r ,r""^**\ Ji .41 I**' hfr&f ^ f^\£:f j^~y%x \iJ£f$0\ »t« v*;. *£>., NLM 052^0^15 1 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE ^ SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE IS ------------ Section. . Shelf PRESENTED BY gara^aaaara^aasaBisa^ NLM052906159 &J* FROM THE PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL HISTORY ---OF---- SUFFOLK COUNTY MASSACHUSETTS A SKETCH OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION BY EDWARD JACOB FORSTER M D BOSTON 1894 VMZ. "7 0 \%°> A- A SKETCH OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION OF SUFFOLK COUNTY. Edward Jacob Forster, M.D. After the writings of Josiah Bartlett, who in 1810 delivered the annual address before the Massachusetts Medical Society, giving an account of the progress of medicine in Massachusetts from the earliest settlement to that date, the very interesting lecture of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, given in 180!) at the Lowell Institute, upon the Medical Profession of Massachusetts, and the masterly address of Dr. Samuel A. Green, entitled " The History of Medicine in Massachu- setts," and delivered in the Saunders Theatre before the Massachusetts Medical Society on the occasion of its centennial anniversary in 1881, the whole field, of which this county is now but a small portion, has been so well gone over that a late gleaner has but little chance to find anything of interest which has escaped the careful search of the earlier workers, well known, not only as historical scholars of more than local fame, but are otherwise distinguished. Besides these accounts of medicine in the larger field of the old Bay State, Drs. Holmes and Green have in the Memorial History of Boston contributed a further account of medicine, its men and its institutions, as found in Boston, which is practically synonymous with Suffolk county. Suffolk county was incorporated May 10, 1043, and has since that time both gained and lost territory. We find that in May, 1781, it included within its limits, Boston, Rox- bury, Dorchester, Milton, Braintree, Weymouth, Hingham, Cohasset, Dedham, Medfield, Wrentham, Brookline, Xeedham, Stoughton, Stoughtonham (Sharon), Medway, Bellingham, Walpole, Chelsea, Franklin, Foxborough, or a great part of the present Norfolk county, MEDICAL HISTORY. l\b which was incorporated March 20, 1793. After this county was set off, until the annexation of Roxbury in 1808, Dorchester in 1870, Charles- town and West Roxbury in 1874, it comprised only the cities of Boston and Chelsea, the townships of Winthrop and Revere, and the islands in Boston Harbor. It may be said to have included only Boston, for Winthrop and Re- vere were formerly parts of Chelsea, and the latter, under the names of Winnissimet and Rumney Marsh, was a part of Boston. It is with this Suffolk county that we shall have to deal in the present article, otherwise we should be encroaching on the work ot those who have written, or will write, the medical sketches of the adjacent counties of Norfolk and Middlesex. The earliest record we have relating to medicine is that of the action of the Company in London, at one of its earliest meetings, held March o, 102X-29, when a proposition was made "to Intertayne a surgeon for [the] plantacion," and Mr. John Pratt "was appointed an abell man," and Robert Morley was appointed to " serve as a barber and surgeon [on all] occasyons belonging to his Calling to aney of this [company] that are planters, or there servants." The two professions of theology and medicine were for a time united in the "Angelical Conjunction," as this union was styled by Cotton Mather, and so in the list of practitioners of medicine must be included those whose chief business was the care of souls. A knowledge of physic was then considered as part of a liberal edu- cation, and thus we find (rovernor Winthrop, the founder of Boston, spoken of by Mather as having been a " Help for our Bodies by Physick." The first action of the Massachusetts Colony in regard to the prac- tice of medicine was embodied in the following law intended to protect the public from ignorant practitioners. The law is as follows: Chirurgeo>isy Midwives. Physitians. Forasmuch as the Law of God allows no man to impaire the Life, or Limbs of any Person, but in a judicial way; It is therefore Ordered, That no person or persons whatsoever, imployed at any time about the bodyes of men, women, or children, for preservation of life or health; as Chirurgions, Midwives, Physitians or others, presume to exercise, or put forth any act contrary to the known approved Rules of Art, in each Mystery and occupation, nor exercise any force, violence or cruelty upon, or towards the body of any, whether l2, and that those Votes be published in the Boston News Papers, that all Persons may have notice of the Town resolutions and conform themselves accordingly. At an adjourned town meeting on the afternoon of the loth day of May the town took more decided action upon the matter of inoculation, as will be seen by the following extracts from the Records: 180 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Royal Tyler, Esq., in the Name of the Overseers, acquainted the Town that 1,025 of the poor Inhabitants had passed through the Small Pox by Inoculation under their inspection and care, a number of whom who had been Inoculated, supplied with Medicines and attended Gratis by the Physicians as follows, viz.: Dr. Kast, 150; Dr. Sprague, 71; Drs. Church & Lord, 50; Dr. Roberts, 4:5; Dr. Jackson of P., N. Hampshire, 33; Dr. Sylvester Gardner, 31; Drs. Gardner and Barnett, 27; Dr. John Perkins, 24; Dr. Whitworth, 23; Dr. Vougust, 17; Dr. Bulfinch, 16; Dr. Pecker, 16; Dr. Doubt, 15; Dr. Warren, 14; Dr. Loyd, 7; Dr. Grozier, 4; Dr. William Per- kins, 4; Dr. Pynchon, 4; in all, 526. Whereupon it was Voted unanimously that the Thanks of the Town be and hereby are given those Gentlemen Physicians, who in this vSeason of difficulty and distress have generously Inoculated and carried through the Small Pox Gratis so considerable a number of the poor Inhabitants. The Town entered upon the consideration of that part of the Warrant which re- lates to the clearing of the Town of the Small Pox and being informed that many Persons now Inoculated and sick of the said Distemper do come from other Towns to this for that purpose, Voted, that the Town esteem it a great grievance that such Persons obtrude them- selves to perpetuate a Distemper among us, which the Town are taking even- Measure to clear themselves from and therefore, Voted, that the Selectmen take every legal Measure to remove any Persons from the Town who shall after this date obtrude themselves in the like manner upon the Town, and that the Names of such Persons who shall hereafter obtrude themselves as aforesaid, the Towns they come from, and the Places in this Town where they are harboured, shall be published in the Papers, and all the Inhabitants are desired upon any such Persons coming into the Town, to give immediate notice thereof to the Selectmen. At the same meeting steps were taken to obtain authority from the General Court to free themselves from the same danger: Upon a motion made and seconded, the Question was put (viz't.): " Whether the Representatives shall be Instructed to make Application to the General Court the approaching Session for an Act to be provided Which shall impower the Selectmen to remove any Persons who shall presume to come from other Towns into this either infected with the Small Pox, or with design to receive the Infection—Passed in the Affermative—It was then Voted that the Committee Appointed to draw up Instruc- tions to our Representatives, be desired to instruct them on this head accordingly. A few days after, May 24, 1704, the citizens took measures to do away with the inoculating hospitals that had been established in their midst. The report of a town meeting, held at that date, is in part as follows: The Petition of a considerable number of Inhabitants that the sense of the Town may be known respecting Inoculating at Noddles Island: And that such steps may be taken as will effectually prevent any Inoculating Hospitals being erected in this Town, or the Limits of it—was read—Also Letters from the Selectmen of Chelsea, and the Doctors Perkins and Loyd— MEDICAL HISTORY. 181 And after the Debate had thereon—Voted, That the Selectmen be desired to with- draw their leave of Inoculating at Noddles Island, and that the Hospital there be discontinued; And that the Town allow of no Inoculating Hospital within the Limits and Confines of the Town of Boston. The selectmen, who had been very active in taking measures to ex- tirpate the dread disease, acted at once upon the instructions of the town meetings. We find in the selectmens' minutes, 1704-1708 (twentieth report Record Commissioners), the following account of their action, and that of the physicians in consultation with them: At a Meeting of the Select men April 19. 1766 [sic.] Present Joshua Henshaw Esq. Joseph Jackson Esq. John Scollay Esq. Benjamin Austin Esq. Samuel Sewall Esq. The following Advertisement was sent to the several Printers, for a place in their Papers, viz't.: Boston, April 19, 1764. The Time for the permission of Inoculated in this Town by a Vote of the Inhabit- ants at a General Town Meeting being limitted to the 20t of April ends to Morrow, therefore the Selectmen expect that no Person will presume to come in for Inocula- tion after the 2<)t Day is past, and they hereby inform the Public, that the Gentlemen Physicians belonging to or now in the Town have engaged to conformity to said Vote, that they will not Inoculate any Person after the time limitted. By Order of the Selectmen, William Cooper, Town Clerk. The Time for the permission of Inoculation in this Town, ending to Morrow, the Gentlemen Physicians belonging to or now in the Town, were desired to attend the Selectmen, who accordingly attended, when they engaged that they would not Inoc- ulate any Person after the Time Limitted by the Town—The Physicians who came into this agreement are as follows, viz't.: John Perkins, James Pecker, John Clark, Nvot Doubt, James Lloyd, John Sprague, Henry Will: Crozier, Hall Jackson, Joseph Warren, John Peck, Mr. Mather, Nathaniel Perkins, Thomas Bulfinch. Myles Whit- worth, Sylvester Gardner, Benjamin Church, Mr. Lord, Mr. Williams, Charles Pvncheon, Mr. Tamer, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Roberts, Godfrey Cast for himself and Mr. Wells, Joseph Gardner for himself and Mr. Barrett. Memo. The Physicians sent to who did not attend the Selectmen are Samuel Marshall, Samuel Gilston, Mr. Smith, Mr. Mather, Mr. William Perkins. ls-> SUFFOLK COUNTY. We select the following reports of the official action of the selectmen in regard to this matter from man}- appearing in these same "minutes:" At a meeting of the Selectmen, May 12, 1764. Present Joshua Henshaw Esq. Joseph Jackson Esq. John Scollay Esq. Samuel Sewall Esq. John Ruddock Esq. The following Advertisement was sent to several Printers for a place in their Papers to be published Monday next. The Selectmen have heard that many Persons are coming into Town from the Country for Inoculation, under a notion that liberty has been granted therefor, wherefore they inform all Persons whatsoever, that no such liberty has been or will by them be given, and if Persons do persist in their intrusion upon the Town they cannot answer for the effects of that resentment which has risen and is still rising in the Breasts of Multitudes of the Inhabitants against those who attempt so grossly to abuse them as to make this Town a Hospital, notwithstanding proper Hospitals are provided conveniently situated to receive such as incline to take the Distemper. The Selectmen and Overseers are now visiting the Town for the information of the In- habitants at their meeting tomorrow, by which will be discovered the state of the Town with regard to the Infection, and what Strangers or others do intrude upon us. By Order of the Selectmen, William Cooper, Town Clerk. And again: At a Meeting of the Selectmen, June 9, 1764. The Several Constables of the Town attended, and gave in their Return of the state of the Town with respect to the Small Pox; by which it appears that there are 33 Familys in Town which have the Small Pox among them, in which are 41 Persons still sick of that Distemper—and that 178 Familys are yet exposed to the Infection, in which are 291 Persons liable to the Disorder. The following letter was sent Drs. Nathaniel Parker and Loyde: Gentlemen— Above is an attested Copy of the Town Vote relative to Inoculating at Noddles Island, & whereby you '1 perceive that we follow the Orders of the Town when we acquaint you that we now Withdraw our leave for Inoculating at said place. By Order of the Selectmen, William Cooper, Town Clerk. Boston, June 9, 1764. Drs. Nathaniel Perkins & Loyd. MEDICAL HISTORY. 18:i At a Meeting of the Selectmen June 11, 1764. The following Advertisement was this Day published in the several News Papers: Boston, June 9, 1764. Upon enquiry into the state of the Town with regard to Small Pox, it appears it is now in only thirty three Familys, which encourages the Selectmen to hope that the Town may be cleared of said Distemper in ten Days or a Fortnight provided those who moved into the Country to avoid it will forbear coming in, till they may do it with less danger than at present. In the mean Time we would advise all Persons who have had the Infection in their Familys immediately to smoke, Cleanse and air their Houses and all such Things as may retain the Infection, that our Friends from the Country may not be exposed when they return to us. Also that all Persons who have been Inoculated for the Small Pox at Point Shirley, are warned against coming up to this Town without producing a Certificate from their Doctors, or in their in- fected Garments, or untill they are thoroughly air'd and cleansed, and entirely clear from Infection, as they would avoid the resentment of the Town which runs too high to be long restrained. As to the Physicians of the Town, the Gentlemen will not violate their Obligations to us, or be so regardless of the interest of this Community as to Inoculate a single Person in the Town after this Time. Joshua Henshaw, Benjamin Austin, Joseph Jackson, Samuel Sewall, John Scollay, John Ruddock, Selectmen. The selectmen finally succeeded in confining small-pox patients to designated hospitals, in establishing a partially effective quarantine at Castle William and Rainsford Island, and in overcoming the disease as an epidemic, although the Records show that they were continually contending with cases imported in trading vessels, and that their quarantine rules, judged by those of to-day, were sadly wanting in stringency. Diphtheria, or a disease of very similar nature, broke out as epidemic in Boston and vicinity in 17 :>o—3CJ, and created great excitement and dread. Dr. Douglass, whom we have before mentioned, and who was a really scientific and skilled physician, described it in a pamphlet bearing the following remarkable title: The Practical History of A New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa which prevailed in Boston, New England, in the Vears 173.") and 1736—[Boston, 1736]. It is inscribed to a medical society in Boston, and the preface begins: Gentlemen, This Piece of Medical History does naturally address itself to you con- sidering that I have the pleasure of being one of your number, that you have been fellow laborers in the management of this distemper, and therefore competent judges isl SUFFOLK COUNTY. of this performance, and that where difficult or extraordinary cases have occurred in any of your private practice, I was favoured to visit the Patients in order to make a minute Clinical enquiry: in short, without your assistance this piece would have been less perfect, and not so well vouched. He says of the disease, " It was vulgarly called the Throat Illness, or a Plague in the Throat." The disease was so destructive, and the reputation of it had so far spread through the Province, that the selectmen felt called upon to issue the following circular in order to protect their trade: THE Select-Men of the Town of Boston, in order to inform the Trading Part of our neighbouring Colonies, concerning the State of the present prevailing Distemper in this Place, did desire a Meeting of as many of the Tract itiotiers in Thysick as could then be conveniently obtain'd. The Practitioners being accordingly met, did unanimously agree to the following Articles: 1. THAT upon the first appearance of this LI hi ess in Boston the Selec(-Men did advise with the Practitioners ; but they at that Time having not had Opportunities of observing the Progress of the Distemper, it was thought advisable (until further Experience) to shut up that Terson who was supposed to have received it in Exeter to the Eastward; upon his Death the Watch was soon removed, but no Infection was observed to spread or catch in that Quarter of the Town; therefore no Watches were appointed in the other Parts of the Town where it afterwards appeared, the Prac- titioners judging it to proceed from some occult Quality in the Air. and not from any observable Infection communicated by Persons or Goods. 2. THE Tractitioners and their Families have not been seized with this Distemper in a more remarkable manner (and as it has happened not so much) than other Families in Town, even those Families who live in solitary Parts thereof. 3. AS to the Mortality or Malignity of this Distemper, all whom it may concern are referred to the Boston Weekly-Journal of Burials : by the Burials it is notorious, that scarce any Distemper, even the most favourable which has at any Time pre- vail'd so generally, has produc'd fewer Deaths. 4. AS formerly, so now again after many Months observation, we conclude, That the present prevailing Distemper appears to us to proceed from some Affection of the Air, and not from any personal Infection receivd from the Sick, or Goods in their neighborhood. Nathaniel Williams, Hugh Kennedy, William Douglass, William Davis, John Cutler, Thomas Bulfinch, MEDICAL SOCIETIES. The first medical society in America was formed in Boston, but, un- fortunately, we have no knowledge of its name, and its records, if ever kept, have completely disappeared. MEDICAL HISTORY. 18:, From contemporary correspondence fortunately preserved we know of its existence, and are able to fix the date of its formation at about K o.i. Dr. William Douglass, a noted author and physician of that day, writes, under date of February 18, 17oo-o0, to Cadwallader Colden, of New York, that . We have lately in Boston formed a medical society, of which, this gentle- man [Dr. Clark, the bearer of the letter], a member thereof, can give you a partic- ular account. We design from time to time to publish some short pieces; there is now ready for the press number one, with this title page:— Number One, MEDICAL MEMOIRS CONTAINING 1. A miscellany. Practical introduction. '2. A history of the dysentery epidemical in Boston in 17:54. 3. Some account of a gutta-serena in a young woman. 4. The anatomical inspection of a spina ventosa in the vertebrae of the loins of a young woman. ."). Some practical comments or remarks on the writings of Dr. Thomas Sydenham. Published by a Medical-Society in Boston, New-England. This letter is now among the Colden Papers, in the possession of the New York Historical Society; a copy of it is printed in the second volume, fourth series, of the Massachusetts Historical Collections (pages 1SS, IS'.)). The first number of these " Medical Memoirs " was never printed. It was probably Dr. John Clark, at that time an eminent practitioner of medicine, who is referred to in the letter, as a member of the society. He was born on December 15, IO'.iS, and was then at the height of his professional zeal, when he would naturally be interested in a scientific association. He belonged to a family of medical antecedents and traditions, being himself of the fourth generation in a direct line of John Clarks. all physicians, and he was followed by three more, equally direct, of John Clarks, these three also physicians,—covering a period of more than a century and a half and including seven generations of the name. In The Boston Weekly News-Letter, January."), 1737, there U a \ois, 1781, at which time there were present nineteen of the thirty-one persons whose names are given in the Act of Incorporation. The court house of that period stood on the site of the present one in Court street. The first vote passed was that the officers at this meeting should be chosen pro tempore; and subsequently " Ed- ward Augustus Holyoke Esq:" was elected president, " Doct'r Isaac Rand jun'r " secretary, and " Doct'r Thomas Welsh," treasurer. About this time (178:5) the Boston Medical Society was organized for the study of anatomy. Its only known work was in promoting the growth of the Medical School, just then coming into existence, and whether swallowed up by the larger Massachusetts Medical Society or superseded by the demonstrations at the school, it soon disappeared from view. Of the thirty-one who are named in the act of 1781 as incorporators of the Massachusetts Medical Society, fourteen were residents of Bos- ton, and are worthy of special mention, as being among the successful organizers who thus gave position to the profession; their names are here grouped together. Nathaniel Walker Appleton, Benjamin Curtis, Samuel Danforth, Aaron Dexter, Joseph Gardner, Charles Jarvis, Thomas Kast, John Linn, James Lloyd, James Pecker, Isaac Rand, jr., John Warren, Thomas Welsh, Joseph Whipple. At this time Dedham and Weymouth were parts of Suffolk county, and we should therefore include John Sprague, of Dedham, and Cotton Tufts, of Weymouth. Accounts of each will be found among the biographical sketches. We here give a brief account of the existing medical societies; some confine their membership to .residents of Boston; others, like the Mas- sachusetts Medical Society, while they hold their meetings here, have no limit as regards residence but the boundaries of the Common- wealth. ingly Dr. John Sprague, of Dedham, was present at the early meetings and took part in the pro- ceedings. This continued until July 18,1782, when Dr. John Sprague, of Xewburyport,was chosen a member. At the meeting of the councillors, held October 4. 1782, a reply to the notification of his election was read, wherein he stated that he was the senior physician of the name in the State, and that he considered himself already a member by the charter. Dr. Sprague, of Dedham, who was present at the time, quietly resigned his supposed membership ; but he was chosen again a member at the same meeting. 190 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Suffolk District Medical Society. This society was organized in 1840, and includes in its membership all Fellows of the Massachusetts Medical Society residing in Boston (proper), East and South Boston, Chelsea and Winthrop. The society is divided into a number of sections, to each of which is assigned the investigation of a particular branch of medicine. Boston Medical Association. This association is made up of a majority of the regular physicians of Boston, who establish the code governing practice, and the fees to be charged. Boston Society for Medical Observation. This society was organized in 1835, discontinued in 1S:}8, and re- established in 184(>. Its object is "to make its members good observers of disease, to collect and arrange accurately recorded facts in the fur- therance of the cause of medical science, and to publish from time to time the results of the observation of such facts." Its active member- ship is limited to forty, who must be members of the Massachusetts Medical Society, living in Boston. It has also associate and corres- ponding members. Active and associate members of twenty years' standing are eligible for election as honorary members. It takes and circulates among its members the leading foreign and American medical journals. Its library is deposited in the rooms of the Medical Library Association. Boston Society for Medical Improvement. This society was incorporated March 20, 1809, for mutual professional improvement in the different branches of medical science. Its meet- ings are held at the hall of the Medical Library Association, and its library has been placed in their rooms. Its scientific communications are published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. The valuable anatomical collection of the society was presented to the Medical School of Harvard University, and is now placed in the new Medical School building on Boylston street. MEDICAL HISTORY. 191 Obstetrical Society of Boston. This society was organized in 1860. Its object is the study of ob- stetrics and the diseases of women and children. Its members must be members of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and are limited to thirty. It has also a small honorary membership. Its meetings are held at the houses of its members in turn, and are always followed by a social reunion and supper. Its proceedings are published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. The Boston Society of Medical Sciences. This society was organized in 18G9, and has for its object the promo- tion of the sciences connected with medicine. Boston Medico-Psychological Association. This society was organized in 1N8(>, for the purpose of reading and discussing papers on psychological subjects, of reporting cases, and of taking psychological journals. Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society. This society was organized July 9, 1877. Its object is the instruction and professional improvement of the medical examiners, the successors of the coroners. The society has both regular and associate members. The regular members must be members of the Massachusetts Medical Society or of the Massachusetts Bar, with the provision that two-thirds of them shall hold commissions as State Medical Examiners. They transact all the business of the society, while the associate members can be present at stated meetings for discussions, etc. Provision is made for the election of distinguished professional men, medical, legal or scien- tific, to permanent associate membership. Massachusetts Medical Benevolent Society. The organization of this society dates from 1857; in 1871 it received an act of incorporation from the Legislature of Massachusetts. Its object is the relief of its members, or of their families, should they need assistance; and of such other members of the medical profession or their families as may be deemed by the society suitable objects of io-» SUFFOLK COUNTY. its beneficence. The society has now over s:>:>,000 of invested funds, and fourteen beneficiaries who are recipients of its bounty. Bovlston Mi.dicai. Society of Harvard Uni\ ersity. The society was organized January 0, 1811, for the purpose of pro- moting emulation and inquiry among the students at the Medical School connected with Harvard University, of whom its membership is alone composed. It was incorporated in 182o. The president must be a physician of regular standing, elected by the immediate members. A printed catalogue of the members is issued once in three years. The income of a fund, the gift of the late Ward Nicholas Boylston, M.D., for whom the society was named, is appropriated to prizes. In accord- ance with the terms of incorporation, seven trustees, who must be practicing physicians, are annually appointed, who have the sole man- agement and control of the permanent funds. South Boston Medical Club. This is composed of members of the Massashusetts Medical Society living in South Boston, and has for its objects professional improve- ment and social intercourse. It was organized Februury :>5, 18^ 3, and meets at the houses of members on the second Thursday of each month. New England Hospital Medical Society. This society was organized in January, 1878, for the professional im- provement of educated women physicians, graduates of regular medical schools. There are a few smaller societies, but their existence is hardly known outside of their very limited membership. HOSPITALS. Boston is well supplied with hospitals and dispensaries; besides those given in the following pages, there are some smaller ones which are not incorporated, but are under the care of private individuals and cannot properly be considered as public institutions. MEDICAL HISTORY. 193 Massachusetts General Hospital. This hospital was incorporated February 25, 1811, and opened for the reception of patients September 3, 1821. It is one of the oldest institutions of its kind in the country, and under the most efficient management. More than a thousand in-patients receive its advantages annually, and nearly five thousand out-patients. It is supported by invested funds, voluntary contributions from citizens of Boston and vicinity, and by moderate charges where patients can afford to pay for care and treatment. The hospital has 243 beds. Patients suffering from medical or surgical diseases are received from any part of the United States or Provinces. Chronic or incurable cases are not, as a rule, admitted, and the rule is invariable against contagious diseases. Since 1872 four new pavilion wards have been constructed on the grounds of the hospital. These buildings are called the Jackson, War- ren, Bigelow and Townsend wards respectively, in memory of the services of Drs. James Jackson, John C. Warren, Jacob Bigelow, and S. D. Townsend. The Thayer Building for nurses was built in 1882, and the Gay Ward for out-patients in 1883. The former was named after Nathaniel Thayer, for many years a trustee and a liberal contributor to the hos- pital ; the latter after Dr. George H. Gay, one of the surgeons of the the hospital for many years. A Convalescent Hcmie, connected with the hospital, is located in Belmont. It has thirty beds. A new edition of a history of the hospital, written by the late N. I. Bowditch, was issued in 1872 under the editorial care of Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D., one of the trustees of that time. Boston City Hospital. This hospital was incorporated in 18S0. It was established and is maintained by annual appropriations from the city government; be- quests and donations have also been given to it amounting up to the present time to $43,500. The total cost of the buildings alone was $750,000. It was opened for the reception of patients June 1, 18i;4, and at that time consisted of a central administrative building, two three-storied pavilions, and morgue. Three years later a two-storied 25 194 SUFFOLK COUNTY. pavilion, divided into small rooms, was built for the reception of dis- eases requiring isolation. In 1874 and 1875 the hospital was again enlarged by the erection of two three-storied buildings, two one-story pavilions, and a building for the use of the various departments for out-patients. It now has 48<> beds. It is intended for those only who require temporary relief during sickness, especially those suffering from acute medical or surgical dis- eases, and except in special cases is limited to residents of Boston. The hospital is open at all hours to cases of emergency. Physicians and surgeons are in daily attendance for the treatment of out-patients. A Convalescent Home was established in 1890 in Dorchester; it has accommodation for thirty-four patients. Large additions are now in process of erection for the better isolation and care of contagious diseases. The Children's Hospital. This hospital was incorporated February 26, 1869, and its present quarters on Huntington avenue were opened in December, 1882. It has one hundred beds. It provides medical and surgical treatment for the diseases of chil- dren. Patients between the ages of two and twelve, and suffering from acute diseases, are received. Those having infectious or contagious diseases are never admitted, and chronic cases only when they offer urgent symptoms which seem capable of relief. The beds are free to the poor of Boston, but a moderate charge is made for those who are able to pay. The very moderate charge of four dollars per week for those who reside outside the city, The immediate care of the hospital, and the nursing, is entrusted to members of the Protestant Episcopal Sisterhood of St. Margaret, East Grimstead, Eng. A convalescent home at Wellesley, containing eighteen beds, has been established in connection with the hospital. Boston Lying-in Hospital. This hospital, which was organized in 1832, now occupies a new, spacious and well-appointed building on McLean street. It has a capacity of seventy beds, and cares for about 500 house-patients yearly. It also maintains a well organized out-patient service, which annually MEDICAL HISTORY. 