
yer, the merchant and mechanic, the weather- 
beaten mariner, and even the daily laborer, 
looking forward to a time when they shall take 
their ease and live on the accumulated earn- 
ings of former years; but yet when that time 
comes, and when the fortune is made or ade- 
quate income secured, a majority still continue 
in their several pursuits, as if on a nearer ap- 
proach they feared, and not always without 
reason, that something sinister were concealed 
in the leisure and the absence of the corroding 
cares of business and labor, which, at a dis- 
tance, they so much longed to enjoy. Of the 
actually retired few, we meet with two classes. 
Those of the one are at a loss how to employ 
their time, and are consequently unhappy. 
The members of the other, and unfortunately 
the smaller class, having mental cultivation 
and diversified tastes, find solace and occupa- 
tions in reading, study, dilettanti agriculture 
and gardening, with the farther enjoyment of 
active participation in schemes of benevo- 
lence, and the conversation and company of 
friends who are ready to reciprocate the cheer- 
fulness and amenities which they are them- 
selves receiving from these men of leisure. 
Dr. Physick did not belong to this last or 
favored class. Retirement from professional 
life was to him almost entire isolation. He 
had never cared for society, and in return so- 
ciety took no pains to please him; and even 
if, at last, he had been so minded, he would 
not have known how to make it subservient to 
his enjoyments, or, on his part, to have con- 
tributed a share towards its requirements. 
Withdrawing himself from the exercise of his 
profession, he would of necessity have been 
thrown upon his own mental resources, and 
these were limited almost entirely to one field 
of the vast domains of literature and science. 
If he failed to find relaxation or pleasure from 
other sources during the period of his active 
business life, he could hardly be expected to 
reach them at a time of sickness, and in the 
weakness and infirmity of old age. As we 
have already intimated, he had no fondness 
for contemplative philosophy, nor for the study 
of philosophy in action as represented in his- 
tory ; nor did it ever occur to him to betake 
himself to the regions of imagination, or go a 
step beyond the realities of life and the logic 
which dealt with matter alone. We have never 
heard of his partiality for any poet, nor of Ids 
yielding to what he would probably have re- 
garded as a weakness in repeating a line of 
poetry. To the fine arts he was equally 
indifferent, and hence he never cared to 
go beyond the dry details of special anatomy, 
by enlarging on the anatomy of expression 
and its relations to painting, sculpture and 
poetry. In this limited intellectual range he 
resembled his famed contemporary, Dupuytren, 
to whom, on the score of moral attributes, he 
was so superior. His studies and observations 
were not of that comprehensive nature which 
included both material descriptions and de- 
tails, and general literature and subjects of 
taste—as evinced by the two Petits, Antoine and 
Louis, and, in our own times, Percy and Roux, 
among the French; and by Cheselden, the 
brothers John and Charles Bell, Carlisle and 
Lawrence, among the British surgeons and 
anatomists. With the latter we may rank 
William Hunter and Baillie, who taught an- 
atomy, and shone, the one in obstetrical, the 
other in general practice. Cheselden was not 
the less eminent and successful, both as an- 
atomist and surgeon, for being the friend of 
Pope and an associate of the “great master 
spirits of the age”—men of genius and of taste. 
Scarpa, one of Italy’s favored sons, was a good 
draughtsman, and an ardent lover of painting 
and the fine arts in general. Dr. Physick was 
possessed of a large fortune, and might have 
made his spacious mansion one of social meet- 
ing for his fellow-members of the profession. 
He would thus have relieved himself of pain- 
ful introversion of thought, and imparted to 
them pleasure, not less than instruction, even 
though he may not have chosen to appear as 
the central figure of the group, but have left 
to others the task of colloquial entertainment. 
His own sententious remarks would always 
have procured him deferential attention. It 
was left for his colleague, Dr. Wistar, to begin, 
for the first time in Philadelphia, if not in this 
country, this kind of literary and professional 
reunion, which in Europe had been long 
known and prized under the title of conver- 
sazione, an indication at once of the Italian 
origin of the practice. To the celebrated Dr. 
Mead, in the early part of last century, must 
be awarded the credit of substituting such 
meetings among physicians, literati and wits, 
for others that were quite common before. 
These consisted in a certain number of medical 
men adjourning to a coffee-house, and talking 
over their cases and their cures; while dis- 
cussing, at the same time, the qualities of the 
wines which they used freely to imbibe. His 
house in Great Ormond street, to which he 
added a gallery, was the resort of men of 
learning and taste, from all parts of the world; 
and so well was this understood that it would 
have been a reflection on a traveler of either 
of these classes not to have become known to 
and visited Dr. Mead. It was acknowledged 
by all who knew him that few princes have 
shown themselves equally generous and liberal 
in promoting science, and encouraging learned 
men. He threw open his gallery in the morn- 396 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ing, for the benefit of students in painting and 
sculpture, and was even in the habit of lend- 
ing the best of his pictures for artists to copy. 
No discovery was made in science, in which 
he did not'take a lively interest; no great 
literary work was brought out to which his 
name, as patron or friend of the author, did 
not appear. He kept in his pay a number of 
artists and scholars, both for their benefit and 
his own gratification. His hospitality was un- 
bounded, and consequently his housekeeping 
expenses were very great; for, not content 
with the reception of his own friends and ac- 
quaintances, he kept also a very handsome 
second table, to which persons of inferior 
quality were invited. And whence, it may be 
asked, did he procure the means for this large 
and liberal expenditure? Was he the possessor 
of a great patrimonial estate? Had he become 
rich by lucky stock speculations, to which, by 
the way, he was rather prone; or was he a court 
favorite, in the enjoyment of a large sinecure? 
From none of these sources did Richard Mead, 
M. D., derive his income. It was the reward 
of a long period of arduous professional labor; 
not hoarded up to gloat over in his old age, or 
to insure him the reputation of dying a very 
rich man; but it was liberally and tastefully 
spent in deeds of munificence and charity. 
Mead was at the head of his profession in Lon- 
don for nearly half a century, and was en- 
gaged, during most of this time, in a lucrative 
practice, the proceeds of which amounted, in 
one year, to a sum equivalent to thirty-five 
thousand dollars; and for several years 
to twenty-five and even to thirty thousand 
dollars. He yms also the author of various 
works; and yet, amidst all his engagements, he 
could find time, and more surprising still, re- 
tain the disposition .to receive his friends and 
others at his house in the manner just de- 
scribed. His crowded conversaziones were held 
at stated intervals, in his library, a spacious 
room about sixty feet long, which contained a 
collection of ten thousand volumes, an im- 
mense number of prints, drawings, coins, and 
medals, of the greatest variety and value. 
Under the same roof were contained in ad- 
dition, statues, busts of Greek philosophers 
and Roman emperors, Etruscan vases, and the 
gallery of paintings. That these last belonged 
to a high style of art was evinced in the fact 
of their being sold after his death for seven- 
teen thousand dollars; being more by two or 
three thousand dollars than he gave for them. 
It must be confessed, and to suit the notions 
of a certain class of moneyed men, in a depre- 
catory tone, too, that Mead did not leave be- 
hind him as large a fortune as he could easily 
have done, if his sole ambition had been to 
bequeath to each of his three children a quar- 
ter of a million of dollars in place of not quite 
this amount divided among them. Every cen- 
tury does not bring forth a Mead; and if the 
name and example of this illustrious man are 
introduced in the present instance, it is with 
no design of inviting comparison between him 
and our great American surgeon, and impli- 
edly dimming the luster of the latter; but 
rather to show that the suggestions as to what 
he might have done were made in no exacting 
spirit, nor after an imaginary standard, but 
only with the view of vindicating the claims 
of our profession to a union of painstaking 
and laborious duties and studies, with an exer- 
cise and display of various learning and culti- 
vated tastes. The only recreation which Dr. 
Physick allowed himself was in the latter 
period of his life, when he used to spend a 
portion of every summer on an estate in Cecil 
county, Md., which he had purchased from his 
brother. He had become greatly attached to 
this spot, on the occasion of visiting it for the 
purpose of recruiting his health, which had 
been sensibly weakened by a second attack of 
yellow fever, in 1797. We wish that it were 
in our power to give the details of a day’s life 
during his temporary residence in the country, 
as it would have afforded some measure of his 
means of warding off ennui, and of the intel- 
lectual resources of the man himself. He was 
on these occasions generally accompanied by 
one or more of his children. Surgery was in 
a great measure abandoned by Dr. Physick, at 
least the performing of capital operations, 
many years before his death; although he con- 
tinued, up to within a comparatively short 
period preceding this event, to practice med- 
icine. One of the last displays of his surgical 
skill and dexterity, in the class of cases just 
specified, was in the autumn of 1831, when he 
performed the operation of lithotomy success- 
fully upon Chief Justice Marshall, then in the 
seveny-flfth year of his age; an operation re- 
markable in view of the professional position 
of both the individuals concerned in it, as 
well as the advanced age of the patient. The 
oldest and the first of the legal profession in 
the United States had sought relief from the 
most painful of maladies at the hands of the 
oldest and first of American surgeons, whose 
effort to relieve him was blessed by Provi- 
dence. An interesting account of the circum- 
stances accompanying this event, both as 
regards the reluctance of the great surgeon to 
undertake the operation, and the calmness 
and resignation evinced by Judge Marshall, 
even in his indulging in a sound sleep just be- 
fore it was performed, is given by Dr. Randolph 
in his “Memoir.” This gentleman tells us of 
the last operation of Dr. Physick, performed 
only a few months before his death. It was 
for cataract. The date at which he performed 
this operation was on August 13, 1837. “I was 
present,” says Dr. Randolph, “on the occasion, 
and watched him with the most intense anx- 
iety. He was quite collected and firm, and 
his hand was steady; notwithstanding at the 
time he was laboring under great mental and 
physical suffering.” From about this date his 
disease is represented, on the same authority, 
to have increased in violence and intensity. 
The effusion of serum in the cavity of the 
thorax was accompanied by extreme oppres- 
sion and difficulty of respiration, to such a 
degree, indeed, that he was unable to lie 
down for whole nights in succession, but 
was supported in a standing posture on 
the floor, by assistants. Dr. Chapman, “his 
old and well-tried friend and associate,” was 
now requested to visit him in conjunc- 
tion with Dr. Randolph; but, although some 
ease was at times procured by their efforts 
for the suffering invalid, the disease con- 
tinued to increase, and anasarca was added to 
hydrothorax. “To such an extent did the 
former prevail that before his death the in- 
teguments at length gave way, openings were 
formed, and these finally ulcerated and became 
gangrenous. As might have been anticipated, 
there was a general expression of sorrow for 
' the loss and respect for the memory of this EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
397 
distinguished man among various medical bod- 
ies in different parts of the Union. We need 
but refer, as matters of course, to the length- 
ened funeral cortege, including the students of 
medicine composing the Pennsylvania Univer- 
sity and the Jefferson Medical College classes, 
and the trustees and professors of these two 
schools, as well as the members of the State 
Convention, then in session. In the same 
spirit were resolutions passed by the Faculty 
of the University. Similar resolutions were 
adopted by the Faculties of the Medical Insti- 
tute of Louisville and of the Medical College 
of Georgia, the Medical Convention of Ohio 
and the physicians of St. Louis. “A compre- 
hensive minute, commemorative of Philip 
Syng Physick, M. D., Emeritus Professor of 
Anatomy and Surgery in the University of 
Pennsylvania,” was prepared, under the in- 
structions of the Board of Trustees of the 
University, by Wm. Meredith, Esq., chairman 
of the committee appointed for the purpose. 
Its object was to tell of “the long connection 
of the deceased with the university, and to 
express the respect entertained for his able 
and faithful services as a teacher, for his emi- 
nence as a practitioner of medicine, and for 
the virtues which adorned his private charac- 
ter.” In conformity with resolutions of the 
Faculty of the Louisville Medical Institute 
and of the class in attendance, a glowing dis- 
course, commemorative of Philip Syng Phys- 
ick, was delivered by Dr. Charles Caldwell, 
January 12, 1838. Dr. Horner read, at a meet- 
ing of the American Philosophical Society, 
May 4, 1838, a necrological notice of his de- 
ceased predecessor in the chair of anatomy. 
A laudatory and discriminating reference to 
the character and merits of Dr. Physick is 
contained in an introductory lecture de- 
livered by Dr. Granville Sharp Pattison, 
Professor of Anatomy in the Jefferson 
Medical College, before his class, at the 
commencement of the session, 1838-9. 
Dr. Physick left testamentary directions for 
the disposal of his body after death, which ex- 
cited much comment at the time, and call for 
notice in this place. He forbade, in the most 
positive terms, any dissection of his body. 
No person was to touch it but two females, who 
had been his domestics for the last twenty years. 
It was not to be taken from his bed for some 
time, but was to be well covered up, and the 
room kept warmed until putrefaction had com- 
menced. It was then to be covered with flan- 
nel and placed on a mattress in a wooden 
coffin, painted outside. This coffin was to be 
inclosed in another or leaden one, closely 
soldered up. A public notice was to be given 
of the period of interment, but no invitations 
issued. The test of death, in beginning de- 
composition, was soon evident in a tempera- 
ture so well fitted to bring it about; and the 
body was then inclosed in the manner he had 
enjoined, with the addition of another coffin 
covered with black cloth. A still further proof 
of the change which came over the mind of 
the teacher of anatomy and surgery, and of the 
weakened state of his intellectual faculties 
through disease, was exhibited in his direct- 
ing that a careful watch should be kept over 
his grave for six weeks after his interment, to 
prevent his body, or, it ought rather to be said 
the body which once belonged to him but was 
his no longer, from being disturbed. If there 
was any validity or propriety in this prohibi- 
tion in his own case, Dr. Physick acted under 
wrong influences, in fact, ran counter to the 
feelings of humanity in those memorable dis- 
sections of the dead from yellow fever which 
he made in 1793 and 1798, for the purpose of 
establishing the correct pathology of that dis- 
ease. Will it be alleged that the examinations 
in these cases were, most probably, of the 
bodies of persons who, when living, were poor 
and friendless, and which were unclaimed by 
relatives or friends? But this does not alter 
the question, so far as the principle is con- 
cerned: it merely makes it one of convenience, 
to the exclusion of both the moral and scien- 
tific bearings of the subject. Dr. Physick, 
throughout his whole professional career, must 
have believed conscientiously that post-mortem 
examinations were not only justifiable, but 
highly useful and commendable; and that they 
contributed to the best interests of humanity 
by enlightening the physician on the seats of 
disease, and establishing the connection be- 
tween symptoms and the suffering organs, so 
as to enable him, at the bedside, to infer from 
the former the condition and changes going 
on in the latter, and thus to shape his 
treatment with a better prospect of suc- 
cess. We speak positively of what must 
have been Dr. Physick's conscientious be- 
lief, knowing well that he would never have 
practiced or sanctioned the practice of exam- 
ination of the dead unless he had entertained 
the most thorough conviction of its usefulness; 
for he was in an eminent degree an utilitarian, 
who yielded nothing to prejudice, sentiment, 
or fashion. His own uniform course in this 
matter through a long life will ever be regarded 
as an anticipatory caveat in the steps which he 
directed to be taken in the disposal of his body 
after death; if, indeed, it be thought necessary 
to bring the case into court at all, to be tried 
by the laws of custom, common sense and hu- 
manity, in the place of letting judgment go 
by default. The case, if one were to be made, 
would stand thus on the record: Dr. Physick, 
in ail the vigor of his faculties, during a long 
term of years, as investigator of the internal 
changes caused by disease, versus Dr. Physick, 
on the borders of the grave, his mind weak- 
ened by numerous infirmities and sufferings, 
and refusing to allow of an examination of Ids 
body; thus depriving his professional brethren 
of an addition to their knowledge the like of 
which he had long been in the habit of receiv- 
ing himself. Dr. Physick might have pleaded 
the example of Dr. William Hunter, who, 
although himself a teacher of anatomy, is said 
to have manifested great antipathy to the idea 
of his own body being subjected to the scalpel 
of the anatomist. But the American surgeon 
went in direct opposition to the course which 
his celebrated English preceptor enjoined on 
his survivors, in his own case. Mr. John Hun- 
ter used, in the strongest language, to express 
his condemnation of those who should neglect 
to examine his body and preserve his heart, 
from a disease of which he had suffered so 
much, and from which he died. Twining, 
who has contributed useful facts and obser- 
vations on diseases of the East Indies, and 
who made himself, and lays stress on post- 
mortem examinations, displayed similar weak- 
ness to that on which we are now commenting. 
How different were the injunctions laid by 
Jeremy Bentham on his friend and disciple in 
philosophy and political economy, Dr. South- 398 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
wood Smith! The body of the great reformer 
was dissected in the anatomical theater in the 
presence of a public assemblage, and a dis- 
course pronounced on the occasion by Dr. 
Smith. Quite recently the eminent Warren, 
of Boston, so well known in the annals of sur- 
gery, left similar directions, with the import- 
ant addition that his skeleton was to be pre- 
pared and set up in the Anatomical Museum. 
Insight is, every now and then, obtained by 
this means into constitutional peculiarities and 
tendencies to disease in a patient which are 
transmitted to his offspring, but the force and 
injurious operation of which may be greatly 
modified, if not entirely restrained, by a 
knowledge thus acquired, pointing to prevent- 
ive measures, or, if disease have actually super- 
vened, to a more successful treatment. The 
convictions of medical men respecting the 
great utility of the practice must be very de- 
cided to induce them to make examinations 
which are necessarily tedious and irksome, and 
would be every way disagreeable without the 
consolatory and encouraging conviction of the 
benefits thereby conferred on medical science 
and of gain to the interests of humanity. 
After the preceding outlines of the profes- 
sional life of Dr. Physick, let us sketch, says 
Bell, the appearance, manner and character 
of the man. That he was habitually grave, 
approaching to the melancholic in his deport- 
ment and speech, was evident in looking for a 
moment at his pale, statue-like face, which 
told of pain, of and anxiety, but 
partially concealed by the enforced calmness 
of a strong will. What other expression could 
be expected in one whose health was always 
infirm, whose frame had been racked by vio- 
lent attacks of different diseases, and who had 
his own “unwritten troubles of the brain.” 
The occasional smile that lighted up his face 
came from no sunshine of the mind; it was 
the illumination of a wintry cloud by the 
moon’s rays, cold and uncheering. But 
if his appearance did not attract by sympathy, 
it could not fail to do so by respect, not un- 
mingled with curiosity to learn something 
about the possessor of those classic features— 
high forehead, aquiline nose, thin and com- 
pressed lips, a finely formed mouth, and hazel 
eyes with their searching, and, at times, pene- 
trating gaze. The complexion was one of ex- 
treme paleness. The hands of our great sur- 
geon were “small, delicate and flexible,” and 
would have won the favorable notice of Byron, 
as a mark of aristocratic descent and breeding. 
The same praise has not been extended to his 
lower extremities, and certainly there was no 
elasticity in his gait, nor a quick or jaunty 
step which might indicate a well-arched foot. 
Be this as it may, there was a time in the life 
of Dr. Physick, to tell of which seems like 
narrating a myth in early Roman story, when 
these feet of his were trained to dance, and to 
the performance of that most difficult saltatory 
feat, called “cutting the pigeon wing.” The 
fact, however, of Dr. Physick being, “once 
on a time,” a dancer, was mentioned by 
himself in one of the many visits which he 
paid, in the latter period of his life, to a lady 
who was laid up by a fracture of the thigh. 
He was desirous of lightening the tedium of 
long confinement under which his patient must 
often have suffered, and knowing, at the same 
time, both her strong sense and her social 
turn, he told her one day—apropos, perhaps, 
of the effects of age in producing gravity of 
deportment and disinclination to the amuse- 
ments of the day—that he had not always 
been as she now saw him, but that he could 
once dance the pigeon wing. Suiting the ac- 
tion to the word, he actually rose, and taking 
hold of one of the bedposts, made a demon- 
stration of his early agility—how successfully 
we never learned. The author of the “Mem- 
oir,” who knew him long and intimately, and 
whom we have already so freely quoted, states 
that Dr. Physick’s “manner and address were 
exceedingly dignified, yet polished and affable 
in the extreme, and when he was engaged in 
attendance upon a critical case, or in a surgical 
operation, there was a degree of tenderness, 
and at the same time a confidence in his man- 
ner, which could not fail to soothe the feelings 
and allay the fears of the most timid and sen- 
sitive.” Perhaps formally polite would better 
express Dr. Physick’s manner and address 
than the extreme of polish and affability 
ascribed to them by Dr. Randolph. His punc- 
tiliousness, added to his habitual reserve and 
real dignity of deportment, must have made it 
impossible for any man, however long the ac- 
quaintance, to indulge in familiarity, or, as 
it is called, to take a liberty with him; and 
the most inveterate babbler and bore could 
hardly withstand the unmistakable intima- 
tions in his countenance and manner, as well 
as in his silence, that the interview must end. 
Nobody knew better, or practiced more de- 
terminately, the Horatian maxim, est modus 
in rebus, on these occasions than Dr. Physick, 
when tbe visit to him was made for a specific 
object, and he received few others. Nor would 
he make an exception in favor of a garrulous 
or exacting patient, whose prolixity he would 
cut short by putting a few questions, and then 
declare that he had learned enough. The 
style of dress worn by Dr. Physick showed the 
methodical man, who, while he adhered to 
the same color and very much to the same 
fashion of his garments, was always attentive 
to neatness and general harmony of effect. 
A blue coat with metal buttons, white waist- 
coat, and light gray or drab-colored panta- 
loons, made up his favorite attire. It must 
have been in his dancing days when he was 
seen with breeches and flesh-colored silk 
stockings. The bow-knot in his cravat, though 
it might fall short of dandy requirements, 
evinced care in its adjustment. His hair was 
combed backwards, d la Ghinoise, so as to ex- 
pose completely his forehead, while serving at 
the same time to give it tbe appearance of 
greater proportionate development. He was 
among tbe last to abandon the use of powder, 
but held on to the queue as long as he lived. 
His personal habits were early formed and 
never underwent change. As Dr. Horner 
somewhat quaintly says: “He had passed his 
life in a certain diurnal movement and rota- 
tion, any deviation of which put him to incon- 
venience. He must have the bed that he was 
accustomed to; the same food dressed in the 
same way. His delicate health made him seek 
solitude as a refreshment; he was, therefore, 
no diner out; had no habits of conviviality; 
received no company in a familiar way, except 
now and then the call of a friend.” But while 
thus keeping his own hours and fashion of re- 
pasts, he left his daughters free to receive 
visitors and to entertain them in the approved 
style of the gay and fashionable society in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
399 
which they mixed. His dietetic formulary was 
very simple, an observance of it amounting to 
abstemiousness. The attack of typhus fever, 
from which he suffered in the winter of 
1813-14, left behind it a chronically weakened 
digestion, accompanied with “a train of the 
most unpleasant dyspeptic symptoms.” His 
treatment of himself was strictly antiphlogistic, 
backed by very low diet. “The small amount 
of food of which he would sometimes permit 
himself to partake is almost inconceivable; 
and this for many days together.” Dr. Ran- 
dolph, who furnishes these particulars, gives it 
as his opinion, and probably he was correct, 
that Dr. Physick “injured himself, and in a 
measure produced the very enfeebled and 
prostrated condition of his system which at- 
tended him during the latter years of his life, 
by the excessively reducing system of treat- 
ment to which he had recourse.” Dr. Ran- 
dolph frequently expressed his regret at his 
using such meager diet; to which Dr. Physick 
replied, “That he regretted it very much him- 
self, and that he wished he could indulge in 
more generous living, but that he had accus- 
tomed his stomach for so long a time to absti- 
nence from rich food that it was impossible 
now to make any change.” When laboring 
under a severe cold, he would confine himself 
to a warm room, and he had accustomed him- 
self to a degree of heat at these times which 
was almost insupportable to others. He greatly 
enjoyed heat—in the winter he kept his bed- 
room at from 75° to 80° F. In continuing this 
practice he must have been oblivious to the 
theory of respiration and of the evolution of 
animal heat. Both in his professional and busi- 
ness relations with his patients, he was gov- 
erned by a strict sense of justice, hie gave to 
them all the time and attention which he be- 
lieved their situation required, and he exacted 
from them in return a rigid adherence to his 
directions. Neglect of his wishes, or decep- 
tion in this respect, he very properly stigma- 
tized as a breach of faith on their part, which 
absolved him from the obligation of any further 
attendance on the case. Under the influence 
of the same principles, his pecuniary charges, 
in the form of fees, were always low—lower 
often than was recognized by general usage. 
In such cases, however, his concession to the 
patient was at the expense of his fellow- 
members in the profession who, if they 
kept to the usual tariff, subjected them- 
selves to the unjust accusation of overcharg- 
ing; and if they fell to Dr. Physick’s usage, 
they could not obtain the income required 
by their wants from the fees to which in equity 
they were entitled. This other view of the 
subject is sometimes forgotten by physicians 
who have incomes independent of professional 
sources. The doctor frequently, we are told, 
gave up large fees “when there was no adequate 
reason for it.” “In the case of Judge Mar- 
shall, who was both an opulent and a liberal 
man, he refused positively a fee, and a sort of 
commutation was finally made by his consent- 
ing to receive a superb piece of plate.” We 
confess ourselves at a loss to see the rule of ac- 
tion in this case. Where the gratitude of a 
patient so far outruns discretion as to offer re- 
muneration disproportionate to his means and 
income, it is in a measure the duty of the phy- 
sician to restrain such exuberance of feeling, 
and to return or refuse to receive the excess 
thus offered beyond the customary fees. But 
if the wealthy choose to indulge in a fit of lib- 
erality of this kind, as there is not the least 
danger of its becoming epidemic, we can see 
no good reason, derived either from profes- 
sional duty or pride, for balking them in their 
intentions. Sir Astley Cooper, a contemporary 
of Dr. Physick, and who commenced practice 
in London about the same time that the latter 
began in Philadelphia, had no misgivings on 
this score, although his professional income in 
one year exceeded one hundred thousand dol- 
lars, or twenty thousand guineas, and for 
many years it was seventy-five thousand dol- 
lars, equal to fifteen thousand pounds sterling, 
and upwards. An old rich West Indian, on 
whom Sir Astley had performed the operation 
of lithotomy, with the most satisfactory re- 
sults, asked what the fee was, and on receiving 
for answer, two hundred guineas—a little over 
one thousand dollars—rejoined: “Pooh, pooh ! 
I shan’t give you two hundred guineas! there, 
that is what I shall give you!” taking off his 
night-cap and throwing it at Sir Astley. “Thank 
you, sir,” said Sir Astley, “anything from 
you is acceptable,” and he put the cap 
into his pocket, anticipating, no doubt, the 
nature of the joke. Upon examination, 
the cap was found to contain a check for one 
thousand guineas! Examples of this nature 
doubtless occur in the professional life of phy- 
sicians, although, taken collectively, the num- 
ber is not great. The tendency is, lor the most 
part, in another direction, viz., to begrudge or 
to curtail the just and regular charges made by 
the physician for services rendered, although 
at the time they were thankfully received and 
acknowledged. Often a physician is compli- 
mented by his being told, “Doctor, I have paid 
all my bills but yours;” the life saved, or the 
agonizing pains removed, being deemed a thing 
of less moment than a supply of groceries, or 
the purchase of fine broadcloth or rich silks. 
It would seem, therefore, to be a duty which a 
medical man owes to his profession to resist 
this fashion of disparaging its usefulness, and 
to keep up to the generally recognized tariff of 
charges in all cases in which there is ability on 
the part of the former invalid to comply with 
its requirements. After enforcing the claims 
of justice, there will still be a large field for the 
exercise of benevolence in gratuitous attend- 
ance and advice for the relief of the sick poor, 
and of those in reduced circumstances, in 
which few physicians are backward to engage, 
whatever may be the degree of their natural 
sensibilities, their own necessities, or even 
their cravings for wealth. It becomes a ques- 
tion of ethics, whether the money left in pos- 
session of the recovered sick man, in the shape 
of remitted or neglected fees, might not, if it 
had been received, be made to answer the pur- 
poses of undoubted and enlarged benevolence, 
by the physician’s giving it in aid of well- 
known useful charities, or to help individuals 
whose distress comes immediately under his 
own observation. Some may answer, that the 
feelings that induce a physician to abandon 
his fees will prompt him to yield readily to the 
ordinary claims of benevolence; but this is 
far from being a general thing. It was not so 
with Dr. Physick. Money once received by 
him was helcUwith considerable tenacity, and 
never spent with a liberal hand; but, on the 
contrary, it was always appropriated to some 
productive end, with a view to its yielding the 
best percentage. He would give his profes- 400 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
sional services, but he would not give his 
money; and his name was rarely seen among 
the contributors to the benevolent enterprises 
of the day, or to older charities of the utility 
and stable character of which he could enter- 
tain no doubts. Unlike Dr. Chapman, his 
friend and colleague in the University of 
Pennsylvania, who was liberal both in his 
offers of assistance and in actual assistance to 
the students whose funds ran low, Dr. Physick 
was not known to indulge in either offers or 
loans. “His professional labors,” as we are 
told by Dr. Horner, “sometimes produced 
twenty thousand dollars a year, and his method 
in this respect finally yielded more than half a 
million of dollars.” The fact must often have 
occurred to Dr. Physick that a no small pro- 
portion of this large fortune was derived from 
the receipts, and accumulated interest on their 
investment, from the chairs which he held in 
the university during a period of twenty-six 
years. Yielding to such reflections, it might, 
one would suppose, have seemed to him both 
natural and proper to leave some appreciative 
testimony of his grateful remembrance, of an 
institution which had been so largely instru- 
mental in advancing both his fame and his 
fortune. Wistar and Horner, with less in- 
ducements of this nature, have made contri- 
butions and bequests to the Anatomical Mu- 
seum, which will always associate their names 
with the university. In the case of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital, also, the early and long- 
continued theater for the exercise and im- 
provement of his surgical knowledge and skill, 
it might have been expected, almost as a mat- 
ter of filial duty and affection, that he would 
have made a bequest to that institution, not 
merely with a desire of having his name longer 
remembered and cherished, but of contribut- 
ing in a substantial manner to its more ex- 
tended usefulness, both as a school for clinical 
instruction and for furnishing additional ac- 
commodations, which were then much wanted, 
but have since been supplied, for the comfort 
of the sick in its wards. It is true that, in 
common with all the medical and surgical offi- 
cers of the hospital, his services were rendered 
gratuitously. Dupuytren, unsocial and selfish, 
neither loving nor loved in that profession of 
which he was for a time the chief, still be- 
thought himself of the means of adding to the 
already great facilities of medical instruction 
in Paris, and bequeathed $40,000 to endow a 
chair of Pathological Anatomy. This sum, by 
the good management of Orfila, himself in 
after years a liberal bequeather for similar 
purposes, has been chiefly appropriated to the 
formation and continued support of a rich mu- 
seum of morbid anatomy. Orfila, although he 
left children, did not think he was doing them 
injustice by making benefactions for the ad- 
vancement of medical science. Dr. Physick 
appears to have been unsettled in his religious 
creed and connections. This has been partly 
attributed by Dr. Bell, his biographer, to a 
neglect of theological study before his mind 
became engrossed in his professional work, 
and he urges the importance of such studies 
in early life, when the intellect is most ready, 
and the feelings of devotion most fresh. “Im- 
pressions made in early life, when the mind is 
in a plastic state, are never effaced—they sur- 
vive cares, sickness, sorrow, the shock of 
angry passions, a long career of folly, of vice, 
and even of crime itself. They were made by 
a father’s watchful care, a mother’s tender 
prayer; they are revived and come up in the 
darkest hour, and, like the standard in the 
heavens which gave Constantine confidence 
and victory, snatch us from despair and restore 
us to hope and faith.” Unhappily for Dr. 
Physick and for others who may be influenced 
by his example—who hesitate because he 
doubts, and are chilled because he is cold, 
—religious consolation is often denied a man 
in advanced life, especially if he has been ac- 
customed to play the oracle, or to guide and 
dictate in other matters, or is ready with the 
arts of cunning fence to foil an opponent, 
rather than as an humble searcher of the 
truth, conscious of his own weakness and ear- 
nestly interceding for illumination of his path 
of inquiry, must find it exceedingly difficult 
to arrive at the desired conclusions on this 
subject. A more encouraging view of the state 
of Dr. Physick’s frame of mind in reference to 
religion, at the close of his life, is, however, 
held out by his son-in-law, Dr. Randolph, who, 
after speaking of his extensive course of read- 
ing upon theology, which included many works 
of a conflicting and contradictory nature, and 
the gloomy and desponding views created at 
times in consequence, goes on to tell of his 
“uniform habit of perusing, every morning, a 
portion of the New Testament,” and when, in 
consequence of his illness and increasing in- 
firmities, he was incapable of so doing, his 
children were constantly employed in reading 
this and other works of devotion to him. 
During his last illness .he derived great pleas- 
ure and satisfaction from the visits of his 
friend and pastor, Dr. Delancey, whose kind 
attentions towards him were unremitting. “I 
feel assured,” is Dr. Randolph’s concluding 
remark, “that the hopes and promises of the 
Christian religion were the greatest sources of 
consolation to him in the closing hours of his 
life, and smoothed his passage to the tomb.” 
Hitherto the biographer has traced the subject 
of this memoir from the morning to the set- 
ting sun of his life, and recorded the distinc- 
tions and honors acquired in his professional 
and professorial career. It remains for us, in 
conclusion, to enumerate his contributions to 
surgery, that branch in which he more pecu- 
liarly excelled. These will be found to belong 
more to the practice than to the science; but, 
while the former always engaged his prefer- 
ence, the latter seemed, on different occasions, 
so distinctly to point the way that it is not 
easy, even if it were necessary, to separate 
them. Reference was made in a preceding 
page of this biography to the large and thor- 
ough foundation for the subsequent fame and 
usefulness of Dr. Physick in his long period of 
probationary medical study before he went to 
Europe, and the uncommon opportunities he 
enjoyed when there, under John Hunter and 
in St. George’s Hospital, for obtaining an in- 
timate acquaintance with anatomy and the de- 
tails of surgical practice. When required to 
act for himself, he must have been prepared, 
by meditating on the principles laid down by 
his great teacher in his lectures on surgery, 
and more especially on sympathy, to find 
serious constitutional disturbance often caused 
by local injury, and hence to feel the necessity 
of exercising continued vigilance in protecting 
the noble organs from the shock which they 
would receive in the surgical act of removing 
a limb, excising a tumor, or taking up an artery EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
401 
for aneurism. He would measure in his own 
mind their capability, and that of the organ- 
ism generally, to bear up and react under the 
depressing influence of pain and loss of blood, 
and the extent of their endurance of subse- 
quent irritative fever, following a capital opera- 
tion. Of the stock of recuperative energy 
probably possessed by the patient, and the 
ability of the surgeon to check secondary in- 
flammation, he would predicate the chances of 
the healing process being set up and gone 
through in a satisfactory manner, and the 
reasonable grounds for success from his oper- 
ating. In his counting of probabilities, he 
would take into consideration the age, consti- 
tution, habits, and prior and actually concom- 
itant diseases of his patient. With him it 
would not be a question merely of his 
ability to perform the operation with- 
out his patient dying a few hours 
afterwards, but, still more, whether an 
operation would not only remove the existing 
infirmity and suffering, but prolong life. So, 
also, on the other hand, he must have been 
aware that by the same laws of sympathy, as 
taught and explained by Hunter, an abate- 
ment or removal of a local and external irrita- 
tion, or disease—a wound or an ulcer—would 
be greatly accelerated by measures addressed 
to the general system through the great inter- 
nal organs, and especially the stomach as the 
chief of the digestive apparatus. He would 
know that in this way, by persevering in a 
constitutional treatment, both therapeutical 
and dietetic, aided by appropriate topical appli- 
cations, he might save a member which, under 
the influence of merely empirical and mechan- 
ical surgery, would otherwise be doomed to 
amputation or excision. Whether or not the 
reader may choose to attach any value to the 
preceding sketch as really indicative of the 
pathological doctrines and opinions with which 
Dr. Physick began his career in surgery, it can 
not be doubted that he was thoroughly im- 
bued with the conservative views of John 
Hunter, whose saying he must often have 
heard, viz.: “To perform an operation is to 
mutilate a patient he can not cure; it should, 
therefore, be considered as an acknowledg- 
ment of the imperfection of our art.” Under 
this belief a true surgeon, as distinguished from 
a mere manipulator and dissector, a cutter and 
a bandager, will bring all the resources of 
medical science to his aid, with a fixed inten- 
tion of saving vital structure and prolonging 
life, but with no desire to exhibit himself by 
feats of dexterity and dispatch, at the expense 
of his patient. He is not continually brand- 
ishing his instrument—knife, gorget, or bis- 
toury—like a harlequin his wand; nor is he, 
like the latter personage, eager to play with it 
all kinds of fantastic tricks, under the name 
of brilliant, or dashing, or difficult operations. 
He, on the contrary, holds it back, concealed, 
until the very last extremity, nor will he then 
have recourse to it on the plea that other 
means have failed, if he can not promise him- 
self decided benefit to the patient by its use. 
The first application of the philosophy of sur- 
gery, which was made bv Dr. Physick, was in 
the treatment of ulcers in the Pennsylvania 
Hospital. Avoiding the empirical course 
which had been previously pursued, he re- 
sorted, in the treatment of inflamed and irrita- 
ble ulcers, to one founded on principles. “He 
directed the patient to be confined to bed and 
to be kept strictly at rest, and in cases where 
the ulcer was situated on the lower extremity, 
he caused the limb to be considerably elevated. 
Constitutional treatment was carried on at the 
same time, and soothing applications were 
made to the ulcer. When topical stimulants 
were resorted to, he always preferred their be- 
ing used when the patient was confined to 
bed.” Dr. Physick introduced numerous and 
valuable instruments, and applied novel meth- 
ods of treatment now generally adopted. He 
made valuable modifications and improve- 
ments in the treatment of fractures, one of 
the most noticeable and best remembered be- 
cause still used, is in that of the celebrated 
apparatus by Desault, for fractures of the 
thigh. By increasing the length of the splint, 
Dr. Physick procured a more complete counter 
extension to be made in the direction of the 
axis of the limb, and also insured more cer- 
tainty of rest to the patient. The apparatus 
thus modified, and with the block attached to 
the lower extremity of the splint, as intro- 
duced by Dr. Hutchinson, for the purpose of 
making extension in the direction of the limb, 
was regarded by Dr. Physick as the most com- 
plete and successful method of treating fract- 
ures of the thigh ever invented. It is that 
which for a term of years has been used in the 
Pennsylvania Hospital with the best effects. 
He was equally successful in inventing a 
method of treating fractures of the humerus, 
at or near the condyles, so as to prevent de- 
formity and restore the entire use of the limb. 
His plan of treating fracture of the lower end 
of the fibula, accompanied with dislocation of 
the foot outwards, was precisely similar to that 
recommended by Dupuytren. Dr. Randolph, 
from whom we freely borrow in this enumera- 
tion of Dr. Physick’s improvements in surgery, 
and of his operations, is unable to say to which 
of the two great surgeons the priority of inven- 
tion is due. In the treatment of dislocations, 
Dr. Physick carried into full effect the plan 
of venesection so as to produce fainting, “as 
originally suggested by Dr. Alexander Munro, 
of Edinburgh.” We find that the writers in 
the Dictionnaire de Medecine and de Ghirurgie 
Pratiques attributes this practice to the Italian, 
Flajani. By this means, “old and difficult dis- 
locations have been reduced, and limbs re- 
stored to usefulness which otherwise would 
have been irrecoverably ruined.” It is not to 
be forgotten, however, that there may be cir- 
cumstances in the state of the patient: ad- 
vanced age, shattered constitution or anemia, 
which would make the loss of blood illy borne, 
and in which such relaxants as tartar emetic 
or tobacco, and especially the first, may be 
substituted with advantage. Dr. Physick’s 
first operation in lithotomy was performed 
in 1797. He was early led to suggest a valu- 
able improvement in the gorget, as used by 
Mr. Cline, so as to facilitate division of the 
prostate gland and neck of the bladder, which 
since then has been almost universally em- 
ployed in this country. A full description of 
Dr. Physick’s gorget was published in “Coxe’s 
Medical Museum,” for the year 1804, by Mr. 
R. Bishop, surgeon instrument maker. It is 
also noticed in Dr. Dorsey’s “Elements of 
Surgery.” The modification consists in hav- 
ing the gorget so constructed that a perfectly 
keen edge may be given to that part of the 
blade which commences the incision, and 
which is connected to the beak of the instru- 402 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ment. For this purpose the beak and blade 
are separable, and so arranged that the blade 
may be connected to the stem and firmly se- 
cured by a screw. Without this arrangement 
it is exceedingly difficult to impart a fine edge 
to that part of the blade which is contiguous 
to the beak, and inasmuch as the incision of 
the neck of the bladder is commenced at that 
point, the success of the operation must neces- 
sarily he much influenced by it. In perform- 
ing his first operation of lithotomy, he acci- 
dentally divided the internal pudic artery with 
the gorget, and a profuse hemorrhage was the 
result. The forefinger of the left hand having 
previously compressed the trunk of the artery, 
the point of the tenaculum was passed under 
the vessel, and a ligature cast round it and 
firmly tied; but it was found that a consider- 
able portion of the adjacent flesh was also in- 
cluded in the ligature. In order to obviate 
similar inconvenience in future, Dr. Physick 
subsequently contrived his forceps and needle 
for the purpose of carrying a ligature under 
the pudic artery. This useful instrument is 
equally applicable to other cases in which it is 
desirable to take up a deep-seated artery that 
can not be reached by the customary methods. 
Twice has it been used in the operation of ty- 
ing the external iliac artery: in the first in- 
stance by Dr. Dorsey, and in the second by 
Dr. Randolph. Numerous modifications of the 
forceps and needle have since been made, 
which, in some instances, being close imita- 
tions, were regarded by Dr. Physick as tend- 
ing, if not intended, to deprive him of the 
merit of originating the instrument, and hence 
occasionally elicited from him a very decided 
declaration of his rights in the matter. Dr. 
Randolph, a competent, even if he be regarded 
as a partial judge, declares his belief that “the 
original instrument, as designed by Dr. Phys- 
ick, has never been excelled either in point of 
ingenuity or ability.” A case of suppression of 
urine in the Pennsylvania Hospital, in 1794, of 
forty-eight hours’duration, in which Dr. Phys- 
ick found it impossible to introduce a catheter 
of the smallest size into the bladder, led him to 
make a trial of a bougie appended to an elastic 
catheter, so that the former might act as a 
guide to the latter, through which, when once 
introduced by this means, the urine would 
readily flow. The experiment was quite suc- 
cessful. A full description of the bougie- 
pointed catheter is given in “Dorsey’s Ele- 
ments of Surgery.” An account of the case 
was communicated by Dr. Physick to Dr. 
Miller, and was published by the latter in the 
Neio York Medical Repository, together with 
the method of preparing the instrument, and 
some experiments on the treatment of gum- 
elastic by spirits of turpentine and ether; also 
a description of the process of coating catheters 
with gum-elastic. Dr. Physick made the treat- 
ment of strictures of the urethra a subject of 
careful study, and was celebrated for the tact 
and dexterity which he exhibited in dilating 
them. In the year 1795 he invented an in- 
strument for the purpose of cutting through a 
stricture which was intractable to the ordinary 
methods of treatment. This instrument con- 
sists in a lancet concealed in a canula, which is 
pressed down to the stricture, and then the 
lancet is pushed forward so as to effect its di- 
vision. After the stricture is cut through, a 
catheter or bougie should be introduced and 
worn for some time, in order to produce the 
requisite degree of permanent dilatation. This 
mode of treating obstinate strictures has been 
found so successful “as to entitle it to be con- 
sidered one of the most important and useful 
operations in surgery.” It may be had re- 
course to in cases of complete retention of 
urine, so as to obviate the necessity of punc- 
turing the bladder. Dr. Randolph claims for 
Dr Physick the credit of being “the first who 
pointed out to our surgeons the method of con- 
structing the waxed linen bougie.” He gave 
it the preference over either the metallic or 
gum-elastic bougies. In the year 1802, Dr. 
Physick gave fresh proof of the way in which 
practical surgery may be deduced from a care- 
ful study of pathological changes going on in 
the tissues. It was such as no empirical guess- 
ing could ever have hit on. We advert now 
to his proposal of passing a seton between the 
ends of an ununited fractured humerus, for 
the purpose of stimulating the parts to a depo- 
sition of callus, and thereby producing a con- 
solidation of the broken bone. The case in 
which this practice was first tried was that of 
a seaman in the Pennsylvania Hospital, whose 
left arm had been fractured eighteen months 
previously while he was at sea. At the expi- 
ration of five months after the performance of 
the operation he was discharged from the hos- 
pital perfectly cured, his arm being as strong 
as it ever had been. An account of this case, 
written by Dr. Physick, appeared in the Medi- 
cal Repository of Ne/w York, 1804, and it was 
republished entire in the Medico-Chirurgical 
Transactions, 1819. Chance afforded Dr. 
Physick an opportunity of seeing the man—at 
the time a patient of Dr. Randolph—on whom 
he had performed this operation twenty-eight 
years previously. This person declared that 
he had never suffered any inconvenience since 
the operation, and that his fractured arm was 
quite as strong as the other arm. On the death of 
his patient, Dr. Randolph obtained permission 
to make a post-mortem examination, and pro- 
duced the humerus. “At the place of fracture 
he found the two ends of the bone to be per- 
fectly consolidated by a considerable mass of 
osseous matter, in the center of which there is 
a hole, showing the place through which the 
seton passed.” The superiority of the use of 
the seton, in cases of this nature, “over the 
method not unfrequently resorted to of cutting 
down to the ends of the bone and sawing 
them off, as recommended by Mr. White, of 
Manchester,” is strongly affirmed by Dr. Ran- 
dolph. A complete refutation of the mis- 
statements unintentionally made by Mr. Law- 
rence, in his surgical lectures, respecting the 
use of the seton in ununited fractures, has been 
furnished by Dr. Hays, the editor, in the 
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, in the 
shape of a brief summary of numerous cases 
successfully treated by this means. A still 
greater boon to humanity than any previously 
conferred by Dr. Physick was his operation 
for the cure of artificial anus, which he per- 
formed in the month of January, 1809. Dr. 
Granville Sharp Pattison, Professor of Anato- 
my in the Jefferson Medical College, while 
paying an animated tribute to the memory of 
Dr. Physick, in his introductory lecture, No- 
vember, 1838, uses very emphatic language re- 
specting this operation. It is the more enti- 
tled to notice on account of the anything but 
friendly relations which had previously ex- 
isted between the author of the lecture and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
403 
the medical faculty of the university. He 
had just adverted to the numerous improve- 
ments which Dr. Physick had introduced into 
surgery, and the difficulty of saying which of 
them was the most influential “in advancing 
and elevating our science.” He then proceeds 
in the following strain: “The one I select is 
his improvement in the treatment of artificial 
anus, and I hesitate not to assert that there 
is not to be found, in the whole cir- 
cle of the science, any single discovery 
which indicates higher power of philosoph- 
ical induction than the one under considera- 
tion. It was no random, no chance discovery. 
It was not, and it could not have been made 
by accident. It was based on anatomical 
knowledge, and perfected by inductions de- 
rived from her handmaids, physiology and 
pathology.” It is not necessary that we should 
describe this operation, the details of which 
are now so well known. Reference may be 
made, however, to a full account of it, given 
by Dr. Benjamin Hornor Coates, in the North 
American Medical and Surgical Journal, for 
October, 1826, which is otherwise valuable by 
the remarks of this gentleman on Dupuytren’s 
method of operating in the disease. On this 
occasion Dr. Coates shows, in the most con- 
vincing manner, that Dr. Physick long pre- 
ceded the French sm-geon in operating for the 
cure of artificial anus, a point contested by 
Dupuytren and others, but fully admitted, 
many years later, by Roux, his successor, and, 
it may be added, long his rival. To all useful 
intents and purposes, our great surgeon must 
be regarded as the inventor of this operation; 
for, even though it could be shown that a 
similar one had been performed by others, 
the fact had remained, and would have con- 
tinued to be generally unknown, without its 
suggesting repetition or imitation. That the 
conception of the operation, and the patho- 
logical process which would render it efficient, 
were original with Dr. Physick, and that he 
believed himself to be the first to perform it, 
can not be questioned by those who know his 
sincerity and truthfulness. Once fully en- 
gaged in the exercises of his profession, he 
read but little, and his reading was, we be- 
lieve, never of a retrospective nature. His 
study was of the present realities before him, 
and of the best means of making them subser- 
vient to his immediate purposes, without in- 
quiring into or caring for the opinions or prac- 
tices of the past, and seeking in them hints 
and suggestions for his own guidance. If he 
had any retrospective lore, it was that gathered 
in his early studies, when serving his novitiate, 
and most probably even in its first period, or 
before he went to London to be placed under 
John Hunter. A more direct instance of his 
making what he believed to be an original 
suggestion, occurred in his proposing the use 
of animal ligature, in which he had been an- 
ticipated by one of the older surgeons. Dr. 
Randolph, when telling us that from the year 
1816 (see “Eclectic Repertory,” vol. vi), Dr. 
Physick employed, almost exclusively, animal 
ligatures, adds the expression of his regret 
that they are but seldom used by the surgeons 
of the present day. Dr. Physick, in a journal 
or note-book of the most remarkable and inter- 
esting cases which occurred in his surgical 
practice, records the case of a lady affected 
with blindness from cataract. The operation 
was by extraction of the opaque crystalline 
lens, and resulted in the restoration of the 
patient to sight. This was his favorite opera- 
tion for cataract, whenever the eye was in a 
suitable condition, and such was his care in 
selecting proper cases, and in preparing them 
when necessary by previous treatment, and 
his manual dexterity, that he was almost al- 
ways successful. It is mentioned by Dr. Ran- 
dolph, as “a singular coincidence,” that as the 
first case recorded in his note-book was of one 
in which he performed extraction for cataract, 
so the last operation he ever performed, on 
August 13, 1837, was of the same kind, and 
attended with the like success. Dr. Physick 
gave an account, in Chapman’s Philadelphia 
Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, 
1820, of the method which he employed for the 
removal of enlarged tonsils, and hemorrhoidal 
tumors, by means of the double canula and a 
soft wire. In place of allowing the instrument 
to remain applied, as had been'previously the 
custom, until the parts were separated and 
thrown off, a process requiring a week or ten 
days for its completion, it was his practice to 
remove the wire at the expiration of twenty- 
four hours, a period proved by experience to 
be long enough for strangulating the tumors, 
and destroying their vital connection with the 
structure to which they had been attached. A 
few years after this, he became convinced 
that excision was the preferable opera- 
tion for the removal of enlarged tonsils; 
and to accomplish this end he contrived, 
very ingeniously, an instrument, which was 
adapted also to excision of the uvula. A full 
description of it will be found in the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, together with the 
very interesting case of a young lady afflicted 
with an obstinate cough, occasioned by an elon- 
gation of the uvula, who was entirely cured by 
Dr. Physick, by means of the excision of a 
portion of that organ. The success in this 
and some other analogous cases soon gave 
vogue to the operation for excising, or cutting, 
or, as some familiarly called it, clipping off the 
uvula. To have a teasing cough, and a uvula 
somewhat elongated, or believed to be so, was 
the signal for excision. The fashion prevailed 
very extensively among clergymen, so many 
of whom suffer from chronic laryngitis and 
bronchitis; and he who had undergone the 
operation himself seemed to feel it to be his 
duty to recommend a clerical brother who 
coughed to submit to the like process, so that, 
after a while, one could not help thinking of 
the traveled fox, in the fable, who returned to 
his comrades minus a tail, left very much 
against his will in a trap, but who proclaimed 
this curtailment to be the last and most ap- 
proved fashion, and, as such, worthy of gen- 
eral imitation. One can not help regretting 
the vast amount of misapplied missionary labor 
on the part of many clei-gymen in their zeal- 
ous and too often inopportune recommenda- 
tions of not only popular modes of practice, 
but also of popular quackeries, which exert 
about as beneficial an effect on the bodies of 
those who freely resort to their use as Miller- 
ism, Mormonism and Spiritual Mediums do on 
the souls of the believers in their doctrines. 
After a time a more general knowledge of 
physical diagnosis of diseases of the chest, in 
which cough is a common symptom, led to a 
true appreciation of the value of uvular excis- 
ion, and, of course, to a considerable restric- 
tion of the practice. Dr. Hays, in the second EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
404 
volume of the American Journal of the Medical 
Sciences, published a description and plate of 
a forceps invented by Dr. Physick, and em- 
ployed in certain cases to seize the tonsil and 
draw it out, so as to allow more conveniently 
of its extirpation. In cases of hemorrhoidal 
tumor, where the complaint was of long stand- 
ing, and the lining membrane of the rectum 
much diseased, and where the tumors were in- 
ternal, Dr. Physick preferred and continued 
to use the ligature for their removal. The 
drawing at once a wire tightly round the base 
of the tumor gives momentary pain; but it is 
less severe than might be expected. At the 
end of twenty-four hours, when the wire may 
be removed, “the tumor will be found shriv- 
eled and black, and in a few days will be 
separated and thrown off under the application 
of a soft poultice of bread and milk.” Care 
must be taken, as enjoined by Dr. Physick, 
that nothing but the hemorrhoidal tumor itself 
be included within the ligature. An operation 
for varicose aneurism, performed by Dr. Phys- 
ick, is described by him in Coxe’s Medical Mu- 
seum. In the same journal he details the his- 
tory of a case of luxation of the thigh-bone 
forward, and the method which he employed 
for its reduction. The Philadelphia Journal of 
Medical and Physical Sciences contains the par- 
ticulars of a case of carbuncle, with some re- 
marks on the use of the common caustic veg- 
etable alkali in the treatment of this disease, 
which he divides into three stages. It is in 
the second stage, in which “inflammation hav- 
ing ended in the death of the cellular texture 
in which it was situated, a process begins for 
making an opening through the skin, to allow 
the dead and acrid fluids to pass out.” It is 
in this stage, marked by the appearance of 
pimples and small orifices, “that the applica- 
tion of the vegetable alkali upon the skin so 
perforated, and on that covex-ing the middle 
of the tumor, in quantity sufficient to destroy 
it complete, proves highly beneficial.” We 
shall next notice, in a summary manner, the 
contributions made by Dr. Physick to pathol- 
ogy and practical medicine, they are not nu- 
merous, but they are all of them of permanent 
value, either by removing previous obscurities 
or enlai’ging the domain of therapeutics. Dur- 
ing the period in which the yellow fever ap- 
peared in Philadelphia, in 1793, he, in con- 
junction with Dr. Cathrall, published an ac- 
count of several dissections of persons who 
had died of this disease. The results, as 
given in Brown's Gazette, though not abso- 
lutely original, were more definite and clear 
than had been previously described by Dr. 
Mitchell, in the yellow fever, as it prevailed 
in Virginia in 1737 and 1741, Dr. Mackittrick, 
in his inaugural thesis, at Edinburgh, 1766, 
Dr. Hume, in his account of the yellow fever 
of Jamaica, and of Dr. Lind, in his notice of 
the disease as it prevailed in Cadiz in 1764. 
The introductory paragraph of the newspaper 
account of the dissections made by Drs. Physick 
and Cathrall, to which their names are ap- 
pended, contrasts strangely with the testa- 
mentary directions by the former for the dis- 
posal of his body after death. They say: 
“Being well assured of the great importance 
of dissections of morbid bodies in the investi- 
gations of the nature of diseases, we have 
thought it of consequence that some of those 
dead of the present prevailing malignant fever 
should be examined.” After stating the gen- 
eral soundness of the brain and the thoracic 
organs, they proceed to say, “That the stomach 
and beginning of the duodenum are the parts 
that appear most diseased. In two persons, 
who died of this disease in the fifth day, the 
villous membrane of the stomach, especially 
about its smaller end, we found highly in- 
flamed, and this inflammation extended 
through the pylorus into the duodenum some 
way. The inflammation here was exactly sim- 
ilar to that induced on the stomach by acrid 
poisons, as by arsenic, which we once had an 
opportunity of seeing in a person destroyed 
by it.” “A black liquor” was found in the 
stomach and intestines, which had been vom- 
ited and purged before death. “This black 
liquor appears to be clearly an altered secretion 
from the liver; for a fluid, in all respects of the 
same quality, was found in the gall-bladder. 
This liquor was so acrid that it induced consid- 
erable inflammation and swelling on the op- 
erators’ hands, which remained some days.” 
In subsequent observations the authors ascer- 
tained, with more precision, the real nature of 
the dark-colored fluid in the stomach and small 
intestines, which is identical with that ejected 
and known under the name of “black vomit” 
—altered blood given out from the vessels of the 
stomach. It is but just to add that dissections 
made by Dr. Deveze, in 1793, and published in 
the following year, reveal a state of the lining 
membrane of the stomach similar to that de- 
scribed above. This writer speaks also of the 
black blood mixed with the black bile in the 
gastric cavity. Dr. Physick confirmed and ex- 
tended his experience gained in 1793, by ad- 
ditional dissections during his residence in the 
City Hospital, in 1798, a brief notice of which 
is made by Dr. Rush in his history of the yel- 
low fever of that year. He mentions the mat- 
ter which constitutes what is called the black 
vomit was found in the stomach of several 
patients who had not discharged it at any time 
by vomiting. He observed, also, the greatest 
marks of inflammation in the stomachs of sev- 
eral persons in whom there had been no vomit- 
ing during the whole course of the disease. 
It would be arrogating too much to claim for 
Dr. Physick and his associate in pathological 
investigations on the organic seat of yellow 
fever, the first knowledge of its gastric charac- 
ter, and the origin and nature of the black 
vomit; but certainly their observations had a 
dominant influence on the medical teachers 
and writers of Philadelphia, and contributed 
a full share in other directions in imparting 
something like fixedness of opinion on this 
part of the pathology of yellow fever. In the 
winter of 1798 a paper was read by Dr. Physick, 
before the Academy of Medicine, of Philadel- 
phia, containing “Some Experiments and 
Observations on the Mode of Operation of 
Mercury on the Body,” which was subse- 
quently published in the Neio York Eepository. 
Although falling short of the chemical require- 
ments of the present day, these experiments 
exhibit evidences of a spirit of careful scrutiny 
and cautious induction which it would be well 
always to imitate in experimental investiga- 
tions. In 1802 Dr. Physick communicated the 
particulars of a case of hydrophobia for the 
journal just mentioned. After giving a detailed 
account of the appearances exhibited on dissec- 
tion, he suggests, as a means of relief in this dis- 
ease, the propriety of tracheotomy in conjunc- 
tion with other parts of the treatment. A EMINENT PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
405 
practical recommendation of great importance 
was made by Dr. Physick in Coxe’s “Museum” 
for 1805. It consists in the use of blisters for 
the purpose of arresting the progress of mor- 
tification. He was led to this practice from a 
knowledge of the good effects of the remedy 
in arresting erysipelas, a mode of treatment 
which he had learned from Dr. Pfeiffer, of 
Philadelphia. In order to procure the best 
effects from the blister, it should be large 
enough to extend from the mortified to the 
adjacent sound parts. Dr. Physick, although 
he did not originate the suggestion, which 
should be credited to Dr. Alexander Munro, 
Jr., of Edinburgh, who gave it in his Inaugural 
Thesis, 1797, must have credit for being the 
first to carry into practice many years in ad- 
vance of its reputed inventors in our own day. 
Our reference is to the introduction of fluid 
into the stomach by means of a gum-elastic 
catheter and a common pewter syringe, for the 
purpose of diluting poisonous substances which 
have been swallowed, and then of withdraw- 
ing them by the same apparatus, thus accom- 
plishing what is now done by the stomach 
pump, or an instrument made expressly for 
this purpose. The circumstances, as detailed 
in the Eclectic Bepertory, for October, 1812, 
were, that a mother, by mistake, gave an over- 
dose of laudanum to two of her children, twins, 
aged three months, which produced convul- 
sions and stupor: the pulse and respiration 
had almost ceased. As these children were 
unable to swallow, Dr. Physick injected one 
drachm of ipecacuanha, mixed with water, by 
the means already described. No effect result- 
ing, he injected a quantity of warm water, 
and then withdrew it by means of a syringe. 
These operations were repeated again and 
again, until he had washed out the stomachs 
thoroughly and removed all their contents. 
“By the time these operations were completed, 
however,” writes Dr. Randolph, “all signs of 
animation in each of the children were en- 
tirely lost. Discouraging as these circum- 
stances were, the Doctor determined to perse- 
vere in his efforts to restore life, and accord- 
ingly he injected into their stomachs some 
spirits, mixed with water, and a little vinegar; 
and he also made use of external stimuli. In 
a few moments the pulse and respiration re- 
turned in each child, and in the course of a 
short time both were regularly performed.” 
The results were that one of the children com- 
pletely recovered, the other died. Dr. Physick, 
in a note to this paper, states that the idea of 
washing out the stomach in cases in which 
poison has been swallowed, occurred to him 
at least twelve years previously; and that his 
nephew, Dr. Dorsey, had performed the opera- 
tion of washing out the stomach in such a case 
in the year 1809. Dr. Physick did not intro- 
duce new remedies, but he did more: he 
modified the preparation or the dose of familiar 
articles, with a rare nicety of adaptation in 
the particular circumstances of the case, thus 
giving a character of freshness and originality 
to his suggestions, which were often highly 
appreciated by his medical brethren in consul- 
tation. He had, it is true, the advantage which 
every man of eminence enjoys whose advice is 
invoked at an advanced period of the disease. 
He learns what has been done; what effects 
have followed certain remedies: he finds for 
example, that the patient has been bled and 
otherwise depleted, and that the period of ex- 
citement is passing away, and he comes just at 
the opportune moment to counsel the use of 
stimulants and tonics, and a little increase of 
nutrimental substances; probably just at the 
time when the attending physician had him- 
self proposed to advise these measures. The 
superficial observer sees in the means recom- 
mended a change of practice, where the ex- 
perienced one sees only a continuation of treat- 
ment varying with the change in the stage of 
the disease. The admininistration of tonics 
and stimulants to-day is no evidence of error 
on the part of the physician, who, two days 
or even twenty-four hours before, had enforced 
venesection or leeching, and active purging. 
The crisis of a fever, followed as it often is by 
feeling of great languor and prostration, 
alarms the friends of the patient and 
prompts them to a request for additional 
medical counsel, at a time when, in fact, 
the danger is over. Hence a physician of 
experience, and who is imbued with sound 
ethics, when called into consultation, although 
he may get credit for the subsequent rally of 
the enfeebled powers of life, will have the 
good sense not to suggest any very decided 
course of treatment, but, waiting for time and 
nature, he will give his approval of the pre- 
vious treatment. We have heard it said that, 
on one occasion, the friends of a patient who 
was under the care of an eminent French phy- 
sician, becoming uneasy about him, for there 
are fits of panic on such occasions not explica- 
ble by the facts of the case, requested that Dr. 
Physick might be called into consultation. The 
request was, of course, complied with, and on 
his seeing the sick person, he felt that nothing 
additional to the actual treatment was neces- 
sary. But, that he might not seem to be in- 
different to the case, he suggested the use of a 
few grains of magnesia, which were taken by 
the patient, who soon recovered, to the great 
joy of the friends and to the credit of the con- 
sulting physician, to whose timely visit and 
advice the salutary result was attributed. Dr. 
Physick abjured all theories and systems in 
the practice of medicine. He would neither 
advance any guiding principle on which could 
be based the treatment of a class of diseases, 
or of many cases having characters in common, 
nor listen with patience to an attempt on the 
part of a professional confrere, in consultation, 
to make such an exposition of the views by 
which the latter had been governed in the 
treatment of the case before them. If he 
recommended a remedy or a mode of practice, 
it was not to meet certain indications or to re- 
move certain pathological conditions, but be- 
cause he had found the remedy or the mode of 
practice useful in another case—giving often 
the name of the individual—which resembled 
this one. His practice was based on enlight- 
ened empiricism, a careful and minute observa- 
tion of what had done good and what was in- 
jurious ; but here he exercised those reasoning 
powers which, in what seemed to be theory or 
systematizing, he chose to place in abeyance; 
for he so modified and changed, as already ob- 
served, the mode or the time of giving the 
remedies, as to imply, in his mind, a certain 
hypothetical state of things which he proposed 
to himself to change by a new combination of 
means. He professed, however, to acknowl- 
edge no guide but experience, forgetting the 
remark of Hippocrates, echoed by Boerhaave 
and others, that experience is often fallacious— EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
406 
Experientia fnllax—-and probably never having 
read the admirable treatise on the subject by 
Zimmerman. That experience, which is merely 
the knowledge of antecedent facts or events, 
must have had a beginning, and if so, might 
we not sometimes trust to trials suggested by a 
long previous study of the relations of suc- 
cessive antecedents, even though we may call 
it theory, with at least as much confidence as 
to unforeseen chances from which all expe- 
rience must date? But, after all, what are 
called the results of experience are not deduc- 
tions from a series of precisely identical facts 
or phenomena ranged in the memory like a 
string of beads. In the facts or phenomena 
there are differences which we throw out, and 
resemblances which we choose to retain, as 
representing a continuous chain of occur- 
rences, so that the reasoning powers are act- 
ively at work, and the most doggedly prac- 
tical, and the greatest sticklers for experience, 
are obliged, in despite of themselves, to com- 
bine and arrange things in their own minds, 
different from the actual realities before them, 
and to draw inferences which they may call 
the results of experience, but which in truth 
are the product of a theory, however simple 
and elementary it may be. The chief differ- 
ence between your men who cling to expe- 
rience and profess to eschew theory, and those 
who avowedly and conscientiously employ 
theory to fix in their minds a series of compli- 
cated events and to guide them in future in- 
quiries, amounts very nearly to this: that the 
former theorize only from their own observa- 
tions, while the latter theorize both from their 
own and those of preceding times, thus bring- 
ing the wisdom of the great departed to en- 
lighten their own judgments. Dr. Physick’s 
inflexibility in adhering to his opinions when 
once formed, and which made him insist on 
obedience from his patients to his advice and 
prescriptions, did not, however, interfere with 
his careful reconnoissance of the ground before 
he took his stand, or with his groping, as it were, 
his way in the paths of doubt before he reached 
the desired conclusions. The objections made 
by the invalid to what he proposed giving 
were listened to attentively, and as far as they 
rested on idiosyncrasies, or on positive disa- 
bility of function, were treated with deference. 
When he saw that the issue ought still to be 
made between his prescriptions and the dis- 
ease, but was aware that it could not be met 
directly, he was content to accomplish his ob- 
ject in an indirect manner. An instructive 
example of his mode of prescribing in such 
circumstances is related by Dr. Randolph. 
The case wTas one of a lady laboring under 
dyspepsia of the most aggravated character, 
for which she was brought to Philadelphia. 
Such was the irritability of her stomach that it 
rejected every kind of nourishment, and in 
consequence her state of weakness and pros- 
tration was so great that she seemed to be 
dying of inanition. Dr. Physick, after pro- 
posing a variety of articles, inquired of her 
whether, since she was first attacked, she had 
ever tried milk. On her replying that she had 
often taken it, but her stomach always rejected 
it, he asked her if she did not think that her 
stomach would retain the half of a tumblerful 
of milk? She answered in the negative, as she 
did also when a wineglassful was proposed, 
and again when a tablespoonful was mentioned. 
“He then told her that he was under the im- 
pression that she could retain in her stomach 
one teaspoonful of milk, and accordingly he 
prescribed the article for her, to be taken in that 
quantity at repeated intervals. The lady 
adopted his views, attended to his prescrip- 
tions, and was ultimately restored to perfect 
health.” In another case, of a lady who in- 
sisted on her inability to take opium with a 
view of procuring sleep, as it never produced 
that effect, although repeated trials had been 
made by its administration of an evening, Dr. 
Physick advised the physician, with whom he 
was called in consultation, to give the medicine 
at other hours, and with its taste covered as 
much as possible by other substances. In this 
manner the association in the mind of the 
patient between the taking of the opiate and a 
belief in its inefficacy would be broken. It 
was accordingly administered at intervals 
through the day, combined with mucilage and 
nitric acid, as if to meet other indications, but 
really with a view of placing the patient under 
its hypnotic influence by the time that night 
was reached. The result corresponded with 
the anticipations formed, and the lady obtained 
sound and refreshing sleep, and ceased ever 
after to dispute the soothing effects of opium 
in her own case. Most commonly the opiate 
prescribed in the evening is taken at too late 
an hour, and hence its full hypnotic effects 
are not experienced until the approach of 
morning, or even of the hour for breakfast. 
If Dr. Physick can be supposed to have fol- 
lowed out systematically a plan, it was in the 
numerous cases of chronic disease, many of 
them coming from a distance, which depended 
on chronic inflammation, induced too often by 
excess in living and the operation of climatic 
causes. Patients thus affected were generally 
subjected to a reducing treatment, the prom- 
inent points of which consisted in bloodletting, 
general or local, or both, purging and low diet, 
which last, by the multitude, is always called 
starvation. His design seemed to be to treat 
an inflamed internal organ or viscus as he 
would an inflamed eye, or an inflamed joint, 
by removing and withholding as much as pos- 
sible, all causes of excitement, and allowing 
it to rest or to make a near approach to this 
state. The authority imparted by his great 
reputation and experience, procured for him 
a deference to this course of treatment, and 
more patience and persistence in it than would 
have been yielded to other professional men; 
and hence more instances could be recorded of 
his success than would have fallen to their 
lot, supposing even that they had been influ- 
enced by the same pathological views. It 
must be acknowledged, however, that instances 
were every now and then adduced of his push- 
ing these measures to an extreme, or rather of 
continuing them needlessly long. It is possi- 
ble that undue stress, if not exaggeration, 
would be displayed in popular comments and 
glosses on these cases, owing to the treatment 
being so adverse to the prejudices of the many, 
who can never divest themselves of the vulgar 
notions that the sole treatment of a disease 
ought to consist in keeping up the strength 
by feeding and stimulating, as if digestion and 
assimilation could be carried on at this time as 
they are during health. This idea is just as 
rational as would be that of recommending a 
man to keep up the strength of an inflamed 
eye by the free admission of light, and by con- 
tinuing to use the organ, or to give suppleness EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
407 
to an inflamed knee-joint by walking and 
waltzing. In a more advanced stage of dis- 
ease, and the inflammatory element absent or 
failing to yield to a reducing treatment, Dr. 
Physick’s views and prescriptions exhibited 
nothing remarkable or requiring distinct re- 
cord. His practice was such as we have al- 
ready described. If he did not himself gen- 
eralize from exceptional cases, his advice in 
these was sometimes assumed to be his regular 
treatment of the disease, and his name was 
made the cover or pretext for pure empiricism. 
It is most probable that a remedy used by him 
in the last resort, after he had exhausted the 
materia medica, was had recourse to in an 
early period by those who were either igno- 
rant of the list or too impatient to make the 
selections from it which were sanctioned by 
previously recorded experience. Among these 
exceptional modes of treatment, generalized 
by the multitude to a mischievous excess, was 
the decoction of soot and wood ashes, which 
Dr. Physick was said to have found beneficial 
in dyspepsia in his own case, and hard cider, 
used by him in obstinate cases of dyspepsia 
with heartburn. If we have spoken of Dr. 
Physick’s practice as one of enlightened em- 
piricism, we must be understood to use this 
word in its large philosophical sense, that in 
which it is recognized in the history of medi- 
cine. Far different is it from the popular em- 
piricism or quackery, which does not set up a 
claim for a particular mode of treatment, or a 
particular remedy in a specified disease and 
stage of that disease, but impudently asserts 
the all-healing and curative power of one arti- 
cle or combination of articles in all diseases, 
however opposite they may be in their origin, 
organic seat and other essential characters. 
No physician was more decidedly opposed to 
this impudent and ignorant assumption of the 
miraculous powers implied in such pretensions 
than the eminent man whose professional char- 
acter we are now portraying. On a memorable 
and ever regrettable occasion, when some of 
his colleagues in the university, and the presi- 
dent of the College of Physicians, so far forgot 
the proprieties of medical ethics and the con- 
clusions of medical logic as to give certificates 
in favor of a quack medicine, Dr. Physick 
steadily declined to join in what, in the mild- 
est terms, must be called an exhibition of fool- 
ish good nature to a begging empiric, at the ex- 
pense of the health of the community. We 
can scarcely speak of Dr. Physick as an author, 
so few and brief have been the papers from 
his pen which have appeared in print; and it 
must be regarded as somewhat singular for one 
of his eminence, who had been a public teacher 
so long, and who was so largely engaged in the 
practice of medicine, that he has not written 
a single article on the treatment of a disease, 
separate from its surgical bearings and the 
surgical means used for its relief. His accumu- 
lated experience is, therefore, in a great meas- 
ure, lost to the world; and in this loss follows 
a gradual decay, as year succeeds year, of his 
own great reputation, which requires some- 
thing more than tradition and historical eulogy 
to keep it fresh in the mind of posterity. We 
have good reason for believing “that in the 
latter years of his life he regretted very much 
he had not published more for the benefit of 
his fellow-beings; but at this period his disin- 
clination and habits had become so confirmed 
that it was impossible for him to change them.” 
Another example to enforce the old moral of 
the danger of procrastination. For the ac- 
count of the improvement in surgery made 
by him the world is indebted to others. To 
the treatise on surgery by Dr. Dorsey, and to 
the memoirs left us by contemporaneous writ- 
ers, must reference be made for an enumera- 
tion of the contributions to the especial de- 
partment of this eminent pioneer teacher of the 
medical profession. A tolerably fair knowl- 
edge of the most important of Dr. Physick’s 
improvements in surgery may be obtained by 
a perusal of Dr. Dorsey’s “Elements,” in which 
the reader is continually reminded of the ora- 
cle whose revelations are law to the author. 
A little more of the expansive liberality of 
feeling which allowed Dorsey to disseminate 
many of the views and modes of practice of 
Dr. Physick, would have led the latter in after 
years, and in the latter part of his life, to have 
brought out, in a collected form, his published 
papers, his lectures on surgery, and selections 
of cases recorded in his note-book. Not only, 
however, did he fail to do this, or to authorize 
some person to perform the task after his 
death, but he made “an ardent request,” 
which, by the parties to whom it was ad- 
dressed, would naturally enough be construed 
into a positive prohibition against the publica- 
tion of his manuscripts. 
PIFFARD, Henry 0., of New York City, son 
of David and Ann Matilda Piffard, was born 
at Piffard, Livingston county, N. Y., Septem- 
her 10, 1842. His preliminary education was 
acquired at the Military School of Marl- 
borough Churchill, at Sing Sing, N. Y., which 
he left in 1858, to enter the Department of 
Arts of the University of the City of New 408 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
York. He was graduated from this institution 
in 1862, with the degree of A. B. Three years 
later he received the degree of A. M. In 1861 
he commenced the study of medicine in the 
office of Professor Willard Parker, M. D., 
matriculating at the same time at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. In 
1864 he received the degree of M. D., and 
later spent eighteen months as an interne at 
Bellevue and Charity Hospitals. In 1873 he 
was appointed Lecturer on Urinary Analysis 
at the Medical Department of the University 
of the City of New York, and two years later 
Professor of Dermatology at the same institu- 
tion. This latter position he has held, with 
the exception of an interval of two years, up 
to the present time. He served about fifteen 
years as Surgeon to the Charity Hospital, and 
on resigning that position was appointed Con- 
sulting Surgeon. His principal writings are, 
“A Guide to Urinary Analysis,” 1873; “An 
Elementary Treatise on Diseases on the Skin,” 
1876; “Materia Medica and Therapeutics of 
the Skin,” and “A Practical Treatise on Dis- 
eases of the Skin,” 1891. 
PINKERTON, Samuel Hunter, of Salt Lake 
City, Ufah, was born in New York City, May 
the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, Janu- 
ary 5,1885. On October 15,1886, he was advised 
to leave New York City on account of ill- 
health. He located in Salt Lake City, Utah, 
where he has taken up general surgery and 
gynecology. Was appointed Visiting Surgeon 
to the Holy Cross Hospital, of Salt Lake City, 
and Surgeon for the Rio Grande Western Rail- 
road. Dr. Pinkerton is widely known in the 
West as a rapid and skillful operator. He is a 
member of Salt Lake County Medical Society 
and Salt Lake Academy of Medicine. 
POOLEY, Thomas Kickett, of New York 
City, was born, October 1, 1843, in Chatteras, 
Cambridgeshire, England. He was educated 
at local schools and academies in the State of 
New York, and graduated from the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College in March, 1864, sub- 
sequently attending medical lectures in Lon- 
don and Paris. He settled at first in the city 
of New York. His specialty is diseases of the 
eye and ear. He is a member of the Medical 
Society of the County of New York, which he 
has represented in the State Medical Society; 
the New York and the American Ophthalmo- 
logical Societies; the International Ophthal- 
mological Congress; the American and Inter- 
national Otological Societies; the Medical 
Journal Association; the Yonkers Medical So- 
ciety, of which he was president in 1876; and 
the Alumni Association of the Bellevue Hos- 
pital College, of which he was president in 
1874 and 1875; and is a fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine. He is the author, among 
other writings, of papers on “Two Cases of 
Sympathetic Ophthalmia Distinguished by 
the Occurrence of Neuro-Retinitis,” “A Case 
of Corectopia,” “Keratitis Vesiculose, with 
Secondary Glaucoma,” “Strabismus,” “Hemio- 
pia Depending upon a Gummy Tumor in the 
Left Posterior Lobe of the Brain,” “Foreign 
Body in the Eye Diagnosticated by Limitation 
of the Field of Vision,” “Transactions of the 
American Ophthalmological Society,” 1870; 
“Wound of the Sclera Treated by Suture, with 
Remarks,” “Sympathetic Ophthalmia,” “In- 
juries of the Eye from Gunpowder,” 1871; 
“Foreigh Bodies in the Eye, with Remarks,” 
“Transactions of the New York Medical So- 
ciety,” 1875; “A Case of Epithelioma of the 
Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty by Sliding 
Flaps,” “Hemorrhage from the Ear in Pur- 
pura,” “Circumscribed Syphilitic Exudation 
of Chancroid,” and “Syphilitic Iritis,” 1876. 
He was a medical cadet in the United States 
Army from September 5, 1862, to May 18,1864, 
and thenceforward assistant surgeon to the 
close of the war, being brevetted captain, June 
1, 1865. In 1866 he was assistant sanitary in- 
spector of the Metropolitan Board of Health, 
having charge of the cholera hospital, Battery 
Barracks, from July 24 to October 15; attend- 
ing physician of the Northern Dispensary, 
from 1866 to 1869, inclusive; was clinical as- 
sistant in the New York Eye and Ear Infirm- 
ary ; and has since been assistant surgeon of the 
New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute; sur- 
geon to the Charity Hospital; and consulting 
ophthalmic surgeon to St. John’s Hospital at 
Yonkers, and clinical professor of ophthalmol- 
ogy in Starling Medical College, Columbus, O. 
POST, Alfred Charles, of New York City, 
was born in New York, January 13, 1806, and 
died there February 7, 1886. “He was the son 
of Joel Post, a merchant of New York, whose 
place of business was on Hanover Square, and 
27, 1857-. His early education was received in 
Brooklyn, N. Y. He entered upon the study of 
medicine, and received his decree of M. D. 
from the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 
1883. In October, of the same year, he en- 
tered Bellevue Hospital, where he served as 
interne for eighteen months on the Third Sur- 
gical Division. Was Prosector to the chair of 
Anatomy of Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege from 1883 to 1886; was appointed one of 
the Assistant Demonstrators of Anatomy in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
409 
who owned as his country seat the property 
known as Claremont, which is now included 
in Riverside Park,and embraces the site of Gen. 
Grant’s tomb.” Young Post was graduated at 
Columbia College in 1822, and after studying 
medicine with his uncle, Dr. Wright Post, a 
noted surgeon of New York, received his med- 
ical degree at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, in 1827. Two years 
later, having meanwhile studied in Paris, Ber- 
lin, London, and Vienna, he established him- 
self in New York, giving his attention mainly 
to surgery, and paying especial attention to the 
treatment of cicatricial contractions, deform- 
ities from burns, and other analogous injuries. 
more important papers may be cited the fol- 
lowing ; “Report on Stricture of the Urethra,” 
New York Medical Journal; “Case of Blepha- 
roplasty,” in New York Medical Gazette; on 
“Club-foot,” in Medical Becord; on “Treat- 
ment of Stone in the Bladder,” New York Med- 
ical Times; on “Cicatricial Contractions,” in 
Medical Becord; on “Contractions of Palmar 
Facia,” in Archives of Clinical Surgery. From 
1831 to 1835 he was Demonstrator of Anatomy 
to the New York College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, and from 1836 to 1852 was Attending 
Surgeon to the New York Hospital. Since 
1852 he had been consulting surgeon to the 
latter institution. From 1851 to 1875 he was 
Professor of Surgery in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of New York; in 1875 
he was made Emeritus Professor, and since 
1873 serving also as president of the Medical 
Faculty until his death. He was also Consulting 
Surgeon to St. Luke’s Hospital, Attending 
Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital, and pres- 
ident of the medical board of the Woman’s 
Hospital. Dr. Post achieved his great fame in 
surgery, and his operations were noted for 
precision and dexterity. He was the first in 
the United States to operate for stammering, 
and in 1840 devised a new method of perform- 
ing bilateral lithotomy. He also showed me- 
chanical ingenuity in devising instruments 
and appliances, and in the latter part of his 
life labored much in plastic surgery, making 
important reports of operations in that line. 
In 1872 he received the degree of LL. D. from 
the University of the City of New York. Dr. 
Post was active in various religious and char- 
itable organizations, and at the time of his 
death was president of the New York Medical 
Mission, and one of the directors of Union 
Theological Seminary. 
POTTER, Frank Hamilton, of Buffalo, N. 
Y., was born in Cqwlesville, that State, Janu- 
ary 8, 1860, and died July 16, 1891, after an 
illness of ten days’ duration. He was the only 
son of Dr. William Warren Potter. In 1882, 
when he was twenty-two years of age, he was 
graduated from the Buffalo Medical College. 
Prior to this time he had served as Resident 
Physician in the Rochester City Hospital for 
two years. In 1883, at the organization of the' 
Niagara University, he was appointed Clinical 
Assistant to the Chair of Surgery, and subse- 
quently held the position of Lecturer in Anat- 
omy and Laryngology. He at one time was a 
member of the surgical staff of the Sisters of 
Charity and Emergency Hospitals. He first 
began the practice of general medicine, which 
he continued for a time, but afterward gave it 
up for the special field of laryngology, for 
which he had fitted himself in the schools of 
both this country and Europe. But recently 
he was appointed* Clinical Professor of Laryn- 
gology of the University of Buffalo. He was 
also associate editor of the Buffalo Medical 
and Surgical Journal with his father. Lie was 
a member of numerous medical societies, 
among which were the Buffalo Medical and 
Surgical Association, Erie County Medical So- 
ciety, Medical Society of the State of New 
York, Buffalo Pathological Society, and Ob- 
stetrical Society. He was also a member of 
the Saturday and Thursday clubs. During the 
year 1890 he was secretary of the Laryngolog- 
ical Society of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and he was recently chosen by the 
Council of the American Laryngological Asso- 
CUH-C OU 
In 1831 be married Harriet, daughter of Cyre- 
nius Beers, Esq., of New York, by whom he 
had eleven children. One of his sons, Dr. 
Geo. E. Post, became Professor of Surgery in 
the Syrian Protestant College at Beyrout. In 
1835 he removed to Brooklyn, but, after pass- 
ing two years in that city, resumed his resi- 
dence in New York, where he remained until 
his death. As a surgeon generally, and within 
the lines of his specialties particularly, his 
practice, of large extent, had been very uni- 
formly successful, and he was regarded as one 
of the leading surgeons of America. He was 
a member of the Berlin Koniglich Medizin- 
isch; Chirurgische Geselbschaft; Boston Gyn- 
ecological Society; New York Pathological So- 
ciety ; New York County Medical Society, and 
Academy of Medicine; having been vice-presi- 
dent of the latter from 1861 till 1866, and presi- 
dent from 1867 till 1868, and of the American 
Medical Association, of which ho was once chos- 
en vice-president. As an author, his writings, 
dealing principally with surgical matters, were 
confined to contributions to professional period- 
icals, with the exception of a small volume on 
“Strabismus,” published in 1840. Among his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
elation for membership in that organization. 
In political life he had taken a small part, hav- 
ing served two terms as civil service commis- 
sioner. He was removed from that office by 
Mayor Becker, along with Mr. Loomis, but was 
reinstated when Mayor Bishop was elected. 
This office he resigned about a year ago, on 
account of other business duties. In 1887 he 
was married to Eva, daughter of Lars G. Sell- 
stedt. To them two children were born, both 
of whom, with his wife, survive him. 
POTTER, Samuel 0. Lewis, of San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., was born in England, September 
18, 1846. He is the eldest son of the Rev. 
Samuel George Potter, vicar of Holliscroft, 
Sheffield, England, who is of English birth, 
but of Australian education. His mother is of 
Scotch-Irish family in the north of Ireland. 
One of his brothers is the Rev. Beresford Pot- 
ter, rector of March, England; another is Su- 
perintending Surgeon to the P. and O. Steam- 
ship Company at Bombay; while another lived 
some years in California, and was drowned in 
the Missouri river about 1873. Two of his sis- 
ters are married in India to officers of high 
rank in the British army, one being Lieut.-Col. 
L. H. Young, commandant of Fort Saukra,in the 
Punjaub, and the other Staff Surgeon Charles 
Hatched, Indian Army Medical Department. 
The subject of this notice began the study of 
medicine at the age of fifteen years, under the 
direction of Dr. R. H. Courtenay, M.R.C.S., 
surgeon to the Baltinglass Union Hospital. 
After two years of study he came to the United 
States, at the age of seventeen, and entered the 
United States Army during the war, serving in 
the same brigade with the California Hundred. 
After the war closed he served several years as 
construction engineer on the Oregon and Cali- 
fornia railroad, and in the United States engi- 
neering department, where he acquired a repu- 
tation for conscientious work and literary pur- 
suits, which is well set forth in a commenda- 
tory letter given him by Gen. A. A. Humphreys, 
then chief of engineers, United States Army. 
After thus working for some years to obtain 
the means necessary for a renewal of his studies, 
he resumed the study of medicine in England, 
under the preceptorship of Dr. George Kemp, 
surgeon to the Sheffield Union Hospital, pass- 
ing the examination in general education re- 
quired by the British Medical Council, and 
officially approved by the Royal College of Sur- 
geons. He received his first medical degree 
in 1878 from the Medical College of Missouri, 
a homeopathic institution, but soon becoming 
convinced of the inutility and fallacy of the 
therapeutic doctrine of that system of medi- 
cine, he entered the Jefferson Medical College 
of Philadelphia, from which he was again 
graduated in 1882, with the first prize of that 
school in a class of 247 graduates. Dr. Potter 
then went before the Faculty of Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, New York, for exam- 
ination and endorsement of his diploma which 
he received. Shortly afterward he entered the 
medical department of the United States Army, 
serving as Post Surgeon at Fort Robinson, Ne- 
braska, and as Acting Assistant Surgeon at 
Fort Russell, Wyoming, and at Fort Douglas, 
Utah; at the latter station leaving the army 
to settle at Salt Lake City, where he 
practiced successfully for over three years, and 
then established himself in San Francisco. In 
1887 the Board of Trustees of the Cooper Med- 
ical College, formerly the Medical College of 
the Pacific, on the unanimous recommenda- 
tion of the faculty of that institution, elected 
him to fill the responsible chair of Theory and 
Practice of Medicine as successor of the dis- 
tinguished Professor Henry Gibbons, de- 
ceased. This action was taken after a series 
of trial lectures delivered by Dr. Potter before 
the faculty and students, and an extended pro- 
fessional association between him and several 
of his colleagues. Referring to the subject of 
this sketch at the time he was selected to fill 
this position, the following clipping from the 
San Francisco Alta Californian may be quoted 
in this connection: “Dr. Potter is a man of 
forty years of age, who brings to the work be- 
fore him a mind stored with the fruits ol 
twenty-five years of study, a habit of industry 
in the literary fields of his profession, a thor- 
ough classical and technical education, and an 
extended and successful experience in mili- 
tary and civil practice. We are confident that 
he will prove eminently successful, both as a 
teacher and a practitioner of his specialty, the 
pure practice of medicine, and so believing, 
we welcome him heartily to San Francisco, 
where, surrounded as he will be by colleagues 
of the highest professional rank, his future 
success is already assured.” The brilliant ca- 
reer of Dr. Potter since that time, as teacher, 
writer and physician, indicate that this esti- 
mate and prediction was well founded. In 
addition to the professorship, which he still 
holds in the Cooper Medical College, lie was, 
while at Salt Lake City, a United States Ex- 
amining Surgeon for Pensions, and has been 
examiner for the Equitable Mutual Life and 
Northwestern Life Insurance Company. In 
1891, Dr. Potter was made a member of the 
Royal College of Physicians, London. Heisalso 
a member of numerous medical societies and 
scientific and social organizations. Among 
his contributions to medical literature may be 
mentioned the following: “Index of Com- 
parative Therapeutics, 1880; “On Speech and 
its Defects,” 1882 (prize essay) ; “Compend of 
Anatomy, 1883 (with lithographic plates, sth 
ed.) ; “Handbook of Materia Medica, Phar- 
macy and Therapeutics,” 1887. The last work 
is a large volume of eight hundred pages, in- 
cluding official and extemporaneous pharmacy, 
and presents the physiological action of drugs 
as well as the special therapeutics of diseases. 
This publication is altogether so practical and 
popular that a fourth edition, revised and en- 
larged, has been issued. In fact all of his 
works have gone through several editions and 
are in the hands of nearly every medical stu- 
dent in America, besides having a very large 
sale in England. 
POTTER, Theodore, of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born at Glendale, Hamilton county, 0., 
November 29, 1861, his father being the Rev. 
L. D. Potter, D. D., president of the Glendale 
Female College. On his father’s side he is of 
English stock, the first members of the family 
settling near Elizabethport, N. J., in the seven- 
teenth, century. His great grandfather was a 
colonel in the Revolution, and his grandfather, 
Jotham Potter, a major in the War of 1812. 
The latter was for many years a member of the 
New Jersey Legislature.’ Dr. Potter’s mother 
came of one of the old Dutch families about 
New York, the Ketchams, though originally 
from France, they having fled, with the per- 
secution of the Huguenots, to Holland. He 
was educated in the public schools of his native EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
411 
town, in the High School, Lawrenceville, N. 
J., and graduated with honor, after a four 
years’ course at Princeton University in 1882. 
At Princeton he was one of the editors of the 
college literary magazine; was the Dickinson 
prizeman for 1881, and one of the literary 
prizemen for 1882. He taught for a short time 
in the boys’ classical school at Miami Univer- 
sity, Oxford, O. In the fall of 1883 he began 
the study of medicine under Dr. R. D. Mussey, 
of Cincinnati, attending lectures at the Ohio 
Medical College. After four years of medical 
study he graduated at this college, being 
awarded the prizes for the best examinations 
in the practice of medicine and in obstetrics. 
In the spring of 1887 he was appointed As- 
sistant Demonstrator of Bacteriology in the 
Medical College of Ohio; and about the same 
time entered upon practice in the office with 
Dr. J. T. Whittaker. Soon afterward he be- 
came Resident Physician at the Good Samari- 
tan Hospital, where he remained till the spring 
of 1888. After leaving the hospital he spent 
about a year in clinical study in Germany, 
chiefly in the hospitals of Gdttingen and Ber- 
lin, brief periods of recreation being occupied 
in travels through Belgium, Holland, Switzer- 
land and Great Britain. In February, 1889, 
Dr. Potter settled in Indianapolis, which has 
since been his home. Pie was elected Demon- 
strator of Microscopy and Bacteriology in the 
Medical College of Indiana in the spring of 
1889; the next year he became lecturer upon 
the same subjects; in 1891 Professor of Bac- 
teriology, and in the summer of 1893 Professor 
of Pathology and Bacteriology, which position 
he now holds. He is Consulting Pathologist 
to the Indianapolis City Hospital, and Attend- 
ing Physician for Chest Diseases at the City 
Dispensary. He is one of the editors of the 
Indiana Medical Journal, and an active con- 
tributor to current medical literature. He is a 
member of the Local and State Medical Socie- 
ties ; the Indianapolis Literary Club; the Port- 
folio Club, and the Indiana Academy of 
Science. In 1890 he was first vice-president of 
the Alumni Association of the Medical College 
of Ohio. Dr. Potter has taken a deep interest 
in the modern advances in bacteriology; has 
written many papers, and delivered a number 
of addresses upon the subject at medical meet- 
ings, and since 1890 has made the annual re- 
port upon bacteriological progress to the State 
Medical Society. He is engaged in general 
practice, with a special cultivation of the field 
of chest diseases. 
amination of the army medical examining 
board at Albany, April 25, 1861, and was 
soon commissioned as Assistant Surgeon of 
the Forty-ninth Regiment New York State 
Volunteers. He served with this regiment 
through its earlier career in the Army of the 
Potomac, and was left n6ar Savage’s Station, 
Va., with the wounded of Smith’s division on 
the night of June 29, 1862, by order of Gen. 
Franklin, commanding the Sixth Army Corps. 
In a few days he was removed to Richmond 
and given quarters in Libby prison ; he was re- 
leased among the first exchanges under the 
cartel then arranging between the hostile 
powers. He was delivered to the hospital 
steamer “Louisiana” at Aiken’s Landing, Va., 
July 18, 1862, and immediately rejoined his 
regiment at Harrison’s Landing, Va. He was 
promoted to be surgeon of the Fifty-seventh 
Regiment New York State Volunteers on De- 
cember 16, 1862, and served with this regiment 
during the Chancellorsville and Gettysburg 
campaigns. In August, 1863, he was assigned 
to the charge of the first division hospital, 
Second Army Corps; continued upon that duty 
until he was mustered out of service, and was 
brevetted lieutenant-colonel of United States 
Volunteers March 3,1865. He practiced medi- 
cine in Batavia, N. Y., but finally returned to 
Buffalo, where he has resided for the most part 
since the war. His professional tastes, culti- 
vated largely by association with his father, 
who was his preceptor, led him early into the 
field of surgery, and he has performed many 
of the more important operations, both in mili- 
tary and civil practice. Of late years he has 
given his entire attention to the treatment of 
diseases of women, and has performed many 
operations in the department of gynecic sur- 
gery. He is a permanent member of the 
American Medical Association (1878), and was 
chairman of the Section of Obstetrics and Dis- 
eases of Women in 1890 ; permanent member 
of the Medical Society of the State of New 
York (1883), and was president in 1891; mem 
ber of the Medical Society of the County of 
Erie, president in 1892; member of the Buffalo 
Medical and Surgical Association, president in 
1886; president of the Buffalo Obstetrical So- 
ciety 1884-86; secretary of the American Asso- 
ciation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 
1888-94; member of the Southern Surgical and 
Gynecological Association; chairman of the 
Section of Gynecology and Abdominal Sur- 
gery of the Pan-American Medical Congress, 
1893; Examiner in Obstetrics, New York State 
Medical Examining and Licensing Board, and 
is Consulting Gynecologist to the Woman’s 
Hospital. He has been a frequent contributor 
to medical literature, and has likewise written 
many unpublished papers for medical societies 
and other bodies. Among his published writ- 
ings may be mentioned the following: “Um- 
bilical Hernia in the Adult,” 1879; “Rectal 
Alimentation for the Relief of the Obstinate 
Vomiting of Pregnancy,” “Remarks on Rec- 
tal Feeding in Diseases,” 1880; “The Surgical 
Treatment of Epithelioma of the Cervix Uteri,” 
Transactions of the Medical Society of the State 
of New York, 1881; “Genu-Pectoral Posture in 
Uterine and Ovarian Displacements,” Transac- 
tions of the Medical Society of the State of 
New York, 1882; “The Gynecic Uses and Value 
of the Genu-Pectoral Posture,” Transactions of 
the American Medical Association, 1882; “In- 
duction of Premature Labor in Puerperal 
POTTER, William Warren, of Buffalo, N. 
Y., was born in Strykersville,Wyoming county, 
N. Y., December 31, 1838. His father, Dr. 
Lindorf Potter, a native of the town of Shel- 
don, Wyoming county, N. Y., was a son of Dr. 
Benjamin Potter, formerly of Rhode Island, 
but who located in Western New York in the 
early years of the present century, and was one 
of the first physicians in the Holland pur- 
chase. The subject of this sketch received 
his preliminary education in private schools, at 
Arcade Seminary and at Genesee Seminary and 
College at Lima, in his native State. He came to 
Buffalo in 1854, receiving his medical education 
in the Medical Department of the University of 
Buffalo, and was graduated therefrom February 
23, 1859. He then formed a copartnership 
with his uncle, Dr. Milton E. Potter, of Cow- 
lesville, which continued until the break- 
ing out of the Civil War. He passed the ex- 412 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Eclampsia,” “Dysmenorrhea—Its Treatment 
by Dilatation,” “Postpartum Hemorrhage—Re- 
marks on its Treatment,” 1884; “Pelvic Abscess 
in Women—Its Surgical Treatment,” Buffalo 
Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885; “Observa- 
tions on the Uterine Sound,” Buffalo Medical 
and Surgical Journal, 1886; “Double Ovariot- 
omy During Pregnancy—Subsequent Delivery 
at Term,” American Journal of Obstetrics, 1888; 
“Dermoid Cyst of the Left Ovary, Operation, 
Recovery;” “Field-Hospital Service with the 
Army of the Potomac,” Buffalo Medical and 
Surgical Journal, 1889; “What is the Present 
Medico-Legal Status of the Abdominal Sur- 
geon?” American Journal of Obstetrics, 1890; 
“How Should Girls be Educated?—a Public 
Health Problem for Mothers, Educators, and 
Physicians,” Presidential Anniversary Ad- 
dress, Transactions of the ‘Medical Society of 
the State of New York, 1891; “A Medico-Le- 
gal Aspect to Pelvic Inflammation,” “Pelvic In- 
flammation in Women—a Pathological Study,” 
American Oyneclogical Journal, 1891. Dr. Pot- 
ter was married March 23, 1859, to Emily A., 
daughter of the late William H. Bostwick, of 
Lancaster, Erie county, N. Y., and his wife is 
a lineal descendant of Ethan Allen, of Revolu- 
tionary fame. Three children were born of 
this marriage—namely, the late Dr. Frank 
Hamilton Potter, Helen Blanchard and Alice 
F. Potter, the latter two are living in Buffalo 
with their parents. 
POTTS, Jonathan, of Reading, Pa., was born 
in Berks county, that State, April 1, 1745, and 
died in October, 1781. He was a son of John 
Potts, the founder of Pottstown,- Pa. After 
receiving a classical education, he went with 
Dr. Benjamin Rush to Edinburgh, Scotland, 
for medical study, and after his return he was 
graduated, in 1768, a “Bachelor of Physic” at 
the College of Philadelphia, at the first grant- 
ing pf medical degrees in this country, and in 
1771 received the degree of M. D. His Latin 
thesis on the latter occasion, “De Febribus 
Intermittentibus Potantissimum Tertianis,” 
was published in Philadelphia soon afterward. 
From 1768 till his death he was a member of 
the American Philosophical Society. He be- 
gan the practice of his profession at Reading. 
Dr. Potts early identified himself with the 
struggle for independence, and was secretary 
of the Berks County Committee of Safety, and 
a member of the Provincial Convention at 
Philadelphia, on January 23, 1775. In 1776, 
he was appointed surgeon for Canada and Lake 
George, and returned with General Gates to 
Pennsylvania. In general orders, dated De- 
cember 12, 1776, General Putnam directed that 
all officers that were in chai'ge of any sick sol- 
diers should “make return to Dr. Jonathan 
Potts at Mr. John Biddle’s, in Market street.” 
Soon after this order was issued, Dr. Potts was 
in service at the battle of Princeton. In April, 
1777, Dr. Potts was appointed medical director- 
general of the Northern Department, and as 
such joined the army at Albany, N. Y. In No- 
vember, 1777, he returned to Reading, having 
been furloughed, and while there was appointed 
by Congress director-general of the hospitals of 
the Middle Department. He was subsequently 
surgeon of the first city troops of Philadel- 
phia.” His brother, Thomas Potts, was one of 
the original members of the American Philo- 
sophical Society, and in 1776, was commis- 
sioned Colonel of one of the Pennsylvania 
battalions. Another brother, John Potts, 
studied law at the Temple, London, became a 
judge in the city of Philadelphia, but sympa- 
thizing with the mother country during the 
Revolution, went to Halifax, Novia Scotia, un- 
til the war was over. His brother, Isaac Potts, 
is said to have been the person that discovered 
Washington at prayer in the woods at Valley 
Forge, and the country seat of David Potts, 
another brother, was Washington’s headquar- 
ters at the latter place? 
POWELL, Jehu Z., of Logansport, Ind., was 
born in Cass county, that State, August 13, 
1848. He is of Welsh descent, and was edu- 
cated at the high school of Logansport and 
University of Michigan. He studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Prof. H. C. Cheever, 
of Ann Arbor, and was graduated M. D. from 
the University of Michigan in 1874. His medi- 
cal education was supplemented by a post- 
graduate course at Long Island College Hos- 
pital, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1875, and at the 
Post-Graduate Medical School of Chicago in 
1890. While engaged in the general practice of 
his profession in the city of Logansport, since 
1874, he has devoted especial attention to ob- 
stetrics and gynecology. He is a member of 
his County and State Medical Society, and of 
the American Medical Association. Dr. Powell 
takes an active interest in his profession, and 
is regarded as one of the most popular and 
successful physicians in his vicinity. 
PRENTISS, Daniel Webster, of Washing- 
ton, D. C., was born in that city May 21, 1843, 
as were his parents before him. His father, 
William Henry Prentiss was a son of Caleb 
Prentiss, of Cambridge, Mass. William Pren- 
tiss was a merchant and was associated with 
Joseph Greenleaf in building a row of brick 
houses on Greenleaf’s Point, D. C., about the 
year 1793, in one of which houses William 
Henry Prentiss was born. William Henry 
Prentiss married Miss Sarah A. Cooper, daugh- 
ter of Isaac Cooper, a merchant in Washing- 
ton. Dr. D. W. Prentiss’ grandmother, on the 
father’s side, was Eunice Payne (Greenleaf) 
Prentiss, a niece of Robert Treat Payne, and 
a cousin of John Howard Payne, author of 
“Home, Sweet Home; ”so that William Henry 
Prentiss was grand-nephew to Robert Treat 
Payne and second cousin to John Howard 
Payne. The general education of Dr. Pren- 
tiss was obtained in the schools of Washington 
and Columbian University, from which institu- 
tion he received, in 1861, the degree of Bachelor 
of Philosophy and the degree of Master of 
Arts three years later. He received the de- 
gree of Doctor of Medicine from the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania in 1864. He was mar- 
ried to Emilie A. Schmidt, daughter of Fred- 
erick Schmidt, of Renish Bavaria, October 12, 
1864. Their children are Louise, married to 
Frederick W. True, of the United States Na- 
tional Museum; Eunice, who died at the age 
of seventeen, and three sons—Spencer Baird, 
Daniel Webster, Jr., and Elliott. In 1864 he 
became engaged in the general practice of 
medicine in Washington, and has since then 
continuously held a prominent position in the 
profession. Since 1879 he has been Professor 
of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
medical department of the Columbian Uni- 
versity. He was a member of the Board of 
Health, District of Columbia, in 1864; Lect- 
urer on Diatetics and Administration 
of Medicines in the Nurses’ Training 
School, and a Dean of the Medical Faculty EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
413 
of the Training School from 1878 till 1883; a 
trustee in that school from 1880 till 1884, and 
president of the board in 1884; physician in 
charge of the eye and ear service of Columbian 
Dispensary from 1874 till 1878; visiting physi- 
cian to Providence Hospital in 1882, and 
a commissioner of pharmacy of the District 
of Columbia since its organization, and presi- 
dent of the board since 1888. Dr. Prentiss 
is a member of the Medical Society, Medi- 
cal Association, Obstetrical and Gynecolog- 
ical Society, the Philosophical, the Biolog- 
ical, Geographical and Anthropological so- 
cieties of the District of Columbia; is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, the Association of American 
Physicians, and was a delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress at Copenhagen, in 
1884, and to Berlin in 1890. He has delivered 
numerous lectures under various auspices in 
his native city. “Hypnotism in Animals,” 
given in a popular course at the National Mu- 
seum, appeared in the American Naturalist, 
September, 1882. By invitation of Spencer F. 
Baird, he delivered a course of lectures on 
Materia Medica at the National Museum in 
1883. Some of the leading papers which Dr. 
Prentiss has contributed to medical literature 
are the following: “Report on Disinfectants 
to the Board of Health of the District of Co- 
lumbia,” 1867, in the Journal of American Med- 
ical Science; “Gunshot Wound through the 
Pelvis,” October, 1865; “Case of Morphine 
Poisoning,” 1867; “Diphtheria and Tracheot- 
omy,” “Membranous Croup,” and “Operations 
for Radical Cure of Hernia,” “Case of Inflam- 
mation of Fibrous Capsule of Eyeball,” 1868; 
“Case of Spurious Labor Pains at Fifth Month,” 
“Convulsions after Profuse Hemorrhage from 
Abortion at the Sixth Week,” “Obstruction of 
Bowels in an Infant, with Autopsy,” 1870; 
“Hysterical Tetanus,” 1879; “Case of Mastoid 
Abscess Opening into Lateral Sinus, and Death 
from Pyemia,” 1882; “Is Croupous Pneumonia 
a Zymotic Disease?” “Chorea in Pregnancy, 
and Abscess of the Liver,” 1874; “Croupous 
Pneumonia”—report of eleven cases occurring 
in private practice, from February to June, 1878, 
read before the Medical Society of the District 
of Columbia; “Case of Double Hydronephro- 
sis, with Specimen, and Remarkable Case of 
Hysteria with Paralysis and Aphasia,” 1883; 
“Death from Diphtheritic Paralysis;” “Re- 
markable Change in the Color of the Hair 
from Light Blond to Almost Black, in a 
Patient while under Treatment by Hypoder- 
mic Injections of Pilocarpine;” “Case of Pro- 
longed Anuria,” “Membranous Croup Treated 
with Pilocarpine;” “Change in the Color of 
the Hair,” 1881; Overdose of Podophyllin,” 
“Maternal Impressions Effect on Fetus,” 
1882; “Answer to a Protest Against the Use 
of the Metric System in Prescribing,” 1883; 
a “Report of the Pharmacopeia Convention of 
1880,” as a delegate from the National Medi- 
cal College; a “Review of the Sixth Decen- 
nial Revision of the Pharmacopeia; “Avi- 
Fauna Columbiana,” being a list of the birds 
of the District 'of Columbia, revised and 
rewritten by Dr. Elliott Cones and Dr. D. W. 
Prentiss, 1883; “Gall Stones or Soap,” 1889; 
a “Report of Five Hundred Consecutive Cases 
of Labor in Private Practice,” 1888; “Case of 
Change of Color of Hair of Old Age to Black, 
Produced by Jaborandi,” “Three Cases of 
Poisoning by Japanese Lacquer, by Pellets 
Labeled ‘Rhus,’ and by Cashew Nuts,” “Re- 
port of a Remarkable Case of Slow Pulse,” 1889; 
“Purpura Hemorrhage Rheumatica,” “Cases 
of Poisoning by Atropia, by Opium, and by 
Quinine,” “On Revision of Pharmacopeia of 
1890;” “Apoplexy Following La Grippe,” in 
the Philadelphia Medical News, August 29,1891; 
a “Paperon Pilocarpin, its Physiological Ac- 
tions and Therapeutic Uses,” read by invita- 
tion before the New York Academy of Med- 
icine, in April, 1893. 
PRICE, Oscar J., of Chicago, 111., was born 
at Adrian, Mich., April 4, 1845. He received 
his academic education at Adrian College, and 
commenced the study of medicine in the office 
of Nelson H. Kimball, of Adrian, pursuing his 
medical studies later at Michigan University, 
Ann Arbor, whence he graduated in March, 
1866. As a first year medical student, at the 
age of nineteen, he was sent by the United 
States Sanitary and Christian Commissions to 
Memphis, Tenn., in 1865, where he assisted as 
a volunteer medical cadet in hospital and field, 
during the closing scenes of the Civil War. 
He was one of the first to respond to the rescue 
of the few survivors of the ill-fated steamship 
“Sultanna,” which was burned to the water’s 
edge with over 2,000 Union soldiers on board, 
just released on parole, from Andersonville 
prison. Dr. Price first started out in the prac- 
tice of his chosen profession at Toledo, 0., 
barely twenty-one years of age. It yas dur- 
ing a reign of Asiatic cholera, and every effort 
was being made to put the city in the best sani- 
tary condition possible. The city was divided 
into three districts, over one of which Dr. Price 
was installed as health officer, and the united 
work in this direction was such that not a single 
authenticated case of cholera occurred in To- 414 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ledo during that epidemic. Feeling the need 
of a more extended hospital education, early 
in the year of 1868, he went to New York City, 
taking private courses of instruction and re- 
ceiving more extended clinical observation, 
the better fitting him for his intended life work 
in Chicago, which he commenced upon during 
the latter part of the same year. Alone and 
unaided, and an entire stranger in the great 
west, those first years were the usual ones 
of patient-waiting, coupled with persevering 
labor, which was finally rewarded by a lucra- 
tive practice. He was married April 2, 1874, 
to Anna, daughter of Ebenezer Wilder, of 
Massachusetts. Dr. Price has held the posi- 
tion of Surgeon to the Chicago, Alton and St. 
Louis Railroad for nearly twenty years, and , 
has been for several years Surgeon to Cook | 
County Hospital. 
PRITCHARD, Maurice, of Sierra Valley, 
Sierra county, Cal., was born in Newark, 
Oxford county, Canada, on May 8, 1837. He 
received a limited common school education; 
attended the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan; was graduated at the 
Detroit Medical College on June 27, 1870; 
practiced in Richville, N. Y., San Francisco, 
Cal., also in Forest Hill, Cal., and in 1877 
was practicing in Virginia City, Nev., where 
he was appointed by the board of supervisors 
president of the Board of Health; did some 
active and efficient work in improving the 
sanitary condition of the city and in prevent- 
ing the sale of impure milk. In 1878 he went 
to Memphis, Tenn., at the call for physicians, 
in the great epidemic of yellow fever of that 
year. He is a member of the Howard Medical 
Association, and received a gold medal for 
services during that epidemic. He is a member 
of the California State Medical Society; and is 
president of the Sierra Valley Stock and Agri- 
cultural Association. Dr. Pritchard has always 
taken much interest in local affairs, and is 
president of the Board of Health of his town 
and district, also editor and proprietor of the 
Sierra Valley Leader. 
PURDON, John Edward Blakeney,of Tampa, 
Fla., was born in Dublin, Ireland, May 25, 1839. 
He is the son of the late Alderman Edward 
Purdon, formerly Lord Mayor of Dublin, and 
his wife, Sarah Murphy, of Silver Hills, County 
Kildare. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, 
in 1857, and graduated in arts in 1862, as a 
Scholar of the having obtained the 
senior moderatorship* and gold medal in Ex- 
perimental and Natural Sciences at the Bache- 
lor of Arts examination the previous year. In 
1863 the separate degrees of Bachelor in Med- 
icine and Master in Surgery were conferred 
upon him by the University of Dublin (Trinity 
College), and the M. D. in 1885. In 1865 he 
entered the British Army, by competitive ex- 
amination, as assistant surgeon, and proceeded 
to India, where for several years he was en- 
gaged in the study of cholera, dysentery, mal- 
arious fevers and all the diseases incidental to 
life in the tropics. For his Indian service he 
received the special recognition of the British 
government, through the Director-General of 
the Army Medical Department, and was recom- 
mended for his zeal and ability. He was pro- 
moted to the rank of Surgeon-Major in 1877. 
In 1871 he took up the subject of Psychical 
Research, bringing to bear upon its recondite 
problems the insight and training acquired in 
his mathematical and physical studies. He 
has written numerous essays upon mesmerism, 
hypnotism, animal magnetism and the psycho- 
physical principles involved in the manifesta- 
tion of extraordinary vital forces. In 1881, 
while in charge of the Military Hospital, 
Guernsey, Channel Islands, he made the im- 
portant discovery of the existence of nervous 
attraction between different individuals, which 
he demonstrated by the aid of the sphygmo- 
graph, and which promises to supply the neu- 
rologist with the scientific key to thought-read- 
ing, sympathetic sensation and brain waves. 
He has recently made a valuable application of 
generalized mathematical reasoning to psycho- 
logical science, involving a new method in 
philosophy, which will be published next year. 
Doctor Purdon has resided in America since 
his retirement from the army in 1883, and is a 
member of some of the leading medical socie- 
ties of the South, in which he is regarded as a 
prominent and energetic worker. He was 
married, in 1866, to Hannah Selina, daughter 
of Anthony Kilroy, Esq., of Ornand, County 
Cavan, Ireland. The eldest of their four sur- 
viving children, Edward Anthony H., is a phy- 
sician engaged in practice with his father. 
QUlNE,William E., of Chicago, 111.,was born 
on the Isle of Man, February 9, 1847. His 
parents, William and Margaret Kinley Quine, 
were members of families of much local prom- 
inence. They came to this country in 1853, 
and settled in Chicago, in which city the sub- 
ject of this sketch has continued to live. Dr. 
Quine was educated in the public schools and 
the High School of Chicago. He subsequently 
served an apprenticeship of four years in phar- 
macy, and acquired unusual skill in that field 
of usefulness. He graduated from the Chicago 
Medical College in 1869, at the head of his class. 
After serving for a brief period as an Interne 
at the Mercy Hospital, he was admitted to the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
415 
house staff at the Cook County Hospital, on 
competitive examination, and sustained him- 
self as House Physician of that institution with 
such effect that, almost immediately upon the 
completion of his service, in 1870, he was 
elected a member of the medical board of 
the Cook County Hospital, and Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Chi- 
cago Medical College. Dr. Quine continued 
in active service as Attending Physician to the 
Hospital for twelve years, and as a Professor 
in the Chicago Medical College for thirteen 
years, during a large part of which time he 
was also secretary of the Faculty and a mem- 
ber of the attending staff of the Mercy Hos- 
pital . Fie was elected president of the Chicago 
Medical Society in 1872, when he was but 
of the most earnest and successful teachers 
in the land. In earlier life Dr. Quine took 
active interest in the work of medical and 
scientific societies, and he still retains mem- 
bership in the American Medical Association, 
Illinois State Medical Society, Chicago, Med- 
ical Society Practitioners’ Club, Medico-Legal 
Society, Chicago Academy of Sciences, and 
other organizations of like kind. Dr. Quine 
has written but little for publication. His 
greatest reputation has been attained as a med- 
ical lecturer and practitioner. As a lecturer 
his natural earnestness of manner, his gift of 
oratory and his uncommon ability to simplify 
every subject he touched, have contributed to 
make him one of the most successful teachers 
of his day. As a medical practitioner Dr. 
Quine has achieved well-merited and honor- 
able renown. For many years he has been 
one of the busiest practitioners in Chicago, 
and for a goodly number of years he has been, 
perhaps, the busiest strictly medical consultant 
in that city. At the present time Dr. Quine’s 
business is almost exclusively that of a con- 
sultant, and his time is fully occupied. His 
skill in diagnosis and therapeutics, his warmth 
of disposition, his care for the reputation of 
fellow - practitioners, and especially for the 
younger members of the profession are bearing 
their legitimate fruitage. Dr. Quine wras mar- 
ried in 1876 to Miss Lettie Mason, of Normal, 
111., a lady of great beauty, learning and social 
prominence, with whom he has lived a life of 
ideal peacefulness and happiness. Theyhkve 
had three children, and have buried them all. 
QUINN, James Lacey, of Eaton, 0., was born 
there September 21, 1841. He is of Irish de- 
scent, and is grand-nephew of Gen. John 
Lacey,commandantof the Pennsylvania Militia 
during the British occupancy of Philadelphia. 
He was educated at the Miami University, Ox- 
ford, 0., and at the Miami Medical College, Cin- 
cinnati, receiving his medical degree from the 
latter institution in 1869. During the latter 
year he was Resident Physician to the Cincin- 
nati Hospital, and practiced his profession at 
Cincinnati and at Muncie, Ind., for a short 
time, and then established himself in his na- 
tive town, where he has been engaged in ac- 
tive medical and surgical pursuit since 1872. 
Among his professional publications may be 
mentioned “Stricture of the Urethra, Symes’ 
Operation,” and a “Case of Extra Uterine 
Pregnancy.” Dr. Quinn has been for several 
years medical examiner and adviser for numer- 
ous leading life insurance companies. 
RAMSEY, Douglas C., of Mt. Vernon, Ind., 
was born in Clay county, 111., May 16, 1860. 
He is of Scotch descent. He received an edu- 
cation at one of the best academies in his na- 
tive State, and under private tutors. He stud- 
ied medicine with Dr. Geo. D. Ramsey, his 
father, and was graduated an M. D. at the St. 
Louis Medical College, of St. Louis, Mo., March 
5, 1880, taking a graded three-years course, 
being at that time two months less than twenty 
years of age. He received the ad eundem de- 
gree from Marion-Sims College of Medicine, in 
March, 1893. He was elected secretary of the 
City Board of Health of Xenia, 111., at the age 
of nineteen years, but resigned September 1, 
1880, and removed to Mount Vernon, Ind., 
where he now resides. He was president of 
the City Board of Health of Mt. Vernon dur- 
ing the small-pox epidemic in the year 1882, 
and was re-elected for another term, but de- 
twenty-five years of rage, and was, by many 
years, the youngest president the society has 
ever had. In 1883 Dr. Quine was elected to 
the chair of Principles and Practice of Med- 
icine and Clinical Medicine in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, and in 
1891 he was elected president of the Faculty 
of that institution. At the present writing he 
continues to hold both positions, and has re- 
cently completed service as president of the 
medical board of the Cook County Flospital. 
During the period of his connection with the 
Chicago Medical College Dr. Quine was one of 
the most popular and respected of the teachers 
of that institution. Fie immediately demon- 
strated uncommon aptitude for the exacting 
duties of the medical teacher, and very soon 
reached the distinction of being regarded as 
one of the best instructors in the profession of 
Chicago. He has never failed to sustain him- 
self easily and creditably in any position he 
has attempted to fill, and to-day ranks as one 416 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
dined to serve. He was elected County- 
Health Officer of Posey county, January 1, 
1884, which office he has held continually up 
to the present time. He was also elected City 
Health Officer of Mt. Vernon, January 1, 1892, 
by a solid Republican City Council, without his 
knowledge or consent (which was a high com- 
pliment, he being a Democat). Dr. Ramsey 
was appointed a member of the Indiana State 
Board of Health by Governor Matthews, March 
4, 1893. He was president of the United States 
Pension Board of Mt. Vernon during the Cleve- 
land Administration, being then only twenty- 
six years of age, probably the youngest presi- 
dent of a pension board in the United States. 
He was surgeon of the Mt. Vernon Branch of 
the Evansville and Terre Haute Railroad, from 
the time of its construction in 1883 to January 
spicula of bone that were imbedded in the 
brain and brain substance, equal in bulk to an 
ordinary adult thumb (there being some brain 
already adhering to particles of wheel), three- 
fourths of orbital arch and other bone two and 
one-fourth inches by one and three-fourth 
inches; with exception of loss of sight in one 
eye, the patient made a good recovery, and re- 
mains well and able to do manual labor. The 
following are his most important contributions 
to medical literature: February, 1884, in the 
St. Louis Courier of Medicine, Vol. XI, page 
97, he was first to call attention to the use of 
salicylic acid in the treatment of cerebro-spi- 
nal meningitis, which article was extensively 
copied in native and foreign medical journals. 
He also wrote an article on “Medical Educa- 
tion” in the Eighth Annual Report of the 
Indiana State Board of Health, which attracted 
wide attention. 
RAMI), Benjamin Howard, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city October 1, 1827, and 
died there February 14,1883. His professional 
studies were begun in 1843 under the eminent 
Dr. Robert M. Huston, the then dean of Jef- 
ferson Medical College; he subsequently at- 
tended the usual courses of lectures at Jeffer- 
son College, and in 1848 received his degree of 
M. D. from that institution. During the last 
two years of his student life he was clinical 
assistant to Profs. Mutter and Pancoast. In 
1850 he was elected Professor of Chemistry in 
the Franklin Institute, holding that position 
until his resignation in 1864. Upon the foun- 
dation of the Philadelphia Medical College— 
an institution which ceased to exist in 1861— 
he was elected to the chair of Chemistry, and 
from 1852 to 1864 he was secretary to the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences. This latter office, 
as well as his professorship in the Franklin 
Institute, he resigned in 1864, in order to accept 
the chair of Chemistry in Jefferson Medical 
College, from which he resigned by reason of 
ill-health in May, 1877. He was elected a Fel- 
low of the Philadelphia College of Physicians 
in 1853, and a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society in 1868; and was also a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association. Be- 
sides frequent contributions to scientific peri- 
odicals he has written: “Chemistry for Stu- 
dents,” (1855); “Elements of Medical Chem- 
istry,” (1863 and 1875); and also edited Met- 
calf’s “Caloric,” (1859). He was married in 
1853 to Hannah M., daughter of Jacob L. Ker- 
show, Esq. His first wife died in 1854, and 
fifteen years later, December 23, 1869, he mar- 
ried Mary M. Washington, great granddaugh- 
ter of Fairfax Washington. 
RANDALL, Edward, of Galveston, Tex., was 
born in Walker county, that State, October 7, 
1860. The subject of this sketch is of a long 
line of medical ancestry. He received his 
academic education in Virginia, and was grad- 
uated from Washington and Lee University, of 
that State, in 1879. He entered the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1880, and received the diploma of Doctor of 
Medicine in 1883. He was Resident Physician 
in the Philadelphia Hospital (Blockley) for 
one year, and from there he entered the Euro- 
pean schools, studying under Virchow and E. 
Martin, in Berlin, Winckel, in Munich, and 
Carl Braun and Billroth, in Vienna. He began 
the practice of medicine in Galveston, in 1886. 
He was elected to fill the chair of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in the Texas Medical 
1, 1892, when he resigned on account of its in- 
terfering with his private practice. He was 
president of the Posey County Medical So- 
ciety, 1888 and 1889, and is also a member of 
the American Medical Association, Mississippi 
Valley and Indiana State Medical Societies. 
The following are a few of the important sur- 
gical operations he has performed: October 
6, 1885, in a male, aged twenty-five years, he 
successfully ligated the left subclavian artery 
for an axilliary aneurism, the sac of same con- 
taining sixteen ounces of blood by weight. 
May 28, 1888, he amputated the right leg at 
knee-joint for extensive necrosis of tibia and 
fibula, of forty-seven years’ standing, in a male, 
aged sixty-one years, there being a perfect re- 
covery. February 11, 1889, in a female, aged 
forty-six years, he amputated the entire left 
breast for carcinoma, patient at this writing 
being in perfect health, with no sign of any 
return of the disease. April 7, 1891, he op- 
erated on a male, aged twenty-six years, for a 
compound comminuted fracture of the left side 
of frontal bone (occasioned by the bursting of 
an emery wheel), removing twenty-five small EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
417 
College and Hospital in 1888, and in 1891 was 
elected to the same chair in the medical de- 
partment of the University of Texas. 
RANKIN, David Nevin, of Alleghany, Pa., 
was born in Shippensburg, that State, October 
27, 1834. He received his preliminary educa- 
tion at Newville Academy, and entered the 
Jefferson Medical College, graduating there- 
from in 1854. He then established himself in 
his native town in association with his father, 
a noted physician of that place. On the out- 
break of the War of the Rebellion Dr. Ran- 
kin was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon 
United States Army, and served in hospital 
and field, being detailed to assist in organiz- 
ing several of the more important United 
States Army Hospitals. He was also a mem- 
ber of the Volunteer Aid Corps of Surgeons of 
Pennsylvania. After the close of the war he 
established himself in the city of his present 
residence, making a specialty of diseases of 
the throat and nose, but also attending the 
duties of a large general practice. He is a 
Fellow of the American Laryngological Asso- 
ciation ; member of the Eighth International 
Medical Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark; sec- 
retary of Laryngological Section of the Ninth 
International Medical Congress at Washing- 
ton, D. C.; member of the British Medical 
Association in 1884 at Belfast, Ireland; mem- 
ber of the Tenth International Medical Con- 
gress in 1890 at Berlin, Germany; ex-vice- 
president of the Pittsburgh Obstetrical Society; 
member of the American Medical Association ; 
American Association of Physicians and Sur- 
geons ; Pennsylvania State Medical Society; 
Alleghany County Medical Society, and is 
Medical Examiner for the Equitable Life As- 
surance Society, and of several other leading 
life assurance companies. He is also Phy- 
sician to the Western Penitentiary of Penn- 
sylvania, and Associate Physician to the Throat 
and Chest Department of the Pittsburgh Dis- 
pensary. Dr. Rankin has contributed reports 
of important cases to the leading professional 
periodicals. 
RANDOLPH, Jacob, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city November 25, 1796, and 
died there February 29, 1848. The following 
details of his life and professional achieve- 
ments are derived from a memoir written by 
the late Dr. J. Aitken Meigs: He was the 
sixth son of Edward Fitz-Randolph, an an- 
cestor of whom, bearing the same name, emi- 
grated from England in 1630, and settled at 
first in New England, and afterwards, near the 
close of his life, in New Jersey. Edward Fitz- 
Randolph, upon the breaking out of the War 
of Independence, attached himself as an offi- 
cer to that part of Wayne’s brigade known as 
the Fourth Pennsylvania Regiment, and com- 
manded by Col. Richard Butler. In this ca- 
pacity he served during the greater part of the 
Revolutionary struggle, freely lending all his 
energies to the cause of liberty. He took part 
in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, German- 
town, and Monmouth; he commanded the out- 
lying guard at the surprise and fearful mas- 
sacre of Paoli, and he suffered, in common 
with many other patriots, the biting hunger 
and cold of Valley Forge. The Revolution 
over, he settled in Philadelphia, entered into 
mercantile business, and was long known as a 
respected and influential member of the reli- 
gious Society of Friends. At an early period 
of his life he dropped the first part of the 
family name. His son Jacob received an 
English and classical education at the Friends’ 
school-house, in Fourth street. Having com- 
pleted his literary studies in 1814, he entered 
the office of Dr. Joseph Woollens, of the 
Northern Liberties, as a student of medicine. 
His preceptor dying soon after, he placed him- 
self under the guidance of Dr. Cleaver, at that 
time a busy and reputable practitioner of the 
same district. Having attended for the pre- 
scribed time the medical lectures of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, the degree of M. D. 
was conferred upon him in 1817. He was then 
twenty-one years of age. Shortly after his 
graduation he sailed for China, in the capacity 
of ship-surgeon. He suffered so much from 
sea-sickness, however, that he was compelled 
to abandon the vessel at her first stopping- 
place in England. During his absence he 
visited Scotland and France, and in a few 
months returned home, and opening an office 
in his native city, commenced his career as a 
practitioner of medicine. About this time he 
became acquainted with Dr. Philip Syng Phy- 
sick and his family, and was united in mar- 
riage to his eldest daughter in 1822. In 1830 
he was appointed surgeon to the Almshouse 
Infirmary, and in the same year commenced 
to lecture upon Surgery in the School of Medi- 
cine, an institution established for the purpose 
of summer teaching. For several years he 
faithfully performed the duties of these two 
posts, and obtained, at this time, his first suc- 
cess in that branch of practice in which he 
was destined to occupy so prominent a posi- 
tion. In 1835, his reputation as one of the 
leading surgeons of the country being now 
fully established, he was elected, upon the 
resignation of Dr. Hewson, one of the sur- 
geons of the Pennsylvania Hospital. This im- 
portant and highly responsible post Dr. Ran- 
dolph still held at the time of his death. In 
1840 he again visited Europe, and spent two 
years there, a close observer of the surgical 
practice of the Parisian hospitals. During his 
absence he was elected Professor of Operative 
Surgery in Jefferson Medical College. But as 
the acceptance of this appointment would 
have compelled his speedy return, he declined 
it at once. Upon the occasion of his return 
he was complimented with a dinner, the spon- 
taneous expression of the high respect in 
which he was held by his professional breth- 
ren. He now resumed his practice as a con- 
sulting surgeon, devoting himself especially to 
the treatment of stone in the bladder. In 
1847, after occupying for some time the posi- 
tion of lecturer upon Clinical Surgery to the 
University of Pennsylvania, he was elevated 
to the professorship of that branch, a chair 
created especially for him. In the early part 
of his medical career Dr. Randolph, according 
to the testimony of his most intimate friends, 
evinced but little or no inclination towards 
that department of practice in which he was 
afterwards destined to excel. It was not, in- 
deed, until after his marriage, and after he had 
been engaged for several years in general prac- 
tice among the poor of his neighborhood, that 
his views began to shape themselves definitely 
towards operative surgery. His father-in-law, 
Dr. Physick, appears to have urged him to this 
course, in consequence of recognizing in him 
those qualities of coolness, firmness and good 
judgment, combined with a certain manual 
dexterity, which constitute the basis of all 418 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
surgical skill. The zeal with which he subse- 
quently pursued the details of surgery, and 
the success which accompanied him in this re- 
sponsible field of labor, could not be better 
shown than by referring to the fact that, in 
1829, being then in his thirty-fourth year, he 
successfully amputated, with consummate skill, 
the lower jaw of a patient afflicted with osteo- 
sarcoma. The details of this case, illustrated 
with a drawing of the patient as he appeared 
before and after the operation, were communi- 
cated to the American Journal of Medical Sci- 
ences for November, 1829. Thirteen months 
later—in February, 1831—Dr. Randolph pub- 
lished, in the same journal, an excellent paper 
on the nature and treatment of morbus cox- 
arius. In this, as in the preceding article, he 
gave indubitable evidence of possessing that 
sound, discriminating judgment so necessary 
to the surgeon. At this time he wras rapidly 
acquiring an enviable reputation for surgical 
ability; and this reputation he pushed to a 
still greater extent by taking up, in 1831, and 
introducing into this country, the operation of 
lithotripsy, which, in the hands of Baron 
Heurteloup, was at that time engaging so much 
attention in Europe. Attracted by the reports 
of the triumphant success which had attended 
the baron’s efforts in destroying calculi in the 
bladder by means of percussion, Dr. Randolph 
studied the subject with much care and ex- 
perimented upon it fully and laboriously. “He 
has frequently told me,” says Dr. Norris, one 
who knew him intimately, “that it was by in- 
dustry and perseverance alone that he had 
acquired skill in this delicate operation, and 
that before attempting it in his first case, he 
had not only made himself master of all that 
had been written upon it, but had also em- 
braced every opportunity in the dead house, 
of which his situation at the Almshouse In- 
firmary at that time afforded him many, of 
putting a stone into the bladder, and catching 
and destroying it. These previous trials gave 
him a facility in the introduction, withdrawal 
and manipulation of the lithotritic instru- 
ments, as well as a prudent confidence in his 
abilities, which led to his success. All who 
witnessed his operations upon the bladder will 
admit the extraordinary skill and dexterity 
which he possessed in handling these instru- 
ments in that viscus; a dexterity which his 
biographer believed was not surpassed even 
by the eminent discoverer of the method him- 
self. In speaking of these operations, it is 
said that he attributed much of his success to 
the use of the most simple instruments only, 
to not desiring to operate quickly, or to do too 
much at one sitting, and to invariably with- 
drawing the instruments when pain was com- 
plained of, and putting off the operation for an- 
other day. These opinions he always ex- 
pressed when conversing on his results; and 
in his operations, no matter who might be 
present, or how large a number might be 
gathered to witness the procedure, he never 
deviated from them. The fear of the loss of 
fame, or the desire of notoriety as an opera- 
tor, had no influence with him; and more 
than once, when unexpected difficulties arose 
in seizing the stone or its fragments, he 
would close and withdraw the instrument 
and disappoint the spectators. From the pe- 
riod he first engaged in the operation of litho- 
tripsy, he devoted himself in an especial man- 
ner to the treatment of calculus, and with the 
exception of the Professor of Surgery at Lex- 
ington, he is believed to have treated 
more cases of that disease than any other sur- 
geon in our country. At the time of his de- 
cease, no less than three cases of this rare 
complaint were under his care. One, a child 
in the hospital, he had just prepared for lithot- 
omy; the other two had both been brought 
from distant parts of the country by his repu- 
tation as a lithotritist. In one of them he had 
just commenced the operation, and in the 
other, a gentleman, who was the last patient 
he ever visited, he made a final, very careful 
examination, and had the satisfaction of find- 
ing him cured of his distressing affection.” 
In the American Journal of Medical Sciences 
for November, 1834, Dr. Randolph published 
an account of six cases of stone in the blad- 
der in which he had performed the operation 
of lithotripsy with signal success. Two of 
these cases were operated upon in the autumn 
of 1832, two in the spring, one in the summer, 
and one in the fall of 1833. With character- 
istic and commendable caution, Dr. Randolph 
delayed making known the details of these 
cases. The motives which prompted him to 
this course are shown in the following para- 
graph, with which he opens the account above 
alluded to: “A degree of surprise,” he writes, 
“will probably be excited in the minds of some 
who read this paper, at my having so long de- 
layed giving an account of the following cases, 
but I have been actuated by two motives in 
withholding their publication; in the first 
place, I wished that a sufficient length of time 
should elapse to test fairly and fully the results 
of the operations, and in the second place, the 
several cases presented themselves so simul- 
taneously that I was unwilling to give an ac- 
count of one until the whole were completed. 
Had I, in truth, consulted merely my own 
feelings, it is probable that I should not, even 
at this period, have consented to the publica- 
tion of this brief outline of the cases; to this 
step I confess I have been principally induced 
by the advice of my valued friend, the editor 
of this journal, who urged that the alleged suc- 
cess of the operations might be called in ques- 
tion, unless an authentic report of them were 
made to the profession.” Two years later, 
November, 1836, he published in the same 
journal “an account of seven additional cases 
of stone in the bladder, in which the operation 
of lithotripsy was successfully performed.” 
Finally, in November, 1837, he gave to the 
public the details of four other cases success- 
fully treated, making seventeen in all in a 
period of five years. Dr. Randolph was en- 
dowed in a high degree with all the attributes 
of the great surgeon. He was thoroughly 
grounded in the fundamental principles of 
surgery, and no one excelled him in his ac- 
quaintance with those practical details which 
so materially influence the results of operative 
surgery. His eye and hand were exceedingly 
steady, his sense of touch highly educated, and 
his judgment above all exact and reliable. He 
was remarkable not only for his skill as an 
operator, but also for his accuracy in surgical 
diagnosis and prognosis. 1 ‘Surgery with him, ’ ’ 
as'Dr. Norris has well observed, “was, what 
in the hands of the truly great in our profes- 
sion it ever has been, a conservative art. His 
pride was to repair injuries and cure diseases 
without a resort to the knife, and the operative 
part of it he regarded as that of least moment.” EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
419 
His high reputation as a successful operator 
was attributable in no slight degree to the care 
with which he selected and prepared his pa- 
tients, to his minute and methodical arrange- 
ments before the operation, to the wise admix- 
ture of caution and decision, of prudence and 
boldness, which characterized its performance, 
to the readiness with which he met and ob- 
viated any unforeseen difficulties, and the un- 
ceasing attention which he bestowed upon the 
after treatment. Sympathizing deeply with 
his patients in their sufferings, he made them 
feel that he was their warm friend as well as 
their skillful surgeon. Untried novelties in 
surgery and hazardous operations he always 
avoided, unless sanctioned by the most 
weighty reasons. He generally employed 
the most simple dressings and appa- 
ratus, and scrupulously avoided all vain 
parade or useless display while operating. 
Possessing such skill as a surgeon, and enjoy- 
ing so many opportunities to improve his art, 
it is to be regretted that Dr. Randolph has not 
contributed more extensively to the literature 
of his profession. Besides the publication 
already mentioned, he communicated to the 
North American Medical and Surgical Journal, 
for 1829, the history of a case of femoral aneu- 
rism, in which the femoral artery was tied for 
the second time, in the city of Philadelphia. 
In the Medical Examiner he published an ac- 
count of the removal of the parotid gland. 
Scattered through the pages of this journal will 
be found many of his clinical lectures delivered 
at the hospital. His most extensive literary pro- 
duction is “A Memoir on the Life and Character 
of Dr. Philip Syng Physick,” which was read 
before the Philadelphia Medical Society, in 
1839, and published by order of that body. From 
the pages of this able and well-written memoir 
of the Father of American Surgery, many of 
the exemplary traits of character of Dr. Ran- 
dolph himself are clearly reflected. Dr. Ran- 
dolph was a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society, of the Philadelphia College 
of Physicians, and of the Philadelphia Medical 
Society. He was also one of the Consulting 
Surgeons to the Philadelphia Dispensary. He 
possessed a cheerful and amiable disposition; 
his manners were frank and prepossessing, 
and the firmness with which he adhered to 
his resolutions and opinions was only equaled 
by the slowness and caution with which they 
were formed. Throughout his whole career 
he exhibited a brilliant example of professional 
honor, conscientiousness, and straightforward 
dealing. Among those most noted in these 
particulars he towered up clearly conspicuous. 
Filled with a profound sense of the duties of a 
physician, to his patients on the one hand, and 
to his medical brethren on the other, and im- 
bued with a thorough contempt for all the arts 
and practices which are so strongly discounte- 
nanced by a high sense of professional pro- 
priety, his daily walk was characterized by a 
remarkable degree of candor, courtesy, and 
kind consideration for the feelings and opinions 
of others. On some occasions he would ex- 
press his views upon the subject of medical 
ethics with much emphasis; and as a proof 
that in his daily practice and professional in- 
tercourse he strictly adhered to his own high 
standard, we have not only the evidence of the 
medical men who had the best opportunities 
of observing his course, but the very significant 
fact of his great popularity in the profession 
itself. No man probably had more warm 
friends and fewer enemies among physicians 
than he. To the younger members of the pro- 
fession he was especially endeared, in conse- 
quence of his exceedingly kind, encouraging, 
and liberal treatment of them. For those of 
his patients who were in indigent circum- 
stances, he performed many acts of charity 
and considerate kindness. Dr. Meigs writes 
that in early life Dr. Randolph was an exceed- 
ingly handsome man, and at all times he ex- 
hibited a remarkably commanding appearance. 
His face was oval, regular in its features, and 
expressive of the frankness,independence, and 
energy of his character. In stature he was 
somewhat above the middle height, and his 
whole person displayed the signs of an unusual 
amount of health and vigor. His sudden decline 
and death, preceded as they were by none of the 
usual signs of constitutional decay, painfully 
surprised both his family and his numerous 
friends. About two weeks before his demise, 
he was seized with what appeared to be an at- 
tack of intermittent fever. At first his case 
presented no alarming symptoms; in the 
course of a few days, however, a sudden and 
copious hemorrhage from the bowels super- 
vened, with the effect of reducing his strength 
to such an extent, that it soon became evident 
that his end was approaching. With charac- 
teristic calmness he prepared for death, fully'' 
sustained and cheered in these, his last hours, 
by the hopes and promises of religion, in 
which, previous to his illness, his inter- 
est had been freshly awakened. Very 
soon the first hemorrhage was succeeded by 
several others, and though his robust frame 
enabled him to resist their weakening effects 
for some days longer than could have been ex- 
pected, his strength at last failed him entirely, 
and he expired in the fifty-third year of his 
age, and in the height of his professional 
renown. 
REAMY, Thaddens Asbnry, of Cincinnati, 
0., was born in Frederick county, Va., April 
28, 1829. His father, Jacob A. Reamy, was a 
native of Virginia, of French extraction, and 
his mother, Mary W. (Bonfleld) Reamy, of 
Scotch-English origin. His parents settled in 
Zanesville in 1832. He studied medicine in 
the Starling Medical College, and graduated 
M. D. in 1854. He subsequently received the 
degree of A. M. from the Ohio Wesleyan Uni- 
versity. In 1861 he was elected member of 
the General Assemby of the State of Ohio 
from Zanesville. In 1862 he was appointed 
surgeon to the One Hundred and Twenty-sec- 
ond Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After 
the Rebellion he returned to his native State 
and settled in Zanesville, where he remained 
till 1870, when he removed to Cincinnati. His 
specialty is obstetrics and gynecology. He is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion ; of the Ohio State Medical Society, of 
which he was president in 1870; of the Cin- 
cinnati Academy of Medicine; of tbfe Obstet- 
rical Society of Cincinnati; of the Gynecologi- 
cal Society of America; corresponding mem- 
ber of the Zanesville Academy of Medicine; of 
the Van Wirt Medical Society, and of the North- 
western Medical Association. His contributions 
to professional literature are found in the medi- 
cal and surgical journals of the day; among 
these may be mentioned articles entitled, 
“Metastasis of Mumps to the Testicle Treated 
by Cold,” “Typhoid Fever,” “Epidemic Diph- 420 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
theria,” 1859; the “Obstetrical Report,” in the 
Transactions of the Ohio State Medical So- 
ciety, 1866; “Bromide of Potassium in Cere- 
bral Diseases,” “Puerpural Eclampsia,” Trans- 
actions Ohio Medical Society, 1868; “Can- 
cer of the Uterus,” 1876; “Lacerations of Peri- 
neum,” American Gynecological Society, 1877; 
“Advances in Medicine,” and “Medical Edu- 
cation.” He has also devised a modification 
of the obstetrical forceps and invented a uter- 
ine cervical dilator, an intra-uterine medicator, 
a uterine cervical syringe, and other useful 
instruments employed in gynecic surgery. He 
was elected Professor of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics in the Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and Surgery in 1858, a position 
he held two years; in 1867 he was elected 
Professor of Diseases of Women and Children 
in the Starling Medical College. This he re- 
signed in 1871, to take the chair of Obstetrics, 
Clinical Midwifery and Diseases of Children, 
in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. 
He is now, 1893, Professor of Clinical Gyne- 
cology in that school. He is also gynecologist 
to the Good Samaritan Hospital in that city. 
REESE, John James, of Philadelphia, was 
born in that city June 16, 1818, and died at 
Atlantic City, N. J., September 4, 1892. He 
was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, 
and graduated from the department of arts, 
and in 1839 received his degree of M. D. from 
the department of medicine. He established 
himself in Philadelphia, acquiring an extensive 
general practice and a prominent position in 
his profession. He was a Fellow of the Col- 
lege of Physicians, Philadelphia; honorary 
member of the New York Medico-Legal So- 
ciety ; also Physician of St. Joseph’s Hospital; 
of the Philadelphia Orphan Asylum, and of 
the Gynecological Hospital and Infirmary for 
Diseases of Children. His contributions to 
standard medical literature have been of an 
important character, including his “Analysis 
of Physiology;” “American Medical Formu- 
lary;” “Manual of Toxicology,” and a num- 
ber of papers in the leading professional jour- 
nals. He also was editor of the seventh 
American edition of Taylor’s “Medical Juris- 
prudence.” In 1861 he entered the United 
States Army as surgeon of volunteers, being 
put in charge of the United States Army Hos- 
pital, Christian street, Philadelphia. He was 
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxi- 
cology in the medical and legal departments 
of the University of Pennsylvania, and re- 
tired to an Emeritus Professorship of that chair 
in October, 1891. He was a toxicologist of 
national reputation, and had been identified 
with jurisprudential medicine and the Uni- 
versity since 1865. He was in his seventy- 
fifth year at the time of his death, and had 
been a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation during the last forty years of his 
life. 
1860-61 he held the chair of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics in the Medical College of 
Ohio at Cincinnati. Dr. Reeve is now Chief of 
Staff of St. Elizabeth Hospital, Dayton; Phy- 
sician to the Montgomery County Children’s 
Home; ex-president of the Montgomery County 
Medical Society, and of the Ohio State Medi- 
cal Society, and is an active member of Ameri- 
can Gynecological Society, and of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. He is Medical Ex- 
aminer for the Etna, Equitable, Mutual Life 
and Mutual Benefit Insurance Companies. He 
has made important contributions to the Ameri- 
can Journal of Medical Science. One of his 
most notable cases—the removal of a shawl- 
pin from the trachea, which was followed by 
a good recovery, is presented in the last edi- 
tion of Gross’ Surgery. 
REICHERT, Edward Tyson, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born there February 5, 1855. 
His preliminary education was obtained in 
his native city. The degree of M. D. was 
conferred upon him by the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1879, at which time he was 
awarded “First Honors” for examinations and 
“Distinguished Merit” for his thesis. Subse- 
quent to this his medical and scientific educa- 
tion was enlarged by studies chiefly in the 
universities of Berlin, Leipzig and Geneva. 
In May, 1879, he was appointed Demonstrator 
of Experimental Therapeutics in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, later Demonstrator of 
Physiology, and in 1885 he was made Profes- 
sor of Physiology, a chair which he continues 
to fill. He is an active member of the most of 
the leading medical and scientific societies of 
this country, and a corresponding or honorary 
member of a number of similar bodies of 
Europe. His voluminous original contribu- 
tions to medical literature attest his busy 
life as an investigator in various directions 
of research, the following being the most 
important: ‘ ‘The Physiological Actions of Apo- 
morphiae Hydrochloras,” Philadelphia Medi- 
cal Times, December 6 and 20, 1879, and 
January 3, 1880; “On the Physiological Ac- 
tions of Potassium Nitrite, with a note on 
the Physiological Actions on Man,” by Dr. 
5. Weir Mitchell, American Journal of Medical 
Sciences, July, 1880; “A Text-Book of Physi- 
ology,” by Michael Foster, first American, 
from the third English edition, edited with 
notes and additions, Henry C. Lea, October, 
1880; “Notes on the Actions upon the Circu- 
lation of Certain Essential Oils (with Dr. H. 
C. Wood), Journal of Physiology, Nos. 5 and 
6, 1880; “The Kittanning Iron Spring,” Phila- 
delphia Medical Times, November 6, 1880; 
“Notes on a Case of Hysterical Arthritic Hy- 
peresthesia, New York Medical Record, Feb- 
ruary 12, 1881; “A Case of Premature Labor 
Induced by the Ingestion of Two Drachms of 
Croton Oil,” Philadelphia Medical Times, March 
12, 1881; “Ethylene Bichloride as an Anes- 
thetic Agent, with a consideration of Ethy- 
lene Metliylethylate, Ethylene Ethylate, Ethyl 
Nitrate and Ethylidene Bichloride,” Philadel- 
phia Medical Times, May 7 and 21, and June 4, 
1881; “Hydrobromic Acid: Its Actions on the 
Nervous and Circulatory Systems,” Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal, June 2,1881; “Are 
All Anesthetics Dangerous which Contain 
Chlqrine, Bromine or lodine?” American Jour- 
nal of Medical Sciences, July, 1881; “Amyl 
Nitrite, a Powerful Cardiac Stimulant,” Neio 
York Medical Journal, July, 1881; “Notes on 
KEEYE, John Charles, of Dayton, 0., was 
born at Mells Park, England, June 5, 1826. 
His professional education was commenced at 
the Western Reserve College, from the medi- 
cal department of which he graduated M. D. 
in 1&51. After practicing for a time in Dodge 
county, Wis., he repaired to Europe for further 
study, passing for this purpose the winter of 
1853-4 in London, and the following summer 
in Gsttingen. He then returned to America 
and established himself in general practice at 
Dayton, where he has since remained. In EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
421 
the Actions of Curare on the Motor Nerve 
Endings,” New York Medical Record, July 9, 
1881; “Contributions to the Study of the Toxi- 
cology of Cardiac Depressants: Carbolic Acid— 
a Summary of Fifty-six Cases of Poisoning, 
with a Study of Its Physiological Actions,” 
American Journal of Medical Sciences, October, 
1881; “Convulsions Due to Depression of 
Spinal Reflex Inhibitory Centers, with Special 
Reference to the Convulsions of Apomorphine, 
Atropine, Strychnine and Certain Other Poi- 
sons,” Philadelphia Medical Times, August 13, 
1881; “Contributions to the Study of Cardiac 
Depressants: 11. Aconite,” Philadelphia Medi- 
cal Times, November 19, 1881; “Hypospadias 
Simulating Hermaphrodism” (with Dr. T. N. 
Bradfield), New York Medical Journal, Jan- 
uary, 1882; “A Text-book of Physiology,” by 
Michael Foster, second American, from the 
third and revised English edition, edited with 
extensive notes and additions, Henry C. Lea’s 
Son & Co., October, 1881; “Two New Kymo- 
graphions and a Time Recorder,” Philadelphia 
Medical Times, January 28, 1882; “A Contri- 
bution to our Knowledge of the Actions of 
Certain Drugs Upon Bodily Temperature” 
(with Dr. H. C. Wood), Journal of Physiology, 
Nos. 5 and 6, 1882; “Ethidene Poisoning,” 
Medical Neics, February 25, 1882; “A Partial 
Study of the Poison of the Heloderma Sus- 
pectum—the Gila Monster” (with Dr. S. Weir 
Mitchell), Medical News, April 28, 1883; “Pre- 
liminary Report on the Venoms of Serpents” 
(with Dr. S. Weir Mitchell), Medical News, 
April 28, 1883; “Proximate Proteid Constitu- 
ents of Egg-Albumen,” Medical News, May 
17, 1884; “New Method of Preparing Egg- 
Albumen,” Medical Neios, June 14, 1884; 
“Observations on the Regeneration of the 
Vagus and Hypoglossal Nerves,” American 
Journal of Medical Sciences, January, 1885; 
“A Text-book of Physiology,” by Michael 
Foster, third American, from the fourth and 
revised English edition, edited with extensive 
notes and additions, Lea Bros. & Co., 1885; 
“Researches Upon the Venoms of Poisonous 
Serpents” (with Dr. S. Weir Mitchell), Smith- 
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, No. 647, 
4to, 1886; “A Contribution to our Knowledge 
of Fever and of the Agents which Produce 
and Arrest it” (with Drs. Wood and Hare), 
Therapeutic Gazette, December et seq“Calo- 
rimetrical Notes,” University Medical Magazine, 
December, 1888; “Experiments on the Direct 
Excitability of the Spinal Cord,” University 
Medical Magazine, March, 1889; “The Velocity 
of Nerve-Impulses in Cut and Intact Nerves,” 
Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, May, 
1889; “The Actions of Cocaine on Animal 
Heat Functions,” University Medical Magazine, 
May, 1889; “Heat Phenomena in Normal Ani- 
mals, Part I, Calorimetry, University Medical 
Magazine, January, 1890; “Heat Phenomena 
on Normal Animals, Part 11, Heat Produc- 
tion in Relation to Body-Weight,” University 
Medical Magazine, February, 1890; “Heat Phe- 
nomena in Normal Animals, Part 111, Normal 
Variations in Heat Production,” University 
Medical Magazine, April, 1890; “The Actions 
of Alcohol on Animal Heat Functions,” The- 
rapeutic Gazette, February, 1890; “The Knee- 
Jerk After Section of the Spinal Cord,” Jour- 
nal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, February, 
1890; “The Actions of Caffeine on the Circu- 
lation,” Therapeutic Gazette, May, 1890; “The 
Actions of Caffeine on Tissue Metamorphosis 
and Heat Phenomena,” Neiv York Medical 
Journal, April 26, 1890; “The Empyreumatic 
Oil of Coffee, or Caffeon,” Medical News, May 
3, 1890; “The Actions of Drugs which are Be- 
lieved to Conserve the Tissues: Alcohol, Tea, 
Coffee, Coca, Mate, Kola, Guarana, Hemp, 
Tobacco and Opium,” University Medical Mag- 
azine, October, 1890; “Notes on Certain Ac- 
tions of Atropine,” University Medical Maga- 
zine, February, 1891; “Heat Phenomena in 
Curarized,” Therapeutic Gazette, March and 
April, 1891; “A Study of the Actions of Co- 
caine on the Circulation,” American Lancet, 
May, 1891; “A Systematic Study of the Ac- 
tions of Definitely Related Chemical Com- 
pounds Upon Animals,” Part II (with Prof. 
Wolcott Gibbs), American Chemical Journal, 
XIII, No. 6, 1891; Ibid, Part 111, American 
Chemical Journal, XIII, No. 6, 1891; “An Ex- 
perimental Study of Certain Actions of Strych- 
nine in Excitant and Paralytic Doses,” Thera- 
peutic Gazette, March, April, May and June, 
1892; “Thermogenetic Centers, with Special 
Reference to Automatic Centers,” University 
Medical Magazine, March, 1893; “Conductivity 
versus Irritability,” “Aberrant Actions of 
Morphine,” “The Actions of Pilocarpine on 
the Pulse-rate and Pressure,” University Med- 
ical Magazine, April, 1893; “A Comparative 
Study of the Physiological Actions of Brucine 
and Strychnine,” Medical News, April, 1893. 
Besides these contributions, he has been an 
extensive contributor to the editorial and 
book-review columns of a number of our lead- 
ing medical, scientific and secular periodicals. 
Since his appointment to the chair of Physi- 
ology, Dr. Reichert has devoted his time en- 
tirely in original.research. 
REID, Robert King, of Stockton, Cal., was 
born at Erie, Pa., January 21,1820. His father, 
Rev. Robert Reid, D. D., was an eminent di- 
vine of that city. Having received his pre- 
liminary education at the Erie Academy, he 
entered Jefferson Classical and Literary Col- 
lege, Canonsburg, Pa., and was graduated 
thence B. A. in 1842. Entering the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, he’was a student during the full course, 
and in 1846 received the degree of M. D. from 
that institution. After practicing for a year 
in South Carolina, he removed to California in 
1849, and in 1850 finally established himself at 
Stockton. In 1851 he was elected, by the leg- 
islature, resident physician to the State Hos- 
pital, and in 1853 was elected by the same 
body resident physician to the State Insane 
Asylum. In 1858 he made a professional visit 
to Europe, studying in the leading schools and 
hospitals of England, France Germany and 
Italy. Returning to America just previous to 
the beginning of the Civil War, he was at the 
outbreak of that conflict appointed a surgeon 
in the United States Army, and served as such 
during the ensuing five years, at Benicia Bar- 
racks, Cal., at Salt Lake City, and at Sacra- 
mento. In 1866 he resigned from the army, 
and at the same time retired from practice. 
He is a corresponding member of the San 
Francisco Academy of the Natural Sciences; 
member, and president in 1856, of the Califor- 
nia Natural History Society; member, and 
vice-president, in 1856 and 1874, of the Cali- 
fornia Medical Society; and member and pres- 
ident, 1872, of the San Joaquin Society of 
California Pioneers. In 1873 he was elected 
to the chair of surgery in the College of Phy- 422 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
sicians and Surgeons of Wilmington, N. C., 
but on account of ill health declined the posi- 
tion. His published writings consist of re- 
ports on the State Hospital, 1851; on insanity 
and the State Insane Asylum, from 1853 to 
1856, and on diseases and climate of Salt Lake 
City, 1870. He married, June 7, 1854, Ma- 
tilda Bassett, daughter of Benjamin Hayward, 
Esq., of Bermuda, W. I. 
REELING, George, of Baltimore, Md., was 
born in Darmstadt, Germany, November 11, 
1839. From 1860 till 1865 he studied medicine 
at the University of Giessen, being during four 
years of that period an assistant to Professor 
Phoebus. In 1865 and 1866 he was student 
successively at Munich, Vienna, and Berlin, 
receiving his degree of M. D. in May, of the 
latter year, from the University of Giessen. 
During the Austria-Prussian War—June to 
September, 1866—he served as military surgeon 
in the Prussian army. Soon afterward he be- 
came Assistant Surgeon at the Eye Hospital, 
Wiesbaden, and was subsequently a student at 
Paris, under AVicker, Liebrich, and Meyer. In 
1868 he came to America,establishing himself in 
Baltimore, and making a specialty of ophthal- 
mology and otology. His success in these 
branches led to his appointment, in 1869, to be 
Surgeon-in-Charge of the Maryland Eye and 
Ear Infirmary. He is a member of the Heidel- 
berg Ophthalmological Society, and of the Chi- 
rurgical Faculty of Maryland, as well as of nu- 
merous other medical organizations, both in 
this country and abroad. From 1871 till 1873 he 
was Professor of Eye and Ear Surgery in the 
AVashington University. He is now (1893) 
Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology in the 
Baltimore Medical College. Among his pub- 
lications have been articles entitled: “Detach- 
ment of the Choroid after Extraction of Cat- 
aract;” “On the Transplanting of the Con- 
junctiva of a Rabbit into the Human Eye;” 
“On Blood Tumors”—the latter paper pos- 
sessing a secondary value in that it has ap- 
pended to it a list of all works upon the 
subject, and a description of his important 
invention of a new microtome for vegetable 
microscopy. 
REYBURN, Robert, of AVashington City, D. 
C., was born August 1, 1833, in Glasgow, Scot- 
land, and is of Scotch descent. His early edu- 
cation was received at the public schools of 
Philadelphia, Pa. He studied medicine under 
the preceptorship of Dr. Lewis D. Harlan, and 
was graduated M. D. at the Philadelphia Col- 
lege of Medicine in 1856. He received the 
degree of A. M. from Harvard University in 
1871. He practiced Medicine in Philadelphia 
from 1856 to 1862, then entered the United 
States Army, as acting assistant surgeon, on 
May 7, 1862; was commissioned as assistant 
surgeon United States Volunteers on June 4, 
1862; was recommended for immediate promo- 
tion and commissioned surgeon United States 
on June 13, 1862. He was mus- 
tered out as brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Volun- 
teers in 1866, and was commissioned as assist- 
ant surgeon United States Army, with rank of 
captain, in 1867, but resigned the same year 
and commenced the practice of medicine in 
D. C., where he has been located 
ever since that date. Dr. Reyburn was chief 
medical officer of the Freedmen’s Bureau 
during the last two years of its existence, in 
1871-1872; was surgeon in charge of the Freed- 
men’s Hospital from 1867 to 1875; Professor 
of Clinical Surgery, medical department, 
Georgetown University, 1866-1867; Professor 
of Surgery, medical department, Howard Uni- 
versity, 1868; Professor of Anatomy, medical 
department, Georgetown University in 1878. In 
1880 he was appointed Professor of Physiology 
and Clinical Surgery, in the medical depart- 
ment of Howard University, which he still re- 
tains. He is a member of the American Medical 
Association; member of the Medical Society, 
District of Columbia, and the Medical Associa- 
tion, D. C.; member and vice-president, 1891-2, 
of the National Microscopical Society; member 
of Microscopical Society, D. C.; member of An- 
thropological Society, member of Biological 
Society, member of the American Society 
of Anatomists, and of the Congress of Ameri- 
can Physicians and Surgeons; consulting sur- 
geon to Providence Hospital, D. C., and 
Freedmen’s Hospital; visiting physician to 
St. John’s Church Orphanage; member and 
president of Board of Health, D. C., in 1870-1; 
member of Board of School Trustees of Wash- 
ington, D. C., in 1877, 1878 and 1879; and was 
one of the Board of Councilmen of Georgetown 
in 1865. He was married in 1854 to Catharine 
White, and to them were born eight children. 
In 1881 he was chosen as one of the six sur- 
geons who had charge of the case of President 
James A. Garfield, from the time he was 
wounded until his death. Dr. Reyburn has 
written a large number of articles for the 
various medical journals, and has now in press 
the “Clinical History of the Case of President 
James A. Garfield.” 
RHODES, John Edwin, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in the town of Bath, Summit county, Ohio, 
February 12, 1851. His father’s family trace 
their descent from the early German settlers 
(S. 
in Western Pennsylvania. His mother’s family 
are of Irish descent. His preliminary educa- 
tion was obtained in the public schools of Web- 
ster City, Iowa; South Bend, Indiana, and Bel- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
423 
videre, Illinois. Not being satisfied with so 
little training for his future work in life, he 
determined to enter college, and after a sum- 
mer of preparatory study in Belvidere, and a 
winter spent in teaching school, he entered 
the preparatory department of the University 
of Chicago. He spent six years in this insti- 
tution, taking a full course and graduating in 
1876, receiving the degree of A. B. Three 
years later the degree of A. M. was conferred 
upon him by his Alma Mater. After his 
graduation in 1876 he settled in Sacramento, 
California, and gained much valuable business 
experience in his seven years of business life 
while there. In July, 1877, he was married to 
Miss Anna Louise White, of Chicago. In 1882 
he decided to follow out the inclination of 
years and study medicine, and in the spring 
of 1883 he entered Rush Medical College. He 
attended both spring and winter courses, 
and graduated in 1886, receiving the honor of 
Valedictorian of a class of 160. After several 
months spent in travel through Europe he re- 
turned to Chicago and devoted himself to gen- 
eral practice, but his long association with Dr. 
E. Fletcher Ingals,the celebrated laryngologist, 
attracted him to special practice, and for sev- 
eral years he has devoted himself to the treat- 
ment of diseases of the chest and throat. Dr. 
Rhodes is a member of the faculty of North- 
western University Woman’s Medical School, 
being Professor of Physical Diagnosis and 
Clinical Medicine. He is also Lecturer on 
Laryngology and Diseases of the Chest in Rush 
Medical College. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association; Illinois State 
Medical Society; Chicago Medical Society, and 
the Practitioners’ Club, and is also the secretary 
and treasurer of the Rush Medical College 
Alumni Association. His family consists of 
his accomplished wife and two children. 
RIESMEYER, Louis Theodore, of St. Louis, 
Mo., was born in Bielefeld, Germany, Septem- 
ber 26, 1857. He received his first education 
at the Gymnasium at Bielefeld. His parents 
dying in short succession, he was left an or- 
phan at the age of eleven. At the age of fif- 
teen he emigrated to the United States, and 
became an apprentice in a retail drug store. 
In 1876 he graduated with highest honors at 
the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, and in 
1883, he graduated at the Missouri Medical 
College, as the first of his class. Immediately 
after graduation he matriculated at the Uni- 
versity of Berlin, Germany, where he studied 
surgery under V. Bergmann, and pathology 
under Virchow. He returned to St. Louis in 
1884, and began to practice medicine and sur- 
gery. In 1885 he was appointed first assistant 
to the chair of Surgery at the St. Louis Post- 
Graduate School of Medicine, and in 1887 
Lecturer on Surgical Pathology at the same in- 
stitution. In February, 1891, he resigned both 
positions. In August, 1891, he was elected to the 
chair of Physiology at the Beaumont Hospital 
Medical College, and in 1892 he resigned this 
chair in order to accept the chair of Histol- 
ogy, Pathological Anatomy and Bacteriology 
at the same College. In 1893 he became 
chief editor of the St. Louis Medical Eeview. 
Among his contributions to medical literature 
are the following papers, read at various med- 
ical societies: ‘ ‘ Report of Surgical Cases 
Treated at the St. Louis Post-Graduate School 
of Medicine,” 1886; “Surgical Tuberculosis,” 
1887; “Multiple Tubercular Osteomyelitis, 
and Primary Tuberculosis of the Female 
Breast,” read before the St. Louis Medical 
Society, 1888; “Observations on the Treatment, 
of Wounds with Pyoktanin,” Courier of Med- 
icine, 1890; “Laparotomy for Parametritic Ab- 
scess,” read before the St. Louis Medical So- 
- —- 
ciety, 1890; “Pathology and Surgical Treat- 
ment of the So-called Strumous Inguinal Lym- 
phadenitis,” Medical Fortnightly, 1892. 
RICHARDSON, James A., of Salem, Oregon, 
was born in Adams county, Illinois, November 
15, 1840, and is of English and Irish parentage. 
His medical education was obtained at the To- 
land Medical School, San Francisco, California, 
and at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York, graduating at the former institution 
in 1866, and at the latter in 1870. He first estab- 
lished himself at Amity, Oregon, but afterward 
removed to the city of his present residence, 
where he has been for several years engaged 
in an active and successful general practice of 
his profession. He has filled the chair of Ma- 
teria Medica in the medical department of 
Williamette University; has been physician to 
the Oregon State Penitentiary, and to the In- 
stitution for the Deaf and Blind. He is a mem- 
ber of the Oregon State Medical Society, and 
has been a member of the Oregon State Senate. 
RICKETTS, B. Merrill, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, was born in Lawrence county, in 
the same State, May 20, 1857. His father was 
an eminent physician of that section. His 
classical education was acquired at Ohio 
Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. He was 
graduated in medicine at Miami Medical Col- 
lege in 1881, and began the practice of his 
profession in Ironton, in his native state, on 
April 9, 1881. He was appointed City Physi- 
cian and Health Officer on April 24th of the 
same year, to take charge of an epidemic of 
small-pox. During the following eight months 424 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
he had seen one hundred and fifty cases of 
this disease, and had made four thousand vac- 
cinations. He removed to Columbus, Ohio, in 
rience as Medical and Surgical Interne at St. 
Luke’s Hospital, N. Y. He continued in 
the practice of his profession in New York 
City from 1880 to 1892; since then in Chicago, 
devoting his attention mainly to orthopedic 
surgery. In 1882 he instituted crucial open 
incisions for the correction of severe forms of 
talipes varus—a surgical procedure known as 
Ridlon’s Operation. In 1881 he devised a 
splint for correction of deformity in knee- 
joint disease, and in 1885 a splint for the treat- 
ment of hip-joint disease. He was Assistant 
Orthopedic Surgeon, St. Luke’s Hospital, New 
York, from April, 1881, to January, 1888, and 
Assistant Surgeon New York Orthopedic Dis- 
pensary from June, 1881, to October, 1887. 
He was Clinical Assistant and Instructor of 
Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Department of 
the University of the City of New York, from 
September, 1881, to March, 1886; Attending 
Surgeon in dispensary of same college during 
the same time; Attending Surgeon to the first 
Orthopedic Department of Bellevue Hospital 
Dispensary from January, 1887, to January, 
1889; Attending Orthopedic Surgeon St. Luke’s 
Hospital, New York, from January, 1888, to 
January, 1889; Assistant Surgeon Vanderbilt 
Clinic, New York, from January, 1889, to June, 
1892; and Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon to the 
Church Hospital and Dispensary, New York, 
from its foundation to June, 1892. He has 
lectured on Orthopedic Surgery in the North- 
western University Medical School, Chicago, 
since July, 1892, and has been Professor 
of Orthopedic Surgery in the Post-Graduate 
Medical School of that city since November, 
1892. He has been secretary of the American 
Orthopedic Association since September, 1890, 
and was orthopedic editor of the Epitome of 
Medicine, New York, from 1887 to 1892; ortho- 
pedic editor of the Medical Annual, Bristol, En- 
gland, since 1890; associate editor of the An- 
nals d' Orthopedic, Paris, since 1890; American 
<=M. 
July, 1883, where he was in general practice 
one year, at the end of which time he left for 
New York City. He matriculated in the med- 
ical department of Columbia College, and soon 
after received the appointment to fill a two 
weeks’ vacancy in the surgical department of 
the Presbyterian Hospital, having charge of 
the out-door clinics and ambulance. During 
this time he was appointed House Surgeon to 
the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital for 
one year. During t4ie following March he as- 
sisted Dr. George Thomas Jackson in the chair 
of dermatology at the New York Polyclinic. 
He became a Fellow of the New York State 
Medical Association at the time of its organi- 
zation, November 20, 1884, before which he 
has since read several papers. He moved to 
Cincinnati November 16, 1885, where he has 
since confined himself to the practice of gen- 
eral surgery and dermatology. He has made 
many contributions to medical literature, some 
of which have been upon personal investi- 
gation in bone and intestinal surgery. Dr. 
Ricketts is one of nineteen of the name who 
have adopted medicine as a profession, his 
brothers, Edwin and Joseph, being associated 
with him at the present time. He has always 
taken a lively interest in the allied sciences to 
which he has devoted much time. He has 
several hospital appointments. 
RLDLON, John, of Chicago, !]]., was born in 
Clarendon,Vermont, November 24,1852, and is 
of Scotch descent. His preliminary education 
was received at Landsley’s Commercial Col- 
lege, Goddard’s Seminary and the University 
of Chicago, from which he received the degree 
of A. M. in 1875. His medical preceptors 
were Drs. Ohas. B. Kelsey and E. 0. Seguin, 
of New York. He was graduated in medicine 
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
New York City, in 1878, and received the 
honor of Class Marshal. His medical educa- 
tion was supplemented -with two years’ expe- 
editor of the Zeilschrift Fur Orthopudische 
Chirurgie, Stuttgart, Germany. Dr. Ridlon EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
425 
has made numerous contributions to ortho- 
pedic literature, and is engaged at present in 
writing a work on orthopedic surgery, and the 
orthopedic portion of the supplementary vol- 
ume of the “Reference Hand-book of the Med- 
ical Sciences.” He is now (1893) Professor of 
Orthopedic Surgefy in the North-Western Uni- 
versity Medical School. 
RISLEY, Samuel D., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Cincinnati, 0., January 16, 1845. 
He received his education in the public schools 
of that city, and at the State University of 
lowa. His medical studies were pursued at 
the University of Pennsylvania, where he was 
graduated M. D. in 1870. He settled immedi- 
ately afterward in Philadelphia. In 1872 he 
became associated with the Eye Dispensary of 
the University of Pennsylvania; in 1874 he 
was appointed surgeon on the Dispensary Staff 
of the Episcopal Hospital. In 1875 he aban- 
doned the general practice of medicine and 
surgery and devoted himself to eye and ear 
diseases exclusively. In the same year he 
was appointed chief of dispensary for eye and 
ear diseases on the opening of the hospital of 
the University of Pennsylvania, and was ap- 
pointed lecturer on ophthalmoscopy in the 
medical department of the university in 1877. 
He is a member of the Pathological Society, 
the Philadelphia County Medical Society, the 
Northern Medical Association of Philadelphia, 
and the American Medical Association, and 
as chairman of the Section on Ophthalmology, 
delivered an “Introductory Address” at the 
forty-fourth annual meeting held at Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin, in June, 1893, which was widely 
published and read with great interest. His 
contributions to the profession consist of nu- 
merous important papers and reviews of books 
relating to his special line of study and prac- 
tice. 
RISTINE, Charles Elliott, of Knoxville, 
Tenn., was born in Abingdon, Virginia, Decem- 
ber 6,1845. He is of German-Irish descent. His 
preliminary education was obtained at the 
University of Tennessee, and he studied medi- 
cine at the University of Pennsylvania, whence 
he graduated M. D. in 1870. He began the 
practice of his profession in Anderson county, 
but one year later, 1871, he removed to Nash- 
ville, Tenn., and in 1877 was appointed Demon- 
strator of Anatomy in the Nashville Medical 
College (nominally the medical department of 
the University of Tennessee). After serving 
two years as demonstrator of anatomy he was 
selected to fill the chair of Physiology. In 
1882 Dr. Ristine resigned his position in the 
Nashville Medical College and removed to 
Knoxville, Tenn. In 1889 he was one of the 
organizers of the Tennessee Medical College, of 
Knoxville, and was elected registrar and treas- 
urer of the Board of Directors and Professor of 
Obstetrics and Gynecology, positions which be 
now occupies. In 1890 Dr. Ristine was ap- 
pointed Surgeon to the Mission Home, and in 
1891 Consulting Surgeon and Gynecologist to 
the East Tennessee Sanitarium. He is a mem- 
ber of Knox County Medical Society, the 
Tennessee State Medical Society, the American 
Medical Association and the Pan-American 
Medical Congress. Dr. Ristine has contributed 
to the various medical journals numerous ar- 
ticles chiefly pertaining to his specialty, gyne- 
cology. 
RITTER, Martin M., of Chicago, 111., is a 
German, a native of Hamburg, who has sought 
and achieved success in his adopted home and 
profession. His family has been prominent 
for many years in the commercial and bank- 
ing business in his native city. Dr. Ritter pre- 
ferred study to business precepts and began 
reading medicine after graduating with credit 
from the best institution of learning in Ham- 
burg. Coming to America he continued his 
studies under the best teachers, and in due 
form was graduated from the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of Chicago. The study 
of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat 
had interested him, particularly in his student 
days, and he decided to devote his entire at- 
tention to their treatment. He visited Lon- 
don, Berlin and Vienna, and secured in the 
leading hospitals and from the leading pro- 
fessors the instructions he desired. For sev- 
eral years he has practiced his specialty 
with the success that follows thorough educa- 
tion and intelligent, painstaking practice. In 
1892 he went to Chicago and made it his home, 
as he found it a congenial field in which to ex- 
ercise his talents, and has by this time built 
up a very extensive practice among the best 
classes. In September, of the same year, he 
established the Columbia Charity Dispensary, 
of which he is the superintendent, and also chief 
of the departments of diseases of the eye, ear, 
nose and throat. He is also chief of the nose and 
throat department in the Chicago Charity Hos- 
pital, instructor of rhinology and laryngology, 
Chicago Post-Graduate College and Hospital, 
and will fill the chair of Professor of Rhin- 
ology and Laryngology in the prospective Chi- 
cago Clinical College. 
ROBINSON, Beverly, of New York City, 
was born in Philadelphia March 22, 1844. lie 
received his preparatory education at Ferries 
school and in the collegiate department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and graduated 
from the department of arts of the last named 
institution in 1863. He subsequently pursued 
his medical studies at the University of Paris, 
where he was graduated in 1872. Returning 
to America he established himself in general 
practice in the city of New York. Dr. Robin- 
son is a member of the New York Pathological 
Society; New York Laryngological Society, 
and Fellow of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, and of numerous other medical organiza- 
tions. He has been Physician to the New 
York Charity Hospital; Surgeon to the Man- 
hattan Eye and Ear Hospital, and Lecturer on 
Diseases of the Throat at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College. He has written extensively 
for medical periodicals, and is a recognized au- 
thority upon diseases of the nose and throat. 
ROBINSON, Fred Byron, of Chicago, 111., 
was born in AVisconsin. He is a son of AVill- 
iam and Mary Robinson, farmers, who still 
live on the old farm of his birth. His early 
education was acquired in a little log school- 
house. He afterward worked his way through 
Mineral Point Seminary and AVisconsin Uni- 
versity, graduating as B. S. in 1878. He was 
assistant to the Professor of Chemistry during 
his senior year. He was principal of high 
school for two years, during which time he 
studied medicine under Dr. U. P. Stain. He 
was graduated from Rush Medical College in 
1882, and located and practiced at Grand Rap- 
ids, AVis., until 1889. He was a partner of Dr. 
G. F. AVitter until 1884. In 1889 he accepted 
the offer of the chair of Anatomy and Clinical 
Surgery in Toledo Medical College, of Toledo, 426 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
0., and removed to that city, remaining there 
two years. In 1891 the Doctor removed to 
Chicago, where he was elected to the chair of 
Gynecology in the Chicago Post-Graduate Med- 
ical School. Dr. Robinson went to Europe in 
1884-5; studied gynecology and surgery in 
Heidelberg, Berlin and London. In 1887 he 
made another trip, studying gynecology a year 
in Vienna. In 1891 he went to Birmingham, 
England, and remained a pupil of Mr. Lawson 
Tait for six months. Dr. Robinson began in 
1887 a series of original experiments and re- 
searches on intestinal surgery, the comparative 
anatomy of the female genital organs and the 
sympathetic nerves of the abdomen and pel- 
vis. He has prosecuted these experiments 
and researches up to the present. His ex- 
periments on the intestines of dogs number 
some 230. He devised for intestinal anasto- 
mosis the cartilage plate, the raw-hide plate 
viscus has its rhythm; e. g., the liver rhythm is 
ruled by the “hepatic automatic ganglia,” the 
spleen by the “automatic splenic ganglia,” etc. 
He demonstrated that the corpus luteum of 
man and mammals is not a sign of pregnancy. 
It appears that Dr. Robinson was the first in 
this country to demonstrate spermatocystitis, 
which he attributed to gonorrhea, and that in- 
flammation of the vesiculse seminales was 
analogous to similar diseases in the fallopian 
tubes. For the past five years his contribu- 
tions to medical literature may be found in the 
main medical journals. His most important 
publications are two volumes of “Intestinal 
Surgery,” “Automatic Menstrual Ganglia,” 
“Urochal Cysts,” “The Abdominal Brain—Its 
Rhythm and Reflexes.” Dr. Robinson is At- 
tending Gynecologist to the Woman’s Hospi- 
tal, Gynecologist to the Chicago Charity Hos- 
pital and to the Post-Graduate Medical Hos- 
pital. He is a member of medical societies in 
Wisconsin, Ohio and Illinois. He takes pride 
in demonstrating and teaching facts and ob- 
servations gained from nature. His practice 
is limited to gynecology and abdominal sur- 
gery. He spends his time, aside from his pro- 
fessional duties, in experiments and research. 
ROBINSON, JOHN K., of Colorado Springs, 
Colo., was born August 11, 1855, at Mountain 
Dale, N. Y. His parents were of Scotch-Irish 
descent. They moved into Sullivan county, 
N. Y., in 1850, cleared a farm from the primi- 
tive forests, and raised a family of six children, 
of whom the Doctor was the youngest. At 
the close of the War of the Rebellion the two 
oldest boys were among those whose lives had 
been sacrificed for the Union, and the father 
had succumbed to disease. The subject of this 
sketch was then in his tenth year. He could 
not be spared from work upon the farm in 
summer, but attended the district school in 
winter. The meager facilities for an education 
thus afforded were supplemented by self-im- 
provement and an academic course in the 
Union School of Lockport, N. Y. He con- 
tinued at intervals to teach school and work 
on the farm until the fall of 1879, when he be- 
gan the study of medicine with Dr. J. J. 
Ward, of Ellenville, N. Y. In the spring of 
1880 he matriculated with Jefferson Medical 
College of Philadelphia. He attended four 
regular and preliminary courses of lectures 
and graduated in March, 1882. He imme- 
diately began practice in Woodbourne, N. Y., 
and met with marked success. An inherited 
tendency to asthma made a change of climate 
expedient, and after special preparation he 
located in Colorado Springs in the fall of 1888, 
restricting his practice to the eye and ear. In 
1890 he was appointed Eye and Ear Surgeon 
of the Colorado Midland Railroad. He has 
held the offices of secretary, vice-president 
and president of the El Paso County Medical 
Society. Besides papers read at the State 
Medical Society, he has contributed to medical 
journals on subjects relating to the eye and 
ear. Aside from professional work Dr. Robin- 
son devotes himself to the study of literature 
and to the lecture platform. 
ROBISON, John Albert, of Chicago, 111., 
was born July 26, 1855, at Richland, Ind. 
His father was born in Kentucky, and is of 
Scotch descent, while his mother was born in 
South Carolina, and is of Irish descent. He 
received a classical education in Monmouth 
(111.) College, graduating in 1877, with the de- 
and the segmented rubber plate. His latest 
device in this direction is his raw-hide anasto- 
mosis button, which can be employed without 
sutures. He presented to the profession the 
“stove-pipe” operation to displace circular en- 
terorraphy. He devised invagination for cir- 
cular enterorraphy without invagination su- 
tures. He gave to the profession two methods 
to prevent intestinal invagination subsequent 
to operation. One was the rubber tube and 
the other, more valuable, was the suturing of 
the distal gut end to the proximal gut mesen- 
tary. His researches in the comparative anat- 
omy of the female genital organs brought out 
what he terms the “automatic menstrual 
ganglia,” situated along the tubes and uterus. 
These ganglia rule the rhythm of menstruation. 
He claims that there are automatic nervous 
ganglia situated in each viscus, and that each EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
427 
gree of Bachelor of Arts, receiving degree of 
Master of Arts three years later. For one 
year he read medicine in the office of Drs. 
Wallace and Troutman, Monmouth; then took 
two winter and one spring courses in Rush 
Medical College (Chicago), graduating in 1880 
with honor, being secretary of his class. After 
graduating he entered into partnership with 
Professor Joseph P. Ross, Professor of Clinical 
Medicine and Diseases of the Chest, Rush 
Medical College, and remained associated with 
him until 1889. From 1880 to 1888 he was At- 
tending Physician for Diseases of Throat 
and Chest at the Central Free Dispensary, and 
also during this period was Lecturer on Materia 
Medica in Rush Medical College, and origi- 
nated the cabinet of drugs used in teaching 
this branch. He was Attending Physican to 
land and Scotland, visiting the most renowned 
hospitals in these countries. He has, also, 
traveled through Colorado, California, and 
other western States, and observed noted 
health resorts. He is a member of the Amer- 
ican Climatological Association, and a member 
of the Committee on Medico-Climatology of 
the World’s Congress Auxiliary to the Colum- 
bian Exposition. His practice is that of gen- 
eral medicine, but more definitely in the line 
of diseases of the chest. He is a member of 
the Chicago Medical and Pathological Socie- 
ties, American Medical Association, Illinois 
State Medical Society, American Academy of 
Medicine; is chairman of the Committee on 
Publication of Chicago Medical Society, which 
publishes the Chicago Medical Becorder, the 
official organ of the society. Recently Dr. 
Robison was appointed Adjunct Professor to 
the chair of Practice of Medicine, Rush Medi- 
cal College. His contributions to medical lit- 
erature have been principally clinical lectures 
that have been delivered at the hospitals or 
colleges with which he has been connected. 
He is now engaged in preparing a book for 
publication. Dr. Robison has an abiding in- 
terest in bacteriology, especially in so far as it 
relates to pulmonary affections. He has estab- 
lished a private home for medical cases, be- 
lieving that home comforts, hygienic and 
dietetic treatment are more valuable than 
drug treatment. 
ROCKWELL, A. I)., of New York City, was 
born in New Canaan, Conn., May 18, 1840, 
where his father, David S. Rockwell, was for 
many years the principal and proprietor of a 
large academy. He received his literary edu- 
cation at Kenyon College, Ohio, and his medi- 
cal at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
where he graduated in the spring of 1864. He 
immediately entered the army as Assistant 
Surgeon of the Sixth Ohio Cavalry, and served 
with his regiment in the cavalry corps of the 
Army of the Potomac through the campaigns 
of 1864-6, until the surrender at Appoma- 
tox. A few months after entering the service 
he received his commission as Surgeon, and 
subsequently was appointed Surgeon of Brig- 
ade. After the war he engaged for several 
years in general practice, but in 1868 he asso- 
ciated himself with the late Dr. George M. 
Beard for the study of nervous diseases, and 
especially for the systematic development of 
electricity in its relation to the disease in gen- 
eral. This agent had been wholly neglected 
by the profession at large, and was almost en- 
tirely in the hands of charlatans, and in the 
labor of wresting it from such hands and plac- 
ing it upon a scientific basis they were the 
pioneers in this country. In an article pub- 
lished in the Neio York Medical Becord (1866) 
Dr. Rockwell was the first to describe the 
method of general electrization, by which the 
remarkable constitutional effects of electricity 
are obtained. To attempt to enumerate his 
many contributions to neurological and electro- 
therapeutical literature would require more 
space than is available here. His articles have 
been mainly of a practical nature and original 
in conception. His small work of lectures on 
the “Relation of Electricity to Medicine and 
Surgery” has had a wide circulation, as has 
also his brochure on “Electro-Surgery,” pub- 
lished in 1878. He has twice re-edited Dr. 
Beard’s original work on “Nervous Exhaus- 
tion,” and completed and published Beard’s 
Cook County Hospital, from 1885 to 1889, and 
from 1888 to 1890 was Professor of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in the Woman’s Med- 
ical College; also, during these years was In- 
structor in Physical Diagnosis in Rush Medical 
College. During the winter of 1888 he gave 
the course of lectures in Clinical Medicine 
and Diseases of Chest, vice Professor Ross, 
who was irrecoverably ill. In 1883 he assisted 
Professor Ross in founding the Presbyterian 
Hospital, and has been Attending Physician 
for Throat Diseases, and secretary of the med- 
ical board ever since its organization. In 1890 
he was, also, elected attending physician for 
medical diseases, in place of Dr. Ross,deceased. 
In 1891 Dr. Robison was elected Professor 
of General Medicine in the Post - Graduate 
Medical School of Chicago, which position he 
still occupies. In 1891 he traveled exten- 
sively through Germany, France, Italy, Eng- 428 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
unfinished MSS. on “Sexual Neurasthenia.” 
Dr. Rockwell has contributed not a little to 
general literature, and some of his war articles 
have received high commendation. In refer- 
ence to one of them, Mr. Stoddard, the emi- 
nent poet and critic, writes: “Dr. A. D. Rock- 
well narrates a ride with Sheridan in a long 
and animated paper, which is written in frank, 
offhand picturesque English that brings be- 
fore us the stormy scenes which he witnessed, 
and of which he was a part in a remarkably 
vivid way. It would have made the literary 
fortune of any novelist who could have written 
it, or anything approaching to it, in a story of 
the war.” The work, however, upon which 
‘his reputation as a medical writer and investi- 
gator must mainly rest is the exhaustive treat- 
ise on “The Medical and Surgical Uses of 
Electricity,” which, in 1872, he issued in con- 
nection with Dr. Beard. This work is now in 
its eighth edition, and has for years held its 
position as the standard work in this country 
upon the subject of which it treats, besides 
having been translated into both French and 
German. 
ROGERS, Joseph Goodwin, of Logansport, 
Ind., was born at Madison, in that State, No- 
vember 23, 1841. Confined to his bed from his 
twelfth to his eighteenth year, by Potts’ disease 
of the spine, he pursued during this period a 
collegiate course of study. Upon his recovery 
he read law for one year, and then began the 
study of medicine. He then entered Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College, New York, and 
was graduated M. D. at that institution in 
1864, and in the same year commenced the 
practice of his profession in his native town, 
and was until the close of the War, an Acting 
Assistant Surgeon United States Army, on 
duty at the Madison General Hospital. Dur- 
ing the following two years he traveled in 
Europe, attending the hospitals of Paris, es- 
pecially the Ophthalmic Cliniques of Demar- 
res, Liebreich and Wecker. He also attended 
the cliniques of Trouseau and Nelaton. On 
returning to America he resumed practice at 
Madison, paying especial attention to ophthal- 
mology. In 1875-76 he was Professor of Ma- 
teria Medica and Therapeutics in the Indiana 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. Shortly 
after this he was appointed superintendent of 
the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, and 
served in that capacity several years. He now 
(1893) holds the same position in the Northern 
Hospital for the Insane, at Logansport. Dr. 
Rogers is a member of numerous medical and 
scientific organizations, including the Indiana 
State Medical Society and the American 
Medical Association. He has contributed im- 
portant articles on professional subjects to 
medical journals, and is regarded as one of the 
leading authorities of his State on diseases of 
the nervous system. 
ROLER, Edward 0. F., of Chicago, 111., was 
born, March 6,1833, near Winchester, Ya. He 
is a son of P. W. and Catharine Carson Roler, 
of Virginia, the latter a member of one of the 
oldest families in the commonwealth. In 1850 
he entered Asbury University, at Greencastle, 
Ind., to which State his father had emigrated 
several years before, and completed his col- 
legiate course, becoming, in 1856, a student of 
Dr. W. 11. Byford, of Chicago, and graduating 
from the Rush Medical College in 1859, taking 
a prize for proficiency in his studies. In 1861 
he entered the army as assistant surgeon of the 
Forty-second Illinois. Volunteers, but before 
reaching the field was promoted by Governor 
Yates to the rank of surgeon, and "transferred 
to the Fifty-fifth Regiment, remaining with it 
for a year, at the end of which he was as- 
signed to duty as acting medical inspector, and 
subsequently as medical director of the Fif- 
teenth Army Corps, serving on the staff of 
Gen. W. T. Sherman while corps-commander, 
and afterwards on that of Gen. John A. Logan, 
and participating in all the battles of these 
commanders. He married, in 1867, Doretta J. 
Doering, only daughter of the Rev. C. H. 
Doering, D. D., of Berlin, Prussia, and super- 
intendent of the Methodist missions in Ger- 
many. He began the practice of his profession 
in Chicago, where he resumed it after the Civil 
War, having previously spent ayear in the hos- 
pitals of Berlin and Vienna. Soon after his re- 
turn to Chicago in 1867, he was appointed lec- 
turer on Obstetrics and the Diseases of AVomen 
and Children in the Chicago Medical College, 
and in 1868 professor, conjointly with Professor 
Byford, though he still lectured on obstetrics 
for several years, which is his specialty as a 
practitioner. He is now emeritus professor of 
that chair in that school. He devised an im- 
proved obstetric forceps which bears his name, 
and which is highly prized by those who have 
had occasion to employ them in their practice. 
He is a member of the several medical socie- 
ties of Chicago, and of the American Medical 
Association. He has contributed at various 
times to medical journals. He was for two 
years surgeon of the United States Marine 
Hospital in Chicago, and has since been one of 
the Board of Examiners for Pensions. 
ROOKER, James 1., of Castleton, Ind., was 
born July 22, 1833, in Hamilton county, that 
State. He is of English descent. His grand- 
fathers both located near Indianapolis in 1821, 
and his is, therefore, one of the oldest families 
in Central Indiana. Dr. Rooker’s early edu- 
cation was obtained by attending winter 
schools in a log cabin, and helping clear his 
father’s farm in the summer. In 1847 he en- 
tered the Noblesville school, which he attended 
until 1853, when he entered Asbury University 
(now DePauw),taking a scientific course; in ad- 
dition to this, taking Latin,German and French. 
He commenced reading medicine with Drs. 
Shaw and Garver, of Noblesville, in 1854, re- 
maining there until the fall of 1855, when he 
matriculated in the Medical College of Ohio, at 
the same time becoming a private student of 
Profs. N. L. Marshel and Samuel G. Armor. 
He graduated in the class of 1857. After a 
competitive examination he was elected one of 
three resident physicians to the Commercial 
Hospital, a position he filled for one year, 
commencing March 10, 1857. In the summer 
of 1859 he located at Castleton, a small village 
ten miles north of Indianapolis, and within 
three miles of where he was born, and entered 
into the practice of his profession. AVhen 
Fort Sumter was fired on, he tendered his 
services to Governor Morton for a position on 
the medical staff of the army. Owing to his 
knowledge of hospital management, he was 
selected by Governor Morton as one among 
others and sent to the field and to different 
hospitals to look after the interest of Indiana’s 
soldiers. He was at Fort Donaldson, and re- 
mained there and at the Mound City Hospitals 
until the wounded of that bloody battle were 
cared for. He was again sent by Morton to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
429 
look after the wounded at Shiloh, assisting in 
removing the sick and wounded to Evansville, 
Cincinnati and Indianapolis. About this time 
the nation was expecting a great battle to be 
fought at Corinth, Miss. Indiana’s great war 
Governor made application to the Secretary of 
War for the privilege of sending an additional 
surgeon to each of the Indiana regiments in 
front of Corinth. When his request was 
granted, Dr. Rooker was selected as one of the 
surgeons and assigned to the Eleventh Regi- 
ment Indiana Volunteers, remaining with the 
regiment until the evacuation of Corinth by 
the rebels. Shortly after returning home he 
was recommissioned assistant surgeon to the 
Eleventh Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and 
reported to the regiment at Helena, Ark. 
Shortly after he was assigned to this command, 
the principal surgeon resigned, leaving Dr. 
Rooker in charge of the medical department 
author of numerous medical papers, which have 
appeared from time to time in the past thirty- 
three years, in the leading medical journals of 
Cincinnati,New York,Philadelphia,Richmond, 
Va., New Orleans, Chicago, and Indianapolis. 
Some of these papers have been complimented 
by such able men as John S. Billings, Surgeon 
U. S. Army, and Professor Austin Flint, in his 
work on clinical medicine. He is also author of 
many papers that have been presented to the In- 
diana State Medical Society. He was one of the 
founders of the Hamilton County Medical So- 
ciety, and is now a member of the Marion Coun- 
ty Medical Society, the Indiana State Medical 
Society, permanent member of the American 
Medical Society, and was one of the delegates 
to the Ninth International Medical Congress. 
He has been married twice. The first time to 
Miss Jennie Lyle, of Cincinnati, by whom he 
had five children—two sons and three daugh- 
ters, His eldest son, Dr. C. Nelaton Rooker, 
late of Indianapolis, and coroner of the 
county, but now resident of Pocatello, Idaho, 
and Wm. Velpeau Rooker, a well-known attor- 
ney of Indianapolis. His present wife was 
Miss Martha Maxwell, by whom he has no 
children. Dr. Rooker has always been in love 
with his profession. This can be detected even 
in the naming of his sons. He is a self-made 
man, and was so poor that he was compelled to 
pawn his half-dozen text-books, trunk, and 
overcoat for money to pay his graduation fee. 
Owing to close attention to his profession, 
to-day he is one of the largest land owners and 
wealthiest physicians in central Indiana. In 
1893 Dr. Rooker was appointed United States 
Examining Sugeon for the Bureau of Pensions, 
and is now president of the board established 
at Indianapolis. 
ROOSA, Daniel Bennett St. John, of New 
York City, was born at Bethel, Sullivan county, 
N. Y., April 4, 1838. He is descended from 
Dutch, French and English settlers in New 
York State, during the early part of the colonial 
period, and great grandson of Isaac A. Roosa, 
an officer (captain) in the Continental army 
during the war of the Revolution. He was 
educated at academies in Monticello, N. Y., 
and Honesdale, Pa., and under a private tutor 
in Boston, Mass. He entered Yale College in 
1856, was dismissed on account of ill-health, 
but afterwards received the honorary degree 
of M. A. from this college. He pursued a 
special course in chemistry under Prof. John 
W. Draper in the university of the city, and 
was graduated in medicine from this institu- 
tion in 1860. Subsequent to his graduation 
he was admitted by examination to the New 
York Hospital as junior walker, in the sur- 
gical division, and served in that capacity for 
eight months, and then as senior walker for 
five months, and as house-surgeon for eight 
months. For three months in 1861 he served 
in the field as Assistant Surgeon of the Fifth 
Regiment National Guard of New York. In 
1862 he married Mary Hoyt, daughter of Mr. 
Stephen M. Blake, of New York. On leaving 
the hospital in the same year he spent a year 
in study, especially of ophthalmology and 
otology in Berlin and Vienna, under Von 
Grafe, Kramer, Arlt and Jaeger. In the sum- 
mer of 1863 he returned home and served in 
the field as Surgeon of the Twelfth Regiment 
National Guards, New York, under the special 
call for thirty day troops, established him- 
self in practice in the autumn of 1863, at first 
of the Eleventh Regiment and also of the 
Second Ohio Battery. He remained until the 
spring of 1863, when, owing to overwork and 
sickness, he resigned and returned home, re- 
suming the practice of his profession at Cas- 
tleton. While he did not enter the army 
again, he devoted much of his time to 
the care of the sick and wounded sol- 
diers that came home, and very seldom 
charging them or their families any fee. 
In 1875 he was recommended by Drs. Parvin, 
Todd and others to deliver lectures on Physical 
Diagnosis in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Indianapolis, which he continued 
doing until that school consolidated with the 
Indiana Medical College. In 1879 he was one 
of the founders of the Central College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of Indiana, and elected 
to the chair of Physical Diagnosis and Diseases 
of Children, remaining with the institution 
four years. He was compelled to resign, owing 
to disease of the throat. Dr. Rooker is the 430 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in general practice, but in a year or two he 
devoted himself specially and exclusively to 
the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. 
He was Professor of Ophthalmology and Otol- 
ogy in the University of the City of New York 
from 1866 till 1882, and has held the same 
chair in the University of Vermont from 1875 
till 1880. He was a founder of the Manhattan 
Eye and Ear Hospital, and is now (1893) Pro- 
fessor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the 
New York Post-Graduate Medical School, of 
whose Faculty he is president. “Dr. Roosa is a 
successful practitioner, eminent as a surgeon, 
and an acknowledged authority in the branch 
of his profession to which he has devoted him- 
self, having performed the most difficult and 
delicate operations that occur in the prosecu- 
tion of his specialty.” He is a member and 
for two years was president of the American 
Otological Society; president of the Interna- 
tional Otological Society; member of the Amer- 
ican Ophthahnological Society; member of the 
New York County Medical Society; and corre- 
sponding member of the Medico-Chirurgical 
Society of Edinburgh. He was president of 
the New York State Medical Society in 1879. 
He received the degree of LL.D. from the Uni- 
versity of Vermont in 1880. With Drs. Hack- 
ley and Bull he has translated “Stellwag on 
the Eyehas singly translated “Von Troltsch 
on the Ear.” He is the author of the Vest 
Pocket Medical Lexicon, 1865; and of a suc- 
cessful treatise on “The Ear,” 1866, republished 
in London, translated into German, and which 
has passed through several editions; and in con- 
junction with Dr. E. T. Ely he wrote “Oph- 
thalmic and Otic Memoranda,” “A Doctor’s 
Suggestions,” 1880, and “On the Necessity 
of Wearing Glasses,” 1887. 
ROSEN WASSER, Marcus, of Cleveland, 
Ohio, was born in the village of Bukovan, in 
Bohemia, Austria, October 27, 1846, of Jewish 
parents. The family emigrated in 1854, and 
settled in Cleveland, where the subject of this 
sketch received his early literary education, 
graduating from the public high school with 
high honors. His medical education was be- 
gun at the University of Prague, the capital of 
Bohemia, in 1864, and completed in the Uni- 
versity of Wuerzburg, Bavaria, where he grad- 
uated August 1, 1867, under twenty-one years 
of age. He then spent five months at Prague 
and Vienna, in post-graduate studies, return- 
ing to Cleveland in 1868, where he opened an 
office on the first day of February and where he 
has resided and practiced since. For twenty 
years he labored as general practitioner, enjoy- 
ing an extensive patronage, especially in the 
field of obstetrics and gynecology. During this 
time he had been for a number of years on the 
staff of the Charity Hospital, and Lecturer on 
Operative Obstetrics in Wooster University, 
both of which positions he (after having filled 
them for five years) resigned. In 1888 he was 
elected to the chair of Medical and Surgical Dis- 
eases of Women in the medical department of 
the University of Wooster, in which he has since 
continued, with change of title to Professor of 
the Diseases of Women and Abdominal Sur- 
gery. To further qualify himself for this new 
position he spent three months in the East, the 
greater part of the time in Boston, under the 
instruction of Dr. E. W. Cushing, at that time 
Surgeon to the Free Surgical Hospital for Wo- 
men; some time also with Dr. Joseph Price, 
of Philadelphia, visiting with prominent op- 
erators in New York before his return. In 
1891 he was elected Dean of the Faculty, to 
which honor he has since been twice re-elected. 
He is president of the staff, and Consulting 
Gynecologist to the Hospital for Women and 
Children, the City Hospital, and University 
Hospital. He is ordinary Fellow of the 
American Association of Obstetricians and 
Gynecologists (1892), member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, of the Ohio State 
Medical Society, Northern and Northeastern 
Ohio District Societies, the Cuyahoga County, 
the Cleveland Medical Societies and the Society 
for Advancement of the Medical Sciences. 
Among his contributions to medical literature 
are; “The Treatment of Pelvic Inflammations 
“The Comparative Merits of Abdominal Sec- 
tion and Vaginal Incision on the Treatment of 
Extra-peritoneal Hematocele;” “A Contribu- 
tion to the Technique of Intra-ligamentary 
Operations;” “Pelvic Cellulitis in its Relation 
to Surgery;” a series of journal articles, en- 
titled “Clinical Fragments,” “What are the 
Indications for Abdominal Section in Intra- 
pelvic Hemorrhage?” “The Indication for Op- 
erative Interference in Extra-uterine Preg- 
nancy,” besides reports of cases, or groups of 
cases of special interest. After his return from 
the East he gradually dropped his general 
work, and on February 1, 1893, just twenty- 
five years from the date of entering on his 
practice, he announced his determination to 
limit his work to his chosen specialty. 
ROSS, George, of Richmond, Va., was born 
in Culpepper county, of that State, October 22, 
1838, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. He re- 
ceived his early education under a private 
tutor, and a full course, with graduation, at 
the Virginia Military Institute. He studied 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Wm. 
Alex. Thom, Eastville, Va., was graduated 
M. D. at the University of Virginia in 1861, 
and has practiced his profession at Richmond 
from January, 1866, to the present time. He 
was First Lieutenant Commanding the South- 
ern Guards at Harper’s Ferry, Va., April, 
1861; Major Commanding Battalion of Cadets, 
University of Virginia, from July 1 to Novem- 
ber 1, 1861; Assistant Surgeon Confederate 
States Army on hospital duty at Richmond, 
Va., from December 1, 1861, to July, 1863; 
Associate Medical Director on staff of Lieut.- 
Gen. A. P. Hill (Third Army Corps, Army 
Northern Virginia) from September, 1863, to 
March, 1864; Assistant Surgeon Corps of Ca- 
dets, Virginia Military Institute, March, 1864, 
to April, 1865, and in charge of the battalion 
at the battle of New Market, Valley of Vir- 
ginia, May, 1864. Dr. Ross was Adjunct Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Surgery, Medical Col- 
lege of Virginia, from 1867 to 1875. He ren- 
dered valuable service in the treatment of the 
cholera epidemic of 1866 at Richmond, Va., 
and was a member of the Board of Health, 
State of Virginia, from 1869 to 1874; also a 
member of the Board of Visitors of the Vir- 
ginia Medical Institute from 1886 to 1890. He 
has been Chief Surgeon of the Richmond and 
Danville Railroad from 1886 to the present 
time; also District Surgeon of the C. & O. R. 
R., and served as vice-president of the Na- 
tional Association of Railway Surgeons from 
1891 to 1892. He is Medical Examiner of the 
Penn Mutual, Brooklyn, New York and Fi- 
delity Life Insurance Companies; also Surgeon 
of the U, S. M. Accident Association, New EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
431 
York; Railway Officials and Employes, of 
Indianapolis. He has contributed numerous 
articles to various medical journals on cases 
from practice. Among his most important 
papers may be mentioned those under the 
titles of “Tetanus,” “Dystochia,” “Cystitis” 
and “Hemorrhoids.” 
ROSS, John Dean, of Williamsburg, Pa., was 
born in that State September 2, 1806. He re- 
ceived an academic education, and studied 
medicine in the office of Dr. James M. Stewart 
and in the medical department of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, and was graduated M. 
D. in that institution in 1832. After practicing 
his profession six years in Huntingdon county, 
Pa., he removed to AVilliamsburg, Pa., where 
he has remained during the last fifty-five years. 
Dr. Ross is one of the oldest members of his 
profession in the Keystone State. He has 
been a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation since 1854, and in 1865 was president 
of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society. 
ROSS, Joseph P., of Chicago, 111., was born, 
on a farm near what was then the village of 
Springfield, Ohio, January 7, 1828, and died 
at his home in 1890. A life sketch, by H. 
L. Conard, in the Magazine of Western His- 
tory, says: The family to which he be- 
longed was one noted among the early western 
pioneers for the bravery and heroism of some 
of its members in the Indian warfare incident 
to the westward march of civilization, as well 
as for the thrilling and, in one instance, ro- 
mantic character of their adventures. The 
American progenitor of this branch of the 
Ross family was a Scotchman, who married in 
England and came to the United States where 
he located on the Potomac river, in northern 
Virginia, some time prior to the Revolutionary 
war. He himself fell a victim to the Indians 
before he had been many years in America, 
and five sons whom he had left behind were 
more or less conspicuous in the subsequent 
Indian wars. One of these sons, who was 
carried away from Virginia as a prisoner by 
the Indians, had an experience hardly less in- 
teresting and romantic than that of Captain 
John Smith in the historic episode which made 
famous the Indian Princess Pocahontas. Con- 
demned to death, his life was saved through 
the intercession of the daughter of a noted 
Indian chief, who afterward became his wife. 
Another son, the grandfather of the subject of 
this sketch, fell into the hands of the savages 
and was ransomed by a French trader after a 
fire had been kindled for the purpose of cre- 
mating him alive after the Indian fashion. 
His son, William Ross, removed to Kentucky 
in 1788, and in 1797 to Ohio. He located first 
near Cincinnati, but a year later, four years 
before Ohio became a State, he removed to 
Clark county Avhere he lived until he reached 
the advanced age of ninety-five years, his wife 
living to be ninety-four years old. Elijah 
Ross, one of the sons of this noted Ohio pio- 
neer, was born in Kentucky in 1788, and in 
1816 married Mary Laws Houston, of Dela- 
ware, 0., who came of a family equally noted 
in the early history of that State. Dr. Joseph 
P. Ross was one of the six sons of Elijah Ross. 
When he was six years of age his father moved 
from Clark to an adjoining county, and located 
on a farm near Piqua, now one of the more 
thrifty of the smaller manufacturing cities of 
Ohio. On this farm Dr. Ross spent his early 
boyhood, and at the “district” school—as they 
are called in Ohio—of that neighborhood, he 
received his early educational training. When 
he was nineteen years of age he had acquired 
a common school education, a sturdy physique 
and all the knowledge of farming as an occu- 
pation that he cared to have. He had in fact 
made up his mind that farming was unsuited 
to his tastes and decided to engage in some 
other business. Leaving the farm and starting 
out on his own account, he became interested 
in a woolen mill at Piqua, and his first busi- 
ness venture proved an exceedingly fortunate 
one for those days. In two years he had laid 
aside something like two thousand dollars as 
the profits resulting from his investment in the 
Piqua Woolen Mills, and he decided to use as 
much of this as might be necessary to educate 
and qualify himself for entering the medical 
profession. Severing his business connections 
he entered the Piqua Academy, where he pur- 
sued a scientific course of study. Soon after 
he completed his academic course he began 
reading medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. G. V. Dorsey, afterwards State Treasurer 
of Ohio, and for many years one of the emi- 
nent physicians of the Buckeye State. While 
reading with Dr. Dorsey he* attended two 
courses of lectures at Starling Medical College 
of Columbus, and a third course at the Ohio 
Medical College of Cincinnati. He graduated 
from the latter institution in 1852, and first 
located at the town of St. Mary’s, in his native 
State. After remaining there one year he de- 
cided to go to Chicago, where he became estab- 
lished in 1853. Soon after going to that city he 
formed a professional partnership with Dr. Lu- 
cien P. Cheney, which continued several years. 
In Chicago Dr. Ross found a field admirably 
suited to his capacities, and one in which his 
professional attainments were fully appre- 
ciated. His private practice built up rapidly, 
and his sympathetic and kindly nature was 
appealed to on behalf of various charities, 
with which he became prominently identified, 
while he was still young in the practice of 
medicine. He became Physician to the Orphan 
Asylum, a position which he held for many 
years, and also First Physician to the State 
Reform School, now located at Pontiac, 111., 
but at that time located in Chicago. Very 
early in his history as a Chicago physician he 
became interested in hospital work. In 1858, 
in conjunction with other gentlemen, he leased 
what was known as the Old City Hospital of 
Chicago* which he conducted until 1866, when 
the Cook County Hospital, which had been 
used during the war as a government military 
hospital, was again taken charge of by the 
county authorities. At that time Dr. Ross be- 
came a member of the county board of com- 
missioners for the sole purpose of building up 
this institution, and his services in that con- 
nection were hardly less important than those 
which he afterward rendered in connection 
with the inception and promotion of the Pres- 
byterian Hospital enterprise. As a chairman 
of the Hospital Committee of the Board of 
Commissioners he devoted a vast amount of 
time and attention to the work of formulating 
rules for the government of the institution, 
arranging for its proper conduct and manage- 
ment, and providing for the proper care and 
accommodation of patients. He also succeeded 
in having additions made to the grounds con- 
nected with the hospital, and as long as he re- 
mained in active practice was one of its at- 432 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tending physicians. In 1868 he became con- 
nected with Rush Medical College, accepting 
one of the two professorships added to the 
college curriculum, that of “Clinical Medicine 
and Diseases of the Chest.” The position he 
retained as long as he remained in the practice 
of his profession, after which he became an 
emeritus professor. In the College Faculty, as 
in every other organization with which he was 
connected, he was an active and moving spirit, 
making his influence felt and leaving the im- 
press of his personality upon the history and 
character of the institution. He was connected 
with the college during the most critical period 
of its history, and was one of those upon 
whom rested the heavy burden of its rehabili- 
tation when the fire of 1871 left the handsome 
building a smouldering mass of ruins, and 
practically swept away all its resources, but a 
few days after the commencement of its annual 
course of lectures for that year. The extra- 
ordinary activity and energy of the members 
of the College Faculty at that time, the prompt- 
ness with which they secured temporary quar- 
ters, and resumed the regular course of in- 
struction, are interesting matters of record, 
not only in the snedical, but in the general his- 
tory of Chicago. To no one of those who 
showed themselves to be so deeply interested 
in the welfare of the college is that institution 
more deeply indebted for its subsequent and 
present prosperity than Dr. Ross. He con- 
tributed time, energy, business capacity and 
financial assistance toward bringing about the 
splendid results, which have been realized 
since the new college took the place of tire old 
one. In the shadow of Rush Medical College, 
or rather overshadowing that renowned insti- 
tution for the education of physicians, stands 
a massive and architecturally handsome build- 
ing, which is devoted to the sweetest and 
grandest of all Christian charities: that of 
caring for those unfortunate sufferers from 
disease or accident who are without homes, 
or who lack the means of commanding the 
services of eminent physicians and surgeons. 
This magnificent hospital, for such it is, which 
has but recently been completed at a cost of 
more than $250,000, stands as a monument to 
the generosity and liberality of two or three 
philanthropic citizens of Chicago, and the 
charitable impulses and well directed efforts 
of the subject of the sketch. It was this 
eminent physician who,, had a few years 
since, noted the fact that the hospital ac- 
commodations of the city had failed to 
keep pace with its rapid growth, and 
conceived the idea of building up a great 
hospital which should be controlled and 
dominated, contrary to the general rule, by 
Protestant influences, and the doors of which 
should stand open at all times for the recep- 
tion of indigent sufferers, who were deserving 
sympathy and assistance. It was Dr. Ross 
who perfected the plans for establishing this 
hospital, and then laid his plans before the 
members of the church with which he had 
been for many years identified, asking them 
to aid him in founding the Presbyterian Hos- 
pital. The first contribution towards its en- 
dowment came from Mr. Tuthill King, his 
father-in-law, and one of the pioneer merchant 
princes of the city. The other munificent do- 
nations which followed Mr. King’s gift of $lO,- 
000 were largely secured through the efforts of 
Dr. Ross, and by common consent he was looked 
upon as the founder of this splendid charity. 
In recognition of this fact and for the purpose 
of perpetuating his name in connection with 
the great enterprise, to the ’ uilding up of 
which he devoted his most active energies and 
the best years of his life, the main wing of the 
hospital building has been named the “Ross 
Wing.” Absorbed in a great measure in his 
profession, Dr. Ross had at the same time in- 
terested himself largely in educational institu- 
tions, other than those designed, to prepare 
young men for the practice of medicine. He 
was trustee of Lake Forest University, a 
member of the board of directors of the Mc- 
Cormick Theological Seminary, an active par- 
ticipant in the work of the American Medical 
Missionary Society, and an elder in the Jeffer- 
son Park Presbyterian Church since its organi- 
zation. In recognition of his services as an 
educator, the faculty of the Kenyon College 
of Gambier, 0., some years since, conferred 
upon him the honorary degree of Master of 
Arts, and in his professional field he was 
honored by membership in the leading medi- 
cal societies and associations of the country. 
While Dr. Ross’ work as a public benefactor 
stands a monument to his success, the acts of 
his private life endeared him to his patients 
and friends. He was a born physician. 
Thoughtful and dignified in demeanor, and 
always kind in manner, his presence in the 
sick-room inspired the invalid with confidence, 
his genial smile cast sunshine into the chamber 
of gloom, and his sympathy made life-long 
friends of all those with whom he came in 
contact in a professional capacity He was no 
respecter of persons; in fact he would answer 
the calls of the poor more promptly than those 
of the rich, for he said they had fewer friends 
about them in time of need. A man’s true 
greatness is most conspicuously manifested in 
the courtesy shown by him towrards his profes- 
sional colleagues. Dr. Ross had none of the 
superciliousness of manner which frequently 
characterizes the old practitioner, in his inter- 
course with the younger members of the pro- 
fession, but was always recognized as the 
friend of young physicians; and how many 
now successful practitioners owe him a debt 
of gratitude for assistance which he ren- 
dered them in the early years of their profes- 
sional career. One of the cherished projects 
of his later life, which he was compelled to 
abandon by the illness which left him a con- 
firmed invalid, was the building up of a great 
sanitarium on the famous battle-field of Look- 
out Mountain, which, aside from its historic 
associations, he looked upon as one of the 
most healthful and picturesque locations for 
an institution of this character to be found in 
the United States. His plans for carrying out 
this project were well under way when he be- 
gan to feel himself breaking down under the 
numerous burdens which had been thrust upon 
him. Extensive travel, both in this country 
and abroad, failed to restore him to health, 
and thus was cut short the professional career of 
one who, for more than thirty years had been 
a most prominent figure among the medical 
practitioners of Chicago. As a physician, an 
educator, and a citizen, he was alike conspicu- 
ous for his ability, his integrity, and his high 
character, and few of the professional men of 
his city have left behind them a more enviable 
record or a greater amount of good accom- 
plished as a result of their life’s work. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
433 
ROSSE, Irving Collins, of Washington, D. 
C., was born, October 20, 1842, at East New 
Market, Dorchester county, Md. He is of An- 
glo-Scotch descent, his paternal ancestor be- 
ing a Church-of-England clergyman, the Rev. 
John Rosse, rector of All Hallows. After pre- 
liminary academic training, he spent three 
years at St. John’s College, Annapolis; was 
cadet at West Point, 1863-64; subsequently 
took up the study of medicine under Dr. Alex- 
ander H. Bayly, of Cambridge, and was grad- 
uated at the University of Maryland in 1866. 
His medical education was supplemented by 
private instruction in Philadelphia from Dr. J. 
Ewing Mears. He is a matriculate of the 
University of the City of New York, an alum- 
nus and A. M. of Georgetown University and 
of the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
School, and is F. R. G. S. (England); further 
supplemental instruction he obtained in Edin- 
burgh, London, Berlin and Paris. Dr. Rosse 
was clinical assistant to Baltimore Infirmary; 
medical officer in United States Army from 
1866 till 1874, during which time he served at 
various posts with cavalry, infantry and artil- 
lery, and as quarantine officer at Savannah, 
Ga., being present at the cholera epidemic at 
Tybee Island; was also quarantine officer at 
Brazos Santiago, Texas, and post surgeon at 
Point Isabel; afterwards served at the Artil- 
lery School at Fort Monroe, Va., and on the 
staff of Gen. Henry Hunt, U. S. A., during 
the Ku-Klux troubles in North Carolina; de- 
tailed for duty in the Surgeon-General’s office 
(1870-74), in connection with the preparation 
of the “Medical and Surgical History of the 
Rebellion; ” prepared Circular No. 3, being a 
report of the surgical cases treated in the 
army of the United States from 1865 to 1871; 
and while on duty in the Army Medical Mu- 
seum, did the principal work on the “Index 
Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-Gen- 
eral, U. S. A.” now publishing, and for which 
another person claims the credit; was offered 
the position of surgeon to Northwest Boundary 
Survey, but declined; quitting the service, 
was two years subsequently made medical 
examiner to Pension Office, after competi- 
tive examination; appointed surgeon to Na- 
tional Asylum for Disabled Soldiers at Mil- 
waukee, December, 1878, but declined; em- 
ployed as surgeon to Revenue Marine Bureau, 
1877 to 1883; was in Africa during the Zulu 
War; has circumnavigated the coast of the 
United States and the great lakes; made 
a number of voyages on training ship, 
“Chase;” also, two polar expeditions on the 
“Corwin,” in search of the exploring yacht 
“Jeannette,” and was the first to climb a 
hitherto inaccessible spot, Herald Island, and 
to set foot on Wrangle Land, which achievement 
won recognition from the Royal Geographical 
Society. He was executive officer of Red Cross 
Hospital, Washingon, D. C,, 1887; juror to 
Paris Exposition, 1889; and for some time has 
been president of United States Examining 
Board. He is a member of the Medical Associa- 
tion, and of the Medical Society of the District 
of Columbia; of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation ; the American Congress of Physicians 
and Surgeons; the American Anthrometic So- 
ciety ; the American Neurological Association, 
and of the Congres International d’Anthro- 
pologic Criminelle. Besides having been 
special correspondent to The New York Herald, 
the Chicago Times and San Francisco Examiner, 
he has contributed largely to medical journals, 
especially the Medical Becord, New York; 
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Journal 
of Mental and Nervous Diseases, Journal of 
the American Medical Association, and other 
leading periodicals; and, also to Apple- 
ton’s Cyclopedia, and to The Reference 
Hand - Book of the Medical Sciences. A 
number of his contributions have been 
translated and published abroad. Among the 
more important are: “Medical and Anthro- 
pological Notes Cruise of the Corwin to 
Alaska and the Northwest Arctic Ocean,” 
Washington, 1881; “The First Landing on 
Wrangel Island, with some Remarks on the 
Northern Inhabitants,” American Geological 
Society, New York, 1883; “Cerebral Hem- 
orrhage;” “The Grape as a Food and Med- 
icine,” 1885; “Illustrations of Error in the 
Diagnosis of some Nervous Diseases,” 1887; 
“The Electro - Static Remedy;” “Reversive 
Anomalies in the Studies of the Neuroses,” 
1888; “Fallacies Regarding Athletes and Ath- 
letics,” 1889; “Bathing and Boating Acci- 
dents;” “Borderland Insanity;” “Neuro- 
pathic States Involving Doubt,” 1890; “The 
Neuroses from a Demographic Point of View;” 
“Washington Malaria and Politics as Genetic 
Factors,” 1891; “Triple Personality;” “Sexual 
Hypochondriasis and Perversion of Genesic 
Instinct,” 1892. He is also a contributor to Witt- 
haus' Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. Rosse has a 
fine record as an all-round athlete. He is a 
well-known club man, and in a collateral way 
is interested in geography and out-door ath- 
letic sports. At present he is Professor of 
Nervous Diseases in the Georgetown Univer- 
sity, and practices his specialty in Washington. 
ROWE, L. M., of Indianapolis, Ind., was 
born in Columbus, Ohio, August 20, 1859, and is 
of English ancestry. His parents removed to 
Indianapolis soon after the close of the Re- 
bellion, and he received his education in the 
public schools of that city, which was supple- 
mented by instruction in private institutions. 
In 1879 young Rowe began the study of medi- 
cine, under the preceptorship of the late Dr. 
T. B. Harvey, and then entered the Indiana 
Medical College, from which institution he re- 
ceived his medical degree in 1882. Soon after- 
ward he accepted the position of assistant to 
Dr. Harvey in his office and college work, 
which position he retained until the time of 
Dr. Harvey’s death. Dr. Rowe is at the pres- 
ent time devoting his attention chiefly to dis- 
eases of women, having had superior advan- 
tages in this line of practice on account of his 
early association with his late distinguished 
preceptor. His work in this department has 
been highly satisfactory, having had almost 
unrivaled success in some of his operations. 
As a result of a considerable experience and 
study of fibroid growths, he believes that un- 
der the present methods of antisepsis, that all 
growths of this character, where cutting is 
dangerous, may be safely and efficiently treated 
by merely injuring them and causing suppura- 
tion, after which by means of thorough 
drainage and antisepsis the growths will 
disappear. Dr. Rowe was led to this con- 
clusion by having charge of a patient suffer- 
ing from an intramural fibroid. The woman 
was examined by Dr. Harvey and the tumor 
wounded, but not removed. The case be- 
ing left in his care, recovered, and he con- 
cluded that a similar procedure would be ap- 434 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
plicable to the treatment of goitre. In 1890 
he accordingly operated on a lady for goitre by 
introducing a drainage tube and establishing 
suppuration, which was followed in a few 
weeks by the total disappearance of the tumor, 
the patient now enjoying better health than 
for years. In this operation he was assisted 
by Dr. J. M. Dunlap. In January, 1891, he 
again operated on a patient affected with a 
fibro-cystic goitre, in which the growth was of 
enormous size, extending far up under the 
ears, and causing such disturbance that the 
patient was an invalid, verging upon insanity 
and threatening suicide. This tumor was as 
large as a man’s head, and was estimated to 
weigh ten pounds. In this case Dr. Rowe 
could get no other doctor to assist him, so 
alone he introduced a large drainage tube 
through the body of the growth, establishing 
free suppuration, and in the course of a few 
months the treatment was followed by a com- 
plete disappearance of the tumor, and the pa- 
tient is to-day a strong and vigorous man. He 
has also operated upon a number of other pa- 
tients by this method with equally good re- 
sults, and expects to report all his cases to his 
local medical society in the near future. Dr. 
Rowe is a member of various medical socie- 
ties, and has spent some time in the hospitals 
of the Eastern cities. He has proved himself 
a competent and successful practitioner of med- 
icine and surgery. 
RUPP, Adolph, of New York City, was born 
in Brooklyn, N. Y., February 4, 1856, and is 
of German descent. His education was re- 
ceived at the public schools of New York, sup- 
plemented by private tuition, after which he 
began the study of medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of Dr. J. Harvi Dew, of that metro- 
polis, and entered the medical department of 
the University of the City of New York, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1877. 
He served on the Charity Hospital Resident 
Staff from 1877 till 1879. During the latter 
year he supplemented his education by courses 
of study at Vienna, Austria, with Profs. 
Schroetter, Gruber, Ultzmann, Neumann, and 
others. During December, 1879, and up to 
April 1, 1880, he studied laryngology with Prof. 
Ertel at Munich, and while there attended 
Prof. Von Ziemssen’s didactic lectures, and 
occasionally those of Nussbaum. From April 
to September, 1880, he studied rhinology and 
laryngology at Heidelberg, and during the fol- 
lowing six months he continued his studies of 
the same branches at Leipsig, finally ending his 
foreign studies at Berlin during the spring and 
summer of 1881, and in the autumn of the 
same year he established himself in New 
York City, where he has since remained en- 
gaged in the treatment of diseases of the ear, 
nose, throat, heart and lungs. Dr. Rupp has 
served as Medical Examiner for the Ancient 
Order of United AVorkmen; was Attending 
Physician to the Northern Dispensary during 
1881 and 1882, and was Aural Surgeon to the 
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary from 1882 
till 1890. Dr. Rupp is an active member of the 
New York County Medical Society, and is a 
Fellow of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine. He translated from the German “An- 
omalies of the Epidermis” for AYilliam AVood 
& Co.’s edition of Ziemssen’s Medical Ency- 
clopedia, and also translated an article on 
“Herpes Progenitalis” for the Journal of Cu- 
taneous and Arenereal Diseases. Of his original 
contributions to medical journals may be men- 
tioned: “Remarks on Diphtheritic Croup,” 
“Is the Operation of Tracheotomy in Diph- 
theritic Croup Dangerous?” 1885; “On Cal- 
cium Sulphide in Aural Inflammation,” On 
Syphilis of the External Ear,” and “On Fract- 
ure of the Sternal End of the Clavicle Due to 
Muscular Action, Report of a Case Caused by 
Coughing,” 1891, and other articles of profes- 
QIATIqI inf'PT’PQl’ 
RUPPANER, Antoine, of New York City, 
was born in Switzerland in 1825, and died Au- 
gust 2, 1892, at Pittsburgh, Pa. Prof. Agassiz, 
of Cambridge, was interested in young Rup- 
paner, and through his instrumentality he took 
the Harvard medical degree in 1858. He be- 
gan practice in Boston, adopting laryngology 
as his specialty, being among the pioneer 
specialists of Boston. About 1866 he removed 
to New York, locating for office practice at the 
Fifth Avenue Hotel. Latterly he removed to 
the Hoffman House. His offices were replete 
with objects of art, finely bound books and 
choice curios. He was a bachelor and without 
heir or near kin, although leaving an estate 
valued at over half a million. His contribu- 
tions to the journals were among the first of 
their kind in this country, and in 1868 he pub- 
lished a small handbook on laryngology and 
rhinoscopy or diseases of the throat and nasal 
passages. This latter was probably the first 
brochure, indigenous in this country, at a time 
when even the term rhinoscopy had a strange 
and uncertain sound to American ears. 
RUSCHENBERGER, William S. W., of Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., was born in Cumberland county, 
N. J., September 4, 1807. He received his ac- 
ademic education at Philadelphia and New 
York, and studied medicine, under the direc- 
tion of Dr. J. P. Hopkinson and Dr. Nathaniel 
Chapman, in the Medical Department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, from which he 
graduated in March, 1830. His professional 
career was confined to the naval service of the 
United States, which he entered August 10, 
1826, as surgeon’s mate, and from which he 
retired September 4,1869, as Medical Director, 
with the relative rank of commodore; having 
meanwhile served from March, 1835, to No- 
vember, 1837, as Fleet Surgeon to the East India 
squadron, in which capacity he circumnavi- 
gated the globe; as Superintendent of the 
United States Naval Hospital, at Brooklyn, 
from 1843 to 1847, during which he organized 
the Naval Laboratory, for supplying the service 
with unadulterated drugs; as a member of the 
board to devise plans and regulations for the 
United States Naval Academy, in 1849, and 
subsequently as Surgeon of the fleet, Pacific 
squadron. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association; the College of Physicians 
of Philadelphia, of which he was elected sec- 
retary in July, 1854, and vice-president, May 
5, 1876; the Achdemy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, of which he was elected vice- 
president in January, 1869, and president in 
the following December. He is also a mem- 
ber of the American Philosophical Society 
and Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The 
fruits of his observations and researches, 
afloat and ashore, appeared in a succession of 
works, entitled: “Three Years in the Pacific,” 
1834; “A Voyage Round the World,” 1838; 
“Elements of Natural History;” “Lexicon of 
Terms Used in Natural History,” 1850; “A 
Notice of the Origin, Progress, and Present EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
435 
Condition of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia,” 1852; and “Notes and Com- 
mentaries During aYoyage to Brazil and China, 
in 1848.” He has also published several pamph- 
lets on the rank of medical officers in the navy, 
edited with notes; Marhall’s work on “Enlist- 
ing, Discharging, and Pensioning Soldiers;” 
and contributed various papers and reviews to 
the Medical Examiner, the American Journal of 
the Medical Sciences, the Journal of Pharmacy, 
and other medical and scientific periodicals. 
Several of his books have been published in 
London. Dr. Ruschenberger is one of the 
oldest and most widely known members of the 
medical profession in this country. He was 
married in October, 1839. 
RUSH, Benjamin, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born on a hereditary farm belonging to his 
father, on Poquestion Creek, thirteen miles 
northeast of that city near the turnpike lead- 
a single debt behind him. John, the Doctor’s 
father, was a man of gentle and meek spirit, 
so perfectly just that to be as honest as John 
Rush was a proverb. He died in Philadelphia 
in 1751 and was buried in Christ Church grave- 
yard. His wife’s name was Susanna Morris; 
of respectable family she must have been, as 
the Rev. Dr. Samuel Finley, afterwards presi- 
dent of Princeton College, married her sister. 
She lived to 1795, her seventy-eighth year, and 
died in the Doctor’s house. “Let me be buried 
by my husband,” she said, “he was an angel 
to me.” She was buried there, with the enco- 
mium, “best of mothers” on her tomb, and 
this subscribed B. Rush. Is there any mortal 
so obdurate as not to be thankful that this best 
of mothers lived to rejoice in the honors of 
her son? But whatever is attainable in rela- 
tion to Rush’s ancestry and their long resi- 
dence in Byberry, can be learned from the 
following letter, with more satisfaction than 
from any other source. It was written about 
eight months before the Doctor’s death, to his 
intimate friend, John Adams, ex-President of 
the United States. It is copied from Watson’s 
Annals of Philadelphia: “I was called lately 
to visit a patient in that neighborhood, and 
having with me my youngest son, I thought I 
would avail myself of the occasion to visit the 
farm on which I was born, and where my an- 
cestors for several generations had lived and 
died. In approaching it, I was agitated in a 
manner I did not expect. The access was al- 
tered, but everything around was nearly the 
same as in the days of my boyhood, at which 
time I left it. The family received me kindly, 
and discovered a disposition to satisfy my curi- 
osity, and gratify my feelings. I asked per- 
mission to conduct my son up stairs, to see the 
room in which I drew my first breath, and 
made by first unwelcome noise in the world, 
and where first began the affectionate cares of 
my beloved and excellent mother. I next 
asked for a large cedar tree which once stood 
before the door, planted by my father’s hand. 
It had been converted into the pillars of the 
piazza. Filled with emotion, I embraced the 
one nearest me. I next inquired for the orchard 
planted by the same hand, and was conducted to 
an eminence behind the house, where I saw a 
number of apple trees which still bore fruit, 
to each of which I felt something like the affec- 
tion of a brother. The building, which is of 
stone, bears marks of age and decay. On one 
of the stones I discovered the letters J. R. 
Before the house flows a small but deep creek, 
abounding in pan-fish. The farm consists of 
ninety acres, in a highly cultivated state. The 
owner did not want to sell, but I begged if he 
ever should incline to dispose of it, to make 
me, or one of my surviving sons, the first offer. 
While I sat in its common room I looked at 
its walls, and thought how often they had 
been made vocal by my ancestors—to conver- 
sations about wolves, bears, and snakes in 
the first settlement; afterwards about cows 
and calves, colts and lambs, and at all times 
with prayers and praises, and chapters read 
audibly from the Bible, for all who had inhab- 
ited it of my family were pious people, chiefly 
of the sect of Quakers and Baptists. On my 
way home I stopped to view a family grave- 
yard, in which were buried three, and a part 
of four successive generations, all of whom 
were the descendants of Capt. John Rush, 
who, with six sons and three daughters, fob 
/ 
ing to Trenton, December 24, 1745, and died at 
his home, in Philadelphia, April 19,1813. For 
the details relating to the life and achieve- 
ments of the subject of this sketch, the editor 
is mainly indebted to the memoirs written by 
Dr. Samuel Jackson, Dr. Jacob Randolph and 
the History of the University of Pennsylvania, 
by the late Professor Joseph Carson/ Refer- 
ring to the ancestry of this remarkable phy- 
sician, Dr. Jackson writes as follows: His 
great-great-grandfather was John Rush, a cap- 
tain in Cromwell’s army, and highly esteemed 
by that keen observer of men. He came to 
America in 1683, and settled in Byberry town- 
ship, Pa., near Philadelphia, where he lived 
on his farm and died in 1699, at the age of 
eighty. William, the great-grandfather, died 
in Byberry, in 1688. James, the grandfather, 
was so careful in his business that he left not 436 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
lowed William Penn to Pennsylvania, in 1683. 
He had been a captain of a troop of horse un- 
der Oliver Cromwell. I retain as his relics 
his sword, watch and Bible-leaf, on which 
are inscribed, in his own hand, his marriage, 
and children’s births and names. My grand- 
father, James Rush, has his gravestone and 
inscription in the aforesaid graveyard. While 
considering this repository of the dead, 
then holding my kindred dust, my thoughts 
ran wild, and my ancestors seemed to stand 
before me in their homespun dresses and 
to say, ‘What means this gentleman by thus 
intruding upon our repose?’ and I seemed 
to say, ‘Dear and venerable friends, be not 
disturbed. I am one who inherits your blood 
and name, and have come here to do homage 
to your Christian and moral virtues; and truly 
I have acquired nothing from the world, though 
raised in fame, which I so highly prize as the 
religious principles I inherited from you, and 
I possess nothing that I value so much as the 
innocence and purity of your character.’ ” 
Rush lost his father in his sixth year, when 
his mother, now left with a small property, 
went into business in Philadelphia. She has 
been uniformly represented as a good and pru- 
dent woman who, by industry and economy, 
supported her family respectably, and was 
ambitiously determined to bestow on her sons 
a liberal education. Even their bitter enemy, 
the celebrated Cobbett, says, “she was a very 
kind and pious Presbyterian.” Jacob, the 
younger son, became an eminent lawyer, and 
finished his life in an honorable old age, being 
for many years president judge of a Philadel- 
phia court. There was one sister who lived 
unmarried and died in 1793, at the Doctor’s 
house. The Rev. Dr. Finley, mentioned above 
as his uncle by marriage, lived at Nottingham, 
Maryland, on the Patuxent, near that sorrow- 
ful spot where the British landed in 1814, on 
their way to Washington. Here he governed 
an academy with great reputation, acting at 
the same time as pastor of a church. To this 
place, propitious to study morality and relig- 
ion, Benjamin was sent in his ninth year and 
received into the Doctor’s family. Under the 
care of this good man, standing in the triple 
relation to him of teacher, pastor and near 
connection, he is supposed to have experienced 
something like paternal care; here, too, as the 
people around were religious and exemplary, 
he no doubt established those various good 
habits that were never broken. In his four- 
teenth year he was sent to Princeton College, 
then under the presidency of the Rev. Samuel 
Davies, a divine highly distinguished both for 
piety and eloquence. He graduated Bachelor 
of Arts in 1760, while yet in his fifteenth year. 
Dates show that he must have been a diligent, 
if not a precocious student, and that he had 
entered college by the Junior class. As he was 
remarkably happy in elocution and debate, his 
friends encouraged him to study law, as the 
province best suited to the display of his pe- 
culiar talents and the gratification of their 
laudable ambition; but Dr. Finley, knowing 
the genius of his pupil, diverted his at- 
tention to medicine. He therefore quickly 
began his studies under Dr. John Redman, 
the most eminent physician of Philadelphia; 
and so assiduous was he that, during his six 
years of pupilage here, he was absent from 
the duties of the office only two days. As a 
striking proof of his laborious devotion, he 
now translated the Aphorisms of Hippocrates 
from Greek, and kept a common-place-book, 
in which he wrote concerning whatever he 
saw, read, or thought—a practice which he 
maintained to the end of his life, and recom- 
mended strongly to his pupils, as may be seen 
in his introductory lecture for 1809. To this 
journal he referred in the yellow fever of 
1793, and found there the only record then 
known to be extant of the same fever, which 
he had witnessed in 1762—a memorable in- 
stance of the utility of a young man’s care. 
In 1766, in his twenty-first year, he went to 
the great medical school of Edinburgh, then 
in the height of its glory under the fascinations 
of Cullen; and there is abundant proof that 
he became a favorite of this great teacher. In 
1768 he graduated M. D., having defended a 
thesis, Be concoctions ciborum in ventriculo. 
During his residence in Edinburgh, Dr. With- 
erspoon, of Scotland, was elected president of 
Princeton College, but he declined the honor 
and the office remained vacant more than a 
year. The trustees then, calling to mind the 
merits of their alumnus, Rush, deputed him 
as their commissioner to negotiate with Dr. 
Witherspoon, and to invite him a second time. 
This delicate trust having been successfully 
executed, an intimate friendship began be- 
tween the young man and the eminent scholar, 
that lasted as long as they lived. The im- 
ported president became an American patriot 
and sat with Rush in the Congress of 1776, 
where they set another seal to their friend- 
ship, by signing together the Declaration of 
Independence. In his lectures and writings, 
Rush often quoted the authority of his vener- 
able friend; and says, in his introductory lect- 
ure for 1809, that he was one of the three “most 
copious, methodical, and correct extempore 
speakers” in the house. The following winter, 
Rush attended the hospitals, lectures, and other 
sources of instruction in London. Dr. Frank- 
lin was then residing in that city, and he 
proved kind to his countryman, frequently in- 
troducing him to good society at his house and 
table. When Rush was preparing the next 
spring to return home, Franklin urged him to 
spend some time in France; when, finding, 
through the most affectionate inquiry, that 
funds were wanting, he fairly obtruded upon 
him a large sum. This shows conclusively 
that the prudent, economical, calculating 
Franklin plainly saw evidence of great worth 
in the young man. It is an old saying that 
facts speak louder than words, and here is one 
that speaks with the lungs of Stentor and the 
authority of Franklin. He then spent some 
months in the hospitals of Paris; and in Au- 
gust, 1769, after nearly nine years’ study of 
medicine, he settled in Philadelphia, as a prac- 
titioner of what he had so faithfully learned. 
He was immediately elected Professor of 
Chemistry in the Medical College of Philadel- 
phia, his colleagues being John Morgan, Will- 
iam Shippen, Adam Kuhn and Thomas Bond. 
He had brought from London a chemical 
apparatus, presented to the college by Thomas 
Penn, one of the proprietors of Pennsylvania, 
who had been promoting medical instruction 
in Philadelphia for some time. This insti- 
tution was now in its fourth year, and had 
conferred the degree of Bachelor of Medicine 
on nine students at the previous session. 
He was still in his twenty-fourth year, and yet 
he had spent nine years in the study of medi- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SUREONS. 
437 
cine—such are the great advantages of an early 
beginning in the acquisition of this “long art.” 
His biographers tell us that he was very suc- 
cessful in acquiring and retaining profes- 
sional business; this is highly probable, for he 
possessed every requisite to the forming of 
friendships, and to the successful treatment of 
disease. In 1771 he appeared as an author, 
and spread his reputation among the Philadel- 
phians, particularly through the benevolent 
Society of Friends, by essays on slavery, and 
by sermons to young men on temperance and 
health. He published, also, something on min- 
eral waters, a subject in alliance with his pro- 
fessorship. These all appeared in the magazines 
of the times; and as native literature was scarce, 
they were no doubt generally read and talked 
of to the young physician’s advantage. In his 
introductory lecture for 1807, on “The Means 
of Acquiring Practice,” he mentions the util- 
ity of writing on a subject of public concern. 
In 1774, then only in the fifth year of his 
practice, he delivered the annual oration to 
the Philosophical Society, “An Inquiry into 
the Natural History of Medicine among the 
Indians of North America, with a Comparative 
View of their Diseases and Remedies with 
those of Civilized Nations.” With respect to 
health, strength, endurance, longevity, morals, 
and every virtue, he draws a comparison 
highly favorable to civilization in its uncor- 
rupted state. But here he shows that his 
countrymen were even then running head- 
long in the evil ways of European nations; 
that they were relaxing their stamina by luxury 
and idleness. Here he makes his first attack 
on the use of spirits, and probably the first 
that was publicly made in Philadelphia. He 
concludes by setting forth most eloquently the 
possible future glories of Pennsylvania, under 
the fostering care of science and government. 
It is a work of great merit; and whether in 
style, manner, or force, it is not surpassed by 
any of his later writings. It ought to be read 
and studied by all the luxurious and idle, that 
they may see and feel how poor is their hope 
of preserving health or of attaining longevity. 
The portentious troubles with the mother 
country were now too clearly foreseen as at no 
great distance, and Rush, from the first sign 
thereof, became a decided patriot. He had 
been a member of a debating society in Lon- 
don, at which Dr. Franklin was sometimes 
present, and as he had there distinguished 
himself by his manly defense of his country, 
so he now wrote much in the newspapers in 
favor of colonial rights. A distinguished and 
reliable young man he must have been, or he 
could not have been found in that memorable 
house of Congress which, at the manifest risk 
of their lives, had the courage to liberate their 
country, by signing the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. Honorable as a seat in this Con- 
gress was, it was given to Rush with more 
than usual honor, in the following manner: 
He was a member of the Provisional Confer- 
ence of Pennsylvania, and chairman of the 
committee to which was referred the great 
question, whether it had become expedient for 
Congress to declare independence. The report 
they made was adopted, and sent to Congress 
the same day. It is a most animating docu- 
ment, most probably written by Rush, as he 
was chairman of the committee, and ever ready 
with his pen. The whole committee consisted 
of himself and Colonel James Smith. The 
report includes all that has been so much 
praised in the Declaration of Independence, 
of which it might appear to be the protocol. 
