STANDARD 
DENTAL 
DICTIONARY OTTOFY’S 
STANDARD DENTAL DICTIONARY STANDARD 
DENTAL DICTIONARY 
EDITED BY 
LOUIS OTTOFY, D.D.S., M.D. 
Reporter of the Commission on Nomenclature, International Dental Federation; 
Member of the American Philological Association and of the American Dental 
Association; Life Member of the Illinois State Dental Society; Formerly 
President of the Chicago Dental Society; Dean of the American 
College of Dental Surgery, Director of the School of 
Dentistry, University of the Philippines; Major, 
Dental Corps, U. S. Army, Etc. 
ILLUSTRATED 
CHICAGO: 
LAIRD & LEE, Inc. 
1923 Copyright, 1923 
LAIRD & LEE, Inc. 
All rights reserved. 
Made in the United States of America. CONTENTS 
Preface vn 
Contributing and Advisory Staff xi 
List of Illustrations xv 
Key to Pronunciation xviii 
Abbreviations xviii 
Vocabulary 19 
Addenda 375 
SUPPLEMENT 
Orthodontia— 
Angle’s Nomenclature — Classification of Malocclusions — Orthodontic 
Appliances. By Dr. Harvey Stallard 379 
Classification of Malocclusions. By Dr. C. S. Case 389 
Nomenclature—Classification of Movements of the Teeth—Orthodontic 
Appliances. By Dr. V. H. Jackson 390 
Denture Prosthesis— 
Full Denture Service. By Dr. Rupert E. Hall 393 
Partial Denture Service. By Dr. W. E. Cummer 395 
Partial Denture Prosthesis. By Dr. F. E. Roach 404 
Denture Prosthesis Definitions Proposed to the National Society of Denture 
Prosthetists. By Dr. E. B. Owen 405 
Periodontia. By Dr. Benjamin Tishler 407 
The Bactericidal Origin of Dental Caries. By Drs. James McIntosh, 
W. Warwick James and P. Lazarus-Barlow 409 
Relation Between Mechanical and Anatomical Articulation. By 
Rudolph L. Hanau, M. E 413 
Code of Ethics of the American Dental Association 418 
Illustrations 419 
V PREFACE 
THE first and only dental dictionary in the English language was compiled 
by Chapin A. Harris and published in 1849.. A second edition followed, and 
several revisions were made by Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, the last in 1886. Hence, 
for thirty-six years the dental profession has been without an up-to-date reference 
book of this character. The admirable work of Harris and Gorgas conformed to 
the requirements of their time. Dental textbooks were few, and for that reason 
the Harris dictionary was in the nature of a general treatise on dental subjects; 
various modes of practice were described, and many terms now considered non- 
essential to the dentist were included. 
Of all the arts and sciences bearing directly upon the physical welfare of hu- 
manity none have exceeded the progress made in dentistry during the past three 
or four decades. New methods of practice, new discoveries, new inventions, have 
rapidly crowded one upon the other, so that an extensive vocabulary has come 
into being, and it is the aim of this work to present the advances made during 
all this time. There has been nothing in lexicographic form available to guide 
the editor in the preparation of this volume. Not only has a considerable nomen- 
clature developed, but it has also been constantly changing, and is even now in 
a transitory stage. Under these circumstances, all sources have been drawn 
upon. The periodical and permanent literature of our profession has been freely 
consulted, as well as the dictionaries of the English language and of the arts and 
sciences closely related to dentistry. 
It would seem almost superhuman if, under these conditions, a work could 
have been made perfect in every particular. However, while many of the con- 
tributing and advisory staff have cheerfully assisted, and much credit is due to 
them, no one but the editor is responsible for any shortcomings this work may 
contain. Nor should it be overlooked that the lexicographer can do no more than 
compile and record the facts as they exist. When the profession itself is not a 
unit on certain terms and definitions, the compiler may not issue an authoritative 
dictum concerning subjects still under consideration. 
As an illustration, one term among many may be cited. At a meeting of the 
American Dental Association recently held the term pediadontia was adopted to 
designate the treatment of children’s teeth. At the same time and in the same 
city the American Society of Pediadontists adopted the term pedodontia and 
changed its name accordingly. Under the circumstances preference should be 
given to the term adopted by the specialists. On the other hand the term 
apicoectomy has been generally adopted to designate the operation of excising the 
apex of the root of a tooth; however, this does not authorize the lexicographer to 
omit apedomy, apicedomy, apiceotomy, apicotomy, apiedomy and apioedomy, all of 
which have been used and have appeared in dental literature. When the pro- 
fession agrees on any term definitely, the preferred term will be given as such in 
future editions, and the discarded, incorrect or obsolete term will appear merely 
VII VIII 
PREFACE 
for information and reference for the student who may be looking up some par- 
ticular subject in our literature. 
A number of terms to designate the disease so generally known as pyorrhea 
have been suggested as preferable by authorities of equal merit. The American 
Dental Association at its recent meeting adopted the term periodontoclasia, while 
the American Academy of Periodontology tentavively inclines to pericemento- 
clasia. Under these circumstances, in accord with the rules of philology, we have 
permitted the term pyorrhea to stand for the present, because, though admitted 
to be incomplete, it has the sanction of age, having been introduced in 1822, and 
because it has since then not only been constantly used by the profession in its 
literature, but has become the term applied generally to this common disease by 
the laity. Whenever the profession finally decides on any one of the fifty-seven 
names of this disease which are listed in this work, future editions will be made 
to conform to the mandate. Whether the term pyorrhea will ever be replaced by 
one more exact and more desirable remains to be determined. It may possibly 
prove as difficult to replace as for medical men to substitute for the bastard word 
appendicitis the correct term scolecoiditis. 
May it be suggested that the various dental societies and organizations of 
dental specialists select the terms pertaining to their respective subjects and 
definitely agree on those to be preferred, so that this may eventually lead to a 
standardization of our nomenclature? Suggestions and corrections pertinent to 
the subject will be appreciatively received. It may not be out of place here to 
state that some misconception exists concerning the scope of a dictionary. The 
editor has received a number of communications urging the insertion of arbitrarily 
coined words or the omission of certain terms to which objections are found. 
This is not within the province of the lexicographer. A dictionary is a storehouse, 
a reference book, a book of information. The laws of dictionary-construction 
require the inclusion of every word which has been used to any extent, especially 
in the literature, during the preceding one hundred years, and which is thus made 
a part of the language. It may not be etymologically sound, it may not be desir- 
able or useful; but the student, the litterateur, the scholar, should be able to find 
any word he may have seen used even in books many years out of print. 
The English language contains some 513,000 words. From a dictionary 
recently revised, 63,000 have been rejected as obsolete or as never having gained 
a sufficient foothold, so that at present our language comprises about 450,000 
words. Many of these are little used and otherwise objectionable, but such are 
nevertheless part of the structure of the language and may not be omitted without 
leaving the dictionary incomplete. The same rule applies also to a special dic- 
tionary, such as one pertaining to dentistry. 
In this work, as nearly as possible, modern ideas have been incorporated. 
Diphthongs in such words as anaesthesia and pyorrhoea have been omitted, and they 
are written anesthesia, pyorrhea, etc. Wherever possible the hyphen has been 
omitted. The tendency to do this when two words are constantly used in close 
association meets with the approval of philologists. This is true of such words 
as hare-lip, cleft-lip, tooth-brush, chloro-percha, mesio-distal, and they are written PREFACE 
IX 
harelip, cleftlip, chloropercha, mesiodistal, etc. The nonessential final e is also 
omitted from such words as cocain, chlorid, morphin, dentin, etc. 
A pronounced desire was expressed at the time of the inception of this work 
to make it an international dictionary. This has been impossible, and probably 
it is inadvisable at this time to attempt so large a task; however, over 1,500 foreign 
terms, principally from the French, Spanish, Italian, German and Japanese, have 
been included, merely giving the equivalents in English. 
The original policy that every word defined should be found in its own alpha- 
betical place in the main vocabulary had to be deviated from, because of the 
present formative status of dental nomenclature, under which not only is the 
profession at sea concerning many terms, but even noted specialists have not yet 
agreed among themselves on the terms to be used. This is notably true of ortho- 
dontic terms and of those relating to periodontology and denture prosthesis. It 
has therefore been found advisable to add a supplement in which the terms and 
definitions recommended in these specialties are grouped under their proper head- 
ings. It is to be hoped that members of the profession and specialists through their 
organizations will reach an agreement as to the terms to be given preference or to 
be used exclusively. 
It has been a difficult task to obtain as many of the eponymic terms as is 
desired. It is but just and proper, and an incentive to students and investigators, 
that their names become associated with the discoveries and inventions they make 
and perfect or the methods of procedure which they introduce. No doubt it is 
due to modesty and diffidence that many members of the profession have failed 
to furnish the information sought. We should like to give in the case of every 
original method or discovery the full name and year of birth of the originator, 
with a complete list of his discoveries, inventions, methods, etc. May we hope 
that individuals who have not been so credited will furnish that information? 
It was impossible in some instances to resist the temptation to vary from the 
purely dictionary phase and fall into the encyclopedic. This, however, while in- 
creasing the volume of matter presented, rather adds to than detracts from the 
value of the work. In the supplement a number of interesting and useful illustra- 
tions have been added, as a work of this nature is often consulted by others than 
the members of the profession. It will be found that the invitation extended to 
all of the dental schools has met with a fair response. 
