WZ 70 AD H9e 1879 55010340R NLM D55TDST3 5 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE iNO.aaw do A»v«fln ivnoiivn aNi3iaaw do Aavaan tvnouvn 3NO.aaw do Aovaan ivnoiivn NLM052905935 it ol 5i|qnj 3joj|3/v\ puo 'uoi|03r>P3 'MMDaH (O tuauiuodaQ 3 n pw 'op^amag 85I/VJ3S SI|03H jijqnj -aiOda/w puo 'uoiiojnpj 'qi|oaH Heollh, Education. * and Welfare, Pubhc *> Heolth Service 0 2 Beihesda, Md. » US.Department of * Heollh, Education, *> ond Welfore, Public °Z < 0 Heallh Service Heolth, Education, | ond Welfare. Public » Heollh Service O Bethesda, Md *> U.S. Department of °i Health, Education. 0 *> ond Wellore, Public 5 Heolth Service ^"byXBMlZSw.ia. ,-y^BMm #s ^3DTiTW'' JJ^VVAuA, /lu%st4^C*^c£, E^i^iiY-i-IQEDie^L-i-^ie^GO AN HISTORICAL SKETCH FIRST PRACTITIONERS OF MEDICINE, WITH THE PRESENT FACULTIES, AND GRADUATES SINCE THEIR ORGANIZATION, OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGES OF CHICAGO. By JAMES NEVINS HYDE, A.M., M.D., Late Passed Assistant-Surgeon, United States Navy; Professor of Dermatology, Rush Medical College. S^Pfe bio i J \u '"T- r / CHICAGO: FERGUS PRINTING COMPANY, 244-8 ILLINOIS STREET. 18/9- nl3 a. 137 f) Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879, by Eergus Printing Company, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. I ntroduction, ______________________________________ 3 Chicago and Fort Dearborn, . _,_______________________ 4 Dr. Isaac V. VanVoorhees,___________________________ 4 11 Alexander Wolcott,______________________________ 6 it Elijah Dewey Harmon,_____________ ..._________ 12 11 Phillip Maxwell,_________________________________ 19 11 John T. Temple, ________________________.______ 22 1 Win, Bradshaw Egan, ____________________________ 23 1 Josiah C. Goodhue,_______________________________ 24 Philo Carpenter,________________....._____._______ 24 Dr. Edmund Stoughton Kimberly,_____________ ______ 24 n Daniel Brainard,_________________________________ 25 11 Levi D. Boone, _________________________________ 30 11 John Herbert Foster,_____________________________ 30 it John Mark Smith,_______________________________ 31 11 George Wallingford Wentworth,____________________ 31 Rush Medical College,------------------- --------- 32 Dr. William Butterfield,______________________________ 33 11 Joseph Warren Freer, ---------------------------- 35 Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal,------------------ 41 Tippecanoe Hall, First General Hospital at,------------- 42 Chicago Medical College, ---------------------------- 43 Mercy Hospital,------------------------------------ 44 Woman's Medical College,---------------------------- 45 111. Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary,------.....----- 50 Cook County Hospital, ------------------------------ 51 Graduates of Rush Medical College,-------------------- 57 n Chicago 11 " -------------------- 73 11 Woman's n n ---.......--------- 79 Faculty of Rush Medical College,-----.....------------ 80 n Chicago n " ----------------...... 82 11 Woman's n ■■ ---......-.....----- 83 387330 Early Medical Chicago. To assert to-day that the age of men and cities should be esti- mated, rather by the march of events than by the lapse of time, is to merely utter a truism. There are tapestries now hanging in the palaces of Venice, that have been undisturbed since the Vene- tian Dandolo carried the walls of Constantinople. How little of change has each succeeding half-century wrought in the apart- ments which, now display the faded furnishings of a long-departed Doge! And yet, in the purview of history how venerable was the royal prophet of Israel in the Assyrian Court, who had exchanged the captivity of his childhood for the government of a province, and survived the rise and fall of three dynasties, when Cyrus en- tered the Babylonian capital by the bed of the Euphrates! By the transit of time merely, Chicago may be counted as yet young, but she is really old in the measure of her experience. Dismissing for the moment the charge which is generally, and possibly justly, brought against her citizens, that they are prone to exaggerate the rapidity of her growth and the extent of her development, these are yet facts which challenge investigation. Here is a city of over half a million of inhabitants where, fifty years ago, was a morass, untenanted and almost untenantable. The great concentration of human energies requisite to effect such a rapid metamorphosis is difficult of realization. No better illus- tration of the rapidity of succession of events within this limited period can be found than in the fact that an experience of the early days of Chicago has come to be regarded with much of the veneration that attaches to a remote antiquity. And yet the child who first saw the light in the infancy of the city, should to- day be only in the meridian of life. I purpose to present a brief sketch of the pioneers in this field — the predecessors of the large body of medical men who are now engaged in the practice of their profession in this great metropolis. The paucity and imperfection of these details are largely due to the difficulty inseparable from their collection. The early history of Chicago, and the first records of its medi- 4 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. cal men and practice, are intimately associated with its old fort. Even as early as the treaty of Greenville, O., which is dated August 3, 1795, there is some reference to a fort, built at the junction of the lake and the river.* This was, however, a small stockade erected for the protection of French traders, at the point where the north and south branches of the river unite, some remains of which were still to be seen in the year 1818. Fort Dearbornt was built by the United States Government in 1804, and was provided with a subterranean passage and sally- port, extending from the parade-ground to the river. X The Indian name, which it bequeathed to the City, is variously inter- preted as referring to the wild onion or the pole-cat; but the natives themselves asserted that it was the title of an Indian chief who had been drowned in the river. In the manuscript letter of M. de Ligney, at Green Bay, to M. de Siette, among the Illi- nois, dated in 1726, the name is spelled "Chicagoux."§ The narrative of the massacre at the Fort by the Indians, in 1812, has been detailed in such fulness, that it can not find a place here. It is now a matter of historical record. The ac- count given by Mrs. Helm, however, in the very readable volume of Mrs. Kinzie, || is interesting in this connection, as it relates in part to the surgeon of the fort—Dr. Isaac V. Van Voorhees.*] It appears from Mrs. Helm's narrative, that Dr. Van Voorhees came up to her during the very hottest part of the engagement. He was severely wounded, having received a ball in the leg, and * Sketches of the Country on the Northern Route, from Belleville, 111., to the city of New York, and back by the Ohio Valley, with a sketch of the Crystal Palace. Jno. Reynolds. Belleville. 1854. + In the papers of Mr. John H. Kinzie, and according to the statement of Mrs. Gen. Whistler, lately in Chicago, it appears that this fort was called by the name of Gen. Dearborn, as well as its successor. Mr. Kinzie's papers were destroyed in the Great Fire, which consumed the library of the Chicago Historical Society. X The fort was then occupied by fifty men and armed with three pieces of artillery, transported thither on the U. S. schooner Tracy, Dorr, master. This vessel did not cross the bar and enter the river, but anchored half a mile from the shore and discharged its freight by boats, attracting the pres- ence of some 2000 Indians, who came to view the "big canoe with wings " (See Chicago and its Suburbs, by Everett Chamberlin. Chicago. 1874 Also, Chicago Antiquities, No. 2, by H. H. Hurlbut, Esq. Chicago' 187c ) § The name is also spelled by various authorities, Chikajo, Checagua and Chekagua. (See Frauquelin's map, 1684.) || Wau-bun; or "the Early Day" in the Northwest. By Mrs. Tno H Kinzie. New York and Chicago. 1857. • J • ■ H His name is also given Voorhees, Voorhes, and Voorhis See " Mv Own Times." By John Reynolds, 111. 1855. Also, "Annals of the Wesf » J. R. Albach. Pittsburgh. 1857. «»01 tne w est. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 5 his horse had also been shot under him. Every muscle of his face was quivering with agony. Some conversation ensued be- tween the two, when, writes Mrs. Helm, "a young Indian raised his tomahawk at me. By springing aside, I avoided the blow which was intended for my skull, but which alighted on my shoul- der. I seized him around the neck, and while exerting my utmost strength to get possession of his scalping-knife, which hung from a scabbard over his breast, I was dragged from his grasp by another and an older Indian. The latter bore me, struggling and resisting^ to the lake. Notwithstanding the rapidity with which I was hurried along, I recognized, as I passed them, the lifeless re- mains of the unfortunate surgeon. Some murderous tomahawk had stretched him upon the very spot where I had last seen him." I have purposely omitted the conversation which is reported to have occurred between the two, and which is exactly repeated in almost every account of the massacre, since it reflects but little credit upon the wounded officer. It represents him as in an agony of terror, and his companion as reproaching him for his pusillanimity. But there are several circumstances which the professional reader cannot fail to consider, before consigning the name and reputation of Dr. Van Voorhees to historical obloquy. Without questioning the veracity of the writer, it is evident that the incidents narrated rest upon the recollection of a single individual, and that individual a woman surrounded by circumstances of extreme peril and excitement. She appears as the heroine of the story, and on that account due allowance should be made for partiality of statement. Dr. Van Voorhees, moreover, was evidently suffering from his wounds. What other injuries he may have sustained, whether of the brain, chest, or ab- domen—we can not know. Whether, indeed, he was wounded unto death, and sank lifeless to the ground soon after, rather as the result of this than from the blow of a tomahawk, cannot be determined. Jurists, as well as medical men, learn to accept with great reserve statements made either in articulo mortis or in the immediate peril of violent death. Too many surgeons have exhibited not only a consummate skill, but a splendid courage upon the field of battle, for their professional brethren to doubt the compatibility of these virtues. They will only remember, therefore of their martyred representative in the massacre ot Chicago, that he was sorely wounded in the discharge of his professional duties, and that he died the death of a soldier.* * In the official account of the engagement, the loss of Dr. Van Voorhis (for so his name is given by Captain Heald) is deeply deplored, and nothing is said that reflects in the slightest degree upon his character as an officer and surgeon. 6 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. After the encounter, the survivors must have sadly missed the attentions of the dead surgeon. Mr. Kinzie soon applied to an old Indian chief, who was reputed to possess some skill in these matters, to extract a ball from the arm of Mrs. Heald—the wife of the captain who had commanded the fort. "No, father," was the response, "I cannot do it, it makes me sick here,"— said the Indian, pointing to his heart. Mr. Kinzie then per- formed the operation himself with his penknife. The accoutre- ments of the surgical department had meantime fallen into possession of the Indians. Later, we learn that a French trader, a M. du Pin, was in the habit of supplying medicines as well as medical advice to those in need of either; and, on one occasion, we hear of his prescribing for the infant of a Mrs. Lee, who was one of the captives. It appears that his efforts were not unat- tended with success. In the year 1816, the fort was rebuilt by the Government, under the supervision of Captain Hezekiah Bradley, who is re- ported to have been so zealous in the discharge of his duties, that he enlisted officers as well as soldiers in the prosecution of the work, and even had wooden pins fashioned, in order to fasten together the timbers of the buildings, and thus economize his supply of spikes and nails. At this time, also, the entire tract of land was ceded to the United States by the Pottawatomies. With them, according to Judge John Dean Caton,* Chicago had ever been a favorite resort. Here, they had chosen to hold their great councils, and here, they concluded both the first and last treaty with our Government. In the year 1818, the place was visited by Mr. Gurdon Salton- stall Hubbard, who is now a resident of Chicago, and the oldest representative of its early days. At that time, besides the fort, there were but two residences standing, one that of Mr. John Kinzie, the other of Antoine Ouilmette.t It may be mentioned here that Mr. Hubbard, at a later period, 1834, erected the first brick building ever reared in Chicago. | Two years later, we find recorded the name of another medical gentleman, Dr. Alexander Wolcott, of Connecticut. He was born on the 14th of February, 1790, at Windsor, Ct, and was the son of Alexander Wolcott, the second of that name, and Frances * "The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch of the Pottawatomies." By John Dean Caton, LL.D. Chicago. 1870. t The names Houilmette, Ouilmette and Willamette are merely different renderings of the same original. $ This building stood on the s.w. cor. of South Water and LaSalle Streets and was for some time known as " Hubbard's Folly." EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 7 Burbank. His father was, with the writer of these pages, a de- scendant of Wm. Hyde, of Hartford, Ct., (1636,) and was gradu- ated at Yale College, becoming afterward a distinguished lawyer */rS1Ce °f the peace in Windsor- He subsequently removed to Middletown, Ct., where he was appointed collector of the customs and member of the constitutional convention of 1818. President Madison subsequently nominated him as a justice of the supreme court of the United States, but the federalists in the Senate succeeded in preventing the appointment.* The dis- tinguished Governor, Henry Wolcott, was his near relative.t Dr. Wolcott was graduated at Yale College in 1809, j and must have received his degree in medicine elsewhere, as the medical department of that University was not established until 1814. He came to Chicago in 1820, as an Indian agent of the Govern- ment, succeeding to the position of Mr. Charles Jewett, and was soon after married to Ellen Marion Kinzie, then sixteen years old, by John Hamlin, a justice of the peace, summoned to the village m order to perform the ceremony. The young lady was the daughter of John Kinzie, Esq., and was born in Chicago in the month of December, 1804, being indubitably the first child of white parents born on the soil. Dr. Wolcott died in 1830, and his widow was united in a second marriage to the Hon. Geo. C. Bates, of Salt Lake City. Through the kindness of Henry H. Hurlbut, Esq., of Chicago, I am enabled to present this fac simile of the lady's autograph: By a stupid act of our local legislators the name of Wolcott Street, which served as an historical landmark of this early resi- dent, was changed to North State Street. I am informed by the Hon. John Wentworth, of this city, in a recent letter, that Dr. Wolcott during his lifetime served in the capacity of an army-surgeon. It seems, however, tolerably clear that he performed the duties first named, residing as he did out- side of the fort; though it may well be believed that there must have been a demand for his professional services such as he could not but gratify, and indeed his selection for such a post must have resulted in part from his attainments as a physican. * Genealogy of the Hyde Family, by Chancellor Reuben Hyde Walworth, LL.D., Albany, N. Y. 1864. Vol. 2, p. 1121. t History of Connecticut, by G. H. Hollister. New Haven. 1855. X Catalogus Collegii Yalensis in Novo-Portu in Republica Connecticutensi. MDCCCLXV. 8 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. The outside world must have known but little of the infant settlement in 1823. For in a Gazetteer* published at that date, the information respecting Chicago is extracted from an account given in " Shoolcraft's Travels." It appears that some twelve or fifteen houses had been erected, which were occupied by some sixty or seventy inhabitants. " The country around is the most fertile and beautiful that can be imagined. It consists of an intermixture of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle slopes, sometimes attaining the elevation of hills (!), irrigated with a num- ber of clear streams and rivers, which throw their waters partly into Lake Michigan and partly into the Mississippi River. It is already the seat of several flourishing plantations." During the year 1822, there were eighty-seven men in the gar- rison, and one death occurred; during the ensuing year, there were ninety-five men, and of these, three died. The fort was then abandoned, but occupied again in 1828, one year after the passage of a bill in the legislature for the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This was the genial warmth that hastened the germination of the seed destined to produce so worthy a harvest. Game was abundant, the land was fertile, and corn easily grown. Occasionally, the mail was brought from Peoria on horseback. But Chicago was yet unborn. It must be admitted that the infant first opened its eyes upon Lake Michigan, in an uneventful period of history. No great war was in progress, and commonplace men were in power. Wil- liam IV., plainest and homeliest of royal blood, was seated on the British throne, and co-operating with the Whig party in reform- ing parliamentary representation, and in restricting the operation of the oppressive corn-laws. During the Revolutionary war, he had, as Prince William, figured in the dance, at No. 1 Broadway with the loyalist belles of New York City. The triumph of the constitutional party in France had made a king of Louis Phillippe —a man as incapable of exciting the affections of others as he was destitute of magnanimity himself. He still preserved the recollection of his wandering tour in America. General La Fay ette, now seventy years old, had returned to France, rewarded" with the friendship of Washington and the substantial gratitude of the United States. Otho I. had just been bolstered up on the throne of Greece. Poland had sunk down disarmed —the helD less victim of the iron sceptre of the Muscovite. Then as now a Don Carlos, at the head of a faction of Carlists, was agitating Spain. Perhaps the only man in Europe, who was makmg him- ^ Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Mississippi, by Lewis C. Beck. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 9 self felt as a power, was Daniel O'Connell, who was threatening the repeal of the National Union in Parliament, at the head of a legion of Irishmen. It seemed as though the succession of splendid events, that had culminated at Waterloo, and even lighted up by reflection the gloom of St. Helena, had been followed by a general reaction in which all the great States participated. In our own country also, the hero of the battle of New Orleans had laid aside his sword in order to discharge the more peaceful duties of the chief magistracy. The population of the country, according to its then recently-taken census, amounted to twelve and one-half millions, a figure three times greater than that ob- tained by the first colonial census, and yet but one-fourth of that which should represent the people of the United States in 1870. It was the semi-centennial decade of our first hundred years of national life. Already the sentiments and passions, that were later to flame into civil war, had been expressed in the halls ol Congress. The great speeches of Webster and Hayne had been delivered. South Carolina had commenced to mutter the max- ims of her political heresy, which precipitated soon after the rup- ture between the President and the Vice-President—Mr. John C. Calhoun. With even a cursory glance at the condition of the medical profession in the United States, we discover that great advance had been made since the first resident-physican in the country, Dr. Walter Russell, came from England to the Colony of Virginia in 1608. Drs. John Bard and Peter Middleton had, in 1750, been first to inject and dissect the body of a criminal for anato- mical purposes; and in fifteen years thereafter the Medical De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania had been organized— the pioneer of all the medical colleges in the land. The pro- fession venerated the name of the heroic Dr. Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill, as well as that of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Dr. Physick had invented the tonsillotome which is now in gene- ral use, and established his reputation as one of the most eminent surgeons in the United States. Dr. McDowell, in 1809, had performed ovariotomy, and lithotomized the poor lad who subse- quently became President James K. Polk. Operations had been recorded for ligation of the carotid, subclavian, brachial, femoral, internal, external, and common iliac arteries; amputations had been accomplished at the hip and shoulder joints; the radius, clavicle, head of the humerus, femur, the astragalus, and the fifth and sixth ribs had been exsected; the tumor of spina bifida, the 10 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. tongue, the spleen, and the parotid gland had been excised; litho- tripsy and staphyloraphy had been done; the hydrocephalic head had been tapped. Thirty-two medical works* had been issued from the American press — some of them, translations from foreign authors; some, reprints of foreign editions; some, from the pen of native-born physicians and surgeons. Thirty medical periodicals had been established, but, at the date to which I refer, of these, but ten had survived, t i The county of Cook, in Illinois, was organized in the year 1831, and that may properly be considered the date of the com- mencement of the medical and general history of Chicago.^ For a description of the place at that time, I am largely indebted to the work of Mrs. John H. Kinzie, to which reference has been made. The fort was enclosed by high pickets, with bastions at the alternate angles, and large gates opening to the north and south; while here and there were small sally-ports for the accommodation of the inmates. Beyond the parade ground, which extended south of the pickets, were the company-gardens, well filled with currant-bushes and young fruit-trees. The fort itself was sta- tioned on the south bank of the river, near what is now its • mouth, but at this time, the river itself swept around the little promontory on which the stockade was erected, and, passing * See the Principles and Practice of Surgery, by Henry H. Smith, M.D., Phil. 1863, from which these details have been obtained. The works of American authorship referred to, are: Review of Medical Improvements in the 18th Century, by David Ramsey (1800); Martin on Goitre (1800); Barn- well's Causes of Disease in Warm Atmospheres (1802); Parrish on Ruptures (1811); Dorsey's Elements of Surgery (1813); Hosack's Surgery of the Ancients (1813); Mann's Medical History of the Campaigns of 1812-14 (1816); Anderson's System of Surgical Anatomy (1822); Gibson's Institutes and Practice of Surgery (1824); Barton's Treatment of Anchylosis by Forma- tion of Artificial Joints (1827); Darrach's Anatomy of the Groin (1830); and Gross's Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of Bones and Joints (1830).' t These survivors were: Transactions of the College of Physicians of Phila., 8vo, Phil. (1793-1850); North American Medical and Surgical Jour- nal, Phila. (1826-1831); American Journal of the Medical Sciences 8vo Phila. (1827-1876); Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8vo, (1828)' Transylvania Journal of Medical and Associated Science, Lexington Ky' (1828-37); New York Medical and Physical Journal (1829-31); 'Maryland Medical Recorder, 8vo, Baltimore, Md. (1829-32); New York Medical In- quirer and American Lancet (1830); and the New York Medico-Chirurmcal Bulletin (1831-2). fc X The map of the original town, by James Thompson, Surveyor for the State Canal Commissioners, is dated Aug. 4, 1830. It provided for a public levee from South Water Street to the River, the plan of which was subse- quently abandoned. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. II southward, joined the lake at a point less than half a mile below, where Madison Street now extends. The left bank of the river was formed by a long sand-spit, extending southward from the northern shore. This was cut through by the engineers of the United States in 1833, for the purpose of improving the harbor: and thus was formed the present river-mouth. The old fort stood like a faithful sentinel at his post till 1856, when it was demol- ished, after having witnessed the growth of its protege into the encroaching city that enforced its destruction. Between the gardens and the river bank was a log-cabin, erected in 1817. It had been the residence of Jean Baptiste Beaubien, a native of San Domingo, who located here in 1796, and thus occasioned the utterance of the Indian-Hibernicism that "the first white man in Chicago was a negro." Further to the south was a rickety tenement, built several years before by John Dean, a post-sutler, and now used by his family as a school-house and residence. It had been so far undermined by the lake as to have partially fallen backward. On the northern bank of the river and directly in front of the fort, stood the residence of Mr. John Kinzie. It was a long, low building, with a piazza extending along its front, overlooking a broad, green space which stretched between it and the river. It was shaded by a row of Lombardy poplars in front, and two im- mense cotton-wood trees in the rear; a fine and well-cultivated garden showing on one side, with dairy, stables, and other out- houses adjacent. This cabin had been in the possession of an Indian trader, named Le Mai, (Point au Sable,) from whom it had been purchased by Mr. Kinzie. Still further to the north, stood a small but substantial building of hewed and squared logs, known as the Agency-house. On either side of its two wings were the residences of the Govern- ment employes—blacksmiths and laborers—mostly half-breed Canadians, with an occasional Yankee among them. There was but one other building on the north side, and that was at this time vacant It had been erected by a former resident, named Samuel Miller, opposite Wolf Point. On the southern bank of the river, between the fort and the point where the river divides, there was no dwelling-house. The prairie here was low and wet — in the driest weather affording a poor foot-path for the pedestrian, and often overflowed in the rise of the river-water. Mrs. Kinzie states that a horseman who once made the trip had gotten his feet wet in the stirrups, and declared that he "would not give a sixpence for an acre of it." A muddy streamlet wound around from the present site of the 12 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Tremont House, to join the river at the foot of State Street. The projection of land between the north and south branches was variously known as "The Point," "The Forks," or "Wolf Point"—the latter term having been derived from the name of an old Indian chief. Here was a canoe-ferry for the accommodation of passengers. The residence of Mark Beaubien, distinguished by its additional upper story and bright blue window-shutters, stood upon the Point, and was the admiration of the little com- munity in consequence of these modern improvements. Facing down the river from the west, was a small tavern, kept by Mr. Elijah Wentworth, and near it lay several log-cabins, occupied by Alexander Robinson, the half-breed Pottawatomie chief, his wife's connections, Billy Caldwell—the "Sau-ga-nash," and the wife of the latter, who was the daughter of "Nee-scot-nee-meg." Ghol- son Kercheval, a small trader, occupied one of these cabins, and, in close proximity, stood the school-house, a small log-cabin, used occasionally as a place of public worship. Here, we learn that a blacksmith named William See did violence to the King's Eng- lish on Sundays, when opportunity offered. Some distance up the north-branch, was located the Clybourn residence, and an old building, erected some time before by a settler named Russell E. Heacock, was still standing, at a point four miles distant up the south-branch. This house had some interest attaching to it, in consequence of its connection with the old Indian massacre. At the time to which we refer, the fort was occupied by two companies of soldiers, under the command of Lieut. David Hun- ter, in the absence of Major Fowle and Captain Scott. Lieut. Furman had died during the preceding year. The subordinate officers were Lieutenants Engle and Foster. The Kinzie family then occupied the Agency - house, and Postmaster Bailey was quartered in their residence. In the brief description above given are enumerated, it is be- lieved, all the buildings then erected, and all the residents occu- pying them, with the single exception of Dr. Harmon, to whom we hasten to give our attention: Elijah Dewey Harmon was born on the 20th day of August 1782, in the town of Bennington, Vermont. After completing his education as far as possible in that place, he resorted to Man- chester, in his native State, where he pursued the study of medi- cine in the office and under the direction of a noted practitioner of the place,-named Swift.* At the expiration of the two or three * The three medical schools of Vermont had not then been founded Cas tleton Medical College was established in 1818; the Medical Department of the University of Vermont in 1822; and the Vermont Medical College in 1827. ° EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 13 years, which were employed in acquiring a knowledge of his pro- fession, he removed to Burlington, Vt, at the early age of twenty- five years, and began to practise medicine in connection with the business of a drug store, as was customary at that time.* Here he remained until the occurrence of the war of 1812, when he hastened to offer his services as a volunteer-surgeon. Dr. Har- mon, during this period, had the distinguished honor of serving as a surgeon on board the flag-ship of the gallant Commodore McDonough, in the battle of Plattsburgh, on the nth day of September, 1814. If the terrific fire to which the Saratoga was exposed in that engagement be remembered, we may well believe that the doctor's skill and courage must have been put to a severe test. At the close of the war, the doctor returned to Burlington, where he continued in civil practise with a success which contrib- uted not only to his financial prosperity, but to the establish- ment of his reputation. In the year 1829, however, he suffered some pecuniary losses in consequence of his speculations con- nected with a marble-quarry, and he determined, as many of his successors have done since then, to advance his fortunes in the far West. During that year, therefore, he spent several months in Jacksonville, 111., engaged in the selection of a suitable locality in which to settle. After returning to his native State and com- pleting his arrangements for a final removal, he left a second time, and proceeded directly to Chicago, travelling on horseback from Detroit, and arriving here in the fall of 1830. His family joined him in June of the succeeding year. It happened that Dr. J. B. Finley, the surgeon of the garrison, was, at this time, absent from the post, and thus Dr. Harmon came to be at once installed in his position—he and his family taking up their residence in the fort, which was then held by two companies of United-States troops. Little must have occurred to disturb the monotony of his new duties, until the succeeding spring, when the country became agitated again in consequence of the Black-Hawk war. In May of the year 1832, cholera made its appearance upon the New-England coast, and extended rapidly westward along the water courses of our northern frontier, one branch apparently diverging by way of the Hudson River to New-York City. Five companies were at once hurried, in consequence of the exigen- * I am indebted for these details to his son, still a resident of Chicago, Mr. I. D. Harmon. Unfortunately, most of the family documents were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire, and among them was the diploma of the University, which conferred upon the doctor his degree in medicine. 14 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. cies of the time, from Fortress Monroe to Chicago, and traversed the entire distance of 1800 miles in eleven days, a transporta- tion which was then considered unprecedented in rapidity, and which was really marvellous in view of the facilities then attain- able. Gen. Winfield Scott arrived with this detachment in a steamer,* on the tenth day of July, 1832, and, as might have been expected, cholera rapidly spread through his command, one man out of three being attacked, and many dying. It was then wisely decided to separate the two companies in the fort from those which had newly arrived, and thus, if possible prevent the extension of the disease among the former. These two companies, accordingly, were encamped at a short distance from the stockade, and placed under the professional charge ol Dr. Harmon. While due allowance is, of course, to be made for the favorable circumstances in which this isolated detachment was placed, it certainly reflects great credit upon their surgeon, that among the men affected with cholera under his charge, but two or three deaths occurred. It may be here remarked that the doctor attributed his success to the fact that he did not employ calomel in the treatment of the disease. Of the treatment em- ployed in the fort, and its results, we shall have something to say hereafter. Some misunderstanding seems to have occurred at this time between Gen. Scott and Dr. Harmon, in reference to the line of conduct pursued by the latter. The general, like a great many military men since his day, desired the surgeon to devote his attention exclusively to the companies under his care, while the good-hearted doctor could not but heed the demand for his ser- vices by civilians, and others not in the military camp. Certain it is that he endeared himself to the citizens of the little town by his conduct at this time, and we are not surprised to learn that after the epidemic had entirely subsided, General Scott and his command had pushed farther south, and the monotonous routine of garrison-life had been endured, until in the spring of the en- suing year, Dr. Harmon, having secured the Kinzie-house as a place of residence, removed to it with his family. Before concluding, however, the narrative of Dr. Harmon's military career, it is proper to mention the fact that he performed an amputation in the fort during the winter of 1832. This is cer- tainly the first record that we possess of any capital operation in Chicago; and it is probable that it was, in point of fact the first * This vessel, the Sheldon Thompson, was the first steamer to visit rv but it did not enter the river because there was no harbor. «~nicago, EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 15 surgical operation of any magnitude ever attempted in the place. A half-breed Canadian had frozen his feet, while engaged in the transportation of the mail on horseback from Green Bay to Chi- cago.* The doctor, assisted by his brother, tied the unfortunate man to a chair, applied a tourniquet to each lower extremity, and with the aid of the rusty instruments which he had transported on horseback through sun and shower from Detroit to Chicago, removed one entire foot and a large portion of the other. Need- less to say those were not the days of anaesthetics, and the invec- tives in mingled French and English, of the mail-carrier's vocabu- lary, soon became audible to every one in the vicinity of the stockade. It is gratifying to note that the first recorded amputa- tion in Chicago was crowned with a most satisfactory success. Dr. Harmon may properly be called the Father of Medicine in Chicago. For, in the removal and establishment of himself and his family in the Kinzie-house, we find the first trace of the settle- ment of a civil practitioner in the community. His object in effecting this change was to engage in the practice of medicine— all other transactions having been made subordinate to this. A brief glance at his surroundings at this time might prove in- teresting. His office and residence combined was a cabin whose floor and walls were constructed of hewn logs—the former, of course, innocent of carpets. It contained twelve rooms, lighted by small panes of glass, and heated by wood burned in stoves brought from Detroit. His food was largely bacon, transported from the valley of the Wabash in the now traditional "prairie- schooner," with lard as a substitute for butter—and an occasional slice of venison, or a wild-turkey, as an entremets. His medicines he had brought with him from Vermont, together with the rusty instruments of which mention has been made. But his medical library—to his honor be it said—was the chief part of his arma- mentarium. It consisted of over one hundred volumes, and some of these have, without doubt, been enumerated in the foot-note upon another page, giving the list of works published in America before this date. How many of his successors have engaged in the practice of medicine, with far less provision for the refurnish- ing of the storehouse of professional science! The doctor's visits must have been made largely on foot; as Beaubien is reported to have possessed the only vehicle on wheels to be found in the town,t and that, judging from the description, * The winter of this year was unprecedentedly severe. There is abundant collateral evidence on this point. t It is said that the villagers upon the arrival of this vehicle from the East, paid it distinguished honor, "turning out in procession and parading the streets."—Chicago Antiquities. No. 2. i6 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. must have greatly resembled the "one-hoss shay," so graphically delineated by another member of our profession. When he had occasion to cross the river, it was necessary to paddle himself over, in one of the dug-out canoes, which were generally tied in front of each residence, or resort to "Wolf Point," where a canoe- ferry offered merely the same facilities. Some idea may be formed of the general character of the doc- tor's patients, from a criticism written by Latrobe in the autumn of 1833.* He describes "a doctor or two, two or three lawyers, a land-agent and five or six hotel-keepers; these may be consid- ered the stationary occupants and proprietors of the score of clap- board-houses around you; then, for the birds of passage, exclusive of the Pottawatomies, you have emigrants, speculators, horse- dealers and stealers; rogues of every description, white, black, and red; quarter-breeds, and men of no breed at all; dealers in pigs, poultry, and potatoes; creditors of Indians; sharpers; peddlers; grog-sellers; Indian-agents, traders and contractors to supply the Post"—certainly not a highly encouraging picture of a clientele. Medical examinations for life-insurance, which have since proved a source of remuneration to the profession, were then unknown. It would appear from an article published during the ensuing year in a literary periodical, not only that the general subject of life-insurance was little understood in the West, but that the basis upon which policies were issued to the assured, was the statement of the applicant, endorsed by his family physician only.t As for the fees given in remuneration of professional services, perhaps the less said upon the subject the better. But it is pleas- ant to note that a precedent had been established in the country, for the encouragement of the humble toilers on the Lake Shore. Dr. McDowell had even then received fifteen hundred dollars for the performance of ovariotomy! — a reward which, consider- ing the scarcity of money and the price of labor and food, was fully equal to the famous fee paid Sir Astley Cooper by Mr. Hyatt, and only surpassed by the munificent honorarium, given to a contemporary surgeon, as recently reported in the secular press. Mrs. Kinzie describes the doctor as she used to see him when she and her friends made little excursions on horseback in the * Western Portraiture and Emigrants' Guide. Daniel S. Curtis New York. 1852. t See the Western Monthly Magazine, Vol. 2, 1834. Cincinnati Ohio X Lives of Eminent American Physicians and Surgeons of the ioth C#»n tury. S. D. Gross, M.D. Philadelphia. 1861. Page 228. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 17 vicinity of their residence.* On one occasion, he was engaged in superintending the construction of a sod-fence near the lake, and planting fruit-stones, with a view to a prospective garden and orchard, under the branches of the trees that arched overhead. "We usually stopped," she remarks, "for a little chat. The two favorite themes of the doctor were, horticulture and the certain future importance of Chicago. That it was destined to be a great city, was his unalterable conviction, and indeed, by this time, all forest and prairie as it was, we half began to believe it ourselves." "The glorious dreams of good Dr. Harmon," as they were called, produced a practical result in his case. In the spring of 1833, he secured by pre-emption, one hundred and thirty acres of land lying next to the lake and just south of what is now 16th Street. In order to make good the title, he built a small log- cabin upon his property, and resided there until the spring of 1834, when he left the State for Texas. To-day the doctor's farm is worth between five and six millions of dollars.t Had his sons possessed the same confidence in the future of Chicago as that felt by their father, they would now be enjoying the fruit of his wise providence. One of them, however, had been entrusted with a power-of-attorney for the sale of this property, and accord- ingly, contrary to the advice and counsel of its pre-emptor, it was sold for a sum which then seemed an enormous price for the land, but which was in fact a paltry consideration for the magnifi- cent squares which are now covered by elegant metropolitan resi- dences. It is, however, somewhat gratifying to reflect that the most valuable residence-property in Chicago, was once, in fee simple, the homestead of its earliest resident-physician. Dr. Harmon died on the 3d day of January, 1869, after having made several trips to Texas, where he not only engaged in the practice of medicine, but invested in real estate, which has since greatly appreciated in value. It will be seen from what has preceded, that he was of an ad- venturous disposition — an essential element in the character of all successful pioneers. A recent historiographer has said that the early settlers of the West made the name adventurer forever respectable—and he has wisely spoken. Out of their loins came a commonwealth—most of its virtues are hereditary, and its vices have been chiefly acquired. Dr. Harmon, during his life, served, in conjunction with Col. Richard J. Hamilton and Mr. Russell E. Heacock, officiated in * Opus cit. t This is the value as estimated by W. D. Kerfoot, Esq., of Chicago. 2 i8 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. the first board of school-commissioners, organized under the law. The Doctor's strong conviction of the immense prospective value of the land known as the school-section, led him here also to strenuously oppose its sale. In this matter, as in the disposition of his own property, his judgment was overruled by others, and but forty thousand dollars were for this reason realized from the sale of six hundred and forty acres of land, the value of which to-day is more than fifty millions of dollars. In person, Dr. Harmon possessed a commanding figure, and his features were such as proclaimed at a glance both his parent- age and his profession. There were the strong outlines of the New-England face, with the beard shaven in the manner adopted by the profession in France—a face whose like is often seen in the portraits of the heroes of the Revolution. There were, be- sides, the evidences of broad culture, high attainments and wide experience—the traits of one, whose mental horizon is not boun- ded by the definitions of other men. He was also a gentleman having a generous, whole-hearted disposition. One of the streets of our City still bears his son's name. The profession have little need to be ashamed of their first civil representative in Chicago. In order to a correct understanding of this narrative, it is now necessary to retrace our steps to the old fort, which we left at the time of the exodus of Dr. Harmon and his family. In response to my inquiries (for the answers to which I am greatly indebted to Assistant-Surgeon John S. Billings, U. S. A., now of the sur- geon-general's office,) it is made clear that there is no record of any medical officer stationed at the fort, prior to the time of Assistant-Surgeons S. G. J. DeCamp, of New Jersey. Of Dr. Van Voorhees and Dr. J. B. Finley, no information can be obtained at the War Department. Dr. DeCamp was appointed assistant- surgeon, October 10, 1823; promoted surgeon, December 1, 1833; retired in 1862, and died at Saratoga Springs, New York, September 8, 1871. As it is he who makes the official report of the cholera cases in the fort, during the prevalence of the epi- demic,* it seems probable that it was he who was present and responsible for the treatment and its results. According to this report, two hundred cases were admitted into hospital in the course of six or seven days, out of the entire force of one thou- * Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mortality in the Army of the United States, prepared under the direction of Thomas Lawson M D Washington, 1840. This appears to be the first of the brilliant series ot publications issued from the Surgeon - General's office; and I am indebted for this, also, to the kindness of Assistant-Surgeon John S. Billings U S EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 19 sand, fifty-eight of which terminated fatally. All the cases were treated by calomel and bloodletting, and, according to Surgeon DeCamp, this proved so efficacious in his hands, that he regarded the disease as "robbed of its terrors'^!). He inclines to the opinion that the disease was contagious, in consequence of the fact that several citizens of "the village" died of cholera, although, prior to the arrival of the steamer, no case had occured, either in the fort or the village. He notes the predisposition to the disease, evident in those of intemperate habits. The table which is appended in a note,* is compiled from reports of each quarter of the year, published in the volume referred to above. Although it is a return from a military garri- son, it is interesting, as it is probably the first contributation to vital statistics ever prepared in Chicago. The inhabitants of the little town did not soon forget the rav- ages of the epidemic which had visited them. After a year had elapsed, the boatman who paddled up the river in his dug-out canoe, could perceive the ends of the bark coffinst projecting from the sand-hills on the right bank, and even occasionally note their exposed contents. The next medical incumbent at the fort was Dr. Phillip Max- well, % who was born at Guilford, Windham county, Vt, on the * Abstract exhibiting principal diseases at Fort Dearborn for ten years: Years Mean Strength. 1829. 9i 1831. 1833- 1834. '835- 96 Totals. Diseases : Intermittent Fever.......------ Remittent Fever............--- Synochal Fever______________ Diseases of Respiratory Organs.. " Digestive Organs----- " Brain and Nervous Sys- tem _____________ Rheumatic Affections............ Venereal Affections.............. Ulcers and Abscesses---------- Wounds and Injuries---------- Ebriety____________________ All other Diseases---........... 136 26 9 51 7 57 128 29 93 Totals.............. 11 185 The post was unoccupied during the year 1832, and abandoned in 1840. t These are erroneously reported as "uncoffined," in the history of Illinois from 1673 to 1873, by Alexander Davisson and Bernard Stuve, Springfield, 111., 1874. It is probably true, however, that the sepulture was often as hasty and informal as there described. X The information given above has been obtained through the kindness of his son-in-law, Mr. Joel C. Walter, of Chicago. 20 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 3rd of April, 1799. He studied medicine with Dr. Knott of New York City, but took his degree in one of the medical universities of his native State.* Commencing the practice of his profession in Sackett's Harbor, New York, he temporarily abandoned it when elected a member of the State Legislature. In the year 1832, he was appointed an assistant-surgeon in the U. S. Army, and was first placed on duty in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Having been ordered to report at Fort Dearborn, on the 3rd day of February, 1833, he arrived here on the 15th of the next month, remaining until official orders were received for the discontinu- ance of the post, on the 28th of December, 1836. During the time in which he was on duty in camp at Wisconsin, he was so impressed with the beauty of the country in the neighborhood of Geneva Lake, that he subsequently purchased the entire town- ship, and it is now the seat of the elegant homestead of his family descendants. He was promoted to the surgeoncy, July 7, 1838, and subsequently served with Gen. Zachary Taylor, at Baton Rouge, La., and on the St. John's River in Florida. Like Dr. Harmon, he became a civil practitioner in Chicago after resigning his commission, and from 1845 t0 l855, was in partnership with Dr. Brockholst McVickar, who is still engaged in the practice of medicine in this City. Dr. Maxwell had such a physique as one can admire to-day in some of the older of our army officers. He was straight and portly in figure, six feet and two inches in height, two hundred and seventy-five pounds in weight. For all this, according to Mr. B. F. Taylor, who has drawn several pictures of early Chi- cago in his graphic and entertaining style, "his step was as light as that of a wisp of a girl." Judge Caton still remembers his appearance in the year 1836, when engaged in dancing at a ball dressed in full regimentals with epaulets. On this occasion his partner was one of the servant-maids of his host. Whether this occurred through in advertence or in consequence of the well- known scarcity of ladies in the early days on the frontier, may not perhaps be determined. Hoffman is also supposed to refer to Dr. Maxwell in his characteristic account of one of the first balls given in Chicago, when he describes "the golden aiguilette of a handsome surgeon, flapping in unison with the glass beads upon a scrawny neck of fifty." t Dr. Maxwell died on the 5th of November, 1859, aged 60 years. His name will ever be honored in Chicago as the second * The names of these institutions, with the date of their foundation will be found in a note upon page 12. ' t Winter in the West. Charles Fenno Hoffman. 