When Congress had decided on their .great 
measure, five members from Pennsylvania, 
who were in favor of postponing it, withdrew 
from the house, when the State Convention 
appointed Rush and four others to fill their 
places. Thus, our patriot went into Congress 
knowing what he had to do. He did not sign the 
tremendous parchment because he was a mem- 
ber, he became a member that he might sign it 
—a fact that greatly enhances the merit. This 
year, 1776, he was married to Julia, daughter of 
Richard Stockton of Princeton, who was also 
a delegate to Congress, and signed the Dec- 
laration ; an alliance truly honorable and 
highly advantageous even to this rising man. 
Towards the end of his year, he was appointed 
Surgeon-General of the army for the Middle 
Department, which office he exchanged the 
following July for that of Physician-General. 
In the bustling discharge of his duties, he 
made many useful medical observations, which 
were afterwards interwoven with his writings; 
and in his “Medical Inquiries,” there is a pa- 
per entitled “Result of Observations made in 
the Military Hospitals of the United States.” 
Among the evils of war, one of the most af- 
fecting is that friends must sometimes face 
each other on the field. While walking over 
the ground after the battle of Princeton, Rush 
recognized in a dead officer the counte- 
nance of one who had been very dear to 
him. Captain Leslie, son of the Earl of 
Leven, attended lectures with him at Ed- 
inburgh, and often invited him to his 
father’s seat in the country, where, in 
the confidence of friendship, they often de- 
scanted on the coming troubles. He pressed 
Leslie to consider him as a friend, should he 
be sent to America, and any misfortune befall 
him. On these terms they parted, to meet no 
more till that fatal day. Had Leslie been yet 
alive, they might have renewed the meeting of 
Glaucus and Diomed before the walls of Troy, 
and like these, they might have tenderly ad- 
verted to the paternal hospitality. Instead of 
this, there was found in Leslie’s pocket a let- 
ter of friendship he had written to Rush the 
previous day. Rush had the body of his friend 
carried away in their march to Pluckemin and 
buried in the churchyard with military honors. 
A relative of Leslie visited the grave after 
some years, with the intention of placing a 
monument, but he found that Rush had done 
the work, and he retired, as he says, with tears 
of gratitude. This monument, yet unimpaired 
by time, bears the following inscription, which 
does honor both to Leslie and to the grateful 
spirit of Rush: “In memory of the Hon. 
Captain William Leslie, of the Seventeenth 
British Regiment, son of the Earl of Leven, 
in Scotland. He fell January 3, 1777, aged 
twenty-six years, at the battle of Princeton. 
His friend, Benjamin Rush, M. D., of Phila- 
delphia, hath caused this stone to be erected, 
as a mark of esteem for his worth, and of re- 
spect for his noble family.” Notwithstanding 
his many, distracting duties—the battles of 
Trenton and Princeton, the inoculation of the 
army that winter, and then the battles of 
Brandywine and Germantown, with the awful 
sickness at Valley Forge, he found time for 
writing four very long letters to the people of 
Pennsylvania, commenting severely on their 438 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Constitution of 1776, and urging an immediate 
revisal. There was a party in the State who 
thought it too democratic; these called them- 
selves Republicans, and Rush appears to have 
been one of their leaders. The letters descant 
principally on the dangers of giving the legis- 
lative powers to a single house, bringing forth 
authorities both ancient and modern. He 
shows that he was not a man of the Hippo- 
cratic genus merely, but also a prophetic poli- 
tician, who foresaw all the monstrous evils re- 
sulting from the savage unity of the French 
legislature in a single house. The subject was 
not medical, philosophical, or literary, nor did 
it relate to the cause of Independence, which 
had been exercising his mind; it was entirely 
new to him, requiring, therefore, much appro- 
priate reading and severe study, so that his 
present political seems to have equaled his 
future medical ardor. All tradition indeed re- 
lates that his exertions in letters and news- 
papers were very great, during the whole 
struggle for liberty and the organization of the 
general and State governments. The four let- 
ters just mentioned are the work of a master; 
they are a torrent of invective, not unworthy 
of Junius or Burke. In February, 1778, he 
resigned his office in the army, for which he 
had two reasons, either of them sufficient; 
first, his sense of duty to the soldiers had led 
him to complain of wrongs in a certain depart- 
ment ; second, there arose some coldness be- 
tween him and the Commander-in-chief. It 
was said then, what is still objected to him by 
his enemies, and by those loose talkers who 
are without affection either good or evil, and 
therefore neither know nor care, that he ca- 
balled against Washington. This charge was 
not proven to the world, and were it proven, it 
would come to nothing. As Hildreth, the 
historian, says, “Washington of that day was 
not Washington as we now know him, tried 
and proven.” His command of three years 
had shown little else than a series of disasters, 
while Gates enjoyed the fortunate reputation 
of having captured a great army. Hence the 
Legislature of Pennsylvania addressed a re- 
monstrance to Congress, in which, says Judge 
Marshall, “they manifested in very intelligible 
terms their dissatisfaction with Washington.” 
A party, moreover, had gradually formed itself 
in Congress, of which the leaders were those 
renowned patriots, Samuel Adams and Rich- 
ard Henry Lee. These imputed to Washing- 
ton a want of energy and a system of favorit- 
ism. Now, surely it was not to Rush’s dis- 
honor to be found in company with these 
great men, or such as they would admit 
to their councils; it could not disgrace 
him to think as did the Legislature of Penn- 
sylvania. They all lived to see Washington 
proved, and no doubt the minds of all were 
changed. Rush is no more to be blamed for 
undervaluing Washington in 1778, than for re- 
jecting in a most dangerous case, a medicine 
he had not sufficiently tried. One ray of rea- 
son, however, dissipates the intended stigma. 
He had been a decided and active Whig from 
the very beginning, and the conspiring with a 
few of the best of men against the many and 
the powerful, strongly proves the vigor and 
warmth of his patriotism. “It only affords a 
melancholy proof,” says an eminent writer, 
“that the purest of men may be led into error.” 
But anonymous letters were written, and 
Washington imputed one of these to Rush. 
The imputed letter is indeed without a name, 
but its whole tenor shows that the writer in- 
tended to be recognized by Patrick Henry, to 
whom it was addressed. He did not subscribe 
his name lest it might, in those slippery times, 
fall into other hands. It breathes throughout 
the most ardent patriotism, and truly it is 
what no honest man ought to be ashamed of. 
Suppose a parallel case: Hamilton is ill under 
Rush’s care; Washington writes the patient 
an anonymous letter, but in such language that 
the author must be recognized, advising him 
to dismiss Rush and send for John Morgan, an 
older practitioner; but Hamilton is cured by 
Rush, who afterwards becomes a great physi- 
cian; now has Washington done what ought 
to excite the ire of Rush’s friends through all 
time, and that of their children then unborn? 
It was very wrong in Judge Marshall to pub- 
lish this letter after twenty-six years, and send 
it abroad with an under current of scandal, to 
inform the world of its imputed author, call- 
ing it “a machination probably with good in- 
tent.” This could not have been done in a 
Christian mind, for it was not necessary to 
Washington’s fame. (See the letter, dated 
Yorktown, January 12, 1778, Marshall’ Life of 
Washington). Had Marshall and others been 
disposed to relate the whole truth, they might 
have informed us that Washington stood so 
low at that time in the esteem of Congress,—of 
which Rush was not then a member,—that a 
majority were preparing to pass a resolution to 
arrest him at Valley Forge; a bad intention, 
prevented only by procuring during the night 
the hurried arrival from New York of an ab- 
sent member. See “Dunlap’s History of New 
York.” It is, moreover, related on the relia- 
ble authority of the late Judge Jay, that 
the great and good man, his father, told him 
“there was a most bitter party in the old Con- 
gress against Washington from first to last.” 
See “Irving’s Life of Washington.” Though 
poor at this time, Rush would not receive any 
compensation for services in the army, an ex- 
ample not commendable in either him or 
Washington, as thereby they made themselves 
objects of envy to many good men, whose 
wives and children could not forego their pay. 
He soon returned to Philadelphia and resumep 
his practice. The college had been interrupted 
by the presence of the British army, but it was 
reopened in the autumn of 1778 with a class of 
sixty, an auspicious number surely in the de- 
plorable state of the country. AVe must now 
think of him for some years principally as a 
professor in the college and a practitioner of 
medicine, but that his tongue and pen were 
busy in the cause of his country, humanity, 
and science, there are many proofs. Soon af- 
ter this, Dickinson College was projected, of 
which he was said to be the father, but for what 
reason is not ascertained He was, however, 
one of the first board of trustees; and it was 
by his delicate management that Dr. Nesbitt 
was induced to leave Scotland and preside in 
this unpromising institution. So important 
were this gentleman’s services, that Rush, if 
not the father, might not inaptly be called the 
grandfather of this college. In 1785 he pub- 
lished “Considerations on the Test Laws of 
Pennsylvania,” which had disfranchised every 
man who could not swear or affirm “that he had 
not, since the Declaration of Independence, 
aided, assisted, or in any way countenanced the 
King of Great Britain, his generals, armies, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
439 
or adherents.” He pleads the cause of the non- 
jurors through twenty-three closely printed 
pages, with a torrent of argumentation that 
would honor a professed and profound poli- 
tician. About this time he projected the 
Philadelphia Dispensary, and went about the 
collection of funds with his usual vigor and 
success. The next year it went into operation, 
and proved to be a prolific example to other 
cities. Thus he had the comfort of seeing his 
good works multiply themselves. In 1786 he 
read to the Philosophical Society his very im- 
portant essay “On the Influence of Physical 
Causes on the Moral Faculty,” which we shall 
particularly notice in a subsequent page. This 
same year he published also an ‘‘address to 
the Legislature of Pennsylvania on the estab- 
lishment of public schools, and on the mode 
of education proper in a republic.” He shows 
herein that he had thought deeply on the sub- 
ject, with his usual energy and zeal, republican 
fire and Christian principles. Dr. S. Weir 
Mitchell in his address as president of the Col- 
lege of Physicians at the Centennial anniver- 
sary of the institution, delivered January 3, 
1887, makes an interesting review of the pub- 
lic services rendered by the early physicians 
of Philadelphia, which included the career of 
Dr. Rush. In this address he said: “We are 
met this evening to commemorate the hun- 
dredth birthday of the oldest medical society 
in America. The history of any profession in 
connection with the progress and growth of a 
new country is of the utmost interest, and of 
no profession is this more true than of ours. 
In this city, I may say in this State, from the 
first settlement until to-day the physician has 
held an almost unquestioned and somewhat 
curious pre-eminence. He is, and always has 
been, relatively a more broadly important per- 
sonage here than elsewhere. I desire to show 
what breadth of liberty they had to do things 
which nowadays would scarcely be regarded 
as within the legitimate career of the largest- 
minded physician.” In 1787 the College of 
Physicians was established, and he wrote for 
them a discourse on the objects of the institu- 
tion, published afterwards in their Transac- 
tions for 1793. It is a performance of striking 
merit, showing great comprehension and fore- 
sight for that early period. Hardly anything 
could be added to it even at the present time. 
He points out all the duties of the college and 
the hopes that might be justly entertained of 
its future utility and beneficence; he shows 
the opportunities it would afford of mutual im- 
provement, then everything which they ought 
to attempt for the advancement of science and 
for the public good. It is a manifestation of 
such a mind as no other man in the house 
possessed. His usual glqw of patriotism con- 
cludes the work with the belief that “the in- 
fluence of republican forms of government on 
science, and the vigor which the American 
mind had acquired by the events of the Revo- 
lution,” would contribute greatly to the ad- 
vancement of medicine. This same year we 
find him, for a busy practitioner and profes- 
sor of medicine, entirely out of his place; to 
use medical language, he had suffered a dislo- 
cation. The kindred shades of Hippocrates 
and Sydenham might have pardoned his politi- 
cal avocation when his country needed his 
help, but now the claims of medicine on his 
time were paramount. Yet he became a mem- 
ber of the Convention of Pennsylvania for the 
adoption of the Federal Constitution. In a 
letter to a friend, he says: “The new Federal 
Government will be adopted by our State. It 
is a master-piece of human wisdom, and hap- 
pily accommodated to the present state of so- 
ciety. I now look forward to a golden age. 
The new Constitution realizes every hope of 
the patriot and rewards every toil of the hero. 
I love my country ardently, and have not been 
idle in promoting her interests during the ses- 
sion of the convention. Everything published 
in all our papers, except the Foreign Spectator, 
was the effusion of my Federal principles. The 
Legislature of Pennsylvania had lately made 
some criminal laws abhorrent, both to philoso- 
phy and humanity, and Rush could not go 
through Philadelphia without seeing his fellow- 
men chained to wheelbarrows or writhing at 
the whipping post. When the benevolent 
Chremes was asked how he could find leisure 
amidst his own affairs to attend to other peo- 
ple’s business, he answered, “I am a man.” 
Such was Rush; and therefore he read this 
year to a society, which was accustomed to 
meet at the house of Dr. Franklin, “An inquiry 
into the effects of public punishments on crim- 
inals and upon society.” By this and subse- 
quent exertions to the same end, he is known 
to have contributed greatly, if not more than 
all others, to the amelioration of the penal 
code. As above stated in 1787, he was chosen a 
member of the Convention of Pennsylvania 
for the forming of a State Constitution; but 
he probably undertook this extraneous busi- 
ness that he might have an opportunity of 
doing his utmost with respect to public 
punishments and public schools, concern- 
ing which he had been writing. He might, 
moreover, have hoped to impress his fel- 
low-laborers with the principles he had 
defended in his four letters of 1777, on the 
vices of the existing constitution. Having 
rendered these services to his country and to 
his native State, having helped them to the 
utmost of his power in all their dangers and 
difficulties, in the establishment of their gov- 
ernment and their security from anarchy, he 
said that he had now done with politics for- 
ever, feeling it his duty to devote himself to 
his profession and to the providing for his 
family. He had become a politician from prin- 
ciple. In his lecture on “The Duties of a 
Physician,” 1789 (see “Medical Inquiries and 
Observations,”) he recommends to his class 
“a regard for all the interests of their country,” 
as their education and their influence qualify 
them for public usefulness. He says, “For the 
honor of our profession, it should be recorded, 
that some of the most useful men, both in the 
cabinet and the field, during the late War, were 
physicians.” Though now devoted to med- 
icine, the republican fire was still glowing in 
his breast; and as a means of kindling and 
fanning it through all future time in the hearts 
.of his countrymen, he published “Thoughts on 
Female Education.” He observes that a phi- 
losopher once said, “Let me make the ballads 
of a country, and I care not who makes the 
laws; he might, with more propriety, have 
said, let the ladies be educated properly, and 
they will not only make and administer the 
laws, but form manners and character.” He 
says that the first signs of declension among a 
people are seen among the women; “their 
idleness, ignorance, and profligacy will be the 
harbingers of our ruin.” He then draws a 440 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
picture of the evils resulting from the perverse 
education of females, not unworthy of Tacitus. 
In 1789, in his forty-fourth year, he was elected 
to the chair of Theory and Practice, in place 
of Dr. John Morgan, deceased His intro- 
ductory lecture was partly occupied by a me- 
morial of his predecessor, who had been the 
founder of public medical instruction in Amer- 
ica, and in this College. This memoir, since 
published in the Philadelphia Medical and 
Physical Journal, is believed to be nearly all 
that is attainable concerning the life of a 
highly educated and strong man in the profes- 
sion, whose memory and services ought to 
have been cherished with pride and grati- 
tude. In his early practice, Rush was a full 
disciple of Cullen; for in his oration before 
the Philosophical Society, 1774, he says, 
that the system of this great teacher “will 
probably last till some new diseases shall 
unfold other laws of the animal economy.” 
In 1791, the Medical College of Philadelphia 
was merged in the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, and to Rush was assigned the chair of 
the “Institutes and Clinical Medicine:” the 
chair of “Practice” being confided to Dr. Kuhn. 
The year 1793, the forty-eighth of his age, ex- 
ercised and manifested the great powers of 
Rush. The yellow fever spread devastation 
and terror over the city, utterly confounding 
the American physicians, to whom it was a 
perfect novelty. Their practice, as was to be 
expected, failed miserably; nor were the 
French physicians, who had seen the disease 
in the West Indies, a whit more successful. 
Every method failed, till the wretched doctors 
were almost struck dumb, as Lucretius says 
were those in the plague of Athens: musabat tac- 
ito medicina timore. Rush gives an awful history 
of the distraction of his mind at this time; 
but while turning over books, between hope 
and despair, he remembered a manuscript con- 
cerning a yellow fever in Virginia in 1741, 
which had been given him by Dr. Franklin. 
From this he learned that the debility was only 
apparent; that it was oppression of the vitals 
only; that if this was removed, the system 
would rise into open, free reaction in almost 
every recent case. He then began to purge 
freely, and finding this to relieve the oppressed 
system, and to raise the fever into inflamma- 
tory action, he tried bleeding; but, as Dr. 
James Johnson tried it, “with a trembling 
hand and a palpitating heart.” The new prac- 
tice was unexpectedly successful, and Rush 
quickly imparted it to the College of Physi- 
cians, to the apothecaries, and to the public. 
But now it happened, as was to be expected 
from the infirmities of man, that a furious 
storm was raised against this innovation. Rush, 
however, had some friends among the younger 
physicians, and some highly intelligent pu- 
pils,—these triumphed over the enemy by the 
new method, so that hardly any patient was 
lost to whom they were called during the first 
twelve hours. Even the apothecaries, some 
clergymen, and other intelligent persons whom 
he names, treated the disease with success. 
Many physicians, however, pursued other 
measures, and would not be taught by their 
own failures. Those, too, who were disposed 
to try the new method without the courage to 
pursue it to the requisite extent, were unsuc- 
cessful and contributed greatly to its discredit, 
so that complete success was confined to a few. 
The disputes among the physicians, in which 
the people took an active part, soon became as 
epidemic as the fever itself. Whether the 
fever was imported or generated at home, was 
another source of acrimonious controversy. 
Rush proclaimed from the first and on all oc- 
casions, that it was of domestic origin, and 
thus he brought upon himself the hatred even 
of many who had been his sincere friends; 
for nothing could be more ungrateful to the 
property-holders and merchants than the opin- 
ion that their city, in the prosperity of which 
all their hopes of fortune were centered, had 
generated this fatal disease and therefore would 
probably do it again. Besides his labors and 
sorrows abroad, Rush had to struggle with 
sickness and sorrow at home. His maiden 
sister, who had refused to leave him, who had 
supported him in all his trials, who had been 
his casuist in his choice of duties, died in 
his house. He says: “I got into my carriage 
an hour after she expired, and spent the after- 
noon in visiting patients. According as a sense 
of duty, or as grief has predominated in my 
mind, I have approved or disapproved of this 
act ever since.” In addition to this, his'pu- 
pils who, to serve him most readily, had lived 
in his house during the epidemic, sickened, 
and one of them died, having become deliri- 
ous, and therefore refusing all treatment. An- 
other died in the country, whither he had gone 
with the intention of soon returning. His 
aged mother was too infirm to be removed; 
his wife with seven children was in the 
country. Hardly a day passed that one 
or more of his dearest friends, often the 
fathers of large families, were not seized, 
some of these his medical brethren. He 
visited from one hundred to one hundred 
and twenty patients a day, besides the crowds 
that he prescribed for in his house and in the 
street. He was sometimes so depressed with 
labor and care as to faint, and he was often 
obliged to lie down in the houses of sickness. 
In this debilited state he was feverish, on the 
15th of September, but having been bled and 
purged, he resumed his labors the next day, 
and continued them, though in a state of great 
weakness, with slow fever, irregular chills, and 
a troublesome cough. The second week of 
October was the most fatal of that year, and 
Rush was attacked; but by a timely and vigor- 
ous use of the new remedies, in the hands of 
his pupil, Mr. Fisher, then residing in his 
house, he was soon recovered. His convales- 
cense was very slow, and he does not say that 
he saw any more of the fever that year. He 
published a full history of this epidemic the 
following year, which obtained unbounded 
praise throughout the medical world. Dr. 
Trotter, a man long versed in fevers, pro- 
nounced it “the best history that was ever 
written of any epidemic. Who would not 
travel through this vale of tears, amidst blasts 
of contagion, to share the well-earned fame of 
Dr. Rush.” Dr. Zimmerman said that “he 
merited a statue, not only from Philadelphia, 
but from all humanity;” and Dr. Lettsom 
states, “that all Europe was astonished at his 
novelty and bold decision, his unprecedented 
sagacity and judgment.” He concludes the 
history of this fatal year in returning thanks 
to his pupils for their support and sympathy. 
They were, Dr. Woodhouse, afterwards Profes- 
sor of Chemistry; Edward Fisher, who became 
eminent in South Carolina; and John Redman 
Coxe. the late ex-Professor of the University EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
441 
of Pennsylvania. “But wherewith, he says, 
shall I come before the great Father and Re- 
deemer of men, and what shall I render unto 
him for the issue of my life from the grave? 
Here all language fails. Come, then, expressive 
silence, muse his praise!" There were numer- 
ous cases of fever in 1794, but it did not be- 
come epidemic again till 1797 and 1798. In 
these years, the new method, with occasional 
modifications, was as successful as in 1793. 
Rush says, however, that in 1798, the prostra- 
tion was sometimes too great to admit of 
bleeding. Here we must do honor to his can- 
dor. The same principles, however, governed 
him, and led him to the same general success. 
Local bleeding, purging with calomel, sweats, 
blisters, counter-irritation, these conduced to 
the relief of the laboring viscera, which would 
have been still more oppressed by the old 
treatment. In most cases, however, copious 
bleeding was requisite, as we learn not only 
from Rush, but from his friends and from some 
of his opponents. His enemies now found a 
ready tool in William Cobbett, who soon be- 
came the most accomplished editorial villain 
this country had ever known. He published a 
paper called Peter Porcupine's Gazette, which 
was continually blackened with slandering 
Rush and his practice. Those who had been 
offended by the doctrine of domestic genera- 
tion, assisted Cobbett with their countenance 
and their money; and having, as Johnson said 
of Junius, “the sympathetic favor of plebeian 
malignity,” they made a very serious impres- 
sion on the public mind. As the wayward 
Jews, to use Gibbon’s comparison, were per- 
petually forgetting the miracles wrought in 
their favor, so the Philadelphians forgot their 
benefactor. Some who had found their own 
and their families’ safety in the depleting treat- 
ment, now resorted to other physicians, and 
perished by their malignant ingratitude. Rush 
thought that it was owing to the malevolence 
of party that nearly as many died in 1798, as 
in 1793, though not half as many were affected. 
Had Rush been one of those calculating misers, 
who secure popularity by simply holding their 
tongues, his bleeding and purging would have 
been soon received and established, for even 
some medical enemies had adopted his treat- 
ment; but domestic generation and its im- 
petuous advocate, could not be thought of with- 
out abhorrence; hence, bleeding and calomel 
were tortured by Cobbett and his friends, into 
something worse than poisoned arrows or Por- 
cupine's quills. It was felt that Rush’s medical 
character was injured, and he was encouraged 
to bring a suit against Cobbett. The jury 
mulcted him in $5,000, which, Dr. John W. 
Francis says, Rush distributed among the 
poor. Cobbett’s suborners finding him of no 
further use, now left him to his fate. He was 
sold out by the sheriff, and devastated, as he 
declares himself, to the amount of SB,OOO. He 
then went to New York, where, as St. Paul 
says of the evil man, he waxed worse and 
worse, and established a newspaper which he 
called The Bush-light. In the prospectus of 
this, he says, “Rush’s lawyer and the judge 
made it a crime in me not to have examined 
the system. Please Heaven, they shall not 
have to charge me with the like omission this 
time, for if I leave unexposed any one of its 
absurdities, if I leave unrelated one anecdote 
in the history of blood, it shall be for want of 
knowledge, or of memory, and not for want of 
inclination.” Soon after this, Rush began to 
suspect that he had indulged in a serious error 
in believing the yellow fever contagious. He 
was very slow and cautious in making this im- 
portant change. At first he thought it fully 
contagious, then only in its concentration; 
lastly, he satisfied himself that it was not such 
under any circumstances whatever; and this 
opinion, notwithstanding some slanders to the 
contrary, he is known to have persevered in to 
his end. How early he had fully satisfied him- 
self of this important truth is not known, but 
in October, 1802, he wrote a letter to Dr. Ed- 
ward Miller, of New York, afterwards pub- 
lished in the Medical Bepository, in which he 
argues most ably against contagion, and hopes 
this public recantation of his error may make 
some atonement for the evil he did by sup- 
porting it. He made this retraction at a time 
when the belief in contagion was general and 
strong, for he says, “the majority of our citi- 
zens who believe in it is greater, and they are 
more decided, than in former years.” His 
change, then, was made in spite of its unpopu- 
larity, a fact in harmony with his usual inde- 
pendence. That he ever assented to the doc- 
trine of contagion, has been made a very great 
detriment to his fame and to science, for his 
opinion was eagerly caught at by the favorers 
of this mortiferous belief, and it has been 
ignorantly or wickedly attributed to him, and 
propagated by European books ever since his 
public retraction. Even an American editor 
of Good’s large book let it pass through his 
hands without a note in correction of this in- 
excusable error. The fever ceased with the 
frost, but the medical war—helium plusquam 
civile—retaining its heat without intermission, 
refused to freeze. It took on an exacerbation 
at every fresh invasion of the fever; nor did 
the pertinacious spirit thereof die out till all 
these feverish spirits had gone “where the 
wicked cease from troubling and the weary are 
at rest.” Meanwhile, the new method* had 
finally triumphed, as proven by incontestable 
authorities whom we shall speak of in a sub- 
sequent page. Rush lectured and wrote, and 
turned his opponents into ridicule in the exer- 
cise of his professorial office; he published 
histories of the fever of every year to 1805, 
wherein he set forth his opinions and the suc- 
cess of his practice, denouncing, at the same 
time, that of his enemies. But these were now 
silent; they had become paralytic; their ner- 
vous centers were softened; they were now 
withering away, and not unwilling to be for- 
gotten in relation to their inglorious war. 
Rush had now raised himself to a very high 
stand in the temple of fame. His name was 
quoted with admiration wherever medical sci- 
ence was known. He had been made a mem- 
ber of most of the scientific, literary and be- 
neficent societies of his country, and similar 
honors had been conferred on him from abroad. 
He had obtained a most signal triumph over 
his enemies; he had established, as he hoped, a 
permanent method of treating the yellow fever, 
as also the salutary doctrine of domestic origin 
and non-contagion; he enjoyed the hope of con- 
firming this doctrine in the minds of his future 
classes. One thing only seemed to be want- 
ing to his happiness, and that was what comes 
home to the heart of every sensitive physician, 
his brethren’s friendship. This had been sacri- 
ficed to the quiet of his conscience. Like his 
great prototype, Sydenham, he had resolutely 442 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
pursued the path of duty, and trusted to a good 
Providence that it would lead him to a good 
end. Nor had he any fear of the final judg- 
ment of men, knowing that his methods were 
founded in reason, and that they had proved 
successful. Posterity, he says, “is to the phy- 
sician what the day of judgment is to the 
Christian;” and though the rewards of this 
affords no present help but faith and hope, 
these were enough for him, these supported 
Sydenham and Rush. It has been sneeringly 
asked, writes Jackson, why this man had ene- 
mies. The question may be justly answered 
with an equal sneer, that no good man, who 
faithfully acts a public part, is without them. 
It does not appear, however, that Rush was 
thus distinguished before the epidemic of 1793; 
for in his history of this, he speaks of having 
always lived in harmony with his brethren. 
It is a melancholy fact that any man of dis- 
tinction, who nobly avows unpopular opinions 
conflicting with the accumulation of either 
public or private wealth, will bring upon him- 
self a host of enemies. Such was the fate of 
Rush in a pre-eminent degree. He was the 
first to proclaim the yellow fever indigenous, 
and he did this almost from the very begin- 
ning of the first epidemic. Now, the mer- 
chants of every city are the most powerful 
body, and they infuse their spirit into all the 
various mechanics and laborers who must be 
always in their employ. That the new doctrine 
would draw upon its author the malice of these 
people, was no doubt what he foresaw, and 
therefore his resolute spirit is entitled to the 
highest praise. He sought his own approba- 
tion rather than fame or wealth; he preferred 
“The peaceful night, the self-approving day, 
Unsullied fame, and conscience ever gay,” 
“to all the yellow sands of the Tagus, and to 
all the gold that is rolled into the ocean.” The 
malignants of a community who happen to be 
offended by a physician, begin their attacks 
by undermining his professional skill. This is 
the doctor’s vulnerable part, for he can not de- 
fend himself without violating propriety. Upon 
Rush, then, who had invented a method of 
treatment which appeared extravagant, adapt- 
ed, as he thought, to an extravagant disease, 
they made their attacks with no little advan- 
tage. Their audacity was favored by the venal 
Cobbett of the Porcupine Gazette, and carried 
on with such success as to injure, for a short 
time, the Doctor’s private affairs. But his pre- 
eminent abilities and prudence carried him 
with dignity through all his persecutions, and 
soon won over to his friendship many of his 
enemies. A few of his medical brethren, and 
some of his colleagues in the university, never 
forgave him; thus proving the maxim, which 
Tacitus appears to have adopted from Seneca, 
that men always hate those they have injured. 
In their hatred, however, there was supposed 
to be a spice of envy, for he had left them far 
behind in the respect of mankind. His fame 
had gone triumphant through all the nations 
of Europe, while they, for the most part, could 
see the circumscription of theirs from the tops 
of their houses. Horace says that poets are an 
irritable people; the same may be said of the 
physicians of that time; they might well have 
prayed in the words of the Litany, to be deliv- 
ered “from envy, hatred, malice, and all un- 
charitableness.” That Rush escaped without 
irritation, is not to be supposed; but certain it 
is that he carried himself with becoming dignity 
and grace, thus proving the supremacy of virtue. 
He probably followed the advice of St. Paul— 
was very angry but sinned not. We have said 
that in 1791 he was made Professor of the In- 
stitutes and Clinical Medicine in the University 
of Pennsylvania. In this office he continued; 
and he filled also the chair of Practice resigned 
by Dr. Kuhn in 1797, though not formally elected 
by the trustees till 1805. In this triple profes- 
sorship he continued the rest of his life, lectur- 
ing an hour every day, and towards the end of 
his course, an hour in the morning and one in 
the evening. His lectures, with his busy prac- 
tice, his attendance at the hospital, his numer- 
ous consultations and correspondence, his hos- 
pitalities and unseasonable visitors, his studies, 
and his frequent publications,—these consti- 
tuted the business of this much-occupied man 
during his old age; yet he went through the 
whole with proverbial punctuality, and even 
without any apparent haste, for he said that a 
physician should never be seen in a hurry. In 
a letter to Dr. Ramsay in 1803, he says: “I 
continue, through Divine goodness, to enjoy, 
in the fifty-ninth year of my age, uncommon 
good health;” and in one to Dr. Finley in 
1809, he observes: “In my sixty-fifth year I 
continue to enjoy uncommon health, and the 
same facility in studying and doing business 
that I possessed twenty-five years ago.” And 
about six weeks before his death, he says, in 
writing to the same: “I continue to enjoy un- 
common health for a man in his sixty-eighth 
year. Now and then I am reminded of my 
age by light attacks of the tussis senilis, but 
they do not impair my strength, nor lessen my 
facility in doing business.” He was, indeed, 
though delicate and frail in appearance, a vig- 
orous, animated old man, whose mind neither 
knew nor desired repose. He was never ab- 
sent from his daily routine; of this he never 
tired; for if fatigued with bodily labor, con- 
versation or books were a certain refreshment. 
He never sought relief in the country from the 
heat and impurities of the city; he had a 
country-house for his family, and called it 
“Sydenham,” but for himself he was always 
at home, and a ready help to his patients; 
even his father’s house, with all the sweet at- 
tractions of the “natale solum,” he did not 
visit from his sixth to his sixty-eighth year, 
and not then till brought into its neighborhood 
by visiting a patient. Justly has he concluded 
his Introductory Lecture for 1808, when he 
says, in allusion to his death, “when that time 
shall come, I shall relinquish many attractions 
to life, and among them, a pleasure which to 
me has no equal in human pursuits, I mean 
that which I derive from studying, teaching, 
and practicing medicine.” His chief happi- 
ness consisted in doing good, and the plen- 
titude of it in discharging his medical duties. 
It has been said by one of the biographers of 
Dr. Rush that all things conspired to render 
him illustrious, and that had he been placed 
in the cheerless vale of obscurity, or destined 
to struggle under a want of patronage, his 
genius might have withered and his ambition 
forsaken him, beneath the influence of disap- 
pointment and neglect. It is vain, however, 
to conjecture what might have been—it is the 
duty of the chronicler of one’s life history to 
set forth what actually was. Nor should we 
forget how meritorious it is to become noted 
for greatness as well as benevolence, since so EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
443 
few, though favored by every impulse, attain 
this two-fold eminence. The late Dr. Samuel 
Jackson, who enjoyed the intimate ac- 
quaintance of Dr. Rush during the last five 
years of his life, has given the following 
graphic description of his personal character- 
istics: “He was above the medium height, 
very erect, rather slender, with small bones, 
and rather thin; his hands and wrists, feet 
and ankles being small and finely formed. 
His face was thin; nose, acquiline; eyes beau- 
tifully set, large, blue, mild and benevolent; 
forehead broad and high; head long in the 
transverse diameter, and nearly bald from the 
crown forward; his hair clubbed behind and 
powdered. His face was of a fair and healthy 
complexion; not handsome, or what is called 
fine-looking, for his cheeks were fallen in, 
many of his front teeth lost, and age, with 
care, had left its wrinkles. His countenance 
in conversation was highly animated; when 
reading to himself or going abroad, it evinced 
intense thought, entire abstraction and firm- 
ness of purpose. His unfrequent smile was 
peculiarly gracious, but he hardly ever laughed. 
When walking in the street, which was seldom, 
he was very erect, step firm, elastic, and rather 
military never using a staff, his arms folded on 
his breast; he uncovered to every one, poor or 
rich, who uncovered to him, and his passing 
words were, ‘I hope you are very well, sir,’ 
uttered with his habitually strong, but mild 
voice. His dress was very plain, generally of 
drab-colored cloth; he rode in a plain vehicle 
with two wheels and one horse, the same little 
negro by his side who had lived with him more 
than thirty years—master and man now grown 
old together. In this open carriage we saw 
him facing the storms the last winter of his 
life. His bearing was very simple and artless, 
without a semblance of affectation, remarkable 
for kindness, cordiality and even condescen- 
sion.” In contested questions of his day he 
is said to have regarded his conscience more 
than public favor, and thereby made numerous 
enemies whose hatred has been transmitted 
long after his death. But even one of his ear- 
liest enemies, Dr. Caldwell, writing of his 
urbanity in the year 1797, says “the resources 
of his amenity and courtesy were all but 
boundless, for he was among the most polished 
men of that polished age.” In conversation 
he was acknowledged by all to be pre-eminent, 
yet he did not appear to be at all self-compla- 
cent of his colloquial powers. He never inter- 
rupted another, as the fashion now runs, nor 
did he arrogate to himself an undue portion 
of the talk, an offense too often given in these 
later times. Piety and benevolence were to 
human perception his predominant feelings. 
In fine, he was the accomplished Christian 
gentleman whose “imposing first appearance” 
subdued every mind and every heart. How 
far he was subject to irritation is known only 
to his Maker, for he had acquired a perfect 
dominion over it in public. Of the six pro- 
fessors of our time, says Dr. Jackson, he was 
the only one who was never seen angry; over 
his face there never came the shadow of a 
cloud. Take the whole man, body, counte- 
nance and demeanor, there was, as Hamlet 
says of his father, “a combination and a form 
indeed to give the world assurance of a man.” 
The portrait which accompanies this sketch is 
derived from one painted by the eminent 
Sully in 1812, and is supposed to be a perfect 
likeness of Dr. Rush as he appeared engaged 
in the preparation of one of Ids last lectures. 
He had never been what is called robust. In 
early life, he had slight hemorrhages from the 
lungs, whence it was only through unceasing 
care, and the occasional use of bark as a tonic, 
that he escaped, as he thought, an early con- 
sumption ; for he says that he had a hereditary 
predisposition to this disease. During several 
of his last years, he had a slight cough, the 
tussis senilis, and this increased during the 
last winter. Fearing some latent inflamma- 
tion, he took less animal food and omitted 
wine, though his labors in lecturing, attending 
the hospital, and examining the graduating 
students several hours a day, were very severe 
for an old man. The typhus pneumonoides, 
moreover, appeared in March, and gave him, 
most inopportunely, an oppressive increase of 
business. Thus, by incessant exertions of 
body and mind, now debilitated by cough and 
low diet, he became an easy prey to the pre- 
vailing fever; a disease from which the most 
robust of old people are in great danger. His 
friend, Dr. James Mease, visited him the night 
of the 14th of April, 1813, and found him with a 
pen in his hand. “What, Doctor, always at 
your studies? ” He replied, “I am revising a 
lecture, for I feel every day more and more 
like a dying man. lam not indisposed, but I 
deem life, at my age, particularly precarious, 
and I am anxious to leave my manuscripts as 
perfect as possible.” At nine o’clock he was 
taken with a chill, and went to a warm bed, 
where he spent a feverish night, with pains in 
his limbs and side. At daylight, perspiration 
broke out and the pain in his limbs subsided, 
but that of his side became more severe. A 
bleeder then took ten ounces of blood, with 
decided relief, and his colleague, Dr. Dor- 
sey, was called. He approved of what had 
been done, but considering the importance 
of the patient, he desired a consultation, 
whereupon Dr. Griffitts, who had long 
been his intimate and steady friend, was 
selected. He remained the rest of the day, as 
also the next day and night, with a slight fever 
and some pain in his side, but only on taking 
a deep breath. Dr. Dorsey attended him, but 
what was done is not said. Dr. Griffitts had 
not been able to visit him. Saturday morning 
he awaked with an acute pain in his side, and 
Dr. Physick was called in consultation. Three 
ounces of blood were taken from his side by 
cupping, which relieved him so much that he 
fell into a comfortable sleep. On Spnday 
morning he awaked so well that his phy- 
sicians pronounced him apparently free from 
disease. Dr. Physick said he was doing well, 
and that nothing appeared necessary but food. 
He probably entertained different thoughts 
himself, for it was this day that he gave much 
advice to his son, Dr. James Rush, and particu- 
larly with respect to his attending certain 
families without charge. His intimate friend, 
the venerable Bishop White, visited him this 
day, and prayed with him at his request, Rush 
himself quoting from St. James—“the fervent 
prayer of a righteous man availeth much.” 
The physicians both saw him at five o’clock, 
and found him feverish; “at nine o’clock they 
became at last alarmed,” and enjoined active 
stimulation. This was maintained through the 
night and the next day, as long as there was 
any hope. His wife saying to him that he was 
in a fine perspiration, he promptly answered, 444 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
“it is an unfavorable symptom,” and soon 
added—“my excellent wife, I must leave you, 
but God will take care of you.” Then clasp- 
ing his hands, he prayed audibly from the 
Episcopal litany—“By the mystery of thy 
holy incarnation; by thy holy nativity and 
circumcision; by thy baptism, fasting and temp- 
tation ;by thine agony and bloody sweat; by thy 
cross and passion; by thy precious death and 
burial; by thy glorious resurrection and ascen- 
sion; and by the coming of the Holy Ghost, 
blessed Jesus, wash away all my impurities, and 
receive me into thine everlasting kingdom.” 
What little he spoke afterwards could not be 
understood; he became gradually comatose, 
and easily quitted his earthly tenement at five 
o’clock in the afternoon. The above account 
of his sickness and death is extracted from 
his widow’s letter to Dr. Mease, and from the 
letter of this reliable man to Dr. Lettsom, both 
published in “Thatcher’s Medical Biography.” 
Something was obtained from his son, Dr. 
William Rush, and from “Rees’ Cyclopedia.” 
Dr. Mease had been his pupil, had grown old 
in his friendship, and had nursed him through 
the whole of his last day, April 19, 1813. The 
sensation throughout the whole country was 
intense. Every one had heard of Dr. Rush, 
and all that were interested in medicine or 
philosophy, in common humanity or in the 
honor of their country, felt they had lost a 
friend and benefactor. “From one end of the 
United States to the other,” says Dr. Charles 
Caldwell, “the event was productive of emo- 
tions of sorrow; for, since the death of Wash- 
ington, no man, perhaps, in America, was bet- 
ter known, more sincerely beloved, or held in 
higher admiration and esteem. For nearly 
three thousand years past, but few physicians 
equal in greatness have appeared in the 
world, nor is it probable that the number will 
be materially increased for ages to come.” Jef- 
ferson, writing to John Adams, said: “An- 
other of our friends of ’76 is gone, another 
of the co-signers of our country’s Inde- 
pendence ; and a better man than Rush could 
not have left us, more benevolent, more learned, 
of finer genius, or more honest.” The members 
of the African Episcopal Church, of which he 
had been the active first promoter and steady 
friend, also other negro churches in the city, 
asked permission to precede his body to the 
grave; and it was followed by a greater con- 
course than had ever been seen at a funeral in 
Philadelphia. He was buried in Christ’s Church 
graveyard, by the side of his parents, and next 
to her whom' he has called upon her tomb the 
best of mothers. In the same grave, now over- 
hung by two weeping willows, his widow, at 
the age of ninety, was buried, after having 
survived him thirty-five years. The appropriate 
quotation engraved on his tomb is not read by 
the pious mind as a mere eulogium, but is felt 
as the present echo of the Savior’s salutation 
in heaven—“AYell done, thou good and faithful 
servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.” 
His piety began early, and there was every 
reason to believe it was deep and habitual; 
this was the steady opinion of all his pious 
acquaintances, which was very extensive. In 
his earliest writings, he was careful to evince 
his belief in Christianity; and in all his 
works, in his lectures, and in his intercourse 
with the world, piety and benevolence are 
manifest. AVhatever he says in this way ap- 
pears to be the overflowing of a fervent mind, 
without the least semblance of cant or hypoc- 
risy. He seldom passed a Sunday without go- 
ing to church. If he could not reach his own, 
he went to any other which was most con- 
venient in his drives through the city. It was 
plain to those who knew him, that this was an 
act of duty, but his enemies twisted it into a 
craving of popularity; this it could not be, for 
he continued it in his old age, when he had be- 
come indifferent to public favor. He probably 
learned this charitable practice from his pre- 
ceptor, Dr. Redman, whose biographer says, 
“he was a stranger to bigotry, often worship- 
ing with sects that differed in principles and 
forms from his own.” Rush preferred the 
Episcopal Church, hence Bishop White was the 
only clergyman who saw him in his last sick- 
ness; but he went most frequently to the 
Presbyterian, because his wife was of that 
communion. He was, however, a true cos- 
mopolite in this respect, and ready to counte- 
nance sincere religion in every church, consid- 
ering public worship and the observance of the 
Sabbath as truly made for man. In his “Ad- 
dress to Ministers,” he says: “If there were no 
hereafter, individuals and society would be 
great gainers by attending public worship 
every Sunday. Rest from labor in the house 
of God, winds up the machine of both soul 
and body better than anything else, and there- 
by invigorates it for the labors of the week.” 
He frequently read the Bible to his collected 
family, and wrote a po.werful essay in defense 
of using that sacred book in schools. He was 
a first mover in the cause of the Philadelphia 
Bible Society; he drafted its constitution, and 
he was a vice-president from its origin till 
his death. He was perpetually making discov- 
eries of wisdom in the Bible, and truths which 
had escaped others; he was, moreover, pre- 
paring to write a work on the diseases and 
cures therein described. So thorough was his 
faith in the sacred book that, finding both free 
agency and predestination taught therein, he 
piously believed them both, teaching us every 
year that they were not inconsistent with each 
other. He said, “our illustrious countryman, 
Jonathan Edwards, has shown that, however 
strange it may seem, they are both true.” In 
his lecture on the “Pleasures of the Mind,” he 
descants on the delights and comforts of this 
double and incomprehensible endowment, 
which gives to man a feeling of free agency, 
though he knows that all his volitions are gov- 
erned by his benevolent Creator. He says, 
“we act most freely when we act most neces- 
sarily, and most necessarily when we act most 
freely.” His benevolence embraced all races 
and conditions of man. As early as 1771 he 
wrote two essays against slavery, and he was, 
with Dr. Franklin, one of the founders of the 
“Society for the Protection of Free Negroes.” 
Of this he was annually elected president after 
Franklin’s death. He was the first to move 
in the establishment of the African Episcopal 
Church, in 1792, which has immensely bene- 
fited the blacks, and has done more good than 
any half dozen Caucasian churches in the city. 
It has not only done good directly, but it has 
been the promotion of negro churches of other 
denominations, all highly respectable and 
beneficial. It was his benevolence that led 
him to write a long paper of advice to immi- 
grants ; to write on public schools, spirituous 
liquors, tobacco, and many other subjects. 
Of his essays on ardent spirits and tobacco, he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
445 
published very large editions, and sent them, 
at his own expense, to the clergy and others 
for distribution. It is plain, from the mere 
titles of his essays, that he wrote to benefit his 
fellow-men, not for posthumous fame; nor did 
he consult his present reputation, for he gen- 
erally defended the unpopular side. Many 
striking instances of his benevolence are men- 
tioned by his eulogists, but they all center in 
the simple fact that he was ever ready to assist 
the poor and distressed with money as well as 
medical advice. It has been said that he 
never charged the clergy; this, one of his 
biographers writes, is a great mistake which 
ought to be corrected, for it is fraught with 
evil. In his introductory lecture for 1808, he 
excepts “the pious clergyman who subsists 
only on a scanty salary,” but he does not ex- 
cuse the rich, and we do certainly know that 
he charged these; we know, too, from the 
best authority, that one of them used to com- 
plain of the amount of his bills. In charging 
them, he followed Percival’s Medical Ethics, 
and those of the American Medical Association 
have since settled the question that no profession 
is exempt, except on account of poverty. His 
patriotism shone forth at the very beginning 
of our troubles with England, and it was ever 
after a very conspicuous trait in his character. 
He wrote much on the subject, and he must 
have been a warm patriot, or he would not 
have gone into Congress, as we have related 
above, for the express purpose of signing the 
perilous Declaration. There is, moreover, a 
certain Americanism that pervades all his 
works. He was, it must be confessed, a little 
too enthusiastic; he expected more from man- 
kind than they were ready to do. The good- 
ness and greatness of his own heart repre- 
sented all men as willing and as able as him- 
self, each in his proper sphere, and therefore 
he hoped that great things would be done in 
the new republic. As an instance of his en- 
thusiastic foresight, he predicted, in a patriotic 
discourse, that merchant ships would be built 
at Pittsburgh and freighted to Europe. This 
drew upon him the sneers of his enemies, nor 
were his friends pleased with what they called 
a mere flight of fancy. A little time showed 
them his foresight and their own dullness; he 
proved to be a Cassandra. It was not, how- 
ever, the commerce and riches of his country 
that occupied his mind, but the wonderful ex- 
pansion of intellect which he hoped had been 
caused by the collisions of the Revolution, 
and the establishment of a republican govern- 
ment. Sorrowful it is to relate that, towards 
the end of life, he found cause, in the violence 
of party and the venality of public men, to 
despair of that national happiness which had 
been the subject of his delighting reveries. 
His industry had become a habit almost 
as much as the beating of his heart. In his 
introductory lecture for 1809, on the means of 
acquiring knowledge, he copies certainly from 
his own life. He insists upon the students 
keeping a memorandum-book to be used “at 
all times and in all places; even when the 
pencil can not be employed, a knot on the 
pocket-handkerchief will preserve an idea.” 
He insists, too, that the student shall read pen 
in hand; this was his own practice, and hence 
the proofs of extensive reading his works af- 
ford. Every moment of his time seems to 
have been occupied to profit. He had well 
studied the first aphorism of Hippocrates, 
“life is short, art long;” and he had been 
taught by Rittenhouse that time was of more 
importance than even health. Above all. per- 
haps, the Divine admonition sounded in his 
ears: “work while it is light, for the night 
cometh.” His fatal sickness found him with 
a pen in his hand, revising a lecture for the 
use of posterity. His punctuality and his in- 
dustry went together as continual and faithful 
handmaids to each other. Notwithstanding 
his press of business, he never failed being in 
his chair at the minute; and it is said that, 
during his thirty years’ attendance at the hos- 
pital, he was never known to be ten minutes 
after his time. In his valedictory to the class 
of 1810, he tells, with strong approbation, of a 
noble statesman who said that he would not 
disappoint the meanest of his tenants, if he 
had agreed to meet him only for the purpose 
of playing push-pin. He shows too, in this 
lecture, how punctuality facilitates not only 
our own business, but that of others also; and 
how greatly the want of this virtue frets and 
injures the sick, how it robs brother physicians 
of their time, and thus disorganizes the conse- 
cution of their several appointments. Mr. 
Thomas Sully, the eminent artist, who took 
several portraits of Rush, has said that he 
never failed to be present at the appointed 
minute. Upon Mr. Sully’s remarking this, Dr. 
Rush replied, “punctuality in other business 
enables me to be punctual here.” The char- 
acteristics of this great man in society are of 
course to be noted. Dr. Dorsey says, in the 
“Eclectic Repertory,” “of all men I ever 
knew, Rush was the first in conversation.” 
To this it will suffice to add the testimony 
of Dr. Caldwell from “Delaplaine’s Reposi- 
tory : “In colloquial powers he had few equals; 
and no one, perhaps, could be held his supe- 
rior. His conversation was an attic repast 
which, far from cloying, invigorated the appe- 
tites of those who partook of it.” It is be- 
lieved that the above traits have been con- 
ceded by all who knew him. He delighted in 
conversation, considering it as one of the read- 
iest means of acquiring correct knowledge; 
and he reminds us that Fox said, “he had 
learned more from conversing with Burke than 
from all the books he had read.” He says, 
“except in cases of extraordinary pride, I be- 
lieve taciturnity, in nine cases out of ten, in 
civilized company, is the effect of stupidity.” 
He makes an exception, however, to this rule 
in favor of those who write much for the press. 
He was noted for his total freedom from osten- 
tation, and all pretense. His demeanor was 
perfectly natural, simple, and easy. Through 
the whole course of his lectures, we knew him 
only as the gentleman, philosopher, and phy- 
sician. He never adverted to his services in 
the army or the Senate, or to his friendships 
among the great. He spoke of certain physio- 
logical observations made by officers, the dread- 
ful nights before the battles of Trenton and 
Princeton, but he did not sav he was there. All 
such things, of which most public men avail 
themselves in their ostentation, he forgot or 
passed by with contempt. In the title pages 
of his books, he omits all his memberships; 
what others find so necessary and useful, he 
must have looked upon as indecorous to him. 
He despised all singularities, asserting that 
men truly great are distinguished by going be- 
fore others, and not on one side of them. This 
he says in relation to subscribing a name illeg- 446 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ibly, or in disguise; a fashionable and trou- 
blesome folly, that he treated with contempt, 
as “generally characteristic of a frivolous 
mind.” He wrote a very legible and fair 
hand, and he urged the practice of this on his 
classes every year; saying, that “to read or 
rather decipher the letters of young physi- 
cians, who apply to their superiors in age and 
experience for advice, ofter requires more 
study than to answer them.” It has been 
matter of wonder to many that he found the 
leisure necessary to the general reading, so ap- 
parent in his conversations and works. One 
cause of his manifold information lies in a rule 
that he adopted early—to exclude all useless, 
false, and pernicious learning. “The under- 
standing,” he says, “should refuse admission to 
everything that is not in unison with truth 
and utility; in this way Dr. Johnson acquired 
his stupendous mass of knowledge.” At the 
head of his expurgatory index, he placed the 
pagan theogenies, the study of which he con- 
sidered not only as a waste of time, but as highly 
immoral in its tendency. Happy, indeed, 
would it have been for modern literature, had 
some authoritative scholars set forth this doc- 
trine, before the vernacular language came into 
use in modern poetry. The pagan machinery 
must be tolerated in translation, but it makes 
no impression on our modern nerves; the 
reader passes it over with frigid indifference, 
with the incredulus odi of Horace, and hurries 
on to find something true in nature, to which 
his own nature responds. Blair thinks that 
Homer’s description of Jupiter’s nod is truly 
sublime. Such it no doubt was to the ancient 
vulgar, but such it can not be to a modern ed- 
ucated reader. But Dr. Rush strongly advised 
the reading of those poets, who copy from 
nature and truth. In these he found many 
illustrations of the secret workings of the 
mind, and his perpetual intercourse with the 
world, showed him their truth and their utility 
in medicine. He says, “they view the mind 
in all its operations, whether natural or mor- 
bid, with a microscopic eye, hence, many things 
arrest their attention which escape the notice 
of physicians.” He objected strongly to the 
reading of novels, saying “they should be con- 
sidered as offal matter, and carefully rejected 
by the student of medicine.” A great outcry 
has been raised on account of his essay on 
learning the dead languages, as though he 
wished them extinct. This was far from his 
thoughts, and in contradiction to his wish ex- 
pressed in the essay; but it seldom happens 
that oppositionists set forth the whole truth. 
He wished these languages preserved, like the 
knowledge of law or medicine; that is, by a 
distinct profession, to be paid for their services. 
He makes another proposition also—that when 
it is found, about his fourteenth year, that a 
boy is destined to a profession, he may learn 
all the needful Latin and Greek in two years. 
And in his introductory lecture, on “The Med- 
ical Student’s Preparatory Education,” he 
mentions Latin and Greek, among other things 
which, if neglected, ought to be attended to in 
the summer recess. “In the present mature 
state of your faculties,” he says, “you will find 
no difficulty in acquiring them; and in so do- 
ing, you will add no less to your private honor 
and interest than to the credit of this univer- 
sity.” Still, he thinks that both medicine and 
law may be acquired without these languages, 
and this he deduces very fairly from various 
premises, and from the fact that some of the 
greatest and most popular lawyers in America 
had never learned any but their native tongue. 
Rush knew that modern languages could be 
written correctly without any knowledge of the 
ancient; he knew that one language can give 
very few rules to another: that the inimitable 
ancients did not perfect their style and their 
modes of thought by a seven years’ study 
of dead languages, though they wrote with a 
vigor and polish that no moderns have at- 
tained to, even by studying them. He had, 
moreover, daily proofs that this study was not 
necessary to the development of mind. It was 
not this that placed Rittenhouse and Bowditch 
among the stars; it was not this, as Turgot 
says, that “wrested the scepter from kings and 
the lightning from the skies.” And, had he 
lived to the present time, he might have seen 
that the study of words has not enabled us to 
hold converse with people in distant lands; 
has not covered our waters with steamboats, 
and our country with factories; has not lighted 
our houses from the bowels of the earth, and 
our cities with stars that vie with those of the 
skies. But amidst all these glories, he would 
have seen one sorry thing—a country filled 
with smatterers in Latin, who pass with the 
people, for learned men; for it is truly won- 
derful how a “little Latin and less Greek,” 
will recommend a man to the public: as Bos- 
well relates that a minister was not esteemed 
by an old lady of his church, because he was 
not like his predecessor, a “Latiner;” he did 
not quote Latin in his sermons. Rush wished 
to multiply effective and prolific learning, 
something really useful, as he says, “in mak- 
ing the earth a more safe and comfortable 
abode to man.” This was the professed wish 
of the great Bacon, the object set forth in all 
his writings as the ultimate end of true phi- 
losophy. Now Bush might have asked in tri- 
umph, what have the Bembos, the Persons, 
the Bentleys done towards this attainment? 
His opponents have unwisely retorted upon 
him that his own sons were taught the lan- 
guages. It was not for him to render his sons 
singular, and to bring them, perhaps, into con- 
tempt with the sciolists in Latin. He was a 
frequent declaimer against ladies’ thin shoes; 
he knew it would contribute to the health of 
his wife and daughters to wear Steuben boots 
as high as their knees, and he could have 
given them from his “Inquiries and Observa- 
tions,” a greasy prescription for making them 
water-proof; but he did not insist, he wisely 
left them, as he did his sons’ education, to the 
fashion of the times. His reasoning, however, 
on this important subject, is both profound 
and acute, nor can it be justly appreciated 
without long and severe study, not by the 
superficial, but by those deeply learned in the 
languages, with minds naturally adapted 
thereto. Rush underwent this study himself, 
for which he is justly entitled to our sincere 
gratitude and gravest attention; even the 
dreams, even the errors of such men ought to 
be regarded with kindness. As a teacher, we 
can not admit that he was not the delight and 
admiration of all unprejudiced minds. His 
lectures were always carefully written, and he 
read them seated in an elevated pulpit. They 
were revised every year, sometimes curtailed, 
oftener amplified; and so alive was he to every 
recent improvement, so cordially did he hail 
everything new that lie often raised his glasses EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
447 
to his "forehead and strengthened or elucidated 
his pages with something he had recently 
read, even in that morning’s newspaper. Each 
of his colleagues read the same introductory 
every year, but Rush, whose mind was a pro- 
lific hot-bed of thoughts, treated his classes 
every November with one entirely new. His 
subject was always something intelligible to the 
youngest student of the meanest capacity: 
would to heaven, continues Jackson, that our 
professors of the present day had the wisdom 
to imitate him in this humility. They often 
dash into abstruse subjects, of which the young 
students are entirely ignorant, involving tech- 
nical language which they never heard before; 
when the hapless men leave the house without 
having acquired a single idea, except that of a 
great man spouting as Hamlet says “words, 
words, words.” As well might we begin Euclid 
in the middle and proceed either backwards 
or forwards, as the beginning student hear an 
introductory lecture on “life forces,” or the 
enigmata of chemistry. In the volume of six- 
teen introductory lectures published by Rush 
in 1811, there are sixteen bright examples of 
these compositions. Every idea and every 
word is intelligible to the youngest student; 
there is much novelty, and many striking pas- 
sages which caused tne young men to prick up 
their ears and to look with hopeful expectation 
to the pleasures of the coming course. His 
eloquence was very peculiar, and good judges 
have thought they never knew it surpassed. He 
had been when young an ardent admirer of 
Whitfield, and it is said by some who had heard 
them both, that he had caught the tones and 
cadence of that fascinating orator, whose elo- 
quence compelled the parsimonious Franklin 
to open his purse, though predetermined not 
to give a penny. His voice was full and sono- 
rous, strong and clear, so that he was easily 
heard in a large room of four hundred and 
thirty students, even in his sixty-eighth year. 
Dr. Caldwell, not a friendly witness, says in 
his autobiography that Rush was the best 
reader he ever heard. So great was the influ- 
ence of his fine tones that if he saw any one, 
near the end of his lecture, now moving slyly 
towards the door, in order to be the first to 
scramble for a seat in the anatomical room, he 
would begin to read in his best manner, thus 
chaining every man to his seat; and those 
whose previous attendance apprised them that 
a glowing passage was soon to be read, were 
seen with the delights of expectation in their 
countenances. Sometimes his enthusiasm 
would seem to violate the sobriety of science, 
as when declaiming against nosology, he cried 
out, in imitation of Cato, “delenda, delenda, de- 
lenda est nosologia.” And when treating of de- 
bility as the predisposing cause of disease, he 
said, “I will associate this doctrine with an 
act which I hope will not be forgotten. Be- 
hold me, then, rising from my chair, implor- 
ing you by your regard for the lives of your 
patients, for your reputation, the peace of your 
conscience, and all that is dear to you, whether 
in earth or in heaven, to regard debility as the 
predisposing cause of nearly all the diseases of 
the human body.” He then prayed them to 
transmit this doctrine to their pupils, hoping 
that it would be the means of saving the health 
and lives of millions yet unborn. Few there 
are, indeed, who could have done this without 
incurring ridicule, but done by this accom- 
plished actor and venerable man, it proved to 
be what he wished—a solemn, impressive and 
memorable scene. He possessed, in the high- 
est degree, the faculty of inspiring others with 
his own enthusiastic love of the art. In this, 
says Dr. Caldwell, “he surpassed any other 
teacher I have ever known,” and he further 
says, “whatever amount of medical knowledge 
I possess, I frankly acknowledge myself much 
more indebted to him than to all other men, 
whether living or dead.” That is, indebted 
to Rush, not so much for knowledge commu- 
nicated, as for that inspiration of medical en- 
thusiasm which made the study his future de- 
light. Caldwell further says, “from his influ- 
ence and example has arisen much of that en- 
lightened energy and spirit of enterprise with 
which, for the last twenty years, medical sci- 
ence has been cultivated in the United States. 
What Boerhaave was to the school of Leyden 
and Cullen to that of Edinburgh, was he to 
the school of Philadelphia; an awakening 
spirit that threw the minds of the pupils into 
a state of action and research, which must ac- 
company many of them to the end of their 
lives, shedding light on their paths and diffus- 
ing around them the works of beneficence.” 
Rush clearly saw and highly estimated the 
value of the art he taught; he fervently loved 
it; he believed he was in the way of im- 
proving it greatly; he had reason to hope that 
his principles would be widely diffused by his 
pupils. Such thoughts, reacting on a mind of 
unbounded benevolence, could not fail to burst 
forth, as they often did, in language and sen- 
timent that reached the heart. Another char- 
acteristic of our teacher was his high-toned 
nationality, which led him to think that the 
human mind had received an impulse from the 
collisions of the Revolution and the establish- 
ment of a republican government. This 
plausible opinion has received no little con- 
firmation from the wonderful development of 
mind by the tumultuous conflicts of the French 
Revolution; for, however much the actors 
therein are to be execrated, it must be con- 
fessed by all that the advancement of mind 
then made in France has no parallel in his- 
tory. Then, as the government of his country 
had been regenerated and the collective mind 
ennobled, so he hoped that education and 
laws, domestic institutions and manners, even 
medical science, would be changed for the bet- 
ter. Hence his writings on education and 
criminal laws; hence, also, a stream of patriot- 
ism was ever flowing through his lectures in 
the highest degree delighting to his youthful 
audience. He has been ignorantly accused 
of trying to diminish the amount of medical 
education. Of this his candid and intelli- 
gent hearers do certainly know that he was 
not guilty. No man ever held forth stronger 
inducements to long-continued study; always 
showing the advantages of a third course of 
lectures, and often saying for himself that he 
hoped to be a student as long as he lived. It 
is true he thought the time formerly given to 
pupilage, for instance his own nine years, 
might be greatly shortened by excluding noso- 
logy and much other useless learning. He 
thought, too, that by the acquiring of princi- 
ples, and the using of reason more and mem- 
ory less, much time might be saved, and the 
road ,to the doctorate made more easy and 
pleasant. The nosologists and those taught to 
prescribe for the name of a disease, he said 
had excellent memory but poor judgment, all 448 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
which he used to illustrate with argument, an- 
ecdote, and ridicule, to the infinite amusement 
and satisfaction of his class. He always, how- 
ever, treated Dr. Cullen with profound respect, 
and often expressed the sorrow he felt in op- 
posing his doctrines. “Were it possible,” he 
said, “for him to meet me in my study or my 
solitary walks, he would say, go on, my son, 
till not one idea be left of all my system of 
medicine; provided, only, that mankind be 
benefited by the work, and the science pro- 
moted we have loved and cherished.” Rush 
had intensely studied his principles, and no 
great man can be easily persuaded that he has 
■studied in vain. He felt assured that his doc- 
trine had given him a mastery in the care of 
health, and the cure of disease, which he did 
not possess before; and if this was already at- 
tained, what might not be expected from time, 
and the collaboration of other minds? Rea- 
soning and principles in our science were his 
favorite theme; without these he thought it a 
degrading art; hence, in concluding his Intro- 
ductory for 1809, he says, “medicine directed 
by principles, imparts the highest elevation to 
the intellectual and moral character of man. 
In spite, therefore, of the obloquy with which 
they have been treated, let us resolve to culti- 
vate them as long as we live. This, gentle- 
men, is my determination as long as I am able 
to totter to this chair; and if a tombstone be 
afforded after my death, to rescue my humble 
name for a few years from oblivion, I ask no 
further addition to it, than that I was an advo- 
cate for principles in medicine.” It has been 
objected to Rush, that he was a man of reason- 
ing rather than facts, and that he did not keep 
pace with the discoveries in morbid anotomy. 
It is true he did not make this a primary sub- 
ject of personal inspection; how could he 
amidst his many imperative engagements? He 
always, however, encouraged others to do it, 
while he, professor-like, derived to himself a 
profit from their labors. In exchange for this 
he gave them notoriety. He always referred 
to morbid anatomy in his lectures, quoting 
Bonetus, Morgagni, Lieutaud, Baillie, and 
every authority. As early as 1789, he urged 
the subject in his valedictory charge: “give 
me leave to recommend to you, to open all the 
dead bodies you can, without doing violence 
to the feelings of your patients.” He gave the 
morbid anatomy of yellow fever from Physick 
and Cathrell; that of hydrocephalus, tetanus, 
hydrophobia, and insanity from his own ob- 
servations. His doctrine and treatment of 
dropsy is derived from morbid anatomy; and 
though he was the first to show that this long- 
known malady is a mere symptom of disease, 
his discovery has been lately claimed by an 
American, for the nosographers of France. 
His successful treatment of what was called 
hydrocephalus in children, was the result of 
his study of morbixl anatomy; and those who 
were favored to hear his lectures, knew well 
that he used the same anxious scrutiny into 
the cause of every disease, and of every symp- 
tom. We should like to know, writes Jack- 
son, what great practitioner and professor, 
with equal engagements, has ever become emi- 
nent in morbid anatomy. That some men less 
profitably employed in other things have done 
more in this department, we readily admit; 
but whether they have cured more patients 
than they have anatomized, might prove a 
grave and troublesome question. Rush had 
the wisdom to study what belonged to his own 
chair, and to profit by the labor of others, in 
the department precluded to him by want of 
time. Lighting his candle by theirs, he 
sent their light into distant lands, whither 
many of them could not send it themselves. 
His alleged deficiency of facts is disproved by 
his writings, and had the excellent author of 
this unfortunate error been favored with a 
hearing of his lectures, he would have been 
more than convinced; he would have been 
subdued. His writing are loaded with facts, 
and so were his lectures—many original, and 
many quoted from the most reliable authors of 
all time. So desirous was he to appear as a 
man of facts that what he had called in his 
first editions a theory of fever, he finally named 
outlines of the phenomena of fever, because he 
thought it consisted of a series of facts, “ob- 
vious not only to reason, but in most instances 
to the senses. ” As to his writings, the neces- 
sary limits of the present biography forbid an 
extensive examination, and therefore we shall 
confine ourselves to those which set forth his 
most prominent doctrines. This is truly an 
ungrateful task, as we shall not only have to 
omit the exhibition of much that is brilliant 
and beautiful, novel and useful, but also to ex- 
press some disapprobation, when truly it 
would be more cordial to commend. His “In- 
quiry Into the Cause of Animal Life” is a 
startling title which ought to attract the atten- 
tion, and yet it appears to be misunderstood 
by some and neglected by many. Nothing can 
be more simple, nothing more useful in the 
metaphysics of medicine. Rush, adopting the 
language of Brown, begins in reality at the 
very beginning, taking excitability and the 
action of stimuli thereon as a fact in nature; 
thus he finds a sure basis on which to rest, 
which the mere medical dialectician can never 
find. So Newton began his philosophy. At- 
traction and repulsion he was contented to take 
as mere facts, and without troubling himself 
at first about the cause of these, he traced them 
through all their operations in nature, and 
thus established the system of the Universe. 
He found no exception to them, and hence, 
according to his third rule of philosophizing, 
he looked upon these principles as universal 
in bodies. Hence— 
“That very law that moulds a tear, 
And bids it trickle from its source; 
That law preserves the earth a sphere. 
And guides the planets in their course.” 
Thus Brown and Rush, seeing the effects of 
stimuli on living bodies, found the same effect 
from their action on bodies apparently dead; 
and as these bodies were divinely organized, 
they called this organism excitability; the 
effects of stimuli on this was life or excite- 
ment. The body, then, in a state of suspended 
animation, is in the very condition of Adam 
before his lungs were stimulated by air—it is 
dead. Air, then, being the first stimulus, the 
Creator breathed into his nostrils, “and thus 
excited in him animal, intellectual and spirit- 
ual life.” The body is further stimulated by 
light, heat, food, drink, exercise, the pleasures 
of the senses, and the operations of the mind. 
All this is matter of observation, open to the 
senses, like Newton’s attraction and repulsion. 
Whether this excitability is matter only, or 
matter endowed with a spirit, Rush did not in- 
quire ; he did not distract his mind with things 
wisely placed beyond human intelligence. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
449 
“It is not necessary,” he says, “to be ac- 
quainted with the precise nature of that form 
of matter, which is capable of producing life 
from impressions made upon it. Sufficient it 
is for our purpose to know the fact.” The age 
of hypotheses, with their dialectics, had passed 
away, and Rush was too wise to neglect the 
method of Bacon, or to think of outdoing New- 
ton, by inquiring after the remote cause of the 
excitability of organized matter. So carefully 
did he avoid all slippery ground that he would 
not use Hartley’s questionable word vibration; 
he substituted the word motion, implying there- 
by that either the nerves must be moved, or 
something pertaining to them, perhaps some 
elastic fluid therein contained—but what in 
reality might be the mode of communication, 
he cared not. Thus he escaped the folly of 
hypothesis—as the ether of Newton, the pre- 
established harmony of Leibnitz, the insen- 
sible vehicle of Wollaston and others, the in- 
finitesimal elementary body of Hartley, with 
all the Platonic sophistry which these inflict 
on the reader. He considered this simple 
view of life not only as a philosophical, 
but even as a scriptural doctrine, and 
he supposed that it manifested to the 
human understanding the difference be- 
tween man and his Maker; for the Bible 
teaches that God has life within himself, and 
that he has imparted it to one being only— 
“ For as the Father hath life within himself, so 
hath he given to the Son to have life within 
himself.” The various states of excitability 
and excitement, their accidental relations to 
each other and to stimuli, are all accurately 
considered and luminously set forth in three 
lectures, which every one who would preserve 
health and retard the advances of old age, 
would do well to study both night and day. 
These show how a just and natural use of stimuli 
contributed to health and longevity; on the 
other hand,how a prodigal,irregular and dispro- 
portionate use of them, wears away the organ- 
ism, bringing on debility, disease, and prema- 
ture death. Impressed then, as he certainly 
was, with the vast benefit which this doctrine 
would confer on mankind, in relation not only 
to their present but to their eternal welfare, 
his expanding soul is enraptured with the view, 
and he exclaims—I seem to hear his seraphic 
tones—“By means of this doctrine, revela- 
tion and reason embrace each other, and 
Moses and the Prophets shake hands with Dr. 
Brown, and all those physicians who maintain 
the sublime truth which he has promulgated. 
Think of it, gentlemen, in your closets and in 
your beds, and talk of it in your walks and by 
your firesides. It is the active and wide- 
spreading seminal principle of all truth in 
medicine.” We must here guard the reader 
against considering Rush a materialist. It is 
true, he denied that an immaterial principle 
was necessary to a future state; for he said 
matter was as immortal as spirit, and that 
nothing could destroy it but the fiat of the 
Almighty. He thought a sound Christian 
might adopt either doctrine; but he said, “my 
education and my prejudices are in favor of 
immateriality.” Hence he says that God 
breathed into Adam, and excited in him an- 
imal, intellectual, and spiritual life. This, too, 
is the doctrine of Brown. It would, perhaps, 
have been wiser and more philosophical also, 
to have treated on the effects of stimuli on excita- 
bility, and of the various relations of each to the 
other, without using the phrase, cause of animal 
life-, but the subject was new, and ultimate 
wisdom was not to be expected. At the time 
he succeeded Dr. Morgan in the chair of Prac- 
tice, was the beginning, perhaps, of those 
prolific meditations on the Brunonian sys- 
tem which led to his inquiry into the cause 
of life, and finally to another doctrine, not 
however a necessary consequence of it, the 
uniti/ of disease. This wonderful vision may 
be thus explained: Excitement or life is a 
unit, and this can be accurately divided 
into healthy and morbid only; hence there 
can be but one disease, that is, morbid ex- 
citement. This position involves a huge 
universality which very few minds who have 
seen diseases can at all comprehend. It 
has been said that every very great man has 
at least one kink in his head. That the great 
Rush, after having reduced all the diseases of 
the earth into a unit, should have described 
every distinct disease most accurately and mi- 
nutely in his lectures on Practice, is one of the 
most inscrutable mysteries in the absurdities 
of learning. That he had some faint concep- 
tions or some mysterious reasonings which he 
could not convey to others, that he had hopes 
which cheered him in his benighted way, that 
like Brown, he saw “a gleam of light like the 
break of day now dawning upon him, must be 
conceded to this good man. It seems, how- 
ever, that he could not have persisted much 
longer in this abstraction, for he was the very 
antipodes of those stolid mortals who are 
ashamed to change their opinions. He made 
a public sacrifice of his belief in the contagion 
of yellow fever; and as he still adhered to no- 
menclature, distinguishing and defining dis- 
eases with the utmost care, there is reason to 
think that a few years more would have taught 
him that his unity was an impracticable ab- 
straction and that his “gleam of light” was a 
mere will o’ the wisp, 
“ Which oft they say some evil spirit attends, 
Hovering and blszing with delusive light.” 
Such an acknowledgment would have made 
his lectures more popular and useful. The 
doctrine of unity, whatever he thought for 
himself, was not a necessary part of his in- 
tegral system. It must be noted here that 
every system-maker has equally failed. Boer- 
haave and Stahl, Cullen and Darwin, men of 
the greatest abilities and learning, have failed 
as did Rush in this conflict with nature. The 
Zoonomic philosopher expressed his hope that 
he had laid the foundation of a permanent 
system, “a beautiful edifice, which might not 
moulder, like the structures already erected, 
into the sand of which they were composed; 
but which might stand unimpaired, like the 
Newtonian philosophy, a rock amid the waste 
of ages.” This rock was soon broken down 
and given to the winds. These system-makers, 
however, profited greatly by their labors. They 
were led to scrutinize nature, whereby they not 
only acquired a more thorough knowledge of 
her mysterious ways, but they also gained su- 
perior astuteness in the contemplation of dis- 
ease. In the same way did those profit who be- 
came their devoted disciples and partisans. 
Nor have their theories been found detrimen- 
tal to their practice, for experience triumphs 
over opinion at the bedside; a fact that is evi- 
dent even in the writings of Sydenham. His 
“Inquiry Into the Influence of Physical Causes 
on the Moral Faculty,” is a most important 450 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
paper, and one that ought to be studied by all 
who are capable of comprehending its truth 
and utility. The term “moral faculty” he 
adopts from Dr. Beattie. It has been called 
the “moral sense” by Rousseau; it is St. 
John;s light, “that lighteth every man;” the 
“lex vera atque princeps” of Cicero; the “light 
within” of the Friends’ Society. He shows 
how this important faculty is influenced 
through the mind and through the body by in- 
numerable causes which are within the power 
of every one who has a strong will he can call 
his own. These causes are climate, food, drink, 
hunger, thirst, sleep, idleness, cleanliness and 
many others. The doctrine he says “is calcu- 
lated to beget charity towards the failings of 
our fellow-men; and thus our duty to practice 
this virtue is enforced by motives drawn from 
science as well as from the precepts of Chris - 
tianity.” He then names philosophers and 
poets whose faculties can not be contemplated 
without wonder, and adds, “that if the history 
of mankind does not furnish similar instances 
of the versatility and perfection of our species 
in virtue, it is because the moral faculty has 
been the subject of less culture and fewer ex- 
periments than the body and the intellectual 
powers. From what has been said the reason 
of this is obvious. Hitherto the cultivation of 
the moral faculty has been the business of 
parents, schoolmasters, and divines. But if 
the principles we have laid down be just, the 
improvement and extension of this principle 
should be equally the business of the legisla- 
tor, the philosopher, and the physician; and a 
physical regimen should as necessarily accom- 
pany a moral precept as directions with re- 
spect to air, exercise, and diet, accompany 
prescriptions for the consumption or the gout.” 
He then shows how the moral faculty is inde- 
pendent of all others, and that it may be culti- 
vated and brought into use though the under- 
standing may be feeble or neglected. He says, 
“It must afford great pleasure to the lovers of 
virtue, to behold the depth and extent of this 
moral principle in the human mind. Happily 
for the human race, the intimations to duty 
and the road to happiness are not left to the 
slow operations or doubtful inductions of rea- 
sons, nor to the precarious decisions of taste. 
Hence we often find the moral faculty in a 
state of vigor in persons in whom reason and 
taste exist in a weak or in an uncultivated 
state.” He concludes by insisting upon the 
utility of education in strengthening the moral 
faculty. “Virtue,” he says, “is the soul of a 
republic. To promote this, laws for the sup- 
pression of vice and immorality will be as in- 
effectual as the increase of jails. There is but 
one method of preventing crimes and of ren- 
dering a republican form of government dur- 
able, and that is by disseminating the seeds of 
virtue and knowledge through every part of 
the State, and this can be effectually done only 
by the Legislature.” Two years after this he 
wrote an “Address to the Clergy of Every 
Denomination,” in which he embodied the 
most practical portions of the above inquiry; 
showing in a strong light that philosophy may 
beget morality and even religion itself. His 
introductory lectures, moreover, for the year 
1799, is a continuation of the same subject- 
showing how greatly the intellectual faculties 
are influenced by physical causes. He says, 
“The degrees of vigor and the number and 
celerity of motions which the mind is capable 
of receiving by all the causes that have been 
enumerated, elude our present powers of cal- 
culation. Our inability to measure its attain- 
ments will be felt more sensibly when we re- 
flect that knowledge and the intellectual facul- 
ties will mutually increase each other, to the 
latest period of our lives.” He then gives his 
class that comforting assurance which had, 
no doubt, been long present to himself, and 
had been one cause of his own mental de- 
velopment. “It appears,” he says, “that the 
enlargement and activity of our intellects 
are as much within our power as the 
health and movement of our bodies. This 
lesson has often been obtruded upon us by 
the entertaining spectacles of learned pigs, 
dogs, and other animals.” As a practitioner, 
Rush escaped only by death from the malig- 
nity of his enemies, nor have they ceased to 
persecute his memory to the present day. 
When he was a young man, the practice of 
medicine was directed by English writers, who 
reigned alone till the invasion of yellow fever. 
Whether Rush questioned their authority with 
respect to bleeding before this period is doubt- 
ful ; but now he found that a freer use of the 
remedy was necessary, and the dissections of 
Dr. Physick convinced him of this. Other 
physicians fell into his wake, and the practice 
was established in the minds of many. Phy- 
sick, Griffitts, Barton, Cathrall, Currie, and 
others, all pursued his method and bled freely. 
The two last named published their experience 
without naming Rush as the author of their 
salutary measures. Barton was his enemy, 
and yet in his lectures and conversations he 
readily conceded to Rush the praise of having 
invented the true method. That bleeding has 
not been so generally successful of late, is not 
an argument against its use in the last century; 
diseases change with time and so does tire 
body. Even in 1798, Rush says there were 
many cases of the fever which would not bear 
bleeding; and in 1802, he relied upon moder- 
ate evacuations and sweating. He did not bleed 
as freely in later times and in other diseases as 
many other physicians; Dr. Physick far out- 
did him in this particular. But Rush wrote, 
lectured, and declaimed in favor of bleeding, 
and thus brought himself into suspicion even 
among some of his best friends; all his decla- 
mations, however, was made in relation to 
English practice, as inadequate to the violent 
rapidity of American inflammation. Hence 
the imputation of bleeding too much was fixed 
upon him; and as “fame increases by travel- 
ing,” he and his cups were outrageously cari- 
catured. His good name has been still more 
injured in another way. His perpetual praises 
of bloodletting instilled into many of his pu- 
pils a sanguinary spirit, and these, being un- 
governed by the experience of Rush, poured 
out blood as he never did, a practice that re- 
acted sadly on the fame of the great master. 
Dewees and Physick thought themselves some- 
times fortunate in their pounds of blood; these 
cases they reported to the credulous and de- 
lighted ears of Rush; he sent them to the 
world through his lectures and books, and 
thus they became the precedents of multiplied 
extravagance and mischief. This, the injured 
Rush did not live to know, or we should have 
had some additional chapters on the loss of 
blood. That he may, however, have some- 
times carried a principle too far, is very proba- 
ble, for much good is seldom attained without EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
451 
some evil. Ardently benevolent minds can 
not leave death unresisted, nor would it be 
easy to prove that a homicide from bleeding 
too much is worse than the same misfortune 
from bleeding too little. He has been often 
represented, not only as neglecting the efforts 
of nature in the cure of disease, but as using a 
standing expression of contempt for them— 
“turn her out of a sick-room as you would a 
noisy cat.” This is true as far as it goes, but 
as it is not the whole truth, it becomes a false- 
hood. He always added—-“in violent diseases 
and in those of feeble reaction, where she is 
doing nothing but mischief.” No man ever 
attended to the indications of nature more 
closely than he. In the syllabus of his lectures 
he has a chapter “on the operations of nature 
in the cure of diseases, and of the danger of 
trusting her in such as are violent.” A chap- 
ter also “on the advantages of observing the 
tendency of her operations in certain dis- 
eases.” On this subject he used to descant 
very largely, pointing out numerous instances 
in which nature was to be followed in her ef- 
forts. In one of his notes to Sydenham, he 
says, that “however excessive or deficient na- 
ture may be in her attempts to throw off febrile 
diseases, she rarely errs in pointing out the 
manner or emunctory in or through wliich they 
ought to be discharged. The business of a 
physician is to follow her, but it should be 
with depleting or cordial medicines, in order 
to assist, restrain, or invigorate her.” And 
Again he says: “One of the greatest attain- 
ments, and frequently the last in the practice 
of physic, is to know when to do nothing.” 
In his Introductory for 1806 he recommends 
the old precept, paraphrased from Hippocrates, 
that “no medicine is sometimes the best med- 
icine,” saying that it is of “the utmost impor- 
tance, and generally the last attainment of 
skill in a physician’s life.” In accordance with 
these precepts, he often carefully inculcated 
that a portion of inflammation left after proper 
depletion, nature would safely wear away. 
His noble independence in practice can not 
be exaggerated; this was proverbial among 
his enemies. In dangerous cases, therefore, 
he was resolute, determined to pfersevere in 
the right through evil report, regardless of his 
reputation. If he was resisted, he would pro- 
pose a consultation or to give up the patient. 
This he often recommended to his class, assur- 
ing them that it would end to their advantage 
as well as to their peace of mind. His treat- 
ment of phthisis has been most grossly abused 
and then misrepresented. Bleeding, saliva- 
tion, and the stove-room, are said to be his 
radical remedies. It is true, he thought, that 
in the United States this disease is generally 
caused by half-cured catarrh and pneumonia; 
that, in the beginning, it is a mere chronic in- 
flammation, to be generally cured by the anti- 
phlogistic treatment. Now, during this course, 
seclusion from cold is important, and a little 
mercury may not be injurious, if there is no 
hereditary predisposition—a medicine fully 
admitted even by the renowned author of the 
“Chronic Inflammations.” Rush alludes no 
doubt to these cases when he says, “a saliva- 
tion generally succeeds in the recent disease.” 
He thought that genuine phthisis was always 
preceded by genuine debility, particularly in 
the blood vessels; that it was always, in its 
onset, a disease of the whole system; that it 
was to be prevented or cured only by chronic 
exercise in the open air as a tonic. He spends 
thirty pages of his two essays (“Inquiries and 
Observations,” third edition), in the vehement 
enforcing of this opinion; and he says, too, 
that if there exist a medicine adequate to the 
cure, it will be found in the class of tonics. 
He gives the signs of this predisposing debil- 
ity, and thinks it may be counteracted by flying 
the causes, by the use of tonics, and long- 
continued hard exercise or labor in the open 
and dry air. Rush’s ardent and benevolent 
mind rendered him very credulous with respect 
to the powers of medicine*; he was earnest in 
the cure of phthisis, and, like other men, not 
unwilling to believe any plausible story of the 
success of his own method. It is true, he 
thought he had himself made some cures by 
mercury, but here we must call to mind that the 
diagnosis was not then always certain, and that 
mere symptoms are often illusory. But respect- 
ing these cures, mark well what he says, after 
having set forth all his remedies except exer- 
cise : ‘ ‘Many of these under certain circumstances, 
I have said, have cured the disease, but I suspect 
that most of these cures have taken place only 
when the disease has partaken of an intermediate 
nature between a pneumonia and a true pulmonary 
consumption.''' He then begins to treat of exer- 
cise as almost the only hope. If we examine his 
two essays, we shall find that he spends thirty 
pages in vehemently trying to prove that chronic 
exercise in the open air is the only hope of a rad- 
ical cure; and that all medical apparatus are 
either preparatory to this in hopeful cases or 
merely palliative in those that are desperate. 
Dr. Carson, in his “History of the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia,” says: To trace the course of medical 
science through its phases of doctrines and 
opinions, from the commencement of the 
eighteenth century, when a remarkable im- 
pulse was given to it, to the time when Dr. 
Rush terminated his labors, would be an 
agreeable and instructive task. It would pre- 
sent the account of the contest between the 
lingering power of scholasticism, monkish cre- 
dulity, bigotry and dogmatism, and the teach- 
ings of experiment, observation and reason. 
In medicine, as in other sciences, the victory 
declared itself upon the side of humanity. 
There had previously been a fearful struggle, 
when death and the dungeon were the awards 
for the temerity of proclaiming God’s own 
natural revelations, and of reading, by means 
he had bestowed, the truths of science; yet 
through such a terrible ordeal had science 
passed, and placed its heel on superstition. 
The difficulty is great of being entirely freed 
from illusive dogmas and long-continued preju- 
dices, which have become a part of the mind 
itself, and tinctured its mode of operation and 
expression. This has been the case with 
medicine. The metaphysical connection be- 
tween the soul and body hung like an incubus 
upon all endeavors to ascertain the nature of 
the vital processes, and gave a bias to every 
effort to determine the secret of their produc- 
tion. For centuries the agency of the rational 
soul was the phantom of medical philosophers, 
who deviated from the natural history arrange- 
ment of the vital actions devised by Aristotle, 
and, not content to study them in their mani- 
festations to the senses, plunged headlong into 
the pit of blind, conjectural subtleties con- 
nected with causation. In this publication 
frequent mention has been made as to the for- 452 
.EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
eign origin of the physicians who first settled 
in the Colonies, and of the education of those 
who at an early period went abroad to the 
University of Leyden, where Boerhaave was 
the presiding genius. “He was the dictator of 
medical opinions, not only on the Continent, 
but in England, and hence their transfer across 
the Atlantic.” We have the authority of Dr. 
Rush for stating that until the period of the 
institution of our first medical school (1765), 
the system of Boerhaave governed the prac- 
tice of every physician in Philadelphia. This 
world-renowned physician was a vigorous re- 
former, and did yeoman’s service in exploding 
the fallacies of dogmas. “He was versed in 
the mathematical sciences and natural phi- 
losophy, and although too strongly mechanical 
in his notions, saw clearly the importance of 
bringing to bear upon medical inquiry a corre- 
lation of the sciences.” The whole system 
which he inculcated may be judged of from 
the creed which he uttered: “Let anatomy 
faithfully describe the parts and structure of 
the body; let the mathematician apply his 
particular science to the solids; let hydrostat- 
ics explain the laws of fluids in general, and 
hydraulics their actions as they move through 
given channels; and lastly, let the chemist add 
to all this whatever his art, when fairly and 
carefully applied, has been able to discover; 
and then, if I am not mistaken, we shall have 
a complete account of medical physiology.” 
But Boerhaave had not disabused himself of 
the belief in the animal spirits as a motor force, 
and although inferring that each motor nerve 
had a separate origin, and hence an office, he 
did not, in his physiological system, take very 
enlarged or correct views of the vital proper- 
ties of organized beings, or of the dependence 
of their properties on the state of the nerves. 
“When Cullen came into estimation as a 
teacher, he reigned supreme both in Great 
Britain and America. His views and opinions 
superseded those of Boerhaave, and were 
without challenge until the rise of the Bru- 
nonian system, a competitor for credence. 
From his immediate connection with Cullen 
as a pupil, Dr. Rush, as we have seen, returned 
to America imbued with his doctrines and 
warm in admiration of his mental qualities. 
But extensive observation, reading and reflec- 
tion had taught, in subsequent years, the en- 
thusiastic student that the line of speculation 
was not exhausted, and from a vast experience 
in the maladies of a new world, materials for 
thought were presented to him which were not 
dreamed of in Cullen’s philosophy.” Refer- 
ring to Dr. Rush, the same authority (Carson) 
previously quoted writes: “It is a difficult 
task, after the lapse of more than half a cen- 
tury, to enter fully into an estimate of the 
qualities of this brilliant teacher of the medi- 
cal sciences. We receive the impression of 
his ardor and enthusiasm from his early let- 
ters, when he first entered the portals of the 
temple of science, and we must appeal to the 
records of his life for the character he bore 
and the influence he exercised, when, in the 
position of priest, he ministered at its altar. 
For forty-four years he continued to expound 
the science of medicine to admiring listeners, 
attracted by the polish of his language, the 
smoothness of his diction, and the clearness 
of his expositions. As age advanced, he truly 
became the “old man eloquent,” and had the 
satisfaction of witnessing the progressive in- 
crease of the class in attendance upon his lect- 
ures, from the small number with which he 
began his career to over four hundred at its 
close. He died with the satisfaction of know- 
ing that the popularity that had been attend- 
ant upon his labors, and which had contrib- 
uted so much to the success of the university, 
had not ceased nor waned, for his eye was not 
dimmed, nor was his mental energy abated.” 
A careful review of the writings of Dr. Rush, 
and of the testimony of those who have lis- 
tened to his teaching, by no means justify those 
cases of horrible salivation or exhaustive effu- 
sions of blood from debilitated patients perpe- 
trated by others after his death. Although 
these unwise therapeutic measures have re- 
sulted in the defamation of this skillful and 
conservative physician, and caused him cen- 
sure by enemies for methods and offenses un- 
sanctioned by his precept or example, yet such 
is the tribute this great man pays for his high 
position in the temple of fame. Referring to 
the professional work of the subject of this 
memoir, one of his biographers says: be 
inquired what Rush did for medicine, we an- 
swer, more than any other, except Jenner and 
Laennec—men rather fortunate than great- 
more than the present generation of physicians 
can possibly comprehend; but whoever might 
attempt to show this would have to deplore 
the want of his manuscript lectures, without 
which all he could say would prove defective 
and lame. He taught more correctly than 
Brown all that can ever be known of the causes 
of life, all that can ever be useful; and that 
here all further inquiry is stopped, that here 
the presumptuous mind is arrested—“thus far 
shalt thou go and no farther.” He taught how 
to reason on the correlations of excitability 
and stimuli adopting all that was true in 
Brown’s system, and carefully showing those 
errors thereof which have sadly deluded Eu- 
ropean writers. Brown made war on nosology 
without entire success, because his system was 
complicated with errors; Rush entirely de- 
stroyed this mortiferous monster, and taught 
us to consider diseases in their mutual rela- 
tions, their causes, combinations, conversions, 
translations. He showed the precipitate delu- 
sions which very often arise from the naming 
of a disease, and the blind, headlong practice 
sometimes resulting therefrom. Nomenclature, 
it is true, remains in part and ,must remain 
forever a necessary evil; but Rush ought to 
have the honor of showing its delusions with 
more success than Brown—the honor of bruis- 
ing some of the hydra’s heads and of guarding 
posterity against the rest. Two vehement at- 
tempts have been made since his death to re- 
vive the evils of nosology in America, but they 
have utterly failed. The principal reason ad- 
duced by these authors—Caldwell and Ho- 
sack—is the fact, cheerfully conceded, that sys- 
tem is found useful in the several departments 
of natural history to assist the memory; but 
poor indeed must be that memory and utterly 
unfit for any profession, that can not embrace 
all diseases in whatever detail. But the nosolo- 
gists can not agree in their genera and species; 
moreover they must coin new names, as does 
Mason Good, from Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, 
Coptic, Arabic—all these to help the memory, 
that needs no help. Well did Rush exclaim 
from his pulpit—where was human reason 
when it was adopted, where was the mighty 
genius of Sydenham when he proposed it?” EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
453 
Rush taught more clearly than any other the 
utility of attending to the remote, predispos- 
ing, and exciting causes of disease. He as- 
siduously shows how men may pass through a 
long epidemic, fully possessed by the remote 
and predisposing causes, and yet escape an 
attack by simply guarding against the exciting 
causes. In no other book is this fact so strongly 
urged; it is the result of his meditations on 
the doctrine of life. He carefully showed how 
far and in what states of the system nature is 
to be trusted—when she is to be encouraged 
and when restrained. Hippocrates says, “the 
physician is the servant of nature;” this was 
true in his time, but the art has been so far 
improved that nature is now the servant of the 
physician. He reasons and wills, which she 
does not. The dispute might be settled by 
calling them co-laborers, “each needing the 
help of the other,” as Sallust says of the com- 
parative value of mind and body in war. Rush 
taught that diseases of violent reaction must 
be brought down to a level Avith nature’s salu- 
tary efforts; that in those of feeble reaction, 
the system must be raised to the same point; 
that in diseases, however, where she was do- 
ing nothing but mischief, she was to be coun- 
teracted entirely. The careless or perverse 
reader is apt to think that his whole treatment 
consists in lowering or raising the system, in 
adding to, or in taking from—the prosthesis kai 
aphairesis of his Coan master. Even Dr. Ram- 
say is guilty of this unpardonable error; and 
if this able man could make such blunders, 
what may not be expected from common 
minds? To correct this error, it is only neces- 
sary to look into Rush’s syllabus of therapeu- 
tics. He taught more clearly and urgently 
than any other to distinguish diseases and 
their effects. Inflammation was called a dis- 
ease; he called it an effect of disease, error 
loci, red blood in serous vessels; hence he es- 
caped all the self-tormenting unprofitable folly 
of inquiring, what is inflammation?—a ques- 
tion that can never be answered. To go be- 
hind this error loci, inquiring into the mys- 
teries of the formal cause, must forever "be 
vain; as well might you inquire, as Newton 
vainly did, what is the cause of attraction and 
repulsion. Almost every disease destroys by 
some ascertainable effects, very seldom does 
any annihilate directly the excitability; and 
as the principal deadly effect of fever is in- 
flammation, to prevent this he summoned his 
utmost energy. He had learned from a French 
writer two words, of which he made frequent 
use—-centrifugal and centripetal; hence all his 
hopes in yellow fever and other centripetal 
diseases were placed in timely depletion, or 
revulsion,'or in changing the deadly excite- 
ment by mercury. Here is one of the diseases 
in which the physician is the master, his rea- 
son directing; nature is the servant, acting by 
necessity and of herself doing nothing but 
mischief. Had Rush lived to see Broussais’ 
book, he would have hailed the pathological 
portions thereof with delight, his entire medi- 
cal soul harmonizing therewith. Pie has done 
much service to medicine by teaching that de- 
bility is to be looked upon as a predisposing 
cause of disease. In this he departed from 
Brown, who considered predisposition as the 
beginning and part of the disease itself, and 
that the causes thereof are the same that cause 
the Idisease. If it be argued that Brown is 
right, as shown by contagion, we answer, no; 
for even here debility predisposes to an easy 
infection. Nor was Rush so stupid as not to 
teach that the remote cause is often so strong as 
to seize upon the robust, as does contagion, thus 
being at once the remote and predisposing and 
exciting cause. Brown’s predisposition appears 
to be the irritation of later times. He taught 
the peculiarities of American diseases, show- 
ing that we are not to be guided wholly by 
English books. He found the Philadelphia 
constitutions similar to those of London in the 
seventeenth century, hence he drew his prac- 
tice from Sydenham. From him he learned 
to distinguish debility from depression; and 
as this last is a frequent symptom in our fevers, 
he lectured on it with great care and effect. 
This is one of the most difficult of diagnoses, 
requiring much experience and precarious ra- 
tiocination ; nor will these secure the anxious 
doctor from error in every case. Nothing in 
the cure of fever shows so strongly the truth 
of Hippocrates’ first aphorism,—“life is short, 
the art long—judgment is difficult—opportu- 
nity fleeting—experiment dangerous.” Rush 
amplified and elucidated what he had learned, 
certainly bringing forward more for serious 
consideration than any other writer. It is im- 
possible to set forth in this brief biography all 
that he did for medicine; but we must not 
omit to state the great impulse he gave to the 
study thereof in his own country. It was his 
greatness in teaching and waiting that brought 
students from great distances to Philadelphia, 
and made that city the metropolis of medical 
science in the United States. They came, they 
admired, they loved, they believed. AVhen 
Charles Caldwell came from Carolina in the 
year 1792, a talented, hopeful, aspiring youth, 
he looked with ineffable contempt on all the 
introductory lectures, except that of Rush. 
This filled him with medical enthusiasm and 
even with the hope of raising himself to the 
same bright eminence. We have referred 
above to Caldwell where he says, in his eight- 
ieth year, that he had profited more from Rush 
than from all other physicians, whether living 
or dead; not so much, however, in the amount 
of learning as in the cultivation of his medi- 
cal mind,—his greatest comfort during a very 
long, ambitious, and laborious life. The fame 
of Dr. Rush was such as to make him a mem- 
ber of nearly every medical, literary, and be- 
neficent institution in his country ; he was dis- 
tinguished also by many honors from Europe. 
He was a member of the Society of Arts and 
Sciences of Milan, of the Society of the Na- 
turae Curiosorum, of the National Institute of 
France, of the School of Medicine of Paris; 
he was created LL.D. by Yale College, was 
treasurer of the United States Mint from 1799 
to his death, when, in memory of him, the 
office was given to his son; thus it remained 
in his family thirty years, through the official 
terms of four Presidents. He was addressed 
by the Prussian Government on the subject of 
yellow fever, receiving from the king a coro- 
nation medal, as a compliment for his answer. 
He received the thanks of the King of Spain 
for his answer to queries on the same subject. 
He received a gold medal from the Queen of 
Etruria as a mark of respect for his medical 
character and writings. The Emperor of Rus- 
sia presented him on the same account with a 
costly diamond ring. His writings are nu- 
merous, and may be set forth here, showing in 
what state they were originally found in the 454 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
book stores. Between the years of 1789 and 
1804 he published five volumes of what he en- 
titled “Medical Inquiries and Observations.” 
Of these he printed in 1805 a second edition 
in four volumes, in 1809 a third edition in 
four volumes, and they have often been re- 
printed since his death. They comprehend 
the following: “An Inquiry into the Cause of 
Animal Life,” “Natural History of Medicine 
among the Indians of North America,”—read 
before the American Philosophical Society in 
1774; “Inquiry into the Influence of Physical 
Causes on the Moral Faculty,”—read to the 
Philosophical Society, 1786; “On the Influ- 
ence of the American Revolution on the Hu- 
man Body and Mind,” “An Inquiry into 
the Relation of Tastes and Aliments to each 
other, and into the Influence of this Relation 
to Health and Pleasure;” “Result of Observa- 
tions made on the Diseases of the Military 
Hospitals During the Revolutionary War;” 
“An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits 
on the Body and Mind;” “Observations on 
Tetanus;” “On Diseases Caused by Drinking 
Cold Water;” “On the Cure of Several Dis- 
eases by the Extraction of Decayed Teeth;” 
“Upon Worms and Anthelmintic Medicines;” 
“On Arsenic in the Cure of Cancer;” “An In- 
quiry into the Cause and Cure of Sore Legs;” 
“Observations on the Duties of a Physician, 
and on the Methods of Improving Medicine;” 
“On the State of the Body and Mind in Old 
Age;” “On the Climate of Pennsylvania;” 
“Two Essays on Consumption;” “On the 
Cause and Cure of Dropsies;” “On Internal 
Dropsy of the Brain;” “On the Cause and 
Cure of Gout;” “On the Cause and Cure of 
Hydrophobia;” “On the Cause and Cure of 
Cholera Infantum;” “Observations on Cynan- 
che Trachealis;” “Account of the Remitting 
Fever of 1780;” “An Account of the Scarla- 
tina in 1783 and 1784;” “On the Measles of 
1789;” “Account of the Influenza from 1789 
to 1791;” “Outlines of the phenomena of Fe- 
ver;” “His Various Histories of the Yellow 
Fever in Philadelphia, from 1793 to 1796;” 
“Histories of the Yellow Fever in Philadel- 
phia, from 1797 to 1805;” “An Account of the 
Measles in Philadelphia,” 1801; “An Account 
of the Diseases in Philadelphia, from 1806 to 
1809, inclusive;” “An Inquiry into the Vari- 
ous Sources of Summer and Autumnal Dis- 
eases in the United States, and the Means of 
Preventing Them;” “Facts to Prove Yellow 
Fever not Contagious;”“A Defense of Blood- 
letting;” “An Inquiry into the Comparative 
State of Medicine in Philadelphia, between 
the years 1760 and 1809;” A volume of “Essays, 
Literary, Moral, and Philosophical,” originally 
published in the periodicals of the day; col- 
lected and published in one volume (1798), and 
frequently republished. The volume consists 
of “A Plan for Establishing Public Schools 
in Pennsylvania, and for Conducting Educa- 
tion Agreeably to a Republican Form of Gov- 
ernment,” 1786; “Of the Mode of Education 
Proper in a Republic;” “Observations on the 
Study of the Ancient Languages, with Hints 
of a Plan of Liberal Instruction without them, 
Accommodated to a Republic;” “Thoughts on 
the Amusements and Punishments Proper in 
Schools;” “Thoughts on Female Education, 
Accommodated to the Present State of Society, 
Manners, and Government in the United 
States;” “A Defense of the Bible as a School- 
book;” “An Address to Ministers of the Gos- 
pel of every Denomination, upon Subjects In- 
teresting to Morals;” “An Inquiry into the 
Consistency of Oaths with Reason and Christian- 
ity;” “An Inquiry into the Consistency of the 
Punishment of Murder by Death with Reason 
and Revelation;” “A Plan of a Peace Office for 
the United States;” “Information to Europeans 
Disposed to Migrate to the United States; ” “An 
Account of the Progress of Population, Agri- 
culture, Manners, and Government in Pennsyl- 
vania;” “An Account of the German Inhabi- 
tants of Pennsylvania;” “Thoughts on Com- 
mon Sense ;” “An Account of the Vices Peculiar 
to the Indians of North America; ” “Observa- 
tions upon the Influence of Tobacco upon 
Health, Morals, and Property; ” “An Account 
of the Sugar-Maple Tree of the United States;” 
“The Life and Death of Edward Drinker, 
aged 103 Years; ” “Remarkable Circumstances 
in the Life of Ann Woods, a Woman of Nine- 
ty-six years;” “Biographical Anecdotes of 
Benjamin Lay; ” “Biographical Anecdotes of 
Anthony Benezet;” “Paradise of Negro 
Slaves—a Dream;” “Eulogium on Dr. Cul- 
len;” “Eulogium on Rittenhouse; ” six in- 
troductory lectures published in 1801, to which 
ten others were added and published in 1811; 
“Medical Inquiries and Observations on Dis- 
eases of the Mind,” 1812; “The Works of 
Sydenham, Pringle, Cleghorn/and Hillary,” 
published during the last three years of his 
life, with original notes. No portion of his 
MS. lectures has been published since his 
death. “Sermons to Young Men on Temper- 
ance and Health,” 1770; “Two Essays against 
Negro Slavery,” 1771, and numerous contribu- 
tions to medical journals. The same to the 
newspapers and magazines of the passing time 
on literary subjects; during the war, on politics 
and the establishment of the general and State 
governments. Among these may be noted his 
four letters to the people of Pennsylvania on 
the constitution of 1776; also his vehement de- 
nunciation of the test law; a highly inter- 
esting and instructive memoir of Christopher 
Ludwick, baker-general of the Revolutionary 
Army, republished by the Charity School So- 
ciety of Philadelphia. It does not appear that 
Rush was ever ambitious of the elegant style 
of professedly literary men; perspicuity and 
vigor were enough for his purpose, and these 
are all that he appears to have sought. In 
pursuing these, however, he attained, and that 
very early, a style of uncommon beauty and 
various excellence. He used to commend Swift 
as the best model for general use; but if he 
took this fluent and careless writer for his own 
imitation, it must be confessed that he greatly 
surpassed his master in polish and grammar. 
Rush’s style is natural and easy, fluent and 
perspicuous, lively and vigorous;' his idiom is 
pure, for he knew enough of both ancient and 
modern tongues to guard himself against im- 
purities in our polyglot English. He never in- 
troduces new words nor does he fantastically 
modify old ones, as some of our medical au- 
thors now do; but taking the language as 
others used it, he found it sufficient to all his 
ideas and to all his notions of beauty. He 
makes no struggling attempts at elegance, 
shows no ambition of plucking flowers on 
Helicon; yet the mere fervor of his subject 
sometimes makes him highly eloquent, ap- 
parently in contrariety to his own intentions. 
In every work of his there is much to praise 
and little to blame; his beauties are many, of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
455 
deformities he has not one. As Johnson wrote 
on Goldsmith tomb, nihil quod tetigit non ornavit, 
whatever he touched upon he was sure to 
adorn; hence his works abound in what 
Lucretius calls the aurea dicta, those golden 
sentences which every reader of taste will 
stop to admire and even commit to memory. 
In all his writings his resolute and fearless 
mind was generally admired; and it does not 
appear that he wrote for either present or 
posthumous fame, but for the present benefit 
of suffering humanity. This he did with a 
fearless mind, for many of his startling and 
novel thoughts, such as are sure to offend, and 
are therefore suppressed by the timid and 
wary, were published by him in Philadelphia 
while yet a young man and a candidate for 
popular favor. Some affect to look upon his 
novel thoughts as rather superficial; to this he 
himself would not have objected, for it was his 
opinion that many truths which have often 
been sought for at great depths, are not unfre- 
quently found on the surface: as a great writer 
says, “the reader of the Seasons wonders that 
he never saw before what Thomson shows 
him, and that he had never felt what Thomson 
impresses,” so the student is surprised to find 
that what he had sought in vain by the deep- 
est reasoning, is shown by Rush as obvious to 
common perception. But what is above all 
other fame, there runs through his works, and 
did through his lectures, such a vein of humble 
piety and cordial devotion as must have im- 
pressed many a youthful, careless, or doubting 
mind with the truth of revelation, and thus 
have sown the seeds of faith, to spring up and 
ripen their fruit through all succeeding time. 
Of such it is said by Divine authority, “they 
shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, 
and as the stars forever and ever.” 
SAFFORD, James Merrill, of Nashville, 
Tenn., was born in Zanesville, 0., August 13, 
1822. He graduated A. B. in 1844 and A. M. 
in 1848, from the Ohio University, at Athens, 
Ph. D. from Yale College, in 1868, and M. D. 
in 1872 from the Medical Department of the 
University of Nashville. He became con- 
nected, in 1848, with the Cumberland Univer- 
sity, at Lebanon, Tenn., as Professor of Chem- 
istry and Natural History, and in 1873 with the 
Faculty of the Medical Department of the Un- 
iv rsity of Nashville as Professor of Chemistry. 
In 1874 this faculty also became the Faculty 
of the Medical Department of the Vanderbilt 
University. He has been State geologist of 
Tennessee for many years, and is now Profes- 
sor of Natural History in Vanderbilt Univer- 
sity. He is also vice-president of the Tennes- 
see State Board of Health. Dr. Safford’s pub- 
lications are chiefly of a geological character. 
SANDS, Henry Berton, of New York, was 
born in that city, September 27,1830, and died 
there November 18, 1888. His preparatory 
education was obtained at a high school in that 
city, and his medical education at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York,whence 
he graduated M. D. in 1854, and established 
himself immediately after in New York in 
general practice, but giving special attention 
to surgery. He contributed articles on profes- 
sional subjects to the New York medical and 
surgical journals. He was a member of the 
New York Medical and Surgical Society; and 
of the New York County Medical and Patho- 
logical Societies; was president of the second- 
named from 1874 to 1876, and of the last-named 
during 1866-67, and was president of the New 
York Surgical Society in 1883. From 1860 to 
1870 he was business partner of Dr. Willard 
Parker. He has held the position of House- 
physician, and, in 1854-55, House-surgeon to 
Bellevue Hospital. He then visited Europe, 
and. returning in the autumn of 1856, became 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, a position 
he retained for ten years. In 1881 he was made 
Attending Surgeon to the New York Eye In- 
firmary, and St. Luke’s Hospital; these he 
retained until 1863. He was also Attending 
Surgeon in Bellevue Hospital, from 1866 to 
1876, and at the Stranger’s Hospital from 1869 
to 1871. He was Consulting Surgeon to St. 
Luke’s Hospital; Attending Surgeon to Roose- 
velt Hospital and the New York Hospi- 
tal ; and Professor of Anatomy in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
from 1867 till 1879, and then became Pro- 
fessor of Surgery in that institution. Dr. 
Sands was widely known as a successful op- 
erating surgeon. Among the descriptions of 
operations that he has contributed to surgical 
literature may be mentioned: “Case of Cancer 
of the Larynx, Successfully Removed by 
Laryngotomy,” 1865; “Aneurism of the Sub- 
Clavian, Treated by Galvano-Puncture,” 1869; 
“Case of Traumatic Bronchial Neuralgia, 
Treated by Excision of the Cords which go to 
form the Bronchial Plexus;” “Case of Bony 
Anchylosis of the Hip-joint Successfully 
Treated by Subcutaneous Division of the Neck 
of the Femur,” 1873; “Esmarch’s Bloodless 
Method,” 1875; “Treatment of Intussuscep- 
tion by Abdominal Section,” 1877; “The 
Question of Trephining in Injuries of the 
Head,” 1883; and “Rupture of the Ligament- 
urn Patellae, and its Treatment by Opera- 
tions,” 1885. 
SATTERLEE, Richard Sherwood, of New 
York, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer county, 
N. Y., December 6,1798, and died in the former 
city November 10, 1880. His father was Maj. 
William Satterlee, who died of wounds received 
at the battle of the Brandywine, a few months 
after his son’s birth. His grandfather was,one 
of the sufferers at the massacre of Wyoming. 
After graduating, he commenced the practice 
of medicine, in 1818, in Seneca county, N. Y., 
but subsequently removed to Detroit, then in 
the territory of Michigan. The association 
with army officers there, and the remembrance 
of his father’s military career, which had 
always inclined him to a military life, led him 
to accept the position of attending surgeon in 
a neighboring garrison. He accompanied Gov- 
ernor Lewis Cass to Washington a few months 
after, and by the Governor’s influence with 
Mr. Calhoun, then Secretary of War, and with 
Dr. Lovell, Surgeon-General of the United 
States Army, obtained the appointment of 
Assistant Surgeon United States Army in Feb- 
ruary, 1822. His first official duties were per- 
formed on the Niagara frontier, then on the 
lakes and Indian Territory. In 1837 he ac- 
companied the troops to the Florida war, and 
was assigned to duty as medical director on 
the staff of Gen. (then Col.) Taylor, of the First 
Infantry. He took active part in the war 
against the Seminole Indians, and after the 
battle of Okechobee joined the headquarters of 
Gen. Scott, in the Cherokee campaign in 1838. 
After two years’ service on the Canada fron- 
tier he returned to Florida, to active duty 456 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
there, and after a lapse of two years, during 
which he was stationed on the sea-board, he 
accompanied the troops, in 1846, to Mexico, 
joining Gen. Scott at the rendezvous on Lobos 
Island; he landed with him at Yera Cruz, in 
1847, and was immediately assigned to duty 
under Gen. Worth as Chief Surgeon of the 
First Division of Regulars, serving with him 
during the capture of Vera Cruz, the battles of 
Cerro Gordo, Cherubusco, Molina del Rey, the 
storming of Chapultepec and the gates of 
Mexico. On the occupation of the city he was 
made medical director of the army, on the 
staff of Gen. Scott, and commenced, with the 
aid of his associate surgeons, the establish- 
ment of hospitals for the sick and wounded. 
He continued here till the treaty of Guada- 
loupe-Hidalgo was signed, and then joined the 
staff of Gen. Butler, who had succeeded Gen. 
Scott in his command. Being relieved from 
duty with the army in Mexico, he reported in 
Washington, and after another brief service 
on the sea-board, left New York with the Third 
Regiment of Artillery, in the “San Francisco,” 
to make the voyage to California round Cape 
Horn. After the wreck of this vessel in the 
Gulf Stream, and the return to New York of 
the troops who were on board of her, in Feb- 
ruary, 1853, he was assigned to duty as medi- 
cal purveyor of the army, a position which he 
held till the close of the War of the Rebellion. 
Having now advanced to the head of the list 
of army surgeons, he was, in 1866, made brevet 
brigadier-general, “for diligent care and atten- 
tion in procuring proper army supplies as med- 
ical purveyor, and for economy and fidelity in 
disbursing large sums of money.” Under the 
operation of the law making the “Peace Es- 
tablishment,” he became chief medical pur- 
veyor of the army, during which time he dis- 
bursed and accounted for nearly twenty mil- 
lions of dollars. He was retired by President 
Johnson in the last days of his administration. 
The active duties of Gen. Satterlee in a peace- 
ful branch of the military profession prevented 
his giving that exclusive attention to any spe- 
cial department of the medical profession. 
The noted care of the troops under his charge 
and their efficient organization speak for him 
as a surgeon and a physician as well as an or- 
ganizer. 
SAYRE, Lewis Albert, of New York City, 
was born at Bottle Hill, now Madison, Mor- 
ris county, New Jersey, on February 29, 1820. 
He came of a family long and honorably known 
in that section of the country, his grandfather, 
Ephraim Sayre, having been a quartermaster 
in the Revolution, and a devoted patriot, at 
whose house Washington made his headquar- 
ters previous to the battle of Springfield. His 
father, Archibald Sayre, was a wealthy farmer 
of Morris county, prominent in local affairs, 
and a worthy member of the community. The 
son received his primary education at the local 
academy, and was subsequently placed under 
the tuition of a cousin, Edward A. Stiles, a 
graduate of Yale, and, at a latter period, Su- 
perintendent of Public Education for New 
Jersey, who at that time presided over Want- 
age Seminary, at Deckertown, N. J. Young 
Sayre spent two years at that institution, and 
then went to live with an uncle, David A. 
Sayre, a banker, in Lexington, Ky. He at- 
tended Transylvania University, and after 
passing through the full course of study, was 
graduated in 1839. His uncle had hoped that 
he would devote his life to the ministry, but 
the gifts of nature, and a set purpose, drew 
him in another direction. Medicine was his 
ambition, and going east again he began its 
study under Dr. David Green, of New York. 
He then entered the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, and in 1842 received the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine, presenting, at graduation, 
a thesis on “Spinal Irritation,” that was recog- 
nized as an evidence of unusual ability, and 
was published in the Western Journal of Medi- 
cine and Surgery., Dr. Sayre immediately re- 
ceived the appointment of Prosector of Sur- 
gery, under Prof. Willard Parker, in the insti- 
tution from which he had just graduated, and 
in 1852, being compelled to resign because of 
his extensive practice, he was appointed Em- 
eritus Prosector. In 1853 he was appointed 
Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital, and in 1859 Sur- 
geon to the Charity Hospital on Blackwell’s 
Island, and of this institution he became Con- 
suiting Surgeon in 1873. He was one of the 
prime movers in the organization of the Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College, in 1861, and 
upon the formation of its Faculty was made 
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Fractures 
and Luxations, and afterward of Clinical Sur- 
gery, which chairs he yet fills. Dr. Sayre was 
also one of the founders of the New York 
Pathological Society, and active in the forma- 
tion of the New York Academy of Medicine 
and the American Medical Association, and 
was elected vice-president of the latter in 1866, 
and president in 1880. The address delivered 
by Dr. Sayre at the thirty-first annual session, 
held at New York in June of that year, and 
published in the Transactions of the Associa- 
tion, is a model of its kind in its terseness and 
clearness of expression, and illustrative of 
his views upon important questions. In 
1866, Dr. Sayre was appointed Resident Phy- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
457 
sician of the City of New York, and made 
great efforts for the improvement of the hy- 
gienic conditions of the city. His reports to 
the board of health upon cholera, compulsory 
vaccination, drainage, sewerage and other 
questions of vital import show a careful con- 
sideration of the best interests of the commu- 
nity, and a thorough knowledge of the sub- 
ject of hygiene. In 1876, Dr. Sayre was ap- 
pointed by the American Medical Association 
a delegate to the International Medical Con- 
vention, held at Philadelphia in the same 
year. In that learned body he read a paper 
on “Morbus Coxarius,” or hip-joint disease, 
having been the first American surgeon who 
performed the operation for the remedy of this 
affection, with a successful result. Dr. Sayre 
also at this time performed the operation be- 
fore the congress, at the conclusion of which 
Prof. Lister remarked: “I feel that this 
demonstration would of itself have been a 
sufficient reward for my voyage across the 
Atlantic.” His first operation was per- 
formed in 1854, and reported in the 
Neio York Journal of Medicine for Jan- 
uary, 1855. Although others had tried before 
him, this was the first successful operation in 
America, and was, indeed, a success in every 
respect, the deformity being slight, and motion 
perfect. He has since performed this difficult 
operation seventy-three times. In 1871 Dr. 
Sayre made a visit to Europe, and widened 
and extended his professional fame on that 
side of the sea. By special invitation he lect- 
ured upon hip-joint diseases and its remedy 
before several medical societies, who extended 
a warm welcome, and greeted his demonstra- 
tions with marked enthusiasm. Of late years 
he has given much attention to the treatment 
of Potts’ disease, and lateral curvature of the 
spine. His method being by suspension of the 
body, and the application of plaster-of-Paris 
bandages, in Potts’ disease, from which the 
most astonishing results have been obtained. 
In lateral curvature the same treatment with 
the addition of proper gymnastic exercises, is 
followed by the greatest success. In 1877 he 
was appointed by the American Medical Asso- 
ciation a delegate to the British Medical Asso- 
ciation, held at Manchester, England, in the 
same year. The fame of his wonderful suc- 
cess in the healing of spinal affections had pre- 
ceded him, and, as upon former occasions, he 
was invited to lecture before the leading medi- 
cal societies and at the principal hospitals. In 
London he gave lectures upon, and demon- 
strations of, his mode of treatment, at the Uni- 
versity College Hospital, Guy’s, St. Bartholo- 
mew’s, St. Thomas’ and the Royal Orthopedic. 
He subsequently accepted invitations from 
Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and Cork, 
at each of which places he lectured and gave 
demonstrations, being afforded abundant op- 
portunities for public tests of the value of his 
mode of treatment and appliances, and being 
greeted with great cordiality by his profes- 
sional brethren. At one of his lectures, before 
the British Medical Association, he received 
the most flattering acknowledgments of that 
body, in an editorial comment by the British 
Medical Journal of August 18, 1877, as follows: 
“Resolutions were carried by acclamation 
warmly thanking him for the generous and de- 
voted course which he pursued in spending so 
large an amount of time and trouble in bring- 
ing under the notice of the profession in this 
country the methods and details of proceed- 
ings, by which he carried out his treatment of 
angular and lateral curvature of the spine, 
which constitutes a new era in that depart- 
ment of surgery, and of which the already 
proved success entitles us to say that this 
method of treatment will prove an estimable 
boon to thousands of persons now and here- 
after.” The Lancet of July 4, 1877, in con- 
cluding a most complimentary notice of his 
demonstrations and lectures at the University 
College Hospital of London, said: “We are 
not blind to the fact that much of the success 
obtained is due to Dr. Sayre’s own rare physi- 
ological and mechanical skill, but his princi- 
ples are as sound physically as their applica- 
tion is mechanically expert, and we thank 
him most heartily for the trouble he has taken 
in England to illustrate and enforce them.” A 
correspondent of the Medical Becord, Septem- 
ber 5, 1877, speaking of Dr. Sayre’s demonstra- 
tion at Manchester, says; “He spoke an hour 
and a half, in a manner which delighted these 
men amazingly. They expressed their grati- 
fication in the most complimentary terms 
which could be employed. They declared, and 
with great earnestness, that Prof. Sayre, by 
his lectures and demonstrations in the surgical 
treatment of spinal deformities, and the unani- 
mous thanks of the association were tendered 
him amid applause which was little less than 
deafening.” While abroad upon this occasion 
Dr. Sayre prepared “An Illustrated Treatise 
on Spinal Disease and Lateral Curvature,” 
which he dedicated to the medical profession 
of Great Britain, in grateful acknowledgment 
of their generous and cordial reception. As a 
lecturer, Dr. Sayre’s style is very vigorous and 
clear, terseness and simplicity adding to its 
impressiveness, while his ready logic and 
power of illustration, with his rich fund of 
humor and fancy, stamp him as one peculiarly 
endowed for imparting instruction. His many 
professional writings are marked by the same 
characteristics, and seldom fail to convey the 
full meaning of the author. The following are 
some of the principal contributions to medical 
literature: “Chorea Induced by Mental Anx- 
iety;” “Cases of Chronic Abscess in the Cellu- 
lar Tissue of the Peritoneum “Spina Bifida, 
the Tumor Removed by Ligature;” “Case of 
Perforation of the Rectum, Followed by an Ex- 
tensive Ischio Rectal Abscess and Caries of the 
Coccyx, and Sacrum;” “Exsection of the 
Head of the Femur and Removal of the Upper 
Rim of the Acetabulum for Morbus Coxarius;” 
“Treatment of Croup by Inhalation of Steam;” 
“Lead Palsy from the Use of a Cosmetic;” 
“Mechanical Treatment of Chronic Inflamma- 
tion of the Joints of the Lower Extremities;” 
“Partial Paralysis from Reflex Irritation 
Caused by Congenital Phymosis;” “A Simple 
Dressing for Fracture of the Clavicle;” “On 
Anchylosis;” “Clinical Lectures on Disease of 
the Flip-Joint;” “Spinal Anemia, with Partial 
Paralysis and Want of Co-ordination from Ir- 
ritation of the Genital Organs;” “Report on 
FTactures;” “Report on Potts’ Disease, or 
Caries of the Spine Treated by Exten- 
sion and Plaster-of-Paris Bandage;” “On 
Disease of the Knee-Joint;” “On the Dele- 
terious Results of a Narrow Prepuce 
and Preputial Adhesions;” “Spondylitis 
and Rotary Latern Curvature of Spine;” 
“On the Necessity of Cutting Contractured 
Tissues in Cases c * Deformity before Traction 458 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
is Attempted;” “Results in Cases of Hip-Joint 
Disease Treated by the Portable Traction 
Splint.” This paper, which was published in 
the New York Medical Journal, April 30, 1892, 
presents a series of cases of hip-joint disease 
treated in this country and Europe -without 
immobilization, except during the inflamma- 
tory stage of the affection, and the perfect 
cures reported renders it a most valuable con- 
tribution to orthopedic surgexy. Other papers 
than these might be mentioned, but enough 
have been named to clearly show the variety of 
his surgical labors, and the width of the field 
in which he has so successfully worked. Dr. 
Sayre has also published “A Practical Manual 
of the Treatment of Club-foot,” which is 
highly esteemed and has already passed 
through several editions, and “Lectures on Or- 
thopedic Surgery and Diseases of the Joints,” 
a large volume of some five hundred pages, 
illustrated by nearly three hundred wood cuts, 
which is regarded as the leading authority in 
that department of surgery, and which has not 
only reached its second edition, but has been 
translated into French, German and Spanish, 
and also into the Japanese language. Some 
years ago the British Medical Journal (which is 
probably the highest authority recognized by 
the medical world), in speaking of a recent 
German translation of this work, said: “Dr. 
Sayre’s methods have now suclx universally 
recognized currency and value throughout 
English-speaking countries, and are so well 
known and largely practiced throughout Eu- 
rope, that it is surprising these valuable lect- 
ures have not before been translated into 
German. Time, which tries all things, has set 
its seal of emphatic and general approval botlx 
on the principles and methods which Dr. 
Sayre has ingeniously devised, ably illustrated 
and successfully carried into practice. He has 
removed a great mass of painful, tedious and 
almost incurable complaints into the region of 
curable and easily managed affections. He 
has substituted a simple and practical method, 
within the reach of every practitioner, for 
costly, complicated and heavy mechanical de- 
vices which were accessible only to the few, 
and which only imperfectly and occasionally 
fulfilled their objects. Few men have in their 
generation accomplished so much for the re- 
lief of humanity, and his name will go down 
to posterity, with that of Marion Sims, as 
among the most distinguished benefactors 
whom the American medical profession has 
produced for the glory of medicine and the 
good of mankind dui’ing this century.” Dr. 
Sayre’s wonderful success is not only recog- 
nized abroad, but tributes of a high character 
are paid him continually here at home, in 
these latter days. Out of the many that might 
be chosen, we select one, from the presidential 
address, delivered by Dr. E. H. Bradford, be- 
fore the Orthopedic Association, and pub- 
lished in the Boston Medical Journal of Sep- 
tember 26, 1889. After giving a history of 
orthopedic surgery from the beginning, he 
said: “It is scai’cely necessary to mention the 
name of Dr. Sayx’e in connection with the sub- 
ject of orthopedic surgery. His fame in this 
regard is world-wide; one achievement alone 
would be sufficient for his renown—the well- 
known plaster corset; but it is not for this, or 
for his able advocacy of excision, for which 
alone are due our special thanks, so much as 
to the one great fact of the influence he has 
exerted. It is to him we owe the wide-spread 
interest which brings help to us from all over 
the country. Orthopedic surgery is no longer 
-—thanks to the energy of Dr. Sayre, his brill- 
iancy as a writer and a teacher—a neglected 
branch of surgery. The surgeon no longer 
looks upon the treatment of orthopedic cases 
as a forlorn hope of despairing surgical duty, 
or as a matter to be relegated to the commer- 
cial instincts of the maker of trusses. Dr. 
Sayre has not only promoted the cause of 
the treatment of deformities; he has broad- 
ened the field of general surgery.” He is also 
the inventor of several instruments which have 
proved efficient aids to the surgeon, among 
which is the uvulatome, club-foot-shoe, scrotal 
clamp, flexible probe, improved tracheotomy 
tube, and various splints and appliances for 
use in orthopedic surgery, which liave proved 
of the highest value to tlie profession and of 
remarkable utility in the treatment of deform- 
ities. During Dr. Sayre’s first visit to Europe, 
in 1871-1872, he was created a Knight of the 
Order of Wasa by Charles IV., of Sweden, in 
recognition of his valuable services to science, 
the king being personally cognizant of the ac-, 
curacy of his method of diagnosis, and the 
success of his modes of treatment through the 
skill displayed by him in the case of a member 
of the royal family, whom he was called upon 
to attend. The Medical Society of Norway 
concurred in this action of the Swedish mon- 
arch by electing Dr. Sayre an honorary mem- 
ber. Dr. Sayre is yet engaged in the various 
labors of his profession, with a skill that has 
been heightened by years of experience and a 
vigor that has been strengthened by the suc- 
cess that has followed his labors in the past. 
In practice, in teaching to others, the knowl- 
edge he has learned, and with his pen, he is 
benefiting mankind through divers channels, 
and adding to the fame that was long since 
secure. In addition to the positions already 
enhmerated, he is consulting surgeon to St. 
Elizabeth’s Hospital and to the Northwestern 
Dispensary, and a member of the American 
Medical Association; the New York Academy 
of Medicine; the County Medical Society; 
New York County Medical Association; New 
Yoi’k State Medical Association; the New 
York Pathological Society, of which he has 
been president; an honorary member of the 
New Brunswick Society; and also an honorary 
member of those great European bodies, the 
British Medical Association, the Medico-Chi- 
i-urgical Society of Edinburgh, and the Medical 
Society of St. Petersbui’gh, Russia. He has been 
too busy in his profession to accept any posi- 
tions of a civic or political character, except a 
service from 1845 to 1861 as Surgeon General 
of the Fii'st Division of the New Yoi’k Militia. 
It may be said that Dr. Sayre’s great success 
in his profession is due primarily to a natural 
gift made effective in hard work; while the spe- 
cial featui’es of that success are an accuracy of 
observation, clearness and decision in making 
his diagnosis, promptness in execution when 
necessity requires, and the courage to do what 
he thinks ought to be done, and to abide by 
the consequences. A conversationalist of the 
highest order, social in his intercourse with 
his fellows, he has been, and is, one of the 
leaders in the great world of medicine and 
surgery. The position to which he has at- 
tained can be described in no better words, and 
certainly from no greater authority, than to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
459 
quote the conclusion of the remarks made by 
the eminent Dr. S. D. Gross, of Philadelphia, 
before the class of Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, on January 10, 1880, as stenographic- 
ally reported by Dr. G. F. Gundrum. Dr. Gross 
said: “Dr. Sayre has done wonders in the 
field of surgery. He has not only made a 
fame for himself throughout the civilized 
world, but'has also made a fame for the nation. 
I shall probably not be here, when he shall 
pass away, to write his biography—as I am a 
number of years older than he—to tell the 
world of his wonderful achievements; but he 
will need none, for the world is already his 
biographer. It has erected to him a monu- 
ment more durable than brass!” The emi- 
nence to which this famous representative of 
the medical profession of New York has at- 
tained, stands as the sum of two factors that 
have been conspicuous all through his career. 
A native genius for this particular work, that 
has kept him in it against all diverting calls, 
and a capacity for mental and physical labor 
that has brought the best possible results, 
whether in study, investigation, or the appli- 
cation of knowledge in actual practice. Men 
may leap to fame in some professions or occu- 
pations in a single hour; in that of medicine, 
years of proved capacity and a first call that 
might almost be said—as in the ministry—to 
have come from a voice higher than any of 
earth, are the essentials of such fame as a 
reputable man would have. Such recognition, 
in its best form, has long since come to Dr. 
Sayre, and the people know that it is deserved. 
SCHADLE, Jacob E., of St. Paul, Minn., 
was born of German-American parents in Clin- 
ton county, Pa., June 23, 1849. Until twenty 
years of age he worked on his father’s farm 
and attended school in the winter. At that 
age he entered the Millersburg State Normal 
School, defraying his expenses by teaching in 
the public and private schools. In the sum- 
mer of 1876 he entered the office of Dr. John 
S. Crawford, of Williamsport, Pa., as a stu- 
dent, and pursued his medical studies at Jef- 
ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from 
which institution he graduated in March, 1881. 
Dr. Schadle located as a general practitioner 
at Shenandoah, Pa., in September, 1881. He 
continued in general practice until the spring 
of 1885, when he took a post-graduate course 
in diseases of the upper respiratory tract, at 
Philadelphia, under the supervision of Dr. 
Charles E. Sajous, of that city. From this 
time he gave special attention to diseases of 
the nose and throat until 1887, when, having 
met with a considerable degree of success in 
that specialty, he determined to seek a more 
extensive field of operation. He accordingly 
moved to St. Paul, Minn., and limited his 
practice to diseases of the nose and throat. 
Since coming to his new home his success may 
be said to be little short of phenomenal. In 
less than four years he had built up a most ex- 
tensive practice in his specialty, and become 
known as one of the leading laryngologists and 
rhinologists in the northwest. In the spring of 
1884 an epidemic of small-pox broke out at 
Shenandoah, and Dr. Schadle was appointed 
by the Board of Health to take charge of it. 
By rigid q rarantine, and the establishment of 
a station ~o w filch all cases were taken as soon 
as recognizid, the epidemic was controlled in 
about thr. months, during which time he 
treated foi: . ue cases with ten deaths. For 
the public service thus rendered the Doctor 
received the most generous appreciation from 
the community. In 1886, while at the same 
place, the Doctor had the opportunity to treat 
five cases of mushroom poisoning, a report of 
which is given in the last number of the Medi- 
cal and Surgical Reporter for that year. As far 
as known he was the first to administer atropia 
as an antidote for mushroom poisoning in 
the human being. Dr. Schadle is consulting 
laryngologist to the City and County Hospital, 
and to St. Luke’s Hospital, St. Paul, and sur- 
geon-in-chief of the nose and throat depart- 
ment of the St. Paul Free Dispensary. He is 
a member of the following societies: The 
American Medical Association ; the Minnesota 
State Medical Society; the Ramsey County 
Medical Society, and the American Rhinologi- 
cal Association. Among his principal contribu- 
J. S. 
tions to medical literature are a paper on “The 
Relation of Spasmodic Asthma to Intra Nasal 
Disease” (New York Medical Record, 1888), 
and a paper on “The Effects of Cocaine on the 
Genital Organs” (Philadelphia Medical Reg- 
ister, 1889). He was the first to report this 
effect of cocaine. Perhaps his most important 
contribution was the report in the Journal of 
the American Medical Association, 1888, of a 
case of “Chorea of the Soft Palate,” due to a 
diseased state of the nasal fossae, together with 
its permanent cure by removal of the morbid 
tissue. 
SCHAFFER, Charles, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city February 4, 1838. Dr. 
Schaffer was educated by private tuition, and 
after studying medicine entered the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania 
and was graduated M. D. from that institution 
in 1859. He then settled in his native city 
where he has since remained engaged in the 
active duties of his profession. He is a mem- 
ber of the College of Physicians of Philadel- 
phia, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 460 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Sciences, and of the Historical Society of Phil- 
adelphia. 
SCHAEFFLER, Edward W., of Kansas City, 
Mo., son of Rev. W. G. Schauffler, D. D., a 
missionary to Turkey, was born at Vienna, 
Austria, September 11,1839. He was educated 
at Williams College, Mass., and after studying 
medicine entered the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York City, and was graduated 
M. D. from that institution in 1866. He prac- 
tised his profession one year in New York and 
has since 1868 been established in Kansas City. 
He is an active member of the American Med- 
ical Association, and was secretary of the Mis- 
souri State Medical Society from 1872 to 1876, 
and was then made vice-president of that organ- 
ization. From 1871 to 1874 he edited the Kansas 
City Medical Journal, and has published in this 
and other medical periodicals a number of mon- 
ographs and reports of professional interest. 
Dr. Schauffler was one of the translators of 
Ziemssen’s “Cyclopedia of the Practice of Med- 
icine.” He is Professor of the Principles and 
Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in 
the Kansas City Medical College, and president 
of the Faculty of that institution. 
SCOFIELD, Darius, of Washington, la., was 
born in Hadley, Saratoga county, N. Y., July 
31, 1834. He was educated at the Cambridge 
Academy, Washington county, N. Y. He en- 
tered the Albany Medical College in his native 
State and received his medical degree from that 
institution in 1858. He first established him- 
self at Corinth, N. Y., where he remained in 
general practice from 1859 to 1863, when he 
entered the Union Army as Assistant Surgeon. 
After the close of the Civil War he located at 
Daytonville, Ta., but removed to the city of his 
present residence in 1869. His medical educa- 
tion was supplemented by attending the Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College in 1877-’7B. He 
is a general practitioner, but has always devoted 
special attention to surgery and diseases of a 
surgical nature. He has served as physician of 
the commission of insanity for his county, and 
as medical examiner and surgeon for several 
life assurance and railroad companies. 
SCOTT,William, of Kokomo,lnd.,was born in 
Clark county, Ohio, April 22,1831. He was the 
eldest of a family of nine children. His father, 
Charles Scott, was a native of Pennsylvania, 
of Scotch-Irish descent, a son of Timothy H. 
and Hannah (White) Scott; his mother, Sarah 
(Bloxsom) Scott, was a native of Virginia. 
Dr. Scott’s father was by profession a school- 
teacher, under whose instructions he received 
his earlier education. At the age of eighteen 
years he entered the Marion Seminary, at 
Marion, Ind., where he took a four years’ 
course of study, teaching at intervals during 
this time. After completing his course there, 
he turned his attention to civil engineering for 
about one year. He assisted in surveying the 
present railroad line from Union City to Lo- 
gansport, Ind.—now a branch of the Pan- 
handle system. Dr. Scott began the study of 
medicine under the direction of Dr. William 
Lomax, of Marion, Ind., in 1853, remaining 
with him for about three years. In 1866 he 
removed to Greentown, Ind., and began the 
practice of medicine in connection with Dr. 
William J. Morgan. In 1857 he took his first 
course of lectures in the Ohio Medical College, 
at Cincinnati; after which he continued 
the practice of medicine at Greentown, until 
1862, when he graduated at Rush Medical Col- 
lege, Chicago. He afterwards supplemented 
his medical education by graduating from Belle- 
vue Medical Hospital College,in 1870. In 1862 he 
passed the required examination,and entered 
the service as contract surgeon in Hospital 
No. 14,in the Union Army. After serving in this 
capacity for a short time he was appointed 
Assistant Surgeon in the Eighty-ninth Indiana 
Volunteer Infantry, He was soon after made 
a Major-surgeon of the same regiment, in 
which capacity he served until the close of the 
war. In 1866 he located in Kokomo,lnd.,where 
he has since been engaged in the practice 
of his profession. In 1881 Dr. Scott accepted 
a call to the chair of Diseases of the Throat 
and Respiratory Organs in the Fort Wayne 
College of Medicine, which position he filled 
until 1883. He was then appointed Professor 
of Diseases of the Rectum and GenitoUrinary 
Organs, and filled that chair until 1888, when 
he resigned. He is a member of the Howard 
County Medical Society; the Indiana State 
Medical Society; the American Medical Asso- 
ciation ; the American Association of Railway 
Surgeons; a Member of the Kokomo Board 
of U. S. Pension Examiners, and Trustee of the 
Indiana Medical College, of Indianapolis, Ind. 
Dr. Scott was united in marriage to Miss Sarah 
R. Thorp, of Marion, Ind., in 1854, who de- 
parted this life in 1869. He was married to 
his present wife, Jennie E. Snorf, also of 
Marion, in 1871. He is the father of three liv- 
ing children by each wife, three sons and three 
daughters. 
SCOTT, Xenophon Christinas, of Cleveland, 
Ohio, was born at Hayesville, Ashland county, 
in the same State, December 4, 1842 He pre- 
pared for college at Vermillion Institute, 
Hayesville, and completed his collegiate course 
at Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pa., grad- 
uating A. B. in 1865, and A. M. i i 1868. He EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
461 
served two years in the army during the Re- 
bellion as a private, and afterwards as chief 
clerk in the quartermaster’s department of the 
Army of the Mississippi. He began studying 
medicine in 1864, during his last year in col- 
lege, under Dr. John Weaver (deceased); con- 
tinued his medical studies in Cleveland, under 
his uncle, Dr. D. H. Scott, and graduated M. 
D. at the Cleveland Medical College in 1867. 
From 1867 to 1869 he was connected with vari- 
ous New York and Brooklyn hospitals as Resi- 
dent Physician and Surgeon, and during this 
time studied diseases of the eye, ear and 
throat. In 1869 he took the degree of M. D. 
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
New York, and his thesis entitled “A New 
Method of Treating Fractures of the Forearm 
by Extension and Counter Extension and 
Forced Supination,” is specially mentioned by 
Frank 11. Hamilton in the late editions of his 
book on “Fractures and Dislocations.” After 
graduating in New York he continued his 
studies in Heidelberg, Berlin and London, be- 
ing connected the most of the time with the 
Heidelberg University Eye Hospital, as first 
Assistant Surgeon, a position in Germany but 
rarely attained by Americans or foreigners. 
Duringthe Franco-Prussian War, he had charge 
of a military hospital in Heidelberg. In the 
autumn of 1871 he returned to New York, and 
remained a year in the New York Ophthalmic 
and Aural Institute as Resident Surgeon. In 
1871 he was elected to the chair of Ophthal- 
mology, Otology and Laryngology in the 
Cleveland Medical College, but did not settle 
there until 1872. He devotes himself entirely 
to ophthalmic, aural and laryngeal diseases. 
In 1875 and 1876 he was defendant in the 
famous Bobbitt vs. Scott case, of blackmail, 
and came out overwhelmingly victorious, caus- 
ing the plaintiff to flee from the country to 
keep from being arrested for perjury and 
murder in the case. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association; the Ohio State 
Medical Society; the Northeastern Ohio Medi- 
cal Association; the Northwestern Ohio Asso- 
ciation ; the Cuyahoga County and Cleveland 
Medical Society, and the Mississippi Valley 
Medical Association, of which he was elected 
president at its nineteenth annual meeting, held 
at Indianapolis, Ind.,in October, 1893. In 1872 
he founded the Cleveland Eye, Ear and Throat 
Institute, and became Surgeon-in-Chief, being 
formerly Visiting Physician and Surgeon to 
the Cleveland City Hospital. 
SEGUIN, Edouard, of New York City, was 
born in Clamecy, Department of Nievre,France, 
January 20, 1812, and died October 28, 1880. 
He was educated at the Colleges of Auxerre 
and St. Louis, Paris. His life was mainly de- 
voted to formulating and putting into practice 
a rational and effective system for the physio- 
logical training and education of idiots; a no- 
ble work, in which he was for a long time ab- 
solutely alone, and in which he was at the time 
of his death, throughout the world, the recog- 
nized leader. So early as 1837 he commenced 
treating an idiotic boy, with the advice of 
Hard, later with Esquirol, and before 1839 
opened the first school for idiots. This school, 
and the first exposition of the method used in 
it, published in the Annales d’Hygiene, was the 
mother of the seventy-five institutions for 
idiots since erected in civilized countries, 
eleven of which in the United States are 
among the most flourishing. Dr. Edouard 
Seguin was the president of the American 
Association of the medical officers of these in- 
stitutions. After the revolution of 1848 he 
came to the United States, and during the en- 
suing ten years was resident in Ohio, at first 
in Cleveland, and subsequently in Portsmouth. 
After revisiting France, he established himself 
in New York, where he completed his studies, 
interrupted by his practical labors and emigra- 
tion, and graduated M. D. at the University 
College in 1861, and became a resident of that 
city. He was elected a member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association in 1862. To Dr. Se- 
guin, more than any other person, is due the 
honor of showing to what degree the congen- 
ital failures of nature can be redeemed and 
educated to comparative usefulness. Accord- 
ing to his testimony: “Not one idiot in a thou- 
sand has been entirely refractory to treatment; 
not one in a hundred has not been made more 
happy and healthy; more than thirty per 
cent, have been taught to conform to social 
and moral law, and rendered capable of order, 
of good feeling, and of working like the third 
of a man ; more than forty per cent, have been 
capable of the ordinary transactions of life 
under friendly control; of understanding moral 
and social abstractions; of working like two- 
thirds of a man ; and twenty-five to thirty per 
cent, come nearer and nearer to the standard of 
manhood, till some of them will defy the scru- 
tiny of good judges when compared with ordi- 
nary young men and young women.” Since 1866 
he devoted much time to the study of animal 
heat, adding greatly to the fund of knowledge 
concerning this subject by the instruments that 
he invented, and the methods of thermogra- 
phy which he devised, of which the physio- 
logical thermometer, largely used by physi- 
cians, is the most important. In 1873 he rep- 
resented, as Commissioner of Education, the 
United States Government at the Vienna Ex- 
position. He had been for many years a most 
industrious author, and his collected writings 
constitute in themselves an excellent working 
library, so far as his specialty is concerned, 
and are far from inconsiderable in other fields. 
Besides his early foreign publications, the fol- 
lowing important contributions to medical lit- 
erature maybe mentioned: “Historical No- 
tice of the Origin and Progress of the Treat- 
ment of Idiots,” 1852; “Idiocy and its Treat- 
ment by the Physiological Method,” revised 
by the son of the author, Dr. E. C. Seguin, 
1866; “New Facts and Remarks Concerning 
Idiocy,” 1870; “Medical Thermometry” (with 
Wunderlich), 1871; “Prescription and Clinic 
Records,” “Mathematical Tables of Vital 
Signs,” “International Uniformity in the 
Practice and Records of Physic,” and “Medi- 
cal Thermometry and Human Temperature,” 
1876. 
SEILER, Carl, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Switzerland, April 17, 1849. He was 
educated at the University of Pennsylvania, 
and also at the University of Berlin, and pur- 
sued his medical studies in Vienna and Heid- 
elberg, graduating M. D. at the University of 
Pennsylvania in March, 1871. He settled in 
Philadelphia in general practice, but devoted 
himself specially to laryngoscopy and otoscopy. 
Dr. Seiler is lecturer on laryngoscopy and 
chief of the laryngoscopic department of the 
University of Pennsylvania. He is a member 
of numerous medical and scientific organiza- 
tions, including the Philadelphia County Med- 462 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ical and Pathological Societies; and has been 
recorder of the biological and microscopical 
section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 
Dr. Seiler is widely known throughout the 
country as a skillful aurist and laryngologist, 
and is a recognized authority in his specialty. 
SHAKESPEARE, Edward Oram, of Rose- 
mont, Pa., was born May 19, 1846, in New 
Castle county, Delaware. Through his father, 
Win, M. Shakespeare, of Dover, he isdescended 
from Edmund Shakespeare, one of the brothers 
of the poet, and through his paternal grand- 
mother from the “Lords of the Isles” and the 
Thanes of Argyle and Kintyre; while through 
his mother, Catharine Hainan, he inherits the 
blood of the ancient barons of Crevequer and 
Cetham. Beginning his academical course at 
Reynolds’ Classical Academy at Dover, in his 
native State, he finished it at Dickinson College, 
from which he graduated in June, 1867, when 
he at once entered the medical department of 
the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 
March, 1869. He first settled in Dover, but in 
February, 1874, removed to Philadelphia. He 
held the position of lecturer on Refraction and 
Accommodation of the Eye, and Operatic 
Ophthalmic Surgery in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, operative ophthalmic surgery being 
his specialty. He is a member of the Dela- 
ware Medical Society; the Northern Medical 
Society; the Philadelphia County Medical So- 
ciety; the Pathological Society of Philadel- 
phia, and other medical organizations. He 
contributed to the American Journal of Medical 
Sciences for January, 1876, a paper on “A New 
Ophthalmoscope and Ophthalmometer, devised 
for Clinical Use, and for Physiological and 
Therapeutical Investigation on Men and Ani- 
mals. In 1873 he was clerk of the Senate in 
Delaware. Dr. Shakespeare was sent a few 
years ago to investigate the cause of an epi- 
demic of typhoid fever that prevailed in Plym- 
outh, a town in the Wyoming Valley, of eight 
thousand inhabitants, situated on the left bank 
of the Susquehanna river, two and a half 
miles below the city of Wilkesbarre, Pa. The 
epidemic excited great interest throughout 
this country on account of its extent, its fa- 
tality, and its unknown cause. There were in 
all some twelve hundred cases, and one hun- 
dred and thirty deaths. He studied and re- 
ported the etiological factors with great care. 
The circumstances were such that the milk 
and food supply could not have caused so gen- 
eral a development, and it was proved that it 
was not from drinking the water from the Sus- 
quehanna river,, contaminated by the sewers 
of Wilkesbarre. The hypothesis remained 
that the mountain water—the town’s usual 
supply—conveyed to the homes of the people 
the sole cause of the disease. This supposi- 
tion, on being followed up by Dr. Shakespeare, 
was soon converted into positive proof. This 
water, after the spring thaw, had been con- 
taminated by the excreta of a patient suffering 
from typhoid fever during the preceding win- 
ter. His report of this epidemic shows how easy 
it is, without care or knowledge, to attribute 
results to wrong causes; that sewage-defiled 
water alone does not produce typhoid fever, 
though pure mountain water containing ty- 
phoid dejecta does; that refrigeration does 
not destroy the activity of the typhoid poison, 
and emphasizes the vital importance of disin- 
fection of the dejecta, and of protecting the 
water supplies of towns and cities against a 
fecal contamination which often comparatively 
innocuous may at any time become deadly. 
(See article on Enteric Fever in Woods’ Refer- 
ence Hand-Book of the Medical Sciences, vol. 
3, page 84). In 1885 he was sent as the repre- 
sentative of the United States to Spain and 
other countries in Europe where cholera ex- 
isted in order to investigate the causes, prog- 
ress and proper prevention and cure of that 
disease. He spent six months in studying the 
subject, and made a voluminous report to Con- 
gress which is now issued as a public docu- 
ment. 
SHARP, Levi N., of Minneapolis, Minn., was 
born at Springfield, Kings county, New Bruns- 
wick, on March 18, 1832. His literary educa- 
tion was received in the common schools and 
at the Academy of Sackville. He is descended 
from an old family of Sharps, of Bradford, 
England. His grandfather was one of the 
English officers engaged in the battle of 
Bunker’s Hill, in Revolutionary times. He 
studied medicine in the office of, and under 
the direction of, James Christie, M. D., of St. 
John, N. 8., and was graduated from Pennsyl- 
vania Medical Colllege in 1861, and from the 
Royal College of Surgeons and Royal College 
of Physicians, Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1868, 
where he had the instruction of such men as 
James Syme, Matthews Duncan, and Sir James 
Y. Simpson. For several years he was Surgeon 
to Princess Louise Regiment of Cavalry. He 
practiced his profession in his native county, 
where he occupied a prominent position, hold- 
ing several positions of trust, and took a lead- 
ing part in politics. He married Miss E. A. 
Fenwick, whose family came from Yorkshire, 
England. In 1883 he found it necessary to 
seek a dryer climate, and went to Minneapolis, 
Minn., where he now resides. 
SHATTCCK, Frederick C., of Boston, Mass., 
was born in that city November 1, 1847. He 
received the degree of B. A. from Harvard in 
1868, that of A. M. in 1872, and that of M. D. 
from the same institution in 1873. He then 
visited Europe and studied medicine in 
Vienna, Berlin, Strassburg, London, Paris 
and Lyons from 1873 to 1875. He was ap- 
pointed Visiting Physician to the Massachu- 
setts General Hospital in 1886, and Jackson 
Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Medical 
Department of Harvard University in 1888, 
both of which positions he now holds. He is 
editor of a translation of Striimpell’s Text- 
Book of Medicine; author of articles in 
Woods’ “Reference Hand-Book of the Medical 
Sciences; ’’ Keating’s‘ ‘Cyclopedia of Children’s 
Diseases,” and Hare’s “System of Practical 
Therapeutics,” and of various articles in peri- 
odical medical literature; also of auscultation 
and percussion in Physicians’ Leisure Hour 
Series. 
SHAW, Alexander 8., of St. Louis, Mo., 
was born in Cincinnati, March 5, 1847. He is 
of so-called Scotch-Irish extraction, though 
really of pure Scottish blood on his father’s 
side, who was a lineal descendant of the Shaws, 
of Greenoc, Scotland, whose estates and titles 
passed, by entail and marriage, to the family 
of Shaw-Stewart, of Scotland, which still en- 
joys them. He moved to Illinois in 1856, en- 
listed in the Federal service when but thirteen 
years and four months of age. After receiv- 
ing an honorable discharge, he devoted his 
time to study, and, in 1867, received the degree 
of M. D. from the St. Louis Medical College. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
463 
Soon after graduating he began the practice of 
his profession in Washington county, 111., 
where he remained for eighteen months, and 
then went to Europe. Returning in the fall of 
1869, he opened an office in that city, where he 
has been ever since, excepting a short time 
spent abroad in 1871. In the fall of 1871, he 
married Miss Favola, daughter of Rev. Henry 
Allen, of Jersey City Heights, New Jersey. 
In 1873 he received the ad eundem degree 
from the Missouri Medical College, with which 
he was associated as adjunct to the chairs of 
Clinical Medicine and Principles of Diagnosis 
and Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System. 
For about seven years Dr. Shaw was asso- 
ciate physician to the St. Vincent’s Institution 
for the Insane, in St. Louis. After about 
eleven years’ service in the Missouri Medical 
College, he became the prime mover in the 
organization of the Beaumont Hospital Medi- 
cal College, in which he has fpled the chair of 
Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System 
since its organization in 1886. For a number 
of years he has been consulting neurologist 
to the City Insane Asylum, City Hospital, 
Poor House and Female Hospital, Alexian 
Brothers and Railway Hospital, and is now 
engaged in preparing a text-book on dis- 
eases of the nervous system. Dr. Shaw has 
recently been appointed by the Board of Man- 
agers of the St. Louis Baptist Hospital to take 
charge of the department of nervous and men- 
tal diseases, which position he has accepted, 
we are pleased to state. Dr. Shaw enjoys the 
eminent distinction of being the presiding offi- 
cer of the St. Louis Medical Society. He is 
an ardent advocate of trepanization wherever 
local lesion of the brain can be diagnosticated, 
and is one of the few neurologists who do sur- 
gery of the brain themselves. He has been 
for many years a liberal contributor to various 
medical journals, and by earnest work has at- 
tained to enviable distinction in his profession. 
SHAW, William Conner, of Pittsburgh, Pa., 
was born in Versailles township, Allegheny 
county, Pa., February 7, 1846. His paternal 
grandfather was born in County Down, Ire- 
land, whose ancestors came there from Scot- 
land, in 1648. His maternal grandmother, 
also, came from Ireland; the other grand- 
parents were of Irish descent, but born in this 
country. Dr. Shaw took his degree of A. B. 
at Washington and Jefferson College, Pa., in 
1869, and received the degree of A. M. from 
the same college in course, in 1872. He read 
medicine with Dr. W. R. Hamilton, Pittsburgh, 
and graduated at Bellevue Hospital Med- 
ical College, February 29, 1872. He then pre- 
pared, under the late Dr. Joseph W. Howe, 
for special examination to enter Bellevue Hos- 
pital. He entered Bellevue Hospital, October 
1,1872, and served two years, acting the first six 
months as one of its ambulance surgeons, after 
which he was assigned to the Second Surgical 
Division. His visiting surgeons on the divis- 
ion were Frank H. Hamilton, H. B. Sands, 
Alex. B. Mott, Lewis A. Sayre, and Stephen 
Smith. During his last year he was made 
Assistant to Dr. Stephen Smith, in the Medical 
Department of the University of City of 
New York. He located in Pittsburgh, No- 
vember 5, 1874, where he has continued to 
reside, and from the first month has secured a 
large share of patronage. He was Physician 
to the Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, from 1876 
to 1882, becoming thereby a life member; 
Physician to Mercy Hospital, from 1876 to 
1878, inclusive; Surgeon to Mercy Hospital, 
1878 to 1887; Surgeon Alternate to the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad, from January 1, 1877, to 
January 1, 1880, and the same to P. C. & St. L. 
Railroad from January 1, 1877, to January 1, 
1882. At present he is Physician and Obstet- 
rician to the Bethesda Home. He has been 
Chief Medical Examiner at Pittsburgh for the 
Equitable Life Assurance Society of New York, 
since 1881, and examines for a dozen other old- 
line companies. He carries $104,000 on his 
own life, in addition to $20,000 accident. He 
is a member of the Allegheny County, the 
State, and the American Medical Societies; 
also, of the American Academy of Medicine, 
and the Society of the Alumni of Bellevue Hos- 
pital, New York. Dr. Shaw is a Life Member 
of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition Soci- 
ety ; Life Member of the American Society of 
Scotch-Irish, also of the Pennsylvania Scotch- 
Irish Society. He has contributed articles to lo- 
cal medical journals, and to the Medical liecord, 
New York, and American Journal of Obstetrics. 
He is a director in a company manufacturing 
the National Reaper and Mower; also in an- 
other financial concern, and interested in sev- 
eral other enterprises. 
SHIPPEN, William, Sr., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city, October 1, 1712, and 
died in Germantown, Pa., November 4, 1801. 
He descended from a noted Quaker family of 
New England, and was the son of Joseph 
Shippen, who moved from Boston to Philadel- 
phia in 1704, and became one of the men of 
science in his day, and who, in 1727, joined 
Benjamin Franklin in founding the Junto, 
“for mutual information and the public good.” 
Dr. Shippen, the subject of this sketch, applied 
himself in early life to the study of medicine, 
for which he had a remarkable genius. He 
speedily obtained a large and lucrative prac- 
tice, which he maintained throughout his life. 
He aided in founding the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital, of which he was the physician from 1753 
till 1778; also the Public Academy, and its 
successor, the College of Philadelphia (now 
the University of Pennsylvania), being chosen 
in 1749 one of the first trustees of the Academy. 
He was one of the five prominent physicians 
serving as member of the Board of Trustees 
in 1765, when the first medical professorship 
in America was established and conferred 
upon Dr. John Morgan. Dr. Shippen was a 
trustee of the college from 1755 to 1779, and 
was a member of the American Philosophical 
Society, of which he was vice-president in 
1768 and for many years after. He was one of 
the founders of the Second Presbyterian 
Church, of Philadelphia, and was a member 
of the same for nearly sixty years. On No- 
vember 20, 1778, he was chosen by the Assem- 
bly of Pennsylvania to the Continental Con- 
gress, and was re-elected in 1779. He was for 
thirty years a trustee of Princeton College. 
Dr. Shippen was noted for his deeds of charity, 
and not only gave his professional services 
and medicine to the poor, but oftentimes 
assisted them by donations from his purse. 
He retained his physical vigor until very 
late in life, and it is said that “at the age 
of ninety he would ride in and out of the city 
on horseback, without an overcoat, in the 
coldest weather.” His son, also a physician, 
was one of the first medical teachers in Amer- 
ica. 464 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
SHIPPEN, William, Jr., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city October 21, 1736, and 
died in Germantown, Pa., July 11, 1808. The 
subject of this sketch received his elementary 
training from the Rev. Dr. Finlay, of Notting- 
ham, Md. He entered the College of New 
Jersey, then established at Newark, under the 
direction of President Burr. He graduated in 
1754, and being distinguished for oratorical 
talent, was advised by Whitfield to devote 
himself to the clerical profession. He entered 
the office of his father, Dr. William Shippen, 
Sr., a noted practitioner of Philadelphia, and 
a public spirited citizen, by whom he is said to 
have been trained with reference to his future 
course as a lecturer. “The old gentleman must 
have been made sensible by his own personal 
experience of the value of an European medi- 
cal education,” and his son was sent to Europe 
in the year 1757, soon after he was twenty-one 
years of age. In London he studied anatomy 
with, and resided in the family of, John Hun- 
ter, but was also associated with Dr. William 
Hunter and Mr. Hewson. While in the British 
Metropolis, in addition to anatomy and sur- 
gery, he devoted a share of his attention to the 
rising department of obstetrics, attending in 
the summer season the lectures of a celebrated 
accoucheur, Dr. McKenzie, which were deliv- 
ered near St. Thomas’ Hospital. As he re- 
moved to this neighborhood, we may suppose 
it was in consequence of the practical advan- 
tages afforded by proximity to the poor, as 
Dr. William Hunter was then at the height of 
his reputation as a teacher and practitioner of 
midwifery. He next proceeded to Edinburgh, 
where he graduated in the spring of 1761. His 
thesis was entitled 11 Be Placentae cum utero 
nexu.” This production evinces a continued 
interest in obstetrical studies. He afterwards 
traveled in France, where he formed an inti- 
mate acquaintance with Senac and other phy- 
sicians of Paris. Dr. Shippen, as has been 
stated, went to Europe in 1757, where he re- 
mained until 1762, while Dr. Morgan arrived 
there in 1760, and returned to this country in 
1765. They were therefore together between 
one and two years in Europe. As these two 
zealous and enthusiastic young men, natives 
of the same city and imbued with the same 
aspirations, were treading abroad the same 
ground of preparation for their calling, it is 
natural to conceive that they should have pos- 
sessed similar sentiments with respect to the 
urgent wants of their common country—that 
they should have conferred with those inter- 
ested in the subject, and that the scheme of 
establishing, on this side of the Atlantic, sys- 
tematic medical education, which was subse- 
quently put into operation, was there enter- 
tained by both of them. In support of this 
opinion, Dr. Rush may be quoted, who, in his 
account of Dr. John Morgan, states that it was 
during his absence from home that he con- 
certed with Dr. Shippen the plan of estab- 
lishing a medical school in Philadelphia. 
Dr. Shippen returned accordingly to Philadel- 
phia in 1762, entered on the practice of his 
profession, and on November 16th of the same 
year, he began the first course of lectures on 
anatomy that was ever delivered in this coun- 
try. “The first were delivered at the State- 
house, and the subsequent ones in rooms that 
were constructed by his father for the purpose 
in the rear of the latter’s residence. After 
the first lecture he made the following an- 
nouncement in the Pennsylvania Gazette: “Dr. 
Shippen, anatomical lecturer, will begin to- 
morrow evening, at six o’clock, at his father’s 
house in Fourth street. Tickets for the course 
to be had of the Doctor at five pistoles each, 
and any gentlemen who incline to see the sub- 
ject prepared for the lecture, and learn the art 
of dissecting, injecting, etc., are to pay five 
pistoles more.” Dr. Shippen’s school of anat- 
omy was continued until September 23, 1765, 
when he was elected Professor of Anatomy 
and Surgery in the newly established medical 
school of the College of Philadelphia, of which 
he was one of the founders. This was the 
first medical school established in America. 
Dr. Shippen retained this position till 1780, 
when he was chosen Professor of Anatomy, 
Surgery and Midwifery in the University of 
the State of Pennsylvania, and in 1791, on the 
union of these institutions, under the name of 
the University of Pennsylvania, he became Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy in the latter, retaining the 
place until 1806. On July 15, 1776, he was ap- 
pointed chief physician of the Flying Camp. 
In March, 1777, he laid before Congress a 
plan for the organization of a hospital depart- 
ment, which, with some modifications, was 
adopted, and on April 11, 1777, he was unani- 
mously elected “Director-General of all the 
military hospitals for the armies of the United 
States.” He was charged with improper ad- 
ministration of the office and arraigned before 
a military court which led him to resign the 
post June 3, 1781. The investigation did not 
develop any matter reflecting on his integrity. 
In 1768 he was unanimously elected a Fellow 
of the Royal College of Physicians of Edin- 
burgh. In 1778-9, and again from 1791 till 
1802, he was one of the physicians of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital. He was for more than 
forty years a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society, in which he held the office 
of curator and* secretary. In 1805 he was 
chosen president of the College of Physicians 
of Philadelphia, succeeding as the second 
president the venerable Dr. John Redman. 
This office he held until his death. “His skill 
and eloquence as a teacher, exercised during 
forty years in the first medical school in this 
country, made him widely known at home and 
abroad, and won for him permanent distinc- 
tion and respect in the medical world.” Re- 
ferring to Dr. Shippen, one of his biographers 
says his career had been a distinguished one, 
and that nature had been uncommonly lavish 
in his form and endowment. “His person was 
graceful, his manners polished, his conversa- 
tion various, and the tones of his voice singu- 
larly sweet and conciliatory. In his inter- 
course with society he was gay without levity, 
and dignified without harshness or austerity.” 
With respect to his powers of teaching, it is 
stated that those pupils who went abroad “de- 
clared that they had met with no man who 
was superior to Dr. Shippen as a demonstrator 
of anatomy, and very few, indeed, who were 
equal to him.” “In explaining the success of 
Dr. Shippen in teaching anatomy, we may take 
into view another faculty which he also ex- 
erted with great effect. He went through the 
subject of each preceding lecture by interro- 
gation instead of recapitulation—thus fixing 
the attention of the students; and his manner 
was so happy that this grave process proceeded 
like a piece of amusement. His irony was of 
a delicate kind, and so blended with humor EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
465 
that he could repress forwardness and take 
notice of negligence so as to admonish his 
class without too much exposing the defaulter.” 
In speaking of Dr. William Hunter, it was re- 
marked by Dr. James that it was under the 
tuition of this truly ingenious anatomist and 
physician that the late amiable and sagacious 
professor of anatomy and midwifery in this 
university laid the foundation of that celebrity 
which many years of extensive professional 
employment nurtured and matured. It was 
by forming himself after this model that, in 
the delivery of his interesting lectures, he 
at once delighted the gay and instructed the 
grave by the amenity of his manner and the 
utility of his practical precepts. 
“Methinks I hear him now, his plausive words 
He scattered not in ears, but grafted them, 
To grow there and to bear.” 
On the decease of Dr. Shippen, the full duties 
of his professorship in the University of Penn- 
sylvania were assumed by Dr. Casper Wistar. 
SHIVELY, James Scott, of Marion, Ind., 
was born in Morgantown,Monongahela county, 
Ya., Aprils, 1813, and died at his home April 11, 
| where he continued to reside until his 
death. On locating in Marion, he formed a 
partnership with Dr. Trask, an eminent scholar 
and physician. A few years later he graduated 
from the Ohio Medical College. In 1837 he 
was married to Harriet O. Marshall, daughter 
of Riley Marshall, one of the earliest and most 
prominent pioneers of Grant county, Ind. He 
was successful in his profession from the start, 
and as a general practitioner he had few, if any, 
superiors in the State. Remarkably energetic 
and of a strong constitution, for over half a 
century he had a very large, though not corre- 
spondingly remunerative, practice, for the rea- 
son that he made it a rule of his life to relieve 
human suffering whenever called upon, regard- 
less of the pecuniary circumstances of the pa- 
tient. His patients, as a rule, became strongly 
attached to him, and once a patron always a 
patron,was his usual experience in the practice. 
Dignified but courteous and affable withal, of 
fine physique and commanding presence, he 
was a leader of men, and was frequently called 
to serve the people of his locality in a public 
capacity, being thrice elected to the State Leg- 
islature, in 1839, 1841, and 1844. In 1884 he 
was elected to the State Senate, and for four 
years represented in that body the counties of 
Grant and Madison. It was during his term 
as State Senator, that he rendered the profes- 
sion his most signal and valuable service, in- 
troducing and securing the passage of the Indi- 
ana State Medical Law. He was a Charter 
Member of the Grant County Medical Society, 
organized in 1848, and also a member of the 
Indiana State Medical Society and the Amer- 
ican Medical Association. His life record 
stamps him as one of the ablest physicians and 
foremost citizens of Indiana. He left surviv- 
ing him his widow and three children, one of 
whom, an only son, Dr. M. T. Shively, is a 
successful and honored member of the pro- 
fession. 
SHOEMAKER, John Yeitcli, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in Chambersburg, Pa., 
March 18, 1852. After obtaining a good pre- 
paratory education in his native town he en- 
tered Dickinson College and was graduated in 
1872, receiving the degree of A. 8., and three 
years later A. M., from the same institution. 
Deciding to become a physician he removed 
to Philadelphia, and was made a Doctor of 
Medicine by Jefferson Medical College in 1874. 
His success in his chosen profession was im- 
mediate and satisfactory. The same year of 
his graduation he was appointed Demonstrator 
of Anatomy at Jefferson; held the position six 
years, and in the meantime taught classes on 
other branches. He organized the Jefferson 
Quiz Association; was its Quiz Master in 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics for six years, 
and also was a lecturer for two years in the 
Philadelphia School of Anatomy. In 1875 he 
was chosen a member of the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society, and the Pathological 
Society, and elected Physician to the Foster 
Home. The same year he established a dis- 
pensary for the treatment of diseases of the 
skin, in which he taught physicians and stu- 
dents. Hospital accommodations were added 
to the dispensary in 1880. Since 1877 Dr. Shoe- 
maker has taken a prominent part in the pro- 
ceedings of the Medical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania, and the American Medical Association, 
having read a large number of papers before 
them covering a wide range of subjects. In 
1893. His father, John Shively, was of German, 
his mother, Theresa Scott, of Scotch-English de- 
scent. Llis maternal grandfather, James Scott, 
and great - grandfather, David Scott, held 
respectively the rank of colonel in the War of 
1812 and the War of the Revolution. In 1829 
he removed with his father’s family to Rush 
county, Ind., and shortly after began the study 
of medicine, with Dr. William Kerr, at New 
Castle, with whom he remained a student 
for two years, when he joined Dr. J. A. 
Clark, at Muncie, in the practice of his 
profession. In 1836 he removed to Marion, 466 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1879, together with associates, he' founded 
the Medical Bulletin. The next year he 
became its sole editor and proprietor, 
and soon made it one of the leading 
professional journals in this country. His 
large private practice required him to entrust 
the business interests of this publication to 
others in 1881, but he still continues its editor, 
and also writes extensively for other medical 
journals in this country and Europe. From 
1881 to 1884 he was secretary of the American 
Association of Medical Editors. From 1883 to 
1885, was lecturer on diseases of the skin at 
Jefferson Medical College. He was chairman 
of the section of Practice of Medicine, Ma- 
teria Medica, and Physiology, of the American 
Medical Association, held in Washington in 
1884, and delivered the annual address on 
“Practice of Medicine” at this meeting. He 
was appointed a delegate to attend the ses- 
sions of the different medical societies of Eu- 
rope that year. His visit abroad amounted to 
an ovation. At the meeting of the British 
Medical Association, held in Belfast, he read 
a paper on “The Oleates.” At the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress in Copenhagen, Den- 
mark, one on “The Treatment of Diseases of 
the Skin by Novel Means and Methods.” He 
was chosen a Fellow of the London Medi- 
cal Society, a member of the British Medical 
Association, and a Fellow of the American 
Academy of Medicine. In 1885 Dr. Shoemaker 
was elected president of the Association of 
American Medical Editors, and at the meeting 
in 1886, held in Chicago, delivered the annual 
address before that organization. In 1886 he 
was called to the chair of Materia Medica, 
Therapeutics and Clinical Professor of Skin 
Diseases in the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
Philadelphia, a position which he now 
holds. He is also physician to the Med- 
ico-Chirurgical Hospital of Philadelphia; 
treasurer and a trustee of the same insti- 
tution, and a trustee in the Medico-Chirurgi- 
cal College. In this same year, Dr. Shoe- 
maker was the guest of the British Medical 
Association at their meeting at Brighton, 
England, and of the Congress of Physicians 
and Naturalists, held at Berlin, Germany. In 
1887 he was secretary of the organization 
committee of the Ninth International Medical 
Congress. At the meeting held in September, 
1887, at Washington, D. C., he was one of the 
vice-presidents of the section of dermatology, 
and read papers before this section and the 
section of therapeutics. In September, 1890, 
Dr. Shoemaker was a member of the Tenth 
International Medical Congress, held in Ber- 
lin, Germany. He has been a voluminous 
writer in medical literature. Among his pub- 
lished works are “Ointments and Oleates,” 
which has passed through a second edition, 
published by F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia; 
“Charts on Skin Diseases,” “Materia Medica,” 
and “Poisons and their Antidotes;” “A Prac- 
tical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin” (which 
has reached its second edition, with an exten- 
sive circulation, and is recognized as one of 
the best books on that subject in the language), 
published by D. Appleton & Co., New York; 
“Heredity, Health and Personal Beauty,” and 
a “Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeu- 
tics,” which has likewise passed through a 
second edition. The two latter works are pub- 
lished by the F. A. Davis Publishing Co., 
Philadelphia. 
SHURTLEFF, George A., of Stockton, Cal., 
was born in Carver, Plymouth county, Mass., 
August 5, 1819. He is a lineal descendant in 
the sixth generation of William Shurtieff, an 
English immigrant, who was among the earli- 
est settlers in the old Plymouth colony. By 
marriage connections he is also a descendant 
of Robert Cushman, the leading Puritan, and 
of Rev. John Lothrop, one of the founders of 
the town of Barnstable, Mass. His parents 
were Charles Shurtieff and Hannah (Shaw) 
Shurtieff. His preliminary education was re- 
ceived in the common schools of his native 
town, and at Pierce Academy near by. In 
1842 he commenced the study of medicine with 
his cousin, Dr. Samuel Shaw, of Wareham, 
Mass., continuing the same at the Berkshire 
Medical College in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1844, 
and at the Vermont Medical College at Wood- 
stock, Vt., in 1846, from which he received 
the degree of M. D. He practiced about 
four years in Wareham. In 1849 he went 
to California and finally located in Stock- 
ton. Dr. Shurtieff was appointed a director 
of the State Insane Asylum in 1866, and 
again in 1863. He was influential in up- 
holding and advancing the interests of the 
institution at this period, not only by his 
official course, but more widely by the in- 
structive employment of his pen. In 1865 he 
was elected its Medical Superintendent. In 
1872 he was appointed a commissioner to 
locate a new State asylum for the insane (the 
Napa). The same year he was elected presi- 
dent of the Medical Society of the State of 
California. He was Professor of Mental EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
467 
Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence in the 
Medical Department of the University of 
California from 1875 to 1885, when, on 
the acceptance of his resignation, he was 
elected Emeritus Professor thereof, which 
position he still (1893) retains. He has 
been an active member of the Association 
of Medical Superintendents of North Ameri- 
can Institutions for the Insane; is a member 
of the American Medical Association; of the 
State Medical Society, and of the Historical 
Society of California. His contributions to 
medical literature are: An address before the 
State Medical Society on the “Medical Juris- 
prudence of Insanity,” in 1873; a paper on 
the “Obscure Forms of Epilepsy and the Re- 
sponsibility of Epileptics,” in 1876; a paper 
on “Suicide,” in 1877, and many other papers 
and reports on various subjects mainly con- 
nected with the branch of his profession, 
which has been his specialty. In 1878 he de- 
livered the address, in behalf of the Faculty, 
at the commencement exercises of the Medi- 
cal Department of the University of Califor- 
nia on the subject of “The Elements of Pro- 
fessional Success.” He was the Medical Super- 
intendent of the State Insane Asylum at 
Stockton upwards of eighteen years, resigning 
on account of a failure of his health in the latter 
part of 1883. He was pronounced, some years 
ago, by one of the judges of California, in the 
trial or decision of a case, a recognized au- 
thority, in that State, on questions of In- 
sanity. 
SIMS, J. Marion, of New York City, was 
born January 25, 1813, in Lancaster county, 
S. C., and died at his home in New York, 
November 13, 1883. He graduated at South 
Carolina College in 1832, and studied medi- 
cine at Charleston and at Jefferson Medi- 
cal College, Philadelphia, from which he 
graduated in 1835. “He began practice 
in Lancaster, where his parents resided, 
but he became discouraged at the loss of 
his first patients, and removed to Mount 
Meigs, Montgomery county, Ala., and after his 
marriage, in 1836, to Macon county, same 
State. He was successful there, but severe 
attacks of malarial fever impelled him to 
change his residence. Near the close of 1840 
he settled in Montgomery, where in a short 
time he gained a good reputation as a surgeon. 
He remained in that city thirteen years. He 
was the first practitioner in the South to op- 
erate for strabismus, or to treat club-foot suc- 
cessfully.” Dr. Sims removed, in 1853, to the 
city of New York, where he remained, except- 
ing the intervals of his sojourn in Europe, un- 
til his death. His specialty was surgery and 
gynecology, of which latter he has been called 
the father. In 1845 he announced a new 
hypothesis in explanation of trismus nascentium, 
which was published in the American Journal 
of Medical Sciences. In the same year Dr. Sims 
conceived a method of treating vesico-vaginal 
fistula, an affection for which physicians of 
various countries had in vain sought a cure. 
He fitted up a hospital beside his house, into 
which he collected cases from the neighboring 
country, maintaining them at his own ex- 
pense. After experimenting for three years 
and a half, he finally devised the silver wire 
suture, which remain saculated in the living 
tissues, and which has since been employed 
in many branches of surgery, and with which 
he effected a perfect cure. He invented va- 
rious instruments during his experiments, chief 
of which was the “duck-bill” speculum, com- 
monly called the Sims speculum. This re- 
vealed the seat of other serious complaints 
and rendered them amenable to surgical treat- 
ment. He had before paid no attention to 
gynecology, but the possession of this instru- 
ment, which has raised that branch from the 
level of empirical experiment to that of cer- 
tain knowledge, induced him to devote his at- 
tention henceforth to the study and treatment 
of diseases of women. In 1851, on his sick 
bed, on his dying bed as he believed, he pre- 
pared his paper on the treatment of vesico- 
vaginal fistula, which was published in the 
American Journal of Sciences for January, 1862. 
His health, which had been so reduced by 
chronic dysentery, was not yet restored, when 
he removed, in 1853, to New York. In that 
metropolis he demonstrated to prominent sur- 
geons the success of the silver suture in opera- 
tions in fistula of the bladder and lacerated 
perineum, and his methods came into use in 
the hospitals; yet their author met with a cold 
reception, and his proposition to open a hos- 
pital for the treatment of women’s diseases 
was opposed by the other doctors until it was 
auspiciously presented before the public. The 
project was welcomed by influential women, 
and in 1855 a temporary hospital was opened. 
The necessity for a larger institution was soon 
recognized. In 1857 the_ Legislature granted a 
charter for the Woman’s Hospital of the State 
of New York, and in the following year appro- 
priated $50,000 for the purpose, while the com- 
mon council of the city gave as a site the old 
Potters’ Field, between Fourth and Lexing- 
ton avenues, consisting of an entire block of 
ground, now valued at over a million of dollars. 
Dr. Sims was not satisfied with the architec- 
tural design adopted by the Board of Govern- 
ors, and went abroad in 1861 expressly to study 
hospital architecture, and, having convinced 
himself that the pavilion system is the correct 
one, returned in 1862, and* procured the adop- 
tion of a design according to that system, 
which was at once acted upon, one of the pa- 
vilions having been ready for the reception of 
patients in 1866, the other being finished in 
1876. The Woman’s Hospital of the State of 
New York is not merely a monument of his 
personal energy and professional zeal, but of 
his professional genius, since it was his achieve- 
ments in surgery that reclaimed for treatment 
the particular class of diseases to which the in- 
stitution is devoted. While in Europe he op- 
erated, by invitation, in many of the great 
hospitals of Dublin, London, Paris and Brus- 
sels, with unfailing success and the most gen- 
erous recognition. In Paris he operated in 
the presence of large classes, for Velpeau, at 
la Charite; for Huguier, at Hopital Beaujon ; 
Verneuil, at St. Louis; Demarquay, at Maison 
du Bois; Logier, at Hotel Dieu; Richard, at 
Cochin; Gopelin, at St. Antoine; Nelaton, at 
Hopital des Cliniques, and for others in pri- 
vate practice. For this work the French gov- 
ernment, upon the recommendation of Baron 
Larrey, Nelaton, Sir Joseph Olliffe, Dr. Johns- 
ton, and Mr. Dayton, then minister to France 
from the United States, conferred on him the 
Order of Knight of the Legion of Honor. While 
in Paris, he was invited by Prof. D6ronbaix, 
surgeon to the king of Belgium, to go to Brus- 
sels and demonstrate his peculiar operations 
there, which he did, spending a whole day in^ 468 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the St. John’s Hospital, and performing several 
operations, for which he was elected corre- 
spondent fellow of the Imperial Academy of 
Medicine of Brussels, and was offered by the 
Belgian government the order of Leopold the 
First, but the American minister at the Bel- 
gian court (Mr. Sanford) objected to his re- 
ceiving it on the ground that he was a South- 
erner, the Civil War being then at its height. 
In July, 1862, he again went to Europe, 
intending to leave his family there for edu- 
cational purposes and return to New York 
the following November, but his reputation 
soon drew him into so wide a practice that 
he decided to remain longer, and in fact 
did not return until 1868, when he took 
up his residence permanently in New York, 
though his family remained in Paris to com- 
plete the education of his younger chil- 
dren. He was decorated by the Spanish and 
Portuguese governments, and twice by the 
Italian, Professor Botta, of New York, aiding 
the American minister* his excellency, the 
Hon. George P. Marsh, in pressing his claims 
to this honor upon the latter government. He 
was, besides, an honorary member of the 
learned societies in London, Edinburgh, Brus- 
sels, Berlin, Christiana, and other foreign cap- 
itals, and of the State medical societies of New 
York, Connecticut, Virginia, South Carolina, 
Alabama, and other States; and was a member 
of the American Medical Association, of which 
he was elected President in 1875, and before 
which he delivered the Centennial Annual Ad- 
dress, in 1876. His literary contributions to 
medicine embrace, in addition to the address 
just mentioned, papers on “Trismus Nascenti- 
um;” “Silver Sutures in Surgery,” and “Clin- 
ical Notes on Uterine Surgery.” This work 
was published simultaneously in London, 
Paris, and Berlin, in the English, French, and 
German languages, in 1865. The publication 
described novel methods of treatment, which 
were not readily adopted by the profession, 
but which, in a few years, revolutionized the 
practice of gynecology. He was, also, the au- 
thor of valuable monographs, entitled, “Intra- 
uterine Fibroid Tumors,” and the “Micoscope 
in the Sterile Condition,” a “Treatise on Ova- 
riotomy,” and a “History of the Discovery of 
Anesthesia.” Dr. Sims began, but did not 
finish, a work on accidents of parturition and 
another on sterility. He read papers on 
these and many other subjects before the med- 
ical associations of the United States and Eng- 
land, and described in medical journals new 
operations and instruments and advanced the- 
ories in pathology and practice, that attracted 
the universal attention of medical men. Not 
long before his death he wrote “The Story of my 
Life,” which was published in 1884. His mil- 
itary record is not the less interesting because 
it was abroad. Being in Paris on a visit to his 
family when the Franco-Prussian War began, 
he was requested, on behalf of the “Amer- 
ican Colony” in Paris, to take command, 
as surgeon-in-chief, of an ambulance corps 
organized by the “colony,” a request with 
which he at first declined to comply, on 
account of his age and professional obligations 
to return home at an early day, but, adopt- 
ing the suggestion of his wife that it was 
a fitting occasion to repay in some sort 
the obligations they all felt for the gener- 
ous hospitality they had received from the 
French people and government, he accepted 
the appointment; although the corps, when 
ready for work, fell to pieces from dissensions 
as to its field of work, he and his staff resign- 
ing, and forthwith organizing themselves into 
the “Anglo-American ambulance corps,” com- 
posed of eight Americans and eight English- 
men, with him as Surgeon-in-Chief. This was 
on the 27th of August, 1870. He went im- 
mediately to the headquarters of the societe 
de aux blesses and offered his corps to 
Dr. Chenu, the superintendent, who promptly 
accepted it, furnishing it with everything 
necessary for a complete outfit, and on the 
next day he and his comrades left Paris, pass- 
ing through Belgium to Mezieres, where he 
heard that a battle had been fought the day 
before in the neighborhood of Sedan, to 
which, consequently, he pushed on, arriving 
just as the great battle began, August 31, the 
military train on which he entered the city re- 
ceiving almost the first fire of the Prussians, 
and the bridge over which it passed being 
blown up an hour afterwards. His ambu- 
lance, the first to reach Sedan, was assigned 
by the mayor to the Cazerne d’Asfeldt, con- 
taining nearly 400 beds, and in the course of 
an hour, the wounded from the battle-field 
began to come in, keeping the corps busy for 
many days, about 1,600 Frenchmen and 1,000 
Germans having been treated by it. During 
his stay at Sedan he formed a part of the 
escort which attended Marshal McMahon 
from the battle-field to his headquarters in 
the city on the occasion of his having been 
wounded by the fragment of a shell, the atten- 
tion rendered so pleasing the Marshal that he 
presented him with a thousand francs to pur- 
chase delicacies for the sick and wounded in 
his ambulance. He remained at Sedan about 
a month, when, the work at that place being 
finished, he, with his first and second assist- 
ants, Dr. Win. McCormac and Dr. Frank, re- 
signed and returned to their respective homes, 
his son-in-law, Dr. Thos. T. Pratt, of Alabama, 
succeeding him as surgeon-in-chief, and going 
with the ambulance to Tours and Orleans. 
The military service which he thus concluded 
he performed when fifty-seven years of age, 
being the oldest man who left Paris in charge 
of an ambulance. A record of the work done 
by the Anglo-American ambulance was care- 
fully prepared by his first assistant, Prof. Wm. 
McCormac, surgeon to St. Thomas’ Hospital, 
London, and published in London in 1870, 
having since been translated into several lan- 
guages. From the opening of the AVoman’s 
Hospital, in 1855, to the beginning of his 
prolonged sojourn abroad he was surgeon- 
in-chief to the institution, having as his 
consulting board at the ,outset Drs. Mott, 
Stevens, Francis, Delafield and Green, all 
of whom now rest in honored graves. 
He returned from Europe in 1868, and in 1872 
was re-appointed a member of the Board of 
Surgeons of the Woman’s Hospital. His re- 
turn increased the reputation of the institu- 
tion ; its second pavilion was completed; 
many surgeons from abroad attended to wit- 
ness his operations. But finally.the board of 
governors, out of a supposed regard for the 
modesty of the patients, made a regulation re- 
stricting the number of visitors to fifteen on 
any one occasion. Dr. Sims was touched in 
his professional dignity by this invasion of his 
professional province, and on the first day of 
December, 1874, resigned his position. As EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
469 
stated, the American Medical Association 
elected him to preside over its meetings at 
Philadelphia, in 1876, and in 1881 he served 
as president of the American Gynecological 
Society. Among his benefactions is the J. 
Marion Sims Asylum for the Poor in Lancas- 
ter, S. C. Plis son, H. Marion Sims, now Pro- 
fessor of Gynecology in the New York Poly- 
clinic, was a member of the ambulance corps 
organized during the Franco-Prussian War, 
and was present at Sedan, Orleans and other 
battles, and rendered active field service in 
Paris during the Commune. He has also pub- 
lished important papers connected with his 
specialty, and has prepared an American edi- 
tion of Dr. Grailly Hewitt’s work on “Diseases 
of Women,” with additions showing the later 
improvements in gynecology in this country. 
SKENE, Alexander J. C., of Brooklyn, N. Y., 
was born in the parish of Fyvie, Aberdeen- 
shire, Scotland, in the year 1838. It is pleas- 
ing, indeed, to be able to trace one’s ancestry, 
but unless our ancestors have left the means, 
it becomes a difficult task, and one in which 
there is an exceeding tendency to arrogate the 
names of the proud, the powerful and the 
pretty. In these times, when there is so much 
of the commonplace about men and things, 
it is entertaining, at least, to have one indi- 
vidual now and then who is capable of going 
back a few centuries and pointing out the 
stock from which he sprang, more particularly 
if such stock has played an important part in 
the affairs of a nation or the world. A race of 
warriors, statesmen and professional men, 
closely identified with a great part of the his- 
tory of Scotland, is the family in which the 
subject of this sketch claims kindred and 
which he honors in no less degree than any of 
the eminent ones who have gone before him. 
The genesis of the history of the Skenes be- 
gins with a circumstance that would make de- 
lightful reading in any novel. It appears that 
when Malcolm 11, King of Scotland, was re- 
turning from the defeat of the Danes at Mort- 
loch, in Moray, in 1010, he was pursued by a 
ravenous wolf, which was about to attack him, 
when a young son of Donald of the Isles 
thrust his arm, which was wound in the plaid, 
into the wolf’s mouth, and with his dagger 
slew the beast. The King, appreciating the 
boldness of the action, gave to the young man 
certain lands which now form the parish of 
Skene, in Aberdeenshire. This incident gave 
rise to the family name, Sgian, which means a 
dagger, or a dirk, and which occupies, together 
with three wolves’ heads, a very conspicuous 
place in the family’s armorial bearings. John 
De Skene, in the thirteenth century, joined 
the forces of the usurper, Donald Bain, but 
afterward proved 'his loyalty to his King, 
Alexander, and was forthwith restored to the 
royal favor. His great grandson, John, who 
lived during the reign of Alexander 111, was 
so well informed politically and so esteemed 
for his impartial virtue as to be chosen one of 
the arbiters between Bruce and Baliol, both of 
whom were contestants for the crown. A 
grandson, Robert De Skene, was a firm friend 
of Bruce, fought at Bannockburn and received 
a charter from his leader in 1318. Coming 
down through the centuries, we find Alexan- 
der Skene fighting at the side of King James 
during the horrible battle of Flodden, and 
later we see James Skene, his direct 
descendant, leading the charges at the 
battle of Pinkie, where he fell, in 1547. 
Major George Skene distinguished him- 
self under the Duke of Marlborough, in 
the wars that were fought during the 
reign of Queen Anne, and in 1720 pur- 
chased the estate of Careston in Forforshire. 
Two more Skenes were soldiers, and both died 
fighting, one in Spain and another at the bat- 
tle of Preston in 1745. While in the early his- 
tory of the Skene family we find warriors 
plentiful, it must be remembered that there 
were litterateurs and lawyers also, though their 
attainments did not shine with the luster of 
the martial doings, a fact that was owing, in 
great measure, to the turbulent condition of 
the times. However, at a later date the non- 
martial of the Skenes found fame and fortune 
in the pursuance of their respective profes- 
sions. In 1575 history records the fact that 
John Skene and Sir James Balfour were ap- 
pointed a commission by Regent Morton to ex- 
amine and make a general digest of the laws 
of Scotland. So thoroughly was the work 
done that Skene, who performed the more 
arduous duties connected with the undertak- 
ing, received a public commendation and was 
pensioned in addition. In 1587, so great was 
his favor with the king, he was chosen to pro- 
ceed to Denmark for the purpose of concluding 
a marriage with the Princess Anne. This 
Skene is reputed to have been a very scholarly 
man. According to Sir James Melville, who 
wrote a short biography of him, he was able 
to harangue in Latin and could think and 
speak as well as any man. He was, without 
doubt, the most celebrated of the Skene litter- 
ateurs. Coming down to 1590 we read of one 
Gilbert Skene who was Professor of Medicine 470 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in the King’s College, Aberdeen, and after- 
ward Physician to the King, which position 
he resigned in 1594. He was afterward 
knighted. One of the most interesting of 
the Skene family was James Skene, the 
long and faithful friend of Sir Walter 
Scott, co-worker and co-partner with him 
and responsible for many of the most interest- 
ing scenes which Scott has so cleverly por- 
trayed. Andrew Skene, who in 1834 succeeded 
Lord ‘Cockburn as solicitor general of Scot- 
land, was also a member of this fine old 
family. And this date brings us close on to 
the birth of a man who, in the fair light of this 
century, will rank high above his noble and 
literary ancestry. This is Dr. Alexander J. C. 
Skene, dean of the Long Island College Hos- 
pital, and one of the most famous as well as 
the most widely known physicians in the 
world. The childhood and youth of the sub- 
ject of this sketch were spent in Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland, and at the age of nineteen, hearty 
and full of health, with more knowledge than 
the average of youth of that age possesses to- 
day, he embarked for this country. During 
his stay in Scotland he had become deeply 
enamored of the medical profession and ex- 
pressed a strong desire to study the science. 
He was also intensely fond of zoological studies 
and often spent whole afternoons viewing the 
life that fills “the peopled grass.” Immedi- 
ately on his arrival in this country he entered 
the University of Michigan, and from there he 
proceeded to the Long Island College Hospital, 
from which institution he graduated in the 
year 1863. The young M. D. took his diploma 
when the Civil War was in its hottest period, 
when everybody, man, woman and child 
alike, were on the qui vive night and day to 
await developments and learn the issue. 
Young Skene had good, honest martial blood 
in his veins, and the moment he saw an oppor- 
tunity for his usefulness he proffered the 
government his services and went to the 
front to stanch the blood flows of the Union 
troops. He rendered a signal service, and be- 
tween his spells of bandaging and amputating 
he found time to evolve a beautiful plan,which 
is adopted to-day in the army corps and among 
the State militia, namely, an ambulance corps. 
By the terms of his thought, the soldiers were 
made physicians pro tem., and, if that appear 
too exalted, then a trained nurse of the gov- 
ernment. Dr. Skene, at his entrance on the 
battle-field, was delegated assistant surgeon at 
Port Royal and Charleston Harbor, S. 0., and 
and afterwards at Decamp’s Hospital, Davids’ 
Island. Previous to his entrance into the army, 
Dr. Skene had been appointed an assistant to 
Dr. Austin Flint, Professor of the Institutes and 
Practice of Medicine, and when the war was 
over he returned to his alma mater, and re- 
ceived the appointment of Adjunct Profes- 
sor at the Long Island Medical College. And 
here the real fame of Dr. Skene begins. 
While connected with the hospital, he was 
brought into consultations on a thousand crit- 
ical cases which he carefully diagnosed, rec- 
ommending courses of treatment that proved 
effective. In this way his name and his abil- 
ity have spread throughout the broad extent of 
this country, and across the ocean into the most 
famous medical centers of the world. From 
his student days he has been the most perse- 
vering kind mortal. His time has largely been 
spent in study and the observation of diseases, 
which is a splendid explanation for the varied 
and extensive character of his knowledge to- 
day on all things medical. He is a keen-eyed 
individual, whose glance does not miss the 
least visible details, but is kind and gentle in 
manner, and a most charming companion 
when he grows reminiscent. Dr. Skene has 
no superior, it is fair to say, in the matter of 
diagnosing a case. That has always been his 
forte, though it must be said, in addition, that 
few men are able to control instruments with 
the same deft hand. All readers of medical 
journals have invariably met his contributions, 
which have always been characterized by their 
abundance of thought and nice easy style. He 
is the author of the admittedly best work ever 
written on the diseases of women. It was 
published by Appleton, in 1883, and contains 
choice cullings of twenty years’ experience. 
The book has had a vast circulation, and was 
lauded by the medical authorities of Europe 
as liberally as it was here. In addition to be- 
ing dean of the Long Island Medical College, 
he also occupies the chair of Gynecology. He 
was formerly Professor of Gynecology in the 
New York Post-Graduate Medical School; 
president of the American Gynecological So- 
ciety, of the Kings County Medical Society, 
and the New York Obstetrical Society ; and is 
corresponding member of the British, Boston, 
Detroit, and Belgian Gynecological Societies. 
Apart from Dr. Skene’s conquests in medicine, 
there is another side to his career that may be 
information for the readers, as it is entertain- 
ment for him—he is a sculptor—an amateur 
sculptor, in the terms of his own modesty. 
When at leisure, which is not often, he delights 
in chipping the polished marble block, and 
bringing cold, regular features into being. He 
is also something of a litterateur, having read 
extensively and written for magazines on hun- 
dreds of subjects. He lives in a modest house on 
Clinton and State streets. He drives a great deal, 
and thoroughly enjoys life, always preserving 
the best of health. He is a large man, of fine 
physique, and wears a black mustache and 
beard. He is still in the flush of ambition 
and of'life, and will undoubtedly add brighter 
days to his brow before his usefulness will be 
declared over by age. Dr. Alexander J. C. 
Skene, as dean of the Long Island College 
Hospital, has not only taken a high position 
in the ranks of his profession, but is conceded 
to be one of the ablest gynecologists in the 
United States. Nor is he interesting for these 
considerations alone, for he shines as a lover 
of the fine arts, not altogether an admirer of 
the moment, but an ardent and penetrating 
student, and one who endeavors to put in 
practice the suggestions received from his 
readings. Young men have no greater friend 
than Dr. Skene. He has always been careful 
to encourage talent wherever and whenever he 
found it, and did not at the proper time fail to 
tell others that many a promising youth was 
retarded by reason of the ignorance or obsti- 
nacy of those to whom his future was in- 
trusted. In addition he has been, in war and 
in peace, a defender of the Union, and a lover 
of the free institutions of the country. A 
thoroughly upright citizen, a Brooklynite in 
sympathies, and a courteous man at all times, 
are the striking traits of Dr. Shene’s per- 
sonality. 
SLOCUM, Charles Eliliu, of Defiance, Ohio, 
was born at Northville, N. Y., December 30, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
471 
1841. His surname originated from the Sloe- 
Combe, in Southwestern England, and was 
brought to America in the time of Charles I. 
His ancestor affiliated with the Quakers on 
their first appearance in New England, and 
throughout the nine American generations the 
blood has been preserved in purely English 
lines. His earlier education was obtained in 
the public schools at Northville and the Fort 
Edward Collegiate Institute. Several years of 
his early life were passed in teaching schools 
of different grades. Among his medical pre- 
ceptors were the late Prof. Zina Pitcher and 
David O. Farrand, of Detroit. He was grad- 
uated M. D. at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York City, in 1869, and later 
passed parts of several years in special studies 
in New York and Philadelphia, receiving a 
degree from Jefferson Medical College, and 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in course 
at the University of Pennsylvania. He also 
American Academy of Political and Social 
Science. He is also favorably connected with 
several of the principal business and financial 
interests of his town. Although his time is 
quite fully given to professional work, he be- 
lieves in a due amount of diversion, which he 
seeks in business matters and genealogical and 
scientific studies. 
SMITH, Albert, of Peterborough, N. H., 
was born in that town, June 18, 1801, and died 
there February 22, 1878. He was prepared for 
college at Groton Academy, Massachusetts, 
and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1825, 
where he subsequently studied, and also in the 
medical department of that college, receiving 
his degree of M. D. in 1833. The degree of LL. 
D. was also conferred upon him by the same 
institution in 1870. He commenced practice 
at Leominster, Mass., and after about five 
years removed to Peterborough, N. H., and con- 
tinued in active business till within a few years 
of his death. In 1849 he was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics at 
Dartmouth College, and delivered the lectures 
in this department at the annual session of the 
school for twenty consecutive years. The same 
course was delivered at Castleton Medical Col- 
lege, in 1857, and at Bowdoin, in 1858. He re- 
signed in 1870, and was subsequently appointed 
Professor Emeritus of Materia Medica and Ther- 
apeutics. He was a member of the New 
Hampshire Medical Society; was president in 
1853—his inaugural discourse on “Conserva- 
tism in Medicine” was published in the Trans- 
actions of the society for that year. He was 
also a member of the New Hampshire His- 
torical Society and honorary member of the 
New York Medical Society. He published a 
Discourse Upon the Life of 
the Late Dr. Amos Twitched,” of Keene, N. 
H.; also lectures on “Hippocrates and Para- 
celsus,” and contributed several papers pub- 
lished in various medical journals. In 1876 he 
completed and published his greatest work, 
entitled “A History of Peterborough, New 
Hampshire.” He was a representative to the 
Legislature, and examining surgeon for pen- 
sions, and also president of the Peterborough 
Savings Bank. 
SMITH, Charles Gilman, of Chicago, 111., 
is the only son of Josiah Gilman and 
Frances Eastham Smith, and was born in Exe- 
ter, N. H., on January 4, 1828. He began his 
studies at the Phillips Academy of that place 
in his eleventh year, and remained there until 
his sixteenth, when he entered the sophomore 
class of Harvard College, graduating in 1847. 
Soon after this he commenced the study of 
medicine in his native town, and took his first 
course of medical lectures at the Harvard 
Medical School in the season of 1848-49. As 
these lectures were soon temporarily inter- 
rupted by the Webster-Parkman murder, Dr. 
Smith continued his studies at the University 
of Pennsylvania, from which institution he 
graduated in 1851. He then returned to Bos- 
ton, and after two years’ service in the Alms- 
house Hospital at South Boston, removed to 
Chicago in February, 1853. In that city he 
soon inaugurated a highly successful practice 
as a family physician, and later gained much 
valuable experience as one of the six physi- 
cians in charge of the prisoners at Camp 
Douglas during the Civil War. In 1868 he 
went abroad to study in the hospitals of 
France, Germany and England, and on his re- 
pursued studies in Europe, principally ir 
Vienna and London. He began the practice 
of medicine with his brother, Dr. John C 
Slocum, at Shelbyville, Ind., and removed tc 
Defiance, 0., in 1871, where he has practiced 
medicine and surgery in all their branches, in- 
cluding the more difficult operations. He has 
always enjoyed a large professional following 
and his studious habits and careful attention tc 
details have assured him a good degree of suc- 
cess. He has been several years railway sur- 
geon and examining surgeon for pensions, 
He early became member of local and State 
medical societies, and has been member of the 
American Medical Association since 1874. He 
is also a member of a number of scientific 
societies, State and national, including the 
American Microscopical Society, of which he 
was a charter member, the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science, and the 472 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
turn to Chicago accepted an invitation to lect- 
ure in its Hospital for Women and Children. 
He was next made a Consulting Physician of 
that hospital, and since then has received the 
same appointment at the Presbyterian, with 
both of which institutions he is still con- 
nected. Dr. Smith is also one of the trustees 
of the Peck Home for Incurables, one of 
the most useful charitable institutions of the 
city, in which he has taken an active interest 
since its organization. In addition to this, Dr. 
Smith serves several of the most prominent 
life insurance companies as their Medical Ex- 
aminer, a line in which he has probably had 
more experience than any physician in Chi- 
cago. Some of the most interesting experi- 
ences of his medical career occurred during 
the cholera epidemics of 1854 and 1866. Dur- 
ing the first and most violent of these he was 
present in a tenement house where eleven 
deaths occurred in a single night. Dr. Smith 
New York, in 1840, and died suddenly from 
heart disease, July 12, 1893. He received his 
literary training at the Genesee Wesleyan 
Seminary, at Lima, N. Y. He took two courses 
at the Medical Department of the University 
of Buffalo, and afterwards received the degree 
of M. D. from the Cooper Medical College, at 
San Francisco. He served as a medical 
officer with the Twelfth United States In- 
fantry, at Angel Island, California, during 
1873 and 1874, after which he practiced in 
the towns of Quincy and Laporte, in that 
State, and went to Seattle to locate in 
1877. His genial disposition and open gen- 
erosity, together with his professional ability, 
soon won him a host of friends, and made 
him one of the best known surgeons in the 
Pacific Northwest. He inspired confidence in 
his patients, and was always kind to his brother 
practitioners. His surgical experience was 
very extensive, he having been Chief Surgeon 
at Providence Hospital for many years. He 
was one of the organizers of the King County 
Medical Society, and was the first president of 
the Washington State Medical Society; he was 
also a member of the Seattle Medical and Lit- 
erary Association, California State Medical 
Society, and the American Medical Associa- 
tion. Dr. Smith always took great interest in 
the State militia, having served as a brigade 
surgeon and Surgeon-General on Governor 
Ferry’s staff. He held the same position on 
Governor McGraw’s staff at the time of his 
death, and was buried with military honors. 
SMITH, Francis Gurney, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in that city March 8, 1818, and 
died there April 6,1878. He was the fifth son 
of Francis G. Smith, a prominent merchant of 
Philadelphia. He received both his academic 
and medical education in the University of 
Pennsylvania, taking his degree of B. A. in 
1837, and those of M. A. and M. D. in 1840. 
For about a year after receiving his diploma 
he was one of the resident physicians of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital, giving special atten- 
tion to the department of the insane. After 
establishing himself in practice in Philadel- 
phia he turned his attention specially to mid- 
wifery and diseases of women. He was a 
member of the College of Physicians of 
Philadelphia, Philadelphia County Medi- 
cal Society, College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Reading, Academy of Natu- 
ral Sciences, Pathological Society, Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, California State 
Medical Society, Rocky Mountain Medical So- 
ciety, and Burlington County Medical Society, 
New Jersey. He was the first president of the 
Philadelphia Obstetrical Society, and was vice- 
president of the meeting of the American 
Medical Association, which was held in Wash- 
ington in 1870. He was well known in pro- 
fessional literature as one of the authors of the 
“Compendium of Medicine,” which has passed 
through numerous editions. He also edited 
several of the American editions of Cai’penter 
and Marshall’s works of physiology, and other 
scientific works, as well as translated, for the 
first American edition, Barth and Rogers’ 
“Manual of Auscultation and Percussion. For 
a period of nine years he was one of the edi- 
tors of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner. As 
the author of frequent contributions to medi- 
cal literature, he was best known as the author 
of an elaborate series of experiments on the 
celebrated Canadian, Alexis St. Martin, on the 
is a man of fine literary taste and attainments; 
has been president of the Harvard Club, and 
of the Literary Club of Chicago, and has been 
elected recently to the presidency of the So- 
ciety of Graduates of the University of Penn- 
sylvania. He has accumulated a large and 
well-selected library, in which are a number 
of literary oddities, including a collection of 
eighty volumes of epitaphs. Dr. Smith was 
married in 1873 to Harriett, youngest daughter 
of Erastus F. Gaylord, one of the earliest set- 
tlers of Cleveland, Ohio, and his home has 
always been a center of cordial and unosten- 
tatious hospitality. Although he has never 
adopted any specialty, Dr. Smith is a man of 
thorough training in his profession, and a 
leader among the eminent physicians of the 
Northwest. (Died January 10, 1894.) 
SMITH, Edward Loomis, of Seattle, Wash- 
ington, was born at Pittsford, Munroe county, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
473 
“Physiology of Digestion.” In 1842 he was 
elected Lecturer on Physiology by the Phila- 
delphia Medical Association, and ten years 
later professor of the same branch in the 
Pennsylvania Medical College. In 1863 he 
succeeded Prof. Samuel Jackson in the chair 
of the Institutes of Medicine in the medical 
department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
which he resigned, on account of failing health, 
in May, 1877, and was elected Emeritus Pro- 
fessor of the same branch in that institution. 
Pie was one of the first medical staff of the 
Episcopal Hospital. In 1859 he became one of 
the Attending Physicians and Clinical Lecturer 
at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and retained 
that position until 1865. During the war he 
was connected with the medical staff of the 
army, and was one of the physicians in charge 
of a military hospital. He founded and es- 
tablished the first physiological laboratory in 
which physiology was taught experimentally 
and by demonstration in the University. For 
child of Professor William E. Horner. He 
was widely known as an author in medical lit- 
erature. He commenced his career in 1841, 
with the translation of a “Treatise on the 
Medical and Prophylactic Treatment of Stone 
and Gravel,” by the distinguished French sur- 
geon, Civiale. In 1843 he published an “Ana- 
tomical Atlas,” to illustrate “Horner’s Special 
Anatomy,” and the next year a treatise on “Mi- 
nor Surgery,” of which several editions were 
issued. He also edited the “United States Dis- 
sector.” His “System of Operative Surgery,” 
in two volumes octavo, with a very extended 
and bibliographical index to the writings and 
operations of American surgeons, for a term 
of two hundred and thirty-four years, was first 
issued in 1852, and re-issued three times within 
the following ten years. In 1855 he gave the 
profession an essay on “The Treatment of 
Disunited Fractures by Means of Artificial 
Limbs;” and followed it the next year with the 
“Practice of Surgery,” in two octavo volumes. 
He also published, in these and subsequent 
years, numerous surgical articles in the Amer- 
ican Journal of the Medical Sciences, and other 
leading professional periodicals. He was 
chosen one of the surgeons of St. Joseph’s 
Hospital, Philadelphia, in 1849, and Surgeon 
of the Episcopal Hospital soon after. He was 
elected one of the Surgical staff of the Blockley 
Almshouse Hospital; having been for several 
years Assistant Lecturer on Clinical Surgery 
in the University of Pennsylvania, he was 
chosen Professor of Surgery there in May, 1855. 
In all of these various positions he was con- 
stantly engaged in performing the most im- 
portant and often capital operations; while 
a large private practice enabled many to profit 
by the fruits of a singularly extended and 
well-grounded experience. At the commence- 
ment of the Rebellion he was selected by the 
governor of the commonwealth to organize 
the Hospital Department of Pennsylvania that 
had been authorized by the Legislature. And 
at the same time Governor Curtin appointed 
him Surgeon of Pennsylvania, with the same 
military rank as that held by the Surgeon- 
General of the United States Army. He con- 
tributed much to the efficiency of the medical 
service of the Pennsylvania reserves, and 
other State regiments in this capacity. He in- 
augurated the plan of removing the wounded 
from the battle-field to large hospitals, after 
the first battle at Winchester, between Gen. 
Shields and “Stonewall” Jackson, sending 
many to Philadelphia, Reading, Harrisburg, 
and other places. He won the warmest thanks 
of uncounted relatives, by inaugurating the 
system of embalming the dead at nearly the 
same time. No act in the medical and hospital 
department of the army won more praise than 
was at the time and has since been awarded to 
this. He also organized and directed a corps 
of surgeons, under Pennsylvania authority, at 
the siege of Yorktown, with steamers as float- 
ing hospitals. They were furnished with stores 
by private contributions. He also assisted 
Surgeon Tripler and the general government 
in organizing similar hospitals. He partici- 
pated in the surgery following the battles of 
Williamsburg, West Point, Fair Oaks and Coal 
Harbor, and rendered the greatest service in 
directing and aiding the operations after the 
bloody battle of Antietam. Having seen the 
department thoroughly organized and efficient, 
he was constrained to heed the calls of private 
several years he held the position of Medical 
Director of the National Life Insurance Com- 
pany, after having organized the medical de- 
partment in that company. 
SMITH, Henry H., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city, December 10, 1815, and died 
there, April 11, 1890. His father was a dis- 
tinguished lawyer. Dr. Smith was graduated 
at the Collegiate Department of the University 
of Pennsylvania, in 1834; studied medicine 
with Professor William E. Horner, and grad- 
uated in medicine at the university in 1837. 
He was then Resident Surgeon of the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital two years, under Drs. 
Thomas, Harris, Randolph, and Norris, and 
visited London, Paris, and Vienna Hospitals 
in 1839; spent eighteen months in study in 
various European institutions, and on his re- 
turn, in 1841, commenced instructing private 
classes in surgery, and delivering lectures on 
bandaging, and other surgical topics. In Oc- 
tober, 1843, he married Mary Edmunds, oldest 474 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
practice, and resigned his commission as Sur- 
geon-General in October, 1862, and was for 
several years afterward actively employed in 
ordinary professional duty. He resigned the 
Professorship of Surgery in the University of 
Pennsylvania in March, 1871, after thirty years’ 
labor as a teacher, and was elected Professor 
Emeritus in that institution. As a lecturer he 
is described as “excellent and unexceptionable 
in his style of speaking—quiet, fluent, self- 
possessed, systematic and thorough. As a 
clinical professor of diseases of children in 
Bellevue Medical College. 
SMITH, Joseph Rowe, of the United States 
Army, was born at Madison Barracks, N. Y., 
April 18, 1831. He received a liberal educa- 
tion, and the degrees of A. B. and A. M. 
from the University of Michigan, in 1848 
and 1851. From 1849 till 1851 he served 
as engineer and was employed by the Topo- 
graphical Bureau, United States Army, to 
determine the boundary between the Creeks 
and Cherokees, and to lay out territorial 
roads in Minnesota. He graduated in med- 
icine in Buffalo in 1853, came before the 
Army Medical Board, passed, and was com- 
missioned assistant surgeon in 1854. After 
constant frontier service on many Indian ex- 
peditions and the Utah expedition as Chief 
Medical Officer, Sixth Column, he was captured 
by the rebels in San Antonio in April, 1861, 
paroled, and under an agreement between the 
United States and Confederate States, was 
soon released from his parole. On arrival in 
Washington, in June, 1861, he was at once se- 
lected to organize the first general hospitals 
for the receipt of the wounded from the first 
battle of the war, Bull Run, and organized 
Seminary Hospital and other hospitals in 
Georgetown, which he administered until se- 
lected by Surgeon-General Hammond as Ex- 
ecutive Officer in July, 1862, having been pro- 
moted to a majority in June, 1862. In August, 
1862, he was appointed by President Lincoln 
Acting Surgeon-General. In November, 1863, 
he was ordered to Little Rock and served as 
Medical Director Department and Army of 
Arkansas and Seventh Army Corps, with rank 
of Lieutenant-Colonel, under act February 25, 
1865, until assigned as Medical Director Fourth 
Military District, Vicksburg, in 1867. During 
this time he was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel 
United States Army “for superior ability and 
excellent management of the affairs of his 
department,” being the only officer in whose 
case this language was used, and also Colonel 
for “meritorious services and devotion to the 
sick during the prevalence of the cholera at 
Little Rock, Ark., November 22, 1866.” The 
Department Commander, Gen. Ord, urged that 
he be brevetted Brigadier-General. After the 
war he served as follows: Post Surgeon at 
Jefferson Barracks, Fort Wayne, and Fortress 
Monroe, successively, until 1879; Medical Di- 
rector Department of Texas, to 1885; Attend- 
ing Surgeon New York City to December, 1887; 
Medical Director Department of Dakota to 
December, 1888; Medical Director Department 
of Arizona to July, 1892; Medical Director 
Department of California until fall of 1893, 
and Medical Director Department of the East 
until the present time. He was promoted 
Lieutenant-Colonel in January, 1885, Colonel 
in February, 1890, and Assistant Surgeon-Gen- 
eral in 1892. Besides performing his full share 
of duty on boards and courts martial, he was 
selected by Gen. Twiggs for special duty as 
Judge Advocate, and traveled to various posts 
in the Department of Texas, trying cases, and 
when retiring boards were first instituted, in 
1851, he was selected by the War Department 
as a member on the first boards. In 1862-3 he 
was twice selected as member of board for ex- 
amining assistant surgeons foi promotion, 
and in 1887 as president of the Army Medi- 
cal Examining Board for examination of 
candidates or applicants for assistant sur- 
surgeon he was regarded as conservative and 
very considerate of final results, and therefore 
successful.” 
SMITH, J. Lewis, of New York City, was born 
at Spafford, Onondaga county, N. Y., October 
15, 1827. His ancestors were farmers, of New 
England descent, his grand - parents partici- 
pating in the War of the Revolution. He was 
educated in the public schools of Onondaga 
county, and in Homer Academy; also at Yale 
College, graduating from the academic depart- 
ment there in 1849. He read medicine with 
Dr. Caleb Green, and Drs. Goodyear and 
Hyde, in Cortland county in 1850, studying 
also botany in the valley of the Tioughnioga 
(an upper branch of the Susquehanna). He 
attended lectures in the Buffalo Medical School 
in 1851 and 1852; was one year an interne of 
the hospital kept by the Sisters of Charity in 
Buffalo, and graduated at the College of Phy- 
sicians and surgeons, in New York, in 1853, 
settling there and commencing practice also in 
that year. He is the author of a “Treatise on 
Diseases of Children,” a work which has gone 
through several editions; also of various con- 
tributions to Pepper’s “System of Medicine,” 
and Woods’ “Reference Hand-Book of the 
Medical Sciences,” and to medical journals, 
chiefly on subjects relating to children. He 
has served for many years as physician to the 
Charity Hospital; the New York Foundling 
Asylum; the New York Infant Asylum; con- 
sulting physician to the children’s class in the 
Bureau for the Relief of Out-door Poor, and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
475 
feons and assistant surgeons for promotion, 
n 1887 he was selected as member of board 
for preparing rules and regulations for the 
then newly organized hospital corps. He was 
selected and detailed by the Secretary of War 
to represent the Medical Department of the 
United States Army at the annual meetings 
of the American Medical Association from 1874 
to 1877 and from 1882 to 1885; of the Public 
Health Association in 1880; of the Inter- 
national Medical Congress in Philadelphia, 
1876, and in Washington, 1887. He was elected 
vice-president of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation in 1887; of the Ninth International 
Medical Congress and of its Section of Mili- 
tary and Naval Medicine and Surgery the same 
year; also honorary president of the Section 
of Military Medicine and Surgery of the Pan- 
American Medical Congress, and member of 
the Eleventh International Medical Congress, 
in 1893. Besides his purely official reports he has 
written many papers on various subjects of a sci- 
entific nature or of interest to military surgeons, 
among which may be mentioned “Compulso- 
ry Retirement” and “Retirements in General 
in the Army;” “Comparative Sickness and 
Mortality in the Army;” “Diseases Among 
Texas Cattle, Their Temperature and Relative 
Weightof Their Livers and Spleens;” “On the 
Best Form of Report of Sick and Wounded;” 
“On the Ration of the Soldier;” “On the 
Duties of Military Surgeons.” Some of these 
have been published in the proceedings of the 
American Medical Association, the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress, and Woods’ Refer- 
ence Hand-Book of Medical Sciences, and are 
authority on the subjects. He is a Fellow of 
the American Academy of Medicine, and of 
the American Academy of Political and Social 
Science; an active member of the American 
Medical Association; the American Public 
Health Asiociation, and honorary member of 
the State Medical Societies of New York, Tex- 
as, Arkansas, and California. He was detailed 
by the Secretary of War as delegate to rep- 
resent the medical corps of the army at the 
Eleventh International Medical Congress, held 
at Rome, Italy, in 1894. He traveled in China 
and Japan to study the subject of transporta- 
tion in litters with reference to carriage of sick 
and wounded. 
SMITH, Nathan, of New Haven, Conn., was 
born in Rehoboth, Mass., September 13, 1762, 
and died in the former city, July 26, 1828. 
From a life sketch in Appleton’s Cyclopedia 
of American Biography, we derive the follow- 
ing details relating to the personal history of 
this eminent pioneer of the medical profes- 
sion: He enlisted in the Vermont militia 
during the last eighteen months of the Revo- 
lutionary War, and accompanied his father to 
an unsettled part of Vermont. Subsequently 
he led the life of pioneer and hunter, having 
no education and no advantages. He decided 
to become a physician when he was twenty- 
four years of age, studied under Dr. Josiah 
Goodhue, and practiced for several years in 
Concord, N. H., when he entered the Medical 
Department of Harvard, and received the de- 
gree of M. B. in 1790, being the only graduate 
of that year, and the third of the department. 
At that time the practice of medicine was at a 
low ebb in the State, and physicians were 
poorly educated, and unskillful. To procure 
better advantages for them, he established the 
Medical Department of Dartmouth, in 1798, 
was appointed its Professor of Medicine, and 
for many years taught all, or nearly all, the 
branches of the profession unaided. He held 
the chair of Anatomy and Surgery till 1810, 
and that of Theory aud Practice of Medicine 
till 1813. He was given the degree of A. M. by 
Dartmouth in 1798, and that of M. D. by that 
college in 1801, and by Harvard in 1811. He 
went to Great Britain about 1803, attended 
lectures in Edinburgh for one year, and on his 
return resumed his former duties. He was 
elected Professor of the Theory and Practice 
of Physic and Surgery in the Medical Depart- 
ment of Yale in 1813, and held the chair from 
that date until his death; also delivering 
courses of lectures on Medicine and Surgery, 
at the University of Vermont, from 1822 to 1825, 
and at Bowdoin on the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine from 1820 to 1825. it is said that his 
practice extended over four States, and while 
he was conservative in his methods he was 
more than ordinarily successful as an operator. 
It has been asserted that he was the lirst in 
this country to perform the operation of extir- 
pating an ovarian tumor, and that of staphy- 
lorrhophy. He devised and introduced a mode 
of amputating the thigh, which, although re- 
sembling methods that had previously been 
employed, is sufficiently original to bear his 
name, and he developed important scientific 
principles in relation to the pathology of necro- 
sis, on which he founded a new and successful 
mode of practice. He also invented an ap- 
paratus for the treatment of fractures, and a 
mode of reducing dislocations of the hip. He 
published, “Practical Essays on Typhus Fe- 
ver,” in 1824. His “Medical and Surgical 
Memoirs” was edited with addenda, by his 
son, the late Dr. Nathan R. Smith, of Balti- 
more, in 1831. 
SMITH, Nathan Rj no, of Baltimore, Md., son 
of the preceding Prof. Nathan Smith, was born 
in Concord, N. H., May 21, 1797, and died in 
the former city July 3, 1877. He received 
his early education at Hanover, N. H., and his 
literary and classical education at Yale Col- 
lege, whence he graduated A. M. in 1817. He 
spent about a year and a half in the South, in 
the capacity of private tutor, and returning to 
New Haven, commenced the study of medicine 
under his father in Yale College, and received 
his degree of M. D. in 1823. In 1824 he mar- 
ried Julliette Penneman, and established him- 
self in Burlington, Vt.; subsequently resided 
for a brief period in Philadelphia; removed to 
Baltimore in 1827, and with the exception of 
two years between 1838 and 1840, when he was 
in Transylvania University, Kentucky, resided 
there until his death. He was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Surgery and Anatomy in the Univer- 
sity of Vermont, in 1825, the winter of which 
year he spent in Philadelphia, attending the 
lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. 
At this time Prof. George McClellan, of that 
city, was organizing the medical department 
in Jefferson College, in which Prof. Smith be- 
came Professor of Anatomy, a position he re- 
tained two years. In 1827 he accepted the 
chair of Surgery in the School of Medicine of 
the University of Maryland, and also that of 
Clinical Surgery in the Baltimore Infirmary. 
In 1838 he became Professor of Practice of 
Medicine in the medical department of Tran- 
sylvania University, Lexington, Ky., continu- 
ing, however, to reside in Baltimore during the 
vacant part of the year. He resumed his chair 476 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in the University of Maryland in 1840. He 
resigned his professorship in this institution in 
1870, having been connected with it nearly 
fifty years. He was president of the Mary- 
land State Medical Society. He was the au- 
thor of a voluminous work on the surgical 
anatomy of the arteries, a work which has 
passed through several editions, as well as 
many monographs on various scientific sub- 
jects to the journals of the day. He was the 
inventor of an instrument for the easy and 
safe performance of the operation of lithoto- 
my, an operation in which he had been emi- 
nently successful, having performed it some 
two hundred and fifty times, in almost all cases 
with success. In 1860 he invented and intro- 
duced an apparatus for fractures of the lower 
extremity, termed the anterior suspension ap- 
paratus, and a few years after published a vol- 
ume descriptive of its application. Both this 
and the former invention are employed by the 
first physicians in this country and in Europe. 
In 1867 he visited Europe, where he was re- 
ceived with distinction by the distinguished 
members of the profession in Paris and Lon- 
don. His son, Dr. Alan P. Smith, is actively 
engaged in medical and surgical practice, and 
is Professor of Surgery in the University of 
Baltimore. He is connected as consulting 
physician and surgeon with nearly all the hos- 
pitals of that city, and has performed the op- 
eration of lithotomy more than one hundred 
times, successfully in every instance. 
SMITH, Stephen, of New York City, is a 
son of a farmer of Onondaga county, N. Y., 
where he was born February 19, 1823. He 
passed his childhood and youth on his father’s 
farm. His preliminary education was obtained 
at a country school during the winter months, 
and at the age of eighteen, having learned all 
then that could be learned there, he continued 
his education by private study. When he ar- 
rived at the age of twenty he had mastered 
many of the higher branches of mathematics, 
geometry, surveying, had a knowledge of trig- 
onometry, and something of Latin and Greek. 
He then attended two terms at Cortland Acad- 
emy, Homer, N. Y.; afterwards he entered the 
office of Dr. Caleb Green, of Homer, and com- 
menced the study of medicine, at the same 
time attending the lectures of the Geneva 
Medical College. He next studied under Prof. 
Hamilton, of Buffalo, attended lectures at the 
Buffalo Medical College, and became the resi- 
dent pupil in the Buffalo Hospital of the Sis- 
ters of Charity. In 1849 he studied at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
graduated M. D. in 1850, and soon after be- 
came one of the Resident Physicians of Bellevue 
Hospital. On leaving the hospital he took up 
his residence in New York. In 1853 he married 
a daughter of Judge E. D. Culver, of Brook- 
lyn, subsequently minister to Venezuela. He 
has tied the common iliac artery for aneurism, 
and was the second in this country to perform 
Symes’ amputation at the ankle-joint. He was 
among the first to propose the organization of 
Bellevue College. While still a resident of 
Bellevue Hospital, he published a monograph 
of seventy-five cases of rupture of the urinary 
bladder, for which he received much praise, 
and which was subsequently translated into 
French and German. In 1861 he published a 
hand-book of operations for the benefit of sur- 
geons in the field, which rapidly ran through 
five editions, and is now out of print. He is 
the author of the Official Report of the Con- 
dition of New York City, published in 1865. 
He is also author of a work Principles and 
Practice of Operative Surgery, 1879. Besides 
the above he had contributed largely to the 
leading medical journals. He is a member of 
the New York Pathological Society; of the 
Medical Journal Association of the City of 
New York; of the Medical Society of the 
County of New York. In the International 
Medical Congress, Philadelphia, 1876, he was 
appointed president of the section on sanitary 
science. Hr. Smith is president of the Na- 
tional Board of Health; member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association; member of the 
American Public Health Association, and 
founder of the same; Fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, and in 1890 was presi- 
dent of the New York State Medical Associa- 
tion. He is at this date (1893) Consulting 
Surgeon to Bellevue and Columbian Hospitals, 
and Visiting Surgeon to St. Vincent’s Hos- 
pital, having held the former position nearly 
forty years. Dr. Smith has held the chair of 
Anatomy and Surgery in Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College. Subsequently he became 
Professor of Clinical Surgery in the Univer- 
sity of the City of New York, and is now Em- 
eritus Professor of Clinical Surgery in that in- 
stitution. 
SMYTH, Andrew Woods, of New Orleans, 
La., was born near Londonderry, Ireland, 
February 15, 1833. A biographer in Apple- 
ton’s Cyclodedia of American Biography, 
says: He settled in New Orleans in 1849, and 
was graduated from the Medical Department 
of the University of Louisiana, in 1858. He 
became House-surgeon of the Charity Hospi- 
tal in 1858, and served in that capacity during 
the following twenty years. In that institu- 
tion he performed on May 15, 1864, the first 
and only recorded operation of tying success- 
fully the arteria innominata for subclavian 
aneurism. All previous attempts had failed, 
and his success was attributed to ligating 
where secondary hemorrhage had occurred, 
the vertebral artery, which prevented regur- 
gitant hemorrhage. Dr. Valetine Mott, who 
first peformed this operation, in New York, in 
1818, and who never doubted its ultimate suc- 
cess said that Dr. Smyth’s operation had af- 
forded him more consolation than all others 
of a similar character. Dr. Smyth also made 
the first successful reduction of a dislocation 
of the femur of over nine months’ duration, 
in 1866, and performed the operation of extir- 
pation of the kidney, in 1879, then almost un- 
known to the profession (nephrotomy), and in 
1885, that of nephorrhaphy, attaching a float- 
ing kidney to the wound to retain the organ in 
its place instead of extirpation. From 1862 
until 1877 he was a member of the Board of 
Health of Louisiana, and from 1881 to 1885 he 
was superintendent of the United States Mint 
in New Orleans. Since then until the present 
date (1893), he has practiced his profession in 
that city. Dr. Smyth has published a bro- 
chure on the “Collateral Circulation in Aneu- 
rism” (1876), and a paper on “The Structure 
and Function of the Kidney,” giving original 
views on the anatomical and physiological 
construction and action of the malpighian 
bodies, contending that a communication be- 
tween the interior of the capsule of these 
bodies and the uriniferous tubules could not 
exist, and that excretion in the organ is car- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
477 
ried on by systolic pressure, and diastolic re- 
laxation, which are correlative and effected by 
constriction of the efferent artery of the 
glomerule. 
SOLLY, Samuel Edwin, of Colorado Springs, 
Colo., was born in London, England, May 5, 
1845. He is the son of the eminent London 
surgeon, Samuel Solly, F. R. S., whose work 
upon the human brain has become a medical 
classic. The family are English, having lived 
and held land in the Isle of Thanet in Kent 
since the conquest. He was educated at Rugby 
school, and then became apprentice to his 
father at St. Thomas’ Hospital, graduating at 
the Royal College of Surgeons in May, 1867. 
He held in succession the office of House-sur- 
geon and Medical Registrar, and worked at 
the various special hospitals and visited the 
continent, and practiced his profession in 
London until 1874, when he left England on 
account of his health and settled at Colorado 
Springs. Though not strictly a specialist, his 
success and reputation has come chiefly from 
his treatment and observation of pulmonary, 
laryngeal and nasal disease, to which his prac- 
tice is now chiefly limited. He was president 
of the Colorado State Medical Society in 1887; 
is a member of the Association of American 
Physicians; of the Climatological Association; 
American Medical Association; the British 
Medical Association, and Fellow of the Royal 
Medico-Chirurgical Society. He has written 
much on climate and meteorology, and con- 
tributed numerous papers on medical subjects, 
especially phthisis, to societies and journals; 
some of the most recent being the article on 
“Climate in Hall’s System of Therapeutics;” 
“The Personal Equation in the Treatment of 
Phthisis,” and “The Influence of Diathesis on 
the Progress of Phthisis.” 
SOTHORON, James T., of Washington, D. C., 
was born in St. Mary’s county, near Charlotte 
Hall, Md., on July 9, 1842, his ancestors being 
among the first settlers of Southern Maryland. 
His father, with his family, removed to 
Georgetown, D. C., in 1843, subsequently re- 
moving to Washington, D. C., where his son, 
James T., attended the Grammar School and 
the Washington Select School. In 1858 he en- 
tered the academical department of George- 
town University, continuing his studies there 
until the outbreak of the late Civil War, when 
he returned to his native place, and was en- 
gaged as tutor until 1862. In 1863 he matricu- 
lated in the medical department of George- 
town University, and pursued his studies un- 
der the guidance of Dr. Thomas Antisell, Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Military Surgery. 
He was graduated in 1865, and whilst he was 
a student, was appointed Medical Cadet United 
States Army, and served in Campbell Hospi- 
tal, District of Columbia. Dr. Sothoron was 
one of the organizers and a member of the 
first board of trustees of the Church Orphan- 
age, one of the petitioners for the organization 
of St. Paul’s Protestant Episcopal Church, a 
vestryman for fifteen years, and its treasurer 
for the past eight years. He is a delegate and 
a member of the Central Board of Managers 
of the Associated Charities of the District of 
Columbia, a member of the Medical Society, and 
Medical Association of the District of Colum- 
bia, the American Medical Association and 
the Ninth International Medical Congress. 
Dr. Sothoron began the practice of medicine 
in 1865. in Washington, D. C., and has prac- 
ticed his profession continuously for twenty- 
seven years, being quite successful in obstet- 
rics and diseases of children. 
SOUTHALL, James H., of Little Rock, Ark., 
was born in Smithfleld, Isle of Wight county, 
Ya., Nov. 5, 1841, and is of Welsh descent. 
He received his preliminary education at Nor- 
folk, Ya., studied medicine under the precep- 
torship of Dr. E. B. Tunstall, and was gradu- 
ated M. D. at the University of Louisiana 
March 1, 1861. He entered the Confederate 
Army (Northern Virginia) September, 1861, 
and continued in the field as Assistant Surgeon 
of the Fifty-fifth Virginia Infantry until May 
27, 1862, when he was promoted to full sur- 
geon of the same regiment, in which capacity 
he served until the close of the war, or sur- 
render of Gen. R. E. Lee at Appomatox C. H., 
in 1865. He then returned to Norfolk, Ya., and 
engaged in the general practice of medicine 
until December, 1865, when his residence was 
changed to Crittenden county, Ark., where he 
was continuously engaged in the duties of his 
profession until February, 1872, excepting six 
months that he was located in Memphis, Tenn. 
On March 1,1872 he changed his location to the 
city of Little Rock, where he has since re- 
mained. While in the Confederate Army, 
Dr. Southall served as surgeon of his regi- 
ment in all the battles of the Army of North- 
ern Virginia, under the generalship of Gen. T. 
J. Jackson (Stonewall) and Gen. R. E. Lee. 
From 1873 to 1876 Dr. Southall was Physician 
to the Deaf Mute Institute of the State of Ar- 
kansas. In 1876 he was secretary of the Ar- 
kansas State Medical Association. He served 
as Medical Director of Knights of Honor, State 
of Arkansas. From 1879 to 1887 he was Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Institute of Medicine 
in the Medical Department of the Arkansas 
Industrial University. In 1887 he resigned 478 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
this chair, and was elected to fill that of Theo- 
ry and Practice of Medicine, made vacant by 
resignation of Dr. P. 0. Hooper. The position 
was accepted and has been occupied by the 
subject of this sketch ever since. In 1882 he 
was elected president of the State Medical 
Society of Arkansas. He has contributed many 
reports of cases to medical journals, as well as 
articles on “Epidemic Cerebro Spinal Menin- 
gitis;” “Epidemic Cholera Morbus;” “Ergot 
as an Oxytocic,” and other important medical 
subjects. 
STANDISH, Myles, of Boston, Mass., was 
born in that city October 17, 1851. He is a 
son of Francis and Caroline Amanda Stand- 
ish, and is a descendant of the Pilgrim 
Captain who came in the Mayflower to Ply- 
mouth in 1620. Dr. Standish fitted for college 
at the Roxbury Latin School, and entered 
Bowdoin College in 1871 and was graduated 
A. B. in 1875; entered the medical school of 
Harvard University in 1876 and was graduated 
M. D. in 1879. He received the degree of A. 
M., Bowdoin College, 1878. Upon graduation 
he was appointed House Physician of the 
Carney Hospital, Boston, and remained one 
year, when he went abroad and spent one year 
in the study of ophthalmology in Berlin, and 
subsequently one semester in Vienna. Upon 
his return home he was appointed House-sur- 
geon at the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and 
Ear Infirmary. Upon leaving this institution 
in 1884 and establishing himself in private 
practice, he was elected during the same year 
Assistant to the Ophthalmic Surgeons of the 
Boston City Hospital, Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
out-patients at the Carney Hospital, and As- 
sistant in the Ophthalmic Department of the 
Massachusetts General Hospital. In January, 
1886, Dr. Standish was appointed Instructor in 
Ophthalmology in the Boston Polyclinic, and in 
February,lßßß, he was appointed Assistant Oph- 
thalmic Surgeon at the Massachusetts Charita- 
ble Eye and Ear Infirmary. Upon receiving 
this appointment he resigned the positions 
held at the Massachusetts General Hospital 
and the Boston City Hospital. In April, 1888, 
Dr. Standish was elected Dean of the Boston 
Polyclinic. On June 1, 1889, he was nomi- 
nated and appointed Ophthalmic Surgeon on 
the staff of the Carney Hospital. In May, 
1892, he was appointed Assistant to the chair 
of Ophthalmology in the Medical School of 
Harvard University, and in October of the same 
year he was elected Ophthalmic Surgeon on the 
staff of the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and 
Ear Infirmary. He was elected a member of 
the American Ophthalmological Society in 
1884, of the Boston Society for Medical Im- 
provement in 1887, and of the Boston Medical 
Library Association in 1886. He passed his 
examination for entrance to the Massachusetts 
Medical Society in 1880. Dr. Standish has 
written a number of important papers which 
have been published in the Boston Medical and 
Surgical Journal and the Transactions of the 
American Ophthalmological Society. 
STANLEY, James Philip, of Pine Bluff, Ark., 
was born in Haywood county, W. Tenn., Au- 
gust 29,1833. His early education was received 
in the private and public schools and the High 
School of Fayette county in his native State. 
He studied medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. Josiah Higginson, and entered the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
receiving the degree of M. D. from that insti- 
tution in 1858. He also took a private course in 
microscopal and pathological anatomy. He re- 
mained in Philadelphia and practiced his pro- 
fession until 1862. He then entered the Con- 
federate Army, and served as surgeon, with 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel during the fol- 
lowing three years. After the close of the 
Civil War, he established himself at Selma, 
Ala., where he continued in active general 
practice until April, 1888. He then removed 
to Pine Bluff, where he has since remained. 
Dr. Stanley has the reputation of an accom- 
plished physician and surgeon. He has suc- 
cessfully performed all the amputations, from 
hip to toes, and from shoulder to the fingers, 
that are described in the late works on surgery. 
On September 5, 1888, he trephined an old 
man, whose skull was mashed with a beer- 
bottle three days before. The patient was 
seventy-two years of age. The operation re- 
sulted in complete recovery, and was the only 
successful case ever performed in that section 
of his State up to that date. Dr. Stanley is an 
active member of the Arkansas Medical Asso- 
ciation, and ex-president of the Jefferson 
County Medical Society in his adopted State. 
He has made important contributions to pro- 
fessional literature, among which may be men- 
tioned recent articles entitled, “Malarial Hem- 
aturic Fever,” “Pseudarthrosis,” and “Effects 
of Quinine in Malarial Hematuric Fever.” 
STAPLES, Franklin, of Winona, Minn was 
born in Raymond (now Casco), Cumberland 
county, Me., November 9, 1833. He received 
an academic education and began the study of 
medicine in the office of Dr. Chas. S. D. Fes- 
senden, of Portland, Me., in 1855; attended 
lectures in the medical department of Bow- 
doin College in 1856, and was one of the first 
students in the Portland School for Medical EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
479 
Instruction, under the instruction of the late 
Prof. W., C. Robinson, and Prof. Israel T. 
Dana, now of the Maine Medical School. In 
1861 he entered the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, and was graduated thence 
M. D. in March, 1862. As the student and as- 
sistant of the late Dr. David Conant, he then 
went to the Maine Medical School (medical 
department of Bowdoin College), having been 
appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy for that 
year. In the summer of 1862 he established 
liimself as a general practitioner in Winona, 
Minn. He married, June 4, 1863, Helen M., 
daughter of Ezra Harford, Esq., of Portland, 
Me. Dr. Staples was one of the founders of 
the Winona Preparatory Medical School. In 
1871 he was elected president of the Minne- 
sota State Medical Society, and in 1874 was 
appointed a member of the Minnesota State 
Board of Health, which position he continues 
to hold. He has been the president of the 
State Board of Health since 1889. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
was one of the judicial council of this associa- 
tion from 1875 to 1877, and vice-president of the 
association during the latter year. From 1883 to 
1887 he held the chair of the Practice of Medi- 
cine in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Minnesota, when this Faculty con- 
stituted the Medical Examining Board of the 
State. Dr. Staples has been known especially 
by his study and practical work as a surgeon, 
and has been able to witness and have a part 
in the great progress which, in the last quarter 
of a century, our country and the world has 
witnessed in this department of scientific 
work. It may be said of him that he has en- 
joyed the confidence and respect of the medi- 
cal profession, especially in that part of the 
Northwest where has been his field of labor. 
His writings on medical and surgical subjects 
have from time to time been published in sci- 
entific and professional journals; but of late 
years his attention and interest have been 
given to sanitary science and to practical work 
in this department. Among the first of his 
writings in this line was his report on “The 
Influence of Climate on Pulmonary Diseases 
in Minnesota,” published in the Transactions 
of the American Medical Association, 1876. 
STEELE, Daniel A. K., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Eden, Ohio, March 29, 1852. His father, 
the Rev. Daniel Steele, a Presbyterian clergy- 
man, was a native of County Tyrone, Ireland, 
who came to this country in 1851. When the sub- 
ject of this sketch was two years old his 
parents removed to Illinois and located near 
Pinckneyville, in Perry county. The country 
was at that time wild and new, and the first 
school young Steele attended was at a little 
log school house in Grand Cote Prairie, where 
the rural youngsters were trained after the 
most primitive fashion. While the elder 
Steele was engaged in ministerial work he 
was at the same time living on one of the new 
farms of that portion of “the Far West,” and 
on a somewhat limited scale he carried on 
farming operations along with his neighbors. 
He looked upon industry as chief of all the 
virtues, next to genuine piety; as soon as his 
son was old enough to make himself useful on 
the farm there was no lack of tasks for him to 
perform. He divided his time between the 
farm and the country school-room until he 
was fifteen years of age, and during that time 
the farm claimed the larger share of his atten- 
tion. However he made fair progress in his 
studies, and in 1866 he went to Oakdale Acad- 
emy, in the town of Oakdale, only a few miles 
distant from his home, where he completed 
his academic course of study. Then he re- 
moved with his father to Rantoul, in Cham- 
paign county, 111., where, in 1868 and 1869, he 
taught school a portion of his time. In 1869 
he commenced reading medicine under the 
preceptorship of Dr. D. P. McClure, of Rantoul, 
and at the same time he began to acquire a 
knowledge of drugs and medicines as clerk in 
a well-stocked and well-managed drug store. 