A perusal of these pages should convince any one with the vastness of our 
calling, of the close relationship which dentistry bears to medicine and to other 
sciences and arts. During the past quarter of a century (with due acknowledg- 
ment to the noble men of the two preceding generations) dentistry has passed 
from a mechanical trade to a high plane of professional art and science. The 
dentist today is not merely a maker and repairer of teeth, but a scientist and a 
veritable artist. To make acceptable substitutes for lost natural teeth requires 
not only a thorough knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry, 
but of the principles of engineering, of sculpture and of art in general. To mold 
the face into beauty, to cause the colors of teeth and face to blend as in nature, 
demands a high type of artistic skill. X 
PREFACE 
While it is essential that the dentist must have a fair knowledge of general 
medicine, and the terms included in this work cover that ground, it has not been 
considered necessary to enter into detail concerning diseases, even though they 
arise from territory which is in the dentist’s domain. It is always advisable to 
cooperate heartily with members of the medical profession, and the dentist, when 
asked, as is often the case, concerning physical ailments, should promptly refer 
the patient to the physician. Indeed, the dentist is often most favorably situated 
to be of service to his patient by recognizing general pathological disturbances 
in the condition of the mucous membrane of the mouth and the tongue before the 
patient himself is aware of them. 
A sincere effort has been made to conform to the requirements of a work of 
this nature by adhering to simplicity, accuracy and comprehensiveness, to make 
the definitions clear, concise and exact. In many instances sjmonyms have been 
freely given, while in some cases, where the definitions could be made clearer, 
antonyms are given by contrast. 
It would take considerable space to acknowledge by name all who have so 
cheerfully, and often at considerable personal sacrifice, assisted in this work. To 
all of these the most profound gratitude is hereby expressed. Special acknowledg- 
ment is due to those who have furnished the illustrations, to Mr. F. J. Schulte, 
who has so ably assisted with the preparation of the volume, and to Mr. W. C. 
Griffith, the President of the publishing company, who has placed at our disposal 
every possible means to produce a perfect work. To one who has devoted forty- 
five years to purely professional service it is gratifying to find that one may be 
a business man and yet take a sincere interest in the production of a work of this 
character because of a consciousness that it will be useful to the advancement of 
a profession and thus of help to humanity. 
Under such pleasant personal relations, though an arduous and severe task, 
the burden has been materially lightened. If this work is helpful to the dental 
student and practitioner, and leads to a better understanding as well as to a 
standardization of dental nomenclature, thereby enabling the profession to render 
better service for the benefit of mankind, the editor shall indeed feel amply repaid. 
LOUIS OTTOFY. 
1225 Wabash Avenue, 
Chicago, October 22, 1922. CONTRIBUTING AND ADVISORY STAFF 
STANDARD DENTAL DICTIONARY AND ENCYCLOPEDIA 
Adair, Dr. Robin Atlanta, Ga. 
Aguilar, Dr. Florestan Madrid, Spain 
Aison, Dr. Emil L Chicago, 111. 
Allaeys, Dr. H. A. C Antwerp, Belgium 
Allen, Dr. Charles C Kansas City, Mo. 
Ambler, Dr. H. L Cleveland, Ohio 
Angle, Dr. Edward H Pasadena, Calif. 
Anzola, Dr. Cesar V Caracas, Venezuela 
Asgis, Dr. Alfred New York City 
Banzhaf, Dr. Henry L Milwaukee, Wis. 
Barber, Dr. LaFayette L Toledo, Ohio 
Bethel, Dr. L. P Columbus, Ohio 
Blair, Dr. Vilroy P St. Louis, Mo. 
Bodecker, Dr. Charles F Berlin, Germany 
Bodecker, Dr. H. W. C Berlin, Germany 
Bogle, Dr. R. Boyd Nashville, Tenn. 
Boxton, Dr. Charles San Francisco, Calif. 
Brady, Dr. Ewing P St. Louis, Mo. 
Breene, Dr. Frank T Iowa City, Iowa 
Broomell, Dr. I. N Philadelphia, Pa. 
Brophy, Dr. Truman W Chicago, 111. 
Brown, Dr. Andrew J Washington, D. C. 
Brown, Dr. G. V. I Milwaukee, Wis. 
Brown, Dr. Homer C Columbus, Ohio 
Bryant, Dr. Emory A Washington, D. C. 
Buckley, Dr. J. P Los Angeles, Calif. 
Bunting, Dr. Russell W Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Burkhart, Dr. H. J Rochester, N. Y. 
Bush, Dr. Alden J Columbus, Ohio 
Byrnes, Dr. R. R Atlanta, Ga. 
Cariaga, Dr. J. Luis La Paz, Bolivia 
Carmody, Dr. T. E Denver, Colo. 
Carr, Dr. William New York City 
Case, Dr. Calvin S Chicago, 111. 
Casto, Dr. Frank M Cleveland, Ohio 
Cattell, Dr. D. M _ Richmond, Va. 
Chapman, Dr. Harold London, England 
Chayes, Dr. Herman E. S New York City 
Chiavaro, Dr. Angelo Rome, Italy 
XI XII 
CONTRIBUTING STAFF 
Chiwaki, Dr. Morinosuke Tokyo, Japan 
Clapp, Dr. George Wood New York City 
Conzett, Dr. John V Dubuque, Iowa 
Cox, Dr. Herbert Auckland, New Zealand 
Crane, Dr. Arthur B Washington, D. C. 
Cross, Dr. Harold deW Boston, Mass. 
Cummer, Dr. W. E Toronto, Canada 
Darby, Dr. Edwin T Philadelphia, Pa. 
Davis, Dr. W. Clyde Lincoln, Neb. 
Dewey, Dr. Martin New York City 
Dubeau, Dr. Endore Montreal, Canada 
Ekstrom, Dr. Im Goteborg, Sweden 
Ellis, Dr. George R Washington, D. C. 
Endelman, Dr. Julio Los Angeles, Calif. 
Endo, Dr. Shirokuro Tokyo, Japan 
Evans, Dr. George New York City 
Faught, Dr. L. Ashley Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fones, Dr. Alfred C Bridgeport, Conn. 
Forberg, Dr. Elof Stockholm, Sweden 
Ford, Dr. Lewis E Los Angeles, Calif. 
Fraser, Dr. M. S Denver, Colo. 
Frick, Dr. Theo Zurich, Switzerland 
Friesell, Dr. H. E Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Fritsch, Professor Frankfurt, Germany 
Gardner, Dr. Boyd S Rochester, Minn. 
Gardner, Dr. J. A Memphis, Tenn. 
Gethro, Dr. Fred W Chicago, 111. 
Giffen, Dr. William A Detroit, Mich. 
Goslee, Dr. Hart J Chicago, 111. 
Greenbaum, Dr. Leo New York City 
Guerini, Dr. Vincenzo Naples, Italy 
Gysi, Dr. A Zurich, Switzerland 
Hall, Dr. Rupert E Chicago, 111. 
Hanazawa, Dr. Kanae Tokyo, Japan 
Harris, Dr. Leon New York City 
Hartzell, Dr. Thomas B Minneapolis, Minn. 
Heatwole, Dr. T. 0 Baltimore, Md. 
Henry, Dr. Fred. G Montreal, Canada 
Henshaw, Dr. Frederic R Indianapolis, Ind. 
Hillyer, Dr. Ellison New York City 
Hinman, Dr. Thomas P Atlanta, Ga. 
Hipple, Dr. A. H Omaha, Neb. 
Hoffman, Dr. A. W Buffalo, N. Y. 
Hoggan, Dr. J. A. C Richmond, Va. 
Huet, Dr. Emile Brussels, Belgium CONTRIBUTING STAFF 
XIII 
Irwin, Dr. Alphonso Camden, N. J. 
Isham, Dr. Arthur F Buffalo, N. Y. 
Ivy, Dr. Robert H Philadelphia, Pa. 
Jackson, Dr. V. H New York City 
Jessen, Dr. Ernst Basle, Switzerland 
Johnson, Dr. A. LeRoy Boston, Mass. 
Johnson, Dr. C. N Chicago, 111. 
Jordon, Dr. M. Evangeline San Francisco, Calif. 
Junkerman, Dr. G. S Cincinnati, Ohio 
Kazanjian, Dr. V. H Boston, Mass. 
Kells, Dr. C. Edmund New Orleans, La. 
Kennerly, Dr. John H St. Louis, Mo. 
Keyes, Dr. Frederick A Boston, Mass. 
King, Dr. Otto U Chicago, 111. 
Krause, Dr. O. G Milwaukee, Wis. 
Latham, Dr. Vida A Chicago, 111. 
Lee, Dr. Alfred P Philadelphia, Pa. 
Lindsay, Dr. Ashley W Chengtu, China 
Lischer, Dr. B. E St. Louis, Mo. 
Lucas, Dr. Carl D Indianapolis, Ind. 
Lyons, Dr. Chalmers J Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Marshall, Dr. John Albert San Francisco, Calif. 
Marshall, Dr. John Sayre Berkeley, Calif. 
Mayrhofer, Dr. Bernhard Innsbruck, Austria 
McDowell, Dr. Arthur R San Francisco, Calif. 
McGee, Dr. Rea Proctor Pittsburgh, Pa. 
McGehee, Dr. W. H. 0 Cleveland, Ohio 
Miller, Dr. Herbert C Portland, Ore. 
Nakahara, Dr. I Tokyo, Japan 
Napier, Dr.:J. A Nashville, Tenn. 
Nevreze, Dr. Bertrand de Paris, France 
Nolin, Dr. Joseph Montreal, Canada 
Noyes, Dr. Edmund Chicago, 111. 
Okumura, Dr. Tsurukichi Tokyo, Japan 
Oliver, Dr. Oren A ._ Nashville, Tenn. 