1834. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 21 in its line of medical succession; and his portrait may still be seen with those of the twelve gentlemen who are counted among its oldest residents.* Long before Dr. Maxwell settled in private practice, the devel- opment of the town had induced other physicians to engage in professional business within its limits. This development, how- ever, was at first feeble and protracted. At the time of the sale of land by the commissioners in 1830, the town lots, eighty by one hundred and eighty feet, sold for between forty and sixty dollars. In the year 1832, the assessment for taxes amounted to but $357.78; and the first public improvement was an estray pen, erected on the site of the present court-house at an expense of twelve dollars. Not many vessels had entered the harbor, since the schooner Marengo, foremost of a mighty fleet, floated into the river from Detroit in 183i.t It was not, indeed, till the year 1834 that one could see any arrangement of houses in such an Order as to form a street. And yet, at that date, there was a marked increase in the population, according to the figures given in a Gazetteer of the State, then published.X It was estimated that there were one thousand inhabitants of the town—an in- crease of nearly eight hundred since the preceding year. There were "three houses for public worship, an academy, an infant and other schools, twenty-five or thirty stores, some of them doing a large business, several taverns, and a printing office."§ Of the physicians who succeeded those heretofore noticed, space forbids much more than a passing mention. In an address delivered before the Rock-River Medical Society, at the time of its organization,|| Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue spoke as follows: "Dr. Harmon was the pioneer among the medical faculty of this corner of Illinois; Dr. Edmund S. Kimberly was the second, then came Dr. Jno. T. Temple; Dr. Henry Clarke next; Drs. W. B. Egan, John W. Eldridge, and myself, soon followed, at about the same time. This brings us to the spring of 1834, when a perfect flood of immigration poured in, and with it a sprinkling of doctors. Prior to 1840, nine-tenths of all the physicians who had located themselves in this region, had done so with reference to pursuing * This picture was taken by the photographer, A. Hesler, in 1856. It includes the faces of Wm. B.' Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, John H. Kinzie, Mark Beaubien, Geo. W. Dole, Jacob Russell, Benj. W. Raymond, G. S. LIubbard, Jno. P. Chapin, Dr. Philip Maxwell, Dr. Wm. B. Egan, and others. t See Reynolds' Sketches, op. cit. XA Gazcteer of Illinois; J. M. Peck, Jacksonville, 1834. § The Chicago Democrat—established by Johr Calhoun, Oct. 28, 1833. || Illinois and Indiana Medical ana Surgical Journal, Vol.. 2, p. 260. 22 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. agriculture, and with the avowed intention of abandoning medi- cal practice; most of whom, either from the necessities of the case, or from finding more truth than poetry in pounding out rails, resumed their profession and divided their attention be- tween farming and medicine." In the last sentence, Dr. Good- hue of course refers chiefly to practitioners settling in that part of the country where the Rock-River Medical Society proposed to hold jurisdiction. Of the physicians named above, tew are now living. Dr. Eld- rige, now resides in this city; all of them, however, were more or less known to many of the citizens of Chicago who have survived them. Dr. Jno. T. Temple, who removed to the city in 1833, was a graduate of Middlebury College, Castleton, Vt, (Dec. 29, 1830), and seems for a time to have done duty as a volunteer-surgeon of the garrison. So far as is known, he should be credited with the performance of the first autopsy made in the city, as well as with the rendition of the first medico-legal testi- mony in court. An Irishman had been indicted for murder; and Dr. Temple was summoned to make a post-mortem examina- tion of the victim. The ease with which he separated, by a few skillful touches of his knife, the bones concerned in the sterno- clavicular articulation, is still remembered by those who witnessed the unusual spectacle. The attorney for the defense, however, on this occasion, succeeded in proving that his client had been guilty of manslaughter, and in securing his acquittal on the ground that he was innocent of murder as charged in the indict- ment ! In comparing the two professions, as they here appear in their representatives, it may be fairly inferred that the anatomical knowledge of the expert was more than equal to the legal acumen of the judge! Dr. Temple soon after, secured a contract from the Postmaster- General, Amos Kendall, for carrying the mail between Chicago and Ottawa. He obtained an elegant, thorough-brace post-car- riage from Detroit, which was shipped to this port via the lakes and, on the 1st of January, 1834, drove the first mail-coach with his own hand from this city to the end of the route for which he had received a contract. On this first trip, he was accompanied by the Hon. Jno. D. Caton, to whom I am greatly indebted for many of these details. The demand for this accommodation could not then have been very great, as there was no mail matter for transportation in the bag carried on this first trip!* * Dr. Temple died in St. Louis, Feb. 24, 1877, aged 73 years; he was engaged in homoeopathic practice. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 23 Dr. William Bradshaw Egan was born "on the banks of the beautiful Lake of Killarney," September 28, 1808, and was the second cousin of Daniel O'Connell, whose name has already appeared in these pages. His medical studies were begun with Dr. McGuire, a surgeon in the Lancashire collieries, but were also pursued in London and in the Dublin Lying-in-Hospital.* After his arrival in this country, he was licensed as a physician by the Medical Board of the State of New Jersey, in the spring of 1830, and began his professional career in Newark and New York, having been associated in the latter city, with Prof. McNeven and Dr. Busche. Here also he was married to Miss Emeline M. Babbatt, who accompanied him to Chicago in the fall of 1833. In the year 1846, he purchased for three dollars per acre, the beautiful property in the west division of the City, comprising three and one-half acres, which is to-day the residence of his family; and also laid out his farm — Egandale Park, on the Lake shore, about six miles distant from the court-house. At one time, he was also in possession of the land upon which the Tremont House now stands. During the sessions of 1853-4, he was a member of the lower house of the State legislature; and also during his life-time served as recorder of the city and county. Dr. Egan was, as has been often remarked, a perfect specimen of the "fine old Irish gentleman." He had a noble presence and a commanding figure; but that which especially attracted his associates, was his exuberant fancy, his sparkling wit, and his keen perception and graphic delineation of the ludicrous. He not only established an excellent professional reputation in Chicago, but was much esteemed socially; not more so, however, than his wife, whose graces of person and character were the admiration of the circle in which they both moved. Mr. Joseph Grant Wilson, in some sketches recently published in Appleton's Journal, describes the doctor, as he once appeared after the girth of his saddle had given way during a wolf-hunt, and his full- blooded Kentucky racer had left him: "standing on the prairie, a large fur cap on his head, an enormous Scotch-plaid cloak (pur- chased at the 'store' of Mr. G. S. Hubbard) belted around his Brobdignagian waist, and shod with buffalo overshoes." It is of Dr. Egan that the story is told which has lately been revived and gone the rounds of the medical press. He had engaged exten- sively in the purchase and the sale of real estate, the conditions of transfer at that day being generally dependent on what was known as "canal-time." It is said that the doctor having been, t Chicago Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 3; May, 1857. 24 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. on one occasion, asked by a lady, who was his patient, how she should take the medicine ordered for her, the response was: "a quarter down and the balance in one, two, and three years"! At the time of the first breaking of ground for the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, on the 4th of July, 1836, Dr. Egan was selected to deliver the oration; and this is only one of several evidences of his great popularity. We find the beauty of his garden and his genial hospitality extolled in complimentary terms in a work which appeared a few years before the date of his death.* This event occurred in Chicago, Oct. 27th, i860. Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue came to Chicago directly from Canada, but was the son of an American physician, the first president of the Berkshire County Medical College, of Pittsfield, Mass.t He enjoyed a very large and lucrative practice while residing in this City, but subsequently removed to Rockford, 111., where he died later in consequence of an accident. Drs. Stuart and Lord were among the physicians first succeeding those enumerated above— the former having enjoyed the reputation of being the Beau Brummel of the profession, and the latter having distinguished himself by securing a patent for a labor-saving pill-machine. It would be unjust in this connection to leave unmentioned the name of the first druggist in Chicago. Mr. Philo Carpenter was a native of Massachusetts, born on the 27th day of February, 1805. In the year 1827, he commenced the study of medicine' which he prosecuted for two or three years under the direction of Dr. Amatus Robbins, of Troy, New York. He arrived in Chi- cago in the month of July, 1832, just at the time when the cholera-stricken troops under the command of Gen. Scott had been transported to the fort. Mr. Carpenter had abandoned his medical studies in order to pursue the more congenial business of an apothecary, but in the present emergency, he attended many cases of cholera and rendered an assistance which was very highly appreciated. Soon after, he opened a drug and general store in a small log-cabin near the eastern end of the present Lake-Street bridge, from which, as his business increased he removed into a more pretentious frame building on South Water Street. In the spring of 1833, Dr. Edmund Stoughton Kimberlv °f ??/' S' Y-'a,luded to in Dr- Goodhue's address, in com^ny with Mr Peter Pruyne, opened a second druggists' establishment Dr. Kimberly was registered in the year 1833, among those who * Summer Rambles in the West. Mrs. Ellet. New York i8« t Extracts from Journal of Rev. Jeremiah Porter; recentlv ™,m- u j • the Chicago Times. ' recently published in EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 25 voted for the incorporation of the town. He died at his late residence in Lake County, Illinois, Oct. 25, 1874, aged seventy- two years. Without pausing to comment futher upon the history of the medical gentlemen who rapidly succeeded those already men- tioned, I hasten to present a brief sketch of the remarkable man, who, perhaps to a greater extent than any of his professional peers in Chicago, achieved a national reputation. Through the kindness of the Hon. Edward Huntington, of Rome, N. Y, I have obtained access to some notes prepared on the subject by Calvert Comstock, Esq., from which the subjoined details have been in part supplied. Daniel Brainard was born on the fifteenth day of May, 1812, in the town of Western,* Oneida Co., N.Y. His father, Jepthai Brainard, t the second of that name, was a farmer in comfortable pecuniary circumstances and of excellent character, while his mother was a most exemplary woman, whose influence was deeply impressed upon her children, and doubtless did much in awakening the genius and inspiring the aims of the son in his early life. He was given a good common-school and academic education, which laid the foundation for that exact arid exhaustive method of investigation which characterized his subsequent pro- fessional studies. Having chosen the profession of medicine, he entered the office of Dr. Harold H. Pope, a distinguished phy- sician and surgeon of Rome, N.Y., pursuing his studies also in Whitesboro, and New York City, and obtaining his degree of Jefferson College, Philadelphia", Pa., in the year 1834. During this preparatory career he delivered some lectures of a scientific character in Fairfield, N.Y., and in the course of the two years succeeding his admission to the profession, he delivered another series of lectures on anatomy and physiology in the Oneida Insti- tute. He commenced the practice of medicine in Whitesboro, N.Y. Here he remained for some two years in partnership with * In some biographical notices the place of his birth is erroneously stated to be Whitesboro, in the same county. t In a Genealogy of the Brainard Family, by the late Rev. David D. Field, 1857, it appears that the first individual who bore the name in America, was a Daniel Brainard, of Haddam, Ct. (1662). But, according to Mr. Hurlbut, in whose possession the volume is, in spite of the industrious labors of Mr. Field, the materials it contains are so wretchedly arranged, misplaced, and mystified, that the work is of comparatively little value; and it is almost impossible to trace with any clearness the line of ancestry, from the records there given. 26 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Dr. R. S. Sykes,* a gentleman who had directed his medical studies before his departure from the village. . Henry H. Hurlbut, Esq., of Chicago, who has kindly furnished several facts of interest in this connection, informs me that he was recently shown by a lady a small quarto volume which affords a glimpse of the literary annals of the little village. It is the record of proceedings of the "Maeonian Circle"—composed of young ladies and gentlemen—and contains the signature of Dr. Brainard as an officer of the Club in the autumn of 1834. Among the names of members appears that also of Miss F. M. Berry, the subsequent authoress of the "Widow Bedott Papers." Soon after this, Dr. Brainard determined to remove to the West. His advent and earliest history in Chicago, are best de- scribed in the language of the Hon. J. D. Caton, to whom I have already had occasion to express my obligations for valuable aid in the preparation of this sketch: "About the first of September, 1835, Dr. Brainard rode up to my office, wearing pretty seedy clothes and mounted on a little Indian pony. He reported that he was nearly out of funds, and asked my advice as to the propriety of commencing practise here. We had been professional students together in Rome, N.Y., when he was there in the office of Dr. Pope. I knew him to have been an ambitious and studious young man, of great firmness and abil- ity, and did not doubt that the three years since I had seen him, had been profitably spent in acquiring a knowledge of his pro- fession. I advised him to go to the Indian camp, where the Pottawatomies were gathered, preparatory to starting for their new location west of the Mississippi River, sell his pony, take a desk or rather a little table in my office, and put his shingle by the side of the door, promising to aid him, as best I could, in building up a business. During the first year, the doctor's prac- tice did not enter those circles of which he was most ambitious. Indeed it was mostly confined to the poorest of the population, and he anxiously looked for a door which should give him admis- sion to a better class of patients. While he answered every call whether there was a prospect of remuneration or not,t he felt that he was qualified to attend those who were able to pay him liberally for his services. At length the door was opened. A schooner was wrecked south of the town, on which were a man and his wife, who escaped with barely their clothes on their * Dr. Sykes is said to be now living in Chicago, aged 86 years t The late Dr. J. W. Freer informed me that this was true of Dr Brain- ard in the height of his prosperity. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 2/ backs. They were rather simple people, and belonged to the lowest walks of life. They started for the country on foot, beg- ging their way, and, when distant some twelve miles, encountered a party of men with a drove of horses, one of whom pretended that he was a sheriff, and arrested them for improper purposes. When they were set at liberty, they returned to the town, and came to me for legal advice, the woman being about five months advanced in pregnancy. I commenced a suit for the redress of their grievances, and the doctor took an active interest in their welfare. He procured for them a small house on the north-side, and made personal appeals to all the ladies in the neighborhood, for provision for their needs. Mrs. John H. Kinzie became par- ticularly interested in their case, and paid frequent visits to the cabin with other ladies. The nervous system of the woman had had been greatly shattered, and a miscarriage was constantly ap- prehended. The doctor was unremitting in his attentions, and finally carried her through her confinement with marked success, exhibiting to the ladies who had taken so much interest in the patient, a fine living child. This was the long-desired opportu- nity, and it did not fail to produce its results. Dr. Brainard immediately became famous. His disinterested sympathy, his goodness of heart, his skilful treatment and his marked success, were now the subject of comment in all circles. At my request, Dr. Goodhue also visited the woman—as I desired to secure his additional testimony in the case—and he too became very favor- ably impressed with the talents and acquirements of the young practitioner, and extended to him a helping and efficient hand. "During the winter of 1837-8, Dr. Brainard first communicated to me his project looking to the foundation of Rush College. "In 1838, a laborer on the canal near Lockport, fractured his thigh, and before union had been completely effected, he came to Chicago on foot, where he found himself unable to walk further and quite destitute. He was taken to the poor-house where ho rapidly grew worse, the limb becoming excessively cedematous A council of physicians was summoned, consisting of Drs. Brain ard, Maxwell, Goodhue, Egan, and perhaps one or two others All were agreed as to the necessity of amputation, but, whik Brainard insisted that the operation should be performed at the hip-joint, the others urged that removal below the trochanters would answer equally well. The patient was about twenty-three years of age, had an excellent physique, and was, so far as known, of good habits. The operation was assigned to Brain- ard, and Goodhue was entrusted with the control of the femoral artery, as it emerges from the pelvis. This he was to accomplish 28 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. with his thumbs; and he had as good thumbs as any man I ever knew. The moment the amputation was effected, Brainard passed one finger into the medullary cavity, and brought out upon it a portion of the medulla which, in the process of dis- organization, had become black. As he exhibited it he looked at Goodhue, who simply nodded his head. Not a word was spoken by any one but the patient, and what he said no one knew. Brainard instantly took up the knife and again amputa- ted, this time at the joint, after which the wound was dressed. The double operation occupied but a very short time. "In about one month the wound had very nearly healed, only a granulating surface of about three-fourths of an inch in length at the upper corner discharged a healthy pus. I was present the last time the wound was dressed, and expected to see the patient speedily discharged as cured. But that night secondary haemorrhage occurrred, a large portion of the wound was opened afresh, and the patient died almost immediately. At the post- mortem section, an enormous mass of osseous tubercles was re- moved from the lungs, liver, and heart, and a large, bony neo- plasm was found attached to the pelvic bones, and surrounding the femoral artery, so that the mouth of the latter remained patulous. A similar deposit, three inches in diameter, had been found about the fractured femur, and when this was sawn through, the line of demarcation between the neoplasm and the true bone was distinctly discernable. "The operation was regarded as a success, and it completely established Dr. Brainard's reputation as a surgeon." There can be but little doubt that a number of amputations at the hip-joint must have been performed in this country before the date of the operation thus graphically described by Judge Caton, but it is certain that we have records of only two or three of these at the most. Dr. Joseph W. Freer, the late president of Rush College, informed me, in a letter written with reference to this subject before his death, that the case referred to, was one of enchondroma of the femur, and that the specimen it furnished adorned the museum of the College until the destruction of the latter by fire. Some time after Dr. Brainard's arrival in Chicago, he filled the editorial chair of the Chicago Democrat, to which the Hon Tohn Wentworth succeeded. ' J In the year of 1839, Dr. Brainard visited Paris, where he re mained for about two years engaged in perfecting himself in the details of professional service, availing himself of the advantages offered in the medical institutions of that city, and laboring with EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 29 great assiduity. On his return, he delivered a course of medical lectures in St. Louis, and soon after perfected his plans for the establishment and permanent foundation of Rush Medical Col- lege. The success which attended the efforts of himself and his associates, not only in this direction but in the publication of the periodical, of which the present Medical Journal and Exam- iner is the direct and legitimate descendant, is too well known to the profession at large to require comment. Dr. Brainard revisited Paris in 1852, when he was accom- panied by his wife. It was at this time that he obtained per- mission to prosecute his researches on the subject of poisoned wounds by the aid of experiments upon the reptiles in the Jardin des Plantes. He was then made an honorary member of the Societe' de Chirurgie of Paris, and of the Medical Society of the Canton of Geneva. In the year 1854, he gained the prize offered by the American Medical Association at St. Louis, for the pre- sentation of his paper on the Treatment of Ununited Fractures —the method he then proposed, having since received the en- dorsement of the entire profession. A short time before his death, he spent a day in Rome, N.Y., with his life-long friend, Mr. Comstock, pleasantly recounting the incidents of his foreign travel, expressing the greatest interest in the prosecution of his work connected with his lectures in the College, and anticipating a return to Europe for a third visit with a view to a still more extended course of investigations. At the same time he seemed to be impressed with a feeling that he had not much longer to live. In a few weeks from this date, his friend in Rome received the telegraphic announcement of his death. He died of cholera, in the old Sherman House of Chi- cago, on the 10th day of October, 1866, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. Dr. Brainard was a master of many of the collateral branches of medical science. He was a botanist and geologist. He ex- celled also in literature, and his contributions to medical periodi- cals are, many of them, master-pieces of terse, vigorous, and lucid expression. A generation of men who never looked in his face are yet familiar with his features. He was tall and vigorous in frame, with a large, finely-shaped head, and keen, penetrating eyes. He seemed indeed to possess the three qualities which were considered in the 16th century to be the prerequisites of a good surgeon, viz.: "the eye of a hawk, the hand of a woman, and the heart of a lion." Dr. Brainard's name is graven inefface- ably upon the annals of American surgery. His successors may well emulate his indomitable perseverance in the face of 30 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. apparently overwhelming obstacles, his unflagging industry, and the acquisition of the science and skill which perforce spring from these high qualities. In the Lakeside Annual Directory for 1875-6, is reproduced the first Directory ever issued in Chicago, dated 1839—the origi- nal having obtained through the courtesy of Henry H. Hurlbut, Esq.