Jd~- $ 
In 1870, after reading under the direction of 
Dr. McClure one year, he went to Chicago and 
entered the Chicago Medical College, where 
he took a three years’ graded course and grad- 
uated in 1873. During his senior year at the 
college-lie was appointed Prosector of Anatomy 
in that institution, and after his graduation 
he became Demonstrator in the Chicago School 
of Anatomy, an institution modeled after the 
Philadelphia School of Anatomy, which be- 
came famous some years since under the man- 
agement of Dr. John B. Roberts. Being anx- 
ious to add as much as possible to his knowl- 
edge of operative surgery, he entered a com- 
petitive examination of applicants for appoint- 
ment to the position of Interne in the Cook 
County Hospital, and as a result of the exami- 
nation, received the appointment of House 
Physician and Surgeon. He was connected 
with the hospital for nearly two years, and at 
the end of that time he had demonstrated 
conclusively that he had a genius for surgery. 
He then engaged in general practice, although 
paying particular attention to surgery, becom- 
ing at the same time clinical assistant to the 
late Prof. Moses Gunn, of Rush Medical Col- 
lege, one of the most noted surgeons the West 
has produced. In 1875 he wras appointed one 480 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of the Attending Surgeons of the South Side 
Dispensary of Chicago, and in 1876 Lecturer 
on Surgery in the Chicago Medical College. 
In 1882 he severed his connection with the 
Chicago Medical College, and was associated 
with some of the most prominent physicians 
of his city in founding the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of Chicago, which now 
ranks high among the medical educational in- 
stitutions of the West. In this institution he 
became Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, a 
position which he held until 1886, when he 
advanced to the chair of Principles and Prac- 
tice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. He was 
appointed to this latter position to fill the va- 
cancy occasioned by the resignation of Dr. 
Nicholas Seym, a distinguished surgeon, then 
of Milwaukee, and at the time of his appoint- 
ment his age was about ten years under that 
which constitutes the average age of physi- 
cians called upon to fill this important chair in 
the medical colleges of the country. Not- 
withstanding his comparative youthful- 
ness, he has sustained the character giv- 
en to this professorship by his distin- 
guished predecessor, and among the many 
able educators connected with the Chi- 
cago Medical Colleges, few instructors are 
listened to by classes of more deeply interested 
students. In delivering medical lectures he 
has mastered the secret of being at the same 
time instructive and entertaining. His lectures 
abound in striking figures of speech, and are 
sufficiently entertained by the witticisms which 
spring spontaneously from a strain of Irish 
blood to render them unusually attractive. 
Outside of his educational work, Dr. Steele has 
been prominently identified with the inception 
and building up of various organizations de- 
signed to promote the welfare of the profession, 
to aid in the dissemination of important infor- 
mation, and to stimulate the ambition of mem- 
bers of the medical fraternity. He was one 
of the originators of the Chicago Biological 
Society, since merged into the Pathological 
Society, and a charter member of the Chicago 
Medical Club, an organization of limited mem- 
bership, which meets once each month, to 
promote social intercourse among its mem- 
bers, and discuss matters of professional inter- 
est at the same time. He was the first president 
of the Chicago Medico-Legal Society, which 
was organized in 1886, and which, as its name 
indicates, deals with the legal questions, prob- 
lems and principles which are either directly or 
indirectly of interest to the medical profession. 
The society meets four times a year, and the 
results of its discussions has been to very 
materially broaden the information of its 
members relative to their legal obligations, 
rights, and responsibilities. For eight years 
Dr. Steele was Attending Surgeon at the Cook 
County Hospital, and was president of the 
medical board of the hospital in 1887 and 1890. 
In 1886 he was president of the Chicago Med- 
ical Society, and of both the State and National 
Medical Associations he is a member of 
recognized high standing. At the session 
of the Illinois State Medical Society, held 
in 1886, he was chairman of the Committee on 
Surgery, and acting in that capacity he sub- 
mitted a report on the progress of surgery dur- 
ing the year, which was notable for its admi- 
rable classifications of the matters dealt with, 
its clear statements relative to new discoveries, 
operations and results, and the amount of 
statistical information which it contained 
concerning the latest developments of sur- 
gical science. In 1888 he was accredited by 
the American Medical Association a delegate 
to the British Medical Association at Glasgow, 
Scotland. It was while traveling in England 
on this occasion that he called upon Dr. Law- 
son Tait, of Birmingham, who, for some rea- 
son or other, failed to extend to him the court- 
esies which he had, without exception, met 
with elsewhere, and which have come to be 
looked upon as requirements of an unwritten 
law of the medical profession. With the spirit 
of a man who prides himself upon his Ameri- 
can citizenship and the honorable standing of 
the profession to which he belongs, the visit- 
ing American took the distinguished English 
practitioner to task for his lack of courtesy in 
a series of letters, which were afterwards pub- 
lished by consent of both parties to the con- 
troversy, and in which the principles of what 
maybe called the international comity of the 
medical profession were broadly enunciated. 
His companion for a portion of this trip was 
Rev. John Hall, his father’s college mate at 
Belfast, and they visited many places of his- 
toric interest together. While abroad at that 
time Dr. Steele pursued a careful course of in- 
vestigation and research, visiting the principal 
medical institutions and hospitals of England, 
France, Germany and Switzerland, and form- 
ing the acquaintance of such noted medicists 
as Lister, MacCormick and Heath, of London; 
Kocher, of Berne; Kronlein, of Zurich, in 
Switzerland; Martin, of Berlin, and Volk- 
mann, of Halle; Schede of Hamburg, and 
McEwen, of Glasgow. Recently Dr. Steele 
has been one of the prime movers in an 
enterprise which will vastly benefit the medi- 
cal profession of Chicago—the founding of a 
public medical library. An association has 
been organized which proposes to erect a 
library building at a cost of thirty thousand 
dollars, and a fund of considerable magnitude 
is already available for the purchase of books. 
The venerable Dr. N. S. Davis, who has done 
so much for his profession in the West, and 
particularly in Chicago, is at the head of the 
enterprise, while Dr. Steele and other equally 
prominent physicians and active workers com- 
pose the Board of Directors of the Library 
Association. Among the most important of 
Dr. Steele’s contributions to medical literature 
have been the following papers: “Report of 
a Case of Hydrophobia,” “Gunshot Wounds 
of the Brain,” “The Microbic Revolution in 
Surgery,” “The Differential Diagnosis of Scro- 
tal Tumors,” “Surgical Treatment of Empy- 
emia in Children,” “Reports of Three Opera- 
tions of Ovariotomy,” “Reports of Cases of 
Uterine Fibroids Treated by Ergot,” “Double 
Congenital Oblique Inguinal Hernia,” “The 
Medico-Legal Aspect of Criminal Abortion,” 
“A Chicago Physician’s Impressions and Ob- 
servations of European Surgery,” and “Dis- 
eases and Treatment of the Minor Articula- 
tions.” The last-named monograph has been 
given a place in Keating’s Cyclopedia of the 
Diseases of Children. Dr. Steele was married 
in 1876 to Miss Alice L. Tomlinson, of Ran- 
toul, Illinois, a lady who has made his home a 
center of culture and refinement and con- 
tributed her full share to the measure of his 
success, 
STEINER, Lewis Henry, of Baltimore, Md., 
was born May 4,1827, in Frederick, Maryland, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
481 
and died in the former city February 18, 1892. 
He was educated in arts at Marshall College, 
Mercersburg, graduating in 1846. Three years 
later, he was graduated in medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania. His membership 
in the American Medical Association dates 
from 1852. At the time of his demise he was 
librarian of the Pratt Free Library, and for 
ten years past had given nearly all his time to 
literary pursuits. During the civil war he 
served as Chief Inspector in the Army of the 
Potomac for the United States Sanitary Com- 
mission. He interested himself in the estab- 
lishment of schools for the benefit of the 
freedmen in his State, presiding for three 
years over the School Board of Frederick 
county. For twelve years he was a member of 
his State Senate, the sole representative at 
times of the minority party. At different pe- 
riods in the earlier years of his professional 
life, Dr. Steiner filled positions as lecturer or 
professor in the branches of chemistry and 
pharmacy in the Maryland College of Phar- 
macy, in the Columbian College, in the Mary- 
land Institute, in the National Medical Col- 
lege, and in the College of St. James, at Ha- 
gerstown. His address before the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1856 
dealt with the relations of modern chemistry 
to the medical profession. In conjunction with 
Dr. Breed, he prepared an American edition 
of the Chemical Analysis of Heinrich Will. 
In 1861 he served as assistant editor of the 
American Medical Monthly. He was the libra- 
rian for several years of the Maryland His- 
torical Society. In 1876 he was vice-president 
of the American Public Health Association, as 
well as public orator at the annual conventions 
at Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1877 he 
was president of the American Academy of 
Medicine. He was a member of the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress in Philadelphia. He 
belonged to numerous scientific and historical 
societies, and was ever ready and helpful with 
his pen in their encouragement. 
STERNE, Albert Eugene, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 28, 
1866. He is the second son of Charles F. and 
Eugenia Fries Sterne,formerly of Peru,lndiana. 
His education was received in various private 
schools before entering Harvard University in 
the autumn of 1883, as a member of the class 
of 1887. He received the degree of A. B. cum 
laude at the end of the regular four years’ 
course. In the fall of 1887 he sailed for Europe 
to take a full course of medical studies in the 
universities of Germany. In Strassburg he 
spent two and one-half years, and in Berlin 
three years, receiving the degree of M. D. 
magna cum laude from the University of Berlin 
in 1891. During vacation terms, and at other 
times, he visited the various countries of 
Europe and Northern Africa, studying hos- 
pital work. He was Interne in the Charity 
Hospital of Berlin, division of nervous dis- 
eases, and also Interne of the Rotunda Ma- 
ternity of Dublin, Ireland. The major part 
of his studies was carried on in Strassburg, 
Berlin, Paris, Dublin and London hospitals 
during a period of six years’ absence from 
America. He returned in December, 1892, 
and has, since February, 1893, practiced medi- 
cine in Indianapolis. He intends to confine 
practice entirely to diseases of the nervous 
system, and to the surgery of the brain and 
vertebral column. He has written articles upon 
“Arthropathia Tabidorum,” or “Charcot’s 
Joint Disease;” on “Tabes Dorsalis,” “Spe- 
cific Diseases of the Nervous System,” and 
“Syringo-Myelia.” These papers were read 
before various medical societies. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association; the 
Mississippi Valley Medical Association; the 
Indiana State Medical Society; the Marion 
County Medical Society; the Mitchell District 
Medical Society; the Indianapolis Surgical 
Society; the Association of American Physi- 
cians of Berlin, Germany, and the Indiana 
Harvard Club. 
STERNBERG,George Miller,of Washington 
City, D. C., was born in Otsego county, N. Y., 
June 8,1838. He began the study of medicine 
early in life, and entered the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, New York, from which 
institution he received his medical degree, in 
1860. He was appointed Assistant Surgeon 
United States Army, May 28, 1861. His first 
duty was with the command of Gen. George 
Sykes, in the Army of the Potomac, and after 
four months’ hospital duty in Rhode Island, 
he joined Gen. Nathaniel P. Bank’s expedition 
to New Orleans, and then served in the office 
of the medical director of the Department of 
the Gulf until January, 1864. Subsequently 
he was on hospital duty in Cleveland and Co- 
lumbus,Ohio, till April, 1866, and afterward was 
stationed at various government posts, being 
promoted December 1, 1875, Surgeon with 
rank of major. Subsequently Dr. Sternberg 
was on duty in Baltimore, where he was en- 
gaged in experimental researches in bacteri- 
ology in Johns Hopkins University as a Fellow 
by courtesy in that institution. In 1879 he 
was sent to Havana, as a member of the yellow 
fever commission, by the National Board of 
Health, and in 1885 he was a delegate to the In- 
ternational Sanitary Conference, in Rome, 
Italy. Dr. Sternberg is an honorary member 
of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Rome, 
Rio Janeiro, and Havana, and a Fellow of the 
Royal Microscopal Society of London; and, 
besides membership in other medical and 
scientific societies, at home and abroad, was, 
in 1887, president of the American Public 
Health Association. The Lamb prize of five 
hundred dollars was awarded to him by the 
last-named association, in 1885, for his essay on 
“Disinfectants;” and he has invented auto- 
matic heat regulating apparatus. Besides con- 
tributions to scientific journals on his special- 
ties, he has published, “Photo-Micrographs, 
and How to Make Them,” 1883; “Bacteria,” 
and “Malaria and Malarial Diseases,” 1884. In 
1893 Dr. Sternberg was appointed Surgeon- 
General United States Army, with the rank of 
brigadier-general. 
STEWART, Francis Edward, of Watkins, 
N. Y., was born at Albion, Orleans county, 
New York, September 13, 1853, and is the son 
of Jonathan Severance Stewart and Ada Erie 
Nichoson. His father’s family belong to the 
Perthshire branch of the Scottish Stewarts. 
Governor Robert Morris Stewart, of Missouri, 
was a brother of his father. His mother is a 
descendant of the Robinson, Fay, Mathews 
and Morris families, of Vermont, David Math- 
ews, his great-grandfather, having built the 
famous “State Line House,” located between 
New York and Vermont, at the intersection 
of Rensselaer, Washington and Bennington 
counties, and the town lines of White Creek, 
Hoosic, Shaftsbury and Bennington. Dr. 482 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Stewart graduated at the Philadelphia College 
of Pharmacy, class of 1876, and from the 
Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, in 
1879, as a pupil of Dr. F. V. Green, United 
States Navy. His inaugural thesis at the lat- 
ter institution, which received first honorable 
mention, and a subsequent paper introducing 
Sanguinus Bovinus Exiccatus (dried bullock’s 
blood), attracted the notice of the house of 
Parke, Davis & Co., manufacturing chemists, 
of Detroit, and he accepted an engagement 
with this corporation which resulted in the 
establishment of a scientific department of 
leading experts, represented by a “Working 
Bulletin System for the Collective Investiga- 
tion of Drugs.” This system, which was de- 
vised by Dr. Stewart, has resulted in the pub- 
lication of “The Pharmacology of the Newer 
Materia Medica,” a book of 1,300 pages. Dr. 
Stewart was for some time associate editor of 
the Therapeutic Gazette, published by Mr. Geo. 
S. Davis, of Detroit. By adopting a plan of 
his devising, the journal has now become the 
leading periodical in therapeutics in the 
English language. During the six years in 
which he was connected with the work above 
referred to, Dr. Stewart made his home in 
New York City. Here he was a member of 
the Hospital Committee of the State Charities’ 
Aid Society, chairman of the Committee on 
Almshouses of the County of New York, one 
of the incorporators and Physician of the Loan 
Relief Association, and a member of the Fifth 
Avenue Presbyterian Church. From New York 
he returned to Philadelphia in connection with 
the Therapeutic Gazette, and became Demon- 
strator and Lecturer in Materia Medica at the 
Jefferson Medical College and the Medico- 
Chirurgical College; also being Master in 
Chemistry and Theoretical Pharmacy at the 
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and Pro- 
fessor of Pharmacy in the Powers College of 
Pharmacy. His residence at that time was 
Wilmington, Delaware, near Philadelphia, 
where he practiced medicine seven years; was 
a prominent member of the State Medical and 
Pharmaceutical Societies, and Electrician of 
the Delaware Hospital. He was also a mem- 
ber of the judicial council of the Ninth Inter- 
national Medical Congress, and a member from 
Delaware of the Convention for Revising the 
United States Pharmacopeia, of 1890. For 
many years he has been a member of the 
American Medical Association, and for some 
time one of its officers, and he was also ap- 
pointed one of the officers of the first Pan- 
American Medical Congress. In 1886 he was 
interested in original research at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, and Assistant Demon- 
strator of Therapeutics. He did the labora- 
tory experimental work that introduced hydro- 
bromate of hyoscine. Further work in the 
laboratory on food stuffs brought him in con- 
tact with the celebrated expert, Alphonse 
Bieudot, of Paris, France, for many years in 
charge of the palace of the King of Greece, at 
Athens. In association with this gentleman 
and his sons, he has been instrumental in 
founding and building up the large business of 
the Franco-American Food Company, whose 
soups are now so familiar to the American 
public. Of this corporation he is the secre- 
tary. Dr. Stewart is a well-known author. 
His “Compend on Pharmacy” is now in the 
fourth edition. A number of his “Working 
Bulletins” have reached a large circulation. 
His many papers before various societies have 
been favorably received. In 1891 the National 
Medical Association sent a memorial to Con- 
gress asking that body to carry out the pro- 
visions of the paper read by him, entitled 
“The Working Bulletin System, National Phar- 
macological Association, National Laboratory, 
and a Proposed Investigation of the Materia 
Medica of the World, Under the Auspices of 
the Government of the United States.” In 
this connection he studied up the laws of pat- 
ents and trademarks, and clearly shows in his 
paper the unethical, unscientific and illegal 
nature of the so-called patent or proprietary 
medicine business. He is an acknowledged 
authority in this branch of law, and his paper 
before the Congressional Committee on Pat- 
ents resulted in convincing that body as to the 
correctness of his position. As a physician, 
Dr. Stewart has been eminently successful, 
numbering among his patients at Cape May 
Point, in the summer time, the family of Presi- 
dent Harrison and that of Postmaster-General 
Wanamaker, while at Wilmington his list 
contained Ambassador Thos. F. Bayard and 
many other prominent persons. He is now 
engaged in the study of sanitariums, with the 
view of writing a book on the subject, and is 
at present located at the Glen Springs Sanita- 
rium, at Watkins, N. Y. 
STEWART, J. T., of Peoria, 111., was bom 
in Bond county, Illinois, June 20, 1824. His 
father, William Stewart, was a native of Penn- 
sylvania, of Scotch descent. His mother, 
Elizabeth Willis, was a native of South Caro- 
lina, also of Scotch descent. His preliminary 
education was received in the common schools 
of the country. His classical education at Knox 
College, Galesburg, in his native State. His pre- 
ceptor in his medical education was Dr. Jo- 
seph C. Frye, of Peoria. He graduated at the 
University of Pennsylvania in the spring of 
1850. He began the practice of medicine in 
Peoria immediately after graduating, and con- 
tinued in the practice there until the War of 
the Rebellion. In December, 1861, he was 
commissioned Surgeon of the Sixty-fourth 
Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He 
served in that capacity until Sherman’s cam- 
paign in Georgia, when he was promoted to 
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Fourth Division Six- 
teenth Army Corps. He served in that capacity 
until July 19, 1864, when he was wounded by 
a shell crushing his hip and breaking the thigh 
bone in the neck. The following spring he 
went to Hilton Head Island, and was there 
when Charleston was evacuated. As he was 
too lame from his wound to go into the field, 
he was put in charge of the Post Hospital in 
Charleston, which was established immedi- 
ately after the surrender of the city. This he 
conducted for six months, that was to Septem- 
ber 1,1865. The war being over he returned to 
Peoria and resumed his professional pursuits, 
and where he is still in active practice. While 
conducting a general practice, he has devoted 
special attention to surgery, and has since the 
war done a large share of the surgery of Peoria 
and vicinity. He has performed most of 
the operations which have ever been done ift 
surgery, including removal of the entire 
womb and ovaries, and numerous ovarioto- 
mies. He was six years United States Pension 
Examiner, He is Surgeon of and Chief of 
Staff of St. Francis Hospital. Fifteen years 
ago he devised a hinge elbow splint for EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
483 
fractures of the elbow, which is superior 
to any other that was then in use. All 
the surgeons of Peoria now use it. Ten 
years ago he devised an apparatus for frac- 
ture of the clavical, which is also used by 
the surgeons of his city. It is so perfectly 
simple and efficient that it needs only to be 
seen to be adopted. He has devoted much 
time to the study of botany, and has the best 
private herbarium in Illinois. He is president 
of the Scientific Association of Peoria, and 
has made many contributions to that society 
and to Aarious periodicals, and is the author of 
a pamphlet on Shade Trees, Indigenous Shrubs 
and Vines. 
STEWART, William Shaw, of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born at Stewart’s Station, near Pitts- 
burgh, of Scotch-Irish parents, the third genera- 
tion in this country. He is a graduate of 
Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pa., and of 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1863. 
izations. He is a Trustee of the Charity Hos- 
pital, Philadelphia, and the Western Pennsyl- 
vania Theological Seminary, Allegheny City, 
Pa. He was a delegate to the Ninth and 
Tenth World’s Medical Congresses, which met 
at Washington and Berlin, respectively, and 
read papers at each which are printed in the 
Transactions. He is the inventor of an ob- 
stetrical forcep, with parallel handles, having 
traction and grip all in one direction, and the 
application of either blade first. Also, the in- 
ventor of a preputial dilator, an instrument 
with four expansive blades, designed to pre- 
vent the bloody operation of circumcision, 
when it is not required as a religious rite. Dr. 
Stewart is the author of numerous papers and 
articles, and has had a large experience of all 
kinds of surgery, but more recently of abdomi- 
nal. The largest tumor he has removed weighed 
ninety pounds, a multilocular cyst, from which 
the patient recovered. He delivered a living 
child, at full term, from a woman who had a 
retroflexed uterus—the only case on record 
where both mother and child survived. (See 
Vol. 11, page 446, Transactions of the Ninth 
International Medical Congress.) 
STILLE, Alfred, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city October 30, 1813. He was 
the eldest son of John and Maria StillA Upon 
his father’s side the family was of Swedish 
origin, its earliest member, of whom anything 
positively is known, being Olof Person Still#, 
who emigrated to this country with the first 
Swedish colony, in the year 1638, under a pass- 
port or letter of recommendation from Eric 
Bielke, Lord of Wyk, Peningby and Nynas, 
in Upland, Sweden. Shortly after their land- 
ing on the banks of the Delaware, the Swedes 
established numerous settlements, principally 
on the western bank of the river. Olof Stille’s 
place of residence, marked on Lindstrom’s 
map as “Stille’s land,” was situated on what 
is at present termed “the Neck,” and is said 
to be the only homestead now known of any 
of the Swedish families whose names are 
on the list taken in the year 1693, for the 
information of William Penn. On the ma- 
ternal side, Dr. Still# was descended from 
the family of the Wagners, one of whom came 
over to this country and settled as a clergy- 
man in Reading, Pa., in the year 1759. Mr. 
Wagner’s father and grandfather were both of 
them clergymen, also; his great-grandfather 
was Tobias Wagner, Chancellor of the Univer- 
sity of Tubingen in 1662. In the Biographic 
Universelle he is described as one of the most 
skillful and fertile theologians of the Seven- 
teenth Century. Few Americans can look 
back to a longer line of ancestry, settled in 
this country, than the family to which the 
subject of this sketch belongs; and the te- 
nacity with which they have clung to the 
spot where their first ancestor settled is, 
in our country at least, somewhat remark- 
able. Dr. Still# was graduated at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania A. B. in 1832, and 
M. D. in 1836. In the same year he was elected 
Resident Physician of the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital. In 1839 he became Resident Physician 
at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and held that 
position until 1841. Between the date of grad- 
uation and 1839 he pursued his medical studies 
in Paris and other European capitals. From 
1844 to 1850 he lectured on pathology and the 
practice of medicine to the Pennsylvania As- 
sociation for Medical Instruction. In 1849 he 
After graduating in medicine he enterea the 
Army of the Potomac as assistant surgeon, 
and afterward located in Philadelphia (1865), 
where he entered into general practice. He 
soon gained a large and successful practice, 
and was honored by being elected to three terms 
of three years each, on the school board, serv- 
ing as president of same; also, Surgeon of 
First Infantry Regiment, National Guard of 
Pennsylvania. He is a member of the Military 
Order, Loyal Legion; was one of the founders 
of the American Academy of Medicine; was 
Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Professor 
of Gynecology of the Medico-Chirurgical Col- 
lege, of Philadelphia, for ten years, five of 
them as Dean, and was afterward made Emer- 
itus Professor of the same. Dr. Stewart is a 
member of the Philadelphia County, Obstet- 
rical, and Medico-Legal Societies; American 
Medical Association, Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Academy of Political and Social Science, 
and various other medical and scientific organ- 484 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was appointed Physician to St. Joseph’s Hos- 
pital. In 1854 he was elected Professor of the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Penn- 
sylvania Medical College, and filled the chair 
until 1859. On June 20, 1864, he was chosen 
to occupy a similar chair in the University of 
Pennsylvania. This position he held until 
1884, when he became Professor Emeritus. He 
was president of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation in 1871; the Philadelphia County 
Medical Society in 1862, and of the College of 
Physicians of Philadelphia in 1885. From 
1865 to 1871 he was Physician and Lecturer on 
Clinical Medicine in the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con- 
ferred on him by the Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, in 1876. He is the author of nu- 
merous publications. In association with Dr. 
J. Forsyth Meigs, he translated “Pathological 
Hematology” from the French of G. Andral, 
1844. His other publications are: “Medical 
instructor-Edinburgh Medical Journal, Septem- 
ber, 1860. It was also highly commended by 
numerous other American and European jour- 
nals. Respecting his “War,” Dr. C. P. Krauth, 
Jr., wrote in 1862: “His address may be justly 
reckoned among the most thoughtful, finished, 
and valuable of their class.” Alluding to his 
“Epidemic Meningitis,” the American Literary 
Gazette, 1867, says: “This is a very valuable 
monograph upon a very interesting and fatal 
disease. It is ably and carefully written, with 
large reference to the bibliography of the sub- 
ject.” Dr. Stille contributed an essay on 
“Dysentery,” to Military-Medical and Sur- 
gical Essays, edited by W. A. Hammond, M. 
D., 1864; and is the author of numerous re- 
views, in the American Journal of Medical Sci- 
ence. In 1860 he published a new edition of 
A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence, by Drs. 
Francis Wharton and Moreton Stille, issued in 
1855, the medical part being revised and cor- 
rected with numerous additions. He was asso- 
ciated with John M. Maisch, in the preparation 
of the National Dispensatory, 1879. Dr. Stille 
has been a successful physician, writer and 
teacher for more than a half-century, has at- 
tained his four-score years, and is one of the 
most distinguished members of the medical 
profession in this country. 
STILLE, Moreton, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city October 27, 1822, and died at 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y., August 20,1855. The 
academic education of the subject of this 
sketch was obtained at Edge Hill Seminary, 
Princeton, and at the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, and after studying medicine with his brother 
(Dr. Alfred Still 6), he graduated at the medical 
department of that institution in 1844. Subse - 
quently he spent three years in the medica 
schools of Dublin, London, Paris and Vienna, 
and on his return settled in Philadelphia, where 
he began practice. Early in July, 1848, he was 
elected one of the Resident Physicians of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital. Towards the latter 
part of June, in 1849, malignant cholera, then 
epidemic throughout the whole country, broke 
out in its most virulent form in the Philadel- 
phia Almshouse, Blockley. The care of the 
patients was at first undertaken by the resi- 
dent physicians, but the number of the sick so 
rapidly increased that their duties became too 
arduous for them, and a separate cholera serv- 
ice was instituted by the board of guardians; 
to this Dr. Stille and Dr. Edward R. Mayer 
were appointed physicians, in connection with 
a medical board, consisting of the Chief Resi- 
dent Physician, Dr. Benedict, and the Con- 
sulting Surgeon and Physician of the Hospital, 
Dr. Page and Dr. Clymer. The excessive 
malignity and rapid spread of the disease are 
shown by the fact that, out of a population of 
about 1,400 persons residing in the house, the 
cases admitted into the Cholera Hospital from 
its opening on the seventh day of July, until 
its closure on the fourth day of August, num- 
bered 222, of whom 192 died. The services 
rendered by the medical board and their 
assistants, during this period, were not only 
harassing and laborious, but involved in their 
discharge, as may be supposed, great personal 
risk. So poisonous, indeed, was the miasma 
that the health of several of them soon became 
seriously affected, and two of them, Mr. T. M. 
Flint, of Philadelphia, and Mr. J. Warren 
White, of Mississippi, gentlemen who had 
nobly offered their gratuitous services to the 
Instruction in the United States,” 1845; “Ele- 
ments of General Pathology,” 1848; “Report 
on Medical Literature,” 1850; “Unity of Medi- 
cine,” 1856; “Humboldt’s Life and Charac- 
ter,” 1859; “Therapeutics and Materia Med- 
ica,” a systematic treaties on the action and 
use of medicinal agents, including their de- 
scription and history, 1860; second edition 
revised and enlarged, 1864; third edi- 
tion, 1868; fourth edition, 1874, a translation 
of this work into German, by Professor Oscar 
Lubreich, of the University of Berlin, was 
published in 1877 ; “War as an Instrument of 
Civilization,” 1862; “Epidemic Meningitis, or 
Cerebro - Spinal Meningitis,” 1867. Of his 
“Therapeutics and Materia Medica,” the fol- 
lowing commendation appeared; “We recog- 
nize in Dr. Stills the possession of many of 
those more distinguished qualifications which 
entitle him to approbation, and which justify 
him in coming before his medical brethren as an EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
sick, fell martyrs to it, dying in the city, a 
few days after their removal from the hospital. 
Ten days after the commencement of his 
duties, Dr. Stilld was himself attacked with 
cholera, and narrowly escaped with his life. 
It took him a long while to recover from it, 
even as it was, so shattered was his constitu- 
tion by the disease. In 1855 he was ap- 
pointed Lecturer on the Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in the Philadelphia Asso- 
ciation for Medical Instruction, and com- 
pleted his first course of lectures there. 
Dr. Stilly’s contributions to the journals will 
be principally found in the American Journal 
of Medical Sciences, between the years 1848 
and 1855, inclusive. All of them gave evidence 
of ability. They are exceedingly well written, 
also, and many of them may be read with in- 
terest and instruction even now. For speci- 
mens of his critical powers, stvle and mode of 
treating his subject; his view of Dr. Addison’s 
Experimental and Practical Researches, his 
notices of Chomel’s Elements of General 
Pathology, and of Dr. Stokes’ Treatise on the 
Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta, may be 
consulted. His paper on “The Psychical Effects 
of Ether,” published in the Philadelphia 
Medical Examiner for December, 1854, is well 
deserving of notice, also, as a valuable contri- 
tion to our knowledge upon a question of much 
interest. The subject is carefully and candidly 
discussed, and the conclusions arrived at may 
be fairly considered to be established. His 
treatise on Medical Jurisprudence was the : 
joint production of Mr. Wharton and himself 
The share assigned to Dr. Stilffi in its composi- 
tion, consisted of the articles on the “Fetus 
and New-born Child,” on “Sexual Relations,” 
on “Identity,” and on the “Causes of Death.” 
Referring to the manner in which this portion 
of the work was executed, one of his biogra- 
phers, Dr. Hollingsworth, says: The unan- 
imous sentiment of the profession, so far at 
at least as it has been expressed in the numer- l 
ous reviews that have been written upon it, 
is that it is a most valuable addition to our 
medical literature. It certainly occupies a 
position in advance of all previous works upon 
the same subject, for much of its information, ; 
owing to its being gathered from sources almost 
entirely unexplored before, is positively novel 
Almost every page in it testifies, bv its numer- 
ous references, to the extended research of the 
writer in these exotic regions. The death of c 
Dr. Moreton Stille at the comparatively early I 
age of thirty-three years, and at a time when, 3 
apparently, a brilliant future awaited him,was I 
a great loss to the medical profession of this r 
country. He was theyoungest of the three noted 3 
brothers of this name. The life and achieve- n 
ments of his eldest brother, Dr. Alfred Stills, I 
have already been presented. Another brother’ 1 
Charles Janeway Stilffi, was Professor of His- I 
tory in the University of Pennsylvania, and t 
Provost of that institution from 1868 till 1880. It a 
was Plainly through his influence that the new c 
buildings in West Philadelphia were erected, p 
and the Scientific Department founded. n 
STILLSON, Joseph 0., of Indianapolis, Ind., ti 
was born in Bedford, in the same State, May h 
28, 1850. He is a son of Joseph Stillson, a n 
native of Connecticut, a man of liberal edu- d 
cation, who came to Indiana in 1838, and was I 
for a time a teacher in Bedford Academy. He E 
was appointed Judge of the Circuit Court, and F 
at the end of his term studied medicine, and v 
485 
practiced the same successfully for forty years 
being called not only throughout Lawrence 
county, in which he ‘lived, but into Monroe 
Martin and Davies counties as well. The sub- 
ject of this sketch pursued a classical course 
at Hanover College, during the presidency of 
Dr. Heckman, from which he received the'de- 
gree of A. B. in 1871. Soon after this he 
studied medicine with his father, and at Louis- 
vdle University, under Drs. David and Lans- 
ford P. Yandall. Among the pupils of his 
father in Bedford Academy was a young man 
named Williams, who afterwards became one 
of the most famous ophthalmologist of the 
world. Dr. Williams was at the time young 
Stillson came back from his first year at Louis- 
summit of his fame, and wrote his 
old time teacher and friend at Bedford asking 
that he allow his son to come to Cincinnati 
where he would afford him the benefit of his 
help and good offices. The invitation was ac- 
cepted and he became a student of Miami 
Medical College, from which he was graduated 
M. D. in 1873. He then became a student in 
Dr. Williams’ private office, where he re- 
mained a year. In 1874 he attended Bellevue 
Medical College, and the New York Ophthal- 
mic and Aural Institute, and studied at the 
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary. The years 
1876 and 1876 were spent by Dr. Stillson in 
Europe, where he first passed his time in 
the hospitals of Berlin, Dresden, Leipsic 
and Vienna. At the last named city he be- 
came acquainted with Dr. Arlt, the former 
preceptor of Dr. Williams, of Cincin- 
nati, from whom he bore letters of in- 
troduction. In Vienna he devoted much time 
in studying general surgery, pathology and 
microscopy, also pursuing special courses on 
diseases of the eye, under Stellwag and Jaeger. 
He also became acquainted with the eminent 
Bilroth, and pursued a special course, under 
Politzer, on diseases of the ear. After this he 
went to Paris, where he formed the acquaint- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ance of Claude Bernard, De Wecker, Gale- 
zowski and Charcot. The last-named was at 
the time beginning his experiments in hyp- 
notism. lie took four months’ special work in 
the College of France, in histology, and in the 
laboratory of the illustrious Ranvier. The 
following year he went to London, where he 
spent the most of his time at Moorfields, the 
largest eye and ear hospital in the world. At 
this date the leading men on the eye were 
Bowman and Critchett, from whom he received 
special instruction, and from Esmarch in gen- 
eral surgery, and also received teaching from 
Hutchinson, noted for his investigations in 
syphilography. After his return from abroad, 
Dr. Stillson, in 1878, formed a partnership with 
Dr. A. D. Williams, of St. Louis, nephew of the 
noted Cincinnati oculist, but in 1879 he moved 
to Evansville, where he opened an office for 
himself. In 1880 he married Miss Mathildeß., 
daughter of Victor Bisch, a leading lawyer 
of Southwestern Indiana. In 1884 Dr. Stillson 
accepted the chair of Ophthalmology in the 
Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
and removed to Indianapolis. In the fall of 
the same year he was appointed Oculist on the 
staff of the City Hospital; also Consulting 
Oculist at the City Dispensary. Four years 
later he was appointed Oculist at the State 
Institute for the Blind. In October, 1893, he 
was appointed a member of the City Board of 
Health, and was made secretary of the same. 
He is a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation, American Society of Microscopy, 
Mississippi Valley Medical Association, Indi- 
ana Academy of Science, Indiana State Medi- 
cal Society (of which he is treasurer), Indian- 
apolis Surgical Society (charter member and 
treasurer), Marion County Medical Society, 
and of other medical associations. 
STOCKDALE, John Lark, of Talladega, Ala., 
was born in Edgefield District, S. C., August 
12, 1831. He is the son of the Rev. James S. 
Stockdale, and grandson of John Stockdale, 
who emigrated to Charleston, S. 0., from 
County Down, Ireland, in 1791. His mother’s 
maiden name was Sarah Lark, daughter of 
John Lark, of Edgefield District, S. C. His 
education was acquired principally at Talla- 
dega High School, in which school he was sub- 
sequently made Professor of Ancient Lan- 
guage and Mathematics. He commenced the 
study of medicine in 1850, under the guidance 
of Drs. Moore and Taylor. In 1854 he gradu- 
ated from the Medical College of the State of 
South Carolina, with the degree of M. D. He 
subsequently attended lectures at the Augusta 
Medical College, Georgia, and at the Medical 
College of Nashville, Tenn. He commenced 
the practice of his profession near Talladega, 
Alabama, in the spring of 1854. He afterwards 
removed to Fife, in that State. He was enjoying 
an extensive and lucrative practice when, in 
1861, the Civil War broke out, and he was ap- 
pointed Assistant Surgeon in the Confederate 
Army. He served in that capacity with the army 
of the West, and was present at the battles of 
Belmont, Shiloh, Corinth, Baton Rouge and 
Port Hudson, La., and other minor engage- 
ments. He was appointed Major of Cavalry 
in 1862, and being made a prisoner of war at 
the surrender of Port Hudson, served as Sur- 
geon at the Confederate officers’ barrack on 
Johnson Island, Lake Erie and Fort Lafayette, 
Del. At the close of the war he returned to 
his home near Talladega, and resumed the 
practice of his profession, gaining +consid- 
erable reputation in the treatment of typhoid 
fever, and making a specialty of diseases of 
women. He married in 1865 Annie E., daugh- 
ter of Maj. J. Terry, of Talladega. In 1879 he 
was made president of the Medical Society of 
Clay county, in his adopted State; also a mem- 
ber of the Medical Association of Alabama, 
and afterwards a Fellow of the Surgical and 
Gynecological Society of Alabama. 
STONE, John Osgood, of New York City, 
was born in Salem, Mass., February 1, 1813, 
and died in the former city June 7, 1876. He 
received his general education at Harvard and 
was graduated there in 1833. He also received 
the degree of M. D. from the Medical Depart- 
ment of that institution in 1836. He then 
went abroad, and after acquiring considerable 
hospital experience in London and Paris, es- 
tablished himself in practice in New York City, 
where he was identified with many medical 
charities and scientific organizations, and at- 
tained eminence in his profession. He was 
for many years a surgeon at Bellevue Hospi- 
tal, but resigned in 1857, on account of his ex- 
tensive practice. In 1866 he became a mem- 
ber of the first Metropolitan Board of Health, 
and was subsequently its president, in which 
connection his services relative to the sanitary 
condition of tenement houses and in the man- 
agement of quarantine were of great value. 
Dr. Stone made important contributions to 
surgical literature, among which may be men- 
tioned articles entitled “Amputations and 
Compound Fractures, with Statistics,” 1849; 
“Treatment of Suppurative Inflammation of 
the Joints,” 1852; “Necessary Amputation of 
the Lower Extremities,” 1864, and “Eupture 
of the Heart.” 
STONE, Richard French, of Indianapolis, 
Ind.,was born near Sharpsburgh, Bath county, 
Ky., April 1, 1844. A writer in a recent pub- 
lication, Biographical Memoirs of Indian- 
apolis, says; “He is of English and Scotch- 
Irish lineage. His paternal ancestry (Stone- 
French), and maternal (Lane-Higgins), were 
among the early pioneers of Virginia and 
Kentucky. His mother, Sally (Lane) Stone, 
a lady noted in early life for her beauty and 
social accomplishments, is yet living, and 
though nearly eighty years of age, still re- 
tains to a remarkable degree her intellectual 
vigor, literary taste, and rare conversational 
power. She was the youngest daughter of 
Colonel James H. Lane, who constructed the 
first house in Montgomery county, Ky., and a 
sister of the late Hon. Henry S. Lane, United 
States Senator, and first Republican Governor 
of Indiana, who, at Philadelphia in 1856 pre- 
sided over, and was made permanent chairman 
of the first National Republican Convention, 
and whose eloquent address upon that occasion 
fired the delegates with an enthusiasm and 
confidence that presaged almost certain victory 
for that political organization four years later.” 
On his father’s side Dr. Stone is a descendant 
in the fourth generation from Josiah Stone, a 
native of England, who, in the early part of 
the last century, came to America as a cabin- 
boy. It is said that the only recollection he 
had of his family was his mother coming to 
the vessel and weeping at his departure. On 
his arrival in Prince William county, Va., the 
captain of the ship left him until his return 
from another voyage, but the vessel in which 
he sailed was lost at sea with all on board. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
487 
Josiah Stone was thus, when a.mere lad, left 
alone in the world, but was apprenticed to a 
Mrs. Magaw, a wealthy lady, who raised him 
to manhood, and at her death bequeathed him 
a considerable fortune. “He married a Miss 
Coleman, who bore him three sons and four 
daughters. Some of these,with their descend- 
ants, remained in Virginia; others settled in 
Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas; 
some of whom had been members of Con- 
gress and governors of States, and many have 
distinguished themselves in almost every avo- 
cation of life. Valentine Stone, the third son of 
Josiah Stone, and grandfather of Dr. Stone, 
was a soldier in the War of the Revolution. 
He was married twice, and the father of five 
sons and five daughters. His second wife was 
the daughter of Wm. French, of Virginia, the 
grandfather of Judge Richard French, the 
famous orator of Kentucky, for whom the sub- 
ject of this sketch was named.” Valentine 
Virginia, and is now on file among the archives 
of the Louisville Public Library Association. 
Valentine Stone removed to the above tract of 
land in 1799, when his son, Samuel Stone, was 
but two years of age. Referring to the latter, 
who was the father of Dr. Stone, one of his 
biographers, Mr. V.B. Young, in the “History 
of Bath County, Ky.,” says: “His education 
was the best afforded in his day. He early 
entered political life and became an active 
member of the Democratic party, and was fre- 
quently elected to office, serving many terras 
as Representative in the Legislature, being 
elected the first time in 1824, when but twenty- 
seven years of age. From 1816 to 1846, a pe- 
riod of thirty years, he was connected with 
the Kentucky State Militia, beginning at the 
age of nineteen, as ensign, and rising by pro- 
motion to the rank of brigadier-general, 
holding the latter position ten years. 
He took great interest in military affairs. 
He possessed the physique and personal char- 
acteristic of his progenitor, and when in full 
dress uniform was of fine appearance, and by 
his courteous and soldierly bearing com- 
manded the respect of all his subordinate 
officers, and implicit obedience from his men. 
He was an able politician, and his speeches 
were impressive and convincing. Pie was 
noted for his firmness, judgment and discre- 
tion. He was a man of generous impulses, 
but his kind and sympathetic nature was often 
concealed by outward bruskness and even 
sternness. He was very fond of anecdotes 
and could tell one as well and as laughable as 
any man in Kentucky, and it is said that no 
man ever lived in his section of the State who 
had warmer or more numerous friends. He 
was a prominent slave-holder, and his slaves 
were well cared for, and he maintained his 
moral and constitutional right to own them. 
He believed, however, that his sons would be 
more likely to acquire habits of industry and 
self-reliance in a State where slavery did not 
exist, and for that reason he removed to Put- 
nam county, Ind., in 1851, and carried on his 
farm and lived a retired life up to the out- 
break of the late Civil War. His cousin, Gen. 
John B. Hood, and many of his other relatives 
and friends had enlisted in the cause of se- 
cession, and although at that period too ad- 
vanced in years himself to take active part in 
military affairs, yet being Southern born and 
Southern raised, it was natural that he should 
be a zealous sympathizer with the South in 
that struggle for independence. In conse- 
quence of this he often engaged in heated dis- 
cussions with his neighbors of opposite views, 
but always commanded their respect and 
friendship by the manner in which he asserted 
his political opinions, and conceded to every 
one the right to take whichever side of that 
unfortunate conflict that his conscience dic- 
tated. Of his six sons three entered the serv- 
ice of the Union Army, one being the late 
Maj. Valentine H. Stone, of the Fifth United 
States Artillery, who was twice promoted by 
the personal recommendation of Gen. Grant 
for gallant conduct in the field, and who had 
the immediate charge of Jefferson Davis while 
a prisoner of war at Fortress Monroe. He 
died a victim of yellow fever during the epi- 
demic of 1867, while in command of Fort Jef- 
ferson, Dry Tortugas. Another son, however, 
the Hon. H. L. Stone, now a prominent law- 
yer of Louisville, Ky., fully coinciding with 
Stone is described as being a man of remarka- 
ble strength. He was five feet ten inches in 
height, broad-shouldered and muscular, whose 
average weight was 225 pounds. Many anec- 
dotes are related of his physical prowess in 
Old Virginia. He was naturally of a peacea- 
ble disposition, but of sanguinary tempera- 
ment and quick to resent an injury. It is said 
that the man who insulted him was invariably 
“sprawled” at the first blow from his power- 
ful arm. He passed through the trackless 
wilderness from Virginia and settled near 
Boonsboro, Ky., in 1790, and was an associate 
of Daniel Boone before the territory was ad- 
mitted as a State. He acquired the title for 
two thousand acres of land lying on Bald 
Eagle Creek, in what is now Bath county, 
which is to-day perhaps as rich a body of land 
as can be found within the borders of Ken- 
tucky. The patent received covering the same 
was signed by Patrick Henry, Governor of 488 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the views of his father went South and gave 
his services to the Confederate Army as one of 
Gen. John Morgan’s men, participating in all 
the battles and adventures of that noted chief- 
tain, including his famous march through 
Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio, 
which has been regarded as the most brilliant, 
the most extended, and the most daring raid 
of the Civil War. On that expedition he was 
captured, but made his escape from prison; 
rejoined Gen. Morgan; was with him when 
killed, and remained with the command until 
the close of the Rebellion. Gen. Samuel 
Stone died near Bainbridge, Ind., Janu- 
ary 11, 1873, and was buried with Ma- 
sonic honors, having been a member of 
that order for more than fifty years.” 
Soon after Gen. Stone removed to Indiana he 
seetled near the village of Carpentersville, in 
that State. At this time Dr. Stone was a lad 
eight years of age, whose next years of life 
were occupied in laboring on the farm and at- 
tendance at common schools and Bainbridge 
Academy, in a town near by. His early edu- 
cation was also supplemented by home study 
and instruction under private teachers, by 
which he acquired a knowledge of languages 
and some of the sciences. Having, also, by 
this time a good physique, and all the knowl- 
edge of farming that he cared to possess, he 
now determined to battle with the world, re- 
lying upon his own resources. He selected 
the “healing art” as his future mission in life. 
In order to defray the expenses of his medical 
education by means of his own earnings, he 
passed the requisite examination and was 
granted a school teacher’s license, but there 
were no schools available except one in an out- 
lying district, which others in the pursuit of 
this avocation had not only utterly failed to 
manage and control, but had even been forci- 
bly deposed by overgrown and insubordinate 
pupils. Young Stone was then but sixteen 
years of age, but feeling able for the emer- 
gency, resolved to teach that school. He met 
the unruly leaders with their own weapons, 
and by such modes of physical punishment as 
were allowable in those days, soon brought 
the refractory classes under perfect discipline 
and was master of the situation. It is said 
that this notable and unexpected victory by 
one so young was an achievement that secured 
for him the entire confidence of the commu- 
nity in his capacity as a teacher, as well as in 
his ability to do almost anything else that he 
might undertake. The following four years 
were devoted to this pursuit and the study 
of medicine, under the preceptorship of 
the late Dr. J. B. Cross, then a leading 
physician and surgeon of that vicinity. 
In 1863 he entered Rush Medical College, and 
attended his first course of lectures in the days 
when its Faculty was represented by the late 
Daniel Brainard, J. Adams Allen, and other 
leading medical men of the Northwest. It is 
said while Dr. Stone was a medical student in 
Chicago, that he made several efforts to call 
upon his brother, previously mentioned, who 
was then a Confederate prisoner in Camp 
Douglas, but owing to the rigid rules of the 
commanding officer this permission was not 
granted. His brother, however, being aware 
of the difficuly of the arrangement, succeeding 
one dark night in scaling the prison walls and 
effecting his escape, concluded to do the call- 
ing himself. Dr. Stone Avas, therefore, greatly 
surprised on the following morning to meet 
him in disguise at the college. But as their 
mutual fraternal affection was never marred 
by a diversity of political opinion, they went 
to one of the leading hotels, pai'took of a 
“square” meal, and spent the day together 
vieAving the city. They then bade each other 
adieu, and met no more until the war was over. 
During the following spring, which may be 
considered the darkest period of the Rebellion, 
Dr. Stone tendered his medical services to the 
National Government; was ordered before an 
examining board at Cincinnati; passed a com- 
petitive examination, and Avas appointed by 
the Secretary of War a Medical Cadet in the 
United States Army, with rank and pay of a 
West Point Cadet. The duties of the position 
were those of hospital dresser and ambulance 
attendant in the field. In May, 1864, he was 
assigned duty at the United States General 
Hospital, Madison, Ind., and in September 
following received orders from Surgeon-Gen- 
eral Joseph K. Barnes to report for duty 
to the Medical Director of the Department of 
the East, for assignment to one of the 
large military hospitals of Philadelphia, Pa. 
He was for a short time associated with Dr. 
J. M. Da Costa and Dr. R. J. Dunglison in the 
United States General Hospital on Filbert 
street, that city, but was soon after transferred 
to the United States Officers’ Hospital at 
Camacs Woods, and later on Chestnut street, 
near the Schuylkill river. While on duty at 
Philadelphia he obtained permission to attend 
his second course of medical lectures, and ac- 
cordingly entered the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, where he had the distinguished honor 
of receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
during the centennial anniversary of the foun- 
dation of that world renowned institution. At 
this time (March 11, 1865) Dr. Stone was not 
quite twenty-one years of age, and was the 
youngest in a class of 117 graduates. On this 
occasion, and also as a testimonial of his 
efficient services at the hospital, he was pre- 
sentd by the officers and patients with a very 
fine and valuable case of surgical instruments. 
He then made application to be transferred to 
the front in order to be with his brother, Avho 
was an officer of the Fifth United States 
Artillery, and to take part in the active service 
of the Army of the Potomac, but this was re- 
fused on the grounds that his assistance could 
not be dispensed with at the hospital. It Avas 
not long, however, before an opportunity was 
presented to test his courage, but in another 
way. On the expiration of his term of office 
as Medical Cadet he received his discharge, 
indorsed by the late Surgeon Samuel A. Star- 
roAV, United States Army, in command of the 
hospital, with the words: “Moral char- 
acter excellent; duties ahvays faithfully per- 
formed.” Dr. Stone was then appointed 
Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United 
States Army, and was the only one of the 
eighty holding that position in the city to vol- 
unteer his service for the folloAving dangerous 
mission: An appeal from Key West, Fla., 
was made to the Surgeon-General for medical 
aid during the prevalence of a very fatal epi- 
demic of yelloAV fever among the United States 
troops stationed there, Avhich Avas referred to 
the Medical Director at Philadelphia. In re- 
sponse to this call, Dr. Stone, although entirely 
unacclimated, Avent to that most southern 
limit of the United States possessions and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
489 
faced the pestilence on that panic-stricken 
island. He remained at Key West until the 
epidemic had about subsided, not, however, 
escaping a serious attack of that terrible malady 
which, as has been mentioned, proved fatal to 
his brother at the same place two years later, 
and a coincidence still more singular is that 
they were both sick on the same vessel, the 
schooner “Matchless,” a small government 
transport, which plies between the surround- 
ing islands. In June, 1865, Dr. Stone was 
ordered to take charge of the United States 
troops and Union Refugees at Cedar Keys, on 
the southwest coast of Florida, near the mouth 
of the Suwanee river, some two thousand in 
all, mostly suffering with scurvy and malignant 
dysentery, which was attended by great mor- 
tality, the deaths at times being as high as 
twenty-five per day. On his arrival he found 
these deplorable results to be almost entirely 
due to deficient and improper diet and bad 
hygienic conditions, which being corrected by 
his orders, checked the mortality and rapidly 
diminished the sickness on the island. Soon 
after this, he was ordered to the mainland of 
Florida and placed in charge of the First and 
Second Florida Cavalry, wliich had been re- 
cruited in that State. Dr. Stone was at this 
time perhaps the youngest man in the Medical 
Department of the Army to hold positions of 
such responsibility. Within a few months an 
effort was made to consolidate the regiments 
with which he was connected, and being the 
only medical officer with these troops, was 
ordered before the Army Board at Tallahassee, 
passed the examination, and was officially 
recommended by Major-General John G. Fos- 
ter, commanding the Department of Florida, 
to be full surgeon, with rank of major, but un- 
fortunately for him, before his commission was 
received, an order was issued by General 
Grant mustering out all volunteer cavalry east 
of the Mississippi river. He was then placed in 
command of the Post Hospital at Monticello, 
Fla., and also had charge of a part of the Sev- 
enth United States Infantry, and remained in 
the Department of the Gulf until April, 1866. 
Dr. Stone was offered remunerative positions 
in the line of his profession if he would con- 
tinue in, the service, but the war being over, 
he was at his own request released from duty 
at Tallahassee and returned to Indiana. In 
1867 he established himself at New Albany, 
that State, where he soon secured a desirable 
practice, but shortly afterward returned to 
the village in which he lived during his 
childhood, and where he remained the 
following two years; then located in Bain- 
bridge, a flourishing town in the same county. 
Dr. Stone remained there in active general 
practice until 1880, having pursued his pro- 
fessional avocation in that vicinity about four- 
teen years, during a part of which time he 
was associated in business with three of the 
most distinguished and popular physicians of 
that locality, one of them being his former 
preceptor. In 1879 he was requested to aid in 
the organization of the Central College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, at Indianapolis, and 
removed to that city the following year. On 
the establishment of the above institution he 
became Professor of Materia Medica, Thera- 
peutics, and Clinical Medicine, and held that 
position until his resignation, in 1886. “His 
didactic lectures were noted for their clear, 
concise, and practical character. Many years’ 
experience in the general practice of his pro- 
fession had not only made him familiar with 
disease in its varied forms, but gave him a just 
conception of the powers of nature, an abiding 
faith in the resources of medical art, and a well 
defined knowledge of the uses, effects, and 
capabilities of remedies suggested for its cure. 
He was thus enabled to reject as useless that 
which was speculative in therapeutics as well 
as to speak with authority of all that was val- 
uable in that department of medical science. 
Having been a close and almost constant stu- 
dent of medical literature for many years, 
having also studied disease in the great book 
of Nature, at the bedside in private practice, 
and in the wards of civil and military hos- 
pitals in various parts of the United States, 
from the Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic 
seaboard, and from the northern lakes to the 
inter-tropical regions, there was no lack of 
material to illustrate the subject-matter of his 
clinical teaching. These circumstances en- 
abled him to form opinions of his own, and 
these opinions he did not hesitate to express 
throughout his lectures with reference to 
many controversial points of pathological and 
therapeutical importance. He recognized the 
fact that to be a skillful physician involves not 
only a thorough understanding of diseases, 
but the application of the right remedies, at 
the right time, and in the right manner. 
Therefore the typical features of a given 
malady, its pathological history and phe- 
nomena, its diagnosis general and differential, 
as well as indications for treatment, were pre- 
sented with such accuracy and force that the 
student saw before him all that was dis- 
tinctive and important in the case, while the 
principles of treatment were expressed before 
his classes with a clearness and precision that 
warranted its intelligent management in the 
future.” Since 1882 Dr. Stone has been a 
member of the Consulting and Clinical Staff 
of the Indianapolis City Hospital and City 
Dispensary, and has been for many years a 
member of the Medical Board of Examiners 
for those physicians seeking positions in these 
institutions. In 1883 he was appointed Visit- 
ing Physician to the Indiana Institute for the 
Blind, and held that position seven years. He 
was the first physician to publish annual re- 
ports concerning the general health of the 
pupils; sanitary condition of the buildings, 
and statistics of the various forms of ophthal- 
mic diseases, and causes of blindness affecting 
the inmates of that institution. In 1885, soon 
after the first inauguration of President Cleve- 
land, he was appointed United States Exam- 
ining Surgeon of the Pension Bureau at In- 
dianapolis, and in 1889 was reappointed to the 
same position under the administration of 
President Harrison. During the six consecu- 
tive years that he served in that capacity it is 
said that he attended every session of the 
Board, and personally assisted in the examina- 
tion of more than seven thousand soldiers for 
pensions. He is a member of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, and has served 
several years as Surgeon of Maj. Robert 
Anderson Post, of his city, which, in point 
of numerical strength, is next to the 
largest in his State. He was formerly Visit- 
ing Physician to the Marion County Asylum. 
He has also served for a number of years as 
medical examiner and adviser for several lead- 
ing life and accident insm-ance companies. 490 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
In 1890 he was elected president of the Marion 
County Medical Society, Indianapolis, and 
presided over its deliberations for the period 
of one year. He has also been for many years 
an active member of numerous other medical 
organizations, including the Indiana State 
Medical Society and the American Medical 
Association. On March 23, 1893, Dr. Stone 
was appointed by Governor Claude Matthews 
a member of his staff, with the rank and com- 
mission of colonel, and was made Surgeon- 
General of the Military Forces of Indiana, 
which position he now holds. He has devised 
some useful instruments, among which may be 
mentioned one possessing superior advantages 
for the treatment of chronic nasal catarrh, in 
that it prevents the introduction of fluids 
through the Eustachian tubes, thereby pre- 
venting otitismedia and resulting deafness, 
and is known as the “Pneumatic Douche,” 
which, with a pamphlet descriptive of the 
apparatus and comprising improved methods 
of treating diseases of the nose and throat, 
was presented to the profession in 1879; thus 
anticipating by many years the recently 
claimed invention of a similar instrument by 
E. Pins, of Vienna. (See Reports on Sur- 
gery, Transactions of Indiana State Medical 
Society, 1892.) Among his more important 
contributions to medical literature may be 
mentioned, “Epidemic Cerebro-Spinal Menin- 
gitis,” Indiana State Medical Society, 1882; 
“Zymotic Diseases Considered with Reference 
to their Cause, Extent and Prevention,” Re- 
port of Indiana State Board of Health, 1886, 
and “Etiology of Specific Diseases,” Ameri- 
can Medical Association, 1892. This pa- 
per, being an argument against the so- 
called “germ theory” of disease, was widely 
published, and met with a very favorable re- 
ception, both in this country and Europe. “In 
this paper,” an editor of The International 
Medical Journal has said, “the writer has suc- 
ceeded in a very happy way in solving and 
explaining one of the most difficult and ab- 
struse problems within the entire domain of 
medicine.” Dr. Stone is also the author of a well- 
known reference-book, “Elements of Modern 
Medicine” (D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1885.) 
This work, which includes the principles of 
pathology and therapeutics, has met with an 
extensive sale. It may be said that the pro- 
fessional career of Dr. Stone has been that of 
an all-round practitioner, possessing equal 
skill in the three great divisions of medicine. 
In former years he devoted considerable atten- 
tion to general surgery, having performed 
many times most of the important and capital 
operations. But his success as physician and 
accoucheur have, perhaps, caused him to be 
more widely-known, and secured for him a 
well-deserved popularity. As an obstetrician 
he has the remarkable record of having never 
lost a mother in all the many hundreds of 
cases of childbirth that he has attended, 
including nearly every variety of complications 
and instrumental deliveries. Although his 
entire professional life has been devoted to 
general medicine, he has of recent years given 
more than ordinary attention to the medical 
and surgical treatment of gastro-intestinal and 
rectal diseases and office and consultation prac- 
tice. Dr. Stone has been an advocate and de- 
fender of the Union in time of peace as well 
as in war,and believes in commercial freedom, 
and in equal and exact justice to all and exclu- 
sive privileges to none. While a life-long ad- 
herent to the principles of Jeffersonian De- 
mocracy, having always endeavored by every 
honorable means to secure and promote the 
success of the political organization with 
which he is identified, yet he is not a parti- 
san in the ordinary sense of the term, and 
has never aspired to any office, and has per- 
sistently refused to hold any position not in 
the line of his chosen profession. On Novem- 
ber 24,1869, he married Miss Matilda C. Long, 
the accomplished daughter of the late Dr. 
William Long, a noted pioneer physician of 
New Maysville, Ind., and it should be stated 
that to this faithful companion much of his 
success in after life is justly due. One living 
child is the result of this union, Donald L. 
Stone, born October 16,1886, a bright, healthy, 
and handsome lad, now in school, and to whom 
his parents are devotedly attached. 
STONE, Warren, Sr., of New Orleans, La., 
was born in St, Albans, Vt., February 3, 1808, 
and died December 6, 1872. For the interest- 
ing details concerning the life and professional 
(J'f'cz'i't-e'yi -o^. 
achievements of this noted physician and sur- 
geon of the South, the editor is indebted to 
Prof. Jos. Jones, M. D., LL. D., of the Univer- 
sity of Louisiana, who prepared the following 
sketch of his friend and colleague in March, 
1878, but which until now has never been pub- 
lished: “He was the son of Peter Stone, 
farmer, St. Albans, and of Jerusha Snow. He 
was the youngest of their children; his 
brother, Chancey Stone, died several years 
ago, of the same disease of which he himself 
fell a victim. He left behind him a sister 
much older than himself, and a venerable 
mother, on whom he lavished to the hour of 
his death all the devotion and tender regard 
of his loyal and affectionate nature. From 
her he inherited his physicial development 
and the noble figure for which he was so dis- 
tinguished ; from her he derived the high in- 
tellectual and moral tone that spurred his am- 
bition to fields of noble enterprise beyond his EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
491 
narrow home. It was from her precepts and 
her example he imbibed the principles of 
truth, honesty, philanthropy, and self-reliance 
that appeared so conspicuous in every sphere 
of his after life. Although his advantages for 
school instructions were very limited, he ex- 
hibited an early preference for medicine, and 
went from his early home to be placed as a 
student under Dr. Amon Twitched, an eminent 
physician and surgeon in Keene, N. H. Dr. 
Stone always acknowledged that he received 
the greater part of his professional knowledge 
from Dr. Twitched, and ever spoke of him 
with respect arid affection. From Keene he 
proceeded to the Medical School at Pittsfield, 
Mass., where he graduated as Doctor of Medi- 
cine in 1831. Opportunities for practice being 
few, he took passage October 10,1832, from Bos- 
ton, on the brig Amelia, to New Orleans. The 
ship encountered frequent storms, the cholera 
appeared among the crew and passengers, and 
on October 30, the vessel, with a valuable car- 
go and 108 passengers, was beached on Folly 
Island, being leaky and having made an inef- 
fectual effort to put into Charleston harbor. 
The passengers and crew were landed on this 
island, where Mr. Andrew Milne appropriated 
to their use his two extensive dwellings and 
other buildings. The city of Charleston sent 
down the most ample supplies, provisions, 
clothing and hospital stores, and as they were 
badly affected with the cholera, dispatched for 
two other physicians to assist in giving proper 
attendance. On November 7 the physicians 
employed by the authorities of Charleston 
were so broken by their exertions that they 
requested to be relieved from duty, and Prof. 
Thomas Hunt, late Professor of Physiology 
and Pathology in the Medical Department of 
the University of Louisiana, at this time a 
young, distinguished physician of Charleston, 
was appointed to take sole charge of Folly 
Island and of all the passengers and crew of 
the brig Amelia. Under his administration 
the disease soon abated, and the mortality in 
a short time was completely extinguished. 
Dr. Hunt received the most flattering testimo- 
nials from the inhabitants and strangers of the 
island. The Board of Health and City Council 
of Charleston presented a magnificent silver 
vase, now in possession of his son, Carleton 
Hunt, Esq., of New Orleans. Dr. Hunt at- 
tended Dr. Stone when he was ill of the 
cholera, and afterwards gave ample accounts 
of his valuable services in taking care of the 
sick. The Amelia was burned, and another 
vessel chartered to carry her passengers 
to Mobile and New Orleans, where Dr. Stone 
landed early in December. He was sick, poor 
and without sufficient clothing to protect him 
against the very cold weather of that season. 
He made ineffectual efforts to procure any kind 
of labor to provide for his wants, when the 
late Dr. Cenas, Professor of Obstetrics in the 
Medical Department of the University of 
Louisiana, and at that time a Physician to the 
Charity Hospital, procured him employment 
in a very subordinate capacity in the Charity 
Hospital. He there gave much evidence of 
ability and industry. Again meeting with Prof. 
Hunt, now removed from Charleston to New Or- 
leans, and appointed Resident Surgeon of the 
Charity Hospital, August 31, 1833, he received 
from him the following recommendation to the 
administrators of the Charity Hospitals. The 
result of this application we do not know, but in 
the following year we find him acting as assist- 
ant surgeon under Dr. Picton, and performing 
the greater part of the surgical duties of the 
hospital. After urging the necessity of an as- 
sistant surgeon, and of an immediate appoint- 
ment, Dr. Hunt continues: “I subjoin, at the 
request of Dr. Warren Stone, the following 
certificate and recommendation: I became 
acquainted with Dr. Stone when he was in at- 
tendance on the passengers and the crew of 
the brig Amelia, wrecked in 1832 on Folly 
Island. It gives me pleasure to state, from 
my personal knowledge, that Dr. Stone is a 
humane and worthy man, and a well-informed, 
skillful and, for his age, an experienced sur- 
geon. He is in every respect qualified for the 
office of Assistant House-surgeon, for which 
he is a candidate. I respectfully recommend 
him to your favor as one whose appointment as 
assistant surgeon would prove valuable to my- 
self and highly advantageous to the public.” 
Dr. Stone held this office of assistant surgeon 
and performed the greater part of the services 
until 1836, when, by the unanimous and unso- 
licited action of the Board of Administrators 
and with the sanction of all the medical men, 
he was elected Resident Surgeon. Known and 
endeared to the people by his services in the 
hospital, particularly in the free dispensary, 
which was filled by a large and anxious crowd 
every mid-day in the week, he was elected in 
1836 Lecturer on Anatomy, and in January, 
1837, Professor of Anatomy by the petition of 
the admiring class, and, on the resignation of 
Professor Luzenburg, Lecturer on Surgery, he 
became, at the next session, Professor of Sur- 
gery in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisiana—the leading and most 
eminent physician in New Orleans, the most 
celebrated and popular professor in the school, 
until his resignation in the spring of 1872. In 
the early years of his residence in the Charity 
Hospital of New Orleans, without many asso- 
ciates and few intimate friends, Dr. Stone de- 
voted his whole time to the study of the cases 
and to dissection in the dead house. The 
knowledge of anatomy and surgery he had ac- 
quired from Dr. Twitchell and the elder Pro- 
fessor Nathan Smith, became in a brief time 
equal to that of his teachers. The study of the 
anatomy of all the regions was so thorough 
that there was no local injury or disease which 
he was not capable of diagnosing, no surgical 
operation he was not prepared to undertake. 
He pursued such a system of daily autopsies 
of those who died in the various wards of 
the hospital, that in a few years none were 
so capable of establishing the real nature 
or seat of the disease, none were more 
able to indicate during life the organs 
and tissues most seriously involved. In 
conjunction with Dr. William E. Kennedy, 
an eminent physician of New Orleans, Dr. 
Stone built, in 1839, an extensive and commo- 
dious private hospital on the corner of Canal 
and Claiborne streets. This private institution 
was very useful, and enjoyed a great reputa- 
tion, people being brought to it from the city 
and wide space of the surrounding country. 
But the projectors, like most medical men, 
having no experience in managing the finan- 
cial and domestic arrangements of so large an 
establishment, found it very unprofitable. Dr. 
Kennedy retired in 1845, and Dr. Stone re- 
tained the property, but never devoted it to 
any purpose profitable to himself. It was 492 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
here, in 1841, that he lost his eye from a 
specific inflammation, contracted from a child. 
It was a source of great pain and suffering for 
years, and detracted much from his personal 
appearance. In the year 1843, Dr. Stone was 
married to Miss Malvina Dunreith Johnson, 
of Bayou Sara, and a few years afterwards 
built a fine dwelling next to his hospital, 
where he resided with all the elegance and 
comfort of a happy home, so congenial to one 
of his affectionate and devoted nature. The 
domestic life and intellectual development of 
Dr. Warren Stone are forcibly and truthfully 
given by Dr. James Jones, who knew him as a 
friend and fellow professor in the Medical 
Department of the University of Louisiana. 
He says: “His marriage was followed in a few 
years by a young family. His devotion to his 
little children was of the most tender character, 
and among the few misfortunes that cast their 
shadows on his path, nothing was borne with 
so inconsolable and profound affliction as the 
death of his little children. The people who 
knew him transiently knew nothing of the pa- 
ternal affection that welled up in every throb 
of that kind and gentle nature of that noble 
and manly heart. It was the cherished hope 
of his existence, the long-wished-for consum- 
mation of his devotion to the future of his 
family, that he might see them elevated, by> 
early advantages of education and society, 
above the disadvantages of the difficulties and 
humiliations of his early life, and that they 
might stand beside him on the same higlx 
platform that he had reached by his own exer- 
tions and abilities; to make his son the edu- 
cated and accomplished successor to occupy 
the rostrum he had himself so long occupied 
without opposition, and to keep alive that 
reputation which he wished to transmit. A 
year had just elapsed; disease, hopeless dis- 
ease, was making rapid inroads upon his men- 
tal and physical energies. He often com- 
plained at home of his inability to deliver his 
lectures; he made an ineffectual effort to call 
in the aid of the one he had educated and pre- 
pared to assist him; unexpected opposition 
manifested itself; his feelings were deeply 
wounded by some from whom he anticipated 
more consideration, and he resigned the pro- 
fessorship he had held for thirty-six years and 
retired heart-broken, with all his long-cher- 
ished hopes scattered and lost forever. Oh, 
Warren Stone, how few like thee stand in the 
world ready to sacrifice much for others; how 
few like thee would have smothered in silence 
the beatings of thy proud heart—would have 
stood before God uncomplaining, that, although 
not blameless themselves, they had been un- 
kindly treated by others!” In politics, he 
was a man of the people, and always a leading 
Democrat. He always pleased and instructed 
with his vast display of political knowledge, 
and by the force and ability with which he 
announced and developed the elevated and 
stern principles he had adopted as the founda- 
tion of his doctrines. What man seeking ap- 
pointment did not besiege him for recom- 
mendation, knowing that no man was more 
honorable or more influential. “When the 
War of 1861 was hi’ought upon the South, 
Dr. Stone went with his party, and, 
like the other leading members of his 
profession sympathized with those among 
whom he had so long resided. He had a reg- 
ular commission in the Confederate service, 
was appointed surgeon-general of the State, 
and by his advice and labor added valuable 
aid to the cause of humanity.” The points in 
our late friend we approach with the greatest 
diffidence are the acknowledged excellences 
in his intellectual development, his profes- 
sional characteristics, and his high moral phi- 
lanthropic character. If the extraordinary 
development (twenty-three inches in circum- 
ference) of the brain be an accepted indication 
of the degree of the power of the intellectual 
and emotional manifestation, then should he 
by this evidence have been admitted among 
the most gifted of mankind. His memory was 
unsurpassed, what he observed, what he read, 
what he heard, he seemed never to forget. 
During the greater part of his life he used 
no memoranda in his extensive business, no 
notes in his lectures or addresses, no written 
record of the vast amount of interesting facts 
daily submitted to his careful examination. 
Patients the most transient, returning after 
a long interval to his care, have been as- 
tonished and pleased to find that the recol- 
lection of their persons, their diseases, and 
the very prescriptions were fresh in his mem- 
ory. He read more than was generally cred- 
ited. His reference to historical facts, his 
wonderful political knowledge, in everything 
that was really important on modern history 
of the United States and Great Britain, made 
him a formidable opponent in a discussion; 
his knowledge of general literature, and more 
particularly of the English poets and essayists, 
whom he often aptly quoted, was an unexpect- 
ed pleasure to many. In his profession what he 
saw and what he learned he never forgot. It 
was from this vast accumulation, ever at his 
command, that he contributed those general 
principles he formed in every department 
of knowledge. Indeed, there were few sub- 
jects on which he had not adopted opinions or 
some general principles. In referring to his 
personal characteristics and methods of prac- 
tice, Prof. Jones, his biographer, continues as 
follows: His judgment in pronouncing the na- 
ture of a case, particularly of one properly surg- 
ical, was the most distinguished quality of his 
mind. The treatment, the operation, the time, 
the manner of operating, and above all, the 
after-treatment, wei’e the points in which he ex- 
celled all others of his contemporaries. In his 
frequent consultations with Dr. Wederstrandt, 
he pronounced several obscure and fatal cases 
of pulmonary disease to be cancer of the lungs, 
and in two cases of heart disease, one of which 
occurred lately, and baffled the diagnosis of all 
the experts, he also positively announced, what 
was proved by autopsy, that there were can- 
cerous affections of that important organ. In 
the ends of his fingers appeared a tactus 
eruditus that surpassed all other examples of 
the wonderful education of touch. He de- 
clared the presence of pus, when none of us 
could feel it, and the knife decided the opin- 
ion. On his last visit to London, where he 
was received with great attention, an eminent 
surgeon pointed out to him a very obscure case 
in the neighborhood of a joint that no one 
could decide. Dr. Stone applied his fingers to 
it. “There is pus,” said he. The scalpel was 
brought, and a deep incision proved the truth 
of the assertion. His improvements in sur- 
gery were many. He did much to inculcate 
the propriety of opening diseased joints. 
From the first to the last of his career he in- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
493 
sisted on the use of frequent nourishment, of 
alcoholic and malt stimulants, and of the 
whole class of medicines and materials con- 
sidered as tonic and analeptic. He advocated 
in the medical journals for many years the use 
of cod-liver oil in combination with the phos- 
phate of lime in diseases of the nutri- 
tive functions. He was the most persistent 
and judicious prescriber of mercury in various 
forms of disease I ever knew. Quinine was 
probably the medicine he particularly ex- 
celled in the use of. He claims and deserves 
the reputation of being the first to introduce 
it in the treatment of yellow fever, and of all 
malarious diatheses, also in disease of nervous 
type, he resorted to it with singular success. 
“As a surgeon he was a conservative, and when 
he visited the bloody fields of Bull Run and 
Shiloh, his presence contributed to the salva- 
tion of many a wounded limb to be consigned 
to the amputating knife. We have spoken 
of his generosity and of the unpaid services 
that he dispensed to thousands of grateful 
recipients. He never acknowledged the im- 
portunities of stout beggars; he rarely made 
an exhibition of his charity by public sub- 
scription, and yet we have it on the authority 
of .himself and his excellent lady, that every 
year he provided her with a fund of from fifteen 
hundred to two thousand dollars to be dis- 
pensed by her for the benefit of the poor. 
From his early years he was of a genial and 
frank disposition, but not hilarious. He en- 
joyed all innocent amusements, and although 
not gifted with original wit or humor, had the 
kindest perception of what was flavored with 
either, and a fund of anecdote and quotation 
with which he was wont to illustrate every 
point in his discourse that he desired to impress 
most forcibly on the mind of the listener. 
Envy and personality he never indulged in, 
but his honest and truthful nature exhibited a 
peculiar dislike to presumption, pretension, 
and the thousand arts by which ignorance and 
mediocrity attempt to practice upon the credul- 
ity of mankind. To the lowly, the unassum- 
ing, he was peculiarly indulgent. How often 
have I seen him cast a white ballot for 
some illy educated candidate for gradua- 
tion, as if recalling parts of his own his- 
tory, with these remarks: “He ought to 
be rewarded and encouraged for making so 
many sacrifices to raise himself to a reputable 
position.” Few of the unfortunate and client- 
less of his profession ever sought counsel or 
aid who did not enjoy his commendation and 
material encouragement. Of all men of his 
just and high title to honor, I never saw one 
so modest and unpretending, although by no 
means unconscious of his own merits; so over- 
whelmed by expressions of strong commenda- 
tion ; so charmingty moved by gentle and sin- 
cere and grateful declarations of gratitude and 
admiration for his knowledge and skill. The 
following are the positions held by Dr. War- 
ren Stone: Assistant House-surgeon from 1833 
to 1835, and House-surgeon from 1835 to 1839, 
in Charity Hospital, New Orleans; Demon- 
strator of Anatomy, Medical College of Louisi- 
ana, from January, 1835, to July, 1836. In 
September, 1834, the Medical College of Louisi- 
ana was oi’ganized in New Orleans by the pri- 
vate enterprise of Dr. Thomas Hunt, Professor 
of Anatomy and Physiology; Dr. John Har- 
rison, Adjunct Demonstrator in Anatomy; Dr. 
Charles A. Luzenberg, Professor of Surgery; 
Dr. J. Munro Mackie, Professor of Practice; 
Dr. Thos. R. Ingalls, Professor of Chemistry; 
Dr. Aug. H. Cenas, Professor of Midwifery, 
and Dr. Edwin B. Smith, Professor of Materia 
Medica. (Dr. Ed. H. Barton, Professor of Ma- 
teria Medica, was substituted for Dr. Smith, 
who withdrew from the Faculty before the first 
session began.) Dr. Warren Stone, during the 
first session, discharged the duties of Dr. John 
Harrison, disabled by indisposition, and was as- 
sociated with this institution uninterruptedly 
from the first session to the date of his resigna- 
tion—in the spring of 1872. He was Lecturer on 
Anatomy from July 27,1836, to January 28,1837; 
Professor of Anatomy and Lecturer on Surgery 
from January 28, 1837, to May 31, 1837; Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Surgery, May 31, 1837, 
to April 3, 1839, and was Professor of Surgery 
in the Medical Department of Louisiana from 
April 3, 1839, to resignation in May, 1872. 
Dr. Stone was editor of the New Orleans Med- 
ical and Surgical Journal, from September, 
1857, to January, 1868. The following list 
embraces his chief contributions to the sciences 
of medicine and surgery, which have appeared 
in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 
and the New Orleans Monthly Medical Register: 
“Trismus Nascentium,” Hospital Report, 1840; 
“Dislocation and Fracture of Spine;” “Con- 
cussion of Brain;” “Fracture of Skull and Fract- 
ure of Brain;” “Amputation of the Mam- 
mae;” “Ligature of the Femoral Artery;” 
“Ligature of the Corotid Artery;” “Observa- 
tions on the Treatment of Wounded Arteries,” 
1845; “Phosphate of Lime in Scrofula, and 
other Depraved States of the System,” 1851; 
“Lectures on Venereal Disease,” 1852; “Case 
of Traumatic Aneurism;” “Ligature of the 
Posterior Tibial Artery;” “Osteo Sarcoma of 
the Lower Jaw;” “Operation and Removal of 
one-half of the Inferior Maxilla;” “Lateral 
Operation for Stone in the Bladder;” “Obser- 
vations upon Hernia and Obstruction of the 
Bowels;” “Case of Epilepsy Trephined three 
times with Relief,” 1858; “Comminuted Fract- 
ure of the Thigh, Amputation and Recovery;” 
Ligature of the Common Iliac Artery;” “Tra- 
cheotomy;” “Pulmonary Tuberculosis;” “On 
Inflammation,” 1860; “On Mania a’Potu;” 
“On Cholera,” 1866. In addition to the fore- 
going articles, which partly indicate his service 
in the surgical wards of Charity Hospital, 
“Clinical Memoranda” and “Notes from the 
Lectures of Professor Warren Stone,” were 
published by his son a short time before his 
death. 
STONE, Warren, Jr., of New Orleans, La., 
was born in that city in 1843, and died .there 
January 3, 1883. He was a son of the pre- 
ceding late distinguished physician and sur- 
geon of the same name, who was called to at- 
tend General Grant when he was thrown from 
his horse, near New Orleans, in September, 
1863. Dr. Stone was educated at the Jesuit 
College, New Orleans, and served in the Con- 
federate Army during the War of the Rebel- 
lion. On returning to his native city he began 
the study of medicine; was graduated at the 
University of Louisiana in 1867, and at the 
opening of the Charity Hospital Medical Col- 
lege of New Orleans, in 1874, was appointed 
Professor of Surgical Anatomy. In 1873 he 
made what is thought to be the first recorded 
cure of traumatic aneurism of the subclavian 
artery by digital pressure. Like his father, he 
was noted for the attention that he gave to va'- 494 
INENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
rious epidemics of yellow fever which have 
visited the South. He volunteered his services 
to the people of Brunswick, Ga., during the 
prevalence of the malady in 1874 and in 1878, 
and when that disease was raging in the 
Southwest he left his home and large practice 
and traveled about from one stricken village or 
town to another, giving his services gratui- 
tously. Dr. Stone became a member of the 
American Public Health Association in 1880. 
“He did not long survive the death of his 
father. His professional career was brief but 
brilliant. He was regarded as the most ac- 
complished surgeon in New Orleans at the 
time of his death.” It is said that both father 
and son died of Bright’s disease and fell vic- 
tims to the ingratitude of those whom they had 
befriended and advanced in life. 
STONE, Willis Claude, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Smithfield, Madison county, N. Y., 
April 21, 1855, of Scotch-Irish descent on both 
his profession while there for two years, and 
also represented his county at the Sioux Falls 
Convention which formed the State Constitu- 
tion. In 1890 he was appointed Clinical As- 
sistant to the Chair of Gynecology in Rush 
Medical College. Though he does not as yet 
make gynecology a specialty, he has recently 
been appointed Professor of that chair at the 
Harvey Medical College of Chicago. 
STOKER, David Humphreys, of Boston, 
Mass., was born at Portland, Me., March 26, 
1804, and died in the former city, September 
10, 1891. He received his early training in 
his native town. He was an alumnus of Bow- 
doin College, of the class of 1822, graduating 
at the early age of eighteen. In 1876 that 
same institution conferred upon him a Doctor- 
ate in Laws. He studied medicine with Dr. 
John C. Warren,, of Boston, obtaining his 
medical degree from the Harvard School in 
1825. Five years later he, with Drs. Oliver 
Wendell Holmes, Jacob Bigelow and one or 
two others, founded the private medical school 
which was known as the Tremont Street 
School, and which was a pioneer in that kind 
of systematic tuition and drill of students. 
This school was a gain to the cause of medi- 
cal education in that vicinity, and was one of 
the incentives to the subsequent establishment 
of a summer term in the Medical Department 
of Harvard. He likewise assisted in the for- 
mation of the Society of Natural History, and 
for years gave to it freely of his evening hours, 
and to the subjects of natural history much in- 
terest and research. To the department of 
ichthyology, especially, he contributed some 
valuable memoirs. In 1837 his scientific re- 
pute was such that he received a state appoint- 
ment to report upon the zoology and herpe- 
tology pertinent to the then closing State sur- 
vey. In 1846 he contributed to the New Haven 
meeting of American Naturalists his standard 
synopsis of the fishes of North America, and 
later he brought out his illustrated quarto on 
the “Fishes of Massachusetts.” He became a 
Visiting Physician to the General Hospital of 
the State in 1849, served for nearly a decade, 
and was then promoted to a Consultant’s posi- 
tion, which he retained over thirty years. His 
membership in the Massachusetts Medical So- 
ciety dates from 1829, and he was the Senior 
Fellow residing in Boston at the time of his 
decease. He delivered the annual discourse 
before the Society in 1851, taking for his sub- 
ject “Medical Jurisprudence,” and this was 
the same subject-matter that a few years later 
made a part of his chair in the Harvard Medi- 
cal School. He was in his fiftieth year when 
he was chosen to succeed Dr, Walter Chan- 
ning as Professor of the Theory and Practice 
of Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence. This 
chair was filled by him acceptably and elo- 
quently from 1854 to 1868. His lectures were 
seldom shirked by the students, but on the 
contrary they added popularity to the college. 
He was dean of the school for nine years. In 
1868 his active participation in college duties 
ceased by resignation. His interest in the 
American Medical Association was early en- 
listed, and he attended a majority of the meet- 
ings in the first decade of its history, being 
made one of the vice-presidents in 1855. The 
passing away of this estimable and honored 
physician and scientist, ripe in years and 
character, is a great loss to our profession. 
He was, at the time of his death, with one ex- 
(-(3. -o^^^. 
sides. His father was Captain James Riley 
Stone, of the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh 
New York State Volunteers, who died a rebel 
prisoner at Macon, Ga., after having been 
held eleven months at Libby and Anderson- 
ville. His mother was Pamela Coe Ellinwood 
daughter of George W. Ellinwood, of Sil- 
vain, Madison county, N. Y. Dr. Stone, up 
to the age of fourteen years, attended the Ev- 
ans Academy, of Peterboro, N. Y., when the 
family moved to Reedsburg, Wis., at which 
place he attended High School; afterwards 
teaching in common schools and attended 
Oshkosh State Normal School for two years, 
beginning in 1876. He afterwards spent one 
year in Wisconsin State University, in the 
meantime spending one year with Dr. Samuel 
Hall as medical preceptor, at Reedsburg; 
graduated at Rush Medical College in 1884, in 
Avhich year he went to Potter county, South 
Dakota, then Dakota Territory. He practiced EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
495 
ception, the senior surviving president of the 
American Medical Association. He presided 
in 1866, being the immediate successor in office 
of the Nestor, Davis, who held the chair at the 
second Boston meeting in 1865. The conven- 
tion over which Dr. Storer presided was held 
at Baltimore, the first Southern city to enter- 
tain the organization after the signature of 
peace and the healing up of internecine wounds 
had begun in good earnest. He was especially 
prominent in the proceedings at the Charles- 
ton Convention when the question of Dr. Ram- 
sey’s obstetrical statistics was made a cover 
for an attack upon the Association. He was 
at that time the chairman of the committee on 
obstetrics, the branch of medicine which, with 
the diseases of women, engaged his special 
attention. He was one of the few who were 
made honorary members of the American 
Gynecological Society, at its foundation in 
1876. He was a forcible and clear speaker in 
the debates of his chosen societies, and he had 
a quick intuition as against measures and 
methods that opposed the progress and honor 
of the profession, but of late years he has 
been little known in the medico-literary world. 
Fifty years ago he was prominent in a com- 
mittee on library in the State Medical Society, 
and some of the results of his committee’s 
labors rest among the 10,000 medical volumes 
on the shelves of the Public Library of Bos- 
ton. Within the past two years, however, his 
friends and former students have made it pos- 
sible for the Medical Library Association of 
that city to place upon its walls an exception- 
ally fine portrait of this lover of books, of 
natural science and of the healing art. When 
he was seventy-nine years old he was troubled 
with vesical calculus, and was operated upon 
successfully by the late Dr. H. J. Bigelow. 
His retirement from professional activity had 
been gradually progressing before that opera- 
tion, but after that it became more decisive. 
This retirement, however, left him with a mind 
well furnished for life’s decline, and he sus- 
tained his long-time reputation for cordiality 
and geniality and a lively sympathy with the 
junior members of the profession. 
STORER, Horatio Robinson, of Newport, R. 
1., son of Dr. D. Humphrey Storer, was born 
in Boston, February 27, 1830. His classical 
education was obtained at the Boston Latin 
School and at the Harvard University, whence 
he graduated A. B. in 1850, and A. M. in 1853; 
and his medical education was also at Har- 
vard, graduating M. D. in 1853. He also, sub- 
sequently, for the purpose of pefecting himself 
in medical jurisprudence, went through the 
regular course of the Cambridge Law School 
in 1854. After receiving his medical diploma 
he visited Europe, where he remained two 
years, settling in Boston in 1855. In 1872 he 
again went to Europe, returning in 1877, hav- 
ing previously been admitted, in 1876, by vote 
of the Branch Council of England, to a place 
upon the Medical Register of Great Britain. 
His specialty is gynecology. He was formerly 
prize essayist and secretary of the American 
Medical Association (1865), and its vice- 
president in 1868; president of the Asso- 
ciation of the American Medical Editors; 
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences and one of the founders (1869) ; 
and later secretary and president of the 
Gynecological Society of Boston, and respon- 
sible editor of its journal; member of the 
Massachusetts Medical Society; and Medico- 
Chirurgical and Obstetrical Societies of Edin- 
burgh ; and of the Rocky Mountain Medical 
Association; also, corresponding member of 
the Obstetrical Societies of Berlin and London, 
and New York Medico-Legal Society; honorary 
member of the Canadian Medical Association; 
Province of New Brunswick Medical Society; 
State Medical Society of California; Louisville 
Obstetrical Society; and Medical Society of 
Sorrento, Italy. He was formerly Professor 
of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women in the 
Berkshire Medical College; and Assistant in 
Obstetrics in Harvard University; Physician 
to the Boston Lying-in-Hospital; Surgeon to 
the New England Hospital for Women and 
Children; St. Joseph’s Home; and to St. Eliz- 
abeth’s Hospital for Women; and Consulting 
Surgeon to the Carney General Hospital. For 
several years he delivered in Boston a semi- 
annual course to medical graduates upon the 
surgical diseases of women, refusing to admit 
any applicant that was not in good standing in 
the American Medical Association. These 
lectures were attended by physicians from all 
parts of the country. In 1871, by special in- 
vitation of the California State Board of 
Health, he delivered a lecture in Sacramento, 
on “Female Hygiene.” Dr. Storer has been a 
large contributor to medical journals, and the 
titles of his papers exceed 125 in number. In 
book form he has published, with Dr. W. 
O. Priestly: “The Obstetric Memoirs and Con- 
tributions of Sir James Y. Simpson,” 1855; 
“Criminal Abortion in America,” 1860; “Why 
Not? A Book for Every Woman,” 1866; “Is it 
I? A Book for Every Man,” 1867. With Frank- 
lin H. Heard: “Criminal Abortion; its Na- 
ture, its Evidence, and its Law,” “On Nurses 
and Nursing with Special Reference to the 
Management of Sick Women,” 1868; and 
“Southern Italy as a Health Station for In- 
valids,” 1875. Since the return of Dr. Storer 
from Europe, in 1877, where he spent five years 
to regain his health, he has resided in New- 
port instead of Boston, his former home. 
STURGIS, Frederic Russell, of New York 
City, N. Y., was born at Manila, in the Phil- 
ippine Islands, on July 7,1844, of English and 
American parentage. He was educated dur- 
ing his early life in England, and at the age of 
thirteen came to this country, entering the 
Private Latin School in Boston, Mass., and 
from there went to Harvard College. In 1862 
he entered the Harvard Medical School, from 
which he received the degree of M. D. in July, 
1867. In 1864 he became a member of the 
Boylston Medical Society, and was elected its 
vice-president in 1866. In 1867 he received 
the second prize of the Boylston Medical So- 
ciety for an essay on “Human Cestoids.” In 
1865 he served for one year as House Physi- 
cian at the City Hospital in Boston, Mass., 
and in 1866 was House-surgeon to the Massa- 
chusetts General Hospital for a term of one 
year, being attached to the division of Drs. J. 
Mason Warren, Samuel Cabot and Richard 
Hodges. In the latter part of 1867 he came to 
New York, where he has practiced his profes- 
sion ever since. In 1868 he entered into part- 
nership with the late Dr. Freeman J. Bum- 
stead, of New York, being with him for six 
years, and has devoted himself entirely as a 
specialist to the treatment of venereal and 
genito-urinary diseases, with a fair degree of 
success. During his residence in Boston he 496 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was a member of the Boston Society of Natural 
History, and since his residence in New York 
has been a life member of the American Geo- 
graphical Society. From December, 1869, to 
October, 1876, he served as Assistant Surgeon 
to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, and 
in 1874 he was appointed Clinical Lecturer on 
Venereal Diseases in the Medical Department 
of the University of the City of New York. 
He held this office until 1880, when he was 
appointed Clinical Professor in the same de- 
partment of the University. In 1861 he re- 
signed his professorship and became Professor 
of Venereal and Genito-Urinary Diseases in 
the New York Post-Graduate Medical School 
and Hospital. He resigned this position in 
1890. From 1882 to 1888 he was Secretary of the 
Faculty of the above named institution, and 
from 1887 to 1890 served on the Board of Di- 
rectors. In June, 1876, he was appointed Sur- 
was chairman of the committee on legislation 
in 1883. Among his contributions to medical 
literature may be enumerated: “On the Eti- 
ology of Hereditary Syphilis,” New York, 
D. Appleton & Co., 1873 (reprinted from the 
New York Medical Journal, July, 1871, and July, 
1873); “On the Progress of Syphilis,” Ameri- 
can Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1873; 
“Scleritis Syphilitica,” Archives of Derma- 
tology, 1875; “Upon Some Points in the Eti- 
ology of Hereditary Syphilis, Chicago Medical 
Journal and Examiner, June, 1876 (read before 
the Medical Journal Association of the City 
of New York, May 26, 1876); “Relations ol 
Syphilis to the Public Health,” New York, 
Hiram Truss & Co., 1877 (read at the annual 
meeting of the American Public Health Asso- 
ciation in Philadelphia, November 12, 1874, 
and printed in the Report of the Association, 
Vol. 11, 1876) ; “On the Affections of the 
Middle Ear during the Early Stages of Syph- 
ilis,” The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 
June 3, 1880; “The Students’ Manual of Ven- 
ereal Diseases” (being the University lect- 
ures delivered at Charity Hospital, Black- 
well’s Island, during the winter session 
of 1879-1880), New York, G. P. Putnam’s 
Sons, 1880; “On the Virus of the Sim- 
ple Venereal Ulcer (the Chancroid),” The 
Specialist and Intelligencer, December, 1880; 
“A Case of Gummous Infiltration of the In- 
guinal Glands, Followed by a Pustulo-Crusta- 
ceous Syphilide,” The Boston Medical and Sur- 
gical Journal, February 3, 1881; “A Simple 
Venereal Ulcer or Chancroid,” The Interna- 
tional Encyclopedia of Surgery, New York. Wm. 
Wood & Company; “Hints and Suggestions 
for Reform in Medical Education,” Transac- 
tions of the Medical Society of the State of 
New York for 1882; “A Question of Medical 
Ethics,” The Manhattan, July, 1883; “A Treat- 
ise on Syphilis in New-born Children and In- 
fants at the Breast,” by P. Diday, American 
edition, with Notes and an Appendix, New 
York,William Wood & Company, 1883; “What 
Effect does Syphilis have upon the Duration 
of Life?” “Medical Topics,” New York, Will- 
iam Wood & Company, 1885, containing: (1), 
“Hints and Suggestions for Reform in Medical 
Education” (read at a meeting of the Medical 
Society of the State of New York, February 7j 
1882) ;” (2), “A Plea for the State Regulation 
of Medicine and Surgery;” (3), “Medical Ed- 
ucation; its Objects and Requirements;” “The 
Hygiene of Syphilis,” Hygiene and Public 
Health, 1887, William Wood & Company; “Is 
there a Chancroidal Virus?” Journal of Cutane- 
ous and Genito- Urinary Diseases, March, 1887; 
“Syphilitic and Genito-Urinary Diseases of 
Infants and Young Children,” Journal of Pe- 
diatrics, 1888; “Diseases of the Testis, etc., in 
Infants and Young Children,” Encyclopedia 
of the Diseases of Children, J. B. Lippincott 
Company, 1890. He revised and edited the 
fourth edition of “Gross on the Disorders of the 
Male Sexual Organs,” Lee Bros. & Company, 
Philadelphia, 1890; “A Plea for Rapid Dilata- 
tion (Holt’s operation) in the Treatment of 
Urethral Stricture,” International Clinics,Vol. 
11, 1891, J. B. Lippincott Company; “Diag- 
nostic Value of Albumen in the Urine,” Inter- 
national Medical Magazine, Vol. I, 1892, J. B. 
Lippincott Company; “Hereditary Syphilis— 
A System of Genito-Urinary Diseases, Syph- 
ilology and Dermatology,” D. Appleton & 
Company, 1893. 
geon in the' department of venereal and skin 
diseases in the New York Dispensary, and 
held this office until 1880. On October 29, 
1877, he was appointed House Physician at 
the last-named institution and held this posi- 
tion for nearly two years. Since 1883 he has 
been one of the Visiting Surgeons to the 
venereal and genito-urinary division in the 
City (formerly Charity) Hospital on Black- 
well’s Island, New York. He is a member of 
the Medical Society of the County of New 
York, being for several years a member of its 
Board of Censors and in 1882 its president. 
He is a Fellow of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, a member of the American Associa- 
tion of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, and is a per- 
manent member of the Medical Society of the 
State of New York. Of the latter Society he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
497 
SUTCLIFFE, John A., of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born in Fayette county, Ind., in 1845. His 
parents were Joseph M. and Cynthia Sutcliffe. 
He was educated at Brookville College and 
Asbury University, and graduated from the 
first-named institution in 1869. He afterward 
received the degree of Master of Arts from 
Hill College. His medical education 
was acquired at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- 
cinnati, and at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, New York, where he completed his course 
and received his medical degree in 1872. He 
was Assistant Surgeon in Bellevue Dispensary 
during the same year, an honor only con- 
ferred upon the most proficient graduates. On 
the expiration of his term of service in that 
capacity be began the general practice of his 
profession, but for the past six years he has 
confined himself exclusively to surgery and 
genito-urinarv diseases. Since the date of his 
Dayton, Railroad Consulting Surgeon to the City 
Dispensary, and Clinical Lecturer at the City 
Hospital and St. Vincent’s Infirmary, Indian- 
apolis. He is an active member of the Marion 
County Medical, the Indianapolis Surgical, 
and the Indiana State Medical Societies, and 
of the Mississippi Valley, and the American 
Medical Associations. Dr. Sutcliffe was a 
member of the Indianapolis Board of Health 
for four years, and president of the same for 
two years. He was married in 1876 to Miss 
Laura K. Jones. 
SUTHERLIN, William Keener, of Mans- 
field, La., was born in DeSoto Parish, La., 
July 11, 1859. He is a son of the late Judge 
J. H. Sutherlin and Sarah (Keener) Suther- 
lin, and on his mother’s side is of German 
descent. He received his early education at 
the male school at Mansfield, La., and at 
Thatcher’s Institute at Shreveport, La. He 
studied medicine for a few months, while 
clerking in drug store in Mansfield, with Dr. 
A. J. Beall, of that place, and then became an 
Interne in the Shreveport (La.) Charity Hos- 
pital for eighteen months; then attended 
medical lectures at the University of Virginia 
during the session of 1878-79; graduated at 
the University of the City of New York in 
1880, but on account of his not having arrived 
at the age of majority, the faculty refused to 
grant him his diploma until the following year. 
He attended the New York Polyclinic for four 
months during 1889-90. He has always taken 
more interest in surgery than any other of the 
branches in medicine. He has done a great 
many surgical operations which he rarely re- 
ports. He has practiced medicine in Mans- 
field since his graduation. He joined the 
Louisiana State Medical Society, 1883, and has 
been an active member ever since. He be- 
came a permanent member of American Med- 
ical Association in 1889. Being actively en- 
gaged in a large country practice, frequently 
his patients are twenty-five or thirty miles 
apart; he has but little time to contribute, and 
has contributed but little to medical literature, 
the only ones being “A Case of Simple Dislo- 
cation of the Metatarsal Bone of the Great 
Toe Upon the Dorsum of Foot, Caused by In- 
direct Violence,” and “The Report of a-Case 
of Peri-Nephritic Abscess.” 
SWERINGEN, Hiram V., of Fort Wayne, 
Ind., was born October 5, 1844, in Navarre, 
Starke county, Ohio. Fie is a descendant 
of the doughty Garrett Van Sweringen, of 
whom it is related in history, as well as by 
tradition, that upon the surrender of the 
Dutch colony in America to the English, he 
broke his sword across his knee and, throwing 
its fragments right and left, renounced all 
allegiance to the Dutch government. He was 
a notable man, the younger son of a noble 
family, born at Roensterdwan, Holland, in 
1636, served the West India Company, and 
was supercago of the “Prince Maurice,” which 
sailed to the Dutch colony on the Delaware. 
Dr. H. V. Sweringen received but a common 
school education. He left his native place in 
1861 for Fort Wayne, Ind., where he has since 
resided. Soon after his arrival there he en- 
listed in the Forty-fourth Indiana Regiment, 
but on account of his youth and stature, was 
not taken to the front. For some years he 
served in the capacity of a drug clerk and 
medical student with Dr. W. H. Myers as his 
preceptor. After the lapse of a few years thus 
JgC*. Gf. 
graduation Dr. Sutcliffe has supplemented his 
education and training by taking two courses in 
surgery and genito-urinary diseases in Bellevue 
Hospital, and also two similar courses in the 
New York Polyclinic. In 1888 he went to 
Europe, visiting the large hospitals of London, 
Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Edinburgh, where 
he remained for nearly a year, taking ad- 
ditional courses in the same branches of his 
profession, in order to better prepare himself 
for the practice of his specialty. Dr. Sutcliffe 
has filled the chair of Anatomy and Genito- 
urinary Diseases in the Central College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis, for 
several years, and for the past seven years, 
that of Principles and Practice of Surgery and 
Genito-Urinary Diseases in the same institu- 
tion, and is treasurer of the Faculty. Dr. Sut- 
cliffe is Surgeon to the Cincinnati, Hamilton & 498 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
employed he began the preparation of a book 
on pharmacy, “A Pharmaceutical Lexicon,” 
which was published by Messrs. Lindsay & 
Blakiston, Philadelphia, upon the recom- 
mendation of Prof. John M. Maisch, of that 
city, who examined the manuscript. A few 
years later he entered the Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, from which he gradu- 
ated in March, 1876, with honor and credit to 
himself and alma mater. A few months later 
he was elected to the chair of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics in the Medical College of 
Fort Wayne, a position he resigned a few years 
later. In 1883 Dr. Sweringen was honored by 
the Monmouth College, Illinois, with the de- 
gree of A. M., and in 1884 he was invited to 
accept the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons at Chicago, an honor he regarded very 
highly, but which circumstances not under his 
control forced him to decline. In June, 1885, 
he was appointed a member of the Board of 
in the books that he has not successfully met. 
Dr. Sweringen has recently become interested 
in the study of psychic phenomena, hypnotism, 
telepathy and other occult subjects, having 
witnessed a number of remarkable, mysterious 
manifestations in his own home, which he re- 
ported to several secular papers. As a result 
of his investigations he was elected a member 
of the American Psychical Association. The 
Progressive Thinker, a prominent journal pub- 
lished in Chicago, under date of December 5, 
1891, contains a six-column article from the 
Doctor’s pen, bearing upon the above-named 
subjects. 
SWETT, John Appleton, of New York City, 
was born in Boston, Mass,, December 3, 1808, 
and died in the former city, September 18, 
1854. Memoirs of this noted physician have 
been written by the late Dr. B. W. McCready 
and Dr. Austin Flint, from which liberal ex- 
tracts have been made in the preparation of this 
sketch. Referring to his ancestry, and early 
personal history one of his biographers writes 
as follows: His father, a reputable merchant, 
and eminently an active, energetic business 
man, died in 1834. His mother was distin- 
guished for her intelligence, and still more 
for her moral worth—a woman of unaffected 
piety. To the influence of her life, and rever- 
ence for her memory, may fairly be attributed 
in a great measure, under Providence, the for- 
mation of her son’s character, in its moral 
and religious aspects. He was prepared for 
college at the Boston Grammar School, and 
graduated at Harvard University in 1828. He 
was not distinguished for great proficiency in 
collegiate studies, but held a fair rank in all, 
save mathematics, to which he had an invinci- 
ble repugnance. His medical studies were 
pursued under the direction of Dr. Jacob Big- 
elow, of Boston, for many years, and up to a re- 
cent period, Professor of Materia Medica in the 
Medical Department of Harvard University. 
He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine 
in 1831, and soon afterward established himself 
as a practitioner in the city of New York. 
During the first few years of his professional 
life, his zeal in the pursuit of medical knowl- 
edge was manifested by the discharge of 
the duties of Physician to the City Dispen- 
sary, with which he soon became connected, 
and by his co-operation with his colleagues in 
forming a society for mutual improvement, by 
means of reports of interesting cases, and the 
discussion of medical subjects. Like most 
young physicians who are enthusiastic in their 
love of the profession, Dr. Swett was desirous 
of availing himself of the advantages which 
are offered by the hospitals, the museums and 
the teachers of the Old World. More favored 
in this regard than many who enter the pro- 
fession, his pecuniary circumstances enabled 
him to gratify this desire. On the death of his 
father, in 1834, he inherited a moderate prop- 
erty. The year following he sailed for Europe, 
and was absent about seventeen months, spend- 
ing the greater part of the time in Paris. 
Among the many distinguished medical teach- 
ers of the French metropolis, Louis inspired 
him with the greatest regard. He followed 
diligently the service of this eminent observer 
and philosopher, at the Hopital La PitiA 
Probably here he acquired a fondness for the 
particular branch of practical medicine, viz., 
the diagnosis of diseases of the chest, with 
which his name has become especially identi- 
Jyyi 
Examining Surgeons for the Pension Depart- 
ment. In 1890 he was appointed Physician 
and Surgeon to the Indiana School for Feeble- 
Minded Youth, a position he still holds, ably 
assisted by his son, Dr. Budd Van Sweringen, 
a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. 
Dr. H. V. Sweringen is a member of the Allen 
County Medical Society, of which he has 
served a term as president; of the Indiana 
State Medical and of the American Medical 
Associations, and has served a number of 
terms successively as Physician to the Allen 
County Infirmary, and as a member of the 
staff of Physicians and Surgeons of Hope and 
St. Joseph Hospitals. He has been an accepta- 
ble contributor to various medical journals, 
many of his articles having been extensively 
quoted by others. While not devoting himself 
to any specialty in his profession, he has won 
particular distinction in the field of obstetrics 
and in that of the diseases of women and chil- 
dren. There are few cases of midwifery recorded EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
499 
fied. His biographer, Dr. McCready, adduces 
evidence not only of his diligence when in 
Paris, but of the salutary effect of his example 
upon others, by a quotation from a touching 
letter addressed to Dr. Swett by the late Dr. 
Power, of Baltimore, on his death-bed. In 
this letter Dr. Power expresses his feelings of 
gratitude for the influence which he derived 
from their companionship, attributing to it all 
his subsequent success and usefulness as a 
medical practitioner. More precious such a 
testimonial than the most costly gifts! After 
his return to New York, in the spring of 1838, 
Dr. Swett first became known as a medical 
teacher. His lectures on the diseases of the 
chest were first delivered at the Broome Street 
School of Medicine, a voluntary association for 
medical instruction. They were repeated at 
the spring course of the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, and published from stenographic 
notes in The New York Lancet. These lectures 
established his reputation as an accomplished 
diagnostician, in a class of affections which re- 
quire for their discrimination certain special 
modes of investigation included under the 
name of physical exploration. From that time 
he was consulted by patients, far and wide, 
who were affected with thoracic disease, and 
the larger share of his private practice after- 
wards consisted of cases of this class. The 
lectures thus referred to formed the basis of 
an extensive work on Diseases of the Chest, 
which was published in 1852. This work has 
been received with favor by the medical pro- 
fession, both at home and abroad, and will re- 
main an enduring monument of the author’s 
talents, industry and acquirements. Prior to 
his assuming the labors of a lecturer, he was 
for two years, in connection with Dr. John 
Watson, editor of a new quarterly, entitled 
The New York Medical and Surgical Journal. 
At the end of this time, the Journal was 
discontinued, in consequence of the pecuniary 
embarrassments of the publisher. During its 
continuance, many of its most able contribu- 
tions were from the pen of Dr. Swett. From 
1842 up to the time of his death, he was one of 
the Physicians of the New York Hospital. He 
persevered in his labors in this institution dur- 
ing the progress of his fatal illness, and relin- 
quished them only when his physical powers 
were so much reduced as to be wholly unequal 
to the task. He added to clinical investiga- 
tions, conducive alike to the welfare of patients 
and the advancement of science; instruction 
at the bedside, for the benefit of the students 
of medicine who were attracted to his wards; 
and he also delivered repeatedly courses of 
lectures at the hospital on diseases of the 
chest and of the kidney. To the latter, for 
several years preceding his death, he had given 
close study, and more particularly to the mal- 
ady known as Bright’s Disease, to which he 
himself fell a victim, adding thus another in- 
stance to the number in which physicians have 
died of the affections to which they had given 
special attention. These instances, says Flint, 
are so numerous as to imply something more 
than mere coincidence, and, in fact, perhaps, to 
warrant the conclusion that to concentrate the 
attention to a particular disease, and make it 
a special subject for study, is to run a greater 
liability to it than would otherwise exist. 
In 1853 Dr. Swett was elected Professor of the 
Theory and Practice of Physic in the Medical 
Department of the University of the City of 
New York. To fill a position of this kind had 
been his aim from an early period in his pro- 
fessional life. He was now forty-four years of 
age, in the meridian of life; his intellectual 
faculties in full vigor; his mind stored with 
learning and the lessons of experience. A 
new career of distinction and usefulness was 
now open to him,on which he entered with alac- 
rity, notwithstanding he had for several years 
suffered from the gradual advancement of a 
serious and exhausting disease. He com- 
pleted his first course of lectures in the uni- 
versity during the winter of 1853-54, having 
discharged the duties of the chair greatly to 
the satisfaction of those who listened to his 
instructions. It was evident, however, to his 
friends that his first course would be his last. 
The probability of this must have been appar- 
ent to himself, for he was fully aware of the 
nature of his malady, and no one knew better 
than he that it almost invariably advances 
steadily onward to a fatal termination. For 
several years he had watched the gradual 
progress of his disease, finding temporary ben- 
efit, and even apparent restoration, by giving 
short periods to relaxation and traveling. In 
1852 he made a brief visit to Europe, with ref- 
erence mainly to the improvement of health ; 
but during his sojourn in Paris, under these 
circumstances, unable to repress the gratifica- 
tion of his thirst for scientific knowledge, he 
attended diligently the lectures and demonstra- 
tions of the eminent microscopist and philos- 
opher, M. Robin. His anxiety to prosecute 
microscopical researches in pathology con- 
tinued even after his confinement to the bed 
with his fatal disease. A short time before his 
death, he exhibited delight at the reception of 
an elegant microscope, which he had ordered 
from London. Toward the latter part of May, 
1854, his debility was so great as to compel 
him to relinquish further efforts to continue 
his hospital and private practice, which he 
never again attempted to resume. He en- 
deavored once more to recruit, by resorting to 
change of scene and the invigorating air of the 
country, but without avail. Gradual but pro- 
gressive failure of the powers of life confined, 
and he was released from the duties and suf- 
ferings of this world in the early autumn of 
the same year. A prominent feature in the life 
of Dr. Swett is the persistency with which he 
was devoted to scientific pursuits, and the prac- 
tical duties of his profession, under obstacles 
incident to ill health, which would have dis- 
couraged most persons; and when, too, for 
several years, he must have felt morally cer- 
tain that he was laboring under a fatal organic 
disease. This will doubtless appear surprising 
to many readers, and the more so because his 
circumstances as regards property were such 
as not to render his personal exertions neces- 
sary for the maintenance of his family. Great 
as was his love of the science and the art of 
medicine, it would be unjust to his character 
to suppose that this alone was the motive impell- 
ing him to persist in his labors, until compelled 
by physical weakness to forego them. An exces- 
sive enthusiasm, bordering on idolatry, which 
is oftener, perhaps, affected than real, was not 
with him a ruling passion, which it may be 
imagined continued strong in death. A fair 
estimation of his character leads to other and 
higher springs of action. In a firm conviction 
of duty, based on an abiding sense of the 
responsibility of life, lies the secret of that 500 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tenacity of purpose which refused to stop in 
the path of exertion which Providence had 
ordained for him, until his course was ar- 
rested by the fiat of the Supreme Ruler of 
human events. Thus actuated and guided, 
his mind was enabled to struggle manfully and 
triumphantly with the discouragements of 
disease, while it was becoming to continue the 
conflict. And receiving support from a 
higher source than the fascination of science, 
he was the better prepared to derive aid and 
happiness from the latter. Reason, experi- 
ence, and revelation teach us that it is best 
to work, so long as we possess the capacity 
of performing the labors incident to the 
position allotted to us. Better, far better, to 
die in the harness, than to await, timorous and 
inactive, the uncertain coming of the messen- 
ger of death. Such were the sentiments en- 
tertained by the subject of this memoir. At 
all events, his life affords evidence of their 
practical exemplification. Philanthropy and 
love of his profession were manifested by Dr. 
Swett in the disposition of his property. 
Leaving his family a moderate competence, he 
bequeathed a handsome legacy to the Society 
for the Benefit of the Widows and Orphans of 
Medical Men, which has been organized and 
supported by the medical profession of the city 
of New York. In summing up the moral and 
intellectual traits which distinguished the 
character of the eminent physician whose 
brief but honorable and useful professional 
career claims the respectful remembrance of 
the public, and whose example may be held up 
as worthy of the imitation of young men who 
are about to enter on the responsibilities be- 
longing to the medical profession, Dr. Mc- 
Cready, whose intimate acquaintance enabled 
him to speak from a personal knowledge, says: 
Dr. Swett’s understanding was clear and com- 
prehensive, his judgment sound. He was a 
careful and patient observer, and a devoted 
and conscientious lover of truth. He was en- 
ergetic and persevering in what he undertook, 
his passions were moderate and under the 
control of his reason, and he possessed, in a 
high degree, that almost instinctive recognition 
of truth and propriety, quite independent of 
the mere power of reasoning, to which we 
give the name of common sense. The sound- 
ness of his judgment and the moderation of 
his views were shown in the conduct of his 
ordinary affairs, as well as in his professional 
career. His love of truth, the care with which 
he guarded himself against all undue leaning 
or bias, was a marked feature in his character. 
It was not merely with him the instinct of the 
gentleman, the avoidance of the acted or 
spoken lie, but a principle which pervaded his 
whole life and influenced his conduct. In re- 
lating a case or giving an opinion, he would 
not only state what was true, or what he be- 
lieved to be true, but he would disdain to 
round off with a phrase those points on which 
he was ignorant, or on which his observation 
had been imperfect. “Guard yourself against 
envy,” he said to a friend; “it will not only 
impair your happiness, but it will distort your 
views; you will be unable to see things as they 
are, and it will spoil your whole moral charac- 
ter.” He was fond of music, but had no skill 
in it. He had, too, a love of painting and 
sculpture, and his criticisms on the works of 
art he saw abroad, as contained in his journal, 
seem just and appreciative. With all this he 
had little imagination, and no love of poetry. 
Byron was the only poet whom he read with 
pleasure. Another of his traits that must not 
be passed over in silence was his kindness of 
heart. His was not alone the ready charity 
which seeks the easiest mode to relieve itself 
from an unpleasant emotion, but a thoughtful 
and considerate kindness, which carried out 
deliberately plans deliberately formed. Per- 
haps of all his qualities, this the most endeared 
him to his friends and made him loved best by 
those who best knew him. 
SWINBURNE, John, of Albany, N. Y., was 
born in Denmark, Lewis county, in the same 
State, May 30, 1820, and died in the former 
city, March 28, 1889. Left early an orphan, 
he was soon called upon to assist in support- 
ing his mother and family, securing his edu- 
cation at district schools and neighboring acad- 
emies, partly by his own exertions. He 
studied medicine under Professors Mather and 
J. H. Armsby, and Dr. Griffin Sweet, graduat- 
ing in 1847 from Albany Medical College. 
After a short country practice he was called to 
fill the position of Demonstrator of Anatomy 
in Albany Medical College, and performed its 
duties for three years. During this period he 
prepared for the Anatomical Museum at Al- 
bany, the skeleton of the celebrated Dr. Ed- 
son, who for many years was exhibited on 
account of ‘ ‘his attenuated abnegation of flesh. ’ ’ 
Appointed Almshouse Physician, he attended 
eight hundred cases of ship fever in one year, 
with a mortality of only fifteen per cent. On 
the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion he 
was appointed Chief Medical Officer on the 
Staff of Gen. John F. Rathbone, and given 
charge of all the sick at the post in Albany, 
and during three months he treated nearly 
fifteen hundred patients. In May, 1862, he 
was appointed Medical Superintendent of 
wounded New York troops at the front. He 
served on the battle-field, and labored for the 
improvement of the appliances for treating 
and permanently curing the disabled soldiers, 
publishing the results of his observations in 
pamphlet form. For a time he was in charge 
of the United States Army Hospital at Savage’s 
Station, Va., and five times was ordered to the 
field under special commission from the Gov- 
ernor of New York, four times as the State’s 
representative. He was one of the eight sur- 
geons who organized the hospital at White 
House. His services led to his appointment 
by Governor Morgan as Superintendent of the 
New York State troops. He was instrumental 
in the preparation of an asylum for 2,500 pa- 
tients in Virginia, and after General McClel- 
lan’s retreat to the banks of the James river, 
though offered freedom by the enemy, preferred 
to remain with his patients, and notwithstand- 
ing the scarcity of supplies succeeded in saving 
many lives. On his return he was compli- 
mented by the surgeon-general of the United 
States Army and the surgeon-general of the 
State, for his efficiency and patriotism. After 
the war he served for six years as Health Of- 
ficer of the port of New York, at quarantine, 
being nominated by a Democratic Governor, 
and confirmed unanimously by the Senate. 
While in this position he suggested the estab- 
lishment of large warehouses in the upper and 
lower bay, for the purpose of protecting the 
city against the introduction of yellow fever 
into the port, and lessening the period of 
quarantine, and secured the passage of a law EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
501 
preventing “runners” from boarding vessels 
before their permits were delivered to the 
mayors of the cities adjacent to the bay. Aftei 
the expiration of his service as health officer he 
went abroad,served with the French during the 
Franco-German War, organized the American 
Ambulance Corps in Paris, and was in charge 
of it during the siege. He received the Cross 
of the Legion of Honor for these services. In 
1873 he returned to Albany; in 1882 wras an in- 
dependent candidate for mayor, claimed the 
election, and was awarded the office after 
eighteen months of litigation; in 1884 he was 
defeated for re-election; and the same year 
was elected to Congress from the Nineteenth 
New York District, on the Republican and 
Citizens’ ticket. Since 1873 he had maintained 
a free dispensary in Albany, in which he 
treated more than one hundred thousand cases, 
chiefly surgical. He was Professor of Frac- 
tures and Dislocations and Clinical Surgery in 
Albany Medical College, and Consulting Sur- 
geon to Albany Hospital. He was a member 
of the Medical Society of Albany County, and 
of the Medical Society of New' York. Among 
his published writings are: “An Address 
Showing the Identity of the Various Forms of 
Erysipelas, Peritonitis, and Phlebitis,” Trans- 
actions of Medical Society of New York, 1850; 
“Treatment of Fracture of the Femur by Sim- 
ple Extension,” 1859; “Introduction of Air 
into the Uterine Veins, during Criminal Abor- 
tion, with Flexible Catheter,” pronounced by 
Dr. Dalton the only authentic case on record ; 
“Two Cases of Extra-Uterine Pregnancy,” 
Transactions of Medical Society of New York, 
1860; “Compound and Comminuted Gunshot 
Fractures of the Thigh, and Means for their 
Transportation.” * 
TAYLOR, Benjamin Walter, of Columbia, 
S. C., was born in that city February 28, 1834. 
He is a grandson of Col. Thomas Taylor of the 
Revolution. His education was received at 
the South Carolina College of Columbia, from 
which he was graduated in 1855, and he ob- 
tained his medical degree from the South 
Carolina Medical College at Charleston in 
1858. Pie then settled in his native city, where 
he remained, except during the Rebellion. On 
the outbreak of the Civil War he was made 
Assistant Surgeon and assigned to Fort Moul- 
trie, where he served until Fort Sumter sur- 
rendered. On the organization of the Hampton 
legion he was selected as Assistant Surgeon. 
He was afterward made Surgeon and assigned 
to the Second South Carolina Cavalry, Hamp- 
ton’s brigade. During the last year of the war 
he was promoted from Chief Surgeon of Divi- 
sion to Medical Director of Cavalry Corps, 
Army of Northern Virginia. He is a member 
of the South Carolina Medical Association, 
and was its vice-president in 1875, and was 
president of his County Medical Society in 
1876, and was a delegate to the International 
Medical Congress held in Philadelphia the 
same year. Dr. Taylor has contributed import- 
ant articles on various subjects to the Trans- 
actions of the State Medical Association of 
South Carolina. He is Medical Examiner of 
numerous life assurance companies, and is 
widely known as an accomplished physician 
and surgeon. 
TAYLOR, Isaac E., of New York, was born 
in Philadelphia, April 25,1812, and died in the 
former city October 30, 1889. He was a son of 
William and Mary Taylor, natives of Cam- 
bridge, England, who settled in Philadelphia 
in 1797. He was educated at a private board- 
ing school and at Rutgers College, New York, 
graduating from this institution in 1830. Dur- 
ing his stay at Rutgers he was suspended for 
playing billiards, and during his suspension 
he attended lectures on anatomy, chemistry 
and midwifery, and after graduating A. 8., 
entered the office of Samuel L. Southard, Esq., 
of Trenton, N. J., where he read law for two 
years, and then in 1832 entered the office of 
his brother, Dr. Othniel H. Taylor. He grad- 
uated M. D. at the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1834. In 1835 he entered into mercantile 
business with his father-in-law, Stuart Mollan, 
of New York, but returned to his profession 
in 1839, in the city of New York. In 1840 he 
visited Paris and entered the office of Prof. 
Cazeaux, studying his specialties of obstetrics 
and diseases of women and children; he also 
<rc <- 
traveled extensively, attending hospitals and 
other places of interest. He returned in 1841, 
and associated himself with the City, Eastern, 
Northern and Demilt Dispensaries as Attend- 
ing Physician, having charge, in each, of the 
diseases of females for seven years. In 1851 
he was elected Physician to Bellevue Hospital, 
and immediately after commenced that series 
of improvements and reforms which brought 
about that renovation in the government, 
economy and police of its system, resulting in 
changes eminently beneficial and increasing 
the utility of the institution, in the uniting of 
the entire medical department of their govern- 
ment under one medical organization, and em- 
bracing Bellevue Hospital, the Penitentiary, 
Almshouse, Work-house, Island Hospital and 
Small-pox Hospital, and excepting only Ran- 
dall’s Island and the Lunatic Asylum, and es- 
tablished the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, in connection with the Bellevue Hospi- 
tal, with the addition of an out-door depart- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
502 
ment. He was a permanent member of the 
American Medical Association, permanent 
member of the New York State Medical So- 
ciety, and member of the New York County 
Medical Society, was its president in 1865, and 
vice-president in 1864 and 1877; Fellow of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, vice-presi- 
dent in 1867 and 1868, and elected trustee in 
1872 for ten years; president of the obstetrical 
section of the Academy of Medicine, 1856, 
also in 1876 and 1877, and of the New York 
Journal Association (of which he was the 
founder) in 1868 and 1869; vice-president of 
the American Gynecological Society, corre- 
sponding member of the Obstetric Societies of 
Berlin, Boston, Philadelphia and Knoxville, 
Tenn. He was also honorary member of the 
Medical Society of Christiana, Norway. He 
was the author and editor, among others, of 
the following: In 1839, he, with Dr. James 
A. AVashington, introduced to the American 
profession the hypodermic method of treat- 
ment by morphia, strychnine, in the New York 
Dispensary, sixteen years previous to Dr. An- 
drew AVood, of Edinburgh (see Bartholow, 
1873); “Cases of Diseases Peculiar to Females 
and Nervous Diseases,” 1841; “Dr. Evory 
Kennedy’s AVork on Auscultation,” 1843; “On 
the Use of Liquor Hydriodate of Arsenic and 
Mercury in Cutaneous and Uterine Diseases,” 
1843; “Rheumatism of the Uterus and Ova- 
ries,” “Report on Cases of Aphonia and 
Syphilitic Ulceration of the Larynx Treated 
with Sponge Probang and Nitrate of Silver,” 
“Protrusion of the Eye,” 1845; “Syphilitic 
Mucous Tubercles and Secondary Syphilitic 
Affections of the Os Uteri,” 1853; “Sun- 
burnt Appearance of the Skin,” “Regurgi- 
tation of Stomach,” “Labor with Ante- 
version of Uterus in that State,” “Recto- 
Vaginal Fistula Cured by a New Opera- 
tion,” 1856; “Non-Shortening of the Supra 
and Infra-Vaginal Portion of Cervix Uteri,” 
1862; “Procidentia Uteri of Fifteen Years 
Cured by Simply Reinverting the Everted 
Cervix Uteri,” 1864; “Placenta Previa,” 1865; 
“Recto-Araginal and Recto-Labial Fistula,” 
1866; “Mechanism of Spontaneous Action of 
Uterine Inversion,” read before the Academy 
of Medicine, April, 1872; “Physiological 
Lengthening of the Cervix Uteri, Before, Dur- 
ing and After Labor,” 1875; “Treatment in 
Oases of Contracted Pelvis During Labor,” 
1875; “Is Craniotomy, Cephalotripsy orCrani- 
oclasm Preferable to the Cesarean Section in 
Pelvis?” 1876. He was president in 1861 of 
the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and 
was elected Emeritus Professor of Diseases of 
AYomen and Children therein in 1867. He 
held the position of Physician to Bellevue 
Hospital from 1852 to 1876, and had since been 
its Consulting Physician; was president of its 
medical board from 1868 to 1874; Consulting 
Physician to Charity Hospital in 1872; presi- 
dent of its medical board from 1861 to 1863, 
and Attending Physician from 1860 to 1872; 
Consulting Physician to the Infants’ Hospital, 
Blackwell’s Island, from 1868 to 1876, and 
president of its board for 1870; president of 
the Bureau of the Consulting Board of Medi- 
cal and Surgical Relief, Bellevue Hospital, 
from 1866, and Consulting Physician to same; 
Consulting Physician to the New York State 
AVomen’s Hospital, the AYofnen’s Infirmary 
and Examiner on Obstetrics; and Physician 
to the Maternity Hospital, Blackwell’s Island. 
During Dr. Taylor’s career he was noted for 
the kindly feeling and sympathy which by his 
manner he had caused to exist between him- 
self and his patients, the students who were 
under him, and the profession. The former 
has shown itself in expressions from them, 
and the second was especially noticeable in 
1872 at a dinner given to Dr. Taylor by the 
profession previous to his departure for Europe. 
TAYLOR, Matthew Addison, of Austin, Tex., 
was born at Columbus, 0., November 12, 1828. 
He is of English and Irish descent. He was 
educated at the Columbus High School and 
Miami University. After studying medicine 
entered the Starling Medical College, and was 
graduated M. D. from that institution in 1849. 
Soon afterward he settled at Logan in his na- 
tive State, where he was engaged in an active 
general practice, but being compelled by the 
severity of the winters to seek a milder climate, 
he removed to Texas in 1852, and since 1853 
has been established in Austin, that State. 
AAdiile engaged in general practice, he has 
given special attention to surgery, particularly 
to the surgical treatment of women and chil- 
dren. In 1855 he was one of the founders of 
the first medical association in Texas, an or- 
ganization that existed two years. In the 
same year he also assisted in founding the 
Travis County Medical Society, now the largest 
county medical society in the State. In 1874 
he was a delegate to the American Medical 
Association, and in 1876 a delegate to the In- 
ternational Medical Congress, at Philadelphia. 
In 1859 he was appointed one of the Trustees of 
the State Mute Asylum, and served in that 
capacity two years. He was Physician to 
the State Blind Asylum, from 1872 to 1874, 
and was president of the Board of Trustees 
of the State Lunatic Asylum, in 1873 and 
1874, and was also appointed a member and 
administrator of the board charged with the 
duty of founding a State university, and in 
that position he assisted in the organization of 
the Texas State Commercial and Agricultural 
College. Dr. Taylor is widely known as a 
skillful physician and surgeon, and is examiner 
of several leading life insurance companies. 
He has been active in elevating the standard 
of education in his adopted State. 
THACHER, James, of Plymouth, Mass., 
was born at Barnstable, in the same State, 
February 14, 1754, and died May 26, 1844. For 
the interesting details concerning the life and 
achievements of this noted pioneer represen- 
tative of the American medical profession the 
editor is indebted to memoirs written by the 
late Dr. Stephen AVilliams and the venerable 
Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago. The latter biog- 
rapher says: AYhether viewed as a patriot 
faithfully serving his country in the darkest 
period of her history; as a man of science and 
extensive literary acquirements; or simply as 
an active and honorable member of a humane 
and noble profession, the subject of this sketch 
eminently deserves a prominent page in the 
historical annals of his country. Referring to 
his ancestry Dr. AYilliams, in his Medical 
Biography, says: Dr. Thacher’s mother 
was the daughter of a Mr. Norton, of Marthas 
ATneyard, and granddaughter of ex-Governor 
Coggshall, of Rhode Island. Paternally, he 
was descended from one of the most learned 
and useful families in the colony. In “The 
Magnalia,” by Cotton Mather, we have the 
biography of Dr. Thomas Thacher, who is EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
503 
represented to have been a learned physician 
and clergyman of Massachusetts; from whose 
pen emanated the first medical publication in 
that colony. Dr. J. B. Beck in his History 
of American Medicine Before the Revolution, 
referring to this tract or monograph entitled 
A Brief Guide in the Small-Pox and Measles, 
says it was published in the year 1677. Dr. 
Williams tells us that “no less than sixteen 
graduates of the name of Thacher appear in 
the triennial catalogue of Harvard University, 
from 1671 to 1832, nine of whom were clergy- 
men.” The name of the subject of this 
memoir, however, is not on the list, and 
we have no evidence that he ever enjoyed 
the advantages of a full collegiate education; 
although his writings abundantly show that 
his mind was early stored with, and disciplined 
by, the elementary branches of learning. At 
the early age of sixteen he manifested his pre- 
dilection for the study of medicine, and soon 
after commenced his period of pupilage under 
Dr. Abner Hersey, a physician who then en- 
joyed a high reputation and extensive practice 
in his native town. Under the guidance of 
this highly esteemed preceptor, young Thacher 
enjoyed good advantages for acquiring medical 
knowledge, and improved them with a faith- 
fulness amounting to enthusiasm. His period 
of pupilage closed in 1775, at the age of twenty- 
one years. It was just the time when the long- 
smothered fires of patriotism in the Colonies 
had broken forth into flames of open revolu- 
tion. The blood which stained the fields of 
Lexington and Concord had not only severed 
the last tie that bound the people of the Ameri- 
can Colonies to the mother country, but had 
also caused the clarion notes of war to vibrate 
over every hill and valley in the land. Step- 
ping upon the stage of active life at such a mo- 
ment, it is not strange that the heart of young 
Thacher was found beating in unison with the 
glorious spirit of the times, or that his feelings 
of patriotism and love of rational liberty 
should cause him to hazard his all in the cause 
of his country. Hence one of his first acts 
was to apply for a place in the medical depart- 
ment of the Continental Army. Taking a let- 
ter from Joseph Otis, of Barnstable, he pro- 
ceeded to Watertown and made his applica- 
tion personally to James Warren, who was 
then President of the Provincial Congress. He 
was received by this eminent patriot with great 
cordiality and kindness on July 3,1775. Within 
a week his name was added to the list of can- 
didates for examination by a medical board 
consisting of Drs. Holton and Taylor. The 
examinations of this board seems to have been 
faithful and severe, for of the sixteen candi- 
dates examined, only ten were admitted as 
qualified for duty. Dr. Thacher, however, 
passed through this ordeal with credit, re- 
ceived from the Provincial Congress the ap- 
pointment of Surgeon’s Mate in the hospital 
at Cambridge, and entered upon the discharge 
of his duties July 15, 1775. At that time Dr. 
Benjamin Church was Directoi'-General of the 
Hospital, and Dr. John Warren the Senior At- 
tending Surgeon. The institution occupied 
several private houses in Cambridge, and was 
filled with the soldiers wounded in the battle 
on Breed’s Hill, and so many sick with various 
diseases as to afford constant employment for 
the medical officers. In February, 1776, Dr. 
John Morgan, of Philadelphia, was appointed 
by Congress Director-General of Hospitals in I 
the place of Dr. Church, and Dr. Thacher, 
after undergoing another examination by him, 
was appointed Surgeon’s Mate to Dr. David 
Townsend, in one of the regiments stationed 
on Prospect Hill. This regiment was com- 
manded by Col. Asa Whitcomb, and was act- 
ively engaged in the laborious duty of fortify- 
ing the heights of Dorchester, where they were 
almost daily anticipating an attack from the 
whole British force stationed in Boston. After 
the British had evacuated the city and the 
American Army had taken possession, small- 
pox was found so prevalent that inoculation 
was very generally resorted to. The regiment 
to which Dr. Thacher was attached, consist- 
ing of five hundred men, were all subjected to 
the disease by inoculation, and he tells us in 
his journal that all recovered except one negro. 
When the soldiers were again fit for duty, this 
regiment, together with that of Colonel Sar- 
gent, was ordered to march to Ticonderoga, on 
Lake Champlain, where they arrived in the 
latter part of August, 1776. In April follow- 
ing, Colonel Whitcomb’s regiment, having 
served out the period of time for which they 
were enlisted, returned home; but Dr. Thacher 
immediately received the appointment of Sur- 
geon’s Mate in the General Hospital, and re- 
mained on duty at Ticonderoga until that 
post was abandoned by our army. He ac- 
companied the sick and wounded to Fort 
Edward, and subsequently to Albany. 
While on duty in that city, the final con- 
flict took place between the Northern Di- 
vision of the American Army under General 
Gates, and that of the British Army under 
General Burgoyne. The two hard-fought bat- 
tles, which preceded the surrender of Bur- 
goyne, took place only about thirty miles from 
the General Hospital, and many of the 
wounded officers and soldiers were immedi- 
ately transferred thither. Six days after the 
surrender of General Burgoyne, Dr. Thacher 
made the following entry in his military jour- 
nal, which is quoted for the purpose of show- 
ing the nature of his duties, and the faithful 
and humane manner in which he discharged 
them: “This hospital is now crowded with 
officers and soldiers from the fields of battle; 
those belonging to the British and Hessian 
troops are accommodated in the same hospital 
with our own men, and receive equal care and 
attention. The foreigners are under the care 
and management of their own surgeons. I 
have been present at some of their capital op- 
erations, and remarked that the English sur- 
geons perform with skill and dexterity, but 
the Germans, with few exceptions, do no credit 
to their profession; some of them are the most 
clumsy and uncouth operators I ever witnessed, 
and appear to be destitute of all sympathy and 
tenderness towards the suffering patient. Not 
less than one thousand wounded and sick are 
now in the city; the Dutch church, and sev- 
eral private houses are occupied as hospitals. 
We have about thirty surgeons and mates; and 
all are constantly employed. I am obliged to 
devote the whole of my time, from eight 
o’clock in the morning to a late hour in the 
evening, to the care of our patients. Here 
is a fine field for professional improvement. 
Amputating limbs, trepanning fractured skulls, 
and dressing the most formidable wounds, 
have familiarized my mind to scenes of woe. 
A military hospital is peculiarly calculated to 
afford examples for profitable contemplation, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
504 
and to interest our sympathy and commisera- 
tion. If I turn from beholding mutilated 
bodies, mangled limbs, and bleeding, incura- 
ble wounds, a spectacle no less revolting is 
presented, of miserable objects languishing 
under afflicting diseases of every description; 
here are those in a state of mournful despair, 
exhibiting the awful harbingers of approach- 
ing dissolution; there are those with emaciated 
bodies and ghastly visage, who begin to tri- 
umph over grim disease, and just lift their 
feeble heads from the pillow of sorrow. No 
parent, wife, or sister to wipe the tear of 
anguish from their eyes, or to soothe the pil- 
low of death, they look up to the physician as 
their only earthly friend and comforter, and 
trust the hands of a stranger to perform the 
last mournful duties. Frequently have I re- 
marked their confidence in my friendship, as 
though I was endeared to them by brotherly 
ties. Viewing these unfortunate men as the 
faithful defenders of the liberties of our coun- 
try, far separated from their dearest friends, 
who would be so lost to the duties of human- 
ity, patriotism, and benevolence, as not to 
minister to their comfort, and pour into their 
wounds the healing balm of consolation? It 
is my lot to have twenty wounded men com- 
mitted to my care, by Dr. Potts, our surgeon- 
general ; one of whom, a young man, received 
a musket-ball through his cheeks, cutting its 
way through the teeth on each side, and the 
substance of the tongue; his sufferings have 
been great, hut he now begins to articulate 
tolerably well. Another had the whole side 
of his face torn off by a cannon-ball, laying 
his mouth and throat open to view. A brave 
soldier received a musket-hall in his forehead; 
observing that it did not penetrate deep, it was 
imagined that the ball rebounded and fell out; 
but after several days, on examination, I de- 
tected the ball lying fiat on the hone, and 
spread under the skin, which I removed. No 
one can doubt but he received his wound while 
facing the enemy; and it is fortunate for the 
brave fellow that his skull proved too thick for 
the ball to penetrate. Butin another instance, 
a soldier’s wound was not so honorable; he 
received a ball in the bottom of his foot, 
which could not have happened unless when 
in the act of running from the enemy. This 
poor fellow is held in derision by his com- 
rades, and is made the subject of their wit for 
having the mark of a coward.” In December 
following, was entered in his journal the fol- 
lowing note: ‘ ‘The wounded soldiers commit- 
ted to my care in October last have all recov- 
ered ; and as a compliment for my assiduity 
and attention to my patients, I have received 
from Dr. Potts, our Surgeon-General, a gener- 
ous and handsome present.” Two years and 
a half now elapsed since young Thacher left 
his home and attached himself to the fortunes 
of the patriot army; and the duties of the 
hospital being greatly diminished, he asked, 
and readily obtained, a furlough, or leave of 
absence, for forty days. Though in the mid- 
dle of winter, he made the journey from 
Albany to Boston and Barnstable on horse- 
back ; visited his friends, and returned to the 
hospital ready for duty two days before the ex- 
piration of his furlough. Early the following 
season, the hospital was removed to the High- 
lands, further down the Hudson, and Dr. 
Thacher continued on duty in it until he was 
advanced to the rank of Surgeon, when, at his 
own solicitation, he was transferred from hos- 
pital service to that of Field Surgeon, and 
attached to a regiment chiefly from the South, 
under the command of Col. Gibson. At an- 
other period he was selected as the surgeon to 
a picked corps of light infantry, chosen from 
the several New England regiments, and un- 
der the immediate command of Col. Alexander 
Scammel. This corps “consisted of the most 
active and soldierly young men and officers,” 
and was designed to march in advance of the 
main army, constantly prepared for the most 
active and hazardous duty. His selection as 
Surgeon to this corps was a high compliment, 
but not higher than his skill and faithful devo- 
tion to the duties of his station had entitled 
him to. From this time Dr. Thacher accom- 
panied nearly all the more important move- 
ments of the Continental army to the end of 
the war. Whether in the camp or in the 
field—whether under a single tent amidst the 
snows of a Northern winter, or on the rapid 
march under the burning rays of a summer 
sun—he shared fully in all the privations, the 
toils, and the glories, that were endured and 
achieved by the defenders of our country dur- 
ing that eventful period of its history. Even 
in the last important conflict, the siege of 
Yorktown, he accompanied the corps sent for- 
ward in the darkness of the night to open the 
last entrenchment necessary to complete that 
siege. The great struggle of the Colonies 
for independence having been finally crowned 
with success, and the war actually closed, the 
following entry appears in his journal under 
the date of December 25, 1782. “It is with in- 
expressible reluctance that I contemplate a 
separation from the numerous friends with 
whom I have so long associated in the most 
harmonious and pleasing intercourse. En- 
gaged in the same glorious and honorable 
cause, encountering together the same perils, 
suffering unparalleled hardships and priva- 
tions, and participating in the most interesting 
scenes and events, our mutual and cherished 
attachments are no less ardent than the ties of 
brotherly affection. Friendships formed under 
such circumstances, and cemented by purity 
of sentiment, must prove as lasting as our days 
on earth; and we shall ever cherish a sincere 
interest in the welfare of the companions of 
our military career. It will be to me a source 
of infinite satisfaction, during the remainder 
of my day's, that I have shared in the toils and 
perils of war, during seven and a half years, 
in defense of my country and its freedom; 
and that the mighty struggle terminates in 
peace, and the establishment of our national, 
independence. This momentous event should 
be considered as a rich blessing which Provi- 
dence bestows on us for the benefit of the 
present and many future generations. It is 
incumbent on me to express my unfeigned 
gratitude to the All-wise Author and Preserver 
of men, that he has been pleased to confer on 
me innumerable blessings, and preserved my 
life and health during a long period while ex- 
posed to the greatest hardships and imminent 
perils.” Again, on January 1, 1783, he writes 
as follows: “This day I close my military 
career, and quit forever the toils and vicissi- 
tudes incident to the storms of war. To my 
military companions I bid a final adieu, and 
hope to enjoy in future the blessings which 
attend a virtuous course of domestic life. 
While I congratulate my country on the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
505 
momentous event by which we are about 
to be elevated to the rank of an in- 
dependent nation, most cordially do I proffer 
my sympathy for the many lives of inestima- 
ble value which have been sacrificed during 
this ever-memorable contest.” He retired with 
the most full and honorable testimonials to his 
punctuality, professional skill and faithful per- 
formance of duty in all the stations he had 
been called to fill. During his long connection 
with the army he enjoyed the confidence and 
society of its highest and most gifted officers, 
including General Washington himself. Nor 
was his attention entirely absorbed by his pro- 
fessional duties, for he found time to keep a 
record or journal of all the important events 
that transpired during the war. This journal 
was published by Dr. Thacher, with an ap- 
pendix, containing brief biographical sketches 
of the principal officers of the American Army, 
in 1824. It was dedicated to his Excellency, 
John Brooks, then Governor of Massachusetts. 
A second edition was issued in 1826, and it was 
republished, with appropriate illustrations, in 
1854, and was a most reliable and interesting 
historical work. On leaving the army, Dr. 
Thacher settled in Plymouth, Mass., and en- 
tered upon the ordinary practice of medicine 
and surgery. Having already the active sym- 
pathy and gratitude of the community, he soon 
became engaged in an extensive and laborious 
business. The practical duties of his profes- 
sion, however, were not allowed to engross his 
attention to the exclusion of literary and sci- 
entific pursuits. On the contrary, his mind, 
released from the long-accustomed excitements 
and anxieties of his military career, seemed to 
turn with great energy and pleasure to the cul- 
tivation of science. In 1802 he communicated 
a paper, entitled “Observations on the Art of 
Making Salt from Sea-water,” to the American 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which he 
was a member. The paper was well received, 
and published in the Transactions of the So- 
ciety for that year. He soon after furnished 
to the Historical Society of Massachusetts a 
paper “On the Natural Production of Iron 
Ore, with a Description of Smelting Furnaces.” 
This was published in the ninth volume of 
their Transactions. In 1810 he had completed 
and caused to be published his “New American 
Dispensatory,” which soon became a standard 
work in the profession, and passed through 
four editions during the succeeding eleven 
years. In the same year he received the hon- 
orary degree of Doctor of Medicine from Har- 
vard University. He next wrote a work en- 
titled “Modern Practice of Physic,” which 
was published in 1817, and a second edition of 
which was issued in 1821. In the latter year 
he also published a “Monograph on Hydro- 
phobia,” exhibiting much research, and con- 
taining many valuable facts. In 1822 he had 
ready for the press the “American Orchard- 
ist,” a second edition of which was called for 
in 1825. In 1828, his work on “American 
Medical Biography” was published, in two 
volumes. This was the first attempt made in 
this country to perpetuate the memory of dis- 
tinguished American physicians, by collected 
biographical memoirs. These volumes were 
exceedingly interesting and valuable, and a 
few years preceding the death of the author he 
was solicited by many to prepare a new edi- 
tion with additions, but the infirmities of great 
age prevented him, and the work has been 
suffered to pass entirely out of print. In 1829 
he furnished his publishers with a “Practical 
Treatise on the Management of Bees,” and 
two years after, a very curious and interesting 
volume on “Demonology, Ghosts, Apparitions 
and Popular Superstitions.” The last work 
written by Dr. Thacher, worthy of special men- 
tion, was the “History of Plymouth,” pub- 
lished in 1832. This was an interesting vol- 
ume, and was received by the public with suffi- 
cient favor to call for a second edition in 1835. 
From the foregoing list of works, it will be 
seen that Dr. Thacher was not only a volumi- 
nous writer, but also that his studies embraced 
a wide range both in science and literature. 
He furnished a considerable number of valua- 
ble papers to the medical and other periodi- 
cals. He also devoted much attention to 
antiquarian researches, in which he felt 
an enthusiastic interest. He was an ac- 
tive member of the Pilgrim Society of 
Plymouth, and of the Massachusetts Med- 
ical Society. All the writings of Dr. 
Thacher bear the impress of a mind disciplined 
by careful study, sharpened by long-continued 
habits of observation, and well stored with 
facts. Hence they were anxiously sought for 
by the public, and generally read with profit. 
Throughout his whole life he maintained a 
private character above reproach. During his 
protracted connection with the army, his mili- 
tary journal affords abundant proof of his 
sterling integrity, his high sense of honor, and 
his constant readiness to applaud virtue and 
condemn vice. In mentioning a high sense of 
honor, we do not mean that false idea of honor 
which has led so many foolishly to hazard 
their lives in accordance with the code duello. 
This practice, which caused the loss of several 
valuable lives during the Revolutionary War, 
is alluded to, only to be condemned, in all the 
writings of Dr. Thacher. In conclusion his 
biographer, Dr. N. S. Davis, says: As a phy- 
sician he ever exhibited that urbanity and 
kindness which so quickly win the confidence 
and esteem of the sick. As a citizen he was 
public-spirited, a patriotic lover as well as de- 
fender of his country, and a liberal supporter 
of the civil and religious institutions of the 
community in which he lived. He was small 
in stature and physical development, light and 
agile in his movements, fond of social in- 
tercourse, yet regular and studious in his 
habits. During a few of the last years of his 
life he was afflicted with a difficulty of breath- 
ing, which interfered much with his exercise 
and social enjoyments, but which he bore 
with patience and cheerfulness. He came to 
his death, serenely and peacefully, in May, 
1844, in the ninety-first year of his age. As a 
patriot of tried integrity, as a learned and 
honorable physician, as an eminent contribu- 
tor to the advancement of science and litera- 
ture, and as an active defender of his country 
in the darkest days of her history, Dr. James 
Thacher, of Barnstable, Massachusetts, is 
worthy of grateful remembrance by the pres- 
ent and all future generations. 
THOMAS, J. I)., of Pittsburgh, Pa., was born 
in that city, May 8, 1843, and is of Welsh ex- 
traction. He first attended the public schools, 
then the Western University of Pennsylvania. 
During the last year of the war he served in 
the light artillery service as a private. After 
returning to his home he entered the office of 
the late Geo. McCook, M. D., as a student of 506 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
medicine. In 1869 Dr. Thomas graduated from 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, but re- 
mained in the city of New York, and took the 
spring course before returning to his home; 
he also took a post-graduate course in New 
York City in 1888. After graduation, he be- 
gan the practice of medicine in his native city, 
where he has continued ever since. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
of the Pennsylvania Medical Society, of the 
Allegheny County Medical Society (one term 
its president), and others. He is one of the 
founders of the Western Pennsylvania Medical 
College (Medical Department of the Western 
University), in which institution he now holds, 
and has held since its organization, the chair 
of Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases; he 
is also one of the trustees of the institution. 
the Male Urethra;” “Report of a Case of Late 
Syphilitic Epididymitis;” “A Case of Ampu- 
tation at the Hip-joint, by Wyeth’s Method,” 
and “Acute Rheumatic Neuritis.” He deliv- 
ered the “Valedictory Address,” before the 
Class of 1890, Western Pennsylvania Medical 
College, at the Grand Opera House. During 
the summer of 1890 he made a tour of Europe. 
After his return, his observations made abroad 
were embodied in book form, and entitled, A 
Souvenir of Europe.” The publication was 
for private distribution only. 
THOMAS, Theodore Halliard, of New York 
City, N. Y., was born on Edisto Island, South 
Carolina, November 21, 1832. He was edu- 
cated at the College of Charleston, and ob- 
tained his degree at the medical school of that 
city in 1852. Shortly after this he came north, 
and became Resident Physician in the Emi- 
grant Refuge Hospital on Ward’s Island. After 
finishing this course he settled in New York 
City, where, with Dr. Donagee, he established, 
in connection with the University of New 
York, a “quiz class” in obstetrics, which be- 
came very successful, and attracted much at- 
tention. He succeeded Dr. Bedford as Lect- 
urer in this institution. Dr. Thomas was 
equipped with what was considered, at that 
time, a very perfect and remarkable collection 
of diagrams and plates, as adjuncts to his lect- 
ures. It is an interesting and instructive, as 
well as encouraging fact (to those who have in 
later years admired his brilliant oratory and 
remarkable facility as a lecturer), that his first 
lecture was considered a complete failure by 
his friends. But it was his last failure, as we 
know, for, since then, none of his colleagues 
have addressed more delighted audiences, 
among which old visiting practitioners frer 
quently crowded out, in their eagerness to 
hear and see the lecturer, those whose matricu- 
lation fee gave them the better right. Early 
in his career he attracted the attention of Dr. 
John T. Metcalfe, who, at that time, had his 
finger upon the pulse of fashionable New York. 
Dr. Thomas became his assistant. From this 
time his course was steadily upward and as- 
sured. His general practice became very large, 
but he devoted himself especially to obstetrics, 
and made his reputation first in this branch of 
medicine. He was appointed Professor of 
Obstetrics at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, and held that chair for a number of 
years. He was appointed on the first Board of 
Visiting Physicians to Roosevelt Hospital, but 
soon resigned. He has acted in the same ca- 
pacity at Bellevue, St. Luke’s, and Nursery 
and Child’s Hospitals, and at St. Mary’s Hos- 
pital in Brooklyn. AVhen the Professorship of 
Diseases of Women was established at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, he re- 
signed the chair of Obstetrics and accepted 
this. Not long afterward, he wrote and pub- 
lished his work on “Diseases of Women.” 
This book found its place waiting for it, and 
attained an immense sale. It was the most 
complete work on this subject then in exist- 
ence, and made for its author an immediate 
reputation as a gynecologist of the first rank. 
In 1863 he was appointed Physician to the 
out-patient department of the Women’s Hos- 
pital, and four years later he became Consult- 
ing Physician, and finally, in 1873, he was ap- 
pointed one of the Attending Surgeons to the 
same institution. This post he held until a 
few years ago, when he resigned, and was re- 
@./0. divrrrz***/. 
He is one of the founders, and is Surgeon to, 
the South Side Hospital, of Pittsburgh, as well 
as a member of the Board of Trustees. He 
was elected by the councils of the city of 
Pittsburgh for four consecutive terms as a 
member of the Board of Health; he served 
this body at different times as its president and 
secretary. In 1887 he delivered the address 
on “Hygiene,” before the Pennsylvania Med- 
ical Society, at its annual meeting, at Bedford, 
Pa. The following are some of the articles he 
has contributed to the medical journals, viz.: 
“A Case of Rupture of the Lower Segment of 
the Uterus“ Paralysis of the Lower Extrem- 
ities, Following the Use of the Obstetric 
Forceps;” “Sponge Grafting;” “Application of 
the Forceps when the Head Lies Too Far For- 
ward;” “Leaves from my Obstetric Case- 
Book;” “Treatment of Stricture of the Male 
Urethra by Electrolysis;” “Reply to a Crit- 
icism of above Paper;” “An Improved Ure- 
thratome;” “Report of a Case of Rupture of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
507 
quested by the board of governors to name his 
successor. As an obstetrician, his name is es- 
pecially identitifled with the operation of 
laparo-elytrotomy, which he presented to the 
profession as a substitute for the then very 
dangerous operation of Cesarian section, and 
still more dangerous one of craniotomy. He 
performed the operation a number of times 
with good results. As a gynecologist, he has 
devoted himself with special taste to laparoto- 
my. In this branch of the specialty he soon 
acquired an immense experience and a world- 
wide reputation as a quick and skillful diag- 
Royal Infirmary, where he obtained his ex- 
perience in teaching. He studied on the con- 
tinent six months in Vienna, and six months 
in Paris. From some dozen or more appli- 
cants Dr. Thompson was recently chosen by 
the regent of the University of Texas for the 
chair of Surgery in the Texas Medical College, 
at which time he presented the highest and 
most satisfactory credentials and testimonials 
from the most eminent surgeons and anato- 
mists in England, France and Germany. 
THOMSON, William, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Chambersburg, January 28, 1833. 
His ancestors were Scotch on both sides, who 
came to this country before 1776. He was 
educated at the Chambersburg Academy, then 
a famous classical school, and by private 
tutors, until he entered the office of Dr. John 
C. Richards, of his native town, as a medical 
student. He spent six months in Philadelphia 
in the study of pharmacy, and finished his 
pupilage with his brother, Alexander Thom- 
son, at Mt. Savage, Md. He entered the Jef- 
ferson Medical College and graduated in 1855. 
He then settled in Lower Merion, a few miles 
from Philadelphia, married Rebecca, daughter 
of William E. George, and was in full practice 
until 1861. Having passed an examination be- 
fore a medical board, he entered the Regular 
Army, and was placed on duty before the bat- 
tle of Bull’s Run, with the Army of the Poto- 
mac, with which he served, either in the field 
or at its base in Washington, until it was dis- 
banded at the conclusion of the war. Having 
been chosen by the medical director, Dr. Jon- 
athan Letterman, during the peninsula cam- 
paign as his assistant, he was placed on duty 
at the headquarters of the army, and partici- 
pated in the anxieties and responsibilities of 
that heroic period, when the organization of 
the medical department of that army, thanks 
to Dr. Letterman, became the model of all the 
others in the service, and inferior to none in 
the world. These improvements and reforms 
are described in the Medical Recollections of 
the Army of the Potomac, by Dr. Letterman, 
in which he also does full justice to the aid 
rendered by Dr. Thomson, especially at the 
battle of South Mountain, where, the army be- 
ing obliged to advance, Dr. Thomson was left 
in sole charge of the field, and was obliged to 
find food, shelter, transportation and surgical 
aid for 2,500 wounded men, and give burial to 
the dead, both Union and Confederate, all of 
which was completed in seven days, and for 
which he was also complimented by President 
Lincoln. His experiences on the peninsula en- 
abled Dr. Thomson, after the battle of Antie- 
tam, to propose and elaborate two reforms for 
overcoming the defects of the medical field 
service, one being a system of brigade supplies, 
to prevent the loss of medical stores, and the 
other a system of division hospitals, which 
fixed in order the position of every medical 
officer during and after an engagement, which 
were adopted by the medical director, and 
promulgated in orders from the commander- 
in-chief. These were reissued by the Secre- 
tary of War to all the armies in the service, 
and remained in use, with little or no altera- 
tion, until the end of the war. In 1863 he was 
placed in charge of the Douglas Hospital in 
Washington, which under his management 
became one of the models of the general hos- 
pital system, and conspicuous for the excel- 
lence of its administration. In 1864 he was 
C^Jvdwad. 
nostician and operator. His quickness, cool- 
ness and skill in using the knife are the first 
things which impress the observer at his op- 
erations. Untiring energy, quickness of per- 
ception and great decision are to the impartial 
observer the leading traits in his character. 
He is a member of the leading obstetrical so- 
cieties of this country and Europe. An excel- 
lent portrait of Dr. Thomas is presented with 
this sketch for the benefit of those who have 
only known him by his works, and the editor 
is indebted for both to the New York Journal of 
Gynecology and Obstetrics. 
THOMPSON, James Edwin, of Galveston, 
Tex., was horn in Northwich, England, in 
1864, and was educated at the Owens College, 
Manchester, and obtained the scholarship and 
gold medal in anatomy at the London Univer- 
sity, and the Bradley and the Dunville sur- 
gical scholarships in connection with the Man- 
chester School of Medicine. He was admitted 
as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons 
in 1886, and a Fellow of the same college in 
1888. Dr. Thompson obtained the degree of 
Bachelor of Medicine, and the degree of Bach- 
elor of Surgery of the London University, in 
both of which examinations he was placed in 
the honors list. He has held the posts of 
House Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, Man- 
chester; House Surgeon to the Dudley Hos- 
pital, England, and lastly to the important 
post of Resident Surgeon to the Manchester 508 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
chosen by Medical Director Abbott as Medical 
Inspector of the Department of Washington, 
where he remained until the close of the war. 
During his service these hospitals contained 
over twenty-three thousand beds; and, in 1864 
alone, provided for over one hundred and 
thirteen thousand patients. In 1866 he organ- 
ized and had charge of a hospital for cholera, 
then epidemic, which was also the post hos- 
pital of Washington. Having received two 
brevets for distinguished services, he, in 1867, 
passed successfully his second examination 
before the army board, was promoted, and 
sent to Louisiana; when in 1868 he tendered 
his resignation, and returned to civil life. In 
1861 he introduced the local use of carbolic 
acid, then issued as creosote, as a disinfectant 
in the treatment of wounds, and to prevent 
the attacks of flies and the annoyance from 
maggots; he wrote also a paper on hospital 
gangrene, and its treatment by bromine. He 
was warmly interested from its inception in 
that splendid monument of American surgery, 
the army medical museum, and has the dis- 
tinction, in its published catalogue, of being 
its largest single contributor in specimens and 
papers, especially those on osteo-myelitis and 
pyemia, and wounds of the knee-joints. At 
the Douglas Hospital, in conjunction with Dr. 
William F. Norris, then in the army, he dem- 
onstrated to the surgeon-general the value of 
photography in preserving valuable surgical 
records, by sending to the office a series of 
prints of wounds and injuries made by them 
at the hospital. Having seen the establish- 
ment of the photographic bureau by the sur- 
geon-general, Drs. Thomson and Norris then 
essayed to establish the value and possibility 
of preserving records of microscopic work by 
photography; and after months of effort, in 
May, 1864, they placed before the surgeon-gen- 
eral successful reproductions of the field of the 
microscope, in photographic prints made from 
negatives, confining themselves to the optical 
apparatus, the clinical microscope, furnished 
from the surgeon-general’s office, and ranging 
in magnifying power from ten to three hundred 
diameters. This was the first successful effort 
to make practical use of the negative process 
of photography, by wet collodion, in micros- 
copy, for high powers in the country, and it 
reflects great credit on the medical staff of the 
army, and led to the splendid developments 
afterwards in the hands of Drs. Woodward 
and Curtis, aided by the full resources of the 
Surgeon-General’s office. He was warmly wel- 
comed by the profession when he settled in 
Philadelphia, and was elected to their medical 
and scientific societies, and is now a Fellow of 
the College of Physicians and a member of the 
Pathological Society, Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences and its biological and microscopical sec- 
tion, County Medical Society and Philadelphia 
Ophthalmological Society. ’ He also is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
where he represented the United States Army 
as delegate, and of the State Medical Society; 
the Neurological Society of New York (hon- 
orary) ; the International Ophthalmological 
Congress; the American Ophthalmological 
and Otological Societies. He was a delegate 
to the International Medical Congress held in 
Philadelphia, 1876, and was elected vice-presi- 
dent of the Ophthalmological Section. In 
1868 he was elected Physician to the Hospital 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and to the 
Church Home for Children, but soon resigned 
these positions to give his exclusive attention 
to the diseases of the eye, for which his knowl- 
edge of optics- especially qualified him. He 
was elected as Surgeon to the Wills Hospital 
for Diseases of the Eye, where he gave lectures 
for several years, and in 1877 was unanimously 
elected Emeritus Surgeon. In 1873 he was ap- 
pointed Clinical Lecturer on Diseases of Eye 
and Ear at the Jefferson Medical College, and 
in 1877 Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Jefferson 
College Hospital, where he conducts a daily 
clinic, and gives, in the regular course, prac- 
tical instruction on this branch to the hundreds 
of students who crowd the halls of this school. 
He has contributed largely, in reviews and 
papers, to the literature of his specialty, and 
made important additions to its art and sci- 
ence. Among these may be mentioned the 
following: Professor Gross, in preparing his 
late edition of his System of Surgery, placed 
the section on diseases and injuries of the eye 
in Dr. Thomson’s hands for revision, and ac- 
knowledges his indebtedness to him for this 
and for the “valuable remarks on refraction 
and accommodation” in his Preface. He has 
offered to the profession a novel and practical 
method for the diagnosis and correction of 
ametropia, with a simple instrument, which 
has been placed on a supply-table of the army 
by the surgeon-general, is in general use by 
ophthalmic surgeons here and abroad; has 
been commended by Douders as accurate, 
novel, and time-saving, and is highly spoken 
of by Dr. Mitchell, as giving to the physician a 
prompt means of detecting optical defects in 
the treatment of nervous diseases. The late 
Professor Gross, in his paper on a “Century of 
American Surgery,” mentioned this method, 
and the papers of Dr. Thomson, on the “Con- 
nection Between Astigmatism and Posterior 
Staphyloma” and the “Correction of Conical 
Cornea, by Cylindrical Glasses,” and claimed 
them as evidences of American skill and orig- 
inality. In connection with Dr. S.Weir Mitch- 
ell, Dr. Thomson has also published, in the 
American Journal of Medical Sciences, papers on 
the use of the ophthalmoscope, in diagnosis 
of intra-cranial tumors, and clinical reports of 
cases of severe and prolonged headache, de- 
pendent upon astigmatism, relieved by the 
correction of optical defects. The report of a 
case of hemiopia following gunshot wound of 
the brain, as published by Dr. Thomson and 
Dr. W. W. Keen, is accepted by Professor Flint, 
in his Physiology, as elucidating the question 
of the partial decussation of the optic nerve- 
fibres. A lecture, introductory to the summer 
course at Jefferson Medical College, on the re- 
lation of ophthalmology to practical medicine, 
was published by the class, and widely dis- 
tributed. In 1880 Dr. Thomson was appointed 
Professor of Opthalmology at the Jefferson 
College, Philadelphia, which chair he now 
holds. During the same year he was made 
Surgical Expert of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
and later of the Reading Railroad, to carry out 
his method of examination for color blindness, 
acuteness of vision and hearing, which has 
been largely adopted by many other railroads. 
He was editor of the ophthalmological part of 
the annual of the Medical Sciences (1889) the 
first year of its publication. Professor Thom- 
son is also the author of the article entitled, 
“Surgery of the Eye,” in the new work, An 
American Text-Book on Surgery, by thirteen EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
eminent American surgeons; W. B. Saunders, 
Publisher, Philadelphia, 1892. 
THORNBURY, Frank J., of Buffalo, N. Y., 
was born at Java, N. Y., March 14, 1867, and 
is of English ancestry. His preliminary edu- 
cation was received at Arcade Academy, in his 
native State. He then studied medicine under 
the preceptorship of Win. Judkins, M. D., and 
entered the Medical College of Ohio, Cincin- 
nati, and was graduated from that institution 
in 1889. On the occasion of receiving his med- 
ical degree he was awarded the Dawson Gold 
Medal, and received “especial honorable men- 
tion” in general studies. He also obtained, 
by competitive examination, first place as Resi- 
dent Physician in the Cincinnati Hospital, and 
was appointed Chief of Resident Medical 
Staff and Examiner in 1890. His medical edu- 
cation has been supplemented by an extended 
course of study in Europe, where he attended 
the Universities of Heidelberg, Vienna and 
Berlin; also clinical courses in the hospitals of 
London and Paris. Dr. Thornbury was As- 
sistant in Kaposis Clinics of Dermatology, and 
studied in Koch’s Laboratory in 1891. He 
located in practice at Buffalo, in 1892 and de- 
votes special attention to bacteriology. He 
has recently been appointed Post-Mortem Ex- 
aminer of Erie county and Buffalo, and Super- 
vising Microscopist of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, United States Department of Agri- 
culture. He has devised “A New Combination 
Sterilizer” for antisepticizing simultaneously 
water, instruments and dressings, which was 
described in the New York Medical Journal. 
In June, 1892, Dr. Thornbury was appointed 
Demonstrator of Bacteriology in the medical 
and ’dental departments of the University of 
Buffalo. He has made important contribu- 
tions to medical literature which have been 
published in some of the leading periodicals. 
Among his more recent articles may be men- 
tioned the following: “Influenza and the 
Latest Bacteriological Researches,” “Advances 
in Aseptic Surgery,” “The Bacteria of the 
Mouth,” “The Present Status of Wound 
Treatment,” “Septic Dangers of Hypodermic 
Injections,” and “Death from Nitrous Oxid 
Gas.” Dr. Thornbury is a member of the 
Central New York Medical Association; of 
the Erie County Medical Society; Fellow of 
the Buffalo Academy of Medicine, and the 
Buffalo Society of Natural Scientists. 
THORNE, Walter Scott, of San Francisco, 
Cal., was born July 22, 1840, near Aurora, 
Cayuga county, N. Y. He is of English descent, 
his ancestry having settled at the close of the 
Revolutionary War along the Hudson river, and 
in the Mohawk valley. He was educated at the 
Petersburg Classical Institute, Petersburg, Va., 
and at the Santa Clara College (of the Society 
of Jesus), in Santa Clara, Cal. In 1857 he made 
a voyage from New York to San Francisco 
around Cape Horn. In 1863, while yet a stu- 
dent of medicine, he went to live in Humboldt 
county, Nevada Territory, inhabited at that 
time by a few rude whites and the Piute In- 
dians, the latter of whom rose up the follow- 
ing year and mercilessly slaughtered the un- 
protected whites. After much delay a band of 
fifty whites was organized, of which he was 
elected surgeon, and as such served in several 
engagements. During the campaign he made, 
with very rough and imperfect instruments, a 
number of amputations on the field, and 
ligated some of the larger vessels. He after- 
wards returned to California and then went to 
Mexico, where he followed the French army 
across the continent from the Pacific to the 
Atlantic, and on the defeat of the Imperial- 
ists, visited South America, exploring to some 
extent Peru, Ecuador, Chili and Bolivia, and 
the Isthmus of Panama, and Central America. 
He returned to California in 1867, and soon 
after left for New York, where he completed 
his medical education, receiving the degree of 
M. D. from Bellevue Hospital Medical College 
in 1869, and taking the first honors in a class 
of 135 graduates. He then established himself 
at San Jose, Cal., where he remained in active 
general practice for several years, and after- 
ward removed to the city of his present resi- 
dence. He has a decided taste for surgery, in 
which he has performed several of the major 
operations. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association; of the State Medical So- 
ciety of California, and of the Santa Clara 
County Medical Society. Among his literary 
contributions to medicine is a paper on “Dis- 
locations of the Elbow-Joint,” 1871; a paper 
on “Fracture of the Femur,” a paper on 
“Medical Journalism,” 1872; an essay on 
“Dislocations of the Lumbar Vertebra,” pub- 
lished in the Transactions of the California 
State Medical Society, for 1877; and a pamphlet 
on “Medical Experts and Investigation of In- 
sanity by Juries.” 
THORNER, Max, of Cincinnati, 0., was born 
in Geestemiinde, Germany, April 2,1859. His 
classical education was acquired at Oldenburg, 
and he pursued his medical education at the 
universities of Jena, Leipzig, Heidelberg and 
Munich. Early in 1884 he took the medical 
State examinations and graduated at the 
Royal University of Munich with the distinc- 
tion Summa cum Laude. He has been Interne 
in the surgical and medical wards at Heidel- 
berg and Leipzig, and was Clinical Assistant 
in the Lying-in-Hospital at Munich. He then 
took charge of the practice of a colleague, and 
attended during seven months to an extended 
country practice. During the winter of 1884-85 510 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
he visited the clinics and hospitals of Berlin, 
Vienna and Paris, where he devoted himself 
to the special study of diseases of the throat, 
nose and ear. He continued these studies in 
London under Sir Morell MacKenzie, at the 
Hospital for Diseases of the Throat and Chest, at 
which institution he served as Clinical Assist- 
ant during the summer of 1885. In the fall of 
1885 he began to practice in Cincinnati, where 
he has since that time successfully devoted 
himself to the treatment of diseases of the 
ear, throat and nose. In 1888 he was elected 
Laryngologist and Aurist to the Jewish Hos- 
pital, and in 1892 Consulting Laryngologist to 
the Opthalmic Hospital. In the same year he 
was appointed Professor of Clinical Laryn- 
gology and Otology in the Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and Surgery. He is a member of 
several medical and scientific societies; a Fel- 
low of the Berlin Laryngological Society, and 
was from 1890 to 1891 president of the Cincin- 
nati Medical Society. He was one of the 
honorary secretaries of the section on laryn- 
gology in the Tenth International Medical Con- 
gress at Berlin, 1890, and the secretary of the 
section on Otology in the First Pan-American 
Medical Congress in Washington, 1893. In 
1887 he introduced the internal use of salol in 
acute affections of the throat (Cincinnati Lan- 
cet-Clinic, December 10, 1887). His contribu- 
tions to medical literature refer generally to 
his specialty. He is also the author of a 
'treatise on “Pneumonia Crouposa Congenita” 
(inaugural dissertation, Munich, 1884), and 
one of the contributors to Burnett’s “System 
of Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat” 
(Philadelphia, 1893). 
TODD, Robert Nathaniel, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born near Lexington, Ky., January 
4, 1827, and died at his home, June 13, 1883. 
His father was Levi L. Todd, one of the early 
pioneers of Kentucky, and his mother was the 
daughter of Capt. Nathaniel Ashby, of Vir- 
ginia, who served as an officer of the line 
throughout the War of the Revolution. His 
family moved to Indiana in 1834, when he was 
but seven years of age. His early advantages 
were indifferent—a common school education 
such as the country at that day afforded, with 
such a knowledge of Latin as He could pick up 
(unaided by a teacher) from an old grammar 
and reader and a copy of Esop’s Fables, with 
the reading of a few volumes of history and 
travel. These constituted the stock of his lit- 
erary, furnishing. As a boy he was sprightly 
and energetic. He made rapid progress in his 
studies at school, showing more than ordinary 
aptness for figures. At home he was indus- 
trious—took to work as kindly as books—was 
ingenious and remarkably skillful in the use 
of tools in the common contrivances of boy- 
hood. Though not averse to school, he was 
there, as at home, not easily controlled, and 
only by mild means. He was willful and im- 
pulsive—always ready to rebel against the 
least unjust or improper exercise of authority 
over him, or the infringement of his rights, 
and the school-teacher who attempted to re- 
duce him to submission by violent means, 
always left the task unfinished. Physically, 
he was delicate, rather a sickly boy, and was 
always dyspeptic from a child. Gaining in 
strength and health, however, as he grew 
older, at the age of nineteen he began the 
study of law at South Bend, with Judge Lis- 
ton, his brother-in-law, but at the expiration 
of a year and a half returned to the farm, 
where he remained until, broken down by 
hard labor and sickness, he was compelled, at 
the end of two years, to abandon farm work 
entirely. After having remained at home for 
some months an invalid, and almost despaired 
of regaining his health, he visited Dr. David 
Todd, of Danville, Ind., by whom he was in- 
duced, after a little while, to commence the 
study of medicine, which he did more as a 
diversion from low spirits, not expecting ever 
to be well enough to turn it to practical ac- 
count. His health, however, soon began to 
improve, and the next year he attended lect- 
ures at the old Indiana Central Medical Col- 
lege, which was organized about that time un- 
der the rule of Drs. Bobbs, Mears, Doming, 
Dunlap and others (the first of Indianapolis 
medical colleges), and the next year, 1851, he 
graduated, and settled in the following spring 
at Southport, Ind., where he remained until 
the breaking out of the war. A good portion 
of his time as a student had been passed with 
Dr. J. S. Bobbs, for whom he entertained great 
regard. He was ever faithful to the memory of 
his friend and preceptor, never failing to eulo- 
gize him in the highest terms when an opportu- 
nity offered, and would have accepted as a per- 
sonal injury any word spoken slightly of him. 
In the year 1861, shortly after the breaking 
out of the War, he was appointed Surgeon of 
the Twenty-sixth Indiana Volunteers, and 
went soon after with his regiment to Missouri, 
where he remained on duty in camp and hos- 
pital for about twenty months, when he was 
called home on account of his wife, whom he 
found rapidly sinking with consumption, and 
who died in a short time, leaving him a family 
of five children, the two youngest but a few 
months old. Having resigned his position 
upon his return home, he soon after removed EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
511 
to the city, and again entered the Government 
service as Surgeon at Camp Morton, where, 
associated with Dr. Kipp, of the Regular Army, 
and under the medical directorship, of Dr. 
Bobbs, he continued until the close of the 
War. His health, for several years following 
his army service and the death of his wife,was 
very much impaired, during which time he had 
several hemorrhages from the lungs, a pro- 
longed cough, and other grave symptoms of 
pulmonary consumpton, from which he did not 
entirely recover for several years. There 
having been no medical college since the dis- 
banding of the old one, which occurred in 
1852, in the year 1869 the organization of the 
Indiana Medical College was effected, in which 
he was chosen as Teacher of Theory and Prac- 
tice, in which he continued until the spring of 
1874, when he resigned his chair, and shortly 
after, upon the organization of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons (himself having been 
the originator), he was assigned the same de- 
partment, and held it until the union of the 
two medical schools, in 1878, under the style 
of the Medical College of Indiana, when he 
was elected to the same chair he had occupied 
in the two other organizations, viz.: Principles 
and Practice of Medicine, and which he con- 
tinued to hold until the time of his death. He 
was the first representative from his State upon 
the Judicial Council of the American Medical 
Association, which he held for several succes- 
sive terms, and to which he was again elected, 
in his absence, at the meeting in 1883. He was 
president of the State Society in 1871; was an 
active worker for seven years upon the Pro- 
visional Board, created by the Legislature, and 
whose work was the erection and fitting up of 
a large building, occupied as the Female De- 
partment of the Hospital for the Insane; was 
one of the Physicians to the Deaf and Dumb 
Asylum for nearly eight years; he served a sin- 
gle term in the Legislature as Representative, 
in 1856-57, besides which he held no position 
disconnected with his profession, and to which 
most of his life’s effort was faithfully given, 
never abating his interest in State or local 
society matters, and was a regular attendant 
of his county society as long as his health 
would allow. As a practitioner of med- 
icine he was eminently successful. Llis nota- 
bly quick perceptive faculties, his careful and 
systematic methods of examination, with a 
comprehensive knowledge of pathology, gen- 
eral and special, combined to make him skill- 
ful in the diagnosis of disease; whilst his ready 
resources and originality of thought in the 
application of means, left him entirely in- 
dependent of routine therapeutics. Added 
to these his cheerful, pleasant manner in the 
sick room, his gentle touch and sympathiz- 
ing words, made him always welcome; and 
there was about him that indescribable 
something that always inspired confidence. 
These and other qualities necessary to the suc- 
cessful physician, he possessed in an unusual 
degree, and they enabled him to bring to the 
bedside resources not surpassed by any man of 
his State and time; and the estimation in 
which he was held by his professional brethren 
throughout Indiana is well attested in the 
large consultation business he did for many 
years. As a teacher he was clear and explicit, 
easily understood, and well remembered; 
talked much of the specific nature of diseases 
and their laws of reproduction, and dwelt 
largely upon the general principles of pathology 
and their application in special forms of dis- 
eases, frequently referring to them in the solu- 
tion of minor questions. More popular per- 
haps with his classes in his lectures upon chest 
diseases, and especially upon the several affec- 
tions of the heart, and their differential diag- 
nosis, reducing the knowledge of a difficult and 
intricate subject to a basis readily understood 
and easily retained, as many a practitioner of 
the hundreds scattered through this and other 
States, who have had the benefits of his teach- 
ing, will testify. Though an extensive reader 
and collater of authorities, he used but few 
notes, relying mostly upon memory for the au- 
thorities, as well as for the arrangement of his 
subject, giving name of author and page with 
precision. He was averse to writing, and has 
left but few written articles, and these have 
less merit than his talks, public or private. As 
a lecturer, his manner was easy, dignified and 
not ungraceful; his words were well chosen, 
his language was plain but forcible, sometimes 
eloquent, and he always commanded the at- 
tention of his auditors. One of his colleagues, 
who was familiar with Sir Thomas Watson’s 
methods of teaching, says Dr. Todd always re- 
minded him of that worthy by the simplicity, 
clearness and force with which he presented a 
subject. Certainly it would not be claiming 
for him more than his due to say that in this 
regard he will compare very favorably with 
the best lecturers of the several institutions in 
which he was engaged, and upon the history 
of medical teaching in Indiana he has left a 
lasting impress. He had but little toleration 
for irregular medicine (so called) in any of its 
forms, and was opposed to all modern innova- 
tions upon the usages of the past in medical 
ethics; was an ardent and unconditional advo- 
cate of the code, and always gave his voice 
and influence to aid in maintaining the dignity 
of the profession. He was the friend of his 
brother physician, always ready to aid him in 
any difficulty when called upon, and to take 
his side in any controversy when consistent 
with his ideas of right; especially was this 
spirit manifested toward the younger members 
of the profession, who never looked to him in 
vain for aid, one of his last acts being to vin- 
dicate a young practitioner of this city from 
what he considered an unjust accusation by 
the Board of Health. On another occasion he 
very summarily dismissed from his office 
rooms a legal gentleman of standing, and a 
special friend, who was talking with some 
parties and proposing to take evidence preju- 
dicial to a reputable physician in a neighbor- 
ing country town, declaring with emphasis 
that no proceeding for the purpose of injuring 
a doctor should be instituted in his office. If 
in the conflict of life under circumstances so 
unfavorable and beset by so many difficulties 
he attained success where many would have 
endured defeat—if he succeeded in wrench- 
ing from Fortune’s unwilling hand a prize 
worthy of the effort—if the end seems large 
when contrasted with the small means 
employed in the beginning—and if there 
is that to emulate in his example—the les- 
son it would teach is one of entire devo- 
tion to a single purpose in life, with all the 
force and energy of his nature directed in a 
single channel. Yet, whatever may be said of 
education and general advantages—their de- 
veloping and concealing influences upon char- 512 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
acter—there is perhaps too little ascribed to 
inherent qualities that work their results in- 
evitably as the laws of chemistry, and without 
external aids. Diamonds are not the product 
of human skill. “Poets are not made.” Birds 
that sing or soar are not reared in cages. 
There are few noticeable things whose pattern 
is of human origin, and when the Almighty 
makes a man, he endows him with the means 
within himself of working out his destiny. 
Such souls “spring shelterless as grasses,” and 
need not the protecting wing with which nature 
hovers her “cheaper broods.” As is commonly 
the case with men of his cast, he was not 
financially successful. Though commanding a 
large and lucrative business for many years, 
he failed to improve the opportunities offered, 
which were ample, for the accumulation of a 
fortune. But he esteemed money only for its 
uses, and with a liberal hand he gave it to 
meet the wants of others, frequently, indeed, 
to his own injury. And no matter how often 
imposed upon in the matter of benevolence, he 
rarely failed to respond to the call of want or 
distress, and only those who were intimate 
with him knew how much of his time and of 
his best efforts in private practice were devoted 
to impecunious sufferers. It seemed as though 
the poverty and wretchedness of his patients 
were the cords which bound him more closely 
to them, securing for them his most persistent 
and unremitting efforts, and while he paid but 
little court to those whose wealth and station 
made them, as he thought, exacting in their 
demands for his professional services or re- 
spect, yet the charity patient, no matter how 
difficult or chronic the case, was never turned 
away unkindly. And the earnest and heart- 
felt regard he entertained for his suffering fel- 
low-creatures is well attested in the love and 
gratitude of many who followed him with tears 
of sorrow to the grave. Truly and worthily 
might the lines have been written for his 
sake— 
“How many a poor heart’s blessing went 
With thee beneath that low, green tent 
Whose curtain never outward swings.” 
If it be esteemed a great end in life to be re- 
membered when gone from this world, how 
much better to live in the warm light of love 
and sympathy, if it be but for a single genera- 
tion, within a circle that personal recognition 
can compass, than to have a name in marble— 
read through curiosity rather than affection— 
and a heritage under the cold sky of fame, 
even though it be world-wide. Though im- 
pulsive and passionate in his nature, and pos- 
sessed of a power of language that gave easy 
utterance to his mood in expressions of scorn, 
ridicule or abuse, it required but little ac- 
quaintance with him to know that the ebulli- 
tion was only superficial above the quiet depths 
of kindness in his heart, and his severest 
tirades frequently had only the effect to 
make his victim smile, either*in admira- 
tion for the keenness of his tongue, or 
the utter failure in his effort to be severe. 
Akin to this, or rather growing out of this ex- 
ercise of good feeling, was an entire absence 
of vindictiveness, or a spirit of resentment 
toward those who had wronged him, if beyond 
the time of infliction of the injury. He had 
no word in his vocabulary which was expressive 
of hate, and was as free from malice as the 
Israelitish Nathaniel was from guile, as those 
who knew him best will testify. And through 
all the conflicts of a stormy and eventful pro- 
fessional life, he never had an enemy to whose 
aid he would not have come in distress; and 
his anger toward his fellow-man was never so 
hot and fierce but that it might have died in 
forgiveness with the sunset of that day; and 
his generosity here, as elsewhere, overstepped 
the bounds of justice,and never stopped to ques- 
tion the extent of his injuries, in the uncon- 
ditional forgiveness of those who had been his 
worst enemies. Still he had faults and frail- 
ties, his full human share, though for the most 
part springing from the same deep, generous 
soil of his nature, out of which grew virtues, 
one of which would overshadow a multitude. 
Whatever of bitter fruit was borne, it was to 
himself and not to others. Let the broad man- 
tle of that charity his life so kindly and yet so 
justly claims, be thrown over his faults; but 
may the memory of his virtues shine out like 
stars in the night, to lighten the darkness that 
follows the setting of life’s sun. His habits as 
a reader (or rather as a student of medicine, 
for such he was to the last days of his life) 
were in some respects more noticeable than 
worthy of example. His readings were not 
so general as exhaustive. Once having laid 
hands upon a book, or his attention having 
been directed to a subject, he forgot or neg- 
lected everything else, himself included, until 
that was disposed of, and to the best of his 
abilities. For years past, it was not uncommon 
for him, and especially during his lecture sea- 
son, after his family were in bed, to spend the 
night through in close application upon some 
work or special subject, and that, too, perhaps, 
after a hard day’s work. The theater, the 
concert, or the literary lecture, had no at- 
tractions for him that his love of medical sci- 
ence and the investigation of its many un- 
solved problems did not overmatch. He was 
ambitious and aspiring ‘from the very com- 
mencement of his professional life, having de- 
clared, when a student, that he intended to be 
president of a medical college. And this 
crusader-like zeal with which he espoused his 
profession did not abate, nor did he suffer the 
rust to settle upon his harness to the close of 
his career. In practice, when in good working 
trim, the number of patients he could see in 
a given time, the rapidity and precision with 
which his examinations were made, and 
prescriptions written, was a matter of no lit- 
tle wonder to those well acquainted with him. 
As a matter of minor mention his immunity 
from contagious and infectious diseases was 
somewhat remarkable, having been subject to 
none of them. Even when a boy he had none 
of the eruptive fevers that are incident to 
childhood and youth, and though never suc- 
cessfully vaccinated he had an unusually large 
experience in the treatment of small-pox, hav- 
ing volunteered to take charge of a small-pox 
hospital while in the army, and continued to 
treat the disease, whenever called upon, to the. 
close of his life. His tastes were simple, and 
geniality and kindness shown in all the smaller 
matters of life. He loved his pets. Next to 
his children his horse and dog came in for 
their full share of his regards. His health was 
always inconstant, having been subject to 
acute attacks throughout his adult life, and 
these increased upon him very notably in force 
and frequency of late years, his robust ap- 
pearance and vigorous manner and movement 
being deceptive as to his real condition, and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
513 
from the indisposition that began in August, 
1882, which was unusually prolonged and 
severe, he never recovered his accustomed 
tone, though filling most of his lecture course, 
and with the loss of vital resistance incident 
to his age and condition he sank at last under 
the effects of a casualty from which he could 
easily have recovered a few years earlier in 
life. Not old, it is true, in years, but relatively 
as life is really to be reckoned by its vicissi- 
tudes and hardships, he was much farther ad- 
vanced. He is gone from the homes of men, 
his life has faded from the light of this world’s 
day, his journey has ended, his work is done 
and his record made, whether for good or evil, 
and his ear is alike insensate to the praise or 
blame that may follow. Life to him was no 
holiday; its beginning was unpropitious, its 
brightest days were overhung with clouds of 
sorrow, and its close was invested with un- 
usual sqdness. Use the figure as you will—it 
was to him “a winter’s day,” “a battle,” a 
‘‘toilsome journey full of weariness and pain,” 
“a voyage” over a stormy sea from the cease- 
less unrest of whose waves and billows we 
trust his soul has found rest and peace at last 
in some quiet harbor. Covered with flowers, 
moistened with sympathetic tears, his remains 
were borne by friendly hands to a quiet spot far 
from the noise and tumult of the city’s ways 
and near to the scenes of his early labors, 
amidst woods and fields, where the sweet in- 
fluences of nature which in life he had loved 
so well might brood over the place of his rest, 
and where the songs of birds and the hum of 
bees, and the perfume of flowers might come 
to him in the balmy air of summer and its 
gentle winds might lull his spirit to a sweet re- 
pose. Rarely has death stilled a hand that left 
more of the heart of humanity in its friendly 
grasp, or its palsying touch been laid upon a 
truer, a manlier or more loving heart. 
TONER, Joseph Meredith, of Washington, 
D. C., was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., April 30, 
1825. His academic education was received at 
the Western University, and at Mount Saint 
Mary’s College, Md. His medical studies were 
pursued in the Vermont Academy of Medicine 
in 1850, and at the Jefferson Medical College 
in 1853, from which he received the degree of 
M. D. He practiced, successively, at Summit 
and at Pittsburgh, Pa.; Harper’s Ferry, Va., 
and finally at Washington, D. C., establish- 
ing himself in the last named city in Novem- 
ber, 1855. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, was its president in 1873; 
of the Medical Association and Medical So- 
ciety of the District of Columbia, having at 
various times filled the leading offices in both 
organizations; of the American Public Health 
Association, its president in 1874; a delegate 
to, and one of the vice-presidents of the In- 
ternational Medical Congress at Philadelphia 
in 1876; an honorary member of the New York 
and California State Medical Societies, and 
of the Boston Gynecological Society. He was 
also Vice-President and Registrar of the In- 
ternational Medical Congress in 1887. He was 
a founder of Providence Hospital, and of St. 
Ann’s Infant Asylum, to which he was visit- 
ing physician, and since 1856 has been the 
attending physician to St. Joseph’s Orphan 
Asylum. In consideration of the perishable 
character of much of the early medical litera- 
ture of this country Dr. Toner devised a 
scheme for a repository of medical works that 
should be under the control of that profession 
in the United States, and located at the 
National Capital. His resolution on that sub- 
ject was adopted by the American Medical 
Association in 1868, and resulted in the estab- 
lishment of the library of that organization. 
The collection is placed in the Smithsonian 
Institution, and has reached the number of 
several thousand volumes, including pam- 
phlets. In 1871 he founded the Toner lectures 
by placing $3,000 (which has since grown to 
nearly double that amount) in the hands of 
trustees who are charged with the duty of 
annually procuring two lectures that contain 
some new facts valuable to medical science; 
the interest on the fund, save ten per cent., 
which is added to the permanent fund, being 
paid to the authors of the essays. These 
lectures are included in the regular list of the 
publications of the Smithsonian Institution. 
It is the first attempt in this country to endow 
a course of lectures on such conditions. Dr. 
Toner has devoted much time and research to 
early medical literature, and has collected 
over a thousand treatises published before 
1800, and besides publishing numerous mon- 
ographs has in preparation a Biographical 
Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians, 
of which more than four thousand sketches 
are completed. He is an authority in the 
medical, biographical and local history of the 
District of Columbia, and has devised a system 
of symbols of geographical localities which 
has been adopted by the United States Post- 
Office Department. He is a member of numer- 
ous medical, historical and philosophical asso- 
ciations, and has published more than fifty 
papers and monographs upon subjects of 
interest to the medical profession. Of his 
more important publications may be men- 
tioned: “Abortion in a Medical and Moral 
Aspect,” “Arrest of Development of the Cra- 
nial Bones—Epilepsy,” 1861; “Maternal In- 
stinct of Love,” 1864; “Propriety and Neces- 
sity of Compelling Vaccination,” “History of 
Inocculation in Pennsylvania,” 1865; “Anni- 
versary Oration before the Medical Society of 
the District of Columbia,” “The Portability 
of Cholera and Necessity for Quarantine,” 
1866—joint paper with Charles A. Lee, M. D.; 
“History of Inocculation in Massachusetts,” 
“Medical Register of the District of Colum- 
bia,” 1867; “Address at Dedication of Med- 
ical Hall, Washington,” 1869; “Statistics of 
Representation in the American Medical As- 
sociation,” “Necrology of the Physicians of 
the Late War,” 1870; prepared “Medical Reg- 
ister of the United States,” 1871; “A Sketch 
of the Life of Dr. Charles A. Lee,” “Facts of 
Vital Statistics in the United States, with 
Diagrams,” 1872; “Statistics of the Boards 
of Health in United States,” “Free Parks, 
Camping Grounds, or Sanitariums for Sick 
Children of the Poor in Cities,” “Statistical 
Sketch of the Medical Profession of the 
United States,” “Statistics of the Medical 
Associations and Hospitals of the United 
States,” 1873; “Address as President before the 
American Medical Association,” 
tionary of Elevations and Climatic Register,” 
“Annals of Medical Progress and Education 
in America,” “Contributions to the Study of 
Yellow Fever in the United States—Its Dis- 
tribution with Weather Maps,” 1874; “Annual 
Oration before the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland,” 1875; “Address as 514 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
President of the American Public Health As- 
sociation,” 1875; “Biographical Sketch of Dr. 
John D. Jackson,” “Medical Men of the Rev- 
olution—an Address before the Alumni of the 
Jefferson Medical College,” 1876; “Sketch of 
the life of Dr. T. M. Logan,” “Biography of 
Dr. John Morgan, of Philadelphia,” “Address 
on Biography before the International Med- 
ical Congress,” 1876; “Water Supplying of 
Cities—Public Health Association,” “Notes on 
the Burning of Theaters and Public Halls,” 
“Rocky Mountain Medical Association,” and 
a “Memorial Volume with a Biography of its 
Members,” 1877; also addresses before various 
societies and colleges. In 1874 he placed a 
gold medal, struck at the United States mint 
and bearing his likeness, at the disposal of 
the faculty of Jefferson Medical College to be 
awarded annually to the student producing the 
best thesis based upon original research. In 
the same year he established a medal to be 
granted annually by the faculty of the Univer- 
sity of Georgetown, D. C., to the student who 
should collect and name the greatest number 
of specimens in any department of , the natural 
sciences. In 1882 he gave his entire library, 
including manuscripts, to the United States 
Government. It consisted of 28,000 books and 
18,000 pamphlets. 
TONEY, Luther Clark, of Omaha, Neb., was 
born in St. Louis, Mo., May 25, 1858. He 
graduated at Missouri Medical College in 1881, 
and at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 
1882. He was appointed, after special medical 
examination, as Assistant Physician on the 
medical staff of officers in the New York City 
Lunatic Asylum, Blackwell’s Island, and 
served until November 15, 1883, when he left 
by voluntary resignation. In December of the 
same year he was appointed Surgeon on board 
the Leerdam, of the Netherlands Steamship 
Navigation Company, between New York and 
Amsterdam, Holland. The death of a brother, 
T. N. Toney, midshipman in the United States 
Navy, took him to Illinois, where his father, 
Dr. E. C. Toney, lives, and where he remained 
in practice with his father and served in the 
capacity of Surgeon for the Ohio & Mississippi 
Railroad, atTrenton, that State. In 1885 he was 
Agency Physician for the Indians in Ohehalis 
county, Washington, and afterward established 
himself in Omaha, where he remained in gen- 
eral practice until 1888, when he was appointed 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army 
and was ordered to Los Angeles, Cal., and has 
since served at Fort Lowell and Fort Grant, 
Arizona. Dr. Toney has been a member of nu- 
merous medical societies, including the Illinois 
State Medical Society and the American Public 
Health Association. Among his contributions 
to medical literature may be mentioned those 
entitled as follows: “Cystic Sarcoma,” “Hour- 
glass Contraction of Uterus,” “Effects of High 
Altitude upon Heart and Lung Diseases,” and 
“The Use of the Stomach-tube for the In- 
TUCKER, Willis Gaylord, of Albany, N, Y., 
was born in Albany, on October 31, 1849. His 
father* the late Luther Tucker, was a well- 
known editor and writer upon agriculture. 
From childhood he evinced a taste for the 
natural sciences, and especially for chemistry, 
and at the Albany Academy, where eight 
years were spent, he came under the instruc- 
tion of teachers whose influence was in every 
way most beneficial. Under the guidance of 
the late Dr. Jacob S. Mosher, he devoted him- 
self assiduously to the study of chemistry, and 
graduating from the academy in 1866, he be- 
came Dr. Mosher’s assistant in the laboratory 
of the medical college, which position he had 
occupied for some time before leaving the 
academy. A year later he entered the office 
of the late Prof. James H. Armsby and began 
the study of medicine, but he still continued 
to devote much of his time to the study of 
chemistry and other branches of natural sci- 
ence. From the medical college he was grad- 
uated in 1870, and during the succeeding year 
he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chem- 
istry in the Medical College, and in 1874 Lect- 
urer on Materia Medica as well. On the re- 
organization of the Faculty in 1876 he was 
made Professor of Inorganic and Analytical 
Chemistry, and in 1887 the department of 
toxicology was also assigned to him. During 
these years he has conducted the laboratory 
classes in practical chemistry, in connection 
with the lectures given, and, as a teacher, has 
been most successful in kindling new ardor 
and love for science and the methods of scien- 
tific inquiry in the pupils who have come un- 
der his instruction. In this capacity his rela- 
tions with the college are still continued, but 
Dr. Tucker’s work as an instructor has not 
been confined to the Albany Medical College 
alone. Since 1874 he has been Lecturer on 
Chemistry at St. Agnes School, and at differ- 
ent times he has been Professor of Chemistry 
at the Albany Academy, the Albany Female 
Academy, and from 1876 to 1887, at the Albany 
High School. Largely through his instru- 
mentality, in 1881, was founded the Albany 
College of Pharmacy, created by the board of 
governors as a department of Union Univer- 
sity. From the outset he has been Professor 
of Chemistry in this new school, and for sev- 
eral years was its secretary, and is now the 
president of its Faculty. From a small begin- 
ning, he has seen this school grow into one of 
the most successful of its kind in the land. 
The State Board of Health was created in 1880, 
and the following year Dr. Tucker was ap- 
pointed one of the analysts to the board, a po- 
sition which he continued to hold until 1891, 
when the entire chemical work of the board 
was put under his charge as Director of the 
State Laboratory. During these years he has 
investigated and reported upon many of the 
public water supplies of the State, examined 
thousands of samples of drugs, and made 
special studj- of matters pertaining to sanitary 
science, especially in the direction of food and 
drug adulteration. For many years he has 
given much attention to water analysis, and 
from the outset opposed the plan afterwards 
adopted, of taking the city supply from the 
Hudson river. As chemist to the special water 
commission, and afterward to the board of 
water commissioners, he has examined the 
various sources of water supply proposed for 
the city of Albany, and a few years since he 
analyzed for the City Board of Health the 
waters of the public wells, and recommended 
the greater part of them to be closed. As an 
expert in medico-legal cases his services as a 
toxicologist have frequently been rendered in 
court; and he is a witness not easily discon- 
certed. In 1882 Dr. Tucker was chosen Reg- 
istrar of the Albany Medical College, and he 
was one of the originators of its alumni asso- 
ciation, and since its organization in 1874, has EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
515 
been its secretary. As president of the Faculty 
of the College of Pharmacy he is an ex-officio 
member of the board of governors of Union 
University. He is a Fellow of the Chemical 
Society (London); of the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science; a mem- 
ber of the American Chemical Society; of the 
New York State Medical Society, and of vari- 
ous other scientific societies throughout the 
country. As a writer Dr. Tucker has been a 
frequent contributor to scientific journals, par- 
ticularly on chemical subjects. For several 
years he was one of the editors of the Albany 
Medical Annals, and contributed to its pages 
many original articles of his own. He is a 
great lover of books and has collected a large 
library in which most of the great masters in 
literature are represented as well as a working 
library well stocked with the latest authorities 
and works of reference in science. The hon- 
orary degree of Ph. G. was conferred on him 
by the Albany College of Pharmacy in 1882, 
and the same year he received the degree of 
Ph. D. from Union College. 
TURNBULL, Charles Smith, of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., was born in that city, November 10, 
1847. He is the son of the following Dr. 
Laurence Turnbull and was graduated at the 
Philadelphia Central High School A. B. in 
1868, and A. M. in 1873; and studied medicine 
in the Medical Department of the University 
of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 
1871. In 1871 and 1872 he was Surgeon to the 
United States Geological Survey of the Terri- 
tories of Wyoming and Montana. In 1873 
and 1874 he was Resident Assistant Surgeon 
to the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Insti- 
tute. In 1874 and 1875 he was a student in 
the Ophthalmic and Aural Departments of the 
Imperial General Hospital, Vienna, under 
Arlt, Jager, Politzer and Gruber, since which 
time he has been practicing ophthalmology 
and otology in Philadelphia. He is a member 
of the Franklin Institute, and is Chief of the 
Aural Department of Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, and Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to 
the Howard, St. Christopher, German and 
Jewish Hospitals, as well as the Home for In- 
curables. He is a member of the Philadelphia 
County and Pennsylvania State Medical So- 
cieties, of the American Medical Association, 
and other national organizations, also a Fellow 
of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, and 
the associate editor in charge of the Depart- 
ment of Otology in the “Annual of the Uni- 
versal Medical Sciences.” He has translated 
from the German Gruber’s “Tenotomy of the 
Tensor Tympani Muscle;” Brunner’s treat- 
ise “On the Methods of Connections of the 
Ossicles;” and Arlt’s “Injuries of the Eye 
Considered Medico-Legally.” 
TURNBULL,Laurence,of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born September 10, 1821, in Scotland, and 
came to this country when he was twelve years 
of age. After receiving an academical educa- 
tion he entered the drug and chemical estab- 
lishment of Mr. John Bringhurst, and about 
the same time the Philadelphia College of 
Pharmacy, from which he graduated, taking as 
his thesis, “Salacine,” which he discovered in 
the populus temuloides, which was afterwards 
published by the faculty of the college in the 
Journal of Pharmacy. Subsequently entering 
the establishment of the late Frederick Brown, 
Esq., he took charge of the chemical depart- 
ment, preparing many of the new preparations 
of the day, and while thus engaged received 
an award of merit from the Franklin Institute 
for his success and skill in preparing citrate of 
iron, and other pharmaceutic remedies. He 
subsequentiy made the discovery that biborate 
of soda had the property of bleaching ordinary 
colored ointments. While yet giving a portion 
of his time to chemistry and pharmacy, he en- 
tered as a student the office of the lafe Prof. 
John K. Mitchell, and subsequently graduated 
from the Jefferson Medical College in 1845. 
Owing to his failing health he relinquished his 
chemical and pharmaceutical studies. Soon 
after his graduation he accepted the position of 
Resident Physician at the Philadelphia Hos- 
pital, Blockley, afterwards that of out-door 
Physician of the poor for the Department of 
Moyamensing,and subsequently that of Vaccine 
Physician, which he held for a number of 
years. For some time he was a Lecturer at the 
Franklin Institute, on Chemistry Applied to 
the Arts, giving particular attention to elec- 
tricity, in its various manifestations and appli- 
cations, especially to telegraphy, his lectures 
being subsequently published in the journal 
of the institute and in book form, while a sec- 
ond edition was published by Abraham Hart. 
In 1857 he was elected one of the Physicians to 
the Department of Diseases of the Eye and 
Ear in the Western Clinical Infirmary (now 
Howard Hospital), and served in that capacity 
until 1887. In 1859 he visited Europe, where 
he studied the practice of the Irish, Scotch, 
English, Dutch, and French physicians in dis- 
eases of the eye and ear. Returning to this 
country, he published a work (the first of its 
kind in the United States), on the mode of 
using the ophthalmoscope. At an early period 
in his professional life, he began the special 
study of aural surgery, and he was the first in 
United States to perform perforation of the 
mastoid cells for diseases in that region,which 
operation he has successfully repeated with 
the most gratifying results. After the second 
battle of Bull Run he offered his services to the 
United States Government, serving in Emory 
Hospital and Fortress Monroe. He is a Fel- 
low of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science; a member of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association; Medical Society of 
the State of Pennsylvania, of which he was 
vice-president; Philadelphia County Medical 
Society ; and was a delegate to the recent In- 
ternational Medical Congress, in 1876, where 
he was elected president of the Section on 
Otology, which he declined in favor of a gen- 
tleman from abroad. Besides holding mem- 
bership in various medical societies, he pre- 
sided over the Section in Otology of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association in 1880, and of the 
British Medical Association in 1881, and he 
was chosen a delegate to the Section in Otology 
of the British Medical Association in 1888, 
and to the Congress of Otology that convened 
in Brussels, Belgium, during the same year. 
In 1878 Dr. Turnbull was elected Aural Surgeon 
to Jefferson Medical College Hospital. Among 
his contributions to medical literature are: 
“A Biographical Sketch of Prof. John K. 
Mitchell;” “The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, 
with an Historical Account of its Rise, Prog- 
ress, and Present Condition;” “Whooping- 
Cough ;” “Hints and Observations on Military 
Hygiene, with the Best Means of Treating the 
Medical and Surgical Diseases of the Army;” 
“Defective and Impaired Vision, with the 516 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Clinical Use of the Ophthalmoscope in their 
Diagnosis and Treatment;” “The Nature, 
Causes, and Treatment of Nervous Deafness, 
with an Additional Translation from the 
French of Duchenne;” “A Manual of Dis- 
eases of the Ear;” “A Brochure on Tinnitus 
Aurium, ’’second edition; and, “Clinical Ob- 
servations on the Relief of Pain in Acute 
Affections of the Ear.” He is also the author 
of “A Clinical Manual of Disease of the Ear,” 
1881, “A Manual of Anesthetic Agents, and 
their Employment in the Treatment of Dis- 
ease,” 1885, and has since made other im- 
portant contributions to medical literature. 
TURNER, Henry E., of Newport, R. 1., was 
born in Warwick, R. 1., June 16, 1816. He 
was educated at the schools of Newport and 
Portsmouth, and received the degree of M. D. 
from the University of Pennsylvania in 1836. 
He was appointed an Acting Assistant Surgeon 
United States Army in 1862, and was stationed 
at Fort Adams and Newport Harbor. He has 
contributed many valuable papers to medical 
and scientific literature, and also to history. 
His standing as an anatomist is exceptionable 
high. He is the oldest of the Newport physi- 
cians, and is one of the most respected in his 
State. He is City Physician, and one of the 
Attending Physicians in Newport Hospital, 
one of the Medical Examiners of the district, 
president of the State Board of Health, and a 
prominent officer of the Society of Cincinnati. 
TYSON, James, of Philadelphia, Pa., born 
in that city October 26, 1841, descended from 
Cornelius Tyson, who emigrated to German- 
town, Philadelphia, from Crefeld, on the lower 
Rhine, between 1683 and 1703. Cornelius Ty- 
son died at Germantown, in 1716, at the age of 
sixty-six, and is buried in Axes graveyard. 
Over him was placed by Pastorius a tomb- 
stone, still in good state of preservation, which 
is said to be the oldest existing tombstone 
erected to the memory of a German in Penn- 
sylvania. Dr. James Tyson received his pre- 
liminary education at Haverford College, 
Pennsylvania, whence he was graduated A. B. 
in 1860, and A. M. in 1864. He studied medi- 
cine under the direction of his father, the late 
Dr. Henry Tyson, of Reading, Pa., Dr. John 
B. Brooke, of Reading, Pa., and the late Dr. 
John Neill, of Philadelphia. He was graduated 
from the Medical School of the University of 
Pennsylvania, in 1863. During the last year 
of his student life was an acting medical cadet 
in the military hospitals of Philadelphia, and 
shortly after graduation was appointed an 
Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States 
Army, serving during the summer in Phila- 
delphia and Harrisburg. In July, 1863, he 
was elected a Resident Physician in the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital, where he served until the 
following April, when he again entered the 
service of the government, and continued un- 
til the close of the War of the Rebellion, in 
1865, serving in Philadelphia and for a time at 
Winchester, Va. He commenced practice in 
Philadelphia in 1864, and continues to reside 
there at the present time. He began also 
teaching medicine to private classes of students 
in the University of Pennsylvania with the 
session of 1864-5. He was appointed Lecturer 
on Microscopy there in 1868, and on Urinary 
Chemistry in 1870. From 1870 till 1878 he was 
Professor of Physiology and Microscopy in the 
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. On 
the organization of the new Hospital of the Uni - 
versity of Pennsylvania, in 1874, he was 
made Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy and 
Histology. In 1876 he was elected Professor of 
General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy in 
the Medical Department of the University, 
and in 1889 was transferred to the Chair of 
Clinical Medicine, which he now holds. He 
was Secretary of the Faculty of Medicine 
from 1877 to 1888, and Dean of the Faculty 
from 1888 to 1892. He was one of the visiting 
physicians of St. Joseph’s Hospital, Phil- 
adelphia, 1871-2. He was appointed Mi- 
croscopist to the Philadelphia Hospital 
in 1866, Pathologist in 1870, and Visiting 
Physician from 1872 to 1890, and Presi- 
dent of the Medical Board in 1886. He is also 
ex-officio one of the physicians to the Hospital 
of the University, and was one of the Board 
of Managers from 1874 to 1878, and was again 
made a manager in 1891. He is one of tRe 
Visiting Physicians to the Rush Hospital, for 
consumption and allied diseases, in Philadel- 
phia (1892), Consulting Physician to the Ken- 
sington Hospital for Women (1891.) In 1871 
and 1872 he assisted in editing the Philadel- 
phia Medical Times, and he also edited four 
volumes of the publications of the Patholog- 
ical Society of Pliiladelphia(lB7l to 1877.) In 
addition to numerous papers on histology and 
pathology, and clinical lectures, he has pub- 
lished “The Cell Doctrine: Its History and 
Present State” (Philadelphia, 1870), second 
edition, 1878; “An Introduction to Practical 
Histology” (1873) ; “Practical Examination of 
the Urine” (1875), eighth edition, 1893; “A 
Treatise on Bright’s Disease and Diabetes” 
(1881), and a hand-book on “Physical Diag- 
nosis” (1891). Dr. Tyson is a member of the 
College of Physicians of Philadelphia (1866); 
a member of the Pathological Society (1863), 
and was recorder from 1869 to 1877, vice-pres- 
ident from 1871 to 1882, president from 1882 to 
1884, member of the Philadelphia County 
Medical Society (1874), and a life member of 
its Mutual Aid Association; of the Medical 
Society of the State of Pennsylvania (1875), 
and of the American Medical Association 
(1872). He was recorder of the Biological and 
Microscopical Section of the Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences from 1868 to 1872, vice-director 
from 1872 to 1877; one of the original members 
of the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia, 
1869; is an original member of the Associa- 
tion of American Physicians’ Institutes, and 
since 1887 a member of the American Philo- 
sophical Society. 
ULRICH, William 8., of Chester, Pa., was 
born in Philadelphia, May 4, 1829. After re- 
ceiving an academic education in the common 
schools of Chester and at a high school at 
Unionville, in his native State, he studied 
medicine and entered the Philadelphia College 
of Medicine, and subsequently the New Or- 
leans School of Medicine, graduating from the 
former institution in 1850, and from the latter 
in 1866. Dr. Ulrich established himself in 
practice at Fairview, La., in 1851, where he 
remained engaged in the active duties of his 
profession until 1867, when he removed to 
Galveston, Tex., but near the close of the latter 
year settled in the city of his present resi- 
dence. He was a member of the Galveston 
Medical Society, and is ex-president of the 
Delaware County (Pa.) Medical Society, and 
is an active member of the Medical Society of 
the State of Pennsylvania, and of the Ameri- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
can Medical Association. He has served as 
Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Military Acade- 
my at Chester, and has taken an active inter- 
est in educational affairs, both at Chester and 
at Fairview, La., where he has held the posi- 
tion of School director. 
VAN BUREN, William H., of New York City, 
was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 5, 1819, 
and died in the former city March 25, 1883. 
He was a great grandson of Abraham Van 
Euren, who studied medicine under Boerhaave 
at Leyden, and who in 1700 came from Hol- 
land to New York. He was in his day a 
prominent physician of that city. The subject 
of this sketch was a student at Yale of the 
class of 1838 for two years, and was subse- 
quently graduated at that institution. On 
leaving college he studied medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania. He received his 
medical degree from that institution in 1840, 
and supplemented his professional education 
by attendance at the hospitals of Paris. Soon 
after graduating he was commissioned Assist- 
ant Surgeon in the United States Army, and 
served five years in that capacity. In Decem- 
ber, 1845, he went to New York to assist his 
father-in-law, the late Dr. Valentine Mott, in 
his surgical clinic connection with the medical 
department of the University of New York. 
Dr. Van Buren attained eminence as a teacher 
and demonstrator of anatomy and surgery, as 
well as an operative surgeon and a skillful 
physician. On the organization of Bellevue 
Hospital in 1847 he was appointed one of the 
surgeons. In 1849 he became Surgeon to St. 
Vincent Hospital, and in 1852 he was elected 
Professor of Anatomy in the New York Uni- 
versity Medical College. He became Visiting 
Surgeon during the same year to New York 
Hospital, and held that position for sixteen 
years, and was then Consulting Surgeon. He 
was also Consulting Surgeon to Bellevue and 
Charity Hospitals. He was one of the founders 
of the United States Sanitary Commission in 
1861, and served as the medical member of its 
executive committee throughout the Rebellion, 
declining the appointment of Surgeon-General 
of the United States Army. He resigned his 
chair in the University Medical College in 
1866, on being elected Professor of Surgery for 
the newly-established Department of Diseases 
of the Genito-Urinary System in the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College. In 1868 this chair 
was combined with that of the Principles and 
Practice of Surgery, and from 1871 to 1873, 
also, he acted as Professor of Clinical Surgery. 
He was vice-president of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine, president of the New York 
Patholological Society, and a corresponding 
member of the Paris Surgical Society. Yale 
conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1879. 
Dr. Van Buren amputated at the hip-joint, tied 
the internal and external iliac, and the sub- 
clavian arteries, as well as executed many 
other difficult and important surgical opera- 
tions. He placed more reliance than surgeons 
generally in the reparative processes of nature. 
He devoted much study to hereditary taints 
and constitutional tendencies, and in later life, 
though still noted for his skill in general sur- 
gery, devoted his attention mainly to diseases 
of the genito-urinary organs. He published, 
with Dr. C. E. Isaacs, a translation of “Ber- 
nard and Huettes’ Manual of Operative Sur- 
gery and Medical Anatomy,” 1855; a transla- 
tion of Charles Morel’s “Compendium of Hu- 
man Histology,” 1861; “Contributions to Prac- 
tical Surgery,” 1865; “Lectures on Diseases of 
the Rectum,” 1870, and, with his pupil, Dr. E. 
L. Keyes, a “Text-book on Diseases of the 
Genito-Urinary Organs, with Syphilis,” 1874. 
In addition to his contributions to medical 
literature in book form, he was also the author 
of numerous important articles of professional 
interest in the leading journals of this country. 
YANDER VEER, Albert, of Albany, N. Y., 
was born in Montgomery county, New York, 
July 10, 1841. He is a son of Abram H. Van- 
derVeer, farmer, merchant, mechanic, and 
comes from good old Holland stock, a race 
which has done so much in the interest of 
colonization, civilization and the development 
of moral and intellectual powers. He was 
sent, when young, to the Union Free School, 
at Palatine, afterward to the Canajoharie 
/ft* 
Academy, where he became a diligent and 
successful student, laying the foundation of a 
substantial intellectual fabric. His inclina- 
tions in the direction of medicine were so 
strong that when a mere boy he found great 
interest and satisfaction in dissecting birds 
and various small animals. At the age of 
eighteen he commenced the study of medicine 
in the office of Dr. Simeon Snow, of Root, N. 
Y., where for a year he studied the various 
medical text-books with all the enthusiasm and 
devotion of a genuine student; then, desiring 
to continue his education in a larger sphere, 
he went to Albany and entered the office of 
Dr. John Swinburne, the well-known surgeon, 
attending lectures at the Albany Medical Col- 
lege. In 1861, when the Civil War was begin- 518 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Practice;” “Report of Eight Cases of Uterine 
Fibroids;” “Report of Three Cases of Incision 
of the Rectum;” “Some Personal Observa- 
tions on the Work of Lawson Tait, Together 
with a Report of Five Cases of Abdominal 
Section;” “Case of Sub-Cutaneous Section of 
Femur Above Trochanter Major;” “Cleft 
Palate and Hare-Lip,” for Wood’s Reference 
Hand-Book of the Medical Sciences; “History 
of Abdominal Section in Albany;” “The Re- 
lation of the Abdominal Surgeon to the 
Obstetrician and Gynecologist;” “To What 
Extent Can We Classify Versical Calculi for 
Operation ;” “Water Supply of Cities and Vil- 
lages,” the anniversary address before the 
Medical Society of the State of New York, 
delivered at Albany, February 3, 1886; “Re- 
port of a Case of Hematophilia, or a Family 
of Bleeders;” “Appendicitis—The Relation of 
the Physician and Surgeon in the Care of 
Cases;” “Retro-Peritoneal Tumors—Their An- 
atomical Relations, Pathology, Diagnosis and 
Treatment;” “Report of Cases of Cholecystot- 
omy, with Special Reference to the Treatment 
of Calculus Lodging in the Common Duct;” 
“Hystero-Epilepsy, with Report of Cases;” 
“The Management of Cancer of the Uterus, 
Complicated with Pregnancy, with Report of 
a Case.” We may state here that the Doctor 
is paying the strictest attention to abdominal 
surgery and surgical diseases of women. 
YANDERYORT, Franklin Cady,of Blooming- 
ton, Illinois, was born August 5,1858, near Peru, 
in the same State. He comes of Knickerbocker 
stock, his father being of Dutch descent and 
his mother English. After receiving a high 
school education he attended literary college 
at Butler University, Irvington, Ind. He took 
up the study of medicine with his father, Dr. 
Ira A. Vandervort, and in the year 1881 grad- 
uated at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
being chairman of the executive committee of 
his class, which consisted of 185 members. 
He immediately commenced the practice of 
medicine at Tonica, his old home in Illinois, 
where he soon gained a large practice. In 1888 
he moved to Bloomington, and is at present 
in partnership with Dr. J. L. White, and As- 
sistant Surgeon of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
road. He is a member of the North Central 
Illinois Medical Society, of which he was presi- 
dent in 1888. He is also a member of the Mc- 
Lean County Society, of which he was also presi- 
dent. He was the first Medical Health Officer 
of the city of Bloomington, and has been 
County Physician of McLean county. He is a 
good writer, and has contributed many valu- 
able papers to the different medical journals. 
He was married to Hattie E. Morehouse, of 
Bloomington, September 3, 1884. 
VARICK, Theodore Romeyn, of Jersey City, 
N. J., was born in Dutchess county, N. Y., 
June 24, 1825, and died November 23, 1887. 
He descended from Dutch ancestry, who came 
to this country about 1680. His professional 
education was received at the University of 
New York, where he was graduated M. D. in 
1846. During the following two or three years 
he practiced in the City of New York, and was 
Attending Physician to the New "York Dispen- 
sary. In the latter part of 1848 he finally es- 
tablished himself in Jersey City, where he re- 
sided until his death. He was an active mem- 
ber of numerous local, State and national 
medical organizations; was president of the 
New Jersey and the New Y"ork State Medical 
ning, the call for surgeons as well as soldiers 
was so urgently made that, filled with ardor 
for his professional work, he desired to go to 
the front. He first served at the Ira Harris 
Hospital as a State Medical Cadet, and in May, 
1862, was one of the original “one hundred” 
commissioned as a United States Medical Ca- 
det, and ordered to report for duty at Colum- 
bia College Hospital, at Washington. While 
at this post he attended a course of lectures 
at the National Medical College, graduating in 
the session of 1862. He was then examined 
and commissioned by Surgeon-General S. 0. 
VanderPoel as Assistant Surgeon of the Sixty- 
sixth Regiment of New York Volunteers, and 
in the following year was advanced to the 
grade of surgeon, with the rank of major. He 
served with this regiment until the close of 
the war and was mustered out September, 
1865, having served in several important posi- 
tions in the First Division Hospital, Second 
Army Corps. To perfect as far as possible his 
attainments in medical science, he attended a 
full course of lectures in the autumn of 1865 
and 1866 at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons in New York City. In the spring of 
1866 he returned to Albany and established 
himself in the general practice of his profes- 
sion. In the summer of 1869 Dr. VanderVeer 
was appointed to the chair of General and 
Special Anatomy in the Albany Medical Col- 
lege, from which, about this time, he received 
the honorary title of M. D. He now be» 
came Attending Surgeon in the Albany 
Hospital, and in 1874 was appointed 
to the same position in St. Peter’s Hospital. 
He visited Europe in the fall of 1874 and 
the winter of 1875, finding much to gratify his 
special taste and to further enrich his stores of 
medical learning. On the re-organization of 
the Albany Medical College, in 1876, he ac- 
cepted the professorship of the Principles and 
Practice of Surgery, and now holds the posi- 
tion of Professor of Didactic, Abdominal and 
Clinical Surgery. In 1882 Williams College 
gave him the degree of A. M., and in 1883 
Hamilton and Union Colleges that of Ph. D. 
In 1884 he again visited Europe, where great 
kindness was shown him by Mr. Lawson Tait, 
F. R. C. S. He also read a paper before the 
International Medical Congress at Copen- 
hagen. Outside of his own profession it may 
be here stated that the Doctor is a great lover 
of the fine arts, and studies with absorbing 
interest and delight the works of the great 
masters in sculpture, painting and engraving. 
Dr. VanderVeer is a member, and has been 
president of both the Albany County and New 
York State Medical Societies. He is more- 
over a member of the Boston Gynecological 
Society; the British Medical Association; the 
International Medical Congress, held at Co- 
penhagen in 1884; the British Gynecological 
Society; the American Surgical Association; 
the Holland Society of New York, of which 
he is now vice-president for the Albany Dis- 
trict; the American Medical Association; the 
New York Medico-Legal Society; the Albany 
Institute; the American Association of Ob- 
stetricians and Gynecologists, and President 
of the latter Association in 1892. Dr. Vander- 
Veer has written much on surgical subjects, of 
which the following are among the principal 
contributions: “Tlie Operation for Stone as 
Observed in Some of the London Hospitals, 
Together with a Report of Cases from Private EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
519 
Societies, and was Surgeon-General of New 
Jersey. He was also Surgeon to St. Francis 
Hospital and the Jersey City Charity Hospital, 
and also a member of the New Jersey State 
Board of Health, and Director of the Morris 
Plains Hospital for the Insane. Dr. Varick 
made important contributions to professional 
knowledge, and his skill as a surgeon was 
widely known. He was the first to demon- 
strate the value of cocaine in capital amputa- 
tions, and he introduced into this country 
Trendelenberg’s method of amputating at the 
hip-joint. “Being dissatisfied with the results 
of the Lister method of dressing open wounds, 
he perfected a system for the employment of 
hot water in surgery, and thereby secured the 
largest percentage of successful amputations 
known, but three deaths resulting from fifty- 
four capital amputations. He was also the 
first to use hot water to control oozing in lapa- 
rotomy.” Of his professional publications 
may be mentioned: “Use of Nitrate of Silver 
in Acute Laryngitis;” “Subperiosteal Resec- 
tion of the Clavicle“ Distal Compression in 
Inguinal Aneurism;” “The Causes of Death 
After Operations and Grave Injuries;” “The 
Use of Hot Water in Surgery,” and “The Pro- 
tective Treatment of Open Wounds.” 
VERNON, George W., of Indianapolis. Ind., 
was born near Zanesville, Muskingum county, 
Ohio, April 20, 1857. He is a son of Noah Ver- 
non and Mary (Morgan) Vernon. His father’s 
family were Scotch-English, and among the 
farm, attending school when the weather was 
too disagreeable to work, and kept up with his 
classes by night study. From the fall of 1874 
to the spring of 1880, he taught school—the 
last year was principal of the graded school 
at Sidney, his home. In the spring of 1880 
he entered the drug business, receiving a 
certificate of Pharmacy from the Illinois State 
Board of Pharmacy, October, 1881, after which 
he worked in one of the leading drug stores in 
Champaign, and spent all leisure time in the 
study of pharmacy and medicine. In the fall 
of 1883 he entered the office of Dr. Joseph 
Eastman, Indianapolis, Ind., with whom he 
studied medicine, and attended three courses 
of lectures at the Central College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, Indianapolis, from which 
school he graduated in March, 1886. Upon 
receiving his degree he entered the competitive 
examination for positions in Indianapolis City 
Hospital and Dispensary; was successful, and 
served in City Dispensary for one year, when 
he commenced private practice, doing general 
practice until the summer of 1892, when he 
limited his practice to diseases of children and 
dermatology. He has been on the medical 
staff of the Indianapolis Orphan Asylum, also 
Consulting Physician to City Hospital and 
Dispensary since January, 1889. He is a 
member of the Marion County, the Indiana 
State, and the Mississippi Valley Medical So- 
cieties, and the American Medical Associa- 
tion. His principal contributions to current 
medical literature are: “The Causes and Path- 
ology of Broncho-Pneumonia of Childhood,” 
Transactions of Indiana State Medical Society, 
1889; “Vulvo-Vaginitis in Children,” same 
society, 1891; “Constipation in Childhood 
Following Diarrhea,” read before the Missis- 
sippi V alley Medical Association, at Evansville, 
Ind., October, 1889, and printed in several 
medical journals. Lie is now engaged on a 
work in his special line of practice. 
WAGNER, Theodore A., of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in Grevenmacher on the Mo- 
selle river in the Grand Duchy of Luxem- 
bourg, February 25, 1849. He received his 
education at the Royal (Grand Ducal) Athe- 
neum of Luxembourg, and came to the United 
States in December, 1865, entering on a mer- 
cantile career which he pursued for five years. 
In 1870 he began the study of medicine under 
Drs. F. S. Newcomer and John Chambers, and 
graduated from the Indiana Medical College 
in February, 1876, when he immediately 
entered upon the practice of his profession in 
Indianapolis. The following year he was ap- 
pointed Physician at the City Dispensary, 
which post he occupied for four years; during 
two years of this time he was also Surgical 
Attendant at the police station and county jail. 
In 1878 Dr. Wagner was one of the three In- 
dianapolis physicians in charge of the expedi- 
tion for the relief of the yellow fever sufferers 
at Memphis, Tenn. In September, 1879, he 
married Sarah Hill Fletcher, daughter of Cal- 
vin Fletcher, of Indianapolis. From 1882 to 
1885 he was Consulting Physician to the 
Marion County Infirmary. In addition to the 
practice of his profession, Dr. Wagner has 
taken a deep interest in municipal affairs, and 
has twice been elected Coroner. In 1884, 
while attending a case of small-pox, then epi- 
demic, Dr. Wagner contracted the disease, and 
voluntarily went to the pest-house. After his 
recovery, with an abundance of clinical ma- 
first settlers in Muskingum county, 0. His 
mother was born in Virginia, of German parent- 
age. His father died in December, 1863, leav- 
ing him the oldest of three children, which 
his mother kept together until the fall of 1865, 
when she sold all her property and moved 
(with her parents and family) to Sidney, 
Champaign county, Illinois. From the spring 
of 1866 to the fall of 1874, he worked upon a 520 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
terial about him, he devoted some time to the 
study of small-pox and its complications; and 
Europe, studying at Berlin, Vienna, London 
and Edinburgh, devoting his time to gynecol- 
ogy and abdominal surgery. He has resided 
in Evansville all his life, and all his practice 
has been at that place. Dr. Walker has been 
gradually limiting his work to gynecology and 
abdominal surgery, and, while not yet en- 
tirely a specialist, the probabilities are that he 
will be in a few years. He has already done 
much work in this department. He has had 
two successful operations for extra-uterine 
pregnancy. He has done eight operations for 
appendicitis, and has also had more than fifty 
laparotomies. During the existence of the 
Evansville Medical College he filled succes- 
fully the chairs of Anatomy, Nervous Dis- 
eases, and Diseases of Women. He was one 
of the founders of the Evansville Hospital 
and also of the Training School for Nurses, 
both of which are now in prosperous condi- 
tion. He has been Gynecological and Abdom- 
inal Surgeon of the Hospital since its begin- 
ning (1882). Dr. Walker is a member of the 
local and State Medical Societies and of the 
American Medical Society, also of the Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Society, the American 
Association of Obstetricians and Gynecolo- 
gists, and the Southern Gynecological and 
Surgical Association. In 1891 he was unani- 
mously elected president of the Indiana State 
Medical Society, and was the youngest man 
ever chosen for that office. He has been an 
active practitioner, having very soon acquired 
a very large clientele, and has, therefore, 
found little time for writing. Among his con- 
tributions to the literature of the profession 
may be mentioned: “Report of Two Cases 
of Extra-Uterine Pregnancy,” American Jour- 
nal of Obstetrics; “Remarks on One Phase of 
Puerperal Sepsis,” advocating early operation 
at subsequent meetings of the County and 
State Societies presented a resume of his inves- 
tigations that attracted attention, and brought 
to him many letters from prominent physicians 
in various parts of the country. Among his 
other contributions to medical literature are: 
“Puerperal Septicemia;” “Varieties of Croup 
and Treatment;” “Complications of Diphthe- 
ria.” Dr. Wagner is on the consulting staff of 
the City Dispensary. He is a member of the 
County, State and American Medical Associa- 
tions. 
WALKER, Edwin, of Evansville, Ind., was 
born in that city May 6, 1853. His ances- 
tors for several generations were natives of 
the United States. On his father’s side they 
were of Irish-English descent, and lived in 
Delaware and Pennsylvania. On his mother’s 
side (Burtis), they were of Scotch and Dutch 
descent, and lived in New York. His paternal 
grandmother and his maternal grandfather 
were Quakers. Both families came west early 
in the twenties, and, after a short residence in 
Cincinnati, moved to Evansville, and have 
taken prominent parts in the affairs of their 
adopted city. Dr. Walker was educated in 
of his native city and in Hanover 
(Ind.), College. He began "the study of med- 
icine with his uncle, Dr. George B. Walker, 
and, after attending three courses of lectures 
at tbe Evansville Medical College, graduated 
in 1874. In 1877 he attended a course in New 
York, and, in 1879, graduated at the University 
of that city. Subsequently he attended a 
course at the Policlinic, and has every year or 
two spent a month or more in study in New 
York City. In 1885-6 he spent a year in 
in purulent collections after labor, with report 
of cases, Medical Mirror, also “Office Gyneco- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
521 
logical Practice,” Medical Mirror. In 1880 he 
married Capitola, daughter of George P. Huds- 
peth. In 1888 the trustees of Hanover Col- 
lege conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. 
as a recognition of his professional merit. 
WALKER, John C., of Indianapolis, Ind.,was 
born in Shelbyville, near thatcity, February 11, 
1828, and died April 14,1883. His ancestry were 
of Scotch-Irish stock, and emigrated to Penn- 
sylvania early in the Seventeenth Century. 
Benjamin Walker, a veteran soldier in the 
Revolution, at the close of the war returned to 
his home on the Susquehanna, near Harris- 
burg. In some trouble with the Indians, his 
father was captured, and, it was said, burned 
at the stake. Peace having been restored, a 
band of Indians encamped near the town, and 
one night two of them were overheard by Ben- 
jamin Walker relating the circumstances of the 
murder of his father. When the Indians de- 
parted he and his brother followed, overtook 
them, and after a desperate encounter killed 
both. The fight began near a high bank, over- 
looking the river, Benjamin and his adversary 
rolling in the water below, where he succeeded 
in drowning the latter. This affair having oc- 
curred in time of peace, Benjamin Walker was 
outlawed by proclamation of the Governor, 
and, with his wife and several small children, 
embarked in canoes on the Ohio river and ul- 
timately reached Dearborn county, Ind. At 
his home on Laughery creek he was frequently 
visited by Daniel Boone, the celebrated hunter. 
One of his sons, John C. Walker, a prominent 
citizen and member of the State Senate, re- 
moved to Shelbyville, where his son, the sub- 
ject of this sketch, was born. Dr. Walker was 
educated by his brother-in-law, Prof. E. P. 
Cummins, an eminent teacher and minister. 
Young Walker possessed a strong and active 
intellect, was a good student and diligent 
reader, and soon acquired a large store of 
information and varied accomplishments. 
Early in his career he purchased the 
La Porte Times, which, as editor and 
proprietor, he made the most influential paper 
in Northern Indiana. Its editor was soon rec- 
ognized as a man of mark. He was elected to 
the Legislature of 1853, and took a high rank 
in that body. In 1855 he became a joint owner 
of the Indianapolis Sentinel, which he made a 
powerful party organ. In 1856 he was nom- 
inated for Lieutenant-Governor, on the ticket 
with the eloquent A. P. Willard, but being 
under the constitutional age he was obliged to 
withdraw. A. A. Hammond, who was sub- 
stituted, became Governor by the untimely 
death of Governor Willard. Dr. Walker was 
chosen, in 1858, to make the race for Congress 
against Schuyler Colfax, but was defeated. 
Being a War Democrat during the Rebellion, 
betook the first opportunity to enter the Union 
army, and was elected to command the Thirty- 
fifth Indiana Volunteers, and served in that 
capacity for the period of one year. He then 
went to Europe, where he remained until 1872. 
In London he studied medicine at King’s Col- 
lege, and married Miss Laura Seymour, daugh- 
ter of an officer in the British Navy. After 
his return to this country he continued his 
studies at the Indiana Medical College, from 
which he obtained his medical degree. He 
settled in his native town, and there success- 
fully practiced his profession until 1879, when 
he was appointed Assistant Physician in the 
Indiana Hospital for the Insane. In that in- 
stitution he died of quick consumption, super- 
induced by diabetes,with which he had suffered 
for more than a year. Dr. Walker was a man 
of most noble nature, chivalrous in his devo- 
tion to principle and friends, fair and not im- 
placable to his enemies. His intellectual abil- 
ity was of high order. He was thoroughly well 
informed, a pleasant conversationalist, a de- 
lightful companion, full of reminiscences of 
great men and stirring times. He possessed a 
decided literary gift, was a facile and vigorous 
political writer, and sometimes practiced his 
pen in poetry. He was an accomplished phy- 
sician and a many-sided man, endowed by 
nature with noble and delightful talents. 
WARREN, John, of Boston, was born in 
Roxbury, Mass., July 27, 1753, and died April 
4, 1815. “Among those whom, in the history 
of our country, posterity will learn to regard 
as their most devoted benefactors, none will 
be placed in a more elevated position or be 
considered as entitled to a more grateful re- 
membrance, than the earlier teachers and prac- 
titioners of scientific medicine. Surrounded 
by almost insuperable obstacles, both to the 
attainment of instruction in those acquire- 
ments which in this noble pursuit can alone 
lead to extensive usefulness, yet having over- 
come them all, they certainly most richly 
merit the gratitude of succeeding generations 
who have placed the cultivation of this science 
upon a firm and enduring foundation. When, 
in addition, we have the memory of the purest, 
most disinterested and most active patriotism, 
sacrificing the dearest of human ties and in- 
terests for the general good, then, indeed, we 
have a combination which the pages of a na- 
tion’s history are but rarely called upon to 
record. It is of such a man that the following 
pages are commemorative. Justice demands 
no more truthful exemplification of such a 
career than is found in the public life and 
services of Dr. John Warren.” From a me- 
moir written by Dr. Buckminster Brown, of 
Boston, and published in the American Medi- 
cal Biography, the editor has derived the fol- 
lowing interesting details concerning the life 
and professional achievements of this eminent 
physician and surgeon: He was the son of 
Joseph Warren, whose chief interest and occu- 
pation consisted in cultivating his land, and par- 
ticularly in raising fruit, and his enthusiasm 
in producing and bringing to maturity a cer- 
tain variety of apple, to which he had given 
much attention, may, indeed, be said to have 
cost him his life. This was the apple now 
called the Warren russetting. While walking 
through his orchard one morning he observed, 
near the top of one of his favorite trees, a very 
beautiful specimen of this fruit. The sun 
gilded its rosy side, and it had a very tempt- 
ing appearance. Determined to obtain so 
valuable a sample, he climbed the tree, and 
just as he had plucked it, the branch upon 
which he stood gave way, he fell to the ground 
and was instantly killed. The mother of Dr. 
Warren was one of those truly noble-minded 
women who always leave an impression; an 
impression which is felt, however unacknowl- 
edged, from one generation to another, and 
which is extended in constantly widening cir- 
cles, like the eddy formed by the stone upon 
the lake, with increasing radii, until the shore 
upon each side is touched by its gentle undula- 
tions. That biography must indeed be im- 
perfect, which omits all reference to the youth EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of the great and good, or to those early influ- 
ences and teachings that planted the seed, 
which in its maturity yielded such beneficent j 
fruit. The virtues of the mother of Washing- 
ton will ever form a part of his country’s his- 
tory, and the simple instructions and example, 
the disinterested courage and devotion of Mrs. 
Warren, will be felt so long as the names of 
her sons and the memory of Bunker Hill shall 
hold a place among its annals. Left at an early 
age a widow, with four young boys to educate, 
most faithfully did she perform the double 
duty which devolved upon her, and in her 
daily life they witnessed the exempliiication 
of those virtues, which in after years they so 
signally imitated. A writer who knew her 
well, in describing her character, says: “But 
not only as a mother was she estimated, for 
she practiced the virtue of benevolence in the 
fullest sense of the word. To her neighbors 
she was kind and hospitable; to the poor her 
house was always open.” The name of Dr. 
Warren’s eldest brother, Dr. Joseph Warren, 
will ever be remembered, as that of one of the 
earliest martyrs in the cause of his country’s 
freedom. Gen. Warren was also a physician, 
and previous to the Revolution enjoyed an ex- 
tensive and lucrative practice in Boston. The 
eminence to which Dr. Joseph Warren had 
attained in the New England States, as a 
medical practitioner, may become shaded, and 
perhaps even overlooked, in the interest which 
his bright career and early death have awak- 
ened in the hearts of his countrymen. But 
this can never be without doing injustice to 
his memory, and to the medical profession, of 
which he was an earnest member, and in 
whose ranks he was proud to enroll himself. 
Dr. Joseph Warren was the medical instructor 
of his youngest brother, Dr. John Warren. He 
is, therefore, doubly entitled to consideration 
in a work of this character, both as having 
himself been distinguished as a medical man, 
and as having kindled the flame of professional 
enthusiasm which burned so long and with 
such results in the heart of his ready pupil. 
Dr. John Warren was educated at Harvard 
University. He entered college at the age of 
fourteen, and wras entirely dependent upon his 
own exertions for maintenance while pursuing 
his education. Even at this early age, he ex- 
hibited a taste for the study of anatomy, and 
by his efforts an association of students was 
formed for the purpose of cultivating it. He 
took the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
1771; and having, under the tuition of his 
brother, completed his preparation for the 
practice of medicine, he settled in Salem, in 
1773, being then only twenty years of age. 
He had previously made himself thoroughly 
acquainted with the Dutch language, with the 
intention of pursuing the practice of his pro- 
fession at Surinam. The disturbed state of 
his native land, however, and his unwilling- 
ness to leave home while trouble was impend- 
ing, prevented the execution of this design. 
While pursuing his medical studies he was 
initiated by his brother into the principles on 
which the patriots of that time grounded their 
opposition to the pretensions of the British 
government; and imbibed his ardor in sup- 
porting the rights of his country. He early 
became a political writer, and engaged heart 
and soul in the sacred cause of freedom, and 
in animating his friends and his often de- 
sponding fellow-citizens to encounter with 
fortitude the difficulties of the contest. He 
endeavored to impress upon them his own 
sentiments: “that’being engaged in a cause 
that was just it was their duty to persevere, 
and to be discouraged neither by present dan- 
ger nor by the certain prospect of death.” In 
Salem, Dr. Holyoke soon became one of his 
w’armest friends. To all who are acquainted 
with the medical history of our country the 
name of this distinguished physician is famil- 
iar. Universally respected and beloved, he 
was alike honored for his practical science, 
his extensive attainments and accurate judg- 
ment, and for those noble qualities of mind 
and heart which attached all who were per- 
sonally acquainted with him, and left a 
memorial in their hearts which the lapse of 
years has had no influence in effacing. Aided 
by so influential a patron, and winning his 
own way by his agreeable manners and evi- 
dent ability, the practice of Dr. Warren rap- 
idly extended, and soon became second only 
to "that of his distinguished friend. In the 
mind of Dr. Warren, however, personal and 
individual considerations were of minor im- 
portance when the welfare of his country was 
in jeopardy. It was evident that love for his 
native land was paramount to all other inter- 
ests. He was present when the first blood 
was shed in that eventful conflict which sev- 
ered the American Colonies from the mother 
country. News being received of the intended 
attack on the military stores at Concord, he 
immediately joined Colonel Pickering’s regi- 
ment, as a volunteer, and marched to the 
defense of this most important post, and was 
present when the two hostile forces encount- 
ered at Lexington, where the first battle took 
place. Two of Dr. Warren’s brothers were 
also present in this action, and each of them 
took an active part in the skirmish. The re- 
ports of the conflict and the rumbling of the 
cannon of the ever to be remembered 17th of 
June, again called Dr. Warren from his pro- 
fessional duties. He armed himself, and 
hastened on foot, guided by the flames of 
Charlestown, to join the army at Cambridge. 
His mind was overwhelmed with anxiety for 
his brother’s safety. He well knew that that 
brother’s enthusiasm in the cause would lead 
him into the thickest of the fight, and he felt 
his own heart burning with eagerness to en- 
gage in the glorious struggle. Various and 
contradictory reports reached him on the 
road. By some he was informed that General 
Warren was taken prisoner; by others, that 
he had been slain on the field of battle. Dur- 
ing this period of suspense, Dr. Warren suf- 
fered great distress. After some days the cer- 
tainty of his brother’s death was established, 
and the excitement caused by this event, 
added to his previous deep interest in the cause, 
determined him at once to relinquish his brill- 
iant professional prospects, and to engage as a 
volunteer in the capacity of a private soldier. 
The intense agitation and emotions of resent- 
ment which burned in bis breast against the 
instigators of those outrages which had brought 
such evils upon his country, may be best gath- 
ered from some fragments of bis private jour- 
nal which have recently been discovered, ex- 
tracts from which have been published. A few 
sentences are cited to show his feelings at this 
exciting period: “Some told me that my brother 
was undoubtedly alive and well; and others 
that he was wounded; and others that he fell EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
523 
on the field. Thus perplexed almost to dis- 
traction, I went on inquiring with a solicitude, 
which was such a mixture of hope and fear as 
none but such as have felt can form any con- 
ception. In this manner I passed several days, 
every day’s information decreasing the proba- 
bility of his safety. Oh, ye bloodthirsty 
wretches! who planned the dreadful scene 
which you are now forcing your bloodhounds 
to execute, did you but feel the pangs of heart- 
felt pungent grief for the cruel wounds you 
inflict upon the tenderest part of the public, 
as well as upon individuals, you would exe- 
crate those diabolical measures which, by your 
counsels, have been adopted, and which have 
precipitated us into all the horrors of a civil 
war! Go home, and tell your bloodthirsty 
master your pitiful tale, and tell him, too, that 
the laurel which once decorated the English 
soldier, has withered on his brow on the Amer- 
ican shore. Tell him that British honor and 
fame have received a mortal stab from the 
brave conduct of Americans. Tell him that 
even your conquests have but served to inspire 
the sufferers with fresh courage, and more de- 
termined resolution, and let him know that 
since that accursed day, when first the hostile 
forces of Britain planted their foot on the 
American shore, your conduct has been such 
as has resulted in a continued series of dis- 
graceful incidents, and in operations replete 
with ignorance and folly.” The deep grief of 
Mrs. Warren at the loss of her eldest son, and 
the anguish she experienced at the thought of 
another being equally exposed, at last pre- 
vailed upon Dr. Warren to alter his resolution. 