Ottesen, Dr. Imm Christiania, Norway 
Ottofy, Dr. Frederic F Oakland, Calif. 
Ottofy, Dr. L. M St. Louis, Mo. 
Ottolengui, Dr. Rodrigues New York City 
Owen, Dr. Elbert B St. Louis, Mo. 
Owre, Dr. Alfred Minneapolis, Minn. 
Palmer, Dr. Edgar Los Angeles, Calif. 
Parreidt, Dr. Julius Leipzig, Germany 
Paterson, Dr. Alexander H Baltimore, Md. 
Patterson, Dr. J. D Kansas City, Mo. XIV 
CONTRIBUTING STAFF 
Pease, Dr. Joseph Loran Oakland, Calif. 
Pfaff, Dr. W Leipzig, Germany 
Phillips, Dr. John H Nashville, Tenn. 
Pickerill, Dr. H. P Auckland, New Zealand 
Portuondo, Dr. R. H Madrid, Spain 
Potter, Dr. William H Boston, Mass. 
Price, Dr. Weston A Cleveland, Ohio 
Prinz, Dr. Hermann Philadelphia, Pa. 
Proctor, Dr. Charles M Boston, Mass. 
Prothero, Dr. James H Chicago, 111. 
Pullen, Dr. Herbert A Buffalo, N. Y. 
Quattlebaum, Dr. E. G Columbia, S. C. 
Quintero, Dr. James T Lyons, France 
Raper, Dr. Howard R Indianapolis, Ind. 
Rhein, Dr. Meyer L New York City 
Rice, Dr. William Boston, Mass. 
Rich, Dr. A. C Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
Riethmuller, Dr. Richard H Los Angeles, Calif. 
Roach, Dr. Finis E Chicago, 111. 
Robinson, Dr. J. Ben Baltimore, Md. 
Rosenthal, Dr. Ed Brussels, Belgium 
Roussel, Dr. George A Paris, France 
Ryan, Dr. E. P. R New York City 
Ryan, Dr. F. W Halifax, Nova Scotia 
Sanchez, Dr. Luis F Panama, Panama Republic 
Sandoval, Dr. Domiciano J Manila, Philippines 
Sarrazin, Dr. Jules J New Orleans, La. 
Schamberg, Dr. Morris I New York City 
Seccombe, Dr. Wallace Toronto, Canada 
Semans, Dr. H. M Columbus, Ohio 
Seymour, Dr. L. N Port Said, Egypt 
Sharp, Dr. William F San Francisco, Calif 
Simpson, Dr. Clarence O St. Louis, Mo. 
Smith, Dr. Arthur G Peoria, 111. 
Smith, Dr. Edward W Dallas, Texas 
Smith, Dr. Eugene H .Boston, Mass. 
Smith, Dr. Henry T Cincinnati, Ohio 
Spaulding, Dr. John H Paris, France 
Stallard, Dr. Harvey San Diego, Calif. 
Starr, Dr. Alfred R New York City 
Steinschneider, Dr. Emil Vienna, Austria 
Stillman, Dr. Paul R New York City 
Swing, Dr. R. Hamill D Philadelphia, Pa. 
Taylor, Dr. Bruce L Washington, D. C. 
Thibault, Dr. H Montreal, Canada CONTRIBUTING STAFF 
XV 
Thoma, Dr. Kurt H Boston, Mass. 
Thomas, Dr. Newton G Chicago, 111. 
Thomas, Dr. Philip R Minneapolis, Minn. 
Tileston, Dr. H. B Louisville, Ky. 
Tishler, Dr. Benjamin Boston, Mass. 
Turner, Dr. Charles R Philadelphia, Pa. 
Turpin, Dr. D. H Nashville, Tenn. 
Van Hasselt, Dr. A. L. J. C The Hague, Holland 
Van Woert, Dr. Frank T New York City 
Vignes, Dr. C. Victor New Orleans, La. 
Villain, Dr. Georges Paris, France 
Waldron, Dr. Ralph New York City 
Wallace, Dr. J. Sim London, England 
Ward, Dr. Marcus L Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Warner, Dr. George R Denver, Colo. 
Webster, Dr. A. E Toronto, Canada 
Weinberger, Dr. B. W New York City 
Weiser, Dr. Rudolf Vienna, Austria 
Wheeler, Dr. Herbert L New York City 
Whitslar, Dr. W. H Cleveland, Ohio 
Winter, Dr. George B . .St. Louis, Mo. 
IN MEMORIAM 
Drs. Waldo E. Boardman of Boston, Mass., and George H. Wilson of 
Cleveland, Ohio, accepted service on this staff, but they have since passed away. ILLUSTRATIONS 
Articulator, 471 
Atlanta-Southern Dental College, Atlanta, 
Ga., 423 
Automatic plugger points, 447 
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Balti- 
more, Md., 419 
Bench block, 478 
Black’s cutting instruments, 440-4 
Blowpipes, 473-4 
Broach-holders, 448 
Burs, 438-9 
Crosscut, 438-9 
Dentate, 438-9 
Inverted cone, 438-9 
Plain, 438-9 
Revelation, plain and crosscut, 438 
Round, 438-9 
Casting outfit, 477 
Certified enamel, manufacture of, 467 
Mill room, 468 
Cleavers, 445 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dental 
Department, San Francisco, Calif., 429 
Copper cement, manufacture of, 466 
Crucibles and tongs, 478 
Cutting instruments (excavators), 440-4 
Dalhousie School of Dentistry, Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, 429 
Dental cabinet, 435 
Excavators (cutting instruments), 440-4 
Black’s set, 440-3 
Darby-Perry set, 446 
S. S. White selection, 444 
Exolever, 451 
Extracting forceps, 449 
Finished denture on articulator, 471 
Flames for dental work, 475 
Flasks, molding, 476-7 
Bailey’s, 476 
Lewis’, 476 
Moore’s, 476 
Vulcanite, 480 
Watt’s, 477 
Foil-carriers, 448 
Force displacing tooth, 407 
Forceps, extracting, 449 
Forsyth Dental Infirmary, Boston, Mass., 
421 
Gasoline blowpipe outfit, 474 
Soldering outfit, 473 
Guttapercha points for root-canals, 475 
High-fusing porcelain jacket crowns, 470 
Kansas City-Western Dental College, Kan- 
sas City, Mo., 428 
Ladles, melting, 478 
Loyola University, School of Dentistry, New 
Orleans, La., 430 
Mandrel, screw, 439 
Marquette University, College of Dentistry, 
Milwaukee, Wis., 424 
Medical College of Virginia, Dental Depart- 
ment, Richmond, Va., 433 
Meharry Medical College, Department of 
Dentistry, Nashville, Tenn., 434 
Mineral teeth, models of, 469 
New York College of Dentistry, New York 
City, 431 
Occluding maxillary and mandibular teeth, 
471 
Ohio College of Dental Surgery, Cincinnati, 
Ohio, 420 
Orthodontic appliances, 453-65 
Anchor clamp bands, 455 
Band A, 455 
Band B, 455 
Band D, for molars, 455 
Band X, for bicuspids, 455 
Band, fracture, 455 
Band material, 458 
Band, plain adjustable, 455 
Band, driver, 457 
Blowpipe, 464 
Bracket band with lockpin, 458 
Brass ligature wire, 457 
Cabinet with chair, 465 
Contracting arch B, improved, 453 
Expansion arches E, 454 
Applied, 456 
Fracture band, 455 
Forming bands, 458 
Headgear, 462 
Headgear with chin retractor, 462 
Headgear with traction bar and contrac- 
tion arch, 462 ' 
Holding bands, 458 
Jackscrew, improved, 457 
Lockpin, 458 
Muscle exerciser, 463 
Plain adjustable band, 455 
Plaster plane, 464 
Pliers, 459-61 
Adjusting, Pin-and-Tube, 460 
XVI ILLUSTRATIONS 
XVII 
Arch-bending, 459 
Band-forming, 461 
Band-holding, 459 
Retaining wire and pipe, 453 
Ribbon arch, 453 
Applied, 456 
Rubber ligatures, 456 
Sheath-hook, 456 
Spring wire for rotating teeth, 457 
Traction Screw “A” and “D,” 457 
Wrench, 457 
Double-end, 457 
For adjusting locknuts, 458 
Single-end, 457 
Perry’s separators, 450 
Radiographs, 437 
Abscess under crown, 437 
Chloropercha pushed beyond the apex of 
the root, 437 
Impacted third molar, 437 
Marked absorption of the gingival alveolar 
process, 437 
Radiolucent area at the apex of the second 
molar, 437 
Radiolucent area below the apices of the 
lower first molar, second and third 
molars, suggestions of a cyst, 437 
Root-filling crowded through the side of a 
root, 437 
Rochester Dental Dispensary, Rochester, 
N. Y., 422 
Rubberdam weight, 451 
Scalers, 446 
Separators, 450 
Shrinkage of baked porcelain, 470 
Silicate cement-grinding machine, 470 
Solder tweezers and tongs, 472 
Soldering-blocks and pads, 473 
Flames, 475 
Sterilizing jar, 452 
Teeth, mineral, 469 
Thermometer for vulcanizer, 479 
Scales, 343 
University of Illinois, College of Dentistry, 
Chicago, 425 
University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, 
Louisville, Ky., 433 
University of Southern California, College of 
Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif., 426-7 
Victor x-ray dental outfit, 436 
Vulcanite, flasks for dental, 480 
Vulcanizer and thermometer, 479 
Washington University, School of Dentistry, 
St. Louis, Mo., 432 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK 
AAP. = American Academy of Periodont- 
ology. 
abbr. = abbreviation. 