195 cares for over a thousand women in their homes. This service is gratuitous. The house-patients are charged a fee which must be paid on entrance, and includes all charges for care during labor and for two weeks thereafter, or for such further time as may be necessary for the patient to become able to leave the hospital. Those awaiting labor are not received; but a list of approved and convenient boarding-places and homes is kept at the hospital, where they may remain until the proper time for entrance. Deserving women, who are unable to pay, are received free, if residents of Boston; non-residents by special vote of the executive committee. The hospital is governed by a Board of Trustees, and has an advisory Board of Lady Visitors. The medical staff consists of three consulting physicians, a visiting physician, an assistant visiting physician, and three physicians to out-patients. The house-staff consists of three physicians, who are appointed for terms of six months; and five ex- ternes, who attend to the out-patient service under the supervision of the out-patient physicians and the house physicians. The hospital also maintains a training school for nurses, in which women are thoroughly trained for obstetric nursing. Instruction is given by lectures by the staff and the house physicians, by recitations, and by constant bedside teaching under the supervision of the director of nurses. Diplomas are awarded to those who pass a creditable exam- ination at the end of their course. Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. This institution owes its origin to Drs. Edward Reynolds and John Jeffries, who, in November, 1824, opened a small room in Seollay's Building as a dispensary for the gratuitous treatment of the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye. In March, 1826, their dispensary was regularly organized as the Boston Eye Infirmary. A month later it was incorporated by the State Legislature under its present title. It was soon after removed to Court street, and six years later to the Gore Mansion in Green street, where it remained until 1850. It was then removed to the building now occupied in Charles street, which was dedicated July 3 of that year. The Eye and Ear Infirmary has become one of the most important charitable institutions of Boston, and the demands upon it have con- stantly increased. A new wing has recently been added to its building for the better accommodation of out-patients. 196 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Boston Lunatic Hospital. This hospital was built in 1839, was enlarged in 1846, and again in 1S82. It has a capacity of over 200 patients, and is supported by the city of Boston, through the Board of Directors for Public Institutions. It is intended for the insane of the city of Boston, and accommodates about one-fifth of those unfortunates. It is free to the poor, but those who are able to pay are charged a moderate sum. Free Hospital for Women. Established in December, 1875; incorporated August, 1879. The hospital is entirely free, and receives only those women who suffer from diseases peculiar to their sex, and have not the means to obtain the medical advice or the care which they need. It contains twenty beds, and is supported by contributions from religious societies and private individuals. Connected with the hospital is an out-patient de- partment. Those who give the full amount, $250, which is fixed for the support of a bed, are entitled to designate a patient throughout the whole year; but any one giving not less than $150 is entitled to share with another person giving alike amount the right to designate patients, A new hospital building in Brookline is now under construction. This hospital owes its existence to the energy of the professor of gy- necology at Harvard University. St. Margaret's Infirmary. Organized in 1882 by the Sisters of St. Margaret (Protestant Epis- copal) in order to receive patients (usually women and children) re- quiring medical or surgical care. About fourteen patients can be accommodated. Physicians, members of the Massachusetts Medical Society, are allowed to send and attend patients. The inmates are cared for by the Sisters and trained nurses, and receive every kindness. The infirmary occupies two house in Louisburg square. Carney Hospital. Established in June, 1863, and incorporated in .1865, for the purpose of affording relief to the sick poor. Both acute and chronic cases are received, contagious diseases excepted. This institution is in charge of Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity, but receives patients of all de- nominations. It is located in South Boston. MEDICAL HISTORY. 197 St. Joseph's Home for Sick and Destitute Servant Girls. Incorporated in 1867, for the purpose of providing a home for, and otherwise aiding, sick and destitute servant girls. It includes under its organization a hospital for the treatment of diseases, especially those of an incurable character, and for women who have become ex- hausted and unwell while at their work, and need a temporary respite. The institution has ninety beds, of which twenty-four are devoted to the hospital department. The institution was organized by and is under the charge of the Sisters of St. Francis. House of the Good Samaritan. Incorporated in I860, for the care and treatment of sick women and girls, and of boys below six years of age, especially those suffering under diseases of long duration. It is supported by voluntary contri- butions and from the income of its funds. St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Established in 1868, by the Sisters of St. Francis, and incorporated January 20, 1872, for the treatment of the medical and surgical diseases peculiar to women. It is especially intended for patients in moderate circumstances who can afford to pay only a low rate of board and mod- erate fees for medical attendance. The institution has about sixty beds. In 1881 a branch was established in Roxbury. St. Mary's Infant Asylum and Lying-in Hospital. This institution was founded by Roman Catholic Sisters of Charity and the Society of St. Vincent de Paul in 1868, and incorporated in 1870, as an institution for the maintenance and support of foundlings, orphan and half-orphan children. It also accommodates deserving indigent females during their confinement in childbirth. The asylum will receive ten patients and fifty children. Patients are received on application at the asylum. No distinction is made on account of re- ligion ; and no patient is refused on account of her inability to pay. Deer Island Institutions—Hospital Department. The hospital connected with the public institutions of Boston is located on Deer Island in Boston Harbor, with a branch at Rainsford 198 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Island. Patients are received from the City Almshouse, the House of Industry, and the House of Reformation for Juvenile Offenders. The hospital is under the care of the Board of Directors for Public Institutions. Small-Pox Hospital. This hospital was organized in June, 1877. It contains forty beds, but a larger number of patients could be accommodated if necessary. It is under the care and direction of the Boston Board of Health. The Channing Home. Established in 1857, by Miss Harriet Ryan (the late Mrs. Albee), through the assistance of friends whom she had drawn into sympa- thy with her benevolent purpose. It was incorporated in 1861. This is not a hospital in the common acceptation of the word, but a home for those whose death seems quite certain and require constant medical attendance. New England Hospital for Women and Children. This hospital was incorporated March 12, 1863, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining in the city of Boston or its vicinity a hospital for the treatment of the diseases of women and children, giv- ing also clinical instruction to female students of medicine, and of training nurses. The present hospital building, located in Roxbury, was erected in 1872, and opened the same year for the reception of patients. It contains fifty-eight beds in rooms of two and four beds each. The maternity building is entirely separate, and consists of a small house of two stories, each having three rooms of two beds each, and a separate room for the delivery. There are also two isolated houses for the care of cases of contagion arising in the hospital. Patients are admitted on application at stated times. Chronic or incurable cases are, as a rule, not admitted, and contagious cases are re- fused. There are eleven endowment free beds, and six annual free beds. West End Nursery and Infant's Hospital. This institution was incorporated in 1881. Children are admitted to the Nursery Department if below the age of two. Babies are taken MEDICAL HISTORY. 199 to board, without surrender, at three dollars per week. The number of free beds in the hospital is fifteen, and in the nursery fifteen. No infants are taken in the nursery free if the mothers are earning any- thing. In the Hospital Department the medical and surgical diseases of children are treated. The beds are free, and in certain cases the mother is admitted with the child. An out-patient department is open daily. Boston Home for Incurables. This Home was organized in 1822, and formally opened for patients December 4, 1882, and incorporated in 1884. Accommodations are furnished for thirty adult patients, of both sexes, and thirty children. The design of the Home is to receive gratuitously patients who are incapacitated for life, who are unable to provide for themselves. Cases of contagious disease, syphilis, consumption, cancer, or any form of insanity are not received. Washingtonian Home. This Home was organized in 1857, and incorporated in 1859, for the cure of inebriates who wish to reform. Persons having a permanent home within the State, whose circum- stances render it imperatively necessary, may be admitted to a free bed ; all other persons are charged a moderate sum for their board, according to their ability to pay, and the rooms, attendance, and ac- commodations furnished them. The institution furnishes accommo- dations to forty inmates. While this institution is not strictly a hospital, it is devoted to the cure of the disease of intemperance, and should be classed as a special hospital. Vincent Memorial Hospital. This hospital was incorporated in 1800, to honor the memory of Mrs. I. R. Vincent, for many years a member of the Boston Museum Com- pany. It has ten beds, four of which are free. The visiting physicians are women.. Boston Dispensary. This institution was founded in 1796, and incorporated in 1801. It is supported by funds heretofore contributed and by private charity, 200 S UFFOL K CO I rN T Y. receiving no assistance from the city. Its operations are confined to the city proper, East and South Boston. It has a fine building for its central office, erected in 1883. Here physicians are in attendance daily, who treat respectively men, women and children, and surgical cases, at stated hours. In addition to this office, the city is divided into nine districts, each having a physician assigned, who cares for those unable to leave their homes. Medicines are given out at the central office daily at stated hours. New England Dispensary. This is the out-patient department of the New England Hospital, with which it was connected until the removal of the latter out of town in 187 2.' It is located on Fayette street. The physicians in attendance are women. As supplementing the work of the dispensaries should be noticed the North End Diet Kitchen. Organized in December, 1874, for the relief of the sick poor at the North and West End. Plain, nourishing food is given without pay- ment, but only on the orders of the dispensary physicians. And the South End Diet Kitchen. Organized in November, 1875, and incorporated in 1882, at the south part of the city, to provide simple food for the sick. " Any person may obtain diet at the kitchen upon presentation of the slip-card of the corporation, signed by a Boston physician of regular standing, by a bible reader, a city missionary, an officer of the Associated Charities, or by such person as the managers of the corporation may have authorized to sign such slip-card." MEDICAL EDUCATION. In the letter of instructions given to Governor Endicott on leaving the old country, occurs the following, an evidence of forethought in the matter of medical education (Voting, Chron. Mass., 165): We have entertained Lambert Wilson, Chirurgeon, to remain with you in the service of the Plantation ; with whom we are agreed that he shall serve this Company and the other planters that live in the Plantation for three years, and in that time MEDIC A L HIS TOR Y. 201 apply himself to cure not only of such as come from hence for the general and par- ticular accounts, but also for the Indians, as from time to time he shall be directed by yourself or your successor and the rest of the Council. And moreover he is to educate and instruct in his art one or more youths, such as you and the said Council shall appoint, that may be helpful to him, and, if occasion serve, succeed him in the Plantation: which youth or youths, fit to learn that Profession, let be placed with him; of which Air. Hugesson's son, if his father approve thereof, may be one, the rather because he hath been trained up in literature; but if not he, then such other as you shall judge most fittest. Voting adds in a foot note: We have here the embryo of a medical school, undoubtedly the first contemplated on the continent of America. Whether it ever went into operation, or how it suc- ceeded, we are not informed. The beginning of the present Medical Department of Harvard Uni- versity cannot be better told than by quoting from the account given by Dr. Ephraim Eliot, one of the physicians of Boston, during and after the Revolutionary war. About 1781 or 1782, when Dr. Eliot was studying with Dr. Rand, the physicians formed a club, which met at the Green Dragon Tavern; one of their objects was to arrange the fee table, and make regulations for the benefit of the profession. Dr. Eliot writes: The profession was much benefited by these regulations. The physicians became acquainted with each other; party politics were dropped at the meetings; but oil and vinegar will not unite. They did not love each other, and all were determined to put down Warren; but they could not: he rose triumphant over them all. One night Dr. Rand returned home from one of these professional meetings; and, addressing himself to me, he said, " Eliot, that Warren is an artful man, and will get to windward of us all. He has made a proposition to the club, that, as there are nearly a dozen pupils studying in town, there should be an incipient medical school instituted here for their benefit; and has nominated Danforth to read on materia medica and chemistry, proposed that I should read on the theory and practice of physic, and some suitable person on anatomy and surgery. He was immediately put up for the latter branch; and after a little maiden coyness, agreed to commence a course, as he had many operations and surgical cases in the Continental Hospital, of which he is sole director in every respect; and he can always have command of subjects for dissection, without exciting alarm, or being reduced to the necessity of taking bodies from the burying-ground, as most of the inmates were foreigners, and no one could scrutinize into the matter. I would have you attend the lectures, which will save me the trouble of dissecting with you in order to qualify you for a Surgeon. Danforth declined, as it was not possible to command a chemical apparatus; as to mvself, who would want to hear an interesting course of lectures on fevers and con- sumption? so I followed his steps. Now, Warren will be able to be obtain fees from the pupils who will attend his lectures on anatomy and surgery, and turn it to pe- 2(i 2o-2 SUFFOLK COUNTY cuniary advantage. But he will not stop there; he well knows that moneys have been left to the college for such an establishment as he is appointed to, and he is looking at the professorship. Mark what I say, Eliot: you will probably live to see it verified." Thus Rand, evidently chagrined. At the proper season, Dr. Warren read a very excellent course of anatomical lectures with demonstrations, and exhibited the various operations of surgery. It was renewed the next year. The fullness of time having come, the corporation [of] Harvard University began seriously to think of setting up a medical institution. At first the improvement of Dr. Hersey's legacy was deemed a sufficient foundation; but on the suggestions of the friends of that seminary, a more enlarged plan was determined to be adopted: a professor of chemistry and materia medica, a professor of anatomy * and surgery, and one of the theory and practice of physic, were to be established. But professors were to be sought: a professor of anatomy and surgery, eminently qualified, could be obtained at once. For the other branches it required reflection. It was suggested that Dr. Aaron Dexter, who had attended the practice of Dr. Danforth, the most scientific chemist then on the stage, could easily qualify himself for a chemical pro- fessor. Dr. Waterhouse had recently arrived in Boston, or was expected in a short time. He had spent some years in London, and had completed his education at Leyden; wras a relative and pupil of the excellent Dr. Fothergill, who, it was said, had contemplated such an establishment at this university; and, although he had died, it was also reported that Dr. Lettsom had succeeded to much of his business, and meant to fulfill his benevolent intentions. This was only a gossiping story, but was believed, or rather hoped for, by many persons. Dr. Waterhouse was therefore determined upon for the other professorship. According to the bequest of Dr. Hersey, his professor was to be a resident in Cambridge; and there was no provision for a division of the legacy. It was to be for the benefit of a professor of physic and surgery; but, by an arrangement with the heirs of Dr. Hersey, it was consented to that Waterhouse should reside in Cambridge, the income to be divided in proportions to be determined upon between Warren and Waterhouse. Major William Erving, a Bostonian, and relative of Governor Bowdoin, who had been in the British service from his youth, but had retired therefrom, and having been much acquainted with Dr. Dexter, died in good time, and left an income to the chemical professorship. It was presumed that the attending students in the medical establishment would make up a sufficient gratuity to render it an object to the several gentlemen who had the appointments. The Massachusetts Medical Society had authority to examine such candidates for the practice of physic as should offer themselves for the purpose, and grant diplomas signifying such persons as they found to be qualified for the profession; but they had no power to give degrees. The medical professors had similar powers, and were quite independent of the Medical Society. The university could give degrees and confer titles upon such as passed examination before their professors. Here, it was supposed, there would be some clashing of interests. The number who had been examined by the censor [s] of the society was not great. It was not long before 1 In the manuscript, a pen has been drawn through the word " anatomy " and what appears like " phisic " written over it. MEDICAL HISTORY. 203 the two institutions were at issue. None had been examined by the university; and no degrees but such as were honorary, had been granted. About the year 1788, George Holmes Hall and John Fleet offered themselves for examination to the cen- sors. Dr. Oliver Prescott of Groton, Drs. Lloyd, Gardner, Danforth, and Rand were then in the office—a formidable host. The candidates were students in Dr. Warren's surgery, had dissected much, and were probably far better qualified than any who had presented themselves: in fact, the doctor had bestowed great pains in regard to their qualifications. Dr. Prescott, being hard of hearing, said nothing; and I think Dr. Danforth's business prevented his attendance, but he heartily joined in putting them down. It was judged that now was the time to mortify their instructor. Various times were appointed for attending to the business, and it was as often post- poned ; till the young gentlemen actually became confident that the censors, sensible of their own deficiencies, were afraid to encounter them. At length, the time came; and they found it a fiery trial. They then became convinced that all knowledge was not shut up in the brains of the professors: they were set aside and could not obtain certificates. Here they thought the matter would drop; but they were mistaken. Dr. Warren was neither mortified nor foiled. He had wished for an opportunity of commencing the examinations at Cambridge: this was a good opportunity. Lectures were immediately commenced, and got through before Commencement. This was an unexpected matter, and measures were taken to prevent its having effect. Presi- dent Willard was applied to, to put a stop to the progress of the professors, lest it should generate serious misunderstandings between the two societies. Dr. Rand called on me, and desired me to prevail upon Dr. Fleet to suspend the matter; assur- ing me that the censors would make such representations as would effectually pre- vent him from getting into business, and that both he and Hall would be ruined. I was applied to, as I was like to, and did become his brother-in-law; but I had no influence over him, and declined any interferences. A public examination was held in the philosophy chamber of the university, at which many persons not of the pro- fession attended. They were thoroughly sifted; and they afforded much gratification to all who were present. On the Saturday previous to Commencement, notice was sent that the censors would meet for their re-examination. The}- attended; when a few questions were asked, and they were passed. On Commencement day, not having been informed of this matter, a public attempt was made by some of the overseers, that the degree of Doctor of Physic should be withheld. Having been informed of the re-examination, opposition was withdrawn; and George Holmes Hall, who received the degree of Master of Arts in 1781, and John Fleet ad eundent in 1 788, were admitted the first in course to the degree of Doctor of Physic. This, it is believed, has been the only interruption that has taken place between the societies; and they have mutually contributed to the reputation of each other, and have done their part to raise the respect of both to their present high standing among the literary institutions of the country.—Proceedings Mass. Hist. Soc, 1863- 1S(J4, vol. VII., pp. 183-4. From the dav when the medical degree was conferred on Hall and Fleet to the present, the history of the Harvard Medical School has been one of steady growth in importance and influence. The lectures of the newly-formed school were delivered in the old Holden Chapel 204 SUFFOLK COUNTY. and in the basement of University Hall in Cambridge, until the erec- tion of the building known as the Massachusetts Medical College in Mason street in Boston in 1815. It was no easy matter for a busy Bos- ton practitioner to deliver a course of lectures in the university town. " In the fullness of professional business he daily passed over Charles- town ferry to Cambridge, there not being a bridge at that time; and sometimes when impeded by ice, was compelled to lake the route through Roxbury and Brookline to Cambridge, and to return the same evening, after himself performing the dissections and giving a lecture sometimes three hours long," as Dr. Thacher says in his medical biography. Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, the introducer of vaccination into America, was the first professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and Dr. Aaron Dexter instilled into the pupils of the new institution the still crude theories which were being organized into a system by such men as Balch, Cavendish, Priestley, Lavoisier,, and others, as the foundation of the modern chemistry. With this triad of men the school began, men of mark of their day, but with means and methods of the simplest character, the profession itself and the knowledge of medicine apparently just emerging from the ignorance of the earlier periods, and with everything to be form- ulated in the matter of technical knowledge as we know it to-day. In 1815 the school was moved to Boston in order to be nearer the homes of those who were engaged in instruction; in 184*'., under the name o£ the Harvard Medical School, it occupied the building erected for its use in North Grove street in Boston; and in 188:5 that at present in use in Boylston street. In all these years a long line of professors and teachers have followed each other; it is possible only to mention some of them by name: John C. Warren, eminent as a surgeon and a teacher; James Jackson, in theory and practice; Jacob Bigelow and his not less distinguished son, Henry J Bigelow, John Ware, Walter Channing, D. Humphreys Storer, Jeffries and Morrill Wyman, Henry I. Bowditch, John B. S. Jackson. These are some of the men who have by hard labor continued the work to our own time, and have brought the school to the position it holds. During this middle period of its history the most important advances have been made in medicine and surgery. The first experiments of the anaesthetic properties of ether belong of right to the teachers in the MEDICAL HISTORY. •20.5 Harvard Medical School and the surgeons of the Massachusetts General Hospital; the Bigelow method of reducing the femur and the practice of litholapaxy; various methods adopted in the subject of orthopraxy; frozen sections in the study of anatomy; all owe their origin to this school; and the studies of abdominal and brain surgery, histology, antisepsis and asepsis, obstetrical and gynecological surgery have been either initiated or closely followed up—from hints given by others— by the various professors and teachers. At this time the Medical School of Harvard University has a teach- ing force of seventy-one professors and instructors, and four hundred and fifty-one students were enrolled during the year 18'.)2-9:>. All candidates for admission pass an examination in English, Latin, physics, chemistry and one elective study, viz. : French, German, math- ematics or botany. Beginning with the year 18*)'2—•.<;> all students are required to complete the full term of four years' study before taking a degree in medicine; one year at least must have been spent in this school. The degree cum laude is given to candidates who obtain an average of seventy-five per cent, in all the required examinations. The degree of Master of Arts is open to graduates of the school who are Bachelors of Harvard University or of other recognized colleges, who shall pursue an approved course of study in medicine for at least one year after taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Candidates for admission to the school may be examined either in Boston, or at either of the twenty other designated places, including such distant points as Portland, Ore., Bonne, Germany, and Tokio, Japan. The course of instruction includes a carefully graded system of studies from the most elementary to the most advanced, with lectures, laboratory and hospital work, special attention being given in the later years to individual investigation and clinical study and conferences in the more advanced branches. For all this system of studies elaborate laboratories, with every requisite, are furnished; students are employed as assistants in the many hospitals and dispensaries of the city and its neighborhood; abundant means are furnished for the practical study of obstetrics; and no means are spared for the complete knowledge of medical science in conformity with the latest knowledge of the day. Twenty-five appointments are made annually as internes in the various hospitals, and as many more for assistants in the out-patient depart- ments. More than one hundred thousand patients are treated annually in the various hospitals and dispensaries of Boston, and students have 206 SUFFOLK COUNTY. free admission to the practice at these institutions. They have also access to the college and medical school libraries, to the Boston Public Library, and to various other collections of books of a general or special character. The Warren Anatomical Museum furnishes abundant means of instruction in technical studies, and various other collections in the city on special topics. Twelve scholarships are offered for the assist- ance of deserving students. Courses of study for graduates and summer classes are arranged for those needing such advantages. In these instruction is conducted in small classes, under the immediate supervision of the professors or instructors. Various prizes are open for public competition or for students of the school. The following extract from the "Conspectus of the Medical Colleges of America," compiled and issued by the State Board of Health of Illinois, in 1884, shows that temporarily our city has not been free from those who, for purely mercenary motives, issued degrees fraudulent in character and preceded by no medical training: New England University of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Mass. Fraudulent. Extinct. Bellevue Medical College of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass. Organized in 1880. A fraudulent institution, exposed by the Illinois State Board of Health in 1882. Vide infra; see also pp. xiii-xv, Fourth Annual Report of the Board. Medical Department of the American University of Boston. First Medical College of the American Health Society. Excelsior Medical College. The exposure, in November, 1882, by the Illinois Board of Health of the fraudulent Bellevue Medical College of Massachusetts, led to the correction of a flagrant abuse in connection with the issuing of medical diplomas in Massachusetts. The "Bellevue" was organized under the "Public Statutes relating to Manu- facturing and other Corporations," and its officers, on the trial which resulted from the exposure referred to, pleaded that they were legally incorporated, and were empowered by the laws of Massachusetts to issue diplomas and confer de- grees without any restriction as to course of study or professional attainments. The United States Commissioner, before whom the trial was had, held the plea to be valid, and dismissed the case, with the following remarks: "The State has authorized this college to issue degrees, and it has been done according to legal right. . . . The law makes the faculty of the college the sole judges of elegibility of applicants for diplomas. There is no legal restriction, no legal requirements. If the faculty chose to issue degrees to incompetent persons, the laws of Massachusetts authorize it." As a result of this decision, the "American University of Boston," and the " First Medical College of the American Health Society " were incorporated under the same authority as the " Bellevue;" and the "Excelsior Medical College " and others were projected. MEDICAL HISTORY. 