He decided to serve his country by performing 
the more useful and equally arduous duties of 
hospital surgeon. To this office he was ap- 
pointed by General Washington, during the 
siege of Boston. Important and honorable as 
this siege was to America, the Regular Army 
of Great Britain being shut up by an undis- 
ciplined militia for nearly a year, it was not 
fertile in military events. In March, 1776, 
however, there was a prospect of a bloody and 
desperate engagement. The Americans-, by a 
masterly maneuver of their general, had taken 
possession of Dorchester Heights, and the 
British commander had the alternative of 
driving them from their position or of evacu- 
ating the city. He determined to make the 
attempt to storm the Heights, and at the same 
time attack the American force at Roxbury. 
General Washington, ever on the alert, and 
not willing to act simply on the defensive, 
ordered a select body of four thousand men 
to cross Charles river in boats, and at the 
same moment to attack Boston. Dr. Warren 
was of this party, and sympathized with the 
hopes and animation which filled the breasts 
of this patriotic band. It is a matter of his- 
tory that the English general did not carry 
out his intention, but finally abandoned the 
city. Dr. Warren was one of the detach- 
ment ordered to take possession of Boston 
on its evacuation by the British troops. It 
was on this occasion that he, with Dr. Daniel 
Scott, made the discovery of a most ignoble 
and fiendish trap which had been set for their 
destruction by the enemy, viz., the poisoning 
of a large quantity of medicines that had been 
left by the English in the workhouse. This 
building had been used by them as a hospital, 
and in it were found large stores of capital and 
important articles. Upon examining these, 
Dr. Warren found that large quantities of white 
and yellow arsenic had been mixed with them. 
By this timely .discovery, undoubtedly, many 
lives were saved. Dr. Warren, in his private 
journal, very accurately describes the appear- 
ance of the city as it was left by the British, 
and the redoubts and fortifications upon Bea- 
con, Copp’s and Fort Hill, together with the 
cannon, ammunition, horses, wheat, hay and 
other articles which were found in various 
parts of the city. Although this sketch is in- 
tended chiefly as a biography of Dr. Warren 
as a medical man, yet we can not forbear mak- 
ing one further extract from this journal, to 
show more fully by what influences he was sur- 
rounded on his entrance into professional life, 
leaving the reader to judge how far these stir- 
ring events, which aroused the deepest feel- 
ings of an acutely sensitive nature, may have 
assisted in moulding his character in after life. 
His first visit to the spot where his brother 
was slain is thus mentioned: “This day I 
visited Charlestown, and a most melancholy 
heap of ruins it is; scarcely the vestiges of 
those beautiful buildings remain. The hill 
which was the theater upon which the bloody 
tragedy of the 17th of June was acted, com- 
mands the most affecting view I ever saw. 
The walls of magnificent buildings tottering 
to the earth below; above, a great number of 
rude hillocks, under which are deposited the 
remains in clusters of those deathless heroes 
who fell on the field of battle. The scene was 
inexpressibly solemn. When I considered 
myself as walking over the bones of many of 
my worthy fellow-countrymen, who jeoparded 
and sacrificed their lives in these high places; 
when I considered that perhaps, while I was 
musing on the objects around me, I might be 
standing over the remains of a dear brother, 
whose blood had stained these hallowed walks; 
with what veneration did this inspire me! 
how many endearing scenes of fraternal 
friendships, now past and gone forever, pre- 
sented themselves to my view! But it is 
enough; oh, may our arms be strengthened to 
fight the battles of our God!” Dr. Warren 
was attached to the main army under the im- 
mediate command of General Washington. 
In the disastrous battle of Long Island, his 
professional skill was called into full opera- 
tion, and he continued in active service 
throughout the gloomy and disheartening win- 
ter of 1776 and 1777. He, however, never for 
one moment was discouraged. Notwithstand- 
ing that the fate of the army seemed almost 
inevitable, as he constantly saw it diminishing 
in numbers day by day; although he beheld 
the suffering of the troops from the want of 
provisions and clothing, and retreated with 
the remnant as they were pursued from spot 
to spot, in this, the most dark and trying pe- 
riod of our eventful contest, yet his faith in 
the integrity of the cause, and the firmness of 
his conviction that the result would be the 
happiness and liberty of his country, pre- 
vented him from ever yielding to the pressure 
of the circumstances by which he was sur- 
rounded, but enabled him to sustain and 
strengthen the sinking hearts of his fellow- 
sufferers. The successes on that eventful 
Christmas Eve at Trenton, and on the brilliant 
morning of the ensuing 3d of January at 
Princeton, confirmed his prognostications. At 
the former place, he and the entire medical 
staff were very near being taken prisoners. 524 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
This was in consequence of the celerity and 
secrecy of General Washington’s movements. 
Following up his advantages with a rapidity 
and decision which constantly took the English 
by surprise, and which so strikingly displayed 
the talents of a great military commander, he 
marched during the night to the attack upon 
the British at Princeton. The breaking up of 
the encampment took place so quietly that the 
medical officers were not aware of the event 
until in the morning they beheld upon the 
other side of a small stream the advance of the 
enemy upon them, while their own army was 
not anywhere visible. Mounting their horses, 
they with some difficulty discovered traces of 
the route taken by the American forces, and 
arrived in time to succor the wounded at 
Princeton. Soon after this Dr. Warren was 
seized with a fever which nearly proved fatal. 
Brighter prospects began now to dawn upon 
our country, and having been with the army 
through the most dangerous and discouraging 
periods of the Revolution, he was removed to 
another department, and returned to Boston 
to superintend the establishment of a military 
hospital in that place. He there continued in 
public service until the peace. This situation 
was favorable to the advancement of the 
anatomical studies which he had commenced 
when in college, and which he had occasion- 
ally pursued to the present time. His profi- 
ciency in this branch, together with the skill 
in surgery which he thus acquired, gained him 
a distinguished reputation, and soon raised 
him to the rank of the most eminent surgical 
practitioner in the New England States; a 
rank which he maintained for nearly forty 
years. While with the army at Philadelphia, 
Dr. Warren had frequently met, at his gener- 
al’s table, Miss Abby Collins, the daughter of 
Governor Collins, of Newport, R. I. This 
young lady was on a visit to the wife of Gen- 
eral Mifflin, and formed one of the family 
party at headquarters, at General Washing- 
ton’s table. She was a favorite protegS of the 
great commander. Before the encampment at 
this place was broken up Dr. Warren became 
engaged to Miss Collins, and soon after his 
settlement in Boston he went to Newport to 
claim his bride. During the early part of his 
married life the expenses of a family were a 
source of anxiety. They exceeded his means, 
particularly as he was, at this time, under the 
necessity of liquidating a debt incurred for his 
education. Pecuniary embarrassments, how- 
ever, could no more damp his ardor than po- 
litical adversity; and, triumphing over all 
difficulties, he led the advance guard in the 
corps of medicine and surgery. His anatom- 
ical acquirements excited the interest and 
inquiries of his friends, and he gave for their 
instruction a few private demonstrations. 
These were so well received that the Boston 
Medical Association invited him to deliver a 
regular course of lectures. Dr. Warren’s op- 
portunities for attending lectures upon any 
subject connected with his profession had been 
very few. Those whom he was now called 
upon to instruct had some of them been edu- 
cated in foreign medical schools, and had 
heard the first lectures of the age; they held 
the medical practice of Boston and its vicinity. 
Dr. Warren and his immediate contempora- 
ries in the profession, when pursuing their 
studies, had been prevented from quitting 
home by the dangers which menaced their 
country, and the importance of their services 
at home at that juncture. Before such an 
audience it was somewhat of a severe ordeal 
to present himself as an instructor. An early 
biographer, however, states “that all deficien- 
cies were supplied by talents and resolution;” 
and another writer says that he “gained much 
reputation from his accuracy in demonstrating 
and his facility in describing.” In 1780 he 
gave a course of dissections to his colleagues 
with success. To them the opportunity was so 
novel and so desirable that they seized upon 
it with zeal, and none of them ever forgot the 
impression received from his lectures. These 
lectures were delivered in the Military Hos- 
pital, which was situated in a pasture, in the 
rear of the present Massachusetts General 
Hospital, at the corner of Milton and Spring 
Streets. It is well known that, at the time 
referred to, and in truth for many years later, 
there existed a strong popular prejudice 
against dissections. On this account the lect- 
ures were conducted with great secrecy. In 
the following year they were more public, 
and the students of Harvard University 
were permitted to attend. It was this 
season, and at the place above re- 
ferred to, that Dr. Warren performed the 
operation for the removal of an arm at the 
shoulder-joint, with complete success. Already, 
by bequests previously made, there existed, at 
the university, foundations for professorships 
of anatomy and surgery. No person had as 
yet appeared whose talents and acquirements 
in these branches were such as to entitle him 
to fill these important chairs. President 
Willard perceived how much the interests of 
the university might be promoted by the talents 
of Dr. Warren. A correspondence was entered 
into, which terminated in the establishment of 
the first medical institution in New England. 
The courses were opened in 1783. Dr. Warren 
filled the chair of anatomy and surgery for 
more than thirty years. For twenty-six years 
his lectures were delivered in Cambridge with- 
out any assistance. The difficulties with which 
he successfully contended in the performance 
of these duties, arising from the circumstances 
of the times, from the public opinion in re- 
spect to dissections, and other causes, can not 
now be thoroughly understood. Add to these 
the delays and uncertainties of a tedious ferry, 
which had daily to be crossed, with the occu- 
pation and embarrassments of an extensive 
medical and surgical practice, and we may in- 
deed consider this undertaking, and its at- 
tendant labors, as almost Herculean. At times, 
in the winter, the accumulation of ice would 
render the ferry impassable. To disappoint 
his class, or take a long drive through Rox- 
bury and Brookline were the alternatives—a 
circuit of at least twenty miles. The latter was 
universally his choice—going and returning on 
the same morning by this circuitous route, 
after performing his dissections for demon- 
stration to his students, and delivering a lect- 
ure sometimes three hours in length. Soon 
after commencing these exhausting labors, Dr. 
Warren was attacked with a violent fever, 
from which he was not expected to recover, 
and more than once were his overtasked 
powers on the point of sinking under these 
accumulated duties. Becoming fully aware 
that such exertions were rapidly undermining 
his constitution, he twice unsuccessfully ten- 
dered his resignation of the professorship. His EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
525 
services as a physician were zealously rendered 
to the poor, as well as to those whose pecuniary 
circumstances enabled them to remunerate, so 
far as money can remunerate, the attentions 
of a faithful physician. With what fidelity 
these duties were performed, with what de- 
voted attentions their various calls were an- 
swered, there are many in all classes of society 
yet living to attest, by their words, still breath- 
ing the warmest affection, and by their grate- 
ful remembrance. In 1784 Dr. Warren, in 
concert with several other medical gentlemen, 
established a small-pox hospital at Point Shir- 
ley, near Boston, and in 1792 he inoculated 
more than fifteen hundred persons. At the 
time of the yellow fever epidemic in Boston, 
in 1798, he interested himself deeply in the 
study of this disease, both in its symptoms and 
treatment during life, and in the morbid ap- 
pearances presented after death. He exam- 
ined the bodies of a large number who had 
died of this disease, and at the time, when the 
belief in its contagious nature was universal, 
he answered all calls, and showed his fearless 
devotion to the welfare of his patients, by in- 
haling their breath, in order to ascertain 
whether the calomel administered had had its 
specific effect. His experience in this disease 
convinced him that it was non-contagious. At 
this period Dr. Warren again became embar- 
rassed in his pecuniary circumstances. He 
was induced to become responsibile for the 
debts of a medical gentleman, and a former 
student, who had made extensive purchases of 
lands in the State of Maine. The lands where 
held in security. The gentleman failed to re- 
deem his notes, and the property, reverting to 
Dr. Warren, was the source of large loss, of 
great annoyance and vexation, and finally in- 
volved a large portion of his property. In 
1783 he took part in the formation of the 
Massachusetts Medical Society; and in 1804, 
after having been an active member, and most 
of the time an officer in that society, he was 
appointed president, an office to which he was 
annually re-elected until his death. Between 
the society and the medical school there 
had unfortunately been some misunder- 
standing, and at times even severe col- 
lisions. From his prominent position in 
both institutions, he was enabled to create har- 
mony, and final co-operation in the further- 
ance of those great qbjects for which they had 
each been instituted. In 1810, by the efforts 
of Dr. Warren and his colleagues, the medical 
branch of the University was located in Bos- 
ton. This step has served greatly to increase 
its prosperity and usefulness. A remarkable 
advance in the state of American medical sci- 
ence dates from this period. These changes 
were observed to have originated in Boston, 
and to have spread from thence throughout the 
country. A few years previous to this event, 
Dr. Warren had been elected president to the 
Massachusetts Humane and Agricultural So- 
cieties. He was also at this time Grand Mas- 
ter of the Massachusetts Lodge of Free Ma- 
sons. In an eloquent eulogy, glowing with 
words fresh and warm from one of the noblest 
hearts and most gifted intellects of the profes- 
sion, we find the following mention of the 
amount of work performed by Dr. Warren dur- 
ing these years of incessant toil. We refer to 
an address on the subject of this memoir, de- 
livered at the request of the citizens of Bos- 
ton, by Dr. James Jackson, who, universally 
beloved and honored, was then engaged in the 
beneficent work to which his life had been de- 
voted, and exhibited a noble example of the 
true physician, the brightest star in the medical 
galaxy of New England. His words are as fol- 
lows: “From the year 1777, when Dr. Warren 
took charge of the army hospitals in this place, 
he became engaged in private practice. How ex- 
tensive this has been, almost from the first 
moment, scarcely needs to be stated in an as- 
sembly of his townsmen. Probably no man 
in America has gone through so much busi- 
ness—I will not say in the same number of 
years, but even with the longest life. Certainly, 
for thirty years, one would think he scarcely 
retained time enough at his own command for 
the common purposes of sleep and refresh- 
ment. Yet we find that during this period he 
always had time to do good in his fullest pro- 
portion, as to those concerns which are com- 
mon to all men. The interests of humanity 
were always his, and from her call he could 
never turn away his ear. We learn from the 
respectable fraternity of Masons, that he was 
among their greatest favorites; and, following 
his brother, he attained, at the age of thirty, 
to the highest distinctions which they could 
confer. In the Humane Society he was one 
of the earliest and most valuable members, 
and for many years was justly placed at their 
head. What, in short, is the institution, de- 
signed for the promotion of human happiness 
among us, in which he has not taken an active 
part ? When a useful object was proposed, who 
has not felt assured that Dr. Warren might be 
counted among those who would give his effi- 
cient support?” Dr. Warren’s mental attri- 
butes were of a high order. He may truly be 
considered a man of genius, although this was 
tempered and rendered doubly useful to man- 
kind by a most rare combination with clear, 
far-sighted judgment, keen common sense, and 
extensive general literary attainments. His 
reasoning faculties were acute and powerful. 
He was gifted with a vivid imagination, which, 
in the practice of his profession, was of great 
service, both in enabling him to arrive at a 
more true and sympathizing appreciation of 
the sufferings of his patients than could other- 
wise be attained, and also in varying and 
adapting his treatment to the peculiarities and 
exigencies of the occasion. With a thorough 
knowledge of his art, he possessed a peculiar 
tact for the accurate observation of disease, 
and in rapidly arriving at conclusions, which 
another would only prove to be sound after a 
prolonged investigation. This quickness of 
perception, and the extraordinary rapidity 
with which thoughts succeeded each other in 
his mind, bringing him almost instantaneously 
to a correct judgment, constantly excited the 
astonishment and admiration of those with 
whom he was brought in contact. The rapid- 
ity of his bodily movement was equally re- 
markable. To this physical quality may in 
part be attributed the power which he acquired 
of performing an amount of work in a short 
time, and of accomplishing in a comparatively 
short life what, under other circumstances 
would have been utterly impossible. His in- 
tellectdal activity and celerity of motion were 
manifested in all his habits of life. It was his 
custom to drive through the streets, when vis- 
iting his patients, often with his mind concen- 
trated upon some important case, and with a 
speed which frequently set the laws of gravity 526 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
at defiance, and at his own imminent risk. It 
has been related by those who have accompa- 
nied him in his gig, that, considering the dan- 
ger as always great, they have been in the 
habit of placing one foot upon the step, in 
readiness for aspring to the ground in case of 
accident. An incident may, with propriety, 
be here mentioned, at once exemplifying the 
universal respect with which his person was 
regarded by all classes of his fellow-citizens, 
and the qualities, mental and physical, above 
referred to. A military company being one 
day on parade through the streets of Boston, 
Dr. Warren was observed approaching them, 
driving with his customary speed, absorbed in 
thought, and evidently unconscious of their 
presence. At the word of their commander 
the soldiers, in true military style, opened to 
the right and left, and it was not until Dr. 
Warren had passed several of the foremost 
ranks that he realized this token of respect, 
and cordially acknowledged it with his usual 
courtesy. His experience of the toil and anx- 
ieties indissolubly connected with the medical 
profession, both in their effect on the practi- 
tioner himself and upon those connected with 
him in the family relation, and their intrench- 
ment upon those hours of domestic enjoy- 
ment, which to him were peculiarly dear, led 
him to express a decided opinion adverse to 
any of his descendants entering upon the 
same path, or forming any connection by 
which they would be liable to suffer from 
this cause, as he and his had suffered. But 
the father can not mark out his children’s des- 
tiny. His eldest son, the late Prof. J. G. 
Warren, whose career of elevated usefulness 
and distinguished professional renown has 
also terminated, early exhibited a taste for the 
studies and pursuits in which his father was 
so deeply interested. When his collegiate 
education was finished this inclination as- 
sumed a decided character. His father’s 
opposition was equally decided, and for sev- 
eral months the young man remained at home 
in comparative idleness, prevented from fol- 
lowing his natural bias by his desire to con- 
form to the paternal wishes, while at the same 
time he found it impossible to interest himself 
in any other pursuit. But it was of no avail; 
the decision of the father was forced to yield 
to the enthusiastic ardor of the son. And it 
was well that it was so. Another of his sons, 
Dr. E. Warren, of Newton, Mass., likewise 
became a medical practitioner, and two of his 
daughters were united in marriage to mem- 
bers of the same profession; the eldest to 
John Gorham, M. D., late Professor of Chem- 
istry in Harvard University, and another to 
John B. Brown, M. D., of Boston. As an 
orator Dr. Warren was gifted with peculiar 
power. His contemporaries unite in attrib- 
uting to his eloquence a charm and interest 
which fascinated and riveted the attention of 
his audience. Time passed unheeded in 
listening to his flowing speeches, and after 
three hours had thus elapsed, which length 
of time was not unusual, they heard the 
closing words with regret. One Avho knew 
the subject of this memoir intimately, and to 
whose address we have previously referred, 
thus speaks of this endowment: “Amidst the 
various incidents and characteristics of his 
life which crowd upon my mind, I have not 
yet noticed his rare eloquence as a lecturer, 
nor do I know how to do so in adequate terms. 
To those who have been accustomed to its 
charms I can not appear to do it justice. His 
voice was most harmoniously sonorous, his 
utterance distinct and full, his language per- 
spicuous and well chosen. But its more pecu- 
liar charms were derived from the animation 
of delivery, from the interest he displayed in 
the subject of his discourse, and from his 
solicitude that every auditor should be satis- 
fied both by his demonstrations and explana- 
tions.” In' a private communication to the 
writer, the same distinguished authority says: 
“His voice was fine, sonorous and mellow, 
and in the sick-room it was beautifully tender, 
expressing the kindliness of his heai’t and the 
warmth of his sympathy.” The first time 
this gentleman met Dr. Warren was in the 
chamber of a young college friend, who was 
taken ill in Cambridge, far away from his 
home; and the warmth and tenderness of his 
manner at that time made an impression 
which, after the lapse of more than sixty 
years, remained still fresh in his memory. 
Another, in referring to these traits which so 
prominently marked his character, and which 
alone can account for that deep affection which 
was felt towards him by all who knew him, and 
which is cherished for his memory in the 
hearts of those who yet survive, thus writes: 
“Nor was his fame limited to a narrow circle 
of admirers; it was extended through our State 
and country; it was known, and honorably, 
in that from which we sprang. Much may not 
be said, but it is impossible to be wholly 
silent, on his wonderful assiduity in the prac- 
tice, as well as diligence in the study of his 
profession. No call was unanswered; no hours 
or seasons were reserved. Wherever there 
was pain to be assuaged, or infirmity to be 
supported, or anguish to be relieved, there, at 
the first summons, was this ready minister of 
the healing art. The poor, who could give 
nothing but gratitude, the wretched, who scarce 
dared ask his attention, found in him a good 
Samaritan, not only binding up their wounds, 
but imparting, too, oil and wine for their com- 
fort. To all his patients the manner of his at- 
tendance enhanced the value of his skill, and 
rendered him not only a celebrated but a be- 
loved physician.” “Not diligence alone, in 
the pursuit and communication of knowledge, 
and the discharge of those duties to which he 
had peculiarly pledged himself, but ardor of 
soul in all that he thought or did, emphatically 
characterized him. Who so active in business 
as he? Who more fervent in spirit? What 
could have carried him through such a course 
of duty, especially with his slender habit of 
health’, but an eagerness which nothing could 
repress, a zeal which nothing could abate, a 
resolution which nothing could impede? His 
liberality' was not confined to professional 
services; he cheerfully gave pecuniary aid to 
those he found in want; and all enterprises of 
a public or charitable nature found in him a 
ready contributor, both of money and of time.” 
Ardent, energetic, enthusiastic, and generous 
in his temperament, Dr. Warren’s mind and 
heart were in harmony with these qualities. 
Disinterested and unselfish almost to a fault, his 
whole soul was absorbed in fulfilling his duty 
towards those who were entrusted to his care; 
leaving no possible means for their relief un- 
essayed ; elevating, ennobling, and extending 
the usefulness of the medical profession, and 
benefiting the community of which he formed EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
527 
a part. His nature was acutely sensitive, and 
his feelings keenly susceptible. He declined 
no responsibility which it seemed right he 
should assume. He exacted from himself the 
performance of duty to its utmost limit; and 
his shrinking from the fear of subsequent self- 
reproach caused him often to extend these 
limits far beyond the reality, and beyond his 
own powers of physical endurance. If an un- 
usually important or doubtful case, or one 
which especially interested his feelings, was to 
be considered, his anxiety overcame all per- 
sonal considerations, and the long hours of 
the night were passed in pacing his room, 
tasking his brain for some untried measure yet 
remaining to be employed, or by prolonged 
thought seeking to assure himself that no ex- 
pedient which science or thoughtful considera- 
tion could suggest had been neglected. Keenly 
alive to the sufferings of others, the feebleness 
of his own constitution and his own liability 
to attacks of diseases, to which he was for 
many years subject, were immediately over- 
looked when others called upon him for aid. 
It was his custom to ride much upon horse- 
back, as being the most expeditious means of 
visiting his patients, and especially when sum- 
moned in the night. His own complaints were 
most frequently relieved by an emetic, com- 
bined with the sudorific effect which usually 
accompanies their administration. He could 
not, however, even while under the influence 
of this remedy, be prevailed upon to refuse to 
bestow upon others the required attention; 
and frequently, after having retired for the 
night under these circumstances, he would rise 
and, in the severest weather, jump upon his 
horse and hasten to the bedside of the sufferer. 
It was undoubtedly such exposures, united to 
other causes already referred to, that un- 
dermined his constitution and shortened his 
life. As an almost necessary accompani- 
ment of this extreme sensibility, Dr. War- 
ren was subject, at times, to great depres- 
sion of spirits. The hopes and aspirations 
of a strong and firm religious conviction 
had, however, taken deep root in his mind. 
Faith in the supreme goodness of a superin- 
tending Providence, and in a nobler state of 
existence, cheered him in his most despond- 
ing moments. To a firm conviction of the 
truth of the Christian revelation he had ar- 
rived, as the result of personal examination. 
Referring to this subject, Dr. Thacher, in his 
Medical Biography, says: “He was a Christian 
from conviction as well as feeling. He had 
examined for himself the evidences of our re- 
ligion, and was satisfied of their conclusive- 
ness ; and the fruits of his belief were shown 
in a life spent in doing good, and in diffusing 
religious sentiments where he had influence. 
Although he visited many patients on Sunday 
morning, he devoted the rest of the day to 
religious duties, to attending on public wor- 
ship, to reading on religious subjects, and in- 
structing his family in the great truths of 
Christian doctrine. The foundations of this 
practice were laid by the instructions of an 
excellent and pious mother whom he zealously 
cherished while he lived, and deeply mourned 
on her death.” All biography is comparatively 
worthless, which, in describing the public ac- 
tions of a man, does not at the same time 
weave into the history of a sketch, minute so 
far as possible, of the distinguishing traits in his 
character in private life, one from which the 
reader may be enabled to trace, in a clear, 
well-defined, and unique form, the entire man. 
No apology, therefore, is required for having 
entered into these details. It is in such, 
chiefly, that the biography of one distinguished 
man differs from that of another in the same 
walk of life; otherwise there would be a ten- 
dency to wearisome sameness. It is a narra- 
tive of the mental and moral qualities which 
can alone respond to the interest in the 
private history of an individual which his 
public career has awakened. From the sketch 
which we have thus far endeavored to trace, 
the true characteristics of Dr. Warren, in his 
domestic relation, will be readily understood. 
The ever flowing tenderness of affection with 
which he regarded those of his own house- 
hold, and which awakened an endearing and 
peculiar strength of filial love and reverence 
in return, need find no memorial here. It 
requires no more living remembrance than 
that which it has found in the hearts and lives 
of those to whom he was thus united, and 
affords ample proof—if proof were required— 
that the career of the man of science, of one 
even the most completely absorbed in the 
active duties of life, is not inconsistent with 
the cultivation of the higher and nobler qual- 
ities; that such a life does not,.of necessity, 
exclude the growth of those finer sentiments 
of the heart upon which, more than upon all 
else, true happiness depends. In his intercourse 
with his patients, the same susceptibility was 
conspicuous, and was the means of acquiring 
their affection. “He entered readily and 
warmly into their feelings. He affected no 
interest in their troubles that was not sin- 
cere. If they were in pain he knew what 
their sufferings were, and it would have 
been abhorrent to his nature to have treated 
them with indifference. In all the anx- 
ieties of those who were connected with the suf- 
ferers, by the relations of domestic life, he 
warmly sympathized, for no one had felt them 
more deeply than he. His virtues were height- 
ened by an unaffected modesty, which the 
place he held in the estimation of his fellow- 
citizens never diminished. With the qualities 
we have described, he could not fail to possess 
that true politeness, which has its foundation 
in a benevolent heart.” The esteem in which 
he was held often caused him to be called upon 
by those whose wish it was to advance some im- 
portant political or social measure, and who 
were desirous that his influence should be 
exerted in its favor. His biographer has been 
informed by contemporaries of Dr. Warren 
that this influence was considered as almost a 
guide to public opinion. The peculiarity of 
the connection which, in those days, ex- 
isted between the beloved physician and 
the families under his charge, will account 
in part for the power he possessed, to control 
or move the public mind. His interest in po- 
litical affairs continued unabated through life, 
and when thus called upon, if the measure was 
one which met with his approbation, and one 
which he believed would advance the welfare 
of his country, or of his adopted city, he en- 
tered into it with his whole heart, and endeav- 
ored to secure its success by every means in 
his power. It was his custom, on such occa- 
sions, to acquaint himself thoroughly with the 
subject in debate, and, previous to the meet- 
ing, to write an address, in which his own 
views, with the course of reasoning which had 528 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
convinced him of their correctness, were 
clearly stated. Dr. Warren’s published writ- 
ings are not numerous. It certainly is remark- 
able, under the circumstances in which he was 
placed, that he found any time for the cultiva- 
tion of general literature. Those important 
branches of knowledge, the daily acquisition 
of which is so indispensable in the progress of 
every well-balanced mind, were, however, 
never neglected. He delivered the oration on 
the first celebration of our National Independ- 
ence, July 4,1783. This oration affords abund- 
ant proof of extensive historical reading, of 
familiarity with the political affairs of the day, 
and of a wise and thoughtful consideration of 
their influence on the present and future wel- 
fare of the country. Orations and addresses 
on various other occasions of public interest 
have been published, viz., one before the Mas- 
sachusetts Humane Society; one on the Hon. 
Thomas Russel, president of that Society, and 
an address to the Masonic Lodge of Massachu- 
setts. He likewise contributed a number of 
valuable articles for the Communications of 
the Massachusetts Medical Society; others to 
the New England Journal of Medicine and Sur- 
gery, and the Memoirs of the American Acad- 
emy of Arts and Sciences. The Boston Maga- 
zine, which was instituted in 1783, also contains 
in its pages articles from his pen, on some of 
the various miscellaneous subjects of general 
interest. A dissertation read before the Mas- 
sachusetts Medical Society, entitled “A View 
of the Mercurial Practice in Febrile Diseases,” 
contains a minute analysis of the effects of 
this remedy in the class of diseases in which 
it has been considered most efficacious. The 
results of an extensive practice, and of many 
years of careful observation, are here impar- 
tially narrated. The influence exerted by the 
remedy, as modified in many instances by the 
peculiar type of the prevailing disease, is mi- 
nutely investigated, together with the circum- 
stances in which it may be regarded as bene- 
ficial or injurious. In regard to various dis- 
eases in which calomel had previously been 
universally resorted to, Dr. Warren offers 
opinions in advance of the received authorities 
of the age, and in some instances strikingly 
coincident with those which prevail at the 
present time. Plydrocephalus, for example, is 
even yet considered by a large majority of 
English and American practitioners to be 
properly treated only by a resort to large and 
frequently repeated exhibitions of that rem- 
edy. In 1813, however, Dr. Warren wrote: 
“Calomel has for a long time been thought to 
be almost the only medicine affording any 
prospect of success. Whether it has ever 
effected a cure in real hydrocephalus internus, 
may, perhaps without imputation of skepti- 
cism, be doubted.” His pathological investi- 
gations were unwearied, and the recorded re- 
sults of these researches have afforded assist- 
ance in the diagnosis of disease at a later pe- 
riod, and their effects may often be traced in 
the established and universally received opin- 
ions of the present day. The work alluded to 
is, perhaps, the most concise and extended ex- 
amination into the influence which this power- 
ful remedy has upon many of those diseases 
with which we have most frequently to deal, 
and is a resume of the knowledge and expe- 
rience of the period, tempered and biased, of 
course, by the prevailing ideas and theories 
upon the subject to which it relates. Dr. War- 
ren’s chief, and perhaps only recreation, con- 
sisted in the indulgence, during the middle 
and latter periods of his life, of his taste for 
horticulture. His love for the country and for 
rural pursuits had always been strong, and had 
only been kept in abeyance by his more ab- 
sorbing and sterner interests and duties. At 
no period could the gratification of this refined 
taste be considered as more than a passing and 
momentary relaxation. It was his custom, 
in the afternoon of a long summer day, 
to jump into his gig, and, accompa- 
nied by one of his family, drive with 
speed to his estate on Jamaica Plain, in Rox- 
bury. There he would pass an hour, more or 
less, as circumstances would permit, in laying 
out his land, planting, trimming and grafting 
his fruit trees, and in noting their growth, and 
the development and progress of his various 
experiments and improvements. These hours 
afforded him the purest and most unmixed en- 
joyment, and they were those which his com- 
panions on such occasions recalled in after 
years as among the happiest in their lives. 
His keen delight in the beauties and wonder- 
ful provisions of nature, rendered him at 
these times peculiarly communicative and in- 
teresting in his conversation. His allotted 
time having expired, again he was in the city, 
and immersed in the anxieties and fatigues 
of professional business. Dr. Thacher, a con- 
temporary, describes Dr. Warren’s personal 
characteristics and hygienic habits in the fol- 
lowing manner: “The personal appearance 
of Dr. Warren was most prepossessing. He 
was of about middling stature and well 
formed; his deportment was agreeable; his 
manners, formed in a military school and pol- 
ished by intercourse with the officers of the 
French army, were those of an accomplished 
gentleman. An elevated forehead, black eyes, 
aquiline nose, and hair turned up from his 
forehead, gave him an air of dignity which 
became a person of his profession and char- 
acter. Temperance was as agreeable to his 
wishes as it was necessary to his health. He 
rose and breakfasted early, afterwards did 
business at home, either professional or pro- 
miscuous, for about two hours, rarely leaving 
home till nine in the morning in summer, and 
ten in winter. He dined at two, ate heartily, 
but drank no wine and usually nothing but 
water,—for wine and the stronger stimulant 
drinks were poisonous to him through life. 
The afternoon and part of the evening were 
passed, like the morning, in visiting patients, 
and the evening terminated in visiting, or in 
consultation of such works as were necessary 
to the labors of the time, or in performing the 
duties incident to his position in the many 
societies with which he had become connected 
by his active and beneficent disposition. “Dr. 
Warren made his visits very short. He wasted 
no time in conversation, but immediately ap- 
plied his mind to the case, and succeeded in 
possessing himself of it in a few minutes, in 
such a manner as perfectly to satisfy the 
patient and his friends; so that, though they 
often complained that his visits were short, 
and wished that they could have more of his 
company, they were deeply attached to him. 
This is not, however, to be attributed solely 
to their confidence in his skill, but to the 
warm and affectionate manner which with 
him was constitutional. In surgery, his pre- 
eminence was unrivaled during the greater EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
529 
part of his career. The soundness of his 
judgment saved him from erroneous conclu- 
sions in a practice more within the cognizance 
of the public than that of medicine. Although 
compelled to trust to his own resources, and 
for the most part destitute of any aid from 
consultation in this division of his duties, his 
success was uniform, so far as the nature of 
the diseases he treated would allow. Hence 
he was resorted to from all parts of New Eng- 
land for surgical advice and operation. His 
manner of operating was perfectly cool, com- 
posed and decided. Though sympathizing in 
the suffering he was called upon to inflict, he 
did not allow that sympathy to influence him, 
or to hurry one step of his operation, or to 
omit any detail which could contribute to its 
success. Before its conclusion he always sat- 
isfied himself and those about him that every- 
thing had been done that ought to be done, 
and that no relic of disease had been suffered 
to escape his vigilance. At a very early period, 
and long before it was practiced on the conti- 
nent of Europe, he introduced the healing of 
wounds by the first intention; thus shortening 
prodigiously the cure and sufferings connected 
with it. Among other difficulties he had to 
surmount was the want of an individual to 
whom he could resort for making, improving 
and repairing surgical instruments. No such 
person existed in Boston during the prin- 
cipal part of his time, and he was com- 
pelled to find a substitute in some itinerant 
razor-grinder, or in the labors of his pupils 
or his own hands.”—Thacker's Med- 
ical Biography. Dr. Warren’s collegiate 
education included a knowledge of the 
Greek, Latin, and to some extent of the 
Hebrew languages. He afterwards studied 
also the Dutch. Still later in life, being desir- 
ous of becoming acquainted with the French 
medical and anatomical works, he acquired 
that language; and thus a new field of indus- 
try and improvement was opened to himself, 
and an opportunity of transplanting to Ameri- 
can soil the results of the investigations and 
discoveries of the French literati. Dr. War- 
ren never possessed a robust constitution. 
Throughout the early and middle period of his 
life, he had been subject to frequent attacks of 
sick headache, which were accompanied by 
great depression of spirits. In his fifty-first 
year, he experienced complete relief from this 
affection. From the age of thirty he also suf- 
fered from uneasiness and pain in his chest 
and side. In 1811, while demonstrating a brain 
which had been immersed in alcohol and mu- 
riatic acid, and which he held and handled for 
a long time, in a very cold state, he was sud- 
denly seized with a paralytic affection of the 
right arm, from which he never completely 
recovered. From this time the affection of the 
chest increased in severity, and recurred with 
still greater frequency. The pain came on in 
paroxysms and generally in the night. He 
was often obliged to take considerable doses of 
opium for its relief, and at times even this 
remedy failed. He would then rise and bleed 
himself. This last resort generally mitigated 
his sufferings. During the last winter of his 
life these attacks became alarming. They 
were attended by a sensation as if of a cord 
drawn across the chest and consequent dread 
of suffocation, producing great agitation and 
distress. In February and March, 1815, he 
underwent great anxiety, exposure and fatigue. 
His friend, Governor Brooks, had been dan- 
gerously ill, and Dr. Warren had been obliged 
to visit him once and sometimes twice a day 
at Medford, five miles from Boston. About 
the same time, one evening, on returning 
home, be received a letter informing him that 
his brother at Foxhoro’, twenty-five miles dis- 
tant, bad dislocated bis shoulder, and that the 
physician of the place bad been unable to re- 
duce it. Exhausted as be was in body and 
mind, and laboring under disease, Dr. Warren 
immediately ordered a carriage and started 
for his relief. On his arrival be at once com- 
menced operations, and made several unsuc- 
cessful attempts to reduce the dislocation. He 
finally deferred further efforts until morning. 
He obtained no rest, but passed the night in 
walking the room. Before morning he again 
roused the family, and made renewed, and this 
time successful, efforts to restore the joint. 
Sinking from exhaustion, he got into his sleigh 
and returned home, and resumed his usual 
routine of visits. On the night of the 22d of 
March he had a paroxysm of dyspnea, with 
fever. Three days after he again visited some 
patients, and in the afternoon attended to busi- 
ness at home. In the night he had an alarm- 
ing attack of his complaint. From this time 
the disease increased in severity, accompanied 
by fixed pain in the right side, and laborious 
respiration, with occasional cough. The reme- 
dies made use of alleviated the most distress- 
ing and urgent symptoms, but debility and 
general derangement of the functions of all the 
organs supervened. The pulsations of the 
heart became irregular and intermittent; the 
circulation in the left arm became peculiarly 
disordered, and the functions of the brain im- 
paired. On the third day of April a distress- 
ing paroxysm of pain and dyspnea occurred, 
so severe that he requested an opening might 
be made in the side, probably under the im- 
pression that pus or water might be dis- 
charged. The pain was relieved by the appli- 
cation of hot tincture of cantharides and a 
moderate dose of opium. At seven in the 
morning of the fourth, he inquired the hour; 
then remained quiet; in a few moments he be- 
gan to breathe more slowly, and almost im- 
perceptibly expired without a struggle or a 
groan. A dissection of the body revealed ex- 
tensive disease of the aorta. The following is 
the account given of the pathological appear- 
ances : “The affection of the aorta was of that 
sort which terminates in ossification. The ex- 
tent of the morbid changes was from the orifice 
of the vessel, including the valves to as far 
down the thorax as the sixth dorsal vertebra, 
and probably much further. On the right side 
of the thorax, the lungs adhered in all the 
upper part. This adhesion was evidently of 
long standing. The lower part of the lung on 
both sides, but mostly on the right side, was 
greatly inflamed. The pleura on this part was 
high-c6lored, and was covered by a recent 
effusion of coagulable lymph. The lungs were 
heavy and very firm, not crepitating. When 
the inflamed parts were divided very few air 
bubbles issued; hut from some portions there 
was discharged much thin purulent fluid. In 
nearly one-third of the whole lungs the air- 
cells were compressed by the effusion of coag- 
ulable lymph into the cellular membrane.” 
The grief felt at the death of Dr. John War- 
ren was great and widely extended. His 
fellow-citizens united to do honor to his 530 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
memory. His remains were deposited in a 
tomb, erected for the purpose by his family, in 
the cemetery under St. Paul’s Church in Bos- 
ton, in the same sepulcher, where also were 
laid the relics of his brother, who was killed 
at Bunker Hill. A eulogy was pronounced at 
the interment by his friend and former col- 
league, Prof. James Jackson. A funeral ser- 
mon was preached at the church where the de- 
ceased had attended public worship, and the 
Hon. Josiah Bartlett delivered a funeral ora- 
tion at the request of the Grand Lodge of 
Massachusetts. 
WARREN, John Collins, of Boston, Mass., 
was born in that city August 1, 1778, and died 
there May 4, 1856. He was a son of the pre- 
ceding Dr. John Warren, and when but eight 
years of age entered the public Latin school of 
his native city. “At this period of his life, he 
is described as a boy of great sedateness, re- 
markable for his scrupulous neatness of per- 
son, and for his love of order, as shown in his 
room, his library and his clothes. He was 
also distinguished as a child for a high tone of 
moral feeling, but was cold, reserved and 
silejit even at that age. Notwithstanding this 
external coldness, however, he was naturally 
of a warm, ardent and even impetuous tem- 
perament. His disposition was affectionate, 
and his mother often mentioned the devoted 
and patient attention which he displayed in 
watching by her sick-bed, when he was nine 
years of age. He had a strong natural taste 
for music, and could easily catch a tune upon 
once hearing it. As an illustration of this, it 
may be mentioned, that though in after life 
he never indulged the taste, yet he states in 
his diary that he perfectly retains, after the 
lapse of fifty years, the air of a Greek song, 
which he learned from one of Napoleon’s 
officers, with whom he boarded in Paris.” 
Dr. Edward Warren, of Massachusetts, his 
biographer, writes as follows: “At the first 
distribution of the Franklin medals, at the 
Latin School, his name stood at the head of 
the list. He left school for Harvard College 
in 1793. He was then at the head of his class, 
and delivered a valedictory address, on the 
13th of July, in this year, in laudation of pub- 
lic school education, before the ‘venerable 
fathers of the town.’ This address, a copy of 
which is extant, partly in his handwriting, 
consists of grave advice to those who were to 
remain in the school to avail themselves to 
the utmost of the advantages which they en- 
joyed—advantages which were greater because 
shared equally between the poor and the rich, 
so that a feeling of cowardly depression was 
not cultivated in the former, or undue con- 
sciousness of superiority in the latter. Two 
of his surviving classmates, the Rev. Dr. 
Jenks, of Boston, and Judge White, of Salem, 
testify to his honorable standing in college, 
both as a scholar and a young gentleman. 
They state that he always held in view the 
rank obtained by his uncle, General Joseph 
Warren, as well as the high standing his father 
had obtained, and his ambition was continual- 
ly stimulated by these examples. He was 
graduated in 1797. It was his father’s wish 
that he should not enter a profession which he 
had found so laborious, and in many respects 
so full of care and anxiety as his own; but 
that he should adopt the more immediately 
lucrative employment of a merchant. John 
does not appear, at that time, to have had any 
decided bias for his father’s profession, and 
he spent the first year after he was graduated 
in studying the French language, as a useful 
preparation for whatever occupation he might 
adopt. The troubled state of Europe had, at 
that time, deranged mercantile affairs so seri- 
ously that, upon inquiry, it was found impos- 
sible to obtain such a situation in a counting- 
room as his father thought entirely suitable, 
and he was permitted, therefore, to indulge 
the preference which he felt for a profession. 
He commenced the study of medicine, and re- 
mained one year with his father. That his 
taste for this pursuit was not naturally very 
strong, seems to.be shown by his speaking in 
his letters of this period as a year lost in the 
‘pretended’ study of medicine. At the end of 
a year his strong desire to visit Europe, and 
avail himself of the advantages afforded by 
foreign hospitals, induced him to embark for 
London. He sailed on the 16th of June, 1799, 
two years after he had taken his Bachelor’s 
degree, and arrived in London in twenty-four 
days. His passage, though less rapid than 
those made in these days, had more objects of 
interest. Despite of "the assistance which 
France had rendered America, difficulties had 
arisen, and a war—which, by the testimony 
of even a Frenchman, Las Cases, was brought 
on by the vexatious and insolent conduct of 
the French—ensued. It was not possible, at 
that exciting period of our history, for the 
nephew of General Warren, and the son of 
one of the most ardent and unselfish patriots 
who ever lived, to behold public events with 
indifference. He had previously taken a deep 
interest in politics, and on the breaking out of 
the French war, took an active part in mili- 
tary affairs, and in the organization of com- 
panies. This interest in military matters, and 
his connection with a company, latterly as 
surgeon, continued through life. He describes 
his employments on board ship as of a warlike 
character. He and the other passengers were 
appointed to the charge of the great guns, and 
they soon became so expert in the manage- 
ment of these heavy pieces, that, he says, the 
oldest seaman could not outdo them. The 
captain inclining to prove their alacrity, once 
gave the alarm at midnight, when they were 
all buried in sound sleep. ‘ln five minutes we 
were all at our stations, and had every gun 
prepared for action.’ They had many real 
alarms, and were forced to pass many nights 
in their clothes. Friends and enemies were 
almost equally disagreeable to meet. They 
were driven within pistol-shot of the French 
coast. ‘After chasing a privateer, quarreling 
furiously with a British cruiser, and receiving 
very polite treatment from others, we landed 
at Deal, on the 10th of July.’ Having arrived 
at London, seen the wonders, delivered 
his letters, and received the consequences 
thereof, he commenced at once the at- 
tendance of the hospitals. ‘There are,’ he 
says, ‘two kinds of students in the hos- 
pitals ; the one called dressers, and the 
other walkers. The first have the advan- 
tage of practicing on all the simple surgical 
cases, and dressing all wounds themselves; the 
others merely see what is done. Of course the 
former have vastly the greatest oppoi’tunities, 
but the expenses are likewise double, as the 
walker pays twenty-five pounds, the dresser 
fifty pounds. Though I do not like to pay so 
much money for one object, I believe I shall EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
531 
enter as dresser; for, as I intend to become a 
surgeon, I think the acquiring a facility and 
standing in manual operations of the utmost 
importance.” Our American student was for- 
tunate in having opportunity to enjoy the in- 
struction of the immediate pupils of the cele- 
brated John Hunter, of Guy’s Hospital. From 
them he acquired the taste and the facility of 
making anatomical preparations, which he 
always pursued with interest, and gradually 
formed the collection which he gave to the 
Massachusetts Medical College, and which is 
designated as the Warren Museum. He en- 
gaged lodgings near the hospitals, comfortably 
situated, three stories from the earth. His 
chambers were of sufficient size to require two 
steps from one side to the other. The “mas- 
ter,” with whom he engaged was at first absent 
from London, and he availed himself of four 
weeks’ leisure, for a tour in the Isle of Wight, 
and a large part of the south of England. On 
the surgeon’s return, in August, he entered 
his name, and became senior dresser to Will- 
iam Cooper, “one of the best of men, and most 
eminent surgeons in London.” Astley Cooper 
was afterwards connected with his uncle, and 
Dr. Warren always took delight in speaking 
of him as his “master,” a word that has be- 
come nearly obsolete with us. Mr. Warren 
speaks in the highest terms of Astley, also. 
Though both were of high standing, their 
opinions, he states, were in many respects 
diametrically opposite. Thus,William Cooper 
would say that the opening of an abscess was 
effected much more kindly and safely by na- 
ture than it could be done by art. Astley 
maintained that an early incision, by relieving 
the tension of the parts, aided nature and 
saved much suffering. Here he devoted him- 
self one year especially to hospital practice, 
and to the study of anatomy, surgery, and 
midwifery. His time was fully occupied. He 
went only from his room to the hospital,where 
he was obliged to sleep during his week to at- 
tend accidents, which came in very fast. He 
had from thirty to forty patients particularly 
under his care, at once. “I had, among others, 
a very fine simple fracture of the leg, which I 
think will do well. In fact, without the least 
previous notice, I am pitched into a surgeon. 
Obliged to do things of which I never saw a 
case, nor had an idea of, and I think I do very 
well.” He writes to his mother, September 
27, 1799: “I am the luckiest dog in life. I was 
called away at the end of the last period to a 
dislocated shoulder, which I have reduced in 
very handsome style. Within three days of 
my week, I have had one fractured leg, and 
another that we thought was fractured at first; 
one fractured rib, and this dislocation, besides 
two or three trifling accidents. I have been 
exceedingly fortunate every wray, and I really 
begin to think 1 shall be famous.” In Septem- 
ber, 1800, he left London, and went by way of 
the lakes to Edinburgh, with the special view 
of studying medicine and chemistry, not, how- 
ever, losing sight of anatomy and surgery. 
He remained in Edinburgh until June 4, 1801, 
having diligently attended the lectures which 
closed for the season about this time. Travel- 
ing through Holland on account of the war, 
he reached Paris in July, and entered, with M. 
Antonie Dubois, afterwards Baron Dubois, at 
the Hospice de I’Ecole de Medecine for one 
year. Here he studied anatomy, clinical sur- 
gery, midwifery, chemistry, and botany, with 
Dubois, Vauquelin, Dupuytren, Chaussier, and 
Desfontaines. Through the aid of his banker, 
he obtained a place in the family of Dubois, a 
situation attended with very great advantages. 
In the family of Dubois were two of Napoleon’s 
officers, from whom he received much atten- 
tion and valuable information. He had laid 
the foundation of a thorough knowledge of 
chemistry in Edinburgh, by six months’ at- 
tendance upon the lectures of Dr. Hope, then 
the best chemical teacher in Europe. In Paris, 
he attended the lectures of Vauquelin, whom 
he describes as the best chemist in France, 
though certainly not the best lecturer. This 
course was two hours a day for seven or eight 
months. His attention to anatomy and sur- 
gery was, of course, never remitted. After the 
conclusion of the winter course, he attended 
the lectures at the Jardin des Plantes. Here 
were Fourcroy, whom he describes as a great 
orator; Cuvier, afterwards so distinguished, 
and Desfontaines. Shortly before he left Paris, 
he received an invitation from, or by the order 
of Napoleon, to join the French army, which 
was then organizing in Italy. It would have 
been gladly accepted, but his father was anx- 
ious for his return, to see him established in 
medical practice before his own health, which 
was feeble, should fail, and the business 
be taken by others. Dr. John C. Warren re- 
turned home in the latter part of the year of 
1802, and speedily began to aid his father in his 
practice. At that period there were compara- 
tively few physicians in Boston, and those of 
much note were of advanced age. Though well 
acquainted with the principles of the art of 
healing, he was little familiar with the details 
of private practice, or the proportioning doses 
of medicine; details which, however import- 
ant to the welfare of a novice’s first patients, 
are too apt to be left to be acquired by sup- 
posed intuition. Many cases of midwifery 
came under his charge. In the course of the 
succeeding summer he was left with the whole 
practice, medical, surgical and obstetrical. At 
this period he sometimes made fifty visits a 
day. The remarkable tact possessed by his 
father, in taking in at a glance the patient’s 
case, has been noticed by Dr. Jackson. As 
some children possess in arithmetic the re- 
markable faculty of arriving at results with- 
out apparently going through the previous 
steps, so did the elder Dr. Warren perceive, 
by an apparent intuition, the exact condi- 
tion of his patient; he rode rapidly, almost 
furiously, and made very rapid visits. From 
his father, and from his own rule adopted very 
early in life, of never wasting a moment, he 
undoubtedly acquired the power of doing a 
great deal of business in a very short time. 
His attention having, as a matter of necessity, 
been occupied with the study of the theory 
and science of medicine, he underwent many 
severe trials, both from want of his habit of 
prescribing, and from the unwillingness of 
many to confide in so young a physician. Dr. 
Warren did not adopt the recommendation of 
old Panton to Dr. Percy, in “Patronage,” to 
provide himself with a wig; he satisfied him- 
self with keeping his queue and white top 
boots for some time after they had begun to be 
abandoned by the young and fashionable. He 
was much more at home in the dissections, 
which he undertook to prepare for the lectures 
in Cambridge. This, however, interfered, he 
complains, with a more important affair which 532 
MINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
he then had on hand. In about a year after 
his return from Europe, he was married to the 
daughter of the Hon. Jonathan Mason. En- 
gaged as he was in active business, he found 
time for other pursuits. In 1803 he became a 
member of a Society for the Study of Natural 
Philosophy, of which Mr. John Lowell, John 
Quincy Adams, Rev. Dr. Kirkland, Josiah 
Quincy, Dr. Jackson, William Emerson and 
others were members. He also became a 
joint editor of the Monthly Anthology, one of 
the earliest and ablest monthly periodicals in 
Boston. The ablest literary men, among whom 
was the highly-gifted Buckminster, whose 
early death was so deeply lamented, contrib- 
uted to support this work. Rev. Mr. Gardiner, 
William Emerson, William S. Shaw, Buck- 
minster, Tuckerman, Dr. Jackson and others 
formed the Anthology Society. In 1806, the 
Society took into consideration the establish- 
ment of a reading room in the town, and 
from this small beginning arose the Boston 
Atheneum. Dr. Warren, at this time, also 
formed a private medical society, with Drs. 
Jackson, Dixwell, Coffin, Bullard and Howard. 
The earnest zeal of Dr. John AYarren for the 
extension of anatomical knowledge had intro- 
duced demonstrations upon the real body, in- 
stead of wax figures, at Cambridge. A medi- 
cal school was soon formed there in connec- 
tion with the college. It was a matter of 
novelty; and it is now difficult to conceive the 
interest and delighted attention with which a 
class of students, who were eager to improve 
in knowledge of anatomy, and whom priva- 
tion had taught the value of the privilege, 
listened during an extempore lecture, two 
hours long. Those who enjoyed the privilege 
describe the elder AYarren as very eloquent. 
In October, 1805, Dr. J. 0. AYarren removed to 
No. 2 Park street, where he continued to re- 
side for the rest of his life, a period of more 
than fifty years. During this year he took a 
room over the apothecary store of Mr. White, 
in AYashington street or Marlborough street, 
as it then was. Here he gave public demon- 
strations in anatomy. The same was used, for 
many years after, for lectures upon subjects 
connected with medicine. In 1806 he was 
chosen Adjunct Professor in Anatomy and 
Surgery with his father. This office he held 
until the death of Dr. John AVarren, in 1815, 
when he was chosen to fill his place. Dr. John 
Warren, while surgeon of a military hospital 
in Boston, in 1780, had commenced the first 
course of anatomical lectures ever delivered in 
New England; and the following year they 
were attended by the students of Harvard Col- 
lege. He furnished a plan for a medical school, 
which was adopted by the corporation. In 
1783 he was chosen Professor of Anatomy and 
Surgery, and Dr. Benjamin AYaterhouse Pro- 
fessor of the Theory and Practice of Physic. 
It being found exceedingly inconvenient to 
the professors, who resided in Boston, and the 
medical students in general, to attend the lect- 
ures in Cambridge, the plan of transferring the 
school to Boston was proposed, and carried 
through in the year 1810, though not without 
great opposition. In the year 1809 Dr. AYar- 
ren published a paper on “Organic Diseases of 
the Heart,” a subject which ihad not before re- 
ceived attention in this country. In 1810 he 
began to make exertions, in conjunction with 
Dr. Jackson and other medical gentlemen of 
Boston, for the establishment of a hospital, for 
the double purpose of relieving persons too 
destitute to be taken care of at their own 
homes, and of affording an opportunity for 
students to acquire a practical knowledge of 
medicine. The succeeding year he united with 
Drs. Jackson, Gorham, Bigelow and Chan- 
ning, in the establishment and editorship of 
the New England Journal of Medicine and Sur- 
gery. This journal was conducted with great 
ability, and continued to flourish until the year 
1828, when it was united with another, under 
the charge of the same editors, and took the 
name of the Boston Medical and Surgical Jour- 
nal. On the death of Dr. John AYarren, in 
1815, Dr. AYarren took the principal part of his 
father’s business, in addition to what he had 
previously acquired. He was chosen Professor 
of Anatomy and Surgery. He also gave lect- 
ures upon midwifery and physiology. In this 
year the Massachusetts Medical College was 
built, the funds for which had been obtained 
principally by the exertions of Dr. Jackson 
and Dr. AYarren, It was opened the succeed- 
ing year. But in addition to this unwearied 
industry, Dr. possessed that tempera- 
ment, that faculty of throwing himself into his 
subject, seeing it in the strongest light, and 
feeling it vividly as a matter of personal in- 
terest ; that faculty, in short, in which talent 
and genius consists. This gave him his power 
as a clear and able writer, and an interesting 
and successful lecturer. Seeing clearly and 
full of his subject, but using as few words as pos- 
sible, he was lucid and intelligible. By those 
who wished to depreciate his skill, but could 
not deny his success, it was sometimes said 
that he was a mere skillful operator, but 
destitute of the other qualities of a surgeon. 
They knew him only from what they saw 
in public, in the operating room. The fact 
was widely different. He did not value him- 
self upon his dexterity as an operator, at least if 
celerity is a proof of dexterity. On the occa- 
sion of a physician from a distance taking out 
his watch, when Dr. AYarren commenced an 
operation at the hospital: “You may put up 
your watch, Dr.——,” said the surgeon; “I 
do not operate by time.” That he was a skill- 
ful and dexterous operator there is abundant 
proof, but he possessed a much higher skill— 
that of distinguishing disease at a glance, and 
treating it in the most skillful manner, both 
before and after an operation, if an operation 
was necessary, and instantaneously seeing any 
change for the worse. It was said some years 
ago, by an American physician resident in 
Paris, that if he was compelled to undergo a sur- 
gical operation he would come to Boston, be- 
cause he had much more confidence in the 
after-treatment. Other Americans felt the 
same. Recognizing the truth of the maxim 
that operations are the opprobium of surgery, 
Dr. AYarren never made up his mind to per- 
form an operation until all other probable 
means of cure had been fully tried. The pa- 
tient, therefore, might always feel full confi- 
dence that he would not advise or perform an 
operation unless it was absolutely necessary. 
Having determined to operate, he prepared 
himself deliberately for it, by reflecting in his 
own mind upon the method required, writing 
a list of the contingencies that might occur in 
the course of it, and of every instrument or 
article of apparatus that might be called for. 
In important cases, he resorted to authorities, 
and often practiced the operation upon the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
533 
dead subject. Thus, every operation was with 
him a matter of study, greater or less, accord- 
ing to its importance. He took pains also to 
avoid everything which might interfere with 
the steadiness of his hand, or the delicacy of 
his manual tact, or that might produce mental 
excitement in a temperament which, though 
kept under rigid control as it was, was always 
excitable. He proceeded to the operation with 
the greatest deliberation and caution, taking 
care to assure himself of the nature of every 
part or texture before he divided it, and to as- 
certain at every step that he knew exactly 
where he was. The operation performed, he 
proceeded with equal care to the bandaging, 
which with him was also a science. Perhaps 
one of the greatest improvements which he 
adopted was in the little use made of the nee- 
dle and ligature in closing wounds. By the 
judicious use of adhesive straps and bandages, 
these were often dispensed with, and the un- 
pleasant necessity avoided of making addi- 
tional painful wounds, and leaving a foreign 
substance to increase the irritation. Thus it 
may be seen to the satisfaction of every one 
that the position which he now occupied was 
obtained and held, in the first place, by his 
diligent and earnest preparation in the study 
of his profession, and by his availing himself 
to the utmost, of the very great advantages 
which he enjoyed abroad, and secondly, by 
his continued and unremitting efforts, not only 
to keep his ground, but to improve himself and 
his science. If there were any who supposed 
that he fell easily and naturally into his fa- 
ther’s place, with little exertion of his own, or 
that he held his position without both talents 
of a high order and unwearied and exclusive 
devotion to his profession, they were utterly 
ignorant of his labors. In 1820 Dr. Warren 
joined the religious society of Episcopalians, 
which had then recently erected St. Paul’s 
Church in Boston. In this year the Massachu- 
setts General Hospital was opened. It differed 
from other institutions of this nature in the 
comparative elegance of its accommodations. 
There were not at the time great numbers that 
required its advantages. The native popula- 
tion were generally well off, and had comforta- 
ble homes. However poor, they preferred to 
be taken care of at their own homes, and felt 
a prejudice against entering a hospital. The 
accommodations, therefore, were intended to 
give to a few, in a superior style, everything 
which their comfort or well-doing demanded. 
The poor patient who entered was sure 
of receiving all the care and attention, and 
of having everything done which would pro- 
mote his cure, equally with the man of wealth. 
In 1828, the Boston Medical Journal was com- 
menced. The New England Journal, before 
mentioned, had sustained its character from 
its foundation; but the professors whose aid 
had rendered it so valuable had now become 
fully engaged in private practice, and were less 
able to contribute freely to a work of this 
character, or to take an active part in its con- 
duct. It was thought also that a weekly pub- 
lication, somewhat of the character of the 
London Lancet, would be more acceptable. A 
weekly paper, The Medical Intelligencer, had 
been in existence for some time, established 
or conducted by Dr. Coffin, and had a very 
good list of subscribers. The proprietorship 
was purchased, and the two journals were 
united; Dr. Warren taking charge of the 
editorship. He threw himself into this new 
labor with his usual energy, and exerted him- 
self heart and soul to raise the work to the 
highest point of excellence. He caused the 
surgical records at the hospital to be kept 
more fully than before; and his selections 
from these formed a most valuable part of the 
new journal. It is difficult to understand how 
he could devote the time which he did to this 
work, which might seem to afford almost suffi- 
cient occupation for one who had no other 
business. Dr. Warren was now in the zenith 
of his medical career. He had an extensive 
private practice, medical as well as surgical; 
he was the leading surgical operator in New 
England. His labors in the temperance cause 
had recently commenced. The affairs of St. 
Paul’s Church had a great share of his atten- 
tion, beside other affairs. He rose in winter 
and breakfasted by candlelight; and went out 
directly to visit his patients, until one o’clock, 
when he received patients at his house, until 
two. He devoted about ten minutes to his 
dinner; but after this meal he rested for an 
hour or more. In the latter part of the after- 
noon he visited such patients as required a 
second visit; took tea at seven; after which he 
wrote and worked upon the subjects above al- 
luded to, often until two o’clock, a. m. The 
greater part of this time was devoted to the 
Medical Journal. He prepared the hospital 
records; selected the extracts from foreign 
journals, and prepared original articles. The 
late hours which he kept at this time, doubt- 
less, did serious injury to his eyesight. A 
temperance society had been formed in Boston 
in 1813, and the elder Dr. Warren was vice- 
president. It, however, accomplished very 
little, and was in a languishing condition in 
1827, when Dr. J. C. Warren was chosen pres- 
ident. He engaged earnestly in the cause. 
He prepared a series of resolutions, which 
were heartily adopted, and produced great 
effect upon the community. It was thought, 
at the time, that men could not work without 
their regular supply of ardent spirits; and 
that their use was requisite to the health. The 
resolutions declared the contrary of this. 
Their influence was gradual; but, with the 
continued labors of Dr. Warren and the soci- 
ety, a total reform in this respect was effected. 
The sale of intoxicating liquors upon the com- 
mon on public days, which had hitherto been 
days of riot and drunkenness, was prohibited, 
in consequence of a petition to the city gov- 
ernment, headed by Dr. Warren. The next 
step was to place greater restrictions upon the 
retailing of liquors, especially of those to be 
drank on the premises; for grogshops were 
abundant in every street, and were places of 
riot and excess. In all these labors Dr. War- 
ren was a prominent mover. He worked with 
so much zeal that he was sometimes accused 
of intemperance in the temperance cause; and 
yet, he never advised extreme measures. His 
efforts were directed, at first, against the most 
prominent abuses, and against the habitual 
use of distilled liquors. The compounding of 
medicine had always received a large share of 
his attention. Dr. Warren now devoted him- 
self to the substitution of other forms of med- 
icines for the tinctures. These had always 
been freely used by both sexes. Many ladies 
thought they required their daily dose 
of ‘Tincture of bark” or “Stoughton’s elixir;” 
and men who were ashamed to resort to 634 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
brandy or rum, took these substitutes. It was 
Dr. Warren’s opinion that their use occasioned 
an imaginary necessity for their continuance, 
and led eventually to the employment of 
spirits, and this to intemperance. His efforts 
so far succeeded that, in the course of a few 
years, an eminent apothecary declared that 
whereas prior to the commencement of the so- 
ciety’s labors, his rows of bottles of tinctures 
were regularly filled every morning, they now 
were almost untouched, and hardly required 
filling once a month. Dr. Warren always paid 
great attention to the subject of diet. In his 
younger days he once recommended custard; 
and the lady, whose daughter was sick, re- 
quested directions as to the ingredients. It 
was Dr. Warren’s maxim never to appear in 
doubt. “O,” said he, “take some flour and 
eggs and milk and stir them together, and put 
in a little sugar.” The lady knew how to make 
custards, but she had wanted directions how 
to make them in this particular case. Dr. 
Warren probably was never caught in a similar 
blunder. He paid great attention to articles 
of diet and their composition ; and the skillful 
management of these, enabled him to dispense 
with a great deal of medicine. The Graham 
bread, or bread of unbolted flour, and cracked 
wheat were introduced, upon his recommenda- 
tion, as substitutes for cathartic drugs. He 
bestowed great attention also to the rendering 
medicines acceptable to the palate, and intro- 
duced many very elegant preparations. He 
was not inclined to assert that wholesome 
medicine is beneficial in precise proportion as 
it is nauseous. He acted upon the opposite 
principle, that, the less disagreeable to the 
palate, the better will be its effects. Dr. AVar- 
ren’s caution in preparing himself to perform 
an operation has already been recorded. He 
introduced many new operations, which had 
not hitherto been performed in this country. 
His father had done successfully a great num- 
ber of amputations, extirpations, and other 
operations, and had removed many cataracts; 
thus being successful in restoring sight to the 
blind, by an operation oftener done than done 
with success. He had also repeatedly per- 
formed the operation of lithotomy ; and on one 
occasion amputated at the shoulder joint, with 
complete success. Dr. J. C. AArarren first oper- 
ated for strangulated hernia, and met with great 
opposition from the friends of the patient, and 
other medical men. Subsequently he per- 
formed it so often as to do it with very little 
anxiety, and he lost very few patients. He 
introduced the operation for aneurism, and 
performed it in numerous cases, all of which 
but two were successful. In one of these two, 
the patient had delirium tremens, and fell a 
victim to his imprudence. In one case he ex- 
tirpated the clavicle. The patient did well the 
first fortnight; but some imprudence caused 
his death. He performed the operation of re- 
moving the upper and lower jaw. One case of 
this is given in the first volume of the Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal. Keeping his at- 
tention always on the alert, he introduced from 
abroad every new operation which was likely 
to be useful. He says: “I have always con- 
sidered it as my mission to introduce the as 
yet unknown science of Plurope, rather than to 
attempt originality. Still, however, I believe 
no one has been more ready to propose and 
execute new and difficult operations, required 
by peculiar cases.” In 1837 he published his 
“Surgical Observations on Tumors,” a thick 
octavo volume, with plates, giving principally 
the results of his own practice. He intended 
it, not as a complete and elaborate treatise, but 
rather as a collection of cases, intended to 
illustrate the distinctions between different 
tumors. He published this work on the eve of 
his departure for Europe, with his family. He 
sailed for Liverpool June 12, 1837, leaving his 
son, Dr. J. Mason AVarren, in charge of his 
practice. AVhile abroad he neglected no op- 
portunity in acquiring new information. He 
visited every hospital or other medical institu- 
tion in places where he stopped in journeying; 
and he states that he rarely failed to derive 
something valuable from every one he visited. 
One main object of this labor was to acquire 
knowledge to be communicated in his lectures. 
In Paris he went through a regular course of 
dissection, with a French surgeon. On his re- 
turn from Europe, Dr. AVarren resumed Ids 
usual duties, his daily visits, hospital attend- 
ance, and lectures. As his son advanced in 
experience, and in the public confidence, Dr. 
AArarren was able to devote more and more 
time to other objects of public usefulness. He 
had engaged a friend to purchase an estate in 
Brookline, six miles from Boston, during his 
absence, and he found it ready for occupancy 
in the summer after his return. He became 
an active member of the Agricultural Society, 
and interested himsef in the importation of 
foreign stock, to improve the breed of milch 
cows and cattle; also, in encouraging efforts to 
improve the breed of horses. He became an 
earnest member of the Society of Natural His- 
tory, of which he was chosen president. Com- 
parative anatomy had always been with him a 
favorite science, and from this he was led to 
the study of fossil remains. In 1845 it was his 
good fortune to obtain the most perfect skeleton 
of the mastodon which exists. His work on 
the ‘Subject—first printed for private circula- 
tion, in an elegant quarto volume—but recently 
published, must be too well known to need de- 
scription. Dr. AArarren, having given his val- 
uable museum of morbid anatomy to the Mas- 
sachusetts Medical College, soon filled his 
house with a rare collection of fossil remains. 
In 1854 he published a small work on Fossil 
Impressions; and in 1855 an interesting ac- 
count of the “Great Elm Tree on Boston Com- 
mon.” In October, 1846, the introduction of 
ether gave a new impulse to operative surgery. 
He gives this account of its first introduction: 
“The amount of what I know may be com- 
prised in a few words. Dr. Charles T. Jackson 
suggested the use of ether to Dr. Morton, and 
Dr. Alorton first employed it to prevent pain 
from the extraction of teeth, and at his request 
I first used it in a surgical opei'ation. Dr. Jack- 
son has also stated to me that he advised 
Dr. Morton to apply to me to use it in a sur- 
gical operation.” Dr. AVarren, with his usual 
circumspection, wished to pursue its use fur- 
ther, and give it a fair trial before making the 
discovery public. He was, however, antic- 
ipated. But fully convinced of its value, he 
gave it his sanction, and his well-known high 
reputation, both at home and abroad, insured 
it a fair trial. It was speedily adopted in the 
English hospitals, and Professor Simpson, of 
Edinburgh, entering warmly in its favor, made 
experiments with a view of discovering some 
other substance which might answer the ends, 
but be free from the disagi’eeableodor of ether. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
535 
This he found in chloroform, and its quick 
operation and pleasant odor and effects 
insured it rapid success. Deaths, however, 
occurred from its use, and Dr. Warren set 
himself to ascertain if something might not be 
found superior to ether, but safer than chloro- 
form. After many experiments with chloric 
ether, he adopted this preparation, and con- 
tinued to use it in his operations.” In 1848 
he published a small volume or tract on “Ether- 
ization;” and the subsequent year one upon 
the “Effects of Chloroform and Strong Chloric 
Ether as Narcotic Agents.” He strongly op- 
posed the use of chloroform. Dr. Warren 
continued to contribute frequently to the 
Boston Medical Journal and the American Jour- 
nal of Medical Sciences, and also to supply 
verbal or written communications to the Nat- 
ural History Society, the American Academy 
of Arts and Sciences, and the Medico-Chi- 
rurgical Transactions of London. Dr. War- 
ren’s first wife died in May, 1841, leaving six 
children, most of whom were married, and his 
house was left solitary. He was married again, 
October, 1843, to the daughter of Gov. Thomas 
L.Winthrop. She died December 17,1850. The 
last paper, probably, which Dr. Warren con- 
tributed to any periodical, appeared in the 
Boston Medical Journal for May, 1855. In 
the fall' and winter of this year, though his 
health for some time past had been seriously 
impaired, he still continued to practice; kept 
his usual hours for his various employments; 
visited a few patients, and even operated. He 
was now seventy-seven years of age. He de- 
voted himself more than formerly to social 
enjoyment, and seemed to delight in collect- 
ing Ids family around him on such evenings 
as his other engagements did not prevent. 
His health, however, rapidly declined during 
the last three months of his life. Dr. Jack- 
son, who has given an account of his last ill- 
ness, thought that an autopsy would be. very 
unlikely to show that the immediate cause of 
death was any local affection. He consid- 
ered that distress of mind had accelerated his 
death. The loss of his first wife had been 
deeply felt, and that of his second, when he 
was older and feebler, still more so. The ill 
health of his son in Europe also occasioned 
him great distress and anxiety. Dr. Warren 
left ample materials for an extended memoir, 
which he directed by will to be prepared for 
publication within two years after death. It 
subsequently appeared, in two octavo volumes. 
WARREN, Joseph, of Boston, was born at 
Roxbury, Mass., June 11, 1741, and died on 
the battle field of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1776. 
“He graduated at Harvard University, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., in 1759, and immediately com- 
menced the study of medicine. Having com- 
pleted the usual course, he established him- 
self as a physician at Boston, where he soon 
acquired an extensive practice, and arrived 
at the highest eminence in the profession. 
Had he been desirous of wealth, or ambitious 
only of eminence in his profession, his oppor- 
tunities were such as might have gratified his 
highest wishes.” Dr. Perkins, a is 
quoted as saying of him: “If Warren were 
not a Whig he might soon be independent and 
ride in his chariot.” But the oppressive acts 
of the English Government had excited 
an alarm, and Dr. Warren took too deep 
an interest in the affairs of his country, and 
felt too strongly the dangers that threatened it, 
to suffer himself to be engrossed by private 
business, when his exertions might be of some 
use to the public. After the passing of the 
Stamp Act, he undertook a serious examina- 
tion of the right of Parliament to tax the 
Colonies, and as time was not at his command 
during the day, his nights were spent in this 
investigation. When he had satisfied himself 
that no such right existed, he was indefatiga- 
ble in his exertions to produce the same con- 
victions in the minds of others. He devoted 
himself to the common cause with a zeal ex- 
tremely prejudicial to his private interests. 
While he was engaged in disseminating the 
great truths he had learned, his pecuniary 
affairs were neglected and became greatly de- 
ranged. Young and ardent, with a tine per- 
son, engaging manners, and a kind and gen- 
erous disposition, he enjoyed the affection and 
confidence of all classes, and was thus enabled 
to exert an influence extremely beneficial to 
the cause he had espoused. By his writings 
in the newspapers, his public speeches and 
orations, he labored to infuse his own ardor 
into the breast of his fellow-citizens. Proba- 
bly no man did more to excite and sustain the 
spirit of opposition to British tyranny for 
which Boston was so early distinguished. 
During his short but eventful life, Dr. Joseph 
Warren was appointed by his fellow-citizens 
to various high offices within their gift. He 
was elected first a delegate, and then president 
of the Provincial Congress, and chairman of 
the Committee on Public Safety. “By virtue 
of these places he united in his person the 
chief responsibility for the conduct of the 
whole civil and military affairs of the new 
commonwealth, and became a sort of popular 
dictator.” He twice delivered the annual ora- 
tion commemorative of the Boston Massacre 
of the sth of March, 1770, viz., in 1772 and 
1775. The latter was delivered at the point of 
the bayonet. It is an historical fact that some 
of General Gage’s officers had declared that 
no one should publicly refer to the event of 
which the day was commemorative, and escape 
with life. .It was on account of these threats 
of assassination that Dr. Warren, at his own 
request, was appointed orator on the occasion, 
as it is stated that there were not many equally 
willing to brave the indignation of the mili- 
tary. The pulpit in which he stood was filled 
with British officers, and the orator was obliged 
to make his entrance by a ladder at the pulpit 
window. The oration was as warm, earnest, 
powerful and stirring an invective against 
English oppression and tyranny as any which 
had ever been pronounced, and the bloody 
scene in State street, with the series of wrongs 
which had preceded, were vividly portrayed. 
While in the midst of one of the most exciting 
periods, an officer standing upon the steps lead- 
ing to the desk, being unable longer to endure 
the stinging words, drew and cocked his pistol 
and pointed it at the head of the orator. Dr. 
Warren saw the movement, and without a mo- 
ment’s hesitation in his speech, unblenched 
and unmoved, took from his desk his white 
pocket-handkerchief and quietly dropped it 
upon the upturned muzzle. The sensation 
produced among the populace below warned 
the officers of their danger and prevented the 
execution of their implied threat. At the 
battle of Lexington, the first conflict of our 
Revolution, Dr. Warren took a prominent part. 
In Mr. Alexander H. Everett’s account of the 536 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
engagement, he says: “For the vigor and de- 
termination which marked the conduct of the 
people on this occasion, it is not too much to 
say that the country is mainly indebted to the 
vigilance, activity and energy of Warren.” 
On the approach of the British, he armed him- 
self, and went out in company with General 
Heath to meet them. On this occasion he dis- 
played his usual fearlessness by exposing his 
person very freely to the fire of the enemy, 
and a bullet passed so near his head as to 
carry away one of the long, close, horizontal 
curls, which, agreeably to the fashion of the 
day, he wore above his ears. Previous to re- 
ceiving his appointment as Major-General, Dr. 
Warren had been requested to accept the office 
of Surgeon-General to the Army. But this 
office suited less with the ardor of his tempera- 
ment than to be an active participator in the 
hazards and triumphs, the adversities or suc- 
cesses of the glorious struggle. We are told, 
however, that his aid and advice were sought 
in the medical department, and .were of great 
service to them in their organization and ar- 
rangements. Dr. Warren was prepared by a 
thorough course of military study and ob- 
servation for the elevated rank to which he 
was appointed in the army. He did not live 
to see the grand object of his life achieved. 
In the official account of the battle of Bunker 
Hill by the Massachusetts Congress, his death 
is thus noticed: “Among the dead was Major- 
General Joseph Warren, a man whose memory 
will be endeared to his country and to the 
worthy in every part and age of the world, so 
long as virtue and valor shall be esteemed 
among mankind.” 
WATKINS, Thomas James, of Chicago, 111., 
was born at Steuben, Oneida county, N. Y., 
July 6,1863, of Welsh parentage. He attended 
the Steuben District School from 1868 to 1879, 
and then the Holland Patent Academy for one 
year. During the following two years he was 
a student at the Aylams Collegiate Institute for 
the fall and spring courses, and taught the 
Steuben District School in the winter. In 1883 
he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. 
D. A. Crane, of Holland Patent, and in the 
fall of the same year entered the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Michigan, where 
he attended lectures for two years, taking 
special courses in embryology and pathology, 
and spending the summers in Utica, N. Y., 
where he studied with Dr. J. H. Glass. He 
was also Resident Physician at the Utica City 
Hospital, and in charge of the City Dispen- 
sary. In the fall of 1885 he entered the third 
year class at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, and was graduated April 13, 1886. He 
obtained, by competitive examination, the first 
position at St. Peter’s Hospital, Brooklyn, 
where he served as Interne for eighteen 
months. In 1887 he competed for and ob- 
tained first position in the Woman’s Hospital 
in the State of New York, and there remained 
eighteen months as Interne. In the spring of 
1889 he removed to Chicago. His practice is 
chiefly gynecological. In the fall of 1889 he 
was appointed Assistant to the chair of Gyne- 
cology in Chicago Medical College, and In- 
structor in Gynecology at the Chicago Poly- 
clinic. A year later lie resigned his position 
at the Polyclinic and became Adjunct Profes- 
sor of Gynecology at the Chicago Post-Gradu- 
ate School, and Gynecologist of the Dispen- 
sary, St. Luke’s Hospital. He is a member of 
the Chicago Medical Society, and vice-presi- 
dent of the Chicago Gynecology Society. He 
has contributed to medical journals articles as 
follows: “Concentrated Solution of Magne- 
sium Sulphate as an Enema, With Some Points 
Relative to the Physiology of the Abdominal 
Circulation;” “After-Treatment of Laparot- 
omy;” “Laceration of the Anterior Vaginal 
Wall and Its Repair;” and has also written 
for Hare’s System of Therapeutics, the section 
entitled “Diseases of the Vulva and Vagina 
(Non-Venereal) Leucorrhea.” 
WAXHAM, Frank E., of Denver, Col., was 
born near La Porte,lnd., in 1853. A life sketch, 
by H. L. Conard, published in a recent num- 
ber of the Magazine of Western History, says; 
His ancestry is English, although his father, 
Zachariah Waxham, came to this country 
when a boy, and was raised in the United 
States. The elder Waxham was a farmer, 
and in one of the country schools of La 
Porte county his son received such educa- 
tion as he had been able to pick up until he was 
twelve years old. In 1865 Farmer Waxham 
removed to Illinois, and purchased land just 
outside of the little city of Rockford, where 
his son began attending the city schools. In 
1871 the latter graduated at the Rockford High 
School, and soon after commenced teaching 
school. After following that pursuit two years 
he went to California in 1873, and remained 
there two years. At the end of that time he 
returned to Rockford, and began the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Lucius 
Clark, of that city. In the fall of 1875 he en- 
tered the Chicago Medical College. After at- 
tending one course of lectures he found it nec- 
essary to devote another year to teaching 
school in order to obtain sufficient funds to 
enable him to complete his medical education. 
He returned to the medical college in 1877, 
and graduated in the class of 1878. The pio- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
537 
neer physicians of Chicago, broad-minded and 
public-spirited men that they were as a rule, 
while striving for professional eminence them- 
selves, were not unmindful of the fact that in 
the years to come their burdens must be 
shifted to other shoulders,and that they were in 
a measure responsible for the proper education 
and qualification of their successors. It was 
these pioneers that laid the foundations of the 
great medical educational institutions which 
have since become renowned throughout the 
country,and a few of the founders have lived to 
see those who have received their professional 
ti’aining in these schools distinguished both at 
home and abroad for their contributions to 
medical science. The immediate successors of 
the pioneers have themselves grown gray in 
the service, and the public is beginning to cast 
about among the young men of the profession 
for those who have the broadest and most 
comprehensive knowledge of the healing art. 
Critical in a sense, and at the same time quick 
to appreciate genuine talent and real skill, 
either in the treatment of diseases in general, 
or particular forms of disease, the public does 
not withhold the meed of praise from deserv- 
ing practitioners of medicine, waiting for them 
to attain a certain age. And so it happens, 
particularly in Western cities, that some of the 
younger members of the profession are among 
those best known to the general public. What 
is true of any other Western city, is true of 
Chicago in this respect. The profession has 
reason to be proud of the pioneers, satisfied 
with the attainments and general high charac- 
ter of their immediate successors, and sanguine 
as to what will be accomplished by these 
younger members of the medical fraternity, 
who have demonstrated that they have a 
genius for the practice of medicine. To this 
younger class of physicians, Dr. Frank E. 
Waxham belongs. Immediately after his 
graduation he entered a competitive examina- 
tion for the position of House Physician at 
Mercy Hospital. As a result of the examina- 
tion he I’eceived the desired appointment, and 
devoted a year to hospital practice, which 
gave him an exceedingly valuable expe- 
rience and served to more thoroughly 
qualify him for the general practice of 
his profession. After the expiration of 
his term of service as Hospital Physician, 
he opened an office in the city, and his close 
application to professional business, his evi- 
dent thorough preparation for the practice of 
medicine, and his manifest deep interest in 
the welfare of patients, soon brought to him a 
much larger clientele than usually falls to the 
lot of a young physician. At the end of three 
years of active general practice, he had ac- 
quired local distinction for his successful treat- 
ment of diphtheria and the various diseases of 
children. His professional friends were not 
slow to recognize the fact that he had given 
this branch of practice careful and intelligent 
consideration, and in 1882 he was invited to 
become a member of the Faculty of the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons as Professor 
of Diseases of Children. This position he re- 
tained until 1888, when his treatment of an- 
other class of diseases, and his skillful opera- 
tions in connection therewith, attracted wide- 
spread attention among medical men, and led 
to his being transferred to a chair in the col- 
lege dealing especially with diseases of the 
throat and nose. This chair, which is tech- 
nically known as the chair of Laryngology 
and Rhinology, he still retains, while he has 
been further complimented by being called to 
a corresponding professorship in the Chicago 
Ophthalmic College, and the Post-Graduates 
Medical School of Chicago. In the spring of 
1885 Dr. Waxham became prominently iden- 
tified with the operation of intubation, an 
operation which he has perhaps performed a 
greater number of times than any other phy- 
sician. In treating diseases of the throat 
Dr. Waxham had frequent occasion to re- 
sort to the generally approved operation 
of tracheotomy, but the results were so 
far from satisfactory he determined to 
adopt a substitute for that procedure. 
Instead of attempting to keep his patient 
alive by making an incision in the windpipe 
and inserting a tube to bi’eathe, when respira- 
tion by any other means became impossible, 
Dr. Waxham began trying the experiment of 
inserting the respiratory tube through the 
mouth and throat of the patient. It is this 
operation, generally recognized by the profes- 
sion as vastly preferable to tracheotomy, which 
has become known as intubation, and with 
which Dr. Waxham, of Chicago, and Dr. J. C. 
O’Dwyer, of New York, have been more promi- 
nently identified than any other American 
physicians. The Chicago physician has him- 
self, in something less than five years, per- 
formed the operation about three hundred 
times, and in thirty-four per. cent, of the cases 
the lives of the patients have been saved. 
When the fact is taken into consideration that 
the operation is what is always looked upon as 
the last resort for saving the life of the patient, 
the percentage of cases in which it has proved 
successful in Dr. Waxham’s practice, demon- 
strates the value of this discovery to the med- 
ical profession, and at the same time proves 
conclusively the fact that he has acquired rare 
skill in the performance of the operation. 
His contributions to the medical journals, and 
papers read before the various medical socie- 
ties and associations with which he is con- 
nected, concerning diseases of the throat and 
nose, have for several years been read and 
listened to with much interest by members of 
the profession, and all exhibit careful study 
and painstaking research. In 1888, while at- 
tending the session of the British Medical 
Society, held at Glasgow, as delegate from the 
American Medical Association, he read be- 
fore that Society a paper on ‘‘lntubation” 
and the treatment of those diseases to 
which he has given special attention, 
which was warmly commended by the dis- 
tinguished members of that organization. 
After attending the above-mentioned meeting 
of the British Medical Society, he remained 
abroad several months, spending the greater 
part of his time in London and Berlin, where 
he made use of all the advantages afforded by 
the hospitals and medical institutions of those 
cities, to add to his professional attainments. 
Since his return from Europe, five years ago, 
he has devoted himself to the treatment 
of diseases of the throat and nose, with a de- 
gree of success which has given him a national 
reputation. He has been prominently identi- 
fied with the State and local medical societies, 
and is an active member of the American Med- 
ical Association. He was a delegate to the 
International Medical Congress, which met in 
Washington, D. C., and was a member of the 538 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Executive Committee of that Congress. A 
paper, which he read before that distinguished 
body of physicians and surgeons, gathered 
from all parts of the world, bearing upon the 
important operative procedures with which his 
name has become so closely associated, was 
listened to with no less interest than the one 
on the same subject had elicited before the 
British Medical Society a few months earlier. 
Dr. Waxham is a member of the Board of 
Directors of the Oakwood Springs Sanitarium 
of Lake Geneva, a member of the Laboratory 
of Experimental Research, of Chicago, and 
Surgeon-in-Chief of the Throat and Nose De- 
partment of the West Side Free Dispensary, 
and also a member of the Directory of Chi- 
cago Charitable Hospital. Since he became a 
member of the medical profession, Dr. AVax- 
ham has made it a point to give his whole time 
and attention to that avocation, and the suc- 
cess which he has achieved, somewhat remark- 
able, when the fact that he has not yet reached 
middle life is taken into consideration, is 
largely due to exceptionally studious habits 
and untiring industry. In 1893, and since 
writing this sketch, Dr. Waxham was elected 
Professor of Laryngology and Clinical Medicine 
in the Gross Medical College, Denver, Colorado. 
WEBER, Samuel L., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born in Kaschan, Hungary, August 1,1861. His 
parents emigrated to this country when he was 
yet a child. He received his elementary and 
high-school education in Chicago. After 
being in business six years he entered the 
University of Chicago. Soon this university 
went out of existence, and the subject of this 
sketch went to Harvard University. Here he 
devoted himself mainly to biology, chemistry 
and physics. He left Harvard before gradu- 
ating, and began the study of medicine. He 
took his first year at Rush Medical College, of 
Chicago, and the second and third year at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New 
York City. He graduated from the latter 
school in May, 1888, being an honor and prize 
man in his class. He entered immediately as 
interne in the surgical service of Mount Sinai 
Hospital, of New York City, in which he 
served two and one-half years,—two terms as 
house-surgeon. Such was the confidence of 
the surgical and gynecological visiting surgeons 
and gynecologists in him that they allowed 
him to do over five hundred major operations 
during his two terms as house-surgeon. Dur- 
ing the second of these terms he very fre- 
quently gave the regular clinics in place of 
Professors AYyeth, Munde, and Fluhrer. He 
resigned from Mount Sinai Hospital, and went 
to Europe for further study. Abroad he 
served as voluntiir arzt at the Konigliche Frau- 
enklinik in Dresden; also took surgical, gyne- 
cological and pathological work in Berlin 
and Vienna. He began private practice in 
Chicago in the fall of 1891. He gives courses 
of lectures on surgery at the Post-Graduate 
Medical School; is attending surgeon to the 
out patient department of Michael Reese Hos- 
pital, and lecturer on materia medica and 
therapeutics at Rush Medical College. He 
has contributed, frequently, papers on sm-gi- 
cal and gynecological subjects to the journals. 
WEED, Theodore Arthur, of Cleveland, 
Ohio, son of John H. and Jane (Jones) Weed, 
was born at Cleveland, Ohio, on December 27, 
1855, and received his literary education in 
the public schools of that city. In 1873, 
when 17 years of age, he began the study of 
medicine in the Medical Department of the 
University of Wooster, located at Cleveland, 
and soon after entered the office of Prof. G. 0. 
E. Weber, as a private student. In the early 
spring of 1876 he was appointed assistant 
home physician at Charity Hospital, and in 
February, 1877, he graduated from the Medical 
Department of the University of AVooster, 
and began the practice of medicine. One 
year later he went abroad to perfect himself 
especially in the study of diseases of the inter- 
nal organs. He located in London, England, 
where he held appointments as clinical clerk, 
surgical dresser and substitute house-surgeon 
in the London Hospital, during which he had 
unusual advantages in the study of diseases of 
the stomach, liver and kidneys. On Decem- 
ber 19, 1878, he graduated from the Royal So- 
ciety of Apothecaries of London, which is the 
'dsu. 
oldest examining body for physicians in Great 
Britain, having been chartered by King 
George 111. In the spring of 1879 Dr. Weed 
was appointed a member of the house staff of 
the City of London Hospital for Diseases of 
the Heart and Lungs, resigning ten months 
later to accept an appointment as member of 
house staff of the East London Hospital for 
Children. After six months’ service he re- 
signed in order to follow the study of diseases 
of the liver and stomach, under Dr. Murchi- 
son, at St. Thomas Hospital. Early in 1880 he 
went to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in February 
he passed the necessary examinations and 
obtained diplomas from both the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons and Royal College of Physi- 
cians, the latter also conferring on him a 
special degree of obstetrics. He returned to 
London, and passed the examination for and 
obtained the diploma of the Royal College of 
Physicians of London. While in hospital EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
539 
work Dr. Weed enjoyed the advantage of the 
strong personal friendship of the late eminent 
writer and clinician, Dr. J. Milner Fothergill, 
to whom he was indebted for much practical 
knowledge in diseases of the heart and lungs. 
Later in the year, 1880, he returned to his 
native city, and again began the practice of 
his profession. In the early part of 1882 he 
was appointed Professor of Diseases of the 
Heart and Lungs and Physical Diagnosis in the 
Medical Department of the University of 
Wooster, which he resigned in June, 1885, 
being at that time appointed one of the United 
States Examining Surgeons for pensioners. On 
August 25, 1884, he was married to Miss Tasia 
Farnan, of Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Weed is 
consulting physician to both St. Alexis’ and 
St. John’s Hospitals, and is a member of the 
Ohio State Medical Society. The special train- 
ing he received while abroad laid the founda- 
tion for the wide reputation which he now 
enjoys in the treatment of internal diseases. 
WEEKS, Stephen Holmes, of Portland, Me., 
son of John and Mehitable (Holmes) Weeks, 
was born in Cornish, York county, Maine, Octo- 
ber 6, 1835. His ancestors came from Somer- 
and Vienna. In 1890 he again visited Berlin as a 
delegate to the Tenth International Medical 
Congress. For twenty years he has been Sur- 
geon to the Maine General Hospital. He is a 
member of the Maine Medical Association; 
was appointed Orator in 1885; the subject of 
the annual oration was “How to Promote the 
Advancement of Medical Education;” and in 
1888 was elected its president. Among the 
more important contributions to that society 
were papers on “Hip-Joint Disease;” “Intes- 
tinal Obstruction;” “Penetrating Wounds of 
the Abdomen,” and “Tracheotomy in Diph- 
theria.” He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, and was a delegate to 
the Ninth International Medical Congress 
held in Washington, D. C., 1887. At this 
meeting he presented a paper on “Pregnancy 
Complicated by Uterine Fibroids.” He is a 
Fellow of the American Surgical Association. 
At the time of his admission to this society he 
presented a paper on the subject of “Drainage 
and Drainage Tubes in their Application to 
the Treatment of Wounds.” He was the first 
surgeon to prepare drainage tubes from arter- 
ies. Some of these artery drainage tubes may 
be found in the Army Medical Museum in 
Washington, D. C. He also presented these 
tubes to the surgical section of the Tenth In- 
ternational Medical Congress at Berlin in 1890. 
In 1877 he was appointed Professor of Anat- 
omy in the Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin 
College, which chair he held until 1881. Upon 
the death of Prof. William Warren Greene he 
was transferred to the chair of Surgery, which 
position he still holds, 1893. His surgical 
work has extended over a period of twenty 
years, and has covered the entire field of opera- 
tive surgery. 
WEIR, Robert Fulton, of New York, was 
born in that city, February 16, 1838, and was 
the son of James and Mary Anne (Shapter) 
Weir. He was educated at the New York Free 
Academy (now the College of the City of New 
York), and received the degree of A. B. in 
1854, and A. M. 1857. His medical education 
was pursued at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, from which he graduated 
in 1859, and of which he was also prize medal- 
ist the same year. He settled in New York 
City, turning his attention especially to surgery 
and to genito-urinary diseases. During the 
war he held the position of Assistant Surgeon 
Twelfth Regiment New York State Militia 
(April to August,lß6l) ; Assistant Surgeon Unit- 
ed States Army, from August, 1861, to March, 
1865, and was in charge of the United States 
Army General Hospital, Frederick, Md., from 
1862 to 1865. He married, October 8, 1863, 
Maria Washington, daughter of Robert G. 
McPherson, Esq., of Virginia. She is a lineal 
descendant of Samuel Washington, eldest 
brother of President George Washington. He 
is a member of the New York County Medical 
Society; of the New York Pathological Society, 
of which he was vice-president in 1876; of the 
New York Medical and Surgical Society, acting 
as secretary of this for the same year; was 
president of the Laryngological Society of that 
city in 1875, and vice-president of the New 
York Medical Journal Association. He has 
contributed largely to medical literature. From 
1868 to 1875 he was Aural Surgeon of the New 
York Eye and Ear Infirmary; from 1866 to 
1870, Physician to the Nursery and Child’s 
Hospital, New York; Surgeon to St. Luke’s 
■ 
set county, England. He married, March, 
1864, Mary A., daughter of Rev. Paul C. Rich- 
mond, of Fryeburg, Me. He was educated at 
Fryeburg Academy, and received the honorary 
degree of A. M. from Bowdoin College in 1889. 
He studied medicine at the Portland School 
for Medical Instruction; attended lectures at 
the Medical School of Maine (Bowdoin Col- 
lege), and at the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, receiving his de- 
gree of M. D. from the latter institution in 
March, 1864. Upon graduating he established 
himself in Portland, Me., where he has since 
remained. In 1880 he spent ten months in 
Europe visiting hospitals and medical schools, 
mainly in Edinburgh, London, Paris, Berlin 540 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Hospital from 1865 to 1875; Surgeon to Roose- 
velt Hospital in 1871; to the New York Hos- 
pital in 1876; Professor of Surgery in Woman’s 
Medical College from 1868 to 1870, and in 1874 
he was chosen Lecturer at the College of Phy- 
sicians on Genito-Urinary Diseases. 
WELCH, William Henry, of Baltimore, Md., 
was born in Norfolk, Conn, April 8, 1850. 
His grandfather, father and four uncles were 
physicians in the northwestern part of Con- 
necticut and the adjacent part of Massachu- 
setts. He was graduated as A. B. at Yale Col- 
lege, in 1870, and in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1875. 
He spent a year and a half as Interne in Belle- 
vue Hospital, New York, and subsequently 
two years and a half in foreign universities, 
including Strasburg, Leipsic, Berlin, Breslau, 
Vienna, Munich and Gottingen, his time be- 
ing devoted chiefly to the study of pathology 
and bacteriology. He was demonstrator of 
anatomy and professor of pathological anat- 
omy in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York, from 1879 to 1883, and since 1884 
has been Professor of Pathology in the Johns 
Hopkins University, Baltimore, and has been 
pathologist to the Johns Hopkins Hospital 
since it was opened. He is Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine; Associate Fellow 
of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, and 
member of the Association of American Phy- 
sicians. In 1891-2 he was president of the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. 
His principal contributions to medical litera- 
ture are: “Zur Pathologie des Lungenodems;” 
The General Pathological and Pathological 
Anatomical parts of Flint’s Practice of Med- 
icine, fifth and sixth editions; “Articles on 
Organic Diseases of the Stomach in Pepper’s 
System of Medicine by American Authors,” 
(Yol. II) ; “Zur Histiophysik der Roten Blut- 
korperchen,” (with Meltzer) ; “An Experi- 
mental Study of Glomerulo-Nephritis;” “Hem- 
orrhagic Infarction ;” “The Cartwright Lectures 
on the General Pathology of Fever;” “The 
Structure of White Thrombi;” “Modes of Infec- 
tion;” “Considerations Concerning some Ex- 
ternal Sources of Infection;” “Hydrophobia;” 
“Conditions Underlying the Infection of 
Wounds;” “Some Considerations Concerning 
Antiseptic Surgery;” “Pathology in its Rela- 
tions to General Biology;” “Rudolf Virchow, 
Pathologist;” “Some of the Advantages of the 
Union of Medical School and University;” 
“Hog Cholera;” “Etiology of Diphtheria 
(with Abbott) ;” “Histological Lesions of Ex- 
perimental Diphtheria (with Abbott) ;” “The 
Micrococcus Lanceolatus;” “Sanitation in Re- 
lation to the Poor;” “A Gas-producing Bacil- 
lus (Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus), capable of 
rapid development in the blood-vessels after 
death (with Nuttall);” “Bacterium Coli Com- 
mune.” 
WELLS, Charles Leonard, of Minneapolis, 
Minn., was born in Onondaga county, New 
York, October 13, 1842. He is directly de- 
scended from Sir Thomas Wells, one of the 
Colonial Governors of Connecticut. His aca- 
demical studies were commenced at the Man- 
lins Academy, and finished at the Seneca Falls 
Academy, N. Y., in 1861. He entered Hobart 
College in 1861, and received his degree of A. 
B. in 1865. During his college course he was 
awarded the Second Sophomore Prize for 
declamation and the First Junior Rhetorical 
Prize. Some years later the degree of A. M. 
was conferred upon him by his Alma Mater. 
In the fall of 1865 he was appointed teacher of 
Latin and Greek in Burlington College, New 
Jersey. At the close of the college year he 
resigned this position and entered the office of 
Prof. H. N. Eastman as a medical student, 
and took his first course of medical lectures, 
at the Geneva Medical College. Upon the 
completion of this course of lectures he was 
appointed head teacher in the Geneva High 
School, which position he held until Novem- 
ber, 1868, having charge of all the Latin and 
Greek, and part of the mathematics. During 
this period, in addition to the arduous school 
duties, he continued his medical studies, 
and graduated in 1869 at the Geneva Medi- 
cal College. Soon after his graduation he was 
appointed Second Assistant Physician to the 
Willard Asylum for Insane, and a year later 
was promoted to the First Assistancy. This 
position he held until December, 1873, when 
lie resigned for the purpose of engaging in 
private practice. The winter of 1874-75 was 
given to studies in the hospitals and dispen- 
saries of New York. During the whole 
period of his academic, college and medical 
studies the expenses incurred were defrayed 
by his own earnings. In September, 1875, Dr. 
Wells removed to Minneapolis, where he has 
been engaged in the practice of medicine up 
to the present time. At the opening of the 
Minnesota College Hospital he was appointed 
Professor of Diseases of Children, which posi- 
tion he now holds in the University of Minne- 
sota. Dr. Wells is a member of the Minne- 
sota Academy of Medicine; the Hennepin 
County and State Medical Societies; has con- 
tributed a number of papers to each organiza- 
ization; has held all the offices in the Henne- 
pin County Medical Society; and in October, 
1892, was elected president of the Minnesota 
Academy of Medicine. He now holds the 
position of Attending Physician to Asbury 
Hospital, Home for Children and Aged 
Women, and Consulting Physician to North- 
western Hospital for Women. 
WESCOTT, Cassius Douglas, of Chicago, 
111., was born May 25, 1861, in the little 
town of Salisbury Center, Herkimer county, 
State of New York. He is of English and 
Scotch descent, his mother being a lineal 
descendant of Sir Andrew Murray of Scot- 
land. His father was a physician, and prac- 
ticed medicine in New York State until the 
subject of this sketch was seven years of 
age, at which time he moved west, locating in 
Chicago. Young Wescott entered the Old 
Central Higli School at the age of fifteen, 
taking the scientific course, but was unable to 
finish the third year on account of poor 
health. When nineteen years of age he en- 
tered Rush Medical College as a faculty stu- 
dent, and graduated in the spring of 1883. 
Dr. Wescott was immediately appointed dem- 
onstrator of chemistry under Professor Walter 
S. Haines, and held that position for a year, 
during which time he practiced with his father. 
In the spring of 1884 he obtained an appoint- 
ment as assistant physician at the Illinois 
Eastern Hospital for the Insane, at Kankakee, 
111., under Dr. Richard Dewey, serving a little 
over two years. He then returned to Chicago, 
where he has been in general practice since. 
He took a post-graduate course in diseases of 
the eye, at the Chicago Polyclinic, in 1886. 
In the spring of 1887 he was appointed assist- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
541 
ant surgeon in the ear department of the 
Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, but 
resigned the position in order to take charge 
of the eye and ear clinic at the Central Free 
Dispensary, connected with the Rush Medical 
College. In the spring of 1888 he was ap- 
pointed lecturer of anatomy in Rush Medical 
College, but gave up the chair at the end of 
one year because of failing health. In 1891 
he was appointed occulist and aurist to the 
Cook County Hospital, and has been re-ap- 
pointed to the same position this year. Dr. 
Wescott is a member of the American Medical 
Association, the Chicago Medical Society, the 
Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago 
Academy of Medicine, the Chicago Medico- 
Legal Society, the Chicago Ophthalmological 
Society, the "Practitioners’ Club, and is presi- 
dent of the Chicago Pathological Society. 
His practice is not limited to diseases of the 
eye, and should his health continue as good as 
at present, he hopes to continue in general 
practice as long as possible. He has fre- 
quently contributed clinical reports to the local 
societies and medical journals. 
WEST, Hamilton Atcheson, of Galveston, 
Tex., was born March 30, 1849, at Russell’s 
Cave, Fayette county, Ky., and is of Scotch- 
Irish ancestry. He was graduated in medicine 
from the Medical Department University of 
Louisville, Ky., 1872, taking highest honor in a 
graduating class of ninety-eight. In April of 
the same year he was elected by competitive 
examination one of the House-Surgeons of the 
Louisville City Hospital. He moved to Texas 
in 1873, and was elected in the autumn of that 
year Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics in the Texas Medical College. He was 
appointed House-Surgeon of the Galveston 
City Hospital, in the spring of 1874, and was 
re-appointed to the same position in 1877. At 
the reorganizatian of the Texas Medical Col- 
lege, in 1888, he was elected Professor of 
Theory and Practice of Medicine. He was 
elected Fellow of the American Association of 
Gynecologists and Obstetricians in 1889, and was 
elected Secretary of the State Medical Associa- 
tion of Texas, in April, 1891, and in June of 
the same year he was elected to the chair of 
Theory and Practice of Medicine and Clinical 
Medicine in the School of Medicine, University 
of Texas, the position he now holds. 
WEST, William Beverley, of Fort Worth, 
Texas., was born at Westland, Louisa county, 
Ya., January 30, 1860. His parents were 
Francis Thornton West and Addie Childs, 
daughter of Susan Randolph West and Fendol 
Childs. His ancestors were among the earlier 
settlers of Virginia. His family are descend- 
ants of Thomas West, Lord Delaware, Gover- 
nor of Virginia. He was educated at Hawk- 
wood, a private school in his county, and 
Randolph Macon College, Virginia. He stud- 
ied medicine at the Medical College of Virginia, 
and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
Baltimore, Md., from which he received his 
diploma in 1884, Before graduating he read 
medicine under Hunter McGuire, M. D., 
LL. D., Richmond, Va. He was House-Surgeon 
in Dr. McGuire’s private hospital, St. Luke’s 
Home for the Sick, two years. From there 
he moved to his native county and practiced 
at Apple Grove, Va., for eighteen months. 
He removed from there to Frankfort, Ky., 
where he had charge of the medical depart- 
ment of Messrs. Mason, Gooch, Hoge & Co., 
the largest railroad contractors in the South. 
In that position he had a large held for sur- 
gery, for which he had early shown great 
talent, while under the instructions of his 
illustrious teacher, Hunter McGuire. Here he 
soon made a large reputation as a cool-headed 
operator; and his opinion was much sought in 
cases of surgery. In the spring of 1889 he 
moved to Fort Worth, Tex.; in the following 
year he was elected City Physician and Health 
Officer over nine other competing physicians, 
which office he held for two terms. This office 
placed him in the position to be able to bring 
himself before the profession, and in a very 
short time he had gained the reputation of one 
of the brightest young surgeons in Texas. He 
' N 
has never written much, contributing occa- 
sionally to local medical journals, such as re- 
port of cases, etc. His large and laborious 
practice leaves him but little time for writing. 
He has performed gastrotomy twice in the past 
year for foreign body, with one recovery. In 
his laparotomy cases he has had wonderful 
success. He is Surgeon for Houston & Texas 
Central railroad, and examiner for twelve life 
insurance companies. He is a member of Na- 
tional Association of Railway Surgeons; also 
Virginia Medical Society; active member 
Texas State Medical Association, and has 
served on some of its most important commit- 
tees. His career has been a remarkable one, 
and his success such as rarely falls to the lot 
of the most deserving and most energetic. 
WHELPLEY, Henry Milton, of St. Louis, 
Mo., was born at Battle Creek, Mich., May 24, 
1861. His father is a physician and his mother 
of a literary family. Both parents are of 
English descent. His education was received 
in Michigan and Illinois High Schools. After 542 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
serving a pharmacy apprenticeship in these 
States he entered the St. Louis College of 
Pharmacy, October 10, 1881. He stood at the 
head of the junior class in examinations and 
made the best general average in the senior 
class the following year, for which he was 
awarded the alumni gold medal. Having con- 
tributed regularly to newspapers, he naturally 
became a writer for the pharmaceutical press, 
and took charge of the scientific department 
of the National Druggist (then St. Louis Drug- 
gist) early in 1884. ' The next year he became 
editor-in-chief of the journal, and continued 
until the close of 1887. Dr. Whelpley next 
took charge of the Meyer Brothers Druggist, and 
has continued this work ever since. He is 
also on the editorial staff of the Medical Fort- 
nightly, and a frequent contributor to medical 
and pharmaceutical literature of the day. Dr. 
Whelpley studied medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of Prof. Justin Steer; commenced 
a three-years’ course at the Missouri Medical 
College in 1887, and graduated in 189(1, with 
very high honors, in a class of 113. This was 
accomplished in face of having continued all 
his other duties as editor and teacher while at 
medical college. The Doctor began teaching 
private classes while a schoolboy, and has con- 
tinued to give instructions ever since. At the 
present time he is Professor of Microscopy, 
Director of the Microscopical Laboratory and 
Quiz-master of Pharmacology in the St. Louis 
College of Pharmacy, Professor of Physiology 
and Histology, Director of the Histological 
Laboratory and secretary of the Faculty of the 
Missouri Medical College, Professor of Micros- 
copy and secretary of the Faculty of the 
St. Louis Post-Graduate School of Medicine. 
He is a member of and fills important 
offices in local, State and national pharma- 
ceutical, medical and microscopical societies. 
The Doctor is also honorary member of several 
State pharmaceutical associations, among them 
Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas and Arkan- 
sas. Dr. Whelpley has practiced in St. Louis 
ever since graduation, and confined his work 
to office patients. He is a close student, and 
continues to attend clinics at the colleges with 
which he is connected. Dr. Whelpley finds 
time for collateral science, and often gives 
public lectures on popular subjects. These are 
always free and for the good of education. 
WHITE, Frank Sprague, of Austin, Tex., 
was born in Wise county, Tex., May 22, 1859. 
He is the son of J. D. White, of Illinois, and 
Permelia Preston, a native of Kentucky. He 
received his literary education in the common 
schools of the country; began the study of 
medicine in 1880, under Dr. W. L. Carpenter, 
of Decatur, and, after attending two courses of 
lectures at the Central College of Physicans 
and Surgeons, Indianapolis, Ind., he graduated 
in 1884. He was awarded the Faculty prize 
for the highest general average in all branches. 
Dr. White located in Decatur, in March, 1884, 
and in July, 1885, received the appointment of 
Assistant Physician at the North Texas Hos- 
pital for the Insane. He filled this position 
until January, 1891, when, upon the death of 
Dr. W. W. Reeves, he was appointed by Gov- 
ernor Hogg, Superintendent of the State Lu- 
natic Asylum, at Austin, Tex., and in Feb- 
ruary, 1893, he was re-appointed by the gover- 
nor to the same position, which he now holds. 
Dr. White married Miss Willie F. Daniel, a 
niece of Governor Ireland, February 10, 1887, 
and they have one son. Dr. White is a mem- 
ber of the Association of Medical Superin- 
tendents of American Institutions for the 
Insane, the State Medical Association, the 
Terrell Medical Society, and the Austin Dis- 
trict Medical Society. He has contributed 
several valuable papers on his specialty to 
medical literature. 
WHITE, James Platt, of Buffalo, N. Y., was 
born in Austerlitz, Columbia county, N. Y., 
March 14, 1811; died September 28,1881. His 
father and grandfather served as soldiers in 
the early war with Great Britain, the former 
in the War of 1812, and the latter in the Revo- 
lutionary struggle. Through them he was a 
descendant of Peregrine White, the first male 
born in the Mayflower colony. He pursued 
his classical studies under the Rev. John 0. 
Lord, and at Middlebury Academy; attended 
lectures at Fairfield Medical College from 1831 
to 1833, and at the Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, graduating from the latter in 
March, 1834. Previous to his graduation, in 
1832 and 1833, he had attended a number of 
patients during the cholera seasons in those 
years at Black Rock, but commenced profes- 
sional practice immediately after graduating 
in 1834, in Buffalo. In 1846, assisted by Drs. 
Austin Flint and Frank H. Hamilton, he pro- 
cured a charter for the University of Buffalo, 
and organized a medical department therein. 
While his success as a general practitioner was 
very great, he made obstetrics and the diseases 
of women his leading practice, and was the 
first in his State and one of the first in this 
country (1850) to teach midwifery clinically, a 
movement which at first met with great oppo- 
sition, but from its intrinsic value and his de- 
termination he carried through to success. 
During the winter of 1870-71, by invitation of 
the faculty, he delivered the lectures in his de- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
543 
partraent at the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, for Prof. George T. Elliott (at his own 
expense, giving all the fees to his sick fellow- 
professor) which the faculty resolved “were 
characterized by great learning, the practical 
knowledge derived from large experience, 
zealous exertions to render his instructions as 
useful as possible, and an efficiency showing 
peculiar ability and qualifications as a public 
teacher.” In 1856 he reduced an inversion of 
the uterus of eight days, and in 1858 reduced a 
chronic inversion of six months, and was the 
pioneer in taking the ground that chronic in- 
version can always be reduced. He had alto- 
gether reduced twelve cases and performed 
more than one hundred operations for ovariot- 
omy, being successful in seven cases in ten. 
He was a member of the American Medical 
Association, its first vice-president in 1877; of 
the New York State Medical Society, its presi- 
dent in 1870; honorary corresponding member 
of the New York Academy of Medicine, and 
honorary member of the Rhode Island State 
Medical Society; was twice president of the 
Erie County Medical Society, and the Buffalo 
Medical Association; and was one of the vice- 
presidents of the International Medical Con- 
gress, held in Philadelphia in 1876. His con- 
tributions to medical literature are on various 
subjects, and have appeared in the Buf- 
falo Medical Journal during the last thirty 
years. Besides these he contributed numer- 
ous papers to the Proceedings of the State 
Medical Society, and in July, 1858, published 
a full account of chronic inversion of the uterus, 
with plates, in the American Journal of Medical 
Sciences. He was the author of the articles 
on “Pregnancy,” in Beck’s Medical Jurispru- 
dence, edited by the late Professor Gilman, 
and of the “Life of Dr. Samuel Bard,” in the 
American Medical Biography, edited by Prof. 
Gross. During the war he visited Memphis 
and inspected the hospitals there, and after 
the battle of Seven Oaks, went to the Penin- 
sula, to assist in caring for the sick and 
wounded. In neither of these visits was he 
in an official capacity, his expenses being borne 
by himself. He was a prominent member of 
the Episcopal Church, and was chiefly instru- 
mental in organizing St. John’s Parish, Buffa- 
lo, and in procuring funds for the erection of 
its church. He also rendered valuable aid in 
establishing the Protestant Episcopal Church 
of the city of Buffalo. He was married to 
Mary Elizabeth Penfield, in 1854. Their union 
was in all respects a happy one. Soon after 
his marriage he met with an accident that left 
its mark upon him through all his after life. 
In traveling in a stage coach over a rough 
road, his head was jolted upward against the 
top of the coach with such force as to fracture 
the atlas. By some good fortune there was no 
displacement of the fractured portion of the 
bone. He was, however, obliged to keep his 
bed for a long time. He recovered, with per- 
manent loss of the power of rotation of the 
head upon the neck. “It has been the general 
rule that speedy progress at the beginning of 
the practice of medicine is premature, and 
not likely to lead to permanent success, but 
Dr. White’s career as a practitioner was an 
exception to this. He not only speedily ac- 
quired an extensive practice and outstripped 
his competitors of equal age, but his seniors as 
well. For more than forty years his practice 
was only limited by his power of endurance 
and his willingness to work. His physical ca- 
pability, energy, promptness and self-confi- 
dence were remarkable, and these qualities, 
added to his real ability as a practitioner, se- 
cured and maintained for him a degree of 
success to which but few attain. He re- 
solved at the outset to succeed, and with 
him, to resolve was to persevere and 
to spare no efforts to accomplish this result. 
That Dr. White stood at the head of his pro- 
fession was understood, not only by the public, 
but was conceded by his fellow-physicians, 
who delighted to do him honor and took pride 
in his fame. There was much in his life 
that could be profitably commented on at 
length, but only the salient points in his char- 
acter and record can be presented in this con- 
nection. An ample sketch of his life would 
be a history of the medical profession in Buf- 
falo for the last half century—nay, almost a 
history of the city itself, for there have been 
but few important public questions or enter- 
prises since the corporation was established 
in which he did not become more or less inter- 
ested. Soon after he established himself in 
Buffalo, he began to leave his impress upon the 
life around him. The foundation of the med- 
ical school of that city was very largely due to 
his exertions. It was necessary to overcome 
opposition from some of the older and most 
influential members of the medical profession. 
At that time the school at Geneva, N. Y., had 
large classes and an able faculty. Most of the 
members of the faculty were led to accept ap- 
pointments in the Buffalo school, in view of 
its geographical and clinical advantages. 
Public interest was aroused sufficiently to ob- 
tain the funds needed for a substantial build- 
ing. The continued prosperity of the school 
has not only been a source of proper pride to 
the city in which it is located, but the institu- 
tion has become a grand monument to the 
men who created it. Dr. White was the Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, in which 
relation he continued until his death. As a 
teacher he was direct, forcible, and practical. 
He did not aim at rhetorical or oratorical dis- 
play, but he kept in mind a purpose of sound 
teaching, and sent forth that which could be 
put to practical use in the exigencies of the 
profession. During the last twenty years of 
his life he devoted much attention to ovariot- 
omy and his reputation in this direction was 
such that he was called to various parts of the 
country. As a speaker and debater he was 
ready, cogent and courteous. He participated 
largely in oral discussions at the meetings of 
the different associations with which he was 
connected. What he said was always to the 
point, and always commanded respectful 
consideration. His opinions on scientific 
questions, and those of polity, well formed 
and well maintained, never failed to have 
much influence upon the minds of others.” 
Dr. White co-operated actively in the estab- 
lishment of the Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters 
of Charity; the Maternity, and Foundling 
Hospitals, and the Providence Asylum for the 
Insane. He was also largely instrumental in 
the creation of the State Lunatic Asylum and 
its location at Buffalo. He was one of the 
managers from the first, and was its president 
until his health, towards the close of his life, 
compelled him to relinquish that position. 
He was also ever ready to do all in his power 
for the public good. He was one of the found- 544 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
ers of the Young Men’s Association, of the 
Academy of Fine Arts, and of the Historical 
Society/ He worked in many ways favoring 
all movements that would aid his city in a 
physical or moral sense, that would add to its 
healthfulness, or that would make it more 
beautiful. He was active in his efforts to 
secure for Buffalo its magnificent public park, 
and in the erection of the finest business block 
in the city, he at once attested his public 
spirit and business sagacity, and also left an 
enduring monument to his own name. He 
was generous and hospitable, and his qualities 
endeared him to the hearts of those who knew 
him, and his professional skill was sought by 
those in physical danger or pain. Referring 
to his personality, the late Dr. Austin Flint 
has said: “The salient points of his character 
show superior intellectual endowments and 
attainments united with fixedness of purpose, 
perseverance, good judgment, tact, unusual ex- 
ecutive ability and rectitude—mental quali- 
ties which insure success and usefulness 
in this world. These qualities of the mind, 
to which were added vigorous health and 
physical endurance, could not fail to secure 
success in medical practice, as regards not only 
obtaining and retaining patients, but in the 
management of cases of disease ” He inves- 
tigated cases carefully, but reached conclu- 
sions with promptness and decision. He had 
no confidence in an intuitive ability to judge of 
diseases. “In the care of patients he was not 
unduly affected by unfavorable possibilities or 
probabilities. His attention was more directed 
to those which were favorable. He was always 
hopeful for the best, and as long as there was 
any ground for hope he never relaxed his 
efforts. He acted under a deep sense of re- 
sponsibility to his patients. No one ever ac- 
cused him of indifference or neglect. These 
professional traits secured the fullest confi- 
dence on the part of patients. Extraneous 
methods to possess their confidence were to 
him not needed. These he held in contempt. 
In his bearing toward his patients he was in- 
dependent. He was not a suppliant for confi- 
dence. He demanded it as a condition for as- 
suming the responsibilities connected with the 
management of cases of disease. As an op- 
erator, he was conservative, yet bold, and with 
a fertility of resource which enabled him to 
meet emergencies as they arose.” In all his 
social and domestic relations, Dr. White was 
the true man and the Christian gentleman. 
He lived to a good old age, and when the sum- 
mons came it found him ready. His power of 
mind and body were remarkably well pre- 
served. His final illness was brief and unat- 
tended with much suffering. His mind was 
unclouded to the last, and when the end came 
he met it as befits one who leaves a useful life 
behind him and who looks forward to a sure 
hope of a higher, nobler life in the world to 
come. . 
WHITE, J. William, of Philadelphia, was 
born in 1850. Dr. White is descended from 
Mr. Henry White, who settled in Virginia 
about the year 1645. His son, Henry White, 
Jr., who was born in 1630, settled in the neigh- 
borhood of what is now Elizabeth City, North 
Carolina, from whence his great-grandson, 
James White, removed to Tuckerton, New 
Jersey. The latter’s eldest son, William Rose 
White, married Mary, daughter of Samuel 
Stockton, a highly respected citizen of Bur- 
lington, N. J., and a direct descendant of 
Richard Stockton, the founder of the dis- 
tinguished New Jersey family of that name, 
who settled at Flushing, L. 1., some time 
prior to the year 1656, afterwards removing to 
Springfield township, Burlington county, N. J. 
One of his great-grandsons was the Honorable 
Richard Stockton, of Princeton, one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
William Rose and Mary (Stockton) White had 
two sons, the late Samuel Stockton White and 
Dr. James William White, the father of the 
present J. William White. Dr. White, the 
father, was well known in Philadelphia, not 
only as a prominent and successful business 
man, but as an active worker during war times 
in the Sanitary Fair, and agAin as manager of 
the People’s 'Literary Institute during the 
period before the war when he brought before 
the people of Philadelphia the prominent 
anti-slavery lecturers of the country; as the 
founder of the Maternity Hospital, Phila- 
delphia, and as the first president of the 
Board of Charities and Corrections of that 
city. J.-William White was educated at the 
University of Pennsylvania; his preceptor was 
Prof. Horatio C. Wood; he graduated in 1871, 
in medicine, and at the end of that year took 
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, receiving 
the full vote of each examiner and standing 
at the head of his class in competitive exam- 
ination. He subsequently was appointed upon 
the personal staff of Prof. Agassiz in the cele- 
brated Hassler expedition to South America, 
and was absent for thirteen months; he then 
resided for a year in the Philadelphia Hospital 
as Interne; for three years was medical officer 
to the Eastern Penitentiary, to which institu- 
tion he was subsequently made inspector 
by the appointment of the Governor of 
Pennsylvania. He has been in the prac- 
tice of surgery in Philadelphia all his 
professional life. Dr. White, after begin- 
ning as quiz-master, first on anatomy and then 
on surgery, has successively occupied the posi- 
tions of Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy 
and Surgery; Demonstrator of Surgery; Clin- 
ical Professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery; Sur- 
geon to the Philadelphia University and Ger- 
man Hospitals; Consulting Surgeon to the 
Maternity and Samaritan Hospitals, and Pro- 
fessor of Clinical Surgery at the University of 
Pensylvania. He has made a number of con- 
tributions to medical literature, among which 
the following may be mentioned: Article on 
“Urethritis,” in the National Encyclopedia Oj 
Surgery; on “Hereditary Syphilis,” in Ameri- 
can System of Medicine; on “Urethral Strict- 
ure,” in Appleton's Encyclopedia of Genito-Uri- 
nary Diseases; and papers on “Dislocation of 
the Tendon of the Long Head of the Biceps 
Muscle;” “lodide of Potassium in Syphilis;” 
“The Surgery of the Spine;” “The Present 
Position of Antiseptic Surgery;” “The Sup- 
posed Curative Effect of Operations Per Se;” 
“The Technique of Perineal Section;” “The 
Modern Treatment of Vesical Calculus in 
Male Children;” “The Treatment of Glandu- 
lar Tumors of the Neck, and of Tumors of the 
Female Breast;” “The Abortive Treatment of 
Syphilis,” and “The Diagnosis of Urethral 
Stricture.” 
WHITEHEAD, William Riddick, of Denver, 
Colo., was born at Suffolk, Va., December 15, 
1831. For the details concerning the ancestry, 
the life, and the professional achievements of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
545 
this noted surgeon the editor is indebted to an 
interesting sketch in a recent number of the 
Magazine of Western History: His father, Col. 
William B. Whitehead, a native of Virginia, 
was of English descent. It is said that three 
brothers by the name of Whitehead came to 
the colony of Virginia during the reign of 
Cromwell. They came in company with the 
Spotswoods and Fitzhughs. A Spotswood was 
Colonial Governor of Virginia, and a White- 
head was in the House of Burgesses. Hugh 
Blair Grigsby, a connection by marriage of the 
Whitehead family, and a man of great learn- 
ing, and formerly president of the Historical 
Society of Virginia, has traced the relation- 
ship of this family to William Whitehead, the 
poet laureate of England. The three brothers 
above mentioned settled upon the eastern 
shore of Virginia. One of these brothers, 
was a devout member. He often remarked on 
the scholarly discourses and dignified deport- 
ment of the Episcopal clergy, and thought the 
forms and ceremonial of that church added 
dignity to and inspired respect for religion. 
He acquired wealth by marriage, and increased 
it many fold by mercantile pursuits by land 
and by sea. Dr. Whitehead is his oldest and 
sole surviving son; several sons, together with 
a daughter, died in infancy. One son, Robert, 
a bright, brave, noble lad about twenty years 
old, during the war, died at Bermuda of yel- 
low fever. He was wounded in one of the 
battles near Richmond, and afterwards was a 
signal sergeant in Lee’s army, but at the time 
of his death was the signal officer of a block- 
ade runner. Another son, Joseph, was a phy- 
sician, and died at Norfolk, Va., a few months 
after his father’s death, and a remaining son, 
Richard, died some years later. Dr. White- 
head’s father was a large sugar planter in 
Louisiana. At the close of the war he failed, 
and was voluntarily released unconditionally 
by bis creditors on the payment of fifty cents 
on the dollar. He mentally resolved, how- 
ever, not to accept this settlement, and re- 
sumed his sugar planting, and in a few years, 
by successful management, paid the full amount 
of his original indebtedness. In 1877, at about 
the age of seventy years, he died at New 
Orleans, leaving a large estate, most of it 
to his grandchildren. He, like some of 
his ancestors, had the virtues of antique 
Romans; that which he most feared for 
himself, or for those he loved, wras a ‘‘wounded 
name.” To the last moment of his life he was 
resolute in his noble purposes to be always 
just, kind, and charitable; his good deeds live 
after him; truly he was “the noblest Roman 
of them all.” Dr. Whitehead’s mother, Eme- 
line F. Whitehead, nee Riddick, became an 
orphan at an early age, and an heiress in the 
care of her aunt, Mrs. Mary A. Charlton, the 
wife of Captain Francis D. Charlton, of Suffolk, 
Va. She was a descendant of Colonel Willis 
Riddick, who was in the Revolutionary War, 
and commanded a small force of Continental 
militia, at the burning of Suffolk by the Brit- 
ish, May 13, 1777. She died in 1875. A nota- 
ble event occurred at Suffolk during her early 
life; In 1826, Lafayette, on bis second visit to 
America, accepted an invitation to visit this 
place. This old town which has always been 
celebrated for its hospitality, on this particular 
occasion, pre-eminently distinguished itself for 
its open-handed liberality, and for its cordial 
expression of happiness at the high honor ac- 
corded to its citizens by the visit of the mar- 
quis. Foremost among the entertainers was 
her uncle, Captain Charlton, who, with his 
company of Suffolk Columbians, one of the 
finest military organizations of Virginia, re- 
ceived the distinguished visitor and escorted 
him to the Castle Inn, where the noble guest 
was entertained by the citizens of Suffolk in 
the most approved manner of that period. 
Dr. Whitehead married a daughter of Col. 
Thomas G. Benton, a native of North Car- 
olina, and cousin of the former United 
States Senator from Missouri, Thomas H. 
Benton. She is a descendant of Major 
Jesse Benton, a Continental officer, who 
was killed at the battle of Camden. Dr. 
Whitehead graduated in 1851 at the Vir- 
ginia Military Institue, at Lexington, Va.; 
after which he studied medicine for one year 
Qf. Qfdt&dea*/. 
from whom the subject of this sketch is de- 
scended, finally settled on the south side of 
the James river, and his offspring helped to 
people Surry, Isle of Wight, Nansemond, and 
Norfolk counties. A large and influential 
family of this name in Georgia are also re- 
lated to this branch. His father was an old 
line Whig; he despised Democracy because it 
abolished in Virginia the slight property quali- 
fication for voting, which previously existed, 
and he believed it had a leveling tendency in- 
imical to a pure and respected form of govern- 
ment. He was a man of sterling worth of 
character, inflexible in his ideas of right 
and wrong, and in his pursuit of duty. 
He was courteous, kind and warm-hearted, 
but generally formal, punctilious in dress and 
manner, and self-respecting to a degree that 
caused him to be thought proud by those who 
did not know him well. He was never famil- 
iar with friends or others. He was a supporter 
of the Episcopal Church, of which his wife 546 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
at the University of Virginia, and graduated 
in medicine the following year at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania. Visiting Paris, he con- 
tinued the study of medicine there; but de- 
voted his time mostly during one year to im- 
prove his knowledge of French and to acquire 
a correct pronunciation. He endeavored to 
learn to speak the language without any for- 
eign accent, and studied, as if this Avere the 
sole purpose of his life; and to this end often 
visited the same play at the theater ten or a 
dozen times successively, read much aloud to 
competent listeners, and avoided all English 
speaking persons. He succeeded so well that 
he could converse for hours without any En- 
glish accent being detected by educated native 
Frenchmen. Money was plentifully furnished 
to him by his father, who was wealthy, and 
who was always liberal with him. He was 
never much disposed to frivolous amusements, 
but generally inclined to books and to rational 
enjoyment. Remaining in Paris a year, he 
then visited Vienna; and after a few months’ 
sojourn there, one morning, presented himself 
before Prince Gortchakoff, the Russian Am- 
bassador to the Austrian Court at Vienna, told 
him who he was, and solicited as a young 
American surgeon, an active position in the 
Russian Army, then fighting the battles of 
Russia against the allied armies of France, 
England, Sardinia and Turkey. He was most 
graciously received. The Prince took his 
American passport, and afterwards ordered a 
Russian passport to be issued to him, which, 
with other Russian papers, Dr. Whitehead 
still retains as souvenirs. At a second inter- 
view, arranged for him by the Prince, and of 
which he was notified by a messenger, he was 
received still more graciously, and this time 
addressed in excellent English, instead of in 
French, as on the previous occasion. He then 
appeared to be a man of about sixty-five years 
of age, of very genial and engaging manners, 
and had a courtly grace and dignity that at once 
commanded esteem and respect. At the close of 
their interview he impressively lifted his hands 
above the young surgeon’s head, said, “God 
bless you!” and dismissed him with kind 
words, and with letters to his cousin, Prince 
Gortchakoff, the commander-in-chief of the 
armies of Southern Russia. Dr. Whitehead’s 
big and impressive-looking American medical 
diploma was sent to St. Petersburg, and he re- 
ceived the appointment of staff surgeon. 
After presenting his letters to Prince Gortcha- 
koff, the General commanding, he was ordered 
to Odessa, where he had nothing to do for sev- 
eral months but to enjoy a round of festivities 
and amusements, having the entree of the most 
distinguished and fashionable society of this 
gayest of gay cities of Southern Russia. 
French was universally spoken by the educated 
classes, and his fluent command of the French 
language procured for him many social atten- 
tions that otherwise he should have missed. 
However, it was not for this purpose that he 
visited Russia, and he tired of fashionable din- 
ners and balls, and finally made an earnest 
appeal to be ordered to the seat of war at 
Sevastopol. He reached this partially be- 
sieged city after a tedious journey and many 
novel and interesting incidents of travel, 
and found an American, Dr. Turnipseed, 
of South Carolina, ill with typhus fever, and 
in the same room with him the dead body of 
a Dr. Draper, of New York, who had just died 
of the same disease, and at whose burial he 
was present the next day. He had Dr. Turnip- 
seed removed to better quarters, and he recov- 
ered after a tedious convalescence. At Sevas- 
topol he was under the supervision and kindly 
guidance of Pirogoff, the great Russian sur- 
geon, and received many kindly attentions 
from Count Osten Sacken, the military com- 
mandant of the city, and also from his staff 
officers. During the following summer con- 
siderable cholera prevailed, and a Dr. McMil- 
lan, of Mississippi, died of this disease and 
was buried the next day. Dr. Whitehead was 
then very young and quite inexperienced as a 
surgeon, hut Pirogoff always took a friendly 
interest in him, and as most of the Russian 
surgeons and officers of good birth spoke 
French well, he soon won their confidence by 
his frankness and earnest desire to acquire 
a practical experience of gunshot surgery. 
Pirogoff marked off for him with pen and ink, 
on a Avounded soldier’s foot, the outlines of 
his celebrated operation, wdiich the subject 
of this sketch then performed under his 
eye and personal supervision, and which 
he has often since successfully repeated, 
indeed recently, at the Arapahoe County Hos- 
pital at Denver, to which he is at present Con- 
sulting Surgeon. Through the recommenda- 
tion of Pirogoff, he receiAred, toAvard the close 
of the war, by order of the Emperor, the cross 
of Knight of the Imperial Russian Order of 
St. Stanislaus. Just before the treaty of peace 
was signed, he received an honorable dis- 
charge from the Russian service; and about 
the same time receiving through an English 
banking house, from his father, a remittance 
for a thousand pounds sterling, he returned to 
Paris, determined to study carefully his profes- 
sion in the dissecting room and at the bedsides 
of the Paris hospitals; and was registered as 
an el eve de I’ Ecole de Medecine de Paris. At 
this time Judge John Y. Mason, a friend of 
his father, and a native of Southampton 
county, Va., was the United States Minister to 
France. The Judge presented him to the 
Emperor, Louis Napoleon, at one of his grand 
court receptions and balls. A gorgeous court 
costume Avas absolutely de rigueur; and the 
grandeur and magnificence of the occasion ex- 
ceeded anything he ever witnessed. The 
Cent Guardes, men of the most perfect phys- 
ical development of all the soldiers of France, 
Avere stationed Avith their draAvn sabres, like 
grand statues along the majestic halls and ap- 
proaches to the reception rooms, and parlors 
of the Palais of the Tuileries. “On being 
presented to his majesty, his reflections Avere, 
looking at him from an anatomical point of 
view, what short legs and long body the Em- 
peror has, and that he should ahvays hold his 
receptions, like his military revieAvs, on horse- 
back. He almost feared that he saAv him 
looking at his legs, and read his thoughts. He 
afterwards heard it said in Paris that the Em- 
peror seemed conscious of this great personal 
defect. After the reception the ball opened 
with a cotillion set, in which Avere the Empress 
and English Minister, the Emperor and 
Princess Clotilde, and others. This ball 
passed off, as all such grand festivities do, 
Avith great eclat, and was participated in by 
hundreds of people, including dignitaries of 
the army, foreign,persons of rank and wealth, 
grave professors from the Sorhonne, Avearing 
aAvkwardly fitting court costumes, and embar- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
547 
rassing swords, side by side with Stives from 
the Scale PolytSchnique, the embodiment of neat- 
ness and military precision.” Dr. Whitehead 
having passed with more or less distinction 
all of his examinations, and his thesis for the 
doctorate, in 1860 he received the degree of 
Docteur en MSdecine de la FacultS de Paris. 
Soon afterward he returned to the United 
States and settled in New York City, and was 
elected Professor of Clinical Medicine in the 
New York Medical College, and was the col- 
league of Doremus, Jacobi, Chas. Budd, and 
others. After the fall of Fort Sumter he re- 
turned to his native State, Virginia. On ac- 
count of his military education, Mr. Jefferson 
Davis appointed him a first lieutenant in the 
battalion, which was intended as a nucleus for 
the regular Confederate army, but the organi- 
zation of which was never completed; and 
subsequently Mr. Davis, at the request of the 
colonel and some of the officers of the Forty- 
fourth Virginia Infantry, appointed him sur- 
geon to that regiment, with which he served 
about two years. He was successively regi- 
mental surgeon, senior surgeon of brigade, and 
acting surgeon of division, and during the last 
year of the war president of an examining 
board in South Carolina, for the examination 
of conscripts and disabled soldiers. At the 
battle of Chancellorsville, be had General 
“Stonewall” Jackson, after he was wounded, 
placed in an ambulance and sent to the rear. 
This ambulance was already occupied by his 
chief of artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Crutch- 
field, wounded in the right thigh. After the 
battle of Gettysburg, an order came direct- 
ing him to take charge of all the wounded of 
Jackson’s old corps, who could not be removed; 
and four or five surgeons were ordered to re- 
main,and report to him; but only Surgeon Ta- 
nny, of a Louisiana regiment, remained,together 
with about twenty nurses. After the retreat 
of the Confederate army the Federals took 
possession of their camp of wounded, but per- 
mitted him to remain in charge, and liber- 
ally furnished supplies for the wounded. About 
a month after the battle, Dr. Tanny and Dr. 
Whitehead, with other Confederate surgeons, 
were sent to Baltimore, and instead of being 
exchanged, as expected, they were detained as 
prisoners of war, and shut up in an inclosure 
adjoining Fort McHenry. In the meantime Dr. 
Whitehead’s pretty little cousin,to whom hewas 
engaged,and afterward married,had,on account 
of her ill health, gained permission from Mr. 
Stanton, the United States Secretary of War, 
to cross the lines into Virginia. Aware of 
this, he plotted to free himself from the 
uninteresting life of a prison barrack and 
camp. One dark night he made his escape 
in citizen’s attire, leaving his Confederate 
uniform, top boots and big spurs behind as 
souvenirs; having scaled the formidable brick 
wall which was erected across the peninsular, 
on the point of which Fort McHenry is 
located. This escape was attended with some 
interesting incidents, which space will not 
permit to relate. The following night after 
Ins farewell to Fort McHenry he appeared 
before his much astonished future father-in- 
law in Brooklyn, and the next morning left on 
the Hudson River railroad for Canada. He 
stopped a week or ten days at the Clifton 
House, opposite Niagara Falls, visited Toronto, 
Montreal and Quebec. He went down the St. 
Lawrence river, through the Gut of Canso to 
Halifax, stopped there ten days, became ac- 
quainted with some of the officers of the gar- 
rison and fleet stationed there, met his old 
friend and fellow schoolmate of the Virginia 
Military Institute, Ben Ficklin, and took 
passage with him on the Cunard steamer 
Alpha, for St. Georges, Bermuda. After re- 
maining in Bermuda three weeks, Major 
Walker, of Petersburg, Va., the Confederate 
quartermaster, stationed there to look after 
the coaling and other interests connected with 
the blockade runners, gave him passage on a 
fine steamer about to leave for Wilmington. 
The purser of this ship was a Mr. Taylor, rel- 
ative of General Taylor of the Confederate 
army, and a friend and neighboring sugar 
planter in Louisiana of his father. He shared 
with Mr. Taylor his large and comfortable 
state room. On their arrival off the entrance 
to Cape Fear river, during the small dark 
hours of the morning, they got aground, and 
the Federal cruisers watching for them were 
quite near, but they got afloat again without 
discovery, and at daylight they saw that they 
were steaming up Cape Fear river, under the 
guns of the Confederate forts, and that their 
signal officer aboard was signalizing their ar- 
rival. It was said that their steamer was one 
of the fleetest blockade runners afloat. She 
was like most of them, painted of a lead 
color. Her hull, smoke stack, masts, spars 
and most everything about her was painted of 
this color. The object of this was to make her 
less visible at sea, anthracite coal was used, 
which gave no smoke, and during the 
day a man with a good field glass was con- 
stantly at the mast head on the lookout, 
as well as two men on the forward deck, each 
with good field glasses. The one who 
first espied a sail of any kind received a 
reward. Their steamer carried no lights at 
night and so timed the run of about three and 
a half days from St. Georges to the mouth of 
Cape Fear river, as to arrive there when there 
was no moon. The little colored lights which 
the Federal cruisers carried near the water 
line, to keep from running into each other, 
were really an advantage in discerning to a 
blockade runner the location of the blockad- 
ing squadron. The approach w as always made 
with full steam up; if discovered before pass- 
ing the little colored lights, the blockade run- 
ner depended on its speed, taking the chances 
of shot and shell to enter the harbor, or to 
make its escape at sea, much depending on the 
courage, cool-headed behavior and judgment 
of the captain. On his arrival at Richmond, 
Surgeon-General Moore took some interest in 
his adventure, and gave him twenty days’ 
leave of absence, during which time he was 
married to his little cousin, and at the expira- 
tion of his leave the Surgeon-General extended 
it, and finally appointed him president of the 
Examining Board in South Carolina, for the ex- 
amination of conscripts and disabled soldiers. 
At the close of the war he returned to New 
York, devoted himself assiduously to the prac- 
tice of his profession, principally surgery, be- 
came an active working member of several 
medical societies, performed many difficult 
surgical operations, and contributed much and 
frequently to the best medical journals, by the 
report of interesting and instructive cases. In 
1872, on account of the ill-health of his wife 
and of the fear of losing their son Charles, 
also in ill-health, they removed to Denver. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
548 
With the exception of a visit to Europe, with 
his family and an occasional visit East, or a 
vacation passed at their summer residence in 
Estes Park, they have remained at Denver 
since their first arrival there. Two sons and 
a daughter are living—Charles, and 
Florence. About the year 1874 Dr. White- 
head was elected a member of the city council 
of Denver; and was the chairman of the com- 
mittee on health, and served the city 
zealously and faithfully. About this time, at 
the request of Mr. William N. Byers, then 
editor of the Rocky Mountain News, he pre- 
pared two lengthy articles for his paper 
on the subject of “Sewerage for Denver;” 
and these articles were the initial steps 
towards the establishment of the present sys- 
tem of sewerage in that city. He has always 
taken an active part in his profession in Col- 
orado, and was president of the local medical 
society at Denver, and also president of the 
State Medical Society of Colorado. He was 
one of the founders of two medical schools in 
that State, the University of Denver and the 
University of Colorado, and in each of them 
was the Professor of Anatomy. While con- 
nected with these schools, it was his ambition 
to show anatomy should be taught, not as a 
dry, uninteresting study, but as an attractive 
application of the knowledge of the human 
body, to the relief of medical and surgical ail- 
ments. But the time for such thorough work 
is too short in most American medical schools. 
Referring to this question, Dr. Whitehead 
says: “As our convictions, when sustained 
by proper reasons and arguments, form the 
best part of our mental life, it is eminently 
pertinent to the subject of this sketch that I 
should state one of my well-established con- 
victions concerning the subject of medical 
education in this country, and which convic- 
tion is in keeping with my expressions and 
acts, and also in harmony with the sentiment 
of every competent, earnest and hard-working 
physician in the United States. My objection 
to most of the medical schools of this country 
is that the time allotted to the whole study of 
medicine is not as much as should be devoted 
to anatomy alone. The preliminary require- 
ments exacted, often none at all, and time 
given to the study of medicine, are totally in- 
adequate to the acquirement of a proper med- 
ical education. The general government 
should, as a matter of public safety, take 
away the licensing power of the medical di- 
ploma from every college, and vest this power 
in medical examining boards, at least equal to 
those for the examination of Surgeons to the 
United States Army and Navy. The govern- 
ment owes quite as much to its people as to its 
soldiers. This is the position which some of 
the best and most worthy members of the 
medical profession think that the government 
should assume, and I believe it the only way 
in which extremely ignorant and incompetent 
persons can be excluded from so sacred and 
important a trust as that held by the physician. 
The remarkable ambition to be a professor in 
a little medical school, or the support afforded 
by the students’ fees in the large colleges, hav- 
ing only a two-years course of study, are gen- 
erally the motives for the continuance of the 
dishonorably low standard of medical educa- 
tion in this country. We find professors of 
recognized merit who prostitute their good 
names, and their abilities, to defend the mis- 
erable two-years course; they allege specious 
reasons, and proffer flattering compliments 
about the vivacitv of the young American 
mind over the sluggish intellect of the Euro- 
pean youth. I hope the day will come when 
an intelligent public sentiment will condemn 
all such nonsense, and will recognize that it 
takes time and labor to learn anything that 
requires the highest exercise of the intellectual 
faculties. To this end the American Medical 
Congress is destined to exert an influence of 
the greatest interest to this country. The con- 
gress is composed of associated medical organi- 
zations, which meet jointly at AVashington 
once every three years; while each year the 
separate organizations meet at such places as 
each association designates. It is of this con- 
gress and one of these associations (the Ameri- 
can Orthopedic Association) that I am an 
active member. In this manner much earnest 
and valuable scientific work is accomplished; 
and in this way the young physician is shown 
the need of higher qualifications for the duties 
of his profession.” As that which one publishes 
forms an essential part of a life’s history, it is 
proper to cite a list of some of Dr. AVhitehead’s 
contributions to medical literature, which have 
appeared in the New York Medical Journal, 
Medical Record, American Journal of Medical 
Science, and other leading periodicals at home 
and abroad. The articles are as follows: “On 
Excision of the Superior Maxilla: Report of a 
Case with Remarks on Certain Tumors of This 
Bone,” illustrated, 1866; “Extirpation of an 
Osseous Tumor of the Upper Jaw;” “The Pre- 
vention of Fatal Anesthesia from Chloroform, 
by the Previous Use of Alcoholic Stimulants,” 
read before the New York Medical Journal 
Association; “Delirium Tremens Successfully 
Treated with Coffee;” “Perineal Urethrotomy; 
Relation of a Case Suggestive of Remarks on 
the Treatment of Stricture of the Urethra,” 
1867; “Case of Muco-Periosteal Uranoplasty;” 
“Account of a New and Successful Opera- 
tion for the AATorst Forms of Cleft of the Hard 
and Soft Palate,” illustrated with seventeen 
figures and a brief analysis of fifty-five cases; 
“Ancient Specula, and the Conical or Cylindri- 
cal Speculum of the Moderns,” illustrated, 
1868; “Surgical Treatment of Cleft of Hard 
Palate, with an Illustrative Case,” colored 
illustrations; “Report of the Best Methods of 
Treatment of Different Forms of Cleft Palate,” 
read before American Medical Association, 
Transactions American Medical Association, 
1869, expensively illustrated with colored illus- 
trations by the Association; “Remarks on the 
Physiological Action of the Interossei Muscles 
of the Hand, with an Easy Method of Strength- 
ening the Fourth Finger of the Pianist,” 
illustrated; “Cases of Rare Cystic Tumors,” 
1869; “Results of the Operation for Cleft of 
the Hard and Soft Palate, with a Tabular 
Statement of Cases;” “Remarks on the Re- 
production of Bone,” read before New York 
County Medical Society, March 21,1870; “The 
Effects on the Cerebral Circulation of Large 
Doses of Bromide of Potassium,” 1870; “Blood- 
letting as a Aleans of Prompt Relief, in some 
Cases of Penetrating AArounds of the Chest;” 
“Remai’ks on a Case of Extensive Cleft of the 
Hard and Soft Palate, closed at a Single Opera- 
tion”—thirteen wood-cuts; “Cas£s of Fibrous 
Stricture of the Rectum, Relieved by Incisions 
and Elastic Pressure,” illustrated, with re- 
marks, 1871; “Cases of Cleft of the Hard and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
549 
Soft Palate, Closed by Operation;” “Repro- 
duction of Bone in the Palatine Vault;” 
“Cases of Stricture of the Rectum Treated by 
Different Methods—one of them by Electrol- 
ysis,” 1872—copied by Braithwait’sßetrospect; 
“Remarks on the Management of the Inner- 
Maxilliary Bone in Double Hare-Lip,” three 
cases, Transaction Colorado Territorial Med- 
ical Society for 1873; “Successful Case of Ova- 
riotomy, with Remarks,” operation March 14, 
1872; “Remarkable Mode of Union in a Case 
of Cleft Palate,” Transactions Colorado State 
Medical Society, June, 1877; “Absence of the 
Uterus, with a Previous History of Chronic 
Inversion of this Organ, which was mistaken 
for Polypus, and Removed with Ligature, with 
Remarks,” American Journal of Medical Sci- 
ences, January, 1877; “The Use of the Mid- 
wifery Forceps in Contraction of the Conjugate 
Diameter of -the Pelvis—or Disproportionate 
Size of Fetal Head,” Transactions of Colorado 
State Medical Society, 1878; “A Series of Lect- 
ures Delivered at the Denver Medical College, 
on Diseases of the Genito-Urinary System,” 
published in the Bocky Mountains Medical Times, 
from January to June, 1882; “Inaugural Ad- 
dress as President of Colorado State Medical 
Society,” Transactions Colorado State Medical 
Society, 1884 (The subject of this address was 
“The Elevation of the Standard of Medical Edu- 
cation”) ; “Rupture of Posterior Tibia! Mus- 
cle ;” also, “A Description of a New Apparatus 
for Making Extension and Counter-Extension 
at the Ankle Joint, in Diseases of this Joint, 
1885; “The Closure of Cleft of the Hard and 
Soft Palate, at a Single Operation, with a Brief 
Report of a Recent Case;” “Notes of some 
Recent Cases of Hip-Joint Disease, Including 
two Cases of Excision and one of Brisement 
Force, with Remarks on some others,” ten 
illustrations, 1886; “Report on Orthopedic 
Surgery to the .Colorado State Medical Soci- 
ety,” illustrated, Transactions Colorado State 
Medical Society, 1887; “Remarks on Stricture 
of the Rectum;” “New Methods of Applying 
the Plaster of Paris Jacket to Obtain Exten- 
sion,” with illustrative cases, 1887; “Surgical 
Drainage,” 1888; “The Operative and Mechan- 
ical Treatment of some Joint Diseases and In- 
juries, with special reference to Hip, Knee, 
and Elbow Joints,” with illustrative cases, 
Medical News, Philadelphia, and Transactions 
American Orthopedic Association, 1889; “Con- 
servative Treatment of Compound Fractures,” 
illustrated, published in 1889, in Transactions 
Colorado State Medical Society. 
WILLCOX, James Carter, of Darlington 
C. H., South Carolina, was born in Marion 
county, S. C., November 21, 1857. His 
father, John Willcox, was twice mar- 
ried; first to Miss Wayne, who died, 
leaving two sons, and the second time to 
Miss Sarah Clarke, he being the eldest living 
of five brothers of this union. The origin of 
his family name is “Wild-chough,” or a black 
raven with red legs, found in Southern En- 
gland, and his family court of arms is a design 
of said bird perched upon a ledge of rock. 
The first of the family known in America was 
Thomas Willcox, of England, who married 
Elizabeth Cole, of Ireland, and wrho came to 
this country about the year 1727 and settled at 
Ivy Mills, Delaware county, Pa., where he es- 
tablished the first paper mill of this continent, 
and it enjoys the enviable distinction of being 
the oldest business in America where the 
ownership has since borne continuously the 
family name, it being still at this writing in 
active operation. John Willcox, the first son 
of Thomas, married Rebecca Butler, of Phila- 
delphia, Pa., and removed to North Carolina. 
He and a friend, Husbands by name, were the 
leaders in the battle of Alamance county, N. 
C. This being one of the first battles of the 
Revolutionary War, it was for this rebellion 
against Governor Tryon, of North Carolina 
(Tory Governor), that the English government 
offered a considerable sum for his head. He 
therefore returned to Philadelphia, and took 
an active part in suppressing the whisky in- 
surrection, and subsequently returned to North 
Carolina, where he died, leaving four sons and 
four daughters. George, the fourth son, was 
twice married; first to Elizabeth Tyson, who 
was of German descent, and who was the 
grandmother of the subject of this sketch. 
Their second son, John, removed to Marion, 
S. C., after spending his early life on his 
father’s plantation, and engaged in the mer- 
cantile business, about the year 1838, where he 
lived until his death, which occurred May 1, 
1890. He was a successful business man and 
amassed a considerable fortune, but having 
ardently espoused the Confederate side, the re- 
sult of the war found him a poor man. His son, 
Dr. Willcox, a mere boy at the time, received 
his early education at the Marion Academy, 
and at the age of sixteen left his father’s roof 
and removed to Darlington, S. C., where he 
still lives. He began the study of medicine 
by first devoting seven years of his life to 
qualifying himself in pharmacy and chem- 
istry, as he considered these branches of more 
importance to the physician than is generally 550 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
believed. He entered the University of Mary- 
land in 1878, and afterwards the University of 
the City of New York, from whence he gradu- 
ated in 1881. He at once began the practice 
of medicine, and his practice has been emi- 
nently successful, from a financial as well as a 
professional standpoint, his reputation having 
extended over his entire State as a physician 
and surgeon. He married Miss Annie L. 
Milling, of Darlington, S. C., and the result of 
their union has been three boys and one 
daughter. He was active in creating the law 
establishing the State Board of Medical Ex- 
aminers, and was a member of said board dur- 
ing its whole existence of four years until it 
was repealed in 1891 by the political faction 
which came into power at that time, and for 
no other reason than that higher professional 
education was not favorably considered by 
them. AVhile he has always eschewed poli- 
tics, he was prevailed upon to accept the office 
of Mayor of Darlington, mainly for the purpose 
of improving its sanitary environments, and 
during the four years of his administration he 
had the satisfaction of seeing his town grow to 
a city, and to-day second to none in South Caro- 
lina as to pluck, enterprise and health. He is 
a member of all local medical societies, in- 
cluding the State Medical Association, and to 
them he has presented many papers upon va- 
rious subjects. Some of his principal surgical 
operations of importance for the past few years 
have been: Removal of a nine and one-half 
ounce tumor from the rectum, attachment eight 
inches from the margin of anus,without cutting, 
April 14, 1884, patient sixty-five years old; Li- 
gation and extirpation of vermiform appendix 
with two lemon seed impacted, patient aged 
nineteen years, June 5, 1887; Tracheotomy for 
foreign body impacted in right bronchi, one- 
fourth inch from bifurcation, and extraction of 
same,child three and one-half years old, Decem- 
ber 17, 1890. All these cases were successful 
and recovered. Out of several hundred surgical 
operations, his only case lost was one where 
laparotomy was performed for gun-shot 
wound, and out of 1,037 obstetrical and gyne- 
cological cases, his record shows three deaths. 
Being of English, Scotch, Irish and German 
descent, he seems to be endowed with above 
characteristic qualities, which suit his profes- 
sion. He is ingenious; never tires; always 
willing to assume responsibilities; is bold, yet 
exercises good judgment, and will continue 
and pursue a forlorn hope as long as any hu- 
man being can—so much so that he is known 
as a “natural-born fighter.” Mentally, he is 
scientific, and never accepts anything on faith, 
unless it can stand the test of investigation. 
He is practical to a rare degree, and under- 
stands how to make his profession pay, thereby 
differing from most of his medical brethren. 
WILE, William Conrad, of Danbury, Conn., 
was born in Pleasant Valley, Dutchess county, 
N. Y., January 23, 1847. He was the only son 
of the Rev. B. F. and Elizabeth (Bulkly) 
Wile. He received his early education under 
C. P. Roe, who at that time was a prominent 
teacher, and afterward obtained the degree of 
A. M. At the commencement of the Civil 
War he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred 
and Fifth New York Volunteers, and served 
two years and eight months as a private, 
during which time he “marched to the 
sea” with Sherman, and is now a member 
and Surgeon-General of the G. A. R., and for- 
merly Medical Director, Department of Con- 
necticut. After the war he began his medical 
studies, and in 1870 received the degree of M. 
D. from the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of New York. He practiced fora short 
length of time at New Brunswick, N. J., and 
Highland, N. Y., but removed to Newton, 
Conn., where he remained for some years. 
While there he started the publication of the 
New England Medical Monthly, which is one of 
the foremost medical journals in the country. 
In 1887 he was offered the Lectureship of 
Nervous Diseases in the Medico-Chirurgical 
College of Philadelphia, which he accepted, 
but becoming tired of city life he resigned and 
removed to Danbury, Conn., where he still 
resides. Surgery has always received much 
attention from him; his great success in ab- 
dominal surgery has added much to his repu- 
tation. He holds the position of Medical Ex- 
aminer of Danbury, and Surgeon for both the 
Housatonic and New York and New England 
railroads. Among the offices held by him are 
those of vice-president of the American Medi- 
cal Association; president of the American 
Medical Editors’ Association; president of the 
Fairfield County Medical Society; president 
of the Danbury Medical Society; secretary of 
the Section of Anatomy of the Ninth Inter- 
national Medical Congress; also correspond- 
ing member of the British Medical Associa- 
tion ; member of the Medico-Legal Society, 
and of the Connecticut State Medical Society. 
In addition to surgical work, Dr. Wile still 
edits the New England Medical Monthly, and 
an excellent journal devoted to practical ther- 
apeutics entitled The Prescription, and is a fre- 
quent contributor of very valuable papers to 
other medical publications and societies. On 
account of his great energy, perseverance and 
unquestionable high standing in his profes- 
sion, he is widely known throughout the coun- 
try ; while his pleasing address and genial dis- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
551 
position are traits of character which have se- 
cured for him many warm personal friends. 
In 1887 the honorary degree of A. M. was con- 
ferred upon him by Center College, Dan- 
ville, Ky. 
WILL, Otho Boyd, of Peoria, 111., son of 
William Will and Elizabeth (Baxter) Will, 
was born in Mercersburg, Franklin county, 
Pa., June 27,1846. Ten years later he removed 
with his parents to Canton, 111., where he re- 
ceived his preliminary education in the public 
high school, and in higher scientific branches 
by night study. Subsequently he entered the 
office of Dr. W. M. Swisher, a surgeon of con- 
siderable local repute, and received the degree 
of M. D. from the Rush Medical College, Chi- 
cago, in 1869, having received the special pub- 
lic commendation of his teacher, Prof. R. L. 
Cottage Hospital, a model institution of his 
city, and to which he is the attending gyne- 
cologist. He has recently made somewhat of 
a specialty of catheterizing the fallopian tubes, 
and has met with greater success in that direc- 
tion, perhaps, than any other surgeon of the 
country. He has contributed frequently to 
current medical literature. Dr. AVill has for 
years been deeply interested in the collateral 
sciences of biology and bacteriology, and his 
lectures, entitled “The Popularization of Sci- 
entific Method,” “The Blood and its Circula- 
tion,” “The Work of Koch and Pasteur,” and 
“A Lesson in Biology,” have been published 
in connection with the transactions of the 
Peoria Scientific Association, of which he is an 
active member and vice-president. 
WILLARD, Andrew Jackson, of Burlington, 
Vt., was born in Harvard, Mass., March 19, 
1832, being of English and Welsh descent, 
and having on the paternal side such ancestors 
as Maj. Willard of colonial reputation, and 
President Willard, of Harvard, of educational; 
and on the maternal a long line of Emersons, 
the best known among whom is probably the 
Concord philosopher, Ralph Waldo. Willard 
fitted for college in Worcester, Mass., and en- 
tered Yale in August, 1849, graduating with 
honors in what is generally known as the 
“famous class of ’53.” His position in this 
class was a prominent one, both in scholarship 
and other respects, for he was the “first presi- 
dent” of Linonia in his class, and consequent 
orator at their annual “Statement of Facts,” 
in what was at the time a heated controversy 
with the rival Brothers in Unity, at which time 
he was associated with the late ex-Senator 
Gibson, and the Hon. Wayne McVeagh. He 
also took various prizes, one in English com- 
position, together with the Townsend pre- 
mium ; also the first prize in the Bishop Prize 
Debate of Linonia. He was a member of the 
various secret societies in college, such as the 
well-known Psi Upsilon, Phi Beta Kappa, and 
the somewhat mysterious “Skull and Bones.” 
After spending three years in the study of 
theology at Yale and Andover, and some 
thirteen years as a congregational clergyman 
at Upton, Mass., and Essex, Vt., and one year 
as superintendent of public schools in Burling- 
ton, Vt., he was obliged, by failure of health, 
to change his profession, and entered upon the 
study of medicine at the University of Ver- 
mont, Burlington, Dr. Walter Carpenter being 
his medical preceptor. He graduated from the 
university in 1877, at which time he received the 
prize for the best thesis, the subject being “Med- 
ical Chemistry.” After nearly a year spent in 
special study in New York City, and a brief 
practice of his profession in the city of Bur- 
lington, he was appointed Instructor in Chem- 
istry in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, which chair he held 
until he resigned in 1889, on account of 
his increasing duties in connection with 
his specialty, the treatment of nervous disease. 
Since that time he has held the position of 
Adjunct Professor of Chemistry in that institu- 
tion. From 1880 to 1886, he was Superintend- 
ent and Resident Physician of Mary Fletcher 
Hospital, being appointed to that office when 
the institution was in its infancy, and conse- 
quently being in a position to do considerable 
towards bringing it to its present prosperous 
condition. In December, 1886, he left the 
hospital, and entered at once upon a plan 
Rea, for his proficiency in anatomy. He at 
once located successively in the suburban vil- 
lages of Kickapoo and Dunlap, and subse- 
quently settled in the city of Peoria, where he 
has for over ten years devoted his attention 
exclusively to the practice of gynecology, in- 
cluding abdominal and pelvic surgery. In 
1870 he was married to Miss Elizabeth Grant, 
of Brimfield, 111., daughter of Kenneth and 
Isabella Grant. Dr. Will’s medical education 
has been supplemented by special work, such 
as assistant to Prof. H. J. Garrigues, of New 
York, and courses at the post-graduate medi- 
cal schools, as well as observations in the hos- 
pitals of London, Paris and Berlin, at which 
last place he was a delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress of 1890. Dr. Will is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, and of the Illinois State Medical Society, 
in which he has occupied various official posi- 
tions up to that of president. He has been 
president of the Military Tract District Medi- 
cal Society; of the Rush College Alumni As- 
sociation, and was one of the founders of the 552 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
which for some time had been maturing, of 
founding an institution devoted exclusively to 
annex has been established for convalescents 
during the summer, in a beautiful place upon 
the shore of Lake Champlain, in the midst of 
a pine and birch grove, and which is ex- 
tensively known as “The White Birches.” 
This is a rural and romantic spot, in every 
respect suited for the special purpose to which 
it is put. Altogether it is generally conceded 
in the community in which Dr. Willard lives 
and his institution exists, that a good work is 
being done among nervous invalids by this en- 
terprise, such as reflects not a little credit upon 
the sagacity of its founder, as well as his ability 
in carrying out so completely his first formed 
conception for the special treatment of nervous 
diseases 
WILLARD, DeForest, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Newington, Conn., March 23,1846. 
He is a descendant of Puritan stock. His 
preliminary education was received from 
Hartford High School. He studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Jacob F. Holt, 
and was graduated at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1867. He has received the honor- 
ary degree of A. M. from Lafayette College. 
He also received the degree of Ph. D. from 
the University of Pennsylvania in 1870. Af- 
ter receiving his medical degree he settled in 
Philadelphia to practice, and has remained in 
that city ever since, devoting special atten- 
tion to general and orthopedic surgery. Dur- 
ing the Civil War he was in the medical service 
at City Point and at Petersburg!!, Va., under 
the auspices of the United States Sanitary 
Commission. He was abroad in 1890 attend- 
ing the schools and hospitals of Europe. Dr. 
Willard has devoted especial attention to com- 
parative anatomy. He has done a large 
amount of major operative work, and acquired 
an excellent reputation in surgical practice. 
He has instituted some interesting experi- 
treatment of diseases of the nervous system. 
To this purpose he had been led by the convic- 
tion formed while connected with the general 
hospital, that adequate provision was not made 
there or elsewhere for the special need of the 
nervous invalid. This institution proved a 
success from the very outset. Though laboring 
under great disadvantages, having no build- 
ing at first for the reception of patients, it has 
achieved a success which, to say the least, is 
exceptional. For two years Dr. Willard was 
obliged to find boarding places for his patients 
in the city, but such was the efficiency of his 
helpers, and his own untiring energy, as well 
as faith in the fact that his institution filled a 
desideratum in the community, that at no time 
was it without patients that should attest to its 
value. In December, 1888, he had finished 
the erection of his building, and at once en- 
tered upon a new career of prosperity. Sit- 
uated upon College Hill, on a street well named 
Prospect, from its commanding views of Lake 
Champlain and the Adirondack and Green 
Mountains, in the quietest part of the city; 
this is an ideal place for rest and recuperation, 
where a nervous and irritable invalid can feel 
that he has all the comforts of home without 
its cares. Here, for five years, this institution 
variously known as “The Nervine,” “The Rest 
Cure,” and “The Willard Home,” has met 
with a phenomenal success. Patients have ap- 
plied for admission from all parts of the Union 
and from Canada, only a small number of 
whom could be received and treated, owing to 
limited accommodations. The necessity of en- 
largement has been considerably agitated, and 
will probably be entered upon in the near 
future. A very popular and successful sort of 
Qhd&u/. 
ments in bronchotomy through the chest walls 
which have been reported in the Transactions EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
553 
of the American Surgical Association (1891), 
and has reported “Experiments in Pneumo- 
nectomy and Pneumonotomy.” (See Trans- 
actions of the College of Physicians, Philadel- 
phia.) He has devised many special surgical 
appliances. He was Surgeon to Howard Hos- 
pital from 1876 to 1881, and to the Presby- 
terian Hospital from 1881 to the present time, 
and is Consulting Surgeon to many institutions 
of Philadelphia. . He was Lecturer on Ortho- 
pedic Surgery in the University of Pennsylva- 
nia from 1876 to 1889, when he was elected 
Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery in 
this institution, which position he still holds. 
In 1893 he was appointed Mutter Lecturer on 
Surgical Pathology, and is President of the 
Society of the Alumni Auxiliary Department 
of the University of Pennsylvania, and of the 
Philadelphia County Medical Society. He was 
also President of the American Orthopedic 
Association in 1890. He is d member of the 
American Surgical Association, American Or- 
thopedic Association, Philadelphia College of 
Physicians, Philadelphia County Medical So- 
ciety, the Pathological Society of Philadelphia 
and of numerous other medical and scientific 
organizations. He has made numerous and 
important contributions to medical literature, 
among which may be mentioned: “Operative 
Treatment of Spinal Caries;” “Operative 
Treatment of Hip Disease;” “Operative Treat- 
ment of Club Foot;” “Open Urachus;” “An- 
esthesia and Anesthetics;” “Nephrectomies 
for Gunshot Wounds;” “Osteotomy for Exter- 
nal Tibial Caries,” and “Osteotomy for Knock 
Knees;” “Supra-Pubic Cystotomy;” “Foreign 
Bodies in Urethra;” “Surgical Treatment of 
Infantile and Cerebral Paralysis.” Dr. Wil- 
lard has also written an interesting biography 
of the late Prof. D. Hayes Agnew. 
WILLIAMS, Arthur U., of Hot Springs, 
Ark., was born in Marion county, Mo., June, 
1855, and is of Welsh descent. His father, W. F. 
Williams, was born in Virginia. He attended 
Rensselaer Academy at Rensselaer, Mo., La- 
grange College in 1873-74, afterwards finishing 
his literary course at Louisiana Baptist College, 
Louisiana, Mo. He read medicine under Dr. 
Thomas Proctor, now of Monroe City, Mo., and 
graduated at Missouri Medical College, in 1878; 
At the age of twenty-two years he was selected, 
after a competitive examination, to fill the 
position of Assistant Physician at St. Louis 
City Hospital, which position he held for one 
year. During the summer when the yellow 
fever was so bad in Memphis, the St. Louis 
authorities established a quarantine station 
below Jefferson Barrack. The fever broke out 
among the employes, several of them dying; 
among the number Dr. Davis. The Health 
Commissioner called for volunteers to go to 
quarantine. Dr. Williams promptly responded, 
was accepted, and sent to the Quarantine 
Hospital, where he remained until the disap- 
pearance of the fever. His term of appoint- 
ment at the hospital having expired in April 
following, he located in Sullivan, 111., and 
engaged in active practice for five and a half 
years. During this time he was appointed Sur- 
geon of the Eighth Regiment I. N. G., and As- 
sistant Surgeon of Wabash and P., D. & E. Rail- 
ways. These he resigned at the time of his 
removal to Hot Springs in 1885. Dr. Williams 
has, by close attention to business and affable 
manners, made a host of friends all over the 
country, and has succeeded in building up a 
lucrative practice, lie is now Examining Phy- 
sician for the Imperial Life Insurance Compa- 
ny, of Detroit, Mich.; Travelers of Hartford, 
Conn.; Western Commercial Travelers’ Asso- 
(2^. 
ciation, anck Physician to the Actors’ Fund of 
America. The Doctor takes some interest in 
sporting matters, and is president of the Ar- 
kansas Gun Club. 
WILLIAMS, Elkanah, of Cincinnati, 0., son 
of Isaac Williams, a captain in the United 
States Army in the War of 1812, and one of 
the earliest settlers of Indiana, was born in 
Lawrence county, Ind., December 19,1822, and 
died in Hazlewood, Pa., octobers,lßßß. Hav- 
ing received his early education at the Bedford 
Seminary, in his native county, he entered the 
State University at Bloomington, in 1843, and 
after nearly four years of study he left this in- 
stitution in February, 1847, for the Asbury 
University, at Greencastle, at that time under 
the presidency of Rev. Mathew Simpson, now 
Bishop of the Methodist Church, whence he 
graduated in July, 1847. The degree of M. 
A. was conferred upon him a few years 
thereafter. Returning to his home he began 
the study of medicine with Isaac Denson, M. 
D., of Bedford, Ind. In the fall of 1848 he 
entered the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisville, being the private student 
of Dr. T. G. Richardson. In the spring of 
1850 he received the degree of M. D. During 
the ensuing two years he was engaged in a 
large and successful practice in Indiana. Not 
satisfied with his professional knowledge, he 
returned to Louisville and attended a third 
course of lectures, enjoying the benefits of 
private instruction from Prof. S. D. Gross. In 
the spring of 1852 he settled in Cincinnati. 
In November of the same year he embarked 
for Europe, with especial reference to the 
study of ophthalmology. For eighteen months 
he was a constant attendant at the clinics of 
Desmarres, Nelaton, Roux and others in Paris. 654 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
In the spring of 1853 he crossed to London, 
and was for a number of months almost the 
only student at the great Moorflelds ophthal- 
mic hospital. He was very cordially received 
by the distinguished surgeons of this great 
charity, including Bowman, Dixon, Words- 
worth, Critchett and others. The ophthalmo- 
scope had but recently been discovered, and 
was practically unknown to these London ce- 
lebrities till Dr. Williams introduced it to their 
notice and made numerous examinations for 
them, an account of which he published in the 
Medical Times and Gazette of London, in 1854. 
The remainder of that year he spent in Prague, 
under Prof. Arlt, in Vienna, with Prof. Rosaz, 
Stelwag, von Carion and Jaeger, and in Berlin 
with A. von Graefe. His zeal and attainments 
in all these great cities secured for him the 
he held for over eleven years, resigning in 
1872. Early in the War of the Rebellion he 
was appointed Assistant Surgeon to the Marine 
United States Hospital in Cincinnati, a posi- 
tion which he filled till after the restoration of 
peace. In 1862 he revisited Europe and as- 
sisted in the International Ophthalmological 
Congress held in Paris, reading before that 
body a paper entitled: “Plusieurs Questions 
de Therapeutique Oculaire;” (several ques- 
tions of ocular therapeutics). These included 
inoculation in pannus; treatment of en- 
tropium; obliteration of the tear sac; partial 
ablation of the eye; and will be found in the 
Cumpte-Eendu, 1862. In the summer of 1866 
Dr. Williams again visited Europe to meet 
with the congress at Vienna, but the occur- 
rence of the Austrian and Italian War pre- 
vented the assemblage at that time. Again, 
in the summer of 1872, Dr. Williams met with 
the congress in London, and read a paper: 
“Practical Observations on Different Subjects,” 
including iritis; granulated eyelids; neuro- 
paralytic conjunctivitis; atropine; Graefe’s 
cataract operation, and anomalies of refrac- 
tion. These were published with the reports 
of the Fourth International Ophthalmological 
Congress, 1872. Out of deference to him and 
many other ophthalmologists from America, 
it was then decided that the next congress 
should meet in New York in 1876. At the 
New York meeting, held in September, 1876, 
he was elected president of the congress. By 
! appointment of the committee of arrange- 
ments, Dr. Williams read a paper before the 
ophthalmological department of the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress at their meeting in 
Philadelphia in September, 1876, on “Pulsa- 
ting Tumors of the Orbit.” This paper was 
published in the Transactions of that or- 
ganization. In June, 1875, Dr. Williams 
was elected president of the Ohio State Med- 
ical Society at Put-in-Bay, and read a 
paper on “Penetrating Wounds of the Eye.” 
Dr. Williams was a member of the Interna- 
tional Ophthalmological Congress; of the 
American Ophthalmological Society; of the 
International Otological Society; of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association; of the Ohio State 
Medical Society; of the Cincinnati Academy 
of Medicine (being one of its founders), and 
of the Cincinnati Medical Society. Besides 
the articles already mentioned he was the 
author of numerous papers treating of his 
specialty, published in this country and in 
Europe. In 1865 he read a paper before the 
American Medical Association at Boston, on 
“Paracentesis of the Cornea; Treatment of 
Stricture of the Nasal Duct; The Brown Cit- 
rine Ointment and its Extensive Value.” To 
the Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, from 1856 to 
near the time of his death, he had been a fre- 
quent and valued contributor, being for sev- 
eral years editor of the ophthalmological de- 
partment. In the Medical Eecord, of New 
York, March 18,1868, will be found a very im- 
portant paper from Dr. Williams on cases of 
“Tumor of the Brain with Optic Neuritis,” 
with details of post-mortem sections. In the 
same journal, in the following month, will be 
found the report of a case of aneurism of the 
orbit, in which, at his request, Dr. H. E. Foote 
tied both carotids, thirty days apart, with a 
successful result. The investigations of the 
retinal circulation before and after these oper- 
ations, as seen by the ophthalmoscope, formed 
cordial friendship of his distinguished teach- 
ers. In the spring of 1855 he returned to 
Cincinnati, and commenced practice as an ex- 
clusive specialist in diseases of the eye and the 
ear. He was the first regularly accredited 
physician in America who confined his prac- 
tice strictly to these branches. He was soon 
associated in clinical teaching with the Miami 
Medical College. In 1860, in advance of all 
other American colleges, a chair of ophthal- 
mology was established in this institution and 
tendered to Dr. Williams, which he accepted 
and held for many years. There was indeed 
no one else who could have occupied it but 
himself. It may then be said that to him is 
mainly due the establishment of ophthalmol- 
ogy upon a sure, scientific foundation in the 
United States. In 1861 he was made Ophthal- 
mic Surgeon to the Commercial Hospital, now 
the great Cincinnati Hospital, a position which EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
555 
a most interesting part of this paper. In the 
Archives of Ophthalmology and Otology for 1869 
is a paper on “Stricture of the Nasal Duct,” in 
which a new and important modification in the 
treatment was advocated. Dr. Williams had 
long cherished the intention of embodying his 
vast experience in a treatise on ophthalmology. 
WIRT, William Edgar, of Cleveland, Ohio, 
was born near Mendota, 111., December 19, 
1862. His great-great-grandfather, John Har- 
ris, fought with the “New Jersey Continental 
Line” in the Revolution. John Harris, Sr., 
lived in Scotland. From the age of five to 
eleven Edgar lived with his parents in Mis- 
souri. For the next six years he lived with 
his uncle, Dr. N. S. Everhard, of Wadsworth, 
Ohio, where he attended the public schools, 
graduating from the high school in 1880. In 
May, 1880, he passed first in the examination 
held at Elyria, Ohio, for appointment as 
Cadet-Midshipman at the United States Naval 
Academy, Annapolis, Md., twenty-two stu- 
dents competing. He graduated at Annapolis 
June, 1884. Midshipman Wirt, United States 
Navy, was then ordered to the United States 
Steamship “Tennessee” for duty. In Decem- 
ber, 1884, he was ordered to the United States 
Steamship “Marion,” on which ship he visited 
the ports of the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez 
Canal, Red Sea, Suakem, Aden, Arabia, Cey- 
lon, Singapore, and all the principal ports of 
China and Japan, remaining in those waters 
for about a year. In the spring of 1886 he 
was ordered to Annapolis, via San Francisco 
and across the United States, thus completing 
the circuit of the globe. He passed his final 
examination at Annapolis in June, 1886, and 
retired from the government service July 1, 
1886, immediately taking up the study of med- 
icine under his uncle. Dr. N. S. Everhard, of 
Wadsworth, Ohio. He took three courses of 
lectures at the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons (Medical Department Columbia), New 
York City, graduating in June, 1889. He also 
attended the summer course (1888) at Med- 
ical Department University of Wooster, Cleve- 
land, Ohio, taking his degree (M. D.) at its 
close. Along with his medical work he took a 
non-resident course of post-graduate work in 
biology and chemistry with the University of 
Wooster, receiving the degree of A. M. in 
1889. The Ohio University conferred Ph. D. 
on Dr. Wirt in 1891 for post-graduate work. 
During the summer and fall of 1889 Dr. Wirt 
served in Demilt Dispensary (New York), hav- 
ing charge of the medical clinic; also in the 
Medical Division of the “Vanderbilt Clinic” 
of physicians and surgeons (New York). 
Later in the fall he entered the Hospital for 
Ruptured and Crippled for a year’s service, act- 
ing in the capacity of Junior, Senior and House 
Surgeon, at the termination of which he 
received a hospital graduate’s diploma. While 
in the hospital Dr. Wirt did original work in 
the way of determining “The Tension on the 
Tendo Achilles in Supporting the Body on 
Tip-Toe.” He made his deductions from ex- 
periments and measurements on the house 
staff (Drs. Fitzhugh, Logue, De Pass and 
Wirt), and by the use of trigonometry, log- 
arithms, determined that the tension on the 
tendon is 2.2 times the weight of the body if 
deep muscles are ignored; but when all 
muscles are considered the tension is 1% times 
the weight of the body. By invitation the 
paper was read before the Orthopedic Section 
of New York Academy of Medicine March 21, 
1890, and was published in the Neiv York Medical 
Becord June 28, 1890. While yet in the hospi- 
tal Dr. Wirt received an invitation to go to 
Cleveland and take the chair of Orthopedic 
Surgery in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Wooster. In January of the next year 
(1891) he accepted the chair as Lecturer, and 
in September, 1892, he was elected to the Pro- 
fessorship, which he now holds. Dr. Wirt con- 
fines his practice to orthopedic surgery, includ- 
ing the diseases of bones and joints. Besides 
holding the above-named chair he is Visiting 
Surgeon to University Hospital; Orthopedic 
Surgeon to Cleveland Hospital for AVomen and 
Children; chairman of Committee on Defect- 
ive Classes of Ohio State Association of Chari- 
ties and Correction; honorary member of 
Northern Ohio District Medical Association; 
member of the American Orthopedic Associa- 
tion ; Fellow of the American Academy of 
Medicine; also member of the American, 
State, and several local medical societies. Dr. 
Wirt’s contributions to medical literature are 
as follows: “Action- and Tension of the 
Tendo Achilles in Supporting the Body on 
Tip-toe” (mentioned above); “Discussion on 
the Radical Cure of Hernia,” published in the 
Transactions of Ohio State Medical Society, 
June, 1891; “Congenital Dislocation of the 
Hip,” Published in Cleveland Medical Gazette 
(1891).; “Pott’s Disease,” read before the 
Cuyahoga County Medical Society, published 
in Cleveland Medical Gazette, November, 1891; 
“Case of Double Club-foot, Double Club- 
hand and Multiple Deformities,” read before 
American Orthopedic Association, September, 
1891, published in Medical Neivs (Philadel- 
phia), November 7, 1891; “A New Traction 
Splint,” read before American Orthopedic As- 
sociation, September, 1891, published in 
Transactions of Association; “Hip Disease— 
Operative Treatment in Old and Neglected 
Cases,” published in Columbus (O.) Medi- 
cal Journal, March, 1892; “Treatment of 
Certain Forms of Club-foot,” read before 
Ohio State Medical Society, May 5, 1892, pub- 
lished in Cincinnati Lancet- Clinic, July 23,1892; 
“Rickets and the Treatment Resulting of De- 
formities,” read in Section of Diseases of Chil- 
dren of American Medical Association, June 7, 
1892, published in Journal of American Med- 
ical Association; “The Conservative Treatment 
of Joint Diseases,” read before Northern Ohio 
District Medical Society, December, 1892, pub- 
lished in Annals of Gynecology and Pediatry, 
August, 1893; “Treatment of Hernia in Chil- 
dren,” read before Section of Diseases of 
Children of American Medical Association, 
June, 1893, published in, International Medical 
Magazine; “Initial Treatment of Club-Foot,” 
read before Ohio State Medical Society, June, 
1893, published in Practice (Richmond, Va.); 
“Treatment of Old Cases of Hip Disease,” 
read before Mississippi Valley Medical Asso- 
ciation, October, 1893. 
WISHARD, William H., of Indianapolis, 
Ind., eldest son of John and Agnes H. Wishard, 
was born in Nicholas county, Ky., January 
17, 1816. His biographer, Dr. A. W. Bray- 
ton, referring to his ancestry, writes as fol- 
lows: The Wishard or Wishart family were 
Scotch dissenters, and when the persecution 
occurred the family moved to the North of 
Ireland, and later to the American Colonies, 
settling in Delaware. Dr. Wishard’s grand- 556 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
father was a soldier in the war of the Revolu- 
tion, taking part in the memorable battle of 
Brandywine. The family subsequently settled 
in Pennsylvania, and in 1793 removed to 
Kentucky. The father of the subject of this 
sketch emigrated to Indiana, settling on the 
“Bluff” road, ten miles south of Indianapolis, 
where his family pitched their camp on the 
evening of October 26, 1825. Only one year 
before this date the seat of State government 
had been transferred from Oorydon to Indian- 
apolis. The wolves still howled about the set- 
tler’s camp. The embryo doctor was then in 
his tenth year, and, being the eldest son, took 
a man’s part in pioneer work. On one occa- 
sion, returning from mill late at night alone in 
the darkness of the dense forest, he came 
upon a pack of wolves snarling over a 
wounded deer. He made a wide detour 
through the brushwood, reaching home in 
but not without its pleasures and its sterling 
educational advantages. There is no better 
school than a pioneer farm to develop the 
sturdy physical, intellectual and moral charac- 
ters of an individual, only provided that the 
home and social environment is pure and 
wholesome. A half century ago there were 
fewer books in farm houses than now, but 
they were representative of the best that had 
been said and thought in the world; they 
were more thoroughly read and understood. 
In those days the Bible, then as now the 
fountain-head alike of moral precept and of 
terse, vigorous English speech, was the com- 
mon reading book in home, school and church. 
The current of thought was less turbulent, but 
it was deeper and purer than now. The se- 
clusion of farm life led to introspection and 
independence of character. The Scotch-Irish 
people in this country, as well as at home, 
have developed a natural genius for both edu- 
cation and religion. Life has never been 
regarded by them as either pain or pleasure, 
but as serious business; a period of education 
and preparation for a world to come. They 
have been neither pessimists nor optimists, but 
have cultivated and maintained an even intel- 
lectual and moral balance. Duty has ever 
been their guide and watchword. Such a peo- 
ple are not suppressed by the hardships of pio- 
neer life; indeed, from such a stock, under 
such apparently obscure surroundings, has 
developed the best elements of American civil- 
ization. Having passed the early years of 
manhood in building up the fortunes of his 
family, Dr. Wishard, at the age of twenty-two 
years, commenced the study of medicine with 
Dr. Benjamin S. Noble (a brother of the late 
Governor Noble, of Indiana), of Greenwood, 
Johnson county, and entered into partnership 
with him on the 22d day of April, 1840, and so 
continued till 1852, when Dr. Noble removed 
to lowa. Dr. Wishard attended his first course 
of lectures at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- 
cinnati, in 1843, and Avas graduated at the In- 
diana Medical College, at La Porte, Tnd., in 
1848. He again attended the Ohio Medical Col- 
lege in 1852, and received an Ad Enndem degree 
from the Medical College of Indiana, at Indian- 
apolis, in 1877. In the first twenty-five years 
that had passed since the emigration from Ken- 
tucky the county had greatly increased in 
wealth and population. The Ohio river was still 
the great channel of communication with the 
East, but in the fall of 1847 the first through 
train from Madison passed through Green- 
wood to Indianapolis. Dr. Wishard was one 
of the passengers. Upon its return in the 
afternoon of that notable October day he occu- 
pied a seat with the Rev. Henry Ward 
Beecher, Avho had resigned his pastorate of 
the Second Presbyterian Church of Indianap- 
olis, and Avas on his Avay to take charge of 
Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. During the Avar 
of the Rebellion Dr. Wishard served parts of 
four years as volunteer sui'geon—from 1862 to 
1865—in all, tAvo years. One incident of this 
service is too important, because of the great 
good it accomplished to our sick and wounded 
Amlunteers, to alloAV it to pass into oblivion. 
It Avas evident after the surrender of Vicks- 
burg that there were no adequate provisions 
for care on the field, or means of ti’ansporta- 
tion to northern hospitals of the disabled, suf- 
fering and homesick soldiers. By request of 
Gen. A. Stone, Quartermaster-General of the 
safety. Many a night he spent at the old 
Bayou mill, or at Patterson’s or Bacon’s, wait- 
ing for his grist to he ground. His educational 
advantages were limited to a few months of 
winter school in a log school-house. The 
teachers were usually possessed of meager at- 
tainments, but men of vigorous intellect and 
aspiring ambition. Teaching with them was 
not an end, but a means. The spring and 
summer seasons were spent in attending to 
th# crops and helping to clear the land. Dr. 
Wishard saw the last of the Indians in this 
region. In 1826 the widow and family of 
Tecumseh, and the prophet who commanded 
the Indians at Tippecanoe, camped for two 
days and nights west of Greenwood, on their 
way to what is now Kansas. Ten years passed 
in the comings and goings of early Indiana 
farm life—a life of monotony and hardship, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
557 
State of Indiana, Dr. Wishard collected all 
the facts as to the number of sick and 
wounded troops in the department of the Mis- 
sissippi after the surrender of Vicksburg, and 
also determined the absolute inadequacy 
of transportation facilities for their re- 
moval to northern hospitals. This accu- 
rate report enabled the famous war Governor 
of Indiana, the Hon. O. P. Morton, to obtain, 
through the War Department, backed and 
urged by President Lincoln, the celebrated 
order to remove all sick and wounded troops 
from the front to the northern hospitals. The 
report made by Dr. Wishard, through Gen. 
Stone to Governor Morton, did not vary three 
per cent, from the reports made to Surgeon- 
General Barnes through the customary chan- 
nels. The sick and wounded troops now took 
precedence; hospital boats were equipped and 
the movement north at once began. Dr. Wish- 
ard made the first trip himself with the 
steamer Sunnyside from Vicksburg and Nat- 
chez to Cairo, and thence to the Hospital and 
Soldiers’ Home at Indianapolis. His intense 
and unselfish loyalty is manifested by the fact 
that he never accepted any remuneration 
whatever, not even for his uniform, while in 
the service of the government. In October, 
1876, Dr. Wishard was elected Coroner of 
Marion county, and removed from Southport 
to Indianapolis, where he has remained ever 
since. After serving four years as Coroner 
he continued the practice of medicine, which, 
however, he had not entirely given up. The 
space of this biography does not permit any 
retrospect of the immense progress in medi- 
cine, or of the history of epidemic diseases, 
or of the change in the type of diseases, such 
as malaria and typhoid fever, incident to the 
development of a new country, and of which 
Dr. Wishard has been eye-witness and an 
active participant through the fifty-four years 
of his active practice. Dr. Wishard has given 
a vivid portrayal of these features in his presi- 
dential address before the Indiana State Medi- 
cal Society, May 1, 1889. It is published in 
the Transactions of that year, and also in the 
Indiana Medical Journal of June, 1889. From 
a glance at this interesting portrayal we learn 
that fifty years ago the practice of obstetrics 
was in the hands of females, and that a physi- 
cian was called only when the skill of the 
midwife was baffled. The neighbors of both 
sexes were assembled; the parturient sat upon 
her husband’s lap, after the manner described 
as the “Ohio” or “Virginia” position by Dr. 
Englemann, in his book, Postures in Labor, 
while the accoucheur sat upon a stool or half- 
bushel measure in front. Dr. Wishard relates 
that after a total inversion of the uterus in 
this position he refused ever after to deliver a 
woman except in bed, and was therefore 
thought by many of his patrons to be an in- 
novator and extremist. In the early forties, 
the old medical “aunty,” who was a strange 
compound of superstition, ignorance and wis- 
dom, exerted a marked influence. In that day 
certain diseases, notably tuberculosis, diphthe- 
ria and cerebro-spinal meningitis, were very 
uncommon. The open fire, abundant oxygen, 
out-door life, abundant and wholesome diet 
and sparse settlement, warded off tuberculosis. 
Patients did not consult doctors when first 
taken ill; to do so was an anomaly in medi- 
cine, and regarded as a waste of time and 
money. Four-fifths of the cases were second- 
hand, but the doctor was held responsible, as 
he had the last chance. Remittent fevers were 
treated as follows: “Ten and ten” was given 
as a purgative—ten grains of calomel and ten 
of jalap—every six hours. When purgation 
was secured, the dose was lessened, but con- 
tinued till ptyalism occurred. Tartar emetic 
to reduce the fever; if watery stools were 
produced, these were controlled by opium. 
To reduce the fever, nitre or potash was 
also given. Cold water was prohibited. The 
tonics were Peruvian bark, Huxham’s tinc- 
ture or an infusion of quassia. Quinine was 
considered uncertain and unsafe. It was first 
used in Dr. Wishard’s family in 1828. The 
“chills” would not yield, and the embryo doc- 
tor was sent to Indianapolis and received from 
Dr. Mothershead, a very intelligent practi- 
tioner, a compound of thirty grains of qui- 
nine, ten drops of sulphuric acid and six 
ounces of water; the dose' a teaspoonful four 
times a day to be taken, and the results ob- 
served “with great care.” Blood-letting was 
employed in certain intermittent and conges- 
tive fevers, with good results, and was the 
sheet-anchor in pleurisy and pneumonia. In 
the hands of intelligent practitioners, blood- 
letting no doubt saved many lives. The thumb- 
lancet was an heirloom in the family; “one 
had descended through four generations, and 
had drawn more blood than was spilt by 
some regiments in the late war.” Some per- 
sons would be bled every spring. In 1841 a 
prize essay on the treatment of fevers, by Dr. 
Lunsford P. Yandell, of Louisville, was pub- 
lished in the Western Medical Journal, of that 
city. Dr. Wishard read and re-read this arti- 
cle, and, with the younger men, followed its 
well-grounded precepts, although the elders 
regarded it a dangerous innovation. Dr. Yan- 
dell aborted “bilious” fever by the use 
of a cathartic and an emeto-cathartic and 
the free use of water internally, and by 
sponging during the hot stage. Quinine and 
Dover’s powder were used during the remis- 
sion. This soon became the accepted treat- 
ment, and in Dr. Wishard’s judgment no 
single essay was more productive of good than 
this effort of Dr. Yandell’s. The medical 
man of Dr. Wishard’s boyhood started on his 
morning rounds with full pill bags and 
especially abundant supplies of salts, oil and 
senna. Fifty to sixty patients were to be seen ; 
the round was forty to fifty miles, and took 
from twelve to twenty-four hours. The road 
was a bridle path through dense forests from 
one hamlet to another, across swamps and 
ponds of water. The creeks now dry were 
always full; the water level of the country 
was ten to twelve feet higher than it now is. 
A frequent change of horses was necessary, 
and these were stationed in different neighbor- 
hoods. Three or four horses were worn out in 
one sickly season. The dysentery of 1850-51 
was a notable and deadly epidemic. Children 
and old people were the victims. It was at its 
height in July and August, and was followed in 
September by typhoid fever. Dr. Wishard 
recalls that during that summer he was called 
to see six infants that were dead when he 
reached the settlement, usually four to twelve 
hours after the call was sent. He tired out 
four horses, slept in his saddle, and for two 
weeks, only removed his clothing to make a 
necessary change! And yet, in spite of the 
summer and autumnal epidemics, the popula- 558 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tion increased steadily. “The good dame of 
those days pointed with pride to her ten or 
twelve sons and daughters, the joy of her 
home, the pride of her heart, and the hope of 
her old age; while now, alas! we have pre- 
sented too often to us one child, the future 
hope of a blighted household.” Dr. Wishard 
continues: “Let not our young men debase 
their calling for filthy lucre, but keep the pro- 
fessional robe unsullied from this offense 
against the laws of God and man.” It is un- 
necessary to go farther. Enough is told to 
indicate the thorny road traversed by Dr. 
Wishard and his comrades. Some of those 
brave compeers are preserved to memory dear 
in a paper on “Medical Men and Medical 
Practice in the Early Days of Indianapolis,” 
read by Dr. Wishard before the Marioii 
County Medical Society, December 6, 1892, 
and published in the Indiana Medical Journal 
for January, 1893, and ordered published in the 
Transactions of the Indiana State Medical So- 
ciety during the same year. Here are preserved 
for all time, and as perfect as insects in am- 
ber, the truthful sketches of Drs. S. G. Mitch- 
ell, Isaac Coe, Livingston Dunlap, Jonathan 
Cool, Caleb Scudder, Win. H. Lilly, Henry 
Ross, John L. Mothershead, John H. Sanders, 
Geo. W. Mears and Dr. J. L. Richmond. 
These names cover the period from 1821 to 
1836 of Indianapolis practitioners. All have 
now joined the great majority. Following 
them, from 1836 to 1840, came an influx of 
men of ability and professional standing, such 
as Drs. John S. Bobbs, Charles Parry, A. A. 
Ackley, and others whose names are only 
memories, but whose good deeds live after 
them. It is to be hoped that Dr. Wishard 
will rehabilitate these and other names 
in early practice from the abundant 
storehouse of his memory, for his 
memoirs of medical men are more 
worthy and lasting than tablets of brass 
and monuments of marble. Dr. Wishard has 
always taken an active part in medical organ- 
ization. There was no State society when he 
entered the practice. Indianapolis had a local 
society, and in May, 1849, issued a call for a 
State medical convention the following month. 
June 6, 1849, the society was organized in AYes- 
ley Chapel, southwest corner of Circle and 
Meridian streets, with Dr. John Sanders, chair- 
man, pro tern., and Dr. John S. Bobbs, secre- 
tary. There were twenty-eight members, six- 
teen from Indianapolis. Of the charter mem- 
bers only four remain—Drs. John M. Gaston, 
AY. C. Thompson, P. H. Jameson, and the sub- 
ject of this biography. Dr. AVishard has been a 
member of the American Medical Association 
almost from the time of its organization. He 
attended it as early as 1860, at New Haven, 
Conn., and has been a delegate at numerous 
meetings since. He was president of the Indi- 
ana State Medical Society in 1889, and at that 
time made the remarkable address, “A Retro- 
spect of Fifty Years’ Practice,” from which 
this sketch has already been enriched. In re- 
ligion Dr. AYishard is and has been a Presby- 
terian of liberal and pi'Ogressive type. His 
house has always been the headquarters of 
both home and foreign missionary movements 
in this city. He has been an elder of the 
church for forty-eight years, and has repre- 
sented the Indianapolis Presbytery at New 
York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and 
finally at Portland, Ore., in 1892. In most of 
these travels he has been accompanied by his 
devoted wife, who has been his constant 
companion and sympathizer during his en- 
tire professional life. Dr. AVishard’s long 
career as husband and father, citizen and 
soldier, public and church officer, and ac- 
tive practitioner of medicine in the pioneer 
regions of Indiana, and with equal facil- 
ity and success in her capital city for a 
period of fifteen years, has been here briefly 
portrayed. He never went to school outside 
of a log-cabin. He had for teacher only a 
good father and mother, a backwoods farm, a 
few good secular books, and the Holy Script- 
ures. He was resident for over fifty years in 
a church community, which for twenty-five 
years had one pastor continuously in its service. 
The people educated each other. The church 
was an educator. AYe know not the subtle 
influence to the youthful mind of the four 
thousand sermons which fell twice a week 
from the lips of that fearless and God-serv- 
ing pastor, the Rev. P. S. Clellan. Mr. 
Garfield once said: “A pile of bricks and 
a catalogue do not make a college. When I 
sit at one end of an oak puncheon and Mark 
Hopkins at the other, then we have a col- 
lege.” The thing in education after all is the 
result and not the means. At any rate, the 
log cabin home, the simple country church, 
the few months’ winter schooling, and the ups 
and downs of a pioneer farm are the institu- 
tions which educated the best men of the pres- 
ent century; the men who were at the front 
in the late war, and who have taken the lead 
in the arts of peace. To these opportunities 
Dr. AYishard added a prime essential—never 
failing good health, and descent from a long 
lived family. His father’s family averaged 
eighty-five to ninety years, and Dr. AYishard 
gives promise of a yet long lease of life in the 
practice of his chosen profession. AYilliam H. 
AYishard, M. D., the subject of this sketch, has 
been continuously engaged in the practice of 
medicine in Marion and Johnson counties for 
fifty-four years. Of those who were his associ- 
ates in practice a half century ago in the counties 
of Marion, Shelby, Hancock, Morgan, Johnson 
and Hamilton not one is now living. Dr. 
Cory don Richmond, now of Kokomo, Ind., is 
the only companion of these early days, and 
he has long since given up the practice. But 
Dr. W. H. AYishard, now just rounding out his 
seventy-eighth year, is hale and hearty, and is 
in the active practice of his profession. He is 
to-day the best known professional figure on 
the streets of Indianapolis. He drives his own 
horse; he makes frequent night visits; he is a 
faithful attendant of the Marion County Medi- 
cal Society; he takes an active part in church 
work; he wields a ready and trenchant pen; 
he is a logical and convincing discussant 
and a most charming conversationalist. Age 
has not withered nor custom staled his in- 
finite variety, and to-day his natural force 
is not abated. Dr. AYishard would have graced 
the pulpit, or been an ornament of the bar; or 
brought dignity and virtue into political life, 
had his desires led him along any one of these 
pursuits, rather than to the practice of medicine. 
In 1840 Dr. AYishard was married to Harriet 
N. Moreland, daughter of the Rev. John R. 
Moreland, the second Pastor of the First Pres- 
byterian Church of Indianapolis. Nine chil- 
dren were born to them—four sons and five 
daughters. The first four, one son and three EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
559 
daughters, died in infancy and childhood. The 
others are living. One of his sons, Dr. Win. 
N. Wishard, was for seven years the Superin- 
tendent of the City Hospital. Under his super- 
intendency the hospital was rebuilt and organ- 
ized upon a modern basis, the Flower Mission 
Training School was established, and the hos- 
pital took first rank with similar charities. 
Another son, Albert W., is a well-known at- 
torney of the city and a member of the State 
Senate, session of 1892-3. A third son, Dr. 
George W., practiced medicine for a time with 
his father in Indianapolis, and is now engaged 
in real estate business in St. Paul, Minn. Of 
the daughters, Harriet J. has been an active 
worker in the woman’s charities of the city, 
and is now State Secretary of the Young Peo- 
ple’s Society of Christian Endeavor. Eliza- 
beth M., the youngest daughter, is now located 
in New York, as secretary of the Young Peo- 
ple’s Department of the Home Missionary So- 
ciety of the Presbyterian Church. Indeed, 
Dr. W. H. Wishard has built up about him a 
family active in every good work. They are a 
recognized element in the business, church and 
social life, as well as in the charities of their 
city. 
WISHARD, William Niles, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., son of the preceding, Dr. William H. 
Wishard and Harriet (Moreland) Wishard, 
was born in Greenwood, Johnson county, Ind., 
October 10, 1851; he was educated at the 
Southport High School and at Wabash College. 
He graduated in medicine at Indiana Medical 
College, in February, 1874. He began the 
practice of his profession at Southport, but in 
a short time became a student at Miami Med- 
ical College, Cincinnati, from which he also 
graduated in March, 1876. He resumed the 
practice at Southport, but in November, 1876, 
he removed to Indianapolis, and was in active 
practice until July 1, 1879, when he was 
elected Superintendent of the City Hospital, 
and accepted the place. During the time he 
was in the practice of his profession in Indian- 
apolis, he served as deputy coroner of Marion 
county, and made most of the post-mortem 
examinations with which the coroner was 
charged. He remained superintendent of the 
City Hospital until January 1, 1887, when he 
declined a re-election, that he might devote 
himself to the active practice of his profession. 
It wras during Dr. Wishard’s superintendency 
that the present elegant and commodious hos- 
Kital buildings were erected, and it was mainly 
y his influence and untiring energy that the 
great work was completed. He secured the 
necessary appropriations, located and spaced 
every room, and superintended the construc- 
tion of the new buildings. For years he de- 
voted himself to it, and it will stand as a me- 
morial of his unselfish labors when he shall 
be no more. Dr. Wishard was chiefly instru- 
mental in securing financial assistance from 
the city for the Flower Mission Training School 
for Nurses, which was established in 1883, and 
which has since done the nursing for the In- 
dianapolis City Hospital. The late Rev. Oscar 
McCulloch stated before his death that with- 
out Dr. Wishard’s assistance, the Training 
School for Nurses could not have been estab- 
lished. Dr. Wishard first introduced trained 
nurses into the wards of the City Hospital, 
and secured recognition for them from the 
medical profession, and not until after their 
introduction in the City Hospital wrere they 
ever employed by physicians in private practice 
in Indianapolis. Dr. Wishard has been honored 
by the Medical College of Indiana as assistant 
to the chair of Principles and Practice of Med- 
icine, Lecturer of Clinical Medicine, and Pro- 
fessor of Genito-Urinary and Venereal Dis- 
eases, which latter position he still holds. 
He was one of the organizers, and the first 
president of the Indianapolis Surgical So- 
ciety and was elected first vice-president of 
the Mississippi Valley Medical Society, at Cin- 
cinnati in 1892. He was also elected vice- 
president of the Marion County Medical So- 
ciety in January, 1893. He is a member of the 
American Association of Genito-Urinary Sur- 
geons ; of the American Medical Association; 
the Indiana State Medical Society; the Ma- 
rion County Medical Society, and of various 
other societies. On leaving the City Hospital, 
Dr. Wishard was appointed Consulting Sur- 
geon in that institution, in the department of 
genito-urinary and venereal diseases, and the 
Same position was given him in the City Dis- 
pensary. Soon after leaving the hospital, he 
took a course in the Post-Graduate Medical 
College and Polyclinic in New York. He then 
resumed the general practice of medicine in 
Indianapolis, but in a few months abandoned 
it, and since then has devoted his entire time 
to the practice of his specialty, that of genito- 
urinary surgery. In 1890, Dr. Wishard went 
to Europe for the purpose of better qualifying 
himself to practice his specialty. He attended 
the World’s Medical Congress, held at Berlin, 
and afterwards visited the hospitals in Berlin, 560 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Vienna and London. He saw and conversed 
with most of the leading specialists in his line 
of practice in these cities. Dr. Wishard is a 
member of the Presbyterian Chnrch, having 
united with it in 1873. He has served as ruling 
elder, and is influential in church councils. 
May 20, 1880, Dr. Wishard married Alice, 
daughter of Mr. William Wesley Woollen, of 
Indianapolis. His wife was a most brilliant 
and charming woman, but she was not long 
spared to bless his home. She died December 
9, 1880, and since then Dr. Wishard has re- 
mained a widower. Dr. Wishard is of com- 
manding appearance. He is six feet two inches 
high, without surplus flesh, and has blue eyes 
and brown hair. Should he live to the allotted 
age of man, he promises to become one of the 
most eminent men in his specialty. He is well 
read, and has mingled much with the bright- 
est men of the present time, both in and out of 
his profession. 
WIST A. R, Caspar, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city September 13, 1761, and died 
there January 18, 1818. Referring to the en- 
vironments, family history and other circum- 
stances which influenced the life and profes- 
sional achievements of this famous physician, 
surgeon and teacher of medical science his 
biographer, the late Dr. Caspar Morris, writes 
as follows: There has been no period in the 
annals of Pennsylvania in which the inhabi- 
tants have not been blessed by the presence of 
medical men whose names were household 
words during their respective lives, and whose 
memory has been transmitted from generation 
to generation by grateful recipients of their 
kindness and appreciators of their skill. The 
names of Owen, Kearsley, Kuhn, Morgan, 
Jones, Redman, and Rush, as well as those 
of the Oadwaladers, the Shippens, and the 
Bonds, illustrious predecessors of Wistar, may 
well challenge still for their descendants the 
homage which succeeding generations are 
always ready to pay to the merit of the 
past; and the knowledge of their honor doubt- 
less had its due weight in determining his 
career. During Wistar’s early life Philadel- 
phia was without a rival, the acknowledged 
principal city of the British Colonies in North 
America; and the period was one which gave 
more than usual eminence to all those whose 
lot was to become actors in the great events 
which were then just beginning to assume the 
position which have given them unrivalled im- 
portance, and made their influence to be felt 
throughout the civilized world. It was not 
only by their resistance to unrepresented taxa- 
tion that the colonists were at this time assert- 
ing their rights as British freemen, but their 
claim to that interest in the management 
of the government which could only be exer- 
cised by the recognition of their independence 
of the mother country. An indication of this 
growth of nationality, not only very signifi- 
cant in itself, but especially germane to our 
present subject, is afforded by the fact that 
just at this time, only four years subsequent to 
the birth of AVistar, a school of medicine was 
commenced in Philadelphia. It was thus a 
conjuncture which demanded for our science 
men home born and bred upon the soil, who 
should be able to seize the lamp as it should 
be ready to fall from the hands of the first 
runners in the race, and carry it with steady 
and increasing power of illumination to be de- 
livered to another generation. To this Caspar 
Wistar was admirably adapted. He was the 
son of parents of great respectability, and in 
affluent circumstances. His paternal ancestry 
was German. His grandfather, who bore the 
same name, had emigrated from Hillspach, 
near Heidelberg, in the year 1717, and had 
married, at Germantown, Pa., Catherine Jan- 
sen, whose parents were also German. It is 
interesting to trace the germs of the same char- 
acter which was afterwards displayed by the 
grandson, in his first progenitor in this country. 
Having a brother younger than himself and 
several sisters, he abandoned the Father- 
land and arrived in Philadelphia with a pista- 
reen in his pocket and a handsomely-mounted 
double-barreled revolving gun on his shoul- 
der, “to carve for himself a fortune in the 
New World.” (This fowling-piece was, a few 
years ago, still in the hands of one of his de- 
scendants.) The legends of the family prove 
how zealously and honorably he applied him- 
self to the accomplishment of this object, and 
his efforts certainly were crowned with suc- 
cess. Residing in Philadelphia, he established 
in New Jersey, near Salem, what is believed 
to have been the first glass factory in the Colo- 
nies, an enterprise in which his son, the father 
of Dr. Wistar, was, in due time, associated 
with him. The peculiar characteristics which 
displayed themselves in the person of Dr. 
Wistar in the wider sphere which he adorned, 
were equally strongly marked in his father 
and grandfather. These were strict integ- 
rity, great industry, quick conscientiousness 
and enlarged benevolence. His maternal 
ancestry was English, Bartholomew Wyatt, 
the father of his mother, having accompanied 
the earliest settlers of West Jersey, under the 
auspices of William Penn. These worthy peo- 
ple on both sides were “Friends,” commonly 
called “Quakers,” a fact which alone is suf- 
ficient to indicate their possession of an earn- 
est and religious character; since at that 
period the views which are peculiar to this sect 
were held, with perhaps a few exceptions, only 
by such as were willing to sacrifice all personal 
and temporal advantages for conscience sake. 
Under the influence of such parents, and with 
such ancestral traditions, Caspar Wistar was 
trained to the .practice of every virtue and the 
avoidance of every vice. Among the earliest 
efforts for the permanent benefit of the colony 
they had established, William Penn and his 
“Friends” appropriated their means freely to 
the endowment of schools of learning, in 
which their children and descendants should 
receive the advantages of a liberal education 
under the purest and wisest moral control. It 
was in a school thus endowed, and in a build- 
ing which exhibited the generous and enlarged 
views of those by whom it was erected, and 
which stood until the middle of the present 
century, on Fourth street below Chestnut, in 
what was in the day in which it was built, the 
healthy western suburb of the growing city, 
young Wistar received the best classical educa- 
tion the New World could afford. The devoted 
and constant friend of his maturer years, and 
the loving eulogist of his memory, Chief Justice 
Tilghman has said of this period: “I have 
been able to discover nothing very uncommon 
in his juvenile character. In quickness he 
was surpassed by several of his companions; 
but what he undertook he never failed to ac- 
complish by perseverance.” He certainly at 
this time and in this school laid the foundation EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
561 
of an education which enabled him,when soon 
after he repaired to the schools of Europe for 
further advantage, to assume at once a position, 
which proves that he was at least the equal of 
his compeers, and through life he associated 
on a footing of ease with the most learned and 
scientific men of his day, as well in Europe as 
in this country. He was able to converse flu- 
ently and correctly in Latin, had the usual 
command of French, and an intimate acquaint- 
ance with the German language. The political 
excitement which marked the period at which 
he was born, steadily increased in the several 
colonies, and it was while he was a boy, pur- 
suing his studies in the academy in Fourth 
street, that the Congress of Delegates met to 
consider their grievances and devise means 
for their redress, in Carpenter’s Hall, which 
stood immediately adjacent to the school. 
What were then his sympathies and emotions 
we are not told. We may, however, justly infer 
from the views on such questions which he held 
strongly in mature life, that the ardor of youth- 
ful feelings would lead him to adopt that side 
which asserted the liberties of the people, and 
their right to resist, passively at least, all en- 
croachment on their privileges; and with an 
intelligent appreciation of the blessings of 
that freedom which had been the heritage of 
their ancestors from the earliest period of his- 
tory, to transmit to their posterity a noble pat- 
rimony which can only be maintained in its 
integrity by the resistance of each generation 
to those invasion which are ever being at- 
tempted on the one or the other side. It was 
not long till the determined resistance to en- 
croachment culminated in open strife. The 
importance of Philadelphia, then the largest 
city on the continent and the seat of the 
American Government, caused its vicinity to 
be soon the seat of war; and the battle of 
Germantown presented to the peace-loving in- 
habitants the sad opportunity to witness “the 
wicked wastrie of life in war.” While the 
religious principles of the Wistar family pre- 
vented most of its members from any active 
participation in the bloodshed of battle, there 
were others nearly allied to them who were 
foremost in the conflict; and every feeling and 
principle by which their lives were governed, 
called those who were non-combatants to min- 
ister to the relief of the wounded. It was as- 
serted by Chief Justice Tilghman, whose au- 
thority is beyond doubt, that Caspar Wistar, 
then but sixteen years old, was active in as- 
sistingthose who were prompt in renderingthe 
services required by the wounded. “His be- 
nevolent heart was affected by the sufferings 
of the wounded soldiers; and so deeply was 
he struck with the happy effects of the med- 
ical art that he determined to devote his life to 
a profession formed to alleviate the miseries 
of Mankind.” Such was the fountain-head of 
the stream which, as it ran onward, ever 
spread wider and grew stronger, dispensing 
blessings as it flowed. When he had com- 
pleted his scholastic education, young Wistar 
devoted himself to the study of medical sci- 
ence under the direction of Dr. John Red- 
man, one of the most eminent medical practi- 
tioners of Philadelphia, and President of the 
College of Physicians, instituted at that early 
period for the promotion of the culture of 
medical science, and the regulation of those 
ethical relations which should exist among 
those who pursue so noble a calling. The 
Medical School of Philadelphia, then still in its 
infancy, was the first established in the Brit- 
ish Colonies. Commenced under the auspices 
of men of highly cultivated minds and lofty 
aspirations, it had been founded solely with a 
view to the benefit of those colonies. While 
pursuing their own studies in the schools of 
Europe, two of the sons of Philadelphia, Dr. 
Wm. Shippen, Jr., and John Morgan, conferred 
together on the need of such an institution, 
and determined to accomplish the great under- 
taking of providing one for those who were 
unable to seek foreign instruction, but who 
yet were endowed with ability to apply to the 
public benefit such medical knowledge as 
should be placed within their reach. Dr. 
Shippen, reaching home before Dr. Morgan, 
commenced by giving private lectures on anat- 
omy only. In April, 1765, Dr. John Morgan 
presented to the Trustees of the College of 
Philadelphia a letter from the Hon. John 
Penn, proprietor of the Province, giving his 
approbation to the effort; and being appointed 
by the trustees Professor of the Practice of 
Medicine, delivered and published an address 
on the subject of medical schools under their 
auspices. In September of the same year Dr. 
Shippen was, by the same board, appointed 
Professor of Surgery and Anatomy. These 
two gentlemen, in conjunction with Dr. Ship- 
pen, Sr., the two Drs. Bond, Dr. Cadwalader, 
Dr. Redman, and the Rev. Dr. Smith, the 
learned and judicious Provost of the College, 
prepared a plan for conducting medical educa- 
tion and conferring degrees, which was adopt- 
ed, and the Faculty was enlarged by the addition 
of Dr. Adam Kuhn, as Professor of Materia 
Medica and Botany, and in the following year 
by Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Chemistry. The 
starting point of the school was eminent; its 
tone was dignified; its ambition lofty. It 
aimed at the establishment of a system of in- 
struction, which should present to the com- 
monwealth men duly prepared to deserve the 
confidence they should seek, when they asked 
that the lives and health of the community 
should be intrusted to their care. The first 
commencement was held June 21, 1768, after a 
public examination of the candidates for the 
honors of the College. This fact is thus no- 
ticed in the minutes of that venerable institu- 
tion: “This day, which may be considered 
the birthday of medical honors in America, 
the Trustees being met at 9% o’clock in the 
forenoon, and the several professors and med- 
ical candidates in their proper habits, pro- 
ceeded from the apparatus room to the public 
hall, where a polite assembly of their fellow- 
citizens was convened to honor the solemnity.” 
A Latin oration was delivered by Mr. Lawrence. 
A disputation was held between two of the can- 
didates on “The Seat of Vision,” and another 
between two other candidates on the ques- 
tion, “Num Detur Fluidum Nervosum.” Ten 
young gentlemen received the degree of Bach- 
elor of Medicine. Such was the noble begin- 
ning of the Medical School of Philadelphia. 
The college with which it was connected was, 
however, doomed to participate with all other 
humane institutions in the ruin caused by war. 
During the heat of the civil strife in the year 
1779 an unfounded jealousy led to the confisca- 
tion of its estates, and the transfer of its prop- 
erty and position to a new organization 
incorporated under the title of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Possessed of the 562 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
funds of the old college, and favored by the 
patronage of the dominant party, for a time 
the new organization was paramount, and it 
was in this school that Caspar Wistar attended 
the lectures, and from it he received his degree 
of Bachelor of Medicine in the year 1782, just 
before the war with Great Britain was brought 
to a close by the acknowledgment of the inde- 
pendence of the American Colonies. The ex- 
amination of the candidates for degrees was 
then conducted publicly, in presence of the 
trustees and any citizens who might be dis- 
posed to witness it. Conflicting theories met 
with the support of rival teachers among the 
Faculty, and Judge Tilghman says, doubtless 
on authority beyond question, “Each professor 
examined with an eye to his own system. Of 
this Wistar was aware, and had the address to 
answer each to his satisfaction in his own way, 
with such uncommon promptness and precis- 
ion as excited the surprise and commanded 
the admiration of all who heard him.” Not 
content with the amount of knowledge thus 
acquired, nor with the honor thus achieved, 
and panting with an honorable and laudable 
desire to render himself thoroughly qualified 
for the performance of the high and responsi- 
ble duties of the profession to which he had 
dedicated himself with entire devotion of all 
his faculties, the youthful graduate repaired to 
Edinburgh, at that time the center from which 
the light of medical science was diffused over 
the entire British Empire. As the students of 
the preceding generation had repaired from 
Philadelphia as well as from London, to Ley- 
den to learn from Boerhaave and Albinus, so, 
at this time, they flocked to Scotland for the 
instruction of Cullen and the Monroes. On 
the way to Edinburgh, young Wistar spent a 
year in the vicinity of London, and though, by 
the death of his father, he had been left to the 
unchecked control of his own pursuits, and had 
become possessed of an ample estate, he not 
only resisted the temptations to vicious indul- 
gence by which so many are betrayed under 
such circumstances, but gave himself entirely 
to the diligent prosecution of the purpose for 
which he had crossed the Atlantic; thus early 
affording evidence of the possession of those 
principles which in after life enabled him to 
reach the eminence to which he attained. 
From London he repaired to Edinburgh, and 
the assiduity with which he there devoted 
himself to his studies is amply demonstrated 
not only by the ripe fruits of his after life, but 
by the friendships he formed and the honors 
conferred upon him. Thus, for two successive 
years he was elected by his fellow-students 
one of the presidents of the Royal Medical 
Society of Edinburgh, and also president of a 
“Society for the Further Investigation of Nat- 
ural History.” We may, without hesitation, 
adopt and reiterate the expressions of Chief 
Justice Tilghman, who, in recounting these evi- 
dences of the esteem which Wistar had ac- 
quired, remarks: “These honors, conferred by 
a great, a learned, and a proud nation, on a 
youth, a stranger, and one whose country had 
but just risen into existence, are the surest 
testimonies of uncommon merit. We contem- 
plate them not only with pleasure, but with 
pride. Their lustre is reflected from the man 
to the country which gave him birth.” Nor 
must we forget, while estimating their value, 
that it was at a time when the fratricidal stnig- 
gle which had given independence to our coun- 
try was but recently terminated, and the heart- 
burnings and jealousies of civil war had not 
yet died away. The course of life pursued by 
Dr. Wistar was singularly consistent. Chosen 
calmly and deliberately, though at an early 
period, it was steadily pursued to the end. 
Thus, diligent as he was in the study of those 
branches of knowledge which are more strictly 
professional, we find him, even while prepar- 
ing for the examination for his doctorate, turn- 
ing his attention also to those collateral 
branches, the cultivation of which adds so 
much to the resources of the intelligent physi- 
cian, and in which he ever after manifested an 
increasing interest. It was not the mere ca- 
price of the youthful mind, wandering law- 
lessly around the fields of observation, and re- 
turning with the empty recompense of dissi- 
pated powers; his was the careful, accurate in- 
vestigation which seized and made profitable 
all knowledge which came within his reach. 
Dr. David Hosack, in the eulogy pronounced 
by him before the medical classes attending 
upon his lectures in the city of New York, 
ere the cold clay of Wistar had been consigned 
to its repose in the grave, thus records his tes- 
timony to the character he had won for him- 
self while pursuing his studies at Edinburgh: 
“He was distinguised for the same assiduity, 
correct moral deportment, and retiring, mod- 
est demeanor, that characterized him in every 
period of his life, and which, young gentle- 
men, permit me to add, you will ever find to 
be the sure and never-failing passport to dis- 
tinction and usefulness. Such, too, was the 
impression made at that early period of his 
life upon his friends in the university, that his 
name was ever afterwards mentioned in terms 
of the warmest regard and respect. The im- 
pression which was thus made on my mind by 
the affectionate language in which he was 
spoken of by the late celebrated divine Dr. 
Erskine, the present eminent physician of that 
city Dr. Charles Stuart, and by the elder Pro- 
fessor Duncan, in all whose families he had 
been domesticated, can never be erased.” To 
those thus enumerated, he added on the list of 
friends who ever watched his career with the 
interest which had been begotten by his char- 
acter as a student, the celebrated Cullen him- 
self, Sir James Mclntosh, Mr. Emmet, and 
Professor Jeffrey, men whose friendship was 
not lightly bestowed, and never without re- 
flecting honor on the merit of the recipient. 
After three years thus honorably and profit- 
ably spent, he took his degree of Doctor of 
Physic in 1786. Nothing could more perfectly 
exhibit the character of the mind of Dr. Wis- 
tar than the subject selected for his inaugural 
thesis, “De Animo Demisso.'” Dedicated to 
Cullen, the great luminary of the medical 
world, and Franklin, the philosopher of both 
the Old and New, it is devoted to the investi- 
gation of the nature, causes, and treatment of 
one of the most distressing maladies to which 
our nature is subject. In Latin which does 
ample credit to his knowledge of that language, 
he discusses the relations between mind and 
matter, deducting his illustrations from the 
stores of medical literature, classic authors, 
and modern poets and philosophers, with a 
judicious liberality proving his acquaintance 
with them all, yet falling short of pedantic 
display, as well as of the mere quotation to 
furnish matter, so frequent in such produc- 
tions ; and he closes the essay with a tribute EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
563 
of grateful affection to his preceptors, Dr. 
Redman, of Philadelphia; Dr. Jones, of New 
York, and his friend, Dr. Charles Stuart, of 
Edinburgh. In the family of the latter gen- 
tleman he had been domesticated during the 
two years of his residence. In the year 1787 
he reached his native city. The earnest stu- 
dent was the germ of the anxious, diligent, 
and faithful practitioner. The social position 
of his family and connections, with the com- 
paratively limited population of the city of 
Philadelphia, placed him at once in a position 
which forbade mediocrity. His fellow-citizens 
manifested their respect for him in every 
proper mode, and ample was the return he 
made in the honor which, gathering around 
his own brow, was transferred to the city of 
his birth and the home of his affections. He 
was immediately appointed one of the physi- 
cians to the Philadelphia Dispensary, then re- 
cently established; and one of his preceptors, 
Dr. Jones, took every opportunity to promote 
his advancement, by manifesting his own con- 
fidence in his ability. It is related of him that 
having requested the young surgeon to assist 
him in a critical operation, when the patient 
was prepared, he handed the scalpel to Dr. 
Wistar, pleading the failure of his own vision 
as an apology for transferring the responsi- 
bility to him. The College of Physicians, 
which was then a very exclusive body, having 
few members, and they the oldest and most 
distinguished medical men of the city, elected 
him one of its Fellows; while the American 
Philosophical Society, under the auspices of 
Franklin and Rittenhouse and Jefferson, called 
him to a participation in their labors for 
the investigation of knowledge, to which 
he devoted himself with an alacrity the off- 
spring of earnest interest. On both he 
conferred by his subsequent career, honor 
more than a recompense for that thus 
early bestowed. The College of Philadel- 
phia, to which the returning sense of justice 
on the part of the government of the new 
State of Pennsylvania had restored its charter 
and endowments, placed him immediately 
among the trustees to whom was committed 
the duty of resuscitating that venerable insti- 
tution, and a few months afterwards appointed 
him Professor of Chemistry and the Institutes 
of Medicine. He devoted himself with un- 
tiring energy to the work of accomplishing a 
junction of the two institutions, convinced 
that more injury would result from the jeal- 
ousy of rivalry in so narrow a sphere, than 
good from any honorable competition. It was 
chiefly through his instrumentality that this 
happy result was accomplished in the year 
1791. At that period the chair of anatomy 
was held by the one incumbent teaching the 
classes of both schools. The attendants on 
his lectures numbered one hundred and four, 
of whom fifty-five were attendants also on the 
lectures of the other professors of the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, while the larger number 
were matriculates of the college. The new 
institution thus formed took the name of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and the Medical 
School that, by which it has become so widely 
known, of The Medical Department of the 
University of Pennsylvania. The high repu- 
tation of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., as a 
teacher of anatomy, of whom it was said by 
competent judges he had no superior, had 
caused him to hold that chair in both schools, 
and he was now placed in the same position in 
the new arrangement, while Dr. Wistar was 
appointed Adjunct Professor of Anatomy and 
Midwifery. We thus find Dr. Wistar, in his 
thirtieth year, fairly started on that course in 
which he achieved for himself a distinction 
than which no greater has been attained by 
any competitor. He did not propose to him- 
self to seek for fame. The honorable ambi- 
tion to win the esteem and to acquire the con- 
fidence of his fellow-men was no stranger to 
his bosom, which responded promptly and 
warmly to such appeals. This was the goal at 
which he aimed ; and, in the faithful discharge 
of duty to which this desire stimulated him, 
he acquired a reputation unexcelled by any of 
the many noted medical men of his time. 
The medical department of the University of 
Pennsylvania thus organized from the junc- 
tion of the two schools, soon assumed in the 
western continent the position of the great 
center to which all who sought instruction in 
the art of healing flocked, from every part in 
which the English language is spoken; and, 
though the eloquence of Rush was a strong at- 
traction, the sound wisdom of Wistar was not 
less celebrated. He was an able, instructive 
and attractive teacher. Dr; Hosack says: 
“He at once evinced those great qualifications 
by which he was afterwards distinguished. 
The same fluency of utterance, the unaffected 
ease and simplicity of manner, the perspicuity 
of expression, the animation and earnestness 
arising from the conviction of the truths he 
was delivering, as well as from the desire to 
impress them upon the minds of the pupils, 
and the readiness with which he summoned 
and applied the numerous and varied resources 
of his mind, which many of you now in my 
hearing have had an opportunity of witness- 
ing, Dr. Wistar displayed in a most remark- 
able manner, in the first lectures he de- 
livered. Such were his fascinating pow- 
ers of description, that even upon those 
subjects that are usually considered as an 
uninviting part of a course of Anatomical 
lectures, the attention of his hearers was ever 
awakened and unremitting. Even in the 
demonstration of a muscle or a bone, his views 
were those of the philosopher as well as the 
anatomist.” The manner of Dr. Wistar in the 
anatomical theater, surrounded by his pupils, 
was such as at once to command not only their 
confidence in his powers as a teacher, but their 
love and veneration for him as a man. Court- 
eous and gentle, yet dignified, he never stooped 
to seek the passing favor of the moment by 
pandering to a vicious taste, or indulging in 
jesting or levity. His whole demeanor was 
that of one who felt himself the accredited 
minister of a holy service. With a counte- 
nance which changed with every passing shade 
of thought and feeling, and a heart which re- 
sponded to the gentlest influences which 
touched it, none ventured on familiarity; yet 
the only awe he inspired was that with which 
a kind and loving parent attracts to himself, 
rather than repels the children of his affection. 
His intercourse with the students who fre- 
quented his lectures was marked by one pecu- 
liarity, which was indicative of that greatness 
of mind which depends on entire truthfulness 
of character. So soon as the lecture closed, he 
allowed them to throng the area in which 'he 
stood, and he never closed the door to his pri- 
vate apartment, to which they were freely ad- 564 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
mitted, and he would prolong the lecture by 
conversation, during the time he was prepar- 
ing to retire, and often remained talking to 
them and answering their numerous questions, 
not only without reluctance, but with a cheer- 
ful and happy tone of voice and expression of 
face, which, while it gratified the youthful as- 
pirants to his favor, convinced them that he 
considered their interests paramount to his 
own convenience. He thus more than com- 
pensated his class for the few minutes by 
which he often trespassed ujdoii their patience, 
through a want of absolute punctuality to his 
hours, which with him was almost unavoida- 
ble. Universally known and respected, his 
daily course through the streets was inter- 
rupted by persons of every grade in life, who 
were permitted to stop him by the way to con- 
sult him about their ailments, or to testify their 
gratitude for the benefits received from his 
skill. His courtesy to all was unbounded; the 
poorest equally with the richest were received 
with kindness, and their cases treated with re- 
spectful consideration. His walks were almost 
an ovation, and childhood as well as manhood 
rejoiced at the beaming look and pleasant nod 
which gave evidence of his recognition of each 
token of respect. It was the habit of Dr. 
Wistar to invite the students in small numbers 
to his house, repeatedly during their attend- 
ance on his lectures. On these occasions his 
urbane manner and happy faculty of engaging 
them in conversation relieved the frigid for- 
mality which usually settles on such assem- 
blages. The students of that day were gen- 
erally from the rural districts, having enjoyed 
but few opportunities for social intercourse or 
familiarity with the usages of city life. Great 
embarrassment was therefore naturally a se- 
rious alloy to the enjoyment of such associa- 
tions. No sooner would Dr. Wistar enter the 
room, around the wall of which some twenty 
or thirty young men but little acquainted with 
each other were arranged in awful expectancy, 
and take his seat in their midst, than he would 
address, first to one and then another, some 
question as to the local peculiarities of the 
section of country from which they came, so 
worded as to prove the possession on his part 
already of some knowledge of themselves per- 
sonally, and the subject about which he made 
inquiry, and thus would he draw them into 
conversation and give freedom to their powers, 
pent up not so much by ignorance as by timid- 
ity. It was not in the company of students 
of medicine only that he thus sought to place 
those around him at ease by drawing them 
into conversation on those subjects with which 
they were familiar, while adding at the same 
time to his own stock of knowledge. This 
delicacy of perception, and consideration for 
the feelings of others, marked his general 
intercourse with his patients and society, 
and gave an especial charm to the literary 
and scientific soirees which he gathered 
Aveekly at his house, when he collected 
there not only the best-informed and most 
intellectual citizens, but also all strangers 
who were supposed capable of giving or receiv- 
ing pleasure at such meetings. It is asserted 
by the Abbe Correa da Serra, that these par- 
ties at Dr. Wistar’s house were the first which 
were held in this country on the plan of the 
European conversations. Nor was his hospital- 
ity confined to those meetings only, which 
were the origin of the Wistar parties, so-called, 
of the present day. Under the auspices of Dr. 
Wistar, these scientific and literary parties 
were strictly such; the refreshments being 
limited to the simple tea and coffee, and simi- 
lar light articles, which were handed to the 
company, instead of the luxurious suppers 
which now form so prominent a feature of 
these entertainments. On suitable occasions, 
however, his table was spread as a generous 
board; and few strangers of any mark visited 
Philadelphia without partaking of the pleasures 
which clustered there. Warm and quick in 
his feelings, generosity was an especial charac- 
teristic of his heart, and by its promptings in- 
fluenced his mind. This led him to pay but 
little attention to the pecuniary obligations of 
his patients, to whom he gladly rendered 
gratuitous services, even when the recipient 
had no special claim on his consideration; 
while to those, who, with straitened circum- 
stances were struggling to sustain a respectable 
position, his sympathies were ever open. As a 
practitioner of the healing art, Dr. Wistar oc- 
cupied a position no less eminent than that we 
have seen he possessed as a cultivated teacher of 
the science. Endowed by nature with a deter- 
mined will rather than a quick perception, 
those who know him best speak of him as less 
rapid in his mental action than many who have 
yet not attained to the same eminence. As a 
corrective he combined with this an earnest- 
ness of purpose, and highly wrought moral 
sensibility, and an exalted benevolence, which 
stimulated him to action and sustained him in 
effort. The examination of each individual 
case was, therefore, made with the most minute 
scrutiny of all its features, and a patient atten- 
tion to the complaints of the sufferers, which 
assured them of the interest he felt, and his 
desire to attain that intimate knowledge of the 
disease which would enable him to administer 
his remedies understandingly. The Abb£ 
Correa da Serra remarks: “He was scrupu- 
lously attentive in the examination into 
the nature of disease, and gentle and kind 
in the treatment of his patients. It was 
his object to assist nature. Hazardous treat- 
ment did not enter into his plan of heal- 
ing. This system is but little understood by 
those among whom he lived, but was the nat- 
ural product of his own character.” The esti- 
mation in which he was held as a surgeon is 
proved by the Minutes of the managers of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital, in which they speak 
of his resignation as “unexpected and very 
much regretted by the managers, who would 
gladly have embraced an opportunity of giving 
to a long-tried, experienced, and faithful prac- 
titioner a further proof of their confidence in 
his skill and abilities, by re-electing him to the 
office he had filled more than sixteen years 
with great reputation, had he not prevented 
them by declining to serve any longer.” His 
biographer, Dr. Morris, referring to the lasting 
impression made by him on his boyish imagi- 
nation, and the deep hold upon his affections 
which was established by Dr. AYistar, as the 
medical attendant in his father’s family, writes 
as follows; “The countenance beaming with 
affectionate interest in the suffering of the pa- 
tient—the gentle tones of endearment with 
which he soothed the anxieties and quieted 
the alarm of childhood—the patient investiga- 
tion of the symptoms, and the earnest effort to 
adapt his remedies so as to offend as little as 
possible the irritability of a sick and perverted EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
565 
taste, then much more difficult than now, will 
never be forgotten, and are as vividly present 
as when, more than forty years ago, they de- 
termined the adoption of his own course of 
life. These traits of character were natural, 
lie was sincere and truthful; and the patient 
in the hospital, in the wards of which he was a 
faithful attendant during seventeen years, or 
the poor sufferer in an alley,received from him 
the same delicacy of attention as the proudest 
citizen who claimed his services for a fee. In- 
deed his disregard of the pecuniary recompense 
for his services was so great, that it not only pre- 
vented the accumulation of wealth for his fam- 
ily, but, whilst it gave a higher elevation to the 
esteem of the community for the philanthropy 
of the profession, it was open to the censure 
of leading them to expect from others, who 
are more dependent on their own exertions for 
their support, the same self-sacrificing devo- 
tion to their interests as he had displayed.” 
We have seen that, from the commencement, 
Dr. Wistar was accustomed to give wide scope 
to the action of his mind. Chemistry, botany, 
and mineralogy were all studied with care, 
hut anatomy, as the subject on which it became 
his duty to teach others, claimed his special 
attention, lie published, for the benefit of 
his class, a work on human anatomy, which, 
for clearness and conciseness of description, 
was unrivalled, and which retained its posi- 
tion as the text-book of all our medical schools, 
until the advances made in the modes of in- 
vestigation and classification, and the changes 
in the modes of teaching, which have charac- 
terized later years, required another. The disr 
covery made by him of the mode of develop- 
ment of the cells of the sphenoid bone, and 
their attachment in the early period of life to 
the ethmoid, was one which conferred honor 
on him as an investigator and discoverer, and 
in which he took unalloyed and great satisfac- 
tion. With the exception of the work on 
anatomy, he committed but little to the press. 
He sometimes wrote anonymous essays, and 
occasionally communicated his views over his 
own signature, through the daily papers, and 
the Transactions of the College of Physicians, 
and American Philosophical Society. Of this 
body he was always a zealous member, nnd 
was one of the vice-presidents from the year 
1795; he was elected to the presidency on the 
resignation of his intimate friend, Thomas 
Jefferson, in 1815. He maintained a constant 
correspondence with men of eminence in 
science in other countries, as well as at home, 
and in every mode in his power labored to 
promote the cultivation of general knowledge. 
In the natural history of our own continent 
he w’as deeply interested, and was especially 
so in the investigation of those fossil remains 
which were then first claiming the attention of 
scientific men. The fifth volume of the new 
series of Transactions of the American Philo- 
sophical Society, published after his death, 
contains an article from his pen on this sub- 
ject, which he was the first to investigate in a 
scientific manner, and to which it was his in- 
tention to devote the leisure of his remaining 
years. He was interested, also, in the history 
of our own nation, and it was at his sugges- 
tion, and through his influence, that a com- 
mittee of the American Philosophical Society 
was appointed for the purpose of collecting 
and preserving the scattered fragments which 
are essential to the perpetuation of our knowl- 
edge of the transactions of the past. The 
meetings of this committee he attended regu- 
larly, and one of his colleagues remarks that 
it was the custom, after having dispatched the 
business of the evening, to gather round the 
hearth and enter into general and unrestrained 
conversation, in which he ever took the lead 
without intending it, and by his just remarks 
a*nd interesting anecdotes, he would beguile 
the time, until warned by the unwelcome 
tolling of the midnight hour that they were 
entering on another day. Dr. AVistar’s literary 
taste was good and elevated. Poetry had a 
charm for Ids maturer years as well as for his 
youth; but works of fiction he disregarded in 
his more earnest seeking for solid truth. His 
opinions on government were in strong con- 
trast with those of his family and friends, and 
the social circle in which he moved. He em- 
braced fully and decidedly the views of Mr. 
Jefferson. Yet he lived in harmony with 
those Avho differed from him on these subjects, 
at a time when party divisions were more vio- 
lent and rancorous than even now; and those 
of both parties entertained for him that pro- 
found respect and warm affection which was 
equally creditable to him and them. His 
warmest friends, most devoted patients, and 
nearest relatives, were zealous advocates of 
the views of the Federal party. His sense of 
propriety taught him, as a medical practi- 
tioner, to avoid the obtrusion of his views 
upon others; and he was well aware of the 
incompatibility of political and medical studies 
and pursuits. He therefore never took any 
part in the former, beyond the expression of 
his views when occasion demanded it; and 
then in such manner as was least offensive. 
His well-known popularity at one time induced 
the leaders of the Democratic party in Phila- 
delphia to endeavor to persuade him to allow 
them to put him in nomination as their repre- 
sentative in Congress; this he positively re- 
fused. Soon after his return from Europe, he 
was united in matrimony to Miss Isabella 
Marshall. Within two years he was called to 
mourn her loss, with no child to perpetuate 
the alliance and solace his grief. It was not 
till after the lapse of eight years that he again 
married, Miss Elizabeth, daughter of George 
Mifflin, and niece of Thomas Mifflin, widely 
known as one of the Governors of Pennsylvania. 
This estimable lady cheered the subsequent 
years of his life by her sympathy, and long 
survived him. Two sons and a daughter were 
the fruits of this union. His delight in nature 
was as simple as that of a child, and furnished 
him unbounded gratification. A modest but 
beautiful country residence afforded him a re- 
treat from the toil and cares of his profession 
during the summer months, and it was here 
that he delighted to gather around him his 
family and friends. He was fond of children, 
whom he caressed, and thus disarmed their 
fears. He never indulged, either while visit- 
ing his patients or elsewhere, in idle gossip 
about character, and when it was attempted in 
his presence, would check it by an apt quota- 
tion from that noblest sentence of uninspired 
morality: 
“He that filches from me my good name, 
Robs me of that which not enriches him, 
And makes me poor indeed.” 
The religious views of Dr. AVistar were those 
of the Society of Friends, modified by his 
large intercourse with the world. AArhen his 566 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
professional duties permitted, he ever joined 
with them in their meetings for worship once, 
at least, on the Lord’s day, and he enjoined 
the same habit on his children, not as appro- 
priate to their childhood only, but as the 
privilege and duty of man through life, and 
requested they would ever continue it. He 
urged upon his sons that, even should they 
adopt the medical profession, they would never 
allow their duty to their patients to furnish an 
apology for the neglect of this duty to God. 
Among the latest acts of his life was the post- 
ponement of other engagements to join in a 
religious meeting held at his own house by 
some traveling ministers of the Society of 
Friends. It was also his custom to take with 
him in his carriage and read as he traveled, 
either for pleasure or professional calls, a copy 
of the word of God which he especially val- 
ued, as the present of his early friend, Dr. 
Charles Stuart, of Edinburgh, and on such oc- 
casions, he commended the sacred teachings 
of the Gospel to the affectionate regard of his 
children, whom he frequently carried with him 
on short journeys. His philanthropy was quiet 
and sincere, manifested not only in the dis- 
charge of his duty as a physician, but by a 
ready response to the call for aid in every 
mode by which want is accustomed to appeal 
for relief. His sympathy for the weak and 
oppressed found vent in his kind interest 
in the sad remnant of the Indian tribes, 
which, at that day, still lingered in wretch- 
edness amid our frontier settlers, and fre- 
quently visited our great cities; while, in 
common with Franklin and Rush, and every 
enlightened citizen of Pennsylvania, and many 
of the leading men of more southern states, 
he took a lively interest in the abolition of 
negro slavery, and desired to promote the 
diffusion of those views which would lead to 
its extinction elsewhere as there, by the volun- 
tary act of the masters themselves. Having 
thus briefly described the character of Dr. 
Wistar, and narrated the principal events of 
his life, it only remains to record the circum- 
stances of its close. During many years he 
had suffered more or less from symptoms 
which indicated an organic affection of the 
heart, which occasionally gave rise to attacks 
of dyspnea. On this account he strove as 
much as possible to reduce the number of his 
patients and diminish the amount of his pro- 
fessional labor. He, however, entered on 
the duties of his professorship in the winter 
of 1818 with his usual energy. But about the 
middle of January he was seized with a fever 
which soon manifested those indications of 
prostration which gave rise to alarm. Dr. 