ADA. = American Dental Association. 
adj. = adjective. 
A r. = Arabic. 
A.>S. = Anglo-Saxon. 
A SO. = American Society of Orthodontists. 
A SP.= American Society of Pedodontists. 
6.= born. 
Boh. = Bohemian. 
Br. = British. 
Braz. = Brazilian. 
chem. = Chemistry. 
coll. = colloquial or colloquially. 
comp. = comparative. 
d. = died. 
Dan. = Danish. 
dim. — diminutive. 
Dut. — Dutch. 
E. = English. 
e. = exempli gratia (for example). 
EH A. — Edward H. Angle. 
/., fern. = feminine. 
Fr. — French. 
G. = Greek. 
gen. = genitive. 
Ger. = German. 
Heb. = Hebrew. 
Hind. = Hindustani. 
Hung. = Hungarian. 
I cel. = Icelandic. 
i.e.=id est (that is). 
imp. = imperative. 
It. = Italian. 
Ja. = Japanese. 
L. — Latin. 
Lith. = Lithuanian. 
m.= masculine. 
». = noun. 
neut. = neuter. 
obs. = obsolete. 
O.D. = 01d Dutch. 
O.E. = 01d English. 
O.F. = 01d French. 
Pg. = Portuguese. 
pi. = plural. 
pp. = past perfect. 
p.p. =past participle. 
priv. = privative (negative). 
prov. — provincial. 
Scand. = Scandinavian. 
sing. = singular. 
Sp. = Spanish. 
Sw. = Swedish. 
syn. = synonym or synonymous. 
U.S. = United States. 
v. = verb. 
v.i. = verb intransitive. 
v.t. = verb transitive. 
zool. = zoology. 
A single year number after a name indi- 
cates year of birth; two numbers, birth and 
death. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION 
a as in pale, paid, freight, prey, great. 
a as in hat, pad, fan, shall, 
a as in task, trance, clasp, glass, 
a as in far, father, alms, ah. 
& as in fall, talk, author, awe, form, 
a as in fare, hair, bear, their, where. 
& as in above, diamond, sofa, templar, 
e as in me, machine, meat, sweet, bier, 
e as in met, equity, bury, terrible. 
6 as in her, earn, bird, firm. 
I as in mite, mine, my, mig/it, height. 
i as in mit, abyss, division, enmity. 
6 as in go, hold, coal, snow, obey, 
o as in not, comma, folly, was, what, 
o as in move, too, food, rule, rude. 
6 as in wolf, woman, foot, would, pull. 
u as in mute, your, union, mature, 
u as in hut, sun, hurry, rustic, onion, 
u as in burn, furl, cur, world, 
ii as in French sud, German u or ue. 
oi as in oil, voice, boy, oyster, 
ow as in how, town, thou, found, 
kh as in Scotch loch, German hoc/i. 
ng as in singsong. 
th as in thin, (/trough, wealth, breath, 
th as in then, thou, breathe, soothe. 
g as in go, doy, begin, bigger, 
j as in ginger, longitude, hedge, 
s as in sense, loose, stay, force, acid, 
z as in zeal, lazy, easy, clothes, 
zh as in closure, cohesion, grazier, mirage. Standard Dental Dictionary 
A 
A. Axial. 
A. Chemical symbol of argon, 
a-, an-. [G., alpha privative.] A prefix of 
negative meaning—not, without, away, 
from, un-, -less. 
Aa, aa. [G. ana, of each.] A sign used in 
prescription-writing, directing that the 
same amount should be taken of each of 
the substances named, 
aaa. Abbreviation for amalgama, amal- 
gamation. 
A.A.P. American Academy of Periodon- 
tology. 
ab-. [L. ab, from.] A prefix, meaning away 
from, off, from. 
A.B. Axiobuccal. 
abartic'ular. [L. ab, from; articulus, joint.] 
Not involving, or away from, a joint, 
abarticula'tion. Dislocation of a joint; 
diarthrosis. 
abate (a-bat')- [L. ab, from; battere, to beat.] 
To decrease, lessen, diminish; to put an 
end to. 
abatement (a-bat'ment). Decrease in the 
intensity of disease or pain, 
abaxial (ab-ak'si-al). [L. ab, from; axis.] 
Outside the axis of any part or body; 
away from the axis; at the opposite 
extremity of the axis, 
abbeissen. [Ger.] To bite off. 
Abbot’s paste. A paste of arsenous acid, 
morphia and creosote, used for devitalizing 
the pulp. 
Abbott’s desensitizing paste. Trade name 
of a preparation to eliminate pain in 
introducing hypodermic needles and 
cleansing pyorrhea pockets, and to control 
postoperative pains, 
abbrechen. [Ger.] To break off. 
A.B.C. Axiobuccocervical. 
abces. [Fr.] Abscess, a. alveolaire, alveolar 
abscess. a. dentaire, dental abscess, 
a. froid, cold abscess. 
abdomen (Sb-do'men). [L.] The part of the 
body below the diaphragm and above the 
pelvis; the belly; alvus; venter, 
abdom'inal. Pertaining to the abdomen. 
Abdruck. [Ger.] Impression. 
AbdrucklSffel, Abdruckschale. [Ger.] Im- 
pression-tray. 
Abdruckmasse. [Ger.] Impression-mate- 
rial. 
abdu'cens. [L.] Nervus abducens. a. 
labio'rum, a. o'ris, the musculus caninus. 
abduc'tion. Drawing away from the middle 
line, and the position resulting therefrom, 
abduc'tor. Pertaining to muscles which 
draw away, as opposed to adductor. 
aber'rans. [L.] Vas aberrans. 
aber'rant. [L. ab, from; errare, to wander.] 
Wandering off (of ducts, vessels and nerves, 
when they take an unusual course), 
aberra'tio. [L.] Aberration, 
aberration (ab-er-a/shun). Act of wander- 
ing; deviation, as the mandible in motion; 
these motions are the following: extrusive, 
intrusive, perpendicular, right and left 
transverse. 
abey'ance. Temporary suppression of a 
function. 
abfeilen. [Ger.] To file off. 
A.B.G. Axiobuccogingival. 
abietin (ab-l'e-tin). A resin from the 
turpentine of fur. 
abiochemistry (iib-I-o-kem'is-tri). [G. a- 
priv.; biochemistry.]. Inorganic chem- 
istry. 
abiogenesis (ab-i-6-jen'e-sis). [G. a- priv.; 
bios, life; genesis, production.] Origin 
of living matter without being descended 
from other living matter; spontaneous 
generation. 
abiological (ab-i-o-loj'i-kal). Not pertain- 
ing to the science of living things or 
biology. 
abiosis (ab-i'6-sis). [G. a- priv.; bios, life.] 
Absence of life; nonviability; abiotrophy, 
abiotrophy (ab-i-ot'ro-fi). [G. a- priv.; 
bios, life; trophe, nourishment.] Hypot- 
rophy, abionergy; premature degeneration 
or loss of vitality of cells or tissues, not 
due to any recognized external influence, 
abir'ritant. Soothing. An agent endowed 
with the property of relieving irritation, 
abirritation. [L. ab, from; irritare, to irri- 
tate.] The abolition or lessening of irri- 
tability in a part. 
19 ABKOCHEN 
20 
ABSCESS 
abkochen. [Ger.] To reduce by boiling; 
to boil down. 
A.B.L. Axiobuccolingual. 
ablate'. [L. ablatus, taken away.] To 
remove. 
ablatio (ab-la'shi-5). [L.] Amputation; 
removal; ablation. 
ablation. [L. ablatio.] The amputation or 
removal of a part, diseased substance or 
growth. 
ablosen. [Ger.] To loosen, 
ab'luent. [L. abluere, to wash off.] Anything 
possessing cleansing properties; cleansing, 
ablu'tion. [L. ablutio.] A cleansing or 
washing. 
abnehmen. [Ger.] To take away or from, 
abner'val. [L. ab, away from; nervus, nerve.] 
Pertaining to a current of electricity 
passing through muscular fibers away 
from the point of entrance of the nerve 
fiber; away from a nerve, 
abneural (ab-nu'ral). Abnerval. 
abnorm'al. [L. ab, away from; norma, rule.] 
Contrary to the type or rule; irregular; 
not normal. 
abnormal'ity. Deviation from the normal 
type or general rule; irregularity, 
abnorm'ity. Deformity; abnormality; mon- 
strosity. 
abo'rad. [L. ab, from; os, mouth.] In any 
direction away from the mouth, 
abo'ral. Opposite to or away from the 
mouth. 
aboriginal (ab-o-rij'in-al). [L. ab, from; 
origo, source.] Autochthon. Autoch- 
thonous. 
abor'tion. Giving birth to a nonviable 
fetus or embryo. 
abor'tive. Noting curtailment of an attack 
or of a disease; noting failure of an attack 
or disease to develop, 
abor'tus. [L.] Abortion, 
abrade. [L. ab, off; radere, to scrape.] 