* By referring to this, it will be seen that Dr. Brainard's name occurs with those of Drs. Gay and Betts, as constituting a Board of Health. This board, it is unnecessary to say, was not organ- ized under any such law as that which provides for the board of health as now constituted. Dr. Charles V. Dyert is there regis- tered as City Physician-—he had removed to the city three years before, in 1835. Besides these, the Directory contains the names of Dr. Jno. Brinkerhoff, Dr. H. Clarke, Dr. Levi D. Boone, Dr. Eldridge, Dr. Edmund S. Kimberly, Dr. Merrick, Dr. Post, and Dr. J. Jay Stuart. Drs. Brinkerhoff, Betts, Post, and Stuart are known to be now dead, besides those whose decease has been heretofore noted in these pages. Dr. Boone, whose name appears in the list, deserves more than a passing mention. He is the grandnephew of the great Kentucky pioneer, Daniel Boone, and was born on the 8th of December 1808. He studied medicine in the Transylvania Uni- versity, came to Illinois in 1829, and, having volunteered as a private in the Black-Hawk war, was finally promoted to the sur- geoncy of the 2nd Regiment, 3rd Brigade, Col. Jacob Fry. Dr. Boone came to Chicago in 1836, and still resides here, though he is now gradually withdrawing from the business incidental to the management of his estate. Dr. John Herbert Foster was the second son of Aaron and Mehetabel (Nichols) Foster, of the town of Hillsborough, New Hampshire, where he was born on the 8th of March, 1796. His parents were members of the Society of Friends, and it may be remarked that the gentleness, simplicity, and truthfulness of their son's life and character, well illustrated the earliest lessons of his * The Directory from which these names have been transcribed was as might be expected, a very incomplete affair. Robert Fergus printer' an early resident of Chicago, has, with considerable labor, compiled a complete list of the business men of the city in 1839, in which are to be found the following additional names, designated as "doctors"- Simon 7 Wo,™ Richard Murphy, William Russell, D. S. Smith, John Mark Smith Simeon Willard. ' "1CU1J Fergus' Chicago Directory for 1839. Fergus Printing Co Chicago iR-rh t Died in Chicago, April 24, 1878. ** ' ' EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 31 home. When 16 years old, he entered Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden, New Hampshire, and was for some years afterward engaged in teaching school. He subsequently was graduated at the medical college at Fairfield, in his native State, and concluded by attending a course of lectures in the Medical Department of Dartmouth College, where he studied under the direction of Dr. Muzzy, of Hanover. He practiced medicine for some time in connection with Dr. Stark, of Hopkinton, and afterward in Dublin, N.H. and Ashby, Mass., was successful in the discharge of his professional duties. In 1832, he came to Morgan County, Illi- nois, was a surgeon in the Black-Hawk War, and eventually came to reside in this City. In the year 1840, Dr. Foster was married to Miss Nancy Smith, of Peterborough, New Hampshire. There- after, he gave himself up largely to the care of his extended prop- erty, and was recognized as one of the most public-spirited of the men of our City, up to the date of his death, which occurred on the 18th of May, 1874, the seventy-ninth year of his age. Dr. John Mark Smith was born in the city of Philadelphia in the year 1813, and was graduated at Jefferson Medical College in his native city. After spending three years in Paris, he came to Chicago in the spring of 1837, and continued here in the prac- tice of medicine till about the year 1842. At that date, he returned to Philadelphia, where he remained until the year 1863, when he made a second visit to Paris, and was resident there during its memorable siege, returning afterward to his native land. It was from the effects of the privation incident to this experi- ence, that he subsequently died in Baltimore. He was the elder brother of Hon. S. Lisle Smith. George Wallingford, son of Hon. Paul and Lydia (Cogswell) Wentworth, was born at Sandwich, New Hampshire, on the 2d of November, 1820, and was brother of Hon. John Wentworth, of Chicago. He entered Dartmouth College in 1841; but was obliged to abandon his collegiate course in consequence of deli- cate health, although he made a second effort in 1842. In 1843,. he came to Chicago and remained one year. His health continu- ing delicate, he abandoned his original intention of becoming an attorney-at-law and commenced the study of medicine, at Con- cord, N. H. He attended medical lectures at New York and Philadelphia, taking his degree at the latter place in 1847. Com- ing directly afterward to Chicago, he opened an office upon the bank of the river, west of the Randolph-Street bridge, boarding at the United States Hotel, on the N.-E. corner of N. Canal and Randolph Streets. It is claimed for Dr. Wentworth that he was 32 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. the first physician to open an office on the west side of the City. During the ravages of the cholera in 1849, tne alderman of the ward in which he resided resigned his office. Such had been Dr. Wentworth's devotion to those affected with cholera, and such his success in his gratuitous practice among the poor, that he was unanimously requested, although having taken no part in politics, to fill the vacancy. At the next election, he was re-elected for the term of two years. The next year, 1850, the cholera re- appeared, with increased violence, and he signalized himself by his efforts as alderman and physician to relieve the people. In. usual health, he attended a session of the council, and, after visit- ing a few patients, retired to rise no more. He died on the 14th day of August, 1850. Dr. Wentworth was never married. His remains were taken for interment to Concord, N.H. The history of Early Medical Chicago would be indeed imperfect without a brief account of the origin of its medical schools. For much that follows relative to Rush Medical College, lam indebted to an historical sketch by Professor—now Presi- dent—J. Adams Allen, which forms a part of an address delivered by him in the dedicatory exercises at the time of the opening of the new building. The first idea of the establishment of a medical college in Chi- cago, dates back as far as 1836. In the autumn of that year, Dr. Brainard, in connection with the late Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue, of Rockford, 111., then a resident of this City, drew up the act of incorporation, which, at the ensuing session of the Legislature at Vandalia, was passed, and approved by the Governor on the 2d of March, 1837. Owing to the financial revulsion that fell with blighting influence alike upon public and private enterprises, some of those who, the year before, had the means and the dis- position to aid and handsomely endow the institution, now found themselves without the means of supporting their own families. No action, therefore, took place, under the charter, before the summer of 1843. Early in the autumn of that year, the faculty of the college was organized, by the appointment of four pro- fessors—Drs. Brainard, Blaney, McLean, and Knapp. The session was commenced on the 4th of December ensuing, and continued sixteen weeks. This was before the erection of any building for the purpose, and the lectures were delivered in two small rooms on Clark Street. The number of students attending this course was twenty-two. But a single degree was conferred, the first grad- uate being Dr. William Butterfield. •&t9-d£yIBBn}l&n EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 33 Let us stop for one moment to follow the subsequent fortunes of this first of the physicians who became such in consequence of a medical education received in Chicago. Dr. Butterfield practised his profession for only a few years after his degree was obtained, by studies in the two little rooms opposite the old Sherman House. He subsequently entered the regular service, as a first-lieutenant of the United-States Marine Corps, and did duty as such during the Mexican war. While on this campaign, his constitution was greatly impaired by the insa- lubrity of the climate; to such an extent, indeed, that he never regained the health which he lost in the service of his country. For the remainder of his days, Dr. Butterfield was, like so many other veterans of the Mexican campaign, an invalid. In the late civil war, however, he served as brigade-commissary of subsistence, until the conclusion of the contest. From that time, he lived for years in the retirement of private life, until January 13th, 1878, when he died in his 57 th year. Dr. Butterfield was the last-surviving son of the Hon. Justin Butterfield, one of the pioneers of Chicago,.and the leader in his day of its bar. Though early diverted from his chosen career as a physician, Dr. Butterfield gave promise of attaining eminence in his profession. He was a gentleman of great mental attainments and possessed, as well, the fortitude of a soldier, qualities which he displayed to an eminent degree during his last lingering and distressing illness. His life was one of unobtrusive patriotism and Christian piety, cheered at its close by the affectionate solici- tude and attentions of a numerous family, who can unite with the sons of Rush College in pointing to their father's career with just pride. During the summer of 1844, the College building occupied until the close of the tenth session, was erected,* upon the south-east corner of Dearborn Ave. and Indiana St., upon a lot donated for the purpose by several public-spirited citizens of the north-side. The architect of this structure was Mr. John M. VanOsdel; its cost did not exceed $3500, defrayed partly by loan, partly by subscription, and partly by contributions from the faculty. A passably well-executed cut of this building appeared in the City Directory of the ensuing year, t In 1855, this building was entirely re-modelled and enlarged, so * Dedicated, Friday evening, Dec. 18, 1844. Prayer by Rev. Robert W. Patterson, minister Second Presbyterian Church. Address by Dr. Brainard. t Business Advertiser and General Directory of the City of Chicago, 1845-6. J. W. Norris. This volume was found by me in the valuable col- lection of Mr. D. B. Cooke. 3 34 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. The First Rush Medical College. (1844.) as to accommodate about two hundred and fifty students, at a cost of $15,000—this expense being wholly sustained by the fac- ulty. Their names were thus announced :—Daniel Brainard, M. D., Professor of Surgery; Austin Flint, M.D., Professor of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine; G. N. Fitch, M.D., Profes- sor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; J. V. Z. Blaney, M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy; John Mc- Lean, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; and Wm. B. Herrick, M.D., Professor of Anatomy. Dr. Herrick became subsequently the first president of the Illi- nois State Medical Society; Dr. Austin Flint, the eminent author and professor in Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York ■ and Dr. Graham N. Fitch, U. S. Senator from the State of Indiana! Among the other eminent gentlemen connected with the early history of the College may be named: Dr. John Evans late governor of Colorado, and now a leading citizen of that "centen- nial state," and Dr. E. S. Carr, now superintendent of public in- struction, California. In the year 1859, occurred the separation of certain members of the faculty, which resulted in the organization of the institution now called the Chicago Medical College, of which we shall speak EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 35 later. It is pleasant to chronicle here the fact that between the faculties of these two institutions, there exists the most amicable and pleasant relation. Both are at one in the effort to elevate the standard of medical education in a city which has become the fourth centre of such educational work in this country. In order to fill the vacancies thus occurring, Dr. J. Adams Allen was elected to the chair of Principles and Practice of Medi- cine and Clinical Medicine; Dr. DeLaskie Miller to the chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women; Dr. Ephraim Ingals to that of Materia Medica and Therapeutics; Dr. R. L. Rea to that of Anatomy, and Dr. A. S. Hudson to that of Physiology and Pa- thology. Prof. Hudson soon resigned and Prof. Joseph Warren Freer was transferred to that position. As we have already made one digression in sketching the his- tory of the college, it may not be out of place to devote here a few lines to the life of Dr. Freer, whose memory is yet green in the hearts of his many friends: Joseph Warren Freer was born at Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y., on the ioth of July, 1816. His father, Elias Freer, was of Holland descent, his mother was one of the Paine family, early settlers in New England. He at- tended the common and high-schools of his native place till he was 18 years old, when he entered the office of Dr. Lemuel C. Paine, then of Clyde, N. Y., as a pupil of medicine, and attended upon the doctor's small drug-shop. On the 14th of June, 1836, he came to Chicago, and was here for a few weeks emyloyed in a linen-draper's establishment, but under the influence of the specu- lative mania of that day, he soon after invested some funds in a "claim" upon the banks of the Calumet River, four miles distant from any neighbors save the Pottawatomie Indians. Here he remained for only two months, nearly losing his life in consequence of the privation attending his mode of life. He was carried back to Chicago in an unconscious condition, and was received into the residence of Mr. John Dye, on Lake bet. Clark and LaSalle Streets. In the fall of the same year he joined his parents, who had removed to a "claim" at a place called Forked Creek, near Wilmington, 111. Here he remained until July 4th, 1846, making several valuable acquaintances, particularly that of the Hon. Richard L. Wilson, formerly editor of the Chicago Evening Jour- nal, and Dr. Hiram Todd, to the latter of whom he was ever grateful for valuable advice and the use of his extensive library. While in this region he opened and brought under cultivation, three farms, on one of which he made his home after his first marriage. In March, 1844, he married Emeline, daughter of Phineas Hoi- 36 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. den, Esq., of Hickory Creek, WTill Co., 111. One child, Henry C, was the fruit of this union. He is now living, and won honor as a soldier in the late war. Mrs. Freer died in the autumn ol 1845—a little less than two years from their marriage. This bereavement changed the whole course of his subsequent life. It happened that he was dissatisfied with the medical treat- ment of her last sickness, and expressed a determination to know whether there was any reliance to be placed upon medicine. In furtherance of this purpose, mounting a load of wheat, that he might not lose any time, he drove to the then village of Chicago, to solicit Prof. Daniel Brainard to receive him into his office. By a singular coincidence, he was met at the door by Ephraim Ingals, then a student, and afterward, for a number of years, his colleague in Rush Medical College. It is sufficient here to say, that then commenced a friendship which continued throughout Prof. Freer's life, and was feelingly, as well as eloquently, commemorated by the survivor at the funeral exercises. Notwithstanding the somewhat rustic appearance of the appli- cant, Dr..Brainard gave him a hearty welcome to his office, where he continued as a student until his graduation at Rush Medical College at the close of the session 1848-9. As sagacious an observer as Dr. Brainard could not, and did not, fail to mark in this new student an ability and determination, combined with a zeal and untiring industry, which were sure to result most honorably. From first to last he was invited to assist in all of Prof. Brainard's important operations, and during the last years of his pupilage was frequently sent to perform such as he could not attend. The warm friendship and confidence thus commenced, ceased only with the life of that great surgeon and teacher. The last winter of his pupilage, Dr. Freer was appointed acting- demonstrator of anatomy by Prof. Wm. B. Herrick, then professor of that department. After graduation he contracted a co-partner- ship with Dr. John A. Kennicott, of Wheeling, Cook County, in whose genial society he passed some of the pleasantest hours of his life. In June, 1849, ne married Miss Katherine Gatter, of Wurtem- berg, Germany. In a private note addressed to the writer of this notice, he says: "Our union has been a happy and prosperous one, and in fact I believe I owe much of my success in life to my wife." A daughter and three sons were the fruit of this marriage all of whom are now living; one bears, to-day, the diploma of the college of which his father was president. The eldest Frederick W. Freer, is a rising young artist of Chicago. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 37 In the spring of 1850, he received by concours the regular appointment of demonstrator of anatomy in Rush Medical College, a high honor, as the place was very ably contested for, among others, by the late distinguished Prof. E. S. Cooper, of San Francisco, California. From this time he gave a part of Prof. Herrick's course, comprising the descriptive anatomy of the bones and muscles, and during Prof. Herrick's absence in Europe, he gave the entire course. In the summer of 1855, he was appointed professor of descrip- tive anatomy. His duties from the time of his appointment, in 1850, to his final sickness, demanded and received great activity, both of mind and body. Whilst Prof. Brainard occupied the position of surgeon of the U. S. Marine Hospital, Prof. Freer was his constant and invaluable deputy. On the re-organization of Rush Medical College in 1859, Prof. Freer was transferred to the chair of physiology and microscopic anatomy, a position he occupied up to the time of his decease. Prof. Blaney retiring from the college in 1872, Prof. Freer was elected to the presidency. Aside from his connection with the college, he has filled many important positions. He was formerly, for several years, one of the medical staff of Mercy Hospital, and since the re-opening of Cook-County Hospital, soon after the close of the war, was appointed one of the medical board, which position was only vacated by his death. He was also consulting-surgeon of St. Joseph's Hospital, of the Hospital for Women of the State of Illinois, and many other public charities. Prof. Freer was appointed brigade-surgeon very soon after the breaking out of the war, but after having served some three or four months, was obliged to resign in consequence of ill-health. In 1864, he was appointed U.-S. enrolling-surgeon for the Chicago district. In the discharge of the duties of this position, he gave great offence to several irregular practitioners by refusing to receive as authoritative their certificates of disability. They thereupon, through a "committee," preferred charges against Surgeon Freer, addressed to Brig.-Gen. Jas. B. Fry, provost- marshal general at Washington. On the basis of these charges, a court of investigation was ordered, and great popular professional interest was excited as to the result. The trial ended in a com- plete discomfiture of the complainants, and largely increased confidence in Surgeon Freer, both by the government and the community. [Fid. Chicago Medical journal, March, 1865.] In 1867, Prof. Freer sent his family to Europe, following them 3» EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. a few months after. They remained until 1871, and he, returning each year to give his course of lectures in the college, spent the remaining months in Europe. He travelled through the British Islands, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, visiting all the principal cities and points of interest, taking ample time lor observation. He attended the Medical Congress in Paris during the Exposition of 1867, and afterward spent a considerable period in visiting their hospitals and medical schools. So also he visited the most celebrated schools of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1868, and he had reason to be pleased with the consideration and courtesy extended by many of their most eminent professional men. On this tour he exhibited to Prof. Bennet, of Edinburgh, and others, his discovery of the structure of the blood-corpuscle, by means of direct light, using a Wales illuminator which he carried with him. In 1870, he spent four months in Vienna, familiarizing himseL with its great hospitals. His last voyage was in 1871, when, after a trip to Italy, extend- ing as far south as Naples, and a few months in the Tyrol and Munich, which latter had been the family's place of residence since 1868, he returned home in September, bringing them with him. On his several visits to Europe, he had secured many articles, not only adapted to adorn his house, but of rare scientific and professional interest. These and other souvenirs of his residence and tenements, which had afforded him means to indulge his tastes for study and travel, and which, earned by industry and economy, he had a well-won right to look forward to as affording ease and comfort in his declining years, in that terrible night of October, a few short weeks only after his return, were swept away in the general conflagration—himself and family barely escaping with their lives. Younger men than Dr. Freer, might have given up in despair, but he in nowise disheartened, returned with energy to his prac- tice, to the college, and the hospitals. Notwithstanding this terrible reverse, it is a source of unmingled satisfaction to know that at his death he left his family not rich, but comparatively free from debt and with a modest com- petence. Although circumstances conspired to place Dr. Freer as a teacher in the elementary department ot physiology he was distinguished, not only popularly but professionally, both as a physician and surgeon. The first eight or ten years of his professional life, his practice EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 39 was devoted largely to surgery. He performed nearly all the operations of note from that for cataract by extraction, to excision of knee-joint and elbow-joint with entire ulna and head of radius, before Carnochan's case. Perhaps he did not originate much in surgery, but he suggested and practised several things of value. He is entitled to priority in suggestion of the use of collodion in erysipelas, burns, etc. So, also, the first publication of the use of adhesive plaster in fractures of the clavicle, a form of treatment the advantages of which are not even yet fully appreciated by the profession, is due to him. However, it may be claimed for him that he was decidedly original in his application of the general principles of both branches of the profession. He always seemed to feel degraded when either operating or prescribing merely by rule. The highest eulogium that can be pronounced upon him is furnished by the record of his life. That shows that whatever he undertook to do, he sought to do in the best possible way. There was not a scintilla of sham or pretence in his nature, and he was a vigorous hater of both. What he could not tolerate in himself, that he could not overlook in others. Commencing medical study when his lite was a little more than half gone past, he commanded all his faculties by an indomitable will, to their uttermost of service. He was never idle, and in the height of active practice was never heard to say he had no time to read and investigate. "Self-made men," it has been said, are liable to be saturated with vanity at the success achieved. But up to the hour he took his bed for his last sickness, Prof. Freer never boasted, or even wore for a moment the appearance of pride for what he had done, but rather, lamented the imperfection of the past, and laid out designs for harder work in the future. He died on the 12th of April, 1877.* . . Soon after the opening of the session of 1866-7, Asiatic cholera deprived Rush College ot its founder, Dr. Brainard, as heretofore described in these pages, and thereupon Dr. Blaney succeeded to the presidency; Dr. Moses Gunn was called from a similar posi- tion in the University of Michigan, to the vacant chair of Surgery and Clinical Surgery; and Dr. Edwin Powell was appointed Pro-* fessor of Military Surgery and Surgical Anatomy. After this were added the chairs of Clinical Medicine and Diseases of the Chest, and Diseases of the Eye and Ear; the former filled by Dr. J. P. Ross, and the latter by Dr. Edwin L. Holmes. * Transactions Illinois State Medical Society, page 207, et seq., 1877. 40. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. The Second Rush Medical College. In 1867, an entirely new edifice was erected upon the vacant portion of the college-lot, and the old structure was remodelled so as to be merely an appendage to the former. It had two lecture-rooms, each with a seating capacity of over seven hun- dred, and a spacious laboratory and anatomical rooms, constitu- ting thus one of the largest and best-arranged medical colleges in the country. The cost of the whole improvement, exclusive of the original building and lot, was about $70,000, met solely by the members of the faculty. The apparatus, museum, library, cabinets, furniture, and fixtures, though valuable, can scarcely be estimated in money. Whatever the value of the whole, in a. single night, the memorable 9th of October, 1871, it disappeared. Three days after the Great Fire, quite a number of the students having returned, lectures re-commenced in the amphitheatre of the old County Hospital; and, at the close of the session, seventy- seven students were graduated. Succeeding sessions were held in a temporary structure, erected for the purpose, on the grounds of the old hospital. Two hundred and thirty students attended the last course in that edifice, of which number seventy-nine were graduated. * At the present date, the edifice of Rush Medical College is an elegant structure, the total cost of the lot and building amounting to $54,000. It is located at the corner of Wood and West Har- rison Streets. The ground floor is occupied by the Central Free Dispensary of Chicago. This dispensary is supported by the interest of a fund donated to it by the Chicago Aid and Relief EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. New Edifice of Rush Medical College. Socitey shortly after the Great Fire, by a small annuity from Cook County, and by voluntary contributions. It also receives the income from a fund, of which the trustees of the college are custodians, bequeathed by a wealthy and kind-hearted Scotch- man, named John Phillips, now deceased. The college and dispensary are located in the immediate vicinity of the new Cook County Hospital, and of the building occupied by the Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago. The first number of the Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal was issued in April, 1844, under the editorial management of James V. Z. Blaney, A.M., M.D.* Its reading matter is con- tained in one form of sixteen pages, just one-seventh the size of the Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, as now published. The very modest introductory sets forth a fair ground for its raison d'etre: * Ellis & Fergus, printers and publishers, 37 Clark Street. 42 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO "We have around us three large States: Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois—and two extensive territories: Wisconsin and Iowa —filled with medical men of the highest intelligence and most praiseworthy enterprise, and not a single medical journal has been previously issued in all! this vast north-western region." The number contains an original contribution from Dr. Brainard, on the treatment of false anchylosis by extension, illustrated by a very creditable wood-cut; a brief summary of progress in practical medicine, which contains extracts from the 2d Vol. of Pereira's Materia Medica and Therapeutics, the 8th No. of Braithwaite's Retrospect, and the American Journal for January, 1844; and Bibliographical Notices of a Dissector by Eramus Wilson, and An Anatomical Atlas, by H. H. Smith, M.D.; to both of these reviews Dr. Brainard's initials are appended. There are but two items of general intelligence, both clipped from the Medical JVews.* In the "Business Advertiser and General Directory of the City of Chicago for 1845-6," under the heading of "Physicians and Surgeons," are enrolled twenty-eight names. In addition to three of the professors of the college named above, who were residents of the City, are to be found the names of William Allen, H. H. Beardsley, Levi D. Boone, John Brinkerhoff, S. S. Cornell, A. W. Davisson, Charles H. Duck, Charles V; Dyer, John W. Eldridge, M. L. Knapp, Philip Maxwell, Aaron Pitney, D. S. Smith, and John Jay Stuart. In the year 1847, the first general hospital in the City was established, chiefly through the instrumentality of Dr. Brainard and his associates, in a large warehouse on the N.-E. corner o: Kinzie and Wolcott Streets. This was known as "Tippecanoe Hall." It contained one hundred beds, which were well filled, especially during the two succeeding years, when ship-fever pre- vailed, chiefly among the immigrants. Drs. Brainard, Blaney, and Herrick constituted the medical staff. In consequence of the high price of quinine, which was then worth nearly ten dollars per ounce, the county authorities who furnished the supplies, refused to provide it for the use of patients, and it was, therefore, found necessary to employ strychnia as a substitute, which answered nearly all purposes in doses of one- eighth of a grain. * This volume is in the possession of President J. Adams Allen, who was so long identified with the fortunes of the Journal. For a history of the thorny reverses, out of which has been plucked its flower of success, consult Dr. Allen's interesting sketch in the January No. for 1874. cA^ off (j&^lj EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 43 Dr. J. W. Freer served as an interne of this institution for two years, and was therefore the first hospital interne in Chicago In this capacity, he stood first of a long line of industrious and learned successors, who have since distinguished themselves for their attainments in almost every department of medicine. The first meeting, with a view to the establishment of the Chi- cago Medical College, was held in the office of Drs. David Rut- ter and Ralph N. Isham, on the 12th dav of March, 1859.* Drs. Hosmer A. Johnson and Edmund Andrews were then pres- ent, together with the gentlemen' first named. After a temporary organization had been effected, it was determined to organize a Medical Faculty, on the basis of a proposition made by the trus- tees of the Lind University, and an agreement to that effect was signed, both by the Executive Committee of the University and by the physicians who were there assembled. The first faculty of the new medical school was constituted as follows: David Rutter, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children; H. A. Johnson, M.D., Professor of Physiology and Histology; E. Andrews, M.D., Pro- fessor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery; R. N. Isham, M.D., Professor of Surgical Anatomy and the Operations of Sur- gery; N. S. Davis, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine; W. H. Byford, M.D., Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Woman and Children; J. H. Hollister, M.D., Profes- sor of Physiology and Histology; Dr. Mahla, Professor of Chem- istry; M. K. Taylor, M.D., Professor of General Pathology and Public Hygiene; Titus DeVille, M.D., Professor of Descriptive Anatomy; and H. G. Spafford, Esq., Professor of Medical Juris- prudence. The first course of lectures was given in Lind's Block, N.-W. cor. Market and Randolph Streets, the class consisting of but thirty-three members, of whom nine received, at the commence- ment exercises, the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In the sum- mer of 1863, arrangements were perfected for the erection of the building on the corner of State and Twenty-Second Streets, which was occupied by the Chicago Medical College up to the time 01 its removal, in 1870, to the present elegant and commodious structure on the corner of Prairie Avenue and Twenty-Sixth St., in close proximity to Mercy Hospital. During the previous year, this institution had become the Medical Department of the Northwestern University. * History of the Chicago Medical College—An Introductory Lecture to the College Session of 1870-71. H. A. Johnson, A.M., M.D. Chicago, 1870. 44 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. The Chicago Medical College. From the commencement of the organization of this College, in 1859, it adopted and carried into practice the graded-system oi instruction; first, dividing the branches embraced in the curric- ulum into two series, and classifying the students accordingly. On the 25th day of April, 1868, the Faculty arranged the cur- riculum of the College, so that three consecutive courses of lect- ures should be given, with a separate group of studies for each of the three years of pupilage. The honor which is due the Chi- cago Medical College for the inauguration of this scheme has been persistently ignored by some of the Medical Schools in the East. It is certainly gratifying to note that this step in the direc- tion of that reform in medical education which is now felt to be imperatively demanded, was first taken in Chicago. It is now a matter of record, and the impartial historian who shall write the history of medicine in the United States, cannot fail to do justice in this particular, to the young claimant of the West. The medical board of Mercy Hospital is constituted by the faculty of the adjacent college. The first-named institution origi- nated in consequence of a charter obtained from the State Legis- lature, by Dr. John Evans and others, for the establishment of the "Illinois Gerieral Hospital of the Lakes." This instrument named Dr. Evans and Judges Dickey and Skinner as Trustees. Nothing, however, had been accomplished toward raising funds or establishing the hospital until the summer of 1850, when Prof. 5834 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Mercy Hospital. N. S. Davis gave a course of six lectures on the sanitary condi- tion of the city, and the means for its improvement; notice hav- ing been previously given that the proceeds would be devoted to hospital purposes. One hundred dollars were thus realized; and this sum was subsequently increased by the donations of a few private individuals. Twelve beds were at once purchased and placed in the old Lake House, a hotel on the n.-e. cor. of Rush and North Water Streets. The hospital was then opened for the accommodation of pa- tients, nominally under the supervision of the trustees named above, Professor Davis having charge of the medical, and Prof. Brainard, of the surgical patients. The beds were well filled and supplied the means for daily clinical instruction during the fall and winter of 1850-51. It was placed in charge of the Sisters of Mercy in the spring of 1851, who enlarged its ac- commodations, and subsequently changed its name to Mercy Hospital. The elegant edifice which they now possess, is capa- ble of accommodating five hundred patients; and it may be added that from the date of the leasing the old apartments containing twelve beds, to the present—a term of twenty-five years—Prof. N. S. Davis has continuously done service in its wards, as a physician and clinical teacher. The history of the medical education of women in this City is, 46 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Woman's Medical College. 84 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 47 practically, the history of the Woman's Medical College of Chi- cago. The latter is best told in the words of another,* one who, from the beginning, has been identified with the interests of the young and flourishing institution just named. "In 1852, even before the Chicago Medical College was or- ganized, and ten years prior to the first course of lectures in this institution, Emily Blackwell attended one course of lectures at Rush Medical College. She was denied entrance to a second course, and finally graduated at a Cleveland institution. The reasons for the change I am unable to state, and a letter which I addressed her in regard to the subject has not been answered. This much, however, is known: The Illinois State Medical Soci- ety, saturated with the then prevailing prejudices against female medical education, censured the college for admitting women to its instruction. How different the spectacle to-day. This soci- ety, among the most prominent and influential of all State soci- eties, not only admits women to its membership, but assigns her position on its most important standing committees. A few years later, two female practitioners, educated at the East, located in this City for a short time, but, so far as I am aware, no students received instruction or asked for it in their offices. "At about the same time, Dr. Mary H. Thompson came to practise among us, and shortly afterward, mainly indebted to the generous assistance of Dr. Dyas and his public-spirited wife, established a hospital for women and children. This soon be- came the rendezvous for the women of the West, who, being denied access to any regular college in their region, found in the clinical advantages of the hospital, their nearest approximation to an institution for medical instruction. Applications were con- tinually made by women for the advantages of an education in some regular medical school. Of the applicants some went to the East for benefits they could not find here, while many others, discouraged on the threshold of the profession, abandoned its study. In 1866, and again in 1868, women formally knocked at the doors of Rush College. After considerable delay, and some discussion on the inside of the house, the knock was answered, and the callers politely informed that for them the college 'was not at home.' The following year, they rang the bell of the Chicago Medical College. Fortunately for them, Dr. Byford came to the door. He invited them to walk in and be seated. They remained through the session of 1869. They were four in * The Demand for a Woman's Medical College in the West. By Chas. Warrington Earle, M.D., Waukegan, 111., 1879. 48 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. number. Others who would have come with them had they known of the kindly welcome given, had already gone to an eastern college. But, although the relations of the gentlemen and ladies as students had always been dignified and respectful, the male members of the class, at the close of the college year, sent to the faculty a formal protest against the admission of their fair visitors, claiming that certain clinical material was not as ready in coming forward, and that certain facts and observations of value were omitted from the lectures in the presence of a mixed class. The experiment of the co-education of the sexes in all the branches of medical and surgical science being deemed of doubtful utility under these circumstances, the protest was sustained, and the ladies who had caused it to be made were left without the opportunity to finish the education so well begun. Immediately a correspondence sprang up between Prof. Byford and Dr. Mary H. Thompson, in regard to the founding of a new college for the exclusive education of women. A faculty, com- posed largely of the physicians who had previously consented to act as consulting physicians to the hospital for women and chil- dren, was organized. A board of trustees, composed of ladies and gentlemen, friendly to female education, embracing a large num- ber of prominent citizens, especially among the clergy, were selected. The first regular course of lectures was delivered in the building occupied by the hospital referred to, at 402 North State Street. The session was in every respect a greater success than even the most sanguine friends of the movement had dared to hope. To provide suitable accommodations for a larger class at the commencement of the second term, rooms were fitted up at Nos. 1 and 3 North Clark Street, and every arrangement per- fected for the comfort and convenience of students. On the 3d of October, 1871, the session opened with the most flattering promises of success. In less than half a-week, came the great Chicago fire; the Woman's Hospital Medical College and all its material possessions, like the prophet of old, went up in a chariot of fire. The class was scattered—the Hospital, which had pro- vided the means of clinical instruction, existed only in name Of the faculty, more than three-fourths of their number had lost their offices, their libraries, their instruments, and their homes The patrons of all had been scattered to the four-quarters of the City, if not of the globe. But they had founded the school not to obtain money, not to gain a higher position or more extensive practise for themselves, and not to win fame, but in the love ot their profession and to establish a principle. Moreover thev were citizens of that city whose undismayed energy and undaunt EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 49 ed courage in the face of obstacles and disasters, had fairly won and received the admiration of the world, and while the smoke still floated in clouds over the City, and the ashes were hot in the cellars, on the ioth day of October, these men formally convened and decided that the enterprise should go on. "Notice of this decision was given to the scattered students, and the lectures were resumed at No. 341 West Adams Street, but the hospital had been re-established at 598 on the same Street, and thither the college was soon moved. This session might indeed be appropriately called the transition period of this institution. Announced to commence at 402 North State Street, organized at Nos. 1 & 3 North Clark St.—marched without elab- orate preparation and with baggage burned to facilitate transpor- tation to 341 West Adams Street—it was finished at still another place. But the college had successfully survived each transplanta- tion. Its life and growth were assured. Its roots had struck down deep until they had reached a nourishing soil. "In the winter of 1872, in consideration of certain medical and surgical services to be rendered from year to year, the Chi- cago Relief and Aid Society donated to the Hospital for Women and Children, the sum of $25,000. With this money, the hospi- tal, purchasing a large lot with a building well suited for the accommodation of its patients, established itself on the corner of West Adams and Paulina Streets. On the rear of this lot, and well below the grade of the street, was a small barn, the use of which was kindly and gratuitously granted to the faculty of the college. Three thousand dollars, judiciously expended, converted the building from an indifferent stable into a comfortable and moderately convenient Woman's Medical College, though we should be unwilling to admit that the richness of that soil would fully account for its present beautiful accomplishment. On the first floor we had a good-sized lecture-room, a faculty-room, a library, and museum, (three rooms in one), while the second floor afforded moderate accommodation for dissections. Here five full courses of lectures were delivered. While we do not deny that during these seven years of wanderings, our accommodations have been scant, and our means of illustration inadequate, we claim that our classes have been intelligent and uniformly com- posed of good material, and that of our graduates, many have already become settled in an honorable and lucrative practice, and others occupying positions of special honor in the profession, have won reputations for themselves, and brought credit upon our institution by their success as teachers and authors in the medical guild." 50 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. The commodious building now occupied by the Woman s Medical College of Chicago, is erected on Lincoln Street, in the immediate vicinity of the County Hospital. It was erected at a cost of $15,000, and is a building two and one-half stories high with basement, containing two lecture-rooms, each capable of seating one hundred and fifty women; laboratory, museum, dis- secting-room, and microscopical cabinet. The institution is one which enjoys, in a high degree, the esteem and support of the medical profession in the North-west. The early history of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirm- ary, which is subjoined, has been obtained principally from the 4th Biennial Report of the State Board of Public Chanties. It is contributed in large part, by one who was early identified with the effort to secure its permanent establishment, Prof. E. L. Holmes:— "In May, 1858, four medical gentlemen met several wealthy and benevolent citizens of Chicago, who together organized a board of twelve trustees, with two consulting and two attending- surgeons, under a Constitution and By-Laws. The general finan- cial depression of the country and the excitement during the ear- lier period of the late war, rendered it very difficult to obtain funds for the purchase of real estate and for the erection of a suit- able building. Hence it was deemed expedient to conduct the institution at first as a dispensary. Consequently, a single room,, in a small wooden building, at the N.-E. cor. of Michigan and North Clark Streets, was opened for the treatment of the poor. During the first year, about 115 patients were under treatment. "At the end of nearly four years, the dispensary was removed to a room, No. 28 North Clark Street, where it remained till July, 1864. "W. L. Newberry, Esq., president of the trustees, then do- nated to the Infirmary, for ten years, the lease of a lot of land Nos. 16 and 18 East Pearson Street, upon which was placed a large two-story wooden building, purchased for $2,000, and re- moved from a neighboring block. "The first patient requiring board in the Institution, applied before a single room had been cleaned and furnished. For two nights he slept on a blanket on the floor. The rooms were fur- nished as the gradually increasing number of patients required. "In a few months, the number of applicants, especially soldiers recently discharged from the army and suffering from diseases of the eye, became so numerous that greater accommodations were rendered necessary. A large attic was finished and divided into several comfortable rooms. EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 51 'The building was soon after raised and a brick basement con- structed under it. Support for a limited number of patients from Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin was made possible by the do- nation of $500, placed for this purpose in the hands of the respec- tive Governors of these States. The U. S. Sanitary Commission, the N.