Horner, then his affectionate pupil, and sub- 
sequently the successor of Dr. Physick in the 
chair of anatomy, records: “So long as 
reason maintained her seat I heard him say, 
‘Well, to-morrow I shall certainly be able to 
meet my class;’” and it was only by the 
Avatchful care of his friends he was prevented 
from the attempt. The last sentence he was 
heard to pronounce was, “I wish well to all 
mankind.” Dr. Wistar died in the maturity 
of his intellectual force, and at the highest 
point to which earthly ambition can aspire. 
Beloved, respected, honored by all avlio knew 
him, his virtues had secured him the affections 
of his friends; his talents and industry the 
respect and esteem of the community in 
which he lived, and a reputation of no drdi- 
nary character in a wider circle; and, if in the 
straggle of life there had been personal jeal- 
ousies and heart-burnings, they died with the 
individuals who were affected by them, leav- 
ing only a crown of honor placed on his brow 
by a grateful posterity which cherishes his 
memory as that of one who, by the diligent 
discharge of duty in his generation, estab- 
lished his claim to be “held in everlasting re- 
membrance 
WOOD, George 8., of Philadelphia, was 
born in Greenwich, Cumberland county, N. 
J., March 13, 1797, and died in the former city 
March 30, 1879. * His parents were members 
of the Society of Friends. He received his 
early education in the City of New York, and 
completed it at the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, where he graduated A. B. in 1815, and 
studied medicine in the medical department 
of the same institution, receiving his degree 
of M. D. in 1818. He was the author of a 
number of works which rank high in medical 
literature. Among these are: “The Dispen- 
satory of the United States,” written in con- 
junction with Dr. Franklin Bache, in 1833. 
This work was thoroughly exhaustive in its 
description of many medicinal agents peculiar 
to American practice, indicating minutely 
their various properties and effects. Of this 
work 150,000 copies were sold during Dr. 
Wood’s lifetime, the royalty to the authors be- 
ing about $155,000. In 1847 he published “A 
Treatise on the Practice of Medicine.” This 
work has gone through six editions, the last 
being in 1867. In 1856 he published “A Treat- 
ise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology, or 
Materia Medica,” of which three editions have 
been issued, the last in 1868; and a volume 
containing twelve lectures, six addresses on 
medical subjects, and two biographical me- 
moirs, in 1859, chiefly delivered before the 
medical classes of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. He was also author of the “History of 
the Pennsylvania Hospital;” “History of the 
University of Pennsylvania,” and “Biograph- 
ical Memoirs of Franklin Bache.” These, to- 
gether with the “History of Christianity in 
India,” of “The British Indian Empire,” and 
of “Girard College,” were collected into a 
volume, entitled “Memoirs, Essays and Ad- 
dresses.” He was Professor of Chemistry in 
the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy from 
1822 to 1831, of Materia Medica in the same 
institution from 1831 to 1835; Professor of 
Materia Medica in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania from 1835 to 1850; of the Theory and 
Practice of Medicine in the same institution 
from 1850 to 1860; and Physician to the Penn- 
sylvania Hospital from 1835 to 1859. He was 
president of the American Philosophical So- 
ciety in 1859, and was for many years presi- 
dent of the College of Physicians of Phila- 
delphia. He, in 1865, endowed the auxiliary 
faculty of medicine in the University of Penn- 
sylvania, consisting of five chairs: one of 
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy; one of 
Botany; one of Geology and Mineralogy; one 
of Hygiene; and one of Medical Jurisprudence; 
all of these to be especially considered in their 
relation to medicine. The pathology of dis- 
eases as laid down by Dr. Wood in his Treatise 
on the Practice of Medicine excelled that to 
be found in any other work in this country. 
He was eminently successful as a lecturer, 
and while in the chair of Materia Medica ex- 
hibited to the student many specimens of rare EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
567 
living tropical plants and other exotics, which 
he had secured at great expense, and of which 
he had occasion to treat in his lectures. As an 
author and teacher of various departments of 
medicine he was recognized as pre-eminent, and 
at the time of his death was perhaps the oldest 
and most widely known member of his profes- 
sion in Philadelphia. 
WOOD, Horatio C., of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in that city January 13, 1841. His profes- 
sional education was received in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, whence he was graduated 
M. D. in 1862. After serving in various civil 
and military hospitals, he established himself 
in Philadelphia in 1865, making specialties of 
therapeutics and nervous diseases. He is a 
member of the Philadelphia County Medical 
Society; of the College of Physicians; of the 
Academy of the Natural Sciences, of which 
he was formerly Recording Secretary; of the 
New York Lyceum of Natural History; of the 
American Philosophical Society, and Ameri- 
can Medical Association. From 1866 to 1876 
he was Professor of Botany in the Auxiliary 
Medical Faculty of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, and since the latter date has been Clin- 
ical Professor of Nervous Diseases and Profes- 
sor of Therapeutics in the medical department 
proper of that institution, which position he 
still holds. In 1879 he was elected to the 
National Academy of Sciences. He was Vis- 
iting Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital 
from 1872 till 1887, and to St. Agnes Hospital 
since 1886, and has held the same relation to 
the University Hospital since 1870. Of his 
numerous professional publications may be 
mentioned: “On the Influence of Section of 
the Cervical Pneumo-gastrics upon the Action 
of Emetics and Cathartics;” “Acetic Ether as 
an Anesthetic;” “Physiological Action of 
Atropia;” “Experimental Researches on the 
Physiological Action of Nitrite of Amyl” 
(Warren prize essay); “The Yaso-Motor Action 
of Ergot;” the Oxytocic Action of Quin- 
ine;” “An Investigation into the Action of 
Veratrum Viride;”“A Study of the Nature 
and Mechanism of Fever” (Toner lecture), 
Smithsonian miscellaneous collection, 1875; 
“Thermic Fever, or Sunstroke” (Boylston prize 
essay); “A Study of Convulsants;” “Case of 
Leucinosis, or Yellow Atrophy of the Liver;” 
“On Acute Dropsy, Scarlatinal and Idio- 
pathic;” “Therapeutic Value of Nitrite of 
Amyl;” “On the Relations of Leucocythemia 
and Pseudo-Leukemia;” “ATreatiseon Thera- 
peutics,” J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875 (seventh 
edition, 1888); also edited United States Dis- 
pensatory (fourteenth edition, 1883). Dr. 
Wood edited New Bemedies from 1870 to 1873; 
the Philadelphia Medical Times from 1873 till 
1880, and in 1884 he became editor of the 
Therapeutic Gazette. His more recent publica- 
tions are: “Brain Work and Over Work,” 
1879, and “Nervous Diseases and Their Diag- 
nosis,” 1886. He has for a number of years 
been a zealous investigator, and constant and 
voluminous writer in the domain of natural 
history. 
WOOD, James Rushmore, of New York, was 
born in that city September 14,1816, and died 
there May 4, 1882. He studied medicine un- 
der Dr. Tulley, of New Haven, and Dr. David 
L. Rogers, of New York, and also at the Cas- 
tleton (Vt.) Medical College, graduating in 
1846. In 1847 he became associated with Dr. 
Wilson, Resident Physician of Bellevue Hos- 
pital, in connection with that institution, 
which at that time was a receptacle for luna 
tics, paupers, criminals, and all the diseased 
of a depraved and vitiated life, where the hy- 
gienic laws and ventilation were almost en- 
tirely neglected, and the attendance and nurs- 
ing inefficient and untrustworthy, and with 
the assistance of Dr. Drake and Moses Frank- 
lin, president of the then Board of Aldermen, 
so successfully endeavored to modify the ex- 
isting evils that an effective change came over 
the hospital, as proved by the saving annually 
of six hundred lives. During the era of Dr. 
Wilson he made all the post-mortem examina- 
tions in the establishment, which numbered 
many hundreds. He also established Saturday 
surgical clinics, and founded the Wood prize 
for the best anatomical dissection. He suc- 
cessfully established beyond dispute the fact 
of the second growth of bone by the separa- 
tion of the periosteum from necrosed bone, 
and carefully enucleating it, specimens in the 
anatomical and pathological museum which he 
founded, showing the reproduction of almost 
every bone in the human body. As early as 
1847, Dr. Wood began to collect material with 
the intention of founding a museum, and this 
collection, together with the accumulated speci- 
mens of twenty years’ practice, he presented, 
in 1856, to the Commissioners of Public Chari- 
ties and Corrections. This, with the later ad- 
ditions, constitutes the “Wood Museum,” 
which Dr. Willard Parker has styled “the 
grandest monument ever erected to any sur- 
geon in this country.” He was chiefly instru- 
mental in procuring the passage of the “Dis- 
secting Bill,” by which the bodies of all un- 
claimed vagrants are given to the institutions 
of medicine and surgery for dissection. It 
took four years to secure the enactment of this 
law, and so great was the public prejudice 
against it that it finally passed in 1857 by 
only one majority. In 1861, together with 
many of the leading physicians, and under the 
auspices of the Almshouse Commissioners, he 
founded Bellevue Hospital Medical College. 
Among the operations performed by him was 
the removal of the whole lower jaw for phos- 
phor-necrosis (in a patient who died subse- 
quently, and to whose skull a second jaw had 
attached itself). He tied both carotids in the 
same patient for malignant disease of the an- 
trum, placed the ligature on the subclavian on 
several occasions, and tied the external, iliac 
several times. He was a member of the New 
York Academy of Medicine; of the American 
Medical Association; of the New York Patho- 
logical Society, of which he had been twice 
president; of the New York Medical and Sur- 
gical Society; of the New York Society for the 
Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical 
Men; the Medical Journal Association of the 
City of New York; of the New York Physi- 
cians’ Mutual Aid Association; honorary mem- 
ber of the New York and Massachusetts State 
Medical Societies, and corresponding member 
of the Historical Society of Yale College. 
He was the author of “The Growth of Bone,” 
an address delivered before the New York 
Academy of Medicine; of pamphlets on “Re- 
moval of the Entire Lower Jaw,” “Ligature 
of External Iliac Artery,” “Spontaneous Dis- 
location of the Head of the Femur Into the 
Ischiatic Notch, Occurring in Morbus Cox- 
arius,” and also “Early History of the Opera- 
tion of Ligature of the Primitive Carotid Ar- 568 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
tery.” In 1846 he was appointed Demonstra- 
tor of Anatomy at Castleton Medical College; 
was Surgeon to St. Vincent’s Hospital and New 
Yoi'k Ophthalmological Dispensary; also Con- 
sulting Surgeon of the New York Academy of 
Medicine. In 1861 he was called to the Chair 
of Operative Surgery and Surgical Pathology 
in Bellevue Hospital College, and was 'Emeritus 
Professor of Surgery therein at the time of his 
death. 
WOODBRIDGE, Luther Dana, of Williams- 
town, Mass., was born December 27, 1850, at 
Perth Amboy, N. J. He is descended from 
Rev. John Woodbridge, who came from 
Great Britain to New England in 1634. The 
subject of this sketch was educated at Will- 
iams College, having graduated at that 
institution in 1872, and then became a 
teacher in Robert College, Constantinople, 
during 1872-73. He began the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. N. 
H. Babbitt, of North Adams, Mass., received 
his medical degree from the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 
1877, and was awarded a diploma of special 
examination honors. He served as House 
Physician to Roosevelt Hospital during 1878-9, 
and was assistant in the out-patient depart- 
ment of Columbus Street Hospital, New York 
City. He then pursued special studies in oph- 
thalmology, otology, gynecology, obstetrics, 
pediatrics, surgery, venereal, and skin diseases 
in the University of Vienna during 1879 and 
1880. He afterward went to the British me- 
tropolis, and served as “Interne” at the London 
Hospital. He then engaged in the general 
practice of his profession in New York City, 
in association with Dr. T. H. Burchard, from 
1881 to 1884, and during this time he became 
an Assistant to the Ophthalmic Department 
of Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital in con- 
nection with the service of the late Dr. C. R. 
Agnew. He was also Lecturer on First Aid to 
Injured, under the auspices of the New York 
State Charities Aid Association. During 1884 
he was called to the chair of Anatomy and Phys- 
iology in Williams College, Williamstown, 
Mass., and has since practiced medicine there 
in connection with college duties. He is a 
member and ex-president of the North Berk- 
shire Medical Association, member and vice- 
president of the Berkshire Medical Society; 
member and Councilor of the Massachusetts 
Medical Society; and also a member of the 
American Medical Association and the Amer- 
ican Academy of Medicine. Dr. Woodbridge 
is the author of a “Syllabus of Lectures on 
Anatomy and Physiology,” and has made 
important contributions to the literature of his 
profession, among which may be mentioned 
articles on “Abortive Treatment of Typhoid 
Fever,” and “Antiseptic Medication.” 
WOODBURY, Frank, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city December 9, 1848, and 
is of New England parentage and of English 
descent. He received his preliminary educa- 
tion at the Philadelphia High School, and un- 
der private teachers. His medical education 
was continued under the preceptorship of Pro- 
fessor James Aitken Meigs, and he was gradu- 
ated in medicine at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege in March, 1873. The honorary A. M. de- 
gree was conferred upon him by Lafayette 
College in 1888. He was Resident Physician 
of Pennsylvania Hospital from 1873 to 1874, 
and was its librarian and officer of hygiene 
from 1874 to 1875. He was librarian of the 
Philadelphia College of Physicians from 1875 
to 1879; also Attending Physician to German 
Hospital for six years, and" Attending Physi- 
cian to Medico-Chirurgical Hospital four years. 
He was Professor of Therapeutics and Materia 
Medica in the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
Philadelphia four years; afterwards and at 
present Professor of Clinical Medicine in this 
medical college. He was second vice-presi- 
dent of the American Medical Association at 
its meeting held at Newport, R. I.; and chair- 
man of the Section of Materia Medica and 
Pharmacy, American Medical Association in 
1890, 1891 and 1892. He was president of the 
American Medical Editors’ Association at the 
Detroit meeting in 1892. Dr. Woodbury was for- 
merly reporting secretary of the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society for five years, and the 
editor of the Philadelphia Medical Times from 
1883 to 1888. He has also been the Philadel- 
phia editorial representative for the Boston 
Medical and Surgical Journal since 1887, and 
the Philadelphia correspondent for the Journal 
of the American Medical Association since 1891. 
He is a member of the Philadelphia Academy 
of Science and New England Society. In the 
Ninth International Medical Congress held at 
Washington, September, 1887, he was secre- 
tary of Section on Therapeutics and Materia 
Medica, and has been a writer of numerous 
contributions to medical journals. In 1873, in 
the American Journal of Medical Sciences, he 
was the first to suggest digital compression of 
the iliac artery in hip amputation, afterwards 
carried out by Davy, of London. He is the 
author of a monograph on Disordered Diges- 
tion and Dyspepsia (Detroit, 1889, George S. 
Davis publisher) ; and is the American editor 
of Farquharson’s Therapeutics; Murrell’s 
Notes on Poisons; Tillbury Fox’s Epitome of 
Skin Diseases; Hall’s Differential Diagnosis, 
and other important medical publications. Dr. 
Woodbury was formerly stenographic reporter 
to the clinics of Professors S. D. Gross, Joseph 
Pancoast, and J. M. Da Costa; also to the Ameri- 
can Laryngological Association, and American 
Dermatological Association. 
WOODWARD, Joseph Janvier, of Washing- 
ton, D. 0., was born in Philadelphia, Pa.,about 
1832, and died near that city August 17, 1884. 
He was educated at the Philadelphia Central 
high school, from which he received the de- 
gree of A. B. in 1850, and that of A. M. in 
1855, acting as the valedictorian of his class. 
After receiving the first-mentioned degree he 
began the study of medicine, and graduated 
from the University of Pennsylvania in the 
spring of 1853. For a short time thereafter he 
practiced medicine in Philadelphia, acting 
during that period as examiner and teacher 
upon microscopical and pathological anatomy; 
he entered the army, wherein he rose rapidly, 
and became chief assistant in the surgeon-gen- 
eral’s bureau at Washington, D. 0., with the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. His professional 
labors have been of distinguished character, 
none more so than his comprehensive series of 
experiments in microscopic photography, by 
which the profession has been placed in pos- 
session of records of the highest value and 
usefulness. Among his publications, which 
number about one hundred single papers, are: 
“Address on Medical Staff of United States 
Army;” “Remarks on Croup and Diphthe- 
ria;” “Typho-Malarial Fever: Is it a Special EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Type of Fever?” Transactions of International 
Medical Congress, 1876; “Remarks on Photo- 
graphic Micrometry,” Transactions American 
Medical Association, 1876; “Application of 
Photograph to Micrometry, with Special Ref- 
erence to the Micrometry of Blood in Crim- 
inal Cases;” report on “Medical Literature;” 
report on “Causes and Pathology of Septice- 
mia.” He was also author of “Outlines of the 
Chief Camp Diseases of the United States 
Armies,” 1863, and the “Medical and Surgical 
History of the War of the Rebellion,” 1879. 
He was a member, during his residence in 
Philadelphia, of the Philadelphia County Med- 
ical Society; was a member of the American 
Medical Association, Second Vice-President in 
1875; was a delegate to the International Med- 
ical Congress at Philadelphia, 1876, and of the 
Medical Association of the District of Colum- 
bia. Dr. Woodward was associated in the 
management of President Garfield’s case after 
he was shot, and the confinement, anxiety 
and labor to which he was subjected during 
the President’s long illness proved too great 
for him, and hastened the sickness that termi- 
nated his life. In addition to his connection 
with scientific societies, including his election 
in 1873 to the National Academy of Sciences, 
he was President of the American Medical 
Association and of the Philosophical Society 
of Washington. 
WOODWORTH, John Maynard, of Wash- 
ington, D. 0., wras born at Big Flats, Chemung 
county, N. Y., August 15, 1837, and died at the 
National Capital, March 14, 1879. His parents 
removed to Illinois during his childhood. He 
pursued his literary and classical studies at 
Warranville Seminary, in that State, and in 
the University of Chicago. He then studied 
pharmacy, and afterward engaged in business 
on his own account, at the same time attend- 
ing lectures on materia medica and chemistry 
at the Rush Medical College. He subsequently 
began the regular study of medicine in that 
institution, and completed a course of quali- 
tative and quantitative analysis under Prof. J. 
V. Z. Blaney. He graduated M. D. in 1862 at 
the Chicago Medical College. In 1865 he vis- 
ited Europe, where he spent one year, chiefly 
in the hospitals of Berlin and Vienna, taking 
special courses of instruction in both these in- 
stitutions. In 1866 he established himself in 
Chicago. He was a member of the Chicago 
Medical Society; of the State Medical Society 
of Illinois; of the American Medical and 
American Public Health Associations (being 
one of the twelve sanitarians who organized 
the latter in 1872); of the American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science; the 
Philosophical Society of Washington, D. C.; 
corresponding member of the Chicago Acade- 
my of Sciences and Philadelphia Academy of 
Sciences; honorary member of the Kentucky 
State Medical Society ; president of the Alumni 
Association, Chicago Medical College, in 1870; 
member of the State Charities Aid Association 
of New York; of the Centennial Medical 
Commission; of the Military Order of the 
Loyal Legion, and vice-president of the Society 
of the Army of the Tennessee. He was the 
author of “Primary Surgery of General Sher- 
man’s Campaigns,” 1866; “The Mystery of 
Life,” an address, 1871; “Regulations of the 
United States Marine Hospital Service,” 1873; 
“Hospitals and Hospital Construction,” 1873 
and 1876; “The Immigration Service of the 
United States,” 1873; “Cholera in 1873 in the 
United States;” “Migrants and Sailors in their 
Relations to Public Health,” and “Safety of 
Ships and Those who Travel in Them,” Trans- 
actions of American Public Health Associa- 
tion, and “Quarantine, with Reference to Chol- 
era and Yellow Fever,” read before the Inter- 
national Medical Congress in 1876, in relation 
to which subject the six propositions submitted 
by Dr. Woodworth were adopted. He also 
issued the “Provisional Nomenclature of Dis- 
eases of the College of Physicians in London, 
in 1874,” as the nosological standard, and 
adapted it for the use of the marine hospital 
service. Beside these he was the author of 
the annual reports of that service, in which are 
contained very valuable contributions to prac- 
tical hygiene and medicine. He took part in 
organizing the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
and in 1858 became the curator of its museum, 
to which he gave much of his time, making 
several excursions west of the Mississippi for 
the purpose of collecting specimens of natural 
history. In 1859 he was appointed Natural- 
ist to the University of Chicago, and commis- 
sioned to establish a museum of natural his- 
tory. The winters of 1859, 1860 and 1861 
he passed in the Smithsonian Institution, 
working under the personal direction of Prof. 
Spencer F. Baird. In 1866 he was elected 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Chicago 
Medical College (he had previously declined 
the chair of Physiology and Histology in the 
same institution), and joined with it a course 
of lectures on comparative anatomy; and for 
one year filled the chair of Natural History in 
the University of Chicago, during the absence 
of the incumbent. After graduating in 1862 
he immediately entered active service in the 
army of the Union as Assistant Post Surgeon 
at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and shortly after 
was appointed Assistant Surgeon of volun- 
teers, and joined Gen. Sherman in the field 
near Corinth, remaining with his command 
until the Union armies were mustered out in 
1865. In 1863 he was promoted to Surgeon, 
and assigned to duty as Medical Inspector of 
the Fifteenth Army Corps, and afterwards 
Medical Inspector and Medical Director of the 
Army of the Tennessee. During the Atlanta 
campaign he established field hospitals, for 
which he was complimented in general orders. 
On the “march to the sea” he took charge of 
one hundred men, moving them in ambu- 
lances, and although there were among the 
wounded three on whom amputation of the 
thigh had been performed, arrived at Savannah 
without the loss of a single life, the wounds 
having completely healed when that city was 
reached. He was brevetted lieutentant-col- 
onel for his services, which were so highly 
appreciated that he was the recipient of two 
communications, one from Major-General 
Logan and the other from Brevet-Colonel and 
Surgeon John Moore, United States Army, ap- 
proved by General Sherman, in which refer- 
ence is made to his patriotism, capability and 
energy, as well in a professional capacity as in 
the frequent performance of his duties, by no 
means obligatory, of aide-de-camp. In 1868 
he was appointed Surgeon of the Soldiers’ 
Home, of Chicago, and Sanitary Inspector to 
the Chicago Board of Health. In 1871 he was 
appointed Supervising Surgeon-General of the 
United States Marine Hospital Service, which 
position he held until his death. On receiving 670 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
this appointment he immediately removed to 
Washington to assume charge of that service, 
which had been until that time, though in the 
seventy-third year of its existence, without 
any medical head. For six years he had 
labored to perfect the organization of that 
service by introducing systematic business 
methods of conducting its affairs. Instead of 
appointing medical officers solely on political 
grounds, candidates are now required to pass 
a satisfactory examination, and instead of the 
costly unsanitary hospital buildings of iron 
and stone, comparatively inexpensive pavilions 
are adopted. In April, 1878, a large number 
of physicians of the City of New York, among 
whom were gentlemen at the very head of the 
profession, joined in a letter to him in which 
they warmly expressed the cordial apprecia- 
tion with which they regarded the important 
work he had devoted himself to, and how 
much his investigations in marine and hos- 
pital hygiene had commended him to the favor 
of the medical profession. He married, June, 
1873, Maggie C. Hannahs, of Chicago. 
WOOLEN, Green Yiuton, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born in that city June 24, 1840. He 
is of English descent, and the second son of 
Milton Woolen, a native of Kentucky, and 
Sarah (Black) Woolen, of Maryland, who were 
both early pioneers of Indianapolis. The sub- 
ject of this sketch, having lived on a farm 
during his boyhood days, received his prelim- 
inary education under private instructors and 
in the public schools of his native place. He 
began the study of medicine with Dr. Samuel 
Record, at Lawrence, Ind., and finished with 
the late Prof. John S. Bobbs, of Indianapolis, 
who then was the recognized surgeon of the 
State. He attended his first course of lectures 
at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Sur- 
gery, in 1859-60, and was graduated in medicine 
at the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in the 
spring or 1865. He was appointed Camp Sur- 
geon of Camp Morton, at Indianapolis, in the 
spring of 1861, before he was of age, and was 
commissioned Assistant Surgeon of the Twen- 
ty-seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteers the 
following September, and served three yeai's as 
such in the armies of the Potomac and Cum- 
berland, being Surgeon-in-Chief of the Artil- 
lery Brigade, and subsequently the Twentieth 
Army Corps. He was Surgeon-in-Chief of Semi- 
nary Hospital at Murfreesboro, Tenn., during 
the spring and summer of 1864. He was captured 
at Cedar Mountain,and held as one of Pope’s offi- 
cers as a hostage in Libby Prison till his order to 
forage off of the country was rescinded. Dr. 
Woolen was elected a member of the Indiana 
State Medical Society in 1861, and was secre- 
tary of that society from 1870 to 1880, during 
which time, under the direction and assistance 
of the late Dr. Wm. Lomax, of Marion, Ind., 
he reorganized the society on the representative 
basis, when it became one of the largest med- 
ical organizations in the United States. He 
was a member and secretary of the Indian- 
apolis Academy of Medicine, from the time 
of its organization, in 1865, until it was merged 
into the Marion County Medical Society in 
1875, since which he has been a member of 
that organization, and was president in 1885. 
He reorganized the Indianapolis City Hospital 
at the close of the war into a civil institution, 
and was superintendent of it for the ensuing 
four years. From 1870 till 1882, he pursued 
the general practice of his profession, and was 
a frequent contributor of papers on general 
medicine, to the Marion County and Indiana 
State Medical Societies, as well as the Mitchell 
District, Mississippi Valley, and American 
Medical Association. Many of these papers 
were subsequently published in the leading 
medical journals. In 1882 Dr. Woolen took 
up the special study of diseases of the upper 
air passages, and in 1884-85 took an extended 
course of instruction in this branch of med- 
icine in the New York Polyclinic Post-Grad- 
uate School, and under the special train- 
ing of Drs. Kitchen, Griffin, and Ellsberg. 
He spent the first half of the year 1886 in 
Europe, principally at the London Throat 
Hospital in the further study of his special line 
of work, taking a full course in the hospital, 
and an exhaustive special course under the 
private training of Mr. Mark Hovelb He re- 
turned from abroad in July, 1886, and entered 
upon the exclusive treatment of diseases of the 
(F. QfoeFn. 
upper respiratory organs, in which field of 
practice he has had excellent success. In 1889 
he was made Professor of Rhinology and 
Laryngology in the Central College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, a position he now holds. 
Of late years he has been a frequent contribu- 
tor to medical societies and journals on sub- 
jects pertaining to his specialty. He was 
married February 4, 1864, to Miss Mary A. 
Smith, only daughter of the late D. R. Smith, 
Esq., for many years Associate Judge of the 
Probate Court of Marion county, Ind. He 
is a member of the G. A. R. and Military Or- 
der of the Loyal Legion of the United States. 
He has always been an active member in the 
Baptist Church, this being the only interest 
that has in any way been associated with his 
exclusively professional life. He is yet well 
preserved and actively engaged in a large and 
lucrative practice. 
WOOTEN, Thomas Dudley, of Austin, Tex., 
was born in Kentucky, March 6, 1829, of Vir- 
ginia parents who settled in the former State 
in the early days. He was the youngest but 
one of several sons. At fifteen he was left by EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
571 
the death of his father master of a large farm 
and slaves. “He received such education as 
the schools of the country afforded, aided by 
diligent reading at night and in the interval of 
labor. He studied medicine with Dr. George 
Eogers at Glasgow, Ky.; entered the Medical 
Department of the University of Louisville in 
the fall of 1851, when Gross, the elder Flint, 
Yandell, Sr., Drake, and other distinguished 
men were in the zenith of their fame, and 
graduated in the spring of 1853. Before grad- 
uating he was married to Miss Henrietta C. 
Goodall, daughter of Dr. Turner Goodall, of 
Kentucky. He located at the town of Tompkins- 
ville, Ky., and entered upon an active prac- 
tice. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, Mo. 
Doing a general practice he had a natural 
fondness for surgery, and soon acquired dis- 
tinction in that branch. On the breaking out 
of the war and the transfer of the Missouri 
troops (in which he had enlisted as a private) 
to the Confederate army, Dr. Wooten was 
chosen by the medical staff for Medical Di- 
rector of the First Army Corps (composed of 
Missouri and Arkansas troops), and took rank 
as such on the staff of Major-General Sterling 
Price, commanding. Upon the transfer of 
this command to the east side of the Missis- 
sippi river, when General Price was placed in 
command of the Department of Tennessee, 
Mississippi, Louisiana and part of Alabama, 
Dr. Wooten was made Medical Director of the 
Department. Gen. Price being transferred to 
the West, in command of the District of Ar- 
kansas, Dr. Wooten retained position on his 
staff and served till the end of the war. His rise 
and sustained success in the army were re- 
markable. Being only thirty-two years of age 
at the outbreak, he rose from private to Med- 
ical Director without prestige or influence, and 
in competition with some of the most eminent 
and influential men in St. Louis and the West. 
On the cessation of hostilities Dr. Wooten, 
ruined in fortune, settled in the village of 
Paris, Tex., in 1865. Here he soon built up a fine 
practice and recuperated his fortune. He re- 
moved to Austin in 1876, and has continuously 
resided there to date. His reputation and suc- 
cess as a surgeon are part of the history of 
the medical profession of Texas. He is a 
prominent member of the Texas State Medical 
Association, the American Public Health As- 
sociation, and was a delegate to the Ninth In- 
ternational Medical Congress at Washington. 
Upon the organization of the Austin District 
Medical Association, in 1887, he was elected 
president. Upon the inauguration of the 
University of Texas, in 1881, Dr. Wooten was 
appointed by Governor Roberts one of the 
original Regents, and was reappointed by Gov- 
ernor Ireland. In January, 1886, upon the 
death of Dr. Ashbel Smith, Dr. Wooten was 
unanimously elected president of the Board of 
Regents, which position he still holds. From 
the first, he has been one of the most active 
and earnest friends of the University, and has 
labored for its successful establishment with a 
zeal and fidelity that have faltered under none 
of the discouraging indifference and even hos- 
tility to the State’s great seat of learning.” 
To Dr. Wooten the people of his adopted 
State owe a debt of gratitude; he has been the 
steadfast friend of education, and to him is 
also in a large measure due the successful in- 
auguration of the high grade medical branch, 
which in time will be universally recognized as 
an honor to the great State of Texas. He and 
his able colleagues have carried out what the 
great founders of the commonwealth conceived 
and foreshadowed. 
WORMLEF, Theodore G., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was born in Cumberland county, that 
State, April 1, 1826, and was brought up in 
Carlisle, becoming in due course a student at 
Dickinson College, although he did not grad- 
uate there. “After the prescribed preliminary 
course of study, pursued under the direction of 
Dr. John J. Myers, in Carlisle, he matriculated, 
and in due time received his degree of M. D. 
He grew to manhood in very humble circum- 
stances, and had not only his own way to 
make, but to support his mother, in which 
duty he always proved himself a good son. 
His name has for many years been known far 
and wide as a chemist and toxicologist. Fora 
considerable period he held the chair of Chem- 
istry and Toxicology in the Starling Medical 
College, and of Natural Science in the Capital 
University, Columbus, O. On the resignation 
of Prof. R. E. Rogers, in 1877, he was called 
to fill the chair of Chemistry in the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia.” From Dickinson College he received in 
1870 the degree of Ph. D., and he has also had 
conferred upon him that of LL.D. His prin- 
cipal work is entitled “Micro-Chemistry of 
Poisons, Including their Physiological, Patho- 
logical and Legal Relations: Adapted to the 
Use of the Medical Jurist, Physician and Gen- 
eral Chemist,” illustrated, New York, 1867. 
The steel illustrations were drawn and en- 
graved by Mrs. Wormley. “When these illus- 
trations were submitted to engravers, one and 
all declined to undertake their execution, al- 
leging that the work called for was so delicate 
that it would ruin their eyesight. This proved 
a great disappointment to the author, but his 
devoted wife resolved that the illustrations 
should be executed in the manner designed by 
her husband, set herself to master the art of 
steel-plate engraving, and, having mastered it, 
completed all the illustrations herself.” How 
well she succeeded in her self-imposed task is 
very felicitously stated by the American Lit- 
erary Gazette, of September 16, 1867, which, 
speaking of the illustrations, says: “They are 
of the highest order of merit in their kind, and 
the courage of the fair artist and its excellent 
results are of great value, not only in the art 
and science concerned, but as a proof of that 
executive faculty that many men deny to wo- 
men.” Prof. Wormley was appointed a mem- 
ber of the Centennial Medical Commission 
having in charge the arrangements for the In- 
ternational Medical Congress of 1876, and was 
a delegate therefrom to the International Med- 
ical Congress, held in Philadelphia in Septem- 
ber, of that year. He delivered an address be- 
fore this body on “Medical Chemistry and Tox- 
icology,” winch is published in its Transac- 
tions. 
WRIGHT, Charles E., of Indianapolis, Ind., 
was born in that city November 1, 1843, and 
died February 22, 1893. His collegiate educa- 
tion was obtained at Asbury (now DePauw) Uni- 
versity, Greencastle, Ind. During the war he 
held the position of Quartermaster Sergeant of 
Camp of Instructions, afterwards Superin- 
tendent of Commissary Stores at Nashville, 
Tenn., and Chief Clerk of the Chief Commis- 
sary of Subsistence Department of Kentucky, 
in the Union Army. He next became a stu- 572 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
dent of medicine at Cincinnati in the Medical 
College of Ohio, where he graduated in March, 
1868. Returning to Indianapolis he began the 
practice of his profession, making a specialty of 
the diseases of the eye, ear and nose, in which 
branches he attained no small distinction. He 
soon took rank not only in his special branches, 
but also as a member of the profession at large 
and as a thorough student, not only successful 
in practice, but fully competent to perform Ids 
share in advancing the cause of medical 
science, both with his pen and in the discus- 
sions of medical associations. His contribu- 
tions to tbe medical literature of his time were 
numerous and valuable, and covered the entire 
period of his professional career. He was for 
some time editor of the Indiana Medical Jour- 
nal, and contributed many editorials, reports 
of cases and papers that attracted attention in 
his profession. One of his earliest themes 
was on “Spontaneous Evolution*” which ap- 
peared in the Western Journal of Medicine in 
I the latter year until the time of his death. He 
had at various times filled the office of secre- 
tary and president of the same institution. 
Dr. Wright was a valuable member of the In- 
diana State Medical Society and of the Marion 
County Medical Society, and was a delegate 
to the American Medical Association at its last 
meeting in Washington, D. C. He was for 
four years Physician to the Indiana Institute 
for the education of the Blind; Surgeon-Gen- 
eral with rank of Colonel on Governor Will- 
iams’ staff, and also on Governor I. P. Gray’s 
staff during the latter’s term of office; was 
for two years president of the Indianapolis 
Board of Health, in 1875 and 1876; was presi- 
dent of the Indiana Medico-Legal Fraternity, 
in 1877 and 1878. He served as a member of 
the staff to St. John’s Home for Invalids, and 
as Chief of Staff of St. Vincent’s Hospital, as 
well as a member of the Board of United States 
Examining Surgeons for the Pension Bureau 
under President Cleveland’s first administra- 
tion, and filled other posts equally respon- 
sible. He was one of the vice-presidents of 
the New York Medico-Legal Society. He was 
prominent in many circles, and was a thirty- 
third degree member of the Masonic Order. 
In none of the many positions which Dr. 
Wright was called to fill was there a better 
field for his work and capacity as an executive 
than the one as Superintendent of the Central 
Hospital for Insane. He was appointed by the 
Board of Trustees to take control of this in- 
stitution in 1888, and was in charge of the 
same at the time of his death. He was the 
head of it not only in name but in fact, and 
on him rested the responsibility for the entire 
internal management. The annual expen- 
ditures averaged over a quarter of a million 
dollars. The value of the property in round 
numbers is over $1,600,000. The number of 
patients reached a total of 1,557. The per 
capita cost of keeping patients, which in the 
present decade has risen as high as $194 per 
annum, was reduced under Dr. Wright’s effi- 
cient superintendency to $159.96, the lowest 
figure reached at any time for many years, 
and it is said that the patients were as well if 
not better cared for and fed than ever before. 
Dr. Wright’s administration was humane, en- 
lightened and progressive. The hospital was 
not conducted on the idea that it was a place 
merely in which to restrain people, but the 
great idea was to cure them. The old system 
of repression and physical restraint as a sys- 
tem was done away with. The plan of giving 
convalescents full liberty and open doors was 
put into successful practice, and it is but 
one of the instances of many in the same class 
where wise and healthful changes were success- 
fully carried out. “Dr. Wright was truly eminent 
in his profession, an active, skilled practitioner, 
an able teacher, and a beloved physician. His 
clientele embraced a large class of devoted 
patrons to whom he was endeared and at- 
tached by one common love. As a teacher of 
medicine he was scholarly, forceful, pleasant 
and instructive, beloved by his pupils and re- 
spected by his confreres. He faithfully per- 
formed the duties of his position under physi- 
cal embarrassments which would have in- 
capacitated one less devoted and earnest in 
his work.” In November, 1870 he married 
Anna, daughter of Emanuel Haugh, Esq., of 
Indianapolis, - who with a son and daughter, 
Charles Wright and Mrs. Edmund Gall, sur- 
March, 1868. His reports appeared in the 
Transactions of the Indiana State Medical So- 
ciety for a period reaching back over twenty- 
one years. He read papers at the annual meet- 
ings of the Association of Superintendents of 
American Institutions for the Care of the In- 
sane, and the same were published and at- 
tracted, like all his contributions to medical 
science, no small share of attention. Dr. 
Wright was the oldest member of the faculty 
of the Indiana Medical College in continuous 
service. He was at first Demonstrator of 
Anatomy, and afterward filled the chair of 
Diseases of the Eye, Ear and Nasal Cavities; 
and then of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
until 1887. He was Professor of Diseases of 
Children until 1889, and was Professor of Dis- 
eases of the Mind and Nervous Systems from EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
573 
vive him. Appropriate memorials relative to 
his death were adopted by the trustees of the 
Indiana Central Hospital for the Insane, the 
Faculty of the Indiana Medical College, the 
Marion County Medical Society, and other 
organizations in his native city. He was buried 
in Crown Hill Cemetery. The funeral cere- 
monies, witnessed by the medical fraternity 
and a large assembly of friends, were in charge 
of the exalted degree Masons, with whom for 
many years Dr. Wright was affiliated with the 
closest and most affectionate relationship. 
WRIGHT, Joel Williston, of New York 
City, was born in Sullivan, N. H., July 30, 
1840. He studied medicine with Drs. T. S. 
Wright and H. M. Lilly of Fond du Lac, Wis., 
and with Dr. E. H. Parker, of Poughkeepsie, 
N. Y. During his pupilage he served one year 
as Assistant Superintendent of the State Luna- 
tic Asylum at Auburn, N. Y. He attended 
lectures at the Geneva Medical College, and at 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York City, and received his medical degree 
from the latter institution in 1866. He first 
settled at Poughkeepsie, but in 1867 established 
himself in New York, where he has since re- 
mained. In 1868 Dr. Wright was married to 
Miss Sarah H. Lockwood, of Brooklyn, N. Y. 
He has held the position of Surgeon to the 
Northern Dispensary; Demonstrator of Anat- 
omy in the Woman’s College of the New York 
Infirmary; Lecturer on Surgical Dressings and 
Minor Surgery in the same institution, and on 
the same subject in the Medical Department of 
the University of the City of New York. In 
July, 1876, he was appointed Lecturer on Ob- 
stetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 
in the last named school, and in January, 1877, 
was made full Professor of this branch, and 
retained the chair until 1879. He served as 
Professor of Surgery in the University of the 
City of New York from 1879 to 1889, and was 
Professor of Surgery in the University of Ver- 
mont from 1884 to 1889. He was Visiting 
Surgeon to Bellevue Hospital from 1881 to 
1889, and to the Mary Fletcher Hospital, Bur- 
lington, Vt., from 1884 to 1889. Dr. Wright is 
now Consulting Surgeon to Gouverneur Hos- 
pital ; Emeritus Professor of Surgery in the 
Medical Department of the University of Ver- 
mont; member of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, New York Pathological Society, and 
the New York County Medical Society, and 
also of the New York Physicians’ Mutual Aid 
Association. 
WRIGHT, Thomas Lee,of Bellefontaine,Ohio, 
was born at Windham,in the same State, August 
7,1825. He was educated at the Miami Univer- 
sity and at the Ohio Medical College,Cincinnati, 
graduating M. D. from the latter institution in 
1846. During the same year he was married 
to Lucinda Lord, daughter of A. H. Lord, of 
Bellefontaine. Dr. Wright soon afterward 
established himself in Kansas City, Mo.,where 
he practiced chiefly among the Wyandotte 
Indians, located at that time near that city. 
In 1854 he removed to the city of his present 
residence, where he has since been engaged in 
the general practice of his profession. During 
the session of 1855-56 he delivered a course 
of lectures upon the Theory and Practice of 
Medicine in the Wesleyan University. He 
has been an active member of the Ohio State 
Medical Society, and in 1877 was president of 
the Logan County Medical Society in his native 
State. He has made valuable contributions to 
medical literature, and among his published 
writings may be mentioned: ‘‘Notes on the 
Theory of Human Existence,” 1848; “Dis- 
quisition on the Ancient History of Medicine,” 
1860; “Inquiry into the Value of Testimony 
Respecting Facts as they Appear to a Mind 
Partly Conscious,” Transactions of the Ohio 
Medical Society, 1860; “The Deterioration of 
the Race upon the Western Continent,” 1874; 
and a paper upon “Transcendental Medicine,” 
1878. He was formerly editor of the Ohio 
Censor, a political journal, published at Belle- 
fontaine. (Dr. Wright died June, 1893.) 
WYCKOFF, Cornelius C., of Buffalo, N. Y., 
was born at Romulus, Seneca county, New 
York, August 5,1822. Having received his pre- 
paratory education at Wesleyan Seminary, he 
studied medicine and entered the Buffalo Med- 
ical College, and was graduated M. D. at that 
institution in 1848. In the same year he estab- 
lished himself in the city of his present resi- 
dence, where he has since been engaged in the 
successful practice of medicine and surgery. 
Dr. Wyckoff has been an active member of the 
American Association and of the New York 
State Medical Society, and has repeatedly 
served as a member of the Board of Censors. 
He was president of the Erie County Medical 
Society in 1864, and of the Buffalo Medical 
Association in 1858, and also in 1876. He was 
appointed Attending Physician to the Buffalo 
General Hospital in 1859, and has served for 
many years in that capacity. 
WYKOFF, James H., of Princeton, N. J., 
was born near Long Branch, March 16, 1832. 
He was educated at West Nottingham Acad- 
emy, Maryland, and the Collegeof New Jersey. 
He then studied medicine, and entered the 
Medical Department of the University of New 
York, from which he was graduated M. I), in 
1854. He first established himself at Hights- 
town, in his native State, where he I'emained 
about five years, and in 1859 removed to the 
city of his present residence, where he has 
since been successfully engaged in the practice 
of general medicine and surgery. Dr. Wykoff 
has been an active member of numerous medi- 
cal organizations, including the of 
Medicine of Newark and the New Jersey State 
Medical Society, as well as the Medico-Legal 
Society of New York. 
WYMAN, Morrill, of Cambridge, Mass., 
was graduated A. B. from Harvard University 
in 1833, and received the degree of M. D. 
from the medical department of the same in- 
stitution in 1837. He has been an active mem- 
ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society, to 
which he was admitted soon after he entered 
upon the duties of his profession. He is also 
a member of the Cambridge Society for Med- 
ical Improvement and of the American Acad- 
emy of Arts and Sciences. He has made 
important contributions to medical literature. 
His published writings include: “A Treatise 
on Ventilation,” 1846, and “Autumnal 
Catarrh,” New York, 1872, and Boston, 1876. 
WYNNE, Thomas, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
born in Wales, about 1625, and died in 1692. 
In an interesting article, written by Whar- 
ton Dickinson, Esq., one of Dr. Wynne’s 
descendants (Magazine of American History), 
it is stated that the subject of this sketch 
was born in the town of Caer-Wys, Flint- 
shire, North Wales, and that he was the 
son of Peter Wynne, who was fifth son of 
Sir John Wynne, of Gwydis, and Sydney, 574 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
daughter of Sir William Gerard, Chancellor of 
Ireland. Dr. Wynne was sent to London in 
1650, and entered the Royal College of Sur- 
geons, and was subsequently licensed as a 
surgeon and physician, and practiced on the 
Surrey side of the Thames. He married Mary 
Battall. Dr. Carson writes, that when Penn 
made up his company of emigrants, which, 
under his own guidance, landed on the shores 
of the Delaware, in 1682, he was not unmind- 
ful of the medical wants of his incipient 
colony. Several well-educated members of the 
profession united their destiny with that of 
the party who arrived that year. It is knowm 
that one at least of these physicians was on 
board the proprietary’s own vessel, the Wel- 
come, where his services were called into 
requisition on the voyage from England, as 
small-pox broke out among the crew and pas- 
sengers shortly after their embarkation. The 
attention of a practitioner of the healing art 
must have been beneficial to those who were 
attacked by the disease, and, under such ap- 
palling circumstances, his presence must have 
been a source of encouragement and comfort 
to all who constituted the adventurous com- 
pany. The individual referred to as having 
been on board the Welcome was Thomas 
Wynne. In a recent address before the Medical 
Association of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
upon the early physicians of Philadelphia, 
prior to the year 1700, by Dr. J. F. Levick, 
the author states in the preface, “That all of 
the Philadelphia physicians of that time were 
natives of Wales—a very significant fact, in- 
asmuch as the Welsh immigrants constituted 
but a part of the population of the new city. 
It appears from the records that the sphere of 
operation in the immediate line of medical 
practice was too limited for all the gentle- 
men who had arrived, and as they were men 
of the highest order of intelligence and ac- 
quirement, their talents were also turned to 
account in organizing the settlement. Dr. 
Wynne served as speaker of the first Pro- 
vincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. His death 
occurred ten years after his arrival in this 
country. During this time he was actively 
employed in political and professional affairs. 
It is said that Penn was warmly attached to 
him, and gave the name of Wynne street to 
one of the principal thoroughfares of the new 
city (Philadelphia), which it retained until 
the other parallel streets had been called after 
the forest trees, when, for the sake of uni- 
formity, it took the name of Chestnut street. 
Dr. Wynne left a son-in-law, Dr. Edward 
Jones, also one of the immigrants of 1682. 
This physician settled near Philadelphia and 
practiced his profession with considerable 
reputation, and was the father of Dr. John 
Jones, the most renowned and skillful surgeon 
of the Revolutionary War. 
YALE, Leroy Milton, of New York City, was 
born at Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., February 
12, 1841. His ancestry were among the early 
settlers of Connecticut and Massachusetts, who 
came to this country about 1636. He received 
his preliminary education at the Meriden 
Acadqmy, New Hampshire, and at Columbia 
College, New York City. He studied medicine 
in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. from that institu- 
tion in 1866. Immediately after he was grad- 
uated he established himself in New York 
City, where he has since remained, engaged in a 
successful general practice of his profession. 
He is a member of the New York County Med- 
ical Society and of the New York Academy of 
Medicine. His contributions to medical sci- 
ence consist of articles in medical journals, his 
principal literary work being editorial and re- 
viewing. He was formerly Lecturer on Ob- 
stetrics in the University of Vermont, and 
Adjunct Lecturer on Orthopedic Surgery in 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, and was 
connected with that institution in various other 
positions since 1870. He was also Surgeon to 
Charity and Presbyterian Hospitals, N.Y. City. 
YANDELL, Lunsford Pitts, of Louisville, 
Ky., son of Dr. Wilson Yandell, of Rutherford 
county, Tenn., and of Elizabeth (Pitts) Yan- 
dell, was born near Hartsville, Sumner county, 
Tenn., July 4, 1805, and died February 4, 1878. 
His classical education was received in Mur- 
freesboro, and his medical education at Tran- 
sylvania University, Lexington, Ky., and also 
at the University of Maryland, from which he 
graduated in 1825. He settled in Murfreesboro 
in 1826, but removed to Nashville in 1830, to 
Lexington, Ky., in 1831, and to Louisville in 
1837. He was a member of the Lexington 
Medical Society; of the Medical Society of 
Tennessee, of the Academy of Sciences, Bos- 
ton; of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 
Sciences; president of the Louisville, Lexing- 
ton, and Kentucky Medical Societies; and of 
the Louisville College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons; and member of the American Medical 
Association. He was for six years editor of 
the Transylvania Journal of Medicine, also ed- 
itor of the Western Journal of Medicine and 
Surgery from 1840 to 1856; and besides ed- 
itorial articles, contributed many papers to 
their pages, among them a prize essay on 
“Fever.” He was the author of a report on 
“The Medical Sciences” to the American Med- 
ical Association, 1849; and one on “American 
Medical Literature” to the same in 1873; also of 
an address on the last subject before the Inter- 
national Medical Congress held in Philadel- 
phia in 1876. In 1831 he was elected Professor 
of Chemistry in Transylvania University; in 
1837 to the same chair in the Medical Institute 
of Louisville; to the chair of Physiology and 
Pathological Anatomy in the University of 
Louisville in 1849; and to the chair of the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Mem- 
phis Medical College in 1859. Dr. Yandell 
was long regarded as one of the most eminent 
physicians of the South. He was the father of 
the present Prof. David W. Yandell, the well 
known surgeon; editor of the American Practi- 
tioner; ex-President of the American Medical 
and American Surgical Associations, and Med- 
ical Director in the Confederate armv during 
the Civil War. 
YOUNG, Irenee I)., of Bordentown, N. J., 
was born May 12, 1827, at Rockland, Del. He 
was educated at Newark, and received the de- 
gree of M. D. from the Pennsylvania Medical 
College, Philadelphia, in 1848. He soon after 
became Resident Physician of Wills Hospital, 
and for a short time Resident Physician of the 
Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1849 Dr. Young 
established himself in the city of his present 
residence, where he has since devoted special 
attention to the treatment of the eye and ear, 
in which field he has had excellent success. 
He is an active member of the Burlington 
County Medical Society, and of the New Jer- 
sey State Medical Society. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
575 
APPENDIX 
ABBOTT, Frank W., of Buffalo, N. Y., was 
bom at Sandoway, Aracan, Burmah, Decem- 
ber 24, 1841. His father, at the time of his 
birth, was a missionary to the East Indies. 
Young Abbott was educated at Falley Sem- 
inary, Fulton, N. Y., and at the University of 
Rochester, in the same State. He studied 
medicine in the Medical Department of the 
University of Buffalo, and was graduated M. D. 
at that institution in 1866. Upon receiving his 
medical degree he established himself in the 
city of his present residence, where he has 
since been engaged in the special treatment of 
diseases of the eye and ear, in which field of 
practice he has had excellent success. Dr. 
Abbott is an active member of the American 
Otological Society; of the Medical Society of 
the County of Erie; and of the Buffalo City 
Medical Society. He has translated the “Re- 
cent Progress in Theory of Vision” (Helm- 
holtz), and has contributed to medical jour- 
nals important articles relating to ophthalmic 
and aural diseases. 
ANDERSON, Washington F., of Salt Lake 
City, Utah, was born in Williamsburgh, Va., 
January 6, 1823. He is of English and Scotch- 
Irish ancestry. His preliminary education 
was received at Sumterville, Ala., and at the 
University of Virginia. He studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Leroy H. An- 
derson, of his native State, after which he 
entered the University of Maryland, Balti- 
more, Md., and received his medical degree 
from that institution in the spring of 1844. 
He had been an attendant of the clinics of 
Baltimore Almshouse Hospital for three years 
prior to his graduation, and after this he es- 
tablished himself in general practice at York- 
town, Va., where he remained two years. In 
1846 he removed to the Pacific Coast and prac- 
ticed his profession in Yolo county, Cal., for 
five years. He finally located in Salt Lake 
City, where he has been engaged in a success- 
ful practice of general medicine and surgery 
for thirty-seven years, and has devoted special 
attention to lithotomy and ovariotomy. From 
1857 to 1867 Dr. Anderson served as Surgeon 
of the Utah Militia, with rank of Lieutenant- 
Colonel. He was a member of the Utah Legis- 
lature in 1860-61, and in 1876 he was elected 
president of the Salt Lake Medical Society. 
ARNOLD, Edmund Samuel Foster, of New- 
port, R. 1., was born in Bermondsey, London, 
England, January 30, 1820. He is the second 
son of the late William Rowland Arnold, for 
thirty years Accountant-General of the South 
Sea Company, London, and for fortv years 
secretary and accountant of Guy’s Hospital, 
London; also by descent of the elder branch 
of the Arnolds of Lowestoffe, Suffolk, En- 
gland. He was educated first in a private 
school, then at the Moravian Institution at 
Neuwied, on the Rhine; entered Guy’s Hos- 
pital, London, as a house pupil, in 1835; re- 
mained there continuously till 1844, with the 
exception of session 1837-38, when he attended 
the anatomical and physiological lectures of 
Mayer and Weber, at the University of Bonn. 
In 1842 he was licensed medical practitioner at 
Apothecaries’ Hall, London, and in 1844 made 
a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
England (the two constituting the fully quali- 
fied medical practitioner of England). In 
1848 he received the degree M. I), from the 
Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia. He 
began his professional career as an assistant 
to a large practice in the suburbs of Lon- 
don. In 1847 he came to the United States; 
from 1848 to 1854 was settled in New York 
City; from 1854 to 1872 at Yonkers, on the 
Hudson, when he retired from active practice, 
by reason of ill health, and took up his resi- 
dence in Newport, R. I. Among the cases 
which he has attended are mentioned two re- 
markable ones of arm and shoulder presenta- 
tion, delivered spontaneously by the head, and 
a case of compound dislocation of ankle-joint, 
both of which were published in American 
Medical Times, in 1861. He is a Fellow of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, elected 1861; 
memb'er of the American Medical Association; 
permanent member of the New York State 
Medical Society, from which he was a delegate 
to New Jersey in 1864, to Pennsylvania in 1865, 
to Massachusetts in 1866, to Connecticut in 
1868; also more than once to the American 
Medical Association; member of the West- 
chester County Medical Society, of which he 
was president, 1867-68; member of the New 
York Medical Journal Society, of which he 
has been a trustee; corresponding member of 
the New York Medico-Legal Society, and was 
active in the establishment of St. John’s 
Riverside Hospital, Yonkers, of which he was 
the first Physician. He has contributed va- 
rious articles to the American Medical Times, 
among them “Letter of a Country Surgeon,” 
favoring the establishment of a life-saving in- 
stitution to be incorporated with the railroad 
system. Subsequently, after consultation with 
Dr. Valentine Mott as to the necessity of the 
movement, published the following papers: 
“On Medical Provision for Railroads, as a Hu- 
manitarian Measure, and as a Source of Econ- 
omy to the Railroads,” and “Medical Provis- 
ion for Railroads,” read before the surgical 
section of the Academy of Medicine, New 
York, 1862; “On Opium in Shock and Reac- 
tion,” before the same section, New York 
Academy, enlarged and published in Penn- 
sylvania State Medical Transactions, 1865. 
From 1862 to 1868 he was Health Officer of 
Yonkers, during the latter period merged into 
the New York Boardof Health, and from 1865 to 
1872 Physician at the Motherhouse and Col- 
lege of Mount St. Vincent, Sisters of Charity, of 
St. Vincent de Paul, Hudson River; in 1871-72 
he was Surgeon of the Third Westchester 
Regiment, New York State Militia. In 1856 
he married Eliza, daughter of Hon. James R. 
Whiting, then one of the Judges of the Su- 
preme Court, State of New York. 
BANCROFT, Frederick Jones, of Denver, 
Col., was born May 25, 1834, at Enfield, Conn. 
A biographer in a recent number of the Mag- 
azine of Western History, referring to the an- 
cestry, early training, and professional achieve- 
ments of the subject of this sketch, writes as 
follows: He is descended on the paternal side 
from the Bancrofts and the Heaths, and on the 576 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
maternal side from the Wolcotts and Bissells, 
all well known early settlers of New England. 
He was educated at Westfield Academy, Mass., 
and at Charlotteville Seminary, N. Y. His 
medical education was acquired at the Uni- 
versity of Buffalo, from which institution he 
was graduated in 1861. His education was 
secured through his own efforts. Soon after 
receiving his medical degree he established 
himself at Blakeley, Penn., where he remained 
engaged in the general practice of his profes- 
sion for six months, and then entered the 
Union army. In October, 1861, he was de- 
tailed by Surgeon-General Smith, of Pennsyl- 
vania, to take special charge of the “Church 
Hospital” in Harrisburg,“with power of officer 
in comand.” When the regiments left the city 
for the field, early in the spring of 1862, he 
was ordered to join the Seventy-sixth Penn- 
sylvania Volunteers, stationed at Hilton Head. 
In May, he was ordered to take medical direc- 
tion of the forces at Pinckney Island, Sea- 
brooks, and Elliott’s Plantations, South Car- 
olina, and was present at the bombardment of 
Fort Pulaski and the attack on Charleston. In 
September, 1862, the yellow fever, which de- 
stroyed Gen.Ormsby Mitchell, and other prom- 
inent officers in the Department of the South, 
also laid low many of the Seventh New Hamp- 
shire Volunteers, and he was sent to New 
York City in charge of a detachment of this 
regiment on the steamer Delaware. He then 
proceeded to Philadelphia, where he remained 
as Examining Surgeon of recruits until the 
early spring of 1863, when he was ordered 
to fit up a hospital for the accommodation 
of Confederate prisoners at Fort Delaware, 
Delaware Bay; after which he rejoined his 
regiment, the Third Pennsylvania Artillery, 
at Camp Hamilton, Virginia. In June, 1863, 
he was assigned to duty as Post Surgeon of 
Fortress Monroe, where he remained until 
December, 1865, when, the war having closed, 
he left the United States Military Service. In 
the autumn before leaving the army he, with 
two other commissioned officers, was detailed 
by the Secretary of War to investigate the 
management of all hospitals, past and present, 
near Fortress Monroe. After returning to 
Philadelphia he attended the lectures at the 
University of Pennsylvania in 1865-66, and on 
the first day of the following June he settled 
in Denver, Col., where he has since remained 
engaged in the general practice of medicine 
and surgery, but devoting special attention to 
the latter. Among his notable surgical cases 
may be mentioned that of a girl ten years of 
age who was run over by a locomotive engine, 
in which case he removed the left arm two 
inches below the elbow, the right arm three 
inches below the shoulder joint, and the left 
leg at the junction of the middle and upper 
third of the tibia, with the result of a rapid re- 
covery. Dr. Bancroft has been associated 
with many enterprises and organizations. 
He is a member of the Denver Medical So- 
ciety, of which he was president in 1868; 
also member of the Colorado Medical Society, 
of which he was President in 1879; a member 
of the American Public Health Association; 
member of the American Medical Association, 
and a Vice-President of the National Associa- 
tion of Railway Surgeons. From 1868 to 1885 
he held the office of Examining Surgeon for 
the United States Pension Bureau. He was 
also City Physician of Denver from 1872 to 
-1879. In 1876 Governor Routt appointed Dr. 
Bancroft a member of the first State Board of 
Health of Colorado, and he was made presi- 
dent of that organization. In his inaugural 
address he treated chiefly of sanitary regula- 
tions ; intemperate use of alcoholic liquors; 
over-taxation of strength, and interest in the 
education of the young, with reference to com- 
modious, cheerful and well ventilated and 
heated school buildings. His earnest re- 
marks upon the latter subject, doubtless, 
had something to do primarily with the 
present efficient school system and school 
buildings of Denver. Referring in his address 
to the effect of altitude upon children, Dr. 
Bancroft said: “This country has not been 
settled long enough to yet allow us to verify 
with facts the exact extent of mental and 
physical growth of those born here or brought 
here in early childhood, except as regards the 
Indian. Intellectually, the Ute, mountain 
Indian, is equal to the average of his race; the 
Sioux, prairie Indian, is bold, ferocious and 
cunning, occasionally more than a match for 
the white man in war and in making treaties. 
Physically, the Ute is short and possesses a 
deep and broad chest, giving great capacity 
to the vital organs. The Sioux is tall and 
athletic; no better specimens physically can 
be found in the genus homo than among 
the Sioux. The practical bearing of this 
on our subject is to ascertain in what localities 
and at what altitude the growing child may 
gain the best physical and mental develop- 
ment. If high altitude increases the breath- 
ing capacity and strength of the heart, and the 
plains produce the tall athletic men, it is not 
improbable that places may be found in Colo- 
rado where growing children may attain the 
best possible health and longevity, where the 
majority of males, who attain adult years, may 
have a weight of 180 pounds, and a chest girth 
of forty inches, with height of six feet, which 
measurements approach as near to physical 
perfection as is often attained. This added to 
the exhilarating effect of the atmosphere, 
which induces activity, and the brilliant and 
ever changing sky scenery, the magnificent 
views amidst our grand mountains and plains, 
which are to most nature’s ennobling, refin- 
ing and Christianizing, would render such 
places of national importance as sources of 
physical and intellectual strength. For in 
view of the great number of children growing 
up in large cities, too delicate to improve their 
privileges, or to take any worthy part in the 
battle of life, it seems to me that no one boon 
would be a greater national blessing than a 
place where superior educational advantages 
can be found combined with certainty of 
thorough physical development.” Soon after 
Dr. Bancroft’s arrival at Denver he became 
Surgeon of the Ben Holladay Stage Lines, 
which radiated from that city between 1860 and 
1870. From 1870 to 1876 he was Surgeon of the 
Kansas Pacific and Denver Pacific Railroads; 
and Surgeon of the Denver and Rio Grande 
from its construction in 1870 till 1886. As chief 
surgeon of this important road he organized 
a medical service which was described in the 
American Bailway Journal of January, 1886, as 
the most efficient in the United States. The 
plans and regulations for the hospital fund are 
exceedingly careful and comprehensive, and 
affording protection from all outside infringe- 
i ments; and reserving the surplus moneys EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
577 
for pensioning disabled employes, and the 
needy families of the deceased contrib- 
utors to the fund. A peculiar feature of 
the service is the provision of a medicine 
chest, to be the charge of the conductor of 
every train; this contains laudanum, ammo- 
nia mixture, styptic collodium, bicarbonate of 
soda, styptic cotton, needles on chamois, sad- 
dlers’ silk, wax, sponges, adhesive plaster 
bandages, lint, and scissors. Printed directions 
are added, illustrated with wood-cuts. From 
1874 to 1876 Dr. Bancroft was president of the 
Denver Board of Education. He was for years 
a member of the standing committee of the mis- 
sionary jurisdiction of Colorado, and on the 
board of trustees of Wolfe Hall, of Jarvis 
Hall, and St. Luke’s Hospital. Dr. Bancroft 
was president of the Agricultural Ditch Com- 
pany for the first ten years after its organiza- 
tion, and has a large and valuable ranch under 
irrigation by waters supplied by its construc- 
tion. He is medical referee for the New York 
Life Insurance Company, for the New York 
Mutual Life Insurance Company, for the Man- 
hattan Life Insurance Company, and for the 
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of New 
Jersey. Dr. Bancroft has been president of 
the Colorado Historical and Natural History 
Society since its organization in 1877, and has 
taken an incessant interest in the objects.of that 
association. A very successful, meeting was 
held in its behalf, February 5,1885, on which 
occasion Dr. Bancroft delivered an address 
from which the following extracts are present- 
ed: “We desire to secure a full collection of 
the fossils entombed in our mountains, so 
many of which, both animal and vegetable, 
enrich eastern and foreign museums, exciting 
wonder and stimulating scientific research. 
We desire to secure pre-historic relics found 
among the cliff and cave dwellings of the 
southern portion of the State, many of which, 
as bones, pottery, household "utensils, weapons 
and parts of garments, have already been car- 
ried outside of our borders. We ought to have 
specimens from noted mines, with maps and 
histories thereof, and the names of those nota- 
bly enriched by them. We should have well 
preserved specimens of all the animals, birds, 
fishes, reptiles, insects, plants, flowers and 
cereals to be found in the State. We should 
have on file reports of each State institution, 
private and public educational institutions, 
charitable works, as well as those relating to 
cattle, agricultural, mining and manufacturing 
industries; also files of the leading newspapers, 
a copy of each book written in Colorado, maps 
published at various times, photographs of 
notable edifices and our wonderful scenery, 
portraits and biographies of those prominent 
in the early history of the State, such as Kit 
Carson, Pike, Long, and Fremont; the early 
governors, judges, bishops and editors.” This 
meeting had important results, as many of the 
leading citizens of Colorado became active 
members and took great interest in carrying 
out the aims and plans of the organization. 
Dr. Bancroft married, June 20, 1871, the 
daughter of Mr. George A. Jarvis, of Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. Their residence upon Grant Ave- 
nue is one of the largest and most beautiful in 
Denver. Mrs. Bancroft shares her husband’s 
interest in pre-historic races and relics and 
his desire to have the Mancos Canon with its 
historical treasures preserved by the govern- 
ment for a national park. Dr. Bancroft’s med- 
ical writings relate chiefly to the climate of 
Colorado and to matters of hygiene. 
BARCLAY, Joseph 8., of Longmont, Col., 
was born in Northampton County, Pa., near 
Easton, March 19, 1819. At the age of seven- 
teen he entered the office of his uncle, John 
W. Jenks, M. D., a graduate of the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, and an excellent physician and surgeon, 
where he remained under his tuition two 
years, and entering Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, Pa., received his medical degree, 
in 1841, since which time he has been actively 
engaged in the practice of his profession, for 
almost half a century. When the thundering 
of rebel cannon was heard battering the walls 
of Fort Sumter, he was quietly practicing his 
profession in Brownsville, Pa., on the banks 
of the Monongahela. His eldest son, John 
Morgan Barclay, a patriotic youth of seven- 
teen years of age, when the drums beat to 
arms, enlisted in the Eighth Pennsylvania Re- 
serve Corps, for three years or during the war, 
as a private soldier; although so young he was 
not sick or home on furlough or off duty one 
hour; he was killed in action in front of Rich- 
mond, Va., at Gaines’ Mill, June 27, 1862. 
The doctor having a young family to care for, 
deemed it his duty to remain at home, and aid 
the cause of the Union all in his power by en- 
couraging enlistments. As the war progressed, 
more soldiers were called into the field, re- 
quiring surgeons; he accordingly tendered his 
services to the government. He was commis- 
sioned assistant surgeon September 12, 1864, 
by that loyal war governor, Andrew G. Curtin. 
He immediately reported for duty at Harris- 
burg, Pa., and was assigned by the Surgeon- 
General of the State to the 209th Regiment 
Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, which in a 
few days was marched by rail to Baltimore, 
took shipping on an old rickety vessel, and 
sailed down the Chesapeake Bay and up the 
James to City Point, landing there in safety. 
During the voyage the vessel, which was 
hardly seaworthy, with one thousand men on 
board, encountered a severe gale, but it weath- 
ered the storm and arrived at its destination 
without an accident. Whilst the storm was 
raging without, a curious incident occurred in 
the cabin within. Many of the boys were 
seated around the tables busily engaged in a 
game of cards. It was Sunday night; the 
raging of the elements and the plunging of the 
old ship evidently alarmed the card-players; 
soon the tables were vacated and the cards 
thrown overboard, strewing the bay! The 
boys had no notion of going to the bottom 
with a deck of cards in their hands. “Arriv- 
ing at City Point, the regiment was sent over 
to Bermuda Hundreds, in the Army of the 
James, under the command of Major-General 
B. F. Butler. Here, from swampy ground and 
an unhealthy location of the camp, considera- 
ble sickness broke out, such as diarrhea, dys- 
entery, intermittent and typho-malarial fever. 
He treated successfully most of these cases in 
quarters, as the boys dreaded being sent to the 
hospital. Here for a brief period he had med- 
ical charge of what was left of the Twelfth 
New Hampshire Regiment.” In a short time 
his regiment was transferred to the Army of 
the Potomac and assigned to a position in 
front of Petersburgh, at Mead’s Station, 
about half a mile east of Fort Steadman. 
During the fall and winter of 1864-65 his regi- 578 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ment participated in military movements along 
the Weldon Railroad, Hatcher’s Run and 
Stony Creek, Virginia. In all these move- 
ments and while at Mead’s Station more or 
less of rheumatism, fevers, ague, diarrhea, 
and colds from exposure and the fatigue of the 
winter raids prevailed. The great object kept 
steadily in view was to prevent sickness by 
proper sanitary and hygienic regulations, such 
as good warm woolen clothing, good food 
properly cooked, cleanliness of person and 
comfortable quarters, fresh earth thrown into 
the sinks every day to cover up human excre- 
ments, and to keep the men in good fighting 
condition; the result was not over two or 
three deaths in the regiment after being sent 
to hospital, and none while in quarters. “On 
the morning of March 23,1865, before daylight, 
General Lee ordered an assault on Fort Stead- 
man, being informed that there were but two 
or three Pennsylvania regiments supporting it, 
his object being to cut our lines at this point 
and capture immense military stores at City 
Point, and thus bag Grant’s forces encircling 
Petersburgh. Accordingly an entire brigade 
of rebels came crossing the narrow space 
separating the lines of the belligerents, and 
taking the Federal troops by surprise were in 
a few minutes pouring into Fort Steadman by 
hundreds, and as soon as they had captured it 
turned the guns of the fort against the Union 
forces. The cheering of the rebels soon noti- 
fied the regiment, which lay half a mile east 
of the fort, that they had possession, and by 
daylight they had advanced their lines within 
forty yards of his camp. Dr. Barclay relates 
that a curious incident occurred here. The 
morning being foggy, a young rebel with his 
musket in his hands strayed into the Federal 
camp supposing it to be his own. A fifer who 
had not gone out with the regiment presented 
his fife at him and ordered him to ground arms 
and surrender, which he did; being consider- 
able crest-fallen when he discovered that the 
fifer was totally unarmed. Dr. Barclay’s regi- 
ment was soon under arms and by daylight the 
action began by making a charge on the rebel 
lines securely posted behind our inner earth- 
works. The regiment charged at double quick 
time to within thirty yards of the rebel line 
and suddenly dropped into a ditch six feet 
deep, which they knew to be there, completely 
hidden from view. In this charge but one 
man was lost, Lieutenant Jones, who, in the 
exultation of the moment from some un- 
accountable impulse, rashly raised him- 
self upon the embankment waving his 
sword. He was immediately shot dead. 
The cross fire from the adjacent forts and 
fifty pieces of artillery began playing upon the 
enemy and sweeping the open narrow space 
between Fort Steadman and the enemies’ lines 
with a perfect hail-storm of shot and shell, so 
that two thousand surrendered as prisoners of 
war, rather than run the risk of getting back 
in safety to their own lines. The action was 
over by 11 o’clock a. m. It lasted about five 
hours. Surgeon Barclay and his assistants 
were on the field of battle, administering to 
the wants of the wounded, at times being 
obliged to lie flat on the ground to avoid 
the incessant storm of shot and shell from 
the Union batteries. This brilliant action 
made General Hartranft a major-general. 
In the fall of 1864 and spring of 1865, his 
regiment not only operated in front of Peters- 
burgh but along the Weldon Railroad, Hatch- 
er’s Run, and a long and disagreeable night 
march to Stony River,Va., to cover the retreat 
of the Second Army Corps in their raid, tear- 
ing up Virginia railroads and doing mischief 
to the enemy in general. On April 2, 1865, 
the final assault was made on the enemy’s 
works in front of Petersburgh. In this assault 
Ids regiment, being part of the Ninth Army 
Corps, did their duty. On Saturday night, 
April Ist, the regiment marched out into Fort 
Hell (Rice), whilst a fierce cannonading began, 
extending along the entire line, from Rich- 
mond to Five Forks, a distance of thirty miles, 
or more, making the heavens lurid with burst- 
ing shells; just before daylight the cannonad- 
ing ceased, and the assault of the Ninth Corps 
was made at 4 o’clock a. m., and by 6 o’clock 
had carried two lines of outer works. Joining 
on the left were the Sixth, Fifth, and Second 
Corps, and Sheridan’s Cavalry at Five Forks, 
like a gate, the Ninth Corps being the hinge, 
the other corps swinging round scooping in 
everything in their way. The whole of that 
memorable Sunday the conflict raged fiercely, 
the surgeon (Barclay) in charge caring for the 
wounded on the field of battle, and such as 
could not be properly treated there were sent 
in an ambulance to the hospital. Here was 
lost Captain McCullough, a brave officer, who 
was mortally wounded by a shell tearing away 
his thigh; he lived but a few hours. Major 
Ritchie was also wounded in the groin. Night 
closed the contest for that day, and the soldiers 
lay on their arms that night, expecting to re- 
new the conflict next morning. About two 
o’clock a. m., of April 3d, a fire was seen in the 
direction of Petersburgh. It was soon discov- 
ered that two large tobacco warehouses had 
been fired by the rebels, and the Appomattox 
bridge burned after crossing in full retreat. 
They withdrew so silently that it was not 
known that they had gone until the next 
morning. The first division of the Ninth 
Corps was detailed to collect and bury the 
dead, while the second and third divisions 
marched in triumph through the city of Peters- 
burgh, the drums beating and the United 
States flags flying from the public buildings. 
The exultations of that hour amply paid the 
loyal soldiers for all the sacrifices made to cap- 
ture that city. A provost guard was soon 
established and the city placed under military 
rule. On the evening of April 3d, his reg- 
iment and the Ninth Army Corps were ordered 
to take their march down the South-Side Rail- 
road, Virginia, in order to head off General 
Lee’s army from forming a junction with Gen- 
eral Joe Johnson, in North Carolina. They 
marched by night and by day until 
they reached Notaway Court-House, where 
the forces encamped for two weeks, or un- 
til the final surrender of Lee at Appomat- 
tox.” On May 31,1865, after participating in 
the grand review in Washington, Surgeon Bar- 
clay with his regiment was mustered out of 
the military service of the United States, near 
Alexandria, Va., and honorably discharged. 
From the time he was mustered in until he 
was mustered out he was, like his son, never 
absent from his post of duty or absent on fur- 
lough or sick an hour. Proceeding to Harris- 
burg, Pa., he was paid off partly in ten-cent 
“shin plasters,” sufficient to fill both pockets of 
a large pair of saddle bags; he then returned 
to Washington City, settled up his accounts EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
579 
with the government, and returned to his fam- 
ily in Brownsville, Pa., where he resumed the 
practice of medicine and general surgery. In 
the fall of 1870 he removed to Greeley, Color- 
ado, and finally settled on a farm near Long- 
mont, Boulder county, in that State. 
BATMAN, William F., of Ladoga, Ind., was 
born near Bainbridge, Putnam county, Indi- 
ana, October 22,1858. He is of English descent, 
and the son of Elijah Batman, a prominent 
farmer and stock dealer in the western part of 
the State. The subject of this sketch divided 
his time between laboring on his father’s farm 
and attending school until early manhood, by 
which means he acquired habits of industry, 
a good physique and an academic education. 
He then began the study of medicine at Bain- 
bridge, in his native county, under the precep- 
torship of Dr. R. F. Stone, in whose office he 
remained three years. He attended his first 
course of lectures at Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, in 1878-79, hearing the surgical in- 
struction of such noted men as Gunn and 
Parkes, and taking a special course in chemistry 
under Prof. Haines. The following year he 
entered the Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, where he finished his medical educa- 
tion under the teaching of Gross, Da Costa and 
Bartholow, and received his medical degree 
from that institution March 16, 1880. Dr. 
Batman, soon after graduation, established 
himself at Carpentersville, near his home, and 
engaged in the general practice of his profes- 
sion for three years. In 1883 he went to New 
York City and took special courses of instruc- 
tion in physical diagnosis under Prof. Edward 
Janeway, in gynecology under T. Gaillard 
Thomas, attended the clinical lectures of 
Loomis and Otis, and also heard the last course 
of lectures delivered by the late Prof. Austin 
Flint. On his return to Indiana he resumed 
the general practice of medicine and surgery 
at Roachdale, a town a few miles distant from 
his former location, where he remained six 
years and then established himself in the town 
of his present residence, in an adjoining 
county. In all the towns in which Dr. Batman 
has practiced his ability as physician and sur- 
geon has been well recognized, and his success 
has been extraordinary. Soon after establish- 
ing himself at Carpentersville he married Miss 
Ida E. Harris, daughter of Dr. W. C. Harris, 
an old and popular physician of that village, 
and with whom he was for awhile associated 
in the practice of his profession. Dr. Batman 
is an active member of the Putnam County and 
the Indiana State Medical Societies, and was a 
delegate from his county to the American Med- 
ical Association at the meeting at Nashville, 
Tenn., in 1890. His contributions to profes- 
sional literature relate to important papers and 
reports of cases, which have been read before 
the medical organizations with which he is 
connected. Dr. Batman is also a member of 
the order of Masons and of the Knights of 
Pythias. He is a most excellent musician, and 
a genial and accomplished gentleman. His 
ancestry were from the South, and he inherits 
their fondness for field sports and fine horses. 
Of the latter he is a judge, and usually has a 
valuable string of them in his stables. 
BAUSMAN, A. 8., of Chicago, 111., was 
born at Millersville, Lancaster county, Pa., 
November 27, 1853, and is of German descent. 
He was graduated in medicine at Rush Medi- 
cal College, Chicago, in 1882, and has been in 
active practice in Chicago since then. He is 
a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the 
C#. 
Chicago Pathological Society, and the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. 
BEARDSLEY, Charles E., of Ottawa, Ohio, 
was born at Newark, in the same State, Octo- 
ber 14, 1834. He is of New England ancestry. 
His literary and classical education was ob- 
tained at Westbedford, Ohio, and he studied 
medicine at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he 
was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Michigan in 1863. He also received an ad e.un- 
dem degree at Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, New York, in 1870. During the War of 
the Rebellion Dr. Beardsley served as a private 
soldier, and in the capacity of physician in the 
military hospitals. On March 5, 1862, he mar- 
ried the daughter of Governor Davenport of 
Ohio. He first established himself at Ottawa, 
where he has since remained, and where he 
has been engaged, since the rebellion, in an 
extensive and successful general practice of 
his profession, but devoting special attention 
to surgery. During this period he has several 
times operated successfully on the hip-joint, 
and once removed the os pubis, the body and 
the left ramus with a perfect recovery. He is 
a member of the Ohio State Medical Society, 
the Northwest Medical Society, and is ex-Pres- 
ident of the Putnam Medical Society. He 
was a delegate from his State Society to the 
International Medical Congress held in Phila- 
delphia in 1876. He has contributed important 
articles, on operative surgery and on the prac- 
tice of medicine, to various medical journals. 
BECK, Carl, of New York City, was gradu- 
ated in medicine at the University of Jena, 
Germany, in 1878. He is now Surgeon to St. 
Mark’s Hospital and German Polyclinic, and 
Instructor in Clinical Surgery in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 
Dr. Beck is a member of the New York County 
Medical Society, German Medical Society, 580 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Academy of Medicine, and Society of Medical 
jurisprudence, in New York. 
BECK, John Craftoii, of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
was born in Vienna, Scott county, Indiana, 
January 19, 1822. He is of Scottisli ancestry, 
and a lineal descendant of those of his name 
who fought at the battle of Falkirk, in Scot- 
land, in 1298. He is a great-grandson of James 
Beck, who immigrated to this country from 
Surrey, England, and settled in Prince George 
county, Maryland, about the beginning of last 
century. Dr. Beck began the study of medi- 
cine early in life, and in 1848 entered the 
Medical College of Ohio, and was graduated 
M. D. from that institution in 1849, and re- 
ceived his ad eundem degree from the Cincin- 
nati College of Medicine and Surgery in 1863. 
He commenced the practice of his profession 
at Azalia, Indiana, afterwards removed to 
Newbern, and finally settled at Cadiz, in that 
State, and remained in the latter town thirteen 
years. In 1858 Dr. Beck established himself 
in Cincinnati, where he has since remained, 
engaged in a successful practice of general 
medicine and surgery. He was a member of 
the Indiana Medical Society, when a resident 
of that State, and also of several county and 
district medical societies, in many of which he 
held office. He has been a permanent mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association since 
1858. Dr. Beck has made important contribu- 
tions to periodical literature relating to his 
varied and extensive medical and surgical 
practice. 
BECK, William Stephen, of Indianapolis, 
Ind., was born on a farm in Boone county 
scientific and preparatory medical departments 
of that institution. With Dr. J. W. Marsee as 
his preceptor he studied medicine, and in 1886 
entered the Medical College of Indiana, from 
which he was graduated in 1888. While there 
he was president of the Sydenham Medical So- 
ciety of the College, and at his graduation de- 
livered the opening address. In April, 1888, 
Dr. Beck began the practice of medicine in 
Indianapolis, where he still remains. Besides 
doing a general practice, he has been Secretary 
of the Board of Health; Physician to the 
County Jail, and in October, 1892, was elected 
Coroner of Marion county, which office lie 
now holds. 
BEGGS, William N., of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis Medical 
College in 1886. He is now Instructor of His- 
tology and Pathology, and Director of the 
Histological and Pathological Laboratory of 
that institution. He is also Consulting Pathol- 
ogist to the St. Louis City and Female Hos- 
pitals. He is a member of several medical 
societies of St. Louis. 
BERNAYS, Augustus C., of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was educated at the University of 
Heidelberg, Germany, from which institution 
he received his medical degree in 1876. He was 
also graduated in medicine at the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons, London, in 1877. He is 
Consulting Surgeon to the Missouri Pacific and 
the Wabash Railroads. He is an active mem- 
ber of the Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
tion, St. Louis Academy of Medicine, life 
member of the German Surgical Association, 
and was secretary of the Surgical Section of the 
International Medical Congress that convened 
at Berlin. 
BIDDLE, Andrew P., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the Detroit College of 
Medicine in 1886. He is now Lecturer on 
Dermatology in that institution, and Assistant 
Dermatologist to St. Mary’s Hospital Clinic. 
Dr. Biddle is a member of the Detroit Medi- 
cal and Library Association, and Medical Ex- 
aminer and Advisor for the Manhattan Life 
Insurance Company. 
BIGGS, Hermann M., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1883. He is Professor of 
Clinical Medicine, Therapeutics and Patholog- 
ical Anatomy in that institution; Pathologist 
and Visiting Physician to Bellevue Hospital; 
Consulting Pathologist to the Bethlehem, Israel 
and Italian Hospitals and Hospitals of the 
Workhouse and Almshouse of New York City. 
Dr. Biggs is also Chief Inspector of the Divis- 
ion of Pathology, Bacteriology and Disinfec- 
tion in the New York City Health Department. 
BLACK, G. Melville, of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. from the Missouri Medi- 
cal College, St. Louis, in 1887. His medical 
education and training were supplemented by 
attending the Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege, New York City, in 1889, and also by 
taking special courses at the New York Post- 
Graduate Medical School and Hospital, the 
New York Polyclinic and the Manhattan Eye 
and Ear Hospital during the same year. Dr. 
Black is now Professor of Laryngology and 
Rhinology in the University of Colorado Med- 
ical School. His practice is limited to Diseases 
of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. He is a mem- 
ber of the Denver Medical Association, the 
Arapahoe County and the Colorado State Med- 
ical Societies. 
-6^ 
that State, November 20, 1862. He is a son of 
the late Palemon Beck and Susanna (Shultz) 
Beck, both of German descent, and was one of 
a large family of children. He lived on the 
farm, attending country schools until fifteen 
years of age, when he moved with his family 
to Trader’s Point, and entered an academy at 
that place. He then attended the Danville 
Normal School one year, taking courses in the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
581 
BLACK, John A., of Pueblo, Col., was born 
in 1857, in the city of Wheeling, W. Ya. He 
received his primary education in the schools 
of that city. He then devoted himself to 
the drug business, serving an apprentice- 
ship of six years in one of the leading phar- 
macies of Wheeling. He then took up the 
study of medicine; finished a three years’ 
course at the Columbian University, in the 
City of Washington, D. C., 1882. Having grad- 
uated he journeyed westward, selecting Pueblo, 
Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica in 
Rush Medical College, then being organized 
for active work. It was the position for which 
he was admirably fitted, and though youngest 
in years, he was the first in scientific attain- 
ments, and soon became the most popular 
lecturer in the Faculty, and by his high social 
qualities he won and for several years enjoyed 
the most lucrative professional practice of any 
physician in Chicago. He edited the first 
medical journal published in what was then 
called the Northwestern States, under the name 
of the Illinois and Indiana Medical Journal, and 
was one of the active founders of the Chicago 
Medical Society and the Illinois State Medical 
Society, in 1850. In 1870 he was elected presi- 
dent of the latter society, and of both he re- 
mained a warm supporter until near the close 
of his life. In 1861 he entered the medical de- 
partment of the Volunteer Army and served 
through the War of the Rebellion; was medi- 
cal director and inspector at Fortress Monroe 
nearly two years, and at the close of the war, 
in 1864, he was stationed at Chicago as Medi- 
cal Purveyor. His duties in connection with 
the army were discharged with strict fidelity 
and honor, and caused his advancement to the 
rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Not long after 
the close of the war, however, he resigned his 
position in the medical corps of the army, and 
resumed his duties as Professor of Chemistry 
in the Rush Medical College. But his health 
had become impaired, and in a few years he 
was compelled to relinquish all public profes- 
sional duties, and died at the early age of fifty- 
six years.” He was buried with Masonic hon- 
ors, in which order he had attained the highest 
official position. 
BOONE, Levi D., of Chicago, 111., was born 
near Lexington, Ky., in December, 1808, and 
died in the former city in February, 1882. He 
was a distant relative of the celebrated Daniel 
Boone. He began the study of medicine in 
early life, and was graduated M. D. from the 
Transylvania University, in 1829, at the age 
of twenty-one years. He commenced practice 
at Edwardsville, Illinois, and subsequently re- 
moved to Hillsboro, in the same State. On 
the breaking out of the “Black Hawk War,” in 
1832, he was one of the first to enlist in that vi- 
cinity, and served as captain of a cavalry com- 
pany. This having interrupted his professional 
practice, in 1836 he became a resident of Chi- 
cago, and first engaged in insurance business, 
but the great financial panic of 1837 forced him 
to resume the practice of his profession. He 
served as City Physician from 1849 to 1851, 
which included the seasons of epidemic chol- 
era that prevailed with great malignancy dur- 
ing those years, and rendered faithful and val- 
uable services to the public. He also served 
three terms as Alderman, and was elected 
Mayor of Chicago in 1855, as the leader of 
what was called in those days the “Temper- 
ance and Know-Nothing” party. “There was a 
strong disposition on the part of many citizens 
to insist on more efficient measures for restrict- 
ing the amount of liquor-selling and drinking, 
and another large element of the population 
were equally opposed to the election of foreign- 
born citizens to office. It was the combination 
of these two classes of voters that elected Dr. 
Boone to the mayoralty as well as a majority 
of the aldermen. In accordance with the rec- 
ommendation of the mayor an ordinance was 
passed raising the fee for licenses to sell liquor 
Col., where he engaged in the practice of med- 
icine and surgery. He is a member of vari- 
ous medical societies; is one of the visiting 
Physicians to St. Mary’s Hospital and Sani- 
tarium ; one of the local Surgeons of the Den- 
ver and Rio Grande Railway Company, and 
has served a term as Coroner for the county 
of Pueblo. 
BLANEY, James V. Z., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in New Castle, Del., May 1, 1820, and 
died at his home in the former city December 
11,1874. “He received a good primary educa- 
tion and was graduated at Princeton College, 
New Jersey, when only eighteen years of age. 
He entered directly upon the study of medi- 
cine in Philadelphia, and received the degree 
of M. D. from the Jefferson Medical College 
at the age of twenty-one years. He early ac- 
quired a special fondness for the study of 
chemistry, and for a time acted as an assistant 
in the laboratory of Professor Henry. Having 
thus qualified himself for an active and, suc- 
cessful professional career, he started in search 
of an appropriate field of labor in the Missis- 
sippi Valley, in 1842. He spent the following 
winter in St. Louis, and rendered some service 
for the medical department of Jefferson Bar- 
racks. In the summer of 1843 he traveled as 
far north as St. Paul, Minn., but returned to 
Chicago in time to receive the appointment of 582 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
from SSO to S3OO per annum. A large propor- 
tion of the saloon keepers refused to pay the 
increased fee, and in a few weeks about two 
hundred of their number had been arrested 
and imprisoned. This aroused so much ill 
feeling and excitement, especially among the 
Germans, that they made an organized attempt 
to forcibly liberate those under arrest. 
Through the firmness and promptness of the 
mayor, fully sustained by an efficient police 
force, the rioters were met and dispersed with 
the death of but one of their number and sev- 
eral others wounded.” The affair is known 
in the history of the city as the North- 
Side Beer Rebellion versus Dr. Boone. 
“At the close of his term of office Dr. 
Boone resumed, for a time, his professional 
practice, and was one of the physicians at 
Camp Douglas during the time that a large 
number of Confederate prisoners were con- 
fined there, and faithfully gave his support to 
the Union cause. Dr. Boone was one of the 
strong pillars of the Baptist Church, and one 
of the founders of the Chicago University.” 
Early in his professional life he married Louise 
M. Smith, daughter of Judge Smith, of the Illi- 
nois Supreme Court, and became the father 
of eleven children, six of whom survived their 
parents. 
BOZEMAN, Nathan, of New York City, was 
born in Butler county, Alabama, March 26, 
1825. He studied medicine in the University 
of Louisville, Kentucky, and was also private 
pupil of Prof. S. D. Gross, then Professor of 
Surgery in that institution, and graduated M. 
D. in 1848. He was Assistant Demonstrator of 
Anatomy while in attendance at this school. 
He settled in Montgomery, in his native State, 
the following year, and engaged in general 
practice, which after some years changed into 
the special branch of gynecology. For a brief 
period in 1853 he was associated in practice 
with Dr. J. Marion Sims, then a resident of 
Montgomery. In 1854 he performed the second 
operation in the United States for elephantiasis 
of the scrotum, the morbid tissue removed 
weighing forty-six pounds. He also success- 
fully performed, the same year, an original 
operation for vesico-vaginal fistula, compli- 
cated with laceration of the cervex uteri; 
made the combination of a new form of suture 
(button suture), instituted a plan of treatment, 
applicable to all classes of vesico-vaginal fistula, 
and especially to such ‘as were complicated 
with excessive loss of tissue, or with cicatrized 
obstruction in the vagina, which had never 
been done before; and by these improvements 
demonstrated seven successive cases as cured, 
the highest uniform success which, at that 
date, had been reached by any operation. In 
1856 he performed successfully an original 
operation for vesico-uterine fistula, distin- 
guished by the preservation of the procreative 
functions; also in the following year he per- 
formed an original operation having for its ob- 
ject the disengagement of the cervix uteri 
from its morbidly fixed position in the bladder, 
and the closing of the co-existing vesico-utero- 
vaginal fistula, with preservation of all the 
functions; and the same year devised an 
original operation for laceration of the female 
urethra. In 1858 he visited Europe and intro- 
duced some of his operations for vesico-vaginal 
fistula into the hospitals of London, Edinburgh, 
Glasgow and Paris. Returning to this country 
he opened a private hospital in New Orleans 
for diseases of women in 1859. At the break- 
ing out of the Civil War he was commissioned 
a Surgeon in the Army of the Confederate 
States; was at the first battle of Manassas, and 
was appointed on the Medical Board for the 
Examination of Surgeons. He settled in New 
York in 1866, and opened a private hospital 
there for the treatment of diseases of women 
in 1868; about this time he perfected a self- 
retaining speculum and a portable operating- 
chair, intended to better utilize the knee- 
chest position, for the treatment of the more 
complicated cases of vesico-vaginal fistula. 
In 1870 he again performed successfully an 
original operation for utero-vaginal fistula, 
and in 1871 for recto-utero-vaginal fistula. 
Having been drawn into a controversy with 
Professor Gustave Simon, with regard to the 
priority and value of “kolpokleisis” as a means 
of treating vesico-vaginal fistula, and having 
protested against its wide and indiscriminate 
employment then known to exist,on the grounds 
of danger to life, and of unnecessary mutila- 
tion of the vagina, he visited Germany in the 
autumn of 1874, and made a practical test with 
the German professor of the range of applica- 
bility of their respective methods of operating 
at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Hei- 
delberg ; also with Professor Karl von Braun, in 
the General Hospital of Vienna, in the spring 
and summer of 1875; and Professors Dolbeau 
and Le Fort, in the Hospital Beaujou, Paris, 
in the winter and spring of 1876. He returned 
to New York in the spring of 1877. He was 
Attending Surgeon to the Charity Hospi- 
tal, New Orleans, in 1861; Consulting Sur- 
geon to St. Mary’s Hospital, Hoboken, N. Y., 
in 1867; and was for many years Surgeon to 
St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, New York City. He 
is a member of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation ; permanent member of the New York 
State Medical Society; of the New York 
County Medical, Pathological and Medico- 
Legal Societies; Fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine; corresponding mem- 
ber of the Boston Gynecological Society; of 
the Obstetrical Society of Philadelphia, and 
honorary member of the Obstetrical Society of 
Louisville. Dr. Bozeman is one of the earliest 
and most eminent gynecean surgeons of this 
country, and his success in his field of practice 
has gained for him a world-wide reputation. 
In October, 1852, he married Fannie M. Lamar, 
daughter of the late Rev. Benjamin B. Lamar, 
of Georgia; she died in 1861. In February, 
1867, he married Mrs. Aurelia L. Ralston, the 
daughter of the late Judge Henry G. Lamar, 
of the same State, also since deceased. 
BRAINARD, Daniel, of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Westernville, Oneida county, N. Y., 
May 15, 1812, and died October 10, 1866. He 
received a fair general education; studied 
medicine in the office of Dr. Pope, of Rome, 
N. Y., a prominent surgeon, and was gradu- 
ated in medicine from Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, in 1834, at a time when Dr. 
George McClellan, the founder of that institu- 
tion, was in the zenith of his renown. Dr. 
Brainard immediately commenced the practice 
of his profession in Whitesboro, a village in 
his native county ; but the next year, prompted 
by a just ambition for a wider field for profes- 
sional work, he removed to Chicago. Hon. 
John Dean Caton, who had been a student of 
law in Rome, N. Y., while Dr. Brainard was 
studying medicine in the same place, but who EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
583 
had already established himself in a law office 
in Chicago, describes the arrival of the latter 
in the following language: “About the first 
of September, 1835, Dr. Brainard rode up to 
my office wearing pretty seedy clothes and 
mounted on a little Indian pony. He reported 
that he was nearly out of funds, and asked my 
advice as to the propriety of commencing prac- 
tice here. I knew him to have been an ambi- 
tious and studious young man of great firm- 
ness and ability, and I did not doubt that the 
three years since I had seen him had been 
profitably spent in acquiring a knowledge 
of his profession. I advised him to go to the 
Indian camp, where the Pottowatomies were 
gathered preparatory to starting for their new 
location west of the Mississippi River, sell his 
pony, take a desk, or rather a little table in 
my office, and put his shingle by the side of the 
door, promising to aid him as best I could 
in building up a business.” He appears to 
have made rather slow progress during the 
first two years. But in 1838 a laborer on tbe 
canal, several miles from the city, received a 
fracture of the thigh bone, and before com- 
plete union had taken place he came to Chi- 
cago on foot, which induced so much inflam- 
mation that at a council, at which were present 
Drs. Brainard, Goodhue, Maxwell and Eagan, 
it was decided that amputation was necessary. 
The majority advised amputation below the 
trochanters, while Dr. Brainard thought it 
should be done at the hip-joint. Dr. Brainard 
was selected to operate, while Dr. Goodhue 
was to compress the femoral artery. The 
young surgeon dexterously removed the limb 
below the trochanters, but finding the medul- 
lary substance of the bone diseased higher up, 
he immediately proceeded to amputate at the 
hip-joint. The patient progressed favorably 
for one month, and the wounds were nearly 
healed when secondary hemorrhage occurred 
and proved fatal. The post-mortem examina- 
tion revealed a large bony neoplasm attached 
to the pelvic bones and surrounding the femoral 
artery. The case attracted much attention at 
the time, and contributed largely towards giv- 
ing the operator a leading position as a sur- 
geon. In 1839 he visited Paris, France, and 
spent some time in further studies, having 
reference to the opening of the new medical 
college in Chicago, which wras accomplished in 
December, 1843, and named in honor of Dr. 
Rush. In this institution Dr. Brainard be- 
came the Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. 
He now rapidly acquired a high reputation as 
a teacher and surgical operator, and for twenty 
years did a large surgical practice, more ex- 
tensive in fact than any other in the north- 
west. In 1852 he visited Europe the second 
time, was elected an honorary member of the 
Surgical Society of Paris, and brought home 
some osteological specimens for the museum of 
Rush Medical College. “In the spring of 1866 
he crossed the Atlantic a third time, and spent 
a few months on the continent, but returned 
home in time to commence his annual course 
of lectures on Surgery in Rush Medical Col- 
lege. The epidemic cholera had been prevail- 
ing in many places in this country during the 
summer of 1866, and had prevailed moderately 
in Chicago, from the last week in June to the 
middle of August, when it entirely ceased. 
Consequently all those citizens who had left 
the city early in the season to escape exposure 
to the dreaded disease, returned in September, 
supposing all danger passed. But about the 
first of October the disease suddenly developed 
with renewed violence, and caused a thousand 
deaths before the end of the month. Among 
the early victims was Dr. Brainard, who was 
attacked soon after leaving the lecture-room of 
the college, and died in a few hours. He had 
been a firm believer in its direct contagious- 
ness, and had in all previous epidemics, 
from 1849 to 1854, avoided as far as possible 
any personal contact with cases of the disease. 
Neither is it known that he had been directly 
in contact with any case before the final attack 
upon himself.” Dr. Brainard was a close 
student, an original, or rather an independent 
thinker, and an active investigator. During 
the years from 1849 to 1851 he used a solu- 
tion of iodine and of iodide of potassi- 
um by injection into serous sacks filled 
with serous fluid, including cases of ascites, 
hydrocephalus, spina bifida and even edema 
of the extremities, on the theory that changing 
the quality of the dropsical fluid would stop 
further effusion and promote absorption. He 
reported several cases as much improved, but 
the effects were generally temporary. During 
the same years he tried many experiments in 
the hope of finding some remedy that would 
cure cancerous growths, by destroying the 
cancer cells, either by local application or by 
injection into the blood, or by both. He pre- 
pared solutions of a dozen or more substances, 
such as bichloride of mercury, arsenic extract 
of conium, iodine and lactate of iron, into 
which he put pieces of cancerous tumor and 
noted carefully the effects upon cancerous tis- 
sue. The mercury, arsenic and iodine, being 
good antiseptics, preserved the tissue, while 
the lactic acid, with the iron, rapidly digested 
or dissolved it. He then injected between five 
and ten grains of lactate of iron, dissolved in 
pure water, into the sephena vein of a mod- 
erate-sized dog, without any injurious effects. 
Encouraged by this result, he began to treat 
all cases of cancer that came under his care 
by giving ordinary doses of lactate of iron by 
the stomach, and injecting once in from six to 
ten days a solution of the same into the blood 
through a vein in the arm, especially to de- 
stroy such cancer cells as might be diffused, 
while when practicable the cancerous growths 
were thoroughly removed by surgical opera- 
tion. He reported several cases as favorably 
affected by the treatment, and one case 
of encephaloid disease of the eye-ball 
in an adult was reported in the American 
Journal of Medical Sciences as effectually cured. 
Unfortunately, however, the disease reap- 
peared in a few months and proceeded to a 
fatal termination. One fact was developed 
during the progress of these experiments worth 
remembering, namely, that a given substance 
may be injected into the venous blood 
with safety; that if injected into the 
arteries or into the areolar tissue would pro- 
duce the most destructive effects. Several 
times when endeavoring to inject a solution 
of lactate of iron into one of the veins of the 
arm a few drops were allowed, by mistake, to 
infiltrate the areolar tissue, and it invariably 
destroyed all such tissue, leaving a clean ulcer- 
ated surface. While in the active prosecution 
of these experiments a patient came under the 
care of Dr. Brainard with a well-formed 
popliteal aneurism. Instead of ligating the 
artery he conceived the idea of coagulating 584 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the blood in the aneurismal sac. Of course it 
was carried into the capillaries of the leg, and 
it was speedily followed by an inflammation 
so intense and extensive that amputation of 
the limb became necessary. While in Paris in 
1852 Dr. Brainard prosecuted a series of ex- 
periments with iodine to neutralize the poison 
of serpents, and communicated the results to 
the Surgical Society of that city; and after his 
return he presented an essay embodying the 
same facts to the Illinois State Medical Society. 
Another line of investigation that engaged his 
attention for several years was the successful 
treatment of false joints by the subcutaneous 
perforation of fractured bones by means of 
wire sutures. This surgical procedure, however, 
was not original with him, as it had been suc- 
cessfully established by Dr. Physick, in the 
early part of the present century. The results 
obtained, however, by Dr. Brainard were em- 
bodied in an essay presented to the American 
Medical Association at the annual meeting at 
St. Louis in 1854, which received the prize 
awarded that year and was published in the 
Transactions for that year. In subsequent 
years Dr. Brainard, like others of his adopted 
city, yielded to the temptation to increase his 
pecuniary resources by dealing in real estate 
and public business, and gave correspondingly 
less attention to original investigation, or even 
to the practical duties of his profession. After 
the great Rebellion had begun in 1861 he was 
appointed on the State Board for examining 
candidates for appointment as surgeons and 
assistant surgeons to the numerous regiments 
of Illinois volunteers, and rendered good ser- 
vice in that capacity. Physically, he was tall 
and well proportioned, dignified in manner, 
bordering upon reserve; as a public speaker, 
whether in a political assembly or in his lect- 
ure-room in the college, he was clear, forcible 
and always commanded attention and retained 
his popularity and controlling influence as 
Professor of Surgery and president of the 
Rush Medical College, of which he was the 
chief founder, until his sudden death, which 
occurred when aged only fifty-four years and 
when at the heighth of his eventful and ex- 
alted, professional career. He lived, however, 
to see the city of his adoption, in which he 
had always been a conspicuous personage, in- 
crease from a population no greater than an 
ordinary county seat to a metropolis of two 
hundred thousand. At the time of his death 
he had been engaged on an extensive surgical 
work, which remains unfinished. But those 
yet living who have listened to his clinical 
teaching and have witnessed his skill as an 
operator will long remember him as one of the 
most eminent of American surgeons. 
BRAIiVARD, Dudley S., of Osage, la., was 
born in Williamsburg, N. Y., now a part of 
Brooklyn, January 3, 1851, and died in the 
former town September 9, 1893. He came to 
Wisconsin with his parents in 1861; six years 
later they removed to Zumbrota, Minn. He re- 
ceived his medical education at the University 
of Buffalo, New York, graduating February 23, 
1875. After practicing a short time in Minne- 
sota and Wisconsin he removed in 1879 to 
Stacyville, la., where he resided until a short 
time before his death. Dr. Brainard prized 
his profession highly, and was regarded as one 
of the strongest men in regular medicine in 
Northern lowa. At the time of his death he 
was a member in good standing in the County, 
State and American Medical Associations. He 
was a faithful attendant at the meetings of 
these societies, contributing frequently papers, 
which were listened to with interest. Dr. 
Brainard was married in 1876, and his es- 
timable wife and two children survive him. 
His memory will long be held in loving esteem 
among those who knew him as a faithful phy- 
sician, a loyal friend, a noble man, and a 
Christian. 
BRASHEAR, Walter, of St. Mary’s Parish, 
La., was born in Maryland, February, 1776, 
and died at an advanced age at his home in 
Louisiana. For the details concerning the life 
and achievements of the subject of this sketch 
the editor is indebted to a recent address of 
Dr. D. W. Yandell, of Louisville, on “Pioneer 
Surgery of Kentucky.” Dr. Brashearcame of 
an old and wealthy Catholic family of Mary- 
land, and when eight years of age his father 
journeyed to Kentucky and cleared a farm near 
Shepherdsville, in Bullitt county. Walter was 
his seventh son, and was therefore set aj)art 
for the medical profession. When a youth he 
was enrolled in the literary department of 
the Transylvania University, where it is said 
he ranked high as a scholar in Latin. At 
the age of twenty he began the study 
of medicine in Lexington with Dr. Fred- 
erick Eidgeley, a very cultivated physician 
and popular man, who had won distinction 
in the medical staff of the Continental 
Army. After two years spent in this way he 
rode on horse-back to Philadelphia and at- 
tended a course of lectures in the University 
of Pennsylvania. At this time Rush, Barton 
and Physick were teachers in that venerable 
seat of learning. His was a restless nature, 
and after a year spent in Philadelphia he 
shipped to China as surgeon of a vessel. 
While among the celestials he amputated a 
woman’s breast, probably the first exploit of 
the kind by one from the antipodes. Upon his 
return to Kentucky he established himself at 
Bardstown, and in August, 1806, he performed 
in that village the earliest original surgical 
work of any magnitude ever done in the State. 
This consisted of an amputation at the hip- 
joint. It proved to be the first operation of 
the kind in the United States. The under- 
taking was made necessary because of exten- 
sive fracture of the thigh with great laceration 
of the soft parts. The subject was a mulatto 
boy, seventeen years of age, a slave of the 
monks of St. Joseph’s College. His assistants 
were Dr. Burr Harrison and Dr. John Glood- 
tell; the result was a complete success. The 
operator divided his work into two stages. 
The first consisted in amputating the thigh 
through its middle third in the usual way, and 
in tying all bleeding vessels. The second con- 
sisted of a long incision on the outside of the 
limb, exposing the remainder of the bone, 
which, being freed from its muscular attach- 
ments, was then disarticulated at its socket. 
Far-seeing as the eye of the frontiersman was, 
he could not have discerned that the procedure 
by which he executed the most formidable 
operation in surgery came so near perfection 
that it would successfully challenge improve- 
ment for more than fourscore years. Hundreds 
of hips have since been amputated after some 
forty different methods; but that which he 
introduced has passed into general use, 
and (though now known under the 
name of Furneaux Jordan’s) remains the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
685 
simplest, the least dangerous, the best. 
In his address as president of the American 
Surgical Association, Dr. Yandell, referring to 
the history of the above operation, says: “The 
first genuine hip-joint amputation executed on 
living parts was done by Kerr, of Northamp- 
ton, England, 1774. The first done for shot 
wounds was by Larrey, in 1793. I feel safe in 
saying that Brashear had no knowledge of 
either of these operations. He therefore set 
about his work without help from precedent, 
placing his trust in himself, in the clearness 
of his own head, in the skill of his own hands, 
in the courage of his own heart. The result 
shows that he had not overestimated what was 
in him. But whether or not Brashear had 
ever heard or read a description of what had 
been accomplished in this direction by sur- 
geons elsewhere, the young Kentuckian was 
the first to amputate at the hip-joint in Amer- 
ica, and the first to do the real thing success- 
fully in the world. Dr. Brashear seems to have 
set no high estimate on his achievement, and 
never published an account of the case. Had 
he done so, the art of surgery would thereby 
have been much advanced, his own fame have 
been made one the precious heritages of his 
country, and, what is better, many valuable 
lives would have been saved. Eighteen years 
after the Jesuits’ slave had survived the loss 
of his limb, the report of the much-eulogized 
case of Dr. Mott appeared.” Unfortunately 
for science, Dr. Brashear when abroad learned 
the method of the Chinese for clarifying gin- 
seng, and thinking, after his return home, 
that he saw in this an easy way to wealth, he 
abandoned the profession in which he had 
exhibited much originality, judgment and 
skill, and engaged in merchandizing. A 
few years of commerce and its hazards, 
left him a bankrupt in fortune, but 
brought him back to the calling in which he 
was so well fitted to shine. He moved, in 
1813, from Bardstown to Lexington, where he 
at once secured a large practice, especially in 
diseases of the bones and joints. He was 
thought to excel in the treatment of fracture 
of the skull, for the better management of 
which a trephine was made in Philadelphia, 
under his direction, which, in his judgment, 
was superior to any then in use. The same 
temper which led him to leave Philadelphia 
without his medical degree, sail to China, and 
afterward enter commerce, again asserted 
itself, and he forsook for the second time his 
vocation. With his family he now moved to 
St. Mary’s Parish, La., and engaged in sugar- 
planting. During his residence in the South 
lie served his adopted State in the Senate of 
the United States. He employed much time 
in the study of the flora of the West. “Dur- 
ing the winter of 1843-4, when Henry Clay 
was on a visit to New Orleans” (says a writer 
in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Jour- 
nal), “we had the pleasure, together with 
some twenty-five physicians, of spending the 
evening with him at the house of a medical 
friend. While at the table one of the company 
proposed the health of the venerable Dr. 
Brashear, ‘the first and only surgeon in Louis- 
iana who had successfully performed amputa- 
tion at the hip-joint.’ Mr. Clay, who sat next to 
Dr. Brashear, with characteristic good humor, 
immediately observed, ‘He has you on the hip, 
Doctor,’ to the great amusement of Brashear 
and the rest of the company.” Dr. Brashear 
was a man of fine literary taste and many and 
varied accomplishments. In conversation he 
was always entertaining, often brilliant. His 
voice was pleasant, his manners affable. In 
stature he was short; in movement, quick and 
nervous. But in the make-up of the man one 
essential of true greatness—fixedness of pur- 
pose—had been omitted. He lacked the stay- 
ing qualities. He was “variable and fond of 
change.” “His full nature, like that river of 
which Alexander broke the strength, spent 
itself in channels which led to no great name 
on earth.” By a single exploit, at the age of 
thirty, he carved his name at high-water mark 
among the elect in surgery. Most of his life 
thereafter he wasted in desultory labors. As the 
.learned Grotius said of his own life, he con- 
sumed it in levities and strenuous inanities. 
BRIGHAM, Amarlah, of Utica, N. Y., was 
born at New Marlborough, Berkshire county, 
Mass., December 26, 1798, and died in the for- 
mer city, September 8, 1849. In a life sketch 
of this noted neurologist, Dr. E. K. Hunt, his 
biographer, writes as follows: His father was 
a highly respectable farmer, who died after an 
illness of several years, leaving a widow and 
six children. His estimable and eminently 
pious mother, regarding only the welfare of 
her beloved child, was induced, soon after the 
death of her husband, to accept the offer of 
his brother, a physician of considerable rep- 
utation, living at Schoharie, N. Y., to take 
Amariah into his family, and educate him to 
his own profession. Though the youngest of 
four sons, and only eleven years of age, of a 
slender and delicate frame, and possessing a 
constitution by no means vigorous, he left the 
home of his childhood, with all its endear- 
ments, to spend, as was then supposed, the 
several succeeding years beneath the roof and 
under the guidance and direction of his pater- 
nal uncle. One short year, however, only 
elapsed before he, too, followed the deceased 
brother, and his youthful charge was again left 
without a guide, without means, or other 
counselor than his wise and affectionate 
mother. He was naturally a thoughtful and 
self-reliant boy, made so in part by the cir- 
cumstances of his condition, which had served 
to awaken and develop these qualities of his 
mind. This we may safely infer also from the 
fact that, not long after his uncle’s death, at an 
age which could not much have exceeded thir- 
teen years, he made his way to Albany alone, 
and there, without a friend to assist or advise 
him, procured for himself a place as clerk in a 
book-store, where he spent the three following 
years. Here he performed the round of duty 
which usually devolves upon boys occupying a 
position of this kind, but, it is said, had much 
leisure time, which he spent not slothfully or 
in idleness, nor in the society of thoughtless 
or vicious companions,but in the constant read- 
ing of books to which he had access. While his 
reading was, doubtless, without a definite plan, 
and probably quite miscellaneous, he here ac- 
quired a fondness for books, and habits of 
study, which ever after constituted a noticeable 
feature of his character. Indeed, the numerous 
observations which he made while abroad, re- 
lating to historical and other matters with 
which he was manifestly quite familiar, may, 
many of them, be safely referred to this, as the 
time when he first became conversant with 
them. Here, too, he also had an opportunity 
to acquire a knowledge of men, as well as of 586 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
books, which he would not he likely to neglect; 
and by having no one to look up to for counsel 
or assistance, developed still further that con- 
fidence in himself which his destitute situation 
required. On leaving Albany, he returned 
again to New Marlborough, where his mother 
now resided, and there spent the four following 
years; at first in the studies usually pursued 
by advanced pupils in our schools, and at 
length entering the office of Dr. E. C. Peet, of 
that town, as a student of medicine. It does 
not appear that his advantages during any part 
of this preparatory course at all exceeded those 
that usually fall to the lot of medical students, 
or that he obtained a diploma from any med- 
ical college. One of his biographers says, 
“he spent a year in New York attending lect- 
ures,” which, in the absence of other evidence, 
may fairly he supposed to signify that he at- 
tended during a single session or term, which 
at that day was regarded by the profession as 
sufficient to qualify a candidate to enter upon 
practice. Subsequently, and before commenc- 
ing the active duties of professional life, 
he spent about a year with the late Dr. 
Plumb, of Caanan, Connecticut; and from 
a brother practitioner, now of Hartford, 
but who then resided in a neighboring State, 
and often saw him, we learn that, while 
his habits of study were somewhat peculiar and 
original, he was, nevertheless, a diligent and 
successful student. The period which elapsed 
between the time of his leaving Albany and 
entering upon the duties of his profession must 
have been a little less than five years, all of 
which was spent in the pursuit of knowledge, 
either of a professional or general character. 
Having acquired a fondness for books, im- 
proved, and, to some extent, tested the powers 
of his mind, during his residence in Albany, 
he was, indeed, in some respects highly favored 
in the privileges which he enjoyed in the 
quiet town in which he spent the several fol- 
lowing years. Here was nothing to be found 
calculated either to distract his mind or to call 
off his thoughts, even temporarily, from study; 
while the great fact constantly stood forth 
fully, and sometimes, doubtless, painfully, 
before him, that he was to be the sole architect 
of his own fortune. He commenced practice 
as a youth somewhat short of his majority, in 
the town of Enfield, Mass., where he re- 
mained but two years. He removed thence to 
Greenfield, Franklin county, a large and 
flourishing town, lying on the Connecticut 
river. Of his history while at Enfield we are 
left to conjecture; but the fact that, after so 
short a period of practice, he should have felt 
himself qualified to submit his claims to notice 
and support, to so searching an ordeal as that 
of a refined and cultivated community, and 
was willing to risk the results of active profes- 
sional competition, shows, at least, his esti- 
mate of himself, and his confidence of success. 
His determined boldness stands out in still 
stronger relief when we learn that he pur- 
chased, at the outset, the entire property of a 
practitioner then in ill health, a brother of 
Judge Washburn, consisting of a dwelling- 
house and out-buildings, horse, carriage, and 
library, the payment of which not only absorbed 
the savings of the previous years, but also 
must have involved him pecuniarily to some 
extent. Here that industry and system in the 
management of his affairs, that patience, and 
accuracy of observation, and soundness of 
judgment which characterized his after years, 
were exhibited and largely developed. Here, 
also, shone f®rth those genial social qualities 
which made him everywhere welcome, and the 
delight of a large circle of admiring friends. 
He practiced at Greenfield uninterruptedly 
about seven years, and it is well known that 
he early secured the confidence of his fel- 
low-citizens, was extensively patronized, 
and eminently successful. He was especially 
fond of surgery, and achieved considerable 
reputation in this branch of our art, indeed, 
so much that he became widely known, and 
was largely employed in this department. 
That he was during all this time a diligent 
student and growing man, though fully em- 
ployed in the active duties of his profession, 
we learn in part from the fact that he prepared 
and delivered a course of popular lectures on 
chemistry while here, at once indicating great 
fondness on his part for natural science, and 
much careful study of a branch which it would 
otherwise have been supposed he would most 
likely neglect. Besides, he began with his 
professional life that most improving of pro- 
fessional exercises, a detailed daily history of 
every case he was called to treat, a practice 
certain to sharpen the powers of observation, 
excite to study and research, improve the re- 
flective faculties, strengthen and mature the 
judgment; while it also gives one impercepti- 
bly a readiness in the use of the pen, a capacity 
of expression, which are not the growth of a 
day, but which, when acquired, become inval- 
uable to the possessor. He at times, also, left 
temporarily the field of his active labors, os- 
tensibly for relaxation, hut in fact, that by 
visits to the larger cities, intercourse with 
their medical men, and examinations of their 
hospitals, he might increase his store of prac- 
tical knowledge. That a young man, but 
twenty-nine years of age, whose purse had 
always been slender,—whose scanty support, 
for several years previous to the commencement 
of professional life, had been procured, in part 
at least, if not wholly, by teaching, during the 
winter months, district schools,—whose oppor- 
tunities for mental improvement had been 
such only as are usually regarded as inferior, 
and even meager,—whose self-denials of every 
sort had been many and great,—should so 
soon, upon the removal of this burden from 
his mind and spirits, have aspired not only to 
high rank in his profession, but have boldly 
resolved to do what very few then undertook, 
and still fewer of these from resources of their 
own earning, for the purpose of improving 
himself professionally and otherwise, by for- 
eign travel, exhibits to every one who reflects 
upon the procedure, a degree of self-reliance, 
intelligence, and manly courage, not often 
equaled. It appears, however, that it was a 
plan which he devised while engaged in active 
practice, the contemplation of which, as the 
obstacles to its fulfillment yielded one by one 
to his prolonged reflections, was a solace, 
doubtless, to many a dark and weary ride. He 
had already, in a period of seven years, paid 
for the place which he purchased on com- 
mencing business at Greenfield, had steadily 
added to his library, lived suitably to his posi- 
tion, and, besides, had accumulated means 
sufficient, with the sale of his property, to 
meet the expenses incident to a voyage to 
Europe, which he had now decided to make, 
and a year’s residence there. In the fulfill- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
587 
ment of this purpose, he was obliged, though 
most reluctantly, doubtless, to leave the place 
in which he had spent the dawn of his man- 
hood, had numerous friends, and unquestion- 
ably many and tender attachments. He left 
on this voyage July 16, 1828, then in his 
thirtieth year. It would be interesting and 
instructive to follow him in his travels, which 
embrace a tour and residence, more or less pro- 
longed, in England, Ireland, Scotland, France, 
Italy, Sicily, and Spain, and extract liberally 
from his voluminous journal, but the space 
allotted us will not permit. He made a daily 
record of his observations, indeed, of what- 
ever especially attracted his notice, which 
formed five folio volumes in manuscript. It is 
apparent from these, and, I think, will be ad- 
mitted by those who subsequently became ac- 
quainted with Dr. Brigham, that the basis of 
that character, which was afterward so well 
illustrated in a public capacity, was fully estab- 
lished before he went abroad. His systematic, 
independent, and often original observations 
and descriptions, show that those qualities of 
mind from which they spring were already 
well developed and in active exercise. He 
visited most of the larger hospitals and benev- 
olent institutions in the countries through 
which he passed, and describes, often minutely, 
their architectural characteristics, internal ar- 
rangements, general management, and often 
adds a description of the personal appearance 
and manner of lecturing of the distinguished 
physicians in attendance. He left London in 
October for Paris, and passed a month in the 
latter city, in visiting the public and benevo- 
lent institutions and places of note, and 
especially those devoted to art. Here as well 
as elsewhere, judging from his manuscript 
notes, he seems to have spent much time at the 
Louvre, and other places where either superior 
pictures or statuary were to be found, indi- 
cating a much stronger relish for such works 
than he was' generally supposed to possess. 
He then took tickets at the School of Medicine, 
where he continued in daily attendance on the 
lectures for three months. He occasionally 
attended lectures at other institutions and at 
the various hospitals, on all of which occasions 
he made copious observations descriptive of 
buildings and internal arrangements, as in 
London. Every day seems to have been fully 
and well occupied in collecting useful informa- 
tion, as well as valuable materials for thought 
and reflection in after years. His habits while 
in Paris were eminently social, his evenings, 
many of them—indeed, the majority of them— 
having been spent in general society. His 
diary, in its description of the forms of eti- 
quette observed at the social and larger parties 
at which he was present, as well as the com- 
ments often accompanying, indicate how close 
an observer of men and things he was at that 
period. And here we would observe, and it is 
worthy of notice, that though his journal con- 
tains only the hastily-written observations of 
each day, and was doubtless prepared without 
a thought of its ever being opened to the in- 
spection of any other than his own eye, or 
possibly to the glance of here and there a par- 
tial and trusted friend, it is characterized in 
its entire extent both by correctness of 
thought and expression. There is not to 
be found in it anything at variance 
with good taste or sound moralsv but, 
on the contrary, everything to indicate great 
purity of heart and correctness of conduct, 
although at that time he was not controlled by 
any special religious scruples. Just before 
quitting Paris, he made a visit to the institu- 
tion for the Deaf and Dumb, founded by Abb6 
de I’Epee, in 1760, of which he gives a very 
interesting detailed account, evincing the deep 
interest he then felt in the educational as well 
as other benevolent establishments for the care 
and elevation of the unfortunate. During his 
stay at Genoa he visited, among other places, 
the Hospital for Incurables, of which he thus 
writes: “It is a noble institution, and has the 
look of being old, as it is embellished with the 
statues of many of its benefactors, that look 
old and black. The number of its inmates is 
between eight and nine hundred, I think. The 
bedsteads are of iron, but without curtains or 
posts for them. The rooms are spacious, toler- 
ably well aired, and clean for an old house. 
I noticed most of the incurables were de- 
formed—maimed men, women, and children, 
also maniacs. These last interested me much. 
I was surprised to see them all—that is, all the 
crazy men—in one room, and without any par- 
titions. Most of them had strong chains fast- 
ening them to their beds; and I saw some in 
the women’s apartment, where they were eat- 
ing a breakfast of lettuce and oil, I thought. 
But O! the fury and noise!—probably some 
excited by my entering. Some were hallooing, 
some laughing, some eating, and screaming 
like fiends. Some beckoned to me with fury, 
others with smiles. In fact, I never had so 
perfect an idea of bedlam as in these rooms, 
where are from fifty to a hundred crazy people. 
It seems to be very wrong that all should be 
thus together, as their beds joined, and nothing 
intervened.” From Genoa he went to Pisa, 
and from thence to Florence and to Rome, 
stopping, however, -at other less important 
cities, and remaining long enough in each 
place to make an intelligent notation of what- 
ever was of historical interest, exhibited the 
manners and customs of the inhabitants, or the 
practical working of their civil and political 
institutions. The extent of his survey, and his 
numerous and interesting comments, bear 
ample testimony of his industry and peculiar 
habits of observation, and show that he was a 
man of methodical mind, of quickness of 
perception, of much more than ordinary pow- 
ers of analysis, and further, that he was a 
man of extensive reading. On his route to 
Italy he visited the Maddalena, a lunatic 
asylum situated between Capua and Naples, 
and founded by Murat. He thus writes: “It 
is spacious, and has a large garden and church 
attached to it. It contains about five hundred 
patients, who are well attended, and treated 
with great gentleness and indulgence. Each 
pays about fifteen dollars a month, which de- 
frays all expenses. I noticed one singular but 
pleasant arrangement—the wdndows, from the 
outside, look as though they were filled with 
beautiful flowers; but, on examination, I 
found that the iron grates had been made thus, 
and painted, in order to give a pleasing ap- 
pearance to the eye. The contrast between 
this and the asylum I had just seen at Genoa 
was great and striking. Here they are all 
comfortable and cleanly, and well attended; 
there they were all confined in one room, each 
chained to his bed—the ravings of one exciting 
others, so that, when I entered, the shouting, 
swearing, and attempts to break their chains, 688 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
for a moment frightened me. I can not be- 
lieve another such a horrid bedlam exists on 
earth.” He spent several weeks in Naples, 
during which time he twice visited the long- 
buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 
and also Vesuvius. The relics of Pompeii, as 
all now know, are numerous, and, even then 
had been collected and well arranged under 
the auspices of the government. These he 
saw again and again, enumerates the several 
classes into which they are divided, and de- 
scribes many of them with considerable mi- 
nuteness. Leaving Italy, he proceeded to 
Sicily, but his stay at Messina was short, and 
nothing occurred which it is necessary to no- 
tice. Here he took ship for the United States, 
stopping only at Gibraltar, where they were 
detained many days, which gave him an op- 
portunity to visit the principal objects of 
interest to be found here—as the fortress 
and town—which he did not fail to improve. 
At length they set sail, and landed at Boston, 
July 4, 1829, twelve days less than a year from 
the time he embarked at the port of New 
York. After making hasty visits to some of 
his relatives, he once more returned to Green- 
field, Mass., and again commenced the active 
duties of his profession, about the middle of 
August. He was now near thirty-two years of 
age, and his ambition had in no respect been 
cooled, nor his confidence in himself abated, 
by travel and a more extended acquaintance 
with the world. It was not long, therefore, 
before he began to cast about for a more con- 
spicuous and lucrative field of labor; and hav- 
ing received a friendly invitation from some of 
the most intelligent and influential citizens of 
Hartford, Conn.,—among them several of its 
leading physicians—to make it his residence, 
he concluded to do so, and removed to that 
place some time during the month of April, 
1831. Of the number of those who expressed 
a desire to this end was the late Rev. Daniel 
Wadsworth, who, to other inducements, added 
the offer of an eligible office, rent free. In 
every respect his qualifications for taking an 
elevated position, both professional and social, 
were far greater at the time of his settlement 
at Hartford than when he had presented him- 
self, a youthful candidate for practice, to the 
citizens of Greenfield. He was now matured 
in intellect, his character was established, his 
attainments, both theoretical and practical, 
highly respectable in every department of his 
profession; while his manners, and knowledge 
of men and the forms of cultivated society were 
superior. He came to Hartford, continues 
his biographer, rather as a surgeon than physi- 
cian, there being at that time a more than 
usually favorable opening for one well in- 
formed in this department. He at once took 
the elevated position for which it was antici- 
pated he was well prepared, and maintained 
it, in and out of the profession, so long as he 
remained here. He at no time wanted for 
business nor had he ever any anxiety about it, 
and for many years his income was probably 
not far from $2,500 per annum. He always 
had an office, where he kept his library, 
chiefly professional, of about two thousand 
volumes—many of them in the French language, 
which he read with correctness and facility— 
quite a variety of surgical and medical appa- 
ratus, casts, dry and wet specimens in morbid' 
anatomy, and drawings, which, coupled with 
an easy, not over-cleanly look, made it not 
uninviting, either to the common people or to 
gentlemen. He generally, if not at all times, 
had one or more students, who enjoyed the 
use of his library, saw considerable office and 
other practice, and had the benefit of his kind 
and sufficiently familiar intercourse. He pre- 
pared for professional life some who since be- 
came highly respectable and useful practition- 
ers, in whose air and bearing, as well as in their 
views of things, could be traced the impress of 
their teacher’s influence. To his other qualifi- 
cations as a physician, his careful and patient 
investigation of disease, and acknowledged 
skill in diagnosis resulting therefrom, sound 
common sense and superior judgment were 
added; making him at the same time a suc- 
cessful practitioner and valuable counselor. 
It was a not uncommon practice with him, on 
going out of town for the purpose of consulta- 
tion, to ascertain beforehand something about 
the character of the case, and carry with him 
some standard author who treated of the dis- 
ease in question. He did not stand in fear of 
any inference which such a proceeding might 
have, either upon the mind of the patient, his 
friends, or the practitioner in attendance. In 
society, he mingled in preference with that class 
characterized by refinement of manner, cultiva- 
tion of taste and intellect, and who at the same 
time enjoyed in due degree the social glass, a 
quiet game of whist, a good dinner, and granted 
large freedom of opinion, both religious and 
political; rather than the more stern, rigid, 
and puritanical, who in that day required, as 
a condition of good fellowship, not only intel- 
ligence and a becoming deportment, but deci- 
ded temperance in eating and drinking, partic- 
ularly the latter, an orthodox faith and prac- 
tice, and sound whig sentiments. I mean not 
to be understood as intimating that he was not 
on friendly terms with, or did not entertain 
the highest respect for, many of those from 
whom his opinions, and, to some extent, his 
practice, differed, and for whose society he 
had no special relish ; nor that he was not, in 
return, appreciated and largely patronized by 
them; for it was notoriously true that he was, 
perhaps, more largely consulted by clergymen 
than any other practitioner then resident in 
Hartford. In politics he was a Democrat, and 
so devoted to party that he made its distinctive 
issues a prominent topic of conversation on 
the eve of exciting elections, attended party 
meetings, at which he sometimes spoke, and 
interested himself to such an extent in the 
result as to allude to it afterwards, when his 
excitement had abated, as a matter of surprise 
even to himself. When he first became a res- 
ident of Hartford, infant schools were in op- 
eration, and in high public favor; also a 
method of arousing the public mind, and cre- 
ating a strong religious interest, by means of 
what was known as “protracted meetings,” 
when a whole community, or an entire denom- 
ination in a city, would devote ten days, and 
sometimes even a fortnight, to religious pur- 
poses, in the progress of which a high state of 
nervous excitement would, almost of necessity, 
take place on the part of many of the more 
devoted among the worshipers, and conver- 
sions also, in numerous instances, were claimed 
to follow. Though he was a regular attendant 
at the First Congregational Church, and, as has 
elsewhere been said, sincerely respected relig- 
ion and all needful religious ordinances, without 
being a professor, or particularly interested in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
589 
the subject itself, he set his face boldly and 
earnestly against both of these popular cus- 
toms of the times; giving his views to the pub- 
lic in regard to the former in an unpretending 
little volume, entitled “Influence of Mental 
Cultivation on Health,” published in 1832, 
and also one in regard to the latter, entitled 
“Influence of Religion on the Health and 
Physical Welfare of Mankind,” published in 
1836. To the latter work I shall hereafter 
briefly refer, and shall only stop to say of the 
former that it reached a third edition, which 
was published by Lea & Blanchard, of Phila- 
delphia, in 1845—an edition having been pre- 
viously issued at Glasgow, by Dr. Robert Mac- 
nish, and another at Edinburgh, by James 
Simpson, Esq., advocate, each preceded by a 
preface, highly commendatory of the charac- 
ter and object of the work. About this time 
the cholera first made its appearance on this 
continent, attended in many places with a 
frightful mortality, and spreading terror 
through the country. It seemed at the time 
like a direct visitation of God, sent to afflict 
the nations, so steadily and rapidly did it ad- 
vance, in spite of every opposing barrier—so 
mysteriously, and with such fatal power, did it 
fall upon its victims—so little was it amenable 
to treatment, and so little as to its pathology 
was revealed by dissection. No medical man, 
whether young or old, could fail to look with 
searching scrutiny upon a phenomenon so ob- 
scure, yet so appalling, scan with the utmost 
care the features of the disease, study its his- 
tory, and inform himself, so far as possible, as 
to the most successful way of managing it. 
Dr. Brigham did more than this. He not only 
studied the disease with care, but published, 
during the same year, a work which he styled, 
“A Treatise on Epidemic Cholera.” It is an 
octavo volume of 368 pages, accompanied by a 
map, showing the route westward of the chol- 
era, from the place of its supposed origin. It 
contains, of course, little strictly original mat- 
ter, but consists chiefly of selections from re- 
ports, treatises, lectures, and essays, and was 
intended, as its author states, “to furnish a 
correct history of the disease, together with all 
the most important practical information that 
has been published respecting its nature, 
causes, and method of treatment.” The work 
probably had a limited sale, and added 
little either to the purse or reputation of its 
author, though much discriminating labor and 
research were expended upon it. Regarding 
himself, about this time, as permanently set- 
tled in Hartford, he married, January 23, 1833, 
Susan C. Root, of Greenfield, an accomplished 
lady, to whom he had undoubtedly become 
attached while in practice there. She, with 
their four daughters, survived, to mourn the 
irreparable loss of an affectionate husband 
and father. The next, which was the last sys- 
tematic work published by Dr. Brigham, was 
entitled, “An Inquiry Concerning the Diseases 
and Functions of the Brain, the Spinal Cord, 
and the Nerves;” a duodecimo volume of up- 
wards of three hundred pages, appearing in 
the winter of the year 1840. It was prepared 
while the author was engaged in practice as a 
physician and surgeon, and, doubtless, with no 
more than a general reference to the specialty 
to which he subsequently and so soon devoted 
himself. Though small and unpretending, it 
is a valuable work, which might well find a 
place in the library of every practitioner, as 
a book to be carefully read, and not unfre- 
quently consulted with advantage. It found a 
ready sale, and it is believed was favorably re- 
ceived by the profession. These several vol- 
umes constitute the greater part of his literary 
labors while a resident of Hartford, though he 
occasionally prepared an article for some med- 
ical journal, and sometimesforjthenewspapers; 
and, becoming interested, if not a believer in 
the doctrines of phrenology, as set forth and 
advocated by Gall and Spurzheim, is said to 
have lectured acceptably on the subject. He 
also, in 1837, having probably become tired of 
the harrassing labors devolving upon him in 
the discharge of his duties, accepted the pro- 
fessorship of anatomy and surgery in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. 
He spent a year and a half there, but finally 
returned again to Hartford, preferring the com- 
paratively active life to which he had so 
long been accustomed, with all its attendant 
inconveniences, to a permanent residence in 
New York. The little volume which he pub- 
lished in 1836, on the “Influence of Religion 
on the Health,” was attacked with spirit, in one 
quarter at least, and lead to a controversy in 
print, as caustic and bitter as disputes of this na- 
ture usually are. It also created, in connection 
with his strong party views, prejudices in the 
minds of many worthy and influential citizens. 
Their opposition, however, was probably made 
up, in a pecuniary point of view, by the favor 
of those whose good will and patronage were 
thereby secured. But when he became a can- 
didate for the office of Physician and Superin- 
tendent of the Retreat for the Insane, at Hart- 
ford, Conn., which he did in 1840, he found in 
its board of directors a number of those who 
had conscientiously opposed him previously, 
and who felt unwilling to intrust the interests 
of that institution to his hands. Their opposi- 
tion was at length, as is well known, overruled, 
and the appointment conferred, as was after- 
wards demonstrated,upon one well qualified for 
the position. That perfect system which, as 
we have already seen, had become an element 
of his character, was at once brought success- 
fully to bear upon every department of the in- 
stitution, so soon as he became its principal 
officer, and each subordinate had marked out 
for him, and was made duly responsible for, the 
discharge of his duties. A long and extensive 
acquaintance with general society enabled him, 
both in sentiment and manner, to adapt him- 
self to all classes of the inmates, so that, with- 
out wounding the pride or sensibilities of any, 
he equally secured the confidence and respect 
of all. He was not only a man of order, but 
was also a superior disciplinarian; and while 
every person, whatever his position, was 
treated with justice, and, the patients espe- 
cially, with the utmost kindness, none were 
indulged with undue license, and all felt the 
restraining and controlling influence of the 
governing head. His previous studies and 
practice had been such as to make him un- 
usually familiar with the treatment of nerv- 
ous diseases, and his success while at Hart- 
ford, indicated the soundness of his patholog- 
ical opinions, and the correctness of his treat- 
ment. His discussion of topics relating to the 
medical jurisprudence of insanity, as he met 
with illustrative cases—his investigations re- 
lating to the pulse of the insane, the size and 
shape of the head, the condition of the senses, 
the temperature of the body, and the state of the 590 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
secretions, together with his remarks on the 
medical treatment of the insane—which are 
embodied in his annual reports, published 
while connected with the Retreat, exhibited a 
capacity for intelligent inquiry, a willingness 
to search for facts, and a fondness for them 
most creditable to himself, and which added 
very much to the value of the reports them- 
selves. The office which, as we have seen, he 
accepted in the spring of 1840, it was expected 
by all would terminate, probably, only with 
the life of the incumbent. However in the fall 
of 1844, to the surprise and regret it is believed 
of every officer and friend of the Retreat, as 
well as to a large circle of friends in Hartford, 
it was announced that Dr. Brigham had ac- 
cepted a smilar appointment tendered him by 
the managers of the New York State Lunatic 
Asylum, located at Utica, and would shortly re- 
move there. Notwithstanding the faithful 
performance of his duties, and a wise regula- 
tion of the institution, both required that his 
time should be devoted exclusively to the Re- 
treat, his former patrons continued to feel that 
he was still within reach, and in an emergency 
could be consulted, and hence felt less keenly 
than they otherwise would the trial of separa- 
tion. When, however, it was ascertained that 
he was to leave the place altogether, and his 
lot from henceforth to be cast in a neighboring 
State indeed, but at a distance too great for 
ready access, there were many and sincere re- 
grets expressed by those who had experienced, 
in seasons of sickness and suffering, his ten- 
der sympathy and superior skill. His office 
and duties as superintendent and physician at 
the Retreat at Hartford terminated about the 
first of October, 1842, and from that time forth 
he became identified with the institution at 
Utica, to which he gave every thought, and all 
his energy of soul; his hearty devotion to it 
only terminating with his life, which appropri- 
ately closed within its walls, amidst the scene 
of his untiring labors and proud success. For 
this position may be justly claimed for him the 
possession, in a superior degree, of every qual- 
ity requisite in a physician-in-chief. The 
native vigor and practical character of his 
mind; a training in that sober school in which 
every pupil is made to feel daily that there is 
no hope or chance for honors or rewards aside 
from well-directed personal efforts; that re- 
flective self-reliance, equally removed from 
rashness and timidity, which we see early 
characterized his movements; his varied attain- 
ments, his extensive, thorough knowledge of 
men, his great and systematic industry, his 
practical experience of the peculiar wants and 
treatment of the insane—all served, we re- 
peat, to make him one of the foremost in the 
wide field of labor to which, with redoubled 
earnestness, he had once more and anew ded- 
icated himself. The walls of the noble struct- 
ure which now does honor even to the great 
State of New York, and which was destined to 
give an enduring reputation to our subject, were 
at that time erected; the internal arrange- 
ments and furnishing awaiting, for the most 
part, the direction of the superintendent. 
Though the original plan contemplated accom- 
modations for a thousand patients, with their 
officers and attendants, it had, previously to 
this pei’iod, been decided to carry out but par- 
tially the design, and provide for about half 
this number. Indeed, at this time the center 
building and main wings only were erected, 
and nothing had been done toward laying out 
the grounds, or constructing the necessary out- 
buildings. Here, therefore, the scope of his 
duties demanded his attention without as well 
as within the establishment. To plan and 
carry out the design of the institution to its 
completion—to arrange and organize all its 
different departments, wading through the 
mass of details requisite in order that the 
security, comfort, and convenience of all 
should be best consulted, was a work of 
great magnitude, and its thorough accom- 
plishment of incalculable importance. To 
this work Dr. Brigham brought what was re- 
quired, not only sound, practical common- 
sense, but a previous and well-improved expe- 
rience, to which was united a correct estimate 
of the value of money, and the best method 
of making the most of it; or, in other words, 
an enlightened, intelligent economy. Ele- 
vated, then, to this new and truly exalted po- 
sition, the problem just suggested was given 
him to solve. How correctly it was wrought 
out must be left to the decision of those who 
have entered upon his labors, and have had in 
experience the benefit of his judgment. But 
there appears to be no doubt that his com- 
prehensive mind grasped readily the entire 
details of his plans, while yet they existed 
only ia his own brain, and that he clearly 
saw at the outset the work as it stood when 
completed, and justly estimated its practi- 
cal operation. This is inferred by Dr. Hunt 
both from his knowledge of the man and from 
the qualifications with which his previous 
observations and experience had endowed 
him. Though many improvements in venti- 
lating, warming, and lighting public buildings 
have been brought into successful operation 
since that period, which, had they then been 
known, would doubtless have been adopted— 
improvements which unquestionably might 
have produced greater results—still we are 
well assured that his ideas, as embodied in his 
labors, were quite equal with, if not in advance 
of, the knowledge of that day. As the gov- 
erning head of such an institution, he was 
fitted, as we have heretofore observed, by the 
possession of those qualities of mind and 
heart, both natural and acquired, which ena- 
bled him to secure the confidence, win the 
respect, and insure the control, so far as might 
be requisite, of all those, whatever their posi- 
tion, who constituted his household. His 
patients respected him as a man, confided in 
him as a physician, and in many instances en- 
tertained for him sentiments of sincere and 
lasting friendship. Toward attendants and 
subordinates he was kind and just, but decided. 
That rigid, yet most excellent code of by-laws 
which he drew up soon after the opening of 
the institution at Utica, were laws for all, for 
himself as well as others; and no one of them 
could be broken or infringed with impunity. 
At Hartford this was equally true, and it 
secured for him the invaluable services of a 
competent and faithful corps of assistants. Of 
the operation of this code it will be sufficient 
to quote the following opinion, expressed, 
some two or three years subsequent to a visit 
to this asylum, by the late James Cowles 
Pritchard, himself at the time in charge of one 
of the largest of the English institutions for 
the insane, and also the author of one of the 
ablest treatises on insanity and diseases of the 
mind extant in our language; in a word, one EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
591 
of the most competent of judges. To a gen- 
tleman making the tour of Europe, principally 
for the purpose of examining the condition 
and mode of conducting similar institutions, 
he said: “I can show you nothing here that 
will compare with your own well-ordered 
asylum at Utica. No medical superintendent 
ever exhibited greater fertility of invention in 
providing occupations and amusements suited 
to the wants of the inmates of institutions of 
this class, or was more keenly alive to their 
importance. As to the moral and purely med- 
ical treatment of insanity, Dr. Brigham’s 
views differed in nothing essential from those 
usually prevailing among physicians engaged 
in the care and management of the insane. 
While he occasionally tried remedies compar- 
atively new, his usual practice was to employ 
a few agents of well-known and established 
character discriminatingly, and in moderation 
as to quantity; governed, however, in this re- 
spect, by the exigencies of each case as it came 
under his notice. Though he had abundant 
confidence in the efficacy of medicine appro- 
priately employed, he had also great confidence 
in the recuperative power of nature, wisely as- 
sisted by medicine as occasion required. Not 
satisfied with superintending to its completion 
in all its details the great institution of which 
he had charge, and subsequently conducting 
its numerous and weighty affairs, he volunta- 
rily undertook the publication and editorship 
of the Journal of Insanity, a quarterly of 
upwards of one hundred pages, the object of 
which was, as its name imports, to present 
a medium for whatever of value relating to 
this specialty he, in connection with his 
co-laborers in this field, could furnish. The 
intention was laudable, doubtless, yet, under 
the circumstances of his precarious health, 
hardly to be considered as wise or judicious, 
as it would require an outlay of time and 
strength, already engrossed in the discharge of 
his immediate duties to the institution. How- 
ever, it was begun in 1844, the first number 
being issued in July of that year, from which 
time onward, until the completion of the fifth 
volume, he continued in charge of it. Indeed, 
the first number of the following year con- 
tains one or more articles prepared by him, as 
also the miscellaneous matter; while the suc- 
ceeding one, that for October, contains his 
obituary. Whatever may be said of the wis- 
dom of his undertaking a work of this charac- 
ter, all things considered, it is not to be doubt- 
ed that the design was a good one, and has 
resulted in bringing the subject of insanity in 
all its aspects more fully before the public 
than would in any other way have been possi- 
ble ; making known, extensively, many valua- 
ble facts, and forming a medium for the full 
discussion of many important subjects. It 
was most natural that a mind so practical as 
his, so fully stored with information on his 
favorite branch, and feeling also so keenly as 
he did the importance of spreading abroad 
everywhere this knowledge, should have sug- 
gested the method which was adopted for 
accomplishing his object, and, therefore, that 
he became the founder of this department of 
periodical literature in this country. That it 
accomplished much good, and answered the 
expectations of Dr. Brigham, is evident, 
whether we regard its intrinsic merits, the 
extent of its circulation, or the fact that it con- 
tinues still to disseminate, without essential 
change in design or purpose, the important in- 
formation it was established to promulgate. 
When, now, we contemplate our subject as the 
head of an institution having more than five 
hundred persons constantly to direct and con- 
trol, a large proportion of them bereft of 
reason, and requiring the most watchful pro- 
fessional care; looking not only after the great 
interests of his household, as it was his duty 
to do, but also to many minor matters, which 
it was his infirmity that he could not delegate 
to other parties; conducting a large correspond- 
ence, not only with the friends of patients, 
but also with the State government, and hav- 
ing, moreover, the responsibility of editing 
and publishing the Journal of Insanity contin- 
ually resting upon his mind, we behold a man 
struggling beneath a burden, in part self- 
imposed, it is true, but quite too great for the 
strongest long to sustain. During this and the 
previous year his labors had been augmented, 
in consequence of his having been required to 
attend courts, at Binghamton, Auburn, New 
York City, Northampton, and elsewhere, in 
cases where the plea of insanity was set 
up, and his opinion as an expert demanded. 
It is not probable, however, that his health 
suffered from this; the change, and re- 
lief from other duties for the time being, 
acting, as a soothing and grateful stimulus 
to his exhausted nervous system. His diges- 
tive organs continuing to grow weaker, his 
bowels on several occasions to give evidence of 
excessive irritability, and his general health 
still further to fail, it was deemed indispensa- 
ble, both by himself and others, that he should 
withdraw for a season from the care of the in- 
stitution, and seek, by the relief which it was 
hoped that this, in connection with change of 
climate would afford a return of that strength 
and health for which he had so long been 
striving in vain. He accordingly left Utica on 
the 17th of February, 1848, in company with 
two esteemed friends, managers of the asylum, 
and made the circuit of the southern portion 
of the United States, proceeding south on 
the Atlantic coast, and returning during the 
latter part of the succeeding April, by the 
Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On this journey, 
of which he left copious notes, he made it a 
part of his duty, as would naturally be ex- 
pected, to visit most if not all of the institu- 
tions for the insane along the route, publishing 
in the Journal of Insanity of the succeeding 
July, such remarks in relation to them, and 
other objects of interest which he met with, as 
seemed appropriate. The principal purpose he 
had in view in leaving the institution for so 
long a time—the improvement of his health— 
seems to have been to a considerable extent re- 
alized, for he says, in his journal of July fol- 
lowing: “My health has been better since my 
journey, but still I have the swelling of my 
side, though it does not trouble me much; my 
appetite and sleep are pretty good. I feel 
more as if I might live some years, though 
heretofore I have not thought so.” Soon after 
this record he was called to submit to one of the 
severest trials which humanity is ever com- 
pelled to encounter—the illness and death of 
an only son, an interesting and promising boy 
of twelve years of age. The notes which from 
time to time were made subsequent to this 
event not only express, so far as language can 
the intensity of his sorrow, but also indicate 
that its effects, both upon his health and spirits, 592 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
had more than counterbalanced the benefit 
which he had derived from his winter’s relief 
from active labor. Sickness and prostration, 
which his vital powers could not overcome, 
nor the remedies which were employed suc- 
cessfully resist, soon succeeded in accomplish- 
ing a fatal result, and, as his biographer and 
medical adviser at that time tells us, he expired 
without a struggle or a groan, at a period but 
little beyond the meridian of ordinary life, but 
with him after an eventful career of long and 
extraordinary professional achievements. In 
person Dr. Brigham was tall, though somewhat 
less than six feet in height, and very slender; 
his weight, in health, probably not exceeding 
one hundred and thirty pounds. His features 
were well proportioned, though rather small 
than otherwise; eyes of a soft blue, express- 
ing more than is usual the varying emotions 
of the mind. His hair was thin, of a brown 
color, and slightly, if at all, gray at the time 
of his death. His gait was naturally slow, and 
by no means graceful, while his voice was soft, 
low, and quite melodious. As a whole, how- 
ever, his appearance and manner indicated to 
the observer a superior and cultivated intellect, 
a firm will, perfect self-possession, a social dis- 
position, a kind and generous heart. A few 
remarks relating to his religious character will 
conclude this sketch; and it is approached with 
the greater pleasure, as abundant proof is found 
in the recorded meditations of Dr. Brigham, 
both of his religious views and the operations 
of his mind on this great theme, particularly 
during the last years of his life. There 
can be no doubt, judging from his writings, 
that, during the earlier part of his life, with- 
out being an unbeliever, or even regard- 
ing the truths of Christianity with indiffer- 
ence, he was not a pious man. Having a 
mind at once bold and independent, as well as 
active and inquisitive, he separated with a 
searching, perhaps too searching discrimina- 
tion, the essentials from the non-essentials, both 
of a religious creed and a religious life; and 
while he held the former in sincere respect, 
treated the latter with an apparent, probably 
real levity, that thouched and wounded the 
sensibilities of many good people. Such a 
mental constitution, however, as he possessed, 
and such views, will account for everything he 
has written, which at one time occasioned 
much dissatisfaction, as we have already 
noticed, and subsequent active opposition to 
him as the proposed head of a public institu- 
tion for the insane; and it was his well-known 
kindness of heart and real benevolence of 
character, in connection with his many other 
qualifications for the position, that secured his 
election, in spite of the remonstrances and 
votes of some well-meaning but mistaken men. 
During the last years of his residence in Hart- 
ford, however, it was the opinion of that dis- 
tinguished philanthropist and good man, the 
Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, who was at the 
time chaplain at the Retreat, and in the habit 
of daily and familiar intercourse with Dr. 
Brigham, that his mind was much and seri- 
ously exercised on the subject of religion— 
that he habitually read and meditated upon 
the word of God, and daily engaged in the ex- 
ercise of private and family devotion—that, in 
short, he gave satisfactory evidence of being a 
Christian; and, after, his removal to Utica, 
the correspondence which was maintained but 
served to confirm the previously formed 
opinion of his revered friend. A better, 
and, indeed, convincing evidence of his deep 
and humble piety is to be found in quite a 
large manuscript volume, entitled “Religious 
Thoughts,” which was commenced several 
years before his death. The writings of Bax- 
ter, Doddrige, Hannah, Moore and others, are 
often referred to as affording most instructive 
reading, and much food for profitable reflec- 
tion, as well as presenting great truths in a 
strikingly forcible manner. But the Bible, and 
particularly the writings of the evangelists and 
apostles, manifestly furnished him the most 
satisfactory and pleasing topics of thought, and 
pages of his journal are often devoted to com- 
ments upon passages that especially interested 
him. Among the many texts which he had 
selected for special contemplation were the fol- 
lowing: “Whosoever shall confess me before 
men, him will I also confess before my Father 
which is in heaven.” “Every idle word that 
men shall speak, they shall give an account 
thereof in the day of judgment.” “Come unto 
me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and 
I will give you rest.” Breathing forth such 
sentiments, and with a mind full of thoughts 
like these, he was preparing himself daily for 
that rest with the people of God for which he 
had long and fervently prayed, and at the age 
of about fifty-one years—an age at which the 
vigor of the intellect, soundness of the judg- 
ment, and the experience of manhood are but 
matured and perfected, when the strength has 
not been overtasked and exhausted—ex- 
changed the cares, labors, and responsibilities 
of life for the quiet and repose of the grave. 
His life, as we have seen, had been from its 
very outset one requiring the active, energetic 
exercise of every power and faculty, both of 
mind and body—at first from the necessities of 
his condition, and subsequently continued, 
doubtless, partly from the force of habit, but 
in part, also, from the aspirations of a laudable 
ambition. It is also unquestionably true that, 
at the time of his death, he had accomplished, 
and nobly, too, the labors of a long, elevated, 
and eventful career. Nor is it too much to be- 
lieve that his name will go down to posterity 
among that bright galaxy of distinguished men 
who, self-made, have attained to eminence 
through the steady, well-directed efforts of 
sound, well - balanced, and well - informed 
minds, aided by a strength of will and firm- 
ness of purpose which no obstacles could suc- 
cessfully oppose, nor discouragements long 
depress; a model worthy the imitation of all 
who would excel in manly gifts, or in the 
honorable performance of duty among men. 
BROWN, Bedford, of Alexandria, Ya., was 
born in Caswell county, North Carolina, and 
is the son of Bedford Brown, United States 
Senator from North Carolina. He studied 
medicine at the Transylvania University, Lex- 
ington, Ky., and at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, graduating from the former 
in 1848, and from the latter in 1853. He first 
settled in Yanceyville, N. C., whence he re- 
moved to Alexandria, Va., whei£ he still re- 
sides. He is a member of the Medical Society 
of the District of Columbia. From 1855 to the 
present time he has made numerous contribu- 
tions on various medical subjects to the leading 
medical journals of this country. Among 
others he is the author of the following-named 
articles in the American Journal of Medical Sci- 
ences: An article on the “Treatment of Hy- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
593 
drocele,” in 1855; on “Typhoid Pneumonia,” 
in 1858; on “The State of the Nutritive Func- 
tions During the Progress of Continued Fe- 
vers,” in 1859; on “The Treatment of the Ma- 
lignant Forms of Remittent Fever with Nitric 
Acid,” in 1859; on “ACaseof Extensive Com- 
pound Fracture of the Cranium, Severe Lac- 
eration and Destruction of a Portion of the 
Frontal Lobes of the Brain, Followed by 
Fungus Cerebri and Terminating in Recov- 
ery.” This is probably the first, if not the 
only case on record in which chloroform was 
used in extensive injuries of the kind, and in 
which the effects of its action on the phys- 
ical functions of the brain were demonstrated 
to the eye. It was published in 1860. Since 
then other articles have appeared from his 
pen entitled “Epidemic Diphtheria;” “Inter- 
nal Use of the Tincture of the Chloride of 
Iron in Cutaneous Affections;” “The Use of 
ville was elected president of the association. 
He presided at New Orleans in 1893 and 
delivered an able address on the origin, ob- 
jects and aims of this organization. He 
has read before this body the following pa- 
pers: “Medical Treatment of Fibroid Tumors 
of the Uterus;” “Treatment.of Gangrenous 
Wounds and Diseases;” “Systemic Infection 
from Gonorrheal Poisoning;” “The Simple, 
Septic, Traumatic and Specific Forms of Cer- 
vicitis;” “Personal Recollections of the Late 
Dr. Benjamin W. Dudley and His Surgical 
Methods.” Dr. Brown was also a member of 
the Pan-American Medical Congress. He was 
a member of the advisory council of the sec- 
tion on military medicine and surgery, and 
read a vdry interesting paper in that section 
on his personal experience in the sanitary 
condition of the Confederate States Army. 
He is also a member of the American Medical 
Association, and has read papers before the 
association on “The Antiseptic Treatment of 
Infantile Entero-colitis;” an elaborate paper 
on “Septic Dysentery and its Treatment;” also 
one on the “Practical Treatment of Acci- 
dental Abortion.” Dr. Brown has for the 
past forty years enjoyed a large and lucrative 
practice. 
BUMSTEAD, Freeman J., of New York, was 
born in Boston, Mass., April 21,1826, and died 
in the former city November 28, 1879. His 
father was Josiah F. Bumstead, a merchant; 
his mother, Lucy D. Willis, sister of N. P. 
Willis, the poet. He received his preparatory 
education at the Boston High School and the 
Boston Latin School; pursued his academical 
course at Williams College, and graduated in 
1847. In 1851 he graduated from the Harvard 
Medical School, subsequently attending med- 
ical lectures in Paris, and settling in New York 
City in 1852. He made a specialty of venereal 
diseases. He was a member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine; the County Medical 
Society; the Torrey Botanical Club, of which 
he was vice-president in 1875-76; a correspond- 
ing member of the Dermatological Society; 
and was formerly a member of the American 
Ophthalmological Society, having resigned in 
1876. He held the posts of Surgeon to the 
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Surgeon to 
St. Luke’s Hospital, New York; Surgeon to the 
venereal wards of Charity Hospital, Black- 
well’s Island; Consulting Surgeon to the 
Strangers’ Hospital, and that of Clinical Pro- 
fessor of Venereal Diseases at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Among 
his contributions to medical literature is the 
translation of Ricord’s notes to Hunter’s 
“Treatise on the Venereal Disease;” “Bum- 
stead’s Pathology and Treatment of Venereal 
Diseases,” 1861; the translation of Cullerier’s 
“Atlas of Venereal Diseases;” and various 
papers in medical journals. His “Pathology 
and Treatment of Venereal Diseases” was his 
most important work, and of which several 
editions were issued. He was married in 1861 
to M. Josephine White, daughter of Ferdinand 
E. White, of Boston, who with five children 
survived him. 
BYFORD, William Heath, of Chicago, 111., 
was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817, and 
died May 21, 1890. He was the son of an 
honest toiler, upon whose health and strength 
alone depended the comfort and happiness of 
his family. A recent biographer, H. L. Con- 
ard, writes that Henry T. Byford, the father 
Bromide of Potassium in Affections of the 
Testis;” “Contributions to the Pathology of 
Adherent Placentae;” ‘ ‘The Treatment of Mem- 
branous Croup by Means of Large Doses of 
lodide of Potassium,” and “The Pathology 
and Treatment of Injury from Burns.” During 
the Rebellion he was Surgeon and Medical Di- 
rector in the Confederate Army. Dr. Brown 
is a member of the Medical Society of the 
State of Virginia, and is an ex-president of that 
society. Among the papers read by him be- 
fore the State Medical Society are the following; 
“Treatment of Infantile Pneumonia;” “Treat- 
ment of Puerperal Convulsions;” “Treatment 
of Lacerations of the Cervix Uteri Without 
Surgical Operation;” “Personal Experience in 
the Treatment of One Thousand Cases of Pneu- 
monia.” When the Medical Examining Board 
of Virginia was organized, ten years ago, he 
was elected a member, and has continued so 
to the present time. Dr. Brown is also a mem- 
ber of the Southern Surgical and Gynecological 
Association; was elected vice-president at its 
organization, and then a member of its judicial 
council, and at its session in the city of Louis- 594 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of the subject of this sketch, was a mechanic 
of very limited means, and thinking to better 
his condition removed, soon after the birth of 
his son, from Ohio to New Albany, Ind., 
where he located in what was then a new and 
very sparsely settled country. After remain- 
ing in New Albany about three years he moved 
farther west to the village of Hindostan, 
where he was struggling after the fashion of 
the pioneers to obtain a modest competency 
when death suddenly ended his labors, and 
left a wife and three orphan children to care 
for themselves and each other as best they 
could. Of the three children William was the 
eldest, and he was but nine years of age. For 
three or four years before his father’s death he 
had been kept in school the greater part of 
the time, and had made flattering progress in 
his studies considering his age. It was well 
for him that he had made good use of the time 
which he had been permitted to spend in this 
way, because this was to serve as his only 
basis for the self-education which he afterward 
acquired. His school days were over, because 
the widow Byford found the wolf looking in at 
the door, and much as she regretted having to 
do so, she was compelled to call upon her nine- 
year-old boy to render such assistance as he 
could in supporting the family. For four years 
from that time he labored at whatever he 
could find to do, and his scant earnings often- 
times dropped into the lap of* his widowed 
and sorely distressed mother like blessings 
from above. At the end of that time 
the mother moved to Crawford county, 
111., and joined her father, John R. Swain, 
who was living on a farm. This move im- 
proved the condition of the family somewhat, 
and after William had put in two years work- 
ing on his grandfather’s farm, it was decided 
that he should learn a trade, or rather that his 
wish to learn a trade should be gratified. The 
boy himself had not fully made up his mind 
what the trade should be; but when the time 
came for him to make a choice he set out on 
foot for the village of Palestine, several miles 
distant, and when he reached it he presented 
himself at a blacksmith shop and asked 
the smith if he would undertake to teach 
him how to shoe horses and become a skillful 
worker in iron. The blacksmith declined to 
have anything to do with him, for the reason 
that he had no need of an assistant, and the 
would-be apprentice continued his tramp from 
one shop to another with no better success 
until he finally caught sight of a tailor’s sign 
and concluded to try his luck with the clothes- 
maker. This was an occupation for which he 
had no particular fancy, but he had come to 
town to make all necessary arrangements for 
learning a trade, and he was determined not 
to return home without accomplishing what he 
set out to do, if it could possibly be avoided. 
The tailor, whom Dr. Byford always alluded 
to as a kind-hearted Christian gentleman by 
the name of Davis, received the young man 
kindly, and when he started home that night 
it had been agreed that he should be re- 
ceived in the tailor’s family as an apprentice, 
provided a certain Methodist minister in 
his neighborhood would recommend him 
as “a moral and industrious boy.” This 
recommendation he had no difficulty in 
getting, and in a little time he found'him- 
self duly installed as a tailor’s apprentice. 
At the end of two years his employer removed 
to Kentucky, and the young apprentice went 
to Vincennes, Ind., where he finished learning 
his trade. He was at this time twenty years 
of age, and had made the discovery that 
learning a trade did not, as he had antici- 
pated it would some years earlier, gratify his 
ambition. While serving his apprenticeship 
he had devoted all his spare time to study, and, 
day after day, he had worked industriously 
upon a garment, half concealing some old text- 
book which was contributing to his store of 
knowledge. In this way he had gained a fair i 
knowledge of both the Greek and Latin lan-' 
guages, read Cicero, Virgil, Sallust, the Histo- 
ria Sacra, Homer’s Iliad and the Greek Testa- 
ment. Then he turned his attention to physi- 
ology and chemistry and began to get inter- 
ested in the study of medicine to such an ex- 
tent that he determined to make an effort to 
become a physician. With this object in view 
he entered upon a course of study with Dr. 
Joseph Maddox, of Vincennes, and at the end 
of eighteen months was examined, according 
to a custom then prevailing in Indiana, by 
three commissioners appointed for the pur- 
pose, who certified that they were satisfied 
with his acquirements and authorized him to 
engage in the practice of medicine. He began 
his professional avocation at Owensville, Ind. 
Two years later he removed to Mt. Vernon, in 
the same State, where he associated himself 
in practice with Dr. Hezekiah Holland, whose 
daughter he afterward married. He received 
his medical degree from the Ohio Medical 
College, in 1844. Dr. Byford remained at Mt. 
Vernon until 1850. During the ten years 
that he was established there he had 
taken high rank among the physicians of 
the State. He was then called to Evansville, 
Ind., to take the chair of Anatomy in the 
Evansville Medical College. In 1852 he 
was transferred to the Professorship of 
Theory and Practice, a position he retained 
until 1856, at which time the institution ceased 
to exist. He continued to practice medicine 
in Evansville, and in 1857 was elected vice- 
president of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. Soon after this he was called to Rush 
Medical College, Chicago, to take the chair of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Chil- 
dren. When differences between members of 
the Faculty of Rush College lead to the organi- 
zation of the Chicago Medical College in 1859, 
Dr. Byford was associated with other gentle- 
men in building up the new college, and was 
prominently identified with that institution 
until 1879, when he was again called to Rush 
College to take the chair of Gynecology, a 
new professorship created by the trustees of 
the institution, with the understanding that 
he would accept it. While connected with the 
Chicago Medical College he was instrumental 
in building up the Women’s Medical College of 
Chicago, one of the three or four institutions of 
tUe kind now being successfully carried on in 
the United States. What led to the founda- 
tion of this institution were certain circum- 
stances which appealed to Dr. Byford’s sym- 
pathetic nature and induced him to put forth 
his best efforts in behalf of those whose ambi- 
tions it seemed to him were being needlessly 
and unfairly circumscribed and held in check. 
With characteristic energy he set about carry- 
ing out this new project. In a short time, as a 
result of his efforts, the Women’s Hospital 
Medical College was organized and a faculty EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
595 
was selected, made up of some of the most 
prominent physicians of the city. Dr. By- 
ford was made president of the Faculty, and 
also of the Board of Trustees, ami both 
of these positions he held until his death. 
In the fall of 1870 the new college opened its 
doors, and eleven female students attended the 
first course of lectures, but the fire of 1871 
swept everything belonging to the college out 
of existence. Notwithstanding this heavy 
loss, rooms were again fitted up in connection 
with the Hospital for Women and Children, 
and the fall term of the institution commenced 
at the regular time. Since that time the col- 
lege has been divorced from the Hospital for 
Women and Children, and now depends en- 
tirely upon its own resources. A short time 
before Dr. Byford’s death a handsome college 
building, worth about forty thousand dollars, 
was completed, with facilities for the accom- 
modation of about two hundred and fifty lady 
students, and the Women’s Medical College 
now takes rank among the prominent educa- 
tional institutions of Chicago. While giving 
much time and attention to the affairs of the 
different medical colleges in Chicago with 
which during the last years of his life he was 
connected, Dr. Byford also found opportuni- 
ties for much other work. In 1876 a number 
of the eminent physicians of the country or- 
ganized the American Gynecological Society. 
Dr. Byford was prominently identified with 
this movement and was elected one of the 
first vice-presidents. In 1881 he was made 
president of that society. In 1875, when the 
Medical Press Association of Chicago was or- 
ganized and the two medical journals then 
published in the city, under the titles, respect- 
ively, of Medical Journal and Medical Exam- 
iner, were consolidated, under the name of the 
Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, Dr. By- 
ford was a prominent mover in the enter- 
prise which gave to the city a medical period- 
ical of character and standing, and for three 
years he was editor-in-chief of that publication. 
He also contributed many valuable mono- 
graphs and text-books relating to subjects 
within his special field of practice,among which 
may be mentioned, “Chronic Inflammation of 
the'Cervix Uteri“ Treatise on the Chronic In- 
flammation and Displacements of the Uterus,” 
1864; “Practice of Medicine and Surgery Ap- 
plied to Diseases of Women,” 1865; and, 
a “Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Ob- 
stetrics,” 1870. Revised editions of some of 
these works have been issued. While his 
writings have covered a broad field within pro- 
fessional lines, only once did he venture out- 
side of that domain. That was when he wrote 
and published, in 1868, a small octavo volume 
entitled, The Philosophy of Domestic Life, 
which met with a favorable reception from the 
reading public. In the city which, for more 
than thirty years was the home of Dr. Byford, 
he was no less noted for the broad liberality,of 
his views, and the kindly impulses of his na- 
ture than for his success in his chosen field of 
labor; while his views upon question pertain- 
ing to the practice of medicine were always 
clearly defined, and his convictions relative to 
public policy always positive, he apparently 
never had either the time or the inclination to 
engage in profitless controversy, to criticise the 
methods of brother practitioners, or to find 
fault with those who held opinions differing 
from his own. As a gynecian surgeon he 
ranked with the most eminent of this country. 
For fifty years he had been in active life, and 
nearly all that time engaged in the practice 
of a profession which brought him in contact 
with all classes and kinds of people, and yet 
it is said that among all those with whom he 
has been associated professionally, and other- 
wise, probably not one could be found to-day 
who would be willing to admit any but the 
kindest feeling and remembrance for this dis- 
tinguished physician. It is said that the young 
practitioners of medicine who were thrown in 
contact with Dr. Byford, never found a better 
friend. Himself a self-made man, he never for- 
got his own early struggles,and never missed an 
opportunity of giving to others similarly situ- 
ated, so far as lay in his power, the aid and 
encouragement which would have been of 
such inestimable value to him in his early 
manhood. 
CALE, George W., of St. Louis, Mo., was 
graduated M. D. at the St. Louis College of 
Physicians and Surgeons in 1887, and is 
now Professor of Descriptive, Surgical and 
Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Genito- 
urinary Surgery in that institution; also Sec- 
retary of the Faculty. Dr. Cale is Fellow of 
the Royal Microscopical Society, London; 
member of the St. Louis Medical Society; Mis- 
souri State Medical Society, and the Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Association. 
CAMPBELL, Daniel, of Saxtons River, Vt., 
was bom in Westminster, Yt., March 20, 1820. 
His grandfather was a noted physician and a 
direct descendant from the house of Argyle, 
Scotland. He received his education in the 
common schools, and at the Burr & Burton EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Academy, in Manchester, Vt. His medical 
education was obtained at the Vermont Med- 
ical College, Woodstock, and at the Berkshire 
Medical College, Pittsfield, Mass. He was 
Demonstrator of Anatomy at Berkshire for a 
year or more, and was associated in practice 
with Professor H. H. Childs, at that time Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of Massachusetts. After leav- 
ing Pittsfield he returned to Westminster, Vt., 
where he remained about ten years, and then 
removed to Saxton’s River, where he has since 
resided. Several years ago he was offered the 
chair of Theory and Practice in Dartmouth 
College, but declined the offer, preferring the 
bedside of his patients to a professor’s chair. 
He represented his town in the Vermont Leg- 
islature of 1864 and 1865, and was the Demo- 
cratic candidate for speaker. Has several 
times been that party’s candidate for County 
Senator. In 1880 was Democratic nominee for 
Congress, being defeated by Judge James M. 
Tyler, Republican. Dr. Campbell was formerly 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Vermont Medical Society, and other local 
societies, but for several years has partly re- 
tired from active practice. 
CAMPBELL, Edward Raymond, of Bellows 
in 1876. In 1886 he was elected vice-president 
of the Vermont State Medical Society, and its 
president in 1888, and has from time to time 
contributed a number of papers to its Transac- 
tions. Has been a member of the American 
Medical Association since 1880, and is a mem- 
ber of several other medical societies. He 
has been United States Examining Surgeon 
for Pensions since 1885. 
CAMPBELL, Donald S., of Detroit, Mich., 
was graduated in medicine at the University 
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1877, and his 
medical education and training were supple- 
mented by attending the New York Polyclinic 
in 1885. He is a member of the Niagara Medical 
Society, New York; and also of the American 
Medical, American Electro-Therapeutical As- 
sociations ; Detroit Medical, and the Michigan 
State Medical Societies. He is Medical Ex- 
aminer and Advisor for the State Mutual Life 
Insurance Company of Massachusetts. Dr. 
Campbell devotes special attention to the treat- 
ment of diseases of ear, nose and throat. 
CALLAN, Peter A., of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. from the University of the 
City of New York in 1867. He is Professor of 
Ophthalmology in the New York Post Gradu- 
ate Medical School and Hospital; Ophthalmol- 
ogist to St. Vincent Hospital; Surgeon to the 
New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Con- 
sulting Ophthalmologist to the New York 
Foundling Asylum. Dr. Callan is an active 
member of the American Medical Association, 
and of the New York Ophthalmological So- 
ciety. He is also president of the Medical 
Board of St. Joseph Hospital, Yonkers, N. Y. 
CASE, Charles E., of Tacoma, Washington, 
was graduated M. D. at the California Medical 
College, San Francisco, in 1880. His medical 
education and training were supplemented by 
attendance at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Chicago, 1886, New York Polyclinic 
and New York Post Graduate Medical School, 
1888, and the Chicago Polyclinic in 1890. Dr. 
Case was formerly Professor of Anatomy in the 
California Medical College. Since settling at 
Tacoma his attention is devoted especially to 
the practice of surgery and gynecology, in 
which field of medicine he has attained emi- 
nont cinpppciQ 
CATTANACH, Andrew J., of Denver, Col., 
was graduated in medicine at McGill Uni- 
versity, Montreal, in 1871, and in 1878 became 
a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, of Edinburgh, Scotland.' He is 
a member of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Ontario; Assistant Surgeon of the 
Denver & Rio Grande Railroad; Consulting 
Physician to the Deaconess Home and Hospital, 
Denver; member of the American Medical 
Association; Colorado State Medical Society; 
Denver Medical Association, and Arapahoe 
County Medical Society, Oolorada. 
CHEATHAM, William, of Louisville, Ky., 
was graduated in medicine at the University 
of Louisville in 1873, and now holds the Pro- 
fessorship of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose 
and Throat in the Louisville Medical College. 
Dr. Cheatham is an active member of the Ken- 
tucky State Medical Society; American Medi- 
cal Association; Medico-Chirurgical, Louis- 
ville Clinical, Louisville Surgical, and Jeffer- 
son County Medical Societies; and is president 
of the Medico-Chirurgical Society. He is also 
Physician in his special fleld.of practice to the 
Louisville City Hospital. 
Falls, Vt., son of Dr, Daniel Campbell, 
born in Westminster, Vt., September 27, 1853 
He was educated in the common schools, Kim 
ball Union Academy, Meriden, N. H., and 
Dartmouth College (scientific department). 
Studied medicine with his father and at Dart- 
mouth, graduating from the University of Ver- 
mont in 1875, being elected valedictorian by 
his class. He practiced medicine for two years 
in Turner’s Falls, Mass., where he joined the 
Massachusetts Medical Society. In 1878 he 
removed to Bellows Falls, Vt., where he has 
since resided. He married Miss Inez E. Morse EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
597 
CHEESMAN, Hobart, of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. from the University of 
the City of New York, in 1878. He was In- 
structor in Genito-Urinary Practice, New 
York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hos- 
pital for several years, and is now Medical 
Director of the Commercial Life Insurance 
Company, New York. Dr. Oheesman is a 
member of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, New York County Medical Society, Man- 
hattan Medical and Surgical Society, and the 
Society for the Relief of Widows and Orphans 
of Medical Men. 
CHENEY, Frederick E., of Boston, Mass., 
was graduated M. D. at Harvard in 1885, and 
is now Instructor in Ophthalmoscopy in that 
institution. Dr. Cheney is also Assistant Sur- 
geon to the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and 
Ear Infirmary; Ophthalmic Assistant to the 
Massachusetts General Hospital; secretary of 
the New England Ophthalmological Society; 
member of the Massachusetts Medical Society; 
Boston Society for Medical Improvement, and 
the Boston Society for Medical Observation. 
COBLEIGH, E. A., of Chattanooga, Tenn., 
was graduated M. D. at the Atlanta Medical 
College, Atlanta, Ga., in 1874. He is now 
dean of the Faculty of the Chattanooga Med- 
ical College and Professor of the Principles 
and Practice of Medicine and Dermatology in 
that institution. Dr. Cobleigh is a member of 
the Board of United States Examining Sur- 
geons for the Pension Bureau, and an active 
member of the Chattanooga Medical Society; 
Tennessee Medical Society; American Public 
Health Association, and of the Tri-State Med- 
ical Society, which includes the States of Ala- 
bama, Georgia, and Tennessee. 
COE, Henry Clarke, of New York City, was 
bora in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 21, 1856. 
He is descended from an old Puritan stock, 
being the seventh generation in direct descent 
from John and Priscilla Alden. His mater- 
nal great-grandfather was an officer on board 
Paul Jones’ ship, the “Bon Homme Richard,” 
in the fight with the “Serapis.” His paternal 
grandfather settled in Newport, R. 1., where 
he at one time during the war of 1812 com- 
manded at Fort Adams. Dr. Coe received his 
early education in Cincinnati, and entered 
Yale College in 1874, graduating with the 
degree of A. B. in 1878. Three years later he 
received the degree of A. M. from Yale after 
an examination in modern languages. He 
graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 
1881, and from the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, in 1882. After spending 
a year and a half as Interne in the New York 
State Woman’s Hospital he went abroad and 
pursued his medical studies in London and 
Vienna, devoting his attention largely to 
obstetrics. While in London he entered the 
Middlesex Hospital, and received degrees from 
the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
He returned to New York City in 1884, where 
he has since been engaged in a lucrative prac- 
tice, devoted almost entirely to gynecology 
and obstetrics. Dr. Coe has contributed over 
one hundred articles to various medical jour- 
nals and has written several monographs for 
works on gynecology and obstetrics, his inter- 
est lying chiefly in the direction of pelvic 
pathology, especially that of malignant dis- 
eases. He has held the position of Secretary 
of the American Gynecological Society for 
several years, and is a member of various local 
medical societies. Dr. Coe has been Professor 
of Gynecology at the New York Polyclinic for 
four years, and is at present connected with 
the following institutions (in which he has 
held positions for live or six years); Gyne- 
cologist to the New York Cancer Hospital; 
Obstetric Surgeon to the New York Maternity 
Hospital, and Assistant Surgeon to the Wo- 
man’s Hospital, in the State of New York. 
COE, Henry W., of Portland, Ore., was 
graduated in medicine at the Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1880. He 
is now Professor of Anatomy in Williamette 
University. He is an active member of the 
Portland Medical Society, Portland Clinical 
Society, Oregon State Medical Society, Na- 
tional Association of Railway Surgeons, and 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science. Dr. Coe is editor of the Pacific Medi- 
cal Becord, and Medical Examiner and Advisor 
for several of the leading life insurance com- 
panies of the United States. 
COGSWELL, William, of Bradford, Massa- 
chusetts, was born of New England parents in 
1819, and died at his home August 15, 1891. 
He began the study of medicine in early life, 
and was graduated M. D. at Dartmouth Medi- 
cal College in 1840. He was president of the 
Massachusetts State Medical Society in 1876, 
and in the year following was a member of the 
Governor’s Council. Dr. Cogswell was a well- 
known, accomplished and highly esteemed 
physician, and occasionally contributed im- 
portant articles to periodicals on medico-legal 
subjects. 
COLE, Frederick, of Garden City, Kansas, 
was born in Cornish, Maine, March 30, 1829. 
Lie received an academic education and pre- 
pared himself for a teacher and taught school 
for several years. He went to Illinois in 1852; 
taught there till 1862. Studied medicine in 
Rockford, 111., and was graduated at Rush 
Medical College, 1865, and was commissioned 
by Governor Oglesby as Assistant Sur- 
geon One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois Vol- 
unteers, then in Georgia, and was mustered ■598 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
out 1866. He removed to El Paso, 111., in 1867, 
and continued in the general practice of medi- 
cine and surgery there till 1886, when he 
moved to his present location. He was one of 
the prime organizers of the Woodford County 
Medical Association and the North Central, 
both of Illinois, the latter comprising many 
counties of the central and northern parts of 
the State. He is a member of the Illinois 
State Medical Society and of the American 
Medical Association. He organized the Gar- 
den City and Southwest Kansas Medical As- 
sociation, and was its first president. He re- 
ceived the ad eundem degree from Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1870. 
Dr. Cole was Surgeon for the Illinois Central and 
Wabash and St. Louis Railroads for many years; 
U. S. Examining Surgeon for the Pension Bu- 
reau in Illinois, and organized a Board in 
Garden City in 1887, of which he has been a 
continuous member. He has taken an active 
interest in all medical associations, contribu- 
ting much in the way of essays, addresses and 
clinical reports. Several of these have been 
printed—one on “Conservative Surgery” and 
“Our Profession” in pamphlet form. He made 
a report on “Conservative Surgery in Railroad 
Accidents,” at the second meeting of the 
Wabash Railroad Surgeons at Fort Wayne, 
Ind., June 4, 1883. He has always taken an 
active interest in educational matters since 
teaching, delivering lectures before educational 
associations, and having been a member of 
school boards many years. He is an active 
Mason, having filled several important posi- 
tions in the order, and been exalted to the 
Scottish Rite, Thirty-second Degree. Giving 
up the general practice, he confines himself to 
office work and consultation, having been 
elected president of the Bank of Western Kan- 
sas. 
COLLINS, John Wallace, of Denver, Col- 
orado, a native of Green county, Alabama, was 
born December 22,1835. He studied medicine 
from 1857 to 1860, and graduated March 20,1860, 
from Medical Department of University of 
Louisiana. Locating in Southern Alabama, 
he practiced there eighteen months. He 
joined the Confederate States Army in Sep- 
tember, 1861, as third sergeant, Company C., 
Third Alabama Cavalry; was appointed act- 
ing assistant surgeon of his regiment, March, 
1862; was commissioned sui’geon of the Eighth 
Tennessee Regiment (infantry), Cheatam’s Di- 
vision, in September, 1862, in which regiment 
he served as surgeon until the we of the en- 
gagement at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, known 
as Stone’s River, when he was transferred to 
the First Regiment Tennessee Infantry, with 
which regiment he served until September, 
1863, when he was transferred to the Artillery 
of Polk’s Corps, with which command he served 
as chief surgeon until the campaign of Chicka- 
mauga, when he was transferred to the Cav- 
alry Division of Gen. W. T. Martin, of Wheel- 
er’s Corps, with which command he served until 
January, 1865; he was then furloughed, be- 
cause of a wound received at Martin’s Bluff, 
South Carolina, just before the close of the War 
of the Rebellion. After which he located at 
Shubuta,Eastern Mississippi; removed to Jack- 
son, West Tennessee,November,lß69. He after- 
wards located at Colorado Springs, Colorado, 
November, 1879; removed to Pueblo, Colorado, 
in 1881, and to Denver, Colorado, in 1885. Dr. 
Collins has been twice married—Miss E.'E. Gil- 
more, his first wife, to whom he was married 
September 3, 1856, died at Pueblo, Colorado, 
in 1884; he was again married in 1885, to Miss 
Annie B. Rhodes, of Denver. Upon locating 
in Denver he limited his practice to gynecol- 
ogy ; was elected to the chair of Gynecology 
and Abdominal Surgery, in the Faculty of the 
Medical Department of the University of Den- 
ver, 1887, which chair he now holds. He was 
elected president of Colorado State Medical 
Society for the years 1889 and 1890. He is a 
member of the Colorado State Medical Society, 
member of Denver Medical Association, and of 
Arapahoe County Medical Society, and also 
of the Denver Obstetrical and Gynecological 
Society. On account of failing health from 
sedentary life in office work, he has again en- 
gaged in general medical and surgical work, 
in connection with gynecology and abdominal 
surgery. 
COMFORT, Aaron Ivins, of Milwaukee, Wis- 
consin, is a native of Bucks county, Pennsyl- 
vania. After having acquired a common school 
education, he devoted himself to the study of 
mathematics and the elementary classics, 
teaching school during vacation, and graduated 
at Williston Seminary, East Hampton, Massa- 
chusetts. Subsequently, a short scientific course 
was entered upon at Amherst College, Massa- 
chusetts, after which he accepted a situation in 
a private seminary in the city of Philadelphia 
and taught mathematics, the classics and some 
of the natural sciences, and delivered lectures, 
once a week, upon anatomy, physiology and 
hygiene in that institution. He graduated in 
medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 
the class of 1860. Immediately after gradu- 
ating he accepted the position of Assistant 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in his Alma Mater, 
and at the same time he became Attending 
Physician, and, subsequently, Consulting Phy- 
sician to the Southern Dispensary in the 
Moyamensing district of Philadelphia. He 
likewise held the position of Attending, and, 
subsequently, Consulting Accoucheur, in the 
Philadelphia Lying-in Charity. In the early 
part of February, 1862, he entered the Gov- 
ernment service as an Acting Assistant Sur- 
geon United States Army, and was assigned to 
duty with troops in the field, viz.: the An- 
derson troops, a company of volunteer cavalry 
acting as Gen. D. C. Buell’s escort, and subse- 
quently, in the autumn of 1862, he was assigned 
to duty as the only medical officer, with the 
Fourth Regiment United States Cavalry, in 
which capacity he served until about the 9th 
of June, 1863. In the capacity of a medical 
officer he was present at the battle of Pittsburg 
Landing, Tennessee; at the siege of Corinth, 
Mississippi; at the battle of Perry ville, Ken- 
tucky, and at the battle of Murfreesboro, Ten- 
nessee, at which battle he rode in person with 
that regiment in its now historical charge. At 
that battle he received favorable mention in 
the report of the medical director of the Army 
of the Cumberland, and also in the report of 
the commanding officer of the Fourth Regi- 
ment of United States Cavalry. While on the 
battle-field, during the engagement, and in 
search of a wounded officer, he captured a 
Confederate soldier, disarmed him, and made 
him a prisoner of war. During the first half of 
1863 he was in a charge of the Fourth Regi- 
ment United States Cavalry, at Snow Hill, 
Tennessee; in a charge of that regiment at 
Franklin, Tennessee, and, also, with that EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
599 
regiment in a number of other charges, skir- 
mishes and similar engagements in the vicinity 
of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. During August 
and several subsequent months, he was on 
duty at the United States General Hospital at 
Chester, Pennsylvania. In the spring of 1864 
he accepted from President Lincoln a commis- 
sion as Assistant Surgeon United States Volun- 
teers, having previously passed a satisfactory 
examination by a board of Medical officers of 
the Regular Army. As Assistant Surgeon 
of Volunteers, he was during a part of 
the spring of 1864 on duty with troops in 
the field. During the summer and au- 
tumn of that year he was in charge of 
a small-pox hospital; and also a post hospital 
at Columbia, Tennessee. At the advance of 
the Confederate General Hood upon Nashville, 
when it seemed impossible to prevent the sick 
and wounded, in the field hospital at Colum- 
bia, Tennessee, from falling into the hands of 
the enemy, he was detailed to remain “in 
charge” of the sick and wounded; and but for 
the fact that they were subsequently removed 
under the cover of the night, he, with them, 
would have been made prisoner of war. From 
the battle of Franklin he was sent in charge of 
a hospital train to Nashville. He was present 
at the battle of Nashville. He was on duty at 
the Cavalry Corps Hospital, at Gallatin, Ten- 
nessee, during the greater part of January and 
February, 1865. During the spring, and a 
greater part of the summer of that year he was 
“Surgeon in Charge” of Hospital No. 16 at 
Nashville, said hospital having a capacity of 
four or five hundred beds, and a staff of five or 
six medical officers. After the close of the 
war, when the general hospitals were closed, 
he was ordered to sell, at auction, the unserv- 
iceable property of Hospitals No. 8 and No. 16 
and of one or two others, and the sum of several 
thousand dollars, realized therefrom, reverted 
to the treasury of the United States. During 
the greater part of the summer and autumn of 
1865 he was in charge of Post Hospital at 
Clarksville, Tennessee. On the third of 
November, 1865, he was mustered out of the 
service with the brevet rank of Captain of Vol- 
unteers, but he was assigned to duty as acting 
Assistant Surgeon United States Army, at the 
headquarters of Major-General George H. 
Thomas at Nashville, and at once made Post 
Surgeon, or “Physician in attendance upon 
officers and their families.” During the spring, 
summer and autumn of 1866 he was on duty as 
the only medical officer with the Third Bat- 
talion of the Sixteenth United States Infantry 
at Sibley Barrack, Nashville. During the sum- 
mer of that year an epidemic of Asiatic chol- 
era of great fatality prevailed, not only in the 
city of Nashville, but among the troops sta- 
tioned there, and he suffered with a mild 
attack of that disease. From December 6, 
1866, to March 4, 1868, he was engaged in a 
civil practice near Philadelphia. At the latter 
date he again accepted a situation as acting 
Assistant Surgeon United .States Army, and 
was assigned to duty at the headquarters of 
Major-General Alfred Ferry at St. Paul, Min- 
nesota, but in the latter part of the spring of 
that year he was stationed at Fort Wadsworth, 
now Fort Sisseton, Dakota, as Post Surgeon, 
where he remained on duty until the spring of 
1869, when he was ordered to Fort Ripley, 
Minnesota, as Post Sm-geon, where he re- 
mained on duty until near the first of January, 
1870, when he was stationed at Fort Randall, 
Dakota, until the spring of 1871, and for the 
greater part of this time he was the only med- 
ical officer at that post. From the spring of 
1871 to January 1, 1877, he was stationed at 
Fort Sully, Dakota, excepting during the 
spring and summer of 1876, when he was 
stationed at Cheyenne Indian Agency. On 
several occasions and for several months at a 
time, while at Fort Sully, he was the only 
medical officer at the post. On the first of 
Jannary, 1877, his contract was annulled. On 
the twenty-fifth of December, of the same year, 
upon application to the medical director of the 
Department of the Missouri, under whom he 
had served in the Army of the Cumberland, 
he was again employed as an acting Assist- 
ant Surgeon United States Army, and as- 
signed to duty at the camp of the Nez 
Pereas Indians, who were then held as 
prisoners of war on the Military Res- 
ervation, near Fort Leavenworth, kansas. 
Excepting one month, when he was post sur- 
geon at Fort Hays, Kansas, he remained as 
physician to these Indians until July 4, 1878, 
when he was ordered to Fort Lyon, Col., as 
post surgeon, and subsequently to Fort Wal- 
lace, Kansas, as the only medical officer sta- 
tioned at that post. In the autumn of 1878 he 
was on duty with troops in the field, operating 
against the Cheyenne Indians, who were then 
on the “war-path,” having escaped from their 
reservation near Fort Reno, Indian Territory. 
From mid-summer, 1879, to February, 1880, he 
was on duty at the cantonment on the north 
fork of the Canadian river, Indian Territory. 
During the spring, summer and autumn of 
1880 he was on duty with troops stationed in 
the field. From December 1, 1880, until April 
9, 1881, he was post surgeon at Fort Garland, 
Colorado, and from April 12, 1881, until the 
12th of May he was post surgeon at the .can- 
tonment on the Uncompahgre river, Colorado. 
From mid-summer until the latter part of au- 
tumn of that year he was on duty with troops 
in the field, operating against hostile Indians 
in Middle Park, Colorado. After the return of 
the troops from their summer campaign and 
during the following winter he was on duty at 
Fort Hays, Kansas, having, during the autumn 
of that year, accompanied as the only medical 
officer the Nineteenth United States Infantry 
to Fort Brown, Texas, and returned in the 
same capacity with the Twentieth Infantry to 
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. From about the 
middle of April, 1882, until about the middle of 
July he was stationed at the cantonment on the 
north fork of the Canadian river, Indian Ter- 
ritory, and when the post was abandoned he 
accompanied the troops to Fort Elliott, Texas, 
and, upon his return to the cantonment, trans- 
ferred the hospital property to Fort Reno, In- 
dian Territory, after the completion of which 
he was stationed for a short time as the only 
medical officer at Fort Riley, Kansas; subse- 
quently, for several months he was on duty at 
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and late in the 
autumn of that year he was ordered to accom- 
pany a battalion of the Fifteenth Regiment of 
United States Infantry from Fort Lyon, Col- 
orado, to Fort Randall, Dakota. During the 
winter of 1882-83 he was on duty at Fort Hays, 
Kansas, and about the middle of April, 1883, 
he was ordered to the cantonment on the Un- 
compahgre river, Colorado, where he remained 
on duty until about the middle of June, 1884. 600 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
From the middle of June, 1884, until the early 
part of July, 1887, his station was Fort Lewis, 
Colorado, though when troops were ordered to 
the field he accompanied them as their only 
medical officer in attendance. During the sum- 
mer campaigns of 1884, 1885 and 1886 he was 
on duty with troops in the valley of the San 
Juan river, in Colorado, New Mexico and 
Utah, operating against hostile Indians. In 
the early part of July, 1887, he left Fort Lewis, 
Colorado, under orders to report in person to 
the commanding officer of Fort Reno, Indian 
Territory, and from thence he was ordered to 
the Osage Indian Agency as the medical offi- 
cer with a troop of cavalry on duty in the 
field. Upon the return of the troops to their 
winter quarters, he was ordered on duty at the 
United States Military Prison at Fort Leaven- 
worth, Kansas. Dr. Comfort now holds the 
position of First Assistant Surgeon of the 
Northwest Branch of the National Home for 
Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, at Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin. Although he has not sought to 
acquire a literary reputation, preferring to de- 
vote his attention practically to his profession, 
he has contributed a monograph on “Aborigi- 
nal Archeological Indian Mounds” to the 
Smithsonian Institution, which appeared in 
one of its reports for the year 1871. Articles 
from his pen have appeared in our medical 
journals. A valuable collection of Indian 
crania and skeletons of the race of mound 
builders have been contributed by Dr. Com- 
fort to the Army Medical Museum in Washing- 
ton, D. C. For more than a quarter of a cen- 
tury he has performed the duties of a commis- 
sioned medical officer of the United States 
Army in many positions of trust, responsi- 
bility and danger. His professional opinion 
is not unfrequently sought, in consultation, in 
cases of diseases and injuries of a grave char- 
acter or doubtful diagnosis. 
CORLETT, William Thomas, of Cleveland, 
Ohio, was graduated M. D. at the Medical De- 
partment of the AVestern Reserve University, 
Cleveland, in 1877. His medical education 
and training were supplemented by attending 
the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
London, and he became a licentiate of that insti- 
tution in 1881. He is Professor of Dermatology 
in the Medical Department of the AVestern 
Reserve University; Consulting Physician for 
Diseases of the Skin to City and Charity Hos- 
pitals, Cleveland; member of the American 
Dermatological, and the American Medical 
Associations; Cleveland Society of Medical 
Science; Cuyahoga County and Ohio State 
Medical Societies; also of the Union Medical 
Association of Northeastern Ohio. 
CORWIN, Theodore W., of Newark, New 
Jersey, was graduated in medicine at College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
in 1879. He is Attending Physician to St. 
Barnaba’s Hospital, and Throat Surgeon and 
Assistant Dermatologist to St. Michael’s Hos- 
pital, Newark. He is an active member of 
the Essex County District Medical Society, 
Newark Medical Association, and Practition- 
ers’ Club. Dr. Corwin is Examining Physician 
for the order Knights of Honor, and for nu- 
merous life insurance companies. 
CRAIG, Burdette P., of Jersey City, New 
Jersey, was graduated M. D. at the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York City, in 
1885. He is Attending Physician to the St. 
Francis and Christ Hospitals, and also to the 
Home of the Homeless, Jersey City. Dr. 
Craig is a Fellow of the New Jersey Academy 
of Medicine, and an active member of the 
Hudson County and the New Jersey State 
Medical Societies. He is Medical Examiner 
and Advisor for the Pennsylvania Mutual Life 
Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and also 
for the Mutual Reserve Life Insurance Com- 
pany of New York. 
CROFFORD, Thomas J., of Memphis, Ten- 
nessee, was graduated M. D. at the Hospital 
College of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, in 
1876. He is now Professor of Physiology in 
the Memphis Hospital Medical College, and is 
an active member of the Memphis Medical 
Society; Tennessee State Medical Society; 
Tri-State Medical Society, and honorary mem- 
ber of the Mississippi State Medical Society. 
He is also gynecologist to St. Joseph’s Hos- 
pital, Memphis, and proprietor of Crofford’s 
Sanitarium for Women. 
CROSE, Samuel E., of Indianapolis, Indiana, 
was born in Cloverdale, in the same State, No- 
vember 18,1865. He is a son of the late John A. 
Crose, of the First National Bank of Greencas- 
tle, a gentleman of well known integrity and 
business capacity, whose death occurred Octo- 
ber 28,1891. His mother was a Johnson, and of 
the same family to which the late President 
Johnson belonged. He is also related to the 
Buskirks, of Indiana, well represented in the 
Bench and Bar of that State, and is a brother 
of W. M. Crose of the United States Navy. 
Dr. Crose was educated atDe Pauw University, 
from which he graduated in 1885, receiving at 
that time thedegrqp of B. Ph., and in 1888 that 
of A. M. As a student his favorite branches 
were the natural sciences, and more especially 
chemistry, in which he took an extended course 
of laboratory experiments and training. His 
aptitude in mathematics he perhaps inherited 
from his father, who was noted for his pro- 
ficiency in this branch of science. Dr. Crose 
studied medicine in the office of Dr. G. C. 
Smythe, of Greencastle, an ex-president of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
601 
Indiana State Medical Society, and also presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Central 
College of Physicians and Surgeons. It was 
at this institution that the subject of this 
sketch attended lectures, and from which he 
was graduated in 1888. At this time he was 
awarded a gold medal, the Faculty prize, for 
the highest general average in the college ex- 
aminations. He was also awarded a position 
as one of the City Hospital physicians, as a 
result’ of a competitive examination, open to 
all the graduates of the regular medical col- 
leges of Indianapolis. After serving a year in 
this capacity, Dr. Crose began the general 
practice of medicine and surgery, in which for 
a young man he has already attained excel- 
lent success. He was elected Demonstrator of 
Chemistry in his Alma Mater in 1889; also Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry and Texicology in the In- 
diana Veterinary College in 1892, and has 
creditably filled those positions ever since. He 
is also a member of the staff of the City and 
Polyclinic Dispensaries, and is a member of 
the Marion County and the Indiana State 
Medical Societies. On June 1,1893, Dr. Crose 
was married to Miss Georgie Gordon in To- 
ronto, Canada. 
CROWELL, Homer C., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. from the Medical 
Department of the University of Vermont, in 
1875, and his medical education and training 
were supplemented by attending the New York 
Post-Graduate School in 1888. Dr. Crowell is 
now Gynecologist to All-Saints’ Hospital, Kan- 
sas City. He is an active member of the Mis- 
souri State Medical Society, Missouri Valley 
Medical Society, Jackson County Medical So- 
ciety and the Kansas City Academy of Medi- 
cine. 
CRUMMER, Benjamin F., of Omaha, Ne- 
braska, was graduated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1869, and 
also at the University of the City of New 
York, in 1875. He is Physician-in-chief to 
the Methodist Hospital and Visiting Physician 
to St. Joseph’s Hospital. He is Professor of 
Physiology and Diseases of Children in the 
John A. Creighton Medical College, Omaha, 
and a member of numerous medical societies, 
including the American Medical Association. 
CUDDV, John W., of Baltimore, Maryland, 
son of John P. and Ruth C. Cuddy, was born 
in Baltimore county, April 7, 1840. Referring 
to the ancestry, early life, and professional 
achievements of the subject of this subject, we 
quote the following extract from the Biograph- 
ical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Ma- 
ryland: “His grandfather, Captain LaAvson 
Cuddy, bore a brave and conspicuous part in 
the War of 1812-15. Dr. Cuddy pursued a 
classical and scientific Calvert Col- 
lege, New Windsor, Marylandjtind received 
therefrom the degree of Master of Arts. He 
was decidedly literary in his tastes, and in- 
tended to fit himself for a professorship, but 
on leaving college he was induced by the fam- 
ily physician, Dr. Joshua R. Nelson, to com- 
mence the study of medicine. He accordingly 
placed himself under the instruction of the 
celebrated Professor Nathan R. Smith, the 
acknowledged leader in medicine and surgery, 
in Baltimore, and attended a thorough course 
of lectures at the University of Maryland, 
from which he received, in March, 1863, his 
degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was for 
sixteen months an assistant surgeon in the 
Federal Army during the late war, and was 
stationed in the hospitals of Washington and 
Alexandria. Since that time he has pursued a 
highly successful practice in Baltimore. He 
was united in marriage, March 17, 1863, with 
Laura C. Graham, of that city. His only 
child, Clarence Eugene Cuddy, was born Octo- 
ber 23, 1868. He is decidedly conservative in 
religion and politics, endeavoring to keep the 
happy mean between all extremes, and to hold 
fast to all that is good, rejecting whatever 
seems to him unworthy. He is a man of tine 
personal appearance. His manner is exceed- 
ingly pleasant, frank, and cordial, inspiring 
instant confidence in his character and skill. 
He holds a deservedly high rank in his profes- 
sion, and is greatly esteemed in the commu- 
nity.” Dr. Cuddy is of a literary turn of 
mind; writes for the public press; and lect- 
ures on popular subjects throughout the coun- 
try, his most popular lecture being on “Man- 
hood and its Requirements.” Has also pub- 
lished a novellette, entitled, “Dr. Milton’s 
Sweetheart—a Story of the War.” Among his 
many articles published are the following: 
“Marked Uses and Actions of Yeratrum Vir- 
ide;” “Original Research in Typhoid Fever;” 
“A Quarter of a Century in Medicine;” “The 
Relation of Physician and Druggist;” “Phar- 
macy Then and Now;” “Some Phases of the 
Civil Law in Relation to the Development of 
Man.” The two last mentioned were read 
before the American Medical Association. 
Also, a report of “A Remarkable Cardiac Hy- 
pertrophy, with Account of Necropsy.” This 
hypertrophied heart, which the doctor has in 
his possession, is one of the largest, if not the 
largest ever known in this country. After be- 
ing emptied of its liquid contents, it weighed 
forty-six ounces. In 1888 Dr. Cuddy was 
elected Professor of Materia Medica and Ther- 
apeutics and Clinical Medicine in the Balti- 
more University School of Medicine, a posi- 
tion he still retains. 
CULLEN, Gilbert 1., of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
was graduated M. D. at the Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and Surgery in 1890. He is editor 
of the Cincinnati Medical Journal; Consulting 
Laryngologist to the Cincinnati Free Surgical 
Hospital for Women ; Demonstrator of Laryng- 
ology and Otology in the Woman’s Medical 
College of Cincinnati, and Assistant Professor 
of Laryngology and Otology in the Cincinnati 
College of Medicine and Surgery. Dr. Cullen 
is also Treasurer of the Ohio State Medical 
Society. 
CULLEN, J. S. Dorsey., of Richmond, Vir- 
ginia, was educated at the Medical College of 
Virginia, and received his medical degree from 
that institution in 1853. He is an active mem- 
ber of the Medical Society of Virginia, and the 
Richmond Academy of Medicine and Surgery 
and ex-President of the same. He is also a 
member of the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Cullen is now Professor of Surgery in the 
Medical College of Virginia and Dean of the 
Faculty. He served in the Confederate Army 
during the rebellion, and was Medical Director 
of Genera] Longstreet’s First Corps of the 
Army of Northern Virginia. 
CURTIS, Edward, of New York City, wTas 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Pennsylvania, in 1864. He served as Medical 
Cadet and Assistant Surgeon in the United 
States Army nine years. He is Professor 
Emeritus of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 602 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
New York City. Dr. Curtis is now Medical 
Director of Equitable Life Assurance Society. 
DA COSTA, Jacob M., of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was born in the Island of St. 
Thomas, West Indies, February 7, 1833. He 
received his literary and classical education in 
Germany, and pursued his medical studies at 
the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, 
his preceptor being Professor Mutter, of that 
institution. He graduated in 1852. After 
passing two years in the hospitals and schools 
of Paris and Vienna, he returned to Philadel- 
phia in 1854, and established himself in prac- 
tice there. While pursuing a general practice 
he has devoted himself especially to diseases 
of the heart and lungs. His contributions to 
medical literature have been large, and upon 
a variety of subjects, among them being a 
monograph on “Epithelial Tumors and Can- 
cer of the Skin,” 1852; “An Enquiry into the 
Pathological Anatomy of Acute Pneumonia,” 
1855; “The Physicians of the Last Century,” 
1857; “On Cancer of the Pancreas,” 1858; 
“On Serous Apoplexy,” 1859; “Medical Diag- 
nosis, with Special Reference to Practical Med- 
icine,” first published in 1864, of which sev- 
eral editions have since been issued; “In- 
halation in the Treatment of Diseases of the 
Respiratory Passages,” 1867; numerous articles 
in the Pennsylvania Hospital Reports, and 
in the American Journal of Medical Science; 
and a long series of clinical lectures, which 
have appeared in the Medical and Surgical lie- 
porter, and the Philadelphia Medical Times, for 
many years. He was for some time Attending 
Physician at the Episcopal Hospital, and sub- 
sequently held the same position at the Phila- 
delphia and Pennsylvania Hospitals. In 1864 
he was appointed Lecturer on Clinical'Med- 
icine at the Jefferson Medical College, and in 
the spi’ing of 1872 was chosen by the trustees 
of that institution to fill the chair of Professor 
of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, made 
vacant by the death of Professor Dickson. Dr. 
Da Costa is now Emeritus Professor of Prac- 
tice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in that 
institution. He is perhaps the best known 
authority on physicial diagnosis in this country, 
and for the past thirty years has had an unnex- 
celled reputation as a clinical teacher. 
DALTON, Henry C., of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was born in Mississippi in 1847. He removed 
to St. Louis immediately after the close of the 
war, and engaged in the study of medicine 
and surgery, and in 1870 graduated from the 
Missouri Medical College. He served for two 
years as Assistant Physician in the St. Louis 
City Hospital. In 1884 he wTas appointed by 
Governor D. R. Francis, then mayor, Surgeon 
in charge of the St. Louis City Hospital, an 
institution through which 8,000 patients pass 
annually. This position he held for over four 
years. He is a physician and surgeon of emi- 
nence, is First Vice-President of the Missouri 
Medical Association, and is Professor of Sur- 
gery in the Marion-Sims College of Medicine 
of St. Louis. He is also a member of the 
American Medical Association, and during its 
last session attracted prominent notice by a 
paper which he prepared and read to the sur- 
gical section of the association. He is a thor- 
ough, positive man, first assuring himself by 
every means in his power of the correctness of 
a position, and when once assured, steadfast 
in his adherence to his convictions. The 
Knights of Honor are indeed fortunate in 
securing the services of such an eminent man 
for the position of Supreme Medical Examiner. 
DAN FORTH, Isaac N., of Chicago, Illinois, 
was graduated M. D. at the Medical Depart- 
ment of Dartmouth College, in 1862. He is 
now Professor of Renal Diseases in the North- 
•western University Medical School for Women, 
and Professor of Clinical Medicine in the 
Northwestern University Medical School. He 
is also Physician to St. Luke’s and Wesley 
Hospital, Chicago. Dr. Danforth is an active 
member of the American Medical Association 
and of the Association of American Physi- 
cians. * 
DAYISON, Francis Barker, of Fleetville, 
Lackawanna county, Pennsylvania, was horn 
in Thompson, Connecticut, July 8, 1827, and 
is a descendant of Nicholas Davison, who 
came from London, England, to Massachu- 
setts in 1639. He came with his parents to 
Pennsylvania in 1830 and to a wilderness, 
where he had limited opportunities in the 
common schools, but studied in the Carbondale 
High School and at Leßaysville Academy, and 
engaged in teaching several years. He studied 
medicine in the office of the late Prof. Who. 
Darrach, of Philadelphia and graduated from 
the Medical Department of Pennsylvania Col- 
lege in 1853. He was married to Miss Nancy 
Gardner, of Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania, and 
settled in Waterloo, Black Hawk county, lowa, 
in 1855, and within this year received the ap- 
pointment of treasurer and recorder of the 
county. He was an enthusiastic admirer of 
General Fremont, and attended the convention 
which nominated him for President in 1856, 
and sat with the lowa delegates. In 1858 he 
returned to Pennsylvania and followed his pro- 
fession, and was for a time engaged in mercan- 
tile pursuits. In 1862 he was commissioned 
Assistant Surgeon and assigned to the One 
Hundred and Twenty-fifth Regiment Pennsyl- 
vania Volunteer Infantry, and in 1864 he was EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
603 
Assistant Surgeon of the Second Regiment 
Pennsylvania Cavalry, and from this regiment 
was promoted to Surgeon of the Forty-fifth 
Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers,which regi- 
ment was renowned by the illustrious services 
of Col. Theodore Gregg, Gen. John I. Curtin 
and ex-Gov. James A. Beaver. He was post- 
master from 1871 to 1874, three and one-half 
years. He became a member of the American 
Medical Association in 1885, and a member of 
the Pennsylvania State Medical Society the 
same year, and was elected president of the 
Lackawanna County Medical Society in 1886. 
DAVISON, Henry Gardner, of Fleetville, 
Pennsylvania, only son of the above Francis 
B. Davison, was born June 28, 1862, and died 
October 22, 1886. Attended school at Key- 
was first graduated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, lowa, in 
1878, and his medical education and training 
were supplemented by attending the Medical 
College of Indiana, Indianapolis, from which 
institution he also received the degree of Doc- 
tor of Medicine, in 1886. Dr. Davis is an es- 
teemed and highly accomplished physician 
and surgeon. He is a member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association; Mississippi Valley 
Medical Association ; Denver Medical Associa- 
tion; Arapahoe County Medical Society, and 
of the State Medical Societies of lowa, Indi- 
ana, and Colorado. 
DAY, Ewing W., of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- 
vania, was graduated M. D. at the Medical 
Department of the University of Georgetown, 
' Washington, D. C., in 1889. He is now Lect- 
urer on Diseases of the Nose and Throat, in 
the Western Pennsylvania Medical College; 
and Otologist to the Pittsburgh Free Dispen- 
i sary. Dr. Day is an active member of the 
Allegheny County Medical Society, and the 
Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine. 
DAY, Richard Hence, of Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana, was born June 9, 1813, in Calvert 
county, Maryland, and died December 4, 1892. 
His father, Robert I. Day, and his mother, 
Mary Hence, were both of English descent and 
of New England parentage. His medical educa- 
tion began in early life; his preceptor was Dr. 
Benjamin J. Day, of Bladensburg, Maryland. 
He graduated from the Washington Medical 
College of Baltimore in March, 1832. In May, 
1837, he emigrated to Illinois and located in 
Mount Carmel, Wabash county, and soon en- 
tered upon a large practice, embracing obstet- 
rics and surgery. In 1843 he moved to Bates- 
ville, Arkansas, where he remained till 1846, 
doing a full practice, but on account of con- 
tinued bad health, had to seek a more southern 
latitude. In 1846 he settled in Patterson, St. 
Mary Parish, Louisiana. Here he rapidly re- 
gained his health and soon succeeded in get- 
ting a large practice and many warm-hearted 
friends. In 1851 he was elected to the State 
Legislature, serving two terms. In January, 
1854, he located in Baton Rouge, the capital 
of the State, where he remained until his 
death, and did a large practice, enjoying the 
respect and esteem of his fellow-men, and the 
full confidence and respect of the entire pro- 
fession. In 1868 he was State Senator from 
the Parish of East Baton Rouge. Dr. Day was 
always a hard student, a close observer, and a 
laborious worker in his profession, and con- 
tributed largely to its literature. Many of his 
contributions have been warmly and favorably 
noticed by the medical press, and by men dis- 
tinguished in the profession for learning and 
ability. Among them the lamented Prof. S. D. 
Gross, Prof. Joseph Jones, of Tulane Uni- 
versity, Louisiana; Prof. J. McF. Gaston, of 
Atlanta, Georgia, and Prof. George Harley, 
M. D., F. R. S., of London, England. Dr. Day 
was a permanent member of the American 
Medical Association, and ex-president of 
Louisiana State Medical Society. In 1889 he 
was elected on the medical staff of the New 
Orleans Polyclinic as Instructor of Diseases of 
Children, resigning after one term; and in 
1887 was awarded an honorary diploma, un- 
sought, by the Louisville Medical College in 
appreciation of his contributions to the liter- 
ature of medical science. Dr. Day was thrice 
married. His first wife was Miss Elizabeth 
stone Academy, Factoryville, Pennsylvania, 
and Kingston Seminary, and studied medicine 
one year at the University of Michigan, and 
two years at the University Medical College, 
New York City, whence he graduated in 1885. 
He was building up a very large practice in Arch- 
bald, Pennsylvania, when he contracted a fa- 
tal attack of diphtheria from a little patient 
and died in one sense a martyr to his profes- 
sional duty. He was a member of the Lacka- 
wanna County Medical Society, and was elected 
a delegate to the Pennsylvania State Medical 
Society in 1886, and since his death Dr. F. B. 
Davison, the broken-hearted father, has taken 
little interest in public affairs. 
DAVIS, George W., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at the Medical De- 
partment of the University of the City of New 
York, in 1876. He is now Professor of Genito- 
urinary, Venereal, and Skin Diseases in the 
University Medical College, Kansas City, and 
Treasurer and Curator of that institution. 
Dr. Davis is a member of the America Medical 
Association; Missouri State Medical Society, 
and also of the Jackson County and Kansas 
City District Medical Societies. 
DAVIS, William C., of Denver, Colorado, 604 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Miller, of Bladensburg, Maryland, whom he 
married December, 1832; his second wife was 
Miss LaviniaElam, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 
Children's Free Hospital, Detroit. He is also 
Medical Examiner and Adviser for several of 
the leading life assurance companies of the 
United States. Dr. Devendorf is a member of 
the Michigan State Medical Society; Detroit 
Obstetrical Society; American Academy of 
Medicine, *and Detroit Medical and Literary 
Association. 
Be WOLF, Oscar C.,of Chicago, Illinois, was 
graduated M. D. at the Medical Department of 
the University of the City of New York, in 
1858. He is now Professor of State Medicine 
and Public Hygiene in the Chicago Medical 
College, He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, Massachusetts Medical 
Society, Illinois State Medical Society, and of 
the British Association for the Advancement 
of Sciences. He is also secretary and treasurer 
of the Mutual Medical Aid Association. 
DIEFFENBACH, Richard G. P., of Newark, 
New Jersey, was graduated M. D. at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 
City, in 1874. He is now Consulting Physi- 
cian and Surgeon to the German Hospital, 
Newark. He is an active member of the 
Essex County Medical Society, New Jersey 
State Medical Society and American Medical 
Association. He is also a member of the 
Newark Medical Association and Practitioners’ 
Club. 
Di MOISE, Bettini, of New York City, was 
born in Cherso, Istria (Austro-Hungary), Sep- 
tember 29, 1849. He is a lineal descendant of 
the distinguished family whose name he bears, 
which is one of the oldest of the Venetian 
nobility (1384 A. D.). At the great battle of 
Lepanto (October 7, 1571), in which the first 
Papal Spanish and Venetian forces took part, 
two Moise brothers fitted up -at their own ex- 
pense two Galere, and they were distinguished 
for deeds of great valor. He studied in his 
native town, and at ten years of age he entered 
St. Stephen College, Padua, Italy, where he 
studied ancient and modern letters, physics, 
mathematics, rhetoric and philosophy in a 
course of eight years. He then made his 
maturity examination. From there he entered 
the Royal University of Padua to study medi- 
cine, where he was matriculated; he then 
went to Vienna, Berlin, Paris, Heidelberg, 
Florence and Rome to attend the lectures, and 
afterward he graduated from his Alma Mater of 
Padua, August 16, 1876. After this he entered 
as surgeon in the Austro-Hungarian army. 
To have the necessary qualification to be ad- 
mitted to the Surgeon corps, he was obliged to 
pass another examination—“Nostrificationis 
Causa”—at the University of Buda-Pesth, and 
on December 7, 1877, he graduated with dis- 
tinction. After sometime he was Director of 
the Hospital of Lussino, a climatic island in 
the Adriatic Sea, where he made a special 
study of the diseases of a zymotic nature, and 
wrote “La Malaria e il Tifo nelle Isole del 
Quarnero,” which monograph obtained the 
prize of the Hygienic Provincial Commission 
of Istria. After this he made a tour of the 
university and hospitals of Paris; he then 
went to the Antilles and to Mexico to make a 
careful study of yellow fever in the St. Sebas- 
tian Hospital of Vera Cruz; he there made a 
very important polemic, in which dispute he 
showed his profound study in microscopy 
and bacteriology. After this he went to New 
York City, where he occupies a high standing 
among the practicing physicians and surgeons 
whom he married May, 1853, and his third 
wife, who survived him, was Miss CelestineP. 
Rentrop, of St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, whom 
he married in October, 1868. 
DEAN, Dexter Y., of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1865. He 
is now Professor of Pathological Anatomy and 
Bacteriology in the Beaumont Hospital Med- 
ical College; Consulting Physician and Sur- 
geon to the St. Louis City Hospital, and St. 
Louis Female Hospital. He was three years 
St. Louis City Chemist and Microscopist; ten 
years Superintendent and Surgeon-in-Charge 
of the St. Louis City Hospital. Dr. Dean is 
an active member of the American Medical 
Association; American Public Health Associa- 
tion ; American Society of Microscopists; 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, and of the leading medical and sci- 
entific societies and organizations in his city. 
DEL AFIELD, Francis, of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York, in 1862. He is now 
Professor of Pathology and Practice of Medi- 
cine in that institution. He is also Attending 
Physician to Roosevelt Hospital, and Consult- 
ing Physician to Bellevue Hospital. Dr. Del- 
afield is an active member of the Association 
of American Physicians, and of numerous other 
medical and scientific organizations. 
DEYENDORF, Charles A., of Detroit, Mich- 
igan, was graduated M. D. at the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1866. 
He is now Professor of Obstetrics in the Detroit 
College of Medicine and Visiting Physician to 
Harper Hospital, Woman’s Hospital, and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
605 
of that city, especially among the Italian res- 
idents, so that the celebrated Ristori and Sal- 
vini have him as their attending physician. 
Since the first year he went to New York he 
has been a member of the County Medical 
Society, of the City of New York, and a Fel- 
low and Librarian of the Medico-Legal Society, 
and he is delegated by that body to attend the 
International Medical Congress, which will 
convene in Rome, in April, 1894, and where 
he will read a paper, “La tisi Causa e Ragione 
Legittima di Divorgio” (Consumption a Legit- 
imate Reason for Divorce). For ten years he 
has been a special visiting physician (to Italian 
children) for the Children’s Aid Society, and 
for a year past has been Medical Superintend- 
J. Dorset and Harriet (Clagett) Dorset. His 
father died when he was only five years old. 
His mother, who is still living, is now aged 
eighty-five years. His early education was 
unmethodical, closing with four months at the 
Virginia Military Institute in the fall of the 
famous John Brown Raid, when he returned 
to care for his mother and sister on the fax-m 
in Maryland. He was a Union man during 
the War of the Rebellion. While on a visit to 
relatives in Tennessee in 1869 he began the 
study of nxedicine. After attending one course 
of lectures at the University of Maryland, 
Baltimore, and two more courses at Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, he grad- 
uated from the latter institution in 1870, and 
in the following May began the practice of his 
profession at Columbia, Tennessee, where he 
lias since remained. During this time he was 
nine years Jail Physician and five years County 
Health Officer, being the first incumbent of 
the latter office, which wras created by the leg- 
islature in 1885. Dr. Dorset has been a mem- 
ber in good standing of the American Medical 
Association, and Vice-President of the Maury 
County Medical Society. He has been quite a 
successful general practitioner of medicine, 
and has accumulated a very comfortable and 
ample amount of property by his professional 
labor. He has always been conservative and 
pains-taking in his practice, and many of his 
surgical and obstetric cases have been formid- 
able and unique. His success is attributable 
to his uprightness of character, to his perse- 
vering industry and strict attention to business. 
DRAKE, G. Werter, of Chattanooga, Ten- 
nessee, was graduated M. D. at the Vander- 
bilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, in 1877. 
He is now Professor of Physiology and Hy- 
giene in the Chattanooga Medical College. 
He is ex-president of the Chattanooga Medi- 
cal Society; ex-vice-president of the Medical 
Society of Tennessee; member of the Board 
of Councilors of the Tri-State Medical Society, 
which includes the States of Alabama, Geor- 
gia and Tennessee. Dr. Drake is also a mem- 
ber of the Chattanooga Board of Health. 
DRAPER, John Christopher, of New York, 
eldest son of Prof. John William Dx’aper, was 
born in Mecklenburgh, Virginia, March 31, 
1835, and died December 20, 1885. He was 
educated at the University of the City of New 
York, from the medical department of which 
he graduated in March, 1857, settling perma- 
nently in New York. From March, 1856, to 
July, 1857, he was House Physician and Sur- 
geon to Bellevue Hospital; from December, 
1858, to 1871, Professor of Analytical Chem- 
istry in the University of New York, and from 
1860 to 1863 Professor of Chemistry im the 
Cooper Institute. In 1863 he was chosen Pro- 
fessor of Natural History and Physiology in 
the College of the City of New York, and in 
1866 Professor of Chemistry in the Medical 
Depai’tment of the University of New York. 
In July, 1873, he received the degree of LL. D. 
from Trinity College. He was a member of the 
New York Academy of Medicine; and of the 
New York Century Club. His principal contri- 
butions to medical literature are papers bearing 
the following titles: “Is the Urea in Urine 
Due to Muscular Motion?” “Experiments on 
Respii'ation; ” “Experiments on Insensible 
Perspiration;” “Expei’iments on Adultera- 
tions of Coffee;” “Tlxe Production of Muscu- 
lar Force;” “Determination of Arsenic in 
e/'/t'W.'C C'yftpv-tde. 
entof the Italian Hospital of New York City. 
At the time the Government tried to select a 
commission to send to Mexico to study yellow 
fever, as the Academy of Mexico claimed to 
have discovered a sure method of securing 
immunity against that disease, the JVexc York 
Hex-aid published, in part,Dr. Bettinidi Moise’s 
experience with the disease, and proved this 
commission futile. When the discovery of 
Professor Koch was announced in America, 
on the same day, Dr. Bettini di Moise was 
selected by the Progresso Italo Axnericano (a 
journal that has taken a deep interest in the 
question), to visit Berlin, and there he spent 
some months in the study of the subject, under 
Professor Koch’s instruction. Dr. Bettini di 
Moise is a society man, and speaks all the 
modern languages of Europe. 
DOCK, George, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of Penn- 
sylvania in 1884. He is now Px-ofessor of The- 
ory and Practice and Clinical Medicine in the 
University of Michigan, and Visiting Physician 
to the iTniversity Hospital.* He is also a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association and 
of the Michigan State Medical Society. 
DORSET, Walter Clagett, of Columbia, Ten- 
nessee, was born July 19, 1841, in Anne Arun- 
del county, Maryland. He is a son of Thomas 606 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Poisoning (Improved Process)“Heat of the 
Body and Effects of Cold,” and “Experiments 
with Quinine.” Of books he had published 
“A Practical Laboratory Course in Medical 
Chemistry,” 1882, and a “Text-book of Medi- 
cal Physics,” 1885. 
DUDLEY, A. Palmer, of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at Dartmouth College, 
Hanover, New Hampshire, in 1877. He is 
now Visiting Gynecologist to Randall’s Island 
Hospital, and Instructor in Gynecology at the 
New York Post-Graduate Medical School and 
Plospitah* Dr. Dudley is an active member of 
the American Gynecological Society, and of 
numerous other medical, scientific and social 
organizations of New York. 
DUFFIELD, George, of Detroit, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the Detroit Medical 
College in 1882. He is now Professor of 
Pathology in that institution; Pathologist to 
the Woman’s Hospital, and a member of the 
staff of Medical Microscopists to Harper Hos- 
pital, Detroit. He is Medical Examiner and 
Adviser for the United States Mutual Accident 
Association of New York. Dr. Duffield is a 
member of the American Medical Association ; 
Michigan State Medical Society; Detroit 
Academy of Medicine; Detroit Medical and 
Library Association, and of the American 
Microscopical Society. 
DUNCAN, JamesK. L.,of DeWitt, Nebraska, 
was born July 6, 1845, at Frankfort Mineral 
Springs, Washington county, Pennsylvania. 
He is a son of Colonel Jonathan and Agnes 
(Leeper) Duncan, who were of Scotch-Irish 
extraction. He gained his first fundamental 
principles of knowledge in the private schools 
of his native place. In 1854, when nine years 
of age, he removed with his parents to Illinois, 
locating on a farm near Monmouth, that State, 
and as it became necessary for more advanced 
education he was sent to Monmouth College, 
of which his father had a life scholarship. 
During one winter, prior to his attending Mon- 
mouth College, he had the benefit of the pre- 
ceptorship of Rev. Robert Young, it being the 
great desire of his mother’s life that James 
should fill a pulpit. Before he had completed 
his literary education “the War for the Union” 
kept before him the thought that his services 
were demanded by his country, but his parents 
were unable to give him their consent, having 
already two sons in the Union Army. Young 
Duncan had yearned for what was denied him 
until his patriotism got the better of him, and 
when the college year was closed, June 25, 
1863, he boarded the train for Chicago and 
there entered the United States Navy for one 
year. On March 2, 1864, at Harrisonburg, 
Louisiana, he was awardel a “Medal of Hon- 
or” for gallantry in action, and his name in- 
scribed on the “Roll of Honor” of our coun- 
try’s defenders, of which less than five hun- 
dred were thus distinguished out of near three 
millions of men enrolled. When his time had 
expired he returned home and to Monmouth 
College, and remained there during the fall 
and winter terms, at the close of which he re- 
entered the United States Navy, and again 
•served on the Mississippi river, but was soon 
transferred to the Gulf Squadron. In Septem- 
ber, 1865, he was, on account of sickness, for the 
first time during his service, sent to a hospital. 
After regaining his health, Surgeon John J. 
Abernethy procured his discharge for the pur- 
pose of appointing him apothecary of the 
Naval Hospital at Pensacola, Florida, and he 
began the reading of medicine under the in- 
struction of the eminent Drs. Wunderlich and 
Gale, who were then both surgeons in the 
navy, and attached to the hospital corps of sur- 
geons. He remained at the hospital for nearly 
three years. Returning home in the fall of 1868, 
he attended the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons at Keokuk, lowa, the following winter, 
and in the spring, as soon as lecture season 
closed he went to Memphis, Tennessee, and 
entered on the practice of medicine; but his 
health beginning to fail, from long continued 
close confinement and arduous habits of study, 
he left the South, and next hung his “shingle” 
out at Hamlet, Mercer county, Illinois, near 
his parents and old home. He remained there 
until the spring of 1871, when he located at 
Waukee, lowa. He there engaged in contin- 
uous active and laborious practice until the 
spring of 1880, when he located in his present 
place of residence, where he has built up a 
busy and lucrative practice, second to none in 
his section of the State. In the meantime he 
returned to the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, Keokuk, lowa, and was graduated at 
that institution in 1875. Dr. Duncan claims 
the priority of the operation of circumcision 
for the cure of convulsions due to reflex action 
through the sympathetic system of nerves; his 
first operation for it was August 1, 1880, at 
DeWitt, Nebraska, the patient a child five 
years of age; the effect, immediate relief and 
complete success. This treatment is now incor- 
porated in our text-books, but at that time was 
not suggested in any medical literature extant. 
He performed ovariotomy successfully, in Sep- 
tember, 1880, one of the first cases on record 
in Nebraska. In October, 1883, he treated a 
penetrating gunshot wound of the intestines, 
by the opium and rest plan (as first suggested 
by Professor Alonzo Clark, of New York), lap- 
arotomy not then being in vogue as now. Dr. 
Duncan was called to the patient within a few EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
607 
minutes after he was shot, and gave him two 
pills of camphor and opium, which were fol- 
lowed every two hours by the administration of 
morphine in one-fourth grain doses, until eight 
were given, and then the same quantity every 
three hours for four days, and then every four 
hours for twelve days, thus holding the bowels 
in check for sixteen days and seven hours from 
the time he was wounded before they were 
allowed to be evacuated, and along with this 
defecation also came the thirty-eight caliber 
ball, which the man now carries in his pocket. 
Dr. Duncan has introduced many original 
ideas of practical value, more especially in the 
surgical line, one of which is his continuously 
threaded needle; another is his fracture bed, a 
device noted for its utility anti simplicity. He 
takes great interest in his chosen profession, 
generally having from one to three students 
reading under him, and his various book-cases 
are well stocked with the best obtainable med- 
ical publications. He is a member of the Ne- 
braska State Medical Society, and permanent 
member of the American Medical Association. 
Among his contributions to medical literature 
may be mentioned papers entitled “A Ready 
Diagnosis” and “Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.” 
Dr. Duncan was married on November 4, 1879, 
at Des Moines, lowa, to Miss Lillian J. Middle- 
kauff, by whom he has four daughters and two 
sons; and for the purpose of giving his children 
the increased educational facilities which a 
city offers, he has for some time past been 
investing in improved property in Lincoln, 
Nebraska, with the expectation, in the near 
future, of removing to that educational center 
of his State. 
DUNN, James H., of Minneapolis, Minne- 
sota, was born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, May 
29, 1853, of Irish parents, who in 1855 re- 
moved to the territory of Minnesota, locating 
near the present city of Winona. Losing his 
father in 1859, he was given a home in the 
family of Mr. Jesse AYheeler, a prominent 
pioneer farmer of Winona county. On the 
death of that gentleman in 1868, when a lad of 
fifteen, with the progress made in the common 
country school, he set out on his own career 
without further aid or counsel from any one, 
first deciding upon the vocation of a teacher. 
After two years in the local High School he 
entered the Winona State Normal School, 
graduating in 1873, supporting himself in the 
first years by various kinds of labors, and 
latterly by teaching summer schools. On grad- 
uating he was selected as a Lecturer in the 
Minnesota State Teachers’ Institute, in which 
he took a prominent part during the following 
five years. While in this work, at the request 
of the late Hon. D. Burt, Superintendent of 
Public Instruction, he gave special attention to 
the instruction of teachers in physiology and 
hygiene, and was led to take a medical course, 
the better to fit himself for this special in- 
struction, and in accordance with the prevail- 
ing custom selected as his preceptor Dr. J. B. 
McGaughey, of Winona, in the summer of 
1875, and received his degree of M. D. from 
the University of New York City in 1878. On 
graduating lie was appointed Professor of 
Natural Sciences in the Mankato Normal 
School; but after two years the insufficiency of 
the salary caused him to change his profession 
to that of medicine, locating at Shakopee, Scott 
county, where he at once won a large general I 
country practice. In 1883 he went to Europe I 
to take two years’ post graduate studies, 
mainly at Vienna and Heidelberg, and on his 
return located at Minneapolis in May, 1886. 
He was Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases 
and Dermatology in the Minnesota Hospital 
College from 1886 to 1889, and has occupied 
the chair of Genito-Urinary Diseases in the 
Medical Department of the University of Min- 
nesota since its establishment in 1889.' In 1888 
and 1889 he was City Physician of Minneapo- 
lis, organizing its first municipal hospital, and 
is one of the Surgeons to St. Mary’s Hospital, 
and president of the hospital staff. He was 
president of the Minnesota State Medical As- 
sociation in 1888. His practice is genito-urinary 
diseases and general surgery. While making 
no claim to special abdominal work, a very 
considerable experience in abdominal surgery 
has fallen to his lot with marked success; his 
first twenty-three ovariotomies recovered with- 
out accident. He has been a frequent con- 
tributor to northwestern medical journals. 
DUNOTT, Thomas J., of Harrisburg, Penn- 
sylvania, was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 
in 1852. He is now Senior Surgeon and At- 
tending Physician and Ophthalmologist to 
Harrisburg Hospital and Industrial Home. 
He is also surgeon to several important rail- 
way companies and Honorable Member of the 
American Chirurgical Society, American Med- 
ical Association, American Surgical Associa- 
tion, American Railway Surgeons’ Association, 
Pennsylvania State Medical Society and Dau- 
phin County Pathological Society. 
DUNSMOOR, Frederick A., of Minneapolis, 
Minnesota, was graduated in medicine at the 
Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York 
City, in 1875. He is now Dean of the Faculty 
of the Minnesota Hospital College and Pro- 
fessor of Clinical and Operative Surgery in the 608 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Medical Department of the University of Min- 
nesota and Surgeon to the Dispensary of the 
Minnesota Hospital College; Surgeon to 
Mary’s and St. Barnabas Hospitals and to the 
Northern Pacific Railway Company, as well as 
to several other important railroads of the 
Northwest. Dr. Dunsmoor is an active mem- 
ber of American Medical Association and the 
Minneapolis Academy of Medicine. 
Pennsylvania Hospital, supplemented by two 
years’ study in Europe, he commenced prac- 
tice in his native city, and became one of the 
Physicians to the Children’s Hospital. In 
1863 he removed to Germantown, where he 
served as Acting Assistant Surgeon at the 
Cuyler United States Army Hospital, duringthe 
War of the Rebellion. He is a member of the 
College of Physicians, Pathological and Ob- 
stetrical Societies of Philadelphia, and one of 
the Consulting Physicians to the Germantown 
Hospital. Dr. Dunton has been a successful 
general practitioner of medicine in Philadel- 
phia for forty years, and is one of the links 
connecting the past and present generations of 
distinguished physicians of that city. 
DUZAN, George PL, of Indianapolis, Indi- 
ana, was born near Lebanon, Boone county, 
that State, July 8, 1841, and died at his resi- 
dence, November 8,1893. He began the studv 
of medicine at an early age, and at the close 
of his student life commenced practice in the 
town of Zionsville, in his native county, where, 
says Dr. Eastman, one of his early friends 
and colleagues, he was first known as the “boy 
doctor,” and where he continued to live and 
enjoy the confidence of the community 
over twenty years. During the war lie en- 
tered the army, and served as Assistant Sur- 
geon of the Fifty-fifth Regiment of Indiana 
Infantry. He received his medical degree 
from the University of Nashville, in 1865. He 
was married to Miss Nellie B. Crutchfield,who, 
with one son (his name-sake) still survive 
him. He had the natural qualifications for 
the profession of medicine, and during his 
active period of life did a large practice, with 
an extensive consultation business. His work 
was not limited to the practice of medicine 
but included general surgery, in which he per’ 
formed all the ordinary operations and a num' 
her of the capital ones, as lithotomy and ova- 
riotomy, with skill and ability. Soon after the 
organization of the Central College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons at Indianapolis; and 
while still a resident of his county town he 
occupied the chair of Physiology in that insti- 
tution, where he taught with credit to himself 
and benefit to those who attended his lectures, 
being clear, thorough, and direct in all his ef- 
forts to instruct his classes. Several years 
ago he removed to Indianapolis, with the 
hope of regaining his health, being much worn 
by the hardships of a country practice. Dur- 
ing his stay there he maintained his high 
standard professionally as an able practitioner, 
whilst his quiet and unobtrusive man- 
ners as a gentleman commended him to all 
who were associated with him. Following 
steadily and persistently his vocation, and 
though much enfeebled by long-standing dis- 
eases, from which he was a constant sufferer, 
and which culminated in his death, yet he 
rarely complained and never faltered in the 
discharge of duty. Referring to his medical 
attainments and personal characteristics, one 
of his biographers, Dr. Levi L. Todd, writes 
as follows: “He was the possessor of endow- 
ments far beyond those of the ordinary physi- 
cian—a clear, comprehensive mind, acute con- 
ceptive faculties and strong reasoning powers, 
with sufficient will and energy to bring these 
into action, and a capacity to obtain knowledge 
independently of the ordinary aids upon which 
so many are compelled to rely, and although 
not wanting in scholarly attainments, his edu- 
DUNSTER, Edward Swift, of Ann Arbor, 
Michigan, was born September 2, 1834, at 
Springvale, York county, Maine, and died 
May 3, 1888. He was a lineal descendant of 
Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard 
College, who emigrated to this country from 
England in 1640. Fitted for college in the 
public schools of Providence, Rhode Island, 
he afterwards entered Harvard College, grad- 
uating therefrom A. 8., 1856 ; A. M., 1859; and 
subsequently studied medicine in New York 
as a private pupil of Professor Peaslee, and 
graduated at the New York College of Medi- 
cine and Surgery, with the degree of M. D., in 
1859. He also attended one course of lectures 
in the Medical Department of Dartmouth Col- 
lege. After graduating he entered St. Luke’s 
Hospital, and in 1860 commenced practice in 
the city of New York. Entering the army in 
June, 1861, as Assistant Surgeon, he subse- 
quently served in Western Virginia and the 
Peninsula campaign under McClellan, in 
charge of various hospitals, and as Medical 
Inspector and Medical Director of hospital 
transports; in charge of Turner’s Lane Hos- 
pital, Philadelphia; Assistant in Surgeon-Gen- 
eral’s office, Washington; Attendant Assistant 
Surgeon at the United States Military Acad- 
emy, West Point; and resigning February 1, 
1866, recommenced the practice of his profes- 
sion in New York, making a specialty of 
obstetrics and diseases of women and children. 
He was editor of the New York Medical Journal 
from 1866 until 1872; Resident Physician-in- 
Charge of hospitals on Randall’s Island, New 
York, from 1869 until 1873; Professor of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Chil- 
dren, University of Vermont, from 1868 until 
1871; Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Women and Children, Long Island Medical 
College, Brooklyn, New York, from 1869 until 
1875; and in 1871 he became Professor of 
Obstetrics in the Medical Department of Dart- 
mouth College, and from 1873 until his death 
he was Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
AVomen and Children in the University of 
Michigan. He was a member of the New 
York County Medical Society; New York 
Academy of Medicine; New York Pathological 
Society; American Geographical and Statistical 
Society; New York Historical Society; Mich- 
igan State Medical Society and American Medi- 
cal Association. Among Ids contributions to the 
literature of his profession are included papers 
on “Relations of the Medical Profession to 
Modern Education;” “The Logic of Medi- 
cine;” “Noteson Double Monsters;” “History 
of Anesthesia;” “The Comparative Mortality 
in Armies from Wounds and Diseases,” and 
“History of Spontaneous Generation.” 
DUNTON, William Rush, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was born in that city, March 
10, 1831. He was educated at the University 
of Pennsylvania, both in the department of 
arts and of medicine, graduating in medicine 
in 1853. After serving as Resident Physician 
at the Philadelphia Dispensary, and at the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
609 
cation was more from thought than from books. 
His handsome face, fine form and graceful, 
genial manners served him as passports to a 
social as well as a business acquaintance, which 
his solid mental qualities were amply sufficient 
to maintain, and to make good any ordinary 
draft upon his resources. His hold upon the 
regards and confidence of those whom he 
served for years is well attested by the num- 
bers of his old patrons and friends who fol- 
lowed him for aid and counsel as long as he 
was able to serve them, and who comforted 
him in his last hours by their presence, and 
later still, paid their last tribute of sympa- 
thizing sorrow at his grave. He has gone, but 
the lessons of his life remain. His experiences 
were but the same old story; of ambitions and 
labors, of cares and sorrows, and of disappoint- 
ments which fill up in large measure the round 
of human existence. His death, though early 
in life’s afternoon, still gave him time enough 
to have solved the problems that were within 
his grasp, and to have performed his full share 
of its labors—long enough for the profile of 
character to be drawn out in all its lines. 
Finally, we may say of him that when the end 
came it found him busy with his work, fighting 
bravely on, striving to fulfill his chosen task.” 
Testimonials relative to his eminent profes- 
sional attainments and suitable resolutions of 
condolence for his family were adopted by the 
medical fraternity of Indianapolis at a special 
meeting of Marion County Medical Society, of 
which Hr. Duzan had formerly been an hon- 
orable member. 
DWIGHT, Henry E., of Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania, was educated at several of the most 
noted institutions of this and foreign countries. 
He received the degree of A. B. from Yale in 
1852, and that of A. M. from the same institu- 
tion in 1855, and that of B. D. from Andover 
in 1857. He was a member of the University 
of Halle in 1862; University of Berlin, an I 
the University of Paris in 1863. He received 
the degree of M. D. from the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1867, and that of D. D. from 
the University of Washington and Lee in 1882. 
Dr. Dwight was Professor of Latin and Greek 
in Brooklyn 
living in one house and on one street in Phila- 
delphia he has been engaged in the regular prac- 
tice of medicine for a period of thirty years. 
DYAS, William Godfrey, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1807, and 
was the son of William Dyas, a general prac- 
titioner of medicine, who was one of the 
learned and influential men of the age and 
country in which he lived. A biographer, in 
the Magazine of Western History, says: The 
subject of this sketch, in many respects a re- 
markable man himself, has descended from 
one of the most remarkable families of which 
authentic history has left us a record. The 
name Dyas has been anglicized into its present 
form. The original name is of Spanish origin 
and is written “Diaz.” Three hundred years 
ago both Diaz and Dias were names well 
known to the Old World, and inseparably con- 
nected with the history of two kingdoms. The 
first, as has been already stated, was a Spanish 
name, the second Portuguese. It was Bar- 
tolemeo Dias, the noted explorer, who discov- 
ered the Gabo de Buena Esperanza, as it was 
called by the Portuguese King—Cape of Good 
Hope, we say in English—who associated with 
greatness the name of the Portuguese family, 
and among his descendants who have achieved 
distinction Gonzalvo Antonio Dias, the Bra- 
zilian poet and professor of history in Dom 
Pedro College and Pedro Jaao Dias, the cele- 
brated Brazilian Statesman and Diplomat, 
who died in 1870, have been the most noted. 