To scrape, wear or rub off. 
abra'dent. See abrasive. 
abrasio. [L.] Abrasion, 
abrasion (ab-ra'zhun). [L. ab, off; radere, 
to wear away, to scrape.] The mechanical 
wearing down, or scraping off, of the 
occlusal surface of the teeth in occlusion, 
or of any surface by the use of abrasive 
dentifrices; attrition. Also applied to 
raw surfaces due to friction from ill- 
fitting dentures; a circumscribed removal 
of the mucous membrane or skin; an 
excoriation. 
abrasion. [Fr.] Abrasion, a. chimique, 
chemical abrasion, a. congenital, con- 
genital abrasion, a. mecanique, mechan- 
ical abrasion. 
abrasion quimica. [Sp.] Chemical abrasion. 
abra'sive. Tending to abrade. A substanco 
used for abrading. 
abrazine. Trade name of a white abrading 
material in various grits. 
absceso. [Sp.] Abscess. 
abscess (ab'ses). [L. abscessus, a going 
away.] A restricted collection of pus. 
acute a., hot abscess, acute alveolar a., 
one recently formed as the result of the 
death of the pulp, alveolar a., an abscess 
from the alveolus of a tooth, atypical 
alveolar a., due to some infection of the 
periodontal membrane, blind a., one with- 
out a fistulous opening, chronic alveolar 
a., an abscess formed as the result of the 
death of the pulp of the tooth and persist- 
ing after the acute form, cold a., an 
abscess with an apparent absence of in- 
flammation. dental a., alveolar abscess, 
dentoalveolar a., a circumscribed cavity 
containing pus, situated at the apex of a 
root and depending upon the death of the 
pulp for origin, diffuse a., a not com- 
pletely circumscribed abscess. dry a., 
case where the pus has been absorbed or 
discharged but the sac has remained, 
gingival a., a not deep-seated abscess 
formed on the root of a tooth (not the 
apex), on the buccal, labial or lingual sur- 
face of the root of the tooth, hot a., 
having all the symptoms of inflammation, 
lateral alveolar a., one formed as the result 
of inflammation at the gingival line of the 
tooth, irrespective of the condition of life 
or death of the pulp; one whose pus-pocket 
is deep-seated, the abscess opening on the 
gum over the edge or through the alveolar 
process. pericemental a., an abscess 
arising from the pericementum (excepting 
one arising at the apex of the root) and 
not depending on the death of the pulp for 
origin, recurrent a., residual a., an abscess 
reappearing on the former site, due to the 
presence of undischarged pus. septal a., 
one formed on the proximal surface of the 
root of a tooth, serous a., a periosteal or 
subperiosteal abscess, true alveolar a., 
typical alveolar a., one formed following 
the death of the pulp, wandering a., 
where the opening is some distance from 
the seat of the abscess, as in cases where ABSCISSION 
21 
ACESTOMA 
the pus from an alveolar abscess burrows 
along the fasciae of some muscles and opens 
on the breast or other locality, 
abscission (ab-sis'shun). [L. abscindere, to 
cut away.] Cutting away, 
absesso. [It.] Abscess, 
abschragen. [Ger.] To make oblique, to 
slope. 
absolute (ab'so-lut). [L. absolutus, com- 
plete.] Complete; certain; entire; fixed; 
unconditional; unlimited, a. alcohol, con- 
taining not more than 1 percent of water, 
absorb'. [L. absorbere, to suck in.] To suck 
up; drink in; to take materials into the 
body through the blood-vessels or lym- 
phatics; to arrest the passage of radiant 
heat; to neutralize acids; to take up gases, 
liquids or the rays of light, 
absorbefacient (ab-sor-be-fa'shent). [L. ab- 
sorbere, to suck in; facere, to make.] A sub- 
stance promoting or causing absorption, 
absorb'ent. Possessing the power to take 
into itself, suck up or absorb liquids, gas 
or light rays or to neutralize an acid. a. 
cotton, free from all fatty matter, enabling 
it to suck up fluids readily, 
absorp'tive. Absorbent, 
absplittern. [Ger.] To splinter, to split off. 
abstergent (ab-ster'jent). [L. abstergere, to 
wipe off.] A cleansing lotion, a purgative 
or anything possessing cleansing or pur- 
gative properties. 
abster'tion. [L.] The act of cleansing, 
abstumpfen. [Ger.] To blunt, 
abter'minal. [L. ab, from; terminus, end.] 
The course of an electrical current in a 
muscle away from the end, toward the 
center. 
abuse (a-buz'). [L. ab, from; utere, to use.] 
To overuse; to use wrongly; to misuse, 
abuse (a-bus'). Excessive use of anything; 
misuse; wrong use. 
abut (a-but'). To adjoin at the end; to border 
upon. 
abut'ment. That on which anything abuts; 
supporting structure; solid part, as of a 
pier or wall, against which an arch rests; 
teeth to which a tooth or bridge is anchored, 
abut'tal. See abutment. 
A.C. Axiocervical. 
acampsia. [G. o- priv.; kampto, I bend.] 
Ankylosis; rigidity of a joint, 
acantha. [G. akantha, a thorn.] Spinous 
process of a vertebra; the spine, 
acapnia. [G. a- priv.; kapnos, smoke.] Dimi- 
nution in the amount of carbon dioxid in 
blood; disturbances of function as a result 
of such diminution. 
accelerans (ak-sel'er-anz). [L. accelerare, to 
hasten.] Accelerator nerve of the heart, 
acceleration. Any increase in rapidity, 
accelerator (ak-sel'er-a-tur). Anything in- 
creasing rapidity of function or action, 
accelerators for casts or impressions, sub- 
stances added to plaster to hasten the 
process of hardening, usually sodium 
chlorid or potassium sulphate, 
accentuator (ak-sent'u-a-tur). Anilin or 
other substance the presence of which 
permits of a combination between a 
histological element or tissue and a stain 
which would otherwise not be possible, 
acceptor (ak-sep'tur). [L. accipere, to 
accept.] A substance which absorbs the 
nascent hydrogen when set free by a 
reducing enzyme. 
accessiflexor (ak-ses'i-flek-sur). Accessory 
flexor. 
accessorius (ak-ses-so'ri-us). [L. accedere, 
to move toward.] Adjuvant; supernumer- 
ary; accessory, referring to some glands, 
muscles, nerves, etc. 
access'ory. Adjuvant; supplementary; su- 
pernumerary, 
accia'jo. [It.] Steel. 
accipiter. [L., a hawk.] A bandage for the 
nose, with ends branching out like the 
talons of a hawk. 
accretion (a-kre'shun). [L. accrescere, to 
increase.] Concretion; addition of mater- 
ial; deposit, a. lines, lines noted under the 
microscope in sections of enamel, indicat- 
ing the successive layers of enamel, 
salivary calculus a., a deposit on the teeth 
of mineral substances of the saliva, 
accumulator. [L. accumulare, to heap up.] 
A condenser, a storage battery, 
accurate metalloy. Trade name of an alloy 
for amalgam fillings. 
A.C.E. mixture. A mixture of 1 part alcohol, 
2 parts chloroform and 3 parts ether, used 
in general anesthesia. 
acentric (a-sen'trik). [G. o- priv.; kentron, 
center.] Peripheral; not central; eccen- 
tric. 
acero. [Sp.] Steel. 
acescence (a-ses'ens). [L. acescere, to become 
sour.] Souring; becoming sour; a slight 
degree of acidity. 
acestoma (a-ses'to-ma). [G. akestos, curable; 
-oma, tumor.] Profuse granulations form- 
ing a cicatrix. ACESTORIA 
22 
ACIDUM 
acestoria. Trade name of a local antiseptic 
anesthetic. 
acetab'ulum. [L., a shallow vinegar cup.] 
The cup-shaped depression on the external 
surface of the innominate bone, into which 
the head of the femur fits, 
acetal (a-set-al')- A clear liquid resulting 
from the imperfect oxidation of alcohol, 
acetanil'idum. Antifebrin; acetanilid. 
acetate (a-se-tat'). A salt of acetic acid, 
acetbromanilid (a-set-bro-man'i-lid). Asepsin; 
antisepsin; a derivative of acetanilid used 
as an analgesic and hypnotic, 
acetic (a-set'ik). Pertaining to vinegar; sour, 
acetomorphin (a-set-o-mar'fin). Heroin, 
acetone (as'e-ton). A substance present in 
the urine and blood in diabetes and which 
causes the peculiar odor accompanying 
that disease; acetonum. a. com'pounds, 
beta-oxybutyric acid, acetoacetic (diacetic) 
acid and acetone. 
acetopy'rin. Acopyrin; antipyrin. Anal- 
gesic; antirheumatic; antipyretic, 
acetous (as'e-tus). Pertaining to vinegar; 
sour-tasting. a. fermentation, fermenta- 
tion whereby alcohol is oxidized and forms 
acetic acid or vinegar. 
acetphet'idin and acetylsalicyl'ic acid com- 
pound. Trade name of a preparation 
used in postoperative pains, headache, 
trauma and pain following extraction of 
teeth. 
acetum (a-se'tum). [L. acer, sour.] Vinegar, 
acetylene (a-set'i-len). A colorless gaseous 
hydrocarbon obtained by the action of 
water on certain carbids. It burns with 
a white light, brilliant and effusive, 
ache (ak). A dull, often severe and con- 
tinuous pain. To be the seat of con- 
tinuous pain, 
achei'lia. See achilia. 
achei'lous. See achilous. 
achilia (a-ke'li-a). [G. a- priv.; cheilos, lip.] 
Congenital absence of the lips, 
achilous (ak'i-lus). Without lips, 
achlorhydria (ak-lor-hi'dria). Noting the 
absence of hydrochloric acid in the 
gastric juice. 
achlorids, achlorides (a-kl5'rids, a-klo'ridz). 
Salts other than chlorids in the urine; 
nonchlorids. 
achondroplasia (a-kon-dro-pla'zi-a). [G. a- 
priv.; chondros, cartilage; plasis, a mold- 
ing.] A disturbance in the normal process 
of ossification in cartilage, commencing 
in intrauterine life. 
achroacyte (ak-rd'a-slt). [G. a- priv.; 
chroma, color; kytos, cell.] A lymphocyte; 
a colorless cell. 
achromatic (&k-rd-m§,t'ik). [G. a- priv.; 
chroma, color.] Not decomposing white 
light (as a lens); colorless, 
achro'matin. [G. a- priv.; chroma, color.] 