-W. Sanitary, and Christian Commissions, also granted large sums for the support of soldiers at the Infirmary. "In the fall of 1869, additional accommodations became neces- sary, and were obtained by the construction of a large building in the rear of the lot. "The Infirmary, during the early period of its existence, was greatly indebted to the churches of the north-side especially, members of which contributed, year by year, large quantities oi furniture and clothing, in addition to donations of money. "In this way, the Infirmary was enabled, not only to support an increasing number of patients, but to cancel an indebtedness of nearly $6000, and also gradually accumulate a fund of $7000. "From the year 1867 to 1871, the General Assembly appropri- ated $5000 a-year, for the support of patients at the Infirmary. "In 1871, the Institution became a public charity—owned and supported by the State. "Soon after its destruction by the fire of 1871, the Legislature appropriated a sum sufficient to rent and partially furnish tempo- rary quarters. "The Chicago Relief and Aid Society donated to the Institu- tion, $20,000. "The General Assembly appropriated, from time to time, funds to enable the trustees to complete and furnish a large brick struc- ture on the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets. The land, 145 by 125 feet, with the building, including the operating-room —reception, and two large treatment-rooms for out-patients, cost $79,3°°- "The building easily accommodates one hundred patients, and is probably inferior to no similar Institution in the world. It has provided to the present time treatment for more than 18,000 poor patients." The purpose of this sketch, though but imperfectly fulfilled, has been accomplished, so far as to call attention to the character and circumstances of the early medical practitioners of Chicago. Many of those who immediately succeeded them are still living in our midst, and retain a recollection of events that have tran- spired in their time, which it would be vain to attempt to record in these pages. I conclude with a brief outline of events con- nected with the organization of the County Hospital, located in EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 53 this City, not only because it is at present the largest of our pub- lic charities, but also because the recent erection of a new build- ing for its accommodation, seems to mark an era in its history. During the cholera epidemic of 1854-5, the city authorities established a cholera hospital on the corner of 18th and Arnold Streets—the precise location of the building lately occupied as a county hospital. The frame buildings then erected were cheaply built, and intended simply to meet immediate necessities. Dr. Brock. McVickar, who was then the City Physician, began at once to urge the Board of Health to erect a permanent city hos- pital. His importunity caused a movement to take form, which resulted in the erection of the city hospital building, which is at present used for a county hospital. When completed, in the summer of 1856, the medical staff, as organized by the Board of Health, was constituted of two bodies —the so-called Allopathic and Homoeopathic Boards —the former consisting of Drs. Geo. K. Amerman, DeLaskie Miller, Jos. P. Ross, Geo. Schlcetzer, Ralph N. Isham, and Wm. Wagner. The members of the regular profession held an indignation meeting soon after, in consequence of the mongrel character of this organ- ization ; and the newly-appointed medical staff also held several meetings. Hon. Jno. Wentworth, then Mayor of Chicago, and ex officio member of the Board of Health, also endeavored to or- ganize a board of reputable practitioners, but failed in the effort. It then became evident that, the cholera epidemic having sub- sided, and the city being charged merely with the care of those affected with contagious and infectious diseases, there were no patients for whom the city was obliged to provide! The care of the sick poor, both of the city and county, devolved upon the latter. Thus the building remained unoccupied for a year or two. in 1858, Drs. Geo. K. Amerman and J. P. Ross associated themselves, with four other medical gentlemen, and leased the building from the city authorities, for the purpose of conducting therein a public hospital for the sick. They also secured a con- tract for the care of the sick poor of the county. The medical board was composed of the gentlemen already named in the first board, with the addition of Drs. Daniel Brainard and S. C. Blake, and the exception of Drs. Isham and Wagner. Clinical instruc- tion was at once given by these gentlemen for eight months in the year, chiefly to the students of Rush College, and continued till the summer of 1863. At that date the hospital was taken by the Government author- ities__Chicago having been made a military post during the WTar 54 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. of the Rebellion, and Drs. Ross and Amerman were placed in charge of the hospital on contract service, under the control of the surgeon of the post, Dr. Brock. McVickar. In the course of a few months, the institution was changed into a Government Hospital for the Eye and Ear, and placed in charge of Dr. Jos. S. Hildreth, in whose care it remained till the close of the war. It was then named the DeMarr Eye and Ear Hospital. Drs. Ross and Amerman at once actively interested themselves in the re-establishment of the hospital. On looking over the field, they became convinced not only that the county authori- ties would look with favor upon the organization of a county hospital, but also that, in order to compass the end, it would be necessary for one of them become a politician. Dr. Amerman /accordingly secured his election as a Supervisor, and, in 1866, the I first year of his service as such, he inaugurated and organized the \C00k County Hospital, for the care of the indigent poor, and for the clinical instruction of medical students. During this same year, Dr. Amerman was obliged to relinquish his official position, on account of ill-health, and Dr. J. P. Ross was at once elected to fill the vacancy, as Supervisor and Chairman of the Hospital Committee. The duties incident to this position he continued to discharge for the two succeeding years. All this was undertaken for the sole purpose of permanently establishing and perpetuating the institution. It is therefore evi- dent that to Dr. J. P. Ross, and his old friend and .colleague, Dr. G. K. Amerman, is largely due the honor of conducting to a suc- cessful issue, the plans for the development of this great munici- pal charity. The names of other public institutions and charities of Chi- cago, in which the profession of the city is interested, together with the date of the establishment of each, are here appended.* ♦Chicago Medical Society, 1836; Illinois St. Andrew's Society, 1846- Chicago Protestant Orphan Asylum, 1849; Mercy Hospital, 18.50; Illinois State Medical Society, 1850; St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, 1849; Chicago Academy of Sciences, 1857; House of the Good Shepherd, 1859; Home for the Friendless, 1859; Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary i8<;8- Chicago College of Pharmacy, 1859; Chicago Relief and Aid Society 1857' Nursery and Half Orphan Asylum, i860; St. George's Benevolent Society i860; St. Luke's Hospital, 1863; Old People's Home, 1865; Erring Woman's Refuge, 1865; Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, 1865 • Alexian Brothers' Hospital, i860; Central Dispensary, 1867; St. Joseph's; Hospital 1869; Washingtonian Home, 1867; Uhlich Evangelical Lutheran Associa- tion, 1869; State Microscopical Society, 1869; Woman's Hospital Medical College, 1870; Woman's Hospital State of Illinois, 1871- Cook Countv Department of Public Charities, 1872; Foundlings' Home, 1871- Chicago So clety of Physicians and Surgeons, 1872; Chicago Medico-Historical Society 1874; Chicago Medical Press Association, 1874; Orphan Girl's Home 1874 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. 55 The medical profession of Chicago entered upon the centennial year of national existence, with the names of three hundred and sixty-six physicians and surgeons enrolled upon its register.* Many of these are both honorable and honored. Of the record made in the past they need not be ashamed; in much that has been accomplished they feel a just pride. At the same time, the experiences of the last forty years have taught them the sources of their weakness and therefore of their danger. If they have learned anything it is this, that to be con- scious of deficiency and danger is to acquire the alphabet of knowledge, that to render any body of men a living power in a community, it is needful that each individual member of it should exert a wise, wholesome, and weighty influence in the circle where he moves. They look, therefore, rather to their inherent capabilities than to any legislative or other source, for growth in reputation and authority. Already a tendency has been devel- oped, for the crystallization of this power and authority, about certian defined centres. The recent organization of the Illinois State Board of Health, with the powers conferred upon it by the Medical Practise Act, is the result of action first taken by the Illinois State Medical Society. Whatever good it may have accomplished in the past, and that which it is capable of doing in the future, under a judi- ciously-framed law, can be hopefully claimed as an indication of the aim of the medical gentlemen of the State and City. That this process is destined to continue, until the standards of the Profession are elevated, its code admired and respected, and its accidental excrescences removed, no one can doubt. Then, and only then, will it become as fair and forcible in the view of the public as in the vision of its most ardent representa- tives. * The last register issued (for 1879-80) contains 399 names. 65 71 GRADUATES RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, SINCE ITS ORGANIZATION. William Butterfield, Alfred E. Ames, William Fosdick, Edwin R. Long, Ira E. Oatman, Elwood Andrew, J. Herman Bird, Daniel K. Hays, James M. Higby, H. I. E. Balch, S. A. Barry, I. R. Bradway, Joseph Blount, M. B. Elgin, A. V. Gilbert, E. A. Gilbert SESSION 1843^5. Thomas P. Whipple, John McLean, 1844-5. Josiah B. Herrick, Almon W. King, Samuel W. Ritchey, Nehemiah Sherman, Newton P. Holden, Alexander B. Malcolm, Cicero Robbe, 1846-7. Fred. E. Hagemann, H. P. Hemes, Ephraim Ingals, Philip Kirwin, Leonard L. Lake, Lafayette W. Lovell, Honorary Degree. Stephen Monroe, Jr. Isaac Watts Garvin, Arnold H. Neadham. Halsey Rosenkrans, Robert Scott, William W. Welch. Wesley Pierce, Isaac Snyder, James F. Saunders, J. C. Leary, David J. Peck, J. E. McGirr. Samuel Grimes, M.D., Honorary. Daniel M. Camerer, W. Chamberlain, J. A. Clark, A. B. Crawford, Milton D. Darnell, Uri P. Golliday, R. S. Hawley, I. C. H. Hobbs, E. G. Hough, G. J. Huey, 1847-8. Ambrose Jones, C. W. Knott, J. C. Lovejoy, Sample Loftin, William Matthews, Thomas C. Moor, I. H. McNutt, John Newton, John Nutt, O. C. Otis, I. G. Osborn, J. Pearson, A. Reynolds, W. W. Sedgewick, Warren M. Sweetland R. R. Stone, James P. Tucker, C. C. Warner, L. W. Warren, Charles Ware. E. S. Kimberly, Honorary. 1845-6. W. G. Montgomery, M.D., Honorary. 5§ EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Alfred W. Armstrong, William W. Cunnerly, Asa Clark, Harvey Cutler, Joseph W. Freer, Charles C. Garrett, 1848-9. Israel G. Harlan, George M. Huggans, Calvin B. Lake, Robert Pennel Lamb, Orrin T. Maxson, Peter B. McKay, Edwin G. Meek, Gideon C. Paramore, James C. Patterson, Charles H. Richings, John H. Warren, Jerome F. Weeks. Dr. Thomas Hall, Dr. James H. Budd, Honorary. Joseph L. Anderson, Clay Brown, Thomas D. Brown, Cyrus G. Blood, Henry F. Brown, Willard F. Coleman, Kimball Favor, Edward J. French, John Gregory, Isaiah P. Hamilton, S. Rush Haven, George Higgins, Orson C. Hoyt, Alexander Hull, 1849-50. M. Tevis Klepper, Thomas G. Klepper, Charles J. Macon, Alonzo L. McArthur, Manly Miles, Jr. Risdon C. Moore, William C. Oatman, Silas S. Parkhurst, William J. Paugh, John M. Phipps, William W. Perry, Giles P. Ransom, David Rogers, Josiah R. Snelling, Franklin B. Ives, James S. Whitmire, M.D., ad eundem. 1850-1. John W. Spalding, Benjamin G. Stephens, Benjamin F. Stephenson, Edwin Stewart, Isaac E. Thayer, John M. Todd, Henry D. C. Tuttle, Harmon Wasson, James P. Walker, George S. Wheeler, Zachariah H. Whitmire, Thomas Wilkins, Wm. W. R. Woodbury, James R. Zearing. Dr. E. S. Cooper, Honorary. Gordon Chittock, S. L. Craig, F. W. Coolidge, J. H. Constant, G. S. Crawford, William M. Crowder, O. D. Coleman, H. C. Donaldson, C. J. Hull, J. C. Hinsey, J. P. Porter, L. C. Pomeroy, B. O. Reynolds, William W. Sweeney, E. T. Spottswood, S. T. Trowbridge, A. M. Thorn, C. Van Doren, Edwin Wright, John Walker, A. M. Johnson, V. P. Kennedy, T. S. Loomis, H. E. Luther, L. D. Latimer, R. Morris, J. H. Murphy, L. A. Mease, S. R. Mason, G. C. Merrick, James S. Russell, M.D., ad eundem. Dr. James G. M. Meehan, Dr. Thompson Mead, Honorary. 1851-2. John Garrison, Walter R. Godfrey, Stephen C. Gillett, William C. Hunt, Vincent L. Hurlbut, Marsena M. Hooten, William M. Hobbie, Orvis S. Johnson, Hosmer A. Johnson, Hiram C. Jones, Abram H. Knapp, Isaiah P. Lynn, Henry D. Adams, George W. Albin, Franklin Blades, Benjamin T. Buckley, George A. Bodenstab, G. Judson Bentley, William D. Craig, F. Marion Crouse, Alexander B. Chadwick, Theodore G. Cole, James A. Collins, Alexander De Armond, William H. Davis, Ezra M. Light, Hugh Marshall, Lewis D. Martin, M. G. Parker, J. Harrison Beeder, Dudley Rogers, A. F. St. Sure Lindsfelt, Leander D. Tompkins, Ezra Van Fossen, Edwin R. Willard, John D. Woodworth, Jeremiah Youmans. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 59 Robert F. Bennett, J. A. Breneman, D. Alphonso Colton, P. G. Corkins, William Curliss, 0. D. Chapman, J. P. Cunningham, Elijah H. Drake, Hosea Davis, A. D. Dwight, Robert W. Earle, James Gregory, Wm. M. Avery, Albert Boomer, Washington Brenton, John W. Collyer, Charles C. Cornett, Charles W. Davis, Isaac N. Davis, Joseph M. Edwards, Joseph N. B. Elliott, Hezekiah Fisk, Melancthon W. Fish, Thomas D. Fitch, William A. Hillis, George A. Byrns, Jesse Barber, Lewis C. Bicknell, Horace C. Clapp, Michael R. Chadwick, Thaddeus M. Crumbie Berry W. Cooper, Hiram L. Coon, Solomon S. Clark, Jason N. Conley, Mordecai Davis, Darwin DuBois, James Evans, James Ford, Meridith C. Archer, J. Milton Barlow, Daniel Bowers, Almond C. Buffam, Edward W. Boothe, David W. Carley, John W. F. Clawges, A. B. Carey, A. Jackson Crain, James L. Crain, Francis M. Constant John E. Deming, 1852-3. M. F. Gerard, Robert F. Henry, S. B. Harriman, Oliver S. Jenks, J. A. James, Warren Millar, Solon Marks, James B. Moffett, Henry Parker, John Phillips, James M. Proctor, 1853-4. Roscoe L. Hale, John F. Hamilton, Richard S. Hallock, Edward Hopkins, Anderson W. King, John W. Lynch, William Manson, Harvey C. Morey, Henry W. Mann, J. B. Morrison, R. M. McArthur, John T. Mayfield, 1854-5. Charles Gorham, George T. Goldsbury, James F. Grove, Vernon Gould, Christopher Goodbrake, Thomas R. Hanna, Freeborn F. Hoyt, Alonzo L. Hutchinson, Elisha G. Horton, William H. Heller, Charles W. Jenks, Leroy H. Kennedy, John McHugh, John F. McCarthy, 1855-6. Hamilton C. Daniels, Roswell Eaton, John J. Everhard, Edwin Gaylord, James P. Graham, William F. Green, James W. Green, William A. Gordon, Samuel Griffith, Robert Hitt, George W. Kittell, H. W. Kreider, H. W. Ross, John F. Starr, Henry S. Steele, Josiah Stanley, Hiram Smith, J. B. Wheaton, S. H. Whittlesy, R. Q. Wilson, Daniel Whitinger, Arther Young, William M. Young. John N. Niglas, Myron W. Robbins Simeon P. Root, Reuben Sears, William B. Swisher, George W. Slack, Thomas P. Seller, Charles D. Watson, William Watson, Enos. P. Wood, David Whitmire, Stephen P. Yoemans James C. McMurtry, Ross W. Pierce, Isaac Rice, Hugh Russell, Homer C. Rawson, Allen A. Rawson, James M. Suddath, John W. Trabue, Henry Van Meter, William Van Nuys, Hiram J. Van Winkle Martin Wiley, Elias Wenger. David T. Kyner, L. L. Leeds, B. S. Lewis, D. LaCount, A. A. Lodge, D. M. Marshall, T. C. McGee, Z. H. Madden, B. G. Neal, W. H. Phillips, J. R. Robson, Bailey Rogers, 6o EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. F. Ronalds, Lee Smith, J. Henderson, M. A. W. Adair, J. S. Bowen, M. H. Bonnell, D. C. Bennett, J. F. Cravens, L. D. Dunn, T. B. Dever, T. D. Fisher, T. A. Graham, Lafayette H. Gray, Samuel Higinbothem, W. M. Hall, C. Hill, Charles Hamill, J. W. York, M.D., ad Joseph Williamson, Horace Wardner, D., ad eundem. Dr. M. 1856-7. E. F. Hubbard, A. M. D. Hughes, A. L. Kimber, J. C. Lowrie, J. J. Luke, J. T. Miller, J. F. Marsh, E. McAferty, J. M. Cleary, J. B. Paul, Edwin Powell, J. I. Phillips, N. O. Pearson, T. J. Shreves, eundem. Dr. Wm. Long:, R. Winton. M. Latta, Honorary. L. ri. Smith, D. H. Spickler, J. H. Tyler, J. P. Terrell, S. L. Urmston, W. F. Vermillion, B. Wilson, B. F. White, P. J. Wardner, G. W. Wilkinson, E. A. Wilcox, B. Woodward, F. W. White. Dr. H. Noble, Honorary. L. B. Brown, L. Brookhart, R. C. Black, Freeman Clark, P. Corcoran, S. B. Davis, Benjamin Durham, J. B. Earl, C. N. Ellingwood, W. B. Harl, Allen Heavenridge, J. N. Green, J D. Gray, Solomon L. Grant Armstrong, E. H. Ayres, Benjamin W. Bristow, A. M. Blackman, John A. Cook, George W. Corey, J. R. Conklin, N. M. Douthitt, E. C. Dickinson, John H. Farrell, Richard Hull, 1857-8. T. C. Jennings, B. F. Keith, Charles J. Keegan, Willis May, W. L. May, A. J. Miller, D. B. Montgomery, John O'Conner, O. B. Ormsby, J. T. Pearman, J. L. Patten, J. S. Pashley, Davis, M.D., Waldo W. 1858-9. William C. Hopwood, Bljxton Harris, William L. Kreider, J. W. Wr. Lawrence, W. H. Lyford, Lafayette Lake, R. McGee, F. Mason, Samuel McNair, J. R. Pearce, B. F. Ross, W. H. Rockwell, J. Slack, William Somers, C. V. Snow, L. D. Smedley, Benjamin F. Swofford, Owtn Wright, J. D. Webster, J. B. Wilson, Thomas Winston, Eli York. Lake, M.D., Honorary. W. E. Peters, E. O. F. Roler, E. A. Steele, P. R. Slingsley, A. B. Taylor, Myron Underwood, E. L. Welling, R. F. Williams, J. H. Wiley, J. F. Williams. Drake Harper, M.D., ad eundum. S. Mitchell, Honorary Orson B. Adams, John J. M. Angear, John T. Billington, Frederic Bartels, 1859-60. John B. Baker, Edward L. H. Barry, Hiram Carnahan, Henry Durham, B. I. Dunn, John Dancer, Rufus M. Elliott, John E. Ennis, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 61 John B. Felker, A. M. Golliday, Jethro N. Hatch, Daniel Kirkpatrick, Thomas I. Fritz, Leigh R. Holmead, Milton N. Isaac, William Irwin, Wiiford Bates, Charles Bunce, Allen S. Brandt, Wm. C. Brown, Sidney S. Buck, Benjamin H. Bradshaw, Henry S. Blood, Elijah A. Clark, Daniel M. Cool, Thomas J. Dunn, Edward C. De Forest, Morton M. Eaton, Hiram C. Luce, John McDamron, Percy McAlpin, Phillip Matthei, Wm. F. Osborn, George W. Richards, Edward Thomas, James Thompson, Dr. Calvin Wheeler, Honorary, 1860-1. Wm. B. Graham, Henry J. Herrick, Zenas P. Hanson, Clinton D. Henton, Ezekiel Keith, John T. Keables, Enoch W. Keegan, Abner D. Kimball, Robert M. Lackey, Z. James McMaster, James H. Mayfield, Henry H. Maynard, Vincent S. Thompson, J. S. Underwood, Wm. V. Wiles, Samuel N. Sheldon, C. M. Smith, Robert B. Ray, James F. Spain. Richard E. McVey, John Murphy, Samuel C. Owen, Allen M. Pierce, Henry V. Passage, Madison Reece, E. Fred. Russell, Theodore W. Stull, Edward P. Talbott, Charles B. Tompkins, Israel B. Washburn, O. G. Walker. George Egbert, Dr R0bert C. Hamill, Dr. Theodore Hoffman, Honorary. Albert A. Ames, Charles E. Allen, Stephen G. Armstrong, George W. Beggs, Aurelius T. Bartlett, Leonard L. Bennett, James Brown, Elijah W. Boyles, William L. Cuthbert, J. Griffin Conley, William D. Carter, Samuel M. Dunn, Gordon Andrews. Charles F. Barnett, Ela L. Bliss, E. Bishop, Frederick W. Byers, James Cunningham, Philo W. Chase, John W. Dean, William B. Dunkle, Charles F. Dilly, Charles F. Elder, Francis A. Emmons, Urian B. Ferris, Stephen N. Fish, William M. Gregory, 1861-2. Thomas G. Drake, James B. Farrington, A. Z. Huggins, Jacob H. Houser, Riley B. Hayden, Jacob M. Hagey, Clark E. Loomis, I. Meek Lanning, George J. Monroe, William Meacher, William McKnight, Fordyce R. Millard, C. J. Taggart, M.D., Honorary. 1862-3. Harrison H. Guthrie, Myron Hopkins, Pryer J. Herman, George F. Heideman, Samuel G. Irwin, Daniel C. Jones, Hiram M. Keyser, Charles B. Kendall, James Kelly, Edward E. Lynn, Charles F. Little, G. Allen Lamb, James Muncey, George C. McFarland, Frank C. Mehler, William Rush Patton, Holland W. Richardson, William R. Russell, Charles M. Richmond, Robert E. Stevenson, Samuel B. Ten Broeck, I. Allen Torrey, Alfred H. Whipple, D. Bishop Wren, John A. Ward, Egbert H. Winston James H. McNeil, Thomas H. Montgomery, John McLean, Samuel L. Marston, L. Pitt Y. McCoy. Elmer Nichols, J. Copp Noyes, Cornelius O'Brien, Jacob W. Ogle, Wesley Phillips, Byron G. Pierce, William C. Piatt, John M. Rankin, James I. Ransom, Lemuel H. Rogers, 62 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Fernando C. Robinson, Lewis H. Skaggs, John W. Saucerman, Abram L. Small, W. H. Smith, Frank B. Adkins, Harrison Akely, Orlenzer Allen, Samuel J. Avery, Charles M. Babcock, Lyman F. Babcock, A. J. Bacon, S. K. Barclay, G. Frank Beasley, George R. Bibb, William T. Bradbury, Charles A. Bucher, Spencer Byrn, Frank D. Cass, F. Marion Cassell, Ellston Chamberlin, James E. Coakley, Ephraim Dayton, James W. Dora, T. B. Dora, Franklin Eels, J. Wesley Egbert, F. Edwin English, J. B. Fares, Horace Gaylord, E. T. Glasener, J. A. Goldsbury, Chas. White, M W. R. Adier, J. Madison C. Adams, Henry Allen, R. M. Allen, W. C. Baird, Braxton Baker, Zopher Ball, John Becker, Newton Baker, C. R. Blackall, E. J. Bond, D. W. Bosley, W. E. Bowman, James G. Boardman. J. W. Brown, W. H. Bright, J. G. Blanchard, C. H. Brunk, C. H. Carlisle, E. P. Catlin, W. E. Chamberlin, H. F. Chesbrough, John LI. Williams, William T. Wilson, James A. Williams, John Zahn. H. W. Sigworth, William Scott, William H. Tompkins, Pembroke R. Thombs, 1863-4. Lewis H. Goodwin, J. J. Gulick, J. Milton Hiatt, Robert L. Hill, H. C. Hollingsworth, Frank A. Jordan, Erwin L. Jones, Augustus P. C. Jones, I. C. Johnson, George N. Jennings, John J. Kelly, Leslie E. Keely, Robert S. Kelso, John R. Kerrell, A. H. Kinnear, L. J. M. Kords, Bartlett Larimer, Gilbert B. Lester, Timothy T. Linn, Lorenzo D. Lowell, I. Ellis Lyons, S. B. McGlumphy, Peter S. McDonald, Samuel Mendenhall, Henry A. Mix, Martin E. Munger, James A. Monroe, D., Frederick S. C. Grayston, M.D., ad eundem 1864-5. Jabez H. Moses, Alexander P. Nelson, Eugene L. Nelson, J. N. O'Brien, Roswell R. Palmer, G. Hial Peebles, Edward H. Price, Charles M. Richardson, Phillip Shaffer, George W. Schuchard, William A. Smith, J. M. Still, J. Dwight Stillman, John M. Swift, John W. Thayer, Joel T. Tevis, Marvin Waterhouse, John M. West, William F. Welsh, J. A. Williams, James M. Watkins, G. D. Winch, Samuel Wilson, Charles A. White, Orlando S. Wood, Titus P. Yerkes. Frederick Cole, Samuel Cole, Jr. H. N. Clark, J. L. Congdon, J. Cooper, John Cotton, Clinton Cushing, M. Morton Dowler, Jr. A. J. Darrah, S. A. Davidson, S. W. Dodd, A. C. Douglass, A. S. Ehle, Andrew J. Eidson, Samuel S. Elder, Smith T. Ferguson, S. A. Ferrin, Henry A. Folger, O. D. Ford, J. H. Foster, Samuel Galloway, H. T. Godfrey, R. Romanta Gaskill, J. Thomas Hale, J. M. Harrah, Thomas C. Hance, A. P. Herndon, Wm. H. Hess, Smith H. Hess, J. W. Herdman, Francis M. Hiett, H. Edward Horton, George W. James, Merritt S. Jones, David R. Johnson, Charles Kerr, G. F. Keiper, W. J. Kelsey, John L. Kite, Charles E. Keuster, C. E. Lamon, J. H. Leal, Josiah Lee, C. J. Lewis, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 63 A. W. Lueck, Carl J. Lucas, W. B. Lyons, Isaac L. Mahan, J. G. Meachem, Jr. L. B. Morrow, William A. Morse, G. D. Maxson, William M. Newell, N. W. Nesmeth, Joseph Otto, William P. Penfield, John W. Powell, Joseph L. Prentiss, G. W. Priest, Charles H. Quinlan, Lafayettee Redmon, A. J. Rodman, C. B. Reed, Flavel Shurtleff, J. L. Shepherd, Emery Sherman, Jr. Asbury E. Smith, W. H. H. Smith, M. S. Stahl, G. A. Stevenson, Martin Baker, M.D., W. H. Dubler, M.D., D. W. C. Denny, M.D., N. Wright, M.D., 1865-6. W. B. Graham, John N. Grover, C. Judson Gill, James E. Gowen, W. S. Goodell, John W. Grcesbeck, Jr. Julius C. Holmes, Wm. J. Harris, Wm. Harper, Wm. S. Herrick, Carter B. Higgins, Abijah F. Henry, J. M. Hayward, Fred. W. Hoffman, E. Howard Irwin, Wm. H. H. King, George W. Langfitt, G. F. Lyons, Truman F. Loop, Peter T. Lange, Jacob W. Magelssen, James J. Morgan, James M. McMasters, A. Wilber Meachem, John G. Munsell, W. W. Murray, S. C. Maxwell, Wm. D. Morehouse, E. A. Morse, John R. McDowell, Albert H. Hoy, M.D., J. J. Brown, M.D., W. Louis Rabe, M.D., W. Y. Leonard, M.D., Gerhard Christian Paoli, M.D., Honorary, 1866-7. Robert J. Brackenridge, Gideon V. Bachelle, Otto Basco, Wesley Clarke, Jerome H. Crouse, J. Gilbert Connor, D. Hedrick Stratton, G. C. Smythe, J. L. Trousdale, John W. Trueworthy, Henry Van Buren, G. W. Van Zant, Theodore Wild, Joseph H. Wilson, Horatio B. Withers, George Worsely, O. P. B. Wright, Charles Young. Ethan P. Allen, T. E. Annis, S. B. Ayres, C. Isham Allen, Wm. J. Asdale, Luther Brown, Jr. George W. Brown, T. Newton Booe, Edward E. Berry, George A. Clarke, Samuel C. Cravens, J. N. Crawford, James Cozad, John W. Craig, Richard Carscadden, Robert H. Crowder, James A. Comstock, George M. Chamberlin, Wm. J. Carter, James C. Davis, Franklin M. Denny, F. A. Dietrich, Jos. B. Eversole, Jerome B. Egbert, John A. Edmiston, Henry R. Fowler, J. C. Fitch, Chester S. Ford, John Guerin, W. L. Goodell, ad eundem. Horace Nichols, S. F. Paddock, N. T. Quales, Rolla T. Richards, James J. Reed, Charles E. Rice, Wm. D. Rutledge, E. Maiden Smith, M. P. Sigworth, Wm. D. Scott, D. Q. Scheppers, M. F. Smith, Abram A. Sulcer, James E. Sutton, Charles E. Steadman, Charles True, Norman Teal, J. M. Taggart, Henry Tombceken, S. S. Troy, F. J. Van Vorhis, John T. Wilson, Robert L. Walston, Charles J. Winzenried, L. O. P. Wolfe, Francis W. Watson, George A. Wilson, R. B. Wetmore, M. V. B. Witherspoon, A. J. Willing. ad eundem. Curtis B. Ames, Upton A. Ager, William H. Buckmaster, Benjamin F. Brown, Charles C. Brown, Horatio N. Bradshaw, Andrew P. Davis, William P. Dunne, William T. Dougan, Leonard W. Estabrook, William Eaton, Charles A. Edgar, 64 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Curtis Treat Fenn, James Luther Gandy, Edward B. Hobson, John Hughes, Wm. Baker Hathaway, John W. Hensley, Samuel Hawley, Semun R. Hewitt, John P. Humes, John N. Jones, Hiram D. Kellog, Benjamin F. Kierulff, Justin Worthing Lamson, William A. Laflen, William J. Langfitt, Albert Morrall, Nicholas R. Marshall, Joseph K. Mayo, T. William Schwan, L. Newton Stewart, Irving R. Spooner, John Simpson, David T. Sellards, Lyman T. Strother, James K. Secord, Nelson L. Sweetland, Samuel Thompson, John T. Taylor, Alexander W. Trout, John C. Tatman, Thomas J. Tennery, Henry B. Upton, W. Llendrix Veatch, Evart Van Buren, Jr. Joseph Van Cowan. George E. Miller, Joseph W. Morey, William H. C. Moore, Allen P. Mitten, Jerome C. Merrick, John Massman, Frederick D. Morse, Alexander B. Newton, Henby B. Newell, Sanford T. Odell, Henry K. Palmer, William Porter, George W. Ray, Charles A. Rockwood, Dolphus S. Randall, Jefferson Robinson, Stephen E. Robinson, Dan. S. Root, James Murphy, M.D., Maximillian A. Cachot, M. D., ad eundem, David Prince, M.D., Ezra S. Carr. M.D., Honorary. 