The Spanish family of Diaz were of ducal 
rank in the Fifteenth Century; on their 
shield they bore the motto of the Albigensian 
Church: refulgens in tenebris, and from the 
descendants of this “ancient and honorable 
house” a long list of illustrious names has 
been given to history. To this family belonged 
Juan Bernardo Diaz de Lugo, one of the Roman 
Catholic bishops, who sat in the famous Coun- 
cil of Trent in the Sixteenth Century; Alonzo 
Diaz, a Spanish soldier and adventurer of 
the sixteenth century, who sought his fortune 
in the New World, and whose daring deeds 
and feats of strength in the wilds of Panama 
furnished a fruitful theme for Spanish song 
and story writers; Camargo Antonio Diaz, the 
first explorer of portions of Brazil in the 
seventeenth century; Gonsalvo Diaz de Pine- 
da, who was with Pizarro in Peru in 1531; 
Juan Diaz de Solis, the Spanish navigator who 
won distinction in the early part of the fif- 
teenth century; Miguel Diaz, who was with 
Bartholomew Columbus, brother of the great 
discoverer, at Santo Domingo in 1495; Pedro 
Diaz, a noted Spanish missionary, who died in 
Mexico in 1618; and last, but by no means 
least distinguished, General Porfirio Diaz, 
now serving his third term as President of the 
Republic of Mexico, and by far the ablest 
Mexican statesman of the age. The branch 
of this illustrious family to which Dr. Dyas 
belongs, or rather that of which he is a lineal 
descendant, drifted away from the parent stock 
and the ancient family seat at the Castle of 
Burgos, in Spain, as a result of religious per- 
secutions. They belonged to that class of 
Spanish dissenters from the doctrines of the 
Romish Church who renounced the authority 
of the Pope, and entertained beliefs identical 
with those of the Albigenses, against whom 
Pope Innocent 111 had carried on a relentless 
warfare. When they were driven out of Spain 
by the adherents of the Church, they found a 
refuge in Navarre, where their relative, the 
famous mother of Henry IV, of France, Jeane 
D’ Albret, opened her arms to receive them. 
This was in the early part of the six- 
teenth century, and the family maintained its 
allegiance to the French government until the 
edict of Nantes, promulgated by Henri IV in 
1598, under which his Protestant subjects en- 
joyed a season of religious liberty, was revoked 
by Louis XIV in 1685. History informs us 
that as a result of this revocation four hundred 
thousand Protestants left France and took ref- 
uge in Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, Switz- 
erland and America. The house of Diaz was 
again compelled to change the location of the 
family seat, and the family tree was planted in 
Holland, where it flourished under the protec- 
tion of the house of Orange. From Holland 
they found their way to England as adherents 
of William 111, where they became conspicu- 
ous subjects of the British crown. It was after 
the family located in England that the change 
of a single letter from the original spelling of 
the name gave it its present form and an Eng- 
lish pronunciation. Edward Dyas became a 
colonel on the staff of William 111, and dis- 
tinguished himself on numerous occasions in 610 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
the service of that monarch, who became the 
idol of the Protestant world. For gallant and 
meritorious services at the Boyne and on other 
battle fields of that era, Colonel Edward Dyas 
received from the crown various grants of land 
in the counties of Meath and Cavan, Ireland. 
In the early part of the eighteenth century he 
located on his estate in Ireland, and became 
the progenitor of the Irish branch of the Dyas 
family. These estates are still in the hands of 
his descendants, the present head of the family 
being Nathaniel Hone Dyas, of Athboy Lodge, 
high sheriff of the county of Meath. The ven- 
erable and highly-esteemed Chicago physician, 
Dr. Win. G. Dyas, is a descendant in the fifth 
generation from Colonel Edward Dyas. The 
subject of this sketch received careful and 
thorough education in his early boyhood, and 
when he was fifteen years of age he entered 
Trinity College. From this renowned institu- 
tion of learning he was transferred to the 
Royal College of Surgeons, and became a licen- 
tiate of that college in 1830. In 1832 he was 
designated to take charge of the Cholera Hos- 
pital, in the County Kildare, under govern- 
ment supervision. When the cholera epidemic 
of that year subsided, and the necessity no 
longer existed for keeping this hospital open, 
he took charge, first of two, and later of three 
government dispensaries, and also of a fever 
hospital. He became a Fellow of the Royal 
College of Surgeons in 1845, and at the end of 
twenty-five years spent in the hospital and 
dispensary practice, he returned to Dublin in 
1855, a year memorable in Ireland by reason 
of the failure of crops, particularly of the po- 
tato, and the famine which followed. Upon 
his return to Dublin, he became a Demonstra- 
tor of Anatomy in Trinity College, remaining 
connected with that institution until 1856, and 
adding to his professional knowledge through 
his association with some of the most eminent 
physicians and surgeons of the age. The fam- 
ine of 1855-56 had a most depressing effect, 
not only upon every branch of business in 
Ireland, but upon the spirits of the people as 
well, and thousands of them sought homes 
elsewhere. Dr. Dyas had been married in 
1830, to Miss Georgiana Keating, daughter 
of Rev. George Keating, an Episcopal cler- 
gyman, of Edgeworthstown, County of Lang- 
ford, and in 1856 he found himself with a 
growing family dependent in a measure for 
support upon his professional income. While 
he had no lack of patients, the depression 
which prevailed in the country was such 
that their ability to pay for services rendered, 
even by the much needed physician, was very 
greatly limited. As the outlook of better times 
in the immediate future was not promising, he 
felt it incumbent upon him to seek a location 
where his labors would be better rewarded, 
and notwithstanding his love for the Emerald 
Isle, he determined to immigrate to America. 
Arrived in this country he located first at 
Bridgeport on the Ohio River, near Wheeling, 
West Virginia. This location was unsatis- 
factory, and he removed to Canada, locating 
near London, Ontario. There he spent two 
years, and then went with his family to Chi- 
cago. In that city he at once engaged in the 
general practice of his profession, and also be- 
came the editor of the Medical Journal, through 
the columns of which he made valuable con- 
tributions to the professional literature of the 
country until a rapidly growing practice com- 
pelled him to retire from the editorial chair. 
As an educator he has been prominently 
identified with the Woman’s Medical College 
of Chicago. Having been one of the promi- 
nent medical gentlemen who gave that insti- 
tution their countenance and support at the 
date of its inception, he has ever since taken a 
deep interest in its welfare, and spared no 
effort to aid in its advancement. He accepted 
the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine 
in the college, a position which he held for 
eleven years, and did much to give character i 
and standing to that educational institution. * 
For many years he was a Consulting Surgeon 
to the Cook County Hospital, a position he 
accepted upon the invitation of his profes- 
sional friends. While his advanced age has 
made it necessary for him to shift some of 
his professional burdens to younger shoulders, 
although the oldest practicing physician in 
Chicago, and one who has seen the city grow 
to twenty times the size it was when he located 
there, he may still be found, at the age of 
eighty-six years, in his office on South Clark 
street, in the heart of the city, every day from 
9 o’clock a. m. to 1 o’clock p. m., as regularly as 
the days come and go. Now and then, of 
course, he is called out of the city or is kept 
away from his office by patients who have to 
be treated at their homes; but few of the 
younger practitioners of that metropolis attend 
with greater regularity to their professional 
duties than does this noted octogenarian, who 
has been for more than three score years a 
practicing physician. White-haired and in a 
certain sense venerable in appearance, Dr. 
Dyas still retains in great part the vigor of his 
earlifer manhood, and his general appearance 
is that of a man who has seen fifteen or twenty 
less years of life. With the courtliness of 
manner characteristic of an old-school gentle- 
man, a face expressive of broad intellectuality, 
and a store of reminiscences enriched to an 
unusual degree by his many years of active 
life, in whatever company he makes his 
appearance he attracts attention, and at 
the meetings of the various medical or- 
ganizations of his city he has been 
for years a conspicuous figure. He 
is still Consulting Physician to the Wo- 
men’s and Children Hospital (with which the 
Women’s College was formerly connected), 
and Consulting Surgeon to St. Joseph’s Hos- 
pital. Dr. Dyas has always enjoyed in a high 
degree the confidence and esteem of the med- 
ical profession of Chicago, and few men who 
have engaged so long in the practice of medi- 
cine in one place have had the good fortune to 
keep on such terms of good-fellowship with 
active competitors. A cultured, intelligent, 
honest and high-minded gentlemen, he has 
borne his part well in discharging his duties as 
a citizen, shirking no responsibility which he 
was called upon to assume. A thoroughly 
well-educated physician and a conscientious 
and successful practitioner, he has contributed 
his full share toward building up the reputa- 
tion of the profession in his city, and in the 
years to come he will be remembered as one of 
the eminent men who in a modest way graced 
his calling in the earlier history of Chicago. 
His first wife having died while a resident of 
Canada, Dr. Dyas was married in 1861 to Mi- 
randa B. Sherwood, of Bridgeport, Connecti- 
cut. Three of his sons have become promi- 
nent in professional life. The eldest, Dr. G. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
(511 
K. Dyas, is engaged in the practice of his pro- 
fession in Chicago. Joseph E. Dyas, another 
son, is practicing law at Paris, Illinois, and a 
third son, William G. Dyas, is a prominent 
barrister of Colusa, California. 
EARLE, Charles Warrington, of Chicago, 
Illinois, was born in Westford,Vermont, April 
2, 1845, and died November 19, 1893. He was 
of English ancestry and a lineal descendant 
of Ralph Earle, of Exeter, England, a loyal 
supporter of the British Crown, who came 
with his wife, Joan, to Rhode Island, about 
1634, and became the founder of an American 
family which is to-day represented in every 
State in the Union. With the history of many 
of the Eastern and New England States, as 
merchants, manufacturers, and professional 
men, the descendants of Ralph Earle have been 
especially conspicuous. To this family be- 
longed the late Dr. Pliny Earle, the noted neu- 
rologist. Moses L. Earle, the father of the 
suaded his father to allow him to become a sol- 
dier. His eventful service was in the Fifteenth 
and the Ninety-sixth Regiments Illinois Volun- 
teers. Referring to his military and professional 
career his biographer, H. L. Conard, of Chi- 
cago, writes as follows: He enlisted in the 
first-named regiment early in 1861, which was 
intended for the ‘‘three months’ service;” but 
when the recruits reached the camp of instruc- 
tion at Freeport they were informed that the 
full quota of ‘‘three months’ men” had already 
been sent to the front, and that they could 
either return to their homes or enlist for three 
years. They did not hesitate much as to which 
course they would pursue, and before long 
found themselves in the field attached to 
General Fremont’s army, then operating in 
Missouri. In the fall of the same year, after 
six months’ service, young Earle was dis- 
charged on account of disability, incurrred 
while detailed to assist in unloading a trans- 
port of army supplies on the Missouri River. 
He returned to his father’s home, and after a 
time recovered sufficiently to feel that he was 
again fitted to enter the service. His father 
declined, however, to permit him to enlist a 
second time, and sent him to the Academy at 
Burlington, Wisconsin, where he pursued his 
studies until the spring of 1862, when, in re- 
sponse to President Lincoln’s call for 300,000 
volunteers, he again enlisted in the Ninety- 
sixth Regiment of Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
and continued in the service until the close of 
the war. He occupied successively the posi- 
tion of private orderly-sergeant, lieutenant 
commanding company, and aid-de-camp, and 
assistant inspector-general on brigade staff, 
and captain of the United States Volunteers. 
His regiment first went into camp at Rockford, 
Illinois, and remained there until the Con- 
federate general, John Morgan, began threat- 
ening the cities on the Ohio River, 
when it was sent south and became a part 
of General Gordon Granger’s command. 
In the spring of 1863 they were sent to 
the assistance of Rosecrans in Tennessee, 
and went into active service. At the organi- 
zation of his company, Charles W. Earle had 
been appointed orderly sergeant, and when 
the regiment was at Franklin, Tennessee, he 
was promoted to the second lieutenancy of 
the same company. At the battle of Chicka- 
mauga, where he commanded his company, he 
was twice slightly wounded, and received spe- 
cial commendation for his conduct upon the 
field, in the report of his regimental com- 
mander. The loss was thirty-five in a com- 
pany of forty-five, several of the survivors 
being slightly wounded. In an address de- 
livered by Colonel George Hicks, at Kingston, 
Jamaica, several years after the war, relative 
to the services of the Ninety-sixth Illinois 
Regiment at the battle of Chickamauga, the 
following quotation should be recorded: “I 
found that I had now but a very few men with 
me, and I should have thought that I had 
wholly strayed away from my regiment, were 
it not that I had with me the colors of the 
regiment, together with the commander of the 
color company—the intrepid boy-lieutenant, 
lion-hearted, fearless, unflinching Charley 
Earle, whose name must be inscribed high 
among the highest on the roll of Chickamauga 
heroes.” The next day after the battle, while 
the Union forces were concentrating at Chat- 
tanooga, or rather making an effort to concen- 
7# 
subject of this memoir, moved to Lake county, 
Illinois, in 1854, when the son was nine years 
of age, and Dr. Earle’s life history may be 
epitomized in the following words: farmer 
boy, soldier, student, practitioner, medical 
writer, and teacher. As the eldest son of a 
thrifty and ambitious farmer, even before em- 
igrating from Vermont to the northern part of 
Illinois, he had been firmly impressed with 
the idea that his life was to be no prolonged 
play-spell, but must be devoted to a continuous 
round of tasks, and in the performance of 
these he became acquainted with all the details 
of transforming a prairie into a cultivated 
farm. After this change of location was made 
he divided his, time between the performance 
of such labor and attendance in the country 
school-room, but the former received by far the 
greater share of his attention. In this way 
were passed the first seven years of his life in 
the West. Then the War of the Rebellion 
commenced, and the sixteen-year-old boy, a 
brawny, muscular, well-developed youth, per- 612 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, 
trate there, Lieutenant Earle’s company was 
directed to reinforce the pickets on the sum- 
mit of Missionary Ridge, and to remain in the 
position to which they were assigned “until 
relieved by proper authority.” Their position 
was greatly exposed, and through the coward- 
ice of a staff officer, who failed to relieve 
them at the proper time, they fell into the 
hands of the Confederates as prisoners of war. 
This was the beginning of an experience for 
the young lieutenant which, bitter as it was, 
did not differ materially from that of thou- 
sands of other inmates of Southern military 
prisons, except in the manner of its termina- 
tion, which constituted one of the most thrill- 
ing and memorable episodes of the Rebellion. 
He was captured on the 22d of September, 
1863, and on the night of the first day of Oc- 
tober he landed at Richmond, Ya., and passed 
inside the gates of Libby Prison, where he 
was ushered into the company of Gen. Neal 
Dow, of Maine, the famous “Chaplain” 
McCabe, fourteen colonels, thirty-five lieuten- 
ant-colonels, thirty-nine majors, more than 
three hundred captains, and about seven hun- 
dred and fifty lieutenants, all, like himself, 
captured Union officers. With these men he 
shared the hardships of a prison life for a 
period of four months and a half, or until the 
9th day of February, 1864, when he made his 
escape at the time of the famous prison deliv- 
ery, planned by Col. Thomas E. Rose, of the 
Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment of 
Volunteer Infantry. Of the days and weeks 
of burrowing under ground, where men worked 
with knives and sticks of wood to complete 
the tunnel through which they were to escape, 
it is unnecessary to speak in this connection. 
It is only required to say that Lieutenant Earle 
and his particular friend, Capt. Charles E. 
Rowan, were let into the secret some time 
after the tunnel was commenced, and when 
the time came to “make the break for liberty,” 
they were ready for action. Crawling into the 
long, dark tunnel, which was just large enough 
for a man to drag himself through, they 
emerged from the opening outside the 
sentry lines, moved away without at- 
tracting the attention of the guards, and 
before midnight on the night of the escape 
found themselves on the Charles City Rail- 
road, one mile beyond the city limits of Rich- 
mond. Of his subsequent experience no more 
interesting or entertaining account can be 
found in the annals of the Civil War than the 
following, which appears in a pamphlet written 
and published by Dr. Earle himself some 
years since: “Our escape through the fortifi- 
cations around Richmond was made without 
any great difficulty. We really crawled on the 
ground a great part of the first night, stop- 
ping every few minutes and scanning every 
bush and tree where, from previous experi- 
ence, we would expect a picket to be posted or a 
scout secreted. The following day was occu- 
pied in maturing our plans for the journey, 
devising schemes to meet emergencies which 
might arise. We also divided the bread and 
meat we had managed to escape with into six 
parts, expecting that our journey would con- 
sume six days, and agreed to eat only a daily 
portion, knowing well that we should need as 
much the sixth as the first day. The second 
night we traveled a little south of east, and 
toward morning, being somewhat in doubt as 
to our whereabouts, we approached a small 
cabin, which we supposed to be occupied by a 
negro. We were correct in our opinion, and 
he gave us some general directions and a small 
piece of cornbread—it was all he had. We 
suffered greatly during the day, when in our 
places of concealment, from the cold. We 
avoided all roads and pushed directly through 
swamps and tall briers, so that by morning our 
clothes would be thoroughly wet and con- 
siderably torn. We would then secret our- 
selves and with our wet clothing clinging to us 
the cold air caused us to suffer severely. “We 
had anticipated great trouble in crossing the 
Chickahominy river, as my companion could 
not swim and I had no desire to engage in that 
pastime in the middle of February. Toward 
the morning of the third night we reached 
what we supposed to be a swamp, and conclud- 
ed to stop on the banks until early light and 
then pass through it. We rested under a tree 
and went to sleep. Imagine our surprise on 
awakening to find ourselves on the Chicka- 
hominy, and also to find within a few feet of 
where we rested a large tree which had been 
blown down and across the narrow, rapid 
stream, making for us a complete bridge. It 
was the work of only a few moments to pass 
the point where we expected to find our great- 
est difficulty. During the fourth night out, 
finding our strength was becoming some- 
what exhausted we planned to approach a 
farm-house and confiscate a chicken, which we 
intended to eat raw. We felt the need of a 
change of diet. The bread and meat we had 
expected to last for six days had disappeared, 
and the water, of which we took large quanti- 
ties, did not seem to strengthen us for our 
severe march at night and the terrible cold of 
the day. We had kept the ‘pop’ bottle which 
we had when we started, and at every little 
stream crossed we would not only drink large 
quantities but fill the bottle, as the water 
seemed to revive us somewhat till the next 
stream was reached. While we were recon- 
noitering the outbuildings of a farm-house for 
the chicken I have mentioned above, we were 
discovered by a negro. He knew at once who 
we were, and said we were, ‘Yankee 
officers ’scaped from prison,’ but he gave 
us such assurance of sympathy and 
help that we trusted him at once. We were 
taken immediately to his cabin and were soon 
before a blazing fire in an old-fashioned fire- 
place. A guard of colored people were posted 
to prevent surprise, and the mother of the 
family began to prepare us something to eat. 
How the ‘pones’ of corn-bread, shaped in the 
old ‘granny’s’ hands and baked in the ashes 
before us, disappeared, and how delicious was 
that meat! I have always thought it was 
stolen expressly for us from the slave-holder’s 
pantry. And the cabbage fried in a skillet! 
No Grand Pacific Hotel bill of fare ever equaled 
that meal. We were thoroughly warmed and 
well fed, and started out with new courage 
and definite directions in regard to our route. 
One of our greatest fears throughout the entire 
journey was from dogs. It seemed as if the 
country was full of them. One of these ani- 
mals would commence to bark a little to our 
left, another over to our right, and then one 
directly in our path, and then they would all 
bark. It is no exaggeration when I say that 
it seemed as if there were a hundred thousand 
dogs on that peninsula. We avoided them by 
deflection from our course many, many times. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
613 
During the fifth day we suffered greatly on ac- 
count of our exposed position for concealment, 
and to add to our discomfort, it commenced to 
snow shortly after noon. About four o’clock, 
unable to remain quiet, we started on our way, 
the snow falling rapidly and thawing quite as 
fast, making it very difficult to travel. We 
were deprived of our only safe and constant 
guide, the North Star, and after proceed- 
ing until nearly dark, we came to 
the exact spot whence we had started 
two hours before. We were exceedingly dis- 
couraged, very tired, cold, wet and hungry. 
Just at this time we saw a one-horse covered 
cart approaching, and supposing its occupant 
one of our colored friends, we halted him, but 
to our dismay found it was a white man. We 
told him we were Confederate scouts and de- 
sired information as to the position of the 
Yankees. A few minutes’ conversation, how- 
ever, convinced us that he was a Union man 
and our friend. He gave us valuable informa- 
tion in regard to roads: where to find a negro 
family who had the means to furnish us some 
food, and also assured us that in all probability 
we would come in contact with some of our 
troops, if we eluded the Rebel scouts during 
the next twenty-four hours. He informed us, 
however, as did the colored man, who at mid- 
night gave us a substantial meal of cornbread, 
pork and rye coffee, that we were on very 
dangerous ground—the scouting ground be- 
tween both armies; a place full of ‘guerrillas’ 
and ‘bushwhackers.’ We traveled very cau- 
tiously and met with an exceedingly vexatious 
delay in crossing a river, concerning which we 
knew nothing, but called by the negroes the 
Diascon. At this time in our journey, the 
sixth night since our escape, and at a time 
when we were almost within our own lines, 
the strength and heroism and capacity to 
direct and decide, which were all virtues of my 
companion, all at once seemed to disappear. 
From the terrible mental and physical exer- 
tion of the week, from exposure to cold and 
suffering from hunger, he became absolutely 
prostrate. He had experience in an attempt 
to escape when in Georgia before he ar- 
rived in Libby, and he had really decided 
most of our movements until now. Not only was 
he prostrate but he was indifferent. I urged 
him forward with all the power of persuasion 
left; but a little before daylight we were obliged 
to stop and rest. At sunrise we concluded to 
travel during the forenoon, as we were confi- 
dent our troops must be near us, and as the 
country was more open and exposed, the facil- 
ities were not so good for concealment during 
the day. In fact it was the last effort we could 
make,andfor the first time we traveled in a road. 
About nine o’clock there suddenly appeared, 
as a curve in the road was attained, a squad of 
cavalry a few hundred yards in our advance. 
We recognized them at once as our own men, 
and knew that we were safe. It is impossible 
to express in appropriate words our feelings at 
that time—indeed, I doubt my ability to do so. 
No words of mine could form a fitting perora- 
tion to that event, commencing at the terrible 
battle of Ohickamauga—a battle, than which 
none could be more bravely fought, in which 
scores of my young friends went down, school- 
mates and neighbors, and ending with an 
escape from military prison, the anxiety and 
solicitude of that picket duty, the thousand- 
mile trip to a Confederate prison, the joys and 
sorrows, the hopes and disappointments, the 
waitings and watchings while incarcerated, and 
the days and nights of peril and sufferings, 
and cold and hunger, the swamps and brier 
thickets, the anticipation of success and the 
despair at the thought of recapture; all this, 
and finally freedom and home and friends— 
what words can express it all? We came 
into our lines a few miles from Williams- 
burgh. Some of the escaped officers reached 
our lines the third day out from Rich- 
mond, and General Butler, who was at 
that time Commandant at Fortress Monroe, 
sent out on alternate days the Eleventh Penn- 
sylvania Cavalry and the First New York 
Rifles to drive back the enemy, and to patrol 
the country with tall guidons to attract the 
notice of the escaping prisoners. The First 
New York Rifles were our deliverers. No one 
can describe the kindness shown to us by this 
body of men. Every attention was showered 
upon us. We were banqueted at Company 
A’s headquarters, and feted at Company B’s, 
and banqueted again at Company C’s, and so 
on. As soon as possible we reported at Wash- 
ington. Every paper was full of the escape 
from Libby. Fifty-five out of one hundred 
and nine reached our lines; the others were 
recaptured. We were ordered to rejoin our 
respective regiments, permission being given 
to delay reporting for thirty days.” Lieuten- 
ant Earle then rejoined his regiment to per- 
form the largest part of his military service as 
commander of a company and Brigade Staff 
Officer. On returning to his command he was 
first promoted to a first lieutenancy, and com- 
menced the Atlanta campaign with his regi- 
ment. Within a few days, however, after the 
battle of Resaca he was ordered to take charge 
of a company whose conduct had never been 
satisfactory to the regimental commander, yet 
whose record steadily and rapidly improved 
under the leadership and strict discipline of its 
new officer. In the series of battles around 
Atlanta he was assigned to duty as Adjutant of 
the Regiment, and during the last eight months 
of the war was detailed as Aid-de-Oamp and 
acting Assistant Inspector-General on the staff 
of General W. C. Whittaker. At the close of 
the war he was breveted captain of United 
States Volunteers for gallant and meritorious 
conduct at the battles of Ohickamauga, Resaca, 
Kenesaw Mountain, Franklin and Nashville. 
He was mustered out of the service in 1865, 
and in the fall of that year entered Beloit Col- 
lege, Wisconsin, for the purpose of completing 
his education and fitting himself for profes- 
sional life. He devoted three years to his col- 
legiate course at that institution, from which 
he received the degree of A. M. in 1868. He 
graduated at the Chicago Medical College in 
1870, as a student of the late Prof. William H. 
Byford, of whose advice and friendship he was 
always the favored recipient. He had been 
engaged in general practice since 1870, paying 
particular attention perhaps to diseases of 
children and obstetrics, subjects which he 
taught most of that time. In 1870, at the or- 
ganization of the Woman’s Medical College, 
Dr. Earle became Professor of Physiology, and 
was probably its youngest member and at 
the bottom of the list in the faculty. At the 
end of twenty-one consecutive years of service, 
on the death of Prof. Byford, he became presi- 
dent of the institution. He was one of the 
founders of the College of Physicians and 614 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Surgeons and Professor of Obstetrics, and after 
the death of Dr. Jackson, was elected to its 
presidency. He was Professor of Operative 
Obstetrics in the Post-Graduate School of Chi- 
cago. Dr. Earle was a member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association and Illinois State 
Medical Society. He was also a member of 
the Pediatric Society; of the different local 
societies, and of the British Medical Society, 
to which he was a delegate in 1885. He has 
occupied the position of president of the Illi- 
nois State Society; of the Chicago Gynecologi- 
cal Society, and was at the time of his death 
president of the Chicago Medical Society. He 
was also a member of the G. A. R. and of the 
Loyal Legion, of the Lincoln and the Irving 
Clubs; the former a political organization, and 
the latter a prominent literary club on the 
West Side. Notwithstanding the enormous de- 
mands of his practice, Dr. Earle has written 
a large number of medical articles on a 
wide range of subjects which have attracted 
the attention of the profession, not only in 
America but in Europe. After a course of 
study in the hospitals of Vienna, Florence, 
and Berlin, in 1885, he wrote a series of essays 
on obstetrics. From his occupancy of the 
chair of Diseases of Children in the Woman’s 
Medical College, Dr. Earle was able to publish 
many papers on pediatrics. Among others is 
one entitled, “Diphtheria and its Municipal 
Control,” after the reading of which before 
the Chicago Medical Society, the following 
resolution was offered and passed with only 
one dissenting vote: “Inasmuch as the con- 
tagiousness of diphtheria is recognized by the 
great majority of medical practitioners, re- 
solved, that the Commissioners of Health will 
be justified in placarding, or otherwise desig- 
nating the houses infected with this disease.” 
He was engaged, before his death, in writing 
articles on typhoid fever and influenza, for the 
forthcoming American Text-Book on Diseases 
of Children. As a teacher he was earnest, 
forcible, and emphatic, and endeavored to im- 
part practical facts and demonstrations for 
daily use at the bedside, rather than theories 
not proven by clinical experience. Dr. Earle 
was Attending Physician to the Washington- 
ian Home for eighteen years, during which 
time he treated more than ten thousand ine- 
briates. In regard to the personal character- 
istics of Dr. Earle, the following appears in 
the World’s Columbian Dictionary, written by 
a brother physician, whose name is not known: 
“Great, honest-hearted, noble man; his bluff 
exterior hides one of the tenderest hearts 
that ever beat. Gentle as a child, perfectly 
honest and disinterested in his practice, he 
could not be hired to do a dishonorable 
thing. He was a man of brains and ability, 
and devoted profound thought to the care 
of his cases. He was held in the highest 
esteem by his colleagues in the general pro- 
fession and in the schools to which he was con- 
nected, and in the Woman’s Medical College 
of his city his work was beyond all praise.” 
Physically and mentally Dr. Earle was regard- 
ed as a vigorous man. The heavy professional 
burdens which pile themselves up on the phys- 
ician who has an extensive city practice ap- 
parently rested easily upon his broad shoul- 
ders, and, notwithstanding the demands made 
upon him by his patrons, he found time to 
contribute to medical and general literature 
some exceedingly interesting discussions of 
practical questions in addition to those pre- 
viously enumerated. Among these mono- 
graphs, which have been published from time 
to time, the following are deserving of especial 
mention: “Electricity in Post Partem Hem- 
orrhage’’ and a series of papers on obstetrical 
subjects, including the “Treatment of Convul- 
sions,” “Puerperal Fever,” “The Watery Dis- 
charges in Pregnant Women,” “Retained 
Debris as a Cause of Puerperal Sepsis,” “The 
Use of the Curette,” and one entitled “How 
Far can the Antiseptic Procedure be Introduced 
into Private Practice?” The major part of 
these papers were written after his return from 
Europe, and were his convictions and conclu- 
sions after observing the low mortality in the 
maternity hospitals of the Old World. In his 
address as retiring President of the Gynecolog- 
ical Society of Chicago he used the expression, 
and repeated it with great emphasis, that in 
his judgment the antiseptic obstetrical proced- 
ure was saving more valuable lives each year 
than were saved in all other departments 
of medicine and surgery. In his arti- 
cles on “Cirrhosis of the Pancreas,” one 
of which was read at the International Med- 
ical Congress at Washington, D. C., in 1887, 
the question was suggested as to his priority 
of description, or whether the disease had 
ever before been described. The matter was 
believed to be of enough importance to cause 
the appointment of a committee of patholo- 
gists, composed of a representative from this 
country, one from Great Britain and one from 
the Continent, to report on the subject at the 
next Congress, which was to be held at Ber- 
lin in 1890. One of his first papers before 
the Chicago Gynecological Society was en- 
titled “Tubercular Meningitis,” and during 
the epidemic of 1876 and 1877 he wrote “Scar- 
letina in Chicago.” Later, appeared “Cepha- 
lematoma of the New-born” and “Summer Dis- 
eases of Children,” published in the Archives 
of Pediatrics, of which he was one of the asso- 
ciate editors. He contributed to the Ninth 
International Medical Congress a paper enti- 
tled “The Influence of Sewage and Water 
Pollution on the Prevalence and Severity of 
Diphtheria,” and to the Chicago Medical Societ 
one on the contagiousness of the same disease. 
A second one on the municipal control of that 
malady has already been referred to. Dr. 
Earle believed that the proper education of the 
people on such topics of public health would 
do much towards reducing the prevalence of 
disease, and consequently diminish very 
largely our mortality rates. During the many 
years that he was connected as Physician to 
the Washingtonian Home—a noted Chicago 
institution for the reformation of drunkards— 
he had as good an opportunity as any man in 
the United States to analyze the vice of drunk- 
enness and reach correct conclusions as to the 
best methods of dealing with those wrecks of 
mankind who constitute a dangerous element 
in every community. Among the articles 
which have appeared from his pen, bearing 
upon these topics, may be noticed particularly 
“Inebriety as a Vice,” “The Opium and Alco- 
holic Habit,” and “The (alleged) Cinchona 
Cure of Intemperance.” In dealing with the 
last named subject he not only explained to 
the public the nature of the drug cinchona and 
demonstrated that it could not destroy the ap- 
petite for intoxicating liquors, but went to the 
trouble of gathering a mass of statistics to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
615 
show what its effects had been in cases where 
it had actually been administered. As Presi- 
dent of the Illinois State Mescal Society he 
delivered an address in 1889 on “The Respon- 
sibilities and Duties of the Medical Profession 
Regarding Alcoholic and Opium Inebriety,” 
which contained more practical suggestions 
for suppressing the vice of intemperance than 
are to be found in all the “resolves” of the 
temperance reform organizations given to the 
public within the past ten years. In this ad- 
dress he boldly combatted the theory that any 
man had the right to plead an uncontrollable 
hereditary appetite for drink, and declared that 
what the medical profession should do to bring 
about desired reforms was to exercise greater 
care in prescribing alcoholic and opium prep- 
arations ; to aid in the proper education of the 
young; to work among those who honestly de- 
sire a reformation, and are willing to accept 
the means which will produce it, and to use 
their influence to legislate for that uncon- 
trollable, incorrigible class who are a burden to 
the community. Of this latter class, and the 
means which should be used to bring about 
their reformation, he said: “They have never 
learned to obey; they are undisciplined, and 
generally lack all feeling of responsibility. 
They are the men who beat their wives and 
starve their children; the men who steal the 
hard earned money from their wives’ purse, 
and the knives and napkins from their tables 
to buy alcohol or opium; and when perfectly 
sober or free from the drug, if you expostulate 
with them, they will laugh and assure you that 
they know their own business. The State 
should assume the guardianship of this class, 
and should put them in an institution, whose 
management should be remarkable for its kind 
administration of affairs and for discipline 
most rigid. This institution should be situated 
on a farm, and men of this class sent there for 
not less than two years. From ten to twelve 
hours’ work every day during this commit- 
ment, combined with judicious and strict dis- 
cipline, with the assurance that the State 
would again assume charge of them if they re- 
turned to their former habits, would produce 
an effect on these men which would result in the 
reformation of nearly all. Let them learn that 
it is some one’s business if they become abso- 
lutely indifferent to all the responsibilities of 
life. The medical profession should be alive 
in bringing about such sentiments, and by 
precept and practice, enable them to become 
laws. Let us be in a position to educate the 
young and those of maturer years, so that the 
second class shall not form the habit. The 
third class we are always ready to assist, and 
regarding the fourth class, those uncontrolla- 
ble, incorrigible, undisciplined men and wo- 
men, let us, in the language of Dr. Bucknell, 
bring about a sentiment that these men are 
not to be ‘coddled’ in luxurious indolence, nor 
impressed with the pernicious idea that they 
are interesting but helpless objects of social 
and psychological science.” Not long after 
proposing this eminently practical plan of 
dealing with incorrigible drunkards Dr. Earle 
severed his connection with the Washington- 
ian Home to establish a somewhat similar in- 
stitution, designed for the cure of a particular 
class of victims of the drink and opium habits. 
Dr. Earle was married in 1871 to Miss Fannie 
Bundy, a sister of Major Bundy, of the New 
York Mail and Express. His good-fellowship 
made him an agreeable companion every- 
where. In person, he was impressive and de- 
servedly popular. lie loved his country and 
profession, his brother practitioners and his 
patients. In every avocation of his life its 
duties were efficiently and nobly performed, 
and the world was better because he had lived 
in it. His death, which occurred from cerebro- 
spinal meningitis, after one month’s illness, 
leaves a vacancy in Chicago medical circles 
that will be difficult to fill. His funeral took 
place November 22, 1893, and was attended by 
many friends as well as representatives of the 
medical colleges and societies of his city. 
EATON, Frank 8., of Portland, Oregon, 
was graduated M. D. at Cooper Medical Col- 
lege, San Francisco, California, in 1875. He is 
now Professor of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, 
Nose, and Throat in the Medical Department 
of the University of the State of Oregon, 
Ophthalmic and Nasal Surgeon to St. Vincent 
and Good Samaritan Hospitals, Portland, and 
Oculist to the Union Pacific Railroad. 
EDSALL, Frank H., of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- 
vania, was educated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and 
received the degree of M. D. from that insti- 
tution in 1885. He is now Ophthalmic Sur- 
geon to St. Francis Hospital and Pittsburgh 
Free Dispensary; Consulting Ophthalmic Sur- 
geon to Rosalie Foundling and Maternal Hos- 
pital; Expert Examiner of the Eye and Ear 
for the United States Pension Bureau; member 
of the American Medical Association and Al- 
legheny County Medical Society. 
EDSOX, Cyrus, of New York City, was grad- 
eated M. D. at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, in 1881. He is now San- 
itary Superintendent of the Health Depart- 
ment of New York City; Surgeon and Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel of the National Guards of the 
State of New York; President of the Board of 
Pharmacy of the city and county of New 
York, and member of the New York County 
Medical Society. 
EDWARDS, Landon Brame, of Richmond, 
Virginia, was born September 20, 1815, in 
Prince Edward county, Virginia, his father 
being the Rev. John E. Edwards, D. D., of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church South. His pri- 
mary education was received at the Lynch- 
burg Military College, and. at the Randolph- 
Macon College, Virginia. In 1863 he enlisted 
in the artillery corps of the Confederate Army, 
where he served until the close of the war. 
He attended courses of medical instruction at 
the Medical College of Virginia and the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, and received his degree of 
M. D. at the University of the City of New 
York in 1867. During the same year he served 
as House Physician to the Charity Hospital, 
Blackwell’s Island, and then as Assistant 
Physician to the Hospital for Nervous Diseases, 
under the management of Dr. M. Gonzales 
Echeverria at Lake Mahopac, New York. In 
the spring of 1868 he removed to Lynchburg, 
Virginia. At the organization of the Medical 
Society of Virginia in 1870 he was elected Re- 
cording Secretary. In 1872 he was appointed 
a member of the State Board of Health. Later 
in the same year he removed to Richmond, 
Virginia, where he has since remained. In 
1873 he was elected Corresponding Member of 
the Gynecological Society of Boston, and at 
the session of the Medical Society of Virginia, 
held the same year, he was elected its treas- 616 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
urer. In April, 1874, he established the Vir- 
ginia Medical Monthly, of which he still contin- 
ues editor and proprietor. About the same 
time he was elected Lecturer on Anatomy in 
the Medical College of Virginia, and in the 
spring of 1875 he was elected Lecturer on 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the same 
institution, but resigned both positions in the 
spring of 1876. Dr. Edwards is ex-President 
of the Richmond Medical and Surgical Society 
andex-Surgeon of the First Regiment of Virginia 
Volunteers. He is an active member of the 
American Medical Association and of numer- 
ous other medical organizations. On January 
17, 1871, he was married to Miss Nannie 
Rucker, daughter of George M. Rucker, of 
Lynchburg, in his native State. 
ELURIBGE, John W.. of Chicago, Illinois, 
was born in Hamilton, New York, October 2, 
1808, and died January 1, 1884. He was grad- 
uated in medicine from the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons at Fairfield, in Western Dis- 
trict of New York, and commenced practice 
in Pittsfield, Pennsylvania, where he remained 
until he went to Chicago in 1834. He was 
possessed of an active intellect, a strong will, 
persevering industry and a roughness of man- 
ner and speech that quickly attracted the at- 
tention of the masses, and he soon acquired 
an active general practice and retained it for a 
quarter of a century or more. While he 
wielded considerable professional influence, it 
was entirely due to his personal efforts and 
characteristics. His methods of practice and 
administration of medicine were of the most 
prompt and decided character. He had a 
favorite prescription for an active cathartic 
that became generally known as Dr. Eldridge’s 
“thunder and lightning pills.” He ceased 
actual practice in 1868, but continued his resi- 
dence in Chicago until his death. 
ELLIOTT, John 8., of New Orleans, Lou- 
isiana, was graduated M. D. at the Medical 
College of the State of South Carolina in 1867. 
He is now Professor of Theory and Practice of 
Medicine in Tulane University and Visiting 
Physician to Charity Hospital, New Orleans. 
Dr. Elliott is president of the Louisiana State 
Medical Association and a member of the Or- 
leans Parish Medical Society. 
ELLIS, G. Manning, of Chattanooga, Ten- 
nessee, was graduated M. D. at the Medical 
Department of Dalhousie University, Nova 
Scotia, in 1884, and received an ad eundem de- 
gree from the University of Tennessee, Nash- 
ville, in 1887. He is now Lecturer on Physical 
Diagnosis and Sanitary Science in Chatta- 
nooga Medical College. Dr. Ellis is an active 
member of the Chattanooga Medical Society; 
and the Tri-State Medical Association of Ala- 
bama, Georgia and Tennessee. 
ELLIS, William H., of Barron, Wisconsin, 
was graduated M. D. at Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, in 1880. He is secretary of the Board 
of United States Examining Surgeons for the 
Pension Bureau, County Physician, Medical 
Examiner and Adviser for several of the lead- 
ing life insurance companies of this country; 
member of the American Medical Association, 
and of numerous other medical societies. 
ELSNER, John R., of Denver, Colorado, was 
graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, New York, in 1866. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
and Clinical Medicine in the Gross Medical 
College, Denver. Dr. Eisner is an active mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
American Health Association, American Mi- 
croscopical Association, Rocky Mountain Med- 
ical Association, and the International Med- 
ical Congress. He is also honorary member 
of the California State Medical Society; mem- 
ber of the Colorado State Medical Society; 
Denver Medical Association; Arapahoe County 
Medical Society, and of the Bellevue Alumni 
Association. 
EMERSON, Justin E., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was educated at Williams College, from which 
institution he received the degree of A. B in 
1865. His medical degree was obtained at 
Harvard University Medical School, Boston, 
in 1868. Dr. Emerson is Neurologist to Har- 
per Hospital and to the Children’s Free Hos- 
pital, Attending Physician to St. Joseph’s Re- 
treat, and Medical Examiner for the Commer- 
cial Travelers’ Mutual Accident Association. 
He is president of the American Academy of 
Medicine, member of the American Medical 
Association, Detroit Academy of Medicine, 
Michigan State Medical Society, and numer- 
ous other medical organizations. 
EMMONS, Francis Asbury, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, was born in Bristol, that State, August 
14, 1839. His father was a thrifty or prosper- 
ous farmer, and a much esteemed citizen. His 
biographer, in a recent number of the Maga- 
zine of Western History, writes as follows: 
There are few families more distinctively 
American than the one to which the subject of 
this sketch belongs. Not only is it more than 
two hundred and twenty-five years since the 
family tree was planted in American soil, but 
in the wars which established the Inde- 
pendence of the United States, as well as that 
waged in defense of the Union from 1861 to 
1865, they have taken no unimportant part. 
Issac Emmons, the great grandfather of Dr. 
Emmons, who lived the latter years of his life 
at Long Branch, New Jersey, was a soldier in 
the Revolution; his grandfather, Francis Em- 
mons, served in the War of 1812, and in our 
last great struggle—the War of the Rebellion— 
their descendants were among those who es- 
tablished, by force of arms, the fact that the 
union of the States is indissoluble. His 
mother, Lydia Ann Morris, was a descenantd 
of the distinguished family, of which Lewis 
Morris, the first Governor of the Province of 
New Jersey, his grandson, Lewis Morris, a 
signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
and Gouverneur Morris, the eminent states- 
man, diplomat and financier, were illustrious 
members. Dr. Emmons, the third son of nine 
children, grew up among the “natives,” of 
what was then the. “Far West,” and his ad- 
vantages in early life, like those of all children 
of the pioneers, were somewhat limited. He 
attended the country schools until he was 
seventeen years of age, when he went 
to Aurora Academy, looked upon in those 
days as one of the leading educational in- 
stitutions of that part of the State. After 
spending some time at the academy he 
commenced reading medicine under the 
preceptorship of Dr. Robert Hopkins, of his 
native town. In 1859 he attended his first 
course of lectures at Rush Medical College, 
then under the management of the noted sur- 
geon, Dr. Daniel Brainard. After attending 
three full sessions he was graduated from that 
institution in 1863 and at once entered the 
government military service as an assistant EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
617 
surgeon. He was assigned duty at Camp 
Douglas, which had been built up in the open 
prairie near Chicago in the summer of 1861, 
and turned over to the general government by 
Governor Yates, of Illinois. It was named 
after Stephen A. Douglas, and is pointed out 
to visitors nowadays as one of the historically 
interesting places about the city, although the 
site of the camp is covered with tine buildings, 
and its outlines can only be traced by those 
familiar with its history. Immediately after 
the capture of Fort Donelson, in 1862, Colonel 
Tucker, who was in command at Camp 
Douglas, was ordered to prepare for the recep- 
tion of Confederate prisoners, and a few days 
later between eight and nine thousand of the 
captured rebels arrived at the camp to be taken 
care of and carefully guarded. From that 
time to the close of the war, in 1865, the camp 
was not only a station for recruiting, drilling 
and equipping Union soldiers, but a military 
prison, in which more than thirty thousand 
prisoners in all were confined at one time and 
another. About the time Dr. Emmons entered 
the service, small-pox broke out among the 
prisoners, and he was designated to take charge 
of the small-pox hospital, where he rendered 
efficient service in keeping the dreaded disease 
under control, and improving the sanitary con- 
dition of the camp, visiting sometimes as many 
as three hundred cases of the disease daily. 
In the important position of surgeon-in-charge 
of the prison hospitals, he was brought into 
close contact with a large proportion of the 
imprisoned Southerners, and was noted for 
treating them with the greatest consideration, 
consistent with strict military and prison dis- 
cipline. Intensely loyal, as antecedents, early 
education and training could make him, his 
sympathetic nature nevertheless attracted to 
him those whom the fortunes of war had trans- 
ferred from Southern battle-fields to Northern 
prisons, and many were the pathetic, and in 
some instances, romantic stories, which were 
poured into his ears as a sort of father confes- 
sor. One of the secrets which came to him in 
this way, was that of a modern Damon, who 
found himself immured within prison walls, 
was the result of unbounded confidence in a 
friend, whom he sought to oblige. A delicate, 
girlish-looking youth, who made his appear- 
ance in the hospital one morning, attracted the 
doctor’s attention,and inquiry as to how he hap- 
pened to be in the Confederate military service 
at so tender an age, brought out the statement 
that he had never been regularly enlisted in 
the rebel army, but was the victim of an un- 
fortunate combination of circumstances. His 
home was at Strawberry Plains, in Eastern 
Tennessee, and when a regiment of Confeder- 
ate troops were quartered near that place, he 
had consented one night to don the uniform 
and answer to the name of a regularly enlisted 
soldier, who desired to visit his friends, or 
perhaps a sweetheart, who lived some miles 
distant. Before he returned, or perhaps 
before he had time to return, an engage- 
ment took place between the Federal and 
Confederate troops, and when it ended the 
Confederates found themselves prisoners of 
war. The youth who had stepped into his 
friend’s shoes just in time to be captured, 
answered to his assumed name as a prisoner 
and remained at Camp Douglas until he was 
returned to the South through an exchange of 
prisoners. Dr. Emmons remained on duty at 
Camp Douglas eighteen months, during the 
most exciting and dangerous period in the his- 
tory of Chicago. There were then ten or 
twelve thousand prisoners in camp, including 
the prisoners of Morgan’s command, who 
were considered the flower of southern chiv- 
alry ; and it was during this time that the plot 
was matured by southern sympathizers to lib- 
erate these prisoners, and turn them loose fully 
armed, to be aided by a horde of ruffians gath- 
ered for the purpose from all parts of the 
country, in the work of pillaging and destroy- 
ing the city; a plot which was thwarted and 
crushed through the masterly activity, cool- 
ness and judgment of General B. J. Sweet. 
In the winter of 1864-65, after he had com- 
pleted the work of rebuilding the hospital at 
Camp Douglas, Dr. Emmons was commissioned 
as Surgeon of the 147th Illinois Volunteer In- 
fantry Regiment and ordered south. He 
served with the regiment but a short time, 
when he was detailed to act as Medical Di- 
rector on the staff of General H. M. Judah, 
then at Dalton, Georgia. He remained in 
Georgia all the following summer, having 
charge as Medical Director of a district cover- 
ing a large area of territory, and being one of 
the youngest officers in this branch of the 
service holding so responsible a position. In 
September of 1865 he was mustered out of serv- 
ice with the rank of Major, and soon after 
that returned to Chicago. Up to that time he 
had never engaged in the general practice of 
medicine, or rather, had but little to 
do with civil practice, as he had gone 
direct from college into the military 
service. His experience as a hospital phy- 
sician and surgeon had, however, been more 
valuable to him than many years of experience 
in any other field of labor, and when he re- 
turned to Chicago he was fully prepared to en- 
ter into an active practice which has kept pace 
with the growth of the city, and given him a 
comfortable fortune as the financial result of 
his professional labors. He is a member of 
the Chicago Medical Society and of the Illinois 
State Medical Society, and secretary of the 
Rush College Alumni Association. He has 
been for over twenty years the physician in 
charge of the “Old People’s Home”—one of 
Chicago’s prominent charitable institutions— 
and for several years he was County Physician 
of Cook county. While he has devoted him- 
self carefully and conscientiously to the prac- 
tice of his profession, he has at the same time 
taken a lively interest in politics, and has filled 
several important offices, to which he was 
elected by the Republican party, with which 
he has always been in hearty sympathy. In 
1871, when the destruction of the city by fire 
heaped heavy responsibilities upon nearly all 
the city and county officers, he was a member 
of the County Board of Supervisors and chair- 
man of the Hospital Committee of the Board. 
In this position he was one of the men who 
labored most assiduously to bring order out of 
chaos, and systematize the work of caring for 
the suffering and destitute victims of the fire 
fiend. He also contributed material assistance 
to the rebuilding of Rush Medical College, 
which, through his influence, was furnished 
temporary quarters in the hospital building and 
enabled to continue the course of lectures 
which had been so suddenly and unexpectedly 
interrupted by the fire. To educational mat- . 
ters he has given his full share of attention, 618 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
having filled at one time the chair of Physiol- 
ogy in the Chicago University and served as a 
member and president of the County Board 
having in charge the important school interests 
of Cook county. For sixteen years prior to 
the change of National Administration in 1885, 
he was a member of the Board of Examining 
Surgeons for the United States Pension Bureau 
in Chicago, and he held other offices of minor 
importance. In 1876 Dr. Emmons was married 
to Miss Georgiana, daughter of R. Lancaster, 
a retired lumber merchant and real estate 
owner of Chicago, who was one of the pioneer 
residents of the city. His accomplished wife 
and three interesting children—one son and 
two daughters—complete the family circle. 
ENGEL, Hugo, of Philadelphia, Pennsylva- 
nia, was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1874. He is 
now Consulting Physician for Nervous Dis- 
eases to the St. Joseph’s Hospital. He was 
formerly Lecturer in the Jefferson Medical 
College, and has become Professor of Nervous 
Diseases and Clinical Medicine in the Medico- 
Chirurgical College, Philadelphia. Dr. Engel 
is a Fellow of the American Academy of Med- 
icine, and an active member of numerous other 
medical organizations. 
ERSKINE, Alexander, of Memphis, Tennes- 
see, was graduated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of the City of New York in 1858. He is 
now Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Children in the Memphis Hospital Medical 
College. Dr. Erskine is a member of the Mem- 
phis Medical Society, and of the Tri-State 
Medical Society of Alabama, Georgia and 
Tennessee 
ESKRIDGE, J. T., of Denver, Colorado, was 
graduated M. D. at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, in 1875. He is now Profes- 
sor of Nervous and Mental Diseases and Med- 
ical Jurisprudence in the University of Colo- 
rado, and is Dean of the Faculty. Dr. Esk- 
ridge was formerly Post-Graduate Instructor of 
Nervous Diseases in Jefferson Medical College. 
He is a member of the American Neurological 
Association; Philadelphia Neurological Asso- 
ciation; New York Medico-Legal Society, and 
is ex-President of the Colorado State Medical 
Society, 
has devoted considerable attention to gyne- 
cological surgery, having successfully per- 
formed most of the operations in this depart- 
ment of the profession in accordance with the 
methods of Nathan Bozeman and J. Marion 
Sims. He has also had a large consultation 
practice. Throughout Putnam county, in which 
he lived, and in adjoining counties, his advice 
was often required not only as a surgeon, but as 
a skillful physician. During the time he en- 
gaged in medical practice he has been the pre- 
ceptor of more than thirty medical students, 
all now graduated, and each doing well in their 
chosen profession. He has been Local Sur- 
geon of all the railroads which pass through 
his city, and Medical Examiner and Adviser for 
many of the leading life and accident insurance 
companies in this country. He is ex-president 
of Putnam County Medical Society, and is a 
member of the Indiana State Medical Society, 
American Medical Association, and the Na- 
tional Association of Railway Surgery. Dr. 
Evans has always possessed a sound constitu- 
tion and good health, and hence performed an 
immense amount of mental and physical 
labor. His industrious, persevering and en- 
ergetic habits, his genial disposition, his laud- 
able ambition to excel in his professional pur- 
suits, as well as his almost intuitive knowledge 
of human nature and most excellent business 
capacity, are personal characteristics and 
factors which have not only contributed to his 
phenomenal success in the practice of medi- 
cine, but which have enabled him to accumu- 
late sufficient wrealth, while still comparatively 
a young man, to justify his retirement from the 
active duties of his profession. 
FEARN, Herbert, of Brooklyn, New York, 
was born in England in 1834, and died June 
25, 1892. He was brought to this country while 
a child. His medical education was obtained 
in New York City at the New York Medical 
College, with which Carnochan Peasly and 
Fordyce Barker were identified, graduating 
there in 1857. He was a member of numerous 
societies, accepting official responsibilities in 
a few of them. He read before the Kings 
County Medical Society, in 1871, a paper on 
the use of veratrum viride in large doses as a 
substitute for blood-letting in puerperal con- 
vulsions, which was probably an original 
proposition with him. Many physicians sub- 
sequently reported favorable results, and Dr. 
Fearn was led to believe that not a few lives 
of mothers, and infants as well, had been 
saved by an heroic dosage of veratrum. He 
was an earnest, thoughtful and considerate 
physician, and was constantly employed in the 
welfare of humanity. 
FELL, George E., of Buffalo, New York, was 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Buffalo in 1882, and received an ad eundem de- 
gree from Niagara University in 1886. He is 
now Professor of Physiology and Microscopy 
in the latter institution ; Physician to the Hos- 
pital of the Sisters of Charity; ex-president 
of the American Microscopical Society; mem- 
ber of the New York State Medical Associa- 
tion, American Medical Association, Erie 
County Medical Society, Buffalo Medical and 
Surgical Association, Buffalo Obstetrical Medi- 
cal Union Club, and is also a Fellow of the 
Royal Medical Society of England. 
FERGFSON, James F., of New York City, 
wras graduated M. D. at the University of the 
City of New York in 1861, and at the Bellevue 
EVANS, Ezra Bert, of Greencastle, Indiana, 
was born near Atkinsonville, Owen county, 
Indiana, August 5, 1846. He is of English 
descent, and the son of Samuel Parker Evans, 
an industrious and thrifty farmer, who was a 
soldier in the Union army during the War of 
the Rebellion. The early life of the subject 
of this sketch was passed on his father’s farm 
and in attending common schools and Asbury 
University. .He commenced the study of med- 
icine in 1868 at Greencastle, under the precep- 
torship of the late Dr. John Wilcox, one of 
the most accomplished physicians and surgeons 
of western Indiana. He then entered the 
University of Virginia, and received his med- 
ical degree from that institution in 1871. Soon 
after graduating he established himself in the 
city of his present residence and engaged in an 
active and extensive practice of general medi- 
cine and surgery, which for a number of years ri- 
valed that of his distinguished preceptor. In 
1873 he was married to Miss Mary A. Goulding. 
Dr. Evans has performed most all the capital 
operations of general surgery, as amputation 
of limbs, trephining the skull, ligating the 
subclavian, and other important arteries, and EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
619 
Hospital Medical College in 1862. He is now 
Visiting Surgeon to Charity Hospital and to 
the Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Blackwell’s 
Island, and Medical Superintendent of Fal- 
kirk, Central Valley, New York. Dr. Fergu- 
son is an active member of the New York 
County Medical Society, New York Neurolog- 
ical Society, and of several other noted medi- 
cal organizations of New York City. 
FINLAYSON, Daniel W., of Des Moines, 
lowa, was graduated M. D. at the University 
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1875, and his med- 
ical education was supplemented by attending 
the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New 
York City, from which institution he received 
an ad eundem degree in 1880. Dr. Finlayson is 
now Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Sur- 
gery in the lowa College of Physicians and 
Surgeons. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, lowa State Medical Soci- 
ety, and the Polk County Medical Society of 
his State. 
FISK, Samuel A., of Denver, Colorado, was 
graduated M. D. at Harvard University Med- 
ical School, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1880. 
He is now Professor of the Practice of Medi- 
cine in the Medical Department of the Univer- 
sity of Denver, and Secretary and Treasurer 
of the Faculty. He is also Visiting Physician 
to Arapahoe County Hospital; St. Luke’s Hos- 
pital and Deaconess Home and Hospital, Den- 
ver. Dr. Fisk is ex-President of the Colorado 
State Medical Society; member of the Asso- 
ciation of American Physicians; American 
Academy of Medicine, and American Climato- 
logical Association. 
FITZPATRICK, Thomas V., of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, was graduated at the Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and Surgery in 1875, and his 
medical education was supplemented by at- 
tendance of special courses at the Post Gradu- 
ate Medical School and Hospital, New York 
City, in 1888. He is now Professor of Laryn- 
gology and Otology in the Cincinnati Col- 
lege of Medicine and Surgery, and holds the 
same chair in the Woman’s Medical College of 
Cincinnati. 
FLAGG, John D., of Buffalo, New York, was 
graduated M. D. at the McGill University, 
Montreal, Canada, in 1887, and became a Li- 
centiate of the Royal College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, Edinburgh, Scotland, during 
the same year. He is now Professor of Prac- 
tical and Surgical Anatomy in Niagara Univer- 
sity and Surgeon to the Buffalo Medical and 
Surgical Dispensary. Dr. Flagg is an active 
member of the Erie County Medical Society; 
Buffalo Medical and Surgical Association; 
also of the Buffalo Obstetrical and Clinical So- 
cieties • 
FOLSOM, Charles Follen, of Boston, Massa- 
chusetts, was born at Haverhill, that State, 
April 3, 1842. He is of English descent and 
his ancestry were among the first settlers of 
New England. The subject of this sketch re- 
ceived an academical education, entered Har- 
vard University, graduating from the colle- 
giate department in 1862, and from the medi- 
cal school in 1870, having meanwhile pursued 
his professional studies. He established him- 
self in Boston, where he has since remained 
engaged in an extensive and successful practice 
of general medicine, and where he has been 
Visiting Physician to the Massachusetts In- 
fant Asylum, Carney Hospital and Boston Dis- 
pensary, and later, First Assistant Physician 
to the McLean Insane Asylum, at Somerville. 
He is a member of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society; of the Health Department of the So- 
cial Science Association, and of the Boston 
Societies for Medical Observation, Medical 
Improvement and of the Medical Sciences. 
As an author, his writings have been confined 
to health reports and to contributions to medi- 
cal journals; among his notable papers fur- 
nished to the latter may be mentioned: “Lim- 
ited Pesponsibility;” “General Paralysis;” 
“Insanity in England and America;” “Letters 
from Europe,” in the Boston Medical and Sur- 
gical Journal. He spent the year 1873-74 and 
the summer of 1875 studying in Europe. Dr. 
Folsom has devoted special attention to public 
hygiene, and has served as secretary of the 
Massachusetts State Board of Health. 
FOSTER, Addison H., of Chicago, Illinois, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1866. He is now Physician to the 
Washingtonian Home and the Chicago Hospital 
for Women and Children. Dr. Foster is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
American Academy of Medicine, Illinois State 
Medical Society, and the Chicago Medical, 
Pathological and Gynecological Societies. 
FOSTER, Frank P., of New York City, was 
born at Concord, New Hampshire, November 
26, 1841. Receiving his preliminary education 
at the Concord High School, he attended med- 
ical lectures at Harvard University, and at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York, graduating from the latter in 1862. Af- 
ter a hospital course of two years, he estab- 
lished himself in general practice in New 
York, where he has since remained. His in- 
troduction into New York, in 1870, of animal 
vaccination gave him a prominent position in 
his profession, and to him is largely due the 
general adoption of this highly efficacious 
method. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, member of 
the New York County Medical Society, 
member of the Medical Journal Asso- 
ciation, of which he has been Librarian, 
and member of the New York Dermato- 
logical Society, of which he has been 
Secretary, and also President. From 1862 
to 1864 he served on the Surgical Division 
of the House Staff of the New York Hospital. 
He was an Acting Assistant Surgeon United 
States Army in 1865. He married October 
18, 1869, Georgiana, daughter of Elias Mol- 
leson, of New York. He has furnished occa- 
sional contributions to medical periodicals, his 
more important papers being: “Herpes Con- 
tagiosus Varioliformus;” “On the Management 
of the Prolapsed Arm in Transverse Presenta- 
tions;” “Treatment of Stumps After Amputa- 
tion,” and a series of articles upon vaccination. 
But Dr. Foster is perhaps more widely known 
as the able editor of the New York Medical 
Journal. For several years he has been engaged, 
with the collaboration of other distinguished 
medical men, in the preparation of an “Illus- 
trated Encyclopedic Medical Dictionary,” 
which is to consist of four large volumes, 
three of which are now (1893) completed and 
published by D. Appleton & Co., of New York. 
This work is a Dictionary of the technical 
terms used by writers on medicine and the 
collateral sciences in the Latin, English, 620 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
French and German languages. The distinctive 
features of this publication are as follows: It 
is founded on independent reading, and is not 
a mere compilation from other medical dic- 
tionaries, consequently its definitions are more 
accurate. Other medical dictionaries have, it 
is true, been consulted constantly in its prepa- 
ration, hut what has been found in them has 
not been accepted unless scrutiny showed it to 
be correct. It states the sources of its infor- 
mation, thus enabling the critical reader to 
provide himself with evidence by which to 
judge of its accuracy, and also in many in- 
stances guiding him in any further study of 
the subject that he may wish to make. It is 
the only work of the kind printed in the En- 
glish language in which pictorial illustrations 
are used. It tells, in regard to every word, 
what part of speech it is, and does not define 
nouns as though they were adjectives, and 
vice versa; and it does not give French adject- 
ives as the “analogues” of English or Latin 
nouns. It contains more English and Latin 
major headings than any other medical dic- 
tionary printed in English or Latin, more 
French ones than any printed in French, and 
more German ones than any printed in Ger- 
man, all arranged in a continuous vocabulary. 
The sub-headings are usually arranged under 
the fundamental word, making it much more 
encyclopedic in character than if the common 
custom had been followed. 
FOSTER, William S., of Pittsburgh, Penn- 
sylvania, was graduated at the Jefferson Medi- 
cal College, Philadelphia, in 1866. He is now 
Chief Examining Physician at Pittsburgh for 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and member 
of the Surgical Staff of Allegheny City Hos- 
pital. Dr. Foster is an active member of the 
American Medical Association; American Rail- 
way Surgeons’ Association; Pennsylvania State 
and the Allegheny County Medical Societies. 
FORD, William Henry, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, of Anglo-German ancestry, was 
born in that city, October 7, 1839. His literary 
and classical education was obtained at Law- 
renceville High School, and at Princeton Col- 
lege, New Jersey, graduating at the former in 
1857, and at the latter in 1860. In 1862 he was 
appointed Acting Medical Cadet, United 
States Army, stationed at the Wood Street 
United States Army General Hospital, Phila- 
delphia; also, in the same year, was detailed 
as medical officer on board the hospital steamer 
Whilldin, in the Pamunky River, and, contin- 
uing in the service, wras again stationed at 
AVood Street Hospital till the spring of 1863. 
In the summer of 1863 he was appointed As- 
sistant Surgeon of the Forty-fourth Regiment 
Pennsylvania Volunteers, and soon after Sur- 
geon, and continued with the regiment till the 
retreat of Lee after the battle of Gettysburg, 
when he was mustered out of the service. He 
pursued his medical studies at the Jefferson 
Medical College, taking his degree of M. D. at 
that institution in 1863. In 1865 he visited 
Europe, where he remained nearly three years 
engaged in the study of languages, following 
special medical studies at the universities, and 
attending the hospitals of Bonn, Berlin, 
Heidelberg, Vienna, Paris and London. He 
returned to Philadelphia in 1868, when he im- 
mediately commenced private practice. In 
1869 he was elected a member of the Patho- 
logical Society of Philadelphia; in 1870 a mem- 
ber of the College of Physicians; in 1872 a 
member of the Philadelphia Obstetrical So- 
ciety, and in 1874 a member of the American 
Public Health Association. He is the author 
of a thesis on “Gunshot Wounds of the Chest,” 
suggested by experience in military hospital 
wards, and illustrated by cases treated; also 
editor of the reports of the Board of Health 
of Philadelphia; compiler of annual vital 
statistics of Philadelphia from 1872 until 1875; 
author of “Statistics of Births, Marriages and 
Deaths in the City of Philadelphia,” 1874. He 
also acted as one of the associate editors of the 
Philadelphia Medical Times in 1870 and 1871. 
In 1863 he was elected Resident Physician to 
Philadelphia Hospital, and was re-elected in 
1864; from 1869 until 1871 he was Assistant 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Philadelphia 
School of Anatomy; member of the Centen- 
nial Medical Commission of Philadelphia, and 
chairman of its committee on sanitary science, 
in 1876, and delegate to the International 
Medical Congress assembled in Philadelphia 
the same year., In 1871 he was appointed a 
member of the Board of Health of the city of 
Philadelphia, and has since been twice reap- 
Eointed, and has served as secretary of the 
oard. In this position he devoted much time 
and labor on behalf of measures which bad for 
their object the improvement of the sanitary 
condition of his city, and also labored earnestly 
to extend the scope and improve the character 
of the annual publications of the board, espe- 
cially in regard to the subject of vital statis- 
tics. In 1876 he was elected Physician to the 
Foster Home. 
FORDYCE, John A., of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the Chicago Medical Col- 
lege in 1881, and at the Frederick Wilhelm 
University, Berlin, Germany, in 1888. He is 
now Lecturer on Dermatology in the New 
York Polyclinic and Attending Surgeon for 
Skin and Genito-Urinary Diseases to Bellevue 
Hospital out-door patients. Dr. Fordyce is an 
active member of the American Association of 
Genito-Urinary Surgeons, American Derma- 
tological Association, New York Dermatolog- 
ical Society, and a Fellow of the New York 
Academy of Medicine. 
FOWLER, George Ryerson, of Brooklyn, 
New York, was graduated M. D. at the Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College in 1871. He is 
now Surgeon to St. Mary’s and the Methodist 
Episcopal Hospitals, Consulting Surgeon to the 
Relief and the Norwegian Hospitals, member 
of the American Surgical Association, New 
York Surgical Society, Brooklyn Surgical Soci- 
ety, American Medical Association, and a 
Fellow of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine. Dr. Fowler is also Examiner in Surgery 
for the State Medical Examining Board. 
FOX, George Henry, of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1869. He is now Professor of Diseases 
of the Skin in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, and in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 
Dr. Fox is Attending Physician to the New 
York Skin and Cancer Hospital; Consulting 
Dermatologist to Randall’s Island Hospital; 
Consulting Physician to Woman’s Hospital, 
Brooklyn, and author of “Photographic Illus- 
trations of Skin Diseases and Cutaneous Syph- 
ilis.” He is an active member of the Ameri- 
can Dermatological Association, New York 
State Medical Society, New York County 
Medical Society, New York Dermatological EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
621 
Society, as well as of several other leading 
medical organizations in New York City. 
FRANKHACSER, Fremont VV., of Read- 
ing, Pennsylvania, was graduated M. D. at the 
Jefferson Medical College in 1880, and received 
an ad eundem degree from the Medico- 
Chirurgical College, Philadelphia, in 1888. He 
is now Pathologist to the Reading Hospital, 
and Expert Oculist for the United States Pen- 
sion Bureau. Dr. Frankhauser is an active 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, 
Medical Society of the County of Berks, and 
of the Reading Medical Association. He de- 
votes special attention to diseases of the eye 
and ear. 
FRENCH, George Franklin, of Minneapolis, 
Minnesota, was educated at Harvard, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
A. B. in 1859, and that of M. D. in 1862. He 
was Surgeon of United States Volunteers dur- 
ing the War of the Rebellion, and was for- 
merly Assistant Surgeon United States Army. 
He is now Instructor of the Practice of Med- 
icine in Portland School of Medical Instruc- 
tion, Professor of Obstetrics in the Minnesota 
Hospital College, Professor of Gynecology in 
the Minneapolis College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, president of the Minnesota State 
Examining Board, member of the American 
Medical Association, American Public Health 
Association, and the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, also of numer- 
ous other medical and scientific organizations. 
FREY, Clarence L., of Scranton, Pennsyl- 
vania, was graduated M. D. at Jefferson Med- 
ical College, Philadelphia, in 1872. He is now 
Special Examiner of the Eye and Ear for the 
United States Pension Bureau, and is Ophthal- 
mic Surgeon and member of the staff to Lack- 
awanna Hospital. He is a member of the 
Lackawanna County Medical Society, and 
American Medical Association. 
FULTON, Andrew L., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Victoria College, Toronto, Ontario, 
in 1869, and also received an ad eundem degree 
from Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New 
York City, in 1870. Dr. Fulton is now Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy and Clinical Surgery in the 
Kansas City Medical College. He is editor of 
the Kansas City Medical Record; member of 
the American Medical Association, British 
Medical Association, Missouri State Medical 
Society, Kansas State Medical Society, and 
Jackson County Medical Society. 
FURNISS, John Perkins, of Selma, Ala- 
bama, son of Dr. John P. Furniss, a native of 
Maryland, was born September 24, 1841, near 
Columbus, Miss. He graduated from the Uni- 
versity of Mississippi, at Oxford, in June, 1860. 
During the Civil War he was Assistant Sur- 
geon in the Confederate Army; and was recom- 
mended in March, 1865, for promotion. He 
received the degree of M. D. from the New 
Orleans School of Medicine in March, 1866, 
and settled the next month in Selma, Alabama, 
where he has since remained engaged in the 
active and successful practice of his profes- 
sion. His specialty is genito-urinary surgery. 
He is a member of the Selma Medical Society, 
of which he was secretary from 1869 to 1875, 
and vice-president in 1876 and 1877, and of the 
Medical Association of the State of Alabama, 
and has served as a member of its Board of 
Councilors. He is the author of an essay on 
the “Anatomical and Physiological Peculiari- 
ties of the Negro,” which was published in 
the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal. 
HAILEY, John K., of Detroit, Michigan, was 
graduated M. D. at the Medical Department of 
the University of New York in 1877. He is 
now Attending Surgeon to the Children’s Free 
Hospital, and Harper Hospital, ex-Superin- 
tendent of the latter hospital, and Physician 
to the Home of the Friendless, Detroit. He is 
an active member of the Detroit Medical and 
Library Association, Michigan State Medical 
Society, and other medical and social organiza- 
tions in the city of his residence. 
HARMAN Y, Jasper J., of New York City,was 
graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College New York, in 1882, and he became a 
Fellow of the Royal Chirurgical Society of En- 
gland, in 1885. He is Instructor of Surgery in 
the New York Post-Graduate Medical School 
and Hospital, Fellow of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine, and a member of the British 
Medical Association. 
HEHRUNH, Eugene C., of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was graduated in medicine at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Louis, in 
1870. He is now President of the St. Louis 
Obstetrical and Gynecological Society; mem- 
ber of the American Gynecological Society; 
American Medical Association; American 
Electro Therapeutical Association; Correspond- 
ing member of the Obstetrical and Gynecolog- 
ical Societies of Paris, and the Electro-Thera- 
peutic Society of France. Dr. Gehrung is also 
Gynecologist to the South-Side Free Dis- 
pensary, and Consulting Gynecologist to the 
St. Louis Female Hospital. 
HETCHELL, Francis Horace, of Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania, was born in Waterville, 
Maine, December 8, 1836, his family, resident 
for six generations in America, being original- 
ly of English extraction. His great-grand- 
father served as a surgeon in the War of the 
Revolution, and his grandfather was a captain 
in the war of 1812. Receiving his primary ed- 
ucation at the Watertown Academy, he entered 
Bowdoin College, passing thence to the Med- 
ical Department of Dartmouth College, whence 
he graduated M. D. in 1859. He established 
himself in Brooklyn, but upon the breaking out 
of the Civil War he entered the United States 
service as Assistant Surgeon, being attached to 
the Third Maine (Colonel O. O. Howard’s) 
Regiment. He remained with the army, in 
field or hospital duty, until the end of the Rebel- 
lion. Upon being mustered out of the service 
he established himself in Philadelphia, where 
he has since remained engaged in the active 
practice of his profession. In 1872, having a 
second time attended lectures, he received the 
degree of M. D. from Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege. While engaged in a general practice, he 
devotes especial attention to obstetrics and 
gynecology; and has been Clinical Lecturer 
upon the Diseases of Women to Jeffer- 
son Medical College; Gynecologist to the 
Jefferson College Hospital, and Obstetrician 
to the Catherine Street Dispensary. He is a 
Fellow of the College of Physicians, member 
of the Pathological Society, and a correspond- 
ing member of the Gynecological Society of 
Boston. For several years he has been a lib- 
eral contributor to medical periodicals, and is 
the author of a standard work upon the 
ternal Management of Infancy.” 
HIBBES, Heueage, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, 622 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was educated at the University of Aberdeen, 
Scotland. He became a Licentiate of the Royal 
College of Physicians, London, in 1879, and 
received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
from the former institution, in 1881. He is 
now Professor of Pathology in the University 
of Michigan; Consulting Pathologist to Har- 
per’s Hospital, Detroit; Fellow of the Royal 
Medical and Chirurgical Society, of London; 
also, a member of the Medical and Patho- 
logical Society of that metropolis; member of 
the British Medical Association, Association 
of American Physicians, Michigan State Medi- 
cal Society, and corresponding member of the 
Pathological Society of Philadelphia. He has 
made valuable contributions to medical liter- 
ature, and is the author of a work entitled, 
“Practical Pathology and Morbid Histology.” 
GIBBONS, Hem •y, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, grandson of Dr. William Gibbons, and 
son of Dr. Henry and Martha (Poole) Gib- 
bons, was born in Wilmington, Delaware, 
September 24, 1840. Having graduated from 
the San Francisco High School, he entered the 
Medical Department of the University of the 
Pacific, and from that institution received in 
March, 1863, his degree of M. D. In the same 
year he was appointed an Acting Assistant 
Surgeon in the United States Volunteer Army, 
and was for the ensuing two years on duty at 
the Douglas General Hospital. In January, 
1866, he established himself in San Francisco, 
where he has since remained engaged in the 
active practice of his profession. In 1870 he 
became Dean of the Faculty of the Medical 
Department of the University College, formerly 
University of the Pacific. From the same year 
until 1873 he was Professor of Materia Medica, 
and in 1874 was made Professor of Obstetrics 
and Diseases of Women in that institution. 
From 1870 to 1873 he was Professor of Materia 
Medica. He is a member of the California 
State Medical Society and of the San Francisco 
Medical Society, of the latter secretary for sev- 
eral years, and president in 1875. From 1873 to 
1875 inclusive, he was Health Officer in San 
Francisco. He married December 18, 1871, 
Marie C. Raymond, daughter of S. A. Ray- 
mond, Esq., formerly of Toledo, Ohio. 
GIBIER, Paul, of New York City, was grad- 
uated in medicine from the Faculty of Med- 
icine, Paris, France, in 1884, and is ex-house 
physician to hospitals in Paris. He is now 
Medical Director of the Pasteur Institute and 
Private Sanitarium. Dr. Gibier is a member 
of the New York Academy of Sciences, New 
York County Medical Society, and the New 
York County Medical Association. 
GIBNEY, Virgil P., of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College in 1871. He is now Surgeon-in-Chief 
of the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled, 
Professor of Orthopedic Surgery in the New 
York Polyclinic, and Orthopedic Surgeon to the 
Nursery and Child’s Hospital. Dr. Gibney 
is author of a work entitled, “The Hip and its 
Diseases.” He has also made other valuable 
contributions relating to his special field of 
practice. 
GIRVIN, Edwin R., of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1875. He is a member of the 
Philadelphia County Medical Society, Denver 
Medical Association, Arapahoe County Med- 
ical Society and the Medico-Legal Society of 
Denver. Dr. Girvin is Ophthalmologist to the 
Deaconess Home Hospital and the Colorado 
Woman’s Hospital. His practice is limited to 
the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. 
GLASGOW, Frank A., of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis 
Medical College, in 1878. He is now Professor 
of Gynecology in that institution, Consulting 
Physician to the St. Louis Female Hospital, 
Physician to Augusta Free Hospital for Chil- 
dren, and Gynecologist to St. Louis Mullanphy 
Hospital. Dr. Glasgow is a member of the 
American Medical Association and of numer- 
ous other medical organizations in this coun- 
try. 
GLEITSMANN, Joseph W., of New York 
City, was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Wurzburg, Germany, in 1865. He is now 
Professor of Laryngology and Ethnology in 
the New York Polyclinic, Laryngologist and 
Otologist to the German Dispensary and Con- 
sulting Laryngologist to West Side German 
Dispensary. Dr. Gleitsmann is an active mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
American Medical Association, and Medical 
and Chirurgical Society of Maryland. 
GLENN, William Frank, of Nashville, Ten- 
nessee, was born in Sumner county, near Galla- 
tin, Tennessee, October 28, 1853. He is of 
English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. His pater- 
nal grandfather was one of the first settlers in 
Nashville, and owned the first boot and shoe 
factory in Tennessee. His maternal grand- 
father was first cousin to General Washington. 
Young Glenn was educated in the High School 
of Nashville, and studied medicine in the Med- 
ical Department of the university of that city, 
graduating in February, 1873, at the age of 
nineteen, winning the prize offered for excel- 
lence in the study of zymotic diseases. He set- 
tled in Nashville in the general practice of 
medicine and surgery, in April, 1873, and has 
been engaged in an active and successful prac- 
tice of his profession in that city for the past 
twenty years, having devoted considerable at- 
tention to general surgery. He is a member 
of the Davidson County Medical Society, of 
the Tennessee State Medical Society, and of 
the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science. He has reported several imporant 
cases through the medical journals; has written 
an essay on, “What is Disease?” read before 
the Nashville Society, and published in the 
Bichmond Medical Journal; also a pamphlet on 
“Venous Circulation,” advocating the suction 
action of the heart as the prime cause, and an 
article on the “Glycogenic Function of the 
Liver.” In September, 1874, he was appointed 
First Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
the University of Nashville and Vanderbilt 
University. In September, 1876, he was called 
to the chair of Physiology in the Nashville 
Medical College, and also has held in the 
same institution the chair of the Principles 
of Surgery, and the chair of Anatomy and 
Venereal Diseases. 
GODMAN, John I)., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in Annapolis, Maryland, December 
30, 1794, and died at the former city April 17, 
1830. He was the son of Captain Samuel God- 
man, an officer of the Revolution. Of his 
parents, little is known, except that his mother 
died before he was two years old and his father 
in less than three years thereafter. Dr. T. G. 
Richardson, his biographer, states that on the 
death of his mother he was placed under the 
care of an aunt, then residing at Wilmington. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
623 
in the State of Delaware; a lady who, from 
the superiority of her intellect and education, 
as well as the sweetness of her disposition and 
her elevated piety, was eminently qualified to 
unfold, impress and direct the youthful mind. 
Under such culture he received the first rudi- 
ments of his education and his earliest moral 
impressions. His alphabet was taught him 
upon the knee of his grandmother, and it is 
said that before he was two years old he was 
able to read. When he had attained the age 
of four years his aunt removed from Delaware 
to Chestertown, upon the eastern shore of 
Maryland, and there she placed the interest- 
ing orphan at school. He had already become 
the idol of the family, but now he manifested 
such a precocity of intellect, such a fondness 
for books and such an aptitude to learn, and, 
withal, evinced so much sensibility, frankness 
and sweetness of disposition that he gained 
the affection and excited the admiration of all. 
He thus gave indications at this early age, not 
only of that brilliancy of intellect which sub- 
sequently exhibited itself in such splendid 
colors, but also of that deep-seated religious 
sentiment that became the governing principle 
of the latter years of his life. But the favora- 
ble auspices under which his early training 
was begun were destined soon to become over- 
shadowed by the dark wings of the destroyer. 
At the age of six, the aunt who had watched 
over him so faithfully, loved him so fondly, and 
of whom he was heard to say on his dying bed, 
“If I have ever been led to do any good, it 
has been through the influence of her example, 
instruction and prayers,” was called to another 
world, and he was again thrown upon the 
charity of his friends and relatives. Who be- 
came his protector, or what special influences 
were brought to bear upon his mental consti- 
tution from this time until he was fifteen years 
of age, is not known. It is said, however, 
that the life of dependence to which he was 
obliged to submit grated harshly upon his 
tender sensibilities and somewhat marred 
the natural joyousness of his disposition. 
Some time subsequently, in a letter to 
a friend, he thus expressed himself in 
regard to this period of his existence: 
“Let me now give you a retrospect of the days 
of my life. Since I have returned from you, I 
have discovered my real age, in an old book of 
my father’s, and you would hardly suppose it, 
I was twenty-one years old on the 20th day of 
December, 1815. Before I was two years old 
I was motherless; before I was five years old 
I was fatherless and friendless. I have been 
cast among strangers; I have been de- 
prived, by fraud, of property that was mine 
by right; I have eaten the bread of misery; I 
have drunk the cup of sorrow; I have passed 
the flower of my days in little better than 
slavery; and have arrived at what? manhood, 
poverty, and desolation. Heavenly Parent, 
teach me patience and resignation to thy will!” 
In 1810 young Godman, then living in Balti- 
more, made the acquaintance of a gentleman 
who subsequently became his benefactor and 
most intimate friend. This gentleman was 
Dr. W. N. Luckey, who was then a senior stu- 
dent in the office of Dr. Thomas E. Bond, of 
Baltimore, and who in a letter to the late Dr. 
Daniel Drake, relates the circumstance in the 
following manner: “The office (of Dr. Bond) 
was fitted up with taste; and boys, attracted by 
its appearance, would frequently drop in to 
gaze at the labeled jars and drawers. Among 
them I discovered one evening an interesting 
lad, who was amusing himself with the man- 
ner in which his comrades pronounced the 
‘hard words,’ with which the furniture was 
labeled. He appeared to be quite an adept in 
the Latin language. A strong curiosity 
prompted me to inquire, ‘Who are you?’ 
‘Don’t you recollect,’ said he, ‘that you visited 
a boy at Mr. McCreery’s who had a severe at- 
tack of bilious colic?’ ‘I do; but what is your 
name, my little' boy?’—He was small for his 
age.—‘My name, sir, is John D. Godman.’ 
‘Did you study the Latin language with Mr. 
McCreery?’ ‘No, he does not teach any but an 
English school.’ ‘Do you intend to prosecute 
your studies alone?’ H do; and I will, if I 
live, make myself a Latin, Greek, and French 
scholar.’ ” How fully he carried out this de- 
termination will appear in the sequel. Some 
time toward the close of 1811, or the early part 
of 1812, he was bound as an apprentice to the 
printer of a newspaper in Baltimore. But it 
may be readily imagined that, to one of such 
lofty aspirations and refined sensibilities, the 
duties of the office were far from agreeable, 
and the drudgery actually repugnant; which 
may sufficiently explain the difficulties set 
forth in the following paragraph, from a sub- 
sequent letter to his friend, Dr. Luckey, who 
was then practicing his profession at Elizabeth- 
town, Pennsylvania. “Everything is in statu 
quo with me. The same series of oppressions, 
impositions, and insults are still my lot to 
bear. But I will not bear them long. From 
the oldest to the youngest, master and man, 
all seem to have a disposition to pick at me. 
You will, or may, be surprised to hear that I 
can never make a printer. It is an erroneous 
opinion of some people that no one can make 
a printer unless he be a scholar. On the con- 
trary, scholars can hardly, if at all, be print- 
ers. I would not wish you to think that I 
count myself a scholar. On the contrary, I 
think myself no scholar.” It was while thus 
engaged in an occupation so ill suited to his 
tastes, so repugnant to his tender sensibilities, 
and so exacting upon his naturally delicate 
constitution, that he suffered from a train of 
symptoms which were supposed at the time to 
be due to hypertrophy of the heart, but which 
may have been the first indication of that 
insidious malady which, seventeen years after, 
brought him to a premature grave. In a letter 
dated October, 1813, he says: “A continued 
pain in my breast, and at night a slow but 
burning fever, convince me that I am traveling 
down a much-frequented road, to the place 
where disease has no effect. This, my friend, 
is no phantasy. Ido not say it from affecta- 
tion ; I feel it. I can not believe in this disease 
being contagious, or I should be certain that I 
have caught it. I sleep with a youth who was 
born with it, and has it fully developed.” It 
was during this time also that he conceived 
the idea of studying medicine, as we learn 
from the following letter to his friend, 
dated January, 1814: “At the sugges- 
tion of Dr. Anderson I have deter- 
mined to commence the study of chem- 
istry, as he says it will be a great improvement 
to the mind, and more, as I maybe enabled, the 
ensuing season, if I should live so long, to at- 
tend the lectures at the University; and it 
seems to run greatly in Dr. Anderson’s head 
that I shall one day be a physician. How far 624 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
this surmise may be right, time will disclose. 
It may indeed so happen ; and should I study 
chemistry now, I shall not have it to do at a 
future period.” Wearied and disgusted, as he 
very naturally was, of standing from morning 
until night over a font of type, poring over the 
dirty and oftentimes unintelligible manuscript 
of newspaper scribblers, and thus wearing out 
both body and mind in a labor which, except so 
far as it kept himfrom immediate starvation, was 
every way opposed to his natural inclination, 
and the high purposes for which his superior 
gifts and attainments qualified him, while at 
the same time it contributed to the develop- 
ment of the disease, the seeds of which had 
been already deposited in his system, it is 
not surprising to learn that the young printer, 
therefore, abandoned his calling as soon as 
he could rid himself of his apprentice- 
ship. In the fall of 1814, fired by the pa- 
triotic sentiments which had already enlisted 
many of his comrades and acquaintances in 
the service of his country, then engaged at war 
with Great Britain, he joined the flotilla, 
stationed at that time in the Chesapeake Bay, 
under the command of Commodore Barney, 
and in the capacity of a common sailor, was 
present at the bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
Quitting this, howTever, soon after, either from 
choice or in consequence of the termination 
of the war, he presents himself to us again, 
continues his biographer, as the guest of his 
sister, Mrs. Stella Miller, of Baltimore, but 
still without the means of fulfilling the long- 
ings of his heart, to pursue the study of med- 
icine, or even of gaining a livelihood. And 
now, actuated by that high sense of honor that 
disdained the charity of his family or friends, 
he is a second time about to engage himself to 
a newspaper publisher, again to sweat out the 
noble aspirations of his mind and heart over a 
printer’s desk, from the uncongenial labor of 
which he had once escaped, when a letter from 
his friend, Dr. Luckey, animated his desires 
afresh, and opened the way for the gratification 
of his tastes. This was in the early part of 
the year of 1815, when Dr. Luckey, already 
“captivated by his genius and touched by his 
misfortunes,” resolved to invite him to his 
house at Elizabethtown, and afford him all the 
facilities in his power for studying the profes- 
sion to which he aspired. His acceptance of Dr. 
Luckey’s generous offer is couched in the follow- 
ing touching and enthusiastic language, expres- 
sive of his delight, and the grateful emotions 
with which his heart overflowed upon the re- 
ception of this unexpected pleasure: “I have 
this hour received your last letter, and I can 
assure you that language is inadequate to ex- 
press to you my sincere, unfeigned joy for the 
pleasing news you have communicated to me. 
Let the manner in which these lines are 
penned convince you of the state of my mind 
at present. I was, thirty minutes before I 
received your letter, on the point of going to a 
printer in this city, to seek employment, and, 
but for Providence, I should have done so. 
You may suppose, that as soon as I read your 
letter, I abandoned this intention and returned 
to my sister’s house, ‘with fire in each eye 
and paper in each hand,’ to answer your epis- 
tle of friendship’s own dictating. I must lay 
this aside until my mind becomes settled and 
undisturbed. I stopped at the line above, that 
I might recover a small degree of composure, 
in order to express myself as I ought to 
so good a friend. I will certainly comply 
with your request, should it please God to 
continue my health and strength, during the 
ensuing week. Should it please the mercy of 
Providence to suffer me to take up my resi- 
dence with you, I shall endeavor, by the most 
indefatigable study and diligence, to give you 
the satisfaction your kindness to me deserves. 
I am in hopes that I shall be able to come some 
day in the course of next week; but as my 
journey must be a pedestrian one, I shall not 
wish to mention a particular day.” “Four 
days after the date of this letter, he arrived,” 
says Dr. Luckey, “at my house, and took up 
his residence in my family. He made his 
promises good, for in six weeks he had ac- 
quired more knowledge in the different de- 
partments of medical science than most stu- 
dents do in a year. During this short period, 
he not only read Chaptal, Fourcroy, Chesel- 
den, Murray, Brown, Cullen, Rush, Syden- 
ham, Sharp and Cooper, but wrote annotations 
on each, including critical remarks on the in- 
congruities in their reasonings. He remained 
with me five months, and at the end of that 
time you would have imagined, from his con- 
versation, that he was an Edinburgh gradu- 
ate.” These, says Dr. Richardson, must have 
been glorious days in the life of our young 
student. After having been tossed about upon 
the restless sea of adversity, grasping at every 
object that offered the least hope of supporting 
him until he could reach the desired haven for 
which he was so manfully striving, his heavy 
body was now, for the first time, at rest; while 
his mind, left to range at will over the fields of 
science, revelled in the delightful scenes that 
presented themselves at every step. Now the 
object of his heart’s desire is within his grasp, 
and with what idolizing love he pressed it to 
his bosom may be learned from the assertion 
of his appreciating benefactor, who says of 
him that, “when he sat down to study, so com- 
pletely was he absorbed by his subject that it 
seemed as though the amputation of one of his 
limbs would scarcely withdraw his attention.” 
But with such an ardent thirst for scientific 
knowledge, he must have soon drained the con- 
tents of the small library of a country physi- 
cian of that day, for it is learned that in a 
few short months he determined to seek more 
abundant sources. Returning to Baltimore he 
became a pupil of Dr. Hall, of that city, and the 
succeeding autumn entered upon the course of 
medical lectures in the University of Maryland; 
but it would seem under pecuniary difficulties. 
By the friendly interposition of Dr. Davidge, 
however, he prosecuted his studies, and “with 
such diligence and zeal,” says Dr. Sewall, “as 
to furnish, even at that early period, strong 
intimations of his future eminence. So inde- 
fatigable was he in the acquisition of knowl- 
edge that he left no opportunity of advance- 
ment unimproved, and, notwithstanding the 
deficiencies of his preparatory education, he 
pressed forward with an energy and persever- 
ance that enabled him not only to rival, but to 
surpass all his fellows.” He attended the 
lectures in the Medical Department of the 
University of Maryland, during the two suc- 
ceeding winters, under the pupilage of his 
new friend, Professor Davidge, and was grad- 
uated at the commencement in the spring of 
1818. During the last session of his attend- 
ance, a circumstance occurred which is well 
worthy of being mentioned here, as illus- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
625 
trating his high standing in the class, and the 
confidence which the faculty of the institution 
placed in his abilities. Dr. Davidge, who was 
the Professor of Anatomy, having met with an 
accident by which his thigh-bone was broken, 
was prevented from attending to his profes- 
sional duties for several weeks, and in the 
meantime it became necessary to provide a 
temporary substitute. The Faculty, with one 
accord, selected Mr. Godman, who, confident 
of his own attainments and of his ability to 
make a lecturer, having already acted as a 
demonstrator in the dissecting-rooms, con- 
sented to fulfill the appointment, and such 
was the enthusiasm and eloquence of his de- 
livery, the clearness and simplicity of his 
style, the forcible appositeness of his illustra- 
tions, and, withal, the modesty and propriety 
of his deportment, that he won the applause 
and commendation of all who heard him. 
When he came to be examined for his degree, 
the superiority of his mind, as well as the ex- 
tent and accuracy of his knowledge, were so 
apparent that he was marked by the professors 
as one who was destined at some future period 
to confer high honor upon the profession. 
“Confessedly the most important and interest- 
ing period in the life of a young man who has 
studied a profession is that at which the de- 
gree, whether it be of medicine, law or divin- 
ity, is conferred upon him. It is then that his 
friends look upon him with emotions of unusual 
pleasure and anxiety; gratified that he has 
thus far succeeded in the calling of his choice, 
but anxious, lest contented with his attain- 
ments, he may turn aside into the paths of 
idleness, or seek others leading away from that 
upon which he has already made satisfactory 
progress. How many there are, especially 
among those upon whom Providence has be- 
stowed intellectual gifts of a superior order, 
who having reached this point with the high- 
est honor, and given promise of a career of 
great distinction and usefulness, suddenly stop 
short, and either sink into insignificance, or, 
what is worse, become as notorious in some 
vicious pursuit as they were for a while dis- 
tinguished in their endeavors after knowledge. 
Such was not the case with the subject of this 
narrative. The period of his graduation in 
medicine was not a turning-point in his life, 
but only a mile-stone upon that road to emi- 
nence which he continued subsequently to tread 
with such rapid strides.” Another point in 
this connection is worthy of notice. It might 
be supposed, from the preceding account of Dr. 
Godman’s trials and privations, that he en- 
tered upon the study of medicine without any 
more preparatory education than what he 
might have picked up during the few years of 
schooling which he enjoyed when a boy, as is 
unfortunately the case with so many young men 
who apply for and gain admission into our 
medical colleges. But this is very far from being 
true, for, notwithstanding the many and seri- 
ous disadvantages under which he labored, he 
had succeeded, by dint of indomitable perse- 
verance, backed by a high appreciation of the 
qualifications necessary to enable him thor- 
oughly to grasp the recondite truths of medical 
science, in making himself an excellent 
scholar. “In this respect he was a shining 
example; and his subsequent success should 
animate every friendless young man, who may 
engage in the study of medicine, to imitate his 
industry and unfaltering perseverance. By 
these means, if not blessed with his genius, he 
may prepare himself for an extensive useful- 
ness, and earn respectability, if not renown.” 
Destitute of the means necessary to enable him 
to wait the slow course of professional busi- 
ness in a city where, doubtless, he would have 
much preferred to remain, Dr. Godman pro- 
ceeded to the country, and became a candidate 
for practice in the village of New Holland, 
State of Maryland, whence, however, he re- 
moved in a few months to the banks of the 
Patapsco, not far from Baltimore. Here he 
succeeded in obtaining business, and here, 
also, he made those observations in natural 
history, which became some years subse- 
quently the basis of a series of popular papers 
entitled “Rambles of a Naturalist.” But his 
ardent temperament was little adapted to the 
stagnant existence of a village doctor. He 
thirsted for competition, and longed to engage 
in the rivalries which prevail among the candi- 
dates for fame. Nature seems to have urged 
him on. It was she who revealed to him the 
compass of his intellectual powers; and bid 
him seek a theater commensurate with their 
efficiency.” He looked with eager anticipation 
upon the time when he should have an oppor- 
tunity of employing his talents as a public 
teacher of anatomy, and had no little expec- 
tation of being called to the University of 
Maryland, to occupy, as a professor, the place 
which he had temporarily filled during the last 
course of lectures that he attended. But being 
disappointed in this latter, he boldly resolved 
to move to Philadelphia, then, as still, the 
emporium of medical teaching in this country, 
and the Mecca of all his hopes and aspirations, 
there to strike out upon his individual account 
as a lecturer upon anatomy and physiology. 
But he had hardly taken up his residence 
there, and began to attract the attention which 
his talents almost immediately elicited, when 
he was solicited by the late Dr. Drake, who 
was then in search of men of ability, to com- 
plete the organization of the Faculty of the 
Medical College of Ohio, to accept the Profes- 
sorship of Surgery in that institution, the first 
session of which had closed a few months pre- 
viously. To this he consented, and on the 6th 
of October, 1821, he left Philadelphia, and 
after a tedious journey of two or three weeks, 
arrived at Cincinnati just in time to enter upon 
his professional duties. Referring to this event 
his biographer, Dr. Richardson, writes as fol- 
lows : Looking back from this distant day at the 
then apparently poor prospects of the Medical 
College of Ohio, and the comparatively little 
fitness of Dr. Godman for the chair which he 
was called to fill, this seems to me at first 
thought to have been an exceedingly ill-judged 
move. But, on the other hand, it must be 
taken into account that his ambition to become 
a public teacher, was second only to his in- 
satiate thirst for knowledge; that he possessed 
a thorough acquaintance with the leading prin- 
ciples of medicine; that he was admirably 
versed in the subject of anatomy, with which 
surgery has so close a connection; that the 
only other medical school then in operation in 
the great West, was the one at Lexington, 
Kentucky; that Cincinnati, although contain- 
ing but about ten thousand inhabitants, was 
the largest city west of the Alleghanies; and 
that the probability of his getting rapidly into 
practice was far greater than it would have 
been in Philadelphia, or any of the other older 626 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
settled cities of the East. Such, doubtless, 
were the arguments which influenced him 
to emigrate to Cincinnati; but the sequel, 
while it did not disprove their cogency, 
proved to him an unfortunate experience. 
Indeed, he may be ranked among the first vic- 
tims to the remarkable ill success which befell 
nearly all those who were about that time, and 
subsequently, persuaded to leave their eastern 
homes to join the illustrious Drake in his at- 
tempts to build up the Medical College of 
Ohio. Scarcely had he delivered his introduc- 
tory address when he was compelled to resign 
his appointment, and thus to abandon the 
principal object which he had in view in leav- 
ing Philadelphia. Of the precise causes which 
led him to take this step we have no definite 
information, but only the simple statement of 
Dr. Drake, that “difficulties of which he was 
neither the cause nor the victim were gener- 
ated in the faculty; the class was small, and 
the prospects of the institution overcast.” 
Although again foiled in his efforts to secure 
an official position commensurate with his tal- 
ents as a public teacher and the pecuniary 
wants of his family, Dr. Godman was not the 
man to succumb under such adverse circum- 
stances. His ascent up the precipitous and 
rugged hill, upon which the temple of fame is 
said to stand, was not thus to be prevented, and 
hardly had the last lightly-rooted shrub given 
way beneath his weight before we find him 
again upon his feet, struggling up another 
pathway, and, with undiminished strength, 
seizing upon other objects which promised a 
more secure hold. Disappointed and thwarted 
by the failure of the Medical College, he en- 
gaged immediately in the establishment of a 
medical journal, and the Western Quarterly 
Reporter, the first periodical of the kind west 
of the Alleghanies, was the result of his enter- 
prise. It may be true that he was not the 
originator of this scheme, the credit of which 
is ascribed to his friend Dr. Drake, but the 
labor of having carried it into execution was 
certainly his, as the pages of the Reporter 
amply attest. But alas for his hopes, he could 
not have laid hold of a weaker support. Med- 
ical journalism was then, as it has ever since 
proved to be in this country, the least profita- 
ble investment of talent, labor, or money 
within the range of a professional man’s pur- 
suit, and it is not surprising to learn that, after 
the issue of six numbers, the enterprise was 
abandoned. Notwithstanding the brief exist- 
ence of the Reporter, its establishment under 
the existing circumstances is sufficient evi- 
dence to those who are familiar with such 
labors, of a degree of energy on the part of 
the editor almost unparalleled in the liistory 
of medical journalism, either in this or any 
other country; and the signal ability with 
which it was conducted is hardly equaled by 
any of the numerous similar periodicals with 
which American medical literature is at pres- 
ent supplied. Its pages indicated great liter- 
ary merit and intrinsic value; and some idea 
of the enormous labor bestowed upon it by 
Dr. Godman may be gained from the state- 
ment that more than three hundred pages of 
its contents were contributed by his own pen. 
Of these contributions many were of an eth- 
ical nature, relating to medical education, med- 
ical quarrels, medical excellence and medical 
duties; others were of a purely scientific char- 
acter, and quite a number were reviews of med- 
ical works; any one of which would command 
attention in journals of the present day. Dr. 
Godman did not remain in Cincinnati until the 
suspension of the Reporter, but impelled by 
the same high ambition which had led him 
from the banks of the Patapsco to Philadel- 
phia, and from the latter city to the banks of 
the Ohio, he retraced his steps to Philadelphia 
in the autumn of 1822, having resided in the 
West but a single year. During this brief 
period, however, he had not only accomplished 
the work above alluded to, and attended to 
his practice, which is said to have been consid- 
erable for a stranger, but occupied himself 
with many other less important objects bear- 
ing upon the good of the profession or his own 
individual improvement. Among other things 
it is mentioned that “he erected an apparatus 
for sulphurous fumigation, and translated 
and published a French pamphlet on that 
remedy ; he read many medical books and cur- 
rent works of general literature; prosecuted the 
study of the German and Spanish languages; 
and labeled the ancient coins and medals 
in the AVestern Museum. In the midst of the 
whole he also found time to cultivate his social 
relations, and every day added a new friend to 
the catalogue of those who loved him for his 
simplicity and frankness, not less than they 
admired him for his genius, vivacity and dili- 
gence. In October, 1822, Dr. Godman, with 
his wife (who was a daughter of the distin- 
guished artist, Peale) and infant child, bid 
farewell to the West and set out to retrace his 
steps across the mountains. The journey was 
a long and tedious one, performed entirely by 
stage, and in a letter written on the road he 
characterizes it as exceeding in misery any 
twenty journeys that he had ever before under- 
taken. He arrived in Philadelphia, the thea- 
ter of his future renown, just as the medical 
students were assembling for the annual course 
of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, 
then the only medical school in the city. 
Having no time to lose, he went immediately 
to work to provide himself with the means for 
establishing himself as a private lecturer upon 
anatomy and physiology. For this purpose 
he hired the rooms in College avenue, which 
had been previously occupied for one or two 
years by Dr. Jason Lawrence, and which have 
ever since his time been devoted to the same 
objects by various gentlemen, many of whom 
have become well known to the profession as 
men of science and teachers of great ability. 
Here he commenced lecturing, and in a few 
weeks his eloquence as a speaker, his great 
powers as a delineator of the subjects which 
he undertook to teach, and his winning man- 
ners as a companion, attracted large numbers, 
not only of students of medicine, but of others 
not directly interested in medical studies. His 
talents, indeed, soon became the theme of re- 
mark throughout the numerous circles of sci- 
entific and literary men of Philadelphia, and 
requisitions were frequently made upon him 
for addresses before various professional and 
non-professional assemblies. Never, however, 
did he condescend to anything like a political 
harangue, for, notwithstanding the fervid 
patriotism which he exhibited whenever occa- 
sion occurred to call it forth, he seems to have 
lived above even the knowledge of the tricks 
and slips of party demagogues. Whenever he 
consented to appear before public audiences, 
which he not unfrequently did, the subjects EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
627 
which he selected for discussion were almost 
invariably of a scientific character, and thus 
while those who crowded to hear him were 
entertained by the display of his brilliant im- 
agination, deep enthusiasm and graceful deliv- 
ery, they never failed to receive more or less 
valuable instruction. In the addresses which 
he delivered about this time, and which were 
collected and published in a volume some 
years afterwards, will be found some speci- 
mens of his eloquence as a speaker, and skill 
as a reasoner, which clearly evince the re- 
markable talent with which he was gifted. It 
was not, however, to private instruction or 
public lecturing that Dr. Godman devoted his 
whole time, exacting as these duties were. 
During the four years in which he occupied 
the rooms in College avenue he made many 
contributions to anatomical science, and more 
especially to surgical anatomy, most of which 
were published in the Philadelphia Journal of 
the Medical Sciences. Of this periodical he 
afterwards, in 1824, became one of the editors, 
and continued to use his pen for its support to 
within a short time of his death. His more 
elaborate anatomical investigations of the hu- 
man body were published in a separate vol- 
ume, given to the profession in 1824. He also 
issued a tract of eighty-six pages, entitled 
“Contributions to Physiological and Patholog- 
ical Anatomy, Made at the Philadelphia Ana- 
tomical Rooms, During the Winter of 1825.” 
But by his removal to Philadelphia, a still 
wider field for research was opened before 
him. Since his first settlement upon the banks 
of the Patapsco he had employed every suita- 
ble opportunity for cultivating a practical 
acquaintance with general natural history, 
and had already become proficient in 
many of its branches; but here, through 
the Academy of Natural Sciences, of which 
he had been made a member before his 
departure for the West, he was enabled to ex- 
tend his investigations, and soon conceived 
the idea of writing a book upon the subject, 
which should be the crowning labor of his life. 
By the most indefatigable industry and perse- 
verance this was accomplished, and in 1826 
appeared his American Natural History, in 
three octavo volumes, a work which, consider- 
ing the circumstances under which it was pro- 
duced, is at once a valuable addition to the 
scientific literature of the country, and a 
worthy monument to his memory. In addition 
to his strictly scientific labors, which, in view- 
ing what he accomplished, one would suppose 
must have occupied every moment of his 
working hours, Dr. Godman dipped somewhat 
into general literature, and wrote several 
elaborate analytical and critical reviews for 
the American Quarterly, and translated and 
published a number of papers from the Latin, 
French, and German languages, among which, 
were Lavasseur’s “Narrative of Lafayette’s 
Visit to the United States.” Such was the life 
of incessant toil that he was leading in Phila- 
delphia, a sacrifice of mind and body, which 
met with but little recompense in a pecuniary 
point of view, when he was called to the Pro- 
fessorship of Anatomy in Rutgers’ College, in 
the city of New York. The office was one of 
honor; the school, boasting among other well- 
known names upon its list of lecturers, those 
of Mott and Hosack, promised to obtain a 
rapid success. Having consented to the ap- 
pointment, he went to New York in the fall of 
1826, and lectured, with almost unparalleled 
popularity, during the ensuing session. The 
following winter his health, which had been 
declining for some time previous, became so 
much impaired that he was obliged to quit 
about the middle of the course, and resign his 
chair. Being advised to leave New York for a 
warmer latitude, he went to Santa Cruz, where 
he remained three months, and returned to 
Philadelphia in May, after a rather unpleasant, 
and, so far as his health was concerned, an un- 
satisfactory visit. Convinced now that he was 
in the advanced stages of consumption, he did 
not attempt—indeed, being reduced to a mere 
skeleton, he was physically unable—to resume 
his anatomical labors, but taking a house at 
Germantown, he continued to labor with his 
pen for the support of his family. It was here, 
while for most of the time unable to leave his 
room, and often too weak to sit up, that he 
wrote for The Friend, a weekly magazine, pub- 
lished at Philadelphia, those delightful letters, 
entitled, “Rambles of a Naturalist.” These 
were subsequently collected, and published in 
Waldie’s Select Circulating Library, but after 
the author’s death were issued in an independ- 
ent volume, edited by Dr. Reynell Coates, and 
prefaced by a memoir taken from the Western 
Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, for 
which it had been prepared by the editor, Dr. 
Daniel Drake. Dr. Godman also continued to 
work for the Encyclopedia Americana, the nat- 
ural history department of which had been 
exclusively confided to him, but which he did 
not live to complete. In this condition he 
passed nearly two years; occasionally able to 
go out and enjoy the sunshine and the land- 
scape, which to his genial heart seemed so 
bright and green, but for the most of the time 
confined to the house, husbanding his strength 
for the performance of those labors upon which 
the daily bread of his family depended. But, 
with all the appliances which science and art 
could suggest or contrive, the unremitting at- 
tentions of his friends, of whom Dr. Samuel 
Jackson seems to have been the most devoted, 
and the affectionate nursing of his attached 
wife, his disease made steady inroads. During 
this period he was fully aware that his end 
was not far off, and often thought it immedi- 
ately at hand, but never once did he repine or 
complain. Throughout the whole of his sick- 
ness, he maintained a remarkably cheerful 
frame of mind, and would not permit any ex- 
hibition of sadness in his chamber. He finally 
commended his family to the Father of mercies, 
and calmly resigned himself into the hands of 
the Savior in whom he trusted, and thus fell 
from the firmament of the American profes- 
sion, before he had reached his meridian 
splendor, one of the brightest stars which have 
yet risen above its horizon. 
GOLDSMITH, William Thomas, of Atlanta, 
Georgia, was born in Greenville county, South 
Carolina. His paternal grandparents came to 
this country from England at a period ante- 
cedentto the Revolutionary War, and settled in 
Virginia; his maternal grandparents also came 
from England, and made Maryland and Vir- 
ginia their homes. His maternal grandfather 
was Lord Wickliffe, who emigrated to Mary- 
land in company with Lord Baltimore; on the 
paternal side the origin of the family is found 
in the Goldsmiths of England. His grand- 
parents were “rebels” in the struggle for Ameri- 
can independence, and in various capacities 628 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
performed excellent service for the cause of 
freedom. After the termination of hostilities 
between the two countries they moved to South 
Carolina. Shortly after his birth his parents 
settled in Charleston, that State, where he re- 
ceived his preliminary education in the Char- 
leston High School. Before the opening of the 
late war he moved with his family to Barton 
county, Georgia, where he studied medicine 
under the supervision of Dr. R. M. Young. 
He was graduated from the Medical College of 
Georgia, at Augusta, in 1852; he then entered 
upon the active practice of his profession at 
Cartersville, Georgia. During the progress of 
the Civil War he was on the medical staff of 
the Confederate army, and was in hospital 
service at Richmond, Virginia; Atlanta, and 
Macon, Georgia, and Corinth, Mississippi; 
and from the opening to the closing of the con- 
flict was constantly employed in his profes- 
sional capacity. At the close of the Rebellion 
he removed to Atlanta, where he has since re- 
sided. At the present time, while engaged in 
general practice, he makes a specialty of 
gynecology. Pie is a member of the Georgia 
State Medical Association, and of the Atlanta 
Academy of Medicine; and for several terms 
officiated as president of the Fulton County 
Medical Society. He was elected Police Com- 
missioner for Atlanta two years, and at the ex- 
piration of his term was re-elected for an addi- 
tional period of three years. He was ap- 
pointed by the city authorities of Atlanta one 
of the Sanitary Commission of 1876, which 
body issued a large volume, containing a 
lengthy and valuable report by him, as chair- 
man of a committee on municipal hygiene. 
He has from time to time contributed various 
articles to medical journals on “Erysipelas,” 
“Dysentary,” “Chloroform in Obstetrics,” 
“Gynecological Medicine,” and other subjects 
of professional and public importance. 
GORDON, Thomas Winslow, of Georgetown, 
Ohio, was born at Warren, in the same State, 
September 23, 1819. He is of Anglo-Scotch 
ancestry, and whose first progenitor in this 
country was Edward Winslow, a “Mayflower” 
pilgrim. Dr. Gordon’s early education was 
obtained in the common schools of his neigh- 
borhood, snd his literary and classical educa- 
tion at Warren Academy, and from private 
tutors. He pursued his medical studies at the 
Western Reserve College, from which he grad- 
uated in March, 1846, settling first in Bagetta, 
in his native State, and removingto Georgetown 
in 1850. His specialty is diseases of women, 
although he has also made eye diseases a subject 
of particular study and treatment. He is a 
member of the Ohio State Medical Society, 
elected in 1849, and was its first vice-presi- 
dent in 1876; of the American Medical As- 
sociation, elected in 1853; honorary member of 
the Indiana State Medical Society, elected 
in 1856; besides several other medical and lit- 
erary societies. To the medical journals he 
has at various times contributed articles of 
much value to the profession and the people; 
among others on “Asiatic Cholera,” “Scarlet 
P'ever,” “Dysentery,” and various essays and 
reports of cases which have occurred in his 
extensive professional experience. In 1857 and 
1858 he held the position of Professor of 
Materia-Medica and Therapeutics in the Cin- 
cinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, and 
that of Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy 
from 1858 until 1860 in the same institution. 
In 1874 he was President of the Brown County 
(Ohio) Academy of Medicine. He has held 
the position of Examining Surgeon for Pen- 
sions many years. From 1862 until 1864 he was 
Surgeon of the Ninety-Seventh Regiment Ohio 
Volunteer Infantry, United States Army, and 
was also Military Surgeon of Brown county, 
Ohio, in 1865. He was a member of the Inter- 
national Medical Congress of 1876. Since the 
war he has been chairman of a number of 
county and congressional committees, and is 
recognized as one of the oldest and most 
highly-esteemed members of the medical pro- 
fession in the section of the State in which he 
lives. 
GORDON, Seth Chase, of Portland, Maine, 
was born in Fryeburg, in the same State, August 
17th, 1830, and is of Scotch descent. He was 
educated at the public schools and at Frye- 
burg Academy, and studied medicine at Frye- 
burg, Dartmouth and Bowdoin Medical 
Schools, and was graduated M. D. from the 
latter institution in 1855. He commenced the 
practice of his profession at Gorham, in his 
native State, soon after receiving his medical 
degree. In December, 1861, he entered the 
army as Assistant Surgeon in the Thirteenth 
Maine Volunteer Infantry, and October 17, 
1863, was appointed Surgeon in the First 
Louisiana Volunteer Infantry, serving princi- 
pally in the Department of the Gulf. In the 
summer of 1864 he was made Surgeon-in- 
charge of the General Hospital at Natchez, 
Mississippi, and in the following winter Sur- 
geon-in-charge of the District of La Fourche, 
Louisiana, on General Cameron’s staff, leaving 
the service July 12, 1866. At the close of the 
Civil War he established himself at Portland, 
where he has since remained engaged in the 
active pursuits of his avocation. He has made 
surgery and gynecology in some degree a 
specialty, having performed ovariotomy several 
times, and twice successfully. He is a mem- 
ber of the Maine Medical Association and the 
Cumberland County Medical Society, in both 
of which he has been elected to subordinate 
offices, and of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. He is an honorary member of the De- 
troit Academy of Medicine. He has con- 
tributed occasional articles to medical journals. 
He has been a member of the common coun- 
cil and of the school committee of Portland, 
and president of the Portland Army and Navy 
Union. He is an associate corporator of the 
Maine General Hospital, of which he has 
served as one of the Attending Surgeons. He 
has also been Lecturer on Diseases of Women 
in Portland School for Medical Instruction. 
GOTTHEIL, William S., of New York City, 
was graduated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1881. 
He is now Lecturer on Dermatology in the 
New York Polyclinic; Professor of Pathology 
in the American Veterinary College, and 
Dermatologist to the Northwestern Dispen- 
sary. Dr. Gottheil is a member of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, and of numerous 
other medical societies in that city. 
GOULEY, John W. S., of New York City, 
was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 
11, 1832, of French parentage. He received 
his classical education under private instruc- 
tors, and was graduated M. D. from the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
in the spring of 1853. After serving on the 
house staff of Bellevue Hospital one year he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
629 
established himself in New York City in 1854, 
where he has since remained engaged in the 
active practice of his profession, devoting 
especial attention to the field of general and 
genito-urinary surgery. During his practice 
he has twice performed the successful excision 
of half of the lower jaw, 1859 and 1860; ex- 
cision of the entire radius, 1863, and the entire 
lower jaw in 1864, and up to that time over five 
hundred other surgical operations. He be- 
came a member of the New York Pathological 
Society in 1855, of the New York Academy of 
Medicine in 1856, Medical Society of the 
County of New York in 1865, American Medi- 
cal Association in 1873, and the Medical So- 
ciety of the State of New York in 1875. He is 
also a member of numerous other medical and 
scientific organizations. From 1861 to 1864 he 
was Assistant Surgeon United States Army, on 
hospital duty in Washington, D. 0.; with the 
army in the peninsular and Maryland cam- 
paigns, at the battle of Fredericksburg, and in 
charge of the United States General Hospital, 
Central Park, New York, till his resignation. 
The following are some of his contributions to 
medical literature: “Polypus of the Larynx,” 
“Laryngo-Tracheotomy,” “External Perineal 
Urethrotomy; an Improved Method to Relieve 
Obstinate Stricture,” Transactions State Medi- 
cal Society, New York, 1869; “Instruments for 
Exploration of the Urethra,” “Treatment of 
Intractable Stricture,” “Internal Urethrot- 
omy,” “Strictures in the Meatus Urinarius 
and Fossa Navicularis,” “Modern Litho- 
tripsy,” 1870; “Urethral Fever from Catheter- 
ism,” “Case of Retention of Urine by Diseased 
Kidney,” “Rupture of Bladder,” 1872; “Dis- 
eases of the Urinary Organs,” 1873; “Peri- 
typhlitic Abscess from Perforation of Appen- 
dix Yermiformis,” Transactions of Medical 
Society, State of New York, 1875; “Chronic 
Cystitis,” “Urethroplastic Operations to Rem- 
edy Hypospadias, Epispadias, and Incurvation 
of the Penis,” and “ Stone in the Bladder, Its 
Removal,” 1876. In 1856 he was Professor of 
Anatomy in the Vermont Medical College, 
Woodstock, Vermont; from 1855 to 1859 Cura- 
tor of Pathological Museum, Bellevue Hos- 
pital ; from 1859 to 1861 and 1864 to 1866, 
Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical De- 
partment of the University of New York, also 
Instructor in Histology and in Operative Sur- 
gery in the same institution. He was chosen 
in 1859 Attending Surgeon to Bellevue Hos- 
pital, and served as Surgeon to St. Vincent’s 
Hospital from 1864 to 1867. He was Professor of 
Clinical Surgery and Genito-Urinary Diseases 
in the Medical Department of the University of 
New York, from 1866 to 1871; and was made 
Professor of Diseases of the Genito-Urinary 
System, University of New York, in 1876, and 
Consulting Surgeon to the Bureau of Medical 
and Surgical Relief of Outdoor Patients of 
Bellevue Hospital, New York. In July, 1869, 
he married Miss Isabelle Mary Caulfield, of 
Lexington, Kentucky. 
GRANT, Henry Horace, of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1878. He is 
now Professor of Principles and Practice of 
Surgery in the Hospital College of Medicine, 
Louisville, and Surgeon to the Louisville City 
Hospital. Dr. Grant is an active member of 
the Jefferson County Medical Society, Ken- 
tucky State Medical Society and of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. 
GRANT, Henry Young, of Buffalo, N. Y., 
was graduated M. D. at the Medical Depart- 
ment of McGill University, Montreal, in 1886. 
He is now Lecturer on Diseases of the Eye and 
Ear in the University of Buffalo, and Surgeon 
to the Buffalo Eye and Ear Infirmary. Dr. 
Grant became a member of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, in 1886. 
He is also a member of the Erie County Med- 
ical Society, Buffalo Medical and Surgical As- 
sociation, and Buffalo Clinical Society. 
GRAY, Landon Carter, of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1873. He is now Professor 
of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the New 
York Polyclinic; Visiting Physician to St. 
Mary’s Plospital and Neurologist to the Hos- 
pital for Ruptured and Crippled. Dr. Gray is 
ex-president of the New York Neurological So- 
ciety; Fellow of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, and president of the Neurological 
Section of the same; member of the American 
Neurological Association and ex-president of 
the same; president of the Society of Medical 
Jurisprudence; member of the New York 
County and Kings County Medical Societies, 
and the Society of German Physicians, New 
York City. 
GREEN, Caleb, of Plomer, New York, was 
born of Anglo-Scotch parentage, at Lafayette, in 
the same state, November 14,1819, and received 
his preliminary education at Lafayette High 
School, whence he was transferred to Cortland 
Academy, New York, graduating subsequently 
from Geneva Medical College, January 23, 
1844. He first entered upon the practice of his 
profession at Homer, where he has remained 
almost half a century. He was for many years 
secretary of the Medical Association of South 
Central, New York, and afterward became 
president of that institution; was twice presi- 
dent of Cortland County Medical Society, and 
for several years officiated as secretary; is a 
permanent member of the New York State 
Medical Society since 1858, member of the 
American Medical Association since 1853, and 
is honorary member of the Buffalo Natural 
History Society. In 1855 he was elected Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and General Pathol- 
ogy in Geneva Medical College. After two 
courses the departments were reorganized, and 
he was appointed to the chair of Physiology 
and Pathology, which position he resigned in 
November, 1862. In 1863 he was requested to 
perform the duties of Professor of Materia Med- 
ica in the Berkshire Medical College, at Pitts- 
field, Massachusetts, but declined; he was 
afterward offered the Professorship of Obstet- 
rics and Diseases of Women in Geneva Med- 
ical College, but also declined that position. 
In 1872 he was elected to the Professorship of 
Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Chil- 
dren in the Medical Department of Syracuse 
University, but declined this offer preferring 
to devote himself wholly to the practice of his 
profession. In 1877 he became vice-president 
of the Central New York Medical Association. 
His honorary degree of A. M. was conferred by 
the Madison University. While devoting him- 
self to a general practice, he has also bestowed 
considerable attention upon various depart- 
ments of natural history, botany, entomology, 
conchology, and geology. In 1849 he made a 
report (Transactions of Medical Association 
South Central New York) in favor of a thor- 
ough preparation for the study of medicine, 630 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
one of the earliest papers on the subject pre- 
sented to the profession in New York State. 
In 1843 he published in the Boston Medical and 
Surgical Journal, an essay on “Epidemic Influ- 
enza,” with special reference to the epidemic 
of that year; also, in the same journal in 1845, 
an original thesis on the “Functions of the 
Oblique Muscles of the Eye,” founded on his 
own investigations. 
GREEN, John, of St. Louis, Missouri, was 
born in Worcester, Massachusetts, April 2, 
1835. He entered Harvard College in 1851; 
was graduated A. B. in 1855; S. B. in 1856; A. 
M. in 1859, and M. D. in 1866. He was admit- 
ted a Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical So- 
ciety by examination in 1858. He studied 
medicine at Cambridge, Massachusetts from 
1855 to 1858 under the direction of Professors 
Morrill and Jeffries Wyman, and in Europe, 
from 1858 to 1860. He was elected a member 
of the Boston Society of Natural History in 
1856, and Curator of Comparative Anatomy in 
1857. In the latter year he accompanied Pro- 
fessor Jeffries Wyman on a scientific expedi- 
tion to Surinam. He commenced the practice 
of medicine in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1861. 
He was a member of the Boston Medical Asso- 
ciation, and of the Suffolk District Medical 
Society, and elected Secretary of the latter So- 
ciety in 1865. He was also a member of the 
Boston Society for Medical Observation, and 
Physician to the Boston Dispensary. During 
1862 he was in the medical service of the West- 
ern United States Sanitary Commissions, and 
held the position of Acting Assistant Surgeon 
for a few months in the armies of the Ten- 
nessee. He was for several years a dele- 
gate to the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Green visited Europe a second time in 
1865 for the purpose of continuing studies in 
ophthalmology, and in 1866 removed to St. 
Louis, where he has since remained, engaged 
in the treatment of diseases of the eye and 
ear. He is a member of the American Oph- 
thalmological Society; one of the original 
members of the American Otological Society, 
founded in 1868; a member of the Internation- 
al Ophthahnological Congress; delegate to the 
International Medical Congress of 1876, and 
was Secretary to the Section on Ophthalmol- 
ogy. He has contributed papers to the leading 
medical journals of this country, and to the 
Transactions of the American Ophthalmolog- 
ical Society, Transactions of the American 
Otological Society, and made reports of the 
International Ophthalmological Congresses, 
London, 1872, and New York, 1876; also notes 
to the American edition of “Carter on the 
Eye,” Philadelphia, 1876. He was elected 
Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology in 
the St. Louis College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons in 1868; was appointed Lecturer on Oph- 
thalmology in the St. Louis Medical College in 
1871; Surgeon to St. Louis Eye and Ear Infirm- 
ary in 1872; Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
the City Hospital, St. Louis, in the same year, 
and in 1874 became Ophthalmic Surgeon to St. 
Luke’s Hospital. 
GREENE, Robert H., of New York City, was 
graduated in medicine at Harvard, in 1886. 
He is now Visiting Physician to St. John’s 
Guild Free Hospital for Children. Dr. Greene 
is an active member of the New York County 
Medical Society, West End Medical Society, 
Northwestern Medical and Surgical Society, 
New York Academy of Medicine, Physicians’ 
Mutual Aid Association, and Harvard Medical 
Society, New York. 
GREENOUGH, Francis 8., of Boston, Mas- 
sachusetts, was born in that city December 24, 
1837. He is the son of Henry Greenough and 
nephew of Horatio Greenough. the well-known 
artist. His mother was Frances Boott, daugh- 
ter of Merchant Boott, and niece of Kirk Boott, 
one of the first Lowell manufacturers. He 
graduated at Harvard University in 1859, from 
which he subsequently received the degree of 
of A. M., and, after spending a year in the 
Lawrence Scientific School, went abroad for 
three years, studying medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Pisa, Italjq and at Florence, and on his 
return home entering the Harvard Medical 
School, and graduating in 1867, having served 
during the summer and autumn of 1864 as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States 
Army at the United States General Hospital 
in Portsmouth Grove, Rhode Island, and in 
1865-66 as House Physician in the Massachu- 
setts General Hospital. On his graduation he 
spent a year at Vienna, and finally, in Octo- 
ber, 1867, settled down to the practice in his 
native city. He has devoted special attention 
to diseases of the skin and venereal diseases, 
but practices general medicine and surgery. 
He is a member of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society, and of the Boston Society for Medical 
Improvement, of which he was secretary in 
1871, and an honorary member of the New York 
Roman Medical Society, and was formerly a 
member of the Boston Society for Medical Ob- 
servation, and also of the Boston Society of 
Medical Science, but has resigned his mem- 
bership of these organizations. He has con- 
tributed several articles to the medical press. 
He has been Surgeon to the Carney Hospital 
and to the St. Joseph’s Home, and Physician 
to the Children’s Hospital, and subsequently 
in charge of the skin and venereal department 
of the Boston Dispensary, and Clinical In- 
structor in Venereal Diseases in the Harvard 
Medical School. 
GRIFFITH, Jefferson D., of Kansas City, 
Missouri, was graduated M. D. at the Univer- 
sity Medical College, New York City, in 1872. 
He is now Professor of Principles and Practice 
of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the Kansas 
City Medical College, president of the State 
Board of Health of Missouri, Surgeon-General 
of the State of Missouri, member of the Ameri- 
can Orthopedic Association, American Medi- 
cal Association, Missouri Valley and Missis- 
sippi Valley Medical Associations, also a mem- 
ber of the Missouri State, Kansas State, Jack- 
son County, and Kansas City District Medical 
Societies, and the Kansas City Academy of 
Medicine. 
GROSS, Onan Bowman, of Camden, New 
Jersey, was born in Ephrata, Lancaster county, 
Pennsylvania, February 19, 1851, and is a 
lineal descendant in the fifth generation of 
George Gross, who emigrated from Germany 
to North Carolina about 1747, and Daniel 
Bowman, of Germany, in 1738, who settled at 
Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. His 
nationality, therefore, is German, excepting a 
great grandfather, Col. John Wright, of Revo- 
lutionary fame, who emigrated from Ireland 
just prior to the Revolution. The preliminary 
education of Dr. Gross was obtained at the 
Ephrata Academy. In 1876 he matriculated at 
the University of Pennsylvania with Drs. H. 
0. Chapman and Reynell Coates as preceptors; EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
631 
graduated in 1878, and received the H. Lenox 
Hodge gold medal for anatomical proficiency 
and distinguished merit for his thesis. He has 
been in continuous practice in Camden, New 
Jersey, since graduation, and has filled such 
positions as County Physician and District 
Sanitary Inspector for the State Board of 
Health, and secretary of the Board of United 
States Pension Examining Surgeons. He is a 
member of the Pathological Society of Phila- 
delphia, American Medical Association, and 
all local medical societies. Dr. Gross is now 
Lecturer on Anatomy and Clinical Surgery for 
the Camden Training School for Nurses, and a 
Geneva Medical College in 1846. He settled 
in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and commenced 
practice. Contemporaneously he instituted a 
course of anatomical lectures, which was at- 
tended by a class of thirty or more students 
and practitioners. This was the first system- 
atic course of lectures on anatomy given in 
that State. The course was repeated through 
three successive years, when, upon the organ- 
ization of the Medical Department of the 
State University, he was appointed over nu- 
merous competitors to the chair of Anatomy 
and Surgery. For three years he gave the lect- 
ures upon these departments, each course ex- 
tending to seven months. After that time he 
was relieved from the anatomical teaching, 
and during the remainder of his connection 
with the institution, some fifteen years, tilled 
the chair of Surgery. In 1853 he removed to 
Detroit, visiting Ann Arbor twice a week to 
deliver his lectures. In 1856 he received the 
honorary degree of A. M. from Geneva Col- 
lege. In 1857 he became senior editor of the 
Medical Independent, a monthly journal, which 
eventually was merged with another medical 
periodical, of which for some time he was one 
of the editors. In 1851-52 he made a series of 
dissections and experiments to determine 
what particular tissue opposes the effort to re- 
duce dislocations, particularly of the hip and 
shoulder-joints. These were repeated for sev- 
eral sessions before the medical classes. The 
results and details of the processes by which 
they were arrived at were embodied in a paper 
read before the Detroit Medical Society in the 
summer of 1853, and were also published in 
the Peninsular Medical Journal in September 
of that year. The first class to which he lect- 
ured in the University was then considered 
remarkably large, though numbering but 
ninety-two; the last class, session 1866-67, 
numbered five hundred and twenty-five. Dr. 
Gunn entered the medical department of the 
army in September, 1861, accompanying Gen- 
eral McClellan through the Peninsular cam- 
paign, seeing much active and arduous service. 
During a short absence he gave some fifty lect- 
ures to the students at the University, filled 
with just the kind of information needed by 
the large number who soon after entered the 
army. In the spring of 1867, at the unani- 
mous invitation of the Faculty and Trustees of 
Rush Medical College, he accepted the chair 
vacated by the death of the distinguished sur- 
geon and teacher, Daniel Brainard, M. D., the 
position which he occupied until his death. 
The prosperity of the Rush Medical College 
during the period of his connection with that 
institution was largely due to his business en- 
ergy, his professional skill and personal popu- 
larity as a teacher. At the commencement ex- 
ercises of the University of Chicago in 1877, 
he was honored with the degree of LL. D. 
He was married in 1848 to Jane Augusta Terry, 
daughter of J. M. Terry, M. D. Three chil- 
dren survived, the eldest son, Glyndon, a youth 
of remarkable promise, having been accident- 
ally drowned at Detroit. Professor Gunn was 
a member of the city and State Medical Socie- 
ties ; and of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. Besides his position in the Medical Col- 
lege, he was Surgeon to Cook County Hospital 
(the principal hospital in Chicago); Surgeon 
to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Consulting Surgeon 
to St. Luke’s Hospital, and several other minor 
charities. He had not contributed largely of 
Surgeon on the staff of the Cooper Hospital 
since 1884. He has been a liberal contributor 
to many medical journals, the subjects being 
usually surgical or pathological. The princi- 
pal papers written were the following: “Com- 
plete Artresia of the Vagina,” “Foreign Bodies 
in the Bronchial Bifurcation,” “Extra-Uterine 
Pregnancies,” and “Rare Cases of Abdominal 
Surgery,” issued a few years ago. 
(4 CLICK, Charlton R., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1882. He is now Consulting 
Physician to the Skin and Venereal Depart- 
ment of Amity Dispensary, and Examiner in 
Lunacy for the State of New York. Dr. Gulick 
is an active member of numerous medical so- 
cieties of New York City and State, and of the 
American Medical Association. 
GUNN, Moses, of Chicago, Illinois, was born 
in East Bloomfield, Ontario county, New York, 
April 20, 1822, and died November 4, 1887. 
His father, Linus Gunn, and mother, Esther 
(Bronson) Gunn, were natives of Massachu- 
setts and pioneers of Western New York. 
The family trace their ancestry in Scotland 
through a long series of lairds into a very re- 
mote past. Although prevented by dangerous 
and protracted illness from passing through a 
regular collegiate course, he received a thor- 
ough academical education, and graduated at 632 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
late to the medical press, preferring to bring 
all the treasures of his long and ripe experi- 
ence and reading to those who from year to 
year came up to personally profit by his teach- 
ing. He was a man of elegant personal ap- 
pearance, affable in manners and an interesting 
lecturer. He not only maintained a good rep- 
utation until his death, but contributed largely 
to the renown of the medical schools with 
which he had been associated. 
GUNSTER, Peter F., of Scranton, Pennsyl- 
vania, was born at Lockweiler, Germany, 
February 1, 1848. He received a scientific 
education at the Sheffield Scientific School, of 
Yale, and studied medicine at the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, where he graduated 
M. D., March, 1871. He settled in Scranton, 
but soon after visited Europe, where he spent 
two years. On returning he located in Wilkes- 
barre, but after a year’s residence there, re- 
turned to Scranton, where he has been en- 
gaged for the past twenty years in an active 
and successful practice of general medicine. 
He is a member of the Luzerne County Med- 
ical Society, was elected its censor in January, 
1876; was a delegate to the State Medical So- 
ciety at Philadelphia in the same year. He has 
served on the medical staff of the Lackawanna 
Hospital, of Scranton, as Visiting and Consult- 
ing Physician to the same. 
HADDEN, Alexander, of New York City, 
was educated at Union College, and received 
the degree of A. M. from that institution in 
1856. He studied medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and was 
graduated M. D. in 1859. He was House Phy- 
sician to Bellevue Hospital in 1860, Physician 
to Nursery and Child’s Hospital from 1862 
until 1865, and Attending Physician to Presby- 
terian Hospital from 1872 until 1885. Dr. 
Hadden is an active member of the New York 
State and New York County Medical Societies, 
and Fellow of the American and New York 
Academies of Medicine, also a member of the 
New York Society for the Relief of Widows 
and Orphans of Medical Men, and the Ameri- 
can Health Association. He was the founder 
of the Northeastern Dispensary, vice-presi- 
dent of its Board of Trustees, and Consulting 
Physician to that institution. 
HALL, Rufus 8., of Cincinnati, Ohio, was 
educated in medicine at the Miami Medical 
College, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1872. He is now Sur- 
geon to the Cincinnati Free Surgical Hospital 
for Women; Clinical Lecturer on Gynecology 
in Miami Medical College; Fellow of the Brit- 
ish Gynecological Association, London; Fel- 
low of the American Association of Obstetri- 
cians and Gynecologists; also a member of 
the American Medical Association and the 
Ohio State Medical Society. 
HALLEY, George, of Kansas City, Missouri, 
was graduated in medicine at the University 
of the Victoria College, Toronto, Ontario, in 
1869. He is now Professor of Clinical Sur- 
gery in the University Medical College, of 
Kansas City, Missouri; proprietor of Halley’s 
Surgical Hospital, and editor of the Kansas 
City Medical Record. Dr. Halley is an active 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Missouri State and Jackson County Medical 
Societies, and is also a member of the Kansas 
City Academy of Medicine and the Kansas 
State Medical Society. 
HAMLIN, Augustus Choate, of Bangor, 
Maine, of English ancestry and Norman de- 
scent, was born in Columbia, Maine, August 
28,1829. He was educated at Bowdoin College, 
from which institution he graduated in 1851, 
and studied medicine at the Harvard Medical 
College, graduating M. D. in 1854. He then set- 
tled in Bangor, where he has remained for the 
last forty years successfully engaged in general 
practice. During the war he was surgeon of a 
hospital for volunteers connected with the 
army of northern Virginia; Brigade-Surgeon 
under Fremont; Medical Director Eleventh 
Army Corps Army of the Potomac, and Medical 
Inspector United States Army during the cam- 
paign at Fort Wagner and of Nashville. He 
lias been a member of the Maine Medical As- 
sociation ; of the Penobscot Medical Associa- 
tion; of the Royal Antiquarians of Northern 
Europe; of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia; and Fellow of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Science. 
His contributions to medical literature consist 
of articles on “Alimentation,” “Transfusion,” 
“Transmission of Diseases,” “Tetanus,” and 
papers on other important subjects of medical 
interest. In 1878 he was Mayor of Bangor. 
He married in December, 1858, Helen A., 
daughter of Judge Jonas Cutting, of the Su- 
preme bench of Maine. 
HAMMOND, Jabez Dean, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, son of Dr. C. H. Hammond, was born in 
Monroe county. New York, July 29,1860. He de- 
scends from a line of physicians on his father’s 
side, who were located in the vicinity of Roches- 
ter, New York. He received his classical educa- 
tion at the Geneseo State Normal School, the 
Rochester Free Academy, and the University 
of Rochester, New York. He then pursued 
his medical studies at New York, Boston, Ann 
Arbor, and Chicago, whence he graduated 
from Rush Medical College, in 1884. Since 
graduating he has taken supplementary courses 
abroad, at Paris and London. He has prac- 
ticed at Chicago for the last ten years. He is 
a member of the principal medical and scien- 
tific societies of that city, and is House Physi- 
cian at the Leland Hotel and Auditorium 
Annex. During the years of his practice he 
has devoted himself to the medical and sur- 
gical treatment of the nose and throat, for 
which he is chiefly known. 
HANDLY, James W., of Nashville, Tennes- 
see, was graduated M. D. from the Medical 
Department of the University of Tennessee, 
Nashville, in 1887. He is now Demonstrator 
of Anatomy in that institution and Professor 
of Genito-Urinary Diseases in the Medical 
Department of the University of the South, 
Sewanee, Tennessee. Dr. Handley is sec- 
retary of the Nashville Academy of Medicine, 
and member of the Tennessee State Medical 
Society. 
HARGIS, Robert B. S., of Pensacola, Flori- 
da, was born in Hillsborough, North Carolina, 
June 7,1818, and is of Scotch-Irish and Anglo- 
Saxon descent. He received his preliminary 
education at the University of North Carolina; 
studied medicine three years in Fayetteville, 
in the same State, under the preceptorship of 
Dr. T. J. Jordan, and was graduated with hon- 
ors from the Medical College of Louisiana (now 
the Medical Department of Tulane Univer- 
sity, New Orleans, La.), March 21,1844. He 
located in Mobile, Alabama, in 1845, where he 
practiced one year; had a severe attack of ma- 
larial fever, which compelled him to repair to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
633 
the country to recuperate; sojourned at Mount 
Pleasant, Alabama; secured a large and remu- 
nerative practice; remained there five years; 
married in the meantime, his wife becom- 
ing in poor health, and removed on that ac- 
count to Pensacola, Florida, in September, 
1851. There he also obtained an excellent prac- 
tice, and in 1852 was appointed Port Physician, 
which office he held for several years. Yellow 
fever having been introduced into Pensacola 
about August 1, 1853, his professional labors 
were thereby very largely increased. While 
busily engaged attending the sick, he was 
seized with the disease on the 25th of the same 
month, and was sent immediately by his 
friends to Milton, Florida, where his family 
were temporarily sojourning. Having recov- 
ered, and the yellow fever having been intro- 
duced there, by the earnest appeals of the 
tude. He returned to Pensacola in 1865. 
In 1868, associated with Dr. J. C. Whiting, he 
established the Pensacola Hospital, now still 
in successful operation. In 1878 he became a 
member of the Florida Medical Association, 
and elected president thereof in April, 1882. 
He was elected a member of the American 
Public Health Association in 1878, and became 
one of the advising council in 1880. In 1881 
he was appointed a member of the Board of 
Health of Escambia county, and was elected 
president thereof; resigning after two years’ 
service. In 1882 yellow fever was again intro- 
duced into Pensacola, and he again distin- 
guished himself by his untiring devotion to 
the sick. He was appointed by the National 
Board of Health to conduct the investigation 
of the yellow fever of that year with Dr. 
William Martin of the United States Navy. 
In 1883 yellow fever broke out at the Navy 
Yard, and at the earnest solicitation of the 
officers and men stationed there, he was ap- 
pointed, by the Secretary of the Navy, to at- 
tend the sick at that post, which he did faith- 
fully. Dr. Hargis was appointed Acting As- 
sistant Surgeon to the United States Marine 
Hospital May 26, 1885, which office he still 
holds. He was appointed, by Governor E. A. 
Perry, to represent the State of Florida at the 
Gulf State Quarantine Convention, held in 
New Orleans, July 2, 1885. In 1889 he was 
appointed a member of the Board of Medical 
Examiners for the First Judicial District of 
Florida, and elected president, and still holds 
that position. His contributions to medical 
literature have been very extensive, and the 
following constitute the most important: 
“Medical Olla Podrida,” 1857; “Communi- 
cability of Yellow Fever,” New Orleans 
Medical News and Hospital Gazette for 
January, 1859; “Eclampsia in a Premi- 
para, Embriotomy Recovery,” North Ameri- 
can Medico- Chirurgical Review for July, 
1860; “Observations on Persistent Priapism 
with a Case Treated Successfully by the Bro- 
mide of potassium,” New Orleans Medical and 
Surgical Journal, July, 1869; “The Muriated 
Tincture of Iron a Specific for Erysipelas,” the 
American Medical Bi-Weekly, Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, March, 1877; “Contused Wound of the 
Perineum, Involving Urethra and Scrotum— 
Bladder Aspirated Every Day for Six Days— 
Septicemia—Recovery,” the American Medical 
Bi-Weekly, April, 1879; “History and Origin 
of Yellow-Fever—lts Cause, Communicability 
and Prevention,” read before the American 
Public Health Association, 1879, and published 
in Report and Papers of the American Public 
Health Association, 1880; “Report on Medical 
Topography, Climate, Diseases and Mortuary 
Statistics of Pensacola,” the National Board of 
Health Bulletin, July, 1880. Letters to the 
Sanitarian, New York, on “The Nautical Origin 
of Yellow-Fever,” January, 1880; “The Ship 
Origin of Yellow-Fever,” Gaillard’s Journal for 
June, 1880; “Yellow-Fever—lts Ship Origin 
and Prevention,” a treatise published by D. G. 
Brinton, M. D., Philadelphia, 1880; “Sketches 
of the History of Quarantine at Pensacola, 
Florida,” National Board of Health Bulletin, 
1881; “Yellow-Fever Recognition and Isola- 
tion,” read before the American Public Health 
Association, 1881, Reports and Papers of the 
American Public Health Association, 1881; 
“The Genius of Medicine,” an address pre- 
sented to the Florida Medical Association 
citizens of Milton and adjacent villages, he 
resumed practice and continued until the epi- 
demic ceased (on or about the 15th day of 
the following December). During the epi- 
demic his diligence and kindly ministrations 
to the sick obtained for him a high reputation 
and the gratitude of the people. In May, 
1854, an United States Marine Hospital was 
established in Pensacola, and he was appointed 
Surgeon of the same in June of the same year. 
He held that position until the secession of 
Florida from the Union, which took place in 
1861, when the institution was necessarily sus- 
pended. He afterwards, in 1861, took service 
as a medical officer in that part of the Con- 
federate States Army under Gen. Braxton 
Bragg, stationed at Fort Barrancas, Florida, 
and held a commission afterwards as Surgeon 
until the end of the war. He made himself 
conspicuous, unconsciously, for his kindly min- 
istrations to the wounded prisoners of the 
enemy, and thereby won their lasting grati- 634 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
April, 1882, published in the New Orleans Med- 
ical and Surgical Journal for July, 1882; “The 
Pensacola Yellow-Fever Epidemic of 1882,” 
read before American Public Health Associa- 
tion, 1883, printed in the Reports and Papers of 
the American Public Health Association; on 
“Malaria and the Relations of Micro-Organ- 
isms to Diseases,” read to the Florida Medical 
Association, New Orleans Medical and Surgical 
Journal for August, 1884; “The Natural His- 
tory of Plagues,” an address to the Florida 
Medical Association, 1887; “The Topical Ap- 
plication of the Oil of Turpentine to Recent 
Wounds, with Observations Relating to the 
Germ Theory of Diseases,” Philadelphia Med- 
ical News, March, 1888. He has also contrib- 
uted many other papers of more or less im- 
portance to different medical periodicals, as 
well as various articles from time to time 
that were published in the secular press on ‘ ‘Yel- 
low-Fever Quarantine,” “Public Hygiene,” 
“City Sanitation,” and subjects connected with 
the collateral sciences and general literature. 
HARISON, Beverley D., of Sault de Ste. 
Marie, Michigan, was educated at the Univer- 
sity of Toronto, and the Toronto School of 
Medicine, and received the degree of M. D. 
from the latter institution in 1882. He is now 
Division Surgeon of the Duluth and Atlantic, 
and Memphis, St. Paul, and Sault de Ste. Marie 
Railway Companies; member of the National 
Association and Michigan Association of Rail- 
way Surgeons, Surgeon for the Hall and Mun- 
son Company, Bay Mills, Michigan; Medical 
Examiner and Advisor for the Canada Life 
Insurance Company, Union Mutual, Portland, 
Michigan Mutual, and Preferred Mutual Acci- 
dent Associations, as well as several other lead- 
ing life and accident insurance companies of 
the United States. Dr. Harison is also mem- 
ber and secretary of the Board of the Exam- 
ining Surgeons for the United States Pension 
Bureau. 
HARLAN, George CM of Philadelphia was 
born in that city, January 28, 1835. He was 
educated at Delaware College, and studied 
medicine in the Medical Department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, whence he grad- 
uated in 1858, establishing himself immedi- 
ately after in Philadelphia. During the war 
he was for a time medical officer on the gun- 
boat Union, and for three years surgeon of the 
Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. In 1866 he 
married Mary Holman, of Boston. His prac- 
tice has been for several years confined to eye 
and ear surgery. He is a member of the Phil- 
adelphia College of Physicians, of the Phila- 
delphia Pathological and County Medical 
Societies, and of the American Ophthahnolog- 
ical Society. His contributions to medical 
literature have been papers on “Simulated 
Amaurosis,” “Neuroparalytic Ophthalmia,” 
“Report on Inmates of Pennsylvania Institu- 
tion for the Blind,” “Pulsating Exophthal- 
mus,” “Hysterical Affections of the Eye,” 
“Albuminuric Retinitis,” “Strychnia in 
Atrophy of the Optic Nerve,” and “Hemi- 
opia and Decussation of the Optic Nerves,” 
which, with several short articles, reviews and 
book notices, have appeared in the leading 
medical journals of his city and Transactions 
of the Philadelphia Pathological Society, the 
College of Physicians,of the American Ophthal- 
mological Society and of the (Philadelphia) In- 
ternational Medical Congress. He was formerly 
Resident Physician at Wills’ Hospital, St. Jo- 
seph’s Hospital, and Pennsylvania Hospital, 
and Attending Surgeon at St. Mary’s Hospital, 
He has held for many years the position of 
Attending Surgeon at Wills’ Hospital, and that 
of Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to the Chil- 
dren’s Hospital. 
HARMON, Elijah I)., of Chicago, 111., was 
born in Bennington, Vermont, August 20, 
1782, and died in the former city in 1869. He 
commenced the practice of medicine in Bur- 
lington, Vermont, in 1806; was married to Miss 
Welthyan Loomis in 1808; was a volunteer 
surgeon on board the Saratoga, commanded 
by Commodore McDonough during the cele- 
brated naval battle near Plattsburg September 
11, 1814, and after the close of the War of 
1812 he returned to resume his practice in 
Burlington. In 1829 he determined to seek a 
new home in the West, and arrived at Fort 
Dearborn in May, 1830, and in the absence of 
Assistant Surgeon Finley he served as medical 
officer of the garrison, and also attended to 
private practice. His family followed him the 
next year, and took up their residence in a 
cabin of hewn logs. On July 10, 1832, a de- 
tachment of United States troops, designed 
to operate against the hostile tribes of Indians, 
arrived under the command of General Scott 
on board the steamer Sheldon Thompson. 
Unfortunately violent epidemic cholera had 
manifested itself among the soldiers the day 
previous to the arrival of the steamer and was 
rapidly spreading. The two companies of 
soldiers previously occupying the fort were 
isolated as far as practicable, and remained 
under the care of Dr. Harmon. The disease, 
however, spread so rapidly among the newly 
arrived troops that Fort Dearborn speedily be- 
came a crowded hospital for the sick and dying 
under the superintendency of Dr. De Camp, 
Assistant Surgeon, previously on duty at Mad- 
ison Barracks. He had been assigned duty 
at Fort Dearborn by official order dated 
February 23, 1832, and he arrived at the 
fort with the Companies G and I of 
the Second Infantry under command of 
Major William Whistler, June 17, 1832, 
only twenty-three days before the arrival of 
the troops of General Scott, affected with chol- 
era. On arrival of the latter the two compa- 
nies, under Major Whistler, were sent into 
camp two miles distant for isolation from the 
cholera infection, and, as already stated, placed 
under the medical charge of Dr. Harmon, 
while Assistant Surgeons De Camp and Ma- 
comb devoted their attention most faithfully 
to the newly-arrived suffering troops in the 
fort. In one of his reports Dr. De Camp states 
that within one week after their arrival one- 
fifth of the whole force of one thousand men 
were admitted into the fort afflicted with the 
scourge. The epidemic, though severe, was of 
short duration, and the military forces in a 
few weeks resumed their campaign against the 
Indians, and Dr. De Camp left the fort during 
the following November. During the latter 
part of June and the first days of July, 1832, 
the hostile attitude of the Indians, led by 
Black Hawk, had caused many of the white 
settlers in Northern Illinois and Indiana to 
gather at Fort Dearborn for safety. But when 
it was known that the soldiers under General 
Scott had brought the epidemic cholera with 
them, not even the dread of the Indian toma- 
hawk could deter them from fleeing from the 
scourge with the utmost precipitancy. The EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
635 
few civilians who were obliged to remain found 
in Dr. Harmon a faithful physician and friend, 
for he extended his services to citizens and 
soldiers alike. He was the first medical man 
who had settled at the post to practice his pro- 
fession without a government appointment, 
and he appears to have been fairly successful. 
In the winter of 1832 he performed the 
first important surgical operation at what is 
now the city of Chicago of which there is any 
record. “It consisted in the successful ampu- 
tation of one foot and a part of the other for a 
half-breed Canadian whose feet had been 
frozen while carrying the mail on horseback 
from Green Bay to Chicago. According to a 
recent medical history of that city written by 
Dr. N. S. Davis, from which this sketch is 
mainly derived, we find that after the depart- 
ure of Assistant Surgeon De Camp he was suc- 
ceeded by Assistant Surgeon Philip Maxwell, 
who arrived at the fort February 3, 1833, and 
entered upon the performance of his duties. 
During the year 1832 Dr. Valentine A. Boyer, 
Edward S. Kimberly and John T. Temple be- 
came residents of Chicago, and these, with Dr. 
Harmon and Assistant Surgeon Maxwell, con- 
stituted the medical fraternity of Chicago at 
the time it became a corporated town, in 
August, 1833, with a total population of be- 
tween one hundred and fifty and two hundred. 
Dr. Boyer, the last of these five pioneer phy- 
sicians, remained a resident of Chicago nearly 
sixty years, and a short time ago was still liv- 
ing in that city. Besides his family residence 
Dr. Harmon pre-empted 140 acres of land 
located in what is now a central part of the 
south division of the metropolis, and one of 
the streets is still called Harmon Court in his 
honor. In 1834 he migrated to the State of 
Texas, and subsequently divided his time be- 
tween that State and Chicago until his death. 
HARMON, Julian, of Warren, Ohio, was 
born in that city, August 1, 1824. He was ed- 
ucated at the Western Reserve University, 
Cleveland, and received the degree of M. D. 
from the Medical Department of that institu- 
tion in 1849. His medical training was sup- 
plemented by attending the schools and hos- 
pitals of New York City two years later. He 
settled in his native town, where he has since 
remained, engaged in an active and successful 
general practice of medicine. He has devoted 
special attention to diseases of children. For 
many years he was surgeon for several leading 
railroad companies in his State. In April, 
1862,he was sent to the battle-field of Pittsburgh 
Landing, to take care of the soldiers from his 
section of Ohio. He was Trustee of the North- 
ern Ohio Insane Asylum, from 1872 to 1874. 
He has taken much interest in educational 
affairs, and was for several years a member 
and secretary of the Board of Education of 
Warren. He has served as United States Ex- 
amining Surgeon for the Pension Bureau for 
about twenty years, and as secretary of his 
county medical society for an equal length of 
time. He is ex-vice-president of the North- 
western Ohio Medical Association, and an 
active member of the Ohio State Medical So- 
ciety. His contributions to medical literature 
consist of articles published in medical jour- 
nals, and of cases reported to medical societies 
with which he is connected, having reference 
to his varied and extensive medical and surgical 
experience. Dr. Harmon is one of the oldest 
and most esteemed members of the medical 
profession in Northeastern Ohio, having re- 
sided in his native city daring his entire life, 
and practiced his profession there for forty- 
four years. 
HARPER, John E., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
educated in medicine at the University of the 
City of New York, from which institution he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1878. He is 
now president of the Clinical College of Medi- 
cine, Chicago, and Professor of Ophthal- 
mology and Otology in that institution; Sur- 
geon-in-Chief of the Eye and Ear Department 
in the Specialty Hospital and the Wabash Ave- 
nue Dispensary, Professor of Ophthalmology 
and Otology in the Chicago Medical College, 
Oculist to Battle Creek (Michigan) Sanitarium 
and St. Vincent Orphan Asylum, Consulting 
Oculist to Oakwood Retreat, Lake Geneva, 
Wisconsin, and editor of the Western Medical 
Reporter. He is an active member of the Chi- 
cago Medical Society, and the Chicago Oph- 
tholmological, Otological and Pathological So- 
cieties, and is also a member of the Mississippi 
Valley and the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Harper is an accomplished oculist and 
aurist, and his medical and surgical skill in his 
special field of practice is widely known. 
HART, Benjamin Franklin, of Marietta, 
Ohio, was born in Watertown, in the same 
State, January 5, 1823. He is of English an- 
cestry, and a son of Deacon Benjamin Hart, of 
Weathersfield, Connecticut. Under stress of 
extreme poverty, he gained his education by 
sheer force of will, and after two terms at the 
Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, entered upon 
practice at Marietta in 1844. Twenty years 
later, having meanwhile successfully conducted 
a practice of constantly increasing extent, he 
entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College 
and graduated M. D. in March, 1864. In 1862 
he was appointed by the Sanitary Commission 
of Washington county to visit battle-fields and 636 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
hospitals for the purpose of ministering to the 
needs of wounded or sick Ohio soldiers, a duty 
that he most satisfactorily discharged without 
compensation. He was appointed surgeon, 
with the relative rank of major, by Governor 
Brough, of Ohio, in 1864. He was elected a 
member of the Ohio State Medical Society in 
1854, of the American Medical Association in 
1872, and in 1876 was a delegate to the Inter- 
national Medical Congress at Philadelphia; 
has served as Censor of the Columbus Medical 
College, as City Physician of Marietta, as a 
member of the Marietta Board of Health, and 
as a member of the Harmar Board of Educa- 
tion and city councils. Dr. Hart is one of the 
oldest and most widely known physicians in 
his city and section of the State, having been 
established there in the general practice of his 
profession almost a half century. 
HATCHETT, Buchanan, of Fort Smith, Ar- 
kansas, was graduated M. D. from the Med- 
ical Department of Vanderbilt University, 
Nashville, Tennessee, in 1882. His medical 
education and training were supplemented by 
attending the Medical Department of Tulane 
University, New Orleans, in 1885, New York 
Polyclinic in 1889, and Vienna and Heidelberg, 
Universities in 1890. Dr. Hatchett is now en- 
gaged in an extensive and successful practice 
of general medicine and surgery. He is a 
member of Sebastian County Medical Society, 
Arkansas State Medical Society, American 
Medical Association, American Public Health 
Association, and the National Association of 
Railway Surgeons. 
HAWKES, William H., of Washington City, 
D. C., was born in Meriden, Connecticut, Oc- 
tober 25, 1845, and was graduated M. D. at the 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, in 
1874. He was appointed Acting Assistant Sur- 
geon United States Army, in 1881, and served 
as assistant to the attending surgeon United 
States Army at Washington, D. C., and as.ex- 
aminer of recruits at the rendezvous in that 
city. He is now Professor of Materia Medica 
and Therapeutics and Clinical Professor of 
Diseases of Children in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Georgetown, Con- 
sulting Physician to Providence Hospital, sec- 
retary of the attending staff and Director of 
Clinic of Children’s Diseases in Emergency 
Hospital. Dr. Hawkes has also served as At- 
tending Physician to Garfield Memorial Hos- 
pital and Providence Hospital. He is a mem- 
ber of numerous local and national medical 
organizations. 
HAWKINS, Thomas Hay, of Denver, Colo- 
rado, was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, New York, in 1873. He 
is now president of the Faculty of the Gross 
Medical College, Denver, and Professor of 
Gynecology, Abdominal Surgery and Clinical 
Midwifery in that institution. He is also edi- 
tor of the Denver Medical Times, and a member 
of the American Medical Association, Ameri- 
can Association of Obstetricians and Gynecolo- 
gists, Western Association of Obstetricians 
and Gynecologists, Colorado State Medical 
Society, ex-president of Denver Medical Asso- 
ciation, and Arapahoe County Medical So- 
ciety, and also ex-president of the Denver 
Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. 
HAWLY, Donly C., of Burlington, Vermont, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
Vermont, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1884. He is now At- 
tending Surgeon to Mary Fletcher Hospital, 
and Attending Physician to the Home of Des- 
titute Children, Burlington; secretary of the 
Local Board of United States Examining Sur- 
geons for the Pension Bureau; secretary of 
the Vermont State Medical Society, and a 
member of the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Hawly has made some important contri- 
butions to professional literature, notably an 
article on “Heart Sounds and Cardiac Mur- 
murs,” published in the Journal of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association. 
HAYS, Franklin W., of Indianapolis, In- 
diana, was born at Eldorado, Ohio, April 2, 
1858, His ancestry on his father’s side made 
a part of the sturdy pioneers of Georgia and 
Tennessee, where they became largely identi- 
fied with the interests of these States, repre- 
senting them both in times of peace and of 
war, with in many instances signal ability, 
and in the War of the Rebellion achieved dis- 
tinction on both sides of the conflict. His 
father, James C. Hays, Esq., was a merchant, 
and born of the old Southern pioneer line. 
His mother was formerly Sarah J. Clevenger, 
and descends from Scotch-Irish Presbyterian 
stock, dating back in this country to colonial 
days, and numbers among her blood kin many 
persons wdio attained distinction as soldiers in 
the War of the Revolution, and since then in 
the various professions, notable among them 
in late years Shobal Clevenger, the well- 
known American sculptor, whose labors and 
genius have made him a name on both sides 
of the Atlantic. The parents of Dr. Hays re- 
moved from Ohio to Indiana, and resided dur- 
ing his childhood in Columbus, where he lived 
up to his eighteenth year, and where he ac- 
quired in the High School of that city the basis 
of a sound education. He then became a stu- 
dent in the Kentucky University at Lexington, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
637 
where, in the carrying forward of the general 
curriculum, he gave special attention to the 
study of literature and the natural sciences. 
Upon the completion of his collegiate course in 
the university he commenced the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. 
Grove, of Columbus, and later with Drs. 
Howard and Martin, of Greenfield, Indiana, 
after which he went to Indianapolis and 
and pursued his studies until his graduation, 
with Drs. Patrick H. and Henry Jameson, of 
that city. He entered the Medical College of 
Indiana, and was graduated with distinction 
from that institution in 1880. While still an 
under-graduate in this school, he was elected 
an assistant to the chair of Chemistry and 
Toxicology. After receiving his medical de- 
gree he continued in this position, and to its 
duties were added that of Librarian and Reg- 
istrar, which places he filled until 1883, when 
he received the appointment of Lecturer on 
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, and was 
at the same time made Superintendent of 
Bobb’s Free Dispensary. In the interval be- 
fore his advancement, and prior to his accept- 
ance of the lectureship mentioned above, he 
took a post-graduate course in the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
and trained himself further for the duties of 
his profession, in the hospitals of New York and 
Philadelphia. His valuable labors and close 
connection with his Alma Mater made him a 
leading spirit in the reorganization which 
resulted in the establishment of the Medical 
College of Indiana as one of the foremost 
schools of the West devoted to instruction 
for the practice of medicine and surgery, 
and the general advancement of medical 
learning. Three years later Dr. Hays was 
elected to a Professorship in the Faculty, 
taking the chair of Materia Medica, Thera- 
peutics and Dermatology, and was made sec- 
retary of the college, which positions he has 
filled with credit and ability. He has been 
honored by the Alumni Association of the Col- 
lege by being elected several successive terms 
as secretary, and also president of the same. 
Dr. Hays, although still a young man, is 
among the prominent physicians of his city, 
and is an active and valued member of the 
Marion County and Indiana State Medical 
Societies, and also of the American Medical 
Association. He is now a member of the 
Consulting Staff of the City Dispensary, the 
City Hospital and St. Vincent Hospital, and 
was for several years Attending Physician to 
the latter institution. In October, 1893, he 
was appointed by the Hon. Caleb S. Denny, 
Mayor of Indianapolis, a member of the City 
Board of Health, and was soon after elected 
president of that organization. In addition 
to these duties Dr. Hays is engaged in a very 
large general practice in his city, as well as 
much consultation practice in Indiana and 
adjoining States. Nothing less than superior, 
systematic, executive capacity, supplemented 
by a vigorous physical constitution, could serve 
to push through his large and constantly grow- 
ing business. Still he manages to find time 
for social duties, and enjoys a large and en- 
during popularity among his society and club 
friends. He is an active Mason of high stand- 
ing, a member of many of its orders and the 
Scottish Rite. He is also a member of the 
Mystic Shrine and other fraternal societies, 
as well as of the commercial and social clubs 
of his city. Dr. Hays leaves nothing undone 
to keep abreast of his profession, and with 
this object in view, usually makes a yearly 
tour of the Eastern hospitals, and has visited 
those of Europe. In the city of his adoption 
he is held in high esteem as a public-spirited 
citizen who is always ready to lend his aid to 
her charities and enterprises in any manner 
that may benefit or further the interest of her 
people. On June 25, 1884, Dr. Hays was mar- 
ried to Miss Luella G. White, daughter of the 
late Thomas White, Esq., of Memphis, Ten- 
nessee, well known as banker and owner of 
extensive plantations. His accomplished wife 
and two interesting sons complete the family 
circle of his happy home. 
HAYWOOD, Edmund Burke, of Raleigh, 
North Carolina, was born in that city January 13, 
1825. He is of English ancestry, and was edu- 
cated at the University of North Carolina, and 
studied medicine at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, whence he graduated M. D. in 1849, 
settling in Raleigh in active practice. In 1861 
he was appointed Surgeon of North Carolina 
Troops, and also in the same year President of 
the Board of Surgeons to examine surgeons for 
the same; also in the same year Surgeon in 
the Confederate States Army and placed in 
charge of Confederate States Hospitals at Ral- 
eigh and in Richmond from 1862 until 1865. 
He was also appointed Acting Medical Director 
of the Confederate States Army for the Depart- 
ment of North Carolina, and President of the 
Board of Surgeons to grant discharges from 
the same army. During his professional career 
he has successfully performed ligation of the 
right external iliac artery, 1869; the cesarean 
operation, 1874; and has operated for strangu- 
lated inguinal hernia, and cancerous tumors of 
the breast. He was elected a member of the 
Medical Society of North Carolina in 1850, was 
its Vice-President in 1866, and its President in 
1868, and one of its Board of Censors in 1873; 
has frequently been a delegate to the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, and was a delegate 
to the International Medical Congress, 1876, 
and again in 1887. He aided in the organiza- 
ti»n of the Raleigh Academy of Medicine, in 
1870, and was elected its President in 1874; he 
was also elected a Corresponding Member of 
the Gynecological Society of Boston in 1873. 
He is the author among other articles of a 
report of a successful case of “Ligation of 
Femoral Artery,” and of various other reports 
of successfully performed important cases in 
the Transactions of the Medical Society of North 
Carolina, such as amputations of thigh, crani- 
otomy, vesico-vaginal fistula, and tracheotomy. 
He has been for many years a member of the 
Board of Medical Examiners of North Caroli- 
na, and in 1866 held the chair of Surgery 
therein, and in 1873 was appointed by the same 
board to examine and license druggists. He 
was Medical Director of the North Carolina 
Life Insurance Company in 1873, and a mem- 
ber of the Board of Directors of the Insane 
Asylum of North Carolina in 1865, and has 
held the position of its President for several 
years. He is State Medical Referee for the 
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of 
Newark, New Jersey, and Manhattan Life 
Insurance Company of New York, and is 
Chief Medical Examiner and Advisor for sev- 
eral other leading life assurance companies of 
this country. In 1889 the University of North 
Carolina conferred upon Dr. Haywood the de- 638 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
leading surgeons in the State of Missouri. He 
has been a member of the Board of Managers 
of the Missouri State Lunatic Asylum, No. 2, 
for the past seven years, and is now president 
of that board. He attended as a delegate mem- 
ber the British Medical Association, which 
met in Edinborough, Scotland, in 1880; is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
and of the Medical Association of the State of 
Missouri, and has served as president of the 
District Medical Society of Northwest Mis- 
souri. Dr. Heddens is one of the proprietors 
and editors of the St. Joseph Medical Herald. 
He is a Royal Arch Mason, and member of the 
Knights of Pythias. 
HEDDENS, William 1., of St. Joseph, Mis- 
souri, was born in Preble county, Ohio, Feb- 
ruary 14, 1828, and died July 3, 1891. He was 
a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College, 
and began his practice in Kentucky. When 
three years had expired he removed to St. 
Joseph, where he engaged in practice until his 
death. His record as an enterprising citizen 
and prominent professional man is one which 
sheds luster upon his life and character. He 
was a member of the International Medical 
Congress, the American Medical Association, 
of which he served as vice-president; was 
president of the Northwestern Missouri Med- 
ical Association, and was also president of the 
St. Joseph and District Medical Society. He 
secured a large practice and amassed a hand- 
some fortune. He was the editor and owner 
of the first medical journal published west of 
St. Louis. In 1879 he organized the Faculty 
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
his city, of which, during its entire existence, 
he was president and dean. After its consoli- 
dation with the St. Joseph Hospital Medical 
College, he was still the president. Two years 
later he organized from this school the Faculty 
of the Ensworth Medical College and Hospital, 
and he was made president of the Board of 
Trustees and Dean of the Faculty, continuing 
as such until his death. It is known to many 
of the citizens of St. Joseph that it was due 
almost entirely to the influence of Dr. Heddens 
that the late Samuel Ensworth donated the 
principal of his large estate to the erection and 
endowment of the Ensworth Medical College 
and Hospital, at the corner of Seventh and 
Jule streets, which is recognized as one of the 
most important institutions of the kind in the 
Northwest. For thirty or more years he was 
a conspicuous figure in the social and profes- 
sional life of St. Joseph, and no citizen ever 
passed away more deeply honored and regret- 
ted. Fraternally, he was a Royal Arch Mason 
and a member of the Independent Order of 
Odd Fellows. 
HEISE, A. W., of Joliet, Illinois, was born 
in Bramsche, Hanover, in 1823, and died 
October 22, 1893. His education was re- 
ceived in the universities of Germany. He 
was House Surgeon in the Marine Hospital, 
Chicago, in 1857. He served in the army as 
Surgeon of the Twentieth Illinois Regiment, 
and on the last call as Surgeon of the One 
Hundredth. After Murfreesboro he was ap- 
pointed Brigade Surgeon. After Chickamauga 
lie was appointed Operator of the brigade and 
then Inspector of Hospitals and Consulting 
Surgeon of the corps. In 1872 he was appointed 
Prison Physician at Joliet, holding the posi- 
tion many years. Dr. Heise was one of the 
oldest and best known members of the medical 
gree of LL. D. in recognition of his eminent 
professional attainments. 
HEDDENS, James Weir,of St. Joseph, Mis- 
souri, was born in Barhourville, Kentucky, in 
1857. He was the son of the late Dr. W. I. 
Heddens, a leading physician of St. Joseph, 
and was reared in that city, his father having 
moved there from Kentucky, when he was two 
years of age. He received his literary educa- 
tion in the public and high schools of St. 
Joseph, and his medical education at Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., where he 
graduated as the prize student in anatomy in 
1879. He was a private student of Prof. Pan- 
cost, and served a term in the hospital, to 
which he was Visiting Surgeon after his grad- 
uation. He commenced the practice of medi- 
cine and surgery at the expiration of his hos- 
pital service in' 1880, in partnership with his 
father. The Medical College of St. Joseph was 
organized at this time, and he was selected to 
the Professorship of the chair of Anatomy. 
This position he efficiently filled until 1891, 
when he accepted the chair of Operative Sur- 
gery and Gynecology in the Ensworth Hos- 
pital Medical College. He is also one of the 
life trustees to the Ensworth Hospital and Col- 
lege. Dr. Heddens is a man of exceptional 
natural ability, and this, coupled with his high 
educational advantages, attainments, assidu- 
ous application and close observation, soon 
brought him into prominence in his profession, 
especially in surgery, for which he possessed su- 
perior skill. His special work in the opera- 
tion for the radical cure of hernia merits him 
special commendation. He further equipped 
himself in his profession by a tour of the 
European hospitals, during which he gave 
especial attention to surgery. He has per- 
formed all the capital operations, and unusual 
success has attended his work in this field of 
medicine, and although a young man, he has 
made for himself a reputation as one of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
639 
profession in the State of Illinois. He left a 
wite and son, with a large estate. 
HELLER, Peter H., of Pueblo, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. from the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Georgetown, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, in 1874. His medical edu- 
cation and training were supplemented by at- 
tendance at the schools and hospitals of 
Vienna in 1877, and of Paris in 1878. He is 
now Visiting Physician to St. Mary’s Hospital 
and member of the Staff of Physicians to the 
Woman’s Hospital, Pueblo. Dr. Heller is an 
active member of the Colorado State Medical 
Society, and Ex-President of the Pueblo 
County Medical Society. 
HEINEMAN, Henry N., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York, in 1874. He is 
now Visiting Physician to Mount Sinai Hos- 
pital and Professor of Practice of Medicine in 
the New York Polyclinic. He is an active 
member of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine; New York Academy of Sciences; New 
York County Medical Society; New York 
Pathological Society, and the New York Neu- 
rological Society. 
HENNING, Bennett G., of Memphis, Ten- 
nessee, was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, New York City, in 1870. 
He is now Professor of Materia Medica and 
Clinical Diseases of the Rectum in the Mem- 
phis Hospital Medical College, president of the 
Medical Staff of St. Joseph’s Hospital, and 
proprietor of Henning’s Infirmary for Rectal 
Diseases. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, Tennessee State Medical 
Society, Memphis Medical Society, and the 
Tri - State Medical Society of Tennessee, 
Georgia, and Alabama. 
HENRY, Joseph N., of New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the University of Ver- 
mont, and received the degree of M. D. from 
the Medical Department of that institution in 
1883. He is now assistant to the chair of Der- 
matology in Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- 
lege ; also Lecturer on Dermatology and Syph- 
ilology at the spring term in that institution. 
He is Consulting Surgeon to the hospitals of 
the Board of Health, member of the New 
York County Medical Association, and West 
End Medical Society. 
HENRY, Morris H., of New York City, was 
born in London, England, July 26, 1835. 
He was educated in that metropolis; in arts at 
Somerset House; subsequently in Belgium, 
and in the University of Vermont; graduated 
in medicine from the last-named institution in 
1860, and received the honorary degree of A. 
M. 1875. He settled in New York. During 
the War of the Rebellion he served as Assist- 
ant Surgeon in the United States Navy, and 
was with Farragut in the Mississippi, at New 
Orleans. He is a member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, Medical Society of the 
County of New York, American Medical Asso- 
ciation; president of the Alumni Association 
of the University of Vermont; honorary sec- 
retary for New York of the Anthropological 
Society of London, and was for many years 
Surgeon to the New York and Northern Dis- 
pensaries of New York. His contributions to 
medical literature consist of “Improvement in 
the Method of Examining Throat, Ear and 
Eye by Plano-Convex Lens with Reflector,” 
American Medical Times, 1864. He was the 
originator and editor of the American Journal 
of Syphilography and Dermatology, devoted to 
the consideration of all venereal and skin dis- 
eases, and was editor of the American edition 
of Dr. Tilbury Fox’s work on “Skin Diseases” 
(adopted by the United States Government 
for the use of surgeons in the army; “Mono- 
graphs on the Indications for Operative Sur- 
gery in Cases of Phimosis,” 1870; on “Ampu- 
tation of Redundant Scrotum, in the Treat- 
ment of Varicocele, with New Instrument,” 
on “Three Cases of Psoriasis, Occurring Dur- 
ing Lactation,” “A Case of Seborrhea Sicca,” 
1871; “Treatment of Venereal Diseases in 
Vienna Hospital,” “On the Dementia and 
Hemiplegia of Syphilis,” 1872; “Cases of In- 
duration of Os and Cervix Uteri, the Result of 
Syphilis,” “Of Syphilitic Insanity,” “Of 
Anomalous Localities of Chancres,” “New In- 
strument to Remove Prepuce in Cases of Phi- 
mosis,” 1874, and “Specialists and Specialties 
in Medicine,” address before the Alumni As- 
sociation of the University of Vermont, June, 
1876; also numerous other articles of great 
medical interest. He succeeded Dr. Carnochan 
as Surgeon-in-chief of the State Emigrant 
Hospital, Ward’s Island, in 1872, and has 
served as Consulting Surgeon to the Depart- 
ment of Municipal Police of New York. 
HENRY, William G., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the McGill University, 
Montreal, in 1883, and became a licentiate of 
the Royal College of Physicians, London, En- 
gland, and also of the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, Ontario, in 1885. He is a mem- 
ber of the Michigan State and Wayne County 
Medical Societies, and also of the Detroit Med- 
ical and Library Association. 
HEPBURN, Neil J., of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York in 1868. He is now 
Ophthalmologist to Randall’s Island Hospital, 
and president of the Medical Board of that in- 
stitution. He is also Lecturer on Ophthal- 
mology in the New York Polyclinic, and As- 
sistant Surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear 
Hospital. Dr. Hepburn is a member of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, New York 
County Medical Society, New York Neurologi- 
cal Society, American Otological Society, and 
the American Ophthalmological Society. 
HERRICK, Everett, of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, in 1854. He is now Con- 
sulting Physician to the New York Institution 
for the Deaf and Dumb; President of the So- 
ciety for the Relief of Widows and Orphans 
of Medical Men; Fellow, and Chairman of the 
Board of Trustees of the New York Academy 
of Medicine; member of the New York County 
Medical Society, and Trustee of the New York 
Skin and Cancer Hospital. 
HERRICK, Henry J., of Cleveland, Ohio, 
was born, January 20,1833, in Portage county, 
in the same State. He prepared for college at 
the Twinsburg Institute, Ohio, graduated at 
Williams’ College, Massachusetts, in 1858; and 
pursued his medical studies at Rush Medical 
College, Chicago,- from which he graduated in 
1861. He settled at once in Cleveland. His 
practice includes a number of important oper- 
ations successfully performed. He is a mem- 
ber of the Ohio State Medical Society, of 
which he was president in 1874. His contri- 
butions to medicine consist of reports of cases, 
and a paper on the “Relation of Science to the 
Art of Medicine.” During the Civil War he 640 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
was Assistant Surgeon and Surgeon for three 
years, serving actively in the field with the 
army of the Cumberland, and being for several 
months a prisoner at Libby. In 1865 he was 
appointed Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases 
of Women and Children in the Charity Hos- 
pital Medical College (since incorporated under 
the name of the Medical Department of the 
University of Wooster), filling the chair for 
four years; when he was appointed Professor 
of the Principles of Surgery in the same insti- 
tution. Dr. Herrick is an accomplished physi- 
cian and surgeon as well as a distinguished 
medical teacher, and is now one of the oldest 
and most widely-known members of the pro- 
fession in the city of Cleveland. 
HEVDECKER, Henry R., of New York City, 
was educated at Harvard, receiving the degree 
of A. M. in 1886, and that of M. D. from the 
same institution in 1889. His medical train- 
ing was supplemented by attendance at the 
Charity and Maternity Hospitals, New York, 
in 1891. He is now Instructor in Genito- 
urinary and Venereal Diseases at the New 
York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hos- 
pital, and Physician for Children’s Diseases to 
DeWitt Dispensary. Dr. Heydecker is a mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
New York County Medical Society, Society of 
the Alumni Charity Hospital, and Harvard 
Medical Society of New York. 
HILLS, T. Morton, of Willimantic, Connec- 
ticut, was graduated M. D. from the Medical 
Department of Yale College, in 1863. He now 
devotes special attention to surgery and gyne- 
cology, and has, in connection with his office, a 
private hospital for the treatment of surgical 
and gynecological cases, in which field of prac- 
tice he has excellent success, and is widely 
known as a skillful and accomplished member 
of his profession. Dr. Hills is a member of 
the Windham County and Connecticut State 
Medical Societies, and of the American Med- 
ical Association. 
HIMES, Isaac N., of Cleveland, Ohio, was 
horn at Shippensburg, Cumberland county, 
Pennsylvania, December 4, 1834. He was ed- 
ucated in Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, 
Pennsylvania, graduating at that college in 
1853; he attended lectures in the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Pennsylvania; 
subsequently entered the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York, and from the last- 
named institution received in 1856 his degree 
of M. D. During the ensuing eighteen months 
he was a member of the house staff of Bellevue 
Hospital; was appointed in 1860 Assistant Resi- 
dent Physician of the Nursery Hospital on Ran- 
dall’s Island, serving one year in that capacity, 
and in the spring of 1861 established himself 
in private practice at Chillicothe, Ohio. In 
the fall of the same year he was appointed As- 
sistant Surgeon of the Seventy-third Regiment 
Ohio Volunteers; was in a short time pro- 
moted to be surgeon to the same regiment, and 
in the latter capacity served until the close of the 
Civil War. He then spent two years in profes- 
sional study in Germany and France, several 
months in travel in the United States, and in 
attention to private interests, residing a year 
in San Francisco, California, and in 1871 
finally established himself in practice in Cleve- 
land. He has been one of the Visiting Board 
of Cleveland City Hospital, and is a member 
of the Cuyahoga County Medical Society, Ohio 
State Medical Society, and American Medical 
Association. In 1863 he was chosen Professor 
of Anatomy in Cleveland Medical College, and 
in 1871 was appointed Professor of Physiology 
and Physiological and Pathological Histology 
in the same institution. The latter chair he 
filled for several years. 
HITCHCOCK, Charles W.,of Detroit, Michi- 
gan, was graduated A. M. at the University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, in 1880. He studied 
medicine at the Detroit Medical College and 
was graduated M. D. from that institution 
in 1885, since which he has been success- 
fully engaged in the general practice of his 
profession. He is now secretary of the Michi- 
gan State Medical Society, and is a member of 
the American Academy of Medicine and the 
Detroit Medical and Library Association. He 
is Chief Surgeon of the Standard Life and 
Accident Insurance Company, and is a well- 
known and accomplished physician. 
HOLDEN, Edgar, of Newark, New Jersey, 
was born at Hingham, Massachusetts, Novem- 
ber 3, 1838, and is of New England parentage. 
Having graduated from Princeton College in 
1859, he entered the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, New York, and received his med- 
ical degree in 1861. In the same year he en- 
tered the United States Navy, ranking three in 
a class of sixty-one, and was commissioned 
assistant surgeon. In 1862 he was surgeon of the 
frigate Minnesota at the engagement with the 
Merrimac; was one year surgeon of the mon- 
itor Passaic (his illustrated journal detailing 
her terrible experience off Hatteras, when the 
first monitor went down, having been published 
in Harper’s Magazine). He took part in the 
siege of Charleston, in the engagement with 
the ram Albermarle, and served until the lat- 
ter part of 1864, when he resigned and entered 
the volunteer army, serving until the end of the 
Civil War. He then established himself in New- 
ark. He pursued the study of his profession in 
Europe in the winter of 1870. Dr. Holden is a 
member of the New Jersey State Medical Soci- 
ety, of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, 
of the New York Laryngological Society, of the 
New York Society for the Advancement of 
Science, and of the American Medical Associa- 
tion. Of his more important professional pub- 
lications may be mentioned the following 
articles, which have appeared in the American 
Journal of Medical Sciences, the New York Med- 
ical Record, and the New York Medical Journal: 
“Loss of the Entire Scapula from Slough- 
ing,” “Diseases of Men of War,” 1866; “Vag- 
inal and Vulval Varices,” 1867; “Relation of 
Cancer and Tubercle,” 1868; “Relation of Car- 
diac Pathology to the Sphygmograph,” Trans- 
actions New Jersey State Society, “Ostracism 
for Consumption,” 1871; “Successful Treatment 
of Asthma,”lß72; “The Sphygmograph,”aprize 
essay, New York College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, 1873; “Anomalies of Cardiac Pa- 
thology,” 1875; “Extraordinary Case of In- 
tra-Cardiac Cyst,” “A Discovery in Physical 
Diagnosis,” “Unison Resonance in Ausculta- 
tion,” “New Instruments for Detection and 
Prevention of Pulmonary Disease,” 1876; 
“Reflex Pharyngeal Neuroses due to Uterine 
Disease,” “New Investigations in Respiratory 
Pathology,” 1877. Also various contributions 
to current periodical literature. Since 1869 he 
has been president of the Medical Department 
of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
pany. In 1874 he was appointed Consulting 
Surgeon to St. Barnabas Hospital of Newark, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
641 
and in 1876 was a member of the executive 
committee of the International Medical Con- 
gress, Philadelphia. Dr. Holden has served 
as Clinical Physician for Diseases of the Throat 
to St. Michael’s Hospital, in the city where he 
resides, and is a member of the American 
Laryngological Association. 
HOLLISTER, John H., of Chicago, Illinois, 
was born in Monroe county, New York, Au- 
gust 5, 1824. During his infancy the family 
moved to Romeo, Macomb county, Michigan. 
At the age of fourteen years he returned to 
Rochester, New York, and received his gen- 
eral education in the Rochester Collegiate In- 
stitute, after which he took a course in the 
normal department of the institution, prepara- 
tory to teaching. He was engaged chiefly in 
teaching the following four or live years, and 
in January, 1844, he commenced the study of 
medicine, graduating from the Berkshire Med- 
ical College in 1847. Immediately after re- 
ceiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine he 
commenced general practice in Grand Rapids, 
Michigan, where he quickly acquired an ex- 
tensive professional business and an excellent 
reputation. In 1855 he removed to Chicago, a 
more desirable field for professional work, and 
in 1857 was appointed Demonstrator of Anato- 
my in Rush Medical College, and discharged 
the duties of that position satisfactorily until 
the summer of 1859, when he resigned and 
accepted the chair of Anatomy in the Faculty 
just organized for the medical department of 
Lind University. After successfully teaching 
anatomy four years he accepted a transfer to 
the chair of Physiology, the duties of which 
he discharged with increasing reputation until 
1867, when he was again transferred to the 
chair of General Pathology and Pathological 
Anatomy. The duties of this chair he dis- 
charged with fidelity until 1882, when he re- 
signed it, but retained the Professorship of 
Clinical Medicine, and still continues to give 
regular clinics in the medical wards of the 
Mercy Hospital. He early became a member 
of the American Medical Association, was 
chairman on the Section of Practical Medicine 
in 1883, and has since served as a member of 
the Board of Trustees for the publication of 
the journal of the Association, and otherwise 
taken an active part in the of that 
organization. He served the Illinois State 
Medical Society as treasurer fourteen consecu- 
tive years, and as its president in 1874, He is 
an earnest supporter of the Chicago Medical 
Society and has been honored with its highest 
offices, and is a member of other scientific and 
literary associations. Dr. Hollister is a lead- 
ing member of the Plymouth Congregational 
Church, and in every relation of life exhibits 
the highest type of a Christian gentleman. 
HOLLOWAY, James M.,of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was born at Lexington, in the same 
State, July 14, 1834. He acquired his literary 
education at Oakland College, Mississippi, and 
Center College, Danville, Kentucky; subse 
quently preparing himself for professional life 
in the Medical Department University of 
Louisiana (New Orleans). He graduated in 
medicine in 1857, and was the valedictorian of 
his class. In the same year he established 
himself at Vernon, Mississippi. From 1861 to 
1865 he was Surgeon in the Confederate States 
Army. He served with the Eighteenth Mis- 
sissippi Regiment, and was present at the 
battles of Manassas and Ball’s Bluff. After 
serving on the Peninsula until May, 1862, he 
was ordered, on account of sickness, to Rich- 
mond, Virginia, where he organized military 
hospitals. In 1863 he held the position of 
senior medical officer, and was appointed pres- 
ident of the Medical Examining Board for all 
hospitals in Richmond. At the close of the war 
he established himself in Louisville, where he 
has since remained engaged in an active and suc- 
cessful practice of general medicine and sur- 
gery. He is a member of the Medico-Chirur- 
gical Society, of the Academy of Medicine, 
Louisville; of the Kentucky State Medical So- 
ciety, and the American Medical Association. 
He has also served as a member of the Ken- 
tucky State Board of Medical Examiners, as 
Commissioner of Central Kentucky Lunatic 
Asylum, member of the Medical and Surgical 
staff of Louisville City Hospital, and as mem- 
ber of the Board of Health, Louisville, Ky. In 
1865 he was Professor of Anatomy in the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Louis- 
ville; in 1866 Professor of Physiology in the 
same college; from 1867 until 1870 he was Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence 
in Kentucky School of Medicine; from 1870 to 
1874 Professor of Physiology and Clinical Sur- 
gery in the Louisville Medical College, and in 
1874 he became Professor of General and Clini- 
cal Surgery in Hospital College of Medicine, 
Medical Department of Central University, 
Kentucky, and has also held this chair several 
years. His contributions to medical literature 
consist of articles on the treatment of hem- 
orrhage from large arteries, styptics and com- 
pression, articles on amputations of foot and 
excision of ankle-joint, and numerous other 
papers on surgical subjects in leading medical 
journals. 
HOLMES, C. R., of Cincinnati, Ohio, was 
graduated in medicine at the Miami Medical 
College, Cincinnati, in 1886. He is now Oph- 
thalmic and Aural Surgeon to the Cincinnati 
Hospital; Professor of Ophthalmology in the 
Presbyterian Hospital and Women’s Medical 
College, and Clinical Lecturer on Diseases of 
the Eye in Miami Medical College. 
HOLMES, Horatio R., of Portland, Oregon, 
was educated in medicine at Long Island Col- 
lege Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1880, and also obtained an ad eundem 
degree from the Medical Department of Wil- 
liamette University, Portland, Oregon, in 1887. 
He is now Professor of Gynecology in the 
latter institution. Dr. Holmes is an active 
member of the Portland Medical Society, Ore- 
gon State Medical Society, British Medical 
Society, American Medical Association, and 
of numerous other medical organizations. 
HORN, Thomas G., of Colorado Springs, 
Colorado, was born in Martinsburg, Berkeley 
county, Virginia (now West Virginia), Septem- 
ber 5, 1832, and was educated at private schools 
in that State. He entered the United States 
military service in 1861, but having been 
taken prisoner in November, 1862, and con- 
fined eight months in the South, he lost 
his health, so that he was unable to re- 
turn to the regular service, although he man- 
aged to perform the duties of a contract sur- 
geon at different forts in the West. He studied 
his profession at the St. Louis Medical College 
and the Missouri Medical College, graduating 
from the former in 1868, and receiving from 
the latter an honorary degree in 1872. In 1874 642 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
he settled in Junction City, Kansas, where he 
remained until the spring of 1875, when he 
removed to his present residence. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
El Paso County Medical Society, Davis County 
Medical Society, of which he is ex-secretary; 
of the State Medical Society of Colorado, of 
which he is ex-president; and of the State 
Board of Health. He has also been for many 
years Trustee of Denver University. He is 
Assistant Surgeon of the Union Pacific rail- 
way System; Lieutenant-Colonel and Assist- 
ant Surgeon General Patriarchs’ Militant. He 
is the author of several cbntributions to the 
Leavenworth Medical Herald; of various papers 
read before medical associations; and of a 
work entitled “Mineral Springs of Colorado.” 
At different times he has been a member of the 
school board. He has been a steadfast worker 
in the cause of temperance, and is a member 
of the Methodist Episcopal Conference, before 
which, December 13, 1876, he read a paper on 
“The Class Leader and his Work,” which was 
well received by that body and the public. 
HOWE, James Lewis, of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was born in Newburyport,Massachusetts, 
August 4, 1859, and is of full Puritan descent. 
He was educated in public schools; graduated 
at Brown High School, 1875; A. B. of Amherst 
College, 1880; studied at University of Got- 
tingen and University of Berlin; Ph. D. and 
A. M. of University of Gottingen, 1882; M. D. 
(honorary), Hospital College of Medicine, 
Louisville, 1886. He was chosen in 1883 Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry in Central University, Rich- 
mond, Kentucky; Professor of Medical Chem- 
istry and Toxicology in Hospital College of Med- 
icine in 1887, and Professor of Chemistry and 
Metallurgy in Louisville College of Dentistry, 
during the same year. He has been Dean of 
Hospital College of Medicine and of Louisville 
College of Dentistry since 1888. Dr. Howe 
has been Scientist and Lecturer to the Poly- 
technic Society of Kentucky since 1887, and 
has made occasional contributions to medical, 
chemical and other scientific journals. 
HOWLAND, Henry H., of Denver, Colorado, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1878. He 
is now Professor of Laryngology and Rhinol- 
ogy in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Denver. Dr. Howland is a member 
of the Colorado State Medical Society, and is 
ex-president of the Denver Medical Associa- 
tion and Arapahoe County Medical Society. 
HUBBARD, William Ward, of Perth Am- 
boy, New Jersey, was born at Elyria, Ohio, 
March 25, 1836. His father, the late Eber 
Ward Hubbard, M. D., who died in May, 1872, 
at Tuttenville, Staten Island, New York, was 
for three sessions a member of the Ohio Legis- 
lature, and for one session a member of the 
New York Legislature. During the late Civil 
War the subject of this sketch was hospital 
steward in the Confederate States army, and 
was actively engaged on field and hospital 
duty. His literary education was acquired at 
the High School in his native place, and at 
Chase’s Institute, Middletown, Connecticut. 
He received his medical training at Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, graduat- 
ing from that institution March 1, 1873. He 
subsequently entered upon the practice of his 
profession at Perth Amboy, where he has since 
remained engaged in an active and successful 
practice of general medicine. He is a mem- 
ber of the Middlesex County Medical Society, 
and in 1874 became Physician and Health Offi- 
cer to his city, a position he has held for sev- 
eral years. 
HUDSON, William Miller, of Hartford, 
Connecticut, was born in that city March 14, 
1833. He graduated at Yale College in 1853, 
and in 1855 received the degree of M. D. from 
the JefferSon Medical College, Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. In May, 1858, he married Miss 
Ellen H. Bryan, of that city. He settled first i 
in New York City, where he remained until1 
the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, 
when he entered the United States Army as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon, in which position 
he served three years. He is a member of the 
Hartford City Medical Society, and of the Con- 
necticut State Medical Association. He has 
served as Commissioner of Fisheries for the 
State of Connecticut; has been Medical Ad- 
visor of the Connecticut General Life Insurance 
Company; and subsequently of the Conti- 
nental Life Insurance Comnany of Hartford, 
Connecticut. 
HUNTER, Alexander S., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1863. He 
is now Chairman of the Board of Censors of 
the Medical Society of the County of New 
York, and ex-President of that organization. 
He is also ex-President of the Obstetric Sec- 
tion of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
and New York Medical Union ; member of the 
New York State Medical Society, and of nu- 
merous other local medical societies, among 
which may be mentioned the Pathological, 
Neurological, and Obstetrical, of New York, as 
well as the society of Medical Jurisprudence in 
that metropolis. 
HUTTON, Terry J., of St. Paul, Minnesota, 
was educated in medicine at the Long Island 
College Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, and 
received the degree of M. D. from that institu- 
tion in 1871. He has served as Assistant 
Physician to Brigham Hall Asylum, Burn Brae 
Asylum, and Resident Physician to Long 
Island College Hospital. He was formerly 
Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Ner- 
vous System in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Chicago. His more important con- 
tributions to medical literature consist of arti- 
cles entitled “Specific Treatment for First 
Stage of Diphtheria,” “Chloroform as an An- 
esthetic,” “Defensive Remarks on the Climate 
of Minnesota.” Dr. Hutton is an accomplished 
neurologist and highly esteemed physician. 
He is a member of the Minnesota State Med- 
ical Society and the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. 
HYATT, Elisha H., of Delaware, Ohio, was 
born near Wooster, in the same State, Febru- 
ary 19, 1827, and is of Scotch ancestry. His 
literary education was acquired at the Acade- 
my at Edinburgh, and he subsequently became 
the recipient of a literary course at Ohio Wes- 
leyan University, graduating from that institu- 
tion in 1849. His medical studies were com- 
pleted at Starling Medical College, where he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1857. For 
want of means he practiced for five years be- 
fore graduation, and for the expenses of his 
education, from first to last, he was thrown 
entirely upon his own resources. His first 
place of settlement was in the western part of EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
643 
Delaware county, Ohio, whence in 1861 he re- 
moved to the city of Delaware, where he still 
resides, actively engaged in an extensive and 
successful practice of his profession. During 
the War of the Rebellion he entered the United 
States Volunteer Service, as captain Company 
A, Twentieth Ohio Regiment, and afterwards 
was appointed an assistant surgeon. While 
a general practitioner, he has made a spe- 
cialty of surgery, and has performed almost 
every important operation in that branch of 
medical science, including two cases of tre- 
phining, the skull in fractures. In 1875 he was 
elected Professor of Materia Medica and Ther- 
apeutics in Columbus Medical College. He is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, of the Ohio State Medical Society, and of 
the Central Ohio Medical Association; he is 
ex-president of the Medical Association of 
Delaware County, and an honorary member of 
Northwestern Medical Association. His con- 
tributions to medical literature consist of a 
paper on “The Therapeutics of Alcohol,” class- 
ing this agent among narcotics. He maintains 
that it is not in a just sense a food, and that 
from its known effects upon albumen and 
fibrine, and also upon the red blood discs, it in- 
terferes with and prevents, in a great degree, 
the proper nutrition of the body, by causing 
contraction of the red globules, emptying them 
of their protogen (a necessary ingredient in 
the nerve centers), and that therefore no nu- 
trition can be afforded by alcohol to the ner- 
vous system; on the contrary, it lessens nerve 
force and weakens muscular power, and that 
instead of increasing the caloric of the human 
body, it lowers the temperature. Dr. Hyatt 
has also contributed several other valuable ar- 
ticles to the literature of his profession relating 
to subjects of therapeutic interest. 
IRWIN, John A., of New York City, was 
graduated M. A. at Cambridge, England, and 
M. D. from Dublin University. He is a mem- 
ber of the Royal Chirurgical Society, England, 
and became a licentiate of the Dublin College 
of Physicians, Ireland, in 1875. He is a Fel- 
low of the Obstetric Society, London; New 
York Academy of Medicine, member of the 
New York County Medical Society, and New 
York Society of Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. 
Irwin is late Physician to the Southern Hos- 
pital for Women and Children, Manchester, 
England; House Surgeon to the Royal Free 
Hospital, London, and Assistant Physician to 
Shrewsbury Asylum. He is now engaged in 
the practice of his profession in New York, and 
has given special attention to obstetrics and 
diseases of women and children. 
ISHAM, Ralph N., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born in Manheim, Herkimer County, New 
York, March 16,1831. After obtaining a good 
academic education he entered upon the study 
of medicine, attended the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York City, and received 
the degree of Doctor of Medicine from that 
institution in 1854, and then served a full term 
as House Physician and Surgeon in Bellevue 
Hospital. After this he selected Chicago as 
his field for the practice of his profession, and 
with a high order of natural talent, coupled 
with thorough professional training, he readily 
joined with others in organizing, in 1859, a 
new medical college, in that city, then known 
as the Medical Department of Linn Uni- 
versity, an institution which, since 1869, has 
been called the Chicago Medical College and 
Medical Department of the Northwestern 
University. To Dr. Isham was assigned the 
Professorship of Surgical Anatomy and Opera- 
tive Surgery, in which he soon acquired a high 
reputation as a teacher, and as expert surgical 
operator. He rapidly gained a large and lucra- 
tive surgical practice. For many years he was 
the chief surgeon of the extensive northwestern 
railroad system, was at one time one of the 
Surgeons on the Staff of Cook County Hospital, 
and in 1881 he was transferred to the chair of 
Principles and Practice of Surgery and of 
Clinical Surgery. Professor Isham has not 
only won a high reputation as teacher and 
practitioner in his chosen field of medicine, 
but enjoys an equally high social position, and 
has found time to gratify his literary tastes by 
the collection of one of the largest private 
libraries in Chicago. 
IYES, Frank L., of New York City, was ed- 
ucated in medicine at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York, and received the de- 
gree of M. D. from that institution in 1871. 
He is now Surgeon to the Throat Department 
of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and 
is an active member of the American Laryn- 
gological Association, New York Academy of 
Medicine, and the New York County Medical 
Association. Dr. Ives is an accomplished phy- 
sician, and has devoted special attention to 
diseases of the throat, in which field of practice 
he is widely known. 
JACKSON, Frank W., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1879. He is now Chief of the Medical 
Division of Vanderbilt Clinic, Attending Phy- 
sician to Roosevelt Hospital Out Door Patients, 
and Assistant Visiting Physician to Bellevue 
Hospital. Dr. Jackson is an active member of 
the New York County Medical Society, New 
York Pathological Society, and New York 
Physicians Mutual Aid Association. He is also 
a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine. 
JACKSON, James P., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis 
Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1868, 
and received an ad eundevi degree from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 
City, in 1873. He is now Professor of Surgery 
in the University Medical College of Kansas 
City. Dr. Jackson is an active member of thd 
National Association of Railway Surgeons, 
American Medical Association, Missouri State, 
Jackson County, and Kansas City District 
Medical Societies. 
JACKSON, William Henry, of New York 
City, was born in that city in 1810, and died 
there November 25, 1893. He was the 
son of the late Rev-. John Frelinghuy- 
sen Jackson. After graduation from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons in 
1835, he traveled abroad in company with 
Dr. Valentine Mott. While abroad he visited 
the different hospitals in the large cities, and 
went as far as Egypt, where he made the med- 
ical institutions of that country objects of 
special Study. On returning to this country he 
was made Head Surgeon of the New York 
Hospital. His close application to study and 
the duties of his important place so injured his 
health that he was obliged to give up active 
practice of medicine and devote himself al- 
most entirely to the lighter care of managing 644 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
his large estate. Dr. Jackson was the oldest 
member of the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, the Historical Society and the St. Nicho- 
las Society. The last he joined in 1845. He 
also belonged to the New York County Med- 
ical Society, the Academy of Medicine, the 
Patria Club and the American Museum of 
Natural History, and other medical, scientific 
and social organizations of New York City. 
JACOBUS, Arthur M., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1876. He is now Gynecolo- 
gists to the Northwestern and Presbyterian 
Hospital Dispensaries. He is a member of the 
New York County Medical Society, New York 
Society of Medical Jurisprudence, Northwest- 
ern Medical and Surgical Societies, American 
Medical Association, and is also a Fellow of 
the New York Obstetrical Society and Academy 
of Medicine. 
JACOBY, George W., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1876, and his medical edu- 
cation and training were supplemented by at- 
tendance at the University of Berlin, Germany, 
from which he also received the degree of 
Doctor of Medicine in 1877. He is now Clin- 
ical Professor of Nervous Diseases in the 
Woman’s Medical College, New York. Phy- 
sician for Nervous Diseases and Neurologist to 
the German Dispensary, and is ex-President of 
the New York Neurological Society, and mem- 
ber of the American Neurological Association, 
New York Academy of Medicine; Society for 
the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Medical 
Men, and the Medico-Chirurgical Society of 
German Physicians of the City of New York. 
JANES, Henry, of Waterbury, Vermont, was 
born in that city January 24, 1832. His father, 
Henry F. Janes, was formerly Vermont State 
Treasurer and member of Congress, and his 
mother, Fanny (Butler) Janes, daughter of 
Ezra Butler, former governor of Vermont and 
also a member of Congress. He received his 
medical education at the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons in New York, and graduated M. 
D. in 1855. Previous to final settlement in 
Waterbury, he was Assistant and House Phy- 
sician in Bellevue Hospital, New York, and 
practiced for a few months in Chelsea, Massa- 
chusetts. His specialty is nervous diseases 
and surgery, and in the practice of the latter 
branch of his profession he has performed a 
large number of capital operations. He is a 
member of the Washington County Medical, 
the Vermont State Medical, and the Massachu- 
setts Medical Societies. Of the two first named 
he has been president. He is also a member 
of the American Medical Association. On 
various occasions he has read articles on “Gun- 
shot Wounds,” “Accident after Amputations,” 
“Amputations at Knee-Joint,” and other surg- 
ical subjects, before the societies of which he 
is a member. In 1861 he became Surgeon of 
the Third Vermont Volunteers; in 1863 was ap- 
pointed Surgeon United States Volunteers, and 
Avas in charge of hospitals at Burkettsville and 
Frederick, Maryland, in 1862. He also served 
in the capacity of Surgeon-in-Charge in the 
Sixth Army Corps Hospital; in charge of the 
hospitals of the Army of the Potomac, at Get- 
tysburg, and afterwards in charge of the hos- 
pitals in Philadelphia and Vermont, to the 
close of the CiAnl War, when he resigned from 
the army and resumed private practice in his 
native place, where he has since remained. 
JANVRIN, Joseph E., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of New York, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1864. He is now Gynecologist to the 
New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, and Con- 
sulting Surgeon to St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, 
Dr. Janvrin is a member of the American 
Medical Association, American Gynecological 
Association, New York County Medical Soci- 
ety, New York Obstetrical Society, New York 
Academy of Medicine, and numerous other 
medical, scientific, and social organizations. 
JARMAN, George W., of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College in 1888. He is now Assistant 
Gynecologist to the New York Cancer Hospital 
and Vanderbilt Clinic, Lecturer on Gyne- 
cology in the New York Polyclinic, Assistant 
Obstetrical Surgeon to Charity Hospital, and 
Clinician to St. Bartholomew’s Dispensary. 
He is an active member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, and the New York 
County Medical Society, as well as numerous 
other medical and scientific organizations. 
JENNINGS, Charles G., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the Detroit Michigan 
College in 1879. He is now Professor of Physi- 
ology and Diseases of Children in the Detroit 
College of Michigan, member of the Michigan 
State Medical Society, Detroit Gynecological 
Society and Detroit Medical and Library Asso- 
ciation. Dr. Jennings is also an active member 
of the American Medical Association, of which 
he is chairman of the Section of Diseases of 
Children. 
JEWELL, James Stewart, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, was born in Galena, in the same State, Sep- 
tember 8, 1837, and died at his home in the 
former city April 18,1887. He received his gen- 
eral education in the schools of his native city, 
and in 1855, at the age of eighteen, began the 
study of medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. S. M. Mitchell, of Williamson county, in 
his native State. He attended his first course 
of medical college instruction in Rush Med- 
ical College in 1858-59, and his second course 
in the Medical Department of Lind Univer- 
sity in 1859-60, which was the first session 
after the establishment of that institution, and, 
under the teaching of Prof. Titus Deville, he 
became an enthusiastic student of anatomy 
and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
at the first public commencement of that med- 
ical school. He then engaged in a successful 
general practice in Williamson county until 
1862, when he returned to Chicago and was 
appointed to the Professorship of Anato- 
my in his Alma Mater. which position he filled 
with unusual zeal and ability until 1869, when 
he resigned under the impression that he 
would engage in the special study and teaching 
of biblical history. lie spent one year or more 
in traveling, much in Palestine and Egypt, but 
not neglecting to visit the chief medical insti- 
tutions of Europe. On his return to Chicago 
in 1871 he decided to resume the practice of 
medicine, but gave his chief attention to the 
treatment of nervous and mental diseases, 
and the following year he was appointed 
Profesosr of Nervous and Mental Diseases in 
the Chicago Medical College, and, according 
to the testimony of Dr. N. S. Davis, his biog- 
rapher, he discharged the duties of that posi- 
tion with all the enthusiasm and popularity 
that had characterized his previous work in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
645 
the chair of Anatomy in the same college. In 
1874 he commenced editing and publishing the 
Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases, a large 
quarterly, on which he bestowed a great amount 
of mental labor, and to which he soon gave a 
reputation unequaled by any other journal in 
the same department. Dr. Jewell was one of 
the founders of the American Neurological 
Society, and served as its president three suc- 
cessive years; he was also an active member 
of the American Medical Association, of the 
Illinois State Medical Society, the Chicago 
Medical Society, the Chicago Academy of 
Sciences and the Wisconsin Academy of Sci- 
ences. He received the degree of Master of 
Arts from the Northwestern University in 
1869; was familiar with several moderan lan- 
guages, and had collected one of the most val- 
uable private libraries in Chicago. He early 
began to suffer from attacks of pulmonary dis- 
ease that several times interrupted his labors, 
and finally compelled him to transfer his jour- 
nal to other hands, and in 1883 to resign his 
professorship in college, and spend much of 
his time in milder climates. He died, aged a 
little less than fifty years. During the twenty- 
seven years of his professional life, he accom- 
plished an amount of valuable medical, scien- 
tific, moral, and religious work rarely equaled 
by others in the same length of time. For, 
continues his biographer, he was always ready 
and equally at home whether in his library, his 
lecture-room, at the bedside of the sick, in the 
halls of science, in the sabbath-school, or with 
the loved ones at his own fireside. 
JOHNSON, Amos Howe, of Salem, Massa- 
chusetts, was born in Boston, August 4, 1831. 
He fitted for college at Phillips Academy, 
Andover, Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard 
in 1853, and also from Andover Theological 
Seminary in 1856. In January, 1857, he settled 
over the church in Middletown, Massachu- 
setts. In the fall of 1862 he commenced the 
study of medicine, graduated at Harvard Med- 
ical School in 1865, commenced practice at 
Middleton in November, 1866, visited Europe 
and attended medical lectures at La Charite 
Hospital in Berlin, and also at Vienna, dur- 
ing 1869, 1870 and 1871, and on returning set- 
tled in Salem in May of the last-named year. 
He is a member of the Essex Institute, Salem ; 
president of the Essex South District Medical 
Society, elected in May, 1877, and was a mem- 
ber of the International Medical Congress, 
held in Philadelphia in 1876. He is the author 
of “Correspondence of the State Medical Board 
of Health,” “Report of Distribution of Diph- 
theria in Salem,” State Board of Health essay 
on “Physiological Limitations of Religious 
Experience,” “Sanitary Condition of Salem,” 
“Scarlet Fever,” and other important articles 
of professional and public interest. He has 
lectured in the summer school of biology con- 
nected with the Peabody Academy of Science 
at Salem, on “The Function of the Nervous 
System;” has also given a special course to the 
theological students at Andover on the rela- 
tions of “Physiological Conditions to Mental 
Experience.” He has held the position of 
Physician to Salem Hospital. 
JOHNSON, Francis M., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was educated in medicine at the Medical 
Department of the University of Louisville 
and received the degree of M. D. from that 
institution in 1852, and was granted an ad 
eundem degree from the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, St. Louis, in 1861. Dr. Johnson is now 
Professor of Obstetrics in the Kansas City Med- 
ical College, and is Dean of the Faculty of that 
institution. 
JOHNSON, Frank Seward, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, was educated in medicine at the Chicago 
Medical College, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1881. He is now 
Physician to Michael Reese Hospital, Patholo- 
gist to Mercy and St. Luke’s Hospitals, Con- 
sulting Physician to Woman’s Hospital, and 
Professor of Pathology and Pathological Anat- 
omy in the Chicago Medical College. 
JOHNSON, John W., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was educated at Harvard, from which 
institution he received his medical degree in 
1877. He is now Professor of Obstetrics and 
Gynecology in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Boston, and Treasurer of the same. 
Dr. Johnson is a member of the Massachusetts 
Medical Society and the American Medical 
Association. He has devoted special attention 
to obstetrics and diseases of women, and is 
proprietor of a private lying-in hospital in 
Boston. 
JOHNSON, Walter Buckley, of Paterson, 
New Jersey, was educated in medicine at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York, and received the degree of M. D. from 
that institution in 1878. He is now Surgeon 
to the Paterson Eye and Ear Infirmary; mem- 
ber of the Medical Staff of Paterson General 
Hospital; St. Joseph’s Hospital and the Pater- 
son Orphan Asylum. Dr. Johnson is an act- 
ive member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion ; American Otological Society, and Fellow 
of the New York Academy of Medicine. 
JOHNSTON, Wirt, of Jackson, Miss., was 
born at Raymond, in the same State, August 
31, 1846. After graduating at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1868, 
he located at Jackson, but in 1869 moved 
to Tchula, Holmes county, Mississippi, where 
he remained until 1873, the date of his re- 
turn to the former place, where he has since 
permanently resided. In 1876 he was elected 
recording secretary of the Mississippi State 
Medical Association, and was re-elected to fill 
that position in 1877; in the course of this 
year, also, he was elected secretary of the 
Mississippi State Board of Health. He has 
held the position of Physician to the Missis- 
sippi Penitentiary, and has served as a mem- 
ber of the Board of Trustees of the Mississippi 
State Lunatic Asylum. 
JONES, J. Brnmmell, of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis 
Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1868. 
He is now Physician to the East Side Free 
Dispensary, Visiting Physician to the German 
Hospital, and late Professor of Clinical Med- 
icine and Physical Diagnosis in the University 
Medical College of Kansas City. Dr. Jones 
is a member of the Missouri State Medical So- 
ciety, and also of the Jackson County and 
Kansas City District Medical Societies. 
JONES, William Palmer, of Nashville, Ten- 
nessee, was born in Adair county, Kentucky, 
October 17,1819. He attended the Louisville 
Medical Institute in 1839-40, and received the 
degree of M. D. from the Medical College of 
Ohio in 1854, and subsequently an ad eundem 
degree from the Memphis Medical College. 
He established himself first at Edmunton, 
Kentucky, then removed to Bowling Green, 
in the same State, and finally to Nashville in 646 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1849. He is a member of the American Medi- 
cal Association, the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, and the Tennes- 
see State Medical Society. In 1853, and for 
several years thereafter, he was one of the edi- 
tors of the Southern Journal of Medicine and 
Physical Sciences, published in Nashville. His 
“Necessities of the Insane in Tennessee,” 
Transactions of the Tennessee State Medical 
Society, “ Adequate and Impartial Provision 
for the Insane of the State,” are among public 
contributions to medical literature. He has 
also been connected with the unprofessional 
press in the capacity of editor and proprietor, 
having in 1852 established the Parlor Visitor, 
and in 1874 being associate editor of the Ten- 
nessee School Journal. He has held the posi- 
tion of Professor of Materia Medica in the 
Shelby Medical College, an institution founded 
by himself in association with a number of other 
physicians in 1858, and was placed in charge of 
the Academy Hospital, the first established in 
Nashville, on the arrival of the Union forces in 
Tennessee. In 1862 he was superintendent of 
the Tennessee Hospital for the Insane, the sec- 
ond, if not the first hospital for colored persons 
ever erected on this continent; and though 
unanimously re-elected to the same position in 
1870, he declined accepting it, because of an 
injury which he had received from a lunatic, 
resulting in paralysis. In 1876 he was elected 
president of the Nashville Medical College, 
and made Professor of Psychological Medicine 
and Mental Hygiene in that institution. He 
has been president of the Nashville city coun- 
cil, and State Senator from the Nashville Dis- 
trict; and while in the senate introduced the 
public school law, which provides “equal edu- 
cational advantages for all the children of the 
State, without reference to race, color, or con- 
dition;” he also obtained the provision by law 
for two additional hospitals for the insane. 
In May, 1877, he was appointed and confirmed 
postmaster of Nashville, which position he 
held for several years. 
JUDKINS, William, of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
was graduated M. D. at the Miami Medical 
College, Cincinnati, in 1873, and received the 
ad eundem degree from the Medical College of 
Ohio in 1889. He is ex-president of the Cin- 
cinnati Academy of Medicine and ex-professor 
of Physiology and Clinical Lecturer on Genito- 
urinary Diseases in the Cincinnati College of 
Medicine and Surgery. He is an active mem- 
ber of the Congress of American Physicians 
and’Surgeons, American Association of An- 
drology and Syphilology, American Medical 
Association and Ohio State Medical Society. 
Dr. Judkins is also Medical Examiner and Ad- 
visor for several of the leading life and acci- 
dent insurance companies of this country. 
KALISH, Richard, of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College in 1875. He has since devoted special 
attention to ophthalmology, and is now Visit- 
ing Surgeon to Charity Hospital, Ophthalmic 
Surgeon to Church Hospital and Disjiensary, 
and secretary of the Board of Governors of 
the same. Dr. Kalish is secretary of the New 
York Academy of Medicine and member of 
the New York County Medical Society and of 
other medical organizations of New York City. 
KEIPER, George Frederic, of La Fayette, 
Indiana, was born in that city March 26, 1866. 
His ancestors are of German stock, his mater- 
nal grandfather a Saxon and his paternal 
great-grandfather was a soldier of the Revolu- 
tion. Both father’s and mother’s family con- 
tained five physicians, four being uncles. His 
father practiced medicine fifty years. The sub- 
ject of this sketch received the degree of A. B. 
from DePauw University, Greencastle, Ind., in 
1887, and the degree of A. M. in 1890. He 
commenced the study of medicine with his 
father, and also under the preceptorship of Dr. 
Geo. F. Beasley, of La Fayette, and graduated 
in medicine in 1890 at the Department of Med- 
icine and Surgery, University of Michigan, 
Ann Arbor. His medical knowledge has been 
supplemented by attending hospitals in various 
large cities. He has practiced medicine in his 
native city since graduation. In 1891 he with- 
drew from general medicine to limit his prac- 
tice to the eye, ear, nose and throat. In the 
same year he was appointed expert eye and ear 
examiner for the Pension Bureau and reap- 
pointed in 1893. Dr. Keiper is now Ophthal- 
mic and Aural Surgeon to St. Elizabeth Hos- 
pital, St. Joseph Orphan Asylum and Martha 
Ray Methodist Episcopal Hospital, Lafayette. 
He has contributed numerous articles to medi- 
cal publications, among which the following 
have received considerable mention: “Steel in 
Iris for Twenty-seven Years, Sympathetic In- 
flammation, Operation, Recovery“ Removal 
of Piece of Beard of Wheat from Iris; “Etiology 
and Prevention of Blindness,” and “Etiology 
and Prevention of Deafness.” 
KELSEY, Charles 8., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1873. Since which time he has de- 
voted special attention to the surgical treat- 
ment of diseases of the rectum, in which field 
of practice his skill and success has gained for 
him a wide and well-deserved reputation, and 
he has become, through his teaching and writ- 
ing, a recognized authority. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Diseases of the Rectum in the New 
York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hos- 
pital, and formerly held the same position in 
the University of Vermont at Burlington. Dr. 
Kelsey is an active member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, and of numerous other 
leading medical societies of that metropolis. 
KETCHUM, George A., of Mobile, Alabama, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
Pennsylvania, and received the degree of M. 
D. from that institution in 1846. He is now 
Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine 
in the Medical College of Alabama and Dean 
of the Faculty. Dr. Ketchum is ex-president 
of the Medical Association of the State of 
Alabama, ex-president of Mobile County Med- 
ical Society, member of the American Medical 
Association, and member of the International 
Medical Congress. He is president of the 
Board of Health of the city and county of 
Mobile, and also a member of the State Board 
of Health of Alabama. 
KIMBALL, James H., of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at Harvard University 
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, in 
1867. He is now Professor of Principles and 
Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in 
the University of Colorado Medical School. 
Dr. Kimball is an active member of the 
Colorado State Medical Society, Arapahoe 
County Medical Society, Denver Medico-Legal 
Society, and Denver Medical Association. 
KING, Alexander T., of Pueblo, Colorado, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
647 
was graduated M. D. at the Chicago Medical 
College, in 1881. He is now Visiting Surgeon 
to the Woman’s and St. Mary’s Hospital, Con- 
sulting Surgeon to the Colorado Coal and Iron 
Company Hospital, Pueblo, and Local Surgeon 
for the Denver and Rio Grande and Union 
Pacific Railway Companies. Dr. King is a 
member of the Colorado State Medical Society 
and president of the Pueblo County Medical 
Society. 
KING, Oscar A., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
educated in medicine at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York City, from which 
institution he was graduated M. D. in 1878, 
since which time he has devoted special atten- 
tion to diseases of the nervous system, in 
an able preceptor, Dr. George W. Noel, of 
Maclisonville, in the same State. He grad- 
uated in medicine at Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, Pa., in March, 1865, and 
afterward received an ad eundem degree from 
the Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Bethany College, of Virginia, conferred upon 
him the degree of A. M. For twelve years 
he practiced medicine in the town of his 
nativity, with good success. For seventeen 
years last past he has, with marked success, 
practiced his profession at St. Louis, Missouri. 
His practice, always good, has become large 
and remunerative. Of late years it has mainly 
been in the line of obstetrics and diseases of 
children, and is gradually merging into that of 
obstetrics exclusively. During these years he 
has performed many operations in minor and 
major surgery with brilliant success, particu- 
larly in the removal of stones and tumors from 
the bladder. His success in obstetrical work 
has been unusual and sometimes remarkable. 
During the epidemic of small-pox in 1865, and 
of cholera in 1874, in southwestern Kentucky, 
he was indefatigable and very successful. 
In 1874, Governor Leslie appointed him one of 
the Board of Medical Examiners for the State 
of Kentucky, in which position he served two 
years. He served a term as vice-president of 
the McDowell Medical Association of Kentucky. 
In 1876 he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, 
and, in 1880, was appointed to the chair of 
Physiology and Clinical Medicine in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of St. Louis; 
which position he successfully and satisfactor- 
ily filled for five years. During this time he 
was also a consultant physician upon the Med- 
ical Staff of the St. Louis City Hospital. In 
1888 he was appointed to the chair of Materia- 
Medica and Clinical Therapeutics in Beaumont 
Hospital Medical College of St. Louis; which 
chair he held for two years, and was then 
elected to the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases 
of Children; which chair he now holds. He 
was also elected to, and now fills, the position 
as one of the Medical Staff of the Protestant 
Hospital of St. Louis. He has been the Med- 
ical Examiner of many Insurance Companies. 
In January, 1889, he was elected to the honor- 
able and responsible position of Supreme Med- 
ical Director of the Legion of Honor; to which 
position he has been re-elected each year 
since. Dr. King is not only learned in the 
theories of his profession, but his sound judg- 
ment, enlightened by a careful study of condi- 
tions, broadened by analytical habits of 
thought and extended by a wide experience, 
enables him to apply theoretical knowledge to 
all the varied conditions which may surround 
his patients, and thus insure the highest de- 
gree of success. He brings to bear upon the 
performance of his professional duties, native 
ability, zeal, learning, experience, and correct 
judgment. Kind, careful, courteous, consid- 
erate, and conscientious, he has the confidence 
of his professional brethren, the affection of 
his patients, and the esteem of all his ac- 
quaintances. 
KINN AM AN, Horace H., of Keokuk, lowa, 
was graduated M. D. at the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, in 1882, and re- 
ceived the nd eundem degree from Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1884. He is 
now Demonstrator of Anatomy and Professor 
of Diseases of Children in the Keokuk Medical 
College. He is secretary of the Keokuk Med- 
which field of practice his skill and success 
has gained for him a wide and well-deserved 
reputation. He is now Professor of Diseases 
of the Brain and Nervous System, and Clinical 
Medicine in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Chicago; Physician-in-Chief of the 
Department for Nervous Diseases in the West- 
Side Free Dispensary, Chicago, and President 
and Superintendent of Oakwood Springs San- 
itarium, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Dr. King 
is an active member of the Chicago Medical 
Society, Wisconsin State Medical Society and 
the American Medical Association. 
KING, Robert Maurice, of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was born at Madisonville, Hopkins 
county, Kentucky, June 1, 1843, and is of 
Scotch-Irish descent. He became motherless 
at the age of six months, and fatherless at ten 
years of age. Left to carve out his own for- 
tunes, by industry and frugality he was enabled 
to support himself, and pay for a literary and 
medical education. He took a literary course 
at Princeton College, Princeton, Kentucky, 
and then began the study of medicine under 648 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ical Society, and member of the lowa State 
Medical Society, as well as other leading med- 
ical organizations. 
KINNICUTT, Francis P., of New York City, 
was educated at Harvard, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of A. M., and sub- 
sequently entered the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, New York, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of M. I), in 1871. 
He is now Attending Physician to St. Luke’s 
Hospital, and the New York Cancer Hospital. 
He is also Consulting Physician to the Babies’ 
Hospital, and trustee of the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons. Dr. Kinnicutt is an 
active member of the Association of American 
Physicians, and of other well-known medical 
organizations. 
KIPP, Charles John, of Newark, New Jer- 
sey, was born in Hanover, Germany, October 
22, 1838. He was educated in Hanover and 
New York, and studied medicine at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 
City, graduating in March, 1861. He was ap- 
pointed in the same year Volunteer Surgeon to 
the Fifth New York State National Guards; 
Assistant Surgeon Third Battalion New York 
Artillery, January, 1862; Assistant Surgeon 
United States Volunteers, May, 1863; Surgeon 
United States Volunteers, March, 1864, and bre- 
vetted Lieutenant-Colonel for faithful and 
meritorious services during the war, March, 
1865. He served in the field till 1863, and per- 
formed hospital services after that at Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, and Indianapolis, Indiana, 
and was Chief of the United States Board of In- 
spectors of Recruits, at the general rendezvous of 
the State of Indiana. He also held the position 
of Medical Director of Freedmen’s Bureau of 
that State from August, 1865, to February, 1868. 
He then began civil practice in New York and 
in Newark in 1869, where he has since re- 
mained, devoting special attention to diseases 
of the eye and ear. He is a member of the 
International Ophthalmological Congress; cor- 
responding secretary of the International Oto- 
logical Society; elected in 1876 member of the 
American Ophthalmological, American Otolog- 
ical, New York Ophthalmological, New York 
Pathological and Essex District Medical Socie- 
ties ; elected in 1877 one of the vice-presidents 
of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, 
member of the Essex Medical Union, of the 
Newark Medical Association; president of the 
German Hospital Medical Association, elected 
in 1875; was also a delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress, held in Philadelphia 
in 1876. His contributions to medical litera- 
ture consist of contributions to the “Medical 
and Surgical History of the Rebellion;” “On 
the Affection of the Eye in Small-Pox,” Pro- 
ceedings of the Medical Society of New Jersey; 
“A Case of Sarcoma of Iris, Cured by Excis- 
ion,” and clinical essays in the Transactions 
of the American Ophthalmological and Oto- 
logical Societies. 
KNAPP, Herman, of New York City, was 
born at Dauborn, Prussia, March 17, 1832. 
His father, John Knapp, was formerly a mem- 
ber of the Prussian House of Representatives 
and the German Reichstag. He was educated 
at the College of Weilburg, Prussia, till he was 
nineteen years old, completing his education 
by studying in the Universities of Munich, 
Wurzburg, Berlin, Leipzig, Zurich, Vienna, 
Paris, London, Utrecht and Heidelberg, until 
he was twenty-eight years of age. He grad- 
uated at Giessen in 1854, and settling in Heid- 
elberg was appointed Lecturer in the Univer- 
sity in 1860, and Professor of Ophthalmology in 
1865. In 1868 he resigned both these positions, 
and coming to this country settled in New 
York City. He is a member of the American 
Ophthalmic, the New Y"ork County Medical, 
and the New York Pathological Societies—be- 
ing President of the latter in 1874—also mem- 
ber of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
founded in 1869; and is now, and has been for 
many years, Surgeon of the New York Oph- 
thalmic and Aural Institute, a hospital and 
school for the treatment and study of eye and 
ear diseases. Dr. Knapp started, and is now 
editor of the Archives of Ophthalmology and 
Otology, a purely scientific journal, published 
in German and English (W. Wood & Co., New 
Yrork), and of which several largely illustrated 
volumes, in each of these languages, have ap- 
peared. He is also the author of numerous 
ophthalmological papers which have appeared 
in Gracfe’s Archives and the Archives of Oph- 
thalmology and Otology, and some otological 
papers in the last-named journal. His contri- 
butions to medical literature which have ap- 
peared in book form are “The Curvature of 
the Human Cornea,” Heidelberg, 1859; “On 
Hospitals in General, and Ophthalmic Institu- 
tions in Particular,” Heidelberg, 1866; “The 
Intra-Ocular Tumors,” with sixteen plates, 
Carlsruhe, 1869, and translated into English 
the same year. He was appointed, in 1873, 
Ophthalmic Surgeon to the New York Charity 
Hospital, a position he resigned in 1874, and in 
the same year was made Consulting Oculist 
for the several institutions of the Department 
of Public Charities and Correction; also in 
1876 appointed Lecturer on Eye and Ear Dis- 
eases in the Spring Faculty of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York. lie is 
now Professor of Ophthalmology in that insti- 
tution. His skill as an ophthalmic and aural 
surgeon has gained for him a world-wide repu- 
tation, and he is no less known for his ability 
as a clinical teacher and contributor to the lit- 
erature of his special field of practice. 
KNAPP, Philip C., of Boston, Massachusetts, 
was educated at Harvard, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of A. B. in 1878, 
and that of M. D. in 1883, since which time 
he has devoted special attention to diseases of 
the nervous system. He is now Clinical In- 
structor of Diseases of the Nervous System in 
Harvard Medical School, and Physician to Out 
Patients Diseases of the Nervous System, Bos- 
ton City Hospital. Dr. Knapp is an active 
member of the Boston Society for Medical Im- 
provement and for Medical Observation, Bos- 
ton Medico-Pyscbological Society, Massachu- 
setts Medico-Legal Society, New England 
Psychological Society, and the American Neu- 
rological Association. 
KNIGHT, Charles H., of New York City, 
was graduated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1874, 
since which time he has devoted special atten- 
tion to diseases of the nose and throat, in 
which field of medicine he is extensively 
known. He is now Professor of Laryngology 
and Rhinology in the New York Post-Gradu- 
ate Medical School and Hospital, Surgeon to 
Throat Department of Manhattan Eye and Ear 
Hospital, secretary of the American Laryn- 
gological Association and member of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, and of numer- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
649 
ous other leading medical societies of New 
York. 
KNOTT, Janies Jerrold, of Atlanta,Georgia, 
was born in McDonough, Georgia, June 16, 
1839. He was educated at private schools, 
and studied medicine and graduated M. D., at 
the Atlanta Medical College, in 1859, and sup- 
plemented his education and training during 
the following year, by attending the schools 
and hospitals of Paris, France. On his return 
from abroad he settled first in Griffin, in 
his native State, and after the war (1865) in 
Atlanta, where he has since remained engaged 
in an active and successful practice of his pro- 
fession. He entered the Confederate Army as 
a private, in March, 1861; was assigned to 
duty as an assistant surgeon, Fourth Regiment 
Georgia State troops, same year; after acting 
on the examining medical board, near Bruns- 
wick, Georgia, was ordered to Savannah ; sub- 
sequently was appointed assistant surgeon of 
the Fifty-third Georia Regiment, and placed in 
charge of various hospitals in that State; was 
present with his regiment in the seven days’ 
fight before Richmond; in the Maryland cam- 
paign, at Sharpsburg; subsequently, at Fred- 
ericksburg,remaining on hospital duty there un- 
til June, 1863; was afterwards at Gettysburg!!; 
with Bragg at Chicfcamauga, at Knoxville, and 
again with Lee at Gordonsville, Wilderness, 
and Petersburg; promoted to surgeon, 1864; and 
while sick was placed in charge of the hospital 
at Augusta, where he remained till Johnston’s 
capitulation. He is a member of the Fulton 
County Medical Society, and of the Medical 
Association of Georgia. His contributions to 
medical literature consist of “Cases of Excis- 
ion of the Elbow-Joint,” “Creosote as a Rem- 
edy in Diphtheria,” 1865; “Calomel in the 
Treatment of Tetanus,” “Large Doses of Bro- 
mide of Potassium as a Remedial Agent,” 
1867; “Total Excision of Wrist-Joint,” “Cre- 
osote as a Cure for Nurses’ Sore Mouth,” 
“Cimicifuga,” “Strangulated Hernia Compli- 
cated with Hydrocele of Cord and Scrotum,” 
1877; “Injection of Carbonate of Ammonia 
into the Veins in Rattlesnake Bite,” “Nitrate of 
Silver in Orchitis,” and “Reportsof Resections, 
Amputations, and Ligations, and Gunshot 
Wounds,” to Surgeon-General’s office. He 
was formerly Professor of Anatomy and Clin- 
ical Surgeon in Middle Georgia Medical College. 
KNOTT, John M., of Sioux City, lowa, was 
born in Clifton, Ohio, March 5, 1846. On the 
paternal side he is of Scotch extraction, and 
on the maternal of German; his parents and 
grandparents were natives of America. In 
1865 he was appointed Second-Lieutenant in 
the One Hundred and Eighty-sixth Ohio Vol- 
unteer Infantry, and on the following Septem- 
ber was promoted to a First-Lieutenancy. He 
acquired his academic education at Wittenberg 
College, Springfield, and was prepared for a 
professional career in the National Medical 
College, Washington, D. C., graduating from 
that institution March 2, 1870. His first place 
of settlement was at Joliet, Illinois, in March, 
1871, but in 1872 he removed to his present 
location in Sioux City. He was married, May 
19, 1870, to Caroline L. Van Buren, then a resi- 
dent of Chatham, New York. While attend- 
ing to a general practice, he bestows special 
attention upon diseases of women and diseases 
of the chest. He is a member of the Sioux 
City Medical Society, lowa,and is ex-secretary 
and ex-president of that organization. At va- 
rioas times lie has read before medical societies 
papers on “Membranous Enteritis,” “Quinia 
in Acute Inflammatory and Acute Infectious 
Diseases,” “Sclerosis of the Brain,” “Chloral 
in Puerperal Eclampsia,” and upon other topics 
of medical interest. In August, 1873, he was 
appointed United States Examining Surgeon 
for Pensions, a position he held for several 
years. 
LAMB, Daniel Smith, of Washington City, 
D. C., was born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania, May 20, 1813. His ancestry came 
from England before the war of the Revolu- 
tion. He was educated in the public schools 
of his native city, and received the degree of 
A. B. from Central High School in 1859, and 
that of A. M. from the same institution in 
1864. During the War of the Rebellion he 
enlisted as a private soldier in the Eighty-First 
Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served in that 
capacity from September, 1861, until May, 
1864, when he was appointed Hospital Stewart 
in the United States Army, and held this posi- 
tion until 1868. He was then appointed Act- 
ing Assistant Surgeon United States Army, and 
served in that position until July, 1892, making 
the total period of his continued and faithful 
service in the United States Army over thirty 
years. He studied medicine under the precep- 
torship of Edwin Bently, Surgeon United 
States Volunteers, and entered the Medical 
Department of Georgetown University, Wash- 
ington, D. 0., from which institution he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1867. Soon 
after he was graduated in medicine he es- 
tablished himself in Washington City, where 
he has since remained. Dr. Lamb is a mem- 
ber of the Anthropological and the Microscop- 
ical Societies of Washington City, and also of 
the Anthropometric Society and Association 
for the advancement of Sciences, United States 
of America. In July, 1892, Dr. Lamb was ap- 
pointed Pathologist to the Army Medical Mu- 
seum, a position he now holds. In October, 
1873, he was chosen Professor of Materia- 
Medica and Therapeutics, and afterwards Pro- 
fessor of Anatomy, in the Medical Department 
of Howard University,Washington, D. C., and 
has held this chair to the present time. He has 
been Secretary of the Association of American 
Anatomists since 1890. He was Secretary of 
Section on Anatomy Pan-American Congress, 
1893. He is President of the Association of Act- 
ing Assistant Surgeons United States Army; 
Vice-President of Woman’s Clinic, Washing- 
ton, D.C., and is late Vice-President of the Med- 
ical Society of the District of Columbia. He has 
made important contributions to medical liter- 
ature, among which articles may be mentioned: 
“On Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula,” “On Eight 
Rib Sternums,” “On Olecranon Perforation,” 
“Reports of Post-Mortem Examination of Presi- 
dent Garfield,” “Reports of Post-Mortem Ex- 
amination of Charles J. Guiteau’s Mechanical 
Suffocation,” in the new Medical Jurisprudence, 
now being published by William Wood & Co., 
New York. Dr. Lamb’s long and faithful mil- 
itary service, and since then his brilliant an- 
atomical investigations and the executive abil- 
ity that he has shown in connection with the 
Army Medical Museum, have been highly ap- 
preciated by the national government and the 
medical profession. His name will always be as- 
sociated honorably with the above-mentioned 
institution, which owes much to his energy and 
professional knowledge. 650 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
LINE, Levi Cooper, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, was educated at Union College, New 
York, from which institution he received the 
degrees of A. M. and LL. D. He was gradu- 
ated M. D. at Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, Pa., in 1851. He became a member 
of the Royal Chirurgical Society, England, 
in 1875, and has supplemented his education 
by attending the schools and hospitals of 
Europe. Dr. Lane is the founder and endower 
of the Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, 
California, and is now Professor of Surgery in 
that institution. 
LANPHEAR, Emory, of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was born in New York July 16, 1859. 
He was educated at Emporia, Kansas; St. 
Louis, Missouri, and in Germany. He gradu- 
ated in medicine at the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, St. Louis, in March, 1881, receiving the 
prizes in anatomy, surgery and diseases of 
women. In 1886 he became Professor of 
Mental and Nervous Diseases in the Medical 
Department of the University of Kansas City. 
In 1887 he organized the Kansas City College 
of Pharmacy, and was elected president of the 
board of trustees, a position he still retains; 
he has also been Professor of Materia Medica 
in the same institution since the opening of 
the school. In 1888 and 1889 he filled the chair 
of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
University Medical College, and having taken 
post-graduate instruction in the East, limited 
his practice to surgery and diseases of women. 
In 1890, 1891, and 1892 he was Professor of 
Orthopedic Surgery in the University Medical 
College of Kansas City, and acted as Surgeon 
to the East Side Dispensary, to All Saints Hos- 
pital, and to the German Hospital. In 1893 
he resigned from the University and became 
Professor of Operative Surgery and Clinical 
Surgery in the Kansas City Medical College. 
Since 1885 he has been editor of the Kansas 
City Medical Index, and since 1891 of the Ameri- 
can Journal of Surgery and Gynecology. He 
has published many papers upon surgical sub- 
jects, among which may be mentioned a report 
of the third operation in America for re- 
moval of the gasserian ganglion, a report of 
four successful amputations at the hip-joint, a 
rapid method of performing abdominal hyster- 
ectomy (by means of vaginal clamps), a re- 
port of sixty-four cases of cerebral surgery, 
and the surgical aspects of cerebral localiza- 
tion. In medical societies he has always taken 
very great interest. He is now an active 
member of the American Medical Association, 
the National Association of Railway Surgeons, 
the Mississippi Valley Medical Society, the 
Missouri Valley Medical Association, the Tri- 
State Illinois, lowa and Missouri Medical So- 
ciety, the Kansas City District Society, the 
Missouri State Medical Association, as well 
as honorary member of the Kansas State Med- 
ical Society, the Southern Kansas, Eastern 
Kansas, Golden Belt, Southwest Missouri, and 
many other medical organizations. He is now 
president of the Kansas City Academy of Med- 
icine. 
LATON, Winfield S., of Minneapolis, Min- 
nesota, was born in Penobscot county, Maine, 
April 24, 1854. He acquired an education in 
his native State, graduating from the Eastern 
State Normal School at the age of nineteen, 
with high honors. He was a successful teacher 
in the high schools and academies of the State 
for several years before and after graduating. 
After spending a year at Bowdoin College, he 
went to Portland to continue the study of 
medicine, and from there went to the Long 
Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, 
where he graduated M. D. in 1877. Most of 
the following year was devoted to work in the 
hospitals of New York City, with a special 
course at Blackwell’s Island. In the spring of 
1878 he located on the frontier in Western 
Texas, and for four years was engaged there 
in a large and lucrative practice, gaining an 
experience which has been of inestimable 
value to him. At the earnest solicitation of 
friends, in 1882, Dr. Baton was induced to 
locate in Minneapolis. After spending several 
months in the hospitals of Chicago and taking 
a post-graduate course in that city, he com- 
menced active practice in Minneapolis. He 
was very soon elected to the chair of Toxicol- 
ogy and Materia Medica in the Minnesota 
Hospital College, and shortly after to the chair 
of Physical Diagnosis. The years of 1884-5 
were devoted to the study of the diseases of 
the nose and throat in the hospitals of 
Europe. On his return he was elected by the 
Regents of the State University to the chair of 
Laryngology and Rhinology, the position which 
he still retains. Dr. Baton has written several 
articles of merit upon medical and climatolog- 
ical subjects, among which may be mentioned 
the “Pathology and Treatment of Tubercular 
Laryngitis,” “Laryngeal Neoplasms” and 
“Western Texas, the Home for Consump- 
tives.” 
LEALE, John L., of Paterson, New Jersey, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1884. He is now Visiting Surgeon 
to Paterson General Hospital, Visiting Sur- 
geon and Physician to the Day Nursery, and 
Health Officer of the city of Paterson. He is 
also Medical Examiner and Advisor for the 
New York Life and the Metropolitan Life In- 
surance Companies. Dr. Leale is an active 
member of the American Public Health Asso- 
ciation, New Jersey State Medical Society, and 
other leading medical and scientific organiza- 
tions. 
LEE, Benjamin, of Philadelphia, Pa., was 
graduated at the New York Medical College, 
New York City, in 1857. He is now Professor 
of Orthopedics in the Philadelphia Polyclinic 
and College for Graduates in Medicine, pres- 
ident of the American Orthopedic Associa- 
tion, and secretary of the Pennsylvania State 
Board of Health, , 
LEMEN, Harrison A., of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at St. Louis Medical Col- 
lege in 1864. He is now Consulting Physician 
to St. Luke’s Hospital and St. Joseph Hospi- 
tal, Denver, and served as Surgeon to the 
Arapahoe County Hospital from 1876 to 1881. 
He is Emeritus Professor of Principles and 
Practice of Medicine, Medical Department of 
the University of Denver; member of the 
Colorado State Medical Society, of the Denver 
Medical Association, Arapahoe County Med- 
ical Society and ex-member of the Colorado 
State Board of Health. 
Le MOND, Robert Fields, of Denver, Col- 
orado, was educated at Central University of 
Kentucky, from which he received the degree 
of A. M., and was graduated M. D. from the 
Hospital College of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., 
in 1885. His medical education and training EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
651 
were supplemented by attending the St. Louis 
Post-Graduate Medical School in 1888, and by 
serving as Interne at the Manhattan Eye and 
Ear Hospital, New York, during 1889, and also 
by attending the New York Post-Graduate 
Medical School and Hospital in 1892. He is 
now Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology 
in the Gross Medical College, Denver. He is 
an active member of the Colorado State Med- 
ical Society, Denver Medical Association, 
Arapahoe County Medical Society and the 
Denver Clinical and Pathological Society. His 
practice is limited to diseases of the eye and 
ear. 
LEVISEUR, Frederick J., of New York 
City, was educated at the University of Gottin- 
gen, Germany, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1884. He is now 
Dermatologist to Randall’s Island Hospital, 
and to St. Bartholomew’s Dispensary. Dr. 
Leviseur is an active member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, New York County Med- 
ical Society, German Medical Society, and 
other medical organizations of New York 
City. 
LEVY, Robert, of Denver, Colorado, was 
graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College, New York, in 1884. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Diseases of the Nose 
and Throat, in Gross Medical College, Denver, 
and is secretary of the Faculty of that institu- 
tion. He is Laryngologist to St. Luke’s Hos- 
pital, Deaconess’ Home and Hospital, and 
Arapahoe County Hospital. Dr. Levy is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Colorado State Medical Society, Denver 
Medical Association, Arapahoe County Med- 
ical Society, and the Denver Clinical and 
Pathological Society. His practice is limited 
to diseases of the nose and throat. 