20: An Act was passed by the Legislature, in 1883, forbidding any cor- poration, organized tinder the public statutes referred to in the above extract, from conferring medical degrees or issuing diplomas, or cer- tificates conferring or purporting to confer degrees, unless specially authorized by the Legislature so to do. The result of this salutary legislation has been to rid our community of what threatened to become a growing evil. An organization which has been the means of conveying general information on medical matters to the laity should be mentioned, and which has certainly done much good in the community, the Massachusetts Emergency and Hygiene Association, Which was organized in the winter of 1883 by the Women's Educa- tion Association, to provide, for both men and women, instruction which should fit them to be of use in cases of sudden illness or accident. Organized under its present title in order to give instruction in hygiene and the laws of health, and to qualify men and women to keep their presence of mind and act intelligently in cases of sudden accident and emergency, pending the arrival of surgeon or physician. Emergency courses of lectures are given in Boston, Worcester, Lynn, to classes, consisting of not more than twenty-five, by physicians appointed by the Executive Committee. New England Female Medical College. This college was organized in 1848. Lectures were delivered and classes graduated until 1874, when it became merged with the Boston University School of Medicine. During its separate existence it was not a sectarian school. Boston University School of Medicine. This school was organized in 1873, and graduated its first class in 1874. It has always taught homoeopathy, and admits students of both sexes on equal terms. A four years' course of professional study is now obligatory before graduation. The teaching board, as shown by the last catalogue (1893), consists of fourteen full professors, four associate professors, fifteen lecturers, and fourteen instructors and assistants. The number of students was one hundred and fifty-three. 2< »s SUFFOLK COUNTY. College of Physicians and Surgeons. This college was organized in 1880, and graduated its first class in lssi. For many years it was located on Essex street, more recently on Boylston street, and is now located on Shawmut avenue. During the present year a reorganization of its board of government has taken place, and it begins the winter's course with a practically new board of instructors. It admits students of both sexes. Tufts College Medical School. The trustees of Tufts College have this year opened a medical school in Boston, for men and women. Twelve professors, ten lecturers, and six other instructors are an- nounced as comprising the faculty, DENTISTRY. Dentistry, which has now become an important branch of medicine, and which includes among its practitioners a rapidly increasing number of highly educated and scientific professional men, was in early days but little understood and but rudely practiced. Physicians, no doubt, until recent years, extracted teeth when they had become too painful for endurance; little attention had been given to saving or replacing them. We gather from the following amusing advertisements in Boston newspapers (KSo and 1781) that a beginning had been made in den- tistry at that time, although one of the practitioners included among his attainments the manufacture of musical instruments and the re- covering of " Umbrilloes." MR. TEMPLEMAX, Surgeon Dentist, Incouraged by the success of his practice in different parts of Europe and America, begs leave to acquaint the public, That he is furnished with materials with which' and a dexterity peculiar to the art, He preserves the Teeth, Cures the scurvy in the Gums, Extracts and transplants Teeth, Scales Teeth, Substitutes artificial Teeth, Gives the Teeth proper vacancies, Regulates childrens Teeth, And plumbs concave Teeth, MEDICAL HISTORY. •2 on which prevents their colluting or being offensive, besides many other operations too tedious to mention, as without the least pain (except that of extracting) since scaling the Teeth is carefully to take from them an infectious tartar which destroys the animal [enamel?], eats the gums, renders them spungy ulcerated, and incapable of affording any support. Its being removed, which is not in the power of composition to effect, renders the gums firm, and leaves the teeth in their natural purity. Many people blame the climate, &c. for the loss of Teeth,—But it is too often the case, as I 've observ'd in the course of my practice on the Continent, that but few people take care of their Teeth, till they become defective. The Europeans are remarkable (particularly the French) for their good and beautiful Teeth, owing to their own care, and knowledge of the art. X. B. Mr. TEMPLEMAN will, with pleasure, attend those Ladies or Gentlemen who cannot conveniently wait on him at Mrs. Frasier's, near the Town-House, Bos- ton.—"The Boston Gazette and The Country Journal," October 8, 1781. Gentlemen and Ladies that may want Artificial Teeth, may have them made and fixed in the neatest manner without the least pain by ISAAC GREENWOOD, Ivory-Turner, at his house in the Main Street, between the Old South and Seven-Star Lane, at the South-End of Boston ; they help the Speech as becoming as the natural ones. IFfr" Ladies, wax rots your Teeth and Gums, throw it away. Come and have your Teeth cleansed, and if done in time, saves them from rotting and parting from the Gums. X. B. Said GREENWOOD continues to make Artificial Leggs and Hands: Turns in Ivory, Bone, Silver and Wood: Makes Fifes, German-Flutes, Hautboys, &c. &c. d£p" Ladies please to send your Umbrilloes to be mended and cover'd.—(The Continental Journal and Weekly Advertiser, April 20, 1780.) Special schools and societies have naturally followed the advance in scientific dentistry. The importance to the public of proper treatment of the teeth demanded the attention first of physicians who made it a part of their practice, and afterwards of men who could give it their whole attention. Professional reputation followed study under representative dentists, and then the foundation of regular schools and societies for professional study and development. There are in Boston two important schools of dentistry, one under the auspices of Harvard University, named the Dental Department of Harvard University, and the other the Boston Dental College. Dental Department oe Harvard University. The Dental Department of the university is located in Boston in North Grove street, in the building formerly occupied by the Medical no SUFFOLK COUNTY. School, but having outgrown their quarters, an effort is now being made to erect a building especially designed for its use, in order to secure in connection with the Medical Department those advantages for clinical instruction which are found only in large cities. Instruction in this school is given throughout the academic year by lectures, recitations, clinical teaching, and practical exercises, uniformly distributed. The course of instruction is progressive, and extends over two years, the teaching of one year not being repeated the next. The first year is identical with that of the Harvard Medical School, the student receiving the same instruction by the same professors at the same time and place with the medical students, and at the end of the year passing with them the same examinations. It is the object of the faculty to present a complete course of instruc- tion in the theory and practice of dentistry; and for this purpose a well-appointed laboratory and infirmary are provided, and such ar- rangements made as to insure an ample supply of patients. Clinical instruction is given by the professors and other instructors; and, under the direction of demonstrators, patients are assigned to the students, securing to all an opportunity of operating at the chair, and becoming by actual practice familiar with all the operations demanded of the dentist. The infirmary, which is a department of the Massachusetts General Hospital, remains open, and one of the clinical instructors and the demonstrator are in attendance daily throughout the academic year. Students have access to the hospitals of the city, and' to the dissecting- room and museum of the Medical School. Boston Dental College. The Boston Dental College is located at 4-85 Tremont street, Boston, Mass. It was incorporated June '.], 1808, for the advancement of dental science and art, by means of lectures, clinical instruction, library, and museum. It is authorized by the Legislature to confer the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. The college pupilage is continuous over three years. In this institution all branches of the dental and collateral sciences are taught, so far as they can be made available to the dentist. Every endeavor is used to make the course scientific and practical by demon- stration and experiment. The principal society of tho,se of who practice this special branch of medicine is the MEDICAL HISTORY. ■211 Massachusetts Dental Society, Which was formed May, 1SG4, and received an act of incorporation from the Legislature in April, 18(io. Its object is to cultivate the science and art of dentistry and all its collateral branches, by means of a library and museum, professional lectures, and publications, and by premiums and medals for original researches and discoveries; to elevate and sus- tain the professional character of dentists, and to promote among them mutual improvement, social intercourse, and good-will. It includes active, junior, corresponding, and honorary members. Active members consist of practitioners of dentistry living in the State of Massachusetts. They must be twenty-one years of age, of good moral character, and have received a diploma from a respectable med- ical or dental college, or have been five years in the practice of dentistry, including term of pupilage. Junior members consist of students of dentistry and dentists not eligible to active membership. Correspond- ing members consist of practitioners of dentistry living in other States of the Union, or in foreign countries, who manifest a disposition to ad- vance the science and art of the profession by contributing to its liter- ature. Honorary memberships are conferred by the society on distinguished members of the profession, and others who may merit the distinction. The other dental societies are the following: Harvard Dental Alumni Association. This association was organized in 1870, for the purpose of uniting the alumni of the Harvard Dental School. Alumni Association oe the Boston Dental College. This society was organized in March, 1872. Harvard Odontological Society. This society was organized July 2, 1878, for the purpose of maintain- ing and cultivating professional and social relations among graduates of the Dental Department of Harvard University. Any graduate of the Dental School is eligible to membership. Boston Society for Dental Improvement. This society was organized January 13, 1874. •>!;> SUFFOLK COUNTY. TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES. Experience in the practice of medicine in hospitals has shown the importance of employing the services of competent nurses to carry out accurately the instructions of the physician, and schools under the auspices of the hospitals have grown up for their instruction. There is now in successful operation a school connected with each of the principal hospitals, and at the McLean Asylum and the Boston Lying-in Hospital, where the instruction is of a special character. The several schools are all organized on the same general plan; it will therefore suffice to speak in detail only of the Boston City Hospital Training School for Nurses. The trustees of the Boston City Hospital organized in 1877 a training- school for nurses, for the purpose of giving a systematic and thorough course of instruction in nursing to women who intend to become pro- fessional nurses. The school is under the direction of the trustees and a committee of the hospital staff, but is more immediately under the charge of the superintendent of the school, and the resident physician and superin- tendent of the hospital. The pupils of the school live at the hospital and serve as nurses in the wards for men, women and children, passing in rotation through the various services of the hospital, in order that experience may be had in all the departments. Pupils of the school are tinder the authority of the superintendent of the school and the resident physician of the hospital, and are subject to the rules and regulations of the hospital. The most desirable age for candidates is from twenty-one to thirtv- five years; they must be in good, sound health, and must present on application a certificate from two or more responsible persons (one a physician preferred) as to their good character, education, capabilities, and good health. Upon the recommendation of the superintendent of the hospital and the approval of the trustees, they will be received for one month on probation. During this month they are boarded and lodged at the hospital, but receive no compensation. At the end of the probationary month, if accepted as pupils, the candidates will sign an agreement to remain at the training school for two years, and to conform to the rules of the hospital. MEDIC A L HIS TOR Y. 2i:l At the end of the two years, they pass an examination by members of the staff, and if successful are given a diploma. No single institution in the country has probably given more comfort to the individual members of the profession, and to their clients, than the one now to be described: The Directory for Nurses at the Boston Medical Library, No. 19 Boylston Place, Which was opened in November, 1ST'..». At this Directory a nurse, either male or female, can be secured at any time in the day or night, either for immediate service or for future engagement. Applications are received by messenger, by telephone or by telegraph. More than twenty-one thousand nurses have been furnished in less than fourteen years. It is hard to realize how difficult it was to obtain good nurses for the sick before the Directory was opened, and how much more often nurses are employed now than formerly. People were slow to make up their minds to look for a nurse, if it could be avoided, and when it could be no longer avoided, the family of the sick person, the physician, and often members of his family too, would hurry in search of a nurse from one part of the city to another on foot and by carriage, only to find at night, perhaps, that no one had been successful, and that the search must be taken up again in the morning. The training schools for nurses had increased the number of nurses, but had not made it much easier to find them. A list of nurses was to be found in every physician's office, but if it contained the names of a hundred nurses, only one out of all was likely to be found disengaged, and on the other hand, at inconvenient hours, nurses, generally the less desirable, would come to his office to tell in detail of how long they had been out of work. There were also employment offices that professed to supply nurses, but they had only lists of nurses that could be looked up. When in 1879 a committee was appointed to make arrangements for furnishing nurses, it was decided that, in order to do satisfactory work, a Directory must give sufficient guarantee of the qualifications and character of the nurses, that it must be able to say positively what nurses would be found disengaged. 214 SUFFOLK COUNTY. The sixth annual report of the Medical Library gives an account of the methods of the Directory, which we quote: Each applicant is required to fill out a blank form stating the name, residence, age, length of experience in nursing, from what training school, if any, he or she has a diploma, whether any particular branch of nursing is preferred to others, whether he or she is willing to take meals in the kitchen, the price per day and per week, and the names of three or four physicians and of a like number of families as references. When this blank is filled out and returned the registrar sends blanks, with a stamped and directed envelope inclosed, to the families and physicians named as references. The blank to a physician inquires whether the doctor considers the applicant a desirable nurse, whether she is good - tempered, neat, capable, and mindful of directions, whether she has any faults, and whether she is to be recommended in any special class of cases. The blank to families makes similar inquiries, and begs for an)' information bearing on the character and quali- fications of the applicant. When this set of blanks is filled and returned, the infor- mation contained is carefully examined by the committee, and if the nurse is accepted an abstract is made of the reports and recorded in indexed books specially prepared for the purpose. Postal cards which merely require a moment to fill out are kept constantly on hand and sold to nurses at cost price, so that the directory may be immediately notified of the taking or termination of an engagement, or of a change in residence, price, etc. On the first failure of a nurse to report an engagement promptly, a warning is sent, and on the second failure the name of the delinquent is dropped from the register, to which it can be restored only on payment of a second registration fee. A card catalogue of all nurses registered is also kept so that the registrar can tell almost at a glance just which nurses are free at any given moment; nurses are also expected to keep the Directory informed as to future engagements, a point of special importance in securing attendance for ladies expecting confinement. But the work of the Directory does not stop here. A nurse applying for registration is at liberty to choose her references, and will naturally refer to those families and physicians who she thinks will report most favorably about her. But when once the nurse is registered, blanks specially prepared for the purpose are sent to each person who secures her through the Directory, as well as to the physician in charge of the case. The replies are all submitted to the committee, and then copied in ab- stract into the register, or filed away, according to whether new facts are elicited or not. Ail complaints made by employers are investigated patiently, and every care is taken that strict justice is done as far as possible. In July, 1879, the preliminary work was begun, and in the November following the Directory opened with the names of about sixty nurses on its books. The first step was to send a circular to a number of the physicians in the largest practice in and about Boston, informing them of the project, and asking from each of them a list of such nurses as from personal knowledge he could recommend. To all nurses so vouched for, as well as to all graduates of the training schools for nurses, circulars were then sent explaining the plan and inviting them to register themselves. Nurses were not slow to see the benefits which would accrue to them- selves and the public, and applications for registration soon began to pour in. MEDICAL HISTORY. 215 Nurses are not guaranteed employment by the Directory, and are always at liberty to seek occupation for themselves, provided only that they send prompt notification of any engagement secured. The chief aims of the Directory are to put employers and nurses in ready communication with one another, and to afford employers reliable information as to the character and qualifications of one who is about to become an important member of the household. These methods have been followed hitherto with only occasional modifications of detail. The success of the institution was notable at the very outset, and the almost uninterrupted yearly increase in its business has been extraordinary. From November 23 to December 21, 187'.), sixty-one nurses were sent out; during 1880, six hundred and twenty; 1883, almost twice as many—1,204; in 188(i, 1,349. In the report of this year the committee expressed the opinion that there would not be any great or rapid in- crease of business of the Directory. But that expectation was destined to be agreeably disappointed, for in the very next year the number had risen to 1,013, and in 18'tl it reached 2,313. These nurses were furnished to applicants not only in Boston, but in all parts of New England and occasionally outside of it. Of female nurses the proportion of graduates from training schools to non-graduates has changed very much in the course of years. The were in 1881 75 graduates and 291 non-graduates; 188-1, 155 graduates and 380 non-graduates; 18!)2, 509 graduates and 469 non- graduates. The rise in the proportion of training school nurses is still more marked if we take those only who do the work of the year. Thus in the year ending September, 1892, the year's work of the female nurses was divided between 153 non-graduates and 385 graduates. The number of male nurses has steadily increased and the quality of these is greatly improved. On September 28, 1892, there were 125 on the register, and 9ii had been heard from during the year. Taking all the nurses together there were on the books on Septem- ber 28, 1892, 1,304, of these 187 were known to have died or given up nursing, leaving 1,117, who were supposed to be available. But of these only 434 were heard from and did the work during the preceding year. The number of nurses disengaged at any one moment varies much. When there is little sickness it rises to a considerable number, but dur- ing the busiest season it often falls to two or three. But every mail is likely to bring in new ones. 21 f; SUFFOLK COUNTY. During the year 1893, attendants for invalids and children having been instructed by means of lectures under the auspices of the Massa- chusetts Emergency and Hygiene Association, have been placed on the books of the Directory for nurses. They are not expected to take care of persons who are acutely ill, and receive at most seven dollars per week. Places have been found for them without difficulty. The reasons of the remarkable success of the Directory have been suggested already in part. It commends itself to nurses (1) Because it supplies them with a large amount of work; (2) Because, being under the care of physicians, it recognizes and encourages good work, while its criticisms are unprejudiced and fair. It is liked by the employer (1) Because he obtains a nurse without delay; (2) Because he finds that the nurse is, as far as possible, selected with reference to the peculiarities of each cas.e. Such an institution could hardly attain the same success if not under the care of physicians. Since the Directory opened in 1878 six similar institutions are known to have been opened in Philadelphia, Brooklyn, Baltimore, Washing- ton, vSan Francisco and Chicago. County Medical Officers. The only medical officers of the county are the two medical examin- ers and their assistant, the successors of the coroners, who were legis- lated out of office by the General Court in 1877, and the City Physician of Boston, now officially designated as the Physician to the Board of Health, one of whose duties is to attend professionally the county jail. The office of city physician was established by ordinance in 1841. Dr. Henry G. Clark was the first incumbent, and held office until 1SG0. The appointment was made at this time by the mayor, and confirmed by a concurrent vote of the Board of Aldermen and Common Council. The duties then embraced medical attendance at the Suffolk County Jail, examination of all sources of danger to the public health, medical attendance at the various police stations, and the vaccination and re- vaccination of all applicants. He was also required to give certificates of vaccination to all children for their admission to the public schools. It was during Dr. Clark's term of service that Boston, in 1849, was visited by a very severe epidemic of cholera. [A very exhaustive re- port of this epidemic was published by Dr. Clark.] In 1854 occurred a comparatively slight epidemic of cholera. MEDIC A L HIS TOR 1'. 211 In 1861 Dr. John S. Jones succeeded to the office, which he held until 1864. There is no record of any severe epidemic during his in- cumbency, although small-pox was more or less prevalent during this time. Dr. William Read next held the office, from 1864 to 1869. In 1866 there was a slight epidemic of cholera which caused eleven deaths. Small-pox caused a certain number of deaths, but at no time was there anything approaching an epidemic. Dr. William H. Page was appointed in 1870, and held office one year. During this time nothing of interest regarding the health of the city occurred. In 1871 Dr. Samuel A. Green succeeded to the office, which he held until his election, in 1882, as mayor of the city. In January, 1872, the Board of Health was established, and the appointment of city phy- sician was vested in this body subject to the approval of the mayor. It was during Dr. Green's term of service that Boston was visited by a very severe epidemic of small-pox. By the arduous and zealous work of this officer, in conjunction with the support and assistance of the Board of Health, the epidemic was speedily stamped out. In January, 1882, the present incumbent, Dr. John H. McCollom, who had served as an assistant to Dr. Green, was appointed as his successor. By a recent revision of the city charter the city physician is now (1893) appointed by the Board of Health as a permanent officer, and not annually, as before, and his title changed to Physician to the Board of Health. As the population of Boston has increased from 122,340 in 1847, the first year of Dr. Clark's term of service, to 467,647 in 1892, the duties of the office have been greatly augmented. To give an idea of the work of this department, the following details are taken from the last report of the city physician: During 1892 3,909 persons were vaccinated and certificates of vaccination were given to 2,967 children for their admission to the public schools. At the request of the Civil Service Commissioners, 255 men were examined for appointment in the Police and in the Fire Departments. At the request of the Board of Police and Board of Fire Commissioners, respectively, twelve policemen and twenty-five firemen were examined for retirement, and nine cases of supposed injury or disease investigated. A careful external examina- tion was made, the symptons learned and a diagnosis sufficiently accti- 28 218 SUFFOLK COUNTY. rate for all practical purposes reached in the cases of 557 persons dying without a physician in attendance. In Suffolk county jail 93)6 patients were treated, requiring 2,080 visits. In the City Temporary Home twenty cases of confinement were attended, and 208 visits made to persons suffering from various diseases. Fifty-two cases of eruptive disease, reported as small-pox, were examined. In only one instance was the disease found to exist. Six cases of reported typhus fever were examined, but in each instance the disease was found to be typhoid fever instead. The reports of 1,353 cases of diphtheria and 2,938 cases of scarlet fever were investigated. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The care and treatment of animals has of late years been recognized as a branch of medicine, and a school and hospital have been established for professional education and practice. The Civil War brought together immense numbers of horses, and their treatment became of great importance to the country. Veterinary surgeons were appointed by the War Department, and valuable service was rendered by them. After the war the public was not long in realizing how valuable such services would be in civil life, and this new field for professional services has continued steadily to enlarge, and our animals are no longer necessarily left to the care of the thumb rules of ignorant grooms and hostlers. The school is under the control of Harvard University, and is called the School of Veterinary Medicine of Harvard University. It provides a three years' course of instruction in the science and practice of veteri- nary medicine and surgery. The sanitary relation of animals to man has received much attention, and much important work has been done. Harvard Veterinary Hospital. The Harvard Veterinary Hospital was established in 1883 at 50 Village street, Boston, and is a commodious and substantial building, offering every advantage for the observation and treatment of sick animals. Massachusetts Veterinary Association. The Massachusetts Veterinary Association, for the mutual intercourse and improvement of the graduates of veterinary medicine, was organ- ized in 1884 and incorporated in 1887. MEDICAL HISTORY. 219 PHARMACY. Pharmacy claims a close relation to medicine. The need of a proper training for apothecaries had become pressing with their great increase in numbers following upon the growth of the city. The larger establishments for the preparation and sale of medi- cines required competent men, and there was no time for private education as formerly. Under the auspices of the leading men in the business, the Massa- chusetts College of Pharmacy was organized in February, 1823, and incorporated in 1852. Its object was to provide the means of a system- atic education; to regulate the instruction of apprentices; to promote investigation, and to diffuse information among the members of the. profession. The School of Pharmacy, under the control of the college, offers to its students a theoretical and practical instruction. The graduates of the college organized, in 1870, the "Association of Alumni of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy." HOMCEOPATHY. The present condition of this school of practice in this city and State is shown by the following list of institutions, etc., which acknowledge allegiance to this system: The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society, established in 1840, incorporated in 1856; meetings held second Wednesday in April and October. The Boston Homoeopathic Medical Society, established 1859, 210 members; meetings held on the first Monday of each month. The Hahnemannian Medical Society, 30 members, meetings monthly. The Massachusetts Surgical and Gynecological Society, established 1877, 120 members, meetings quarterly. The Hughes Medical Club, 15 members, meetings monthly. The Homoeopathic Dispensary Medical Association, 60 members, meetings annually. The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital, incorporated 1855, opened to patients in 1871. The Ladies' Aid Association of the Homoeopathic Hospital, 300 mem- bers, meetings monthly. 