1867-8. Fernand Henrotin, Merritt Hurst, William H. H. Hagey, Byron Holmes, Christian B. Hirsch, J. Robert Haggard, Walter L. Johnson, Thomas C. Kimball, Thomas N. Livesay, Gershom J. R. Little, Edmund L. Lathrop, William A. Looney, Louis B. La Count, John G. McKinney, Abraham Miller, Benj. C. Miller, Charles Muth, Leonidas B. Martin, James McClure, John B. Moore, Americus V. Moore, Samuel P. McCrea, Thomas C. McCoughey, William J. Maynard, Thomas C. Murphy, Francis McGuire, Charles A. McCollum, Albert B. McKune, Edmund L. Mayo, Jr. James Moffit, Albertis P. McCullock, William R. McMahan, Garrett Newkirk, John R. O'Riley, Charles T. Parkes. William Quivey, William S. Pitts, Francis G. Arter, James B. Armstrong, James H. Barnwell, Hugh Brownlee, James Barr, A. W. Bosworth, James R. Barnett, James H. Baker, Amos Babcock, Robert N. Barger, William H. Christie, Pascal L. Craig, John Cassidy, Henry A. Chase, James M. Cook, J. A. Carter, F. Wallace Coffin, John B. Draper, Nelson A. Drake, David L. Davidson, Thomas A. Elder, George W. Elkins, John T. Foster, John G. Frank, Benjamin H. Freeland, David M. Finley, Frank Fifeld, William Flinn, William J. Fern, John A. M. Gibbs, Lyman T. Goodner, John H. Goodell, John B. Griswold, Henry C. Gemmell, Samuel R. Hicks, Abrogene Holland, Cyrus Heywood, Joel Prescott, John H. Peters, Bennett A. Payne, James Pankhurst, William R. Page, Joseph B. Rood, J. Rodney Rundlett, Wilhelm Rienholdt, Antonius A. Rowley, Wm. S. Robertson, Justin Ross, William S. Rowley, E. H. Pardu, John G. Riddler, Corydon Richmond, Royal Reed, Harrion Stelle, Ebert S. Sherron, Daniel Spittler, Josiah T. Scovill, John W. Shiption, DeWitt Clinton Smith, S. E. Scanland, John P. Seawright, Oscar F. Seeley, John F. Shrouts, Dana B. Segur, Charles B. Thrall, D. H. Arthur Thrane, George O. Taylor, John E. Tuttle, L. E. Towne, W. Alphonso Wood, D. Lindley Woods, Matthias S. Wheeler, Thomas Audley Wakely, Charles A. Wheaton, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 65 Richard M. Wiggmton, Rush Winslow, Henry Joseph Warworth, Hiram G. Wycoff, James I. Wakefield, Thomas J. Yount. Daniel C. Babcock, John W. Cowden, W. F. Hani, j , , William Little, William N. Bailey, Abram Hard, \ ad eundem- Joseph Van Dyke, Orpheus Evarts, John Ten Broek, ) r, J. J. Woodward, J. S. Bobbs, j Honorary. 1868-9. Ezra K. Friermood, Gustav H. C. Fricke, Lee W. Fulton, James R. Fyffe, William A. Gordon, Oliver Gard, Joseph B. Galer, Job L. Gregory, Charles W. Goodale, James R. Groesbeck, Julius F. C. Hoffman, John B. Hamilton, Herbert S. Hill, William C. Hoover, Melancthon Hilbert, Charles E. Hogeboom, James R. Holgate, William C. Johnson, John M. Jenkins, Peter E. Kierland, Anders Klingberg, Joseph Knowles, Jahiel C. Kilgore, Frederick H. Linde, Justin J. Leavitt, Hugh E. Lindsay, George W. Lee, Jr. Augustus R. Logan, Joel W. Morris, Russell L. Moore, Stephen P. McClure, Adam E. Miller, Andrew J. Miller, John McGinnis, John C. Morgan, James W. McLean, John S. Clark, M.D., Frederick L. Matthews, M.D., ) , .„„ , Thomas R. Mclnnes, M.D., Robert Tobey, M.D., \ aa Oliver Everett, M. D., Honorary. 1869-70. John Ellison Best, Gilbert E. Bridgman, John Bloomingstone, Cyril P. Brown, Albert D. Ballou, William J. Burns, David O. Bennett, Thomas Blakeslee, William M. Boyd, William H. Austin, James M. Adams, Marcelius O. Baldwin, Russell Broughton, Thompson R. Brady, Frank L. Bradley, John W. Bacon, Hiram H. Bardwell, Samuel H. Birney, David J. Brookings, Robert Briggs, William M. Burton, Simon P. Brown, Robert H. Brown, Arthur B. Brackett, Galland A. O. Bailey, James Baker, John J. Cameron, Cassidy Chenoweth, Israel Cunkle, Thomas Cosgrove, John P. Cloyd, Nelson H. Church, Amos A. Covalt, William G. Cochrane, James G. Cameron, Moritz B. Carleman, Joseph W. David, William A. Danforth, William Dunlap, Michael Donnelly, Cyrenius A. David, Arthur W. Edwards, James H. Etheridge, Frank M. Elliott, John W. Firkins, Samuel McLellan, James S. Moffatt, William Monroe, William T. Nichols, John E. O'Brien, Lorenzo Northrup, Almon Patterson, Thomas W. Parker, John B. Ralph, Robert N. Rickey, Harley G. Ristine, George W. Roberts, Vincent H. Rose, George W. Stewart, Frank D. Stannard, William H. Schrock, Alonzo B. Shephard, Byron N. Stevens, • Fred. F. Sovereign, Joshua B. Sprague, Charles C. Sprague, Thomas B. Spalding, Albert R. Tucker, Dallas G. M. Trout, Sylvester Thompson, James Tweddale, William L. Underwood, William H. Wirt, George H. Waller, Solon C. White, Otho B. Will, Basil M. Webster, George Williamson, John Williamson, Frank S. Wadsworth, John S. Whitley, Lyman J. Adair, William R. Aydelott, George H. Aurner, Thomas J. Adams, George T. Acres, D. Bryan Baker, Charles A. Barnes, Fred. T. Bicknell, L. Lafayette Bond, William L. Crowder, Orville H. Conger, Milton C. Carver, Paul H. Curtner, Thomas Coates, James McNab CasseJs, Lafayette W. Case, Howard C. Crist, Michael J. Donnelly, 66 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. Samuel W. Durant, Samuel T. Davis, Isaac R. Dunning, Edward F. Dann, Daniel L. Dakin, John W. Dod, Jacob R. Dosch, Hamilton P. Duffield, Richard J. Eaton, Milton H. Everett, William C. Eichelberger Robert S. Edgar, Perry M. Evans, Abel Ford, Jr. William E. Fenwick, Edward R. Fletcher, George S. Focht, S. Campbell Fen ton, William Fox, Benjamin F. Farley, O. G. Given, Augustus H. Guernsey, John Green, George Green, Strader S. Goldsberry, Samuel W. Gould, John W. Goe, Joseph C. Gifford, Jesse T.. B. Gephart, William Henry, Benjamin R. Helms, George W. Hudson, William Harvey, Frederick C. Hageman, Marcus M. Hale, Thomas A. Holman Bishop B. Kelley, Adrian A. Kitchingman, Horace R. Littlefield, Augustus Liljencrantz, Ledyard Verdine Lewis, Clark Leal, Benjamin F. LaRue, John M. Lester, Frank L. Lewis, Allen R. Law, Laurence A. Lawrason, Stephen W. Lee, William O. Mendenhall, Phineas S. Mulvane, William L. McLane, H. Walter Morehouse, William J. Moore, Andrew J. Moore, Julius A. Morris, George P. Morey, Pierre L. Monast, James A. Matthews, Nicholaus Molitor, Samuel Miller, Simon P. Morse, D. H. McFarland, Albert B. Modesitt, Henry M. Marvin, Charles D. Manning, T. Fletcher McFarland, George B. Noyes, Oliver C. Ormsby, Milo Place, Lewis C. Page, William H. Palmer, Francis M. Pickens, Benjamin T. Phillips, Robert O. Purviance, Judson C. Panter, William B. Porter, Charles E. Quire, Walter F. Randolph, James W. Reeder, James C. Reynolds, Charles W. Russell, John Wiley Snider, William H. Stewart, Zachary T. Stanley, William M. Smith, Theophilus Sprague, James B. Stetson, Henry C. Soule, Conrad Secrist, H. Watson Smith, Sylvester S. Smith, John H. Stewart, Lewis A. Snyder, John T. Scott, Jacob D. Smith, Samuel L. Tyner, John W. Tope, William Todd, J. Austin Thompson, Delinso A. Walden, John C. Webster, John C. Waite, Leonard P. Woodworth, Charles A. Wilcox, Albert Wilgus, Gideon A. Weed. Edward V. Anderson, William W. Baxter, William E. Blackman, Income G. O. Bailey, Henry S. Bachman, Thomas H. Bragg, Alfred L. Buchan, George W. Brandon, James M. Bartholow, Elbert W. Clarke, Edward J. Chapman, Frank E. Conan, Norman S. Craig, Corwin W. Cornell, Daniel B. Collins, Benjamin D. Copp, Hezekiah J. Crumpton, Jesse W. Dawson, David Dodge, M.D., J. F. Grimes, M.D., ] Richard H. Plummer, M.D., Andrew McFarland, Honorary. 1870-1. ad eundem. R. Ralph Dewitt, Andrew C. Donovan, Albert A. Dye, John L. Hayes, "Benjamin R. Hall, Joseph L. Hagerty, Charles A. Hudson, James H. Hutchins, Joseph V. Harris, Ephraim F. Ingals, Henry Jones, Joseph Evans Jones, Charles D. Knapp, George M. Macklin, Erasmus G. Minnick, Wm. T. Montgomery, Ennis N. McGarry, James N. Miller, David C. Nicoson, George E. Newell, A. Palmer Peck, John F. Pritchard, Lewis L. Ratliff, David T. Douglass, Rinaldo E. Egbert, William Eastman, William L. Everett, George W. Frost, John M. Furnas, Marsena H. French, Thomas D. Ford, Melchert H. Garten, Charles H. Guibor, Henry A. Given, Jared Y. Galer, Robert C. Grigg, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 67 Robert LaGrange, William T. Leonard, Robert J. Mitchell, Patrick Henry McElroy, John A. Masterson, Robert McPherson, Charles D. Roome, Albert J. Roe, J. Wilson Sparks, Alfred G. R. Schlosser, Preston Stebbin, J. Oliver Stanton, E. LeRoy Turner, Leverett W. Thomas, Isaac H. Taylor, W. W. Williams, Charles A. White, John A. White, Fred. B. Wood, Ephraim B. Young. ad eundem. Samuel A. Greenwell, Gustav G. Goll, William R. Geiger, Thomas Gilluly, Seth T. Hurst, William L. Harcourt, Jos. N. Hannaford, Thomas Kelley, Joseph C. Lincoln, Thomas P. Lark, Philander H. Leavitt, William S. Baker, M.D., 111.; Amos Knight, M.D., Mich.; MahlonH. L. Schooley, M.D., Mo.; Dan. L. Jewett, M.D., 111., Thomas M. Hess, M.D. 111.; Zacheus Bass, M.D., Vt., Honorary. 1871-2. Orion John Hall Adams, Robert Samuel Hall, Zorah Ebn Patrick, William Franklin Artz, Plymmon Sanford Hayes, Charles William Phillips, Emory Cooke Bartholow, William Henry Hill, Richard Plackett, Charles Irwin Booth, Wm. Franklin Hilsabeck, Homer Hamilton Pratt, Charles Henry Burbank, R. Harrison Huddleston, Horace James Pratt, Samuel Michael Jenks, Albert Nelson Richardson, Edmund Janvier Kendall, George Frank Roberts, George Lasher, David Lancaster Ross, Sherwell Kier McBride, Dennis Lincoln Russell, Wm. Leslie McCandless, Cyrus Smith, Andrew McFarland, Eugene Jackson Smith, Tho's Nath'l Cunningham, Patt. Leonard McKennie, John Isaac Smith, David Byron Darr, James McMorris, John Alexander Smith, Thomas Byron DeWitt, Mason Crarey McPherson, Oliver Perry Smith, John Chas. Dorchester, Horatio Nelson Mackey, Wm. Francis Standiford, John William Dunn, Darwin Earll Magoon, James Wallace Standley, Lehman Herbert Dunning, A. Siedschlag v Mansfelde, Albert Bliss Strong, Cyrus Monroe Easton, William Briscoe Mead, Ewing King McAdow W. Wilberforce Edgerton, Geo. Frederick Merritt, _ Taylor, Eli Wesley Fairman, Lewis Curtis Messner, Tohn McLean Flemming, Perry Henry Millard, William Keller Miller, Otis Moor, Amos Lorin Norris, John William Norris, Abram Owen, F. Antes Canfield, Hiram Stillman Chapin, Albert Chenowith, Sylvester Clayberg, Charles Theodore Corey, Oliver Philip Crane, S. Cuthbertson Freeland, George Blake Galer, John Hurley Gardiner, John Gardner, Eugene Sherman Garvin, John Hall Gernon, George Haynes Tebo, Smith Chapman Thompson John Gilbert Truax, T. Louis Arch'd Valiquet, Spencer Joseph Way, Robert Williamson Wells, Orville Briggs Wiggins. Ernst Schmidt, M.D., ad eundem. Sanford Orville Alford,* John Isaac Ashbaugh, Franklin Bedford, William Henry Battin, John Marshall Barclay, Henry Clay Bostwick, Jos. Boardman Browning, Clavius Confucius Birney, John Henry Crissler, Charles Harte Carey, Erie Benton Crommett, Francis Bowers Corbett, 1872-3. Cass Mason Dodge, William Lorelle Duffin, David Wallace Edmiston, Marshall Enfield, Jesse Walter Evans, John Grass, Charles Von Hiddessen, William Albert Horton, Charles Henry Hamilton, William Johnson Hurt, Andrew Jackson Hynds, Frederick Andrew Hess, Charles Frederick King, Ernst Albert Kittell, Joshua Adams Kittring, Martin Henry Luken, Frank Edward Lewis, Nathan Allen Loofbourow, George Bailey Little, Columbus Myers, Pleasant Winston Menden- hall, George McCulloch, Morris Galusha McLean, 68 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. James Harvey Orear, John Frederick Schaefer, John Schnee Thompson, Oliver Cromwell Pider, Carter Hutchinson Smith, Reuben Notley Turner, Dolphin Walter Pearson, John Jerome Stone, Henry John Thomas, Willard Walter Rusk, George Daniel Swaine, John Godfrey Walker, George Warren Reynolds, Everett Russell Smith, John Tilgham Walker, Hamilton Rush Riddle, John Newland Starr, George Christian Wellner, Milton Granville Sloan, Dan'l Mcintosh Slemmons, Edward Burbank Weston, Fred'k Emerson Sherman, Kittle T. Stabeck, Henry Abbott Winter, Frederick Shimonek, Milton Shoemaker, Marshall William Wood. A. Reeves Jackson, Chicago, 111.; Philip Adolphus, M.D., Chicago, 111.; | Thos. G. Catlin, M.D., New York; Chas. L. Allen, M.D., Rutland, Vt., \ Honorary. 1873-4. William Andrew Allen, John Edgar Hathorn, Ralph Parkin, Sanford Fillmore Bennett, Truman Aug. Herrington, George Weston Parsons, Victor Arthur Bertram, Wilbur Alson Hendryx, William Parsons, Charles LeRoy Burroughs, Gershom Hyde Hill, John Henry Byrne, Lewis Cass Hormel, Oscar Nathan Carr, John Wesley Lane, Theodore Jefferson Catlin, Abraham Leigh, George Henry Chapman, William Russell Lewis, Frank Wilbur Chase, Ira Bradwell Connett, James Wells Cook, James Edwin Cowan, Henry Crowder, Leonidas Hamiin Eaton, David William Edgar, Andrew Judson Ervey, William Henry Franks, Frank Howard Payne, Weston Theodore Plumb, Kossuth Fillmore Purdy, Frank Allen Reed, Addison Winfield Rickey, Laurel Elmer Robison, William Scott Rofe, Frank Lafayette Rownd, Robert A Livingston, Frank Howard Lord, Henry Smith Lytle, Herbert Marcus McKenzii,Joseph Augustus Scroggs, Rob't Edw. McCleLland, Edgar Barber Shumway, Frederick William Denke, Addison Webster McCoy, Archie Robertson Small, Robert Ford Dundas, James Harold McCune, Arthur Henry Steen, Jr. Jas. Gallagher McElroy, Oliver Harrison Martin, Samuel Warren Mercer, George Henry Miller, William Harrison French, Frank Laurence Miles, Ira Hamilton Gillum, Theoph. Wells Mitchell, Ezra T Goble, Ellis Crosby Moore, Zenas Harmon Going, Will Harrison Morgan, Geo. Washington Greaves, Lea Murphy, William Samuel GriAes, P. P. Rogers, Bloomington; E. A. Wilcox, Chicago; T. J. Bluthardt, Chicago; E. B. Collins, Honorary. 1874-5. Wm. Thomas Adams, Renaldo DeMelville Clark.Thomas Edmund Hall, Iheophilus L. Ashbaugh, Henry Augustine Clarke, Henry Leonard Harrington Samuel Leonard Baugh, Thomas Henry Cornwall, Harvey Lindsey Harris, Daniel Morrison Benonia Thorn, Edson Reuben Wait, Lewis Franklin Walker, Spencer Cone Wernham, James Delaforet Whitley, Constantine Wiley, Thomas Royston Wiley, Arthur Lee Wright, Byrd Sydney Young. Samuel Henry Bell, James Gordon lierry, Albert Henry Bill,' John Binnie, John Blackford Blue, Joseph H. Craig, Ryerson ■ .eorge Healy, David Alexander Drennan, Robert Willis Hoyt, Edward Henry Dudley, William Hutchinson, Charles Egan, Jacob Snyder Kauffman, William Clarence Egan, George Dutton Ladd, Isaac Henry Cadwallader,George Wyatt Farrow, Edmund Matthew Landis, William Burr Caldwell, Luther Melancthon Focht.Olin Joseph Lawry, Neil D. Campbell, Louis Henry A. Fredericks, Wallace Frederick Lewis, Edwin Alphonso Carpenter, H enry Fritcher, Edward Hanson Lockwood Marshall Cassmgham, Marc.L. Fullenwider, A.B.,Henry Baldwin Losey, George Chapman, Luther Moody Griffin, Thomas Cook McCleery, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 69 Charles Angus McDonell, Frank John Pope, Andrew Theodore Steele, James Johnson McFadden, William Gaidner Putney, Alexander Douglas Taylor, George W. McKinney, Franklin Reyner, George Thurston Thomas, J°hn Drake Mandeville, Walter Forward Reynoldsjared Hall Thompson, Childs Mantor, George Riley, John William Trimmer, Delos Danforth Marr, Amnon James Ryan, Frederick Turner, Thomas Munson Michaels,Gustavus Frank Schreiber, William Harrah Watson, Frank Helton Morrical, Charles Scott, Samuel S. Weidner, William Walter Mulliken, David Ernest Sedgwick, Grier William Wheeland, James Albert Nowlen, Lewis Cass Seeley, John Phineas Parks, John Wesley Spear, John Pehrsoon, William Wheeler Squire, John Cain Johnson, M.D., ad eundem. Professor Albert Smith, M.D., LL.D., Honorary. Arthur LeRoy Wheeler, Frederick John Wilkie, Lucas Richard Williams. Wells Andrews, Jr., Benson Banton, Ira Bishop, David Hampton Bowen, Louis Braun, Charles Henry Buchanan, Frank Wayland Bullock, Robert William Butler, William Harris Cook, William Henry Conibear, William Herbert Doolittle. James Dunn, Frank Wallace Edwards, Joseph Hoffman Eskridge. Frank Bergeron Florentin. Cyrus W. France, Geo. Washington Gammon, John R. Gardiner, Byron Wilson Griffin, Allen Wesley Hagenbuch, Royal Gray Hamilton, James Monroe Harman, Gustavus French Harvey, John H~nry Heron, Noah Reynolds Hobbs, Samuel Judd Holmes, Eugene S. Atwood, Silas Addison Austin, Charles Rucker Aiken, Abraham Ashbaugh, Macaulay Arthur, John Wesley Andrews, George Edward Brown, Vernon Row Bridges, William T. Belfield, William Harden Boals, George Henry Barney, William A. Burnham, 1875-6. Robert Hutchinson, Johan Christian Hvoslef, Oliver Perry Henry Jeffries, Frank Sebra Jones, Henry Walbank Jones, Joseph Palmer Johnson, Alphonse F'd Kalckhoff, Andrew Kershaw, Alfred. Moses Lancaster, Wm. Marcellus Larabee, Frank Li^htfoot, William M. Macfarlane, Finla McClure, James D. Mclntyre, Jacob May, James Allen Meade, Johann Herm'n Wm. Meyer Wil iam Walker Meyer, Edward Willison Minton, Francis Marion Moore, Christopher Dean Morey, Hiram Irving Nance, Floyd O'Brien, Michael Talty O'Clery, Smith Orr, Brodie Watson Parks, 1876-7. Herbert Roderick Bird, John Charles Bryan, Thomas Davis Baird, Benjamin Hirst Dean, John W. Glendening, Jas. St. Clair C. Cussins, Robert Cottington, Charles A. Cromett, Charles E. Clingan, Andrew M. Crawford, Charles E. Caldwell, Irving LeRoy Cutler, Campbell Wm. Patrick, Augustine Perkins, Henry Pettibone, Willis F. Pierce, George Franklin Plew, Geo. Washington Ramsey, William Henry Reedy, Frank Stewart Reynolds, Leonard Rogers, Charles Austin Rood, John Stewart Ryburn, Chauncy Morgan Skinner, Calvin Knox Smith, Eugene Smith, Eugene Riley Smith, Thomas Albert Smith, Edgar Snyder, Benjamin Elias Strieker, John Albert Sturges, M.D., Aug. Theodore Thieman, George King Tillotson, Charles Henry Venn, Clark Rienzi Warren, Robert R. Williams, John Brand Young. Charles P. Caldwell, William Joseph Conan, George P. Cunningham, Daniel C. Barroch, Levi Dixon, William Morris Evans, James Marcus Everett, Frank William Epley, Wm. Robert Freek, Dexter B. Farnsworth, John Welton Fisher, George W. Gurnea, 7o, EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. George Frederick Gray, William M. Graham, William 0. Harland, Edwin Wm. Hunter, Charles A. Hayes, Hamilton W. Hewit, Sylvester Clay Ham, Newell H. Hamilton, Joseph Mosher Heller, Virgil E. Hestwood, Lvman Drake Jackson, William H. Jennings, Jacob C. Joralemon, Charles Ludwig Koch, Henry Chas. Kerber, Frederick S. Luhman, Edwin J. Lewis, Leslie Coulter Lane, John W. La Grange, James Lawless, John Hinton Lowra, Elmer Freemont Latta, Charles A. Luscher, Ottul E. Lindboe, William H. Lynn, James McDougle, Joseph C. McMahan, John R. McCluggage, Theodore W. Morse, John W. Morton, Freeman C. Mason, Thomas C. Malone, Hosea F. C. Miller, Jesse Marion Mathes, William Netter, Edwin McL. Northcott, Frederick R. Nitzsche, James Henry Plecker, George H. Peters, William F. Quirk, Frank D. Rathbun, Hugh Alexander Rose, Joseph Bentley Rogers, John Allen Russell, James Degnan Reynolds, M.D., Julius Otto, Charles Peter Caldwell, M.D., 1877-8. Edward Dudley Arnold, *Augustus Lessure Craig, James Simpson Alford, Fred Warren Cram, Jeremiah Allen Anderson, Victor Hugo Christiancy, Albert Bird Royal, James Lee Reat, Milo Wakely Scott, Horace W. Smith, Farquhar Stuart, Oliver Thomas Shenick, Thomas P. Shanahan, Myron Arthur Tibbits, James Lewis Taylor, Merritt W. Thompson, William H. Ten Brook, William Treacy, Ryan T. Van Pelt, Clark Wesley Voorus, Charles Myron Willis, Clarence Scott Wells, Winfred Wylie, William H. Washburne, Joel Wallace Whitmire, Robert H. Williamson, Charles Zuppan, M.D. ad eundem. Jas. Leeworthy Camp, jr. George Dawley, Edward McLaren Darrow James Dinsdale, A.B., James J. Dewey, James Henry Abrams, Benj. Franklin Brattain, Aristides Edwin Baldwin, Andrew Wash. Bowman, Alonzo Festus Burnham, J. Henderson Burlingame, Ozias DePuy, Robert Dempsey Boyd, Cyrus Felix Demsey, Alfred Marshman Browne, *Wm. Nehemiah Daniels, Commodore Perry Brown, Frank Paris Eldridge, *Geo. Math. Bergen, A.B.,Lyman Washington Ford, D. Francis Burton, B. S., Thomas Joseph Forhan, John Samuel Barry, William Warren Furber, John Edmund Preble Butz, James Fieldhouse, Edwin George Bennett, C. Leonard Ferris, A.B., Henry Green Brainerd, John Eugene Garrey, Orvis Mann Burhans, Byron Benjamin Godfrey, Edwin Orlando Boardman,Michael August. Glennan, *Sau Boganau, A.B., *Albert Goldspohn, B.S., Frederick Herbert Bates, Levi Nevada Hicks, George Wesley Bellus, Francis Bascom Bullard, Arthur Grant Bond, John Randolph Currens, Lewis William Carlton, Alfred Cleveland Cotton, Jacob Culver, Jefferson Roger Hobart, *William Edward Hall, Joseph H. Hall, Herbert H. Hurd, A.B., Lawrence B. Hathaway, Charles Hardman, Alfred Hinde, Lucius Henry Hayman, Henry Miller Hewitt, Judson Deforrest Irwin, , Hortensus L. Isherwood, Austin H. Johnson, , Elijah Stephens Kelly, William Henry Kane King Phillip Amis Kemper, John Augustus Logan, Charles Melville Long, John Redfield Murphy, William Thomas Murphy, Ashbel Henry Morse, Uriah Clay McHugh, Samuel Ross Miller, Samuel Boreland Miller, Andrew Caldwell Mailer, Hiram Foster McCoy, Hans Von Metzradt, *Robert Alex. McClelland, Aaron Mills, Elverton E. Major, Emanuel Cross Nolan, John Chrysler O'Conner, Fred William Patterson, Epaphroditus J. Porter, Howard Lewis Pratt, Gilbert Lafayette Pritchell, *James Henry Phillips, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE GRADUATES. 71 Benjamin Oliver Webb, William S. Wheelwright, Edward Newby Wheeler, Isaac Newton Wear, Henry Hull Park, Albert Parker Rounsevell, Carmi C. Thaver, B.D., Abra Claudius Pettijohn, Joseph Emmet Sansom, William DeanWilson, Dennis Wilson Porter, John B. Sage, Walter Howard Porter, Christian Sether, Edward Quinn, James Emmett Shaw, Isaac Hale Rathbun, Ethan McAferty Stretch, *Addison Milton Rathbun,Charles Fred. Smolt, B.S.,Colin Christopher Watson, Herman Rakenius, George Stuart, Elwood Weems, Charles Corneau Reed, Albert Germain Sexton, Windsor P. Woodbridge, Duncan Reid, Ph.B., Frank Oliver Sherwin, Fredk. Eugene Wadhams, Andrew Jackson Robinson, William Lloyd Smith, *Eugene Wolcott Whitnev, Talcott Austin Rogers, Jerome H. Salisbury, A.B., Albert Polk Wolfe, Emery Eugene Reynolds, James Edwin Scott, Vincent Phelps Young, George Ryon, William Bike Stiver, Dr. John E. Owens, Dr. Norman Bridge, ) , , Dr. James Nevins Hyde, Dr. D. J. Loring { ad mndem- Dr. John Burgess Walker, Honorary. * Students who received the Certificate of Honor for attendance upon two full winter and two full summer courses at this institution. Chauncey Willard Amy, Marion J. Anderson, Erastus Yeomans Arnold, Samuel Bailey, Clarence Perley Battles, *Rufus Henry Bartlett. Edwin J. Bartlett, A.M. *Robert Wesley Baker, Osrow Dorcelia Benson, Stillman Marion Benner, Benjamin Jephthah Bill, William Thomas Bishop, Adelbert Henry Bowman, William Burgess Brengle, John Franklin Bradshaw, *Chas. Theodore Burchard Martin Caldwell, Charles David Camp, *James Cavaney, Geo. Gillette Chittenden, Wm. Wallace Cole, A.B., Albert Stewart Core, Charles John Creighton, Willis Edward Crane, Theodore Parker Crosse, Stephen Cummings, Charles Eustache Cyrier, John Oscar Dawson, Edward Gomer Davies, James Blaney Devlin, Constantine L. Dicken, *James Michael Dinnen, George Warritte Dosh, Cyrus Donaldson, 1878-9. Julian Arthur Dubois, Thaddeus Aug. Dumont, Karl Fried'k.|W. Eberlein, James Plaster English, Heman E. Farnsworth, *Chas Elwin Fogg, A.B., Henry Jacob Fleischer, Thomas Benton Francis, *Otto Tiger Freer, Wm. H. Harrison Gable, Morris Gibbs, Benjamin Marvin Gill, Orris William Grant, Thomas Baldwin Graham, Bernard Charles Gudden, , Addison Hawkins, Edward Leander Hills, Wm. Wesley Hitchcock, Charles Henry Holmes, Elwyn Ashworth Holroyd, Harry Pettit Huntsinger, Henry Porter Johnson, Francis Marion Jordan, Samuel L. Kilmer, Charles Krusemarck, *Antonio Lagorio, William Henry Lanyon, Fred. Willard Lester, James Lonsdale, James Ancel Lord, Edward Macdonald, George Lemuel Marshall, Allan Aleyne Mathews, Edgar Jehial Meacham, * William Meyer, Chas. Frederick McComb, Hugh E. McCaw, J. Wilkinson McCausland, John Calhoun McClintock, Chas William McGavren, Carroll Everard Miller, Wm. Emil Julian Michelet, Albert Roscoe Mitchell, John Vincent Moran, Daniel Grove Moore, *Harold Nicholas Moyer, Timothy Douglas Murphy, *John Benjamin Murphy, Joseph Aloysius Muenich, John Tenbrook Newton, John Francis O'Keefe, John Walter O'Connor, Harlow N. Orton, William Enos Parker, Emery Allen Paschal, John Thompson Rice, Charles Winter Robbins, Chas. Alex. Rogers, M.D., Joseph Louis Ross, Moses Archie Rush, B.S., Rockwood Sager, Ora Owen Sawyer, B. S., William Raymond Shinn, John Campbell Sheridan, Anton Shimonek, Courtney Smith, George Lewis Smith, Wm. Theo. F. Smith, 72 EARLY MEDICAL CHICAGO. William Peter Smith, Charles Stuart, M.D., Florado Houser Wellcome, Francis Marion Smiley, *John H. Thornton, Fredk. C. Werner, Ph.G., Thomas J. Sprague, Jr., *William Porter Verity, Herman L. Wilson, M.D., Theodore Parker Stanton, Wm. Philander Walker, David H. Worthington, Simon Strausser, Solon Roberson Wakefield,Frank Rubin Woodard, Geo. C. Stockman, B.S., James Wallace, Magnus Youngstedt. James Harrison Stipp, Francis Alvin Weir, Dr. J. H. Gardiner, Honorary. ♦Students who receiyed the Certificate of Honor for attendance upon two or more full winter and two or more full summer courses at this institution. GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE, SINCE ITS ORGANIZATION. 1859-60. Abraham Dexter Andrews, John Conant, Lucian Ashley, John F. Hopkins, Rupert D. Cogswell, James Stewart Jewell, Charles DeHaven Jones, James M. Kendall, Thomas J. Rigg, Ezra A. Steele, Edward C. Dickinson, ad eundem. 1860-1. James Milton Barlow, Theodore J. Bluthardt, Carl C. Dumreicher,. Sidney L. Fuller, John Nicolai, C. Miller, Daniel C. Roundy, ad eundem Titus Deville, Honorary. Frederick ^ amuel CooperFrank W. Reilly, Grayston, Dudley W. Stewart, Oscar A. Lewis, Hiram Wanzer, George W. Morrill, Henry T. Woodruff, Robert S. Addison, C. H. Bacon, O. F. Bartlett, H. K. Deen, E. F. Dodge, Joseph Haller, S. H. Bottomly, Edward Deans, W. R. Fox, Hyatt A. Frost, John Guffin, 1861-2. Stacy Hemenway, G. Wheeler Jones, A. G. Jones, E. H. Neyman, A. D. Rouse, G. W. Rohr, E. B. Rockwell, U. P. Stair, John S. Taylor, Jno. Maynard Woodworth, F. R. Paine, Honorary. 