The plasm of the cell, so named because 
of its weak staining property, 
achromatocyte (a-kr5-mat'6-slt). [G. o- 
priv.; chroma, color; kytos, cell.] A 
decolorized erythrocyte, 
achromatophil (ak-ro-m&t'o-fil). [G. a- 
priv.; chroma, color; philos, fond.] A 
tissue or cell which cannot be stained in 
the usual way. Not capable of being 
colored by histological or bacteriological 
stains. 
achromatosis (ak-ro-ma-t5'sis). [G. a- priv.; 
chroma, color.] Absence of pigments, as 
in albinism. 
achromatous (ak-ro'ma-tus). Unpigmented; 
colorless. 
achroodextrin (ak-ro-5-deks'trin). [G. a- 
priv.; achroos, colorless.] A form of dextrin 
which does not color with iodin. 
acid (as'id). [L. acidus, sour.] An electro- 
negative radical or element united with 
hydrogen; any substance with a sour 
taste. Pertaining to an acid; sharp to 
the taste; sour, 
acid'ic. Acid-forming, 
acidifiable (a-sid-i-fi'a-bl). [L. acidus, acid; 
fieri, to be made; habilis, capable.] Cap- 
able of conversion into an acid, 
acidify (a-sid'i-fi). [L. acidum, acid; facere, 
to make.] To become acid; to make acid, 
acidity (a-sid'i-ti). The acid content of a 
fluid; the state of being acid, 
acido arsenioso. [Sp.] Arsenious acid, 
acidol (as-i-dol'). Betain hydrochlorid. 
acidosis (as-i-do'sis). [L. acidum, acid; 
G. -osis.] An excess of acid products in 
the blood or excreted in the urine; oxyosis. 
acidosteophyte (as-i-dos'te-o-fIt). [G. aids, 
a point; osteon, bone; phyton, growth.] 
An osteophyte, or sharp-pointed bony 
outgrowth. 
acid'ulate. To cause to become more or 
less acid or sour. 
acid'ulous. Slightly sour or acid, 
acidum (as'id-um). [L.] Acid. a. acet'- 
icum, acetic acid. a. arsenic'um, white 
arsenic, a. arseno'sum, arseni trioxidum. 
a. bo'ricum, boracic or boric acid. a. 
carbol'icum, phenol, phenyl hydrate, ACIDURIC 
23 
ACTINIC 
phenyl alcohol, carbolic acid. a. chro'- 
micum, chromic acid, chromii trioxidum. 
a. cit'ricum, citric acid. a. cresyl'icum, 
cresol. a. hydrochlo'ricum, muriatic acid, 
hydrochloric acid. a. hydrocyanlcum, 
prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid. a. lac'ti- 
cum, lactic acid. a. ni'tricum, nitric acid, 
a. nitrohydrochlo'ricum, aqua regia, king’s 
water, nitromuriatic acid, nitrohydro- 
chloric acid. a. phosphor'icum, phos- 
phoric acid. a. salycyl'icum, salycilic 
acid. a. sulphu'ricum, oil of vitriol, 
sulphuric acid. a. tan'nicum, tannin, 
tannic acid. a. tartar'icum, tartaric acid, 
a. trichloracetlcum, trichloracetic acid, 
acidur'ic. [L. acidum, acid; durare, to 
endure.] Noting acidophil bacteria which 
grow in acid media, but more readily in 
slightly alkaline media, 
acidyl (as-id'el). [L. acidum, acid; G. hyle, 
stuff.] Indicating the acid radicals, 
acies (a'si-ez). [L., edge.] Border; edge; 
margin. 
acinous (a'sin-us). [L. acinus, grape.] Per- 
taining to glands like the alveolar glands, 
the excretory ducts starting from the 
little acini or sacs which are arranged 
like a cluster of grapes; resembling a bunch 
of grapes. 
acinus (a'sin-us). Alveolus; the minute 
beginning of the excretory duct of an 
acinous or alveolar gland, a number of 
which constitute a lobule; a lobule of the 
liver; an aircell of the lung, 
ac'me. [G. akme, the highest point.] The 
stage of the greatest intensity of a fever 
or symptom. 
aco'din. Trade name of a preparation con- 
taining the active principle of aconite, 
iodin, tannin and glycerin, 
acoin (ak'o-in). A local anesthetic with 
antiseptic properties, also used in Schleich’s 
infiltration anesthesia. 
ac'olite. Trade name of a casting material 
used particularly for posterior restorations, 
aconine (ak'o-nln). An alkaloid derived 
from aconitine. 
aconite (ak'6-nit). Seeaconitum. 
acon'itum. [G. akoniton, monkshood.] Wolfs- 
bane; monkshood; aconite root; aconiti 
radix. 
a'cor. [L., a sour taste.] Pyrosis; gastric 
acidity. 
acoustics (a-kos-tiks). [G. akoustikos, relat- 
ing to hearing.] The science treating of 
sounds and their perception. 
acquired (ak-kwird'). [L. acquirere, to ob- 
tain.] Designating a habit, predisposition 
or disease, not congenital, but of which 
one has become possessed after birth. 
ac'rid. [L. acer, pungent.] Sharp; biting; 
irritating; pungent. 
ac'rimony. [L. acrimonia, pungency.] The 
quality of an intense irritant, pungent or 
biting substance. 
acrisia (a-kre'si-a). [G. a- priv.; krisis, 
judgment.] A state when diagnosis or 
prognosis is uncertain. 
acrit'ical. [G. a- priv.; kritikos, critical.] 
Marked by no crisis; not critical; designat- 
ing a disease terminating by lysis; indeter- 
minate, particularly as regards prognosis. 
ac'roblast. [G. akros, topmost; blastos, 
germ.] The embryonic cells forming the 
outer layer of the mesoblast. 
acrodont (ak'ro-dont'). [G. akros, edge; 
odous, tooth.] Noting an animal whose 
teeth are attached directly to the margin 
of the alveolar process and not fixed in 
alveoli, e.g., lizard. 
acromegalia. [G. akron, extremity; megas, 
large.] A trophic disorder resulting in an 
enlargement of the head, face, hands, feet 
and thorax. 
acromeg'aly. See acromegalia. 
acro'mion. [G. akron, tip; amos, shoulder.] 
The acromial process; the outer end of the 
spine of the scapula. 
acronarcot'ic. [L. acer, pungent, acrid.] A 
locally irritant narcotic poison. Acting as 
an irritant and narcotic upon the nerve 
centers. 
acroneurosis (ak-rb-nu-ro'sis). [G. akron, 
extremity.] Neurosis, generally of the 
vasomotor system, manifesting itself in 
the extremities. 
acrotic (a-krot'ik). [G. akrotes, height,.] Per- 
taining to the surface of the body, e.g., 
the cutaneous glands. 
acrotic. [G. o- priv.; krotos, pulse.] Marked 
by weakness or absence of the pulse. 
acte de boire. [Fr.] Drinking. a. de 
manger, eating. 
ac'tinal. Pertaining to that part of a radiate 
animal from which the tentacles radiate 
and where the mouth is situated; hence 
often equivalent to oral. 
actinic. [G. aktis, a ray.] Pertaining to 
chemically active rays of the spectrum, 
a. ray, ray of light or other form of radiant 
energy capable of producing chemical 
action. ACTINISM 
24 
ADDUCENT 
ac'tinism. [G. aktis, ray.] Chemical force 
of the sun’s rays as distinct from light and 
heat; radiant energy by which chemical 
changes are produced; the chemical action 
of rays from a luminous source, chiefly in 
and beyond the violet end of the visible 
spectrum. 
actin'ium. A radioactive substance, prob- 
ably an element, resembling thorium 
chemically. 
actinochemistry (ak-tin-6-kem'is-tri). Chem- 
ical processes in which the action of rays 
from a luminous source is applied, 
actinodermatitis (ak-tin-o-der-ma-te'-tis or 
ti'tis). [G. aktis, ray; derma, skin; -itis, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the skin 
caused by radio-action, 
actin'ogram. [G. aktis; ray; gramma, a 
drawing, picture.] Skiagram. The record 
shown on a photographic plate by x-rays, 
radium rays or other radioactive bodies, 
actin'ograph. [G. aktis, ray; grapho, I write.] 
An appliance for determining the proper 
exposure required for a photographic 
plate according to the degree of light; 
skiagraph; also an apparatus for making 
actinograms. 
actinog'raphy. Making of actinograms; ski- 
agraphy. 
actinolite (ak-tin'6-lit). An apparatus by 
means of which actinic rays are applied in 
dermatology. 
actinol'ogy. [G. aktis, ray; logos, science.] 
The science treating of radiant energy and 
of x-rays; radiology. 
Actinomy'ces. [G. aktis, ray; mykes, fun- 
gus.] A group of bacteria known as ray- 
fungus occurring in the form of an aggrega- 
tion of club-shaped rods, 
actinomyco'sis. An infectious, parasitical 
disease of cattle and swine, sometimes 
transmitted to man, resulting in the forma- 
tion of abscesses about the teeth and jaws 
and in other parts of the body, 
actinoprax'is. The use of radium rays, x-rays 
and light rays in treatment or diagnosis, 
actinos'copy. [G. aktis, ray; skopeo, I ex- 
amine.] The examination of the maxilla: 
and the mandible, or any tissues or deep 
structures of the organism, by means of 
x-rays; fluoroscopy; skiascopy; rontgenos- 
copy; radioscopy or actinostereoscopy. 
action (ak'shun). [L. agere, to do.] Exertion 
of force or power, as mechanical, mental, 
physical, chemical; the performance of 
vital functions. 
ac'tive. Producing an effect; efficient, 
actual (ak'tu-al). [L. actur, performance.] 