220 SUFFOLK COUNTY. The Medical Board Association of the Homoeopathic Hospital, 22 members, meetings quarterly. The Homoeopathic Medical Dispensary, incorporated 1856, opened to the public in April, 1857; has treated 240,585 patients, with 643,771 prescriptions, previous to January 1, 1893. The Consumptives' Home, at Grove Hall, established by Dr. Charles Cullis in 1858. The Boothby Surgical Hospital, established in 1888. The Roxbury Homoeopathic Dispensary, established in 1885. The Westborough Insane Hospital, established by the State in 1884. The Boston University School of Medicine, established in 1873. The Neti' England Medical Gazette, published monthly, by Otis Clapp & Sons, established in January, 1866. The Medical Student, established in 1888. In addition, there are in the State five hospitals which have double services, one being in charge of homoeopathic practitioners, namely, the Newton Cottage Hospital, the Taunton Hospital, the Quincy Hospital, the Rufus S. Frost Hospital, in Chelsea, and the Maiden Hospital. There are also five other medical societies of this school in different parts of the State. MEDICAL LIBRARIES. Boston has quite a number of medical libraries, the principal one being the Boston Medical Library, owned by the Boston Medical Library Association; the others are connected with State or city de- partments or with some hospital. A detailed account of all these is here given: The first extensive collection of medical books that was made in the city was The Second1 Social or Boston Medical Library. In 1805 Drs. John C. Warren and James Jackson formed a private medical society for mutual improvement, in conjunction with Drs. Dix- well, Coffin, Bullard, Shattuck, Jeffries, Fleet and Homans. The society came together once a week for the purpose of reading and listening to papers. The members continued to meet until death re- moved all in succession. From this society, and principally from the ' The First Social Library was a law library. MEDICAL HISTORY. 221 exertions of Drs. Warren and Jackson, sprang the Boston Medical Library. Among the papers of the late Dr. John Jeffries was the following autograph announcement: December 30, 1805. The Boston Medical Library will be opened on Thursday next at Dr. Fleet's. A few books only have arrived. X. B. Books received and delivered on Mondays-and Thursdays between three and five o'clock, p. m. Dr. John Fleet, jr., lived in Milk street, and was, presumably, the first librarian. About the year 1807 the library was entrusted to the care of a sub- librarian, Mr. Amos Smith, apothecary, and "kept in his shop," No. 39 Marlborough street. The Marlborough street of those days was the portion of what is now Washington street, which is included between Milk and Bedford streets. The list of books, printed at the time of re- moval, contains twenty-nine titles and forty-three volumes. The annual assessment was ten dollars. In 1826 the Boston Medical Library ceded its whole collection of books, which in 1823 numbered 1,311 volumes, and was valued at the time of transfer at $4,500, to the Athenaeum on the following terms: It was agreed: " That each proprietor of the medical library should have the privilege of life-subscriber on the payment of five dollars per annum, and should become a proprietor of the Athenaeum by pay- ing one hundred and fifty dollars, such life-subscriber to have the right, on his removal from Boston, to transfer his share for and during the period of his life; that the members of the medical library should have access to the privileges of the Athenaeum during the then coming year for the sum of ten dollars; and that the medical department should re- ceive its full proportion of the sums applied hereafter to the purchase of books." As the shares of the Athenaeum were then valued at three hundred dollars, it is probable that nearly all the members of the medical li- brary availed themselves of the opportunity of purchasing at half-price; thirty shares were so taken. In a letter of Dr. Shattuck dated 1828, published in the proceedings of the Suffolk District Medical Society, we are informed that there were at that time but seventy-one "regularly-bred" physicians in the city of Boston, so that at least one-half of the whole number must have 222 SUFFOLK COUNTY. been members of the library. There were only thirty-five physicians who, in his opinion, could support themselves by their practice. The Boston Medical Library. The importance of having a reading-room provided with current medical journals and of forming the nucleus of a future medical library of reference, in a locality easy of access from all parts of the city, had long been felt by the profession of Boston. The movement, which cul- minated in the formation of the present association, emanated from among members of the Boston Society for Medical Observation. The first meeting of six gentlemen at the house of Dr. H. I. Bow- ditch, on December 21, 1874, for the purpose of discussing schemes for a library, was succeeded by others, with a steadily increasing number of participants, during the spring of 1875, and later by a general call to the profession to meet on August 20, 1875. On this occasion organ- ization was effected and officers for the first year were elected. In 187 7 the association was incorporated under the general statutes, The Boston Medical Library Association. Rooms at No. 5 Hamilton Place were first secured as possessing the prime requisites of central position and freedom from noise of passing traffic. In 1881 the present building, 19 Boylston Place, was purchased and altered over for the accommodation of books and to provide a suitable hall and committee rooms for the use of the different medical societies. All the principal ones are now regular tenants of the association. This building soon became inadequate for the proper accommodation of the library and its members, and in 1887 preliminary steps were taken to move to new and more commodious quarters. A lot of land on the corner of St. Botolph and Garrison street was purchased with the hope of erecting, in the near future, a fire-proof building. This hope is now nearing fruition, plans having been drawn and accepted and the executive committee given authority to build. The Directory for Nurses (for an account of which see page 213), is domiciled in the library building. The first extensive collection of books received was that of the So- ciety for Medical Observation, amounting to 911 volumes of the most valuable American, English, French, and German journals. This is still yearly augmented by the periodicals for which the society sub- scribes. By the terms of the contract the society retains full ownership MEDICAL HISTORY. 223 in its library, and the right to take from the rooms its own books for the period of one week. It binds its own journals and insures its own library, as heretofore. The next considerable acquisition of books was the obstetrical libra, y of the late Dr. William Read, numbering nearly two hundred volumes, and containing all the standard publications on midwifery that hace appeared in England during the past century, including many rare and choice wrorks. In 1876 the trustees of the Boston Dispensary presented a library left in their building by the late Dr. John B. Alley. In the same year the Boston Society for Medical Improvement de- posited its library of 474 volumes on the same terms as were accorded the Society for Medical Observation. Thus were acquired many sets of old English and American journals of great rarity and of practical as well as historic worth. The list of individual contributors is a very long one. The library at present contains (October, 1893): Books, 23,426; pamphlets, 23,472—making 46,898 titles; 472 different periodicals are regularly received. A carefully prepared cross reference card catalogue has been prepared. The association is the possessor of many valuable portraits, rare manuscripts and early volumes, which it is now obliged to store, await- ing the advent of its fire-proof building. Library of the State Board of Health. The library dates from the organization of the board in June, 1869, and has been gradually increasing since that date, till it is now one of the most valuable sanitary libraries in the country. The books almost exclusively relate to hygiene and preventive medicine. The whole number of volumes is about 3,500, and there are about 3,000 pamphlets. The library is not a circulating library, but is open for reference to all persons interested in matters pertaining to public health, and books are loaned at discretion to such persons as agree to return them in a reasonable time in good condition. The following are some of the more valuable books in this collection: Reports of the medical officer of the Privy Council of England, full set. Reports of the Local Government Board of England, annual and supplements, full set. 224 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Works of the Imperial Board of Health of Germany, Veroffentlich- ungen, Mittheilungen, and Arbeiten. Transactions of the American Public Health Association, full set. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. Full sets of reports of American Boards of Health, about 200 vol- umes. Parliamentary reports on water-supply, sewerage, rivers, pollution, vaccination, and other sanitary subjects. Registrar General's reports, England, full set, fifty-four volumes. Registration reports, Massachusetts, full set, fifty volumes. Registration reports of other States and countries. Many special volumes on food and drugs, water analysis, air analysis, toxicology, ventilation, school hygiene, health of occupations, sewage disposal, infectious diseases, cremation, etc. Several periodicals relating to Public Health in English, German and French are regularly received. State Library of Massachusetts. There are few general medical books in the State Library of Massa- chusetts, with the exception of medical dictionaries and books of that nature. It has quite a full collection of books bearing upon public medicine and sanitary science. Library of the Surgeon General. The library in the office of the surgeon-general of this Common- wealth consists of books of reference upon medical and military mat- ters, monographs and reports, in all about sixty volumes. Library of the City Board of Health. This library is principally made up of public documents and health reports, and is not very extensive. The Boston Public Library Has in its medical department over 13,500 volumes. Its collection of journals is very valuable, and the sets are tolerably complete. The regulations necessitated in a large general library do not allow of access to the shelves, except with an attendant as a special favor. Since MEDICAL HISTORY. 225 its foundation in 1852, many private collections of books have been de- posited in its medical alcoves, among others a large portion of the library of the late Dr. James Jackson, and later the library of the late Dr. Daniel Tyler Coit. The library of the Massachusetts Medical Society was given to the city some years ago, at a time w.hen all hope that the pro- fession would ever have a library of its own was entirely relinquished. In the reading-room the leading medical journals (American and Euro- pean) are accessible. The Library of the Harvard Medical School Consists almost exclusively of old text-books and sets of journals; it is used chiefly by the students of the school, for whom it was avowedly designed by its founders. It originated in a donation of books drawn from the private libraries of the faculty of the school in 1819. The number of books is estimated at about eighteen hundred, of which many are duplicates. The physiological laboratory of the medical school has been the recip- ient of a very large cabinet of microscopic specimens and three hundred and fifty volumes from Dr. John Dean, late of this city. The library contains full sets of all the best German, French, and English period- icals relating to anatomy, physiology, and microscopy. Library of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. This college has about 700 volumes, but which are not at present arranged so as to be available. Library of the Boston University School of Medicine. The library of this school contains three thousand bound volumes, comprising some of the most recent and valuable works in medicine and the collateral sciences, including text-books and works of reference, of which a printed and also a card catalogue on the decimal system has been prepared. There are also several thousand monographs and pamphlets and a large collection of journals. The library in the new college building furnishes excellent facilities for medical reading and study. Two reading-rooms have been fitted up, one supplied with many of the leading medical journals and current literature, the other with works of reference, to which students have daily access. 29 226 SUFFOLK COUNTY. The library is especially full in some of the earlier publications on homoeopathy, which are long since out of print, as well as many more of recent date. It has complete sets of many of the most valuable journals, such as the British Journal of Honuvopathy, New England Medical Gazette, North American Journaloj Honuvopathy, Hahnneman- nian Monthly, and many others, and has also complete files of the publications of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, 1844-91 ; Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical Society, 1840-92; New Vork Homoeopathic Medical Society, Pennsylvania Homoeopathic Medical Society, etc. Some rather rare old books and interesting manuscripts. Library of the Boston Dental College. The college has a library of about 300 volumes; these are mainly devoted to medical and chemical subjects, including many works on dentistry, made up by contributions from members of the staff and trustees, and of works purchased by the institution. The library is open to students and members of the faculty. Library of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy. This library is largely the gift of Samuel A. D. Sheppard, Ph. G. It contains about 3,200 volumes, devoted chiefly to pharmacy, chem- istry, materia medica, medical botany and microscopy. Among its works of especial importance are an unusually complete collection of pharmacopoeias and dispensatories, embracing nearly all extant to-day, and many of historical importance; illustrated works on medicinal plants, as Nees Von Essenbeck, Bigelow, Bently and Trimens, and Lochman; also a complete set of American journals of pharmacy and a large collection of journals of other countries. In addition to the above are about 1,000 volumes, including reports of colleges of pharmacy, pharmaceutical societies, and boards of health. A portion of the library is set aside for the free use of the students in the reading-room. The greater portion, however, is kept in the library for purposes of individual consultation, and under the immediate charge of the librarian. There is a card catalogue. Medical Library of the Boston City Hospital. The Medical Library of the Boston City Hospital was commenced at the opening of the hospital, in 1864. The nucleus of the library was MEDICAL HISTORY. 227 about 200 books, mostly duplicates, presented by the Boston Public Library. Many of these books were standard books on medicine and surgery, and several old books with valuable plates. Many books were given by members of the medical and surgical staff, and also by other physicians in the city. There was at this time no special room assigned for the library, the books being kept under lock and key in elaborate hard wood cases in the board room of the hospital. The number of books did not increase rapidly in number, and the library became the repository of official documents of a miscellaneous sort, of no special professional value. From time to time the trustees of the hospital allowed a small sum each year for the purchase of medical journals and books. The number of volumes finally exceeded the capacity of the cases, and there being no special room, a large number of volumes were stored in closets and places not available for use. The growth of the Medical Library was slow and not of special interest until the year 1890. At this time, after repeated petitions of the trustees and staff, the City Council appropriated $17,500 for the construction of a building in the rear of the Administration Building, for a medical library, a pamphlet room, a place for keeping the clinical records, and for allied purposes. The library has now a room especially constructed for it, which not only serves most admirably for the deposit of about 6,000 volumes, but also as a proper place for the headquarters of the medical and surgical staff. The present capacity of the library may be increased by means of recessed alcoves, as the library grows in the number of its volumes. When this library was transferred to its new quarters there were about 900 volumes. During the years 1891 and 1892, special appropria- tions and special methods were taken for increasing the number of books. There are now 2,743 volumes upon the shelves, all in good condition, with thousands of unbound pamphlets, medical journals, monographs, duplicates, etc., in the pamphlet room. The hospital now has a most excellent practical working medical library. A large number of the books are those which have been pub- lished within the last five years. There are a large number of medical journals, both American and foreign, bound and properly classified; also large numbers of the reports of the leading American, London and foreign hospitals, together with the publications of American and foreign medical and surgical societies. 228 SUFFOLK COUNTY. A card catalogue with cross references of all cases, medical and surgi- cal, treated during the last ten years is kept in the library. A special feature of this library is a section devoted to hospitals, their construc- tion, organization and administration, and also a section on public hygiene. It is intended to be a practical working library for the medical and surgical and house staff of the hospital. Medical Library of the Massachusetts General Hospital. This library is known as the Tread well Library, and was founded by the will of the late Dr. John Goodhue Treadwell, of Salem, in 1851. By its terms his library and some forty thousand dollars reverted to the hospital, the gift having been declined by the president and fellows of Harvard College on account of certain " unusual and embarrassing- conditions." These conditions were in reference to " the support and maintenance of a Teacher of Physiology and Structural Anatomy, the Laws of Life and Organization." Eight closely written pages define how this teacher was to have been appointed, his duties, remuneration, etc. Most of this money was given to establish free beds. In addition to the books directly given to the hospital, " to be held in trust by the corporation for the use of the physicians and surgeons of the staff and their successors," the sum of five thousand dollars was especially set apart and reserved as a library fund. The income of this fund was to be " applied annually to the increase.and repair of the library." No books could be purchased from this source excepting those on " anat- omy, physiology, chemistry, medicine, surgery, and the collateral sciences." To the original books contained in the library of Dr. Treadwell have been added from time to time large numbers of works on medical and surgical subjects in German, French and English, until the number now exceeds five thousand volumes. Nearly fifty of the best medical and surgical periodicals in these languages are printed. Officers and students of the hospital have the benefit of bound volumes of the lead- ing periodicals issued subsequent to the year 1857. The library is especially rich in works on surgery, and has many very valuable plates for teaching this and other branches of medicine. The Treadwell Library has recently been moved from the room which it has occupied for many years to a large, light, and well venti- MEDICAL HISTORY. 229 lated apartment in the central building of the hospital, formerly occu- pied by the resident physician. There are accommodations here for an expansion to twenty-five thousand volumes. In addition to a large reading-room for general use, in which are arranged the periodicals as they appear, are alcoves for quiet study, conversation, and consultation. A librarian has recently been appointed, who has full charge of the de- tails of management. A card catalogue of every case that has been treated in the wards of the hospital since its foundation is being made, with cross references, so that, knowing the name of the patient or the disease, it may be pos- sible in a moment's time to find any case that has ever been under hospital care. The hospital records in detail—that most valuable mon- ument of the labors of previous generations—are provided for, so that they can be easily consulted, and so that it is impossible for them to be lost or stolen. This catalogue and the records are part of the library and constitute a special feature. The Treadwell Library of the Massachusetts General Hospital, in its practical workings, gives the hospital staff the daily opportunity of keeping up with the work of the profession throughout the world through its best medical journals. It provides, by easy methods of reference, the records of the work and experience of previous genera- tions of physicians and surgeons; and, finally, it gives, to those of the staff who wish to do literary work, abundant material for research in well lighted, wrell ventilated and quiet rooms. The Library of the Children's Hospital Is only a small reference library for use of the house officers. The Medical Library of the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary Consists of two libraries, one for each department of the institution. The library of the ophthalmology department was started by gifts of the medical staff and continued by appropriations from the board of managers. It has now about 500 volumes, and is purely special in char- acter. Its use is limited to the medical officers of the institution. The medical library of the Aural department was founded by one of the aurai surgeons in the year 1888. Since the opening of the new aural building the provision of a special library fund by the board of 230 SUFFOLK COUNTY. managers of the institution has enabled the staff to provide the depart- ment with most of the modern works on otology, to which individual contributors are constantly making additions. The library includes, besides special works upon diseases of the ear, the Index Medicus and several works on anatomy, physiology, and gen- eral medicine. At present there are ninety-eight bound volumes, sev- eral volumes of medical magazines, and about fifty pamphlets and mon- ographs. The library is in charge of the aural interne, under the direction of the surgeon on duty, and books may be loaned to any one connected with the institution. Medical Library of the Carney Hospital. There are over two hundred volumes in the medical library, which was started by Dr. M. F. Gavin, of the surgical staff, and is for the use of the staff and house officers. The books are principally bound volumes of journals. There are also quite a number of works in French, the gift of Dr. Sargent. A room is devoted to the library, and it is hoped to increase the num- ber and value of the books in the near future. The Boston Athen.-eum, With the Second Social Library as a nucleus (see page 220), has added to its medical department until it numbers to-day about five thousand volumes, but it no longer adds to the collection. It subscribes to four medical journals. Its sets of journals are neither numerous nor com- plete. The Harvard University Library, In Gore Hall, Cambridge, now contains 3,783 medical books. This department of the library was founded by Ward Nicholas Boylston, esq., who in the year 1802 gave to the college a. medical library of eleven hundred volumes, as a special tribute of respect to his uncle, Dr. Zabdiel Boylston. In 1803 he established a permanent fund of five hundred dollars, subsequently augmented, the interest of which was to be expended in the purchase of books and the publication of prize dis- sertations. About five hundred volumes were added to this collection some years since by Dr. B. Joy Jeffries, from the library of his father, the late Dr. John Jeffries, MEDICAL HISTORY. 231 The library contains but few modern works, and few recent period- icals. It receives but one strictly medical journal, and that gratu- itously. The Boston Society of Natural History Has a very choice library of twelve thousand volumes, and receives regularly over five hundred journals, reports, society transactions, etc. Among them are series of all the best journals relating to anatomy, physiology, microscopy, chemistry, botany, and other kindred branches of medical science. Free use of the books is accorded to all who apply for the privilege. • As supplementary to the libraries, mention should be made of the Warren Museum. The nucleus of this collection was presented to Harvard College by Dr. John C. Warren in 1847. Since this time it has been largely increased by gifts from different members of the medical profession, and is of great advantage to the students of the Harvard Medical School. And also of the Warren Museum of National History. This museum was incorporated by the Legislature in 1858, although the fire-proof building, which it occupies, was built in 1849 by Dr. John C. Warren, to whom it is indebted for its establishment and many of its valuable specimens, including the skeleton of the great mastodon. MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS IN SUFFOLK COUNTY. An account of the rank and file will give a better insight into the character of any army than a record of its officers, however brilliant some of them may have been. So it is thought that an account of all individual practitioners from the earliest days of the county will give a clear view of the profession in the times when they were its repre- sentatives. With this view the following sketches have been collected. Until a profession is organized it has but little weight in a commu- nity as such, although much may be accomplished by its individual members. With organization come concerted action, the preservation of records, and results that can easily be traced and recorded. Prior to organization we must content ourselves with recording the work of SUFFOLK COUNTY. individuals, and it will be a part of our task to present as far as possible the records of the physicians of Suffolk county until the profession organized itself in this community by establishing the Massachusetts Medical Society. The biographical sketches of the practitioners of medicine in Suffolk county have been divided in two parts. Those who practiced their pro- fession during the years succeeding the settlement of Boston in 1630 until the year 1700, are included in the first part. Those who were here between lloo and 1800 are included in the second part. This list of practitioners in Boston is believed to contain the names of all who practiced medicine previous to 1700: Addington Isaac, sr. Addington Isaac, jr. Alcock Samuel. Allen Daniel. Ashton (Henry?) Avery William. Barnaby Ruth. Bowdoin Peter. Boylston Thomas. Brackenbury Samuel. Brackenbury Samuel, jr. Bradstreet Samuel. Bullivant Benjamin. Chauncey Elnathan. Checkley Samuel. Child Robert. Clark John. Clark John. Clark John, the Counsellor. Clark John. Cooke Elisha. Cutler John. Cutler John J. Cutler Peter. Dinely William. Ellis Edward. Ellis Edward, jr. Ellis Robert. Eyre John. Eyre Jonathan. Eyre Simon. Firmin Giles. Gager William. Glover John. Hall Nathaniel. Hawkins Jane. Hughs William. Hutchinson Anne. Kittredge John. Knopp Nicholas. Lake Lancelot. Ludovick Christian. Lunerus Polus. Lyall Francis. Mather Increase. Morley Robert. Morton Charles. Mountfort Jonathan. Noyes Oliver. Oakes Thomas. Oliver James. Oliver Thomas. Pemberton Thomas. Perkins John. Pighogg------. Pratt Abraham. Pratt John. Scottow Thomas. Snelling William. Starr Comfort. Starr Thomas. Stewart-----. Stone Daniel. Stone Samuel. Swan Thomas. Swan Thomas, jr. Taylor Henry. Thacher Thomas. Wadsworth-----. Waldron Isaac. Weeden Elizabeth. Wigglesworth Michael. Wilkinson Thomas. Williams Richard. Winslow Edward. Winthrop John. Winthrop John. jr. Winthrop Wait. Palgrave Richard. Addington, Isaac, sr., "a single man," was admitted a member of the First Church, 1640, 13 4 mo.; "is believed to have been a sur- geon ; " the evidence of this seems to rest upon items in the inventory of his estate—"Steele instruments," "a box of lancets tipt with silver," MEDICAL HISTORY. 233 and " a surgeon's chest." He was a freeman 22 May, 1650, and joined the Art. Co. in 1650. Whitman says: "This christian name is Jesse on the old roll—probably a mistake." His autograph on a half-length portrait is given in the first volume of the Memorial History of Boston. His wife was Anne, daughter of Elder Thomas and Anne Leverett, sister of John, afterwards governor. He died in 1653. He had five children, the eldest, Isaac, a physician. Addington, Isaac, jr., was born 22 January, 1644-5, son of the pre- ceding; is styled chirurgeon in three deeds, 1669-70-71. Eliot, in his Biographical Dictionary of New England, says he was " an eminent magistrate of Massachusetts." He was one of the worthies who op- posed the administration of Sir Edmund Andros; and was appointed secretary of the Province by those who adhered to the old charter. He also received the same appointment from the crown when the charter of William and Mary was brought over. He was chosen for many years one of the Council, and was very active as a justice of the peace. He was admitted a freeman 7 May, 1673, joined the First Church 1688, and was a prominent member. He held many offices, and it seems doubtful if he could have devoted much time to the practice of medicine. Chief Justice Sewall, in his diary, speaks of having " the advice of Mr. Addington and Dr. Allen." He died 17 March, 1715. Alcock, Samuel, son of Dr. George, and brother of Dr. John, of Roxbury, who graduated from Harvard College 1646. Toner, in his "Annals of Medical Progress," says he "was born in Roxbury and settled in Boston as a chirurgeon." In 1676 he is rated on the tax lists. Sewall, in his diary, under date of 16 month, 1677: " Dr. Alcock dyes about midnight. . . . Dr. Alcock was 39 years old." Samuel was a graduate of H. C. in 1659. Allen, Daniel, son of Rev. John Allen, of Dedham, born 5 August, 1656, died 1692. Winthrop, in his interleaved catalogue, says he was a physician in Boston; and Sewall writes in 1677: " Have the advice of Mr. Addington and Dr. Allin, who made the issue." He was grad- uated from H. C. in 1675, and was librarian of the college 1676 to 1679. Savage says he lived in Charlestown, mortgaged his estate in Dedham, and died in 1692. Ashton, {Henry?) Drake, in his History of Boston, says: "over against Dr. Ashton's in Marlboro street." Savage mentions Henry 30 234 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Ashton as of Boston in 1673, coming from Lancastershire, England, and presumes he is of Providence in 1676, and one of those who, for staying out the war, was entitled to receive an Indian for a slave. Avery, William, was born in England, came to Boston, in 1650, with his wife Mary and children Mary, William and Robert; settled first in Dedham, where he was the first educated physician; was in Boston in 1680, for Withington, in his history of Dedham, writes: "In 1680 Captain Daniel Fisher and Ensign Fuller report that Dr. William Avery, now of Boston, but formerly of the Dedham church, out of his entire love to this church and town, freely gives into their hands sixty pounds for a Latin school." He opened an apothecary's shop, which is said to have been the first established in New England. He died 18 March, 1686, in Boston, aged sixty-five years. Toner says he was a benefactor of Harvard College. He is buried in the Chapel burying-ground, where a small gravestone marks the place of interment. Possibly he is " Lieut. William Avery, Dedham physician," who joined the Art. Co. in 1654. " There is a will of AVilliam Avery, Stiff. Prob. Rec, 1680, bookseller —on the back says, now of Boston, formerly of Dedham." Toner says that "Jonathan, son of Dr. William, was born in Boston, and in his will, made in Mav, 1691, describes himself as a resident of Dedham, a practitioner of physic, aged 35 years." Barnaby, Ruth. Of her, Toner writes that she was a noted midwife of Boston, " who practiced her calling in that town for more than forty years. She was born in Marblehead, in August, 1664, and died 12 Feb., 1765, aged 101 years." He also states that at the age of one hundred years she was inoculated, and thus escaped dying with the loathsome disease which carried off some of her family. Boii'doin, Peter, although a physician, his career in Boston was that of a successful merchant. He came from La Rochelle, and was in Casco in 1687. He died in Boston, in September, 1706. Brackenbury, Samuel, was born 10 February, 1645-6, admitted to Second Church in 1677. He was graduated from H. C. in 1664. He was at first a preacher, and assisted Rev. Samuel Phillips at Rowley. He married Mary, daughter of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, and moved to Boston. Sewall says, 3 October, 1676: " For the Flux . . . Dr. Brackenbury advises to Diacodium to more Rest and Approves Pepper boyled in Milk and Water alike of each. Diacod. 