1862-3. J. Henry Leitch, E. H. LeDuc, A. C. Matchette, J. N. McLane, J. D. Morris, S. B. Kimball, ad eundem. Thomas S. Mitchell, Honorary. L. S. Rogers, J. J. Samuels, A. E. Van Deventer, L. P. Warner, J. L. R. Wadsworth, 1863-4. Daniel Bingman Bobb, Albert Luther Converse Adam Given, William Carter Griswold,Percival Gates Kelsey, Ed. Franklin Greenleaf, James Sidney Lackey, Thomas Hankinson, Thomas Renick Hayes, George Kilner, Alex. Stephen Martin, William D. Plummer, John Quirk, George Ware Wilson, William Henry York, George H. Means, M. W. Wilcox, ad eundem. 74 GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. Henry C. Barrel, Marx Block, R. F. Blount, J. Y. Campbell, Thomas Cochrane, Daniel Duckett, J. F. Flemming, J. Y. Frazey, Alays Graetinger, David V. Cole, D. 1864-5. A. B. Hanna, John C. Pratt, Charles Isham, Melvin N. Rust, G. A. Kuechen, WT. D. Saxton, J. E. Link, W. H. Searles, S. McGiffin, Julien S. Sherman, Henry P. Merriman, C. M. Spalding, R. C. Moore, J.. W. St. John, S. M. Pegram, John F. Williams, W. H. Pevler, Hinkley, J. E. Thayer, D. B. Wren, ad eundem. E. C. DePuy, Honorary. 1865-6. Isaac Newton Bishop, Daniel Smith Jenks, Henry Wilson Boyd, Charles Titen Johnson, James Brewster, Joseph Fuller Kelsey, William Harmon Buchtel,Ethen Allen Lee, Davis Fisher Crouse, Samuel Anderson John W. Filkins, McWilliams, Herbert Harris, John McCarthy, William Home, Wright E. Morris, William H. Baxter, William Spencer Caldwell, George H. Calkins, William D. Carter, Henry Cochrane McCoy, William Abbot Nason, Henry Shimer, Will Eugene Turner, Lyman Ware, Nathaniel WilburWrebber, Herbert York. ad eundem. John Charlton, Samuel France, J. P. Randall, ) „ L. D. Robinson, William C. Matchette, \ ™norary- 1866-7. Elvin Franklin Baker, John W. Barlow, Thomas S. Bond, Charles C. Crocker, John T. Curtiss, Madison T. Didlake. Peter Eppler, John George Fredigke, David J. Hussey, James M. Hutchinson, Joseph Pancoart Johnston, Asher Goslin, E. W. Beebe, Isaac R. Lane, Elmer Y. Lawrence, William Martin, Theron Nichols, Henry P. Oggel, Thomas D. Palmer, Wesley Park, Fred Albert Reckard, Chester Reeder, Rufus R. Resseguie, David Robertson, William L. Secomb, Daniel A. Sheffield, Edward T. Twining, JacobAdelbertParmenter,Martin Ira Whitman, David Henry Patton, William John Whelan John A. Ballard, Frederick Bippus, Otho Bonser, James Bradley, Norman Bridge, Henry P. Brookhart, Peter Brumund, Albert E. Bulson, Theodore A. Bunnell, Thomas L. Carey, Stephen J. Caswell, Noble Holton, W. Law, 1867-8. Edward S. Cleveland, Gordon M. Conville, Albert C. Corr, James Culbertson, Henry H. Deming, Horace O. Dodge, William Dougall, William H. Fitch, James F. Fitzsimmons, Francis L. Flanders, Jones J. Good, Honorary. Allen W. Gray, Generous L. Henderson, John W. Johns, William J. Johnson, Stafford P. Jones, John Law, Henry G. Morgan, Dennis W. Nolan, Elwin M. Park, John H. Payne, Charles L. Rutter, GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. 75 Orrin W. Sadler, J. Monroe Stebbins, Benjamin R. Vandoozer, Nicholas Senn, James S. Stitt, Milton W. Walton, Allen C. Simonton, Daniel R. Taylor, J. Grundy Winegarden, Henry C. Snitcher, Salem Town, J. Barrett Woodson, Joseph Haller, T. S. Stanway, ad eundem. D. M. Bond, John E. Davies, John Parsons, Honorary. 1868-9. Samuel Alexander, Daniel J. Allaben. Charles Ashworth, William A. Barstow, George W. Barton, Carl Oscar Bendeke, Wallace Blanchard, Dwight E. Burlingame, William H. Crothers, William C. Chafee, Charles N. Cooper, William Deal, Benjamin W Simon H. Drake, George Keating Dyas, J. W. Folke, George H. Fuller, James S. Gibson, George W. Goodner, Charles S. Hamilton, Green B. Hoblit, Theodore H. Johnson, Edward R. Kittoe, Joseph L. Kitchen, David T. Martyn, Bristow, J. H. Curtis, Ernest Stehr, ad eundem. A. B. McCandless, D. Irwin McMillan, Joseph Milliron, Pacificus B. Porter, William E. Quine, Nelson Rinedollar, Isaac P. Sinclair, Henry H. Sloan, Joseph Sterrett, Daniel C. Stillians, Thomas G. Williams, Jacob Hoke, J. H. Newland, Meinrad Risch, Shubael M. Reynolds, Honor. 1869-70. Francis Homer Blackman, Chas Warrington Earle, Willard Parker Pike, John Wesley Boggess, Maurice Edwards, Stephen William Ranson, Geo. Washington French, Cyrus Clay Reichard, John Hall Hudson, Albert Lewis Shay, Clark Israel Miller, William Moffat Stratton, George Franklin Nealley,Charles Elliot Wing, Geo. Washington Pattee, Darwin L. Manchester, Mary H. Thompson, D. W. Young, ad eundem. J. M. Jenkins, T. F. Mayhem, Daniel Newcomb, B. L. Steel, Honorary. ■ John Waldo Booth, Reuben Willis Bower, Henry Harrison Clark, Lester Curtis, Lucius Dillie, 1870-1. David H. Alvis, Isaiah Wright Christ, Wilbur Parsons Buck, Norman Lewis Kean, Elbert Judson Clark, Daniel Lichty, Harlan Page Cole, George Edwin Lord, Amasa Franklin Chandler, Liston H. Montgomery, Frank Howard Davis, Orrin William Moon, Joseph Wrarren Dysart, Anson Smith Munsell, John Turner Everett, John James Rousseau, Charles Badger, George Mathias Bell, O. W. Blanchard, John G. Frank, J. J. Clemmer, R. George English, Honorary 1871-2. John Magnus Anderson, F. B. Eisen Bockius, George Ransom Bartron, Charles Wesley Burrill, John Bassian, Willis Butterfield, Sylvester Sherwood Bedal, Henry Coakley, Jacob Schneck, Andrew Jackson Smith, Theodore F. Stair, Alfred Swanson, J. Seymore Taylor, Daniel Ellsworth Thayer, Robert Thomas Williams, Henry Wilcox Westover, ad eundem. Myron Miner Grannis, Hezmer Carlisle Hastings, Marcus Patten Hatfield, Harvey VanNess Hicks, y6 GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. Albert Edward Hoadley, John Osborne Hobbs, Alfred Hamilton Levings, Martin Matter, Benj. F. McMennamy, Chas. Sammis McQuaid, Frank Clinton Miller, Alvan Homer Smith, Joseph VanBuskirk, Jesse Louis Twining, John Strange Wood, Ira Willis Waite, Aretus Kent Norton, John Clark Patterson, .Roswell O. P. Phillips, Henry Dwight Porter, Nicholas Schilling, Edward Augustus Shafer,Henry Young, Samuel Smith Strayer, T. Cleaver, ad eundem. 1872-3. Herman Wm. Alexander, Peter T. Hanson, Frank Trimper Allen, Epenetus Reed Bacon, John Samuel Baker, Charles Hervey Black, Robert Henry Bradley, Thomas David Ray, Frederick J. Huse, August Rhoads, Thomas Killough, William Henry Sibert, Chauncy E. Koon, William Henry Smith, Jehu Lewis, Oliver Wilson Spicer, Charles T. Lichtenberger,John Campbell Spray, Daniel A. King Steele, Josephus Allen St. John, Joel Benjamin Bradshaw, Egbert Eugene Loomis, Henry Turman Byford, Daniel Lord, George Wallace Dodge, James Henry Lowe, Ebenezer F. Donaldson, Joseph Smith McCord, George Monroe Emrick, John McLean, William Everett Fraser, John Robert Moore, Chris. Porter Gibson, Joseph P. Otto, Walter S. Haines, Benjamin Julian Perry, Enoch Lewis, D. Scott, ad eundem. 1873*4. Benjamin Guthrie Tweed, James Riley Walker, William Frederick Wiard, Ct. Washington Williams,. Charles Wirth, Mortimer David Allen, William Herron Gale, Washington B. Anderson, Henry Gradle, Wm. Clarence Bedford, James Isaac Hale, Wilford F. Hall, William Hausman, William Gardiner Hill, Charles Hervey Hunt, Geo. Merrit Illingworth, Alexander Porter Kell, Wilmot Leland Ransom,. Frank C. A. Richardson, Fred. Julius Schlieman, Elijah Jeffries Snitcher, Charles Chester Sperry, Henry Joseph Stalker, John Christian Sundberg, John David Tritton, William Foote Whyte, Dallis M. Wick, Vallorous Frank Kinney, Edwin Percy B. Wilder, Fred. Falkenberg Laws, George Edwin Willard, Jas. Martin McClanahan,G. Washington Willeford„ Edson Carey Miller, Frederick C. Winslow, John Hester Mitchell, Loyal Firman Crawford, ad eundem. Charles C. Hamrick, Honorary. 1874-5. Charles Edward Baylies, Peter Amundson Flaten, Christopher M. Hopkins Hermon Rice Bulson, James Polk Fox, Cornelius Herz James Burry, Clark Gapen, Edwin Ben Howell, Martin AugustineColman, Boston H. B. Grayston, Wm. Henry H. Hutton Herbert Dwight Ensign, Henry David Hardacker,Chancey Aimer Kelsey ' William Henry Fayette, Milton Henry Haskins, Thomas Bigelow Lacey George William Held, Charles Hemphill, Peter Langland James Charles Bigelow, Horace Henry Briggs, Henry James Brooks, Xenophon Chapman, Willis F. Cobb, Lewis Samuel Cole, Edmond Dewitt Converse,Gideon P. Kidd Lucien Charles Cowles, James Bennet Corr, Marion Carrol Dale, Edmund Janes Doering Noble Filmore Felker, GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. yj Homer O. Leonard, John Cosgrove Skelley, Moroni Ware, Daniel Webster Lynch, Edwin Dexter Stoddard, Frank Rowan Webb, James Andrew Mabbs, Alfred Otis Strout, Alonzo L)ons Whitcomb, Henry Clay Miner, John Albert Sturges, John Tyler White, HughThos. Montgomery, Charles Samuel Taylor, Henry Bird Young, Luther Daniel Scherer, Jas. Wallace Thompson, Wallace Young, Warren L. Seaman, George W. Van Home, William Edwards, Augustus L, Justice, Frank Lawrence Miles, ad eundem. Thomas A. Howard, Marshall Frederick Price, Honorary 1875-6. Frank Airport, Arthur Burley Hosmer, Camillis El wood Richards, Seth Scott Bishop, Wm. Thomas Howarth, William M. Richards, Wallace Marion Brackett, Carl Kallenback, Stephen Olin Richey, Wm. Gardner Brown, James Rufus Kewley, Samuel Joshua Ross, Charles Peter Caldwell, Chester Hoel Latham, George Christoph Saur, Theodore W. Chase, Carl Edwin Lundgren, Frederick C. Schaefer, John William Coombs, James Henry McDonald,John William Scott, Augustus Bates Clark, D. A. McBarry Mitchelljeremiah Beckner Stair, Frank Cogswell, Jacob Ansel Mack, Theron Clark Stearns, Dwight Mark Crum, John Albert Mayer, Thomas Harrison Stetler, Damon S. Cummings, John Theo. Montgomeryjohn Wesley Stouffer, Henry NolteniousDrewry, Henry Clay Mooney, Robert Tilley, Isaac Hottenstein Fry, Isaac Hall Orcutt, John Henry Voje, William Fulton, Julius Otto, John Powell Williams, Samuel Wiggins Gillespie, Charles Albert Palmer, George Lamont Winn, John Dennis Hogan, Roswell Park, John James Youtsey, John Marshall Horton, Charles Phipps, Moses Mitchell Davis, P. Taliaferro WTilson, ad eundem. John Ingram Stillians, Honorary. 1876-7. John Philip Bading, Samuel Franklin Farrar, Henry Burton McCray, Elizur Kent Bailey, George I-red. Fleischman, Frank Price Nourse, Frederick Anton Beck, Lucius Field Foote, Hiram Lowell Pease, Victor Antoine Bergeron,Gustavus Henry Gray, Joseph Irwin Pogue, Charles Davis Boardman, Truman Augustus Hand, George W. Pratt, George Wendell Both well, Theodore F. Johnson, John Garrett Reid, James Brooks, Charles Davenport Jones,George Olin Rutledge, James Brown, William Henry Kirby, Frank Fitch Safford, Justin Herbert Burdick, Nathaniel Seba Lane, Frederick Schoop, Robert Artell Carson, Edwin Ruthven Lovesee, Frank Wesley Searles, G. Philander Chenoweth, Frederic Louis Marcotte, Gustavus A. H. Sienank, Edgar Vorris Dales, Isaac McComb, Ed. Hutchins Webster, Chas. Sanford Dickson, Isaac L. Potter, ad eundem. Julius A. Freeman, Honorary. 1877-8. Burtis Fairchild Boyer, John Wesley Dal, Rudolph Hans Broe, John Enlow, William H. Byford, Jr. William Mattocks Farr, William Wallace Cook, Jesse Henry Fellows, George B. Abbott, John Dexter Andrew, Robert Hall Babcock John S. Beers, 78 GRADUATES OF CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. Henry C. Sibree, William Henry Smith, Wm. Tennessee Speaker, Horace Mann Starkey, Leonard Airs Stearns, Ora Francis Thomas, Frank Eudoras Waxhani, Albert Green, Edwin E. Moore, Albert J. Irwin, Frank Mueller, Lyman Andrews Irwin, Niels Julius Nielsen, David Lee Kenyon, Frederic Lawrence Nutt, William Riley Lawrence, William Freeman Nye, Milton Sumner Marcy, Edward Pearce, Joseph Matteson, Newton Pierpoint, William Henry McClain, Charles Bishop Richmond, Edwin Herbert Webster, James Wesley McKibben,C. James Rivenburgh, Granville Newman Wood, Joseph E. McNeill, M. Montgomery Rowley, Plumer M. Woodworth, Harper McWorkman, John Lazelle Sawyers, Mac Samuel Wylie, Geo. Washington Moody,John Schwendener, Emanuel Ridgway, Honorary. 1878-9. John Francis Abel, Dennis John Hayes, Geo. William Robinson, Robert Henry Brown, Ernest Clark Helm, William Henry Schick, Charles Henry Bryant, Wm. Malcolm Jackson, Smith Augustus Spilman, Eddie Livingstone Cary, Hugh Lawrence Jenckes, Frank Eugene Stevens, Lorents Andreas Claussen, Homer Luther Leland, John Stout, Shobal Vail Clevenger, Thomas Smith McDavitt, Norton Strong, Francis Jewell Crane, Matthew H. McKillup, Abraham L. Thomas, Charles Hubert Fegers, Henry Clay Mitchell, Robert VanDeusen, Adalbert R. Fellows, William David Morgan, John M. Wilcox, William Griggs Goffe, John Francis Mulholland, William Calvin Wolf, Henry W. Haldeman, Penn Walker Ransom, Ansel Woodworth, Omar Oakley Hall, William Henry Roberts, George Harvey Wright, Everett Charles Hartley, Philemon D. Harding, Honorary. GRADUATES OF WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE, SINCE ITS ORGANIZATION. 1871. Julia A. Cole, Augusta Kent, Linda Miller. 1873. Mary Ellen Bennett, Rosa H. Engert, Lucinda Corr, Lettie A. Mason, Ellen Partridge, Sarah A. Brown, Lottie E. Calkins, Julia N. Marsh, Adelia Barlow, M. A. Bowen, Eva Bickford, Margaret Caldwell, Blanche O. Burroughs, L. Anna Ballard, Helen B. Bodelson, Kate C. Bushnell, Marie J. Mergler, Sarah Jane Finch, Margaret Ellen Holland, 1874. 1875. Edith A. Root, Elizabeth Darr Shelton, 1876. Harriet E. Garrison, Louisa M. Grouard, A. M. Hale, 1877. Louise M. Dawson, Ellen Von Rolshausen, 1878. Lida Green, A. M. Hyacinth, Clara R. Normington 1879. C. A. McMahan, Julia A. Moss, Pheba A. Sprague, Charlotte Moore Wedge- wood. M. P. Travers Wagstaff, Delight J. Wolf. Lois Fitch Mansfield, H. C. Russell, Amanda M. Ranslow. Jennie E. Tarbox. Elenore Stallard, N. A. Stephens. Catherine B. Slater. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, Milla C. Savanoe, C. T. F. Stringer, Jane E. W'alton. FACULTY OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1879-80. J. ADAMS ALLEN, M.D., LL.D., President, 503 Michigan Avenue, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine. DeLASKIE MILLER, Ph.D., M.D., 926 Wabash Avenue, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. MOSES GUNN, M.D., LL.D., 49 Calumet Avenue, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery. JOSEPH P. ROSS, A.M., M.D., 428 West Washington Street, Professor 0/ Clinical Medicine and Diseases of the Chest. W. H. BYFORD, A.M., M.D., 125 State Street, Professor of Gynaco'.ogy. EDWARD L. HOLMES, A.M., M.D., 207 Clark, N.E. cor. Adams, Professor of Diseases of the Eye and Ear. HENRY M. LYMAN, A.M., M.D., 533 West Adams Street, Professor of Physiology and of Diseases of the Nervous System. JAMES H. ETHERIDGE, A.M., M.D., Secretary, 603 Michigan Av., Professor of Materia Medica and of Medical Jurisprudence. CHARLES T. PARKES, M.D., 125 State Street, Professor of Anatomy. WALTER S. HAINES, M.D., Rush Medical College, Professor 0/ Chemistry and Toxicology. J. NEVINS HYDE, A.M., M.D., 117 South Clark Street, Professor of Skin and Venereal Diseases. JOHN E. OWENS, M.D., 643 Michigan Avenue, Professor of Orthopccdic Surgery. FRANCIS L. WADSWORTH, M.D., 229 Ontario Street, Adjunct Professor of P/iysiolog v. ALBERT B. STRONG, A.M., M.D., 312 West Indiana Street, Demonstrator of Anatomy. SPRING FACULTY OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1880. ISAAC N. DAXFORTH, M.D., President, 349 West Adams Street, Lecturer on Pathologv. JOHN E. OWEXS, M.D., 643 Michigan Avenue, Lecturer on Surgery. FRAXCIS L. WADS WORTH, M.D., Secretary, 229 Ontario Street, Lecturer on Physiology and Histology. E. FLETCHER IXGALS, M.D., i88°'South Clark Street, Lecturer on Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis LAFAYETTE W. CASE, M.D., 332 Division Street, Lecturer on Dermatology and Venereal Diseases. PHILIP ADOLPHUS, M.D., 628 West Washington Street, Clinical Instructor in Gynaecology at the Central Dispensary XORMAX BRIDGE, M.D., 81 Throop Street, Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine EDW. WARREN SAWYER, M.D., 116 Vincennes Avenue, Lecturer on Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. ALBERT B. STRONG, A.M., M.D., 312 West Indiana Street, Lecturer on Anatomy. J. SUYDAM KNOX, A.M., M.D., 16 Loomis Street, Lecturer on Materia Medica and General Therapeutics. J. XEVIXS HYDE, A.M., M.D., 117 South Clark Street, Lecturer on the Diseases of the Genito- Urinary Organs. O. C. OLIVER, M.D., Curator of the Museum and Director of the Histological Laboratory. C. FEXGER, M.D., Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy. A. B. STROXG, M.D., D. W. GRAHAM, A.M., M.D., Assistants in Clinical Surgery. EDMUND M. LAXDIS, M.D., Registrar of the Surgical Clinic. D. R. B ROWER. M.D., W. S. HARROUX, M.D.., Assistants to the Chair of Clinical Medicine. WM. T. BELFIELD, M.D., Demonstrator of Physiology. J. H. SALISBURY, A.B., M.D. Demonstrator of Chemistry. CHARLES'VENN, M.D., F. E. SHERMAX, M.D., E. W. WHITNEY, A.B., M.D., Assistant-Demonstrators of Anatomy. Mr. FRANK JORDAN GOULD, College-Clerk. FACULTY OF THE CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1879-80. N. S. DAVIS, M.D., LL.D., Dean of the Faculty, 65 Randolph Street, H. A. JOHNSON, A.M., M.D., 4 Sixteenth Street, Projessors of Principles and Practice 0/ Medicine, and of Clinical Medicine. EDMUND ANDREWS, A.M., M.D., 6 Sixteenth Street, RALPH N. ISHAM, M.D., 47 South Clark Street, Professors of Principles and Practice of Surgery, and of Medical and Clinical Surgery. EDWARD W. JENKS, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women, and of Clinical Gynecology. E. O. F. ROLER, A.M., M.D., 1084 Indiana Avenue, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. SAMUEL J. JONES, A.M., M.D., 170 State Street, Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology. J. H. HOLLISTER, M.D., 73 Randolph Street, Corresponding Secretary and Registrar, Professor of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy. J. S. JEWELL, A.M., M.D., 70 East Monroe Street, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. WM. E. QUINE, M.D., 1678 Wabash Avenue, Professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics. H. P. MERRIMAN, A.M., M.D., 125 State Street, Professor op Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene. MARCUS P. HATFIELD, A.M., M.D., 1851 Wabash Avenue, Professor op Chemistry and Toxicology. R. L. REA, M.D., 112 East Monroe Street, Professor of Anatomy. LESTER CURTIS, A.M., M.D., 785 Wabash Avenue, Professor of Histology. HENRY GRADLE, M.D., Lecturer upon Physiology. ROSWELL PARK, A.M., M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy and Assistant to the Chair of Anatomy. D. A. K. STEELE, M.D., Lecturer on Surgery. H. M. STARKEY, M.D., Assistant to the Chair of Chemistry. F. E. WAX HAM, Assistant-Demonstrator of Anatomy. JAMES J. LARKIN, Prosector to the Professor of Anatomy. FACULTY OF WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1S79-80. WM. H. BYFORD, A.M., M.D., President, 125 State Street, T. DAVIS FITCH, M.D., 296 W. Monroe Street, Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology. CHAS. WARRINGTON EARLE, M.D., Treasurer, 37 Park Avenue, Professor of Diseases of Children, and Adjunct Professor of Practice of Medicine. ISAAC N. DANFORTH, M.D., 349 W. Adams Street, Professor of Pathology and Diseases of the Kidneys. JOHN E. OWENS, M.D., 643 Michigan Avenue, Professor of Surgery. HENRY M. LYMAX, A.M., M.D., 533 W. Adams Street, Professor of Theory and Practice of Afcdicine. DAXIEL R. BROWTER, M.D., Secretary, 571 W. Adams Street, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence. SARAH HACKETT STEVENSOX, M.D., Cor. Sec'y, 125 State St., Professor of Physiology. DAVID W. GRAHAM, A.M'., M.D., 101 Warren Avenue, Professor of Anatomy. PLYM S. HAYES, M.D., 1266 Indiana Avenue, Professor of Chemistry. WM. J. MAYXARD, A.M., M.D., 435 W. Van Buren Street, Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Dermatology. WM. T. MONTGOMERY, M.D., 435 W. Van Buren Street, Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology. E. FLETCHER INGALS, M.D., 188 Clark Street, Clinical Professor of Diseases of Chest and Throat. JOHN O. HO BBS, M.D., 364 Blue Island Avenue, Demonstrator of Anatomy. LOTTA E. CALKINS, M.D., Assistant to Demonstrator of Anatomy. MARIE J. MERGLER, M.D., Cor. Halsted and Randolph Streets, Assistant to Chair of Materia Medica. SPRING FACULTY OF RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1880. ISAAC N. DANFORTH, M.D., President, 349 West Adams Street, Lecturer on Pathology. JOHN E. OWENS, M.D., 643 Michigan Avenue, Lecturer on Surgery. FRAXCIS L. WADS WORTH, M.D., Secretary, 229 Ontario Street, Lecturer on Physiology and Histology'. E. FLETCHER INGALS, M.D., 188 South Clark Street, Lecturer on Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis. LAFAYETTE W. CASE, M.D., 332 Division Street, Lecturer on Dermatology and Venereal Diseases. PHILIP ADOLPHUS, M.D., 628 West Washington Street, Clinical Instructor in Gynaecology at the Central Dispensary. NORMAN BRIDGE, M.D., 81 Throop Street, Lecturer on the Principles and Practice of Medicine. EDW. WARREN SAWYER, M.D., 116 Vincennes Avenue, Lecturer on Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. ALBERT B. STRONG, A.M., M.D., 312 West Indiana Street, Lecturer on Anatomy. J. SUYDAM KNOX, A.M., M.D., 16 Loomis Street, Lecturer on Materia Medica and General Therapeutics. J. NEYINS HYDE, A.M., M.D., 117 South Clark Street, Lecturer on the Diseases of the Genito- Urinary Organs. 0. C. OLIVER, M.D., Curator of the Museum and Director of the Histological Laboratory. C. FEXGER, M.D., Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy. A. B. STRONG, M.D., D. W. GRAHAM, A.M., M.D., Assistants in Clinical Surgery. EDMUND M. LAXDIS, M.D., Registrar of the Surgical Clinic. D. R. B ROWER. M.D., W. S. HARROUX, M.D., Assistants to the Chair of Clinical Medicine. WM. T. BELFIELD, M.D., Demonstrator of Physiology. J. H. SALISBURY, A'B., M.D. Demonstrator of Chemistry. CHARLES VEXX, M.D., F. E. SHERMAX, M.D., E. W. WHITNEY, A.B., M.D., . Assistant-Demonstrators of Anatomy. Mr. FRANK JORDAN GOULD, College-Clerk. FACULTY OF THE CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1879-80. N. S. DAVIS, M.D., LL.D., Dean of the Faculty, 65 Randolph Street, H. A. JOHNSON, A.M., M.D., 4 Sixteenth Street, Professors of Principles and Practice op Medicine, and op Clinical Medicine. EDMUND ANDREWS, A.M., M.D., 6 Sixteenth Street, RALPH N. ISHAM, M.D., 47 South Clark Street, Professors op Principles and Practice op Surgery, and op Medical and Clinical Surgery. EDWARD W. JENKS, M.D., LL.D., Propessor of Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women, and of Clinical Gynaecology. E. O. F. ROLER, A.M., M.D., 1084 Indiana Avenue, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Children. SAMUEL J. JONES, A.M., M.D., 170 State Street, Professor of Ophthalmology and Otology. J. H. HOLLISTER, M.D., 73 Randolph Street, Corresponding Secretary and Registrar, Professor of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy. J. S. JEWELL, A.M., M.D., 70 East Monroe Street, Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases. WM. E. QUINE, M.D., 1678 Wabash Avenue, Professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics. H. P. MERRIMAN, A.M., M.D., 125 State Street, Professor op Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene. MARCUS P. HATFIELD, A.M., M.D., 1851 Wabash Avenue, Propessor op Chemistry and Toxicology. R. L. REA, M.D., 112 East Monroe Street, Professor op Anatomy. LESTER CURTIS, A.M., M.D., 785 Wabash Avenue, Propessor of Histology. HENRY GRADLE, M.D., Lecturer upon Physiology. ROSWELL PARK, A.M., M.D., Demonstrator op Anatomy and Assistant to the Chair op Anatomy D. A. K. STEELE, M.D., Lecturer on Surgery. H. M. STARKEY, M.D., Assistant to the Chair op Chemistry. F. E. WAX HAM, Assistant-Demonstrator of Anatomy. JAMES J. LARKIN, Prosector to the Professor of Anatomy. 4 632 FACULTY OF WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. Session 1879-80. Y\M. H. BYFORD, A.M., M.D., President, 125 State Street, T. DAVIS FITCH, M.D., 296 W. Monroe Street, Professors of Obstetrics and Gynecology. CHAS. WARRINGTON EARLE, M.D., Treasurer, 37 Park Avenue, Professor of Diseases of Children, and Adjunct Professor of Practice of Medicine. ISAAC N. DANFORTH, M.D., 349 W. Adams Street, Professor of Pathology and Diseases of the Kidneys. JOHN E. OWENS, M.D., 643 Michigan Avenue, Professor of Surgery. HENRY M. LYMAX. A.M., M.D., 533 W. Adams Street, Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. DAXIEL R. BROWER, M.D., Secretary, 571 W. Adams Street, Professor of AWzwis and,Mental Diseases and Medical Jurisprudence. SARAH HACKETT STEYEXSON, M.D., Cor. Sec'y, 125 State St., Professor of Physiology. DAVID W. GRAHAM, A.M., M.D., 101 Warren Avenue, Professor of Anatomy. PLYM S. HAYES, M.D., 1266 Indiana Avenue, Professor of Chemistry. WM. J. MAYXARD, A.M., M.D., 435 W. Van Buren Street, Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Dermatology. WM. T. MOXTGOMERY, M.D., 435 W. Van Buren Street, Professor of Ophthalmology aud Otology. E. FLETCHER INGALS, M.D., 188 Clark Street, Clinical Professor of Diseases of Chest and Throat. JOHN O. HO BBS, M.D., 364 Blue Island Avenue, Demonstrator of Anatomy. LOTTA E. CALKINS, M.D., Assistant to Demonstrator of Anatomy. MARIE J. MERGLER, M.D., Cor. Halsted and Randolph Streets, Assistant to Chair of Materia Medica. Di03w jo Aavaan tvnouvn 3NIDIQ3W jo Aavaan tvnouvn 3NOIQ3W jo Aavaan tvnouvn TlONAl LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE iNOiasw jo Aavaan tvnouvn snidiqsw jo Aavaan tvnouvn snoiqsw jo Aavaan tvnouvn