Active; real; existent, a. cautery, such as 
done with a hot iron or platinum, 
acu'ity. [L. acuare, to sharpen.] Clearness; 
distinctness; sharpness, 
acu'minate. [L. acuminatus, sharpened.] 
Conical; tapering to a point; pointed, as 
the roots of the teeth. 
acupressure (ak-u-presh'ur). [L. acus, nee- 
dle; premere, to press.] A mode of arresting 
hemorrhage by inserting a needle into 
the adjacent tissues in such a manner as 
to compress the bleeding vessel, 
a'cus. [L.] Needle. 
acute (a-kut'). [L. acutus, sharp.] Short, 
as the course of a disease; opposite to 
chronic; sharp; brief. 
A.D. Axiodistal. 
ad. [L.] Preposition signifying to. In pre- 
scription-writing it indicates that a suf- 
ficient quantity of the substance pre- 
scribed should be taken to make the entire 
mixture equal to the total amount pre- 
scribed. 
ad-. Latin prefix indicating increase, a 
motion toward, adherence. 
A.D.A. American Dental Association, or- 
ganized 1859. (From 1896 to 1922, 
National Dental Association.) 
ad'amant. [G. a- priv.; daman, to subdue.] 
Supposed impenetrable or unbreakable 
mineral or metal. 
adamantine (ad'a-man'ten). [L. adaman- 
tinus, very hard.] Pertaining to the 
enamel of the teeth, the hardest structure 
of the body. 
adamantino'ma. A tumor of the maxilla or 
mandible which has developed from the 
remnants of an enamel organ, 
adaman'toblast. [G. adamas, adamant; 
blastos, sprout, germ.] The amyloblast, 
forming a layer of cells of the enamel 
organ from which the enamel is formed, 
adamanto'ma. See adamantinoma. 
Adam’s apple. See pomum Adami. 
adaptation. [L. adaptare, to adjust.] The 
proper fitting of a denture to the soft 
tissues of the mouth; the close approxima- 
tion of filling-materials to the walls of a 
cavity; the perfect adjustment of bands to 
the teeth. 
A.D.C. Axiodistocervical. 
addu’cent. [L. adducere, to bring to.] 
Designating muscles having the action of 
bringing to or toward a certain point. ADDUCT 
25 
JE- 
adduct'. To bring or draw toward the 
median line. 
adelomorphous (ad'el-6-mdr'fus). [G. adelos, 
uncertain, not clear; morphe, shape.] 
In form not clearly defined, as the main 
cells in the pepsin glands of the stomach, 
adelphotaxis (a-del-fo-tak'sis). [G. adelphos, 
brother; taxis, arrangement.] Assembling 
cells or organisms in mutual relationship, 
adenalgia (ad-en-al'ji-a). Adenodynia. 
adenitis (ad-en-e-tis or i'tis). [G. aden, 
gland; -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation 
of a gland. 
adeno-. A prefix signifying some relation 
to a gland. 
adenodynia (ad-e-no-din'i-a). [G. aden, 
gland; odyne, pain.] Pain in a gland; 
adenalgia. 
adenoid (ad'e-noid). [G. aden, gland; 
eidos, resemblance.] Adeniform; lymph- 
oid; resembling a gland, a. disease, an 
overgrowth of adenoid tissue in the 
rhinopharynx. 
ad'enoids. Hypertrophy of the lymphoid 
nodules in the posterior wall of the 
nasopharynx or nasopharyngeal tonsil, 
adeno'ma. A neoplasm of glandular epi- 
thelium having the same formation as 
the gland of which it is a growth, 
adenomyo'ma. A tumor composed of 
muscular and glandular tissue, 
adenopharyngitis (&d-e-no-far-in-je'tis or 
I'tis). Inflammation of the pharyngeal 
mucous membrane and of the tonsils, 
adentado. [It.] Toothless, edentulous, 
ad'eps. [L.] Lard; fat of the hog. 
A.D.G. Axiodistogingival. 
adhere (ad-her'). [L. ad, to; hcerere, to 
stick.] To unite with; to be held in con- 
tact. 
adhesion (ad-he'zhun). [L. adhcerere, to 
stick to.] Tendency to remain attached 
or adhering (incorrectly used to express 
cohesive qualities of gold foil); the means 
by which dentures are retained in place 
and in contact with the mucous membrane 
when no air-chamber is used to assist in 
its retention; the union of the margins of 
a wound. 
adhe'sive. Adhering; sticky. 
A.D.I. Axiodistoincisal. 
adipo'ma. See lipoma. 
adipose (ad'i-poz). Pertaining to fat; fatty, 
ad'itus. [L.] A way, a passage, an entrance 
or approach to a part. a. ad antrum, the 
opening to the antrum. 
adjust'able. [L. ad, to; jus, right.] Capable 
of being arranged properly or regulated, 
a. articulator, see articulator. 
ad'juvant. [L. ad, to; juvare, to help.] 
Something which assists or aids, as in 
remedies, an addition to increase or assist 
the action of the principal drug, 
ad lib. [L. ad libitum, at pleasure.] An 
indication that a remedy may be taken 
in doses and at times as required or 
desired. 
A.D.L.M.A. American Dental Library and 
Museum Association. 
admax'illary. [L. ad, to; maxilla, jaw.] 
Connected with the jaw. a. gland, 
an accessory salivary gland, sometimes 
present, situated near the angle of the 
jaw and discharging into the mouth 
through the parotid gland1 and its duct, 
admix'ture. [L. ad, to; miscere, to mix.] 
A mixture; the act of mixing, 
adnas'cent. [L. adnasci, to grow to or on.] 
Growing together. 
ad'nate. [L. adnasci, to grow to or on.] 
Congenitally grown together. (Applied 
generally to unlike parts.) 
adneph'rin. See epinephrin. 
A.D.O. Axiodistoclusal. 
adolescence (ad-6-les'sens). [L. ad, to; 
olesco, grow.] The period between puberty 
and adult life; youth. 
adren'al. [L. ad, near to; ren, kidney.] 
Near to or upon the kidney. The supra- 
renal gland. 
adren'alin. Epinephrin; the group name of 
a number of adrenal extracts, 
adren'in. See epinephrin. 
ad'rin. See epinephrin. 
adul'terate. [L. adulterare, to falsify.] To 
add inferior materials in order to increase 
the quantity without improving, and at 
times deteriorating, the quality of any 
substance. 
advance'. [Fr. avancer, to move forward.] 
To go or move forward, 
adventitia (ad-ven-tish'i-a). [L. adventitius, 
coming from abroad.] The outer covering 
of a structure or organ which does not 
form an integral part of it, but is derived 
from some other tissue, 
adynam'ia. [G. a- priv.; dynamis, power.] 
Weakness; asthenia; vital debility, 
adynam'ic. Pertaining to adynamia; weak, 
feeble, asthenic. 
ae-. For all terms commencing with this 
diphthong, see under e. AEN 
26 
AGMEN 
aen. [Ja.] Zinc, 
aen-yokei. [Ja.] Zinc die. 
aer (aar). [G. aer, air.] Atmosphere; air; 
atmos. 
aerate (a'er-at). [L. aer, air.] To put air 
or gas into; to charge with carbonic acid; 
to subject to the action of air. 
aerated (a/er-at-ed). Charged with carbon 
dioxid, air or other gas. 
aera'tion. The act of aerating; the condition 
of being aerated. 
aerdent'alloy. Trade name of a combina- 
tion of silver and aluminum for denture 
prosthesis. 
aeriform (a-er'i-ffirm). Resembling gas or 
air; gaseous. 
aerobic (a-er-ob'ik). Aerobian; living in air. 
aerobion (a-er-o'bi-on). A bacterium which 
lives and grows only in air. 
aerophagy (a-er-of'a-ji). Swallowing of air. 
affection (af-fek'shun). [L. afficere, to act 
upon.] An abnormal condition. Love, 
feeling, sentiment. 
af'ferent. [L. ad, to; ferre, bear.] Bringing 
to or into, as applied to nerves, lymphatics 
and veins. 
affin'ity. [L. affinis, neighboring.] A force 
which causes some atoms to- unite with 
others in forming compounds; attraction, 
af'flux, afflux'ion. [L. ad, to; fluere, to flow.] 
Congestion, especially a flowing of blood 
toward any part. 
affusion (af-fu'zhun). [L. ad, to; fundere, to 
pour.] The pouring of water for therapeu- 
tic purposes upon parts of the body, 
after-condensation. Such condensation of 
the surface and margins of a filling as may 
be done after the completion of the actual 
building-up of the gold in filling, 
af'terpain. A later pain; pain which follows 
childbirth or a surgical or dental opera- 
tion. 
af'ter-sensa'tion. A sensation continuing 
after real cause has ceased to act. 
af'tertaste. The continued taste perceived 
after the substance causing it has been 
dissipated. 
afutasei-konaien. [Ja.] Aphthous stomati- 
tis. 
A.G. Axiogingival. 
agal-agal. See agar. 
agar. A gelatinous substance made from 
seaweed; in bacteriology used as a base for 
culture media. Correctly: agar-agar. 
AgCl. Silver chlorid. 