6 ounces." Again, MEDICAL HISTORY. 235 22 September, 1676, he states that he " spent the day from 9 in the m. with Mr. Brackenbury . . . dissecting the middlemost of the Indian executed the day before, who, taking the If in his hand affirmed it to be the stomach. I spent ls.v. ad. in all, $Sd. in Madeira wine and (\d. I gave to the maid." John Hull, in his diary, says: "Jan. 11 [1677], Mr. Samuel Brackenbury, a physician, died of the small pox." Brackenbury, Samuel, son of the preceding, was born in Maiden, in in February, 167 3; said to have practiced in Maiden and Boston. Mar- ried Ann, daughter of John Chickering, 22 October, 1694; was ad- mitted to the church in Charlestown in 1676, and died at Maiden, 26 November, 1702, aged about thirty years. Bradstrcet, Samuel, was born in England in 1603; graduated at Harvard College in 1653. He may have received his medical educa- tion in England, where he went in 1657, returning in 1661, He is supposed to have practiced in Boston in 1663 to 1670. He went to Jamaica, where he died in 1682. Boylston, Thomas, born 11 mo. 26 day, 1644, in Brookline, son of Thomas, from Fenchurch street, London. The father came in 1635, and settled in Watertown, with wife, Sarah Boilston. Farmer says he received his degree at Oxford, and came to New England and settled in Brookline in 1635; another authority gives the date of his birth as 26 January, 1637, and Bond makes it 26 January, 1644-45; Vinton agrees with the date given by Bond, being twenty-eight years old by oath given in court in 167 3. " He was the earliest physician or chirur- geon in Brookline, called Muddy River, and a part of Boston till 1705." He married, in Charlestown. Mary Gardner, born 3 April, 1648, died 9 July, 1722, daughter of Thomas Gardner, of Muddy River. He was engaged as surgeon in the Narragansett war in 1675. His estate ap- praised at ^560 14.s\, was probated in Suffolk county, 10 August, 1695. Bullivant, Benjamin, came from London, England', in 1685. Fie was a very prominent member and one of the first wardens in King's Chapel. John Danton says he was of noble family, and also writes: His Skill in Pharmacy was such, as rendered him the most compleat Pharmacopean, not only in all Boston, but in all New-England; and is beside, as much a Gentleman as any one in all the Countrey. . • • He is as intimate with Gallen and Hypoc- rates (at least with their ways and works,) as ever I have been with you, Even in our most Familiar Converse. And is so conversant with the great variety of Nature, that not a Drug or Simple can Escape him; whose Power and Vertues are known so 236 5 UFIOLK CO LINT Y. well to him, he needs not Practise new Experiments upon his Patients, except it be in desperate Cases, when Death must be expell'd by Death. This also is Praise- worthy in him, That to the Poor he always prescribes cheap, but wholesome Med- icines, not curing them of a Consumption in their Bodies, and sending it into their Purses; nor yet directing them to the East-Indies to look for Drugs, when they may have far better out of their Gardens.—("The Publications of the Prince Society," iv, 94-JW.) He was attorney-general for Governor Andros, Savage says, "and on the outburst, April, 1689, was for his office imprisoned, yet did not remain." He was in Northampton, England, in 1711, when he wrote a letter to Danton. He is described as "a worth apothecary, a medical lawyer, and an honest politician." Mr. Foote, in his History of King's Chapel, gives quite an account of his connection with that church, and his experience in Boston. Chaunecy, Elnathan, born about 1639 in Plymouth, was the fourth son of President Chaunecy of H. C. He was graduated at H. C. in 1661, and received his A.M. in 1664, when he maintained the affirmative of the following questions: "Utrum detur concensus per modem prin- cipii?" Probably he is the one of whom Winthrop mentioned as having " swooned away " when immersed " in very cold water " by his father, who persevered in his opinion of dipping in baptism and practiced ac- cordingly. Robert Hixon, a merchant of Plymouth, at his birth gave him "fifty acres of land; so .much were the people of Plymouth attached to Presi- dent Chauncey." Charles Chauncey, H C., 1721, says "he lived here in Boston, a noted doctor, for some time." He went to Europe, and R. Blinman, of London, in a letter to Increase Mather, under date of 14 August, 1677, says "Mr. Elnathan Chauncey is like to return to New England, who hath had advantages from his two brothers here for the practice of physick." Subsequently he went to Barbadoes, where he died, probably in 1684. Checkley, Samuel, the sixth child of John and Anna Checkley, was born November 26, 1661. "He was a surgeon." Whitman writes: "Col. Samuel Checkley, Boston, physician and surgeon, son of Caot. Anthony, Ar. Co., 1662, and an officer of the militia of Boston. After the revolution, which overturned Andros's government, he was actively engaged in revising the Ar. Co. ; was elected its lieutenant in 1694, captain in 1700, and must have long remained an active member. He was major of Boston regiment 1702, in 1706 lieutenant-colonel, and 1710 MEDICAL HISTORY. 237 colonel, which office he held two years. When he died I have been unable to ascertain, except that his will was dated January, 1711, and proved 1 July, 1712. I conclude he died while colonel of the regiment. A member of the Old South Church." He joined the Art. Co. in 1678. Child, Robert, came from Northfleet, County Kent; was educated at Corpus Christi College, and received A.B. 1631, A.M. 1635. He was educated for the medical profession at Padua. After coming to these shores he settled at Hingham. Previous to coming he had traveled on the Continent, and, as Winslow says, " confesseth hee was twice at Rome, speaking some times, as I have heard reported, in favor of the Jesuits." His object in coming to New England was stated to be to explore the mines of the country. In 1646 he and others were fined for protesting against the union of the church and state. He com- plained that the fundamental laws of New England were disregarded, and that freeborn Englishmen, if not members of one of the churches, were denied civil privileges and debarred from Christian ordinances. He prayed for redress and threatened to apply to Parliament. He was summoned before the court, accused of "false and scandalous passages," and fined fifty pounds. His trial is related by Winthrop. He prepared to sail for England in order to lay his case before Parliament; but the court anticipating his design, caused him to be apprehended, and, ad- judging him to be guilty of contempt, quadrupled his former fine and ordered his imprisonment until payment was made. Toner further says his original intention in coming to this country was to explore the mineral resources of the New World. He was a learned man, for the times, and his bitterest opponent, Gov. John Win- throp, spoke of him as "a man of quality, a gentleman and a scholar." His brother, Major Child, of England, indignant at his brother's im- prisonment, published a pamphlet, " New England's Jonah cast up at London," containing Child's petition to the court. This was answered by Winslow in the " Salamander." He probably died in England. Whitman gives a short sketch of Dr. Robert Child in the second edi- tion of his history of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, concluding him to be the member whose surname only was given on the old roll, and not very legible, and which in his first edition he deciphered a Chid ley. Clark, John,1 was first of Newbury, where he was for ten years before coming to Boston. Savage says he " was noted in his profession, as 238 SUFFOLK COUNTY. also for keeping fine horses." Admitted a freeman 1639, and repre- sentative to the September session of that year. His oil portrait is owned by the Massachusetts Historical Society, in which he appears in a close-fitting skull-cap, with long locks and ven- erable flowing beard. His left hand rests upon a skull, and his right holds a trephine. Tradition says he was the first regularly educated physician in New England, and that he received a diploma in England before he came to this country for his success in cutting for stone. He married Martha, sister of Sir Richard Saltonstall (he died in November, 1664), who survived him sixteen years or more, during which time it may be inferred she subsisted on the proceeds of certain patent stoves, invented by her husband. The patent was granted him only for life, but at his death there were many stoves left which came to her by will. He was instrumental in the introduction of a breed of horses into this country, which, it is said, were long known in Plymouth as Clark's breed. His will devises "horses, mares, and colts both in the Colony of Massachusetts and in Plymouth Colony," and the inventory of his estate shows "mares and horses, young and old, 12 at J~h each—£60." He left only one son, John, also a physician. Clark, John,2 son of the preceding, pursued his father's calling. He was interested in civil affairs, and was chosen representative from Bos- ton in 16S9 and 1690. He married Martha, daughter of John Whitting- ham, and had sons John, William and Samuel. He was a freeman in 1(573, and graduated at Harvard in 1687. He died on the 19th of De- cember, 1690, without leaving a will. Clark, John,3 son of the preceding, was born 27 January, 1668, grad- uated at Harvard in 1687. He'was married three times, first to Sarah Shrimpton, 30 April, 1691, who died 20 November, 1717; second, to Elizabeth Hutchinson, 1(5 April, 1718, who died 2 December, 1722; he married for the third time, 15 July, 1725, Sarah Leverett, who survived him, and subsequently married Rev. Dr. Benjamin Colman. In Copp's Hill burying-ground is this epitaph: Reliqute Johannis Clarke Armig laudatissimi senatoris et medicinae doctoris probitate modestina et mansuetudine praeclari terram reliquit Decern o 1728 aetat 62 Nomen et pietas manent post funera MEDICAL HISTORY. 239 He had several daughters and one son, John,4 born December 15, 1698. He was a representative for Boston in 1708 to 1714, and 1720 to 17 24, and was thrice chosen speaker of the House. While he was a representative in 1721, a controversy arose between the House and the Council, and at the same time the small-pox began to spread. Hutch- inson, in his history, says: " In the midst of the dispute, Mr. Hutch- inson, one of the members for Boston, was seized with the small-pox and died in a few days. The speaker, Mr. Clark, was one of the most noted physicians in Boston, and notwithstanding all his care to cleanse himself from infection after visiting his patients, it was supposed, brought the distemper to his brother member." This occurrence so terrified the Court that they could not be kept together. From 17 24 to the time of his death he was in the Council of the Province. Clarke, John, was a physician in London before he came to this country. He came to Boston in 163 7 ; as a favorer of Mr. Hutchinson, he was driven thence, and the next year went to Rhode Island, and is venerated as the father of the settlement at Newport, where he died 20 April, 1676. He was from Bedfordshire, and son of Thomas and Rose. He was the author of " 111 News from N. E.," and an account of his life in Rhode Island is to be found in Rev. Dr. Allen's American Biographical Dictionary. He is not known to have been related to those of the name who follow. During his life in Rhode Island he was more interested in theology than medicine, forming a church at.New- port, being the second Baptist church established in America, and of which he was pastor at the time of his death. Cooke, lilisha, was a prominent physcian as well as a politician of this period. He was the son of Richard, a tailor of Boston, where he was born, 16 September, 1637, and graduated at Harvard College in the class of 1657, being one of the first natives of the town that studied medicine. While esteemed as a physician, his reputation is based more on his labors in connection with the body politic than the body physical. Hutchinson says: "Though esteemed as a physician, he was most rcm'kable in his political character, having been more than fortv years in places of public trust and being always firm and steady to his principles." He married Elizabeth, a daughter of Governor Leverett. He had a son, Elisha, who was also a prominent politician, speaker and counsellor. He died 31 October, 1715. Cutler, John, was a " chirurgeon," and served in King Philip's war in 1676-7, and drew pay so much larger in amount as to suggest the 240 SUFFOLK COUNTY. supposition that he held the office of chief surgeon. He came origin- ally from Holland, where his name was written Demesmaker. On coming to this country he adopted the English translation of his Dutch patronymic, and called himself Cutler; and ever afterward the family was so designated. His marriage is thus given in the town records of Hingham: Johannes Demesmaker, a Dutchman (who say his name in English in John Cutler) and Mary Cowell the daughter of Edward Cowell of Boston were marryed by Cap- taine Joshua Hobart on the fourth day of January 1674. The births of seven children are also recorded in the same records. The entries of the two oldest and the two youngest of these children are given, as they show how the distinction between the names was made at the outset, and that it was dropped in the course of time. The oldest child was John, who became the physician, and signed the circular relating to the epidemic. Johannes Demesmaker, whose name in English is John Cutler, the son of Johannes Demesmaker a Dutchman and of Mary his wife was born on the sixt day of August 1676. Peter Demesmaker (the son of Johannes Demesmaker a Dutchman & of Mary his wife an English woman) was born on the seventh day of July 1671). David Cutler, ye son of Doctor John Cutler & of Mary his wife was born the first of November 1689. Ruth Cutler the daughter of Doctor John Cutler & of Mary his wife was born ye 24th of February 1694. He removed to Boston about the year 1649, and built a splendid house, for that time, in which he lived in Marlborough street, now a part of Washington street, near the Old South Meeting-house. Tradition says that this house was of wood, three stories high; the tapestry of its rooms was made of leather. He had a large practice, and was the preceptor of Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, who afterward became famous during the time of the small-pox inoculation. He died intestate, leav- ing an estate inventoried at ,£5,740 15s. His death occurred before 17 February, 1717, at which time his wife administered his estate. Cutler, John, was the son of John Cutler, the preceding, and was born August 6, 1676, at Hingham. He graduated H. C. 1698. He inherited from his father his practice, as well as the homestead. The son married the widow, Mrs. Joanna (Dodd) Richards; and he was actively connected with the King's Chapel, of which church he was warden. He died 23 September, 1761, having lived a long life of use- MEDICAL HISTORY. 241 fulness. It is supposed that he was sent to England for his education. With Drs. William Douglass, William Clark and Edward Ellis, on the 10th of July, 1739, he certified to the health of a cargo of negroes. Dr. Boylston was his pupil. Cutler, Peter, was a brother of the preceding. He was born in Hingham, August 6, 1679. He made a voyage in the ship Swallow to Trieste as a "surgeon." He was afterwards a shopkeeper, and died in 1720, it is said, on an island in the harbor. Dinely, William. The pathetic story of William Dinely has often been told. He was a barber-surgeon and tooth puller, and perished during a severe snow storm, 15 December, 1638, between Boston and Roxbury, whither he was going to pull a tooth. It was many days be- fore his bod}' was found, and his poor widow suffered great anguish. Her grief hastened the coming event which she was anticipating with so much joy, and she named the baby Father gone Dinely. She after- wards married Richard Critchley. Ellis, Edward. It is said that Dr. Ellis came from Wales. He mar- ried, in Boston, 6 August, 1652, Sarah, daughter of Robert and Susan Blott. Blott lived in Boston, at the time of the marriage of his daugh- ter, at the corner of Newbury, now Washington, street and Blott's lane. Dr. Ellis inherited this estate, and the corner of Newbury and Winter streets was called Ellis's corner until 1732. The baptism of each of his children are given in the records of the First Church. He died 23 April, 1695, aged seventy-four. Sewall says, "Neighbor Ellis died today." vSarah, widow of Dr. Ellis, " chirurgeon of Boston," Robert Ellis, chirurgeon, and other surviving children mortgaged the land on Blott's lane, 17 June, 1698. His wridow died 18 December, 1711. Ellis, Robert, son of the preceding, was born September 24, 1671. He was a merchant as well as a physician. He married, June 4, 1698, Elizabeth, daughter of James and Sarah Pemberton, of Boston, and had eleven children, whose baptisms are given in the records of the old First Church. He was appointed '' Chirurgeon " for the expedition to Port Royal, 19 August, 1710, William Rand and Wheatlev Gooch being his assistants. He died 7 April, 1720. Ellis, Edward, son of the preceding, was born 23 February, 1698-9; was also a chirurgeon, and is the only one known to have had descend- ants. 31 242 -SUFFOLK COUNTY. Eyre, John, was born 19 February, 1083-4, son of Simon (given later), and married Catherine, daughter of Thomas Brattle. They had eight children, five of whom died young, as his will mentions only three. A post- humous child was born 7 August, 1700, John, who was graduated from Harvard College in 1718. John Eyre was a member of the Artillery Company in 1082; in the Committee on Safety in 1089; representative in 1693 and 1698; and died in June, 1700. His widow married Waitstill Winthrop, 13 November, 1707. Eyre, Jonathan, son of the preceding, was born 20 March, 1638. Savage says he "was educated for a surgeon 1656, but no more is known of him." Eyre, Simon, surgeon, came, in 1635, from London in the Increase, being forty-eight years of age, bringing his wife Dorothy and eight children. He settled in Watertown, where he was freeman 1637; he held several offices—selectman 1636-41, town clerk 1641-5, and repre- sentative 1641—until 1645, when he removed to Boston, where his wife died 11 August, 1650. He married again—Martha, daughter of William Husband, sister of the historian, and widow of John Whittingham, of Ipswich. He had several children by each wife. He died 10 October, 1658. His youngest child by his second wife was Dr. John Eyre, al- ready given. Firmin, Giles, jr. Dr. Green writes as follows: " Another among the early settlers of Massachusetts who practiced medicine was Giles Firmin, jr., who came to this country in 1632. His father—' a godly man, an apothecary of Sudbury in England,' according to Winthrop— arrived here about the same time; and in some accounts the two have been confounded from the similarity of their names. It is very likely that Giles, senior, was a medical practitioner. The son did not long remain in Boston, but soon returned to England; coming again, how- ever, to these shores a few years subsequently. He had been educated at the University of Cambridge, and was learned in medicine. He is the first man known to have taught in New England this branch of science, and he seems to have left a professional imprint on the minds of his students. He soon removed to Ipswich, where he was widely known as a successful physician. His practice does not appear to have been a lucrative one, for he writes to Winthrop some years afterward, —' I am strongly set upon to studye divinitie, my studies else must MEDICAL HISTORY. 243 be lost: for physick is but a meene helpe.'x Subsequently he carried this plan into execution, and studied theology, after which he returned to England, where he was ordained and settled as a rector. Never- theless, he continued to practice his early profession. "The apostle Eliot, under date of 24 September, 1647, writes to Mr. Shepard, the minister of Cambridge, and expresses the desire that— ' Our young Students in Physick may be trained up better than yet they bee, who have onely theoreticall knowledge, and are forced to fall to practise before ever they saw an Anatomy made, or duely trained up in making experiments, for we never had but one Anatomy in the Countrey, which Mr. Giles Firman (now in England) did make and read upon very well, but no more of that now.' "3 Savage says that he came perhaps with his father in 1630, but settled in Boston before him. He was at Ipswich in 1638, a freeman 22 May, 1639, removed probably to Haverhill with his brother-in-law, Rev. John Ward, having married his sister Susan, daughter of Rev. Na- thaniel Ward. In 1644, or soon after, he returned to England, where he was settled as rector in Sholford in Essex. Savage writes: " In a sermon before Parliament and the Westminster Assembly, he said, that in our country, in seven years ' I have never heard one profane oath, and in all that time never did see a man drunk,' " and quaintly adds, " which is better proof of his keeping good company than for searching for opportunity," adding that "punishment was frequent enough for such offences; but his presence was, no doubt, protection to both eyes and ears."- He was ejected in 1662, and died at Ridgewell, in April, 1697. Firmin, Giles, sr. This "godly man, an apothecary of Sudbury in England," as Winthrop styles him, instead of being a medical prac- titioner, as Dr. Green surmises, very likely continued to follow his early calling of an apothecary. The following extract from the early town records, appointing him as an "overseer," would indicate that he was more likely to be about home rather than one who was visiting among the sick, although, like many of his ilk of the present day, he may have combined counter practice with the dispensing of drugs. Snow's " Description of Boston," published in 1817, gives afac-simile of the first entry in the town records, in which Giles Firmin is recorded 1 Hutchinson's Collection of Original Papers, &c, page 109. 2 Massachusetts Historical Collections, third series, iv, 57. 244 SUFFOLK COUNTY. as present with nine others, " 16,3,4; — month 7th daye," and the fol- lowing orders were passed: Whereas it hath been founde that much damage hath already happened by laying of stones and logges near the bridge, and landing place, whereby diverse boats have been much bruised: for prevention of such harmes for time to come, it is ordered that whosoever shall unlade any stones, timber or logges, where the same may not be plainly seen at high water, shall set up a pole or beacon to give notice thereof, upon pain that whosoever shall faile so to doe, shall make full recompence for all such damage as shall happen to any boats or other vessels, by occasion of said stones, timber or logges, the same to be recovered by action at the court; and this order to be in force from this day forwarde. It is also ordered, that no person shall leave any fish or garbage near the said bridge or common landing place, between the creeks, whereby any annoyance may arise to the people that passe that way, upon payne to forfeit for every such offence, five shillings, the same to be levied by distress of the goods of the offenders. And for the better execution of these orders the aforesaid Giles Firmin is appointed overseer of said landing place, to give notice to such strangers and others as come hither with boats. And to take knowledge of all offences committed, and to levye the penalties which shall be forfeited —Pages 72 and 73. Giles, sr., came with Winthrop in 1630, and settled first in Water- town, remaining two years, when he removed to Boston. In 163)5 he was chosen deacon by the imposition of hands. He was a selectman, a freeman 4 March, 1634, and died in September of the same year. Gagcr, William, a surgeon, came with Winthrop to Boston. He joined the church in Charlestown. Winthrop, in a letter to his wife November 29, 16:50, speaks of his death: " Yet I have lost of my fam- ily .... Mr. Gager. . . We conceive that this disease grew from ill diet at sea and proved infectious." Prince also says: "Died of a fever, Mr. Gager, a skillful surgeon, a right godly man and one of the deacons of our congregation." This occurred 20 September, 16.30. Toner is in error in saying that he practiced many years in Bos- ton. " Lord's Day, 1 August, 1630, five were joined to the church in Charlestown . . Mr. William Gager, surgeon." Glover, John. Savage says: " Cambridge, son of Rev. Josse, born in England. H. C. 1650, in 1654 was living in England, had a degree of M.D. at Aberdeen, and probably never came again to our shores." "Josse, rector, it is said, of Sutton, in Surrey, made contract with Stephen Day, of Cambridge, England, to come over with wife, chil- dren, and servants in the John oj London, at expense of Glover, his MEDICAL HISTORY. 245 design being to set up a printing press here; died on the passage, and his widow married Henry Dunster, afterwards the first president of Harvard College." Another authority says- "John was the son of John, and born in Dorchester. After receiving his degree in Europe returned to New England and settled in Roxbury, He was a benefactor of his alma mater and is supposed to have died before the end of the century." His connection with Boston is that he was taxed here in 1674. Hall, Nathaniel, was taxed in Boston, 1695, and we are sure of no more. Possibly he may be the Nathaniel of whom Savage writes: " A captain in the Indian war at the E. under Church; fought with great bravery in defence of Falmouth, September 21, 1689; was son of the first John, of Falmouth, and married Ann, daughter of Rev. Thomas Thornton ; had no children ; kept a tavern, and practiced as a physician ; removed to Hingham, thence to the Delaware River." Hazvkins, Jane, was a physician of some notoriety. According to Governor Winthrop: She used to give young women oil of mandrakes and other stuff to cause concep- tion ; and she grew into great suspicion to be a witch, for it was credibly reported, that, when she gave any medicines (for she practised physic,) she would ask the party, if she did believe, she could help her.—("The History of New England," i. 31 (i.) Thomas Welde, in " A Short Story," etc. (London, 1644), says that she was "notorious for familiarity with thedevill." Her reputation in the community was anything but good. She was looked upon as a witch, and for that reason greatly feared by her neighbors. Her case was considered at the session of the General Court, beginning 12 March, 1637-8, when it is recorded that: Jane Hawkins the wife of Richard Hawkins had liberty till the beginning of the third mo. called May, & the magistrates (if shee did not depart before) to dispose of her, & and in the meane time shee is not to meddle in surgery, or physick, drinks, or oyles, nor to question matters of religion except w'th the elders for satisfaction.— (General Court Records, i. 219.) The effect of this order is not known; but some years later summary steps were taken to get rid of her without much previous notice. At the session of the General Court, beginning 2 June, 1641, it was voted that, Jane Hawkins is enioyned to depart away tomorrow morning, & not to returne again hither upon paine of severe whipping, & such other punishment, as the Court 246 SUFFOLK COUNTY. shall thinke meete. & her sonnes stand bound in 20' to carry her away according to order.—(General Court Records, i. 309.) Hughs, William. "Dr. William Hughs " is recorded in list of in- habitants 1695. "Doctor William Huse " is taxed in 1687, and here our knowledge ends. Savage makes no mention of such a person. Toner says "William Hughes practised in Boston between 16,85 and 1695." Hutchinson, Anne, was born in Lincolnshire, England, about 1600. She was the wife of William Hutchinson, whom she accompanied to Boston in 1636. She taught doctrines which were condemned as heretical by the Synod of 1637. Shortly after the death of her hus- band, in 1642, she was banished and removed to what is now West- chester county, N.Y. The next year her house was set on fire by the Indians, and she and her family, consisting of sixteen persons, except a child taken captive, either perished in the flames or were killed by the savages. Dr. Green writes: The women had their representatives in the profession in olden times as well as in our day, though they were not so strenuous in regard to their political rights as are their modern sisters. Anne Hutchinson was among the earliest of the sisterhood who practised medicine in Massachusetts. She came to Boston in the year 1636, and in "A Short Story," &c, by Thomas Welde (London, 1644), she is spoken of as a person " very helpfull in the times of child-birth, and other occasions of bodily in. firmities, and well-furnished with means for those purposes."—(Page 81.) She was a noted character in colonial history, and by her heretical teachings and preachings soon threw the whole settlement in a flame, for which she was subsequently ban- ished. Anne Hutchinson left Boston 28 March, 1638 (Ellis's Life of Anne Hutchinson, v. 320, Sparks's biog.) Kittredge, John, was born in Billerica, 24 January, 1666, son of John, who came with his mother from England, and settled in Billerica as a farmer. Farmer, in his " Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England," says of John: " Being the first of the name in America styled Dr., a prefix so common among his descendants" He married Hannah French, 2 August, 1685, and had eleven children, six of whom were sons. He was probably of Boston, and died 27 April, 1714. Knopp, Nicholas. During the first winter, 1 March, 1630, at Boston, the Court of Assistants fined Nicholas Knopp five pounds: MEDICAL HISTORY. 