LEWIS, Ernest S., of New Orleans, Louisi- 
ana, was graduated M. D. at the University 
of Louisiana, New Orleans, in 1862. He is 
now Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Women and Children in Tulane University of 
Louisiana, Visiting Surgeon to Charity Hos- 
pital, and an active member of the American 
Medical Association, Louisiana State Medical 
Association, Orleans Parish Medical Society, 
and the New Orleans Medical and Surgical 
A CJCJOPI Clf lOR 
" LEWIS, W. Milton, of Baltimore, Mary- 
land, was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Maryland, from which institution he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1888. He is 
now Chief of the Clinic, Department of 
Laryngology, University of Maryland; Chief 
of Clinic, Surgical Department of Women’s 
Medical College; Assistant Chief of Practice 
of Medicine in Women’s Medical College, and 
a member of the Clinical Society of Maryland. 
LINCOLN, Nathan Smith, of Washington 
City, D. C., was born at Gardner, Massachu- 
setts, April 3, 1828. He is a grandson of 
Dr. Nathan Smith, of Yale College, and a 
son of the Reverend Sumner and Eliza 
(Smith) Lincoln. Having Graduated A. B. 
from Dartmouth College in 1850, he studied 
medicine under his uncle, Dr. Nathan R. 
Smith of Baltimore; at the same time'attended 
medical lectures at the University of Maryland, 
and from that institution received his degree 
of M. D. in 1852. Until January, 1854, he 
practiced his profession in Baltimore, and 
since that date has been established in Wash- 
ington. In 1857 he was elected Professor of 
Chemistry in Columbian University; in 1859 
was made Professor of the Theory and Prac- 
tice of Medicine; in 1860 Professor of Anat- 
omy and Physiology; and in 1861 Professor of 
Surgery. The latter chair was retained until 
1874, when it was relinquished on account of 
the pressure of private practice. He is now 
Emeritus Professor of Surgery in that institu- 
tion. After serving for several years as'one of 
the surgeons to the Washington Infirmary, he 
was appointed in 1861 Surgeon-in-Chief of the 
hospitals established at Washington by the 
Quartermaster’s Department, a position that 
he held during, and for some months after the 
conclusion of, the War of the Rebellion. In 1866 
he was appointed one of the surgeons to the 
Providence Hospital, an appointment that he 
resigned in 1875. He has also been for a num- 
ber of years Physician to the Deaf Mute Col- 
lege, and to several other institutions. He is 
now Consulting Surgeon to Garfield Hospital, 
Children’s Hospital, Providence Hospital, and 
to Central Dispensary. Having made a spe- 
cialty of surgery, he has performed a large 
number of important operations, including 
amputations at the hip-joint, lithotomy, re- 
moval of tumors from the region of the neck, 
and ligation of the large arteries. He is ex- 
President of the District of Columbia Med- 
ical Society, and a member of the Philosoph- 
ical Society of Washington; of the American 
Association for the Promotion of Science, and 
of the American Medical Association. 
LINDSLEY, John Berrian, of Nashville, 
Tennessee, was born at Princeton, New Jer- 
sey, October 24, 1822. He is descended from 
the Lindsleys, who were among tfre first set- 
tlers of Morristown, New Jersey, and from the 
Lawrences, who settled at Hell Gate, Long 
Island, in 1860. Having graduated A. B. from 
the University of Nashville in 1839, he entered 
the Medical "Department of the University of 
Pennsylvania, graduating thence M. D. in 1843. 
In 1849-50 he attended lectures in the Medical 
Department of the University of Louisville. 
In 1852 and again in 1859 he pursued his 
studies in France and Germany. He was ap- 
pointed, in October, 1850, Professor of Chem- 
istry and Pharmacy in the Medical Department 
of the University of Nashville, and at the same 
time Dean of the Medical Faculty, holding his 
professorship until March, 1873. From 1855 to 
1870 he was chancellor of the university, pre- 
serving it unharmed during the war. In 1856 
the College of New Jersey conferred on him 
the degree of D. D. He married February 9, 
1857, Sarah, daughter of Jacob McGavock, 
Esq., of Nashville. In February, 1862, at the 
request of Gen. A. S. Johnson, he accepted tem- 
porarily the position of Acting Post-Surgeon at 
Nashville. He is a member of the Tennessee 
State Medical Society, a Fellow of the American 
Association for the Advancement of Sciences, a 
delegate to nine conventions of the American 
Medical Association, a member of the Numis- 
matic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, 
and of the American Chemical Society of New 
York. Among his published works may be 
mentioned contributions to the “Medical 
Annals of Tennessee,” to the “Sources and 
Sketches of Cumberland Presbyterian His- 
tory,” and in conjunction with Dr. J. G. M. 
Ramsey, of Knoxville, Tennessee, “Abridged 
Annals of Tennessee.” In 1875 he was secre- 
tary to the State Board of Education of Ten- 
nessee ; in 1876 he was Health Officer of Nash- 652 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ville, also Librarian of the Tennessee Historical 
Society, and April 3, 1877, on the organization 
of the Tennessee State Board of Health, he 
was appointed secretary. 
LINK, John E.,of Terre Haute, Indiana, was 
born and educated in Floyd county , that State, 
and at Paris, Illinois. After studying his pro- 
fession he entered the Rush Medical College, 
Chicago, in 1860. In April, 1861, he enlisted 
as a private soldier in the Twelfth Illinois 
Volunteer Infantry and served three months 
in the regimental hospital and the same length 
of time as Hospital Steward in the Sixty- 
eighth Illinois Infantry. In October, 1862, he 
was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the 
Twenty-first Illinois Infantry, and in Septem- 
ber, 1863, he became Surgeon of that regiment 
and served in that capacity until his command 
was mustered out in July, 1864. Much of his 
time was passed at the hospital at Murfrees- 
boro, Tennessee, where he introduced his 
“hollow cone stumps” (reported to American 
Medical Association in 1875, at Louisville, 
Kentucky), and where he was appointed to 
special service as Operating Surgeon. He also 
held the same position at Nashville, Tennes- 
see. In November, 1862, he married Miss 
Mary La Foe, formerly of Lexington, Ken- 
tucky. On his return "from the army he at- 
tended the Chicago Medical College and was 
graduated M. D. from that institution in 1865. 
He then established himself in Terre Haute, 
where he has since remained engaged in an 
active and successful practice of general med- 
cine and surgery, devoting special attention to 
the latter. He formerly held the chair of 
Anatomy in the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Indiana. He is late Chief Sur- 
geon of Vandalia Railway Line and Local Sur- 
geon of all other railroads passing through his 
city. He is an active member of the Vigo 
County Medical Society; ex-president of the 
Esculapian Society of Wabash Valley; ex- 
vice-president of the Mississippi Valley Med- 
ical Association; member of the American 
Medical Association and of the International 
Medical Congress. His contributions to pro- 
fessional literature mainly consist of papers 
and reports of cases read before the medical 
societies with which he is connected, based 
upon his extensive and varied medical and 
surgical experience. Articles from his pen on 
“The Use of Alcohol as an Anesthetic” and 
upon “The Pathology and Treatment of Influ- 
enza” have been widely published and are 
worthy of special mention. 
LOBINGIER, A, Stewart, of Denver, Colo- 
rado, was graduated M. D. at the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Michigan, Ann 
Arbor, in 1889. He is now Professor of Pathol- 
ogy and Clinical Surgery in the University of 
Colorado, Pathologist to Arapahoe County 
Hospital and Surgeon Alternate to St. Luke’s 
Hospital, Denver. Dr. Lobingier is an active 
member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, secretary of the Colorado State Medical 
Society in 1892-93, and is a member of the 
Denver Medical Association, Arapahoe County 
Medical Society, Denver Obstetrical and Gyn- 
ecological Society, Denver Clinical and Patho- 
logical Society, and Denver Medico - Legal 
Society. 
LOEB, Hanan TV., of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was graduated M. D. at St. Joseph’s Hospital 
Medical College, St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1887, 
and supplemented his medical education and 
training by attendance at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received an ad eundem de- 
gree in 1888. He is now Professor of Diseases 
of the Nose and Throat in Marion-Sims College 
of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, and is an 
active member of numerous leading medical 
societies of this country, including the Amer- 
ican Medical Association. Dr. Loeb has de- 
vised some very useful surgical appliances, and 
made important contributions to medical liter- 
ature in the line of his special held of practice. 
LOGAN, James E., of Kansas City, Missouri, 
was graduated M. D. at the University Medi- 
cal College, Kansas City, Missouri, in 1883, 
and received an ad eundem degree from Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College, New York City 
in 1884. He is now Professor of Diseases of 
the Nose and Throat in the University Medical 
College, Kansas City, and is an active member 
of the American Medical Association, Missouri 
State Medical Society, Jackson County Medi- 
cal Society, Kansas City District Medical So- 
ciety, and Kansas City Academy of Medicine. 
LOGAN, Samuel , of New Orleans, Louisiana, 
was born April 16, 1831, in Colleton District, 
South Carolina, and is descended from a 
Scotch family, who were among the earliest 
settlers of that portion of the country. He 
was educated in the schools of Charleston, 
South Carolina; State University, at Colum- 
bia, and in the South Carolina Medical Col- 
lege, graduating from the latter institution 
with the degree of M. D. in March, 1853. He 
spent the three years succeeding his gradua- 
tion in a country practice, twelve miles from 
Charleston, next in Charleston, South Caro- 
lina. During the late Civil War he served as 
Surgeon, Medical Director and Inspector in 
the Confederate States army. During 1866 he 
practiced his profession in Richmond, Vir- 
ginia, and since then in New Orleans. He was 
Demonstrator of Anatomy, 1857-66, in the 
South Carolina Medical College, Charleston; 
Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College 
of Virginia, Richmond, 1866-67; Professor of 
Surgery for the next three years in the New 
Orleans School of Medicine, and in 1872 he was 
made Professor of Anatomy and Clinical Sur- 
gery in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Louisiana. He is now Professor of 
Surgery in Tulane University of Louisiana, 
Visiting Surgeon to Charity Hospital, ex-vice- 
president of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, ex-president of the Louisiana State Medi- 
cal Society, and ex-president of the New 
Orleans Medical and Surgical Association. He 
is the editor of Gedding’s Surgery, and has also 
contributed many articles to the leading medical 
journals. He was married in September, 1871, to 
Mary Virginia, only child of George R. King, 
Esq., formerly judge of the Supreme Court of 
the State of Louisiana. 
LONG, William, of New Maysville, Indiana, 
was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, Octo- 
ber 28, 1810, and died May 5,1880. His father, 
Thomas Long, was an early pioneer of Ken- 
tucky, and his mother, Nancy (Jackson) Long, 
a cousin of President Andrew Jackson, was a 
lady noted for her energetic character and 
vigorous intellect. The subject of this sketch 
was the oldest of a family of six sons and two 
daughters. His education in early life was 
limited, his opportunities for attending school 
being only such as were offered in the rural 
districts, but he possessed a mind that was ever EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
653 
active in the acquisition of knowledge, which 
he valued only in so far as it could be made 
available and practical. He commenced read- 
ing medicine in early life, and under the most 
unfavorable circumstances, performing the 
hardest manual labor for the smallest wages to 
enable him to prosecute his studies, and in 
after years when he had acquired a fortune by 
his profession he often exhibited with great 
pride a volume of Hooper’s Medical Diction- 
ary that he obtained when a student with the 
money he earned by cutting nine cords of 
green wood in the month of August. Many 
a night did he ponder over his dearly bought 
books by the flickering light of hickory bark. 
Being southern born and raised, and belong- 
ing to a family of former wealth, we can form 
some idea of how much of the pride and prej- 
udice incident to his section of our country he 
was required to overcome in obtaining his med- 
At this time no other towns existed, and no 
other physicians were located within many 
miles to divide the cares and responsibilities 
of a laborious practice. At the time of his 
arrival in the new settlement, he is described 
as a fair-haired, slender, and very tall young 
man, about twenty-four years of age, his en- 
tire stock of worldly possessions as consisting 
of one dollar in money, the horse he rode, 
and saddle-wallets, one side containing a loaf 
of bread and the other filled with a small 
stock of medicine. Certainly not a very bright 
prospect for the future, but there was a glint 
of energy and determination in the clear gray 
eye of that young man that convinced the 
community that he had come to stay, and 
would prove equal to all future emergencies. 
With good health, a vigorous constitution, un- 
tiring industry and indomitable energy, he 
was enabled to realize his ambition to meet 
the requirements of his profession and the 
multifarious duties of all good citizens. As a 
practitioner of medicine, he was especially 
noted for his diligent attention to cases and 
good judgment, as well as for his prudence, 
caution and skill, and was never misled by 
wild or visionary hobbies or notions. He was 
no theorist for the sake of theory, and only 
blended theory with practice when the former 
was confirmed by the crucial test of truth. 
His rule of life was to estimate any proposi- 
tion or enterprise in the light of its results, 
and his keen perceptions, ready and correct 
conclusions, always made his opinion, advice 
and decisions valuable. For tliis reason, in 
the early settlement of his county he was not 
only consulted professionally, but his judg- 
ment was highly prized by his friends with 
reference to their business transactions, and 
those who availed themselves of his council 
rarely had cause to regret it. He made but 
little pretense to surgery, because with him its 
field was narrowed, but his remarkable suc- 
cess in the treatment of diseases of women 
and children and in combatting the various 
epidemics occurring during the eaidy settle- 
ment of Indiana made the name of Dr. 
Long as familiar as household words 
in the families of the old settlers of that 
section of the State in which he practiced. 
He was an expert obstetrician, and his advice 
and assistance in difficult cases were often 
called in requisition by other members of the 
profession throughout his own and adjoining 
counties. He was the preceptor of a number 
of medical students, some of whom in after 
years became distinguished physicians and 
surgeons. Though the profits of his profession 
had been large, he was not one who believed 
in hoarding wealth, but was always noted for 
his deeds of charity, and for his liberal con- 
tributions to public enterprises, especially for 
institutions of learning, and for the dissemi- 
nation of Christian knowledge and the sup- 
port of the Missionary Baptist Church, of 
which he had been from early youth a con- 
stant member. It was his undeviating rule to 
never turn away from his door empty-handed 
any one seeking charity. Dr. Long; when in 
active life, stood over six feet in height, and 
in later years weighed near three hundred 
pounds, and was one of the largest men in 
western Indiana. He never personally used 
tobacco or spirituous liquors, and was noted for 
his discretion as well as temperate habits. 
His manners were plain and unassuming, em- 
ical education in this way; but it was his only 
chance, and we here find evidence of that 
pluck, industry, and self-reliance which char- 
acterized him through life. We mention these 
facts for encouragement to young men who may 
try to excuse themselves by lack of opportunity 
in acquiring professional knowledge with 
all the educational facilities of the present 
day. In 1833 he emigrated from Kentucky 
to Indiana, and practiced medicine near Lafay- 
ette, and from this locality he removed the 
following year to New Maysville, Putnam 
county, in the same State, where he engaged 
in an active and successful general practice of 
his profession for a period of forty years, and 
where he continued to live respected and hon- 
ored until his death. His arrival at the latter 
place was in the “dead of winter,” 1834, at 
a time when the surrounding country was a 
“howling wilderness,” when no roads were 
laid out, and when there was no way of getting 
from one house to another to see patients ex- 
cept by blazed paths through the dense forests. 654 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
inently practical in his dealings, with a kind 
word and sympathy for all, he possessed the 
esteem and confidence of his fellow-man to an 
extraordinary extent. The honorary degree 
of Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon 
him by Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 
1850. He retired from active practice a few 
years before his death. On July 24, 1834, he 
was married to Harriet Gregory, who proved 
a true and faithful companion in all the trials 
and achievements of his professional life. 
Two sons and four daughters were the result 
of this union, all of whom survived his death. 
His family was well represented in the medical 
Erofession. Three brothers and two nephews 
ecame eminent physicians and surgeons in 
Kentucky. One of his nephews (and name- 
sake, the late Dr. William H. Long) was a 
distinguished surgeon in the United States 
Marine Hospital Service. Another (Dr. John 
L. Long) was for many years the Superintend- 
ent of the Louisville City Hospital. One of 
his sons, Dr. Robert W. Long, is a prominent 
physician of Indianapolis; and one of his 
daughters is married to Dr. R. French Stone, of 
the same city, and another daughter is the wife 
of Dr. George A. Biddle, the present Mayor 
of the City of Emporia, Kansas. 
LONG!, William H., of Cincinnati, Ohio, died 
while in charge of the Marine Hospital in that 
city January 5,1892. He was a native of Ken- 
tucky, and served as medical officer with the 
volunteer soldiers from that State in the Union 
Army during the War of the Rebellion. He 
was a graduate of the Kentucky School of Medi- 
cine, Louisville, in 1866, and in 1875 was ap- 
pointed Assistant Surgeon in the United States 
Marine Hospital Service and stationed at Louis- 
ville. He was promoted to surgeon while serving 
at that station, and subsequently commanded 
the marine hospitals at Detroit, Chicago and 
Cincinnati. He was Emeritus Professor of Mili- 
tary Surgery in the Michigan Medical College, 
Detroit, and in a great measure to his untiring 
efforts that institution owes its existence and 
growth. He was an officer of fine executive 
ability and an excellent surgical operator, his 
herniotomy record being second to none in 
the service. In person he was very tall, being 
six feet and four inches in height, and was a 
man of the most charming and genial manners. 
He was not only exceedingly popular in his 
own corps, but in the medical profession at 
large he Avas widely and favorably known. By 
his death, both the former and the latter have 
lost one of their brightest ornaments, the coun- 
try one of her strongest patriots, and suffering 
humanity an able, sympathetic friend. His 
wife’s death occurred a few months previous 
to his own. Two minor children, a son and 
daughter, survived him. 
LONGSTRETH, Morris, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was educated in medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania and received the 
degree of M. D. from that institution in 1869. 
He subsequently entered the Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, and received an ad 
eundem degree in 1876. He is now Professor 
of Pathological Anatomy in Jefferson Medical 
College and Attending Physician to Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital. Dr. Longstreth resides during 
the summer months at Bar Harbor, Maine. 
LONGYEAR, Howard W.. of Detroit, Michi- 
gan, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, Noav York City, 
from Avhich institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1875. He is now Visiting Gyne- 
cologist to Harper Hospital, and president of 
staff of the Women’s Hospital. He is a mem- 
ber of the Detroit Medical and Library Asso- 
ciation, ex-president of the Detroit Gynecolog- 
ical Society and Vice-President of the Ameri- 
can Association of Obstetricians and Gynecolo- 
gists. 
LOVE, William Abram, of Atlanta, Georgia, 
was born in Camden, Kershaw district, South 
Carolina, May 16, 1824. His parents were res- 
idents of that place in colonial times and suf- 
fered much at the hands of the British Tories 
during the Revolutionary War. By the death 
of his father, in his infancy, he was left an 
orphan. He was educated in the schools of 
Camden, and at Russell Place Academy. At 
the age of twelve, with a view to the study of 
medicine, he entered the drug-store of Dr. 
George Reynolds, continuing his studies under 
private tutors. As a medical student he was 
for four years under the preceptorship of Dr. 
E. H. Anderson. In 1844 he entered the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania; and, as a private pupil, the office of Dr. 
Samuel G. Morton, of Philadelphia. With a 
view to ultimate special work,he entered also the 
Obstetrical Institute, under Dr. Joseph War- 
rington, served his time under the direction of 
the lady managers of the Lying-in Charity and 
Nurse Society, and graduated at this institute 
in 1845. During the summer of this year he 
atlfended a course of lectures at the Locust 
Street Schools, and the ward and clinical serv- 
ices of the Blockley and Pennsylvania Hos- 
pitals. In order to prepare himself more per- 
fectly for the special work of obstetrics and 
diseases of women and children, he attended 
regularly the lectures of Prof. H. L. Hodge, 
in the University, and the lectures of Prof. C. 
D. Meigs, in the Jefferson Medical College. 
On April 3, 1846, he received his degree of 
Doctor of Medicine at the University of Penn- 
sylvania. In July, 1846, he located at Locust 
Grove, Taliaferro county, Georgia, where, Jan- 
uary 11, 1849, he was married to Marion Lou- 
isa, daughter of Hon. Abner Darden. During 
the following winter he, with quite a col- 
ony of friends, removed to Floyd coun- 
ty, locating at Cave Spring. Here 
in 1850, he was elected Superintendent and 
Physician of the Georgia Asylum for the Deaf 
and Dumb, which position he occupied for sev- 
eral years. He aided much in building up this 
institution, at the same time devoting himself 
to the practice of his profession. The failing 
health of himself and his family admonished 
him to seek a warmer climate. In 1868 he re- 
moved to southwestern Georgia, and located 
at Albany. Here he soon established himself 
as a physician, a surgeon, and a gynecologist, 
and was regarded as the leading practitioner 
in that section. During the late war he served 
on the medical staff of the Confederate States 
Army, first in the field and later in the hos- 
pital. Doubtless many Southern soldiers re- 
member him kindly in connection Avith the 
Ocmulgee Hospital, at Macon, Georgia. In 
1866 be became a member of the Georgia Med- 
ical Association, and labored to build up that 
body again after the war. He Avas subse- 
quently elected vice-president. One of the 
results of this organization was the establish- 
ment of congressional district sections on 
practice, surgery, and gynecology. He is a 
permanent member of the American Medical EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
655 
Association, and was president of the Section 
of Physiology of the Ninth International Med- 
ical Congress. In 1870 he removed to Atlanta, 
Georgia, for the purpose of widening his field 
in the special practice of gynecological and neu- 
rological medicine. In this he has been em- 
inently successful, and by results of work has 
established a reputation which extends his 
labors and domain of usefulness through 
Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, 
and Tennessee. In 1871 he was elected to the 
chair of Physiology and Pathological Anatomy 
in the Atlanta Medical College, which position 
he still occupies, and is now(1893) president of 
the faculty of that institution. As a practi- 
tioner, as a writer, as a speaker, and as a 
teacher, he has always been a strong advocate 
for11 Principles in Medicine’’and11 Conservatism 
in Practice,” and among his contributions to 
the medical press no production has attracted 
more attention than his “Plea for Principles 
and Conservatism in the Treatment of Diseases 
Peculiar to Females.” He has always avoided 
political preferment, desiring rather to bend 
his energies to the interest and advancement 
of his profession. 
LOWMAN, John H., of Cleveland, Ohio, was 
born in that city in 1849; graduated at the 
Wesleyan University in 1871, receiving from 
the same institution the degree of A. M. in 
1874; was House Surgeon in the Charity Hos- 
pital at Cleveland from 1872 to 1874, and grad- 
uated M. D. in 1873 from the Medical Depart- 
ment of Wooster University at Cleveland, re- 
ceiving in 1877 the ad eundem degree from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
York City. He began the general practice of 
medicine and surgery in his native city in 1875, 
and has remained there. He has made a 
specialty of diseases of the throat and air 
passages. He is a member of the Cuyahoga 
County Medical Society and of the Ohio State 
Medical Society. In 1874-75 he was House 
Surgeon of Charity Hospital, Blackwell’s 
Island, New York City; in 1875 Lecturer on 
Materia Medica in the Medical Department of 
Wooster University, and in 1876 chosen Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in 
that institution. In the same year he was 
appointed one of the Visiting Board of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of Charity Hospital, Cleve- 
land. 
LYMAN, Henry M., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born at Hilo, Hawaiian Islands, November 26, 
1835. His parents were from New England, 
United States of America. He received a 
common school and academic education at the 
Islands. He entered Williams College, Wil- 
liamstown, Massachusetts, in 1854, and was 
graduated, with the valedictory oration, in 
1858. He studied medicine in the Harvard 
Medical School during the winter of 1858-9, 
and then entered the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons in New York, where he was 
graduated, valedictorian of his class, in March, 
1861. Dr. Lyman served as Plouse-Surgeon in 
Bellevue Hospital, New York, from October, 
1860, until April, 1862, when he was appointed 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army, 
and was assigned to duty in the United States 
Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee. There he 
remained in active service until compelled by 
a severe attack of malarial fever to return 
North in the spring of 1863. Shortly after 
this he was married to Miss Sarah K. Clark, 
in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and in October, 
1863, began the practice of medicine in Chi- 
cago, Illinois, where he has resided ever since. 
In 1865 he became a member of the Medical 
Staff of the Cook County Hospital, and held 
the position of Visiting Physician to that 
institution until 1876. In 1871 he was appoint- 
ed Professor of Chemistry in Rush Medical 
College, holding that position until 1876, when 
he was made Professor of Nervous Diseases. 
A year later he became Professor of Physiol- 
ogy and of Nervous Diseases in the same in- 
stitution, and in 1890 he was transferred to the 
chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine, 
which he still occupies. In 1880 he wrote a 
work on “Artificial Anesthesia and Anesthet- 
ics,” published by Wm. Wood & Co., of New 
York. Three years later he issued a smaller 
volume, on “Insomnia and the Disorders of 
Sleep,” published by W. T. Keener, of Chi- 
cago, and in 1892 appeared his “Treatise on the 
Theory and Practice of Medicine,” published 
by Lea Brothers & Co., of Philadelphia. Dr. 
Lyman has been the senior Visiting Physician 
to the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago since 
1883. He has been the president of the Chi- 
cago Pathological Society. He was the annual 
president of the Association of American 
Physicians for the year 1891-2, and of the 
American Neurological Association during the 
year 1892-3. He is also a member of the Illi- 
nois State Medical Society. From 1881 till 
1889 he was Professor of Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in the Woman’s Medical College 
of Chicago. 
McCORMICK, Samuel Carson, of Duluth, 
Minnesota, was born at Selin’s Grove, Penn- 
sylvania, September 8, 1837. He is of Scotch- 
Irish descent, and was educated at Tuscarora 
Academy, Lewisburg University, and Jefferson 
Medical College, having graduated M. D. from 
the last-named institution in March, 1862, and 
immediately thereafter he was appointed Sur- 
geon in the United States Volunteer Army. 
On being mustered out of the service at the 
end of the war, he established himself in 
Athens county, Ohio; practiced there for a 
year, then, until 1868, in Mauch Chunk, Penn- 
sylvania ; in the latter year and 1869 he was 
Surgeon to the Union Pacific Railroad Com- 
pany during the construction of its line, and 
since 1870 has been established in Duluth, 
where he has been engaged in an extensive 
and successful practice of general medicine 
and surgery. He is a member and ex-vice- 
president of the Minnesota State Medical So- 
ciety. For several years he was Health Officer 
of Duluth and Physician of St. Louis county, 
Minnesota. 
McCULLOCH, Albertis P. 4 of Brooklyn, 
lowa, of Scotch ancestry, was born in Benton, 
Holmes county, Ohio, April 1, 1844. His lit- 
erary education was received at the University 
of Michigan, and his medical at Rush Medical 
College, Chicago, whence he graduated M. D. 
in March, 1868. He practiced his profession 
in De Soto, Dallas county, lowa, till July, 
1872, when he removed to the place of his 
present residence, where for over twenty 
years he has been engaged in an extensive and 
successful practice of general medicine and 
surgery. In November, 1874, he made a Euro- 
pean trip, visiting the leading hospitals of 
Great Britain, and spending three months at 
the medical department of the University of 
Edinburgh. He is a member of the lowa 
State Medical Association, and is ex-President 656 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
of the Poweshiek County Medical Association. 
Among his notable cases successfully treated 
may be mentioned that of varicocele by li- 
gating the vein with Lister’s prepared catgut; 
a suicidal cut throat, with trachea half severed, 
sutures applied and external wound sewed up; 
castration for encephaloid disease of testacle, 
the malignant growth weighing two pounds 
two ounces; and excision of inferior maxillary. 
In January, 1877, he married Susie M. Lyon, 
of Des Moines, lowa. 
McLAUTHLIN, Herbert W.. of Denver, Col- 
orado, was educated at Harvard University 
Medical School, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1882. lie is now 
Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and 
Clinical Medicine in the University of Colo- 
rado Medical School, Denver, and secretary of 
the Faculty of that institution. He is a mem- 
ber of the Colorado State Medical Society, and 
during the years of 1892-93 was president of 
the Denver Medical Association, and of the 
Arapahoe County Medical Society. 
McLEAM, Angus, of Detroit, Michigan, was 
graduated M. D. at the Detroit College of 
Medicine in 1886. He is now Demonstrator of 
Anatomy in the same institution, Pathologist 
to Harper Hospital, and Surgeon to Out-Door 
Department of Children’s Free Hospital, and 
Medical Examiner and Adviser for several of 
the leading life insurance companies of this 
country. Dr. McLean is an active member of 
the Detroit Medical and Library Association, 
and American Medical Association. 
McNARY, Hugh F., of Princeton, Kentucky, 
was horn there January 15, -1837. He gradu- 
ated at Cumberland College, in his native 
town, and at Harvard Medical College in 1863. 
He served as nurse in Military Hospitals in 
Louisville from about December, 1861, to 
September, 1862. On June 9, 1863, he was ap- 
pointed Acting Assistant Surgeon United 
States Army, and continued in the service 
until August 31, 1865. He did service in sev- 
eral military hospitals in Louisville. He was 
also on duty at Camp Nelson Field Hospital, 
and at the large General Hospital at Jeffer- 
sonville, Indiana, and remained there until its 
close in August, 1865. Meantime from the Jef- 
ferson General Hospital he was ordered, with 
the surgeon in charge, Middleton Goldsmith, 
to go up the Red river to the relief of the 
Banks’ expedition. He was appointed in May, 
1867, Assistant Physician to the Western Lu- 
natic Asylum of Kentucky, held the position 
two years, then returned to his native place, 
and has been actively engaged in the practice 
of general medicine since July, 1869, to the 
present date. 
McN AUGHT, Francis H., of Denver, Col- 
orado, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1878. His medical education was 
supplemented by attending the New York 
Polyclinic, in 1890. He is now Professor of 
Clinical Medicine in the Gross Medical College, 
Denver. He is ex-president of the Delaware 
County Medical Society, New York, and is an 
active member of the Colorado State Medical 
Society, Denver Medical Association, and the 
Arapahoe County Medical Society, Colorado. 
McSHANE, Augustus, of New Orleans, Lou- 
isiana, was educated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Louisiana, and received the degree 
of M. D. from that institution in 1882. He is 
now Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
Tulane University, and Assistant Physician to 
the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, New 
Orleans. He is a member of the Orleans Par- 
ish Medical Society, Louisiana State Medical 
Association, and International Medical Con- 
gress. Dr. McShane is also proprietor and ed- 
itor of the New Orleans Medical and Surgical 
Journal, one of the most widely-known publi- 
cations in the South. 
MACPHATTER, Neil, of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the Trinity Medical 
College, Toronto, Ontario, and supplemented 
his medical education by attending the Royal 
College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, and Faculty 
of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow, Scot- 
land, in 1881. He also became a Licentiate of 
Midwifery, Edinburgh and Glasgow in the 
same year. He is now Professor of Gynecolo- 
gy and Abdominal Surgery in the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Colorado, Den- 
ver. In 1882 he became a member of the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, 
member of the Ontario Medical Association, 
and is now a Fellow of the British Gynecolog- 
ical Society and member of the Colorado State 
Medical Society, Denver Medical Association 
and of numerous other medical organizations. 
MAGRUDER, George L., of Washington 
City, D. C., was born in that city November 
1, 1848. He is a descendant of Alexander 
Magruder, who immigrated from Scotland in 
1655, and on the maternal side from Henry 
Morgan, who settled in Maryland prior to 
1648, and who was one of Lord Baltimore’s 
commanding officers. He graduated A. B. 
from Gonzaga College, District of Columbia, in 
1868, and M. D. from the Medical Department 
of the University of Georgetown, in March, 
1870, and A. M. from the same university in 
1872. He then settled in Washington in gen- 
eral practice. He is a member of the Medical 
Association and Medical Society of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, also of the Medical Society 
of the Alumni of Georgetown University. He 
has been Treasurer of the Medical Associa- 
tion and corresponding secretary of the Med- 
ical Society. He was Professor of Chemistry 
at Gonzaga College, from 1871 to 1873; Pro- 
sector to Professor of Anatomy, Georgetown 
University, 1870 to 1873; Lecturer in the sum- 
mer school in the same institution on Minor 
Surgery and Bandaging, in 1870-71, and of 
Chemistry in 1872-73; was one of the Physi- 
cians of the Poor of the city from 1871 to 1874; 
one of the originators of the Central Dispen- 
sary of Washington, organized in 1871, and 
has been in charge of diseases of children and 
president of its attending staff; also Physician 
to Gonzaga College and Home for the 
Aged. Dr. Magruder is now Dean and treas- 
urer of the Medical Department of George- 
town University and Emeritus Professor of Ma- 
teria Medica and Therapeutics in that institu- 
tion; member of the Consulting Staff of Provi- 
dence and the Emergency Hospitals and Con- 
sulting Physician to Georgetown University. 
MAIRE, Lewis E., of Detroit, Michigan, was 
graduated at the Detroit Medical College in 
1881, and supplemented his medical education 
and training by attendance at the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital in 
1888 He is now Professor of Ophthalmology 
and Otology in the Michigan College of Med- 
icine and Surgery, Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
Emergency Hospital, and Surgeon for the Wa- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
657 
bash Railway Company. He is a member of 
the American Medical Association, Michigan 
State Medical Society, Detroit Academy of 
Medicine, and other leading medical organiza- 
tions of that city. 
MANN, Matthew Derbyshire, of Buffalo, 
New York, was born in Utica, New York, July 
12, 1845. He is of old New England stock, ex- 
cept on the side of his maternal grandmother, 
who was English. His father, Charles A. 
Mann, was a prominent lawyer in Utica. He 
was educated in the common schools of his 
native city until 1861, when he went abroad, 
spending nearly two years in travel in Europe. 
Returning in 1863, he entered Yale College, 
graduating with honors in 1867, and receiving 
his degree of A. M. in 1870. After a few 
months spent in travel in the West he began 
the study of medicine in the office of his un- 
cle, Dr. M. M. Bagg, of Utica, New York, at- 
tending his first course of lectures in the spring 
of 1868 in the Long Island Medical College. 
The following winter he entered the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, 
where he graduated in 1871. His thesis on 
graduation received honorable mention. In 
the fall of 1870 he entered the new Stranger 
Hospital as Interne on the first staff. He 
served there with credit for one year. In that 
hospital he came under the influence of Dr. T. 
G. Thomas, a fact which doubtless had much 
to do with shaping his future career. Having 
finished his service in the hospital in 1871 he 
went to Europe. While there he studied in 
Paris and London for a while, spent several 
months with Simon and Arnold in Heidelberg, 
and seven months in Vienna studying obstet- 
rics under Carl Braun and pathology under 
Kundeat. He also spent some time in travel, 
visiting Germany, Switzerland and Italy, as 
well as Constantinople and the East. Return- 
ing to New York in 1873 he began practice in 
that metropolis. He was soon appointed to 
several dispensary positions, and also as in- 
structor in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons. After a residence of six years in New 
York he removed with his family to Hartford, 
Connecticut, in 1879. During these six years 
in New York he devoted himself largely to the 
study of pathology and gynecology. On be- 
ginning practice in Hartford he gave up all 
general work and devoted himself solely to the 
diseases of women. In 1880 he was appointed 
Clinical Lecturer on Gynecology in the Med- 
ical Department of Yale College, which posi- 
tion he held for two years. In 1882, on the 
death of Dr. James P. White, he was called to 
the chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the 
Medical Department of the University of Buf- 
falo. Lie was also appointed Gynecologist to 
the Buffalo General Hospital, and later Ob- 
stetrician to the same. In Buffalo he has lim- 
ited himself in his practice to gynecology, ab- 
dominal surgery and consultations in obstet- 
rics. In abdominal surgery he has performed 
over five hundred operations, his mortality 
after the first hundred, which were done in the 
pre-antiseptic days, being about five per cent. 
While in New York he was an active member 
of the New York Obstetrical Society, and its 
Secretary and Pathologist. He has also been 
an active member of the American Gynecolog- 
ical Society, contributing several papers to its 
Transactions. His principal literary work was 
the editing of the “American System of Gyne- 
cology.” He has been a frequent contributor 
to medical periodicals. His paper (1874) on 
his “Immediate Treatment of Rupture of the 
Perineum’’ was about the first publication on 
this subject in this country. He married, in 
1869, Elizabeth Pope, of St. Paul, Minnesota. 
They have seven children. 
MARBOURG, Edgar M., of Pueblo, Colora- 
do, was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson Med- 
ical College, Philadelphia, in 1885, since which 
he has devoted special attention to diseases of 
the eye and ear, and was formerly Clinical As- 
sistant to the Ophthalmic and Aural Depart- 
ment of Germantown Hospital. He is now 
Oculist and Aurist for the Denver and Rio 
Grande Railway Company, Colorado State In- 
sane Asylum, Colorado State Blind Asylum 
and Woihan’s Hospital, Pueblo. Dr. Mar- 
bourg is an active member of the American 
Medical Association, National Association of 
Railway Surgeons, Colorado State Medical So- 
ciety, and is also a member and secretary of 
the Pueblo County Medical Society. 
MARVIN, Joseph Benson, of Louisville, 
Kentucky, was born in Monticello, Florida, 
August 3, 1852. In 1870 he was graduated 
from the Virginia Military Institute, and was 
for three years subsequent to graduation As- 
sistant Professor of Chemistry in that institu- 
tion ; he then entered the Medical Department 
of the Central University of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, and was graduated thence M. D. in 
March, 1875. In the same year he established 
himself in practice in Louisville, making 
specialties of the diseases of the nervous sys- 
tem and of medical microscopy. He is a mem- 
ber of the Kentucky State Medical Society, of 
the Louisville Academy of Medicine, and the 
Louisville Microscopical Society, and has been 
secretary and president of the last two organi- 
zations, respectively. In 1874 he was chosen 
Professor of Medical Chemistry and Tox- 
icology, and Clinical Lecturer on Nervous 
Diseases in the Louisville Hospital College of 
Medicine. 
MASSEY, G. Betton, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was educated in medicine at the University 
of Pennsylvania, and received the degree 
of M. D. from that institution in 1876. He 
is now Physician-in-Charge of the Sanitarium 
for the Treatment of Diseases of Women and 
Diseases of the Nervous System, Gynecologist 
to Howard Hospital, and member of the Phil- 
adelphia Obstetrical Society, as well as other 
medical organizations of that city. He is also 
a member of the American Neurological Asso- 
ciation, and ex-president of the American 
Electro-Therapeutic Association. He has de- 
vised important instruments for the applica- 
tion of electricity in his special field of practice, 
and is the author of a recent work entitled 
“Electricity in Diseases of Women.” 
MAXWELL, James Darwin, of Blooming- 
ton, Indiana, was born at Hanover, Indiana, 
May 19,1815, and died September 30,1892. His 
father, Dr. David H. Maxwell, moved to 
Bloomington, in 1819. He came to that city 
because it was high ground, between the two 
forks of White river, and considered very 
healthful, and because a township had been 
donated at that point by Congress for a State 
University, while.the State was yet a terri- 
tory. Here the son was reared. At the age 
of nineteen, in 1833, he graduated at the 
State Seminary, and the following year became 
a tutor in the school. In 1836 he went to 658 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Mississippi State College as a teacher, where 
he remained one year as Professor of Latin. 
The school closed its doors for the want of 
funds, and with a watch in his pocket as his 
only pay for his year’s work, he returned to 
Bloomington, and began the study of medicine 
with his father. In the winter of 1840-41 
he attended the Transylvania Medical College, 
at Lexington, Kentucky, where Dr. Dudley 
was one of the illustrious Faculty. The follow- 
ing year he practiced medicine with his father, 
and then attended the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, graduating with the Class of 1844. He 
then returned to Bloomington and continued 
the practice to within a year of his death. 
Dr. Maxwell was the oldest living graduate 
of Indiana University, except one, Judge An- 
drew Wylie, of Washington City, D. C. Dr. 
David H. Maxwell, the father, was officially 
connected with the Indiana University as the 
first president of its board of trustees, up to 
the time of his death, a period of more than 
thirty years, and died in office. The son, Dr. 
James D. Maxwell, was officially connected 
with the board seventeen years as secretary, 
and thirty-two years as a member of the board, 
making their combined service more than 
seventy-nine years. No one, except it be his 
father, ever gave so fully and unselfishly of his 
time, his energy and his talent to the service 
of his State in promoting the interest of the 
university. He bore its affairs upon his heart; 
its reverses were to him a personal sorrow; its 
prosperity was his delight. Dr. Maxwell was 
a very busy practitioner for fifty years. He 
endured a great many hardships, pursuing his 
professional work in "the early times, when the 
country was sparsely settled. He had an iron 
constitution, and had remarked that his vital 
trinity—lungs, heart and stomach—were unusu- 
ally strong. The cause of his death was epitheli- 
oma of the face. A severe septic chill occurred 
a few days before his death; collapse and a 
semi-comatose condition followed the chill. 
Although often urged to enter political life, he 
steadily refused, go firmly was he wedded to 
his profession. No man in Monroe county was 
more favorably or generally known. For 
many years he was one of the most prominent 
and useful physicians of Southern Indiana, 
excelling especially in diagnosis. He was 
highly regarded both as a friend and physician, 
and his acknowledged skill and cool judgment 
made him a desirable man at the bedside of 
the sick or despondent. In 1843 he married 
Louisa J. Howe, who, with nine children, sur- 
vives him; one only of the entire family having 
died, his third son, Dr. James D. Maxwell, 
Jr., who died January 6, 1891, at the age of 
forty, after having acquired a lucrative prac- 
tice, and the highest esteem of the community 
of Bloomington and the surrounding country. 
MAXWELL, Philip, of Chicago, Illinois, 
was born in Guilford, Vermont, April 3, 1799, 
and died at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, Novem- 
ber 5, 1859. He acquired a good general edu- 
cation, subsequently became a graduate in 
medicine and commenced practice in Sackett’s 
Harbor, New York. He was soon after elect- 
ed a member of the legislature in that State, 
and after serving in that capacity he received 
the appointment of Assistant Surgeon United 
States Army. He was ordered to Chicago, 
where he arrived February 3, 1833, and entered 
directly upon his duties as the medical officer 
at Fort Dearborn; in which position he re- 
mained until the fort was finally abandoned as 
a military post in December, 1836. In July, 
1838, he was promoted to the rank of Surgeon, 
and subsequently served in the division of the 
army commanded by General Zachary Taylor 
in the campaign against the Indians in Flor- 
ida. He resigned his position in the medical 
corps of the army soon afterwards, and again 
took up his residence in Chicago in 1844, where 
he entered upon the general practice of his 
profession. He speedily acquired a good prac- 
tice, took a high social position and became 
fully identified with all the more important 
interests of the young and growing city. Of 
commanding personal appearance, tall, with 
broad shoulders, portly, always urbane and 
genial in manner, carrying a head and face 
expressive of a high order of intelligence, 
frankness and kindness, he occupied a conspic- 
uous place and exercised an important influ- 
ence in the social and business circles of his 
city. In 1848 he formed a partnership in prac- 
tice with Dr. Brock McVickar, then a young 
man, and about that time he was elected and 
served one term in the Representative branch 
of the Illinois Legislature. A few years later 
he moved with his family to a beautiful coun- 
try residence on the borders of Geneva Lake, 
in Wisconsin, where he departed from this 
world at the age of sixty years. 
MEACHEM, John (L, of Racine, Wisconsin, 
was born at Axbridge, Somerset, England, May 
27, 1823. He was educated under the tutor- 
ship of his father, the Rev. Thomas Meachem, 
at the Academies of Canandaigua, New York, 
and Richmond, and at the Castleton, Vermont, 
Medical College; he graduated M. D. from the 
last-named institution in 1843. In 1862 he also 
received the degree of M. D. from the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College. From 1843 to 1862 
he practiced in New York, at Weathersfield, 
Bethany, and Warsaw, and since 1862 has 
been in practice at Racine. He married, June 
25, 1844, Myraette, daughter of the late Reu- 
ben Doolittle, of Weathersfield, New York, and 
sister of Senator J. R. Doolittle, of Wisconsin. 
Among his notable cases have been lithotomy, 
ovariotomy, ligation of the common carotid 
for large occipital aneurism, and other capital 
operations. While a resident in New York he 
was a member of the Wyoming County Med- 
ical Society, serving for four years as its presi- 
dent, and for eight years as its secretary. In 
1862 he was appointed Enrolling Surgeon for 
AVyoming District, New York; served in 1863 
as Surgeon to Camp Utley. He is one of the 
founders and for twenty years one of the Sur- 
geons to St. Luke’s Hospital, Racine; Physi- 
cian to St. Catherine’s Convent and Taylor 
Orphan Asylum. He is a member of the Ra- 
cine Medical Society, of which he has served 
two years as president and five years as secre- 
tary. He is also a member and ex-president 
of the Wisconsin State Medical Society and 
member of the American Medical Association. 
He is Medical Examiner for several of the 
leading life and accident insurance companies 
of the United States. In April, 1876, he was 
elected Mayor of Racine. He has been an 
active member of the Episcopal Church, hav- 
ing served as a member of the standing com- 
mittee of the Diocese of Wisconsin, and of the 
Missionary Board; was warden of Trinity 
Church, Warsaw, New York, for eight years, 
and senior warden of St. Luke’s Church, Ra- 
cine, which office he has held for many years. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
659 
Among his published papers are articles treat- 
ing of “Ligation of the Carotid,” “Medical 
Education,” “Strumo-Syphilis” and “Insanity 
Produced by Bronchial Disease.” 
MERRICK, Samuel K., of Baltimore, Mary- 
land, was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Maryland, and received the degree of 
M. D. from that institution in 1872. He is 
now Professor of Diseases of the Nose, Throat 
and Chest in the Baltimore Medical College, 
and Chief of the Throat and Chest Clinic in 
the Northwestern Dispensary. Dr. Merrick 
is an active member of the Medico-Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, Medical and Surgical 
Society of Baltimore, and of all other leading 
medical organizations of that city. 
MILES, Albert 8., of New Orleans, Louisi- 
ana, was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Louisiana, New Orleans, and received 
the degree of M. D. from that institution in 
1875. He is an active member of the Orleans 
Parish Medical Society, Louisiana State Med- 
ical Association, and Southern Surgical and 
Gynecological Association. He is also Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in 
the University of Louisiana, and House Sur- 
geon of Charity Hospital. 
MILLER, Albert E., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, and received the degree 
of M. D. from that institution in 1864. He is 
now Popular Lecturer on Physiology, Hygiene 
and Public Health, late member of the Legis- 
lature of Massachusetts, and chairman of the 
Committee on Public Health. He is Medical 
Examiner for the Pennsylvania Mutual Life 
Insurance Company. Dr. Miller is also a 
member of the Gynecological Society of Bos- 
ton, and the International Medical Congress. 
MILLER, Be Laskie, of Chicago, Illinois, 
was born in Niagara county, New York, May 
29, 1818. His early life was passed on his 
father’s farm, his elementary education being 
obtained at the village school during winter 
time. At eighteen years of age he began to 
teach school, and haying chosen the profession 
of medicine he at the same time entered upon 
its study under the guidance of Dr. Thomas 
G. Catlin, of the city of Brooklyn. He grad- 
uated at Geneva Medical College in 1842, and 
commenced practice in Lockport. Remaining 
there, however, for a short time only, he re- 
moved to Flint, Michigan. Here he practiced 
for several years, and identified himself thor- 
oughly with all questions of public improve- 
ment and educational development. From 
Flint he removed, in 1852, to Chicago. In 
1859 he was called to fill the chair of Obstetrics 
and diseases of Women and Children in the 
Rush Medical College, a position he continued 
to fill for many years and is now Emeritus Pro- 
fessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children in that institution. In 1863 he 
undertook a journey to Europe for the express 
purpose of procuring material for illustrating 
his lectures, and soon after became the most 
eminent teacher of his specialty in the North- 
west. 'He has long been connected with St. 
Luke’s Hospital as Obstetrician, and as Con- 
sulting Physician of the Woman’s Hospital of 
the State of Illinois. Pie is a member of the 
Illinois State Medical Society and other lead- 
ing medical organizations. 
MILLER, Truman TV., of Chicago, Illinois, 
was graduated M. D. at the Geneva Medical 
College, Geneva, New York, in 1868. He is 
now Professor of Surgery in the Chicago Poly- 
clinic, Surgeon-in-Charge of Augusta Hospital 
and Maurice Porter Hospital, Cliicago; Medi- 
cal Referee and Expert Examiner for the 
Mutual Life Insurance Company, New York, 
and Surgeon for several important railway 
companies in the Northwest. Dr. Miller is a 
member of the International Medical Con- 
gress, American Medical Association, Illinois 
State Medical Society, Chicago Medical, and of 
numerous other medical organizations in the 
city of his residence. 
MINOT, Fraucis, of Boston, Massachusetts, 
was born in that city, April 12, 1821. He was 
educated at Harvard University, receiving 
therefrom the degree of A. M., and from the 
medical department of that institution the de- 
gree of M. D. in 1845. He was Visiting Phy- 
sician to Massachusetts General Hospital from 
1858 until 1887, and Hersey Professor of 
Theory and Practice of Physic in Harvard 
University from 1874 until 1891. Dr. Minot is 
now Consulting Physician to Massachusetts 
General Hospital, and to the Boston Lying-in 
Hospital, and is one of the oldest and most 
highly esteemed members of the medical pro- 
fession in his native city. 
MITCHELL, John Patton, of Clarksville, 
Arkansas, was born July 24, 1834, in Culpep- 
per county, Virginia. He was educated at the 
University of Virginia, and graduated from the 
Jefferson Medical College in March, 1858, set- 
tling in Wytte county, Virginia, whence he 
removed, in December, 1859, to Clarksville, 
his present place of residence. During the 
Civil War he served for one year as a captain 
in the Confederate army, and afterward as a 
surgeon to the close of the war, surrendering 
with the Confederate forces in North Carolina 
in 1865. Among his notable cases may be 
mentioned one of a Confederate soldier across 
the middle of whose forehead a piece of shell 
had ploughed its way, breaking up nearly the 
whole of the frontal bone into small fragments, 
detaching the orbital plates, and occasioning a 
loss of not less than forty grains of the brain; 
the patient, on the removal of the fragments 
and the cleansing and dressing of the wound, 
recovering consciousness, and rapidly recover- 
ing strength and health, without loss of sight 
or serious impairment of mind. Dr. Mitchell 
is one of the oldest and one of the most success- 
ful physicians and surgeons in the State of 
Arkansas. He is a member of the Arkansas 
Medical Society, of which he was elected vice- 
president in May, 1876. He has been a fre- 
quent contributor to medical journals. For a 
number of years he has taken much interest in 
educational affairs, and has been a school di- 
rector in the city of Clarksville. 
MIXTER, Samuel J., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was graduated M. D. at Harvard Medical 
School in 1879. He is now Demonstrator of 
Anatomy in the same institution, Surgeon to 
Carney Hospital Out-Patients, to Massachusetts 
General Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to 
Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear In- 
firmary. He is an .active member of the Mas- 
sachusetts Medical Society, Boston Academy 
of Medical Sciences and of other leading med- 
ical and scientific organizations of that city: 
MOFFETT, Edward Davis, of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born March 7, 1862, near Rush- 
ville, in the same State. He is a son of The- 
ophilus Moffett and Gabriella (Maxwell) Mof- 
fett, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. His early 660 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
education was received in common schools and 
Rushville Academy. He labored on a farm, 
when out of school, until twenty years of age. 
He then began the study of medicine, under 
the preceptorship of his uncle, Dr. John Mof- 
fett, one of the distinguished pioneer physi- 
cians of Rush county, Indiana. In 1883 he 
entered the Central College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, Indianapolis, from which institution 
he was graduated M. D. with the highest hon- 
ors of his class in 1886. Upon receiving his 
medical degree he passed the most successful 
competitive examination for positions in the 
City Dispensary and City Hospital, and hav- 
ing first choice, served one year as Interne in 
the latter institution. In 1887 he established 
himself in the city of his present residence, 
schools and colleges in Great Britain, having 
also passed a two years’ course at Leipsic, Ger- 
many. He also took his M. D. degree at Har- 
vard in 1889. He was an apt student, and 
came out of his studies with flying colors. Dr. 
Moncrieff was a good athlete, and obtained 
many prizes while pursuing his studies. He 
held the Royal Humane Society’s medal for 
saving a man’s life who had fallen overboard 
while the steamer was about to sail. His pro- 
fessional career started in with his appoint- 
ment as Surgeon to the Anchor Line Steamer 
“Armenia,” plying between England and Cal- 
cutta. He next acted as Surgeon on the “Ethi- 
opia,” of the same line, which sailed between 
Glasgow and New York. From there he was 
appointed as Surgeon in the Northwest Mount- 
ed Police in Canada. Leaving that place Dr. 
Moncrieff went to Portland, Oregon, and soon 
after he was appointed as Acting Assistant 
Surgeon to the Fourth Cavalry Regiment, sta- 
tioned at Walla Walla. While here he did a 
great deal of important work among the In- 
dians at the different reservations. Last, he 
was requested by Professor Putnam, Chief of the 
Department of Ethnology at the World’s Fair, 
to go to Siberia to gather statistics and study 
the habits of the natives of Kamschatka. He 
received a special passport from the Secretary 
of State, besides several influential letters from 
important officers of the Russian Government 
in this country. Dr Moncrieff left on the 
steamer “Kotic,” in May of 1893, and reached 
Vladivostock, where he met with a royal re- 
ception from the people, besides receiving 
every assistance in his work. Everything 
pointed to a successful termination of his mis- 
sion when his young life was suddenly cut 
short. The news was received in this country 
with much regret, as Dr. Moncrieff was a fa- 
vorite with every one that came in contact 
with him. He was an exceedingly bright, sci- 
entific young man, and very able in his profes- 
sion, being Assistant Professor of Theory and 
Practice of Medicine in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Oregon. 
MOORE, James Edward, of Minneapolis 
Minnesota, was born at Clarksville, Mercer 
county, Pennsylvania, March 2, 1852. His 
father, Rev. George W. Moore, a Methodist 
minister, was of Scotch-Irish and his mother 
was of German descent. Dr. Moore attended 
the public schools of Pennsylvania until he 
was fifteen, when he went to Poland Union 
Seminary, at Poland, Ohio, where he remained 
three years. He then attended the University 
of Michigan for one year, after which he en- 
tered Bellevue Hospital Medical College,where 
he graduated in 1873. Immediately afterward 
he located at Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he 
remained for two years and a half. He then 
returned to New York City, where he con- 
tinued to study and walk the hospitals for 
seven months. He then located in Emlenton, 
Pennsylvania. After six busy and profitable 
years’ practice in this location, he felt the 
need of a larger field of work, and in August, 
1882, removed to Minneapolis, where he has 
enjoyed a busy practice from the very first. 
Since his graduation, the doctor has spent over 
four years in the colleges and hospitals of New 
York and Philadelphia. In 1885 he went 
abroad, spending the greater part of a year in 
Berlin and London Hospitals. The whole 
aim of his career has been to become a compe- 
tent surgeon, and since the fall of 1887 he has 
where he has since been engaged in a success- 
ful general practice of his profession. From 
1887 to 1889 he was Lecturer on Anatomy in 
the Central College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, and then became assistant to the chair 
of Obstetrics in that institution, a position he 
now holds. In 1891-92 he was Lecturer on 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
Indiana Dental College, which was the first 
course of instruction on that branch of med- 
ical science delivered in that institution. In 
1893, Dr. Moffett was elected Superintendent 
of the City Dispensary, a position he now 
holds. He is a member and ex-secretary of 
the Marion County Medical Society, and is 
also a member of the Indiana State Medical 
Society and American Medical Association. 
His contributions to professional literature 
consist of papers and reports which have been 
read before the medical organizations with 
which he is connected. 
MONCRIEFF, D. Scott, of Portland, Oregon, 
was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, February 
9, 1865, and was drowned in the Gulf of Tar- 
tary in the summer of 1893. He was the 
younger son of D. Scott Moncrieff, Esq., of 
Edinburgh. He was educated at the principal EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
661 
confined his practice exclusively to that branch. 
During the past few years he has been a con- 
stant contributor to various medical journals. 
In 1885 he was appointed Professor of Ortho- 
pedic Surgery in the Minnesota Hospital 
College, and was later appointed to the same 
chair in the St. Paul Medical College. In 1889 
he was elected to the same chair in the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Minne- 
sota, which position he still holds. He is Or- 
thopedic Surgeon to St. Mary’s and Asbury 
Methodist Hospitals, Surgeon-in-Charge of St. 
Barnabas Hospital, and Surgeon to the North- 
western Hospital for Women and Children, all 
of Minneapolis. He is an active member of 
all the leading local, State, and national med- 
ical SOCIOtI6S 
MOORE, Richard Glianning, of Omaha, Ne- 
braska, was born at Quincy, Illinois, Novem- 
ber 25, 1841. His professional education was 
received in the Chicago Medical College, 
whence he was graduated in March, 1865. In 
the ensuing September he established himself 
in Omaha, where he has since remained en- 
gaged in an active and successful practice of 
general medicine and surgery, but in recent 
years has given particular attention to pediat- 
rics. In 1864 he was appointed an Acting As- 
sistant Surgeon of United States Volunteers, 
and was attached to the hospital steamer D. 
A. January, plying on the Mississippi and 
Ohio rivers. He married, November 17, 1868, 
Eliza 8., daughter of Christopher Bushnell, 
Esq., of Westbrook, Connecticut. Of his more 
important cases may be mentioned treatment 
of pulmonary abscess by aspiration, recovery, 
and case of John Thomson, scalped by Indians 
on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 
in 1868, recovery, with complete exfoliation of 
external table of skull. He is a member of 
the Nebraska State Medical Society and of the 
Omaha Pathological and Sanitary Society; 
treasurer of the latter in 1877, and vice-presi- 
dent of the Omaha Medical Society in 1874. 
His professional publications have appeared in 
the Transactions of the Nebraska State Society, 
and have included reports upon ophthalmolo- 
gy and otology. He has been City Physician 
to Omaha, a member of the Omaha Board of 
Health, and Examining Surgeon to the United 
States Pension Bureau. Dr. Moore is now 
Professor of Diseases of Children in Omaha 
Medical College. 
MORGAN, William Y., of Indianapolis, In- 
diana, was born March 24, 1853, in Johnson 
county, Indiana. His father, Ezekiel W. 
Morgan, was one of the pioneers and early 
successful educators of that State. Later in 
life he was a merchant and stock dealer, and 
was honored by his fellow-citizens in repeated 
election as County Commissioner, and other 
important official positions. The early educa- 
tion of the subject of this sketch was acquired 
at the common schools of his native county, 
and by three years attendance at Nineveh 
High School, and in 1869, at the age of six- 
teen, he entered the State University at 
Bloomington. From there he transferred his 
studies to the Northwestern (now Butler) 
University, Indianapolis, where he remained 
a student from 1870 until 1872. In 1873 
he entered St. Louis Medical College, where 
he pursued a general course of study in 
medicine and surgery. His studies were di- 
rected in chief by the illustrious Professor 
Hodgen, at that day recognized as one of the 
greatest surgeons in the Mississippi Valley. 
Dr. Morgan enjoyed exceptional advantages in 
having the friendship and training of this 
eminent surgeon and teacher, and from him 
he imbibed the spirit of surgical invention as 
well as the determination to make himself 
thoroughly proficient in the knowledge and 
skill requisite in that field of professional 
practice. He was graduated M. D. with the 
highest honors of his class in 1875. In the 
year following he established himself at 
Julietta, a town surrounded by a wealthy 
farming community a few miles east 
of the city of his present residence. 
He here pursued a successful general practice 
of medicine and surgery, which soon extended 
to surrounding towns and into adjoining coun- 
ties. He moved to Indianapolis in 1886, in 
response to a call to take the chair of Anatomy 
in the Central College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, and two years later was promoted to the 
chair of Surgical Anatomy and Fractures and 
Dislocations, a position which he still retains. 
The title of Dr. Morgan’s professorship is the 
same as that of the chair filled by his dis- 
tinguished preceptor, Hodgen, at St. Louis, in 
his lifetime. He is Consulting Surgeon to the 
Indianapolis City Hospital and to the City 
Dispensary. He has a growing reputation in 
mechanical surgery, and is the originator and 
inventor of a number of surgical instruments 
of recognized merit, among which may be 
mentioned his “Trajector,” for determining 
the depth and location of the bullet in gunshot 
wounds of the skull; a modification of Hodg- 
en’s “Extension Apparatus” for fractures of 
the femur, and his “Goniometer,” an instru- 
ment of great value in determining the angle 
of deformity and the shape of the wedge to be 
removed in straightening bones,all of which are 
made by Win. H. Armstrong & Co., of his city. 
Dr. Morgan has also developed some important 
ideas in the treatment of spinal deformities, 
and also in the application of electricity in 
surgery, and has originated a number of appli- 
ances in this connection. He is a member of 
the Judicial Council of the Marion County 
Medical Society; has belonged to that organi- 
zation for the past fifteen years. He is also a 
member of the Indianapolis Surgical Society, 
of the Indiana State Medical Society and of 
the American Medical Association. Dr. Mor- 
gan is a man of pleasing address and in the 
prime of life and health. He is not only a 
close student, but a steady worker in carrying 
the results of his studies into the field of prac- 
tice. He was married, November 9, 1875, to 
Miss Amelia Menges, a daughter of J. J. 
Menges, a prominent railway official and 
banker of St. Louis, Missouri. 
MOUSER, Silas Mercer, of San Francisco, 
California, was born in Shenandoah county, 
Virginia, May 7, 1823, and is of German ex- 
traction, his grandparents having emigrated 
from Germany to this country at an early 
date. He was educated primarily at the pub- 
lic schools of Virginia and Ohio; in 1847 he 
graduated at Willoughby Medical College, and 
in 1848 at Starling Medical College, Columbus, 
Ohio. His first place of settlement was at Mt. 
Gilead, in the same State, where he entered 
upon the practice of his profession; in 1850 he 
settled in Sacramento, California, remaining 
there until 1862, the date of his removal to 
San Francisco, where he has since resided. 
Although a general practitioner, he has de- 662 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
voted much time to obstetrics and diseases 
of women and children. He was a mem- 
ber of the first county medical society organ- 
ized in Sacramento, California, 1856; a mem- 
ber of the first California State medical so- 
ciety, organized March 12, 1856; united him- 
self with the San Francisco County Medical 
Society in 1873, and joined the San Francisco 
Microscopical Society in the same year. For 
many years he was Physician to the Ladies’ 
Protection and Relief Society of San Francis- 
co, a charity supported by voluntary contribu- 
tion, and the guardian of about two hundred 
children. 
MUNN, William P., of Denver,- Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Michigan in 1886. 
He is now Professor of Genito-Urinary Dis- 
eases and Clinical Surgery in the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Denver; Phy- 
sician in charge of City Hospital for Conta- 
gious Diseases, and Assistant Health Commis- 
sioner for Denver City. Dr. Munn is an active 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Colorado State Medical Society, Denver Med- 
ical Association, and is secretary of the Den- 
ver Medico-Legal Society. He is also a mem- 
ber of all the other important medical organi- 
zations of that city. 
MURFREE, James Brickell, of Murfrees- 
boro, Tennessee, of Irish-French descent, was 
born at Murfreesboro, September 16, 1835. He 
received his preparatory education at Irving 
College and at Union University, graduating 
A. M. from the latter, he attended one course 
of lectures in the Medical Department of the 
University of Nashville, and two courses at 
Jefferson Medical College, and in March 1859, 
received from the last-named institution his 
degree of M. D. Upon graduating in medicine 
he established himself in his native town, en- 
gaging in a general practice, but giving special 
attention to surgery, and has performed vari- 
ous capital operations. In May, 1861, he en- 
listed in the Confederate States Army, was 
appointed assistant surgeon in the same year, 
was promoted to be surgeon in July, 1862, and 
in the latter capacity served during the remain- 
der of the Civil War. He is a member of the 
Rutherford County Medical Society and secre- 
tary, in 1865, of the Tennessee State Medical 
Society, president in 1874, and of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association. Of his professional 
publications may be mentioned papers upon 
“Blood-Letting,” “Diphtheria,” “Cholera,” 
and “Syphilis;” reports of a case of “Lumbar 
Abscess and of Amputation of the Hip-Joint,” 
and an address before the Tennessee State 
Medical Society, on “Conservative Medicine.” 
NEELY, Eugene A., of Memphis, Tennessee, 
was educated in medicine at the Memphis 
Hospital Medical College, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of M. D. in 1886. 
He is a member of the Tri-State Medical So- 
ciety of Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, 
member of the Mississippi State Medical So- 
ciety, Memphis Medical Society and National 
Association of Railway Surgeons. He was 
formerly Professor of Clinical Medicine in the 
Memphis Hospital Medical College. 
NEWLAND, Henry, of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was educated at the Royal University of Ber- 
lin, Germany, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1854. He is now 
Professor of Obstetrics and Resident Physician 
of the Lying-in Institute, and Dean of the 
Faculty of Newland’s College of Midwifery. 
Dr. Newland is an active member of the St. 
Louis Medical Society and the Mississippi Val- 
ley Medical Association. 
NIXON, William Ooodwyn, of Uniontown, 
Alabama, was born in Holmes county, Missis- 
sippi, December 20,1834. His father, Dr. J. D. 
Nixon, formerly from Petersburg, Virginia—a 
graduate of Transylvania Medical College, 
Lexington, Kentucky—moved to Montgomery, 
Alabama, in 1839, and shortly afterwards set- 
tled near Lowndesboro, Alabama, where the 
subject of this sketch received his elementary 
education. He was sent from there to How- 
ard College, at Marion, in the same State, and 
remaining there but a short while was sent to 
Mt. Zion College, Winnsboro, South Carolina, 
where he received his education under the 
teachings of the educators who composed the 
- M i n—»—■■■■ M——-11 i 
excellent faculty in the years 1850 to 1852. 
Returning home, he was placed in the office of 
Dr. Charles T. Quintard, at Memphis, (now 
Bishop of Tennessee), and attended his first 
course of lectures in the Memphis Medical 
College. Going from there to Philadelphia he 
entered the University of Pennsylvania, where 
he received his diploma, before his majority, 
in March, 1855. Returning to Lowndesboro, 
he commenced the practice of medicine. In- 
heriting property, he removed to Mississippi 
and engaged for a time in planting. During 
the years from 1861 to 1865 he served in the 
Confederate Army with the rank of Captain. 
At the close of the war he settled near Union- 
town, where he has continuously resided, 
engaged in the general practice of medicine. 
He is a communicant in the Protestant Episco- 
pal Church,and has been married twice. He has 
ever been and is still fond of books and study, 
and has written occasionally for the medical 
journals. Being of a quiet, retiring disposition, 
he enjoys his home and the charms which sur- 
round it, but is an active member of his county 
medical society,and an accomplished and highly EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
663 
esteemed physician. Although he has never ac- 
cumulated wealth by the practice of medicine, 
yet the vast benefit and relief that he has been 
enabled to confer on suffering humanity are 
such as render him well satisfied in his chosen 
profession. 
NOBLE, Charles P., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was educated in medicine at the University 
of Maryland, Baltimore, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated M. D. in 1884, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
diseases of women, and is now Surgeon-in- 
Charge of the Kensington Hospital for Women. 
Dr. Noble is a member of the American Gyn- 
ecological Society, and Fellow of the College 
of Physicians, Philadelphia. 
O’DWYER, Joseph, of New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York, from which 
institution he received the degree of M. D. in 
1868. He is now Professor of Diseases of 
Children in the New York Post-Graduate Med- 
ical School and Hospital, Consulting Physician 
to Willard Parker Hospital, and Visiting Phy- 
sician to the New York Foundling Hospital. 
He is an active member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, New York Medical 
Society, and Congress of American Physicians 
and Surgeons. 
OLIVER, John C., of Cincinnati, Ohio, was 
graduated M. D. at the Miami Medical Col- 
lege, Cincinnati, in 1885. He is now Micro- 
scopist to the Cincinnati Hospital, Clinical 
Lecturer on Diseases of Children tn the Miami 
Medical College, secretary of the Miami Med- 
ical College Alumni Association and member 
of the American Medical Association, as well 
as of numerous other medical and scientific 
organizations. 
OPPENHEIMER, Henry S., of New York 
City, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
and received the degree of M. D. from that 
institution in 1876. He is now Examiner of 
the Blind for the City of New York, Oculist 
to the German Poliklinik, Montefiore Home 
and St. Mark’s Hospital. Dr. Oppenheimer 
is President of the New York Ophthalmolog- 
ical Society, member of the New York State 
Medical Association, American Ophthalmo- 
logical Society, Congress of American Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, the International Medical 
Congress and other medical and scientific or- 
ganizations. 
ORD, James Lycurgus, of Fort Bowie, Ari- 
zona, was born in Washington, D. C., and 
graduated in medicine at Jefferson Medical 
College in 1846. During the same year he was ap- 
pointed Acting Assistant Surgeon United States 
Army and served during the Mexican War in 
California. “On July 14, 1846, he sailed in the 
ship Lexington from New York for the Pacific 
Coast with the company F, Third Artillery, 
with Capt. C. T. Tompkins in command. They 
were six months in making the voyage, 
stopping at Rio Janeiro and Valparaiso about 
a week for water and fresh provisions, reached 
Monterey, California, January 27, 1847, where 
they landed and took possession of Monterey 
and the Block House, retaining the sailors and 
marines, who were boarded on shore. Lieu- 
tenant Baldwin, late Admiral United States 
Navy, was in command of the Block House, 
which overlooked and commanded the town. 
Lieutenant Maddox Avas in command of the 
marines and occupied the old barracks 
(quartel) that had been used as quarters by 
the Mexican troops. He remained at Mon- 
terey for one year, doing duty with Dr. Robert 
Murray, recently retired as surgeon-general. 
He was then ordered to Santa Barbara, where 
he remained until October, and was mustered 
out of service.” He again entered the army in 
1862,and did duty with the California volunteers 
who were stationed at Santa Barbara, under 
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Olney, for 
about six months. Then again, in 1879, en- 
tered the service and did duty as post surgeon 
at Fort Winfield Scott for over a year, then 
was ordered to Arizona in March, 1880, and 
was in the field with the Sixth Cavalry and 
First Infantry, which had a skirmish with 
Yictorio, the Indian chief of the Apaches, at 
Sterns’ ranch, midway between Forts Thomas 
and Apache. This was the last raid that Vic- 
torio made, as he was driven into Mexico and 
killed by the Mexicans while trying to escape 
from the American troops. His first post in 
Arizona was Fort Grant, then in the field, then 
for a short time at Camp Rucker, near the 
stronghold of the Apache Chief Cochise, then 
for nearly two years at Fort Bowie as Post 
Surgeon, thence to Fort Mohane, on the Colo- 
rado river, 300 miles north of Fort Yuma, 
which was considered to be the hottest place 
on this continent. It is the center of the des- 
erts of Arizona, and is even believed to be the 
hottest place in the world except Aden on 
the Red Sea, the entrance of the Suez Canal. 
From the former place the story was told that 
one of the men died and went to “Sheol” and 
came back to get his blankets, as he found it 
too cold there without them. Dr. Ord remained 
on duty at the last mentioned fort five years, 
and then one year at Fort Thomas on the Gila 
river, a branch of the Colorado. In 1891 he 
was again assigned duty at Fort Bowie, and up 
to that date had the remarkable record of hav- 
ing served in the same capacity in the medical 
department of the United States Army for a 
period extending over forty years. If his long 
and efficient services for the national govern- 
ment have not secured official recognition, his 
eventful medical career certainly entitles him 
to be held in kind remembrance by his profes- 
sion. 
O’REILLY, James, of New York City, was 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Vermont, in 1875. He is now Professor of 
Gynecology in the New York College of Mid- 
wifery, Consulting Surgeon of the Metropol- 
itan Dispensary, Gynecologist to Woman’s In- 
firmary, Medical Director of Maternity Home, 
Lecturer on Antiseptic Nursing at Woman’s 
Infirmary Training School, and president of 
the New York Sanitarium Hospital, and mem- 
ber of numerous medical organizations in New 
York City. 
OSLER, William, of Baltimore, Maryland, 
was educated at McGill University, Montreal, 
Canada, and received the degree of M. D. from 
that institution in 1872. He is now Professor 
of Medicine in Johns Hopkins University and 
Physician-in-Chief to the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
pital, Baltimore. Dr. Osier is a Fellow of the 
Royal College of Physicians. London, and 
member of the leading medical organizations 
of this country. He is the author of a recent 
text-book, published by-D. Appleton & Co., 
New York, entitled, “The Principles and Prac- 
tice of Medicine,” designed for the use of prac- 
titioners and students of medicine, which is 664 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
based on the extensive experience of Dr. Osier 
in hospital and private practice. In regard to 
this work a prominent critic has said: “In 
design it is comprehensive; in classification 
it is elaborate; in a word, the subject is so 
compactly and yet so clearly treated, and the 
whole is brought so thoroughly in touch with 
the times, that it deserves to rank as the best 
treatise on general practice in the English 
language.” The publication has been well 
received by the general profession, and has 
met with an extensive sale. 
OUTERBRIDGE, Paul, of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
Vermont, at Burlington, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of M. D. in 1884. 
He is now attending Surgeon to the New York 
Cancer Hospital, Assistant Surgeon to Wo- 
man’s Hospital, Attending Gynecologist to 
Demilt Dispensary, and an active member of 
the New York Obstetrical Society. 
PAGE, Lafayette F., of Indianapolis, Indi- 
ana, was born at Columbia, Kentucky, May 
21, 1863. He is a son of Robert and Mary 
(Irving) Page, natives of Charlotteville, Vir- 
general practice of his profession which he 
pursued with increasing success for two years, 
and then devoted special attention to diseases 
of the nose, throat and ear, including catar- 
rhal, bronchial and allied ailments. Later he 
took two post-graduate courses at New York, 
with the end in view of perfecting himself in 
a knowledge of the pathology and treatment 
of the class of diseases above mentioned, to 
which he has given almost exclusive attention 
since 1890. Though still a young man, he has 
gained a reputation in this line of practice 
which has made him favorably and widely 
known for his skill and success. Dr. Page was 
formerly Visiting Physician to Marion County 
Asylum, and is now Consulting Physician for 
Diseases of the Throat, Nose and Ear to the 
City Dispensary. He is a member of the Ma- 
rion County Medical Society, Indiana State 
Medical Society, Mississippi Valley Medical 
Association and American Medical Associa- 
tion. He has made important contributions to 
the literature of his chosen field of practice, 
and a recent article upon “Hay Fever,” read 
before the Mississippi Medical Association in 
October, 1893, has been widely published and 
is worthy of special mention. 
PAGE, Richard C- M., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
Virginia, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1867. His professional 
studies were supplemented by attendance at 
the University of the City of New York, and 
from that institution he received an ad eundem 
degree in 1868. He is now Professor of Gen- 
eral Medicine and Diseases of the Chest in the 
New York Polyclinic. He is vice-president of 
the New York Academy of Medicine, and an 
active member of other medical and scientific 
organizations. He is the author of a “Chart 
on Diseases of the Chest,” a work on “Physi- 
cal Diagnosis,” and “Practice of Medicine.” 
He has also made other important contribu- 
tions to medical literature. 
PALMER, William Gray, of Washington 
City, D. C., was born in Montgomery county, 
Maryland, in 1823, and died November 23, 
1893. Palmer was one of the oldest prac- 
titioners in the District of Columbia, and came 
of a family of medical men, all of whom at- 
tained prominence in the profession. He 
graduated from the Medical School of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, in 1844, at the age of 
twenty, settled in Bladensburg, Maryland, 
and in 1850 began practice in Washington. He 
was a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation. He leaves a wife and five children; 
two sons in Chicago and three daughters in 
Washington. 
PARKHILL, Clayton, of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, in 1883, and also from the 
Pennsylvania School of Anatomy and Surgery 
during the same year, since which time he has 
been actively engaged in the general practice 
of his profession. He is now Professor of 
Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical 
Surgery in the Medical Department of the 
University of Colorado, ex-president of the 
Colorado State Board of Medical Examiners, 
Surgeon to Deaconess Home and Hospital, 
and St. Luke’s Hospital, Denver, and also 
Visiting Surgeon to Arapahoe County Hos- 
pital. Dr. Parkhill is an active member of the 
American Anthro-Pometric Society, Associa- 
tion of American Anatomists, Colorado State 
St: 
ginia. His father was a business man of 
prominence. Dr. Page was educated privately 
and at the public schools of his native town, 
and later pursued a classical course at Colum- 
bia College, there obtaining the degree of 
A. B. For two years he was teacher of higher 
mathematics in Kentucky, and for one year 
afterward in Texas. In 1885 he removed to 
Louisville and began the study of medicine at 
the Louisville University (Medical Depart- 
ment). After taking the first course of lect- 
ures he went to Indianapolis and entered the 
Indiana Medical College, from which he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1887, and was 
awarded the “Mears Gold Medal” as a mark 
of special honor. At the same time he entered 
a competitive examination for the position of 
Interne at the City Dispensary and secured the 
appointment for one year. He then began the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
665 
Medical Society, Denver Medical Association, 
Denver Medico-Legal Society, and Denver 
Clinical and Pathological Society. 
PATTERSON, Amos W., of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born in Washington, Daviess 
county, Indiana, October 17, 1839. He is the 
only son of the late Rev. Wm. J. Patterson, a 
native of Pennsylvania, and Jane (Butler) 
Patterson, daughter of Amos Butler, a pioneer 
of Brookville, Indiana, and the founder of that 
noted town. Dr. Patterson was educated at 
Hanover College, from which institution he 
graduated in 1863. During the Civil War he 
was connected with the Examining Surgeon’s 
office at Indianapolis, and was for two years 
in old St. John’s Hospital, at Cincinnati, and 
began the study of medicine under the precep- 
torship of Dr. Theophilus Parvin, and W. B. 
Fletcher, in the former city, after which he 
entered the Medical College of Ohio, and was 
graduated M. D. from that institution in 1866. 
He commenced the practice of medicine in 
Bartholomew county, Indiana, where he re- 
mained one year and then removed to the 
city of his present residence, where he has 
been continuously engaged in an extensive and 
successful practice of general medicine and 
surgery. He served several years on the staff 
of the Indianapolis City Hospital, and is a 
highly esteemed physician, fully identified 
with the leading thought and medical progress 
of his city. He is a member of his County 
and State Medical Societies and of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, in all of which hon- 
orable bodies his attainments and skill in his 
profession are recognized and appreciated. 
Dr. Patterson was married to Miss Theodora 
Kiefer, of Miamisburg, Ohio, June 11, 1878. 
His accomplished wife and one child (his 
daughter Ruth) complete the family circle of 
his happy home. 
PEPPER, George, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born in that city April 1, 1841, and died 
there September 14, 1872. He was the eld- 
est son of the late Professor William Pep- 
per, and was graduated at the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1862, and in medicine at the 
same institution in 1865. “On September 15, 
1862, he enlisted as a private in the Sixth 
Pennsylvania Cavalry, was promoted to a lieu- 
tenancy and saw much active service, hut was 
disabled in 1863, and on May 22, of that year, 
received an honorable discharge. He was 
chiefly instrumental in founding the Philadel- 
phia Obstetrical Society, and served as its sec- 
retary until illness compelled him to resign.” 
He was a member of many professional organ- 
izations, and rapidly acquired practice in the 
branches to which he devoted himself. “His 
artistic talent, his mechanical ingenuity, his 
retentive memory, his industry, and devotion 
to his profession, gave assurance of a career of 
unusual brilliancy.” His contributions to the 
Proceeding of the societies with which he was 
connected were numerous and important. 
PERKINS, John W., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at Harvard Medical 
School, Boston, Massachusetts, in 1886. He is 
now Professor of Principles and Practice of 
Surgery and Operative Surgery in the Kansas 
City Medical College, and Division Surgeon to 
the Union Pacific Railway Company. He is a 
member of the Massachusetts State Medical 
Society, and of the Jackson County Medical 
Society, State of Missouri. 
PETERSON, Francis Marion, of Greensboro, 
Alabama, has long held high and appropriate 
rank as a physician and surgeon. James Peter- 
son, his father, was a native of South Carolina, 
a successful and influential planter and citizen 
of Pickens county, Alabama, for many years, 
and was the father of four sons and three 
daughters. He married a Miss Cox, also a 
native of South Carolina ; both were descended 
from among well known and well connected 
families of the Palmetto State. Of their sons 
only he whose name forms the caption of this 
brief biography adopted a professional life. 
Francis M. Peterson received a liberal academ- 
ical education, and at the early age of eighteen 
years he became a teacher in an academy in his 
native county. Three years were spent'in this 
avocation. Predilection led him to the study 
of medicine. Giving up teaching, he continued 
his studies at the city of Columbus, Mississippi, 
under a private preceptor. In 1845, he at- 
tended a course of lectures in the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
attending, also, the Blockley Alms House. In 
the spring of 1846 he located at Greensboro, 
Alabama, and at once entered upon the prac- 
tice of his profession. In this same year he 
was married to Miss Amanda Shivers, of 
Greensboro. She bore him three sons, and 
then passed away in death, in 1858. The oldest 
of these sons became a very promising physi- 
cian, but died at the early age of thirty years. 
The other sons are ministers in the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, South. In 1861 Dr. Peter- 
son was married a second time, wedding a 
daughter of Dr. Alexander Sledge, of Greens- 
boro. Three daughters are the issue of this 
marriage. For a period of over twenty years 
Dr. Peterson continued in an active, success- 
ful, and remunerative practice, then, in re- 
sponse to his indomitable thirst for knowl- 
edge, he entered the University of New York, 
receiving from that institution a diploma in 666 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
1869. He immediately resumed his practice at 
Greensboro. For nearly a half century he has 
continued an ardent student as well as an 
active practitioner of medicine and surgery. 
Since the age of twenty-one years, until a few 
years ago, Dr. Peterson continued under the 
instructions of some able tutor in Latin, Greek, 
French, German, or the higher sciences. 
Hence, his education in the classics, and 
sciences, as well as in his profession, is of the 
highest order. In 1872 he became Professor of 
Materia Medica and Obstetrics in the Southern 
University, at Greensboro, and remained as 
such until the discontinuance of the medical 
department of that institution. As a teacher, 
Dr. Peterson is no less instructive than he has 
been successful as a practitioner. His lectures 
are characteristic of his learning, attractive 
and forcible. Dr. Peterson is an able writer, 
especially on medical and allied subjects. He 
has furnished to the literature of the profession 
the following important contributions: “Crit- 
icisms on Dr. Draper’s Theory of the Produc- 
tion of Butter from Clover;” “New Theory of 
the Production of Puerperal Eclampsia;” 
“Advances in Gynecology;” “Sims Drainage 
Tube in the Treatment of Ovariotomy;” “Mon- 
ograph on Diphtheria;” “Dysentery in Ala- 
bama,” and many other well accepted articles. 
For many years Dr. Peterson has been a prom- 
inent member of both his State and county 
medical associations. In 1886 he was president 
of the Medical Association of the State of Al- 
abama. He is now Senior Councilor of the 
same association. He is very much devoted to 
his profession and its advancement, and well 
merits a place among the eminent American 
physicians and surgeons. 
PFAFF, Orange GL, of Indianapolis, In- 
diana, was born at Westfield, near that city, 
April 28, 1858. He is of German descent, and 
of an ancient family, whose lineage can be 
traced as far back as the Fourteenth century. 
His grandfather was a soldier in the War of 
the Revolution, and served gallantly in the 
struggle for American independence. His 
father, Dr. Jacob L. Pfaff, was a native of 
North Carolina, and a noted anti-slavery man, 
who removed to Indiana in 1840, and died in 
1859, while the subject of this sketch was an 
infant. When the latter was but six years of 
age his mother also died, and thus doubly 
orphaned he was sent to Indianapolis and 
given a home with his elder brothers, who 
afforded him every advantage within their 
means, not the least of which was an oppor- 
tunity to attend the public schools. At the 
age of twenty he entered the office of the late 
Dr. T. B. Harvey, and under the supervision 
of that able preceptor began the study of 
medicine. In 1878 he became a student of 
the Medical College of Indiana, and received 
the degree of M. D. from that institution in 
1882. During the six months succeeding his 
graduation he practiced his profession with 
Dr. Harvey, and was then appointed Resident 
Physician to the Marion County Asylum, a 
position he held for eighteen months. For a 
short time after severing his connection with 
that institution he practiced medicine in the 
State of Wisconsin, but soon returned to In- 
dianapolis, where he has since remained en- 
gaged in an extensive and successful practice of 
general medicine and surgery. He has in recent 
years devoted special attention to gynecology, in 
which field of practice his recognized skill and 
ability have given him high standing in his pro- 
fession. He has been connected with the 
Medical College of Indiana in various capaci- 
ties, and has been of almost invaluable aid to 
that institution. At this time he is Lecturer 
on Diseases of Women. He is also Consulting 
Gynecologist to the City Dispensary and to St. 
Vincent Hospital. In 1890 Dr. Pfaff took a 
special course in gynecology at the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, 
and also in 1891 at the New York Polyclinic. 
In 1892 he supplemented his medical educa- 
tion and training in gynecean surgery, under 
the instruction of Dr. August Martin in Ber- 
lin, Germany, and attended clinics at the 
university of Berlin. Dr. Pfaff is an active 
member of the Indianapolis Surgical Society, 
Marion County Medical Society, Indiana State 
Medical Society, Mississippi Valley Medical 
Association, and the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. He was married November 24,1885, 
to Miss Mary Alvy, daughter of James H. 
Alvy, of Indianapolis. 
POLLOCK, A. M., of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- 
vania, was graduated M. D. at the Medical 
College, of Ohio, in 1841, and died June 20, 1892, 
after a long illness, full of years and expe- 
rience. Referring to Dr. Pollock, one of Ids 
professional associates writes: “I first be- 
came acquainted with this honorable gentle- 
man in 1866, since when he has assisted me in 
many difficult and complicated cases at all 
hours of the twenty-four. I always felt that I 
had no ordinary prop to lean upon in trying 
and difficult cases. He did not practice his 
profession for glory, but for the benefit of his 
patients. He was unassuming, modest, quiet, 
cheerful and gentlemanly in the sick room, 
and rather than claim the credit himself for 
what assistance he might give or what light he 
might throw on a case, he would give the at- 
tending physician full share of the honor that 
might be derived from his counsel. He never 
belittled the attending physician to his patient, 
or to his friends. He always left him, after a 
consultation, with more of the patient’s and 
patient’s friends’ confidence than before. He 
would not suggest a change in treatment unless 
it was actually necessary for the benefit of the 
patient, and then it would be made in such a 
gradual manner that it would be passed unno- 
ticed. He had the ‘touch of a lady,’ and while 
he may not have had the other two attributes 
of the surgeon, ‘the heart of a lion and the eye 
of an eagle,’ yet he had other qualities which 
are far higher—good judgment, skill, caution 
and conscientiousness. He would not operate 
for the sake of operating.” He would feel 
morally certain that the surgical measures 
would benefit the patient before he would re- 
sort to that procedure. Dr. Pollock was a 
permanent member of the Medical Society of 
Pennsylvania, to which he was admitted in 
1871, and of which he was elected president 
in 1872. He was also a member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, and was sent by it as 
a delegate to the International Medical Con- 
gress, Philadelphia, 1876. 
PORTER, David R., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, lowa, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1865. He also received an ad 
eundem degree on attendance at the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1872. 
He is now Professor of Principles and Practice EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
667 
of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the 
Kansas City Medical College, and is a member 
of numerous medical and scientific organiza- 
tions. 
PORTER, Henry R., of Bismarck, North 
Dakota, was born in Lee Center, New York, in 
1848. He was educated in medicine at the 
University of Georgetown, District of Colum- 
bia, and received the degree of M. D. from 
that institution in 1872. He was appointed 
Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army 
during the same year. He served at Camp 
Grant, Arizona, and at Camp Hancock, Da- 
kota. He afterward served in the field with 
the Custer expedition in 1876, and is the only 
surviving surgeon. Referring to this service, 
a recent writer says: Every man who took 
part in the fight on Reno Hill will always re- 
member and speak kindly of Colonel Benteen. 
A braver man never lived, whose troops were 
only saved through his coolness and courage 
upon that occasion. Charlie Reynold, Custer’s 
scout, was considered the “finest shot” in the 
Seventh United States Cavalry, and was 
among the first killed. He was with Reno’s 
command, and said before the fight that more 
Indians were there than he ever saw together 
before. Of the three medical officers with 
Custer’s command Dr. Porter was the only one 
who survived. Dr. Lord was killed on the 
hill with Custer’s men, Dr. De Wolf was killed 
near the top of Reno Hill, and Dr. Porter had 
many narrow escapes while attending the 
wounded and dying, and though the bullets 
and arrows were flying around him thick and 
fast he did not falter in his duty. In a recent 
letter Colonel Benteen says: “I know of no 
medical officer in the regular corps who would 
have performed the work which Dr. Porter did 
with his small force of assistants; don’t 
think there was, or is, one in the army. There 
was no nonsense, no gush about him, only 
strict attention to his duty, and he was as 
modest about it as a girl in her teens.” The 
Custer battle-field is situated on the Little Big 
Horn river, Montana. A monument is placed 
where General Custer’s remains were found. 
Only one officer’s remains were buried there, 
those of young Lieutenant Crittenden. This 
was at the request of his father, General Crit- 
tenden, who said, “Bury him where he fell, on 
the battle-field.” Comanche, the only surviv- 
ing horse of the massacre, was found many 
miles away from the battle-field with seven 
wounds. The Secretary of War issued an or- 
der prohibiting any one from riding him, with 
instructions to detail a soldier to take care of 
him. He is led out, fully equipped, at all 
dress parades. The services of Dr. Porter as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon terminated in 1876, 
since which period he has been established in 
the city of his present residence, where he is 
engaged in a successful general practice of his 
profession. 
PORTER, William 0., of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was educated in medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania, and received the 
degree of M. D. from that institution in 1868. 
He is now Senior Surgeon to the Philadelphia 
Hospital, Surgeon to Presbyterian Hospital, 
Consulting Physician to the Philadelphia Dis- 
pensary, and Consulting Surgeon to the Edu- 
cational Home for Boys. He is Fellow of the 
College of Physicians, Philadelphia Obstetrical 
Society, Philadelphia Academy of Surgery and 
member of the Pennsylvania State Medical 
Society, American Medical Association, Ameri- 
can Surgical Association and other leading 
medical and scientific organizations of this 
country. 
PORTER, William Henry, of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1877. He is now Professor of Clinical 
Medicine and Pathology in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, 
and late Curator of the Presbyterian and Belle- 
vue Hospitals. He is an active member of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, New York 
Pathological Society, New York Neurological 
Society and of other leading organizations in 
that metropolis. Dr. Porter is editor of Merck's 
Bulletin, and author of “Renal Diseases and 
Urinary Analysis.” He has also made other 
valuable contributions to the literature of his 
profession. 
POWELL, Thomas S., of Atlanta, Georgia, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, in 1846. lie is 
now Professor of Obstetrics and Lecturer on 
Medical Ethics in the Southern Medical Col- 
lege, Atlanta. He is also president of the 
Rosebrough-Powell University, which em- 
braces the Southern Medical College, Dental 
College, Pharmacy and Law Departments. 
PRYOR, William R., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1881. He is now Lecturer on 
Gynecology in the New York Polyclinic, and 
Visiting Gynecologist to St. Elizabeth Hos- 
pital. He is an active member of the New 
York Obstetrical Society, New York Patho- 
logical Society, New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, and other medical organizations of that 
city. Dr. Pryor is also surgeon of the Twenty- 
Second Regiment of National Guards, State of 
New York. 
PYNCHON, Edwin, of Chicago, Illinois, 
was graduated M. D. at the Medical College of 
Ohio, Cincinnati, in 1876, and supplemented 
his education and training by attending the 
hospital clinics at Berlin, Paris, and London 
during the years 1883, 1884 and 1885, since 
which time he has devoted special attention 
to the study and treatment of diseases of the 
nose and throat, in which field of medicine he 
has attained eminent success. He is now In- 
structor in Rhinology and Laryngology at the 
Chicago Post-Graduate Medical School, Special 
Lecturer on Diseases of the Nose and Throat 
and Their Relation to the Teeth at the United 
States Dental College of Chicago, and is Spe- 
cialist in diseases of the nose, throat, and ear, 
and in genito-urinary surgery. He is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
Chicago Medical Society and Chicago Medico- 
Legal Society. He is medical Examiner and 
Adviser for several life and accident insurance 
companies, has made important contributions 
to medical literature, and is associate editor of 
the Medico-Dental Bulletin, Chicago. 
QUIMBY, Isaac N., of Jersey City, New Jer- 
sey, was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of the City of New York, from which in- 
stitution he received the degree of M. D. in 
1859, since which time he has been actively 
engaged in a successful general practice of 
medicine and surgery. He is now president 
of the medical staff of the Jersey City Hos- 668 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
pital, and is ex-president of the Hudson County 
District Medical Society, member of the New 
Jersey State Medical Society, Medico-Legal So- 
ciety of New York, British Medical Society, 
American Medical Association, and member of 
the Judicial Council of that organization. Dr. 
Quimby is also connected with many other 
medical societies of this country. He is one 
of the most accomplished and highly-esteemed 
physicians and surgeons in the State of New 
Jersey, and is widely known in his profession. 
QUINTARD, Edward, of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1887. He is Visiting Physician to St. 
Mary’s Hospital for Children, and also Visit- 
ing Physician to Church Hospital and Dispen- 
sary. He is a member of the Columbia Col- 
lege Alumni Association, and Fellow of the 
New York Academy of Medicine. 
RAHTER, Charles A., of Harrisburg, Penn- 
sylvania, was born near Minden, Westphalia, 
Prussia, August 8, 1839. Having received a 
common school English education, supple- 
mented by a partial course at Pennsylvania 
College, Gettysburg, he attended his first 
course of medical lectures at the University of 
Maryland, and his second at the Long Island 
College Hospital, receiving from the last named 
institution his degree of M. D. in July, 1864. 
Until the ensuing October he practiced in 
Washington City, D. C.; was then appointed 
an Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United 
States Army, and in this capacity served 
until June, 1865. After resigning his position 
he established himself in Harrisburg, where, 
save during the Franco-Prussian War, he has 
since remained, engaged in an extensive and 
successful general practice of his profession. 
In 1870, on the breaking out of the war be- 
tween France and Germany, he returned to 
his native country and offered his services to 
the government. From September 15 to Oc- 
tober 15 he served as Assistant Surgeon in the 
General Army Hospital at Coblentz; was 
promoted to be Staff Surgeon, and placed 
in charge of the Barrack Hospital at St. Jo- 
hann-Saarbriicken, Avhere he remained until 
July 15, 1871, when he resigned his commis- 
sion. In 1873 he received from the Emperor 
of Germany a medal for faithful and meritori- 
ous services. He is a member of the Pennsyl- 
vania State Medical Society, and, since its foun- 
dation, of the Dauphin County Medical Society, 
having been elected Secretary of the latter in 
1868, Treasurer in 1869, and President in 1876. 
From August, 1865, to August, 1870, when he 
resigned the position, he was Examining Sur- 
geon for the United States Pension Bureau. He 
married, November 11,1875, Mary R., daughter 
of P. B. Keffer, Esq., of Harrisburg, Penn- 
sylvania. 
RAUCH, John H., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, September 
4, 1828. Matriculating at the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, in 
1847, he graduated from that institution in the 
spring of 1849. In 1850 he located in Burling- 
ton, lowa, and commenced practice. During 
1850-51 his attention was directed to the rela- 
tion of ozone to diseases, and he bestowed 
upon the matter a careful and thorough inves- 
tigation. About this time, and during the 
prevalence of cholera, he called the attention 
of Congress to the necessity of providing med- 
ical aid for those engaged in maritime pursuits 
on the western waters, and succeeded in hav- 
ing established at Galena and Burlington 
sites—being appointed on the committee for 
their selection—upon which marine hospitals 
were subsequently erected, which were thrown 
open to use in 1853. In 1851, during his resi- 
dence in Burlington, his attention had been 
called to the increase in cholera, following the 
burial of a number of its victims in the United 
States cemetery located there. With others he 
succeeded in securing the vacation by the gov- 
ernment of the ground for burial purposes, and 
the donation of it to the Buxdington University 
for educational purposes. During 1855-56 he 
devoted some time to assisting Professor 
Agassiz in the collection of material for his 
work, “The Natural History of the United 
States,” and secured a valuable collection from 
the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, of 
specimens chiefly piscatorial. In 1856 he was 
instrumental in securing the passage of a bill 
through the Legislature authorizing a geologi- 
cal survey of lowa. In the fall of 1870 he 
visited the mining districts of South America, 
in order to ascertain what prospects existed of 
improving the sanitary condition of the miners 
in the gold regions of Venezuela. During his 
sojourn there he made a large and valuable col- 
lection of natural objects for the Chicago 
Academy of Natural Sciences. He was a mem- 
ber of the lowa State Medical Society, which 
was organized in 1850, and was its first dele- 
gate to the American Medical Association in 
1851, and its president in 1858; also a member 
and one of the organizers (in 1859) of the Chi- 
cago College of Pharmacy, of the Chicago 
Academy of Natural Sciences, of the American 
Public Health Association, of which he 
was for several years treasurer, and in 
1875-76 first vice-president, of the American 
Social Science Association, and one of the 
Agassiz memorial committee. He is the au- 
thor of a report “On the Medical and Econom- 
ical Botany of the State,” read at the first 
annual meeting of the lowa State Medical So- 
ciety; of a description of the Agassiz collec- 
tion above referred to, published in Silliman's 
Journal of Natural Sciences; on “Intramural 
Interments and their Influence on Health and 
Epidemics,” discussed before the Historical 
Society of Chicago, in 1858; of a paper on 
“Slaughtering,” and which contained his 
opinion respecting the Schuylkill drove-yard 
abattoir in Philadelphia, published in 1871 ; of 
a report of the “Texas Cattle Disease,” in 
1868, and numerous other papers on medical 
subjects, and on public hygiene. In 1852 he 
delivered the annual address before the State 
Horticultural Society of lowa. In 1857 he was 
elected to fill the chair of Materia Medica in 
the Rush Medical College of Chicago, a posi- 
tion he held for three years while continuing 
to reside in Iowa; and in 1859 he was selected 
as Professor of Materia Medica and Medical 
Botany in the Chicago College of Pharmacy. 
He served throughout the Civil War as sur- 
geon and medical director, and for disservices 
was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He was an 
active member of the lowa Historical and 
Geological Institute during his residence in 
that State. In 1867, with others, he was instru- 
mental in having the Board of Health organ- 
ized in Chicago, became a member thereof and 
served until 1873, presenting, in 1868, a report 
on “Drainage;” in 1869, a report on “The EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
669 
Chicago River and the Public Parks;” and in 
1870 a “Sanitary History of Chicago,” with the 
official report of the board of health from 
1867 to 1870. During the tire of 1871, his 
“Report for the Board of Health,” also a 
synopsis of the “Flora of the Northwest,” his 
“Herbarium,” his “South American Notes,” 
and many other valuable papers on sanitary 
measures, were destroyed. At this time he 
became connected with the Relief and Aid So- 
ciety of Chicago, and rendered valuable assist- 
ance as one of its associates and agents. Dr. 
Rauch is one of the oldest members of the 
American Medical Association, and is now 
secretary of the board of trustees of that or- 
ganization. For several years past Dr. Rauch 
has been secretary of the Illinois State Board 
of Health, and his efficient services as sanita- 
rian, and his untiring efforts in securing an 
elevation of the standard of medical education 
in this country, have gained for him not only 
a national reputation, but the most lasting grat- 
itude of the public and the medical profession 
as well. 
RAYMOND, Joseph Howard, of Brooklyn, 
New York, was born in that city November 18, 
1845. Having received his preparatory educa- 
tion at the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytech- 
nic Institute and Williams College, whence he 
graduated A. B. in 1866 and A. M. in 1867, he 
entered the Long Island College Hospital and 
graduated thence M. D. in 1868. In the fol- 
lowing year, having attended lectures in due 
form, he received an ad eundem degree from 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York, and thereafter established himself in 
general practice in his native city. In 1870-71 
he was House Physician and Surgeon to the 
Nursery Hospital on Randall’s Island; in 
1871-72 House Physician and Surgeon to the 
Brooklyn City Hospital, and has served as Vis- 
iting Physician to St. Peter’s Hospital, Sanitary 
Inspector for the Brooklyn Board of Health, 
and Professor of Physiology in the Long 
Island College Hospital. He is now Professor 
of Physiology and Sanitary Science and secre- 
tary of the Faculty of the latter institution. 
He is also Physician for Diseases of Women 
to the Long Island College Hospital Dispen- 
sary, editor of the Brooklyn Medical Journal, 
director of the Department of Physiology in 
the Hoagland Laboratory, and Visiting Phy- 
sician to the Sea-side Home. 
REED, R. Harvey, of Mansfield, Ohio, was 
educated in medicine at the University of 
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, from which insti- 
tution he received the degree of M. D. in 1876. 
He is now Professor of Theory and Practice of 
Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the Ohio Med- 
ical University; Surgeon to the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad; treasurer of the National As- 
sociation of Railway Surgeons; editor-in- 
charge of the surgical department of the Bail- 
way Age and Northwestern Railroader; Surgeon- 
in-chief of the Masonic Provident Association; 
Health Officer of Mansfield, the city of his 
residence; ex-president of the North Central 
Ohio Medical Society and Tri-State Sanitary 
Association; member of the Ohio State Med- 
ical Society, American Public Health Associa- 
tion, British Medical Association and the 
American Medical Association, and is a mem- 
ber of the Executive or Business Committee of 
that organization. 
REYNOLDS, Dudley S., of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was graduated at the University of 
Louisville in 1868. He is now Professor of 
Ophthalmology, Otology and Medical Juris- 
prudence in the Medical Department of the 
Central University of Kentucky; Professor of 
Medical Jurisprudence in the Louisville Col- 
lege of Dentistry, Dental Department of the 
Central University of Kentucky and presi- 
dent of the Joint Faculties, anti Ophthalmic 
Surgeon to Louisville City Hospital. Dr. Rey- 
nolds is a Fellow of the Medico-Chirurgical 
College of Philadelphia; member of the Brit- 
ish Medical Association, American Medical 
Association, American Medical Editors’ Asso- 
ciation, Kentucky State Medical Society; 
chairman of the Judicial Council of the Asso- 
ciation of American Medical Colleges; ex- 
president of the Mississippi Valley Medical As- 
sociation, and member of the International 
Medical Congress. He is also director of the 
Polytechnic Society of Kentucky, and was 
chairman of its Library Committee from 1879 
to 1892 inclusive. 
RICE, Clarence C., of New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1877. He is now Dean, secretary and 
Professor of Laryngology in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 
Dr. Rice is an active member of the New York 
State Medical Society, American Laryngolog- 
ical Society and Laryngological Society of 
New York. 
RIDGE, Isaac M., of Kansas City, Missouri, 
was born in Adair county, Kentucky, July 9, 
1825. In a life sketch published in the Maga- 
zine of Western History Edward L. Eames, his 
biographer, writes as follows: “His youth 
was passed in Kentucky and Missouri, to 
which his parents had removed, and when old 
enough to understand the bent of his ambition 
and the direction of his talents, by the advice 
and aid of his brother, J. G. Ridge, he formed 
the wise conclusion to devote himself to the 
practice of medicine. He studied with Dr. I. 
S. Warren, of Dover, Missouri, and pursued 
the usual course at the Transylvania Universi- 
ty, at Lexington, Kentucky, from the medical 
department of which he was graduated in 
1848 with the honors of his class. He had 
already settled in his mind that upon the site 
of the present Kansas City there would event- 
ually be built a notable metropolis, and with 
that practical wisdom that has always been 
one of his distinguishing characteristics he de- 
termined to have a part therein. The changes 
that have so marvelously followed each other 
in Kansas City in the four decades past have 
therefore had a lively witness in the subject of 
this sketch, who, as one has aptly said, ‘was 
among the first to watch the shadow of the 
Indian as he was forced to take his departure 
south for his present home in the Indian Ter- 
ritory.’ Dr. Ridge made that place his home 
soon after he obtained his medical degree, and 
in season and out of season has been the tried 
and true friend of the little hamlet in which 
his lot was cast, of the village that succeeded 
it, and of the great city it has at last become. 
In 1848 he opened an office at the corner of 
Main street and the Levee, and entered ener- 
getically upon the practice of both medicine 
and surgery. As may be imagined, to use 
the words of one of his biographers, the de- 
mands for his services were for a considerable 
time by no means frequent, for the Indians 670 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
had their own ‘medicine men,’ and the white 
settlers were few indeed. But lie had come to 
stay, and he persevered, answering such calls 
as came, waiting and watching for the tide of 
immigration to flow in that direction. The In- 
dians were at that time numerous and 
troublesome, but Dr. Ridge was fortunate in 
cultivating their friendship to such an extent 
that the Wyandottes, who then occupied that 
portion of the country as their hunting ground, 
declared him in council their ‘pale-faced 
brother/ and bestowed upon him the name of 
‘Little Thunder/ and ever afterwards he ex- 
erted among them a powerful influence which 
extended to other tribes that lived on the 
western border of Missouri, as it then was, but 
now in eastern Kansas. For the appellation 
above given Dr. Ridge was indebted to the 
Walkers—all of whom were half Wyandotte, 
but men of refinement and culture; men who 
were his particular friends, and associates of 
the Wyandotte nation—particularly Governor 
William Walker, first provisional governor of 
Kansas, who was one of the most talented and 
educated men of his time. He indeed was the 
intellectual giant of the men of Indian descent 
of his age. His was a friendship to be courted 
by all true men, and Dr. Ridge has 
the pleasure of knowing that he pos- 
sessed it. From 1860 to 1856 the coun- 
try settled up quite rapidly, and the 
Doctor’s practice was so extensive that he 
was often compelled to ride from a hundred to 
a hundred and fifty miles in twenty-four 
hours. During the memorable pro-slavery 
troubles that raged along the Missouri-Kansas 
boarder from 1856 to the days of the Rebellion, 
Dr. Ridge found himself called upon to act in 
a certain measure as a ‘physician of the 
times/ as well as a healer of physical ills. 
He cast his lot with neither side during that 
series of struggles, wisely showing himself a 
friend to all, and using his great and effective 
personal influence in the healing of wounded 
feelings, in smoothing over personal diffi- 
culties, and in advising belligerents on both 
sides. But it must not be imagined from this 
that Dr. Ridge was wanting in personal cour- 
age to defend personal friends. On more than 
one occasion did he prove this; and one in- 
stance of a memorable character may be re- 
corded in this connection. It was when the 
Governor of Kansas was arrested by a gang 
of marauding villains *who would have hanged 
or shot him but for the timely interference of 
Dr. Ridge, who, being informed of the Gover- 
nor’s perilous situation, hastened to the rescue 
and found him in the hands of a gang of un- 
principled partisans who were howling for 
their prisoner’s blood. Dr. Ridge, who like 
the man he was defending, did not know what 
fear was—save the fear of wrong-doing—and 
who was known to the most of, if not all, 
the Governor’s captors, defied them and 
declared that only by the sacrifice of 
his own life at their hands should they 
murder or harm his once strong friend. 
This act of daring is regarded by Dr. Ridge as 
having been a sacred privilege which all true 
men should be proud to extend to each 
other, particularly when one has been favored 
by services rendered in by-gone days by the 
one he saves. Ex-Governor Charles Robinson, 
of Kansas, is a living witness to the fact that 
this thrilling act of heroism in the life of Dr. 
Ridge was but an act of gratitude in return for 
Dr. Robinson’s manliness and goodness of 
heart, in having traveled on horseback, one 
stormy night in May, 1849, to administer to 
Dr. Ridge, who was in a collapse, and supposed 
to be dying of cholera. After exhausting his 
skill, and battling with this master of all dis- 
eases for thirty-six or forty-eight hours,Dr. Rob- 
inson left him a crazed and dying young man, 
and went on his journey to California. A few 
eventful years in California passed, Dr. Robin- 
son returned to the Flast, and pitched his tent 
in Kansas; was made governor, and was-, in 
1860, deemed worthy of death by that howling 
mob who had made him prisoner; when that 
young man he had left crazed and apparently 
dying, in May, 1849—the knowledge of whose 
miraculous recovery had not reached him— 
made his appearance in the presence of the 
would-be murderers, and in vehement and de- 
termined language demanded the prisoner’s 
release. In the words of Dr. Robinson, in a 
speech delivered in the National Exposition 
building in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1880, 
‘honors were easy between the two Dr. R’s.’ 
These troubles of the pre-war period had hardly 
passed by when the troubled days of 1860 follow- 
ed, and Dr. Ridge again found himself between 
two fires, and for a second time forced to act 
as mediator, this time as both friend and ad- 
viser for Unionists and Confederates. In 1861 
he was the only practicing physician left in the 
section, and was often forced, at the point of 
the bayonet or the muzzle of a pistol, to visit 
the sick and wounded, to administer medicine 
or perform surgical operations; sometimes 
taken blindfolded to where his services were 
required and returned in the same way to the 
place of starting. Those were indeed exciting 
times, and the Doctor passed through many a 
thrilling scene that might be dwelt upon with 
romantic interest, did space permit. On every 
hand he found opportunities to imitate the 
Good Samaritan, and many a luckless fellow, 
blue-coat and gray-coat, lives to bless him for 
his skill and liberality. It is said that Dr. 
Ridge, legitimately and through compulsion, 
did a business of from twenty to fifty thousand 
dollars during the war for which he never re- 
ceived a cent, and for several years after that 
stormy period his practice was unprecedentedly 
large. The labors of Dr. Ridge during his 
years of active service in his profession were 
mainly given to the demands of his avocation, 
and he had little leisure or desire for ventures 
in other paths of public usefulness. He 
avoided rather than sought office of any kind, 
despite which fact his friends compelled him 
to serve some time as city councilman. 
He was also the active City Physician for 
several years, and it is a noteworthy 
fact that during his incumbency of that office 
the city passed through cholera and small-pox 
epidemics. He was once placed by his friends 
in nomination for State Senator. He retired 
from the practice of medicine about 1875, to 
give attention to his numerous other interests 
that had been growing steadily upon his 
hands. He had invested the proceeds of his 
extensive practice in land from time to time in 
and about Kansas City, and the growth thereof 
long since placed him among the wealthy men 
of his State. Dr. Ridge was for many years 
an ardent, devoted, and prominent member of 
the Masonic order, and did all in his power to 
advance the interests and uphold the noble 
principles of that time-honored fraternity, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
671 
Washington City. Dr. Richardson is a mem- 
ber of numerous local and national medical 
organizations. 
RILEY, Frederick C., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution he 
received the degree of M. D. in 1878, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
the treatment of the eye and ear. He is now 
Ophthalmologist and Otologist to the New 
York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and 
holds the same position for St. Benedict’s 
Home, at Rye, New York. Dr. Riley is a Fel- 
low of the New York Academy of Medicine, 
and an active member of other medical organ- 
izations in that metropolis. 
RIYERS, Edmund C., of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of Mary- 
land School of Medicine, Baltimore, in 1878. 
He is now Professor of Ophthalmology and 
Otology in the Medical Department of the 
University of Denver. He is an active mem- 
ber of the American Ophthahnological Society, 
Colorado State Medical Society, Denver Med- 
ical Association, and Arapahoe County Med- 
ical Society. 
ROBERTS, Milton J., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1878, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
mechanical therapeutics and orthopedic sur- 
gery. He is now Visiting Orthopedic Surgeon 
to the City Hospital, Randall’s Island; Con- 
sulting Surgeon to Woman’s Hospital, Brook- 
lyn, and was Professor of Orthopedic Surgery 
and Mechanical Therapeutics in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital 
from 1882 until 1887, also late Professor of Or- 
thopedic Surgery in the University of Ver- 
mont. He is a Fellow of the New York Acad- 
emy of Medicine, member of the New York 
Orthopedic Society, New York Electrical Soci- 
ety, New York State Medical Society, Ameri- 
can Association for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, and of numerous other important med- 
ical and scientific organizations. 
ROBINSON, Paul (4ervais,of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, of Huguenot and Irish ancestry, was 
born in Charleston, South Carolina, August 22, 
1834. He was educated at the Charleston 
Academic College, graduating A. B. in 1854, 
and studied medicine in the South Carolina 
Medical College, Charleston, where he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1856., After 
graduating he spent two years at the Ecole de 
Medicin, Paris. On returning he settled first 
in Charleston, He entered the service of the 
Confederate States in the Civil War, and was 
connected at various times with the First 
South Carolina, and Twenty-Second North 
Carolina, and Third Alabama Regiments as 
Surgeon, and served till the close of the 
Rebellion. In 1866 he was Chief of Clinic to 
Prof. E. Geddings in the South Carolina Medical 
College, and adjunct to the Chair of Practice 
of Medicine. In 1867 he removed to St. Louis. 
In 1869 he was elected to the Professorship of 
Principles of Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine 
in the Missouri Medical College, and in 1877 to 
that of Principles and Practice of Medicine, and 
the Deanship in the same institution; the latter 
position he still (1893) retains. He is a member 
of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of St. Louis, 
and has served as Chairman of the Section of 
Practical Medicine of the American Medical 
and in more than one instance during the war 
did its secret but powerful influence intervene 
to save his life and raise him up friends in the 
midst of enemies. Illustrations of these are 
cited in Masons’ History of Kansas City as 
follows: During the first days of the Civil 
War Dr. Ridge had been reported to Colonel 
Jennison as disloyal, and the colonel sent a 
squad of men to ‘take care’ of him. It was 
forty against one, and as a last chance Dr. 
Ridge gave a Masonic sign, which was imme- 
diately recognized by a young Prussian lieu- 
tenant in command, who waved his sword 
over his head calling out in broken En- 
glish: ‘Poys, shust put up dem guns; 
dot man ish all ridghtl’ A second in- 
stance of Masonry saving his life is re- 
lated as having occurred in the spring of 1862. 
In 1850 Dr. Ridge was first married to Miss 
Eliza A. Smart, daughter of Judge Smart, of 
Kansas City. Three of the five children born 
to this union are still living, two of his sons 
being prominent in the business circles of that 
commercial emporium. She was a devoted 
wife and mother, esteemed for her noble traits 
of character, unusual literary attainments and 
many acts of quiet beneficence. Her death 
was mourned by many in all stations of life. 
In 1882 Dr. Ridge was again married to Miss 
Mary D. Campbell, the talented and accom- 
plished daughter of Bartlett Campbell, one of 
the best known of the business men of Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. She is a highly-cultured pianist, 
and as a vocalist has few superiors in this 
country. His home is one of the notable places 
in Kansas City; internally, because of its 
culture, elegance and generous hospitality, and 
externally because of its commanding position. 
The site of ‘Castle Ridge,’ as it is called, is 
of such altitude as to afford a wide and charm- 
ing view of the city and the surrounding coun- 
try in every direction. In the center of this 
beautiful elevation is the doctor’s elegant resi- 
dence, the designs and plans of which were 
all outlined by himself. The structure is in 
the form of a Greek cross, and in architecture 
combines the Tuscan and Corinthian orders, 
and is beautified by a mansard roof and 
crowned by imposing towers and minarets. 
Dr. Ridge has well earned the rest and leisure 
he now enjoys, and in the quiet evening of his 
days can look back upon a long life of labor 
and of successful achievements filled with 
deeds of good to his fellow-men. Of pleasing 
address and courteous manners, he is a gen- 
erous and warm-hearted gentleman whom all 
greet with pleasure, and whom many poor and 
unfortunate have cause to remember with 
gratitude. He has contributed largely in money 
and influence toward the upbuilding of his 
city. Generous and liberal in his sentiments, 
enjoying the confidence, respect and esteem of 
the community, having good health and the 
capacity to enjoy the comforts which his wealth 
can command, there are, let us hope, many 
years of happiness and usefulness yet before 
him.” 
RICHARDSON, Charles W., of Washington 
City, District of Columbia, was graduated in 
medicine at. the University of Pennsylvania 
in 1884, and received an ad eundem degree from 
the medical department of the Columbian 
University during the same year. He is now 
Professor of Laryngology and Otology in the 
latter institution, Throat and Ear Surgeon to 
Providence Hospital and Foundling Asylum, 672 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Association. In 1858 he married Elizabeth, 
daughter of Samuel Henry Dickson, late Pro- 
fessor of Principles and Practice of Medicine 
at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; 
she died in 1861. In June, 1869, he married 
Lina, daughter of Hon. Bernard Pratte, of St. 
Louis, Missouri. 
ROCHESTER, De Lancey, of Buffalo, New 
York, was educated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Buffalo, from which he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1884, and is now Adjunct 
Professor of the Principles and Practice of 
Medicine in that institution. He is vice-presi- 
dent of the Buffalo Obstetrical Society, mem- 
ber of Erie County Medical Society, Buffalo 
Medical and Surgical Association and Buffalo 
Pathological Society. 
ROGERS, Edmund J. A., of Denver, Colo- 
rado, was graduated M. D. from the Medical 
Department of McGill University, Montreal, 
in 1881, and became a Licentiate of the Royal 
College of Physicians and the Royal College of 
Surgeons, Edinburgh, Scotland, during the 
same year. He is now Professor of the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Surgery in the Medical 
Department of the University of Denver. He 
is a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Colorado State Medical Society, Denver 
Medical Association and Arapahoe County 
Medical Society. 
ROGERS, William 8., of Memphis, Tennes- 
see, was educated in medicine at the Bellevue 
Hospital Medical College, from which institu- 
tion he received the degree of M. D. in 1878. 
He is now Professor of Surgery in the Mem- 
phis Hospital Medical College. Dr. Rogers is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Tri-State Medical Society (of Tennessee, 
Georgia and Alabama), National Association 
of Railway Surgeons, Southern Surgical and 
Gynecological Association, and the Memphis 
Medical Society. 
ROTH WELL, William J., of Denver, Col- 
orado, was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1873, and 
supplemented his medical education and train- 
ing by attending the New York Polyclinic in 
1884. He is now Professor of Materia Medica, 
Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine in the 
Gross Medical College, Denver. Dr. Roth- 
well is an active member of the Colorado State 
Medical Society, Denver Medical Association, 
and other medical organizations. 
RUEUI, Carl, of Denver, Colorado, was 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Berne, Switzerland, in 1873. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Pathology and Clinical Medicine in 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Denver. Dr. Ruedi is a member of the Amer- 
ican Medical Association, American Climato- 
logical Association, Colorado State Medical 
Society, Denver Medical Association, and other 
medical organizations of this country. 
SANGER, Eugene F., of Bangor, Maine, 
was born in Waterville, Maine, October 18, 
1829. He was educated at Waterville Acad- 
emy and Dartmouth College, graduating A. B. 
from that institution in 1849. He pursued his 
medical studies in Jefferson Medical College, 
Philadelphia, from which institution he ob- 
tained the degree of M. D. in 1853. The 
degree of A. M. was received from Water- 
ville College in 1857. After graduating in 
medicine he served as Assistant Surgeon in 
the United States Marine Hospital, Chelsea, 
Massachusetts, and as Assistant Physician and 
Surgeon at Blackwell’s Island Hospitals, New 
York, and Insane Asylum in 1853-54. During 
parts of that and the next year he spent in 
Europe, and returning to this country located 
himself at Ellsworth, Maine. In 1857 he re- 
moved to Bangor. During the war—June 2, 
1861—he was Surgeon to the Sixth Maine 
Infantry; promoted to United States Brigade 
Surgeon in the same year; Surgeon-in-Charge 
St. James’ Hospital, New Orleans, 1862, and 
Medical Purveyor of the Department of the 
Gulf; Chief Surgeon Second Division Nine- 
teenth Army Corps, 1863; Medical Director of 
same, Department of the Gulf, 1864, and Sur- 
geon-in-Charge of Elmira (New York) prison, 
in the same year; Medical Director of District 
of Michigan, and Surgeon-in-Charge of Har- 
per’s and St. Mary’s Hospitals, Detroit, in 
1864 and 1865; Medical Inspector and Medical 
Director of District of East Tennessee during 
part of 1865; and was also Surgeon-General of 
the State of Maine, with rank of Colonel, dur- 
ing 1869-70, and has served for many years 
as United States Examining Surgeon to the 
Pension Bureau. In 1876 he was elected 
President of the Sixth Maine Regimental As- 
sociation at the grand reunion at Portland of 
all the regiments which served in the war from 
Maine. He is a member of the Loyal Legion, 
and has held the position of common council- 
man of the city of Bangor. He is a member 
of the Penobscot County Medical Association; 
of the State Medical Association, of which he 
was secretary in 1859, vice-president in 1871, 
and president in 1876; of the American Med- 
ical Association, and honorary member of the 
Detroit Academy of Medicine. He has con- 
tributed various articles to the Transactions of 
the Maine Medical Association; among them : 
“Eczema,” “Elbow-Joint Resection,” “Inver- 
sion of the Womb,” “Malignant Growths,” 
and “Abscess of Lungs.” 
SATTERTHWAITE, Thomas E., of New 
York, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1867. He was professor of Pathol- 
ogy and General Medicine in the New York 
Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital 
from 1882 until 1890. He is now Consulting 
Physician to the Orthopedic and Babies’ Hos- 
pitals and Northeastern Dispensary, New York 
City. He is late president of the New York 
Pathol ological Society, and member of the New 
York State Medical Society, New York County 
Medical Society, New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, American Academy of Medicine, and the 
International Medical Congress. 
SCOTT, Clinton H., of Como, Colorado, was 
born at Towanda, Pennsylvania, September 
29, 1855. He is the son of William Scott, a 
lawyer, and grandson of Hon. George Scott, 
one of the first judges of Bradford county, 
Pennsylvania. He was educated in his native 
State at Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, 
Towanda; Mansfield State Normal School, 
and Wyoming Seminary, Kingston. He com- 
menced the study of medicine in 1874, and 
pursued it under the instruction of Dr. J. W. 
Lyman, of Towanda, and Drs. W. G. MacCon- 
nell and J. W. Barr, of Philadelphia. He at- 
tended medical lectures at Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, and was graduated at 
that institution in March, 1878. Dr. Scott 
commenced the practice of medicine at Athens, 
Pennsylvania, but soon after removed to EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
673 
Sayre, in the same State, where he remained 
until 1883, when he accepted the posi- 
tion of Surgeon for the Union Pacific Coal 
Company at Como, Colorado, and removed to 
that place. He removed to Denver in 1888, 
but in 1891 failing health necessitated a change 
to a higher altitude, and he returned to Como. 
He has attained some distinction as a surgeon, 
and has been especially successful in ortho- 
pedic and railway surgery. He is a member 
of Elmira (N: Y.) Academy of Medicine, hon- 
orary member of Chemung County (N. Y.) 
Medical Society, and was vice-president of 
Bradford County (Pa.) Medical Society from 
1880 till 1883. He was State Censor (Pa.) in 
1883, ex-member Colorado State Medical So- 
ciety. member National Association of Rail- 
SEAMAN, Louis L., of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876, and received 
an ad eundem degree from the University of 
the City of New York in 1877. He is ex-chief 
of the staff of Charity Hospital, Blackwell 
Island, and is now Visiting Physician to the 
New York Lying-in Asylum, Consulting Physi- 
cian to the Colored Orphan Asylum, and Med- 
ical Supervisor of the Mutual Reserve Fund 
Life Association. Dr. Seaman is a member of 
the New York Academy of Medicine, New York 
Pathological Society, New York Medico-Legal 
Society, and other well known medical organ- 
izations of that Metropolis. 
SELDEN, Charles WM of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at the Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1857. He was 
Professor of Anatomy in the National Medical 
College, Washington City, D. C., from 1857 un- 
til 1861. He then entered the Confederate 
Army, and was Surgeon-in-Charge of the Louis- 
iana Hospital, Richmond, Virginia, during the 
first year of the War of the Rebellion, and sub- 
sequently served from 1861 until 1865 as Surgeon 
of Twenty-fourth Virginia Battalion. Since the 
close of the war he has been engaged in a suc- 
cessful general practice of medicine and sur- 
gery, and is of recognized skill and ability. 
SELL, Edward H. M., of New York City, 
was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, 
August 16, 1832. He was a son of Samuel 
Sell, whose grandfather came from Canton 
Berne, Switzerland, and of Mary (Miller) Sell, 
granddaughter of Conrad Miller, a drummer 
of the Revolution, who was born in Wurtem- 
berg, Germany. His education was obtained 
in a Friends’ school at Quakertown, Allentown 
Seminary (now Muhlenburg College), and at 
Gettysburg, and received the degree of A. B. 
in 1856 and A. M. in 1859 from the Pennsylva- 
nia College, at that place. He studied medi- 
cine in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York, and graduated M. D. in March, 
1866. He was also graduated Master of Ob- 
stetrics in the University of Vienna in March, 
1872. After graduating and practicing for four 
and a half years, he visited, during three years, 
all the principal hospitals in all the large cities 
of Europe, viz: Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Lon- 
don, Edinburgh and Dublin, and on returning, 
located himself again in New York in general 
practice, but making a specialty of gynecology 
and obstetrics. He is a member of the County 
Medical Society of New York, of the Medico- 
Legal Society, of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, of the New York Pathological Society, 
Fellow of the New York Academy of Medi- 
cine, one of the founders of the American 
Academy of Medicine, 1876, and Fellow of the 
Obstetrical Society of London. He is also a 
member of the Society of German Naturalists 
and Physicians, and was delegate to the forty- 
fifth annual meeting at Leipzig, in August, 
1872; also delegate to the British Medical As- 
sociation, from the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, in 1870, 1873 and 1876, and was also a 
delegate to the International Medical Con- 
gress in 1890. His contributions to profession- 
al literature are; “Puerperal Eclampsia,” 
“Opium Poisoning in Children, with Recovery 
by Use of Electricity,” “A Case of Complete 
Uterus Bicornis,” “Fibroid Polypus Uteri,” 
“Obstetrics in Vienna,” “Tapping Ovarian 
Cysts,” “Ovariotomy,” “Ovarian Tapping,” 
“Cystic Tumor of Vagina,” “Amputation of 
way Surgeons, and Southwestern Association 
of Railway Surgeons. In 1879 Governor Hoyt 
of Pennsylvania appointed him Coroner of 
Bradford county, that State, to fill a vacancy, 
and in 1882 he was elected to the same office. 
In 1884 he was elected Coroner of Park county, 
Colorado, and was re-elected in 1885. He 
served as County Physician of Park county 
(Colo.) during the years of 1885, 1886 and 
1887. He was appointed Health Commis- 
sioner of Como in 1885, and elected Mayor of 
that town in 1886. In 1889 he was appointed 
by Mayor Londoner to the office of Health 
Commissioner of the city of Denver. The city 
charter required the appointee to have been a 
resident of the city for a period of two years 
preceding his appointment, and as Dr. Scott 
had only resided there a little more than one 
year, he was not able to qualify. He has for 
many years taken an active interest in politics, 
but never aspired to any office which would in- 
terfere with the practice of his profession. He 
is Union Pacific Railway Surgeon on the Den- 
ver, Leadville and Gunnison division. He was 
never married. 674 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Neck of Uterus” and “Procidentia Uteri.” 
He has also been editor of the Physician and 
Pharmacist. Since 1873 he has been Physician 
to the Northeastern Dispensary for Diseases of 
the Head and Abdomen, and also held the 
same position for diseases of women in the 
same institution. Since July, 1874, he has 
been Physician for Diseases of Women to the 
Eastern Dispensary. 
SEMMES, Alexander J., of Savannah, Geor- 
gia, of Anglo-Norman-Celtic lineage, was born 
in Georgetown, District of Columbia, Decem- 
ber 17, 1828. He is the son of Raphael Sem- 
mes, Esq., of Nanjemoy, and Matilda Neale 
Jenkins, of Cobneck, on the Potomac, in 
Charles county, Maryland; his paternal and 
maternal grandfathers were officers of the 
Maryland line in the Revolutionary Army, 
direct descendants of the English Catholic 
gentry, who, flying from persecution in En- 
gland, came to Maryland between 1636 and 
1650; some of whom settled in the adjoining 
counties of Virginia. Dr. Semmes was a 
cousin of Raphael Semmes, commander of the 
Alabama in the Confederate Navy. He was 
educated at Georgetown College, District of 
Columbia, receiving the degree of A. M. in 
1853, and in addition to three years of medical 
study with Dr. Grafton Tyler, Professor of the 
Practice of Medicine in the National Medical 
College, Washington, District of Columbia, 
attended three courses of lectures at the latter 
institution, graduating from it in 1851, and 
subsequently attending clinical lectures in the 
medical schools and hospitals of London and 
Paris. He first settled in Washington City, 
D. C., where he was Physician to the United 
States jail, but removed thence to New Or- 
leans, Louisiana, whence, after the Civil War, 
he went to Savannah, Georgia. He was one 
of the two resident physicians of the Charity 
Hospital at New Orleans, in 1860. He was 
appointed Surgeon of the Eighth Regiment of 
Louisiana Volunteers, June 19, 1861, and on 
the 4th of the following month was commis- 
sioned a Surgeon in the Confederate Array, 
serving from 1861 to 1863 as surgeon and 
brigade surgeon in Hay’s Louisiana brigade, 
of (Stonewall) Jackson’s corps, in the army of 
North Virginia; as Surgeon-in-Charge of the 
Third Division of the Jackson Military Hos- 
pital at Richmond, Virginia; as Medical In- 
spector, by special order No. 6, department of 
North Virginia, May 21, 1862; as inspector of 
hospitals in the department of Virginia, by 
special order No. 32, A. and I. G. 0., Rich- 
mond, February 7, 1863; as a member of the 
army board to examine medical officers, by 
special order No. 34, A. and I. G. 0., Rich- 
mond, February 11, 1862, and as president, in 
January, 1865, of the Examining Boards of the 
Louisiana, the Jackson, the Stuart, and the 
Winder Hospitals, Richmond. After the close 
of the Civil War he returned to New Orleans 
and was Visiting Physician to Charity Hos- 
pital during the years 1866 and 1867, and from 
1870 to 1876 Professor of Physiology in the 
Savannah Medical College. Subsequently he 
took orders in the Roman Catholic Church, and 
in 1886 he became president of Pio Nono Col- 
lege, Macon, Georgia. He has been a member 
of the Medical Society of the Distinct of Colum- 
bia, the Georgia Medical Society, and the 
American Medical Association, of which he 
was one of the secretaries in 1858-59, and 1869, 
and was in 1852 corresponding secretary of the 
American Medical Society in Paris. He is the 
author of “Medical Sketches in Paris,” 1852; 
“Poisoning by Strychnine,” 1865; “Medico- 
Legal Duties of Coroners,” 1857; “Gunshot 
Wounds,” 1864; “Notes from a Surgical 
Diary,” 1866; “Surgical Notes of the Late 
War,” 1867; “Medical Reviews and Criti- 
cisms,” 1860-61; “Revaccination; Its Effects 
and Importance,” 1868; “Preparations of 
Manganese,” 1868; “The Fluid Extracts,” 
1869; “Evolution, the Origin of Life,” two 
papers read before the Georgia Medical So- 
ciety, 1873; the “Influence of Yellow Fever on 
Pregnancy and Parturition,” paper read be- 
fore the Georgia State Medical Association, 
1875, and other papers, both numerous and im- 
portant. He has also written frequently for 
literary and other non-professional periodi- 
cals. He was married October 4, 1864, at 
Savannah, Georgia, to Sarah Lowndes Berrien, 
daughter of the late John Macpherson Berrien, 
attorney-general of the United States in the 
cabinet of President Jackson, and for many 
years United States Senator from Georgia. 
SENN, Nicholas, of Chicago, Illinois, was 
born in Canton St. Gaul, Switzerland, October 
31,1844; immigrated to this country with his 
parents in 1852; settled in Washington, Wis- 
consin ; received a grammar school education 
at Fond du Lac, AVis., and after teaching school 
for two years, began the study of medicine with 
Dr. E. Munk, of the latter city, in 1864. He 
studied also in the Chicago Medical College in 
1866, and graduated in the spring of 1868. 
After serving for eighteen months as Resident 
Physician to Cook County Hospital, he com- 
menced the practice of medicine in Ashford, 
AVisconsin. In 1869 he married Miss Aurelia 
S. Muehlhauser. He removed to Milwaukee 
in 1874, and became Attending Physician to 
Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe 
and attended the University of Munich, Ger- 
many, and was graduated at that institution in 
1878. After his return to this country he es- 
tablished himself in Chicago, having been 
elected Professor of the Principles of Surgery 
and Sui’gical Pathology in Rush Medical Col- 
lege. He now holds the chair of Practice of 
Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the same in- 
stitution. His specialty is surgery, and in re- 
cent years his skill in abdominal surgery, and 
especially in his treatment of gastro-intestinal 
lesions, has gained for him a world-wide repu- 
tation. He is a member of the American Med- 
ical Association and of numerous other local 
and national medical organizations. Soon after 
the inauguration of Governor Altgeld he was 
appointed Surgeon-General of the National 
Guard of Illinois. Dr. Senn is also president 
of the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
National Guard of the United States, and 
from his address to this organization, delivered 
at its second annual meeting at St. Louis in 
April, 1892, we here publish the following ex- 
tracts : “Every good citizen takes a just pride 
and deep interest in the safety and prosperity 
of his country. His patriotism should bear a 
direct ratio to the degree of freedom and pro- 
tection he enjoys and the richness of the nat- 
ural resources within his reach. If freedom, 
protection and prosperity are the elements 
which are productive of patriotism, every citi- 
zen of the United States is, or should be, im- 
bued with love and gratitude for his country, 
and ready to defend it in time of danger. It 
is a great privilege to be a citizen of the EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
675 
greatest country on the face of the earth, and to 
belong to the most powerful and progressive 
nation in the world. Our country has taken a 
place in the front rank among the ruling na- 
tions. Its brief history is an unbroken record 
of unparalleled growth and prosperity. Its 
inhabitants, composed of the best elements of 
most every civilized nation, have made good 
use of the wonderful opportunities presented, 
and have built up cities and industries which 
have become a source of admiration and envy 
everywhere. Since the War of Independence 
and foundation of this great republic, a little 
more than a century ago, we have become the 
leading nation, not through the influence of a 
large standing army, but by developing the 
unlimited resources within our legitimate 
reach, aided by a wise administration of the 
laws made by the people and for the people. 
During this short period of our existence as a 
have become a matter of honorable record, and 
have never, and are not likely to be, surpassed 
by any standing army. Our country came out 
of this great struggle greater than ever. There 
is no North and no South. The ‘gray and the 
blue’ celebrate their war experiences side by 
side, and relate their victories and defeats 
without sectional feeling. The star-spangled 
banner again floats over a harmonious and 
peaceful nation, and is revered and loved as 
dearly in the South as in the North, and should 
the time come when it is in danger, the whole 
country will rise in its defense. What a happy 
choice our forefathers made when they selected 
the eagle as the emblem of our country ! Like 
the king of the skies, that knows no rival in 
his sphere, our country has outstripped the 
Old World in everything that pertains to the 
welfare of its people. The mingling of many 
nations has produced a race peculiarly well 
adapted for self-government. Our little stand- 
ing army, composed of less than 25,000 men, 
scattered in small detachments over a vast ter- 
ritory, has been seldom called into active 
service, except occasionally to subdue a hostile 
band of Indians on the frontier. Should an 
emergency arise necessitating military inter- 
ference, either in the defense of our borders or 
to crush anarchism, our standing army would 
be too small to answer the requirements. For- 
tunately every true American citizen regards 
himself as a guardian of public peace, ready 
to defend his rights, and ever ready to protect 
the country of his birth or adoption. The Na- 
tional Guard of the United States, numbering 
about 100,000 citizen soldiers, is a military 
body of far-reaching influence and great 
power. It is composed of the very best ele- 
ments of society. It represents almost every 
profession, trade and business interests. It is 
composed of men who, under all circum- 
stances, are loyal to their general and re- 
spective State governments. It constitutes an 
efficient police force scattered over this vast 
country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 
from the British possessions to the Gulf of 
Mexico. Should it become necessary to call 
out the whole force, an army of 100,000 men, 
well equipped and well drilled, could be con- 
centrated in any part of the country ready for 
duty within three to five days. The many 
strikes and riots which have menaced the 
peace and personal and public property for a 
number of years have shown the necessity of 
an efficient National Guard. Every loyal and 
peace-loving citizen will consider it a privilege 
to contribute his share towards securing and 
maintaining such a force. Money paid out of 
the State treasury for such a purpose is well 
invested.” Referring to the means of elevat- 
ing the standing and usefulness of military 
surgery, Dr. Senn continues: “We live in an 
age of organization of united effort and con- 
centration of work. The unparalleled advances 
in science, art, and literature that have 
characterized the last decade are largely due 
to systematic united work. It is true that 
a great discovery or an important observation 
comes occasionally like a flash of lightning 
from a clear sky, the product of some fertile 
brain, but the greatest advances requiring 
thorough scientific investigation have been 
accomplished by the concerted action of many 
laboring with the same object in view. The 
stimulus imported by the work and success of 
others is the motive which impels individual 
nation we have taken an enviable position 
among the powers of the world, and our 
beautiful flag, the star-spangled banner, is re- 
spected and admired wherever it is unfolded. 
The stars and stripes are everywhere recog- 
nized as a symbol of liberty and equality. 
The history of the War of Independence, and 
more recently of the War of the Rebellion, has 
proved to the outside world that the American 
citizen is a born soldier. Within a few months, 
during the late conflict, large armies faced 
each other in deadly combat, and <sn each side 
a heroism was displayed never excelled before. 
Battles were fought such as the world had 
never seen before or since. The endurance, 
discipline and courage of our citizen-soldiers 676 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
effort, and comparison of the results realized 
becomes either a source of gratification or acts 
like a lash that arouses the latent forces to 
renewed action. In our country nearly every 
profession, trade and business has now its 
local and national associations. Less than a 
year ago about fifty surgeons of the National 
Guard, representing fifteen States, met in the 
city of Chicago and organized the association 
of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of 
the United States. All present were fully im- 
pressed with the necessity of such an associa- 
tion, and manifested a keen interest in its or- 
ganization. To-day we have opened our first 
annual meeting in this beautiful city, and have 
received such a warm welcome on the part of 
the State, the city, the medical profession and 
citizens as is seldom extended to a scientific 
body. As an association we have not yet 
reached our first birthday, and yet we have 
attained a membership of over two hundred. 
A deep interest in the welfare and prosperity of 
our organization has been manifested out- 
side of our ranks throughout the United States. 
The newspapers and medical journals have 
treated us with every mark of courtesy, and 
have brougnt our good work to the attention 
of military officers, the public and the medical 
profession. The general government has en- 
couraged us from the very beginning by detail- 
ing for our benefit a number of the oldest and 
most experienced surgeons to attend our meet- 
ings. Military surgery is at present in a 
transitional stage. Human ingenuity has ex- 
erted itself to the utmost during the last few 
years in perfecting cannon, guns and other 
implements of destruction. The smokeless 
powder and the small caliber conical bullet, 
surrounded by a steel mantle, have revolution- 
ized modern warfare. Rapid firing and cer- 
tainty of aim at a great distance will make the 
battles of the future of short duration, but the 
loss of life and the number disabled by wounds 
will be fearful. The bullet wounds that will 
come under the treatment of the military sur- 
geons of future wars will present an entirely 
different aspect, and will call for different 
treatment than those inflicted by the old 
weapons. The modern bullet, by virtue of its 
great penetrating power, will either produce a 
speedily fatal wound, or the injury it produces 
will be more amenable to successful treatment 
because it produces less contusion of the soft 
tissues and splintering of bone than the heavy 
bullet used in the past. Bruns, Bardeleben, 
and others have made careful experimental 
researches concerning the effect of the new pro- 
jectile ; but this subject is not exhausted, and 
there is plenty of room for original work by our 
members in this department of military surgery. 
The operative treatment of penetrating wounds 
of the chest and abdomen, on the battle-field, 
offers another inviting field for original inves- 
tigation. The various materials devised for 
dressing wounds on the battle-field have all 
their faults and merits, but none of them are 
perfect. The methods of transportation of the 
sick and wounded, the construction of tents 
and movable barracks are not closed chapters, 
and are all susceptible of improvement by 
original thought and investigation. More in- 
genuity has been displayed of late years in 
perfecting fire arms and in the invention of 
machines for wholesale destruction of life 
than in devising ways and means in saving 
the lives of those seriously injured. It is our 
duty as military surgeons to counteract as far 
as we can the horrors of war by devising life- 
saving operations, and by protecting the in- 
jured against the dangers incident to traus- 
matic infection. Antiseptic and aseptic sur- 
gery must be made more simple than they are 
now in order that we may reap from them 
equal blessings in military as in civil practice. 
Enough has been said to show you that a mil- 
itary association of this kind can become an 
inestimable boon to mankind if some of the 
members will explore unknown regions and 
bring to light the priceless jewel of original 
thought and research. The subject of this 
sketch has made numerous valuable contribu- 
tions to medical and surgical literature, and 
his reputation as a wrriter is no less distin- 
guished than that of clinical teacher and oper- 
ative surgeon. His books entitled “Experi- 
mental Surgery” and “Intestinal Surgery” em- 
body Dr. Semi’s own views on the results of his 
clinical experience and original investigation. 
They have met with an extensive circulation 
and their author is universally regarded as one 
of the most original and advanced wmrkers in 
the field of surgical progress. Of his more 
recent publications the one entitled “Semi’s 
Surgical Bacteriology” is worthy of special men- 
tion. This is a handsome octavo volume, illus- 
trated with colored plates and fine engravings, 
published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia 
(second edition 1892). Referring to its merits 
the Annals of Surgery says: The book is valu- 
able to the student, but its chief value lies in 
the fact that such a compilation makes it pos- 
sible for the busy practitioner wdiose time for 
reading is limited and whose sources of in- 
formation are often fewq to become conversant 
with the most advanced ideas of surgical path- 
ology, which have laid the foundation for the 
wonderful achievements of modern surgery. 
In concluding this sketch reference should he 
made to Dr. Senn’s recent magnificent gift to 
his city and profession w'hich consists of his 
great collection of medical books, donated to 
the Newberry Library, Chicago, the value of 
wrhich can not be estimated in money, for as 
Milton says, “A good book is the precious 
life-blood of a master spirit embalmed and 
treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life.” 
Dr. Senn has for many years been engaged in 
gathering this priceless collection of medical 
literature, but for most part the gems of the 
library wrere obtained by purchase from the 
estate of Dr. William Baum, Professor of Sur- 
gery, University of Gottingen. He wras one of 
the founders of the German Congress of Sur- 
geons, and for fifty years had been collecting 
works on anatomy, physiology, surgery, and 
the old classical authorities. Having died in 
1886, his estate offered the library for sale. 
His wish was that the German Congress of 
Surgeons should purchase the library, but that 
organization did not see their way clear to 
meet the expenses. The administrator of 
his estate publicly stated that Professor 
Baum had spent over forty thousand dol- 
lars in its purchase. The administrator 
offered the library to various parties, and 
the Royal Library of Berlin offered an almost 
fabulous price for a number of antiquarian 
volumes contained in the collection, but the 
administrator, following the wishes of Prof. 
Baum, refused to separate the books, and 
announced it would be sold by auction. 
This coming to the ears of Dr. Senn, he at EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
677 
once secured it by making a partial payment, 
and then withdrew it from sale. The books 
were shipped to Dr. Senn, then in Milwaukee, 
in fifty-two cases, constituting an entire car 
load. Beside the works on surgery, gynecology 
and ophthalmology in the Baum library, the 
collection contains a full set of Virchow’s 
Archives, several single volumes of which are 
now valued at SSO each. Langenbeck’s 
Archives, Jahresbericht der Gesund. Medi- 
cine, Cannstatt’s Jahresbericht, Praguer Vier- 
teljahreschrift, and the Deutcher Chirurgie. 
(The continuation of these periodicals from 
time to time, by the terms of the gift, the New- 
berry Library must hereafter procure as pub- 
lished.) To the foregoing, Dr. Senn has 
added nearly all the modern works on 
surgery, which includes gynecology, and 
allied branches. He will retain his working 
library of modern works, and a few old 
favorites to which he is naturally attached. 
It is said that the first thought of this action 
was suggested by Mrs. Senn, who, appreciating 
the value of the library, pointed out the inse- 
curity of a private house from fire and other 
casualties, and Dr. Senn concluded that he 
would place the collection at the disposal of 
the profession. There are thousands and thou- 
sands of pamphlets, ancient and modern, and 
atlases almost numberless. All of these 
go Avith the collection, the money value of 
which is about fifty thousand dollars. No bib- 
liophile can part with his books without re- 
gret, and yet in this action Prof. Senn has 
built himself a monument more enduring than 
bronze or marble, for generations of medical 
men, long after those now on the stage shall 
have passed away, will draw inspiration and 
wisdom from the “Senn Collection” in the 
Newberry Library, and as often with gratitude 
reflect on the noble generosity of its dis- 
tinguished founder. 
SEW ALL, Henry, of Denver, Colorado, was 
educated at the Wesleyan University of 
Middletown, Connecticut, from which insti- 
tution he received the degree of B. S. in 1876, 
and at the Johns Hopkins University, Bal- 
timore, Maryland, from which he obtained 
the degree of Ph. D. in 1879. fie subse- 
quently began the study of medicine and 
entered the University of Michigan, Ann 
Arbor, from which institution he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1888, and also received an 
ad eundem degree from the Medical Department 
of the University of Denver in 1889. He is 
now Professor of Physiology in the latter uni- 
versity, Assistant Health Commissioner of 
Denver, and secretary of the Colorado State 
Board of Health. Dr. Sewall is an active 
member of the American Association of Phy- 
sicians, Colorado State Medical Society, Denver 
Medical Association and Arapahoe County 
Medical Society, State of Colorado. 
SEXTON, Samuel, of New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the University of 
Louisville, Kentucky, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1856. Dur- 
ing the late war between the states he served 
as Surgeon of the Eighth Ohio Volunteers. 
Of recent years he has devoted special atten- 
tion to the study and treatment of diseases of 
the ear. He is now Aural Surgeon to the New 
York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and is an active 
member of the American Otological Society and 
the American Medical Association. 
SEYMOUR, William Pierce, of Troy, New 
York, was educated at Williams College, from 
which he received the degree of A. B. in 1845. 
He then studied medicine, entered the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, receiving the degree 
of M. D. in 1848. He was Assistant to the 
Obstetric Institute of Philadelphia from 1848 
to 1849, was Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics in Castleton Medical College 
from 1857 until 1862, Professor of the same 
chair in Berkshire Medical College from 1858 
until 1863, and was then made Professor of 
Obstetrics and Gynecology and Diseases of 
Children in the same institution from 1863 
until 1865. He also held the Chair of Obstet- 
rics and Diseases of Children in the Albany 
Medical College from 1870 until 1873, and that 
of Obstetrics and Gynecology in that institu- 
tion from 1873 until 1875. Dr. Seymour is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
New York State Medical Society, member of 
the Union Medical Association of New York, 
Vermont, and Massachusetts, and other med- 
ical organizations in this country. He is also 
a Fellow of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. 
SHAFFER, Newton M., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, receiving the degree 
of M. D. from that institution in 1867. He is 
now Attending Surgeon-in-Charge of the New 
York Orthopedic Dispensary and Hospital; 
also Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon to St. 
Luke’s Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to 
the New York Infirmary for Women and Chil- 
dren. He is a member of the Congress of 
American Physicians and Surgeons, American 
Obstetrical Association, Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, New York Neu- 
rological Society and other well-known med- 
ical organizations of that metropolis. 
SHARP, Joseph, of Kansas City, Missouri, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, from which institution he received the 
degree of M. D. 1873, since which time he has 
been engaged in an extensive and successful 
practice of general medicine. He is now sec- 
retary of the Faculty and Professor of Thera- 
peutics and Clinical Medicine in the Kansas 
City Medical College and is a member of the 
staff of All-Saints and German Hospitals. Dr. 
Sharp is a member of the American Medical 
Association, Missouri State Medical Society 
and of all other leading medical organizations 
of his city and State. 
SHRADY, George Frederick, of New York 
City, was born January 14, 1837. Fie comes 
from American parentage antedating the Rev- 
olution, in which both of his grandfathers, 
who were natives of New York, took part. He 
received his literary education at New York 
College. He graduated also at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, in 
1858, and from the Surgical Division of the 
New York Hospital, where he was an Interne 
in 1859, after which he settled in New York 
and commenced practice. During the war he 
occupied the position of acting assistant sur- 
geon in the United States Army. In 1866 the 
Medical Becord was founded, and he became its 
editor-in-chief, which position he continues to 
hold. Yale College conferred on him the 
honorary degree of A. M. 1869, for promot- 
ing the interests of medical literature. He 
was appointed one of the Surgeons to the 
Presbyterian Hospital, New York, in 1877; is 678 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
a member of the New York Pathological Soci- 
ety, and has served as its secretary for many 
years; member of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, permanent member of the Medical 
Society of the State of New York, and of the 
Medical Society of the County of New York. 
He has contributed a number of articles on 
surgical subjects to the New York Journal of 
Medicine, and from 1860 to 1864 was associate 
editor of the American Medical Times. Since 
the establishment of the Medical Itecord Dr. 
Shrady has contributed various editorial and 
miscellaneous articles to its pages, and acquired 
a world-wide reputation as a medical journalist 
for, by his wise and judicious management of 
that periodical, it has attained a circulation 
and practical value to the medical profession 
during the past twenty-live years, which is 
unsurpassed by any other publication in this 
country, and which ranks second to no other in 
Europe. 
SILLIMAN, Benjamin, of New Haven, Con- 
necticut, son of Benjamin and Harriet (Trum- 
bull) Silliman, was born in that city Decem- 
ber 4, 1816, and died there January 14, 1885. 
After a sound preparatory training he entered 
Yale College in August, 1833, and graduated in 
1837. Among his classmates were Samuel J. 
Tilden, William M. Evarts, Edwards Pierre- 
pont, James D. Whelpley, Morrison R. Waite, 
and others distinguished in professional and 
political life. After graduating he was em- 
ployed as assistant and teacher in the depart- 
ments of chemistry, mineralogy and geology 
in Yale College, and in original studies and 
investigations in these sciences, and their prac- 
tical applications in the arts. In 1845 he was 
appointed at Yale Professor of Chemistry Ap- 
plied to the Arts, the first appointment in the 
“Fourth Department of Philosophy and the 
Arts” then inaugurated. The history of this 
department is interesting, and is entitled to 
some space here, as in its later form the insti- 
tution is destined to become Professor Silli- 
man’s principal monument. In 1842 he com- 
menced to receive private pupils in analytical 
chemistry and mineralogy, in an apartment of 
the old laboratory in Yale College, which he 
had fitted up at his own expense for this pur- 
pose, and to conduct original investigations in 
science. Previous to this time there had been 
no provision made for the instruction of ad- 
vanced students in physical and chemical sci- 
ence either in Yale College or elsewhere in 
the United States, and the academical students 
had been instructed in chemistry almost ex- 
clusively by public lectures. These studies 
under Mr. Silliman were entirely outside the 
college curriculum, and for some years the col- 
lege took no cognizance of the' effort. The 
students it brought to the university were not 
even recognized as such, nor for some years 
did their names appear in the college cata- 
logue. But in 1846 a memoir asking for the 
official recognition and organization of the new 
department of advanced science teaching was 
presented to the corporation of the college, 
and at Mr. Woolsey’s suggestion a committee 
was appointed, and the plan widened to em- 
brace advanced instruction in other subjects. 
This committee reported in 1847 the plan of a 
“Fourth Department,” devoted to philosophy 
and the arts, the first appointments to which 
had already been made in 1846, Mr. John P. 
Norton to agricultural chemistry, and Mr. Sil- 
liman to chemistry applied to the arts. The 
Yale Scientific School, as then organized, com- 
menced its operations in 1847, opening its lab- 
oratories in the old presidential mansion. The 
entire cost of fitting and furnishing the labora- 
tories, apparatus, libraries, and cabinets was 
defrayed out of the private means of the two 
professors. But the pupils came in goodly 
numbers, and to-day the Sheffield Scientific 
School, into which the movement has devel- 
oped, embraces more professors than the old 
academic college had in 1837, with a role of 
over two hundred students, and with constant- 
ly increasing power and endowments. In 1849 
Dr. Silliman was elected to the Chair of Med- 
ical Chemistry and Toxicology in the medical 
department of Louisville University, and its 
duties he discharged for five winters. In 1854 
he resigned this position to take up the in- 
struction in chemistry in the Academy and 
medical departments at Yale, made vacant by 
the resignation of his father. His chair was 
known as that of General and Applied Chem- 
istry. He resigned his duties in the Academic 
department in 1870. Apart from his collegiate 
labors, Professor Silliman had given much 
time to other means for the diffusion of sci- 
entific knowledge. In 1845-46 he gave, 
in New Orleans, a course of lectures 
on agricultural chemistry, upon the invitation 
of the leading professional and commercial 
men of that city, and this, it is believed, was 
the first course of lectures on that subject-given 
in the United States. In 1853 he accepted 
charge of the chemical, mineralogical and 
geological department of the Crystal Palace in 
New York. He was one of the fifty original 
members named in the act of Congress in 1863 
incorporating the National Academy of Sci- 
ences, and served the government in this 
capacity during the war upon some important 
commissions. He was also one of the trustees 
of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 
and a member of numerous scientific socie- 
ties on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1849 he 
received the honorary degree of M. D. from 
the University of Charleston, South Caro- 
lina. In 1868 he parted with his pri- 
vate cabinet of minerals, of his own 
collecting, to Cornell University, where it 
is now exhibited as the “Silliman Cabinet.” 
He made important additions to the mineral- 
ogical collections of Yale College and to the 
metallurgical cabinet of the Scientific School, 
the results of his various explorations. These 
were largely prosecuted in California, which 
he visited in 1864, and again in 1867 and 1872, 
for professional work in the mines and for 
mineralogical and geological researches. His 
visit in 1867 was made the opportunity by the 
College of California to secure him for the de- 
livery of the annual oration, which was subse- 
quently published. The funds by which the 
mineralogical cabinet of the late Baron de 
Lederer was added to Yale College collections 
in 1843 were solicited by him. For several years 
previous to his death Dr. Silliman had been 
much occupied as a witness in the courts, hav- 
ing been employed in many important causes 
in which scientific testimony and investigation 
were called for. His aid was also constantly 
invoked in various matters connected with the 
practical arts where a knowledge of scientific 
principles was involved. In 1848 he became 
director of the New Haven Gas Works, and 
served in that capacity and as chairman of the 
Committee on Works and Distribution for EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
679 
many years. He also served as a member of 
the Common Council of that city from 1845 
until 1849, and did important work in behalf 
of municipal government. The honorary de- 
gree of M. D. was conferred on him by the 
University of South Carolina in 1849, and that 
of LL. D. by Jefferson College in 1884. From 
1838 until 1845 Prof. Silliman was, with his 
father, assistant editor of the American Journal 
of Science and Arts, and was associated with 
James D. Dana as its editor from the latter 
year until his death. His scientific papers 
were nearly one hundred in number, of which 
over fifty were published in the American Jour- 
nal of Scence and Arts, and they cover a wide 
range of topics. In addition, he published 
“First Principles of Chemistry” (Philadel- 
phia, 1846 revised edition 1856), of which 
more than 50,000 copies were sold; also “Prin- 
ciples of Physics” (1858, revised edition 1868), 
and in 1875 was issued his “American Contri- 
butions to Chemistry.” He was married in 
1840 to Susan H. Forbes, of New Haven, who 
bore him seven children. 
SIMMONS, Gustavus Lincoln, of Sacra- 
mento, California, of Puritan and Revolution- 
ary descent, was born in Hingham, Plymouth 
county, Massachusetts, March 13, 1832. He 
received his preliminary education in the 
schools and academy of his native town, and 
in 1849—soon after the discovery of gold, 
when but seventeen years of age—he became 
a pioneer to the Pacific coast, rounding Cape 
Horn, to join a brother-in-law—the late Dr. 
Henry B. May—in San Francisco. Soon after 
his arrival he removed to Sacramento, and 
commenced his medical reading while acting as 
assistant dispensing clerk to his relative. When 
twenty-one years of age he returned to the East, 
and entered the Tremont Street Preparatory 
Medical School in Boston, and the Medical De- 
partment of Harvard University, receiving his 
degree from the last-named institution in 1856. 
He established himself in Sacramento, and has 
acquired a large practice in Central California. 
With a view of making a specialty of surgery,he 
has made two visits to Europe, on each occasion 
spending a winter in the hospitals of the lead- 
ing cities. He has, among his notable re- 
ported cases, ligated the common carotid, 
wired the tendon Achilles, eight times per- 
formed tracheotomy, and in 1858 reported the 
first case of ovariotomy in California. He is 
a member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, and served upon the committee of ar- 
rangements at the California meeting of that 
body in 1871, a member of the California State 
Medical Society, of the Massachusetts State 
Medical Society, of the Sacramento Society for 
Medical Improvement, and the Sacramento 
Board of Health. He has been Surgeon of 
the Sacramento County Hospital, brigade 
surgeon of the Fourth Brigade National 
Guards, California, and secretary of the city 
board of education. His wi-i tings have been 
confined to reports of medical societies, and 
papers in the medical periodicals. He was 
married in June, 1863, to Celia, daughter of 
Rev. Peter Crocker, formerly of Richmond, In- 
diana. 
SIMPSON, James, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, was born in the northern part of 
Maine, August 12, 1829. He removed at an 
early age with his parents to Quebec, Canada, 
where he was educated and resided until 
twenty years of age. He studied medicine in 
the Albany Medical College, New York, and 
also in the University of the City of New 
York, graduating from the latter in 1855. He 
practiced awhile at New Brunswick, and at 
Calais, Maine, removing to California and lo- 
cating at Timbuctoo, Yuba county. Thence 
moved to Grass Valley, Nevada coun- 
ty, and in 1873 in consequence of 
failing health, visited Europe, and 
returning settled in San Francisco, 
where he has since remained engaged 
in a successful general practice of medicine. 
He is a member of the American Medical As- 
sociation, of the California State Medical Soci- 
ety and of the San Francisco Medical Society. 
In May, 1876, he was elected president of the 
Board of Medical Examiners of the State Med- 
ical Society, under a law just passed to regulate 
the practice of medicine in the State; was ap- 
pointed in 1874 a member of the Board of 
Health of San Francisco by the Governor, and 
retained both these positions for several years. 
In 1878 Dr. Simpson was elected Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Califor- 
nia, and has tilled this chair creditably to him- 
self and to that institution. 
SMITH, A. Alexander, of New York City, 
was graduated M. D. at the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York City, in 1871. He 
is now Professor of Materia Medica, Thera- 
peutics and Clinical Medicine in that institu- 
tion, Visiting Physician to Bellevue Hospital, 
Consulting Physician to Gouveneur Hospital 
and the Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled. 
He is an active member of the American Phy- 
sicians and Clinicians’ Academy of Medicine, 
American Climatalogical Society, and New 
York Medical Society. 
SMITH, Eugene, of Detroit, Michigan, was 
educated in medicine at the University of Buf- 
falo, New York, from which institution he re- 
ceived the degree of M. D. in 1866, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
the study and treatment of diseases of the eye 
and ear. He is now Professor of Ophthal- 
mology and Otology in the Detroit College of 
Medicine, Surgeon to St. Mary’s Hospital, and 
St. Mary’s Hospital Free Eye and Ear In- 
firmary. Dr. Smith is a member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, and ex-president of 
the ophthalmic section of that organization. 
He is also an active member of the Detroit 
Medical and Library Association, and of nu- 
merous other medical societies. 
SMITH, John Lawrence, of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was born December 17, 1818, near 
Charleston, South Carolina, and died in the 
former city October 12, 1883. His father was 
a Virginian, who had moved to the last-named 
State. The subject of this sketch received a 
classical education in the Charleston College, 
after which he was sent to the University of 
Virginia. Here he at first devoted much at- 
tention to pure mathematics, later concentrat- 
ing himself upon the higher branches of phys- 
ics, mixed mathematics and chemistry. He 
chose civil engineering as a profession, and 
after two years’ study was employed as one of 
the assistant engineers on the then projected 
railroad between Charleston and Cincinnati. 
This pursuit not proving congenial, he began 
to study medicine, and in three years graduated 
at the Medical College of South Carolina, 
March, 1840. Then he went to Europe, and 
pursued his medical studies for an additional 680 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
three years, continuing his attention to those 
departments which first enlisted his scientific 
affections. He studied physiology under Flou- 
rens and Longet; chemistry under Orfila, Du- 
mas and Liebig; physics under Pouillet, Des- 
prez and Becquerel; mineralogy and geology 
under Elie de Beaumont and Dufrenoy. He 
returned to America in 1844, having already 
begun to earn a reputation in original scientific 
researches, principally in connection with fatty 
bodies. His paper on “Spermaceti,” in 1842, 
at once gave him standing as an experimental 
inquirer. On arrival in Charleston he began 
the practice of medicine, and gave a course of 
lectures on toxicology. The State of South 
Carolina appointed him assayer of the bullion 
that came into commerce from the gold fields 
of Georgia, and he also gave much time to 
agricultural chemistry, and researches in geol- 
ogy and mineralogy. His attention was early 
drawn to the marls on which Charleston 
stands, and he was one of the first to ascertain 
the true character of this immense agricultural 
wealth. He published a paper on the subject, 
with the correspondence of Prof. Bailey, Mi- 
croscopist of West Point. He also pointed 
out the large amount of phosphate of lime in 
these marls, from which there are now obtained 
immense quantities of phosphatic nodules. 
During these labors he made a thorough inves- 
tigation into the meteorological conditions, 
character of soils and culture affecting the 
growth of cotton. In consequence of his report 
on this subject President Polk, in 1846, appoint- 
ed him, in response to a request of the Sultan, 
to teach the Turkish agriculturists the proper 
method for successful management of cotton 
culture in Asia Minor. Finding, on arrival in 
Turkey, that an associate in the commission 
had induced the Turkish Government to un- 
dertake the culture of cotton near Constanti- 
nople, Professor Smith declined to connect 
his name with an enterprise he was satisfied 
would be a failure, and which proved so. He 
was about to return home when the Turkish 
Government tendered him an independent 
appointment, that of mining engineer, with 
most liberal provisions. This position he filled 
during four years, and he performed his duties 
with such signal success that the Turkish Gov- 
ernment heaped upon him the decorations of 
the empire, and very costly presents. The 
results of Professor Smith’s labors are a per- 
manent advantage to the empire, and it has 
received ever since 1846, and continues to 
receive, large revenues from his discoveries 
of emery, chrome, ores, and coals, within the 
domains of Turkey. His papers on these 
subjects, read before learned societies, and 
published in the principal scientific journals of 
Europe and America, gave him a high position 
among scientific men. His labors in Asia 
Minor on the subject of emery, which he was 
the first to discover there, led to its discovery 
in America; and in Massachusetts and North 
Carolina a large industrial product of emery is 
now carried on. In the scientific journals of 
this country,the papers on emery and corundum 
recognize the successful researches of Professor 
'Smith as having done almost every thing for 
these commercial enterprises. These discov- 
eries of emery in Asia Minor destroyed the 
rapacious monopoly of the article at Naxos, in 
the Grecian Archipelago, increased the amount 
of emery used five or six fold, with a corre- 
sponding reduction in price. In many of the 
arts of life the free use of emery, or corundum, 
has become a necessity, but this free use of 
these articles would have been greatly retarded 
without a very material reduction in price. 
While in the employment of the Sultan of 
Turkey, Professor Smith investigated a great 
variety of Turkish resources, besides those di- 
rectly within the purview of his appointment as 
mining engineer. His paper on the “Thermal 
Waters of Asia Minor,” is one of extreme in- 
terest and great scientific value. In 1851 he 
invented the inverted microscope, an important 
improvement; for, while it may do the work 
of any other microscope, there are very inter- 
esting fields of research which can be cultivated 
by no other instrument. Dr. Carpenter, in 
his work on “Physiology,” bears strong testi- 
mony to its value. After Professor Smith’s 
return from Turkey, his alma mater, the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, elected him Professor of 
chemistry, and, while discharging the duties 
of that chair, he, in connection with his assist- 
ant, George J. Brush (subsequently one of the 
chief professors in the Sheffield School of 
Science), performed a much-needed work in re- 
vising the Chemistry of American Minerals. 
A full account of these labors was given in the 
American Journal of Science, and since then 
in a valuable and interesting work containing 
the scientific researches of Professor Smith, 
recently published by J. P. Morton & Co., 
Louisville. After marrying in Louisville, the 
youngest daughter of the Hon. James Guthrie, 
Professor Smith adopted that city as his home. 
He was elected, soon after settling in Louisville, 
to the chair of chemistry in the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Louisville, a posi- 
tion which he held for a number of years. 
After resigning that position he took scientific 
charge of the gas woi’ks of Louisville. He had 
a private laboratory where he devoted several 
hours each day, and continued his original 
research. He was one of the commissioners 
to the Paris exposition of 1867, and made an 
able report on “The Progress and Condition of 
Several Departments of Industrial Chemistry.” 
It is very nearly exhaustive of the important 
subjects to which it is devoted. He was again 
appointed commissioner to Vienna in 1873, 
and discharged his duties with his usual 
ability. His important original researches 
number fifty, and his scientific reports were 
numerous. He was elected president of the 
American Association for the Advancement of 
Science in 1872, and was president of the 
American Chemical Society in 1877. In 1879 
he was elected corresponding member of the 
Academy of Sciences of the Institute of 
France to succeed Sir Charles Lyell. The 
Baptist Orphan Home of Louisville was 
founded and largely endowed by him. At the 
Centennial exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 
he was one of the judges in the department 
relating to chemical arts, and contributed a 
valuable paper on “Petroleum” to the official 
reports. He was a member of the American 
National Academy of Sciences, of the Chemi- 
cal Society of Berlin, of the Chemical Society 
of Paris, of the Chemical Society of London, 
of the Societe d’Encouragement pour P Indus- 
trie Nationale, of the Imperial Mineralogical 
Society of St. Petersburg, corresponding mem- 
ber of the Boston Society of National History, 
of the American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences, of the American Philosophical So- 
ciety, American Bureau of Mines, the Society EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
681 
des Sciences et des Arts de Hainaut, the Royal 
Society of Gbttingen, a Chevalier de la Legion 
d’Honneur, member of the order of Nichan 
Iftahar of Turkey, a member of the order of 
Medjidiah of Turkey,and Chevalier of the Impe- 
rial order of St. Stanislas of Russia. He founded 
and edited the Charleston Medical Journal in 
1846, under the name of the Southern Journal 
of Medicine and Pharmacy, which he turned over 
to Dr. Gaillard when he went to Turkey. His 
published papers were about 150 in number. 
The more important of them were collected 
and published by him under the title of 
“Mineralogy and Chemistry, Original Re- 
searches” (Louisville, 1873, enlarged edition, 
1884). Mrs. Smith transferred to the National 
Academy of Sciences SB,OOO, the sum that was 
paid by Harvard University for Dr. Smith’s 
collection of meteorites, the interest of which 
is to be expended in a “Lawrence Smith 
Medal” valued at S2OO, and presented not 
oftener than once in two years to any person 
that shall make satisfactory original investiga- 
tions of meteoric bodies. The first presenta- 
tion of this medal was April 18, 1888, to Prof. 
Hubert S. Newton. 
SMITH, Samuel Parrish, of Prattville, Ala- 
bama, was born near Clinton, Georgia, Septem- 
ber 8, 1814. His father, moving to Alabama in 
1818, was one of the early pioneers of that 
State. Dr. Smith’s early education was ob- 
tained at the common schools in the neighbor- 
hood, and his medical studies were pursued 
under the supervision of Dr. J. W. Withers, 
of Washington, Alabama, at the Jefferson 
Medical College, during the winter of 1835 and 
the summer of 1836, where he took partial 
courses in anatomy, materia-medica, chem- 
istry, and practice, also paying special atten- 
tion to the lectures of Dr. W. P. C. Barton on 
medical botany. He attended the clinics of 
the Pennsylvania and Blockley Hospitals, and 
took a full course at the Jefferson Callege the 
ensuing winter. He returned to Alabama in 
the spring of 1837, and commenced practice 
with his former preceptor. In November he 
visited New Orleans, and entered the medical 
department of the University of Louisiana, 
from which institution he graduated the fol- 
lowing spring. Returning to his former loca- 
tion he continued in practice there till 1845, 
when he settled in Prattville in a general surg- 
ical and medical practice. Among his more 
important cases, he has successfully operated 
on a young lady for strangulated femoral her- 
nia ; also for the removal of a shawl-pin from 
the trachea of a lady, where it had lodged 
during laughter, an operation which took three 
“hours to perform. There has also come under 
his experience a case of natural childbirth, 
but where, in the endeavor to remove the 
placenta, he found, incorporated in the secun- 
dines, a dead fetus, the cause of a supposed 
miscarriage with which his patient had been 
threatened in the fifth month of her preg- 
nancy, leading him to the supposition that 
both children were conceived at the same 
time; also a case in which a full-blooded 
negro woman had given birth to twins, one 
within fifteen minutes of the other, the first 
born being black, flat-nosed thick-lipped, 
kinky-haired, and black-eyed, and the second 
being a light mulatto, with straight red hair 
and hazel eyes, the case illustrating the fact 
that the children may have had different fath- 
ers. He is a member of the Autauga County 
Medical Society, of the Alabama State Med- 
ical Association, and of the American Medical 
Association. He was first president of the 
County Medical Society, and has been Coun- 
selor of the State Association. His contribu- 
tions to medical literature have been a report 
on the “Medical Botany of Autauga County,” 
a report of the “Medical History of PrattSville 
and Vicinity,” and a report upon the “Surgery 
of Autauga County.” He has been road com- 
missioner and trustee of schools of his town- 
ship, and counselor of the town of Prattville; 
also Examining Surgeon for various life in- 
surance companies. Dr. Smith is one of the 
oldest and most esteemed members of the med- 
ical profession in the State of Alabama, having 
been continuously engaged in the general prac- 
tice of medicine and surgery for a period ex- 
tending over a half century. 
SOMERS, Andrew 8., of Omaha, Nebraska, 
was graduated M. D. at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1872, 
since which time he has been engaged in an 
extensive and successful practice of general 
medicine and surgery. He is now Physician 
to the Methodist and Presbyterian Hospitals, 
Omaha; Surgeon for the Employers’ Liability 
Assurance Corporation, and Health Commis- 
sioner of Omaha. He is an active member of 
the Nebraska State Medical Society, Missouri 
Valley Medical Society, Omaha Medical So- 
ciety and the American Public Health Asso- 
ciation. 
SPEAR, Edmund D., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was educated in medicine at the Har- 
vard Medical School, and was graduated M. 
D. from that institution in 1874, since which 
time he has devoted special attention 
to the study and treatment of diseases 
of the eye and ear. He is now Aural 
Surgeon to Massachusetts Charitable Eye 
and Ear Infirmary and Aural Surgeon to 
Out-Patient Department of the Boston City 
Hospital. He is an active member of the 
American Otological Society, Massachusetts 
Medical Society, Boston Soclfety for Medical 
Observation, Boston Society for Medical Im- 
provement and the Harvard Medical School 
Association. 
SPENCER, Horatio N., of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of 
New York, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1869, since which time 
he has devoted special attention to the study 
and treatment of aural diseases. He is now 
Professor of Diseases of the Ear in the Mis- 
souri Medical College and the St. Louis Post- 
Graduate School of Medicine. Dr. Spencer is 
an active member of the American Otological 
Society. 
SPITZKA, Edward Charles, of New York 
City, was born in that metropolis, September 
20, 1851. He was educated in New York, and re- 
ceived a liberal education in the New York Free 
Academy (now City College). He then studied 
medicine in the University of the city of New 
York, graduating from the Medical Depart- 
ment on February 21,1873. After passing over 
two years in German universities he settled in 
his native city, having, while abroad become 
assistant to Professor Shenk in the latter’s 
laboratory for embryology and histology at 
Vienna. In August, 1877, he was awarded the 
Take Prize of one hundred guineas, by the 
Medico - Psychological Association of Great 682 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Britain, for the best essay on “The Somatic 
Etiology of Insanity,” in international compe- 
tition. In 1878, by his paper on the action of 
strychnine, he won the William A. Hammond 
Prize, which was awarded by the American 
Neurological Association. He is chiefly en- 
gaged in the practice of mental and nervous dis- 
eases, as well as in anatomical, embryological, 
and histological researches. He is a member 
of the American Neurological Association, 
vice-president of the New York Neurological 
Society, member of the Medical Journal and 
Library Association; also of the New York 
County Medical Society, and was a member of 
the International Medical Congress which met 
in Philadelphia, in 1876, and before which he 
read a paper. He was vice-president of the 
Section on Neurology at the Ninth International 
Medical Congress, in 1887. He was Professor 
of Medical Jurisprudence and Nervous Dis- 
eases in the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
School and Hospital, from 1881 until 1884; he 
then became Consulting Physician to the 
Northeastern Dispensary, and is now (1893) 
Physician to the Department of Nervous 
Diseases in the New York Polyclinic, and 
Physician to the Department of Nervous Dis- 
eases in the Metropolitan Throat Hospital. 
“Dr. Spitzka has been frequently consulted 
as a medical expert in cases where insanity, or 
injury of the brain or spinal cord was a sub- 
ject of litigation. Conspicuous among these 
was his attitude in the trial of President Gar- 
field’s assassin, where both prosecution and 
defense endeavored to retain his services, but 
failing, secured his attendance through an at- 
tachment. He then testified to the prisoner’s 
insanity, and was the only expert that did so.” 
'His original investigations in the anatomy, 
and physiology of the nervous system, and 
success in the treatment of all diseases relating 
to his specialty have gained for him a national 
reputation. He is the author of “A Second 
Origin of the Abducens,” “On the Connection 
Between the Symptoms of Insanity and the 
Lesions on which they Depend,” Transactions 
of the International Medical Congress; 
“The Psychological Pathology of Progres- 
sive Paresis,” and “Contributions to Enceph- 
alic Anatomy.” He was one of the ed- 
itors of the American Journal of Neurology, 
from 1881 until 1884. He published a “Treatise 
on Insanity,” New York, 1883, and the sec- 
tions on diseases of the spinal cord and on 
inflammation, anemia, and hyperemia of the 
brain in Pepper’s “System of Medicine,” Phil- 
adelphia, 1887, were written by Dr. Spitzka. 
STAFFORD, James, of New York City, was 
graduated in medicine at the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Vermont in 1885, 
and received an ad eundem degree from the 
medical department of Columbia College, New 
York City, in 1886. He is now Attending 
Gynecologist to the Northern Dispensary, As- 
sistant Attending Gynecologist to Bellevue 
Hospital Out-Patient Department, and Clinical 
Assistant in Gynecology to the New York 
Polyclinic. Dr. Stafford is a member of the 
Alumni Society of Bellevue Hospital, New 
York County Medical Association, and other 
leading medical societies in his city. 
STANLEY, Charles Wesley, of Chicago, 
Illinois, was bom in Conway, New Hampshire, 
May 28, 1828, and died in New York City 
October 26, 1893. He received his early edu- 
cation at the Oneida Institute, and was gradu- 
ated in 1866 from the medical department of 
the University of New York. In 1870 he 
removed to Chicago, where for over twenty 
years he was actively engaged in the practice 
of his profession. Dr. Stanley was quiet and 
retiring in disposition, and a devoted student. 
As a physician he was capable and sympa- 
thetic, and by his kindly nature he endeared 
himself to all with whom he came in contact. 
STANTON, Otis, of Washington City, D. 
C., was born in Strafford, New Hampshire, 
October 22, 1837, and died in the former city 
April 9,1890. He obtained his medical educa- 
tion at the Bowdoin College, graduating in the 
class of 1862. In that same year he became Act- 
ing Assistant Surgeon U. S.Army, and served in 
and around Washington until the latter part of 
1865. He then took up practice at that city, 
giving special attention to gynecology. He 
was a member of the Board of Directors of 
the Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying- 
in Asylum. He was a corresponding member 
of the Gynecological Society of Boston. 
STAPLES, George McLellan, of Dubuque, 
lowa, of English and Scotch-Irish descent, was 
born in Buxton, Maine, April 26, 1827. Hav- 
ing graduated A. B. from Waterville College, 
in 1849, he attended medical lectures at Bow- 
doin College in 1851 and at the Harvard Medi- 
cal School in 1854, and from the latter institu- 
tion received his degree of M. D. in March, 
1855. Previous, and for a few months subse- 
quent to his graduation, he practiced at Farm- 
ington, Maine, removing thence in January, 
1856, and establishing himself at Dubuque. 
In November, 1861, he was commissioned sur- 
geon of the Fourteenth lowa Regiment; was 
Acting Medical Director of the Right Wing, 
Sixteenth Army Corps, from March, 1864, to 
November, 1864, and was honorably discharged 
from the service with the brevet rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel of volunteers. He then re- 
turned to Dubuque, and has since acquired one 
of the largest and most lucrative practices in 
the State of lowa. While engaging in a gen- 
eral practice, he has given especial attention 
to surgery, and has performed numerous capi- 
tal operations, including the first successful 
case of ovariotomy in the Dubuque region. 
He is a member of the Dubuque Medical So- 
ciety, president in 1859 and 1871; was a dele- 
gate to the American Medical Association in 
1872, and has since been a member of that 
organization. Of his professional publications 
may be mentioned “Hysteria,” “Physiological 
and Therapeutical Properties of Veratrum 
Yiride,” “Amputation at the Knee-Joint,” 
“Medical Constitution of Diseases,” and re- 
ports of surgical cases. He married, August 
20, 1864, Abbie C., only daughter of Dr. Allen 
Phillips, of Farmington, Maine. 
STEVENS, Thadeus M.. of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born in that city August 29, 1829, 
and died there November 8, 1885. He was the 
son of a distinguished jurist, and nephew of 
the illustrious statesman for whom he was 
named. He was educated in the private 
schools of his native city, and studied medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of the late Dr. 
J. S. Bobbs. He first attended the Indiana 
Central Medical College, and then entered the 
University of Pennsylvania, from which insti- 
tution he received the degree of M. D. in 1853, 
settling first at Fairland, near his native city, 
but soon afterward established himself at Indi- 
apapolis, where he became a physician of rec- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
683 
ognized skill, and attained eminence in his 
profession. In 1870 he was Professor of Toxi- 
cology, Medical Jurisprudence and Chemistry 
in the Indiana Medical College, and in 1874 
occupied the same chair in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. His taste was 
rather for medical literature than practice. At 
one time he edited the Indiana Medical Journal, 
and his pen was always ready for the leading 
medical subjects. The last ten years of his 
life were devoted to State medicine, and he was 
largely influential in the establishment of the 
State Board of Health, of which he was the 
first secretary and executive ofticer. And his 
last effort for the public good was to establish 
a State Hospital, for the benefit of the sick 
poor. He was a member of the County, State 
and Tri-States Medical Societies, and of the 
American Medical, and American Public 
Health Associations. He was a warm friend 
of the younger members of the profession, 
and favored the idea of promoting a younger 
class of men to the honorable positions in 
medical organizations. Dr. Stevens left a wife 
and two young sons to mourn his death. 
STEVENSON, Alexander C., of Greencastle, 
Putnam county, Indiana, was born in Woodford 
county, Kentucky, November 21,1802, and died 
January 2, 1889, at the advanced age of eighty- 
seven years. He was the eldest son of James 
Stevenson and Margaret (Campbell) Steven- 
son. His mother was a daughter of Alexan- 
der Campbell, a pioneer of Kentucky. His 
paternal grandfather, Benjamin Stevenson, of 
the Eastern shore of Maryland, was, during 
the War of the Revolution, a soldier of the 
patriot army, and soon after that conflict re- 
moved from Maryland into Kentucky, when 
the latter was a territory of Virginia. His son 
James entered the United States Army in the 
War of 1812, as a private soldier, and in 
that struggle endured such hardships that he 
ever afterward remained an invalid. This fact 
made the subject of this sketch, while yet a 
boy, the stay and support of the family, com- 
pelling him to supervise the servants and 
market the farm products. Diligence, even 
then, characterized him, and he often arose at 
2 o’clock in the morning to be first with his 
products in Lexington, a market nine miles 
away. This training and constant labor gave 
to him a splendid physical and intellectual 
manhood. Educational advantages he had but 
sparingly. The common schools of Kentucky 
at that" day were but indifferent, and sem- 
inaries and colleges were distant and expensive. 
He who there acquired learning usually relied 
upon himself and the private tutor. 1 he latter 
facility he had not, and books were scarce. 
He therefore made nature his text-book, and 
acquired wisdom and diligence from her 
precepts. Himself a laborer and brought in 
contact with slavery, the injustice of that in- 
stitution made strong impressions upon his 
mind, and determined him to seek a home in 
a land of free institutions, where to labor was 
honorable. Impelled by principle, he at the 
age of nineteen years, and in 1821, left Ken- 
tucky and went to Indiana, seeking a loca- 
tion." Railroads there were none—clay roads 
were but trails, and difficult even for horse- 
men. Young Stevenson entered lands north- 
ward from where Rockville now stands. He 
was not disappointed with the country, and 
from that time regarded Indiana as his home. 
After satisfactorily “prospecting” the Hoosier 
State, he returned to his family in Kentucky, 
where he was induced to study medicine. On 
completing his course he entered Transyl- 
vania University at Lexington, Kentucky, and 
subsequently graduated M. D. at that institu- 
tion in the days when the illustrious Dr. Ben- 
jamin Dudley was the head of the school and 
in the heighth of his surgical renown. After 
Dr. Stevenson had received his medical de- 
gree he practiced his profession for a short 
time in his native State, but in 1826 he set his 
face for his final residence in Indiana. On 
returning to the latter State he was favora- 
bly impressed with the situation and advan- 
tage of Greencastle and the “blue grass” lands 
which surrounded that town. These considera- 
tions induced him to cast his lot with the peo- 
ple of that place, where he remained engaged 
fruJ 
in the practice of his profession and in other 
pursuits for a period of more than three-score 
years.' It has been said by one familiar with 
the early history of Dr. Stevenson that he en- 
dured all the hardships and struggles common 
to pioneer settlers of western States. On his 
arrival at Greencastle he was without money, 
friends or acquaintance, but he had good 
health, excellent medical attainments and en- 
ergy, with determination to succeed, reinforced 
with all the natural shrewdness and business 
capacity requisite to bring about that result. 
Riding a borrowed horse, loaned by a rela- 
tive, he halted at the village tavern and said 
to the proprietor: “I am a doctor; my name 
is Stevenson, from Kentucky. I desire to 
locate with you, but have no ready means 
to pay my way; but if you will board 
me and my horse for the first six months 
and use your influence for me in the com- 
munity, I will give you half I make.” 
As there were two physicians from the East 
well stocked with all the necessary outfit re- 
quired to practice medicine in that early day, 
already established in that locality the tavern- 684 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
keeper hesitated to accept his proposition, but 
told him to stay all night with him anyhow 
and he would think the matter over. Being 
favorably impressed with his personal address 
and conversational powers he concluded the 
following morning to accept the arrangement. 
Dr. Stevenson was soon actively engaged in 
the treatment of diseases incident to a new 
country. It is related that shortly after he 
began practice he was sent for one night in the 
dead of winter. The case was urgent and the 
weather intensely cold. In response to the 
call he sprang from his bed, hastily dressed, 
taking the blanket upon which he had slept 
and wrapping it around him to keep from 
freezing, rode several miles in that way 
through the wilderness, reaching the patient 
in time to save his life from an attack of dan- 
gerous illness. Numerous instances might be 
cited to show that he was a man for emer- 
gencies, and he was not required to wait long 
until an opportunity was presented to show 
his judgment, decision and ability as a sur- 
geon. A man accidentally injured in falling 
a tree was seen by the two physicians men- 
tioned, who decided that the case was beyond 
relief and entirely hopeless. A large crowd of 
men surrounded the man, and some one sug- 
gested sending for Stevenson, but others said 
it would be useless, as he had no instruments 
and was too young to know much anyhow. 
But he was finally sent for, but without recog- 
nition on the part of the other physicians. 
He examined the man carefully, finding him 
in a collapsed condition, suffering from a com- 
pound comminuted fracture of his right femur. 
He decided that the case was not necessarily 
fatal, but that the limb must be amputated. 
This was before the days of chloroform, ether 
or other anesthetics of modern surgery. 
While waiting for reaction to occur he sent for 
a fine-toothed carpenter’s saw, which was 
brought from the house of a distant neighbor, 
and taking a sharp hunter’s knife from the belt 
of a bystander he proceeded to remove the 
limb with these crude but efficient instruments 
in the most scientific manner, and the man 
made a good recovery. From that time on his 
skill was recognized and his opinion was val- 
ued throughout his section of the State. He 
rapidly rose to eminence in his profession, 
and as a physician and surgeon was without 
a peer. His parents came to him in Indiana, 
and he, with them, brought from Kentucky 
the slaves owned by his father and gave to 
them their freedom, and they remained in 
Indiana until after the Constitution of 1850 
was adopted. That instrument, as he thought, 
restrained them of liberty and he aided them 
to a home in the colony of Liberia. At an 
early period of professional life his practice so 
frequently brought him in contact with the 
retail liquor traffic as to compel an investiga- 
tion of it. This investigation convinced him 
that drinking was an unmitigated evil and the 
traffic a most flagrant wrong. In his own life 
total abstinence had been the rule, and he felt 
that moral suasion was the true remedy. A 
man of strong will and unquestioned courage, 
these convictions soon impelled him into con- 
flict with intemperance, and this conflict had 
been life-long. He it was who delivered the 
first temperance lecture in his county, and 
the novelty of it brought friends and foes to 
hear. Men brought with them whisky in 
bottles, and drank bumpers to each other and 
to the speaker, while he, in nothing daunted, 
hurled anathemas at the traffic, and deplored 
the evils of intemperance. Some who heard 
him reformed, and afterwards became Wash- 
ingtonians; others continued their evil course, 
and met the fate of the drunkard. In early 
life he became addicted to the use of tobacco, 
and in later years to that of opium to coun- 
teract the effect of a painful disease. To 
evidence what will would do for an evil prac- 
tice, he declared he would quit both, and he 
did. He never returned to either again. He 
often referred to this fact to show that a man 
could control his appetite for stimulants. Care- 
ful investigation and thorough study convinced 
him that free institutions were wholly de- 
pendent on morality, integrity and intelli- 
gence. This conviction made him the friend 
of common schools and higher education. In 
the securing of Asbury University for Green- 
castle he was a liberal and active co-worker 
and contributor; became a member of its first 
board of trustees; saw ten continuous years of 
service as such, for three years of which he 
was the president of the joint board. He was 
an active participant in securing free schools 
for Indiana, and did much to bring his adopted 
county into line in favor of that system. Some 
educational opinions then entertained by him 
were in advance of the times. Insisting that 
the common schools should be thorough and 
facilities for higher education ample, he, in an 
address, urged the necessity for schools in 
which complete training in agriculture and 
the mechanical arts could be acquired. This 
brought him in conflict with some lead- 
ing educators, but time has demonstrated the 
wisdom of his thought, as “Rose Polytechnic 
Institute” and “Purdue University” evidence; 
and he always insisted that the idea then 
advanced by him would remain of imperfect 
execution until capital and philanthropy shall 
equip and thoroughly endow an institution 
wherein the children of the State who choose 
may, without cost, acquire any of the skilled 
mechanic arts and handicrafts without the in- 
fluence or aid of guilds or trades-unions. 
Eminent as a physician, his lucrative practice 
enabled him to acquire a large estate in wild 
lands. This he did preparatory to returning 
to agriculture as a profession. From these 
lands the inferior timber was removed, and 
the lands set in blue-grass. This, at the time, 
was considered a waste by many, but he reaped 
from it afterwards abundant harvest of rich 
pasture and fat cattle. Though engaged in an 
arduous profession, he, through study, became 
a believer in, and an advocate of, the Ameri- 
can system of Mr. Clay. This brought him 
early into political prominence, and as he had 
the courage of his convictions, the result was 
that in 1831,1832,1844 and 184# he represented 
his county in the Indiana House of Repre- 
sentatives, and in the last term was Speaker of 
the House. In 1839, 1840 and 1841 he was the 
Senator from his county, and was, in 1846, the 
A¥hig candidate for Lieutenant Governor of 
Indiana. In 1850 he was elected to the con- 
vention which framed the Constitution of In- 
diana in 1851, and was active in the delibera- 
tions of that body. His services in this con- 
vention closed his political career. He sym- 
pathized with labor and with men too in- 
tensely to readily reconcile himself to the 
compromise measures of 1860, and never again 
became a candidate. In 1860, however, he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
685 
earnestly advocated the election of Lincoln, and 
gave to his administration an earnest, loyal 
and enthusiastic support. Shortly after the 
Civil War he was the caucus nominee of his 
party for United States Senator, with certainty 
of election to that high office, but declined the 
honor. In 1843 he removed from Greencastle 
to his farm two miles east of that town, and 
gaveup his medical practice, as rapidly as his 
patients would permit. Thenceforward he 
sought to make agriculture and stock raising 
his profession, declaring that he could accom- 
plish more in this for himself and his race 
than in any other calling. For a time he 
edited an agricultural department in a news- 
paper, and in this way, as well as in public 
addresses, sought to introduce better modes of 
farming. More through his efforts than that 
of any other, the Putnam County Agricultural 
Society was organized and continued. He in- 
troduced into the county and bred large flocks 
of Spanish merino sheep, and for a time made 
sheep husbandry most prominent. While thus 
engaged, he endeavored to organize an incor- 
porated company for the purpose of importing 
and breeding Shorthorn cattle. Not succeed- 
ing in this, through defects in Indiana law, 
he began that enterprise alone. In 1848 
he purchased and brought into Putnam county 
the first thoroughbred Shorthorn cattle. 
In 1847 he was commissioned, by Governor 
Whitcomb, member of the Indiana State 
Board of Agriculture. In this position he 
assisted in putting into operation the State 
Board proper, and was himself a member of 
the board for several years, during three of 
which he was its honored President. In this 
position his character, ability and energy gave 
him high rank as a thinker, organizer and 
friend of agriculture. It was while he was a 
member of the board that the plans were ma- 
tured and action taken which have ena- 
bled that body and its agencies to accomplish 
so much for the stock-breeding, agricultural, 
mechanical and mineral interests of Indiana. 
And in these labors he assumed his share of 
responsibility, doing his full portion of the 
work. The field opened to his observation in 
this position impressed more fully upon his 
mind the importance to Indiana interests of 
thoroughbred Shorthorn cattle. In 1853, at 
his own instance and cost, he went to England, 
inspected the principal Shorthorn herds of that 
kingdom, bought for himself a small herd of 
the best, and brought them to Putnam county, 
and this was the first importation of Short- 
horns direct from England into Indiana. The 
result of this venture was profit to himself and 
great benefit to the stock-breeding interests of 
Indiana. His prominence as a stock grower 
caused him to become prime mover in calling 
the Indiana Shorthorn Breeders’ Convention, 
which assembled at Indianapolis, May 21, 
1872. He was made president of the conven- 
tion, and was afterward president of a national 
organization of the same kind. His efforts 
have not been confined to stock growing. He 
organized and built in 1867 the first gravel 
road in his county. The line was nineteen 
miles long, and is yet operated, though its suc- 
cess was originally doubtful. Now in the 
county are maintained over one hundred and 
fifty miles of improved roads. From 1840 un- 
til about 1880 Dr. Stevenson was a man of 
wealth; but, wishing to administer on his own 
state, he divided his lands and goods among 
his twelve children, giving to each an equal 
share, and reserving for himself and wife a 
modest competency during the remainder of 
their lives. He was always delighted with 
employment, and instructed his children to 
labor, often himself going with them to the 
fields and by precept and example showing 
them how to accomplish the best results. He 
connected himself at an early period with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, of which, through- 
out his long and eventful life, he remained a 
consistent member. Intellectually, Dr. Steven- 
son had among his compeers but few equals. 
Liberal in his views, clear in convictions, log- 
ical as a reasoner, far-sighted and methodical 
in business, firm and persistent in purpose, 
able and persuasive in argument, careful of the 
rights of others, of profound thought power, 
industrious, hospitable, courteous, courageous 
and generous, a good husband and a kind 
father, he made firm and lasting friends and 
led a successful life. He believed his lot had 
been cast in the best of the ages. He lived to 
see his county acquire and maintain high rank 
among the best in the “Hoosier State.” His 
State (when he first knew it, the home of the 
savage beasts and more savage men), he had 
seen become sixth in the sisterhood of States; 
amply supplied with the avenues of trade, over 
which roll its and the world’s commerce; a 
land of beautiful cities, stately mansions and 
happy homes; the habitat of two millions of in- 
telligent freemen, and his country become a 
mighty nation of sixty-five millions of freemen, 
so indoctrinated and permeated with the prin- 
ciples of self-government and civil liberty that 
a majority of one commands profound respect 
and prompt obedience from all. 
STEWART, J. Clark, of Minneapolis, Min- 
nesota, was educated at the University of 
Minnesota, from which institution he received 
the degree of B. S. in 1875. He subsequently 
studied medicine and entered the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
graduating M. D. in 1884. He is now Profes- 
sor of Pathology in the University of Minne- 
sota, and Consulting Surgeon to the North- 
western Hospital, Minneapolis. He is an 
active member of the Minnesota State Medical 
Society, and Minneapolis Academy of Medi- 
cine. Dr. Stewart is also Medical Examiner 
and Adviser for the New York Life, Fidelity, 
and Bankers’ Insurance Cdmpanies. 
STEWART, Jacob Henry, of St. Paul, Min- 
nesota, was born in Clermont, New York, Jan- 
uary 15, 1829, and died in the former city, 
August 25, 1884. He studied at Yale for three 
years, and was graduated M. D. from the 
Medical Department of the University of New 
York in 1851. Four years later he began the 
practice of medicine in Peekskill, New York, 
but in a short time removed to St. Paul, where 
he acquired the reputation of one of the most 
skillful physicians and surgeons in that city. 
In 1856 he was appointed Physician of Ramsey 
County, Minnesota, and from 1857 until 1863, 
he was Surgeon-General of Minnesota, also 
serving as a member of the governor’s staff, 
and as a member of the State senate, in 1858-59. 
On April 17, 1861, he joined the First Minne- 
sota Volunteers, which was the first regiment 
that was received by President Lincoln, thus 
making Dr. Stewart the ranking surgeon in the 
volunteer service. He remained on the battle- 
field of Bull Run, was paroled and allowed to 
care for his wounded at Sudley Church Hos- 686 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
pital until they were able to be removed to 
Richmond, when he was permitted to return 
home without exchange, “for voluntarily re- 
maining on the battle-field in the discharge of 
his duty.” The sword taken from him when he 
was made prisoner was given back to him by 
General Beauregard in recognition of his faith- 
fulness to duty. On his return to Minnesota 
he was appointed surgeon of the board of en- 
rollment, and held that office until the close of 
the war. In 1864 he was elected mayor of St. 
Paul, and was re-elected for four terms to that 
office. Dr. Stewart was the only Republican 
that ever held that position in St. Paul, the 
city being Democratic. From 1865 until 1870 
he was postmaster of St. Paul, and was then 
elected to Congress as a Republican, serving 
from October 15, 1877, until March 4, 1879. He 
was appointed Surveyor-General of the State 
in 1880, and held that office for four years. Dr. 
Stewart was president of the Minnesota State 
Medical Society in 1875-76, and was also pres- 
ident of the Board of Physicians and Surgeons 
for St, Joseph’s Hospital, in St. Paul. 
STOKES, William H., of Baltimore, was 
born at Havre-de-Grace, Maryland, January 
21, 1812. In 1829 he entered the junior class 
at Yale; was graduated thence B. A. in 1831; 
read medicine for a year under Drs. Donald- 
son and Stewart, of Baltimore; was subse- 
quently a student in the medical department 
of the University of Maryland, being at the 
same time Interne at the Baltimore Infirmary; 
and in 1834 received from the University his 
degree of M. D. Soon after his graduation in 
medicine he was appointed Resident Physician 
to the Maryland Hospital, a State institution 
for the treatment of the insane, one of the 
first in this country. At the end of a year he 
resigned this position, and from 1835 to 1840 
was engaged in a general practice in Mobile, 
Alabama, being from 1837 to 1840 Surgeon to 
the United States Marine Hospital at Mobile. 
The year of 1841 he spent in professional study 
in the hospitals of Dublin, London, and Paris, 
and upon returning to America in 1842 finally 
established himself in Baltimore, where he 
has since remained. In 1845 he was appointed 
Lecturer on Obstetrics and Diseases of Women 
and Children in the University of Maryland; 
resigned at the end of a year, and was ap- 
pointed professor of the same branches in 
Washington University, Baltimore. In 1850 
he resigned this professorship, and since that 
date has devoted himself exclusively to his 
private practice and to his duties as Physician 
to Mount Hope Retreat, a private insane asy- 
lum founded in 1840, and for several years 
thereafter known as Mount Hope Hospital, 
with which he has been connected since 1843. 
Dr. Stokes is one of the oldest and most highly 
esteemed physicians of Baltimore, having 
been engaged in the practice of his profession 
for a period of sixty years, and in the city of 
his residence for a half century. He is a 
member of the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, and of the Association of 
Medical Superintendents of American Institu- 
tions for the Insane. 
STREET, David, of Baltimore, Maryland, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1878. He is now Professor of the Prin- 
ciples and Practice of Medicine and Clinical 
Medicine in the Baltimore Medical College, 
and Dean of the Faculty of that institution. 
Dr. Street is an active member of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, Medical 
and Surgical Society of Baltimore, Clinical 
Society of Maryland and the Baltimore Medi- 
cal Association. 
STUCKY, Thomas H., of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was graduated M. D. at the Hospital 
College of Medicine, Louisville, in 1880. He 
is now Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
peutics in that institution and Professor of 
Materia Medica in the School of Pharmacy for 
Women, Louisville. He is Visiting Physician 
to Jennie Casseday’s Infirmary for Women, 
and Visiting Surgeon to Louisville City Hos- 
pital. Dr. Stucky is an active member of the 
Kentucky State Medical Association, Louis- 
ville Medical Society and Medico-Chirurgical 
Society of Louisville. 
SUTTON, George, of Aurora, Indiana, was 
born in London, England, June 16, 1812, and 
died June 13, 1886. In 1819 his family immi- 
grated to Cincinnati, hut shortly after removed 
to Franklin county, Indiana, where he re- 
ceived his preliminary education in a country 
log-school-house. In 1828 he entered the 
Miami University, where he obtained a more 
extended knowledge of mathematics and the 
languages. In 1833 his father returned to Cin- 
cinnati, and in the same year he commenced 
the study of medicine in that city. In 1834 he 
attended a course of private lectures under 
Prof. S. D. Gross, then of Cincinnati; was a 
private student of Prof. John Eberle, and 
graduated at the Ohio Medical College in 1836. 
The same year he commenced the practice of 
his profession at Aurora. He was ex-presi- 
dent of the Dearborn County Medical Society, 
which was organized in 1844, and rejuvenated 
in 1867; of the Indiana State Medical Society, 
and was elected president in 1869. He was 
ex-President of the Rocky Mountain Medical 
Association. He was also delegate to the 
American Medical Association in 1872, and 
was chairman of the section on meteorology 
and epidemics. He was a member of the As- 
sociation for the Advancement of Science; and 
was delegate from the Indiana State Medical 
Society to the International Medical Congress 
at Philadelphia in 1876. He was President of 
the Board of Trustees of the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons of Indiana, was Mayor of 
Aurora for three successive terms, a member 
of the Board of School Trustees for sixteen 
years, and filled various other responsible po- 
sitions, and in every one of them was an 
exceptionally faithful and efficient officer. 
Dr. Sutton was a close observer, had a logical 
mind, and was full of untiring and intelligent 
industry. His writings, professional and sci- 
entific, have perhaps been more abundant and 
important than those of any other physician 
in ’lndiana. It is impossible to enumerate 
them all, but his contributions to professional 
literature consist principally of papers as fol- 
lows; “Enlarged Prostate Gland,” 1840; “Epi- 
demic Erysipelas” (black tongue), 1843; 
“Symptoms and Treatment of Asiatic Chol- 
era,” pamphlet, 1849; “Report on Cholera in 
Indiana from 1849 to 1852—Advanced Views,” 
Transactions State Medical Society, 1853; “Re- 
port on Erysipelas,” 1856; “Hog Cholera;” 
“Diversity of Symptoms in Scarlatina Ma- 
ligna,” 1857; “Experimental Researches to As- 
certain the Etiology and Pathology of the Epi- 
zootic among the Swine,” 1858; “Report on EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
687 
Cholera,” Transactions Indiana State Medical 
Society, 1867 and 1868; “Reports on Hip-Joint 
Dislocation Reduced by Making a Lever of the 
Femur upon a Fulcrum Placed in the Groin,” 
Indiana State Medical Society’s Transactions, 
1876, and the “Reduction of a Dislocation of 
the Hip-Joint by the Same Method, of Four- 
teen Weeks and Two Days Duration;” “Pres- 
ident’s Address to the Indiana State Medical 
Society;” “On Man’s Power over Nature, and 
Medicine as Means by which He Aids and 
Controls the Laws of Life,” 1870; “Report on 
the Diseases of Indiana for 1873,” State Med- 
ical Society; “Investigations of Trichina and 
Trichinosis,” 1874; “Report on Trichinosis to 
the Indiana State Medical Society, 1875.” 
Besides the above he was the author of papers 
not purely of a professional character. He 
was a member of the State Archeological Asso- 
ciation of Indiana, and collected a large cabi- 
net of antiquities, fossils and geological speci- 
mens. In June, 1838, he married Sarah Fol- 
bre, of Aurora, who bore him four sons and a 
daughter, but only one son and the daughter 
were living at the time of Dr. Sutton’s death. 
Mrs. Sutton died in 1868. 
TANEYHILL, (4. Lane, of Baltimore, Mary- 
land, was educated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1865. He 
is how recording secretary of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, ex- 
president of the Baltimore Medical Associa- 
tion, organizer and ex-recording secretary of 
the Baltimore Academy of Medicine. He is 
also an active member of the Gynecological 
and Obstetrical Society of Baltimore, Clinical 
Society of Maryland, American Medical Asso- 
ciation, and International Medical Congress. 
Dr. Taneyhill is one of the most accomplished 
physicians of Baltimore, and is widely known 
in his profession. 
TAUBER, Bernard, of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and Surgery in 1872, and from the 
University of Vienna, Austria, in 1875. He 
was Professor of Diseases of the Throat and 
Nose in Miami Medical College, Cincinnati, 
from 1877 until 1879, and was late Professor of 
Physiology of the Throat and Ear, in the Col- 
lege of Music in the same city. Dr. Tauber is 
a member of the American Laryngological As- 
sociation, Colorado State Medical Society, 
Denver Medical Association, and of numerous 
other medical organizations of Colorado and 
Ohio. His practice is limited to diseases of 
the throat, nose and lungs, in which specialty 
his skill and success are favorably and widely 
known. 
TAYLOR, J. Howard, of Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania, born in Kennett Square, Chester 
county, Pennsylvania, received his academic 
education at Kennett Square and in West 
Chester, in the same State, and his medical 
education in the Medical Department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, graduating from 
the latter in March, i 852, establishing himself 
first at Kennett Square and afterwards in 
Philadelphia. He has held the positions of 
Port Physician and Lazaretto Physician, and 
has had charge of the Municipal Hospital of 
Philadelphia. He entered the Union Army at 
the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion; 
he was first assigned to an organization of 
three months men as Regimental Surgeon; was 
subsequently made Brigade Surgeon, and 
placed in charge of the Irish Brigade; then 
Surgeon-in-chief First Division, Second Army 
Corps; Medical Director Second Army Corps; 
Medical Inspector Army of the Potomac, and 
Surgeon-in-Charge of the Summit House Uni- 
ted States Army General Hospital. He was 
subsequently brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel of 
United States Volunteers. At the close of the 
Rebellion he returned to Philadelphia, where 
he has since remained engaged in an active 
and successful practice of general medicine 
and surgery, and is now one of the oldest and 
most accomplished members of his profession 
in that city. 
TAYLOR, Robert William, of New York 
City, N. Y., was born in London, England, 
August 11, 1842. He acquired his literary and 
academic education in Grace Church School, 
Newark, New Jersey, and enjoyed also the ad- 
vantage of private tutors in classics and for- 
eign languages; he subsequently was prepared 
for a professional career in the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons, New York, under the pre- 
ceptorship of Dr. Willard Parker, graduating 
in March, 1868. 'While giving attention to 
general practice, he has made a specialty of 
the study and treatment of syphilis, skin dis- 
eases, and genito-urinary diseases, and for six 
years was Surgeon to the Department of Vene- 
real and Skin Diseases of the New York Dis- 
pensary. Lie is a member of the Dermatolog- 
ical Society of New York, of the County Med- 
ical Society of New Y"ork, of the Neurological 
Society, of the Medical Journal Association, 
American Association of Genito-Urinary Sur- 
geons, and of the American Dermatological 
Association ; was the first treasurer of the Der- 
matological Society of New York, and one of 
the first incorporators and members thereof, 
corresponding secretary one year, and presi- 
dent two years (during one of these years was 
also vice-president of the American Dermato- 
logical Association in its first year, secretary in 
its second) ; and has been secretary and trustee 
of the Medical Journal Association. Lie has 
served as Physician to the Department of 
Skin Diseases of Bellevue Hospital Dispen- 
sary ; was for three years Professor of Diseases 
of the Skin in the Woman’s Medical College, 
New York, and was formerly Professor of 
Skin Diseases in the University of Vermont. 
He is now (1893) Professor of Venereal Dis- 
eases in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, New York City; Surgeon to the Genito- 
urinary Division of Bellevue Hospital, and to 
the Venereal Division of the New York 
Charity Hospital. For the past several years 
he has been the reader for the Medical Becord 
of New York, of works upon skin and vene- 
real diseases, and has contibuted numerous 
editorials to that journal. In 1874 he was 
elected corresponding member of the Gesell- 
schaft fur Natur und Heilkunde zu Dresden, 
and corresponding member of the Meigs and 
Mason Academy of Medicine of Ohio. He 
has written numerous essays and reviews upon 
skin diseases, syphilis and genito-urinary 
affections, and has also published a work upon 
osseous lesions of syphilis in infants and 
young children. His principal essays are as 
follows: “Serpiginous TubercularSyphilida,” 
“On the Papulae Syphilides,” “On Dactylitis 
Syphilitices,” “A Clinical Lecture on the 
Treatment of Eczema,” “On the Etiology of 
Infantile Eczema,” “On the Xeroderma of 
Hebra,” “On Sciatica as Caused by Syphilis,” 688 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
“On Syphilis of the Nervous System,” “Clini- 
cal Notes on Lichen Planus,” “On Contagious 
Impetigo,” “Transmission of Syphilis in 
Circumcision,” “On the Hereditary Trans- 
mission of Syphilis,” “On the Treatment of 
Pruritis Cutaneous,” which have appeared in 
the Boston Medical Journal, New York Medical 
Journal, Archives of Dermatology, Archives of 
Science and Practical Medicine, American Jour- 
nal of Medical Science, American Practitioner, 
Philadelphia Medical Times and New York Med- 
ical Becord. He has written the quarterly re- 
ports on general questions in syphilis for the 
Archives of Dermatology since its foundation, 
and also many of the resumes of foreign articles 
in the early volumes of the American Journal 
of Dermatology and Syphilis. 
TAYLOR, William H., of Cincinnati, Ohio, 
was graduated M. D. from the Medical College 
of Ohio in 1858. He is now Professor of Ob- 
stetrics in the Miami Medical College, Cincin- 
nati, and Dean of the Faculty of that institu- 
tion. He is also Obstetrician to the Cincin- 
nati Hospital. Dr. Taylor is an active mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
American Association of Obstetricians, Ohio 
State Medical Society and Cincinnati Medical 
Society. He is one of the oldest and most ac- 
complished accoucheurs in his city, and widely 
known in his profession. 
TAYLOR, William W., of Memphis, Tennes- 
see, was educated in medicine at Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, New York, from which 
institution he obtained the degree of M. D. in 
1876. He is now Adjunct Professor of Ob- 
stetrics and Diseases of Children in the Mem- 
phis Hospital Medical College and Gynecolo- 
gist to Lucy Brinkley Hospital. Dr. Taylor is 
a member of American Medical Association, 
Memphis Medical Society and the Tri-State 
Medical Society of Tennessee, Georgia and 
Alabama. 
TEBEAULT, Christopher H., of New Or- 
leans, Louisiana, was graduated M. D. at the 
Medical Department of the University of 
Louisiana, New Orleans, in 1862. He* was 
Health Officer of New Orleans during 1861 and 
1862. During the Civil AVar he attained the 
rank of Brigadier-General, and served in the 
capacity of Assistant Surgeon-General on the 
staff of Gen. J. B. Gordon, Confederate States 
Army. After the close of the Rebellion he 
was chosen Professor of Diseases of AYomen 
and Children in the late Charity Hospital Med- 
ical College. He is an active member of the 
Louisiana State Medical Association, and is one 
of the most accomplished physicians of New 
Orleans. 
TENNEY, John A., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was graduated M. D. at Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., in 1883, 
since which time he has devoted special 
attention to the study and treatment of dis- 
eases of the eye and ear, in which field of 
practice he has gained an excellent reputation. 
He is now Professor of Opthalmologv and 
Otology in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, Boston, and is Superintendent of the 
Suffolk Dispensary, and Ophthalmic and Aural 
Surgeon in that institution. Dr. Tennev is an 
active member of the Massachusetts Medical 
Society, Boston Therapeutic Society and other 
medical organizations of his city. 
TERRIBERRY, George W., of Paterson, 
New Jersey, was appointed Medical Cadet, 
United States Army, during the Civil AVar, 
serving in that capacity during 1863 and 1864, 
and became Acting Assistant Surgeon United 
States Army during the last year of the Re- 
bellion. He then entered Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York, from which insti- 
tution he was graduated M. D. in 1866, since 
which time he has been actively and success- 
fully engaged in the practice of general medi- 
cine and surgery. He is now Medical Exami- 
ner and Adviser for several of the leading 
life and accident insurance companies of this 
country, and for the past twelve years has been 
Division Surgeon, with the rank of Colonel, in 
the National Guards, State of New Jersey. 
He is also an active member of the Passaic 
County District Medical Society and New Jer- 
sey State Medical Society. 
THACHER, James K., of New Haven, Con- 
necticut, died April 21, 1891, aged fifty-four 
years. He was the eldest son of the late Profes- 
sor Thomas Thacher, of Yale, and a graduate of 
that University in 1869. Ten years later he took 
his medical degree from the Medical Institute 
at New Haven. The interval had been filled 
by several series of original investigations re- 
garding comparative anatomy and physiology; 
part of the time being, also, taken up by his 
duties as a college instructor. The Trans- 
actions of the Connecticut Academy of Sci- 
ences contained the results of his studies, 
which attracted the attention of the scientists 
in all parts of the world. He claimed that 
the limbs of the higher vertebrates were de- 
veloped from the fins of fishes, a view suffi- 
ciently novel at the time he advanced it, but 
which has since been strengthened by later 
investigations. He became Professor of Phys- 
iology in the medical department of Yale Uni- 
versity soon after graduating in 1879, and en- 
gaged in general practice. He received an 
appointment in the New Haven Hospital, and 
the chair of clinical medicine was added to 
that of physiology. He was one of the med- 
ical editors of the new Century Dictionary. 
THOMPSON, John H., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D. in 1877. Since which time he has 
devoted special attention to the study and 
treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. He 
is now Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology 
and Otology in the Kansas City Medical Col- 
lege. He is a member of the American Med- 
ical Association, Missouri State Medical Soci- 
ety, Kansas City Academy of Medicine, and 
Jackson County Medical Society, State of 
Missouri. 
THOMPSON, W. Clinton, of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born in Zeillienople, Butler 
county, Pennsylvania, December 21, 1812. He 
was the grandson of James Thompson, a 
soldier in the War of the Revolution, a man 
who weighed 300 pounds, and remarkable for 
his feats of great strength. The parents of Dr. 
Thompson having died during his childhood, he 
was thrown entirely upon his own resources in 
obtaining his early education, but with that 
energy and earnestness that have characterized 
him through life this was accomplished, and 
he became qualified for the study of the pro- 
fession to which he has long been an honor. 
He entered the Medical College of Ohio in 
1837, and was graduated M. D. from that in- 
stitution in 1839. He began the practice of 
medicine at St. Charles, Missouri, where he EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
689 
remained until 1847. He then established 
himself at Indianapolis, where he has been 
engaged in the general practice of his profes- 
sion for a period exceeding that of any other 
living physician in that city. On the outbreak 
of the Civil AVar he was appointed brigade sur- 
geon, and attached to the armies of McClellan 
and Pope in their campaign through Virginia, 
lie resigned this position by reason of failing 
health soon after the battle of Antietam. Dur- 
ing his extended residence in Indianapolis, 
Dr. Thompson has been noted for his unblem- 
ished character as a citizen and excellent repu- 
tation as a skillful and successful physician. He 
has enjoyed the confidence and friendship of all 
the governors of his State, without regard to 
party affiliation, and was their family phy- 
sician as long as he remained in active prac- 
tice. He was not only exceedingly popular in 
the line of his chosen avocation in the pursuit 
ical Men, and of other leading medical or- 
ganizations in that metropolis. 
TIFFANY, Flavel Benjamin, of Kansas 
City, Missouri, was born on the shores of 
Oneida Lake, New York, April 28, 1846, of 
Scotch-English parentage. When he was an 
infant, his parents emigrated, via the chain of 
northern lakes, to Rutland, Dane county, Wis- 
consin, where the first seven years of his life 
were spent, the last summer of which he at- 
tended the district school. From Rutland the 
family went to Baraboo, in the same State, a 
little settlement in the dense primeval forests, 
where the grizzly bear was often seen and the 
deer-lick the chief attraction on moonlight 
nights. Here he again had the advantage of a 
few months’ district school. The following year 
his parents, desirous of availing themselves of 
the generosity of “Uncle Sam” in securing 
more lands for the family, took with them the 
household effects in three “prairie schooners,” 
and, with a few head of cattle and horses, 
I started for the rolling prairies and sky-tinted 
waters of Minnesota. After several weeks of 
romantic journeying through forests inhabited 
only by wild animals and the red man, over 
broad prairies of rich meadows bedecked with 
large varieties of most beautiful wild flowers, 
and groves of native fruits, by the side of rip- 
pling rills and laughing waterfalls of this pic- 
turesque west, they finally reached the shores 
of Rice Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, with 
dense forests on one side and the rolling prai- 
ries on the other. The lake yielded a rich 
field of rice, which the Indians came every fall 
to harvest. It was here that the family pitched 
their tents and laid claim to their allotted por- 
tion of our government’s domain. They were 
the first, and for some wreeks the only white 
family within a fifteen-mile circuit. At this 
time there w’ere encamped in the forests across 
the lake fifteen hundred Indians. Frequently 
did the subject of this sketch join the little 
Indian boys in their wild sports, especially 
with the bow and arrow. Wild game—geese, 
ducks, brants, loons, and other birds sported 
on these waters. The air was dense with 
water birds, especially in the fall of the year; 
deer, elk and buffalo were frequently' seen 
roaming over the prairies. The woods were 
full of game. Here one constantly heard the 
chittering of the squirrels, the drum of the 
partridge, whimmering of the coon, and bark- 
ing of the foxes. Much time was spent with 
the fowling piece, traps and fishing-tackle, 
which afforded rare sport as well as opportu- 
nity for observations of nature. Several other 
white families came during the following sum- 
mer. A school was started, which the chil- 
dren attended two terms; but the next winter 
the family was bereaved of their mother, and 
little interest after this was taken in the edu- 
cation of the children. The father soon after 
married a widow with two boys, and soon 
there were three families in one. Financial 
reverses came, and schooling was neglected; a 
few months’ study, however, in different years 
was gained, but it was of a desultory nature. 
The Rebellion was now on, and at seventeen 
years of age young Tiffany enlisted as a re- 
cruit in Battery B, Fourth Minnesota Light 
Artillery. He served until the close of the 
war and then returned to his adopted State. 
With the bounty money received as a soldier 
he entered school at Faribault, Minnesota, 
living with the family of Dr. N. H. Bemis, a 
Qt. 
of which he has accumulated a considerable 
fortune, but his genial character and interest 
in public affairs have been such as to demand 
his service in filling many offices of trust, 
honor and responsibility. lie was for several 
years a member of his city council, and has 
served sixteen years as the representative of 
his county in the State Senate, serving as 
chairman of the committee on insane, and ex- 
ercising an important influence in the enact- 
ment of laws affecting the interest of his city, 
his county and the people of Indiana. 
THOMPSON, W. Oilman, of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, 
from which institution he received the degree 
of M. D.in 1881. He is now Professor of Physi- 
ology in the New York University Medical 
College, and Visiting Physician tothe New York 
and Presbyterian Hospitals. He is an active 
member of the Association of American Phy- 
sicians, American Physiological Society, New 
York Academy of Medicine, New York Medi- 
cal and Surgical Society, New York Society for 
the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Med- 
aa 690 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
venerable and able physician. Through pre- 
cept and example of Dr. Bemis and the home 
influence of this family, he received the first 
incentive to study medicine. At Faribault he 
continued his education for several years, 
doing chores for his board, and working dur- 
ing the vacations, until he gained a certificate 
to teach school. After following this avoca- 
tion for two years he then entered the State 
University of Minnesota, at Minneapolis. 
During his stay at the University he also read 
medicine with his preceptor, Dr. Johnson, at 
the same time earning his way by giving pri- 
vate instructions, and by manual labor. From 
stint of food and over-work his health gave way 
ere he had quite completed the literary course; 
and so without taking the degree of A. M. 
which he so much desired, he finally, in 1872, 
entered the Medical Department of the State 
University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, at 
which school he received the degree of M. D. 
in 1874. After graduating he first located at 
Grand Haven, Michigan, but his health not 
being good, from study and privation, he re- 
turned again for a vacation to Minnesota. 
Here he met an old acquaintance and a good 
friend, Mrs. Esther Fuller, a refined and esti- 
mable lady, who kindly assisted in equipping 
him with instruments, and the necessary out- 
fit to practice his profession. From Minnesota 
he went to East St. Louis, but only for a short 
time, as his means would not admit of his re- 
maining long enough to build up a practice in 
a large city; so after a few weeks’ trial, he 
again returned to Minnesota, pawning his 
trunk and the few instruments he had to secure 
transportation. In the fall of 1874 he located 
in the little town of Medford, in the latter 
State, where he soon built up a lucrative prac- 
tice, riding day and night; and in about a year 
and a half he had accumulated sufficient funds 
to pay off all indebtedness and have a respect- 
able bank account. In the fall of the year 
1876, only a little more than a year and a half 
from the date of his graduation, he carried 
into effect his great ambition to go to Europe, 
and there pursue the study of medicine in 
some of its special branches. In November, 
1876, he started for London. In the British 
metropolis he pursued the study of the eye, 
ear, and throat for nearly twelve months. The 
following year he spent in Paris, Berlin, and 
Vienna, studying the German and French lan- 
guages, in connection wth these same branches 
of medicine. At Paris he met Olive E. Fair- 
banks, a highly educated, refined and cultured 
lady, whom he afterward married in 1879. In 
the fall of 1878 he located at Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, limiting his practice to the diseases of 
the eye, ear and throat. In 1880 he took the 
initiatory steps of founding the Kansas City 
University, in which he was elected to the 
chair of Ophthalmology, Otology, and Micros- 
copy, which position he held up to the year 
1893, when he resigned from the branch of 
Microscopy. In the fall of 1887 he again, with 
his wife, went to Europe, where he spent 
nearly a year in the several eye and ear clinics 
with many of the most prominent oculists and 
aurists of that country. He has contributed 
many articles to medical literature, notably on 
“Glaucoma, its Etiology,’’ and on “Cataract.” 
To him is due the priority of speaking of 
skin grafts as a cure for cancer of the orbits and 
eye-lids. His work on the anomalies of the 
Muscles and Refraction of the Eye is now in 
press, and is to be issued in December, 1893. 
He is a member of several State medical soci- 
eties, of the American Medical Association, 
American Microscopic Society, Pan American 
Medical Congress, and the International Med- 
ical Congress. 
TIFFANY, Louis McLane, of Baltimore, 
Maryland, was born in Baltimore October 10, 
1844. His literary and classical education was 
obtained at the University of Cambridge, Eng- 
land, whence he graduated A. B. in 1866. He 
pursued his medical studies at the University of 
Maryland; graduating M. D. in 1868, and set- 
tling in Baltimore, where he has since re- 
mained, engaged in an extensive and success- 
ful practice of medicine, but of more recent 
years devoting especial attention to surgery, 
in which field he has gained a wide reputation. 
He is a member of the Medical and Chirurg- 
ical Faculty of Maryland; has been Chairman 
of the Surgical Section of the Baltimore Med- 
ical Association, and President of the Balti- 
more Clinical Society. He is also a member 
of the Baltimore Medical and Surgical Society. 
He has contributed important articles to med- 
ical journals. He has held the position of 
Resident Physician at the Baltimore Alms- 
house ; Dispensary Physician to the University 
of Maryland; Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
the same institution; Professor of Anatomy in 
the Maryland Dental College; and has been 
one of the visiting medical officers to the Bal- 
timore City Almshouse; Surgeon to Baltimore 
Infirmary, and Professor of Operative Surgery 
in the University of Maryland. 
TODD, Levi L., of Indianapolis, Ind., was 
born in the latter part of the year 1830, near 
Lexington, Kentucky, in the region where his 
ancestors had lived since the Revolutionary 
times, his grandfather, General Robert Todd, 
being an associate of Boone, Harrod, Bryan 
and others in the early settlement of the 
State. His grandfather on his mother’s side, 
Captain Nathaniel Asby, came from Virginia 
soon after the close of the seven years’ war, 
through which he served, and settled in the 
same locality. His father, Judge Levi L. 
Todd, removed to Marion county, Ind., in 
1834, settling near Indianapolis, where his long 
and useful career was ended by death in 1867. 
The subject of this sketch was the youngest 
of a family of nine children, all but two of 
whom attained adult age. His early life seems 
to have been of unusual toil and labor on his 
father’s farm and marked by many vicissitudes 
and trials; even more than the ordinary share 
had fallen to his lot of the occurrences which so 
painfully emphasize life; still he seems to 
have regarded it as an uneventful one in inci- 
dents of interest to others. He worked hard 
during his boyhood days and up to the age of 
twenty-two years, when he left the farm for 
the last time. He had, however, availed him- 
self of the ordinary winter-time opportunities 
of country schools. At the age of seventeen 
he took two terms in the Danville Semi- 
nary, and after that a year and a half in 
Wabash College. He was a student of medi- 
cine the first year with Dr. David Todd, of 
Danville, Ind., and the remainder of the time 
with his brother, the late Dr. R. N. Todd. His 
first course of medical lectures was at the 
University of Louisville, during the time when 
Gross, Flint and Silliman were connected with 
that institution, and graduated there in March, 
1856. Dr. Todd was married in the following EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
691 
winter to Miss Susan G. Todd, of Paris, Ken- 
tucky, and in the spring of 1858 removed to 
Paris, Illinois, where he lived and practiced 
his profession over a period of sixteen years. 
After the second year he was employed almost 
constantly, and much of the time his pro- 
fessionar service was pressing and hard 
to endure, with bad roads and a cli- 
mate abounding in the worst changes that 
western weather could supply. As we are in- 
formed, he suffered a good deal from nervous 
disorders incident to exposure and over-work. 
Dr. Todd removed to Indianapolis from Illi- 
nois in January, 1874, and during the whole 
time up to the present has been in the continu- 
ous practice of his profession. He was ap- 
pointed Medical Examiner for Pensions at 
Paris, Illinois, during the late war, also Medi- 
cal Inspector of drafted men. He was a mem- 
ber of the Edgar County Medical Society, 
and the Esculapian Society of the Wabash 
Valley, and was president and secretary of the 
latter. He has also been a member and an 
occasional attendant of the meetings of the 
American Medical Association, since about the 
year 1871. He is a member and ex-president 
of the Marion County Medical Society, Indian- 
apolis, and to which he has contributed a num- 
ber of papers, some of which have been pub- 
lished in the Transactions of the State Society. 
In the professional career of Dr. Todd, it will be 
observed that every energy was called into play 
in his chosen calling, with that earnestness of 
endeavor and will power which are the 
salient and strong points that determines an 
individuality and inspires confidence in one as 
a safe and conservative practitioner. Any 
fulsome praise or extended eulogy of the pro- 
fessional or social life of the subject of this 
sketch would be superfluous here, or in any 
community where he is known. The steady, 
persistent fondness for his profession is a 
marked characteristic of his every day contact 
with the infirm and suffering that come within 
range of his council and medical skill. In the 
varied vicissitudes of his life filled with a 
multiplicity of cares, he has found time, like 
his distinguished brother, the late Dr. R. N. 
Todd, to cultivate his tastes in literary pur- 
suits ; as evidenced by the fact of his active 
and retentive memory in calling up quotations 
from many distinguished authors, both of 
prose and poety. Whittier, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes and Burns are seemingly his favorite 
authors. Dr. Todd is in the full fruition of his 
professional life and perfect manhood; the 
frosts of accumulated years have settled 
gently upon him, but have not ruffled the 
facial lines of a wholesome good humor. He 
is still found in the front rank among his con- 
temporaries, and capable of accomplishing a 
large amount of labor in the pursuit of his life 
work, the cure of disease, the relief of human 
suffering, and the success and elevation of the 
medical profession. 
TODD, Lyman Beecher, of Lexington, Ken- 
tucky, was born near that city April 16, 1832. 
His grandfather, General Levi Todd, came 
from Virginia in early, perilous times; he was 
a man of ability and learning, and was the 
first clerk of Fayette county, Kentucky. His 
father, James Clarke Todd, was sheriff of the 
same county for sixteen years. Dr. Todd 
graduated at Centre College, Danville, Ken- 
tucky, June, 1850, and at the Jefferson Med- 
ical College, Philadelphia, in 1854. He imme- 
diately afterward settled in Lexington, and dur- 
ing the same year was married to Miss Sarah 
F. Swift, of that city. In 1857 he was elected 
City Physician. He is a member of the Lexing- 
ton and Fayette County Medical Society, of the 
Kentucky State Medical Society, and was Treas- 
urer for six years, being elected in 1869. He 
has contributed articles on professional sub- 
jects to Professor Gross’ Medico-Chirurgical Be- 
view, and to the Louisville Medical Journal, and 
other periodicals. He was postmaster at Lex- 
ington from 1861 to 1870, and in 1874 was ap- 
pointed Surgeon to the United States military 
forces stationed at Lexington. Dr. Todd is an 
accomplished physician and surgeon, and his 
professional skill has been widely known 
throughout his State for a period of forty years. 
TODD, Simeon S., of Kansas City, Missouri, 
was born nearYevay, Indiana, March 10, 1826. 
He is a descendant in the fourth generation of 
John Todd, who immigrated from Scotland to 
Virginia, about 1740. Having received an 
English education and some knowledge of the 
classics, he entered the Indiana Medical Col- 
lege ; was graduated thence M. D. in February, 
1849; practiced in Kentucky until 1854; in 
California, until 1865, and since September, 
1865, has been established at Kansas City. 
In September, 1861, he was commissioned sur- 
geon of the Second, and subsequently of the 
Fourth California Infantry; was successively 
detailed Surgeon in charge of the Presidio 
Hospital, San Francisco; of the Hospital at 
Fort Humbolt, and of Drum Barracks, in Los 
Angeles county, and served until the end of 
the war. While engaging in a general prac- 
tice, he has given especial attention to gyne- 
cology, and has successfully performed nearly 
all the leading operations in this branch of his 
profession, such as removal of uterine fibroids, 
restoration of the uterine cervical canal, ovari- 
otomy extirpation of the lower two bones of the 
coccyx for coccyodynia, with complete relief, 
and operations for vesico-vaginal and recto-vag- 
inal fistula. In 1869 he was one of the founders 
of the Kansas City College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, and formerly dean of the Faculty 
and Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of 
Women, and is now Emeritus Professor of Gyne- 
cology in that institution. He is a member of 
the Kansas City District Medical Society, an 
honorary member of the Kansas State Medical 
Society and of the Missouri State Medical So- 
ciety—vice-president of the latterdn 1872, and 
president in 1873—a corresponding member of 
the Boston Gynecological Society, and a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association. Of 
his professional publications may be men- 
tioned: “Intra Uterine Injections in Uterine 
Hemorrhage, 1870; “An Unappreciated Im- 
pediment to Labor in the Second Stage,” 1871; 
“Complete Occlusion of the Os Uteri in Labor,” 
“Extirpation of the Coccyx,” 1874; “Atresia 
Uteri,” 1876; and a report “On the Use of 
Anesthetics in Labor,” 1875, published in the 
Tranactions of the Missouri State Medical 
Society. 
TOWNSEND, Wisner R., of New York City, 
was educated in medicine at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1880, since which time he has devoted 
special attention to orthopedic surgery. He is 
now Assistant Surgeon to the Hospital for 
Ruptured and Crippled; Orthopedic Surgeon 
to the New York Infant Asylum; Consulting 692 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Surgeon to Bayonne Hospital, and Lecturer on 
Orthopedic Surgery in the New York Poly- 
clinic. He is an active member of the Ameri- 
can Orthopedic Society, New York Academy 
of Medicine, and of numerous other medical 
organizations of New York City. 
TUHOLSKE, Herman, of St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. from the Missouri 
Medical College, St. Louis, in 1870, since which 
time he has devoted special attention to the 
practice of general surgery. In this field of 
his profession his skill and success has gained 
for him eminent distinction. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Surgical Pathology and Clinical Sur- 
gery in the Missouri Medical College, and also 
in the St. Louis Post-Graduate School of Med- 
icine. He is Consulting Surgeon to St. Louis 
City Hospital and South St. Louis Dispensary; 
Surgeon to Martha Parsons Free Hospital for 
Children and the St. Louis Polyclinic and 
Hospital. Dr. Tuholske is an active member 
of the American Medical Association, Southern 
Surgical and Gynecological Association, St. 
Louis Medico-Chirurgical Society and other 
leading medical and surgical organizations of 
this country. 
TYREE, William C., of Kansas City, Mis- 
souri, was graduated M. D. at the Kansas City 
Medical College in 1876. He subsequently at- 
tended the University Medical College, New 
York City, and received an ad eundem degree 
from that institution in 1878, since which 
time he has devoted special attention to the 
treatment of diseases of the eye and ear, in 
which specialty he has attained eminent suc- 
cess. He is now Professor of Ophthalmology 
and Otology in the Kansas City Medical Col- 
lege, and is an active member of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, Missouri State Med- 
ical Society, Kansas City Academy of Medi- 
cine, and other leading medical organizations 
of this country. 
YALLE, Jules F., of St. Louis, Missouri, 
was graduated at the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, St. Louis, in 1885. He is now Consulting 
Gynecologist to St. Louis Female Hospital, 
Physician to St. Luke’s Hospital and the Mis- 
souri School for the Blind. Dr. Valle is an 
active member of the St. Louis Medical Soci- 
ety, St. Louis Chirurgical Society, and other 
medical and social organizations of that city. 
VANDENBERGH, Frank P., of Buffalo, 
New York, was educated in medicine at the 
University of Buffalo, New York, from which 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1884. He 
is now Professor of Chemistry in that institu- 
tion, and Chemist to the City of Buffalo. Dr. 
Vandenbergh is an active member of the 
American Public Health Association, Ameri- 
can Clinical Society, Society of Chemical In- 
dustry (England), and the* Medico-Legal So- 
ciety of New York. 
VANDERPOEL, Waldron 8., of New York 
City, was educated in medicine at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, from 
which institution he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1879. He is now Attending Phy- 
sician to Demilt Dispensary, and Visiting Phv- 
sician to Randall’s Island Hospital. He is an 
active member of the New York Academv of 
Medicine, and New York County Medical So- 
ciety. He is engaged in the general practice 
of medicine, and is an accomplished physician 
and of recognized skill and ability. 
YAN HARLINGEN, Arthur, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was born in that city October 
25, 1845. He studied medicine in the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylvania, 
graduating in 1867, settling in Philadelphia, 
and devoting exclusive attention to derma- 
tology. He is a member of the College of 
Physicians, and lias contributed to different 
medical journals a number of articles on sub- 
jects connected with diseases of the skin. He 
was a delegate to the International Medical 
Congress, held in Philadelphia, 1876, and was 
secretary of the section on dermatology. He 
is also a member of other medical organiza- 
tions of this country, and is a recognized au- 
thority in his special field of medicine. 
VAN RENSSELAER, Howard, of Albany, 
New York, was educated in medicine at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
York City, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1884. He is now Lect- 
urer on Materia Medica in the Albany Medical 
College; Visiting Physician to St. Peter’s Hos- 
pital; also to the Hospital for Incurables, 
Home of the Friendless, and is a member of 
the dispensary staff of the Child’s Hospital. 
Dr. Van Rensselaer is an active member of the 
Albany County Medical Society, State of New 
York. 
VAN RIPER, Cornelius S., of Paterson, New 
Jersey, was educated in medicine at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 
City, from which institution he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1859. Of late years he has 
devoted special attention to the treatment of 
diseases of women, and is now Attending 
Gynecologist to Paterson General Hospital, 
and also to St. Joseph’s Hospital. Dr. Van 
Riper is Medical Examiner and Adviser for 
the Mutual Life, New York Life and Washing- 
ton Life Insurance Companies, and is a mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association and 
the Passaic County District Medical Society, 
State of New Jersey. 
VANSANT, Eugene L., of Philadelphia, 
Pa., was graduated M. D. at Jefferson Medi- 
cal College in 1884. He is now Lecturer on 
Clinical Medicine and Demonstrator of Nor- 
mal Histology in that institution. He is 
also Physician to Philadelphia Hospital and 
Rhinologist and Laryngologist to Howard 
Hospital. Dr. Vansant is an accomplished 
physician, an able clinical teacher and an 
active member of numerous medical organiza- 
tions. 
VAN VOORHIS, Isaac, of Fort Dearborn, 
Illinois, was born in Fishkill, New York, Feb- 
ruary 22, 1790, and was slain by the Indians at 
the above fort August 15, 1812. Referring to 
this event Dr. N. S. Davis, in “History of the 
Medical Profession and Medical Institutions of 
Chicago,” recently published in the Magazine 
of Western History, says: “In July, 1803, 
Captain* John Whistler, with a company of 
United States soldiers, built the original Fort 
Dearborn, on the south side of the Chicago 
river, near its mouth. When Captain Nathan 
Heald succeeded Captain Whistler in com- 
mand of the garrison at Fort Dearborn in 
1810, the name of Dr. John Cooper appears on 
the list of officers as Surgeon’s Mate, but lie 
only remained there two or three months, 
and on leaving resigned his commission and 
retired from the army. He was succeeded 
early in 1811 by Dr. Isaac Van Voorhis.” The 
subject of this' sketch received his early edu- 
cation at the Academy of Newburg, Orange 
county, New York, and subsequently entered EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
693 
upon the study of medicine; soon after the 
completion of which lie was commissioned as 
Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army 
and sent to Fort Dearborn. He is represented 
as having been a young man of excellent quali- 
ties, but his prospective usefulness was blighted 
and his military services terminated by being 
one of the victims of the well-known Indian 
massacre that took place August 15, 1812. 
“Four or five thousand hostile Indians had 
gathered in the vicinity of the fort, and when 
the garrison, consisting of fifty-four men and 
a few officers, attempted to retreat to Fort 
Wayne they were attacked by the Indians, 
and Captain Wells, Ensign Ronah, Surgeon 
Van Voorhis and twenty-six privates were 
slain, together with twelve children and all 
the male residents, except Mr. John Kinzie and 
his two sons. The original fort having been 
thus abandoned and destroyed in 1812, what 
few white inhabitants remained were left 
without the services of any member of the 
medical profession until 1816, when the fort 
was rebuilt and occupied for military purposes. 
VAUGHAN, George Tully, of Washington 
City, D. C., was born in Nelson county, Vir- 
ginia, June 27, 1859. He is of Welsh de- 
scent, and a son of Dr. W. L. Vaughan. 
surgery. In January, 1888, he was appointed 
assitant surgeon in the marine hospital 
service, and assigned to duty at Boston, Mas- 
sachusetts. He was afterwards in command 
of the service at Cairo, Illinois, and Evans- 
ville, Indiana. In February, 1892, he was 
promoted to the grade of passed assistant sur- 
geon and ordered to Washington, District of 
Columbia, for duty as assistant to the Surgeon- 
General. Dr. Vaughan has performed ampu- 
tation at the hip-joint for railway injury, 
which was followed by death from shock; 
ligation of right subclavian artery for aneur- 
ism of the arch of the aorta, Dr. Young, of 
Evansville, at the same time ligating the right 
common corotid, resulting in death on second 
day from asthenia. His other operations have 
been such as Ertlander’s for pleural empyema, 
trephining mastoid process, and other parts of 
the skull, operations for abscess of the liver, 
and for various requirements in minor sur- 
gery. Dr. Vaughan is a member of the Medi- 
cal Society of Virginia, of the Americal Med- 
ical Association, and honorary member of the 
Vanderburg County Medical Society, Indiana. 
His more important contributions to medical 
literature consist of a “Report of 112 Cases 
of Obstetrics with Use of Chloroform in 
Labor,” “Locomotor Ataxia,” “Case of Her- 
maphrodism,” “Operations for Radical Cure 
of Hernia,” “Fracture of Frontal Bone, no 
External Depression,” “Organic Stricture of 
Urethra,1 Perineal Section,” and “Abscess of 
Liver, Laparotomy, Recovery.” In 1883 he 
married May Townsend, daughter of W. G. 
Venerable, Esq., of Farmville, Virginia. 