247 For takeing vpon him to cure the scurvey by a water of noe worth nor value, which he solde att a very deare rate, to bee imprisoned till hee pay his ffine or giue secury- tie for it, or els to be whipped & shalbe lyable to any mans accon of whom he hath receaued money for the s'd water.—(General Court Records, i. 67.) The record, however, does not state which dose he took in the way of punishment, but as three pounds of the fine were subsequently re- mitted, it is fair to infer that he was not whipped. This shows that he was a practitioner, if not a physician. He may be the person of this name who was a proprietor in Watertown, 1636-7. Lake, Lancelot, a physician, of whom it is only known that he mar- ried 6 May, 1708, widow Catherine Child, and died 17 September, 1715. In his will he left his widow all his estate. His gravestone was lately found in the burial ground at King's Chapel. Ludowick, Christian. The Rev. Thomas Prince, in speaking of Dr. James Oliver, of Cambridge, says he " had a singular Help in the Art of Chymistry by the ingenious Dr. Lodozvick a German, who was also accounted an excellent Physician, and the most skilful Chymist that ever came into these Parts of America." Dr. Green thinks that Dr. Lodowick was the same person as Christian Lodowick who wrote a letter to Increase Mather, about the Quakers. It is dated 1 February, 1691-2, and was subsequently printed. Luuerus, Polus. Dr. Lunerus was a German or Polish physician, who married, 1 June, 1652, Margaret Clemens, a widow. By the record of the General Court in 1654, he was to determine when an offender should be whipped, the offender being then too ill. Savage says: " I trust the advice of the physician was on the side of mercy, for the poor Scotch prisoner, a waif from the civil war in Great Britain, died soon after." Lyall, Francis. Savage gives the following spellings of the name: Lvsle, Lisle, Lioll or Loyal, and thinks that it may even be the same as Sevle. According to this authority, Francis Lyall was a barber-sur- geon of some importance, and went with Leverett, Brunce, Houghton and others to England to serve in the cause of Parliament, where he became surgeon in the life guard of the Earl of Manchester. He re- turned to Boston in 1645. In 1641 he bought of Elizabeth, widow of Walter Blackborne, "the dwelling house & shopp with outhouses, garden and 2 acres and halfe of land in centry field of the said Walters." The lot of land here spoken of was in Washington street, very nearly 248 SUFFOLK COUNTY. opposite where the Old South Church now stands. He also had a lot in the " new field." Mather, Increase, and his son Cotton, both ministers of the North Church, are hardly to be classed as physicians, although they were practitioners to a certain extent, perhaps only among their own parish- ioners. They united the professions of theology and physic, in the " angelical conjunction." Increase was born in Dorchester, 21 June, 1639; died 23 August, 1723. Cotton was born 12 March, 166,3, and died June 27, 17 85. Dr. Increase Mather wrote a pamphlet entitled "Some further Ac- count from London of the Small-Pox Inoculated. The Second Edition. With some Remarks on a late Scandalous Pamphlet Entituled, Inocu- lation of the Small-Pox as practis'd in Boston," ceo, Boston, 1721. The first half of this pamphlet appeared in the Boston Gazette, of 5 February, 1721-22, No. 115, covering the third page of the news- paper; and this impression constituted the first edition. Dr. Mather was also the author of a broadside printed at Boston, in November, 1721, giving " Several Reasons proving that Inoculating or Trans- planting the Small-Pox is a Lawful Practice, and that it has been Blessed by GOD for the Saving of many a Life." Cotton Mather, if not a physician, was able to furnish a case which was probably of interest to' those who were, for Sewall, in his diary, records under date of "March 28, 1693, Mr. Cotton Mather had a son born, which is his first; it seems it was without a posterior for the voidance of excrements: Dies wSatterday, April 1." Holmes speaks of Cotton Mather as a "meddlesome pedant," tor- menting his daughter by giving her an " uncertain and violent drug, in that spirit of well meant but restless quackery, which could touch nothing without mischief, not even a quotation, and yet proved at length the means of bringing a great blessing to our community " (the inoculation for small-pox). Morley, Robert. Although Robert Morley was appointed to "serve as a barber and surgeon," I can find no record that he ever came to these shores. Morton, Charles, was only a sojourner, coming to these parts in 1686 with his uncle, Charles Morton, who was the first vice-president of Harvard College. Savage, speaking of the latter, says: " His nephew Charles, an M. D., came with him, but went home in July of next year." MEDICAL HISTORY. 249 Mountjort, Jonathan, the son of Edmund, a tailor, was born 15 June, 1678. Married, 7 January, 1702, Hannah Nichols. He was said to have been a man of liberal education, a physician and apothecary, and lived for many years at what was called " Mountfort's Corner." He was independent in his means and eccentric in his habits. He was founder of tomb fifty-nine in the Granary Burying Ground and also of tomb nineteen in Copp's Hill Cemetery. In 1719 he was one of the seceders from the North Church, and among the founders and building committee of the " New Brick " or " Cockerel Church " on Hanover street, of which he was also treasurer. His descendants in the male line are extinct. Oakes, Dr. Thomas, son of Edward, was born at Cambridge, 18 June, 1644, a brother of President Oakes, and a graduate of Harvard College in 1662; he settled in Boston as a physician. He joined the Artillery Company in 1684, and is styled " Lieut." by Whitman, as he was an officer of the militia. Dunton calls him "the greatest ^Esculapius of the Countrey," and says that: His wise and safe Prescriptions have expell'd more Diseases and rescu'd Languish- ing Patients from the Jaws of Death, than Mountebanks and Quack-Salvers have sent to those dark Regions: And on that score, Death has declar'd himself his Mortal Enemy: Whereas Death claims a Relation to those Pretenders to Physick, as being both of one Occupation, viz.: that of Killing Men."—("The Publications of the Prince Society," iv. 93). Cotton Mather, in speaking of the physicians who were consulted in the case of the Goodwin children in 1688, says that Dr. Oakes "found himself so affronted by the Distempers of the children, that he con- cluded nothing but an hellich Witchcraft could be the original of these Maladies." He was a representative and speaker, and a leader in the opposition to Dudley's government; he went to England in 1690 as an agent of Massachusetts and assisted in procuring a new charter. He returned to Boston 23 October, 1(592. Probably to gratify his sonjosiah, he removed to the part of Eastham now called Wellfleet on Cape Cod, where he died 15 July, 1719, his wife, Martha, having died in Boston on the 19th of the preceding April at the age of seventy years. Oliver, James. Toner says that James Oliver practiced in Boston about Ki40, but this is probably an error, as Rev. Thomas Pierce calls " the Learned Dr. James Oliver of Cambridge; one of the most esteemed 32 250 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Physicians in his Day," and it was this Cambridge physician whom Toner thought to be of Boston. Oliver, Thomas, was a practicing physician of Boston, and was a most useful citizen, active both in town and church matters. In 1 (544 he is mentioned with high appreciation in Winthrop's Journal, as an experi- enced and skillful surgeon. In John Hull's Diary, published in the " Archseologia Americana" (III. 182), it is recorded that "The 1st of the 11th month [1 January, 1657-8], Mr. Thomas Oliver, one of the ruling elders of this church, died, being ninety years old,—a man by his outward profession a chirurgeon." In 1645 he presented the following petition to the General Court: May it please this honored Court to Consider of ye Paines and Cost: I haue bin at in dressing. Joseph White of ye disease called ye kings evill. wh hath bine vnder my hand vpon. 20. months both for sergery. and phisick. ye disease being in my Judg- ment hard to be Cured w* out amputation (wc ye boy would never Consent vnto) yet I know not what ye lord will do in blessing ye meanes vsed. for he is in good ease for ye pressent and is able to worke for his liuing and begine to tread upon his foote Yrs in all dewty to be co Tuo: Oliver I would for the time past if it. please you. demand for my Pains and Cost 12-00-00 The magistrates judge it reasonable that the Petitioner demand should be granted & desire the concurrence of the Deputyes herein Jo: Winthrop: D: Go: (Massachusetts Archives, c. 10). Palgrave, Richard, a physician, from Stepney, London, came over in Winthrop's fleet. He settled in Charlestown, though neither himself nor his wife was ever connected with the church in that town. Their ecclesiastical relations were always with Boston, where those of their children who were born in this country were baptized. His will, dated 4 June, 1651, was proved in October of the same year. In this he signs his name "Paulgrave." As Dr. Palgrave was connected with the church here, it seems probable that he must have practiced his profes- sion on this side of the Charles River as well as where he resided. Pembcrton, Thomas, was the son of James, who was of Newbury, 1646. He was born 17 February, 1653, in Boston. Savage says he was "a surgeon in that unhappy expedition of Phips against Quebec, 1690, and died 26 July, 1693." Under this date Sewall records, " Dr. Thomas Pemberton dies." Perkins, John, was the son of Abraham Perkins, of Ipswich, where he was born 23 August, 1676; graduated at Harvard College, 1695, and MEDICAL HISTORY. 251 soon after began the practice of medicine in Ipswich. He is said to have come to Boston, but when or for how long I have failed to deter- mine. Pighogg, ----. Farmer says: '' The singular cognomen of Pighogg is found in the Boston records, one of this name, dignified with the title of Mr., being received as a townsman." Savage says Mr. Pighogg "admitted a townsman 28 February, 1652, with prefix of respect, and entitled a ' churrergeofi,'" and that no baptismal name is given. Dr. Holmes in his Lowell lecture (1869) hopes for the honor of his profession that this name was only Peacock disguised under an alias. Pratt, Abraham, a " chyrurgeon," was said to have been in Boston in September, 1630. He was an inhabitant of Charlestown, and Wy- man, in his "Charlestown Genealogy and Estates," says that he and his wife were "both lost, near Cales [Cadiz], on Coast of Spain, with Capt. Coitmore, 1644." Pratt, John, who was " accounted an abell man," came to this coun- try, but settled in Cambridge. Scottoiu, Thomas, was the son of Joshua and Lydia. He was born 30 June; baptized 10 July, 1659, and graduated H. C. 1677. How long he remained in Boston is unknown. Mr. H. F. Waters has recently discovered his will in London, from which the date of his death can be proximately determined: "Thomas Scottow, of Boston, in New Eng- land, chirurgeon, now bound forth on a voyage to sea in the ship Gen- eral oj London, Captain William Dennis, commander, 14 November, 1698." The will, penned 4 September, 1699, provides: "To my loving sister, Elizabeth Savage, of New England, aforesaid, all my real and personal estate in New England of what kind soever." Evidently he had neither wife nor child. Snclling, William, son of Thomas Snelling, esq., of Chaddlewood, in Devonshire, was of Newbury in 1651, in 1654 he purchased an estate in Boston, selling it in 1(557, to againbuy in 1660. His wife was Mar- gery, eldest daughter of Giles Stagge, of Southwark, where he mar- ried 5 July, 1648, and died 18 June, 1667, aged forty-six years, in Bos- ton. He came to Boston before 1655, says Farmer. His children were: William, born 24 June, 1649; Ann, born 2 March, 1652, proba- bly died young; Ann, born 7 May, 1654. His will is dated 7 May, 1674. 252 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Sewall says: Cousin Ana's water was carried to Dr. Snelling on Sat. morning. He affirmed her not to be dangerously ill. My Father-indaw from the first feared her death, from her trembling pulse, wormes coming away without amendment, and the well looking of her water, when she was manifestly very ill. 2.1 April, 1660, treasurer to pay Mr. Snelling fifty-four shillings for physic admin- istered to Robert Higgins. Starr, Comfort, a physician or surgeon of Ashford, in County Kent, England, came in the Hercules from Sandwich in 1635. He settled first in Cambridge, then in Duxbury, and in Boston after 1643; Savage says, dying here 2 January, 1660. He was chosen surgeon in 1637 to go with the troops under Captain Patrick in the Pequot war, and reached the scene of warfare after the Pequot fort had been destroyed by Underbill and Moran. His bequests show him to have been a man of means. One of his sons bore his Christian name, and graduated at H. C. in 1647, and is catalogued as " Consolantius." Starr, Thomas, a younger brother of the preceding, a surgeon, came soon after, or perhaps with him, from Canterbury, County Kent, and brought his wife Susan and one child. The Colonial records show that he served in the Pequot war in 1637; he died perhaps in 1(540, for in March, 1641, his wife Susan had grant of administration by the General Court. Stezcart, -----. " Dr. Stewart of Boston," is all we know. Stone, Daniel, was of Cambridge until about 1656 he removed to Boston. In the town records, 28 April, 1673, we find the following entry: " Agreed with Dr. Daniel Stone for taking care of infirme and sick people of the towne that are poore on the condition of abatinge or allowinge his rate and paying him 20^. in money." Ten years later, 30 July, 1683, it is "ordered 33.s\ to be paid Doctr. Daniell Stone for lookinge after and dressing an ulcerous Leg of Griffine, who was form- erlie a serv't to Lt. John Smith." We also find that " Dan'l Stone is fined 20s. for entertaynement of John Hunt and wife and to pay 20s. per weeke as long as they continue with him." Sewall records, " Sab- bath March 20 168| Dr. Stone and . . . dye—" Stone, Samuel. In 1671 Dr. Samuel Stone agreed to attend to "the town's poor for twenty shillings in money and a remittance of taxes." Szoau, Thomas, was of Roxbury, and married Mary, daughter of Thomas Lamb; Savage surmises that as he had a son, Henry, born in MEDICAL HISTORY. 253 Boston, 16 May, 1665; he pursued his profession here, returning to Roxbury so that his son, Francis (H. C. 1689), was born there 15 September, 1669. He died probably in February, 1688. Swan, Thomas, son of the foregoiug, was graduated at H. C, .1689. He married Prudence Wade, of Medford, 27 September, 1692. He practiced at Castle William, dying there 19 October, 171.0. A petition for relief of his widow was presented to the Legislature, stating that Whereas Mr. Thomas Swan lately deceased, did practice Physick and Chyrergerye at . Castle William, upward of Seven Years last past, for which service he was allowed Twelve pence per week for every Twenty Soldiers Garrisoned there towards ye supplying himself with medicines, for that service, but by reason of Sickness and other Casualties, happening in s'd service, ye said allowance fell short . not-withstanding Mr. Swan did from year to year make several Unguents, Oils and Syrrups which were not charged . . . by which means he was forced to Expend a part of his Salary . . . besides his extraordinary Care in Attending ye Sick at all times &c. by all which means he has left his family very necessitous. The Legislature 10 Nov. 1710 voted to her twenty pounds in consideration of his extraordinary Charge and Pains in the Service. It is possible that in regard to their profession the father and son have been confused by Savage. He gives the senior as a physician, but not the son. Taylor, Henry, styled by Savage " a surgeon," a freeman 1665. His wife's name was Mary, and he had children: Hannah, born 7 July, 1665; John, born 4 August, 1(5(56; Mary, born 6 June, 1668; and Henry, born 12 October, 1670. He was one of the petitioners in 1(566 to pre- vent a quarrel with the government in England. In 1669 had his rate omitted (?) in consideration of his agreement to attend the sick poor. Thacher, Thomas, was the son of Rev. Peter Thacher, of St. Ed- munds, Salisbury, England, where he was born 1 May, 1620, came to this country in the James from Southampton. Neal says, "This Mr. Thacher was both a good devine and an ex- cellent Physician and did a good deal of Good in both Capacities; he was first minister of Weymouth and from thence removed to the New Church of Boston (the Old South), among whom he spent the rest of his days; he died October the 13th, 1678 in the 59th Year of his age." He is distinguished in medicine as being the author of the first con- tribution to its literature in this country; it was a broadside, twelve inches by seventeen in size, bears date 21 January, 1677-8, and was printed and sold by John Foster, Boston. The title is " A Brief Rule 254 SUFFOLK COUNTY. To guide the Common People of New England How to order them- selves and theirs in the Small Pocks, or Measels." A second edition was printed in the year 1702. It is reprinted in Toner's "Annals of Medical Progress." Wadszvorth. In a " List of the male Persons in the town of Boston from Sixteen years old and upwards," the following entry is found, " Doct. Wadsworth." In the same list occurs the name of " Timothy Wadsworth," it is therefore impossible that they were one and the same. Timothy was one of the constables of the town, and his name only ap- pears in a list of the inhabitants in Boston in 1(595. Our knowledge is limited to the simple fact that Doctor Wadsworth was taxed in Boston in 1688. In the genealogy of the Wadsworth family recently published, Timothy is called a gunsmith, the son of Samuel and grandson of Christo- pher, and born in Boston in 1(5(52. He married Susannah Cooke and had Susannah, born 1687, married Edward Langdon; Recompense, born 1(588, graduated at Harvard College 1708. Timothy Wadsworth, the gunsmith, joined the Artillery Company in 1(591. Waldron, Isaac, came to Boston in 1676 from York, where he was in 1(570. His wife's name was Priscilla; they had children, Isaac, born 23 June, 1(577; Priscilla, born 6 December, 1678, died young; Priscilla, born 23 June, 1680, died young; Priscilla, born July 12, 1681; all were baptized at the Old South Church. He died 1683, and little else is known of him. Weeden, Elizabeth, was apparently the regular attendant on Sewall's family, he mentions her as " Goodwife Weeden." Wilkinson, Thomas. Dr. Holmes in his address before mentioned says, Thomas Wilkinson in 1 (576 was complained of for practicing contrary to law. The law at that time appears on page 175 of this article. In what particular Wilkinson transgressed must be left to conjecture. He continued an inhabitant and is found in the tax list of 1 (579. Savage says, he was of Billerica, " but continued an inhabitant and is found in the tax list of 1679." Williams, Richard. " Dr. Richard Williams " appears in the list of inhabitants in 1695, printed in the first volume, issued by our Record Commissioners. Savage gives two of this name, Richard, who had Phebe, born 1643; and Richard who by wife Bathsheba had Joseph, born De- cember, 1672. These may be one and the same and the inhabitant of MEDICAL HISTORY. 255 1695. It may be however, that, the Richard of whom Savage speaks was a physician in New Haven in 1691, and of whom no more is heard; tiring of Connecticut, he came to Boston and was here in 1695. Winslow, Edzuard, governor of Plymouth, had a knowledge of med- icine, and even among the Indians had a wide reputation for his treatment of disease. He was once summoned to visit Massasoit, a prominent chief, who wTas seriously sick, but who recovered under his care. As a mark of his gratitude, the faithful sachem revealed to the English a plot that was forming against them, which was averted by the timely information. A full report of the case with the treat- ment is found in Winslow's "Good Newes from New-England," (London, 1624,) pages 25-32. Winslow was an English gentleman from Worcestershire, born in 1595, and came in the Mayjlozoer. His wife was among those who died the first winter, and he married the widow of William White, 12 May, 1621, this being the first marriage which took place in New England. She was the mother of the first child born here. He died at sea in 1655. Winthrop, John, the founder of Boston and governor of Massachu- setts, was well versed in medicine, but his public services to the colony were so marked that his minor ministrations among friends and neigh- bors are thrown into the background. The venerable Cotton says of him just before his death, that he had been a " Help for our Bodies by Physick, for our Estates by Laze."1 He was born in Suffolk, England, in 1588; and died in Boston in 1649. WintJirop, John, jr., son of the preceding, for some years an inhab- itant of Massachusetts and afterward governor of Connecticut, was a noted physician. He was born in England in 1606, and died in Boston, 1676. He was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of London and an accomplished scholar. He had a large correspondence with scientific men, from which many interesting facts are gathered about medicine in the early history of the colony. Dr. Holmes says he "practiced so extensively, that, but for his more distinguished title in the vState, he would have been remembered as the Doctor." Winthrop, Wait, represented the third generation of this noted fam- ily; a son of John, jr., he was born in Boston 17 February, 1641-2, and was also proficient in the profession. In Cotton Mather's sermon, 1 Magnalia, Book ii., Chap. iv. 15. 256 SUFFOLK COUNTY. preached at his funeral, November 7, 1717, there is an " Epitaphium," from which the following is an extract: MEDICINE Peritus; Qui Arcanis vere Aureis, et Auro preciosioribus potitus; Oiuuque et Hippocratem et Helmontium latuerunt, Remedia panaca-asque Adeptus; Invalidos omnes ubicunque sine pretio sanitati restituit; Et pene omnem Naturam fecit Medicam. Mr. Sewall, in his funeral sermon, says he was " a skillful physician, and generously gave, not only his advice, but also his medicine, for the healing of the sick, which, by the Blessing of God, were made success- ful for the recovery of many." April 20, 16811, he was appointed sole major-general of Massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his decease. Whitman says he was "Captain of the Ar. Co. the year he joined, which is the second instance known, and the first duly authen- ticated. By profession he was a physician, and as such was celebrated for his skill; he practiced extensively, but gratis, finding his own med- icines." He died 7 November, 1717, aged seventy-five. List of practitioners in Boston, 1700 to 1800: Adams Samuel. Appleton Nath'l Walker. Barnet William. Barret----- Bertody Francis. Boylston Zabdiel. Bulfinch Thomas. Bulfinch Thomas, jr. Cheever Abijah. Church Benjamin. Clark John. Clark John. Clark John. Clark John. Clark William. Cooke Elisha, jr. Crozier Henry Will Curtis Benjamin. Cutler John. Dalhonde Lawrence Danforth Samuel. Davis William. Dexter Aaron. Doubt Nyot. Douglass William. Eliot Ephraim. Euslin John Frederick. Eustis William. Fay Nahum. Fleet John Fleet John, jr. Gardner Joseph. Gardiner Joseph. Gardiner Sylvester. Gelston Samuel. Godfrey Phillip. Greenleaf John. Hall George Holmes. Hayward Lemuel. Hill----- Homans John, 1753-18 00. Hunt Ebenezer. Jackson Hall. Jackson William. Jackson ----- Jarvis Charles. Jeffries John. Jeorku ----- Kast Philip Godfrey, or Godfrist. Kast Thomas. Kennedy Hugh. Latham----- Leavitt Josiah. Lloyd James. Lord----- Linn John. Marion Joseph. Marshall Samuel. Mather ----- Nazra Mathew. Noyes Oliver. Pecker James. MEDICAL HISTORY. 257 Perkins John. Perkins Nathaniel. Perkins William Lee. Peters Alexander Aber- crombie. Philips Nathaniel. Pope John. Pynchon Charles. Rand Isaac, jr. Rand Samuel. Rand William. Read William. Roberts----- Rogers Theophilus. Rogerson Robert. Spooner William. Sprague John. Sprague John, jr. Stewart George. St. Medard Peter. Swetzer Henry Sebastian Tamer----- Thomas Joshua. Thomas William. Tufts Cotton. Townsend David. Warren John. Warren Joseph. Welsh Thomas. Whipple Joseph. Whitmarsh Miles. Williams Nathaniel. Windship Amos. Windship Charles. Young Lemuel. Youguet----- October, 1751, and was the a Latin School bov, and Adams, Samuel, was born in Boston, son of Governor Samuel Adams. He graduated from Harvard in 1770. He was a student of medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, of Revolutionary fame, and practiced in Boston one year. He entered the army as surgeon on the breaking out of the war for independence, and his duties there broke down his health and constitution, so that on his return to Boston he was unable to recom- mence the practice of his profession. He was a member of the Mas- sachusetts Medical Society. His death from scrofula occurred 17 Jan- uary, 1788. Appletou, Nathaniel Walker, was a grandson of the venerable Na- thaniel Appleton, D. D., of Cambridge, and son of Nathaniel and Mary (Walker) Appleton. He was born in Boston, 14 June, 1755, and grad- uated at H. C. in 1773. He studied medicine with Dr. Holyoke, the centenarian and first president of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was one of the founders of that society, and also of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was the first secretary of the Medical Society, and was active in its behalf; he resigned in 1794 with a view of removing from Boston, and presented the society a portion of his library and anatomical cabinet as a token of his regard. After a few years' residence in Marietta, Ohio, he returned to Boston, where he died 15 April, 1795, aged forty-three.' His wife was Sarah, daughter of William Greenleaf, of Boston. Eliot says of him: " Was a most estimable man, but too diffident to show his real worth and abilities, which were far above mediocrity." Barnett, William, was from Elizabethtown, N. J., and was one of the prominent inoculators in 1764. He was appointed by Congress, 6 January, 1776, surgeon of the First Jersey Battalion. In February 33 258 SUFFOLK COUNTY. of the same year he was appointed major of the regiment of light horse in the Eastern Division of the State of New Jersey. Barret, ------. Toner says that Dr. Barret was in practice in Bos- ton in 17 64, and in good repute. I think this is an error for Barnett. Bertody, Francis, resided on Leverett street in 17 96. He was from Prussia, and was naturalized 19 June, 17 88. He left one son. Boylston, Zabdiel, the son of Thomas and Mary (Gardner) Boylston. He was born 167 9, and probably did not practice before the year 1700. He married in Boston, 18 January, 17 05-6, Jerusha, born 28 January, 1669, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Birch) Minot, of Dorchester. He was an eminent physician of Boston, though much employed in his native town of Brookline, and in all the region about. He studied under Dr. John Cutler, of Boston, and, in a few years, arrived at great distinction in his profession, and accumulated a handsome for- tune. He introduced inoculation in Boston and America in 1721, in response to the invitation of the Rev. Dr. Cotton Mather, and in spite of violent opposition. He visited England in 1725, where inoculation was common, and was received with the most flattering attention, chosen member of the Royal Society, and was admitted to the intimacy and friendship of the most distinguished characters of the nation. After a long period of work, his age and infirmity induced him to retire to his paternal estate in Brookline, where he passed the remainder of his days. He died 1 March, 1766. He published some account of what is said about inoculating or transplanting the small-pox by the learned Dr. Emanuel Timonius and Jacobus Pylarinus in 1721. Of the position of the physicians of Boston toward inoculation, Dr. Green writes as follows: With one exception, however, they seemed to be either indifferent or opposed to the whole matter. This exception was Dr. Zabdiel Boylston, who took up the prac- tice of it amid the most violent opposition of his professional brethren; and on the 20th of June, 1721, he inoculated his own son, Thomas, six years of age, his negro man, Jack of thirty-six years, and a little negro boy of two and a half years. They all had the disease very lightly, and he was encouraged to try the experiment on others. Within the period of one year Dr. Boylston inoculated 217 persons, and of this number only six died; and during the same time 39 other persons in the neighbor- hood were inoculated by two other physicians, and all made good recoveries. This low rate of mortality, as compared with that among persons who had taken small- pox in the natural way, was a telling argument in favor of inoculation. The array MEDICAL HISTORY. 259 of these statistics carried the public to the side of Dr. Boylston, who was now honored to the same degree that he had previously been libeled by a fickle populace. He was invited by Sir Hans Sloane, the Court Physician, to visit London, where he re- ceived the most flattering attentions from the scientists of England, as well as from the reigning family. He was chosen a member of the Royal Society, and read a paper before that learned body on the subject of small-pox inoculation in New Eng- land. This was published in London in the vear 1726, and dedicated by permission to the Princess of Wales. In this pamphlet he gives a minute account of many of his cases, telling the names of his patients in full, besides stating their ages; and in the preface he apologizes for the liberty he has taken in doing so. A second edition of this pamphlet was published at Boston, in the year 1780. In the course of time inoculation conquered all opposition, and finally became a well established fact in the community. Some of those who had bitterly opposed it were now its warmest friends. Dr. Boylston wrote, in 1726, an historical account of the small-pox inoculation in New England, with a statement of the nature of the infec- tion and short directions to the inexperienced. His son Thomas, born 30 July, 1715, practiced in Brookline. Bulfinch, Thomas, was the son of Adino Bulfinch, a merchant of Bos- ton, who came to this country from England about the year 1680. He was born in 1694, and began the study of his profession with Dr. Zabdiel Boylston as his preceptor. He afterward went to London and received instruction in anatomy and surgery under the famous Cheselden, and subsequently to Paris, where he completed his professional education. He soon required the reputation of an excellent physician, and enjoyed a very large practice. He married, 11 June, 1724, Judith, daughter of Rev, Benjamin Coleman, of Brattle Square Church. He died 2 Decem- ber, 1757, in his sixty-third year, leaving a son, Thomas, jr., who fol- lowed in the footsteps of his father as a successful practitioner. He had a brother, Adino, who married, 10 October, 1727, Susannah Green; he was an apothecary. Bulfinch, Thomas, jr., was born in Boston in 1728. Graduated in L746 from Harvard College, he studied medicine with his father, also going abroad he received his degree of M.D. at Edinburgh in 1757. Shortly after he was called home by the death of his father, and began to practice his profession in Boston. He married Susan, daughter of Charles and Guissilde (Estwick) Apthorp, 13 September, 1759. Dr. Elliot has this mention of the younger Dr. Bulfinch: Had a good share of very genteel practice, and lived in good style. He kept a chariot, was very tender and affectionate, and greatly valued by those who employed him. Dr. Bulfinch declined joining the Medical Society. 