TEDDER, Alexander M., of Schenectady, 
New York, was born in that city January 15, 
1814, and died in New York City December 29, 
1878. He was a direct descendant of Har- 
manus Albertse Vedder, who immigrated to 
this country from Holland in 1630 and became 
the progenitor of one of the oldest Dutch 
families of New York. He received his lit- 
erary education at Union College, Schenec- 
tady, and pursued his medical studies at the 
University of Pennsylvania, where he gradu- 
ated M. D. in 1839. In 1838 he was associated 
with the late Dr. J. K. Barnes, Surgeon-Gen- 
eral United States Army, as Resident Physi- 
cian of Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia. He 
settled in practice in his native city. In 1840 
he became Lecturer at Union College, and for 
twenty years he held the chair of Anatomy 
and Physiology in that institution. In 1856 he 
was elected Mayor of Schenectady by the Re- 
publican party. During the war between the 
States he held the office of Examining Surgeon 
of the Eighteenth Congressional District, and 
in 1873 he became one of the Curators of the 
Albany Medical College. He was also founder, 
director or trustee of every institution of note 
in his native city. As early as 1838 he wrote 
an interesting paper on “Morbus Brightii” for 
the Medical Intelligencer, which was the first 
American contribution to the literature of 
Bright’s disease, and in 1875 he wrote three 
important articles entitled “Embolism of the 
Axillary Artery,” “Embolism of the Central 
Artery of the Retina,” and “Tracheotomy in 
Diphtheria,” all of which were published in 
the Transactions of the New York State Medi- 
cal Society. Dr. Vedder gained a wide repu- 
tation in the treatment of diseases of the 
chest, and was one of the first physicians in 
the United States to acquire a comprehensive 
He was educated at Kenmore High School, 
and read medicine under the direction of 
his father until he entered the Medical De- 
partment of the University of Virginia, from 
which he graduated June 27, 1879. He con- 
tinued his medical studies in New York City, 
and graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical 
College in 1880. Dr. Vaughan located the same 
year at Lowesville, Virginia, where he prac- 
ticed his profession until 1886, when he moved 
to Farmville, in the same State, and was as- 
sociated in practice with Dr. James L. White. 
In 1885 he attended lectures at the New York 
Polyclinic, paying special attention to general 694 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
knowledge of auscultation and percussion. He 
was a member of the Pathological Society of 
Philadelphia, of the New York State Medical 
Society, and of the Schenectady County Medi- 
cal Society, and was president of the latter in 
1870. He was elected delegate to the Interna- 
tional Medical Congress held in Philadelphia 
in 1876. He was twice married; the first time 
to Catharine M. Yiele, of Hoosick, Rensselaer 
county, New York, and after her death to 
Hannah M. Wilkinson, of New York City. 
WALES, John Patten, of Wilmington, Dela- 
ware, was born there in January, 1831, his 
father being the late United States Senator 
John Wales. After a literary training in the 
schools of Wilmington and New Jersey Col- 
legiate Institute, he began studying medi- 
cine under Dr. L. P. Bush, of Wilmington. 
He was graduated from the Medical Depart- 
ment of University of Pennsylvania in 1852. 
For a year thereafter was Hospital Physician 
for Baltimore City and County Almshouse. In 
1853 he began practice near his native city. 
On the outbreak of the war he was offered a 
surgeancy, but preferred to become a soldier, 
and was commissioned captain in the Seven- 
teenth United States Infantry, May, 1861, and 
was first stationed at Fort Preble, Portland, 
Maine, where the regiment was organized; 
then sent to McClellan’s army, and attached 
to Fifth Army Corps. He served through all 
the fighting on the Peninsula, the second 
Bull Run, Antietam, and all the campaigns of 
the Army of the Potomac to the close of the 
war, having command of his regiment at and 
after the battle of Fredericksburg. At the 
end of the war it scarcely mustered men 
enough for a full company. In 1865 he re- 
signed his commission and returned to Wil- 
mington, Delaware, where he has since re- 
mained engaged in a successful practice of his 
profession. 
WALES, Philip Skinner, of Washington, 
District of Columbia, was born February 27, 
1837, in Annapolis, Maryland. His parents 
were natives of that State. He was educated at 
the Baltimore City College, and the University 
of Maryland, graduating at the latter in 
March, 1856, after which he entered the med- 
ical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, from which he graduated in March, 
1860. Settling at Baltimore, he removed first 
to Philadelphia and afterwards to Washington, 
District of Columbia, his present residence. 
He entered the United States Navy as Assist- 
ant Surgeon August 7, 1856; was commis- 
sioned Surgeon October 12, 1861. Through- 
out the Civil War he was actively engaged, 
having organized and held charge of the 
United States Naval Hospital at New Orleans 
during the operations of Admiral Farragut’s 
fleet in the Mississippi river, superintended 
the United States Naval Hospital ship at the 
capture of the forts defending Wilmington, 
North Carolina, and served as Operating Sur- 
geon at the United States Naval Hospital at 
Portsmouth, Virginia, pending the military 
operations around Fortress Monroe. He was 
commissioned Medical Inspector United States 
Navy June 30, 1873, and appointed General of 
the Navy and Chief of the Bureau of Medi- 
cine and Surgery on January 26, 1880, serving 
until March 27, 1884. When President Gar- 
field was shot he assisted in attendance for a 
short time. While he was Chief of the Bureau 
of Medicine unscrupulous clerks in his office 
contrived to defraud the government, and he 
was tried by court-martial and suspended for 
five years for neglect of duty, though acquitted 
of all real responsibility for the acts of his 
subordinates. He is a member of the Acad- 
emy of Natural Sciences, the American Med- 
ical Association, and the Gynecological Society 
of Boston. His contributions to medical liter- 
ature comprise: “Surgical Operations and 
Appliances,” 1867; “A New Method of Con- 
trolling the Velum Palati,” 1875; “A New 
Rectal Dilator and Explorer,” 1877; papers in 
the American Journal of Medical Sciences on 
“Oerebro-Spinal Meningitis,” “Amputation of 
Shoulder-Joint,” “Fracture of Lower Jaw,” 
“Gunshot Wound of Stomach,” “Ligature of 
the Femoral Artery,” “Fracture of Thyroid 
Cartilage,” “Operation for Hydrophthalmia,” 
and “Aneurism of the Heart;” a series of 
papers in the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical 
Beporter on “Instrumental Diagnosis,” with a 
paper entitled “Description of a New Endo- 
scope ;” a paper in the New York Medical Becord 
on “Traumatic Tetanus;” and numerous re- 
vieAvs in various medical journals. He has in 
preparation a large work on medical science. 
He was married to Mary Gray, of Philadel- 
phia, in November, 1860. 
WALKER, Henry 0., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was born in that city December 18, 1843. His 
parents were natives of Yorkshire, England. 
His preliminary education was acquired at the 
Detroit High School and Albion College, 
Michigan. He prepared for a professional 
career in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Michigan, and Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York, graduating at the 
latter institution February 28, 1867. In 1869 
he was editor of the Detroit Beview of Medicine. 
He has operated for stone, performed external 
perineal urethrotomy, removed half the upper 
jaw, and has had a varied experience in gen- 
eral surgery. His specialty is orthopedic sur- 
gery and diseases of genito-urinary organs and 
rectum. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, of the Michigan State 
Medical Society, Detroit Medical and Library 
Association, and of the Detroit Academy of 
Medicine, of which he was secretary, 1876. 
For several years he held the office of Lecturer 
on Diseases of Genito-Urinary Organs and 
Rectum in the Detroit Medical College, and 
previous to that time was Demonstrator of 
Anatomy in the same institution. For nearly 
three years he was City Physician and mem- 
ber of the Board of Health in Detroit, Mich- 
igan ; for two years was Surgeon of the 
Michigan Central railroad, was formerly Sur- 
geon to St. Luke’s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, 
and was Daily Physician to Detroit Medical 
College Dispensary, and to St. Mary’s Hos- 
pital Infirmary, Detroit, Michigan, for a period 
of two or three years. He is now Professor of 
Orthopedic Surgery, Genito-Urinary Diseases 
and Clinical Surgery in the Detroit College of 
Medicine, and secretary of the Faculty. He is 
also Surgeon to the Wabash Railway Com- 
pany, and to Harper and St. Mary’s Hospital, 
and Medical Examiner and Adviser for several 
of the leading life insurance companies of this 
country. His contributions to medical litera- 
ture consist of a number of articles on various 
surgical subjects, but relating principally to his 
specialty. He was married November 13, 
1872, to Miss Gertrude Esselstyn, of Detroit, 
Michigan. EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
695 
WALL, Otto A., of St. Louis, Missouri, was 
graduated M. D. at the Missouri Medical Col- 
lege, St. Louis, in 1870, and entered the Belle- 
vue Hospital Medical College, New York, from 
which institution he received an ad eundem de- 
gree in 1871. He is now Professor of Materia 
Medica and Botany in the St. Louis College of 
Pharmacy, and Lecturer on Artistic Anatomy 
in Washington University. Dr. Wall is a 
member of the St. Louis Medical Society and 
the St. Louis Medico-Chirurgical Societv. 
WALLACE, David R., of Waco, Texas, was 
educated at Wake Forest College, North Caro- 
lina, and then entered the University of the 
City of New York, from which institution he 
was graduated in medicine in 1854. During 
the Civil War he held the position of Surgeon 
in the Confederate States Army, since which 
time he has devoted special attention to 
psychiatry and neurology. He is ex-president 
of the Texas State Medical Association; mem- 
ber of the American Medical Association, 
American Association of Superintendents for 
the Insane, and the Medico-Legal Society of 
New York. Dr. Wallace was for many years 
Superintendent of the North Texas Hospital 
for Insane, located at Terrell, in that State, 
and as an alienist and neurologist he is widely 
known, and is a physician of recognized skill 
in the treatment of all disorders relating to 
his special field of medicine. 
WARD, Milo 8., of Topeka, Kansas, was 
educated in medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, Keokuk, lowa, from which 
institution he received the degree of M. D. in 
1879, since which time he has devoted special 
attention to obstetrics and diseases of women. 
He is now Professor of Gynecology in the 
Kansas Medical College, Topeka, and secre- 
tary of the Faculty of that institution. He is 
also president of the Western Association of 
Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Fellow of the 
American Association of Obstetricians and 
Gynecologists; member of the Topeka Acade- 
my of Medicine and Surgery, Kansas State 
Medical Society, American Medical Associa- 
tion, and secretary of the Section on Obstet- 
rics and Gynecology in the latter national 
medical organization. 
WARD, Samuel Baldwin, of Albany, New 
York,was born in New York City, June 8,1842. 
He was educated in private schools and in Co- 
lumbia College, from which he received the de- 
gree of A. B. in 1861, and that of A. M. in 1864. 
He pursued his medical studies in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, and 
the Medical Department of Georgetown Col- 
lege, Washington, District of Columbia, and 
received the degree of M. D. from the latter 
institution in 1864, and settled first in his na- 
tive city, but removed to Albany in 1876. He 
has contributed an article on the “Sphygmo- 
graph and its Uses,” to the New York Medical 
Record, one on “Embolism of the Arteries of 
the Extremities,” New York Medical Journal, 
and several translations of medical works 
and histories of cases to societies with which 
he is connected. He has held the position of 
Professor of Anatomy, and subsequently of 
Surgery, in the Woman’s Medical College of 
the New York Infirmary, Professor of Surgery 
in the Albany Medical College, and is now 
Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine 
in that institution; also Attending Physician 
to the Albany Hospital. Dr. Ward is Consult- 
ing Physician to St. Peter’s Hospital and 
House of the Good Shepherd, member of the 
Albany County Medical Society, Association 
of American Physicians and American Climat- 
ological Association, and is ex-president of the 
Medical Society of the State of New York. 
During the War of the Rebellion he served 
three years in the capacity of assistant sur- 
geon. In October, 1871, he was married to 
Miss Nina N. Wheeler, of New York City. 
WARE, Lyman, of Chicago, Illinois, was 
graduated M. D. at the Chicago Medical Col- 
lege in 1866, and received an ad eundem degree 
from the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia, in 1868, since which time he has de- 
voted special attention to the treatment of dis- 
eases of the eye and ear. He is now Surgeon 
to the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear In- 
firmary, Ophthalmic and Aural Surgeon to the 
Chicago Orphan Asylum, and is an active 
member of the Chicago Medical Society, Illi- 
nois State Medical Society, and the American 
Medical Association. 
WARNER, George M., of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was graduated M. D. at the Louisville 
Medical College in 1880. He is now Professor 
of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in that 
institution, and secretary of the Faculty, also 
Physician to St. Vincent’s Orphan Asylum, 
and Consulting Physician to Louisville City 
Hospital. Dr. Warner is an active member 
of the Kentucky State Medical Society, a fre- 
quent contributor to medical literature, and 
one of the best known and most accomplished 
physicians of his city. 
WARREN, Edward, formerly of Baltimore, 
Maryland, was born in Tyrrell county, North 
Carolina, January 22, 1828, and died in Paris, 
France, in the autumn of 1893. His parents 
were of English descent, and natives of Vir- 
ginia. His father, Dr. William C. Warren, 
was a man of intelligence and good profession- 
al attainments. When the subject of this 
sketch was but four years of age his father 
removed with his family to Edenton, North 
Carolina. At the proper time the boy was 
sent to the Fairfax Institution near Alex- 
andria, Virginia, where he remained for two 
years, and was then placed at the University 
of Virginia, where he won honors and received 
diplomas, and by selection delivered the vale- 
dictory before the Jefferson Society. In 1851 
he graduated from the Jefferson Medical Col- 
lege, in Philadelphia. It is stated by one of 
his biographers that while pursuing his studies 
in Philadelphia he conceived the idea of ad- 
ministering morphine under the skin for the 
relief of pain, by puncture with Anel’s syringe. 
He had written his thesis for graduation on 
this method of administering medicine; but 
mentioning it to one of the faculty, who looked 
upon it as chimerical and dangerous, he was 
dissuaded from presenting the paper, and 
wrote one on another subject. He had, how- 
ever, become so thoroughly convinced of the 
practicability of the method that he soon 
after put it to a practical test, and was some 
four years in advance of the public announce- 
ments of this very useful method of ad- 
ministering remedies. To further prosecute 
his medical studies he spent most of the 
years 1854 and 1855 in attending the hos- 
pitals and clinics of Paris, and during this time 
formed strong and lasting friendships with 
many of the leading medical men of France. He 
was a ready and graceful writer,and contributed 
from the French capital a number of very ac- 696 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
ceptable articles to the American Journal of 
Medical Sciences, and to other medical publica- 
tions in this country. On returning to the 
United States he settled to practice at Eden- 
ton, North Carolina. He was thoroughly 
well equipped for engaging in his professional 
pursuits, and speedily acquired a leading posi- 
tion among the medical men of that region of 
the State. In 1856 he was selected to deliver 
the annual address before the North Carolina 
State Medical Society,which was well received, 
and brought him prominently before the active 
workers in the professional ranks. The same 
year he obtained the “Fisk Fund Prize” for an 
essay on the “Effects of Pregnancy on the De- 
veloping of Tuberculosis.” This paper has 
passed into the permanent literature of med- 
icine. In 1857 he was elected editor of the 
North Carolina Medical Journal, at the time the 
official organ of the State Medical Society. 
The Gynecological Society of Boston, the same 
year elected him a member of that organiza- 
tion. While in France he became a member 
of the American Medical Society of Paris, and 
this organization sent him as their delegate 
to the American Medical Association, but he 
was unable to attend or register. But he was 
a delegate from the State Medical Society of 
North Carolina to the meeting of the Ameri- 
can Medical Association at Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, in 1859. He also attended meetings from 
Baltimore, where he was then practicing, in 
1860, and every other year from 1866 until 1872. 
On November 16, 1857, he was united in mar- 
riage to Miss Elizabeth 0. Johnston, of Eden- 
ton, North Carolina, a most estimable lady, 
whose ancestors were extensively connected 
with many distinguished families in the Old 
North State, and in Virginia. Dr. Warren’s 
reputation for learning and scientific acquire- 
ments had become so widely known in 1860 
that he was elected Professor of Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics in the old and pros- 
perous University of Maryland. This led to 
his removal to the city of Baltimore. The same 
year he was elected the first vice-president of 
the convention for the revision of the United 
States Pharmacopeia. In the University of 
Maryland he at once took high rank as an able 
teacher and an attractive lecturer. On the out- 
break of the Civil War he threw his fortunes 
with his native State and his friends in the 
South. He served in the field, in hospitals 
and on medical boards. He was chief sur- 
geon in the North Carolina Navy, and medical 
director of the Cape Fear section. He was 
also for a time the chief medical inspector of 
the Department of Northern Virginia. He 
was twice promoted for his efficiency and 
courage on the field of battle. This trait of 
efficiency in the doctor was so notable as to 
attract attention, and the fact coming to the 
attention of the Assembly of North Carolina, 
an act was passed by them raising his rank 
from that of colonel to that of brigadier-general 
for “efficient services rendered to sick and 
wounded.” Notwithstanding the engi’ossing 
official and professional duties of Dr. AVarren 
dui-ing the war, he wrote a work to meet the 
needs of surgeons in the field, entitled, Sur- 
gery for Field and Hospital. In this publica- 
tion, which was well received and speedily 
passed through two editions, he made some 
valuable original suggestions. In 1865 Dr. 
AVarren resumed his residence in Baltimore, 
expecting at the same time to resume his 
professional duties in the University of Mary- 
land. But the changed conditions of the 
country and the status of the Southern States, 
the policy of the general government and 
local interests combined to close the doors of 
that institution against him. He was not only 
capable but ambitious and full of energy, and 
it was mainly at his suggestion and through 
his efforts that the old AVashingtoq University 
Medical School was revived and rapidly rose 
to have a commanding position and an able 
faculty and good patronage. In this faculty 
Dr. AVarren filled most acceptably the chair of 
surgery. AVhen the act of the Assembly of Mary- 
land was passed requiring an examination and 
registration of the physicians of the State, Dr. 
AVarren was appointed upon the board to carry 
the law into effect. In 1868 he was elected 
one of the vice-presidents of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and the same 
year founded the Medical Bulletin, which under 
his management acquired a large circulation. 
The celebrated AAffiarton trial, which took place 
in 1872, brought Dr. AVarren to the forefront 
among specialists in criminal trials. He was 
confronted by able physiologists, general prac- 
titioners and chemists, and their theories and 
tests shown to be inconclusive. The case at- 
tracted wide attention not only in America 
but in Europe. Dr. AVarren ably sustained 
himself before the court, and his testimony so 
completely broke down the chemical evidence 
relied upon by the prosecution as to compel 
the court to enter a nolle prosequi in the case. 
For some time after Dr. AVarren was made a 
target for critics, not only in the medical profes- 
sion, but by the bar and the public press. But 
it is simple justice to say that no review of his 
evidence and theory of the case was ever able 
to demonstrate that he was in error in his views. 
At the meeting of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation in 1872 he was chosen chairman of the 
Section of Surgery for the following year. He 
did not, however, attend that meeting or send 
a report. In 1873 Dr. AVarren suffered a se- 
vere domestic affliction in the death of his de- 
voted wife. His health suffered seriously, and 
to change the scene, he consented to accept a 
medical position in the army of the Khedive 
of Egypt. His service, although brief in that 
country, was nevertheless sufficiently con- 
spicuous to place him at the head of the surg- 
ical staff. It was his good fortune to relieve 
Kissim Pasha, the Minister of AATar, from a 
strangulated hernia. This operation was un- 
dertaken Avhen the AVar Minister’s life was 
despaired of by his own surgeons, and when 
it was almost impossible for Dr. AArarren to get 
any of them to assist him in the operation, 
from a religious dread of being blamed with 
causing his death. But the operation was a 
success, and the result placed the courageous 
Dr. AVarren in the front rank of surgeons in 
the Khedive’s army. His splendid success 
where death was imminent and expected in- 
duced the Khedive to confer upon Dr. AA7arren 
the decoration of the Medjidiah and the title of 
Bey. Dr. AVarren unfortunately contracted a 
severe form of ophthalmia common in the 
East, and it proving obstinate, .he obtained a 
furlough for six months to visit Paris for treat- 
ment. Here he was promptly told that one 
eye was practically lost, and that a longer resi- 
dence in Egypt would result in the loss of the 
other. He had no alternative but to resign, 
which he did. The Khedive was most kind, EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
697 
and in accepting his resignation spoke of his 
valuable services in the Egyptian army and 
wished him long years of usefulness. It was 
then while still under treatment that he was 
advised to become a candidate for practice in 
Paris. After many conferences with friends 
and the earnest advice of Drs. Charcot, Breed 
and other eminent practitioners, he concluded 
to take up his permanent residence in that city. 
Dr. Warren’s success in the metropolis of 
France was exceptionally rapid and gratifying. 
For twenty years he had been one of the lead- 
ing physicians and surgeons and obtained a 
world-wide reputation for his skill. Both prac- 
tice and honors came flowing in upon him. 
From Spain he received the decoration of a 
“Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catho- 
lic,” for earnest services rendered to Spanish 
subjects, and from his old University of Mary- 
land a degree of “Master of Surgery.” Dr. 
Warren, both as a boy and through his life, 
proved his indomitable energy and power of 
work. He secured a large share of confidence 
with his professional brethren. And yet, like 
all men of force and original ideas, antag- 
onisms were evolved by the friction. That he 
was a man of ability and culture his life and 
works attest. His house was frequented by 
Americans and travelers from other countries, 
and his attentions and hospitalities were for 
years generously bestowed upon numerous 
friends visiting Paris. 
WARREN, Joseph H., of Boston, Massachu- 
setts, was born in that city in 1831 and died 
there March 20, 1891. His father was the sev- 
enth son of General Warren, of Revolutionary 
fame. He was a Medical Director in General 
Casey’s division, and of provisional troops 
during the last war as well as President Lin- 
coln’s medical attendant. He saw active serv- 
ice in the field before Yorktown, Virginia, and 
soon after was disabled while bearing special 
dispatches to Washington, and was obliged to 
resign. He was quite a traveler, for health 
and pleasure, and more.than once served as 
a delegate from the American Medical Asso- 
ciation, of which he was vice-president in 
1889 and 1890. He had read papers before the 
British Medical Association and the French 
Academy of Medicine. He published in Lon- 
don a “Practical Treatise on Hernia,” a second 
edition of which was issued in 1882 in Ameri- 
ca. He operated in Guy’s Hospital, in Lon- 
don, and elsewhere, to demonstrate his 
method. He later published “A Plea for the 
Cure of Rupture,” and has written very many 
monographs and medical papers, as well as 
general articles. 
WATHEN, William H., of Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, was educated in medicine at the Uni- 
versity of Louisville, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1870. He 
is now Professor of Abdominal Surgery and 
Gynecology in the Kentucky School of Med- 
icine, and Dean of the Faculty of that institu- 
tion. He is also Consulting Gynecologist to 
the Louisville City Hospital. Dr. Wathen is 
ex-President of the Section on Obstetrics and 
Gynecology of the American Medical Associ- 
ation ; Fellow of the American Gynecological 
Society, American Association of Obstetri- 
cians and Gynecologists; Southern Surgical 
and Gynecological Society ; member of the 
Kentucky State Medical Society and Louisville 
Medical Society. His contributions to medical 
literature have been numerous and important. 
I He is widely known as a skillful and success- 
ful gynecean surgeon, an able clinical teacher, 
and a recognized authority upon all subjects 
relating to his special field of practice. 
WATKINS, William 8., of Portland, Ore- 
gon, was graduated M. D. at the Medical De- 
partment of Williamette University, Portland, 
in 1884. He is now Professor of diseases of 
the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat in that institu- 
tion. He is Physician and Surgeon to Port- 
land Hospital, for all diseases connected with 
his special line of practice, which is that of 
oculist, aurist, rhinologist and laryngologist. 
Dr. Watkins is an active member of the Ore- 
gon State Medical Society and the Portland 
Hospital Clinical Society. 
WATSON, William Perry, of Jersey City, 
New Jersey, was educated in medicine at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 
City, from which institution he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1878. He is now Attend- 
ing Physician to St. Francis Hospital and for 
Diseases of Children, to the Central Dispen- 
sary, and Consulting Physician to St. Michael’s 
Orphan Asylum, Jersey City. He is an active 
member of the New Jersey Academy of Med- 
icine, New York Pathological Society, and 
other medical associations. Dr. Watson is 
also a member and secretary of the Board of 
Medical Examiners, State of New Jersey, and 
the Examiner in the Practice of Medicine. 
He is editor of the Archives of Pedriatics, 
and is a frequent and well-known contributor 
to medical literature. 
WATERMAN, Luther Dana, of Indianapo- 
lis, Indiana, was born in Wheeling, Virginia, 
November 21, 1830. His literary education 
was obtained at Miami University, Oxford, 
Ohio, and his medical education at the Med- 
ical College of Ohio, where he graduated in 
1853. He first established himself in prac- 
tice in Cincinnati, where he remained till 1855, 
then removed to Kokomo, Indiana. In 1861 
he entered the army. During the war he was 
for three years Surgeon to the Eighth Indiana 
Cavalry (Thirty-ninth regiment), during which 
period he was Medical Director of the Second, 
and subsequently the First Division of the 
(old) Twentieth Army Corps, Department of 
the Cumberland; also Surgeon to the Officers’ 
Hospital at Nashville, Tennessee. He also 
had charge of hospitals at Huntsville, Ala- 
bama, Bridgeport, Tennessee, and at Chatta- 
nooga, Tennessee. He was captured at New- 
nan, Georgia, and imprisoned at Macon, and 
at Charleston, South Carolina. In 1864 he set- 
tled in Indianapolis, where he has since re- 
mained engaged in an extensive, successful and 
remunerative practice of general medicine and 
surgery. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, the Indiana State Medi- 
cal Society and the Marion County Medical 
Society, State of Indiana. He has been one 
of the Surgeons of the Indianapolis City Hos- 
pital, and was one of the corporators of the 
Indiana Medical College, in which institution 
he filled the chair of Professor of Anatomy 
from 1869 to 1873, and that of Professor of 
Principles and Practice of Medicine from 1875 
to 1877. He was elected president of the In- 
diana State Medical Society in 1877. His con- 
tributions to professional literature consist of 
important papers published in medical journals 
and cases reported to the various medical so- 
cieties with which he is connected. He has 
also written a volume of poems and malie 698 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
other contributions to general and scientific 
literature. Dr. Waterman, as a physician, 
has given the study of medicine profound 
thought. Referring to his views concerning 
the nature, etiology, symptoms, signs and 
treatment of disease, the following extracts, 
derived from his “Medical Notes,” are here 
presented: “There is a fascination in the 
study of man, even in his accidental decompo- 
sition, more or less, by disease. Nature is for- 
ever thus offering opportunities for discoveries, 
by her revelations. The physician needs only 
more delicate tests, and keener power to ob- 
serve. Every living human body contains a 
delicate arrangement, the nervous system, 
ever ready to signal the state of organs or or- 
ganism. Here quickly are shown the discords 
which occur amidst the harmonious functions 
constituting health. The physician should 
know the individual pitch of health, and 
maintain concord between function and struc- 
ture, between physical and intellectual. Some 
organizations are mobile, others firm. To read 
the patient, then his disturbance, is the true 
order. The individual is a unit, separated 
into physical and psychical for purposes of 
study, by artificiality of concept. The true 
physician treats the man diseased—neither the 
man nor the disease. , His highest function is 
to read the organism, measure its vigor and 
vitality, find its weakest and strongest organs, 
and use the one to serve the other. He often 
accepts a lower plane of life for his patient; 
often a long upward incline to health and a 
new balance of physiological equilibrium. Man 
carries his history in his face and form, and 
they reveal his direction toward order or 
chaos, life or death. The complexity and del- 
icacy of man’s nervous system is the measure 
of his evolution, its disturbance the index of 
His derangements, and the skill to appre- 
ciate and interpret it, one of the highest 
accomplishments of the physician. Physical 
health is the perfect performance of all the 
bodily functions, manifested by the harmony 
between mind and body, and indicated by se- 
renity of the nervous system. Whatever dis- 
turbs this relation is detrimental. Man orig- 
inates as a cell, the physical body of a force, 
develops and ends as a unit. As by growth 
his organs differentiate, they are made one by 
the co-development of the nervous system. 
Structure and function are inseparably one in 
the original cell, as in the matured man. Life 
and its physical basis are never separated in 
all the universe. Only the provisional dies, 
never the real. The integrity of this union of 
structure and function through all the mechan- 
ism necessary to the organism, is tested by its 
ability to bear strains. Man’s trained senses 
combined, more sensitive than all instruments, 
should appreciate every disturbance of this 
body, nature’s most delicate mechanism. It is 
of the first importance, in the treatment of a 
person diseased, that the case should be thor- 
oughly analyzed until the distinctive features 
which vary it from all others are detected to 
such a degree that the physician may direct his 
remedies to the essential morbid action. Until 
these features are obtained the diagnosis must 
be uncertain and the treatment wavering; and 
the local symptoms developed by the evolution 
of the disease, or by medication, assume un- 
due prominence, and direct too greatly the 
treatment. To obtain these clinical ob- 
servation is required, as well as the recog- 
nition of the general causes that modify 
the types and tendency of disease, to 
measure the constitutional condition and the 
individual features of the case, with their 
cause, degree, duration and tendency. To 
treat every departure as disease betrays 
ignorance of the resistance of the organized 
body, and leads to meddlesome interference. 
The skillful physician may be known by the 
rarity of dangerous cases occurring under his 
management. It is rarely that any disturb- 
ance of an important organ continues long 
without involving other organs; therefore, 
every symptom is of value as a witness coming 
from the seat of morbid war to give evidence 
of the cause, extent and locality of the con- 
test. Not by startling assumptions can medi- 
cal science be advanced, or cases more success- 
fully treated, but by patient accumulation and 
analysis of the phenomena occurring in disease 
as in health. Bubble theories have burst in 
every age; facts obtained, recognized and re- 
corded, stand fast forever, and just deductions 
from their generalization are the true founda- 
tions of medical science. All untrue doctrines 
ultimately conduct to absurdity or helpless- 
ness, and that there are diseases without re- 
liable or anticipated relief is proof that there 
is incorporated into our views error, either in 
the facts or the conclusions drawn therefrom. 
Views not profitable in application should not 
be held too tenaciously. Around us daily is the 
field to test treatments and study disease; for 
the silent laws are often as well seen in their 
extremest limits as in their center of action. 
We should know the individual, then the indi- 
vidual symptoms of his derangement, and if no 
error enters our facts or deductions, the re- 
sults of treatment must be satisfactory and re- 
liable.” In evidence of his poetical genius, 
his biographer selects at random the following 
lines from his “Phantoms of Life:” 
“I would unclasp a fiber of life’s pain 
By giving glimpses to the soul beguiled 
Of that fair laud whose boundaries lie far down 
In the wild world that colors all our dreams, 
Far dwelling, fragrant, flowery and bedewed, 
Beyond the ken of day: but whither yet 
The heart will yearn with instinct unappeased, 
As yearns the child for its dead mother’s breast, 
And with a faith that’s stronger than all sense, 
Than reason clearer, longer-lived than will. 
Despite the frigid clay that wraps this life, 
And all the poisoned passions that betray, 
The soul sends out frail gossamers of hope 
To catch the radiance of that unknown clime 
And thrill with the unheard music of its shores.” 
Dr. Waterman has made repeated visits to 
Europe, to Egypt and other foreign coun- 
tries in the pursuit of knowledge, recrea- 
tion and pleasure, and having retired from 
active practice, has in recent years spent con- 
siderable time in Old Mexico and Central 
America, where, as a result of his archeolog- 
ical investigations, he believes that he has 
found the primal home of the human race and 
the ruins of the most ancient cities on earth. 
WEBBER, Nathaniel W., of Detroit, Michi- 
gan, was graduated M. D. at the Chicago Medi- 
cal College in 1866, since which time he has 
devoted special attention to obstetrics and dis- 
eases of women. He is now Professor of Gy- 
necology and Obstetrics in the Detroit College 
of Medicine; Gynecologist to St. Mary’s Hos- 
pital; Consulting Surgeon to St. Luke’s Hos- 
pital ; Medical Examiner and Adviser for the 
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of 
Newark, New Jersey, and Washington Life 
Insurance Company, of New York. Dr. Web- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
699 
State I the 
her is an active member of the Michigan State 
Medical Society and the Detroit Medical and 
Library Association. 
WEBER, Gustav C. E., of Cleveland, Ohio, 
was born in Bonn, Prussia, May 26,1828. His 
father, M. I. Weber, was Professor of Anat- 
omy in the University of Bonn, Prussia, for 
more than a half-century from the foundation 
of that famous institution, and was the author 
of an “Anatomical Atlas,” which has been 
translated into every printed language, “The 
Hand-Book of Anatomy of the Human Body,” 
“The Pelves and Crania of the Different 
Races,” “Atlas of the Bones of Domestic 
Animals,” and many other valuable works 
and writings; he was decorated by several of 
the crowned heads of Europe for his distin- 
guished services in the cause of science. Dr. 
Weber’s education was chiefly obtained at Bonn 
University, but before matriculating, the revo- 
lutionary movement of 1848 caused him to em- 
igrate. He came to the United States in 1849 
and entered the St. Louis Medical College, St. 
Louis, Missouri, and received the degree of 
M. D. from that institution in 1851. He then 
returned to Europe and supplemented his 
medical education and training by attending 
the schools and hospitals of Vienna, Amster- 
dam and Paris. In 1853 he came again to this 
country and settled in New York, where his 
brother Edward was engaged in the practice of 
medicine. His brother died that year, and he 
assumed his practice with success. The de- 
mands upon him were so great that his health 
failed, and in 1856 he was obliged to relinquish 
professional work. That year he accepted 
the chair of Surgery in the Cleveland Medical 
College, made vacant by the resignation of 
Dr. Horace A. Ackley, and retained that posi- 
tion seven years. In 1859 he established the 
Cleveland Medical Gazette, which he conducted 
with ability for several years. In the autumn 
of 1861 one of the first acts of Governor Tod 
was to appoint him Surgeon-General of the 
Ohio forces, with special mission to organize 
a system for the better medical care of the 
troops in the field. After making arrange- 
ments for a better condition of the camps and 
hospitals in the State, he obtained from the 
Secretary of War permission to visit the Ohio 
soldiers in the field, and the troops were great- 
ly benefited by his labors. In the autumn of 
that year his wife’s health and the pressure of 
his professional duties compelled him to re- 
sign. Governor Tod in his reply expressed the 
highest appreciation of his services, and asked 
him before retiring to attend to the wounded 
upon the battle-field of Perryville, Kentucky. 
He obeyed these instructions, returned to 
Columbus, closed his official relations with the 
State, and resumed his duties in the college. 
In the spring of 1863 he closed his connection 
with the Cleveland Medical College, and in 
1864 organized the Charity Hospital Medical 
College, of which he was made Professor of 
Clinical Surgery and also Dean of the Faculty. 
He was also appointed Consulting Surgeon of 
Charity Hospital, an institution which owed 
its existence mainly to his suggestions and ef- 
forts. From first to last his services to the 
hospital were gratuitously rendered. It was 
finally merged into the medical department of 
the University of Wooster, he being chosen to 
fill the same positions occupied during its in- 
dependent existence. He is now Professor of 
Clinical Surgery in the Medical Department of 
the Western Reserve University, and Dean of 
the Faculty of that institution. He is the 
originator of a new method for closing arteries 
of large size in surgical operations without a 
ligature. This consists in reflecting the wall 
of the artery, or folding it back upon itself 
(like turning back the cuff of a coat), which 
doubles the thickness of the arterial wall at 
the end of the divided artery, and enables the 
artery to close itself by its own contraction. 
Lest the wall turn back again, a very delicate 
silver pin, one-eighth of an inch in length, is 
passed through the walls of the artery at the 
point of reflection. This method has been 
frequently tested, has never failed, and prom- 
ises to eventually revolutionize the existing sys- 
tem of closing arteries with ligatures. It pre- 
vents the introduction of foreign substances 
into the wound, and thereby effectually pre- 
cludes the possibility of decomposition. He 
is also the originator of the method of remov- 
ing stone from the bladder in females, by 
the division of the urethra as far as the 
sphincter and then the extraction through the 
dilated sphincter. Dr. Weber is a member of 
the Cuyahoga County Medical Society, State 
of Ohio, American Medical Association, and 
Corresponding member of the German Med- 
ical Society of Paris, France. 
WEBSTER, David, of New York City, was 
born, July 16,1842, at Cambridge, Cornwallis, 
Nova Scotia. He was educated in the district 
school and a private school at his native place, 
and at the Normal School of Truro, Nova Sco- 
tia. After teaching school six years, he at- 
tended Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 
New York, from which he graduated in the 
spring of 1868. He began practice in his na- 
tive town, where he remained one year and a 
half,and then settled in New York,where he has 
since resided, engaged in the study and treat- 
ment of diseases of the eye and ear,and in which 
field of medicine he is widely known. He was 
the first house-surgeon of the Brooklyn Eye 
and Ear Hospital, in which he served from the 
fall of 1869 to the spring of 1871; serving in 
the same capacity at the Manhattan Eye and 
Ear Hospital, from the spring of 1871 to the 
spring of 1873. Immediately on leaving the 
latter institution he became associated with 
Dr. C. R. Agnew, with whom he remained 
many years. In 1873 he was appointed Assist- 
ant Surgeon to the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hos- 
pital, and Clinical Assistant to the chair of. 
Ophthalmology and Otology in the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons,New York. He is now 
(1893), Professor of Ophthalmology in the New 
York Polyclinic, and in the Medical Depart- 
ment of Dartmouth College, Hanover, New 
Hampshire, Surgeon to Manhattan Eye and Ear 
Hospital, Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Hospital 
for Ruptured and Crippled, to the Skin and 
Cancer Hospital, House of Mercy and Hack- 
ensack Hospital. He is also Consulting Sur- 
geon to the Paterson Eye and Ear Infirmary. 
Dr. Webster is an active member of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, New York County 
Medical Society, New York State Medical So- 
ciety, New York Ophthalmological Society, 
American Ophthalmological Society, American 
Otological Society, and other leading medical, 
scientific, and social organizations of this 
country. He married, in June, 1876, Miss Ge- 
nevieve Macfarlane, a native of Maine. 
WEEKS. John E.. of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the University of Michigan, 700 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Ann Arbor, in 1881, since which time he has 
devoted special attention to the study and 
treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. He 
is now Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology 
and Otology in Woman’s Medical College of 
the New York Infirmary, Lecturer on the Dis- 
eases of the Eye and Ear in Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, Surgeon to the New York Eye 
and Ear Infirmary, Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
the Alms House and Work House Hospital, 
Blackwell’s Island, and Consulting Oculist to 
the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. Dr. 
Weeks is an active member of the New York 
Academy of Medicine, and numerous other 
medical organizations of that metropolis. 
WEISS, Samuel, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, 
was graduated M. D. at Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York City, in 1871. He 
is now Attending Physician to Lebanon 
County Hospital, Gynecologist to the Good 
Samaritan Hospital, Lebanon, and Medical 
Examiner and Adviser for the New York Life 
Insurance Company, and also for the Mutual 
Reserve Insurance Company, of New York. 
Dr. Weiss is an Active member of the Penn- 
sylvania State Medical Society, and one of the 
most accomplished members of the Medical 
profession in his section of the State. 
WELLS, Brooks H., of New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, New York City, from 
which institution he received the degree of M. 
D. in 1884, since which time he has devoted 
special attention to obstetrics and diseases of 
women, in which field of practice his skill as 
an operative surgeon and clinical instructor has 
become widely recognized. He is now Lecturer 
on Gynecology in the New York Polyclinic, 
and is editor of the American Journal of Ob- 
stetrics. Dr. Wells is a Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine, New York Ob- 
stetrical Society, New York County Medical 
Society, and at the Pan-American Congress, 
which convened in 1893, he was secretary of 
the Section on Gynecology and Abdominal 
Surgery. 
WELLS, Frank, of Boston, Massachusetts, 
was graduated M. D. at Harvard Medical 
School in 1868, and from the University of 
Vienna in 1869. He is Medical Director 
of John Hancock Life Insurance Compa- 
ny; president of the American Association 
of Life Insurance Medical Directors; Fellow 
of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston 
Society for Medical Improvement, Boston So- 
ciety for Medical Observation and the Boston 
Society of Medical Sciences. 
WELSH, D. Emmett,of Grand Rapids, Mich- 
igan, was graduated M. D. from the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1878, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
the study and treatment of the diseases of the 
upper air passages. He is now Physician to 
St. John’s Orphans’ Asylum, St. Mark’s Hos- 
pital and Masonic Home. He is also president 
of the Grand Rapids Academy of Medicine, 
ex-vice-president of the Michigan State Med- 
ical Society, member of the American Medical 
Association, American Rhinological Associa- 
tion, Mississippi Valley Medical Association, 
and other important medical organizations of 
this country. 
WENDE, Ernest, of Buffalo, New York, was 
educated in medicine at the University of Buf- 
falo, from which he received the degree of 
M. D. in 1878. He subsequently attended the 
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 
from which institution he received an ad 
eundem degree in 1884. He is now Professor 
of Dermatology in the University of Buffalo, 
and also Professor of Botany and Microscopy 
in the Department of Pharmacy in the latter 
university. Dr. Wende is Health Commis- 
sioner of the city of Buffalo, and Dermatologist 
to the Fitch Provident Dispensary. He is an 
active member of the Erie County Medical 
Society, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Associa- 
tion, Buffalo Pathological and Clinical Socie- 
ties, and the Buffalo Medical Club. 
WENDT, Edmund Charles, of New York 
City, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
When quite young his parents took him to 
New York, and that city has been his home 
ever since. After a common school and col- 
lege education he went abroad for the purpose 
of medical study, and matriculated at the 
University of Zurich. On completion of a 
course of study at leading universities, lasting 
nearly five years, he graduated at the Univer- 
sity of Strasbourg in 1877. Three years later 
(1880) he secured his second medical diploma 
from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Columbia College, New York. After several 
years’ hospital experience he began active pro- 
fessional work in New York City, and quickly 
succeeded in building up a lucrative practice. 
In 1879 Dr. Wendt succeeded Prof. E. C. 
Spitzka as Professor of Comparative Anatomy 
at the Columbia School of Comparative Medi- 
cine. Dr. Wendt has also been Associate Pro- 
fessor of Clinical Medicine at various medical 
institutions in New York. He was Curator 
and Pathologist of St. Francis Hospital, New 
York, from 1879 until 1891; Curator and Pathol- 
ogist of St. Luke’s Hospital, New York, during 
1882; Curator and Pathologist of the New York 
Infant Asylum from 1884 until 1888, and late 
Attending Physician to St. Joseph’s Asylum. 
He is at present Attending Physician to the 
New York Infant Asylum; Fellow of the New 
York Academy of Medicine; member of the 
New York County Medical Society; member 
of the New York Pathological Society; late 
member of the New York Neurological Society; 
member and late president of the Manhat- 
tan Medical and Surgical Society, and a mem- 
ber of the German Medical Society of 
New York. He is also, since 1879, a 
member of the editorial staff of the New 
York Medical Record, and in 1891 was commis- 
sioned to visit the Riviera and the health re- 
sorts of the south of France, in order to study 
and report on the health conditions and the 
sanitary (or unsanitary) arrangements, munici- 
pal and domestic, of the towns and hotels at 
such places as Cannes, Nice, Pau, Hyeres, 
Mentone, Monaco, San Remo, Alassio, Bor- 
dighera, Florence, and Naples. Dr. Wendt 
is also late editor of the Neic York Dietetic Ga- 
zette ; contributor of numerous original articles 
published in the American Journal of Medical 
Sciences, New York Medical Record, New York 
Medical Journal, Boston Medical Journal, Phila- 
delphia Medical News, and American Journal of 
Diseases of Women and Children. He is author of 
A Treatise on Cholera (New York, 1885), and 
“Contributions to Histology,” editor and 
translator of “Gusserow’s Uterine Tumors,” 
and author of articles in the Encyclopedic 
Handbook of Medical Sciences. 
WEST, Alston M., of Memphis, Tennessee, 
was graduated M. D. at the medical depart- EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
701 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, Phil- 
adelphia, in 1876. He is now Professor of 
Chemistry, Pharmacy, Toxicology and Hy- 
giene in the Memphis Hospital Medical Col- 
lege. Dr. West is a member of the Memphis 
Medical Society, Tennessee State Medical So- 
ciety, Mississippi State Medical Society, and 
of the Tri-State Medical Society of Tennessee, 
Georgia and Alabama. 
WHITE, Octavius A., of New York City, was 
born in Charleston, South Carolina, February 
8, 1826. His father was Hon. John Blake 
White, of the same city, a successful lawyer, 
amateur historical painter, and author of plays 
enacted at Charleston theater, whose great 
grandfather, Sir John White, of Kent, En- 
gland, came to this country with William 
Penn; a son of his, the grandfather of John 
Blake White, named Blake Leary White, 
settled in South Carolina and became a planter 
on the great Pedee river. The preliminary 
education of Dr. White was received at the 
Academy of H. M. Burns, LL.D. in Charles- 
ton ; subsequently he entered Charleston Col- 
lege and the South Carolina Medical College, 
graduating A. B. from the former in 1846, and 
M. D. from the latter in 1848. He settled in 
Charleston, commencing and continuing prac- 
tice there till 1865, when he removed to New 
York. He served as Surgeon in the Confeder- 
ate States Army during the Civil War. He 
first introduced the practice of superficial in- 
cisions within the os uteri for the relief of 
stenotic dysmenorrhea. In 1876 he was 
selected and delegated by the profession of 
New York for the relief of the yellow fever 
patients at Savannah. He is a member of the 
New York Academy of Medicine, County 
Medical Society, Medical Journal Asso- 
ciation, and Historical Society. Of his more 
important contributions to medical literature, 
may be mentioned the following: “New 
Method of Operating for Radical Cure of Her- 
nia,” 1851; “Transfusion with Successful Re- 
sult in a Case of Flooding,” 1853; “A New and 
Safe Mode of Relief in Stenotic Dismenorrhea,” 
1855; “Bradycrote Treatment of Yellow Fever,” 
1858; “Report on Yellow Fever Epidemic of 
Wilmington, North Carolina, 1862;” “Varico- 
cele and its Radical Cure,” 1872; “Report on 
Yellow Fever Epidemic in Savannah in 1876;” 
“Observations upon the Pulse, Introducing the 
Hemarumascope, an-Instrument of Precision 
for Examining Venous and Arterial Currents,” 
1877, The instrument referred to was devised 
by Dr. White. He has also invented the hys- 
terotome, for practicing safe incision within 
the neck of the womb; an instrument for the 
cure of varicocele, and improved the laryngo- 
scope. 
WILD, Edward, was born in Massachusetts 
in 1824, and died in Medelin, Columbia, Octo- 
ber 25, 1891. General Edward Wild was a 
graduate of Harvard University and Jefferson 
Medical College. His was a remarkably 
eventful career, in which adventure was more 
prominent than medicine. When the Crimean 
war broke out he entered the Turkish army as 
a surgeon. And about four years after his re- 
turn home our own war between the states 
occurred, and he took a commission as Captain 
in the first Massachusetts Volunteers, May, 
1861. Twelve months later he was chosen 
Colonel of the Thirty-Fifth Massachusetts 
Infantry, and one year later still he was 
Brigadier-General, in which capacity he served 
through the Rebellion. Brookline, Massachu- 
setts, was his home, and his membership in 
the State Medical Society is registered as from 
that town. He was latterly much interested in 
mining, and it was in part these interests that 
led him to Columbia, South America, where 
his death took place. 
WILEY, C. Chase, of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- 
vania, was educated in medicine at the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 
Maryland, from which institution he received 
the degree of M. D. in 1875. His specialtv is 
that of alienist and neurologist. He is late 
Assistant Superintendent of Dixmont Hospi- 
tal for the Insane, and Surgeon-Major of the 
Eighteenth Regimeiit National Guard, State 
of Pennsylvania. Dr. Wyley is an active 
member of the Alleghany County Medical As- 
sociation, Pittsburgh Gynecological Society, 
National Association for the Protection of the 
Insane and Preventive of Insanity, and the 
Medico-Legal Association of New York. He 
is also Medical Examiner and Adviser for the 
Vermont Life Insurance Company, Phenix 
Life Insurance Company, and for numerous 
beneficiary orders in the city of Pittsburgh. 
WILLETT, E, Miles, of Memphis, Tennes- 
see, was graduated M. D. at the Memphis Hos- 
pital Medical College in 1884. He is now Phy- 
sician-in-Charge of St. Joseph’s Hospital, 
Memphis, and Assistant Surgeon Second Regi- 
ment of the National Guard, State of Tennes- 
see. Dr. Willett is an active member of the 
Memphis Medical Society, Tennessee State 
Medical Society, Tri-State Medical Society of 
Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, and was a 
delegate to the Ninth International Medical 
Congress. 
WILLIAMS, Daniel Hale, of Chicago, Illi- 
nois, was born in Holidaysburgh, Pennsylva- 
CLUJkA 
nia, January 18, 1858. He is of English de- 
scent, and a son of Daniel and Sarah (Price) 
Williams. He removed with his parents from 702 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin in 1870. His edu- 
cation was acquired in common schools and 
Janesville High School, and afterwards by 
taking a specal course in Latin, Biology, 
Physics, Logic, German and French, at the 
Wisconsin Classical Academy. He then be- 
came a medical student in the office, and un- 
der the supervision, of Surgeon-General Henry 
Palmer, Janesville, Wisconsin, with whom he 
remained for four years, and was graduated 
M. D. at the Chicago Medical College in 1883. 
Soon after completing his medical education 
he established himself in Chicago, where he has 
since remained engaged in a successful prac- 
tice of general medicine. In June, 1889, he was 
appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the 
Illinois State Board of Health, and was reap- 
pointed to the same position in 1891. Dr. 
AVilliams has been Attending Physician to the 
Protestant Orphan Asylum for nine years. He 
is also Attending Surgeon to the South Side 
Dispensary, and Attending Surgeon to Prov- 
ident Hospital. He is a member of the Chi- 
cago Medical Society, Illinois State Medical 
Society, and of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation. 
WILSON, George F., of Portland, Oregon, 
was graduated M. D. at the Medical Depart- 
ment of the University of Virginia in 1879. 
He subsequently attended the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution 
he received an ad eundem degree in 1880. He 
is now Professor of Military and Operative 
Surgery in the Medical Department of the 
University of Oregon, Surgeon to the Good 
Samaritan Hospital, and Medical Examiner 
and Adviser for the Equitable and Mutual 
Life Insurance Companies of New York. He 
is an active member of his City and State 
Medical Societies. 
WILSON, H. Augustus, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was graduated M. D. at the 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
1879. He is now Professor of General and 
Orthopedic Surgery in the Philadelphia Poly- 
clinic ; Professor of Orthopedic Surgery in the 
Jefferson Medical College and Woman’s Medi- 
cal College; Consulting Orthopedic Surgeon to 
the Lying-in Charity Hospital and to Kensing- 
ton Hospital. Dr. Wilson is a Fellow of the 
American Orthopedic Association, Philadel- 
phia Academy of Surgery and College of 
Physicians, Philadelphia. 
WILSON, William E., of Denver, Colorado, 
was educated in Medicine at the University of 
the City of New York, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1853. An 
ad eundem degree was also received from the 
University of Nashville, Tennessee, in 1856. 
He is now Professor of Materia-Medica, Ther- 
apeutics and Diseases of Children in the Med- 
ical Department of the University of Denver, 
President of the Colorado State Medical Soci- 
ety, Denver Medical Association, Arapahoe 
County Medical Society, and was formerly 
President of the State Board of Medical Ex- 
aminers of Colorado. 
WIMERMARK, ArvidH., of Chicago, Illinois, 
was graduated M. D. at the Rush Medical 
College, Chicago, in 1884. He is now Medical 
Examiner and Adviser for the Home Life In- 
surance Company, and late Superintendent of 
Cook County Infirmary. Dr. Wimermarkis an 
active member of the Chicago Medical Society, 
and Scandinavian Medical Society. 
WINDROW, Sven, of Chicago, Illinois, was 
educated in Medicine at the Carolina Medical 
and Surgical Institute, Stockholm, from which 
he obtained his medical degree in 1881. Sub- 
sequent to his removal to this country he en- 
tered the University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
delphia, and was also graduated M. D. from 
that institution in 1887. He was formerly a 
Surgeon in the Swedish Army, and Superin- 
tendent of the Linnean Hospital. He is now 
director of the Chicago Midwife Institute, Ocu- 
list to the Chicago Polyclinic, president of the 
Scandinavian Medical Society, and an active 
member of the Chicago Medical Society, and 
other medical organizations of that metropolis. 
WINSTON, Uustavus Storrs, of New York 
City, was born there February 15, 1834. He 
was educated in a private school and at Colum- 
bia College. He entered the Union Army in 
1861, and was taken prisoner at the first battle 
of Bull Run, in July of that year. Afterward 
he was stationed in Central Park Army Hos- 
pital during 1862, 1863 and 1864. He left the 
army in 1865. He studied medicine at the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 
and graduated in March, 1863. After the war 
he established himself in his native city, mak- 
ing a specialty of diseases of women and chil- 
dren. He is a member of the Medical Journal 
Association, of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, County Medical Society and State 
Medical Society, and permanent member of 
the American Medical Association; also mem- 
ber of the New York Obstetrical Society, of 
which he has been treasurer for several years. 
He was formerly Attendant Physician to the 
Woman’s Hospital, to the Demilt Dispensary, 
to the Department of Out-door Poor, to the 
New York Hospital Out-patient Department, 
and is now Visiting Physician to St. Francis 
Hospital. He is Medical Director of the Mu- 
tual Life Insurance Company of New York. 
His most valuable contributions to medical lit- 
erature have been given to the public in this 
connection. He is one of the authors of the 
“Preliminary Report of the Mortality Expe- 
rience of the Mutual Life Insurance Company 
of New York, from 1843 to 1874.” This report, 
in connection with that of the actuary, was 
published in one volume, quarto, by order of 
the board of trustees, and reached a second 
edition in 1877. Also of “Mortuary Expe- 
rience of the Mutual Life Insurance Company 
of New York, with Tabulated Reports and an 
Analysis of the Causes of Death,” published 
by order of the board of trustees in 1877, The 
facts in these compilations are drawn from a 
very wide range of medical observations, and 
are so analyzed and classified as, in the opin- 
ion of one of the most distinguished American 
actuaries, “to add largely to our knowledge of 
the laws by which hereditary and other dis- 
eases affect the duration of human life.” 
WINTERMUTE, Janies S., of Tacoma, Wash- 
ington, was born at St. Paul, Minnesota, April 
27, 1860. He is the son of Peter Wintermute, 
a native of the State of New York, whose 
ancestors emigrated to America from Germany 
in 1736. Dr. Wintermute received his early 
education in Western Ontario, and with his 
father’s family migrated to Yankton, Dakota, 
in 1870. During 1878 he was exchange cashier 
in Stimson’s Bank, Hamilton, Ontario, and in 
1879 commenced the study of medicine at Ann 
Arbor, Michigan, where he remained during 
the ensuing year. He subsequently entered 
Rush Medical College, Chicago, from which EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
703 
institution he received the degree of M. D. in 
February, 1883. He then crossed the conti- 
nent via the Union Pacific Railway, and from 
San Francisco proceeded north to Portland, 
Oregon, taking passage on the “Queen of the 
Pacific,” upon one of the earliest trips made by 
that boat. He reached Tacoma April 19, 1883, 
and from thenceforth has been counted among 
the most useful and patriotic citizens, entering 
into all its interests with a hearty good-will, 
and with a sincere belief in the greatness of its 
future. He has not only seen that city emerge 
from its embryotic condition to its present 
height of prosperity, but has done all that lay 
in the power of one man to secure that result. 
He came of ancestors who bequeathed him 
those mental and moral qualities which have 
aided him to the high degree of success he has 
attained, and given him a wide personal pop- 
ularity in the city of his chosen home. In 
1887 he revisited the East and spent consider- 
able time at the Massachusetts General Hos- 
pital, at Boston, reviewing surgery, and the 
more thoroughly fitting himself for increased 
professional usefulness in the future. During 
the last few years he has confined himself large- 
ly to the study and practice of surgery, and has 
won unusual distinction and attained extraor- 
dinary success in that important field. Al- 
though so well grounded in his profession he 
is continually a student, learning all the new 
methods and developments of surgical science. 
He has always been an earnest supporter of 
medical ethics in the best meaning of the 
term. In 1888 he aided in the organization 
of the Pierce County Medical Society, and was 
elected First Vice-President of the Medical 
Society of the State of Washington in 1889. 
Dr. Wintermute has made himself useful in 
departments of labor other than that embraced 
in his profession. He is personally of a genial 
disposition, generous to a fault, ready to help 
in any way to advance the cause of humanity 
in general, and the best interests of his adopt- 
ed city and state in particular. The success 
that has crowned his efforts is but the reward 
of his energy and industry. As a physician, 
citizen and a man he is widely known as one 
of the potent forces of the community of which 
he is a part. Dr. Wintermute was married on 
June 18, 1888, to Miss Florence K. Jones, of 
the city of Olympia, State of Washington, a 
worthy and cultured lady, who removed from 
Maryland with her family to that city in 1884. 
WINTERS, Joseph E., New York City, was 
educated in medicine at the University of the 
City of New York, from which he received the 
degree of M. D. in 1872. He is now Professor 
of Diseases of Children in that institution, 
Professor of Diseases of Children in the New 
York Post-Graduate School and Hospital, 
Visiting Physician for Diseases of Children to 
Demilt Dispensary, and Consulting Physician 
for Diseases of Children to Bellevue Hospital, 
and University Dispensary, New York. Dr. 
Winters is an active member of the American 
Pediatric Association, New York Clinical So- 
ciety, Alumni Association of Bellevue Hos- 
pital, and Fellow of the New York Academy 
of Medicine. 
WOLFE, Samuel, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was educated in medicine at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1873. He 
is now Professor of Physiology and Diseases 
of the Nervous System in the Medico- 
Chinirgical College, Philadelphia. Dr. Wolfe 
is an active member of the Philadelphia 
County Medical Society, Pennsylvania State 
Medical Society, and the American Medical 
Association. 
WOOD, Casey Albert, of Chicago, Illinois, 
was graduated M. D. at the University of 
Bishop’s College, Faculty of Medicine, Mon- 
treal, in 1877, since which time he has devoted 
special attention to the study and treatment of 
diseases of the eye and ear. He is now Pro- 
fessor of Ophthalmology in the Post-Graduate 
• 
Medical School of Chicago, and Oculist and 
Aurist to Alexian Brothers’ Hospital of that 
city. He was a member of the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Ontario, in 1877, 
and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of 
Quebec, in 1878. He is now an active mem- 
ber of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, 
Chicago Medical Society, American Medical 
Association, and British Medical Association. 
Dr. Wood is Assistant editor of Annals of 
Ophthalmology and Otology, and as a skillful 
oculist and aurist, is widely know in his pro- 
fession. 
WOOD, Thomas Fanning, of Wilmington, 
North Carolina, of New England parentage, 
was born at Nantucket, Massachusetts, Feb- 
ruary 23, 1841, and died in the former city 
August 22, 1892. He received a common and 
high school education, and pursued his med- 
ical studies in the Virginia Medical College, 
Richmor. d, obtaining an honorary degree from 
the University of Maryland in 1868. He es- 
tablished himself in practice in Wilmington. 
He was Physician to the Wilmington Small- 
pox Hospital during 1865 and 1866, and dur- 
ing the war, from 1863 to 1865, was Assistant 
Surgeon in the Confederate States Army. He 
was a member of the New Hanover County 704 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Medical Association, its president in 1875, of 
the North Carolina State Medical Society, and 
Board of Medical Examiners, its secretary 
from 1867 to 1872, and secretary of the State 
Board of Health. Under his direction was 
published the interesting little monthly Bulle- 
tin of sanitary reports, from the various local 
boards and committees, throughout the State. 
He was one of the early members of the 
American Public Health Association. He was 
a member of the American Medical Association 
at various times since 1878. He was connected 
with the North Carolina Medical Journal from 
its inception in 1878, and for a number of 
years was its sole editor. He was the author 
of a paper on the “Non-Identity of Variola 
and Vaccinia,” and of various papers on 
“Sources of Vaccinia,” and “Vaccino-Syphi- 
lis,” published in the Transactions of the 
Medical Society of North Carolina. He w'as a 
member of the Historical and Scientific So- 
ciety of Wilmington, and chairman of its bo- 
tanical section. Although cut down in the 
prime of his mental vigor, he has left a record 
of thirty very diligent and useful years in lit- 
erary and sanitary fields of labor. 
WOOD, T. Hilliard, of Nashville, Tennes- 
see, was graduated M. D. at the Medical De- 
partment of the Vanderbilt University, Nash- 
ville, in 1885. He is now Professor of Physi- 
ology in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
versity of Tennessee, Nashville, and Professor 
of Diseases of the Eye and Ear in the Univer- 
sity of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee. Dr. 
Wood is an active member of the Nashville 
Academy of Medicine, and the Tennessee 
State Medical Society. 
WOOD, William L., of Portland, Oregon, 
was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis Medical 
College, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1886, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
diseases of the eye and ear, and is now Pro- 
fessor of Ophthalmology and Otology in the 
Medical Department of Williamette Univer- 
sity. He is an active member of the Portland 
Medical Society, Portland Hospital Clinical 
Society, and Oculist and Aurist to Portland 
Hospital. 
WOODBURN, Frederick C., of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born in that city, April 11, 1866. 
He was educated in the common and High 
Schools and at Butler University in his native 
city, and was afterward graduated from the 
Classical Department of Racine College, Wis- 
consin, in 1885, when but nineteen years of 
age. He immediately began the study of med- 
icine under the supervision of his father, Dr. 
James H. Woodburn, an eminent physician of 
Indianapolis. He entered the Medical Col- 
lege of Indiana and was graduated M. D. from 
that institution in 1887, and during the follow- 
ing year supplemented his medical education 
and training by attending the New York Post- 
Graduate Medical School and Hospital. From 
1888 until 1891 he was Physician to the Indian- 
apolis Orphan Asylum, and from 1889 until 
1891, he was Superintendent of the Indianap- 
olis City Dispensary. He is now Consulting 
Physician for Diseases of the Chest to the City 
Dispensary and Assistant to the chair of Ob- 
stetrics in the Indiana Medical College. He 
was formerly assistant secretary of the Marion 
County Medical Society, and is also ex-treas- 
urer of that organization. For two years he 
has been chairman of the Committee of Ar- 
rangements of the Indiana Medical Society, 
| and in 1892 he held the same position in 
the Mississippi Valley Medical Associa- 
tion. In 1893 he was elected secretary of 
the latter organization. In addition to his 
membership in the medical societies men- 
tioned he is also an active member of the 
Mitchell District Association of Indiana, 
and of the American Medical Association. 
Dr. Woodburn is a young man of much prom- 
ise in his profession, being one who has had 
most favorable opportunities for receiving a 
thorough classical and medical education, and 
of which he has availed himself to the utmost 
extent. The honors that have come to him 
are indeed well deserved, and are but pre- 
ludes to higher and more distinguished sta- 
tions that await him. He has filled every 
position to which he has been called with dis- 
tinguished ability. He is a studious and in- 
vestigating physician of recognized skill, and 
is engaged in an extensive general practice. He 
is earnest in his convictions and has strong 
faith in the virtue of medical associations and 
interchange of views and relation of expe- 
riences, He is a gentleman of the most ac- 
complished manners, pleasant and gifted in 
conversation, sympathetic and generous, traits 
of character which not only add greatly to his 
success in the practice of his profession, but, 
with his habits of earnest investigation, emi- 
nently fit him for the position of instructor to 
others. His acquaintance is a large one, es- 
pecially with the profession, not only in his 
city, but extending throughout his State, and he 
has ardent friends in various parts of the 
country. His contributions to medical litera- 
ture are of practical importance, and consist of 
papers read before the various medical socie- 
ties with which he is connected. Dr. Wood- 
burn was married, May 29,1889, to Miss Grace 
D. Gilbert, the accomplished daughter of Rev. 
James E. Gilbert, formerly of Buffalo, Nevy 
York. An infant son, who bears the name of 
his distinguished grandfather, is the result of 
this union. 
WOODBURN, James H., of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, was born in Jefferson county, in the 
same State, January 15, 1822. His youthful 
days were employed in labor upon his father’s 
farm, and in attendance at the common schools 
of his native county. Later he took a course 
at Hanover College. In 1841 he began the 
study of medicine, and in 1844 the practice of 
the same. He subsequently attended lectures 
at the medical department of the Louisville 
University, graduating M. D. from that insti- 
tution in 1846. During the succeeding five 
years he was engaged in the practice of his 
profession in Shelby, Clark and Johnson 
counties, Indiana. In 1851 he removed to 
Indianapolis, where he has since remained. 
In 1861 he was elected Superintendent of the 
State Asylum for the Insane, and this position 
he held m a satisfactory and efficient manner 
until 1865, when he resigned. Dr. Woodburn 
is an ex-member of the Indianapolis City 
Board of Health, and in 1867 was elected a 
member of his City Council, serving in that 
capacity continuously for a period of eight 
years. He has also been identified with the 
Indiana Medical College, having been elected 
Vice-President of its Board of Trustees, a po- 
sition he holds at the present time. He is a 
member of the American Medical Association, 
Indiana State Medical Society, and the Marion 
County Medical Society. He is ex-President EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
705 
and ex-Treasurer of the last two organizations. 
Dr. Woodburn is one of the oldest and most 
highly esteemed physicians in his city and 
state, having been actively and successfully 
engaged in the general practice of his profes- 
sion for a period of fifty years. He was mar- 
ried in 1847 to Miss Ann E. Cravens, of Mad- 
ison, Indiana. The preceding Dr. F. C. Wood- 
burn is their only living son. 
WOOLSEY, Elliott H., of Oakland, Cal- 
ifornia, was graduated M. D. at the Medical 
Department of the University of Buffalo in 
1868. He is now a member of the Board of 
Health of the city of Oakland, Surgeon to the 
Southern Pacific Railway Company, Surgeon 
to Oakland Hospital Hotel for Invalids, Con- 
sulting Surgeon to Oakland Receiving Hos- 
pital, and Consulting Surgeon to Oakland Free 
Clinic. Dr. Woolsey is also an active member 
of the American Medical Association, Na- 
tional Association of Railway Surgeons, Medi- 
cal Society of the State of California and Society 
of Physicians and Surgeons of Alameda county, 
California. 
WOOSTER, David, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, was born in Jasper, Steuben county, 
New York, June 10, 1825. He is son of the 
Rev. John Wooster, great-grandnephew of 
Gen. David AVooster, and a descendant of the 
first Earl of Worcester, England. Previous to 
graduation in medicine he served as Acting As- 
sistant Surgeon in the United States Army 
during the Mexican AYar, being stationed at 
La Pueblo. In 1849 he was graduated M. D. 
from the Cleveland Medical College, and in the 
same year began the practice of medicine at 
Adrian, Mich. In 1850 he crossed the plains 
to California; mined, and practiced his pro- 
fession on the Yuba river until 1856, and in 
the last-named year established himself in San 
Francisco, where he has since been engaged in 
the general pursuit of his profession. In 1858 
lie founded, and during the ensuing four 
years edited and published, The Pacific 
Medical and Surgical Journal. Besides his 
numerous contributions to this periodical 
and other literary and medical journals, 
he has published a monograph upon “Diph- 
theria,” 1859, the first publication in the 
United States treating of this disease, and 
a work upon “Diseases of the Heart.” He 
has been a member of the California State 
Medical Society; is a member of the American 
Medical Association, of the San Francisco 
Microscopical Society, and a corresponding 
member of the Royal College of Medicine and 
Surgery of Turin, Italy. During the years 
1861,1862 and 1863 he served as Surgeon of the 
California volunteers in Arizona and New 
Mexico. For four years, from 1867 to 1871, he 
was United States Appraiser of Drugs at San 
Francisco, and was from 1871 to 1872 Surgeon to 
the United States Marine Hospital at the same 
place. Dr. AVooster is one of the oldest and 
most accomplished members of the medical 
profession on the Pacific coast, where he has 
been favorably" and widely known for more 
than forty years. 
WORTHINGTON, Andrew K., of Denver, 
Colorado, was graduated M. D. at the St. Louis 
Aledical College in 1883. He is now Professor 
of Anatomy in the Medical Department of . the 
University" of Denver, Arisiting Physician in 
Obstetrics to Arapahoe County Hospital, and 
to Deaconess Home and Hospital. He is also 
an active member of the Colorado State Medi- 
cal Society, Denver Medical Association, and 
Arapahoe County Medical Society, State of 
Colorado. 
WRIGHT, George Fay, of Denver, Colorado, 
was graduated M. D. at the Miami Medical 
College, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1873. His medi- 
cal education and training were supplemented 
by attending the New York Polyclinic in 1886, 
and the New York Post-Graduate Medical 
School and Hospital in 1892. He is now 
Lecturer on Orthopedic Surgery in the Gross 
Medical College, Denver, and is an active 
member of the Colorado State Medical Society, 
Kansas State Medical Society, Denver Medical 
Association, and numerous other medical or- 
ganizations of this country. 
WYLIE, W. Gill, of New York City, was 
graduated M. D. at the Bellevue Hospital Med- 
ical College, New York City in 1871, since 
which time he has devoted special attention to 
the study of diseases of women and gynecean 
surgery. He is now Professor of Gynecology 
in the New York Polyclinic, Visiting Gynecol- 
ogist to Bellevue Hospital, and Consulting 
Gynecologist to Seney Hospital, Brooklyn, 
New York. Dr. Wylie is an active member of 
the American Gynecological Association, and 
is also a member of the British Gynecological 
Association. He is widely and favorably 
known on account of his ability as clinical 
teacher, and skill as an operative surgeon in 
his special line of practice. 
WYMAN, Hal C., of Detroit, Michigan, was 
educated in medicine at the University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor, from which institution 
he received the degree of M. D. in 1883. He is 
Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Op- 
erative Surgery, in the Michigan College of 
Medicine and Surgery, Detroit, Surgeon to 
Detroit Emergency Hospital, and Surgeon to 
the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rail- 
way Company. He is an active member of the 
American Medical Association, Michigan State 
Medical Society, Detroit Academy of Medicine, 
and numerous other leading medical organiza- 
tions of his city and State. 
YARROW, Henry C., of Washington City, 
District of Columbia, was educated in medicine 
at the University of Pennsylvania and received 
the degree of M. D. from that institution 
March 15, 1861, when he was but twenty years 
of age, soon after which he was selected by 
the Surgeon-General of Pennsylvania to assist 
in the medical examination of the Pennsylva- 
nia Reserves. This duty completed, in July he 
was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Cam- 
eron Dragoons (Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry) 
and was mustered in July 18,1861. He served 
with his regiment in Virginia until January, 
1862, during most of the time being its only 
medical officer, and resigned to accept, at the 
solicitation of Surgeon John Neill, United 
States Volunteers, in charge of the military 
hospitals in Philadelphia, the position of Act- 
ing Assistant Surgeon United States Army, 
and Executive Officer of the Broad and Cherry 
Streets Hospital, which he assisted in organ- 
izing. While on duty in this hospital he vol- 
unteered to go south, at a time when it was 
thought Fort Sumter would fall, and the 
services of additional surgeons be needed. 
Returning from this duty, he remained at the 
Broad and Cherry Streets Hospital until the 
close of the war, for a brief period being the 
surgeon in charge, and then retired to private 
life, but in 1866 he was again appointed an 706 
EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
Acting Assistant Surgeon and ordered to At- 
lanta, Georgia, at which post he served through 
a severe epidemic of cholera, which disease 
was prevented from spreading to the citizens 
of Atlanta by the strict quarantine maintained. 
While here he volunteered to proceed to Tybee 
Island, Georgia, to attend the troops sick with 
cholera at that point. Having suffered with the 
choldra himself, and his health having become 
impaired, he was ordered to New York City, the 
duty assigned him being the examination of re- 
cruits and accompanying them to their regi- 
ments in the South. In the intervals of the jour- 
neys, he was permitted to reside at Fort Wood, 
New York harbor, where he acted as Assistant to 
the Post Sui’geon, and cholera having become 
epidemic at the post, he voluntarily remained, 
and for this service was officially thanked by 
the post surgeon in his report, and received 
the verbal thanks of Surgeon-General Barnes. 
After this he served at Fort McHenry, Balti- 
more, Maryland; Fort Macon, North Caro- 
lina, and Charlotte, North Carolina, being re- 
lieved from the latter post to be assigned, at 
the recommendation of Prof. S. B. Baird of 
the Smithsonian Institution, in 1872, as sur- 
geon and naturalist to the expedition for ex- 
plorations west of the 100th meridian under 
Lieutenant G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers 
United States Army. He remained on this 
duty until the centennial year, and was then 
detailed as assistant to Surgeon J. J. Wood- 
ward, United States Army, in charge of the 
Model Military hospital at Philadelphia, 
which establishment he organized, and in 
which he remained on duty until the close of 
the centennial exhibition. Upon the comple- 
tion of this duty he was ordered to the sur- 
geon-general’s office, and detailed in the sec- 
tion of comparative anatomy in the Army 
Medical Museum, and in addition to this duty 
he was ordered to report to Surgeon D. S. 
Huntington, United States Army, in charge of 
the Barnes Hospital Soldiers’ Home whenever 
his services were needed. In 1879 he was 
ordered to report to Surgeon J. S. Billings, 
United States Army, in charge of the library 
of the surgeon-general’s office, his duty con- 
sisting in preparing manuscript for, and read- 
ing the proof of the index catalogue of that 
library. He continued on this duty until 1888, 
a period of nearly nine years, when he was 
obliged to ask for sick leave, partial paralysis 
of the ciliary muscles of the eyes having 
supervened as a result of the long continued 
strain due to the proof-reading. It should be 
stated that in May, 1888, he was temporarily 
relieved from duty in the library and ordered 
to assist the Attending Surgeon" United States 
Army, in the medical care of the late General 
Sheridan, with whom he constantly remained 
until within a few days of his decease. Find- 
ing he was incapacitated for further work in 
the library, in October, 1888, the surgeon-gen- 
eral assigned him to duty as Assistant to the 
Attending Surgeon United States Army, in 
whose office he still remains. In October, 
1889, at the request of Secretary Blaine, he was 
detailed to accompany the Pan-American 
delegates on their journey through the United 
States, and he i-emained as the medical officer 
of the congress until its adjournment. For 
this he was officially thanked by Mr. Blaine. 
During the many years of his service he has 
embraced every opportunity offered for scien- 
tific work and research, and has prepared and 
published a number of papers on anthropol- 
ogy and natural history. He acted as assist- 
ant in the United States Fish Commission for 
some years, and had charge of one of the de- 
partments of the United States National 
Museum, the additional labor having been per- 
formed without interference with his strictly 
military duty. He has been able to contribute 
largely to the Army Medical Museum, and 
during two summer vacations he led expedi- 
tions through the AVest to obtain needed speci- 
mens ; and he has also contributed from his 
own library a number of works which were 
not possessed by the surgeon-general’s office. 
YEMANS, Charles C., of Detroit, Michigan, 
was graduated M. D. at the Detroit Medical 
College in 1872. He is now United States Ex- 
amining Surgeon for the Pension Bureau, and 
Medical Examiner and Adviser for several of 
the leading life insurance companies of the 
United States. Of recent years he has devoted 
special attention to the treatment of diseases 
of the skin. He is ex-president of the AVayne 
County Medical Society, and Detroit Academy 
of Medicine, and is also an active member of 
the Detroit Medical and Library Association, 
Michigan State Aledical Society, and numer- 
ous other medical organizations. 
YOAKUM, Finis Ewing, of Denver, Colo- 
rado, was graduated M. D. at the Texas Med- 
ical College and Hospital, Galveston, in 1874. 
His medical education and training were sup- 
plemented by attendance at the Hospital Col- 
lege of Medicine (Aledical Department of 
Central University), Louisville, Kentucky, 
from which institution he received an ad eundem 
degree in 1885. He also attended the Chicago 
College of Ophthalmology and Otology in 1887. 
He is now Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics in the Gross Aledical College, 
Denver. He is a member of the American 
Aledical Association, Texas, State Medical So- 
ciety, Shreveport (Louisiana) Aledical Society, 
and other important medical organizations. 
YOUNG, J. Gilbert, of Philadelphia, Pa., 
was born June 21, 1840, at Chestnut Hill, in 
that city. He was educated at the Central 
High School, Philadelphia, from which he 
graduated in 1859, at the head of a class of 
thirty-eight. He received the degree of A. M. 
in 1864. He early began the study of medicine, 
which was pursued at the University of Penn- 
sylvania, from which institution he was grad- 
uated in 1862. He began practice at Camden, 
N. J., and was for a short period at Gloucester 
City and Haddonfleld, but in 1866 he estab- 
lished himself in his native city, where he has 
since remained, engaged in a successful prac- 
tice of general medicine. In 1872 he was 
married to Aliss Florence Albertson, of Phila- 
delphia. Dr. Young is ex-president of Camden 
County Aledical Society, and has been an ac- 
tive member of the New Jersey State Medical 
Society, and of other medical organizations. 
He has published valuable papers relating to 
the hygiene of school-rooms, and upon other 
subjects of sanitary interest. He has been one 
of the physicians to the Pennsylvania AVidows’ 
Asylum for many years. 
VOUNG, Stephen J., of Terre Haute, Tnd., 
was born in Cincinnati, 0., March 31, 1829, and 
is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His academical 
education was received at Paris, 111 TTe be- 
gan the study of medicine in early life, en- 
tered the Ohio Aledical Coll eg .. an l received 
the degree of M. D. from IF 'q destitution in EMINENT AMERICAN PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. 
707 
1851. He then established himself in the gen- 
eral practice of medicine and surgery at Terre 
Haute, where he remained until the com- 
mencement of the War of the Rebellion. He 
entered the United States military service as 
Acting Assistant Surgeon, but was soon after 
commissioned Assistant Surgeon and attached 
to the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry ; was cap- 
tured and retained as a prisoner three months 
at Mobile and Tuscaloosa. On being ex- 
changed, he was commissioned as full Surgeon 
of the Seventy-ninth Illinois Infantry. He 
was again captured, at Chickamauga, and held 
at Atlanta and Libby Prison until exchanged 
at City Point three months after. His service 
was almost entirely in the field, during which 
he held the position of Chief Surgeon of Brig- 
ade and Division, mainly with the Army of the 
Cumberland. In 1864 he married Elizabeth 
M. Cooper, of New Harmony, Ind. In 1865 
he located in Paris, 111., and after remaining 
there four years, returned to the city of his 
present residence, where he has since re- 
mained, engaged in the active and successful 
practice of his profession. He was Coroner of 
Edgar county, Illinois, from 1866 to 1868, and 
was United States Examining Surgeon for the 
Pension Bureau at Terre Haute from 1870 to 
1872, and has served as president of the Board 
of Health of that city for many years. He is 
ex-secretary of the Esculapian Society of the 
Wabash Valley; ex-president of the Vigo 
County Medical Society, and member of the 
Indiana State Medical Society. 
YOUNG, Theodore J.,of Titusville, Pa., was 
born at Neustadt an der Hardt, in Palatina, 
Germany, December 9, 1834. He was edu- 
cated at Progymnasium in his native country. 
After studying medicine he attended the Ohio 
Medical College, and afterward the Medical 
Department of the University of Pennsylva- 
nia, graduating from the latter institution in 
1868. He then established himself in Titus- 
ville. During the progress of the Civil War 
he was appointed, June 30, 1863, Assistant 
Surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty- 
fourth Pennsylvania Infantry, and on being 
mustered out with the regiment in the follow- 
ing May, was re-appointed to the same position 
with the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, and 
remained on duty with this regiment until the 
close of the war, when he returned to the city 
of his present residence, and has since been 
engaged in the active duties of the general 
practice of medicine and surgery, in which 
field he has had excellent success. Dr. Young 
is ex-secretary and ex-president of the Craw- 
ford County Medical Society in his native 
State, and an active member of the Pennsylva- 
nia State Medical Society, and of the American 
Medical Association, with which he has been 
connected for many years. Dr. Young has 
taken much interest in educational affairs, and 
served several years as School Director at 
Titusville, and since 1875 has held the position 
of Surgery of three railroads centering in that 
city. In 1875 he reported to the American 
Journal of Medical Science a case of “Amputa- 
tion of Clavicle and Scapula,” and his other 
valuable contributions to medical science will 
be found in the Transactions of his State Med- 
ical Society. 
YOUNT, Silas T., of Chicago, Illinois, was 
graduated M. D., at the Bellevue Hospital 
Medical College, New York City, in 1876, since 
which time he has devoted special attention 
to neurology and the surgical treatment of 
rectal diseases. He is now Professor of Nerv- 
ous Diseases in the Post-Graduate Medical 
School, Chicago. Dr. Yount is late vice-presi- 
dent of the Indiana State Medical Society, and 
member of the American Medical Association. 
He is the author of a work on the “Treatment 
of Hemorrhoids,” and has made other import- 
ant contributions to medical literature. 
ZIEGLER, George Jacob, of Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, was born March 6, 1821, at 
Berlin, New Jersey. He is the son of George 
E. and Elizabeth Zeigler, who removed to 
Philadelphia when he was young. He was 
educated at the public schools of that city, and 
under private tuition, supplemented by self- 
culture, reading medicine subsequently" with 
Dr. George W. Patterson, and graduating in 
the Medical Department of the University of 
Pennsylvania in 1850, his thesis on the occa- 
sion being recommended for publication. He 
settled in Philadelphia. He had devoted his 
attention to practice of medicine, more particu- 
larly including diseases of women and 
children, and especially to nervous, pul- 
monary, and chronic diseases in gen- 
eral. He is a member of the Philadel- 
phia County Medical Society, the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, and the Phil- 
adelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. His 
contributions to medical literature include 
publications on “Zooadynamia;” “Researches 
on NiUous Oxide,” and “Human Rights, as 
Exemplified in the Natural Laws of Marriage, 
Legitimacy, and Life in General;” with ar- 
ticles on “Tuberculosis,” “Reproduction and 
Reparation of Bone,” and many other subjects. 
He was for years an editor of the Dental Cosmos, 
and later was the editor and publisher of the 
Medical Cosmos. He was Accoucheur and af- 
terward Physician to the Philadelphia Hospi- 
tal, but was compelled to resign on account of 
ill health, the state of his health, indeed, hav- 
ing long been such as greatly to restrict his 
professional and literary efforts. INDEX TO PORTRAITS. 
Agnew, D. Hayes, Philadelphia, Pa 4 
Allen, J. Adams, Chicago, 111 10 
Allen, Thos. J., Shreveport, La 11 
Allen, Wesley, West Newton, Ind 12 
Anderson, Win., Indiana, Pa 14 
Atkinson, William B., Philadelphia, Pa... 15 
Atlee, Washington L., Philadelphia, Pa 17 
Bacon, Joseph B., Chicago, III 21 
Barker, Fordyce, New York City 28 
Barton, James M., Philadelphia, Pa 31 
Batten, John M., Pittsburgh, Pa 32 
Bauduy, J. K., St. Louis, Mo 33 
Bailsman, A. B., Chicago, 111 579 
Beck, W. S., Indianapolis, Ind 580 
Behrens, B. M., Chicago, 111 40 
Bell, John W., Minneapolis, Minn 42 
Benjamin, Dowling, Camden, N. J 42 
Beshoar, Michael, Trinidad, Colo 44 
Bettman, Boerne, Chicago, 111 45 
Bishop, Seth Scott, Chicago, 111 46 
Bishop, Wm. T., Harrisburg, Pa 47 
Black, J. A., Pueblo, Col 581 
Blaine, H. G., Toledo, Ohio 48 
Bobbs, J. S., Indianapolis, Ind 49 
Bond, Young H., St. Louis, Mo 52 
Borck, Edward, St. Louis, Mo 53 
Bowen, Asa B., Maquoketa, Iowa 57 
Brainerd, I. N., Alma, Mich 58 
Brayton, A. W., Indianapolis, Ind 59 
Brennan, E. J., Indianapolis, Ind 61 
Briggs, Waldo, St. Louis, Mo 61 
Brigham, Brayton A., Chicago, 111 62 
Brower, D. R., Chicago, 111 63 
Brown, Bedford, Alexandria, Va 593 
Brown, Moreau R., Chicago, 111 65 
Buck, J. P., Chicago, 111 66 
Buckmaster, S. B., Chicago, 111 67 
Byford, Henry T., Chicago, 111 69 
Campbell, Daniel, Saxton’s River, Yt 595 
Campbell, E. R., Bellows Falls, Yt 596 
Campbell, Henry F., Augusta, Ga 73 
Campbell, W. A., Colorado Springs, Colo.. 74 
Carstens, J. Henry, Detroit, Mich 76 
Chaille, Stanford E., New Orleans, La 78 
Chancellor, C. W., Baltimore, Md 79 
Chancellor, Eustathius A., St. Louis Mo... 80 
Chancellor, J. E., Charlottesville, Ya 81 
Chapman, W. C., Louisville, Ky 83 
Charlton, Samuel H., Seymour, Ind 84 
Chenery, Elisha, Boston, Mass 85 
Chenoweth, W. J., Decatur, 111 85 
Chenoweth, Cassidy, Decatur, 111 86 
Chisolm, Julian J., Baltimore, Md 87 
Clarke, Augustus P., Cambridge, Mass 88 
Clement, G. C., Haverhill, Mass 90 
Cline, L. C., Indianapolis, Ind 91 
Cochran, Jerome, Montgomery, Ala 93 
Cole, Frederick, Garden City, Kansas 597 
Coleman, W. F., Chicago, 111 93 
Collins, James, Philadelphia, Pa 94 
Colvin, Darwin, Clyde, N. Y 95 
Connor, Leartus, Detroit, Mich 97 
Coover, E. H., Harrisburg, Pa 97 
Corson, Hiram, Plymouth Meeting, Pa 99 
Crandall, W. W., Wellsville, N. Y 102 
Crosby, A. 8., New York City 102 
Crose, S. E., Indianapolis, Ind 000 
Curtin, Roland G., Philadelphia, Pa 104 
Daniel, F. E., Austin, Texas 106 
Davis, N. S., Chicago, 111 108 
Davis, Thomas A., Chicago, 111 113 
Davison, F. 8., Fleetville, Pa 002 
Davison H. G., Fleetville, Pa 603 
Day, R. 11., Baton. Rouge, La 604 
Denison, Charles, Denver, Colo 116 
De Roaldes, A. W., New Orleans, La 116 
Dewees, Win. 8., Salina, Kansas 117 
Di Moise, Bettini, New York City 605 
Douglas, George, Oxford, N. Y 122 
Douglas, O. 8., New York City 123 
Doyle, Gregory, Syracuse, N. Y 124 
Dudley, Emelins C.. Chicago, 111 139 
Duncan, Bur well A., West Point, Miss 141 
Duncan, J. K. L., De Witt, Neb 606 
Dunglison, Robley, Philadelphia, Pa 142 
Dunmire, G. Benson, Philadelphia, Pa.... 144 
Dunn, J. H., Minneapolis, Minn 607 
Dunning, L. 11., Indianapolis, Ind 144 
Dupree, J. W., Baton Rouge, La 145 
Earle, Charles W., Chicago, 111 611 
Earley, C. R., Ridgway, Pa 148 
Earp, S. E., Indianapolis, Ind 149 
Eastman, Joseph, Indianapolis, Ind 150 
Edenharter, Geo. F., Indianapolis, 1nd.... 155 
Elder, E. S., Indianapolis, Ind 156 
Erwin, R. W., Bay City, Mich 158 
Etheridge, J. H., Chicago, 111 159 
Eve, Duncan, Nashville, Tenn 159 
Eve, Paul F., Nashville, Tenn 160 
Flint, Austin, Sr., New York City 164 
Flint, Austin, Jr., New York City 165 
Florentine, B. F., Saginaw, Mich 166 
Formaneck, Frederick, Chicago, 111 167 
Forshee, T. W., Madison, Ind 168 
Foster, Eugene, Augusta, Ga 168 
Fowler, Allen, Salt Lake City, Utah 169 
Gaertner, F., Pittsburgh, Pa 177 
Galbraith, T. S., Seymour, Ind 179 
Gall, Alois D., Indianapolis, Ind 180 
Garver, J. J., Indianapolis, Ind 181 
Giffen, R. E., Lincoln, Neb 183 
Gillespie, G. 8., Covington, Tenn 184 
Gilliam, D. Tod, Columbus, Ohio 184 
Goelet, A. H., New York City 185 
Goldspohn, Albert, Chicago, 111 186 
Goodwillie, D. H., New York City 187 
Gray, John P., Utica, N. Y 189 
Green, George R., Muncie, Ind 189 
Greenfield, C. E., Chicago, 111 190 
Gross, O. 8., Camden, N. J 631 
Gross, Samuel D., Philadelphia, Pa 192 
Guice, N. L., Meridian, Miss 193 
Hadra, B. E., Galveston, Texas 194 
Llale, Samuel E., New Orleans, La 195 710 
INDEX TO PORTRAITS 
Parvin, Theophilus, Philadelphia, Pa 375 
Pattee, A. F., Boston, Mass 376 
Patterson, D. N., Mangum, N. C 377 
Pennell, W. AV., Frederickstown, Ohio 378 
Peterson, F. M., Greenshorough, Ala 665 
Piffard, Henry G., New York City 407 
Pinkerton, S. H., Salt Lake City, Utah 408 
Post, Alfred C., New York City 409 
Price, Oscar J., Chicago, 111 413 
Purdon, John E., Tampa, Fla 414 
Quine, William E., Chicago, 111 415 
Ramsey, Douglas C., Mt. Vernon, Ind 416 
Rhodes, John E., Chicago, 111 422 
Riesmeyer, L. T., St. Louis, Mo 423 
Ricketts, B. Merrill, Cincinnati, Ohio 424 
Ridlon, John, Chicago, 111 424 
Robinson, F. Byron, Chicago, 111 426 
Robison, John A., Chicago, 111 427 
Rooker, James 1., Castleton, Ind 429 
Rush, Benjamin, Philadelphia, Pa 435 
Sayre, Lewis A., New York City 456 
Schadle, J. E., St. Paul, Minn 459 
Scott, Clinton H., Como, Colo 673 
Scott, William, Kokomo, Ind 460 
Senn, Nicholas, Chicago, 111 675 
Shively, James S., Marion, Ind 465 
Shurtleff, G. A., Stockton, Cal 466 
Skene, Alex. J. C., Brooklyn, N. Y 469 
Slocum, Charles E., Defiance, Ohio 471 
Smith, Charles Gilman, Chicago, 111 472 
Smith, Francis Gurney, Philadelphia, Pa... 473 
Smith, Henry 11., Philadelphia, Pa 474 
Sothoron, J. T., AVashington, D. C 477 
Staples, Franklin, Winona, Minn 478 
Steele, Daniel A. K., Chicago, 111 479 
Stevenson, A. 0., Greencastle, Ind 683 
Stewart, AVilliam S., Philadelphia, Pa 483 
Stille, Alfred, Philadelphia, Pa 484 
Stillson, J. 0., Indianapolis, Ind 485 
Stone, R. French, Indianapolis, Ind 487 
Stone, AA7arren, New Orleans, La 490 
Stone, AATllis C., Chicago, 111 494 
Sturgis, F. R., New York City 496 
Sutcliffe, J. A., Indianapolis, Ind 497 
Sweringen, H. A 7., Fort AArayne, Ind 498 
Taylor, Isaac E., New York City 501 
Thomas, J. D., Pittsburgh, Pa 606 
Thomas, T. Gaillard, New York City 507 
Thompson, AA7. C., Indianapolis, Ind 689 
Thorner, Max., Cincinnati, Ohio 509 
Todd, R. N., Indianapolis, Ind 510 
ATander Veer, Albert, Albany, N. Y 517 
Vaughan, G. T., AA7ashington, D. C 693 
A'ernon, G. AA7., Indianapolis, Ind 519 
AA7agner, T. A., Indianapolis, Ind 520 
AValker, Edwin, Evansville, Ind 620 
AA7atkins, Thomas J., Chicago, 111 636 
AA7eed, Theo. A., Cleveland, 0 538 
AA7eeks, Stephen H., Portland, Me 539 
AVest, W. Beverley, Fort AA7orth, Texas 541 
AA7hite, James P., Buffalo, N. Y 542 
AVhitehead, AA7. R., Denver, Colo 645 
AA7ilcox, James C., Darlington, S. C 540 
AA7ile, AVm. C., Danbury, Conn 550 
AA7ill, O. 8., Peoria, 111 551 
AVillard, A. J., Burlington, Vt 552 
AVillard, De Forest, Philadelphia, Pa 552 
AVilliams, A. U., Hot Springs, Ark 553 
AVilliams, Daniel H., Chicago, 111 701 
AVilliams, Elkanah, Cincinnati, Ohio 554 
AVishard, AA7. H., Indianapolis, Ind 556 
AA7ishard, AV. N., Indianapolis, Ind 559 
AA7ood, Casey A., Chicago, 111 70f 
AA7oolen, G. A 7., Indianapolis, Ind 57( 
AVright, C. E., Indianapolis, Ind 572 
Yount, Silas T., Chicago, 111 707 
Hammond, Wm, A., Washington, D. C.... 197 
Hare, Hobart A,, Philadelphia, Pa 198 
Hargis, R. B. S., Pensacola, Florida (333 
Harper, John E., Chicago, 111 635 
Harrison, AVallace K., Chicago, 111 201 
Harvey, T. 8., Indianapolis, Ind 209 
Hatfield, Marcus P., Chicago, 111 210 
Hawes, Jesse, Greeley, Colo 211 
Hayden, A. M., Evansville, Ind 211 
Raymond, AY. S., Indianapolis, Ind 212 
Hays, F. W., Indianapolis, Ind 636 
Heddens, James AY., St. Joseph, Mo 638 
Henderson, E. L., Kansas City, Mo 214 
Hihberd, James F., Richmond, Ind 216 
Hoadley, Albert E., Chicago, 111 218 
Hobby, 0. M., lowa City, lowa 219 
Hooper, P. 0., Little Rock, Ark 221 
Hornibrook, Edw., Cherokee, lowa 223 
Hughes, C. H., St. Louis, Mo 234 
Hughes M. A., Salt Lake City, Utah 237 
Hunt, James G., Utica, N. Y 238 
Ingals, E. Fletcher, Chicago, 111 240 
Jameson, Henry, Indianapolis, Ind 248 
Jameson, P. H., Indianapolis, Ind 249 
Johnson, Joseph Taber, Washington, D. C. 252 
Jones, Joseph, New Orleans, La 254 
Jones, Samuel J., Chicago, 111 257 
Judson, A. 8., New York City 261 
Keating, John M., Colorado Springs, Colo. 263 
Kemper, G. W. H., Muncie, Ind 265 
King, Oscar A., Chicago, 111 647 
Kingsley, B. F., San Antonio, Texas 268 
Kornitzer, J., Socorro, New Mexico 270 
Lagorio, A., Chicago, 111 272 
Larrabee, John A., Louisville, Ky 274 
Leale, Charles A., New York City 275 
Lewis, Bransford, St. Louis, Mo 281 
Lomax, William, Marion, Ind 284 
Long, R. AY., Indianapolis, Ind 286 
Long, William, New Maysville, Ind 653 
Loomis, Alfred L., New York City 287 
Love, I. N., St. Louis, Mo 288 
Lydston, G. Frank, Chicago, 111 294 
Lyman, O. 8., Denver, Colo 295 
McCaskey, G. AY., Fort AArayne, Ind 296 
McDaniel, E. D., Mobile, Ala 301 
McGuire, Hunter, Richmond, Ara 307 
McKee, Edward S., Cincinnati, Ohio 308 
McShane, J. T., Indianapolis, Ind 310 
McWilliams, Samuel A., Chicago, 111 311 
Macdonald, J. AY., Minneapolis, Minn 311 
Marcy, Henry 0., Boston, Mass 314 
Marshall, John S., Chicago, 111 316 
Maryott, E. E., Springfield, Mass 316 
Mathews, J. M., Louisville, Ky 317 
Maxwell, Allison, Indianapolis, Ind 318 
Meacham, F. A., Salt Lake City, Utah 320 
Meisenbach, A. H., St. Louis, Mo 322 
Merriam, L. A., Omaha, Neb 323 
Moffett, E. D., Indianapoils, Ind 660 
Mott, Alex. 8., New York City 345 
Murdock, E. P., Chicago, 111 349 
Murphy, John 8., Chicago, 111 350 
Newman, Henry P., Chicago, 111 353 
Newman, Robert, New York City 354 
Nixon, AY. G., Uniontown, Ala 662 
O’Hara, Michael, Philadelphia, Pa 357 
Ohmann-Dumesnil, A. H., St. Louis, M 0... 358 
Packard, John 11., Philadelphia, Pa 362 
Page, L. F., Indianapolis, Ind 664 
Palmer, Henry, Janesville, AATs 365 
Pancoast, Joseph, Philadelphia, Pa 366 
Pantzer, H. 0., Indianapolis, Ind 369 
Park, Roswell, Buffalo, N. Y 370 
Parker, AATllard, New York City 371 
Parry, Charles, Indianapolis, Ind 374 GENERAL INDEX. 
PAGE. 
Abbott, Frank W., Buffalo, N. Y 575 
Abbott, Luther J., Fremont, Neb 1 
Abbott, Samuel W., Wakefield, Mass 1 
Abernethy, Jesse J., Alton, Tenn 1 
Adams, John S., Oakland, Cal 2 
Adler, John M., Philadelphia, Pa 2 
Agard, Aurelius, Oakland, Cal 2 
Agnew, Cornelius R., New York City 2 
Agnew, D. Hayes, Philadelphia, Pa 3 
Alexander, Eli M., Ripley, Miss 9 
Allen, Dudley P., Cleveland, Ohio 9 
Allen, EzraP., Athens, Pa 9 
Allen, Harrison, Philadelphia, Pa.. 9 
Allen, J. Adams, Chicago, 111 10 
Allen, Joshua G., Philadelphia, Pa 11 
Allen, Nathan, Lowell, Mass 11 
Allen, Thomas J., Shreveport, La 11 
Allen, Wesley, West Newton, Ind 12 
Allport, Frank, Minneapolis, Minn 12 
Amory, Robert, Boston, Mass 12 
Anderson, W. F., Salt Lake City, Utah 575 
Anderson, Edwin A., Wilmington, N. C... 13 
Anderson, Turner, Louisville, Ky 13 
Anderson, William, Indiana, Pa 13 
Andrews, Edmund, Chicago, 111 13 
Archer, John, Harford county, Md 14 
Armstrong, Leroy G., Boscobel, Wis 14 
Armstrong, Win. S., Atlanta, Ga 14 
Arnold, Abraham B., Baltimore, Md 14 
Arnold, Edmund S. F., Newport, R. 1 575 
Ashhurst, John, Philadelphia, Pa 14 
Ashton, Lawrence. Dallas, Tex 15 
Atkinson, Archibald, Baltimore, Md 15 
Atkinson, Wm. B., Philadelphia, Pa 15 
Atlee, John L., Lancaster, Pa 16 
Atlee, Walter F., Philadelphia, Pa 16 
Atlee, Washington L., Philadelphia, Pa ... 17 
Atwater, Hiram H., Burlington, Yt 19 
Ayer, Washington, San Francisco, Cal 19 
Ayers, Daniel, Brooklyn, N. Y 19 
Ayres, Wm. O., Brooklyn, N. Y 19 
Babcock, Elmer E., Chicago, 111 20 
Babcock, Robert H., Chicago, 111 20 
Bacon, C. S., Chicago, 111 20 
Bacon, Joseph B., Chicago, 111 21 
Bailey, William H., Albany, N. Y 21 
Baker, Henry B., Lansing, Mich 21 
Baldy, John M., Philadelphia, Pa 22 
Baldwin, James F., Columbus, Ohio 22 
Bancroft, Frederick J., Denver, Colo 575 
Barclay, Joseph D., Longmont, Colo 577 
Bard, John, New York City 22 
Bard, Samuel, New York City 22 
Barker, Fordyce, New York City 28 
Barnes, Joseph K., Washington City 28 
Bartlett, Elisha, Smithfleld, R. 1 29 
Barton, Benj. Smith, Philadelphia, Pa 30 
Barton, James M., Philadelphia, Pa 31 
Batman, William F., Ladoga, Ind 579 
Batten, John M., Pittsburgh, Pa 32 
Battey, Robert, Rome, Ga 32 
Bauduy, J. K., St. Louis, Mo 33 
PAGE. 
Bailsman, A. 8., Chicago, 111 579 
Baxter, J. H., Washington, D. C 34 
Beach, William M., Ohio 34 
Beale, Joseph, U. S. Navy 34 
Beard, George M., New York City 34 
Beardsley, Charles, Ottawa, Ohio 579 
Beck, Carl, New York City 579 
Beck, John 8., New York City 35 
Beck, John C., Cincinnati, Ohio 580 
Beck, Theodore R., Utica, N. Y 36 
Beck, AY. S., Indianapolis, Ind 580 
Beggs, William N., St. Louis, Mo 580 
Behrens, B. M., Chicago, 111 40 
Bell, Agrippa N., Brooklyn, N. Y 40 
Bell, Guido, Indianapolis, Ind 41 
Bell, John AY., Minneapolis, Minn 41 
Benjamin, Dowling, Camden, N. J 42 
Benson, John A., Chicago, 111 42 
Berk, Carl, Chicago, 111 43 
Bernays, Augustus C., St. Louis, Mo 580 
Beshoar, Michael, Trinidad, Colo 43 
Bettman, Boerne, Chicago, 111 44 
Biddle, Andrew P., Detroit, Mich 580 
Biddle, George A., Emporia, Kansas 45 
Bigelow, Henry J., Boston, Mass 45 
Bigelow, John M., Albany, N. Y 45 
Biggs, Hermann M., New York City 580 
Billings, John S., Washington, D. C 46 
Bishop, Seth Scott, Chicago, 111 46 
Bishop, William T., Harrisburg, Pa 47 
Black, G. Melville, Denver, Colo 580 
Black. John A., Pueblo, Colo 581 
Blackburn, Luke P., Lexington, Ky 48 
Blaine, H. G., Toledo, Ohio 48 
Blaney, James Y. Z., Chicago, 111 581 
Bliss, D. AY., D. C 49 
Bobbs, John S., Indianapolis, Ind 49 
Bond, Young H., St. Louis, Mo 52 
Bontecou, Reed 8., Troy, N. Y 52 
Boone, Levi D., Chicago, 111 581 
Borck, Edward, St. Louis, Mo 53 
Bowditch, Henry 1., Boston, Alass 54 
Bowen, Asa 8., Maquoketa, lowa 57 
Boyd, James P., Albany, N. Y 57 
Boyer, Samuel S., Throckmorton, Texas... 57 
Bozeman, Nathan, New York City 582 
Bradbury, Osgood N., Norway, Maine 57 
Brainard, Daniel, Chicago, 111 582 
Brainard, Dudley S., Osage, lowa 584 
Brainei’d, I. N., Alma, Mich 57 
Brashear, Walter, St. Mary’s Parish, La... 584 
Brayton, Alembert AAr., Indianapolis, Ind. 58 
Brennan, E. J., Indianapolis, Ind 60 
Briggs, AYaldo, St. Louis, Mo 61 
Briggs, AATlliam T., Nashville, Tenn 61 
Brigham, Amariah, Utica, N. Y 585 
Brigham, Brayton A., Chicago, 111 62 
Brinton, Daniel G., Philadelphia, Pa 62 
Brower, Daniel R., Chicago, 111 63 
Brown, Bedford, Alexandria, ATa 592 
Brown, Buckminster, Boston, Alass 63 
Brown, Joseph 8., U. S. Navy 64 712 
GENERAL INDEX. 
Brown, J. W., Mottville, N. Y 64 
Brown, Moreau R., Chicago, 111 64 
Brooks, John G., Paducah, Ky 65 
Buck, Gurdon, New York City 64 
Buck, J. P., Chicago, 111 66 
Buckmaster, Augustus H., New York City.. 66 
Buckmaster, S. 8., Chicago, 111 67 
Bucknum, Denver, Colo 67 
Bumstead, Freeman J., New York City 593 
Bunce, William H., Oberlin, Ohio 68 
Burge, J. H. Hobart, Brooklyn, N. Y 68 
Burr, Albert H., Chicago, 111 68 
Burt, Rolin T., Pomona, Cal 68 
Butler, G. F., Chicago, 111 69 
Byford, Henry T., Chicago, 111 69 
Byford, AVilliam H., Chicago, 111 593 
Byrd, Harvey L., Baltimore, Md 70 
Caball, James L., Overton, Va 70 
Cadwalader, Charles E., Philadelphia, Pa.. 70 
Cadwalader, Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa 71 
Cale, George W., St. Louis, Mo 595 
Caldwell, John J., Baltimore, Md 72 
Caldwell, AVilliam C., Chicago, 111 72 
Callan, Peter A., New York City 596 
Campbell, Daniel, Saxton’s River, Vt 595 
Campbell, E. R., Bellows Falls, Vt 596 
Campbell, Donald S., Detroit, Mich 596 
Campbell, Henry F., Augusta, Ga 73 
Campbell, AV. A., Colorado Springs,Colo... 75 
Carnochan, John M., New York City 75 
Carpenter, Henry, Lancaster, Pa 75 
Cai’r, Ezra S., Pasadena, Cal 75 
Carstens, J. Henry, Detroit, Mich 75 
Case, Charles E., Tacoma, Wash 596 
Oates, A. 8., Minneapolis, Minn 77 
Cathell, D. AVebster, Baltimore, Md 77 
Cattanach, Andrew J., Denver, Colo 596 
Chaille Stanford E., New Orleans, La 77 
Chancellor, Charles AV., Baltimore, Md 79 
Chancellor, Eustathius A., St. Louis, M 0... 80 
Chancellor, J. Edgar, Oharlotteville, Ara... 81 
Chapman, Henry C., Philadelphia, Pa 81 
Chapman, Nathaniel, Philadelphia, Pa 81 
Chapman, AV. Carroll, Louisville, Ky 83 
Charlton, Samuel H., Seymour, Ind 83 
Chassaignac, Charles L., New Orleans, La. 84 
Cheatham, William, Louisville, Ky 596 
Cheesman, Hobart, New York City 597 
Chenery, Elisha, Boston, Mass 85 
Cheney, Frederick E., Boston, Mass 597 
Chenoweth, Cassidy, Decatur, 111 86 
Chenoweth, AV. J., Decatur, 111 85 
Chew, Samuel C., Baltimore, Md 86 
Chisolm, Julian J., Baltimore, Md 86 
Clark, Alonzo, New York City 87 
Clark, John H., Mechanicsburgh, Ohio 87 
Clark, Simon T., Lockport, N. Y 87 
Clarke, Augustus P., Cambridge, Mass 87 
Clarke, William E., Chicago, 111 89 
Clement, G. Colburn, Haverhill, Alass 89 
Clevenger, Shobal V., Chicago, 111 90 
Cline, Lewis C., Indianapolis, Ind 91 
Clopton, A. G., Galveston, Texas 91 
Cluness, AV. R., Saci’amento, Cal 92 
Clymer, Meredith, New York City 92 
Cobleigh, E. A., Chattanooga, Tenn 597 
Cochran, Jerome, Montgomery, Ala 92 
Coe, Henry C., New York City 597 
Coe, Henry AV., Portland, Oregon 597 
Cogswell, AVilliam, Bradford, Alass 597 
Cole, Frederick, Garden City, Kansas 597 
Coleman, AV. Franklin, Chicago, 111 93 
Coles, Abraham, Alonterey, Cal 94 
Collins, James, Philadelphia, Pa 94 
Collins, J. AV., Denver, Colo 598 
Colvin, Darwin, Clyde, N. Y 94 
Comegys, C. G., Cincinnati, Ohio 95 
Comfort, W. 1., Milwaukee, Wis 598 
Conner, P. S., Cincinnati, Ohio 96 
Connor, Leartus, Detroit, Mich 96 
Coover, E. H., Harrisburg, Pa . 97 
Corlett, William T., Cleveland, Ohio 600 
Cornett, W. T. S., Madison, Ind 98 
Corson, Hiram, Plymouth Meeting, Pa 99 
Cortelyou, P. R., Marietta, Ga 100 
Corwin, Theodore W., Newark, N. J 600 
Coxe, John Redman, Philadelphia, Pa 101 
Craig, Burdette P., Jersey City, N. J 600 
Craik, James, Fairfax county, Va 101 
Crandall, W. W., Wellsville. N. Y 101 
Crofford, Thomas J., Memphis, Tenn 600 
Crosby, A. 8., New York City 102 
Crosby, George A., Manchester, N. H 103 
Crose, Samuel E., Indianapolis, Ind 600 
Crowell, Homer C., Kansas City, Mo 601 
Crammer, B. F., Omaha, Neb 601 
Culver, Joseph E., Jersey City, N. J 103 
Cuddy, J. W. C., Baltimore, Md 601 
Cullen, Gilbert J., Cincinnati, Ohio 601 
Cullen, J. S. D., Richmond, Ya 601 
Curtin, Roland G., Philadelphia, Pa 103 
Curtis, Edward, New York City 601 
Curtis, Frederick C., Albany, N. Y ; 104 
Curtis, John H., Chicago, 111 104 
Curwin, John, Warren, Pa 105 
Cushing, Ernest W., Boston, Mass 105 
Da Costa, Jacob M., Philadelphia, Pa 602 
Dalton, Henry C., St. Louis, Mo 602 
Danforth, Isaac N., Chicago, 111 602 
Daniel, F. E., Austin, Texas 105 
Darr, Hiram H., Caldwell, Texas 108 
Davis, George W., Kansas City, Mo 603 
Davis, N. S., Sr., Chicago, 111 108 
Davis, N. S., Jr., Chicago, 111 112 
Davis, Thomas A., Chicago, 111 113 
Davis, W. E. 8., Birmingham, Ala 113 
Davis, William C., Denver, Colo 603 
Davison, F. 8., Fleetville, Pa 602 
Davison, Henry G., Fleetville, Pa 603 
Dawson, Benjamin F., New York City 114 
Dawson, W. W., Cincinnati, Ohio 114 
Day, Ewing W., Pittsburgh, Pa 603 
Day, Richard H., Baton Rouge, La 603 
Dean, Dexter V., St. Louis, Mo 604 
Dean, F. M., Muscatine, lowa 115 
Delafield, Francis, New York City 604 
Denison, Charles, Denver, Colo 115 
De Roaldes, A. W., New Orleans, La 113 
Devendorf, Charles A., Detroit, Mich 604 
Dewees, William 8., Salina, Kansas 117 
Dewees, William P., Philadelphia, Pa 118 
De Wolf, Oscar C., Chicago, 111 604 
Dickson, Samuel H., Philadelphia, Pa 119 
Dieffenbach, R. G. P., Newark, N. J 604 
Di Moise Bettini, New York City 604 
Dock, George, Ann Arbor, Mich 605 
Dorset, Walter C., Columbia, Tenn 605 
Dorsey, John Syng, Philadelphia, Pa 119 
Douglas, George, Oxford, N. Y 12^ 
Douglas, John H., New York City 122 
Douglas, O. 8., New York City 123 
Doyle, Gregory, Syracuse, N. Y 124 
Drake, Daniel, Cincinnati, Ohio 124 
Drake, G. Werter, Chattanooga, Tenn 605 
Draper, John C., New York City 605 
Draper, John W., New York City 132 
Drysdale, Thos. M., Philadelphia, Pa 134 
Du Boise, Henry A., New Haven, Conn... 135 , 
Dudley, A. Palmer, New York City 606 
Dudley, Benjamin W., Lexington, Ky 36 
Dudley, Emelius C., Chicago, 111 139 
Duffield, George, Detroit, Mich 606 GENERAL INDEX. 
713 
Duffield, Samuel P., Detroit, Mich 140 
Duhring, Louis A., Philadelphia, Pa 141 
Duncan, Burwell A., West Point, Miss 141 
Duncan, J. K. L., De Witt, Neb 606 
Dunglison, R. J., Philadelphia, Pa 142 
Dunglison, Robley, Philadelphia, Pa 142 
Dunlap, Alexander, Springfield, Ohio 143 
Dunmire, G. Benson, Philadelphia, Pa 143 
Dunn, James H., Minneapolis, Minn 607 
Dunning, L. H., Indianapolis, Ind 144 
Dunott, Thomas J., Harrisburg, Pa 607 
Dunsmoor, F. A., Minneapolis, Minn 607 
Dunster, Edward S., Ann Arbor, Mich 608 
Dunton, William R., Philadelphia, Pa 608 
Dupree, James W., Baton Rouge, La 145 
Durgin, Samuel H., Boston, Mass 146 
Dutcher, Addison P., Cleveland, Ohio 146 
Duzan, George N., Indianapolis, Ind 608 
Dwight, Henry E., Philadelphia, Pa 609 
Dwight, Nathaniel, Oswego, N. Y 146 
Dwight, Thomas, Boston, Mass 146 
Dyas, William G., Chicago, 111 609 
Eads, Benjamin F., Marshall, Texas 147 
Earle, Charles Warrington, Chicago, 111... 611 
Earle, Frank 8., Chicago, 111....; 147 
Earle, Pliny, Northampton, Mass 147 
Earley, C. R., Ridgway, Pa 147 
Earp, Samuel E., Indianapolis, Ind 149 
Eastland, 0., Wichita Falls, Texas 150 
Eastman, Joseph, Indianapolis, Ind 150 
Eaton, Frank 8., Portland, Oregon 615 
Eberle, John, Lexington, Ky 151 
Edenharter, George F., Indianapolis, Ind. 155 
Edes, Robert T., Boston, Mass 166 
Edsall, Frank H., Pittsburgh, Pa 615 
Edson, Cyrus, New York City 615 
Edwards, Landon 8., Richmond, Ya 615 
Elder, Elijah S., Indianapolis, Ind 156 
Eldridge, John AY., Chicago, 111 616 
Ellinwood, C. N., San Francisco, Cal 157 
Elliott, John 8., New Orleans, La 616 
Ellis, G. M., Chattanooga, Tenn 616 
Ellis, William H., Barron, AVis 616 
Eisner, John R., Denver, Colo 616 
Emmet, Thomas Addis, New York City.... 157 
Emerson, Justin E., Detroit, Mich 616 
Emmons, Francis A., Chicago, 111 616 
Engel, Hugo, Philadelphia, Pa 618 
Erskine, Alexander, Alemphis, Tenn 618 
Erwin, Robert AY., Bay City, Mich 158 
Erskridge, J. T., Denver, Colo 618 
Etheridge, J. H., Chicago, 111 158 
Evans, E. 8., Greencastle, Ind 618 
Eve, Duncan, Nashville, Tenn ; 159 
Eve, Paul F., Nashville, Tenn 159 
Everts, Orpheus, College Hill, Ohio 161 
Fairchild, DavidS., Ames, lowa 161 
Fearne, Herbert, Brooklyn, N. Y 618 
Fell, George E., Buffalo, N. Y 618 
Ferguson, Frank C., Indianapolis, Ind 161 
Ferguson, James F., New York City 618 
Finlayson, Daniel AY., Des Moines, lowa.. 619 
Fisk, Samuel A., Denver, Colo 619 
Fitch, Graham N., Logansport, Ind 161 
Fitch, T. Davis, Chicago, 111 162 
Fithian, Enoch, Greenwich, N. J 163 
Fitzpatrick, Thomas Y., Cincinnati, Ohio.. 619 
Flagg, John D., Buffalo, N. Y 619 
Fletcher, AYilliam 8., Indianapolis, 1nd.... 163 
Flint, Austin, Sr., New York City 164 
Flint, Austin, Jr., New York City 165 
Florentine, B. F., Saginaw, Mich 166 
Folsom, Charles F., Boston, Alass 619 
Ford, Corydon L., Ann Arbor, Mich 167 
Ford, AYilliam H., Philadelphia, Pa 620 
Fordyce, John A., New York City 620 
Formaneck, Frederick, Chicago, 111 167 
Forshee, Thomas AV., Madison, Ind 167 
Foster, Addison H., Chicago, 111 619 
Foster, Eugene, Augusta, Ga 168 
Foster, Frank P., New York City 619 
Foster, William S., Pittsburgh, Pa 620 
Fowler, Allen, Salt Lake City, Utah 169 
Fowler, George R., Brooklyn, N. Y 620 
Fox, George H., New York City 620 
Frankhauser, F. W., Reading, Pa 621 
French, George F., Minneapolis, Minn 621 
French, Pinckney, St. Louis, Mo 170 
Frey, Clarence L., Scranton, Pa 621 
Frick, Charles, Baltimore, Md • 171 
Fuller, H. J., Baker City, Ore 177 
Fulton, Andrew L., Kansas City, Mo 621 
Furniss, John P., Selma, Ala 621 
Gaertner, F., Pittsburgh, Pa 177 
Gailey, John K., Detroit, Mich 621 
Gaillard, E. S., New York City 178 
Galbraith, Thomas S., Seymour, Ind 179 
Gall, Alois D., Indianapolis, Ind 179 
Garmany, Jasper J., New York City 621 
Garretson, James E., Philadelphia, Pa 180 
Garver, J. J., Indianapolis, Ind 180 
Geddings, AVilliam H., Aiken, S. C 181 
Gehrung, Eugene C., St. Louis, Mo 621 
Gerrish, M. F., Seymour, Ind 181 
Getchell, Francis H., Philadelphia, Pa 621 
Gibbes, Heneage, Ann Arbor, Mich 621 
Gibbons, Henry, San Francisco, Cal 622 
Gibier, Paul, New York City 622 
Gibney, Yirgil P., New York City 622 
Gibson, William, Philadelphia, Pa 182 
Giffen, R. E., Lincoln, Neb 183 
Gihon, A. L., U. S. Navy 183 
Gillespie, G. 8., Covington, Tenn 183 
Gilliam, D. Tod, Columbus, Ohio 184 
Girvin, Edwin R., Denver, Colo 622 
Glasgow, Frank A., St. Louis, Mo 622 
Gleitsmann, Joseph W., New York City.... 622 
Glenn, AVilliam F., Nashville, Tenn 622 
Godman, John D., Philadelphia, Pa 622 
Goelet, Augustin H., New York City 185 
Goldsmith, William T., Atlanta, Ga 627 
Goldspohn, Albert, Chicago, 111 185 
Goodell, William, Philadelphia, Pa 186 
Goodman, Henry E., Philadelphia, Pa 186 
Goodwillie, D. H., New York City 187 
Gordon, Seth C., Portland, Me 628 
Gordon, Thomas AV., Georgetown, 0hi0... 628 
Gottheil, AVilliam S., New York City 628 
Gould, George M., Philadelphia, Pa 188 
Gouley, J. AV. S., New York City 628 
Graeme, Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa 188 
Grant, Henry H., Louisville, Ky 629 
Grant, Henry Y., Buffalo, N. Y 629 
Gray, John P., Utica, N. Y 188 
Gray, LandonC., New York City 629 
Green, Caleb, Homer, N. Y 629 
Green, George R., Muncie, Ind 189 
Green, John, St. Louis, Mo 630 
Greene, Robert H., New York City 630 
Greenfield, C. E., Chicago, 111 190 
Greenough, F. 8., Boston, Mass 630 
Griffith, J. D., Kansas City, Mo 630 
Griffith, Samuel P., Philadelphia, Pa 190 
Gronfer, F. J., Grand Rapids, Mich 191 
Gross, O. 8., Camden, N. J 630 
Gross, Samuel D., Philadelphia, Pa 191 
Guice, N. L., Meridian, Miss 192 
Guiteras, John, Philadelphia, Pa 193 
Gulick, Charlton R., New York City 631 
Gunn, Moses, Chicago, 111 631 
Giinster, Peter F., Scranton, Pa 632 
Guthrie, AV. E., Bloomington, 111 193 714 
GENERAL INDEX. 
Hadden, Alexander, New York City 632 
Hadra, B. E., Galveston, Texas 193 
Haine, William J., West Farmington, 0... 194 
Haines, Walter S., Chicago, 111 194 
Hale, G. Y., Wheatland, Texas 194 
Hale, S. E., New Orleans, La 194 
Hall, Rufus, Cincinnati, Ohio 632 
Hall, W. A., Minneapolis, Minn 195 
Halley, George, Kansas City, Mo 632 
Hamilton, Allen McLane, New York City. 195 
Hamilton, Frank H., New York City 196 
Hamilton, John 8., Chicago, 111 196 
Hamlin, Augustus C., Bangor, Me 632 
Hammond," Jahez D., Chicago, 111 632 
Hammond, William A., Washington, D. C. 197 
Handly, James W., Nashville, Tenn 632 
Hare, Hobart A., Philadelphia, Pa 198 
Hare, Robert, Philadelphia, Pa 199 
Hargis, R. B. S., Pensacola, Florida 632 
Harison,Beverly, Sault de Ste Marie,Mich. 634 
Harlan, David, Churchville, Md 200 
Harlan, George C., Philadelphia, Pa 634 
Harmer, Joseph R., Camp del Rio, Texas.. 200 
Harmon, Elijah D., Chicago, 111 634 
Harmon, Julian, Warren, Ohio 635 
Harper, John E., Chicago, 111 635 
Harrington, D. AY., Buffalo, N. Y 200 
Harrison, James F., Harrisonburgh, A"a... 200 
Harrison, Joseph, Greenville, Ala 201 
Harrison, AYallace K., Chicago, 111 201 
Hart, Benjamin F., Marietta, Ohio 635 
Hart, James A., Colorado Springs, C 010... 201 
Hartshorne, Edward, Philadelphia, Pa 201 
Hartshorne, Henry, Philadelphia, Pa 202 
Hartshorne, Joseph, Philadelphia, Pa 203 
Harvey, T. 8., Indianapolis, Ind 209 
Hatchett, Buchanan, Fort Smith, Ark 636 
Hatfield, Marcus P., Chicago, 111 210 
Hawes, Jesse, Greeley, Colo 210 
Hawkes, W. H., AVashington, D. C 636 
Hawkins, Thomas H., Denver, Colo 636 
Hawly, Donly C., Burlington, Yt 636 
Hayden, A. M., Evansville, Ind 211 
Hayes, Isaac Israel, New York City 211 
Haymond, AY. S., Indianapolis, Ind 212 
Hays, Franklin AY., Indianapolis, Ind 636 
Hays, I. Minis, Philadelphia, Pa 213 
Haywood, Edmund 8., Raleigh, N. C 637 
Heath, F. 0., Indianapolis, Ind 213 
Heddens, James AYeir, St. Joseph, Mo 638 
Heddens, AVilliam 1., St. Joseph, Mo 638 
Heineman, Henry N., New York City 639 
Heise, A. AY., Joliet, 111 638 
Hektoen, Ludvig, Chicago, 111 213 
Heller, Peter H., Pueblo, Colo 639 
Henderson, Ernest L., Kansas City, M 0.... 213 
Henning, Bennett G., Memphis, Tenn 639 
Henry, Joseph N., New York City 639 
Henry, Morris IL, New York City 639 
Henry, William G., Detroit, Mich 639 
Henske, Andrew A., St. Louis, Mo 214 
Hepburn, Neil J., New York City 639 
Herrick, Everett, New York City 639 
Herrick, Henry J., Cleveland, Ohio 639 
Hervey, J. AY., Indianapolis, Ind 215 
Hey decker, Henry R., New York City 610 
Hibberd, James F., Richmond, Ind 216 
Hill, Thomas C., Anniston, Ala 217 
Hills, T. Morton, Cincinnati, Ohio 640 
Himes, Isaac N., Cleveland, Ohio 640 
Hitchcock, Charles AAr., Detroit, Alich 640 
Hitchcock, Edward, Ithaca, N. Y 218 
Hoadley, Albert E., Chicago, 111 218 
Hobby, O. M., lowa City, lowa 218 
Hodge, Hugh L., Philadelphia, Pa 219 
Holden, Edgar, Newark, N. J 640 
Hollister, John H., Chicago, 111 641 
Holloway, James M., Louisville, Ky 641 
Holmes, C. R., Cincinnati, Ohio 641 
Holmes, E. L., Chicago, 111 219 
Holmes, Horatio R., Portland, Ore 641 
Holmes, Oliver W., Boston, Mass 219 
Holt, Benjamin L., Penn Yan, N. Y 220 
Holt, Erastus E., Portland, Me 220 
Holton, Henry D., Brattleboro, Vt 220 
Hooper, P. 0., Little Rock, Ark 221 
Horn, Thomas G., Colorado Springs, Colo.. 641 
Horner, Frederick, Marshall, Va 221 
Horner, AVilliam E., Philadelphia, Pa 222 
Hornibrook, Edw., Cherokee, lowa 223 
Hosack, David, New York City 223 
Hotz, F. C., Chicago, 111 234 
Howe, James L., Louisville, Ky 642 
Howland, Henry H., Denver, Colo 642 
Hubbard, AVilliam AV., Perth Amboy, N. J.. 642 
Hudson, AVilliam M., Hartford, Conn 642 
Huebschman, Francis, Milwaukee, AVis.... 234 
Hughes, C. H., St. Louis, Mo 234 
Hughes, M. A., Salt Lake City, Utah 237 
Hunt, James G., Utica, N. Y 237 
Hunter, Alexander S., New York City 642 
Hutchinson, James, Philadelphia, Pa 238 
Hutchison, Joseph C., Brooklyn, N. Y 239 
Hutton, Terry J., St. Paul, Minn 642 
Hyatt, Elisha H., Delaware, Ohio 642 
Hyndman, J. G., Cincinnati, Ohio 239 
Ingals, E. Fletcher, Chicago, 111 240 
Ingalls, AVilliam, Boston, Mass 240 
Inge, Richard, Greensborough, Ala 241 
Ingham, James A 7., Philadelphia, Pa 241 
Ireland, J. Alexander, Louisville, Ky 241 
Irwin, Crawford, Hollidayshurgh, Pa 241 
Irwin, John A., New York City 643 
Isham, Asa 8., Cincinnati, Ohio 241 
Isham, Ralph N., Chicago, 111 643 
Isom, Thomas D., Oxford, Miss 241 
Ives, Eli, New Haven, Conn 242 
Ives, Frank L., New York City 643 
Jackson, A. Reeves, Chicago, 111 242 
Jackson, Edward, Philadelphia, Pa 242 
Jackson, Frank AV., New York City 643 
Jackson, George T., New York City 243 
Jackson, James P., Kansas City, AIo 643 
Jackson, Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa 243 
Jackson, AVilliam H., New York City 643 
Jacobi, Abraham, New York City 243 
Jacobus, Arthur M., New York City 644 
Jacoby, George AA7., New York City 644 
James, Thomas C., Philadelphia, Pa 244 
Jameson, Henry, Indianapolis, Ind 248 
Jameson, P. H., Indianapolis, Ind 249 
Janes, Henry, AVaterbury, Vt 644 
Janeway, Edw. G., New York City 250 
Janvrin, Joseph E., New York City 644 
Jarman, George AA7., New York City 644 
Jarvis, George 0., Hartford, Conn 250 
Jeffries, B. J., Boston, Mass 250 
Jenks, Edward AV., Detroit, Mich 251 
Jennings, Charles G., Detroit, Mich 644 
Jennings, Roscoe G., Little Rock, Ark 251 
Jewell, James S., Chicago, 111 644 
Johnson, AmosH., Salem, Mass 645 
Johnson, Francis M., Kansas City, AIo 645 
Johnson, Frank S., Chicago, 111 645 
Johnson, Hosmer A., Chicago, 111 251 
Johnson, John AA7., Boston, Mass 645 
Johnson, Joseph Taber, AA7ashington, D. C. 252 
Johnson, AValter 8., Paterson, N. J 645 
Johnston, AA7illiam AA7., AVashington, D. C. 253 
Johnston, AA7irt, Jackson, Miss ■ 
Jones, J. 8., Kansas City, Mo 64 
Jones, John, Philadelphia, Pa 253 GENERAL INDEX. 
715 
Jones, John C., Gonzales, Texas 253 
Jones, Joseph, New Orleans, La 254 
Jones, Samuel J., Chicago, 111 257 
Jones, William P., Nashville, Tenn 645 
Joseph!, S. E., Portland, Oregon 260 
Judkins, William, Cincinnati, Ohio 646 
Judson, A. 8., New York City 261 
Kalish, Richard, New York City 646 
Kane, Elisha K., Philadelphia, Pa 262 
Kearsley, John, Philadelphia, Pa 262 
Keating, J. M., Colorado Springs, Colo 263 
Keating, William Y., Philadelphia, Pa 264 
Keen, William W., Philadelphia, Pa 264 
Keiller, William, Galveston, Texas 264 
Keiper, George F., Lafayette, Ind 646 
Kelsey, Charles 8., New York City 646 
Kemp, William M., Baltimore, Md 264 
Kemper, G. W. H., Muncie, Ind 265 
Ketchum, Geo. A., Mobile, Ala 646 
Keyes, Ed. L., New York City, 266 
Keyser, Peter D., Philadelphia, Pa 266 
Kiernan, James G., Chicago, 111 266 
Kimball, Gilman, Lowell, Mass 267 
Kimball, James H., Denver, Colo 646 
King, Alexander T., Pueblo, Colo 646 
King, Oscar A., Chicago, 111 647 
King, Robert M., St. Louis, Mo 647 
Kingsley, B. F., San Antonio, Texas 267 
Kinlock, Robert A., Charleston, S. C 268 
Kinnaman, Horace A., Keokuk, lowa 647 
Kinney, Augustus C., Astoria, Oregon 268 
Kinnicutt, Francis P., New York City 648 
Kipp, Charles J., Newark, N. J 648 
Kirkbride, Thomas S., Philadelphia, Pa... 268 
Kitchen, John M., Indianapolis, Ind 269 
Knapp, Herman, New York City 648 
Knapp, Philip C., Boston, Mass 648 
Knight, Charles H., New York City 648 
Knight, Frederick 1., Boston, Mass 269 
Knight, James, New York City 269 
Knott, James J., Atlanta, Ga 649 
Knott, John M., Sioux City, lowa 649 
Kollock, Charles W., Charleston, S. C 270 
Konitzer, J., Socorro, New Mexico 270 
Kuhn, Adam, Philadelphia, Pa 271 
Lackersteen, M. H., Chicago, 111 271 
Lagorio, A., Chicago, 111 272 
Laidley, L. H., St. Louis, Mo 272 
Lamb, Daniel S., Washington, D. C 649 
Lane, Levi C., San Francisco, Cal 650 
Langdon, F. W., Cincinnati, Ohio 273 
Lanphear, Emory, Kansas City, Mo 650 
Larrabee, J. A., Louisville, Ky 274 
Laton, Winfield S., Minneapolis, Minn 650 
Leale, Charles A., New York City 274 
Leale, John L., Paterson, N. J 650 
Learning, J. R., New York City 276 
Le Conte, Joseph, Berkeley, Cal 276 
Lee, Benjamin, Philadelphia, Pa 650 
Lee, Charles C., New York City 277 
Lefferts, George M., New York City 277 
Leidy, Joseph, Philadelphia, Pa 277 
Lemen, Harrison A., Denver, Colo 650 
Le Mond, Robert F., Denver, Colo 650 
Lent, Frederick D., New York City 278 
Leonard, Charles EL, Detroit, Mich 278 
■ Leuf, Alex. H. P., Philadelphia, Pa 279 
Levick, James J., Philadelphia, Pa 280 
Leviseur, Frederick J., New York City 651 
Levy, Robert, Denver, Colo 651 
Lewis, Bransford, St. Louis, Mo 281 
Lewis, Daniel, New York City 282 
Lewis, Eugene R., Kansas City, Mo 282 
Lewis, Ernest S.,New Orleans, La 651 
Lewis, W. M , Baltimore, Md 651 
Lincoln, Nat an S., Washington, D. C 651 
Lindsley, J. 8., Nashville, Term 651 
Link, Edwin W,, Palestine, Texas 283 
Link, John E., Terre Haute, Ind 652 
Little, James L., New York City 283 
Lobingier, A. S., Denver, Colo 652 
Loeb, Hanau W., St. Louis, Mo 652 
Logan, Cornelius A., Chicago, 111 283 
Logan, James E., Kansas City, Mo 652 
Logan, Joseph P., Marietta, (Ja 284 
Logan, Samuel, New Orleans, La 652 
Lomax, William, Marion, Ind 284 
Long, Crawford, Athens, Ga 286 
Long, Robert W., Indianapolis, Ind 286 
Long, William, New Maysville, Ind 652 
Long, William H., Cincinnati, Ohio 654 
Longstreth, Morris, Philadelphia, Pa 654 
Longyear, Howard W., Detroit, Mich 654 
Loomis, Alfred L., New York City 287 
Love, I. N., St. Louis, Mo 287 
Love, William A., Atlanta, Ga 654 
Lowman, John H., Cleveland, Ohio 655 
Lusk, William T., New York City 289 
Luzenberg, Charles A., New Orleans, La... 289 
Lydston, G. Frank, Chicago, 111 294 
Lyman, C. 8., Denver, Colo 295 
Lyman, Henry M., Chicago, 111 655 
Mcßurney, Charles, New York City 295 
McCall, Joseph W., Huntington, Tenn 295 
McCaskey, G. W., Fort Wayne, Ind 296 
McClellan, George, Philadelphia, Pa 296 
McCormick, Samuel C., Duluth, Minn 655 
McCulloch, A. P., Brooklyn, lowa 655 
McDaniel, Edward D., Mobile, Ala 301 
McDowell, Ephraim, Danville, Ky 301 
McGaughey, James 8., Winona, Minn 306 
McGuire, Hunter, Richmond, Ya 307 
McKee, E. S., Cincinnati, Ohio 307 
McKennan, T. M. T., Pittsburgh, Py 308 
McLain, John S., Washington, D. C 308 
McLauthlin, Herbert W., Denver, Colo 656 
McLean, Angus, Detroit, Mich 656 
McMurtry, Lewis S., Louisville, Ky 309 
McNary, Hugh F., Princeton, Ky 656 
McNaught, Francis H., Denver, Colo 656 
Mcßeynolds, John 0., Elkton, Ky 310 
McShane, Augustus, New Orleans, La 656 
McShane, J. T., Indianapolis, Ind 310 
McWilliams, Samuel A., Chicago, 111 311 
Macdonald, J. W., Minneapolis, Minn 311 
Macnevin, W. J., New York City 312 
Macphatter, Neil, Denver, Colo 656 
Magruder, George L., Washington, D. C.. 656 
Maire, Lewis E., Detroit, Mich 656 
Mann, Matthew D., Buffalo, N. Y 657 
Marbourg, Edgar M., Pueblo, Colo 657 
Marcy, Henry 0., Boston, Mass 314 
Marmion, W. V., Washington, D. C 315 
Marshall, John S., Chicago, 111 315 
Marshall, William, Milford, Del 316 
Marvin, Joseph 8., Louisville, Ky 657 
Maryott, E. Edgar, Springfield, Mass 316 
Massey, G. Betton, Philadelphia, Pa 657 
Masten, C. H., Mobile, Ala 317 
Mathews, Joseph M., Louisville, Ky 317 
Maxwell, Allison, Indianapolis, Ind 318 
Maxwell, George T., Jacksonville, Fla 318 
Maxwell, James D., Bloomington, Ind 667 
Maxwell, Philip, Chicago, 111 658 
May, John F., Washington, D. C 319 
Mays, Thomas J., Philadelphia, Pa 320 
Meacham, F. A., Salt Lake City, Utah 320 
Meachem, John G., Rachine, Wis 658 
Meigs, J. A., Philadelphia, Pa 320 
Meisenbach, A. H., St. Louis, Mo 322 
Mendoza, Francis F., Key West, Fla 322 
Merriam, L. A., Omaha; Neb 323 716 
GENERAL INDEX. 
Merrick, Samuel K., Baltimore, Md 659 
Merrill, C. S., Albany, N. Y 323 
Michel, Wm, M., Charleston, S. C 324 
Miles, Albert 8., New Orleans, La 659 
Miller, Albert E., Boston, Mass 659 
Miller, De Laskie, Chicago, 111 659 
Miller, Truman W., Chicago, 111 659 
Mills, Charles K., Philadelphia, Pa 324 
Miltenberger, Geo. W., Baltimore, Md 325 
Minot, Francis, Boston, Mass 659 
Mitchell, John K., Philadelphia, Pa 325 
Mitchell, John P., Clarksville, Ark 659 
Mitchell, Samuel L., New York City 325 
Mitchell, S. Weir, Philadelphia, Pa 329 
Mixter, Samuel J., Boston, Mass 659 
Moffett, E. D., Indianapolis, Ind 659 
Moncrieff, D. Scott, Portland, Oregon 660 
Monmonier, John F., Baltimore, Md 334 
Montgomery, W. T., Chicago, 111 335 
Moore, James E., Minneapolis, Minn 660 
Moore, Jehiel T., Minneapolis, Minn 335 
Moore, Richard C., Omaha, Neb 661 
Morehouse, Geo. F., Philadelphia, Pa 335 
Morgan, John, Philadelphia, Pa 336 
Morgan, Wm. V., Indianapolis, Ind 661 
Morris, Seth Mabry, Galveston, Texas 338 
Morton, Samuel G., Philadelphia, Pa 338 
Mott, Alex. 8., New York City 345 
Mott, Valentine, New York City 346 
Mouser, Silas M., San Francisco, Cal 661 
Munde, Paul F., New York City 348 
Munn, William P., Denver, Colo 662 
Murdoch, J. 8., Pittsburgh, Pa 349 
Murdock, E. P., Chicago, 111 349 
Murfree, J. 8., Murfreesboro, Tenn 662 
Murphy, J. 8., Chicago, 111 350 
Mussey, R. D., Boston, Mass 350 
Mutter, Wm, PL, Philadelphia, Pa 351 
Nash, Herbert M., Norfolk, Ya 351 
Nebinger, Andrew, Philadelphia, Pa 351 
Nebinger, Geo. W., Philadelphia, Pa 351 
Neely, Eugene A., Memphis, Tenn 662 
Neftel, Wm. 8., New York City 351 
Neill, John, Philadelphia, Pa 352 
Nelson, Daniel T., Chicago, 111 352 
New, George W., Indianapolis, Ind 352 
Newell, Timothy, Providence, R. 1 353 
Newell, William L., Millville, N. J 353 
Newland, Henry, St. Louis, Mo 662 
Newman, H. P., Chicago, 111 353 
Newman, Robert, New York City 354 
Newman, William H., Pueblo, Colo 355 
Nichols, Arthur H., Boston, Mass 355 
Nichols, Henry L., Sacramento, Cal 355 
Nivison, Nelson, Burdett, N. Y 355 
Nixon, William G., Uniontown, Ala 662 
Noble, Charles P., Philadelphia, Pa 663 
North, Elisha, New Haven, Conn 356 
Noyes, Henry D., New York City 356 
Nutt, Geo. D., Williamsport, Pa 356 
O’Dwyer, Joseph, New York City 663 
O’Hanlon, Philip F., New York Oity 356 
O’Hara, Michael, Philadelphia, Pa 356 
Ohmann-Dumesnil, A. PL, St. Louis, M 0... 357 
Oliver, John C., Cincinnati, Ohio 663 
O’Neil, John W. C., Gettysburg, Pa 358 
Oppenheimer, Henry S., New York City... 663 
Opie, Thomas, Baltimore, Md 358 
Ord, James L., Fort Bowie, Arizona 663 
Orme, Henry S., Los Angeles, Cal 359 
O’Reilly, James, New York City 663 
Orton, John G., Binghamton, N. Y 359 
Osier, William, Baltimore, Md 663 
Otis, Fessenden N., New York City 359 
Otis, George A., Washington, D. C 359 
Otto, John Conrad, Philadelphia, Pa 360 
Ouchterlony, John A., Louisville, Ky 360 
Outerbridge, Paul, New York City 664 
Owen, Abraham M., Evansville, Ind 360 
Owen, Griffith, Philadelphia, Pa 360 
Owen, Pascal H., Montgomery, Ala 361 
Owen, William T., Louisville, Ky 361 
Owens, John E., Chicago, 111 361 
Owings, Thomas B* Ellicott City, Md 362 
Packard, John H., Philadelphia, Pa 362 
Page, L. F., Indianapolis, Ind 664 
Page, R. C. M., New York City 664 
Paine, J. F. G., Galveston, Tex 362 
Fallen, Montrose A., New York City 363 
Palmer, Alonzo 8., Ann Arbor, Mich 363 
Palmer, Gideon, Washington, I). C 364 
Palmer, Henry, Janesville, Wis 364 
Palmer, James C., Washington, D. C 365 
Palmer, William G., Washington, D. C 664 
Pancoast, Joseph, Philadelphia, Pa 366 
Pancoast, William H., Philadelphia, Pa.... 368 
Pantzer, H. 0., Indianapolis, Ind 368 
Park, Roswell, Buffalo, N. Y 369 
Parker, Benjamin, Groveland, Mass 370 
Parker, Willard, New York City 370 
Parker, William T., South Boston, Mass... 372 
Parker, William T., Groveland, Mass 372 
Parkes, Charles T., Chicago, 111 372 
Parkhill, Clayton, Denver, Colo 664 
Parrish, Joseph, Burlington, N. J 373 
Parry, Charles, Indianapolis, Ind 373 
Parvin, Theophilus, Philadelphia, Pa 375 
Pattee, A. F., Boston, Mass 376 
Patterson, Amos W., Indianapolis, 1nd.... 665 
Patterson, D. N., Mangum, N. C 377 
Peaslee, E. R., New York City 377 
Pennell, W. W., Fredericktown, Ohio 378 
Penrose, R. A. F., Philadelphia, Pa 379 
Pepper, George, Philadelphia, Pa 665 
Pepper, William, Sr., Philadelphia, Pa..,.. 379 
Pepper, William, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa 380 
Perkins, George W., Ogden, Utah 380 
Perkins, John W., Kansas City, Mo 665 
Perry, J. M., Lakeland, Fla 381 
Peterson, F. M., Greensborough, Ala 665 
Peterson, Frederick, New York City 381 
Pfaff, O. G., Indianapolis, Ind 666 
Phelps, A. M., New York City 382 
Physick, Philip Syng, Philadelphia, Pa.... 
Piffard, H. G., New York City 407 
Pinkerton, S. TL, Salt Lake City, Utah 408 
Pollock, A. M., Pittsburgh, Pa 666 
Pooley, Thomas R., New York City 408 
Porter, David R., Kansas City, Mo 666 
Porter, Henry R., Bismarck, N. D 667 
Porter, William G., Philadelphia, Pa 667 
Porter, William H., New York City 667 
Post, Alfred C., New York City 408 
Potter, Frank H., Buffalo, N. Y 409 
Potter, Samuel O. L., San Francisco, Cal... 410 
Potter, Theodore, Indianapolis, Ind 410 
Potter, William W., Buffalo, N. Y 411 
Potts, Jonathan, Philadelphia, Pa 412 
Powell, Jehu Z., Logansport, Ind 412 
Powell, Thomas S., Atlanta, Ga 667 
Prentiss, Daniel W., Washington, D. C.... 412 
Price, Oscar J., Chicago, 111 413 
Pritchard, Maurice, Sierra Valley, Cal 1 i 
Pryor, William R., New York City 
Purdon, John E., Tampa, Fla 411 
Pynchon, Edwin, Chicago, 111 667 
Quimhy, Isaac N., Jersey City, N. J 667 
Quine, William E., Chicago, 111 414 
Quinn, James L., Eaton, Ohio 415 
Quintard, Edward, New York City 668 
Rahter, Charles A., Harrisburg, Pa 668 
Ramsey, Douglas C., Mt. Vernoi, Ind 415 GENERAL INDEX. 
717 
Rand, Benjamin H., Philadelphia, Pa 416 
Randall, Edward, Galveston, Texas 416 
Randolph, Jacob, Philadelphia, Pa 417 
Rankin, David N., Allegheny, Pa 417 
Rauch, John H., Chicago, 111 668 
Raymond, Joseph H., Brooklyn, N. Y 669 
Rearny, Thaddeus A., Cincinnati, 0hi0.... 419 
Reed, R. Harvey, Mansfield, Ohio 669 
Reese, John J., Philadelphia, Pa 420 
Reichert, Edward T., Philadelphia, Pa 420 
Reid, Robert K., Stockton, Cal 421 
Reuling, George, Baltimore, Md 422 
Reyburn, Robert, Washington, D. C 422 
Reynolds, Dudley S., Louisville, Ky 669 
Rhodes, John E., Chicago, 111 422 
Rice, Clarence, New York City 669 
Richardson, Charles W., Washington, D. C. 671 
Richardson, James A., Salem, Oregon 423 
Ricketts, B. Merrill, Cincinnati, Ohio 423 
Ridge, Isaac M., Kansas City, Mo 669 
Ridlon, John F., Chicago, HI 424 
Riesmeyer, L. T., St. Louis, Mo 423 
Riley, Frederick C., New York City 671 
Risley, Samuel D., Philadelphia, Pa 425 
Ristine, C. E., Knoxville, Tenn 425 
Ritter, Martin M., Chicago, 111 425 
Rivers, Edmund C., Denver, Colo 671 
Roberts, Milton J., New York City 671 
Robinson, Beverly, New York City 425 
Robinson, F. Byron, Chicago, 111 425 
Robinson, J. R., Colorado Springs, C 010... 426 
Robinson, Paul G., St. Louis, Mo 671 
Robison, John A., Chicago, 111 426 
Rochester, De Lancey, Buffalo, N. Y 672 
Rockwell, A. D., New York City 427 
Rogers, Edmund J. A., Denver, Colo 672 
Rogers, Joseph G., Logansport, Ind 428 
Rogers, William 8., Memphis, Tenn 672 
Roler, E. O. F., Chicago, 111 428 
Rooker, James 1., Castleton, Ind 428 
Roosa, D. B. St. John, New York City 429 
Rosenwasser, Marcus, Cleveland, Ohio 430 
Ross, George, Richmond, Va 430 
Ross, Irving C., Washington, D. C 433 
Ross, John D., Williamsburg, Pa 431 
Ross, Joseph P., Chicago, 111 431 
Rothwell, William J., Denver, Colo 672 
Rowe, L. M., Indianapolis, Ind 433 
Ruedi, Carl, Denver, Colo 672 
Rupp, Adolph, New York City 434 
Ruppaner, Antoine, New York City 434 
Ruschenberger,W. S.W., Philadelphia, Pa. 434 
Rush, Benjamin, Philadelphia, Pa 435 
Bafford, James M., Nashville, Tenn 455 
Sands, Henry 8., New York City 455 
Banger, Eugene F., Bangor, Maine 672 
Satterlee, Richard S., New York City 455 
Batterthwaite, Thomas E., New York City. 672 
Sayre, Lewis A., New York City 456 
Bchadle, Jacob E., St. Paul, Minn 459 
Schaffer, Charles, Philadelphia, Pa 459 
Schaufiier, Edward W., Kansas City, Mo.. 460 
Scofield, Darius, Washington, lowa 460 
Scott, Clinton H., Como, Colo 672 
Scott, William, Kokomo, Ind 460 
Scott, Xenophon, Cleveland, Ohio 460 
Seaman, Louis L., New York City 673 
Seguin, Edward, New York City 461 
Seiler, Carl, Philadelphia, Pa 461 
Selden, Charles W., New York City 673 
Sell, Edward H. M., New York City 673 
Semmes, Alexander J., Macon, Ga 674 
Senn, Nicholas, Chicago, HI 674 
Sewall, Henry, Denver, Colo 677 
Sexton, Samuel, New York City 677 
Seymour, William P., Troy, N. Y 677 
Shaffer, Newton M., New York City 677 
Shakespeare, E. 0., Rosemount, Pa 462 
Sharp, Joseph, Kansas City, Mo 677 
Sharp, L. N., Minneapolis, Minn 462 
Shattuck, Frederick C., Boston, Mass 462 
Shaw, A. 8., St. Louis, Mo 462 
Shaw, William C., Pittsburgh, Pa 463 
Shippen, William, Sr., Philadelphia, Pa... 463 
Shippen, William, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa... 464 
Shively, James S., Marion, Ind 465 
Shoemaker, John V., Philadelphia, Pa 465 
Shrady, George F., New York City 677 
Shurtleff, G. A., Stockton, Cal 466 
Silliman, Benjamin, New Haven, Conn 678 
Simmons, Gustavus L., Sacramento, Cal... 679 
Simpson, James, San Francisco, Cal 679 
Sims, J. Marion, New York City 467 
Skene, Alex. J. C., Brooklyn, N. Y 469 
Slocum, Charles E., Defiance, Ohio 470 
Smith, Albert, Peterborough, N. H 471 
Smith, A. Alexander, New York City 679 
Smith, Charles Gilman, Chicago, 111 471 
Smith, Edward L., Seattle, Wash 472 
Smith, Eugene, Detroit. Mich 679 
Smith, Francis Gurney, Philadelphia, Pa.. 472 
Smith, Henry H., Philadelphia, Pa 473 
Smith, John Lawrence, Louisville, Ky 679 
Smith, J. Lewis, New York City 474 
Smith, Joseph Rowe, U. S. Army 474 
Smith, Nathan, New Haven, Conn 476 
Smith, Nathan R., Baltimore, M. D 475 
Smith, Samuel P., Prattville, Ala 681 
Smith, Stephen, New York City 476 
Smyth, Andrew W., New Orleans, La 476 
Soliy, Samuel E., Colorado Springs, C 010... 477 
Somers, Andrew 8., Omaha, Neb 681 
Sothoron, James T., Washington, D. C 477 
Southall, James H., Little Rock, Ark 477 
Spear, Edmund D., Boston, Mass 681 
Spencer, Horatio N., St. Louis, Mo 681 
Spitzka, Edward C., New York City 681 
Stafford, James, New York City 682 
Standish, Myles, Boston, Mass 478 
Stanley, Charles W., Chicago, HI 682 
Stanley, J. P., Pine Bluff, Ark 478 
Stanton, Otis, Washington, D. C 682 
Staples, Franklin, Winona, Minn 478 
Staples, George McLellan, Dubuque, la 682 
Steele, Daniel A. K., Chicago, 111 479 
Steiner, Lewis H., Baltimore, Md 480 
Sterne, A. E., Indianapolis Ind 481 
Sternberg, George M., Washington, D. C.. 481 
Stevens, Thadeus M., Indianapolis, 1nd.... 682 
Stevenson, A. C., Greencastle, Ind 683 
Stewart, Francis E., Watkins, N. Y 481 
Stewart, J. Clark, Minneapolis, Minn 685 
Stewart, Jacob H., St. Paul, Minn 685 
Stewart, J. T., Peoria, 111 482 
Stewart, AY. S., Philadelphia, Pa 483 
Stille, Alfred, Philadelphia, Pa 483 
Stille, Moreton, Philadelphia, Pa 484 
Stillson, J. 0., Indianapolis, Ind 485 
Stockdale, John L., Talladega, Ala 486 
Stokes, William H., Baltimore, Md 686 
Stone, John Osgood, New York City 486 
Stone, R. French, Indianapolis, Ind 486 
Stone, AYarren, Sr., New Orleans, La 490 
Stone, AYarren, Jr., New Orleans, La 493 
Stone, AAullis C., Chicago, 111 494 
Storer, David H., Boston, Mass 494 
Storer, Horatio R., Newport, R. 1 495 
Streett, David, Baltimore, Md 686 
Stucky, Thomas H., Louisville, Ky 686 
Sturgis, F. R,, New York City 495 
Sutcliffe, J. A., Indianapolis, Ind 497 
Sutherlin, AY. K., Mansfield, La 497 718 
GENERAL INDEX. 
Sutton, George, Aurora, Ind 686 
Sweringen, H. V., Fort Wayne, Ind 497 
Swett, John A., New York City 498. 
Swinburn, John, Albany, N. Y 500 
Taneyhill, G. Lane, Baltimore, Md 687 
Tauber, Bernard, Denver, Colo 687 
Taylor, Benjamin AY., Columbia, S. C 501 
Taylor, Isaac E., New York City 501 
Taylor, J. Howard, Philadelphia, Pa 687 
Taylor, Matthew A., Austin, Tex 502 
Taylor, Robert W., New York City 687 
Taylor, William H., Cincinnati, Ohio 688 
Taylor, William W., Memphis, Tenn 688 
Tebault, Christopher H., New Orleans, La... 688 
Tenney, John A., Boston, Mass 688 
Terriberry, Geo. W., Paterson, N. J 688 
Thacher, James, Plymouth, Mass 502 
Thacher, James K., New Haven, Conn 688 
Thomas, J. D., Pittsburgh, Pa 505 
Thomas, T. Gaillard, New York City 506 
Thompson, James E., Galveston, Texas.... 507 
Thompson, John H., Kansas City, Mo 688 
Thompson, W. C., Indianapolis, Ind 688 
Thompson, AY. Gilman, New York City.... 689 
Thomson, AVilliam, Philadelphia, Pa 507 
Thornbury, Frank J., Buffalo, N. Y 509 
Thorne, AValter S., San Francisco, Cal 509 
Thorner, Max, Cincinnati, Ohio 509 
Tiffany, Flavel 8., Kansas City, Mo 689 
Tiffany, Louis AlcLane, Baltimore, Md 690 
Todd, Levi L., Indianapolis, Ind 690 
Todd, Lyman 8., Lexington, Ky 691 
Todd, Robert N., Indianapolis, Ind 510 
Todd, Simeon S., Kansas City, Mo 691 
Toner, Joseph M., AYashington, D. C 513 
Toney, Luther C., Omaha, Neb 514 
Townsend, AATsner R., New York City 691 
Tucker, Willis G., Albany, N. Y 514 
Tuholske, Llerman, St. Louis, Mo 692 
Turnbull, Charles S., Philadelphia, Pa 515 
Turnbull, Laurence, Philadelphia, Pa 515 
Turner, Henry E., Newport, R. 1 516 
Tyree, William C., Kansas City, Mo 692 
Tyson, James, Philadelphia, Pa 516 
Ulrich, William 8., Chester, Pa 516 
ATalle, Jules F., St. Louis, Mo 692 
A7an Buren, William H., New York City... 517 
Yandenbergh, Frank P., Buffalo, N. Y 692 
Yanderpoel, AY. 8., New York City 692 
Ahmder A'eer, Albert, Albany, N. Y 517 
Yander Vort, F. C., Bloomington, 111 518 
ATan Harlingen, Arthur, Philadelphia. Pa. 692 
Aran Rensselaer, Howard, Albany, N. Y.... 692 
Van Riper, C. S., Paterson, N. J 692 
Vansant, Eugene L., Philadelphia, Pa 692 
Van AToorhis, Isaac, Fort Dearborn, 111 692 
Ararick, Theodore R., Jersey City, N. J 518 
Vaughan, Geo. T., AYashington, D. C 693 
Aredder, Alexander M., Schenectady, N.Y. 693 
Vernon, Geo. AY., Indianapolis, Ind 519 
Wagner, Theo. A., Indianapolis, Ind 519 
AVales, John P., AVilmington, Del 694 
AVales, Philip S., AYashington, D. C 694 
Walker, Edwin, Evansville, Ind 520 
AValker, Henry 0., Detroit, Mich 694 
Walker, John C., Indianapolis, Ind 521 
AY all, Otto A., St. Louis, Mo 695 
AYallace, David R.,AVaco, Texas 695 
Ward, Milo 8., Topeka, Kansas 695 
Ward, Samuel 8., Albany, N. Y 695 
AYare, Lyman, Chicago, 111 696 
AVarner, Geo. M., Louisville, Ky 695 
AVarren, Edward, Baltimore, Aid 695 
AVarren, John, Boston, Alass 521 
AVarren, John C., Boston, Alass 630 
AYarren, Joseph, Boston, Alass 535 
Warren, Joseph H., Boston, Mass 697 
Wathen, William H., Louisville, Ky 697 
Watkins, Thomas J., Chicago, 111 536 
Watkins, William 8., Portland, Oregon.... 697 
Watson, William P., Jersey City, N. J 697 
Waterman, Luther D., Indianapolis, Ind... 697 
Waxham, Frank E., Denver, Colo 536 
Webber, Nathaniel W., Detroit, Mich 698 
Weber, Samuel L., Chicago, 111 538 
Weber, Gustav 0. E., Cleveland, Ohio 699 
Webster, David, New York City 699 
Weed, Theodore A., Cleveland, Ohio 538 
Weeks, John E., New York City 699 
Weeks, Stephen H., Portland, Me 539 
Weir, Robert F., New York City 539 
Weiss, Samuel, Lebanon, Pa 700 
Welch, William H., Baltimore, Md 640 
Wells, Brooks IL, New York City 700 
Wells, Charles L., Minneapolis, Minn 540 
Wells, Frank, Boston, Mass 700 
Welsh, D. Emmett, Grand Rapids, Mich... 700 
Wende, Ernest, Buffalo, N. Y 700 
Wendt, Edmund C., New York City 700 
Wescott, Cassius D., Chicago, 111 540 
West, Alston M., Memphis, Tenn 700 
West, Hamilton A., Galveston, Texas 641 
West, W. Beverley, Fort Worth, Texas 541 
Whelpley, Henry M., St. Louis, Mo 541 
White, Frank S., Austin, Texas 542 
White, James P., Buffalo, N, Y 542 
White, J. William, Philadelphia, Pa 544 
White, Octavius A., New York City 544 
Whitehead, W. R., Denver, Colo 544 
Wilcox, James C., Darlington, S. C 549 
Wild, Edward, Brookline, Mass 701 
Wile, William C., Danbury, Conn 650 
Wiley, C. Chase, Pittsburgh, Pa 701 
Will, O. 8., Peoria, 111 551 
Willard, Andrew J., Burlington, Vt 651 
Willard, De Forest, Philadelphia, Pa 552 
Willett, E. Miles, Memphis, Tenn 701 
Williams, A. U., Hot Springs, Ark 553 
Williams, Daniel H., Chicago. 11l 701 
Williams, Elkanah, Cincinnati, Ohio 653 
Wilson, George F., Portland, Oregon 702 
Wilson, H. Augustus, Philadelphia, Pa 702 
Wilson, William E., Denver, Colo 702 
Wimermark, Arvid H., Chicago, 111 702 
Windrow, Sven, Chicago, 111 702 
Winston, Gustavus S., New York City 702 
Wintermute, James S., Tacoma, Wash 702 
Winters, Joseph E., New York City 703 
Wirt, William E., Cleveland, Ohio 656 
Wishard, William H., Indianapolis, Ind.. 655 
Wishard, William N., Indianapolis, Ind... 55S 
Wistar, Caspar, Philadelphia, Pa 560 
Wolfe, Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa 703 
Wood, Casey A., Chicago, 111 703 
AYood, George 8., Philadelphia, Pa 666 
Wood, H. C., Philadelphia, Pa '.. 567 
Wood, James R., New York City 567 
AYood, Thomas F., Wilmington, N. C 703 
AYood, T. Hilliard, Nashville, Tenn 704 
AYood, William L., Portland, Oregon 704 
AVoodbridge, L. D., AATlliamstown, Mass... 568 
AVoodburn, F. C., Indianapolis, Ind 704 
AVoodburn, J. H., Indianapolis, Ind 704 
AYoodbury, Frank, Philadelphia, Pa 568 
AAroodward, Joseph J., AYashington, D. C.. 568 
AAroodworth, John M., AA7’ashington, D. C.. 569 
Green V., Indianapolis, Ind 570 
Elliott H., Oakland, Cal 705 
AVooster, David, San Francisco, Cal 70 
AArooten, Thomas D., Austin, Texas 57( 
AATormley, Theodore G., Philadelphia, Pa.. 571 
AVorthington, Andrew K., Denver, C 010... 705 GENERAL INDEX. 
719 
Wright, Charles E., Indianapolis, Ind 571 
Wright, George F., Denver, Colo 705 
Wright, Joel W., New York City 573 
Wyckoff, Cornelius C., Buffalo, N. Y 573 
Wykoff, J. H., Princeton, N. J 573 
Wylie, W. Gill, New York City 705 
Wyman, Hal C., Detroit, Mich 705 
Wyman, Morrill, Cambridge, Mass 573 
Wynne, Thomas, Philadelphia, Pa 573 
Yale, Leroy M., New York City 574 
Yandell, Lunsford P., Louisville, Ky 574 
Yarrow, Henry 0., Washington, D. C 705 
Yemans, Charles C., Detroit, Mich 706 
Yoakum, Finis E., Denver, Colo 706 
Young, Irene D., Bordentown, N. J 574 
Young, J. Gilbert, Philadelphia, Pa 706 
Young, Stephen J., Terre Haute, Ind 706 
Young, Theodore J., Titusville, Pa 707 
Yount, Silas T., Chicago, 111 707 
Ziegler, George J., Philadelphia, Pa 707 LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX 
The following is an index of the names, business addresses and biographical sketches of a 
majority of the most eminent physicians, surgeons and specialists, as found in various parts 
of the United States and Territories. The towns and cities are arranged in alphabetical order, 
and the population of each is according to the census of 1890. 
PAGE. 
ALBANY, N. Y. Population, 94,923. 
Bailey W. H., Physician, 1 Washington Ave. 21 
Bigelow J. M., Phys. and Surg., 54 Eagle St. 45 
Boyd J. P., Gynecologist, 152 Washington Ave. 57 
Curtis F. C., Phys. and Surg., 17 Washington Ave. 104 
Merrill C. S., Oculistand Aurist,23 Washington Ave. 323 
Tucker W. G., Chemist Albany Medical College. 514 
Vander Veer Albert, Gynecologist, 28 Eagle St. 517 
Van Rensselaer H., Physician, 94 Columbia St. CO2 
Ward Samuel 8., Phys. and Surg., 135 N. Pearl St. 695 
ALEXANDRIA, VA, Population, 14,339. 
Brown Bedford, Phys. and Surg., 202 N. Wash. St. 592 
ALLEGHENY, PA. Population, 105,287. 
Rankin David N„ Phys. and Surg., 85 Lincoln Ave. 417 
ALNA, MICH. Population, 2,400. 
Brainerd I. N., Phys. and Surg., 86 Superior St. 57 
ALTON, TENN. Population, 25. 
Abernethy Jesse T., Physician. 1 
AMES, lOWA. Population, 1,500. 
Fairchild David S., Physician and Surgeon. 161 
ANN ARBOR, MICH. Population, 9,431. 
Dock George, Physician, 22 E. Jefferson St. 605 
Ford Corydou L., Physician and Surgeon. 167 
Gibbes Heneage, Pathologist, 16 Forest Ave. 621 
ANNISTON, ALA. Population, 10,000. 
Hill Thos. C., Phys. and Surg., 187 E. 18th St. 217 
ASTORIA, ORE. Population, 6,184. 
Kinney Augustus C., Physician. 268 
ATHENS, PA. Population, 3,274. 
Allen EzraP., Surgeon. 9 
ATLANTA, GA. Population, 65,533. 
Armstrong W. S., Phys. and Surg., 154 Washington St. 14 
Goldsmith W. T., Surgeon, 8 S. Broad St. 627 
Knott Jas. J., Surgeon, 3y2 Whitehall St. 649 
Love Wm. A., Gynecologist, 237 Whitehall St. 654 
Powell, Thos. S., Obstetrician, 63 S. Pryor st. 667 
AUGUSTA, GA. Population, 33,300. 
Foster Eugene, Physician, 612 Broad St. 168 
A USTTX, XEX. Population, 14,575. 
Daniel F. E., Dermatologist, 105 W. Seventh St. 105 
Taylor Matthew A., Phys. and Surg., 104 W. Bth St. 502 
White Frank S., Alienist and Neurologist. 542 
Wooten Thos. D., Surgeon, 107 E. Tenth St. 570 
BAKER CITY, ORE. Population, 2,604. 
Fuller H. J., Gynecologist. 177 
BALTIMORE, MO. Population, 434,439. 
Arnold Abraham 8., Physician, 2016 Madison Ave. 14 
Atkinson A., Phys. and Surg., 2101 Maryland Ave. 15 
Caldwell, John J., Neurologist, Waverly. 72 
PAGE. 
Cathell D. W., Physician, 1308 N. Charles St. 77 
Chancellor C. W., Phys. and Surg., 12 E. Eager St. 79 
Chew Samuel C., Physician, 216 VV. Lanvale St. 86 
Chisolm J. J., Oculist and Aurist, 114 W. Franklin St. 86 
Cuddy J. W. C., Physician, 506 N. Carrollton Ave. 601 
Lewis W. M., Phys. and Surg., 1209 Presstman St. 651 
Merrick L. K., Rhin. and Laryng., 843 N. Eutaw St. 659 
Miltenberger Geo. W., Phys., 319 W. Monument St. 325 
Monmonier J. F., Physician, 824 N. Calvert St. 334 
Opie Thos., Obstetrician, 600 N. Howard St. 358 
Osier Wm., Physician, 1 W. Franklin St. 663 
Reuling G., Oculist and Aurist. 103 VV. Monument St. 422 
Stokes Wm. H., Physician, 619 St. Paul St. 686 
Streett David, Physician, 403 N. Exeter St. 686 
Taneyhill G. L., PJiys. and Surg., 1103 Madison Ave. 687 
Tiffany Louis McLane, Surgeon, 831 Park Ave. 690 
Welch Wm. H., Phys. and Path., Johns Hopkins Hos. 540 
BANGOR, ME. Population, 19,103. 
Hamlin Augustus C., Physician and Surgeon. 632 
Sanger Eugene F., Physician and Surgeon. 672 
BARROR, WIS. Population, 829. 
Ellis William H., Physician and Surgeon. 616 
BATON ROUGE, LA. Population, 13,000. 
Dupree Jas. W., Phys. and Surg., 409 Laurel St. 145 
BAY CITY, MICH. Population, 27,839. 
Erwin Robert W.t Physician, 620 N. Monroe St. 158 
BELLOWS FALLS, VX. Pop., 5,000. 
Campbell E. R., Physician and Surgeon, 21 Henry St. 596 
BERKELEY, CAL. Population, 1,700. 
LeConte Joseph, Scientist, 27 Bancroft Way. 276 
BINGHAMTON, R. Y. Pop., 35,005. 
Orton J. G., Physician, 215 Main St. 359 
BIRMINGHAM, ALA. Pop., 26,241. 
Davis W. E. 8., Gynecologist, 1806 Third Ave. 113 
BISMARCK, R. D. Population, 2,186. 
Porter Henry R., Physician and Surgeon. 667 
BLOOMINGTON, ILL. Pop., 22,242. 
Guthrie Wm. E., Physician and Surgeon. 193 
Vander Vort, F. C., Physician. 518 
BOROKNTOWN, R. J. Pop., 4,232. 
Young Irene D., Oculist and Aurist. 574 
BOSCOBEL, WIS. Population, 1.570. 
Armstrong Leroy G., Physician and Surgeon. 14 
BOSTON, MASS. Population. 448,477. 
Amory Robert, Physician, 279 Beacon St. 12 
Chenery Elisha, Physician, 65 Chandler St. 85 
Cheney F. E., Oculist, Hotel Bristol. 597 
Cushing Ernest W., Gynecologist, 168 Newburry St. 105 
Durgin Samuel H„ Phys. and Surg., 12 Beacon St. 146 
Dwight Thomas, Physician, 235 Beacon St. 146 722 
LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
Edes Robert T., Neurologist Adams Nervine Asylum. 156 
Folsom Chas. F., Phys. and Surg., 15 Marlboro St. 619 
Greenough F. 8., Phys. and Surg , 10 Charles St. 680 
Holmes Oliver W., Physician, 296 Beacon St. 219 
Ingalls Wm., Physician and Surgeon, 780 Beacon St. 240 
Jeffries B. J., Oculist, 3 Exeter St. 250 
Johnson J. W., Gynecologist, 20 Worcester St. 645 
Knapp Philip C., Neurologist, 83 Marlboro St. 648 
Knight F. 1., Laryngologist, 377 Boylston St. 269 
Marcy Henry 0., Surgeon, 180 Commonwealth Ave. 314 
Miller Albert E., Physician, 110 Tremont St. 659 
Minot Francis, Physician, 65 Marlboro St. 659 
Mixter Samuel J., Surgeon, 180 Marlboro St. 659 
Nichols Arthur H., Physician, 55 Mt. Vernon St. 355 
Pattee A. F., Physician, 94 W. Springfield St. 376 
Shattuck F. C., Physician, 135 Marlboro St. 462 
Spear Edmund D., Oculist and Aurist, 6 Beacon St. 681 
Standish Myles, Oculist, 200 Dartmouth St. 478 
Tenney J. A., Ocul. and Aur., 2 Commonwealth Ave. 688 
Wells Prank, Physician, 178 Devonshire St. 700 
BRATTLEBORO, VT. Pop., 6,862. 
Holton Henry D., Physician and Surgeon. 220 
BROOKLYN, lOWA. Population, 1,400. 
McCulloch A. P., Physician and Surgeon. 655 
BROOKLYN, Pt. Y. Population, 853,945, 
Bell Agrippa N., Physician, 291 Union St. 40 
Burge J. H., Hobart,Phys. and Surg., 132 Montague St. 68 
Fowler Geo. R., Surgeon, 302 Washington Ave. 620 
Raymond J. H., Physician, 173 Joralemon St. 669 
Skene, Alex. J. C., Gynecologist, 167 Clinton St. 469 
BUFFALO, N. V. Population, 255,664. 
Abbott F. W., Oculist and Aurist, 223 Franklin St. 575 
Fell Geo. E., Physician, 72 Niagara St. 618 
Flagg J. D., Phys. and Surg., 135 E. Eagle St. 619 
Grant H. G., Oculist and Aurist, 50 W. Tupper St. 629 
Harrington D. W.,Genito-Urinary Surg., 1430 Main St. 200 
Mann M. D., Obst. and Gynecologist, 37 Allen St. 657 
Park Roswell, Surgeon, 510 Delaware Ave. 369 
Potter Wm. W., Gynecologist, 284 Franklin St. 411 
Rochester De Lancey, Physician, 469 Franklin St. 672 
Thornburg, F. J., Phys. and Surg., 610 Main St. 509 
Vandenbergh F. P., Chemist, Lewis Block. 692 
Wende Ernest, Physician, 174 Franklin St. 700 
Wyckofi C. C., Phys. and Surg., 482 Delaware Ave. 573 
BVRDETT, IS. Y. Population, 400. 
Nivison Nelson, Physician and Surgeon. 355 
BURLINGTON, YT. Population, 14,590. 
Hawley D. C., Physician, 42 N. Winooski Ave. 636 
Willard A. J., Neurologist, 89 N. Prospect St. 551 
CALDWELL, TEXAS. Pop., 1,260. 
Darr Hiram H., Physician and Surgeon. 108 
CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Population,7o,o2B. 
Clarke Augustus P., Phys. and Surg., 693 Main St. 87 
Wyman Morrill, Physician. 573 
CAMDEN, Pi. J. Population, 58,313. 
Benjamin Dowling, Phys. and Surg., 209 Cooper St. 42 
Gross O. 8., Surgeon, 700 Market St. 630 
CABTLETON, IND. Population, 150. 
Rooker James 1., Physician. 428 
CHARLESTON, S. C. Population, 54,955. 
Kollock C. W„ Oculist, Wentworth and Corning Sts. 270 
Michel Wm. M„ Phys. and Surg., 83 Society St. 324 
CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA. P0p.,5,591. 
Chancellor J. Edgar, Physician University Place. 81 
CHATTANOOGA, TENN. Pop., 50,000. 
Cobleigh E. A., Physician. 729 Chestnut St. 597 
Drake G. Warter, Physician, 320 Walnut St. 605 
Ellis G. Maiming, Physician, 826 Market St. 616 
CHEROKEE, lOWA. Population, 3,500. 
HornshrookEdward, Physican and Surgeon. 223 
CHESTER, PA. Population, 20,226. 
Ulrich Wm. 8., Physician and Surgeon. 516 
CHICAGO, lEE. Population, 1,098,576. 
Andrews Edmund, Surgeon, 65 Randolph St. 13 
Babcock Elmer E., Surgeon. 3239 Indiana Ave. 20 
Babcock R. H., Physician, Venetian Building. 20 
Bacon Charles S., Phys. and Surg., 70 Dearborn St. 20 
Bacon Joseph 8., Surgeon, Venetian Building. 21 
Bausman A. 8., Phys. and Surg., 115 W. Madison St. 579 
Behrens B. M.. Rhinologist and Aurist, 70 State St. 40 
Benson John A., Alien, and Neur01.,252 Warren Ave. 42 
Bettman Boerne, Oculist and Aurist, 36 Wash. St. 44 
Bishop S. S., Oculist, Aurist and Rhinol., 70 State St. 46 
Brigham B. A., Gynecologist, 70 State St. 62 
Brower D. R., Neurologist, 36 Washington St. 63 
Brown M. R., Rhinologist. 34 E. Washington St. 64 
Buck J. P., Phys. and Surg., 418 La Salle Ave. 66 
Buckmaster S. 8., Neurologist, 1249 W. Madison St. 67 
Burr A. H., Phys. and Surg., 279 State St. 68 
Butler Geo. F., Physician, 851 Jackson Boulevard. 69 
Byford Henry T., Gynecologist, 34 Washington St. 69 
Caldwell Wm. C., Gynecologist, 168 S.Halstead St. 72 
Clarke Wm. E., Phys. and Surg., 690 W. Monroe St. 89 
Clevenger S.V., Alienist and Neurologist, 70State St. 90 
Coleman W. F., Oculist, 36 Washington St. 93 
Curtis John H., Physician, 440 W. Harrison St. 104 
Danforth Isaac N., Physician, 294 W. Monroe St. 602 
Davis N. S., Physician, 65 Randolph St. 108 
Davis N. S., Jr., Physician, 65 Randolph St. 112 
Davis Thos. A., Phys. and Surg., 987 Jackson Boule. 113 
De Wolf Oscar C., Physician, 36 La Salle St. 604 
Dudley E. C., Gynecologist, 1617 Indiana Ave. 139 
Dyas, Wm. G., Phys. and Surg., 107 S. Clarke St. 609 
Earle Frank 8., Physician, 70 State St. 
Emmons Francis A., Physician, 4440 Ellis Ave. 616 
Etheridge J. H., Gynecologist, 65 Randolph St. 158 
Fitch T. Davis, Phys. and Surg., 296 W. Monroe St. 162 
Formaneck Frederick, Surgeon, 240 Wabash Ave. - 7 
Foster Addison H., Physician, 779 W. Monroe St. 19 
Goldspohn Albert, Gynecologist, 36 Washington St. 185 
Greenfield C. E., Physician, 260 S. Halstead St. 190 
Haines W. S., Chemist, Rush Medical College. 194 
Hamilton John 8., Surgeon, Grand Pacific Hotel. 196 
Hammond J. D., Rhinol. and Laryngol., Aud. Bldg 632 
Harper J. E., Oculist and Aurist, 1101 Masonic Tern. 035 
Harrison W. K., Phys. and Surg., 36 Washington Sr. 201 
Hatfield Marcus P., Physician, 4160 Ellis Ave. 210 
Hektoen Ludvig, Phys. and Surg., 119 S. Loomis St. 213 
Hoadley A. E , Surgeon, 683 Washington Boulevard. 218 
Hollister John H„ Physician, 36 Washington St. 641 
Holmes E. L., Oculist, 520 W. Adams St. 219 
Hotz F. C., Surgeon, Venetian Building. 234 
Ingals E. F . Rhinol. and Laryngol.,36 E. Wash. St. 240 
Isham Ralph N., Surgeon. 34 Washington St. 643 
Johnson Frank S., Physician, 4 Sixteenth St. 
Jones Samuel J., Oculist. 115 Monroe St. 257 
Kiernan J. G., Alien, and Neurol., 834 Op. House Blk. 266 
King Oscar A., Neurologist, 70 State St. 
Lackersteen M. H., Physician, 36 Washington St. 271 
Lagorio A., Physician, 65 Randolph St. 
Logan C. A., Physician, Tremont House. 
Lydston G. F., Genito-Urinary Surg , 570 Full. Ave. 294 
Lyman Henry M., Physician, 65 Randolph St. 
McWilliams S. A., Phys. and Surg., 3456 Mich. Ave. 311 
Marshall John S., Oral Surgeon, Venetian Buildin- 315 
Miller DeLaskie, Obstetrician, 446 Chestnut St. or.; 
Miller Truman W., Surg., 211 Opera House Building. 659 
Montgomery W. T., Ocnl. and Aur., Op. House Bldg. 335 
Murdock E. P„ Phys. and Surg., 148 Loomis St. 
Murphy John 8., Surgeon, Venetian Building. 
Nelson Daniel T., Gynecologist, 2400 Indiana Ave 352 LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
723 
Newman H. P., Gynecologist,Bo2 Venetian Building. 353 
Owens John E., Surgeon, 1806 Michigan Ave. 361 
Price Oscar J.,Surgeon, 538 W. Adams St. 413 
Pynchon Edwin, Rhinologist, 709 Venetian B’ld’g. 667 
Quine Wm. E., Physician, 3160 Indiana Ave. 414 
Rauch John H., Physician, Grand Pacific Hotel. 668 
Rhodes John E., Physician, 36 E. Washington St. 422 
Rldlon John F.,Orthopedic Surg.,34 Washington St. 424 
Ritter Martin M., Ocul. and Aur.. 1101 Masonic Tem. 425 
Robinson F. Byron, Surgeon, 1009 Venetian B’ld’g 425 
Robison John Ar, Physician, 297 Ashland Boulevard 426 
Roler E. O. F., Gynecologist, 125 Twenty-second St. 428 
Senn Nicholas, Surgeon, 532 Dearborn Ave. 674 
Steele Daniel A. K., Surgeon, 240 Wabash Ave. 479 
Stone Willis C., Phys. and Surer.. 89 E. M«dison St. 494 
Ware Lyman, Oculist and Aurist, 125 State St. 695 
Watkins Thos. J., Gynecologist. 1355 Wabash Ave. 536 
Weber Samuel L., Phys. and Surg ,2843 Tnd’ana Ave. 538 
WescottC. D , Phys. and Surg , 551 Jackson Boule. 540 
Williams Daniel H., Physician, 3034 Michigan Ave. 701 
Wimermark Arvid, Phys. and Surg., 65 Randolph St 702 
Windrow Sven, Phys. and Surg., 64 Chicago Ave 702 
Wood Casey A., Oculist and Aurist, 103 E. Adams St. 703 
Yount S. T., Phys. and Surg., 1134 Masonic Temple. 707 
CINCINNATI, OHIO. Pop., 296,908. 
Beck John C., Physician and Surgeon, 100 John St. 580 
Comegys C. G., Physician, 298 W. Seventh St. 95 
Conner Phineas S., Surgeon, 159 W. Ninth St. 96 
Cullen Gilbert 1., Aur. and Laryng., 478 W. Sixth St. 601 
Fitspatriek T.V., Laryngol. and Aur.,136 W. Eighth St. 019 
Hall Rufus 8., Gynecologist, 154 W. Eighth St. 632 
Holmes C. R., Oculist and Aurist, 84 W. Seventh St. 641 
Hyndraan J. G., Laryngologist, 98 W. Ninth St. 239 
Isham Asa 8., Physician, McMillan and Gilbert Avs. 24i 
Judkins Wm., Phys. and Surg., 134 Garfield Place. 646 
Langdon F. W., Phys. and Surg., 65 W. Seventh St. 273 
McKee E. S., Gynecol, and Obstet., 57 W. Seventh St. 307 
Oliver John C., Physician, 266 Elm St. 663 
Reamy Thad. A., Gynecologist, Walnut Hills. 419 
Ricketts B. Merrill, Surg. and Derm., 137 Broadway. 423 
Taylor Wm. H., Obstetrician, 329 W. Seventh St. 688 
Thorner Max, Aur. and Laryng., 141 Garfield Place. 509 
CLARKSVILLE, ARK. Pop., 1,200. 
Mitchell John P., Physician and Surgeon. 659 
CLEVELAND, OHIO. Pop., 270,000. 
Allen Dudley P., Surgeon, 278 Prospect St. 9 
Corlett Wm. T., Dermatologist, 333 Prospect St. 600 
Herrick Henry J., Surgeon, 355 Erie St. 639 
Himes Isaac N„ Phys. and Surg., 177 Euclid Ave. 640 
Lowman John H., Phys. and Surg., 345 Prospect St. 655 
Rossenwasser M., Gynecol., 722 Woodland Ave. 430 
Scott Xenophon C., Oculist, 127 Euclid Ave. 460 
Weber Gustav C. E., Surgeon, 161 Prospect St. 699 
Weed Theodore A., Physician, 358 Pearl St. 538 
Wirt Wm. E., Orthopedic Surgeon.so Euclid Ave. 555 
CLYDE, NJ. Y. Population. 2,638. 
Colvin Darwin, Physician and Surgeon. 94 
COLLEGE HILL. O. Pop., 1,346. 
Everts Orpheus, Alienist and Neurolgist, 161 
COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO. 
Population, 12,000. 
Campbell Wm. A., Phy. and Surg., 87 Bank Bldg. 74 
Hart Jas. A., Phys. and Surg., 802 N. Nevada Ave. 201 
Horn T. G., Phys. Cor. Tejon and Huerfano Sts. 641 
Robinson J. R„ Oculist and Aurist, 37 Bank Bldg. 426 
Solly S. E., Phys. and Surg., 2 N. Cascade Ave. 477 
COLUMBIA, S. C, Population, 15,353. 
Taylor Benjamin W., Physician and Surgeon. 501 
COLUMBIA, TENN. Population, 5,500. 
Dorset Walter C., Physician. 605 
COL.UMBUS, OHIO. Population. 94,760. 
Baldwin James F., Gynecologist, 112 N. Fourth St. 22 
Gilliam D. Tod, Gynecologist, 50 N. Fourth St. 184 
COMO, COLO. Population, 350. 
Scott Clinton H., Phys. and Surg , Pacific Hotel. 672 
COVINGTON, TENN. Pop., 1,067. 
Gillespie G. B„ Gynecologist. 183 
DALLAS, TEXAS. Population, 38,067. 
Ashton Lawrence, Phys. and Surg., 455 Commerce St. 15 
DANBURV, CONN. Population, 16,552. 
Wile William C„ Phys. and Surg., 7 Delay St. 550 
DARLINGTON, S. C. Pop., 2,389. 
Wilcox James C., Physician and Surgeon. 549 
DECATUR., ILL. Population, 20,000. 
Chenoweth Cassidy, Surg., Syndicate Building. 86 
Chenoweth W. J„ Surgeon, 243 N. Maine St. 85 
DEFIANCE, OHIO. Pop., 9,000. 
Slocum Charles E. Physician and Surgeon. 470 
DELAWARE, OHIO. Population, 8,224. 
Hyatt Elisha H., Physician. 642 
DENVER, COLO. Population, 106,670. 
Bancroft, Frederick J., Surgeon, 302 Mack Block. 575 
Black G. Melville, Oculist and Aurist, Steele Block. 580 
Bucknum Henry H., Phy. and Surg., 14 Barth Blk. 67 
Cattanach A. J., Phys.and Surg., 701 Fourteenth St. 596 
Collins J. W., Gynecologist, 4 Stedman Block. 598 
Davis Wm. C., Phys. and Surg., 736 Fourteenth St. 603 
Denison Charles, Physician, 823 Fourteenth St. 115 
Eisner John R., Physician, 1014 Fourteenth St. 616 
Eskridge J. T., Neurologist, 204 Equitable Building. 618 
Fisk S. A., Physician, 37 Eighteenth Ave. 619 
Girvin E. R., Oculist and Aurist, Bancroft Building. 622 
Hawkins T. H., Gynecologist, McPhee Building. 636 
Howland H. H. Rhinologist, 1 Stedman Block. 642 
Kimball J. H., Physician, Steele Block. 646 
Lemen H. A., Physician, Evans Block. 650 
Le Mond R. F., Oculist and Aurist, California Bldg. 650 
Levy R., Rhinol. and Laryngol., California Bldg. 651 
Lobingier A. S., Phys. and Surg., 18 Barth Block. 652 
Lyman C. 8., Surgeon, 1517 Stout St. 295 
McLauthlin H. W„ Physician, 22 Barth Block. 656 
McNaught F. H., Physician, 8 Jacobson Block. 656 
MacPhatter Neil, Gynecol., 1535 Cleveland Place. 656 
Munn Wm. P., Genito-IJrinary Surgeon, 709 14th St. 662 
Parkhill Clayton, Surgeon, 205 McPhee Budding. 664 
Rivers E. C., Oculist and Aurist, Bancroft Bldg. 671 
Rogers Edmund J. A., Surgeon, 222 Colfax Ave. 672 
Rothwell William J., Physician, Clayton Block. 672 
Ruedi Carl, Physician, 1713 Grant Ave. 672 
Sewell Henry, Physician, 23 Eighteenth Ave. 677 
Tauber Bernard, Rhinol. and Laryn., 222 Mack Blk. 687 
Waxham F. E., Laryng., 300 California Building. 536 
Whitehead Wm. R., Surgeon, 815 Fifteenth St. 544 
Wilson Wm. E., Physician, 2535 Champa St. 702 
Worthington A. K„ Phys. and Surg , Cass Block. 705 
Wright Geo. F., Orthop. Surg., 1209 Seventeenth St. 705 
Yoakum Finis E., Physician, 56 Barth Block. 706 
DBS MOINES, lOWA. Pop., 56,000. 
Finlayson D. W., Surgeon, 701 W. Walnut St. 619 
DETROIT, MICH. Population, 250,000. 
Biddle A. P., Physician, 39 W. Fort St. 580 
Campbell D. S., Aur. and Laryngol., 9 Wash. Ave. 596 
Carsteus J. H , Phys and Surg., 21 Macomb St. 75 
Connor Leartus, Oculist and Aurist, 103 Cass St. 96 
Devendorf C. A., Obstetrician. 508 Woodward Ave. 604 
Duffield George, Physician, 25 Washington Ave. 606 
Duffteld S. P., Physician. City Court Building. 140 
Emerson Justin E„ Physician, 128 Henry St. 616 
Gailey John K., Physician, 702 Woodward Ave. 621 
Henry Wm. G., Phys. and Surg., 68 Lafayette Ave. 639 724 
LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
Hitchcock C. W., Phys. and Surg., 29 Henry St. 640 
Jenks Edward W„ Gynecologist, 84 Lafayette Ave. 251 
Jennings C. G.. Gynecologist, 457 Jefferson Ave. 644 
Leonard C.H., Gynecologist, 18 John St. 278 
Longyear H. W., Gynecologist, 698 Woodward Ave. 654 
McLean A., Physician and Surgeon, 39 W. Fort St. 656 
Maire Lewis E., Ocul. and Aur., 48 W. Adams Ave. 656 
Smith Eugene, Ocul. and Aur., 130 Lafayette Ave. 679 
Walker Henry 0., Orthop. Surg., 27 Adams Ave. 694 
Webber N. W., Gynecologist, 102 Miami Ave. 698 
Wyman H. C., Surgeon, 46 Adams Ave. 705 
Yemans Chas. C., Physician, 527 Woodward Ave. 706 
OE WITT, NEB. Population, 1,000. 
Duncan J. K. L., Phys. and Surg., 996 Fillmore Ave. 606 
DIJBIJQUE, lOWA. Population, 35,000. 
Staples G. McLelan, Physician and Surgeon. 682 
DULUTH, MINN. Population, 50,000. 
McCormick S. C., Phys. and Surg., 5 W. Superior St. 655 
EATON, OHIO. Population, 4,000. 
Quinn James L., Physician and Surgeon. 415 
ELKTON, KT. Population, 1,158. 
Mcßeynolds John 0., Physician and Surgeon. 310 
ELLICOTT CITY, AIM. Pop., 1,488. 
Owings Thomas 8., Physician. 362 
EMPORIA, KAN. Population, 7,551. 
Biddle Geo. A., Phys. and Surg., 509 Commercial St. 45 
EVANSVILLE, IND. Pop., 50,674. 
Hayden A. M., Gynecologist, 502 Upper First St. 211 
Owen Abraham M., Surgeon. 360 
Walker Edward, Gynecologist, 427 Upper Third St. 520 
FLEETVILLE, PA. Population, 279. 
Davison F. B. Physician and Surgeon. 602 
FORT SMITH, ARK. Pop., 13,500. 
Hatchett 8., Phys. and Surg., 523 Garrison Ave. 636 
FORT WAYNE, IND. Pop., 39,000. 
McCaskey G. W., Physician, 107 W. Wayne St. 296 
Sweringen H. V., Phys. and Surg., 197 W. Wayne St. 497 
FORT WORTH, TEX. Pop., 23,076. 
West W. Beverley, Surgeon, 501 Maine St. 541 
EREDERICKTOWN, O. P0p.,900. 
Pennell W. W., Physician and Surgeon. 378 
FREMONT, NEB. Population, 6,747. 
Abbott Luther J., Physician and Surgeon. 1 
GALVESTON, TEX. Pop., 29,084, 
Clopton A. G., Physician and Surgeon. 91 
Hadra B. E., Physician and Surgeon. 193 
Keiller William, Physician and Surgeon. 264 
Morris Seth Mabry, Physician and Chemist. 338 
Paine J. F. Y., Physician. 2117 Market St. 362 
Randall Edward, Physician and Surgeon. 416 
Thompson James E., Surgeon, 2107 Market St. ' 
West Hamilton A., Physician, 2107 Market St. 541 
GARDEN CITY, KAN. Pop., 1,490. 
Cole Frederick, Physician and Surgeon. 597 
GEORGETOWN, O. Population, 1,473. 
Gordon Thomas W„ Physician and Surgeon. 628 
GETTYSBURGH, I*A. Pop., 8,221. 
O’Neal John W. C., Physician and Surgeon. 358 
GONZALES, TEXAS. Population, 1,641. 
Jones John C., Physician and Surgeon. 253 
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. Pop., 80,000. 
Groner F. J., Surgeon, 129 Monroe St. 191 
Welsh D. E., Oculist and Aurist, 79 Monroe St. 700 
GREELEY, COLO. Population, 2,500. 
Hawes Jesse, Physician and Surgeon, 21.0 
GREENCABTLE) IND. Pop., 6,000. 
Evans E. 8., Physician and Surgeon. 618 
GREENSBOROVGH, AI.A. Popula- 
tion, 2,500. 
Inge Richard, Physician and Surgeon. 241 
Peterson Francis M., Physician and Surgeon. 665 
GREEKYIEEE, AL,A, Population, 4,000. 
Harrison Joseph, Physician and Surgeon. 201 
GROYELAKD, 91 ASS. Pop., 2,191. 
Parker William T., Physician and Surgeon. 372 
HARRISBURG, PA. Population, 39,389. 
Bishop ffm. T., Physician and Surgeon, 211 Pine St. 47 
Coover E. H., Physician and Surgeon, 313 Locust St. 97 
Dunott Thos. H., Surgeon, 132 Walnut St. 607 
Rahter Charles A., Physician and Surgeon. 668 
HARRISONBVKGH, VA. Popula- 
tion, 2,792. 
Harrison James F., Physician and Surgeon. 200 
HARTFORD, COIVIS. Pop., 53,230. 
Hudson Wm. M., Physician, 105 Elm St. 642 
Jarvis Geo. C., Physician and Surgeon, 98 High St. 250 
HAVERHILL, MASS. Pop., 27,412. 
Clement G. C„ Phys. and Surg., Academy Music Bldg. 89 
HOLUDAYSBVRGH, PA. Popula- 
tion, 2,975. 
Irwin Crawford, Physician and Surgeon. 241 
HOMERi N. Y. Population, 2,500. 
Green Caleb, Physician and Surgeon. 629 
HOT SPRINGS, ARK. Pop., 10,000. 
Williams A. U., Phys. and Surg., 408 Central Ave. 553 
HUNTINGDON, 'TEINI't. Pop., 707. 
McCall Joseph W., Physician and Surgeon. 295 
INDIANA, PA. Population, 1,963. 
Anderson William. Physician, 500 Philadelphia St. ,3 
INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Pop., 105,436. 
Beck W. S., Physician, 20 W. Ohio St. 580 
Bell Guido, Physician and Surgeon, 98 N. East St. 41 
Brayton A. W., Phys. and Dermatol., 26 E. Ohio St. 58 
Brennan E. J., Phys. and Surg., 240 N. Tenn. St. 60 
Cline L. C., Rhinol. and Laryngol., 42 E. Ohio St. . 91 
Grose S. E., Physician, 9 Board of Trade Building. 600 
Dunning L. H„ Gynecologist, 249 N. Alabama St. 144 
Earp S. E., Phys. and Surg., 24% Kentucky Ave. 1 >'i 
Eastman Joseph, Gynecologist, 197 N. Delaware St. JSO 
Edenharter Geo. F., Sup’t. Central Insane Hospital. 155 
Elder E. S., Physician, 44 E. Ohio St. 156 
Ferguson, Frank C., Gynecol., 139 N. Meridian St. 161 
Fletcher Wm.B., Alienist and Neurol., 124 N. Ala. St. 163 
Garver J. J., Phys. and Surg., 126 N. Meridian St. 180 
Hays Franklin W., Physician, 19 E. Ohio St. 636 
Heath F. C., Oculist, 19 W. Ohio St. 213 
Hervey J. W., Physician, 744 Shelby St. 
Jameson Henry, Physician, 28 E. Ohio St. 248 
Jameson P. H., Physician, 28 E. Ohio St. 249 
Kitchen John M„ Physician, 44% N. Penn. St. 
Long R. W., Phys. and Surg., 156% E. Washington St 286 
McShane J. T., Physician and Surg., 26 E. Ohio St. 310 
Maxwell Allison, Physician, 19 W. Ohio St. 318 
Moffett E. D., Physician and Surg., 34 E. Ohio St. 659 
Morgan Wm. V., Surgeon,336 N. Alabama St. 
Page L. F., Rhinol. and Laryngol., Marion Blk. 664 
Pantzer H. 0., Surgeon, 194 E. Michigan St. 
Patterson A. W-, Phys. and Surg., 83 Mass. Ave. 665 
Pfaff O. G., Gynecologist, 197 N. Alabama St. 666 
Potter Theodore, Physician, 36 E. Ohio St. 
Rowe L. M., Gynecologist, 134 N. Meridian St. 
Sterne A. E., Neurologist, Marion Block. 
Stillson J. 0„ Oculist, 245 N. Pennsylvania St. 
Stone R. French, Phys. and Surg., 16 W. Oh!o St. 486 LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
725 
Sutcliffe J. A., Surgeon, Baldwin Block. 497 
Thompson W. C., Physician, Thompson Block. 688 
Todd Levi L., Physician, 19 W. Ohio St. 690 
Wagner Theo. A., Phys. and Surg., 60 E. Ohio St. 519 
Waterman L. D., Physician, 21 Denison House. 697 
Wishard Wm. H., Physician, 31% Virginia Ave. 555 
Wishard Wm.N., Genito-UrinarySurg., Marion Blk. 559 
Woodburn F. C., Physician, 415 E, Seventh St. 704 
Woodburn J. H., Phys., cor. 7th and College Ave. 704 
Woolen G. V., Rhinol. and Laryngol., 20 W. Ohio St. 570 
IOWA CITY, IOWA. Population, 8,000. 
Hobby C. M., Physician and Surgeon. 218 
ITHACA, 3H. Y. Population, 11,079. 
Hitchcock Edward, Physician. 218 
JACKSON, HISS. Population, 5,920. 
Johnston Wirt, Physician and Surgeon. 645 
JACKSONVILLE, FLA. Pop., 17,201. 
Maxwell George T., Physician and Surgeon. 318 
JANESVILLE, WIS. Population, 10,836. 
Palmer Henry, Surgeon, 52 Milwaukee St. 364 
JERSEY CITY, N. J. Population. 163,000. 
Craig Burdette P., Physician, 258 Montgomery St. 600 
Culver Joseph E., Physician, 561 Summit Ave. 103 
Quimby Isaac N„ Phys. and Surg., 582 Jersey Ave. 667 
Watson William P., Physician, 319 York St. 697 
KANSAS CITY, MO. Population, 132,716. 
Crowell H. C., Gynecol., cor. Ninth and Locust Sts. 601 
Davis G. W., Genito-Urinary Surg., 203 Journal Bldg. 603 
Fulton A.L., Surgeon, 901 Wyandotte St. 621 
Griffith J. D., Surgeon, 525 Rialto Building. 630 
Halley George, Surgeon, 800 Lydia Ave. 632 
Hedersnn E.L., Physician, 102 W. Ninth St. 213 
Jackson James P., Surgeon, 209 Journal Building. 643 
Johnson F. M., Obstetrician, 400 E. Ninth St. 645 
Jones J. 8., Physician, 1014 E. Ninth St. 645 
Lanphear Emory, Gynecologist, 1334 E. Eighth St. 650 
Lewis Eugene R., Surgeon, 209 Journal Building. 282 
Logan J. E., Rhinol. and Laryn., 9th and Walnut Sts 652 
Perkins John W., Surgeon, 1109 Broadway. 665 
Porter D. R., Phys.,S. E. cor. 10th and Washington Sts. 666 
Ridge Isaac M., Physician and Surg., 911 Main St. 669 
Sohauffler E. W., Physician, 1103 Main St. 460 
Sharp Joseph, Physician. 1027 Cherry St. 677 
Thompson J. H., Oculist and Aurist. Times Bldg. 688 
Tiffany F. 8., Oculist and Aurist, 2457 Troost Ave. 689 
Todd Simeon S., Gynecologist, 331 Rialto Building. 691 
Tyree W. C., Oculist and Aurist, 525 Rialto Bldg. 692 
KEOKUK, IOWA. Population, 19,264. 
Kinnaman H. A., Physician, 1 Este’s Block. 647 
KEY WEST, FLA. Population, 23,000. 
Mendoza F. F., Physician,Whitehead and Eaton Sts. 322 
KNOXVILLE, TENN. Pop., 22,535. 
Ristine C. E., Gynecologist, 613 Prince St. 425 
KOKOMO, IND, Population, 12,000. 
Scott Wm., Physician and Surg., 93 W. Sycamore St. 460 
LADOGA, IND. Population. 1,700. 
Batman Wm. F., Physician and Surgeon. 579 
LA FAYETTE, IND. Population, 22,500. 
Keiper George F., Oculist, Aurist and Rhinologist. 646 
LAKELAND, FLA. Population, 1,000. 
Perry Joseph M., Physician and Surgeon. 381 
LANSING, MICH. Population, 13,102. 
Baker Henry 8., Physician, 726 W. Ottawa St. 21 
LEBANON, PA. Population, 14,664. 
Weiss Samuel, Gynecologist, 718 Chestnut St. 700 
LEXINGTON, KY. Population, 21,567. 
Todd Lyman 8., Physician and Surgeon. 691 
LINCOLN, NEB. Population. 55,154. 
Giffen R. E., Phys. and Surg., Montgomery Block. 183 
LITTLE BOCK, ABK. Pop., 35,000. 
Hooper P. 0., Physician and Surgeon. 221 
Jennings Roscoe G., Surgeon, 502 Main St. 251 
Southall J. H., Phys. and Surg., 114 W. Second St. 477 
LOGANSPORT, INI). Population, 15,000. 
Powell Jehu Z., Phys. and Surg., 220 Sixth St. 412 
Rogers Joseph G., Alienist and Neurologist. 428 
LONGMONT, COLO. Population, 1,643. 
Barclay Joseph 8., Physician and Surgeon. 577 
EOS ANGELES, CAE. Pop., 50,395. 
Orme Henry S., Physician, 175 N. Spring St. 359 
LOUISVILLE, KY. Population. 161,129. 
Anderson Turner, Phys. and Surg., 717 W. Jefferson St. 13 
Chapman W. Carroll, Physician, 3023 Port. Ave. 83 
Cheatham Wm., Oculist, 303 W. Chestnut St. 596 
Grant Henry H., Surgeon, 2100 W. Chestnut St. 629 
Holloway J. M., Physician, 405 W. Chestnut St. 641 
Howe Jas. Lewis, Physician, 589 Fourth St. 642 
Ireland J. A., Gynecologist. 319 E. Madison St. 241 
Larrabee J. A., Physician, 760 Second St. 274 
McMurtry Lewis S., Surgeon, 231 W. Chestnut St. 309 
Marvin Joseph 8., Physician, 903 Fourth St. 657 
Mathews Joseph M.. Surgeon. 628% Fourth St. 317 
Ouchterlony J. A., Physician. 825 Fourth St. 360 
Owen Wm. T., Physician, 622 First St. 361 
Reynolds Dudley S.. Oculist, Chestnut and 3d. Ave. 669 
Stucky Thos. H., Physician, 129 W. Chestnut St. 686 
Warner Geo. M., Physician, 620 E. Market St. 695 
Wathen Wm. H., Gynecologist, 628% Fourth Ave. 697 
MADISON, IND, Population, 10,000. 
Cornett Wm.T. S., Physician and Surgeon. 98 
Forshee Thos.W., Phys. and Surg., 318 S. Broadway. 167 
MANGUM, N. C. Population, 25. 
Patterson Duncan N., Gynecologist. 377 
MANSFIELD, EA. Population, 1,200. 
Sutherlin William K., Physician and Surgeon. 497 
MANSFIELD, OHIO. Pop., 13,905. 
Reed R. Harvey, Surgeon. 669 
MAQUOKETA, lOWA. Pop., 4,000. 
Bowen Asa 8., Physician and Surgeon. 57 
MARIETTA, GA. Population, 4,000. 
Cortelyou Peter R., Physician. 100 
HA BIETTA, OHIO. Population, 8,303. 
Hart Benjamin F., Physician and Surgeon. 635 
MARSHALL, TEXAS. Pop., 8,000. 
Eads Benjamin F., Physician and Surgeon. 147 
MARSHALL, VA. Population, 200. 
Horner Frederick, Physician and Surgeon. 221 
MECHANICSBURGH, O. Pop., 1,459. 
Clark John H., Physician and Surgeon. 87 
MEMPHIS, TENN. Population, 88,558. 
Crofford Thomas J., Gynecologist, 155 Third St. 600 
Erskine Alexander, Physician, 238 Beale St. 618 
Henning Bennett G„ Phys. and Surg., 299 Main St. 639 
Neely Eugene A., Physician, 314 Main St. 662 
Rogers Wm. 8., Surgeon, 69 Madison St. 672 
Taylor Wm. W., Gynecologist, 2 Randolph Bldg. 688 
West Alston M., Physician, 215 Main St. 700 
Willett E. M., Phys. and Surg., 6 Randolph Bldg. 701 
MERIDIAN, MISS. Population, 10,624. 
Guice N. L., Physician, Southern Hotel. 192 
MILFORD, DEE. Population, 1,226. 
Marshall Willing, Physician and Surgeon. 316 726 
LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
MII,L,VIIXE, N. J. Population, 10,002. 
Newell William L., Physician and Surgeon. 353 
MILWAUKEE, WIB. Pop., 201,468. 
Comfort W. I„ Phys. and Surg., Nat. Sol. Home. 598 
MINNEAPOLIS. MINN. Pop., 200,000. 
Allport F., Oculist, and Aurist, 408 Nicollet Ave. 12 
Bell John W., Physician, Syndicate Block. 41 
Cates A. 8., Physician and Surg., 518 Nicollet Ave. 77 
Dunn James H., Surgeon, 1 Syndicate Block. 607 
Dunsmoor F. S., Surgeon, 8 S. Washington Ave. 607 
French Geo. F., Gynecologist, 1600 Hawthorne Ave. 621 
Hall W. A., Phys. and Surg., 705 Masonic Temple. 195 
Laton W. S., Rhin. and Laryng.,4B Syndicate Bl’k 650 
Macdonald J. W., Phys. and Surg , 408 Nicollet Ave. 311 
Moore J. E., Surgeon, 125 S. Fourth St. 660 
Moore J. T , Physician, 24 S. Washington Ave. 335 
Sharp Levi N., Phys and Surg., 27 S. Fourth St. 462 
Stewart J. C., Phys and Surg., 410 N Y. Life BTd’g. 685 
Wells Charles L., Physician. 241 Nicollet Ave. 540 
MOBILE, ALA. Population, 31,076. 
Ketchum Geo. A., Physician, 7N. Conception St. 646 
Hasten Claudius H., Surgeon. 317 
McDaniel Edward D., Physician. 301 
MONTGOMERY, ALA. Pop., 21,883. 
Cochran Jerome, Physician, 404 Dexter Ave. 92 
Owen Pascal H., Physician and Surgeon. 361 
MOTTVILLE, N. Y. Population, 551. 
Brown John W., Physician and Surgeon. 64 
MT. VERNON, USD. Population, 6,500. 
Ramsey D. C., Phys. and Surg., 3d St. opp Court H. 415 
MUNCIE, INO. Population, 15,000. 
Green Geo. R., Phys. and Surg., 112 W. Jackson St. 189 
Kemper G. W. H„ Phys. and Surg., 116 W. Adams St. 265 
murpreesborovgh, tenn. 
Population, 3,739. 
Murfree James B„ Physician and Surgeon. 662 
MUSCATINE, lOWA. Pop., 18,000. 
Dean H. M., Phys. and Surg., lowa Ave. and 2d St. 115 
NASHVILLE, TENN. Pop., 76,168. 
Briggs Wm. T., Surg., cor. Union and N. Summer Sts. 61 
Eve Duncan, Surgeon, 700 Church St. 159 
Glenn William F., Physician, 308% Cedar St 622 
Handly J. W., Phys. and Surg , 246% N. Summer St. 632 
Jones W. P., Alienist and Neurol., 407 N. Vine St. 645 
Lindsley J. 8., Physician, 133 N. Spruce St. 651 
Safford J. M., Physician, 801 S. Spruce St. 455 
Wood T. H., Physician, 246% N. Summer St. 704 
NEWARK, N. J. Population, 181,830. 
Corwin Theo. W., Physician, 119 Belleville Ave. 600 
Dieflenbach R. G. P., Physician 222 S Orange Ave. 604 
Holden Edgar, Phys. and Surg., 13 Central Ave. 640 
Kipp C. J., Oculist and Aurist, 534 Broad St. 648 
NEW ORLEANS, LA. Pop., 242,039. 
Chaille Stanford E., Physician, 245 Rampart St. 77 
Chassaignac C. L., Physician, Morris Building. 84 
De Roaldes A.W.. Phys. and Surg., 224 Jackson Ave. 116 
Elliott John 8., Physician, 24Baronne St. 616 
Hale S. E., Phys. and Surg., 988 St. Charles Ave. 194 
Jones Joseph, Physician, 36 University Place. 254 
Lewis E. S., Physician, 42 Baronne St. 651 
McShane, Augustus, Phys. and Surg., 403 Baronne St. 656 
Miles A. 8., Physician and Surg., Charity Hosp. 659 
Smyth Andrew W., Surgeon, 285 St. Andrew St. 476 
Tebault C. H., Phys. and Surg., 7N. Lafayette Sq. 688 
NEWPORT, R. I. Population, 19,449. 
Arnold Edmund, Physician and Surgeon. 575 
Storer Horatio R., Gynecologist. 495 
Turner Henry E., Phys. and Surg., 10 School St. 516 
NEW YORK, N. Y. Pop., 1,710,715. 
Beck Carl, Surgeon, 187 Second Ave. 579 
Biggs Hermann, Physician, 5 W. 58th St. 580 
Bozeman Nathan, Surgeon, 9 W. 31st St. 582 
Buekmaster A. H., Gynecologist, 52 E. 31st St. 66 
Callan Peter A., Oculist, 35 W. 38th St. 566 
Cheesman Hobart, Phys and Surg.,32B W.s7th St. 507 
Clymer Meredith, Physician,6s W. 38th St. 92 
Coe Henry C., Gynecologist,27 E.64th St. 597 
Curtis Edward, Physician, 120 Broadway. 601 
Delafleld Francis, Physician, 12 W. 32d St. 604 
Di Moise Bettini, Physician, 20 W. 10th St. 604 
Douglas O. 8., Rhinol. and Laryng., 123 E. 36th St. 123 
Dudley A. Palmer, Gynecologist, 640 Madison Ave. 606 
Edson Cyrus, Physician, 301 Mott St. 615 
Emmet Thos. Addis, Gynecologist, 93 Madison Ave. 157 
Ferguson J. F., Neurologist, 168 Lexington Ave. 618 
Flint Austin, Physician, 60 E. 34th St. 165 
Fordyce J. A., Dermatologist, 66 Park Ave. 620 
Foster Frank P., Physician, 16 E. 31st St. 619 
Fox George H„ Dermatologist, 18 E. 31st St. 620 
Garmany Jasper J., Surgeon, 40 W. 40th St, 621 
Gibier Paul, Physician, Cent. Park and 97th St. 622 
Gibney Virgil P., Orthopedic Surg., 16 Park Ave. 622 
Gihon A. L., Med. Dir., U. S. Navy. 183 
Gleitsmann J. W., Laryngologist, 46 E. 25th St. 622 
Goelet A. H., Gynecologist, 351 W. 57th St. 185 
Goodwillie D. H., Phys. and Surg., 154 W. 34th St. 187 
Gottheil Wm. S., Dermatologist, 25 W. 53d St. 628 
Gouley J. W. S., Surgeon. 324 Madison Ave. 628 
Gray Landon C. Neurologist, 6 E. 49th St. 629 
Greene Robert H., Physician, 105 W. 71st St. 630 
Gulick Charlton R., Physician, 30 W. 86th St. 631 
Hadden Alexander, Physician, 155 E. 51st St. 632 
Hamilton Allen McLane, Neurologist, 20 E. 29th St. 195 
Heineman Henry N., Physician, 60 W. 56th St. 639 
Henry Joseph N., Dermatologist, Hotel Vendome. 639 
Henry Morris H., Phys. and Surg., 581 Madison Ave. 639 
Hepburn Neil J., Oculist, 369 W. 23d St. 639 
Herrick Everett, Physician, 126 Madison Ave. 
Hey decker Henry R , Physician, Hotel San Remo. 640 
Hunter Alex. S., Physician, 32 E. 29th St. 
Irwin John A., Physician, 14 W. 29th St. 648 
Ives F. L , Oculist and Aurist, 117 E.3oth St. 643 
Jackson Frank W., Physician, 12 W. 18th St. 643 
Jackson Geo. T., Dermatologist, 14 E. 31st St. 
Jacobi Abraham, Physician, 110 W. 84th St. 
Jacobus Arthur M., Gynecologist, 126 W. 48th St. 644 
Jacoby Geo. W., Neurologist, 663 Madison Ave. 644 
Janeway Edward G., Physician, 36 W. 40th St. 250 
Janvrlu J. E., Phys and Surg., 191 Madison Ave. 644 
Jarman Geo. W., Gynecologist, 27 E. 64th St. 644 
Judson A. B„ Orthopedic Surgeon, 88 E. 25th St. 261 
Kalish Richard, Oculist, 50 W. 86th St. 
Kelsey Charles 8., Rectal Surgeon, 25 Madison Ave. 616 
Keyes E. L., Genito-Urinary Surgeon, 109 E. 34th St. 216 
Kinnicutt Francis P., Physician, 42 W. 37th St. 618 
Knapp Herman, Oculist and Aurist, 26 W. 40th St. 648 
Knight C. H., Rhinol. and Laryng., 20 W. 81st St. 648 
Leale Chas. A , Phys. and Surg., 604 Madison Ave. 274 
Leflerts Geo. M„ Laryngologist, 6 W. 33d St. 
Leviseur F. J., Dermatologist, 640 Madison Ave. 651 
Lewis Daniel, Surgeon, 249 Madison Ave. 282 
Loomis A. L., Physician, 19 W. 34th St. 
Lusk Wm. T„ Obstet. and Gynecol., 47 E. 84th St. 289 
Mcßurney Charles, Surgeon, 28 W. 37th St. 
Mund6 Paul F., Gynecologist, 20 W. 43d St. 
Neftel Wm. 8., Neurologist, 16 E. 48th St. 
Newman Robert, Phys. and Surg., 68 W. 36th St. 3 >’ 
Noyes Henry D., Oculist, 233 Madison Ave. 
O’Dwyer Joseph, Physician, 967 Lexington Ave. 663 
O’Hanlon Philip F., Phys. and Surg., 321 E. 20th ’ 350 
Oppeuheimer Henry S., Oculist. 49 E. 23d St. 
O’Reilly James, Gynecologist, 247 W. 49th St. 63 
Otis Fessenden N.. Genito-Urin. Surg . 5 W. 50th Si 59 LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
727 
Outerbridge Paul, Phys. and Surg , 39 W. 32d St. 664 
Page R. C. M., Physician, 31 W. 33d St. 664 
Peterson Frederick, Neurologist, 201 VV. 54th St. 381 
Phelphs A. M., Orthopedic Surgeon, 40 W. 34th St. 382 
Fiffard H. G., Phys. and Dermatol., 10 W. 35th St. 407 
Pooley Thos. R., Oculist, 107 Madison Ave. 408 
Porter ffm. H., Phys., The Strathmore, Broadway. 667 
Pryor Wm. R., Gynecologist, 15 Park Ave. 667 
Quintard Edward, Physician, 58 W. 36th St. 668 
Rice Clarence C., Laryngologist, 123 E. 19th St. 669 
Riley F. C., Oculist and Aurist, 38 E. 26th St. 671 
Roberts Milton J., Orthopedic Surg., 122 W. 71st St. 671 
Robinson Beverley, Laryngologist, 37 W. 35th St. 425 
Rockwell A. D., Neurologist, 113 W. 34th St. 427 
Roosa D. B. St. John, Oculist, 20 E. 30th St. 429 
Rupp Adolph, Laryngologist, 406 W. 34th St. 434 
Satterthwaite Thos. E., Physician, 17 E. 44th St. 672 
Sayre Lewis A., Orthopedic Surgeon, 285 Fifth Ave. 456 
Seaman Louis L., Physician, 18 W. 31st St. 673 
Selden Chas. W., Surgeon, 217 W. 49th St. 673 
Sell Edward H. M., Physician, 44 W. 49th St. 673 
Sexton Samuel, Aurist, 12 W. 35th St. 677 
Shaffer Newton M., Orthopedic Surg., 28 E. 38th St. 677 
Shrady George F., Phys. and Surg., 8 E. 06th St. 677 
Smith A. Alexander, Physician, 40 W. 47th St. 679 
Smith J. Lewis, Physician, 64 W.s6th St. 474 
Smith J. R. Ass’t Surg.-GenT, U. S. Army. 474 
Smith Stephen, Surgeon, 574 Madison Ave. 647 
Spitzka Edward C., Neurologist, 712 Lexington Ave. 681 
Stafford James, Gynecologist, 157 Madison Ave. 682 
Sturgis F. R„ Genlto-Urinary Surg., 16 W. 32d St. 495 
Taylor Robert W., Phys. and Surg., 40 W. 21st St. 687 
Thomas T. Gaillard, Gynecol., 600 Madison Ave. 606 
Thompson W. Gilman, Physician, 49 E. 30th St. 689 
Townsend W. R., Orthopedic Surg., 16 Park Ave. 691 
Vanderpoel Waldron 8., Physician, 106 E. 24th St. 692 
Webster D., Oculist, and Aurist., 327 Madison Ave. 699 
Weeks J. E., Oculist, and Aurist, 154 Madison Ave. 699 
Weir Robert S.. Genito Urinary Surg., 37 W. 33d St. 539 
Wells Brooks H., Gynecologist, 71 W. 45th St. 700 
Wendt Edward C., Physician, 712 Madison Ave. 700 
White O. A., Phys. and Surg., 1011 Madison Ave. 701 
Winston Gustavus S., Physician, 42 W. 39th St. 702 
Winters Joseph E., Physician, 36 W. 32d St. 703 
Wright Joel W. Surgeon, 53 W. 19th St. 573 
Wylie W. Gill, Gynecologist, 28 W. 40th St. 705 
Yale Leroy M., Phys. and Surg., 432 Madison Ave. 574 
NORFOLK, VA. Population, 34,871. 
Nash Herbert M., Gynecologist, 122 Freemason St. 351 
NORWAY, ME. Population, 2,665. 
Bradbury Osgood N., Physician and Surgeon. 57 
OAKLAND, CAL. Population, 48,590. 
Adams John S., Surgeon, Broadway and 12th St. 2 
Agard Aurelius H., Physician, Broadway and 12th St. 2 
Woolsey E. H„ Phys. and Surg., 1103% Broadway. 705 
OGDEN, UTAH. Population, 14,889. 
Perkins Geo. W., Surg., Utah Loan and Trust Bldg. 380 
OMAHA, NEB, Population, 142,490. 
Crummer B. F., Physician, Continental Block. 601 
Merriam L. A., Physician, 1421 Farnham St. 323 
Moore R. C., Physician, 420 New York Life Bldg. 661 
Somers A. 8., Physician, Continental Building. 681 
Toney Luther C., Physician and Surgeon. 514 
OTTAWA, OHIO. Population, 2,500. 
Beardsley Charles E., Physician and Surgeon. 579 
OXFORD, MISS. Population, 1,546. 
Isom Thomas D., Physician and Surgeon. 241 
OXFORD, NJ. Y. Population, 1,477. 
Douglas George, Physician and Surgeon. 122 
PADUCAH, KY, Population, 13,076. 
Brooks John G., Physician and Surgeon. 65 
EAEESTIXE, TEX. Population, 5,838. 
Link Edwin W., Physician and Surgeon. 283 
PASADENA, CAE. Population, 10,000. 
Carr Ezra P., Physician and Chemist. 75 
PATERSON, X. J. Population, 78,347. 
Johnson W. 8., Phys. and Surg., 170 Broadway. 645 
Leale J. L., Phys. and Surg., 146 Ellison St. 650 
Terriberry G. W., Phys. and Surg., 146 Broadway. 688 
Van Riper C. S., Gynecologist, 92 Fair St. 692 
PENNVAN,N,¥. Population, 4,254. 
Holt Benjamin L., Physician and Surgeon. 220 
PENSACOLA, FLA. Population, 11,750. 
Hargis Robert B. S„ Physician and Sanitarian. 682 
PEORIA, ILL> Population, 50,000. 
Stewart James T., Surgeon. 482 
Will Otho 8., Gynecolgist, Y. M. C. A. Building. 551 
PERTH AHBOV, X. J. Pop., 9,512. 
Hubbard William W„ Physician and Surgeon. 642 
PHILADELPHIA, PA. Pop., 1,046,964. 
Adler John M., Phys. and Surg., 1122 W’alnut St. 2 
Allen Harrison, Phys. and Surg., 1933 Chestnut St. 9 
Allen Joshua G., Gynecologist, 1237 Spruce St. 11 
Ashhurst John, Surgeon, 2000 DeLancey Place. 14 
Atkinson Wm. 8., Physician, 1400 Pine St. 15 
Atlee Walter F., Phys. and Surg., 210 S. 13th St. 16 
Baldy John M., Gynecologist, 330 8.17 th St. 22 
Barton James M., Surgeon, 1337 Spruce St. 31 
Brinton Daniel G., Phys. and Surg., 2041 Chestnut St. 62 
Cadwalader Charles E., Physician, 240 S. 4th St. 70 
Chapman Henry C., Physician, 1214 Walnut St. 8x 
Collins James, Phys. and Surg., 704 Franklin St. 94 
Curtin Roland G., Physician, 22 S. 18th St. 103 
Da Costa Jacob M., Physician, 1700 Walnut St. 602 
DrysdaleThos. M., Phys. and Surg., 1531 Arch St. 134 
Duhring Louis A., Dermatologist, 1411 Spruce St. 141 
Dunglison Richard J., Physician, 814 N. 16th St. 142 
Dunmire G. Benson, Physician, 1225 Arch St. 143 
Dunton Wm. R., Physician, 5059 Germantown Ave. 608 
Dwight Henry E„ Physician, 336 8. 53d St. 609 
Engel Hugo, Neurologist. 507 Franklin St. 618 
Ford Wm. H., Phys. and Surg., 1622 Summer St. 620 
Garretson James E., Oral Surgeon, 1537 Chestnut St. 180 
Getchell F. H., Gynecologist, 1432 Spruce St. 621 
Goodell Wm., Gynecologist, 1418 Spruce St. 186 
Goodman Henry E., Surgeon, 1509 Walnut St. 186 
Gould George M., Oculist, 119 S. 17th St. 188 
Guiteras John, Pathologist, 8914 Sansom St. 193 
Hare Hobart A., Physician, 222 S. 15th St. 198 
Harlan Geo. C., Oculist and Aurist, 1515 Walnut St. 634 
Hartshorne Henry, Physician, 4707 Hancock St. 202 
Hays I. Minis, Physician, 266 S. 21st St. 213 
Ingham James V., Gynecologist, 1342 Spruce St. 241 
Jackson Edward, Oculist, 215 S. 17th St. 242 
Keating Wm. V., Physician, 1604 Locust St. 264 
Keen Wm. W., Surgeon, 1729 Chestnut St. 264 
Keyser Peter D., Oculist, 1832 Arch St. 266 
Lee Benjamin, Orthopedic Surgeon, 1532 Pine St. 650 
Leuf Alex H. P., Phys. and Surg., 2353 N. 17th St. 279 
Levick James J., Physician, 1200 Arch St. 280 
Longstreth Morris, Phys. and Surg., 1416 Spruce St. 654 
Massey G. Betton, Gynecologist, 212 S. 15th St. 657 
Mays Thos. J., Physician, 1829 Spruce St. 320 
Mills Chas. K., Neurologist, 1909 Chestnut St. 324 
Mitchell S. Weir, Neurologist, 1524 Walnut St. 329 
Morehouse Geo. P., Physician, 2033 Walnut St. 335 
Noble Charles P., Gynecologist, 2134 Hancock St. 663 
O’Hara Michael, Physician. 31 S. 16th St. 356 
Packard John H„ Surgeon, 1924 Spruce St. 362 
Pancoast Wm. H„ Surgeon, 1100 Walnut St. 368 
Parvin Theophilus, Gynecologist, 1626 Spruce St. 375 
Penrose R. A. F., Gynecologist. 1331 Spruce St. 379 
Pepper William, Physician, 1811 Spruce St. 380 728 
LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
Porter Wm. G., Surgeon, 1118 Spruce St. 667 
Reichert E. T., Physician, Springfield Ave. 420 
Risley Sam’l D., Oculist and Aurist, 1722 Walnut St. 425 
Ruschenherger W. S. W., Surg., 1932 Chestnut St. 434 
Schiiffer Charles, Physician, 1309 Arch St. 459 
Seiler Carl, Laryngologist, 1204 Walnut St. 461 
Shoemaker John V., Dermatologist, 1519 Walnut St. 465 
Stewart Wm. S., Phys. and Surg., 1801 Arch St. 483 
Stilld Alfred, Physician, 3900 Spruce St. 483 
Taylor J. H., Physician, 1133 Spruce St. 687 
Thomson Wm., Oculist, 1426 Walnut St. 507 
Turnbull Chas. S., Oculist, 1719 Chestnut St. 515 
Turnbull Laurence, Oculist, 1502 Walnut St. 515 
Tyson James, Physician, 1506 Spruce St. 516 
Van Harlingen Arthur, Dermatologist, 117 S.lßth St. 692 
Vansant Eugene L.. Physician, 1929 Chestnut St. 692 
White J. William, Surgeon, 1810 S. Rlttenhouse Sqr. 544 
Willard DeForest, Surgeon, 1601 Walnut St. 552 
Wilson W. A., Orthopedic Surgeon, 1611 Spruce St. 702 
Wolfe Samuel, Physician, 1624 Diamond St, 703 
Wood H. C., Neurologist, 1925 Chestnut St. 567 
Woodbury Frank, Physician, 218 S. 16th St. 568 
Wormley Theo. G., Medical Chemist, 1409 Spruce St. 571 
Young J. Gilbert, Physician, 1000 Shackamaxon St. 706 
Ziegler Geo. J., Physician, 132 Richmond St. 707 
PINE BLUFF, ARK. Pop., 15,000. 
Stanley James P., Surgeon, 211% Main St. 478 
PITTSBURGH, PA. Pop., 288,617. 
Batten J. M., Physician and Surgeon, 309 Fifth Ave. 32 
Day E. W., Rhinologist, 67 Westinghouse Building. 603 
Edsall F. H., Oculist, 71 Westinghouse Building. 615 
Foster Wm. S., Phys. and Surg., 133 Wylie Ave. 620 
Gaertner F., Physician, 3519 Penn Ave. 177 
McKennan T. M. T., Phys. and Surg., 806 Penn Ave. 308 
Murdock J. 8., Surgeon. 182 Wylie Ave. 849 
Shaw Wm. C., Phys. and Surg., 135 Wylie Ave. 463 
Thomas J. D„ Genito-Urinary Surg., 77 S. 13th St. 505 
Wiley C. Chase, Neurologist, 812 Penn Ave. 701 
PLYMOUTH MEETING, PA. Pop., 350. 
Corson Hiram, Physician. 99 
POMONA, CAE. Population, 4,500. 
Burt RollinT., Physician and Surgeon. 68 
PORTLAND, MAINE. Pop., 36,425. 
Gordon Seth C., Gynecologist, 157 High St. 628 
Holt ErastUo E., Oculist, 723 Congress St. 220 
Weeks Stephen H., Surgeon, 662 Congress St. 539 
PORTLAND, ORE. Population, 66,047. 
Coe H. W., Phys. and Surg., Oregonian Building. 597 
Eaton F. 8., Ov.aL.st, New Dekum Bldg. 615 
Holmes H. R., Gynecologist, Oregonian Bldg. 641 
Joseph! Simeon F., Physician, New Dekum Bldg. 260 
Watkins Wm. B , Oculist, Odd Fellow’s Temple. 697 
Wilson Geo. P Surgeon, cor. C .nd 3d Sts. 702 
Wood Wm. L., Oculist, 322 Marquam Bldg. 704 
PRATTVILLE, AEA. Population, 1,500. 
Smith Samuel P., Physician and Surgeon. 681 
PRINCETON, KY. Population, 2,000. 
McNary Hugh F., Physician and Surgeon. 656 
PRINCETON, N. J. Population, 3,422. 
Wykofl James H., Physician and Surgeon. 573 
PROVIDENCE, R. I. Pop., 132,146. 
Newell Timothy, Physician, 72 Benefit St. 353 
PUEBLO, COLO. Population, 28,230. 
Black J. A., Phys. and Surg., 222 S. Union Ave. 581 
Heller Peter H., Phys. and Surg., 801 Santa Fe Ave. 639 
King Alex. T., Surgeon, 306 S. Union Ave. 646 
Marbourg E. M„ Oculist and Aurist, Swift Block. 657 
RACINE, WIS. Population, 21,014. 
Meachem John G.,Phys. and Surg., 734 College Ave. 658 
READING. I*A. Population, 70,911. 
Frankhauser F. W., Oculist and Aurist, 230 S. 6th St. 621 
RICHMOND, INI). Population, 18,000. 
Hibbard James F., Physician, 716 North A St. 216 
RICHMOND, VA. Population, 81,388. 
Cullen J. S. Dorsey. Surgeon, 412 E. Grace St. 601 
Edwards Landon 8., Physician, 106 W. Grace St. 615 
McGuire Hunter, Surgeon, 513 E. Grace St. 307 
Ross George, Phys. and Surg., 101 E. Franklin St. 430 
RIDGWAY, I*A. Population, 2,500. 
Earley Charles R„ Physician and Surgeon. 147 
RIPCEY, 9IISS. Population, 574. 
Alexander Eli M., Physician and Surgeon. 9 
ROME:, GA. Population, 10,000. 
Battey Robert, Gynecologist. 32 
ROSEMONX, PA. Population,4oo. 
Shakespeare Edward 0., Phys. and Sanitarian. 462 
SACRAMENTO, CAL. Pop., 26,272. 
Cluness Wm. R., Physician, N. E. cor. 2d and K Sts. 92 
Nichols Henry L., Physician. 355 
Simmons Gustavus L., Surgeon. 679 
SAGINAW, MICH. Population, 46,322. 
Florentine F. 8., Phys. and Surg., 507 S.Wash. Ave. 166 
SAIL,EM, MASS. Population,3o,Bol. 
Johnson Amos H., Physician. 045 
SAI.EM, ORE. Population, 10,422. 
Richardson James A., Physician. 423 
SAEINA, KAN. Population,6,l49, 
Dewees Wm. 8., Gynecologist, 542 S. Santa Fe Ave. 117 
SAPS ANTONIO, TEX. Pop., 37,673. 
Kingsley B. F., Phys. and Surg., BE. Commerce St. 267 
SAN* FRANCISCO, CAE., Pop., 297,990. 
Ayer Washington, Surgeon, 410 Kearny St. 
Ellinwood C. N., Phys. and Surg., 715 Clay St. 
Gibbons Henry, Physician and Surg., 920 Polk St. 622 
Lane Levi C., Surgeon, cor. Clay and Buchanan Sts. 650 
Mouser Silas M., Phys. and Surg., 707 Bush St. 
Potter Samuel O. L., Phys. and Surg., 330 Sutter St. 410 
Simpson James, Physician. 234 Post St. 
Thorne Walter S., Surgeon, 533 Sutter St. 
Wooster David, Phys. and Surg., 746 Mission St. 705 
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. P0p.,44,843. 
Anderson W., Physician, 255 Second East St. 575 
Fowler Allen, Phys. and Surg., 116 S. Maine St. 169 
Hughes M. A., Oculist, McCormick Block. 237 
Meacham F. A., Phys. and Surg., McCormick Block. 320 
Pinkerton S. H., Surgeon, McCormick Block. 4CB 
SAI'I.T RE STE. MARIE, MICH. 
Population, 6,000. 
Harrison Beverly D., Physician and Surgeon. 634 
SCRANTON, PA. Population, 75,215. 
Frey C. L., Oculist, 122 Wyoming Ave. 621 
Gunster Peter F., Physician, 310 Wyoming Ave. 632 
SEEM A, ALA. Population, 12,000. 
Furniss John P., Genito-Urinary Surgeon. 621 
SEYMOUR, INI). Population, 6,500. 
Charlton Samuel H., Physician and Surgeon. 83 
Galbraith Thomas S., Gynecologist. 179 
Gerrish M. F., Surgeon, 104 W. Second St. 181 
SHREVEPORT, LA. Population, 11,979. 
Allen Thos. J., Phys. and Surg., 228 Market St. 11 
SIERRA VALLEY, CAE. Pop., 500. 
Pritchard Maurice, Physician and Surgeon. 414 
SIOUX CITY, lOWA. Pop., 45,000. 
Knott John M., Physician and Surgeon. 649 LOCAL MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INDEX. 
729 
SOCORRO, X. M. Population, 4,200. 
Kornitzer J., Physician and Surgeon. 270 
SPRINGFIELD, MASS. Pop., 44,179. 
Maryott E. Edgar, Physician, 92 Main St. 316 
ST. JOSEPH, MO. Population, 55,000, 
Heddens Jas. Weir, Surgeon, Jule and Eighth Sts. 638 
SX. LOUIS, MO. Population, 451,770. 
Bauduy J. K., Neurologist, 2808 Olive St. 38 
Beggs Wm. N., Physician, 2207 Sidney St. 580 
Bernays A. C., Surgeon, 213 Commercial Building. 580 
Bond Y. H., Phys. and Surg., Grand and Page Avs. 52 
Borck Edward, Surgeon, cor. Salisbury and 9th Sts. 53 
Briggs Waldo, Surgeon, 1405 Olive St. 61 
Cale Geo. W., Surgeon, 78 Vandaventer Place. 595 
Chancellor E. A., Phys. and Surg., 515 Olive St. 80 
Dalton H. C., Phys. and Surg., 8536 Easton Ave. 602 
Dean Dexter V., Phys., cor. Grand Ave. and Olive St. 604 
French Pinkney, Surgeon, 904 Olive, St. 170 
Gehrung E. C., Gynecologist, 2215 Olive St. 621 
Glasgow F. A., Gynecologist, 2608 Locust St. 622 
Green John, Oculist, 2670 Washington Ave. 630 
Henske Andrew A., Gynecol., 1504 St. Louis Ave. 214 
Hughes C. H., Neurologist, 500 N. Jefferson Ave. 284 
King Robert M., Obstetrician, 1125 N. Grand Ave. 647 
Laidley L. H., Gynecologist, 3538 Washington Ave. 272 
Lewis Bransford, Genito-Urin. Surg., 1006 Olive St. 281 
Loeb Hanau W., Laryngologist, 303 N. Grand Ave. 652 
Love I. N., Physician, Grand Ave. and Lindell 80u1.287 
Meisenbach A. H., Surgeon, 2229 8. Broadway. 322 
Newland Henry, Obstetrician, 1205 Ghoteau Ave. 662 
Ohmann-Dumesnil A. H., Dermatol., 5 Broadway. 357 
Riesmeyer L. T., Phys. and Surg., 3036% Locust St. 423 
Robinson Paul G., Physician, 2710 Washington Ave. 671 
Shaw A. B.,.Neurologist, 2900 Chestnut St. 462 
Spencer Horatio N., Aurist, 2725 Washington Ave. 681 
Tuholske H., Surg., Jefferson Ave. and Locust St. 692 
Valle J. F., Gynecologist, 3303 Washington Ave. 692 
Wall Otto A., Phys. and Surg., 4532 Virginia Ave. 695 
Whelpley H. M., Physician, 2342 Albion Place. 541 
SX. PAUL. MINN. Population, 133,301. 
Hutton T. J., Neurologist, Germania Bank Bldg. 642 
Schadle J. E., Laryngol., 683 Endicott Arcade. 459 
STOCKTON, CAL. Population, 20,000. 
Reid Robert K., Physician and Surgeon. 421 
Shurtlefl G. A., Neurologist, Yosemite House. 466 
SYRACUSE, X. Y. Population, 88,143. 
Doyle Gregory, Surgeon, 307 W. Genesee St. 124 
TACOMA, WASH. Population, 36,000. 
Case Chas. E., Gynecologist, 1113% Tacoma Ave. 596 
Wlntermute James S., Surg., Fidelity Building. 702 
TALLADEGA, ALA, Population, 4,000. 
Stockdale John L„ Physician and Surgeon. 486 
TAMPA, FLA. Population, 5,500. 
Purdon John E., Physician and Surgeon. 414 
TERRE HAUTE, IND. Pop., 30,217. 
Link John E., Surgeon, 932 Chestnut St. 652 
Young Stephen J., Physician and Surgeon. 706 
THROCKMORTON, TEX. Pop., 240. 
Boyer Samuel S., Physician and Surgeon. 57 
TITUSVILLE, PA. Population, 8,073. 
Young Theodore J., Physician and Surgeon. 707 
TOLEDO, OHIO. Population, 100,000. 
Blaine H. G., Physician, 411 E. Bancroft St. 48 
TOPEKA, KAN. Population, 81,000. 
Ward Milo 8., Gynecologist, 209 E. Seventh St. 695 
TRINIDAD, COLO. Population, 6,000. 
Beshoar Michael, Phys. and Surg., Bank Block, 43 
TROY, X. Y. Population, 60,956. 
Bontecou Reed 8., Surgeon, 82 Fourth St. 52 
Seymour Wm. P.. Physician, 105 Second St. 677 
UNIONTOWN, AI,A. Population, 2,000. 
Nixon William G., Physician and Surgeon. 062 
IJTICA,N.Y. Population, 44,007. 
Hunt James G., Physician, 190 Genesee St. 237 
WACO, TEX. Population. 14,445. 
Wallace David R., Neurologist, 1011 Austin Ave. 095 
WAKEFIELD, MASS. Pop., 6,982. 
Abbott Samuel W., Physician and Sanitarian. 1 
WARREN, OHIO. Population, 7,000. 
Harmon Julian, Physician and Surgeon. 635 
WARREN, PA, Population, 4,332, 
Curwen John, Alienist and Neurologist. 105 
WASHINGTON, U. C. Pop., 230,392. 
Billings John S., Surg. U. S. A., 3027 “N” St., N. W, 46 
Hammond W. A., Neurol., Princeton and 13th Sts. 197 
Hawkes Wm. H., Physician, 734 17th St., N. W. 630 
Johnson Jos. T„ Gynecologist, 1728 “K” St., N. W. 252 
Johnston Wm. W., Physician, 1603 “K” St., N. W. 253 
Lamb Daniel S., Phys. and Surg., 800 10th St., N. W. 649 
Lincoln Nathan S., Surgeon, 1514 “H” St., N. W. 651 
McLain John S., Phys. and Surg., 1924 “N” St., N. W. 308 
Magruder Geo. L., Physician, 515 Vermont Ave. 656 
Marmiou Wm. Y., Oculist, 1108 “F” St., N. W. 815 
Prentiss Daniel W., Physician, 110114th St., N. W. 412 
Reyburn Robert, Surgeon, 429 “F” St., N. W. 422 
Richardson C. W., Laryngologist, 1102 “L” St., N. W. 671 
Ross Irving C., Phys. and Surg., 1701 “H” St., N. W. 433 
Sothoron James T., Physician, 1919 “I” St., N. W. 477 
Sternberg George M., Surgeon-General U. S. Army, 481 
Toner Joseph M., Phys., 1445 Mass. Ave., N, W. 513 
Vaughan Geo. T., Surg. U. S. Marine Hosp. Service. 693 
Wales Philip S., Surgeon, 825 Vermont Ave., N. W. 694 
Yarrow Henry C., Phys. and Surg., 814 17th St., N. W, 705 
WASHINGTON, lOWA. Pop., 3,500. 
Scofield Darius, Physician and Surgeon. 460 
WATKINS, N. Y. Population, 2,600. 
Stewart Francis E„ Physician. 481 
WATERBURV, VX. Population, 2,232, 
Janes Henry, Physician and Surgeon. 644 
WEEESVIEEE, N. Y. Pop., 3,700. 
Crandall William W., Physician and Surgeon. 101 
WEST FARMINGTON, O. Pop., 350. 
Haine William J., Physician and Surgeon. 194 
WEST NEWTON, IND. Pop., 300. 
Allen Wesley, Physician and Surgeon, 12 
WEST POINT, MISS. Pop,, 2,762. 
Duncan Burwell A., PhysiciAp and Surgeon. 141 
WHEATLAND, TEX. Population, 50. 
Hale George V., and Surge- 194 
WICHITA * : \L,EB, TEX. .'Pop., 1,987. 
Eastland 0., Physician and Surgeon. 150 
WILEIAMSHIJRG, PA. Pop., 888. 
Ross John D., Physician and Surgeon. 431 
WILLIAMSPORT, PA. ' Pop., 31,000. 
Nutt George D„ Phys. and Surg., 430 Pine St. 356 
WILLIAMSXOWN, MASS. Pop., 600. 
Woodbridge L. D., Physician and Surgeon. 568 
WILLIMA NTIC, CONN. Pop., 8,648. 
Hills T. Morton, Surg. and Gynecol., 17 North St. 640 
WILMINGTON, DEL. Pop., 61,431, 
Wales John P., Phys. and Surg., 728 King St. 694 
WILMINGTON, N. C. Pop., 20,056. 
Anderson Edwin A., Oculist. IS 
WINONA, MINN. Population, 18,208. 
McGaughey J. 8,, Phy. and Surg., 216 Center St. 306 
Staples F., Phys. and Surg., 127 E. Broadway. 478