260 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Cheever, Abijah, son of Abner and Elizabeth (Newhall) Cheever, was born in Lynn, 23 May, 1760; graduated at Harvard College in 17 79; was a surgeon in the navy during the Revolutionary War. He after- ward established himself in the practice of his profession in Boston, where he married, 5 July, 1789, first Elizabeth Scott, and second, 18 April, 1798. Sarah, widow of Jonathan Williams, daughter of Daniel and Bethial (Ingersoll) Pearce. About the year 1810 he removed from Boston to Saugus, where he died 21 April, 1843, aged eighty-four. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Church, Benjamin, senior. Hollis Street Church records state that Benjamin and Hannah had a daughter baptized in 1745, the parents being in communion with the church at Newport. He joined the Artillery Company in 1742. Whitman in his history says, "Boston, physician; father of the famous Dr. B. Church, was a violent Whig at the commencement of the Revolution, but when the tug of war came on, became a Tory. An assessor, 1770. He gradu- ated at Harvard College, 1727." Church, Benjamin, jr., son of Deacon Benjamin Church, born at Newport, 24 August, 1734, of the Latin School of Boston 17 45, H. C. 1754, studied with Dr. Pynchon, later was a student of the London Medical College, married Miss Hannah Hill, of Ross, Hertfordshire, England; was the surgeon who examined the body of Crispus Attueks, pronounced the oration on the massacre; representative, member of Provincial Congress, 1774; physician-general of the army, 1774; direc- tor-general of the hospital, 1775; court martialed for some treasonable correspondence with the enemy, 3 October, 1775; imprisoned at Nor- wich, Conn. ; released May, 1776; sailed from Boston to London, and the vessel was wrecked. Of him Eliot says that he "was gaining practice among the Whig interest; but, for reasons that are sufficiently known, was banished from the country." Clark, John,*- son of Dr. John3 and Sarah Clark, the counsellor, was born 15 December, 1698; he died 6 April, 1768, of paralysis. He had sons John and William, to the latter he gave by will all his drugs and medicines, and also a daughter Elizabeth, who was wife of Jonathan Mayhew, D.D. To his grandson John, son of John, were bequeathed all his books, chests of utensils, etc., relating to surgery and physic as his son, the physician, had died before him. MEDICAL HISTORY. 261 Clark, John,5 grandson of the counsellor; he was also a physician and died before his father, in 17 68, but left a son who inherited his grandfather's professional outfit. Clark, John,® son of the preceding, graduated at Harvard 1772, then studied with Dr. James Lloyd and later visited the hospitals in Europe, intending on his return to participate in the practice of his preceptor. He married Abigail Turner, and had son John, born 1778. His health failing he removed to Wrentham, where he died July 29, 1788. Clark, John,"' son of the preceding, born 1778, graduated at Harvard College 1799, received the degree of M.B. in 1802. He died at Weston on Sunday, 21 April, 1805, aged twenty-seven, leaving no male issue, and thus ending a famous line of physicians bearing the name of Clark. His only child, Emily, born 8 May, 1804, married first Joseph Merriam, of Lexington, and had three sons and one daughter; and secondly, George D. Soren. Clark, William, son of John and grandson of the counsellor, gradu- ated at Harvard in 1726. The Boston Post Boy and Advertiser under date of June, 1760, has this notice of his death: Yesterday departed this life Dr. William Clark, a Physician of Principal Note in this town. He was a Gentleman of Extensive Learning, of great knowledge in that Profession and Success in his Practice. He was easy in his manners; humane and benevolent in his Temper; a Lover and Encourager of Art and Industry; a ten- der Husband, a good Master, and a steady Friend. His Death is universally la- mented. In 1758 he visited the schools; in 1759 he was chosen on a committee to make application to the General Court for relief from taxes. He is styled " Surgeon " in a power of attorney given him by his father in 1760. Cooke, Elisha, jr., son of Elisha and Elizabeth (Leverett) Cooke, was born December 20, 1678. He was graduated from Harvard College with the degree of A.M. in 1697. He succeeded to the practice of his father. He was clerk of the Supreme Court in 1702, but was displaced in 1718. He died in 1737. Crozier, Henry Will Grozier, under this latter spelling he inoc- ulated and attended gratis four patients in 1764. He entered into the agreement with the selectmen (see pages 179-181). 2(52 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Curtis, Benjamin, son of Benjamin and Abigail (Bridge) Curtis, was born in Roxbury, September 1(5, 1752, and graduated at Harvard Col- lege in 17 71 with the degree of A.M. He was a pupil of Dr. Joseph Gardner. He married Eliza Billings, of Sharon, Mass. Eliot writes that in 1780 among the gentlemen doing the business of the town, viz. : beginning at the south, Dr. Benjamin Curtis, who was employed there considerably. Toner: "Settled in Boston, main- taining a good reputation and practice until his death, which occurred in 17 84 in the thirty-second year of his age." He joined the Massachusetts Medical Society in 17 81, and died in Boston, 26 November, 17 84. His widow married in 1791 Elisha Tick- nor, and was the mother of George Ticknor. Cutler, John, born at Hingham, August (5, 1676, is supposed to have been sent to Europe for his education. He inherited the house and practice of his father. He certified to the health of a cargo of negroes, with Dr. William Douglass, William Clark and Edward Ellis, 10 July, 1739. He married, 21 August, 1716, Mrs. Joanna (Dodd) Richards; no children. He adopted first his nephew, Peter Cutler, who died unmarried; secondly, his nephew, John Cutler, who cared for his old age. He died at eighty-five and was buried in King's Chapel burial ground, 28 September, 1761. Dalhoude, Lazvrence. Toner spells the name Dalhounde. He sided with Dr. Douglass in the controversy with Dr. Boylston regarding inoculation in 1721. Wyman is authority for the statement that Elizabeth Delhonde, a daughter of Lawrence and Elizabeth Delhonde, of Boston, married 28 February, 1744, at Boston, Dr. John Sprague, and had a son, John. The Boston Gazette of November 25, 1746, records that: Yesterday died here at an advanced Dr. Lawrence Dahonde a noted and skillful physician among us. In the Shepard Genealogy, it is stated that Dr. John Delhonde, a French Protestant refugee, came first to Boston, went thence to Salem; was born 21 May, 1716, and married, 1 December, 1737, Elizabeth Pike; died 10 December, 1793. He was probably the son of Dr. Lawrence Dalhounde. Danjorth, Samuel, was the son of the Hon. Samuel Danforth, judge of probate for the county of Middlesex at the time of the Revolution; he was born in Cambridge on 4 August, 1740, and graduated at H. C. MEDICAL HISTORY. 26o in 17 58. He studied medicine under Dr. Rand, of Charlestown. He first resided in Weston, then went to Newport, R. I., where he remain- ed a few years, but finally settled permanently in Boston. Eliot writes: Dr. Samuel Danforth was then (1780) rising to an eminence in the profession which has not been exceeded in Boston. Setting theories aside, he formed one of his own; he endeavored to enlist no man, but he persevered in it himself till he ac- quired a very great confidence in his judgment, and was probably consulted in more cases than any other physician in his day. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and its president 1795 to 1798, having previously served as vice-presi- dent He was A.M., M.D., hon., 1790, of Harvard; Fellow American Academy; Cor. Memb. Med. Soc. of London. His death occurred at the age of eighty-seven from a paralytic affection, 1(5 November, 1827. Davis, William, of him we learn but little. In the Boston Gazette or Weekly journal we find this notice of his death: On Friday last died here, aged about fifty-eight years, Dr. William Davis, a gen- tleman much improved and greatly beloved among us, a skillful physician and sur- geon, and was held in Esteem for his strict Piety. We hear his funeral will be tomorrow. The bond given by the administratrix of the estate was dated March 28, 174(5. An inventory of his property contained among the items " Druggs \_£\ 284:4:4;" " Chirorgical Instrum'ts of all Sorts 120;" "3 Glass Cases of Veins & Anat: 50." This appraisal was made ac- cording to the paper money of New England, which at that time was much depreciated; and it would be difficult to calculate the gold value. Dexter, Aaron, the son of Richard and Rebecca (Peabody) Dexter, was born at Maiden, 11 November, 1750, graduated at Harvard College in 1776. He studied medicine with Dr. wSamuel Danforth. He made several voyages to Europe as a medical officer, once having been made a prisoner. At the close of the Revolution he settled in Boston. In 1783 he was elected Erving Professor of Chemistry and Materia Medica in the medical department of Harvard College, continuing as such until 1816, when he was made professor emeritus. In 1786 he received from his alma mater the honorary degree of M.D., Dartmouth College con- ferring the same in 1805. He died at Cambridge, 28 February, 1829, at the age of seventy-nine. He was a contributor to the early volumes of the communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, of which 2(54 SUFFOLK COUNTY he was one of the founders and its first treasurer, serving but one year when he became the society's librarian, an office he held for ten years. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society and a Fel- low of the American Academy. Doubt, Nyot. He inoculated and attended gratis fifteen patients, and agreed to discontinue inoculation after the 20th of April, 1764. His wife's name was Sarah, and they had a son, Nyot, born 16 September, 1761. He died 11 June, 17(54. Douglass, William. Dr. Douglass was a Scotchman who came to Boston as early as the year 1716, for he was elected a member of the Scots Charitable Society, 7 February, 171 (5, of which he was vice-presi- dent in 17 21 until elected president 1736, which office he held at the time of his death. An extended biographical sketch has been published in the communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He re- ceived his medical education in Paris and Leyden; was a man of fine intellectual parts, and a versatile writer. He knew astronomy and could calculate eclipses; he had a taste for natural history, and was withal an excellent botanist. He studied his medical cases, and took careful notes by the bedside. With a large practice, he wrote on a great variety of subjects, and it is not strange that occasionally he was inexact in his statements. It was wittily said of him by some one that he was always positive and sometimes accurate. He had little tact, and it is not surprising that he found himself continually in controversy. He was the leader of the opponents of inoculation during the epidemic of small-pox which occurred in the summer of 1721. At that time he was the only regularly graduated physician in the town. Some of the ministers were the peers of the doctors in medical knowledge, though with less clinical experience. In this state of affairs, it can readily be understood that it was a free fight whenever there was a medical con- troversy. He died on 21 October, 1754, having passed his whole pro- fessional life in Boston, where he had much influence as a physician; and in the small-pox epidemic of 1752, even Dr. Douglass both prac- ticed inoculation and spoke of it as a " most beneficial improvement." He published in 1736 an essay on epidemic fever, and later, 1749 and 1755, a work entitled "The British Settlement in North America," in two volumes. In 1743 Dr. Douglass bought Rev. William Cooper's house, and when Dr. Douglass died, in 1754, mention was made of his mansion in Green Dragon lane. In 1733 MEDICAL HISTORY. 265 Catherine Kerr, a sister of Dr. Douglass, conveyed the house to St. Andrew's Lodge of Freemasons, and it afterwards became famous as the Green Dragon Tavern. Eliot, Ephraim, was the son of the Rev. Andrew Eliot, D.D., pastor of the New North Church in Boston, and brother of the Rev. John Eliot, D.D., author of the "Biographical Dictionary," etc. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1780, with the degree of A.M., studied medicine with Dr. Isaac Rand, but did not graduate in medi- cine or join the Massachusetts Medical Society. For many years he was a well known druggist. He was interested in historical matters, and a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He died in September, 1827, aged sixty-five, leaving a sketch in manuscript of the physicians of Boston during and after the Revolutionary war, embrac- ing a notice of the formation of the Massachusetts Medical Society. This is printed in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1863-1864 (vol. VII, p. 177), and from it I have freely quoted. Eusliu, John Frederick, resided on Batterymareh street in 179(5, and this is all I have been able to find about him. Eustis, William. This distinguished man was born in Boston, 10 June, 1753. He studied at the Boston Latin School, and was grad- uated at Harvard College in 1772. He studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren, . nd at his request was commissioned surgeon of Gridley's artillery regiment 19 April, 1775. 1 January, 1777, he was commis- sioned hospital surgeon and physician, and served as such during the rest of the war for independence, taking a high position as an officer. At the close of the war he commenced practice in Boston. He joined the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1785, and resigned his fellowship in 1813. In 1786-87 he was a volunteer surgeon in the army which put down Shays's rebellion. In 1788 he became a member of the General Court, serving six or seven years with distinction. He was a member of Congress from 1800 to 1805, and was appointed secretary of war by President Madison in 1809, holding the office till 1812, when he resigned. In 1815 he was appointed minister to Holland. In 1821 he was again elected to Congress, and became governor of Massachu- setts in 1823, which office he held until his death in 1825. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Harvard College in 1823, and high honors from other colleges. He was for a long time vice-president of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati. His :m 2(56 SUFFOLK COUNTY. elegant mansion in Roxbury, close to the Dorchester line, was a con- spicuous object until recent years. Fay, Nahum, in 17 96 lived on Fleet street, and in 17 98 on Garden Court street. He was graduated at Harvard College A.M. in 1790; M.B. in 1793. He died in 1804. Fleet, John. He was born 9 September, and baptized 15 September, 1734, at Old South Chapel. His wife's name was Elizabeth; they had one son, John, born 29 April, 1766. Fleet, JoJin,jr., was born April 29, 17(56. He graduated at Harvard College in 1785; received degree of M.B. in 1788, and M.D. (hon.) in 1795. His residence was at 5 Cornhill. He joined the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1796; was its recording secretary from 1798, serving until 1802. At the time of his death, in 1813, he was the society's librarian. He was the first to receive a medical degree from Harvard University. Gardiner, Sylvester, was a rising young surgeon who had studied his profession in London and Paris. He began the practice of medicine in Boston, where he also lectured on anatomy, which he illustrated by preparations brought from Europe. His enterprise led him to establish an apothecary's shop, in which he carried on an extensive wholesale and retail business. His career as a physician and surgeon was at- tended with remarkable success, and he soon acquired from his profes- sion both fame and fortune. His prosperity, however, was interrupted by the political troubles which preceded the Revolution, and during the struggle he took sides with the mother country. He thus became odious to the patriots, and when Boston was evacuated by the British troops, he was compelled to leave his native country and pass eight or ten years in exile. He finally returned, and died at Newport, R. I., 8 August, 1786, in the eightieth year of his age. The following advertisement appears in The Boston Gazette, 19 June, 1744: Just imported in the Ship from London, And to be sold by Mr. Sylvester Gar- diner, At the sign of the Unicorn and Mortar in Marlborough-Street. All Sorts of Drugs and Medicines, both Chymical and Galenical; where all Doctors, Apothecaries or others, may be supply'd with the very best and freshest of Either at the lowest Price; and Captains of Ships with Doctor's Boxes put up in the neatest and best Manner; with printed Directions: Likewise all Merchants may be fur- nished at the same Place with Surgeons Chests put up in the same Manner, and at the same Price, as they are for the Royal Navy, at the Apothecary's Hall in London; MEDICAL HISTORY. 2(57 where only are to be Sold by Appointment of the Patentees, the true Doctor Bate- man's Pectoral. As early as March, 1761, Dr. Sylvester Gardiner had made a propo- sition to the town of Boston to build at his own cost an inoculating hospital on a piece of land, northward from the building which he had previously put up during the French war for sick and wounded sailors; but it does not appear that the offer was accepted. In the account, as printed in the " Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical So- ciety," for June, 1859, it is stated that— No person in town is to pay more than four dollars for inoculation, medicines, and attendance, and three dollars per week for diet, nursing, and lodging, during his or her illness. Toner says Dr. Gardiner was a native of Kingston, R. I. He died 1786, aged sixty-eight. Eliot says of him, that his reputation was high as an operator in surgery, and that he did the largest business as a druggist of any per- son in Boston. He was one of those proscribed in 1778 as an enemy of the new State. Gardner, Joseph, was a son of Rev. John Gardner; he was born at Stow, Mass., 24 May, 1727; he practiced in Boston, and died about 1788. " Was employed," writes Eliot, "both as a physician and surgeon, probably more than any other gentleman in the profession. He pre- tended to look upon learning as superfluous; that the bedside was the only school for a physician; but he did study, and was a more learned man than he chose to appear. He was witty and satirical, and very greatly esteemed." In 1776 he was a representative from Boston. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Gelston, Samuel. Samuel Gelston, son of Judge Hugh and Mary (Maltby) Gelston, was born Southampton, L. I., 24 March, 1727. Mar- ried a Miss Oliver, of Boston, and resided at Nantucket. We find in Sabine's " Loyalists " that Samuel Gelston, Physician, Jany 177(5, held to answer before joint committee of the Council and House: During the proceedings escaped to Rhode Island, where he was apprehended and brought back. While here engaged in inoculating, Drake says, he resided constantly at Noddle's Island. 268 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Godfrey, Phillip, was born in 1724. Toner says, he was in practice in Boston in 1764, and in good repute. I am inclined to think this is an error for Dr. Phillip Godfrey Kast. GreenleaJJohu, son of Rev. Daniel Greenleaf, was born at Yarmouth, Mass., 8 November, 1717. He was invited to accompany the selectmen on a visitation of the free schools 7 July, 17 73, and 24 June, 1774. He died 27 August, 17 7 8, and is supposed to have been buried under Brat- tle Square Church. He was a druggist but bore the title of " Doctor," although he was not a practicing physician. Hall, George Holmes, son of Willis and Sarah Hall, was born in Med- ford, Mass., 8 January, 1763. He was graduated at Harvard College in 17 81, and in 1788, with John Fleet he received the degree of Bach- elor of Medicine from Harvard. These were the first medical degrees conferred. He soon went to Brattleborough, Vermont, where he kept a drug store. He died 1807. Hayzvard, Lemuel, was born in Braintree, 22 November, 1749, was graduated at Harvard College 1768, and received the honorary degree of M.D. in 1808. For one year after graduating he taught the public school at Milton, and subsequently commenced the study of medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren. Having completed his studies, by the advice of his preceptor, he settled at Jamaica Plain, where he acquired a large and lucrative practice. In 1775 he was appointed a hospital surgeon by Congress, but resigned his commission on the removal of the army southwards. In 1783 he removed to Boston, and in 1784 was elected member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He died 22 March, 1821. Homans, John. He was the second son of Capt. John and Elizabeth (Alden) Homans. Captain Homans came to this country from England about 1720, settled in Dorchester, and became 4 January, 1773, by vote of the town one of the Committee of Correspondence. Dr. Homans was born in Dorchester, 8 April, 1753. He studied for college at the Boston Latin School, was graduated at Harvard College in 177 2, and studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Gardner, of Boston. He was commissioned surgeon of the Sixteenth Regiment (Col. Paul Dudley) 1 January, 1776, and from 18 December, 1776, to 4 August, 1781, was surgeon of Second Regiment Light Dragoons (Colonel Sheldon). He was in many engagements, notably at Harlem, White Plains, and in the campaign against Burgoyne. He resigned in 1781 and practiced MEDICAL HISTORY. 269 in Boston till June, 1800, when he started on a voyage for his health, but soon died at sea. His name is still ably represented by members of the family active in the profession. Hill, Dr. The " selectmen's minutes " of a meeting held 27 Novem- ber, 1774, read: This Day information was given by Dr. Hill, Surgeon of the 59th Regiment that a Child belonging to that Regiment in a Barrack at Doans Wharf was broke out with the Small pox, upon which Dr. Jarvis was directed to examine into the circumstances of said Child. Dr. Jarvis soon after Reported, that he was of opinion that the Child had not the Small Pox. Hunt, Ebenezcr, was born in Northampton, 1744; H.C., 1764; studied with Dr. Pynchon, of Springfield. He was a son of Deacon Ebenezer Hunt of, Northampton, and was born there, but lived in Boston, and the stones erected to him and his wife are in the Granary Burying Ground. He was many times member of the Legislature, an elector of the pres- ident of the United States; practised physic for more than half a cen- tury. He died 26 December, 1820, aged seventy-six years. Jackson, Hall, was the son of Dr. Clement Jackson, of Portsmouth. Dr. Jackson resided at Boston two or three months, and carried several classes safely through the small-pox by inoculation; a large number came from Portsmouth to put themselves under his care. He was one of those who, in 1764, agreed with the selectmen not to inocu- late after the 20th of April. It is recorded that he inoculated thirty- three patients. He had had the disease in 1773 at the Essex Hospital. Jackson, William, joined the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1795, and died in 1800, aged thirty-five years. Jarvis, Charles, was the son of Colonel Leonard Jarvis, born in Boston, 1748, was a Latin School boy, and a graduate of Harvard Col- lege in the class of 1766; a member of the American Academy. After finishing his medical studies in Boston, he went to England and took practical courses in medicine and surgery. On his return he established himself in Boston, where he enjoyed a large and successful practice. Dr. Jarvis gave but little medicine, and to-day would be considered a good representative of the " expectant school " of the profession. He took a prominent part in public affairs, and was a " Jeffersonian " in politics. Dr. Eliot says: 270 SUFFOLK COUNTY. He stood high in rank, and deservedly; his practice would doubtless have been large if he had not chosen to devote himself to political life, which prevented him attending to his profession as was desired. The style of a gentleman which marked his conduct in the chamber of the sick, and the tender sympathy which he evinced when attending to his surgical practice, endeared him in a peculiar manner to his employers. He studied medicine with Drs. William Lee Perkins and Joseph Gardner. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and Dr. Ebenezer Alden, in his sketches of them, says he re- ceived the degree of M.D. in 17 93, but certainly this could not have been from his alma mater, as no such record appears in the catalogue. He was a powerful and impressive orator, and in the Legislature re- ceived the sobriquet of the "bald eagle." During the presidency of Thomas Jefferson he was appointed physician and surgeon to the Marine Hospital, then situated at Charlestown, and died there 15 November, 1807, aged fifty-nine years. His wife was the granddaughter of the first Baron Pepperille. Jeffries, John, the son of David and Sarah Jeffries, was born 5 Feb- ruary, 1744 (David for thirty-one years was the town treasurer of Bos- ton), graduated at Harvard College in the year 1763, with the highest honors of his class, and began at once his medical studies under Dr. Lloyd. Subsequentl)r he studied in England, and took his degree of M.D. at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, 17 69; hon. M.D. from Harvard, 1819. He returned from his studies at Aberdeen just as our strife was opening and entered the British naval service; went with General Howe as surgeon to the forces in Nova Scotia. He returned to England, and while there crossed the British Channel in a balloon, and came back, 1789, to practice his profession in Boston. His name appears on a list of inhabitants of Boston who, on the evacuation by the British, March, 1776, removed with the army. He died 16 Sep- tember, 1819, deeply lamented by his friends. He was buried in the Granary Burying Ground. Jeorku. Dr. Ephraim Eliot, writing of the time he began his pro- fessional studies in 17 80, says: To the credit of the country, there was not a quack or empirical physiciati in this place. Such persons were always frowned upon by the people, and soon hid themselves. The only one I recollect who had a footing here was a German, named Jeorku. It was said he had been a dresser in the British military hospital in Quebec. He removed into Boston and got some business among the Dutch inhabitants and MEDICAL HISTORY. their posterity. He was never acknowledged by the physicians as a brother; but he dressed a wound and applied a bandage with great dispatch and neatness. I never knew him to perform an operation, and [he] was thought to be a very ignorant man. Kast, Philip Godfrid, was of Salem, before coming to Boston, as will be seen by the following advertisement from a Salem paper in J 7 68: Philip Godfrid Kast at the sign of the Lion and Mortar. The famous anadyne necklace for children while teething; Dr. Hill's pectoral bal- sam of honey; British oil; Turlington's balsam of life used forty years ago; Green- ough's tincture for preserving the teeth; extract of hemlock for cancers, etc. Dr. Anderson's and Dr. Lockyer's pills. He married a daughter of Joseph Proctor. In settling an estate on Prince street, he mentions " Elizabeth Proctor, the great-grandmother of infant son Thomas." In 1749 he lived in Queen street. Eliot says that, being a very old man in 1780, he had "retreated " from practice. His wife's name was Anna; they were attendants at King's Chapel, where their child Marie was baptized in 1756. He lived in Bradford, Mass., long enough to have the birth of one child recorded. He had also a son, Thomas, a physician. By the diary of John Thomas, under date of 1 July, 1755, published in the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register," 1879, we learn that Drs. Kast and Whitworth went to Novia Scotia in Winslow's expedition against the Acadians. Kast, Thomas, the son of Dr. Philip Godfrist Kast, with whom he studied, was born in Boston, 12 August, 1750. He graduated A.B, at H.C. in 1769, receiving his A.M. in 1774. In 1770 he was appointed surgeon's mate of the British ship Rose, and continued as such for two years, then for an equal length of time attended lectures at Gray's and St. Thomas's hospitals in London. He returned to Boston in 1774, and began a practice which lasted until 1804, when he was attacked by a severe illness. To improve his health he visited Europe in 1810, and remained until 1817, when he again returned to Boston, dying here 20 June, 1820. He was a founder of the Massachusetts Medical So- ciety, and its second treasurer, serving from 1783 and 1798. Dr. Thomas Kast had a large practice among the lower and middling classes of people, with whom he was a great favorite. He accumulated much property, mak- ing every one pay him something; and being an economist he turned it to much advantage.—(Eliot.) Kennedy, Hugh, was a Scotchman, and of him our knowledge is very meagre. Hugh was baptized at the New Brick Church, 10 February, SUFFOLK COUNTY. 1739-40. He married, 28 December, 1720. Mary Wyer. and 2 Novem- ber, 17 3)«.i, Susanna Pico. Latham, Dr. At a meeting of the selectmen, 23 November, 17 74, "Dr. Latham attended and informed the selectmen that a soldier of the Main Guard House of the Fifty-ninth Regiment is broke out with small-pox." In an advertisement which the selectmen published in several newspapers, they stated that they were made acquainted with this outbreak by a surgeon of the army; we therefore conclude that Dr. Latham was a medical officer of the troops stationed here. Leavitt, Josiah, was born in Hingham, 21 October, 1744, the son of Hezekiah and Grace (Hatch) Leavitt. He practised his profession in his native town until 177 7, when he sold his house and removed to Boston. Here he did not practise but engaged in the business of build- ing organs. He died in March, 1804, aged fifty-nine years. Lloyd, James, the son of Henry and Rebecca (Nelson) Lloyd, was a native of Oyster Bay, Long Island, where he was born 24 March, 17 28. His preliminary education was obtained at Stratford and New Haven, Conn, He began his professional studies in Boston, under the guid- ance of Dr. William Clark, with whom he remained nearly five years. At the end of this time he went to England, where he enjoyed the most favorable opportunities of seeing the practice of the best physicians and surgeons of that, time, occupying for one year the place of first dresser of wounds to Mr. Warner. He returned to Boston in the year 1752, and at once entered upon the duties of his chosen profession, in which he soon became eminent. He has the name of being the first educated obstetrician in the country, as well as the credit of introducing the prac- tice of amputation by the flap operation, or double incision, as it was then called. Dr. Lloyd was a man of many accomplishments, and dur- ing the latter half of the last century the prominent figure of the profes- sion. He died 14 March, 1810, at the advanced age of eighty-two years. Dr. Lloyd had studied midwifery under the distinguished Smellie, of London; and after his return home he was considered throughout the province the best authority in this branch of medicine. Ephraim Eliot writes: Dr. James Lloyd was ranked high in the profession. He took the lead in regard to the practice of surgery; was the first who introduced the male practice of the ob- stetric art as a general appendage to the office of a physician; was very successful in MEDICAL HISTORY. 273 it, and consequently greatly esteemed among the ladies. He entertained a great deal of company, kept a genteel equipage, and a suite .of servants; his horses were esteemed equal to any in the town. He was a gentleman of the old stamp, and de- servedly respected and valued. He observed to a dear and valued friend of mine [Eliot's], in regard to his practice in a lying-in chamber: " I never in my life refused to attend a call, even to the poorest class of society, in those cases which often re- quire immediate assistance. If there was only a bed of straw, I saw that it was beaten up, and rendered as easy and comfortable as it was possible, and with my own arms invariably laid the delivered woman upon it; and I assure you, sir, I have been amply paid by the esteem and affection of my patients." Harvard conferred upon Dr. Lloyd the honorary degree of M.D. in 1790. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical So- ciety. An extended notice of the life of Dr. Lloyd will be found in Thaeh- er's Medical Biography, written by his son, Hon. James Lloyd, LL.D., etc., who graduated at Harvard College in 1787. From Sabine's " Loyalists" we extract the following: Lloyd, James, of Boston, born on Long Island 1728, educated in Connecticut, studied medicine in Boston, attended London Hospitals two years, returned to Bos- ton in 1752, obtained an extensive practice. A moderate Loyalist, he remained in that town while it was occupied by the British troops, zealously devoted to his pro- fession. In the French War, Sir William Howe (then a colonel) was dangerously ill at Boston, and ever after attributed (gratefully and publicly) his recovery to the skill and unceasing attentions of Dr. Lloyd, and when in 1775 he came on the hope- less mission of subduing a wronged and roused people, he immediately renewed the acquaintance formed under circumstances so interesting to himself and, as events proved, to the Anglo-Saxon race. He owned an estate on Long Island, of which the royal army took possession, and three thousand acres of it were stripped of a val- uable growth of wood. In 1789 he went to England to obtain compensation. On being told an allowance would be granted on declaring himself a British subject he at once declined. He returned to Boston without success. He was highly accomplished in all branches of his profession, and in surgery and midwifery was without a superior, probably, in New England. He kept a genteel equipage and entertained company with great liberality. He was an Episcopalian and worshiped at Trinity Church. He died in 1810, aged eighty-two. The Lloyds were ancient and extensive land owners; the manor of Queens Village, L. I., having been in possession of the family as early as 1679. Lord, Dr., is recorded to have, with Dr. Church, inoculated fifty per- sons in 1764. He was probably only here during the time inoculation was being so extensively practised. Linn, John, was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He came from Pennsylvania, was a surgeon during the Revo- 35 274 5 UFFOLK CO UNT1'. lution, afterwards settling in Boston, he returned to his native place, where he is supposed to have died about 17 93, aged about forty-three. Marion, Joseph, contemporary with Dr. Douglass, and Dr. Dalhonde, made a sworn deposition of their personal experience of the dangerous character of inoculation. Marshall, Samuel, was one of those who in 17 64, although sent to, did not attend the meeting of the selectmen, when an agreement was en- tered into by the physicians not to inoculate after the 20th of April. He was probably only a transient inhabitant of the town, but may have been the Samuel, son of Francis and Abigail Marshal, who was born in Boston, 12 May, 1747. Mather, Mr. There were two Mr. Mathers, one who agreed with the selectmen at their meeting with the "Gentlemen Physicians" in 1764, not to inoculate after the 20th of April, and one who, although notified, failed to attend and enter into the agreement. Mather, Thomas. Dr. Thomas, the son of Rev. Dr. Samuel and Hannah (Hutchinson) Mather, was born August, 1738. He was a surgeon in a Provincial regiment. He died unmarried in Nova wScotia in 1762. Nazra, Matluw. Of him we only know that his widow, Mary, died 12 September, 1759, in her eighty-eighth year. Noyes, Oliver, the son of John and Sarah (Oliver) Noyes, was born in 1(175, and baptized 22 October, 1676. He married first Ann, daughter of the Hon. Andrew Belcher, and second Katherine, widow of the sec- ond David Jeffries. He graduated at Harvard College in 1695, was representative for many years, and very prominent in town affairs, and highly esteemed as a physician. Sewall speaks of Dr. Noyes in 1707. In 1710, with others, he proposed to build a wharf, where Long Wharf is now sit- uated. In 1716 he was one of a committee on the erection of a market house. Hutchinson writes of him that he was of a very humane, obliging disposition, and very strongly attached to the popular party. 14 March, 1720-21 Sewall writes: "Dr. Oliver Noyes is seized with an apoplexy at K) at night." March 16, " Mr. Foxcraft preaches [Thurs- day lecture], prays for Dr. Noyes who died at 4 p. m." March 20, "Dr. Noyes is buried in his New Tomb in the South Burying-place." MEDICAL HISTORY. 275 He joined the Artillery Company in 1699, was an officer in the Bos- ton militia, being an ensign in 1708. He was a member of the Old South Church. He had a son, Belcher, who sold real estate, formerly his father's, in 1743. Pecker, James, was born in Haverhill, the son of Dr. James Pecker, of that town. He graduated at Harvard College 1743 with the degree of A.M., and settled in Boston. He was a founder and first vice-presi- dent of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Towards the close of his life he had a stone in the bladder, which was successfully removed by Dr. Rand. He was a loyalist, and his arrest was ordered by the Coun- cil of Massachusetts April, 1776. He died in 1794. Pecker, James. Whitman, in his "History of the Anc. and Hon. Artillery Company": " Capt. James Pecker, Boston, physician; in his will styled wharfinger. Founder of the New Brick Church. He died in Boston, 30 April, 1734, after a lingering illness, very much lament- ed. Inventory, real and personal, ,£2,873 10 3. Grave-stone in the chapel ground. Member of the Old South Church." He joined in 1718. Perkins, John, was born in Ipswich, 28 August, 1676, H. C. 1695. He first practiced in Ipswich, but soon removed to Boston. He mar- ried 11 December, 1697, Mrs. Mary McFarland; she died in Boston. He married secondly, Mary, daughter of Anthony Checkley, of Boston, Perkins, John, son of the preceding, was born 9 March, 1698, and was an eminent physician of the town; he studied two years in Lon- don, and practiced forty years in Boston. In 1755 he published a tract on earthquakes, also an essay on small-pox in the London Maga- zine. He left a manuscript of 368 pages, containing an account of his life and experience, which is preserved in the library of of the Ameri- can Antiquarian Society. On account of old age he had retreated from practice in 1780, Eliot says. In 1736 he was one of the subscribers to Prince's "Chronological History of New England." His wife Clarissa died in 1749, and he wrote a poem on her death. He died in Lynnfield in 1780. Perkins, Nathaniel, son of John and Mary (Checkley) Perkins, was born in Boston about 1714-15. In 1723 attended the Boston Latin School. Sabine writes: 276 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Nathaniel Perkins of Boston, Physician, H. U. 1734. When in 1764 hospitals were established in Boston Harbor for treatment of the small pox by inoculation, he was one of attendant physicians. Dr. Perkins was an addresser of Gage 1774, went to Halifax with British Army 1776, was proscribed and banished 177S, died 1799. Eliot says he was supposed to attend a larger number of patients as a physician than any other practitioner in the town. In 1760 his home was on Wing Lane. Perkins, William Lee, the son of Dr. John and Abigail Perkins, was born in Boston, 10 February, 17 36; baptized at the New Brick Church, 13 February, 1736-7. He was a descendant of Rev. William Perkins, of Topsford. Eliot says that in 1780 " was respectable as to business and reputation." His name appears on the list of those who in 1778 were proscribed as enemies of the new State, but if Eliot is correct, he was not of those who left the town. Toner says he practiced in Boston about 1 7*;4 and was in good repute. Sabine, in his account of the Loyalists, says: William Lee Perkins of Boston, physician, An Addresser of Gage 1775 Went to Halifax ITTti. Washington on taking possession of Boston ordered his stock of med- icines to be seized for the use of the Continental Army. In 1778 Dr. Perkins was proscribed and banished. He died at Hampton Court, Eng. He was an author of " several medical publications of much merit." Peters, Alexander Abercrombie, in 1780 resided on Marlboro' street. and is found only in the directory. Phillips, Nathaniel, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Waterman) Phillips, was baptized at King's Chapel 14 October, 1757. Toner says he " resid- ed in Boston at an early date and kept an apothecary shop in Orange (now Washington) street, at the corner of Bennett." His name is in the Directory for 1789 as an apothecary, and it may be an error to include him among the practitioners. Pope, John. In the Massachusetts Centinel, 21 September, 1785, we find this notice of a pedagogical charlatan: John Pope, who, for eighteen years past has been noted for curing Cancers, schropulus Tumour, fetid and phagedemic Ulcers, etc., has removed into a house, the north corner of Orange and Hollis Street, South End, Boston, where he pro- poses to open a school for Reading, Writing, Arithmetick. Pynchon, Charles, born 31 January, 1719, was of Springfield, and only temporarily here during the small-pox epidemic of 1764. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He died in Springfield, 19 August, 1783. MEDICAL HISTORY. -.. . Rand, Isaac, jr., the son of Dr. Isaac Rand, of Charlestown, was born in Charlestown, 24 April, 1743; married Anna, daughter of John Adams. He settled in Boston; he died 11 December, 1822. He re- ceived his A.B. from Harvard in 1761, an honorary M.D. in 1799; was an overseer of the college. He was one of the founders of the Massachu- setts Medical Society, and its president from 1798 to lsoi, and gave the first annual address before that society, choosing as his subject "On Phthisis Pulmonia and the use oj the Warm Bath." His father was vice-president of the society from 1787 to 1790, and also one of the incorporators. Dr. Isaac Rand was one of the most learned men of his day. Being much of a mathematician, he was seeking for something like demonstration on which to lean in his profession. For want of it he was always dissatisfied, and probably read more books than any physician among us. He was apt to pin his faith upon the last book. He was, however, a successful practitioner, had a discriminating judgment, was a good surgeon, and remarkably neat in his operations."—Eliot. Rand, Samuel. Whitman gives, among those who joined the Artil- lery Company in 171.8, " Capt. Samuel Rand, Boston, physician," and adds, " Lieutenant of the Art. Co. 1731; officer of the militia. I suppose him an ancestor of the late Dr. Isaac Rand, of Boston. His will was dated January 9th, proved Feb. 21st, 1748. His gravestone was recently standing in the Granary ground. A member of the Old South Church." Rand, William. Whitman, in his history of the Anc. and Hon. Art. Co., gives this name as first appearing on the roll in 1732, simply adding, "Boston, physician, member of the Old South." He was probably son of Thomas, and born 4 May, 168'.), died 29 May, 1759. He kept an apothecary store at the sign of the Unicorn, near the Town Dock, in 1733. Was admitted to Old South Church 24 February, 1722; his grave stone is in King's Chapel yard. His daughter Sarah married Benjamin Lord 13, August, 1735. He is probably the graduate of Har- vard of the class of 1721. Rand, William, another William, son of Samuel, and grandson of Thomas, was born 27 August, 1716, dying in 1758; was also an apothe- cary. He was an army surgeon at Louisburg in 1745. His estate was administered by his nephew, Henderson Inches. He was perhaps the graduate of 1742 at Harvard College. Read, William. I have found the name of Dr. William Read, and nothing more. 278 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Roberts, Doctor. Dr. Roberts in 1764 inoculated forty-three persons, supplied the necessary medicines, and attended them gratis (see page 180). Rogers, Theophilus, son of Capt. Ezekiel and Lois (Bligh) Rogers, was born at Lynn, 4 October,. Ki99; removed to Boston in 1720, but soon emigrated to Norwich, Conn., and married the daughter of Wm. Hyde, of that town, where he died 29 September, 1753; his wife died soon after, on the 24th November of the same year, aged fifty-three years and seven months. Roger son, Robert. Of him or his name I have only learned that Robert and Lucy Rogerson had a son Robert born 30 January, 17(18, and that Robert Rogerson and Lucy Dearing were married 24 March, 17 85. A Robert Rogerson received an honorary A.M. from Harvard College in 17 65, and died in 1799. Spooner, William, the son of John, jr., and Hannah (Jones) Spooner, born in Boston, 24 March, 1760; H.C., 1778; studied medicine with Dr. Samuel Danforth, of Boston, and was surgeon in ships of war in 1781-2. In 1782 he went to Edinburgh to complete his professional studies, where he received the degree of M.D. in 1785; he returned to Boston in 1786, and immediately commenced the practice of medicine. He was a member of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh; of the Massachusetts Medical Society; of the American Academy; of the Massachusetts Historical Society in 1796. He was several times repre- sentative and senator in our State Legislature; a trustee of Humane Society of Massachusetts, and a member of Board of Overseers of Har- vard University. He married, 21 October, 1788, Mary, daughter of John and Mary (Winthrop) Phillips. She was born 23 September, 176:5. He died in Boston, 15 February, 1836. Sprague, John, was born in 1713; graduated at H. C, 1737; was a pupil of Dr. William Douglass at the time of his death, and later of Dr. Dalhonde, whose daughter he married. He began practice and con- tinued to reside in Boston, until the death of his wife. He again mar- ried Mrs. Esther Harrison, widow of Charles Harrison, esq., a lady of fortune, and removed to Dedham, where he remained until his death, in 1797. He acquired a considerable fortune, which, it is said, was due not so much to his successful practice as to the rise in soldiers' claims, which he largely purchased. He considered himself one of the incorporators of the Massachusetts Medical Society, an honor which MEDICAL HISTORY. 279 was claimed by Dr. John Sprague, of Newburyport, as being the elder of the name in the State. The latter having been elected to fellow- ship, wrote that he considered himself an original member, where- upon Dr. Sprague, of Dedham, resigned, but was immediately elected a fellew. In 1799 he was a delegate to the Massachusetts Convention for framing a constitution. He resided in Federal street in 1780, and was there in 17 96. Eliot says he had retired (1780) on an ample fortune, his practice had been large, and that he had a confidence placed in him which followed him in his retreat; he was sent for and consulted by physicians in Boston for many years. He received the honorary degree of M.D. from his alma mater in 1792. Sprague, John, jr., perhaps the graduate of H.C. in 1765, and Fellow of the American Academy, and who died, 1800. St. Mcdard, Peter, called himself a surgeon, and in 1796 resided in Garden court, North square; he became a licentiate of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1811, and died in 1822. Stezuart, George, married 2 June, 1715, for his second wife, Ruth, daughter of John Cutler, who was born 22 February, 1691-2, at Hing- ham. Dr. Stewart was treasurer of the Episcopal Charitable Society in 1731, and an attendant at King's Chapel, and of him I know nothing- more. Szoetzer, Henry Sebastian. The Boston Weekly Nezvs-Letter of 14 January, 1717, has the following, which necessitates including Swetzer among the practitioners: Boston, On the Lords day Morning the sixth Currant, a strange thing fell out here, One Thomas Smith a Sawyer about four Month ago, bought a Lusty Tall new negro, fit for his Employ, who after complain'd of something within him that made a Noise Chip, Chip, Chip; his Master sent for a Doctor, one Sebastian Henry Swetzer,a German, who told him he had Worms, whereupon he gave him some Physick on Wednesday: from l^hursday till the Lords Day he gave him some Powders, which on the Lords Day had that effect as to cause him to vomit up a long Worm, that measur'd a hundred and twenty eight Foot, which the negro took to be his Guts; it was almost as big as ones little Finger, its Head was like a Snakes, and would receive a Mans little Fmger into its Mouth, it was of a whitish Color all full of Joynts, its tail was long and hard, and with a Microscope it seem'd to be hairy; the Negro before voiding the Worm had an extraordinary Stomack, 280 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Tamer, Mr. Of him it is only known that he was one of those who entered into the agreement with the selectmen in regard to inoculation in 17ii4. Thomas, John, a surgeon, born in Plymouth, son of Dr. William Thomas. Thomas, Joshua, was born 17 66. Married 1 October, 178'.), Anna Thomson. H. C. 17 72; Fellow American Academy; member Massa- chusetts Historical Society. He died in 1821. Whitman gives: "Joshua Thomas, Boston, physician," as joining the Art. Co. in 1792. Thomas, William, born 1718; died 1804; had son John, mentioned above. Townsend, David, the son of Shippie and Ann (Kettell) Townsend, was born in Boston, 7 January, 1753. He graduated at Harvard College in 1770, and received from that institution the honorary degree of M.D. in 1813. Dr. Townsend studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Warren. He was at Cambridge at the time of the battle of Bunker Hill and aided in car- ing for the wounded after that engagement. He was commissioned 12 July, 1775, as surgeon in Col. Jonathan Brewer's Regiment. He was commissioned 1 January, 1776, surgeon in the Sixth Regiment (Col. Asa Whitcomb). In March, 1777, he was appointed senior surgeon in the General Hospital of the Northern Department with the army for the invasion of Canada. On the reorganization of the army, he receiv- ed, 1 January, 1781, a commission as surgeon-general of the hospital department, to date from 10 October, 1780, which position he held by subsequent reappointments until the close of the war, after which he successfully practiced his profession until his death, 13 April, 1829. He was secretary, vice-president, and president of the Society of the Cincinnati. Tujts, Cotton, was born in Medford in 1731. Graduated at Harvard College 1749, studied medicine with his brother, Dr. Simon Tufts, and settled in Weymouth, where he died in 1815, aged eighty-four. Dr. Ebenezer Alden in his " Early History of the Medical Profession in the County of Norfolk," says: He was esteemed as a well educated and judicious physician. In early and middle life he had an extended medical practice. * * * He was much in public life; a MEDICAL HISTORY. 281 finished and well-bred gentleman of the old school, courteous, dignified, never assum- ing to himself titles or places which did not belong to him, nor shrinking from the performance of any duty to which he was properly called. * * * Towards the close of life his time was so much engrossed with public trusts, that he was not so much occupied in general practice. He was an incorporator of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and its president from 1787 to 1793. He received the honorary degree of M.D. from Harvard in 1785. \\ arrcu, John, was born in Roxbury, 27 July, 17o3. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1771, and received the honorary degree of M.D. in 1786. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society, its corresponding secretary from 17 87 to 1800, vice-president from 1800 to 1804, president from 1804 to his death, which occurred 4 April, 1815, aged sixty-two. He was Hersey professor of anatomy and surgery, a fellow of the American Academy. Warren, Joseph, the eldest son of Joseph and Mary (Stevens) War- ren, born in Roxbury, 11 June, 1741. Graduated at Harvard College in 17511, kept school in Roxbury in 1760, studied medicine in Boston with Dr. James Lloyd, and settled there as a physician. He married, 6 September, 1764, Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Richard Horton, of Boston. He pronounced the town oration of 5 March, 1771, 1775; was active in battle of Lexington, and in a combat which terminated in the destruc- tion of a British ship of war on Chelsea Beach; he was president of the Provincial Congress, received commission of major-general from that body, was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill, aged thirty-four years and six days. At the time of his decease he was Grand Master of all the lodges of Free Masons in the United States. Of his practice, Eliot writes that it " was large and increasing when he lost his life and immortalized his name." Welsh, Thomas, was born in 1751. Graduated at Harvard College in 1772, receiving the honorary degree of M.D. in 1811; was a fellow of the American Academy, and a founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society, its vice-president 1815 to 1823, its treasurer 1783 to 1798, corre- sponding secretary 1805 to 1815; was an active surgeon during the Revolutionary War, at one time attached to the Marine Hospital at Charlestown, later quarantine physician of the port, and for many years a consulting physician of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He died 36 282 SUFFOLK COUNTY. February, 1831, the oldest physician in the city and the last survivor of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Whipple Joseph, one of the founders of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and its corresponding secretary from 1800 to 1805. In 17 80 he resided on Orange street, and in 17 96 on South Bennet street. Eliot says that "in 17 80 was rising into notice, Dr. Joseph Gardiner having taken him under his protection. " He lived on Bennet street in 17 01. He died 1804, aged forty-eight. Toner says he acquired a large professional business. Whitzvorth, Miles. This name occurs very frequently in the records of the town. He was a surgeon tinder Pepperrell at Louisburg, in the campaigns against Ticonderoga and Ouebec, and in Nova Scotia under Winslow. In 1774 he was an addresser of Hutchinson. He remained in Boston during the siege and was attending physician and surgeon to the Whig prisoners who were wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 he was arrested and confined by order of the Council of Massa- chusetts. He died in Boston in 1779 of a fever contracted while in prison. Of him Eliot says : He had once a respectable share of practice. He was unfortunately the attending surgeon at the jail in 1775. The wounded prisoners from Bunker Hill were thrown into the common prison, and provided with little better than jail provisions. They suffered, and some died; in particular, Lieutenant-Colonel Parker, a very respectable man. Much blame was laid upon the doctor; whether justly or not, is dubious. He remained in Boston, was neglected, and died in 177s. His wife was Deborah Thayer; they had a son, Miles, who graduated at Harvard University in 1772 ; entered the naval service as a surgeon, and died unmarried in England in 1778. In the minutes of the Boston selectmen for 1764, we find this entry: The selectmen appointed Dr. Myles Whetworth to take charge of the Province Hospital New Boston as Physician to the Sick that may be sent there from time to time; and also agreed with him to provide and furnish the Patients with what Pro- visions and Medicines may be necessary and that he does not suffer the Sick to want anything for their Comfort while under his care. Ezekiel Price, in his Diary under date of Saturday, 20 April, 1775, records that: Dr. Whitworth and son were yesterday on their examination and afterwards or- dered to give bail. It is said the justices have evidence of the Dr. not having acted the part of an honest surgeon in his practice on the late unfortunate Col. Parker, that MEDICAL HISTORY. 283 his limb was unnecessarily taken off, a cruel neglect of attendance on him, by which means he lost his life. In the town records we find the name given as Whitworth, occasion- ally as Whetworth, and in some accounts more erroneously as Whit- marsh. Whitzocll, Samuel, was born in Boston, 12 January, 1754; studied at the Boston Latin School, and in 1774 graduated from Princeton Col- lege. He studied medicine under Dr. James Lloyd, and on 1 January, 1777, was commissioned surgeon of Col. John Greaton's Regiment (Third Continental), and served throughout the war. He was one of the thirty- six officers who signed the original " Institution " of the Cincinnati So- ciety, adopted by the representatives of the American army at the can- tonment on Hudson River, 13 May, 1783. On 4 July, 1789, he deliv- ered an oration before the Society of the Cincinnati, which was printed at the request of the society. He died at Newton, 21 November, 1791. Williams, Nathaniel. Of him Dr. Green writes: He was an active and useful man in his day and generation. In the affairs of life he performed the triple role of preacher, doctor and schoolmaster. The union of these three characters was no infrequent occurrence in former times. In each he appears to have played well his part; and his career entitles him to more than a passing notice. He was the son of Nathaniel and Mary (Oliver) Williams, and was born in Boston, August 23, 1675. He graduated at Harvard College in the class of 1693, and in the summer of 1698 was ordained,—according to the sermon preached at his funeral by Thomas Prince,—"an Evangelist in the College-Hall, for one of the West India Islands. But the climate not agreeing with his Constitution, He soon returned to this his native City." At one time he was engaged in giving private instruction to boys, and he had the reputation of being an excellent classical scholar. In the year 1703 he was appointed usher at the Free Grammar School, now known as the Boston Latin School; and subsequently, in 1708, he was chosen to the mastership, which position he held until 1734. He studied " Chymistry and Thy sick under his Uncle the Learned Dr. James Oliver of Cambridge; one of the most esteemed Physicians in his Day;" and even while teaching continued to practice his profession of medicine. He died January 10, 1737-38; and "The Boston Weekly News-Letter " of January 12 calls him " the Reverend and Learned Mr. Nathaniel Williams," and speaks of him " as a very skilful and successful Bhysician," and says that " as his Life has been very extensively serviceable, so his Death is es- teemed as a public Loss." A posthumous pamphlet by him was printed many years after his death. The title was " The METHOD of Practice in the Small-Box, with Observations on the Way of Inoculation. Taken from a Manuscript of the late Dr. Nathaniel Williams of Boston in N. E. Published for the Common Advantage, more especially of the Country Towns, who may be visited with that Distemper."— 28-1 SUFFOLK COUNTY. (Boston, 1752.) At the end it contains four pages with the heading " Small Pox by Inoculation, in 17:>u," Dr. Williams had a large practice. Wins/lip, Amos, who lived on Hanover street, near the Mill Bridge, in 1780 and in 1790, was probably born in Lexington, 19 December, 17 50, the son of Jonathan and Elizabeth Windship. He graduated at Harvard, receiving his A.B. in 1771, his A.M. and M.B. in 1 190, and his M.D. in 1811, the year of his death. He was a corresponding member of the London Medical Society. In the first volume of the Boston Nezos- Lcttcr he is spoken of as of Lexington, Mass. A child of Dr. Amos Win- ship, "Letsance," was presented at Hollis street Church for baptism in 17'.• 1 by his grandfather, Mr. E. May, " the father being absent." From this circumstance wc may doubt if Dr. Winship of Boston and Dr. Winship of Lexington are one and the same. Yongust, Dr., was here in 17(54, and inoculated seventeen patients. Young, Lemuel. Toner says that Elijah Hewins, who was born in 1747, and after serving in the Continental army as a surgeon, " studied with Dr. Young of Boston." Young, Thomas. He was one of the Boston Tea Party, and also was one of the Committee of Correspondence with Joseph Warren and Ben- jamin Church. It was proposed to substitute the celebration of the Boston Massacre for that of the Gunpowder Plot. Accordingly when the evening arrived in 1771 an address was delivered by Dr. Thomas Young to a collection of people at the Manufactory House. The following physicians are given in the first Boston Directory, 17 89. In the general list of names are the following, and except as given differently, the word "physician" only, follows the name and precedes the residence: -Appleton Nathaniel W. *Pecker James. Bulfinch Thomas. Rogerson Robert. *Danforth Samuel. *Rand Isaac. *Dexter Aaron. *Spooner William. "Eustis William. *Townsend David. -Hayward Lemuel. *Whipple Joseph, physician and sur- -Jarvis Charles. geon. *Kast Thomas. *Warren John. Leavitt Josiah. Windship Amos, physician and apothe- Pope John, School-master and surgeon, cary. particularly a curer of cancers and *Welsh Thomas. malignant ulcers, &c, MEDICAL HISTORY. 285 In a separate list of the physicians and surgeons are the following, in addition to those given above: *Lloyd James. *Cheever Abijah. *Homans John, 17. *Fleet John. *Sprague John, junior. Peters Alexander Abercrombie. With the exception that the names of Leavitt and Pope are omitted. In a list of the omissions given at the end of the volume, the names and residences of Homans, Lloyd and Peters are given. Physicians in the Boston Directory for 1796 (the second one): Bertody Francis. *Jarvis Charles. Bulfinch Thomas. *Jeffries John. *Cheever Abijah. *Kast Thomns. *Dexter Aaron. *Lloyd James. *Danforth Samuel. *Rand Isaac. Enslin John Frederick. Read William. *Eustis William. *Spooner William. Fay Nahum. *Sprague John. *Fleet John, jr. St. Medard Peter, surgeon, *Hayward Lemnel. *Welsh Thomas. *Homans John. *Warren John. *Jackson William, apothecary and phy- *Whipple Joseph. sician. Windship Amos. I have prefixed an * to the names of those who were Fellows of the Massachusetts Medical Society, In closing this sketch I desire to acknowledge the kindness of many of my professional friends in freely rendering me assistance; to Doctors Samuel A. Green and Francis H. Brown I am especially indebted. 3E ffw' WZ 70 AM4 F7s 1894 55010520R II NLn DSeTDblS 1 NATIONAL LIBRARY Of MEDICINE *lJf\ _frg few ./ _ \ <* - v ■ ■;J> - 5