AgCN. Silver cyanid. 
ageing. See aging. 
agenesia (a-jen-e'si-a.) [G. a- priv.; genesis, 
production.] Imperfect development of a 
part or organ, or its entire absence, 
agene'sis. See agenesia. 
ageusia (a-jo'si-a). [G. a- priv.; geusis, 
taste.] Absence of the sense of taste, 
ageustia (a-jos'ti-a). [G., fasting.] Ageusia, 
agger (aj'er). [L.] An eminence or pro- 
jection. 
agglom'erate, agglomerated. [L. ad, to; 
glomus, a ball.] Gathered together into a 
noncoherent mass. 
agglomeration. A cluster; a crowded mass 
of independent, similar units, 
agglu'tinant. [L. ad, to; glutinare, to paste.] 
A substance which causes adhesion be- 
tween two surfaces. Uniting or causing to 
adhere. 
agglutination. Adhesion of surfaces of 
wounds; aggregation in small masses of 
microorganisms in a culture when a specific 
immune serum is added, 
agglutinative (a-glo'tin-a-tiv). Causing, or 
able to effect, adhesion, 
agglutinin. An antibody causing agglutina- 
tion of cells or microorganisms which have 
acted as antigen. 
aggregate. [L. ad, to; gregus, flock.] To 
accumulate; to unite or come together in 
a mass or body. The total of independent 
units making up a mass or body. 
Agl. Silver iodid. 
aging (aj'ing). The process of becoming or 
making old, causing to appear old. Noting 
an unknown cause on account of which 
alloys used for amalgam fillings behave 
differently in union with mercury when 
freshly comminuted and when permitted 
to age for a few weeks or when aged by the 
application of heat. Aged alloys require 
a smaller percentage of mercury than 
freshly cut alloys. 
aglobu'lia. [G. o- priv.; L. globulus, globule.] 
Marked reduction of the red bloodcells; 
oligocythemia. 
aglos'sia. [G. a- priv.; glossa, tongue.] 
Absence of the tongue, 
aglossos'toma. [G. a- priv.; glossa, tongue; 
stoma, mouth.] A monster with a gen- 
erally closed mouth, but without a tongue, 
agmatol'ogy. [G. agma, a fragment; login, 
treatise.] The branch of surgery which 
treats of fractures. 
ag'men, pi. ag'mina. [L., a multitude.] An 
aggregation; a collection. AGMINATE 
27 
ALBUMINOSE 
ag'minate, ag'minated. [L. agmen, a multi- 
tude.] Collected together into masses or 
clusters; agglomerate; aggregate, 
agna'thia. [G. a- priv.; gnathos, jaw.] Ab- 
sence of the mandible. [ble. 
agnathous (&g'na-thus). Without a mandi- 
ag'nathy. Agnathia. 
Agnew’s operation for the excision of the 
mandibular nerve. The cheek is opened 
and the bone trephined over the mandi- 
bular canal, 1 cm. distal to the anterior 
border of the masseter muscle, thus reach- 
ing the nerve. 
AgN03. Lunar caustic; silver nitrate. 
Ag20. Silver oxid. 
agomphi'asis. [G. a- priv.; gomphios, ' a 
molar.] Looseness of the teeth; toothless- 
ness. 
agomphio'sis. Toothlessness; looseness of 
the teeth. 
agom'phious. Toothless; without teeth, 
ag'ony. [G. agon, a struggle, trial.] Extreme 
pain or anguish of body or mind; the act of 
dissolution or dying. 
Ag3P04. Silver phosphate, 
agraffe (a-graf')- [Fr. agrafe, a hook, clasp.] 
An appliance used in place of sutures for 
clamping together the edges of a wound, 
agranulocyte (a-gran'u-lo-sit). Non-granu- 
lar leucocyte. 
agranuloplastic (a-gran'u-15-plas-tik). [G. 
a- priv.; L. granulum, granule; G. plas- 
tikos, formative.] Not capable of forming 
granular cells, but capable of forming non- 
granular cells. 
Ag2S. Silver sulphid. 
AgS04. Silver sulphate, 
agua. [Sp.] Water. 
ague (a'gu). A chill. Malarial fever ac- 
companied by sweating; fever and chill, 
face a., facial neuralgia, 
aguja hipodermica. [Sp.] Hypodermic 
syringe needle. 
ahisan. [Ja.] Acidum arsenicum. 
ahisan-en. [Ja.] Arsenite. 
ahisan-kozai. [Ja.] Arsenical paste. 
A.I. Axioincisal. 
A.I.D.T. American Institute of Dental 
Teachers. 
ail (al). [A. S. eglan, distress, pain.] To be 
afflicted with pain; to be indisposed, ill; to 
suffer. 
ailment (al'ment). Chronic illness, usually 
slight; indisposition, minor a., a mild 
disorder such as indigestion, cold, head- 
ache. 
air. [L. aer.] The atmosphere, mixture of 
oxygen 1, nitrogen 2, with traces of car- 
bon dioxid, water, ammonia, etc. com- 
plemental a., possible excess which may 
be inhaled by forced inspiration, reserve 
a., the air remaining in the lungs after 
ordinary expiration, residual a., the air 
that remains in the pulmonary vesicles 
and can not be exhaled by forced expira- 
tion. tidal a., the air passing in and out of 
the lungs in ordinary breathing, 
air-chamber. So-called vacuum-chamber; 
a depression provided in dentures to assist 
in retaining them in contact with the 
mucous membrane by creating a partial 
vacuum. 
akinesia (a-kin-e'si-a). [G. a- priv.; kinesis, 
movement.] Immobility; loss or absence 
of voluntary motion, 
akusei-epuris. [Ja.] Malignant epulis. 
Al. Symbol of aluminum. 
A.L. Axiolingual. 
A.La. Axiolabial. 
ala, pi. alae. [L.,wing.] Axilla; an expanded 
or wing-like structure. 
alabas'ter. A semitranslucent kind of gyp- 
sum, usually white and of fine texture; also 
a variety of calcite, usually banded. 
A.La.L. Axiolabiolingual. 
ala'lia. [G. a- priv.; lalia, talking.] Dimi- 
nution or loss of power of speech, due to 
some defect or paralysis of the vocal 
organs. 
alar (a'lar). [L. ala, a wing.] Axillary; per- 
taining to a wing. 
alba. [L. albus, white; fem. alba.] White, 
alba alloy. Trade name of an alloy for 
amalgam fillings. 
al'ban. A hydrocarbon constituent of gutta- 
percha. 
alba'tion. [L. albare, to make white.] 
Bleaching, as the bleaching of discolored 
teeth. 
albolene (al'bo-len). [L. albus, white; oleum, 
oil.] An oily, white substance, like soft 
paraffin, made from petroleum. It is used 
as a base for remedies applied by spray to 
the mucous membranes, 
albugin'eous. Like boiled white of egg; 
pertaining to any tunica albuginea, 
albu'men. [L., the white of egg.] Egg- 
albumin; white of egg; ovalbumin. Al- 
bumin. 
albu'min. A protein found in the tissues of 
animals and plants, 
albu'minose. Albumose; albuminous. ALBUMINOUS 
28 
ALLIAGE 
albu'minous. Pertaining to albumin; con- 
taining or consisting of albumin. a. 
plaque or film, see plaque. 
albuminu'ria. [L. albumen, white; G. ouron, 
urine.] The voiding of albumin with the 
urine. 
A.L.C. Axiolinguocervical. 
alcasco prophylactic files. Trade name of a 
set of files for use in trimming fillings, 
al'cohol. [Ar. al kohl, a fine powder; eventu- 
ally used to signify anything attenuated, 
such as spirits.] A volatile, colorless, in- 
flammable liquid, the product of fermenta- 
tion. absolute or dehydrated a., alcohol 
containing not over 1 percent of water, 
a. denatura'tum, denatured alcohol, made 
unpotable by the addition of benzin, 
methyl alcohol and other poisonous sub- 
stances. a. dilutum, dilute alcohol, of 
which 48.6 percent is absolute alcohol, 
eth'yl a., grain alcohol, the alcohol of spir- 
ituous beverages, meth'yl a., wood alco- 
hol, made by the destructive distillation 
of wood (poisonous). 
al'coholism. Poisoning with alcohol; addic- 
tion to the use of alcohol, 
al'coholize. To convert into alcohol; to 
impregnate with alcohol, 
alcool. [Fr.] Alcohol, 
aldehyde (al'de-hid). Alcohol deprived of 
its hydrogen, 
aleacion. [Sp.] Alloy. 
aletocyte (al-e'td-slt). [G. aletes, wanderer; 
kytos, cell.] A wandering cell, 
alex'in. [G. alexo, I ward off.] A substance 
present in both normal and immune serum; 
when combined with immune body it pos- 
sesses bactericidal and hemolytic proper- 
ties. 
A.L.G. Axiolinguogingival. 
alganesthesia (al-gan-es-the'zi-a). Analgesia, 
algesia (al-je'si-a). Hyperesthesia, 
alge'sis. Hyperesthesia, 
algesthesia (8,1-jes-the'zi-a). Hyperesthesia, 
alget'ic. Painful. 
algid (al'jid). [L. algidus, cold.] Cold; 
chilly. 
algiomo'tor. [G. algeinos, painful.] Produc- 
ing painful muscular contractions, 
algogen'esis. [G. algos, pain; genesis, pro- 
duction.] Origin or production of pain, 
algogen'ic. Producing pain, 
al'gor. [L., coldness.] A chill; cold or the 
sensation of cold. 
alible (al'i-bl). [L. alibilis, nutritious.] Nu- 
tritious; nutritive; capable of nourishing. 
alienist (a'li-en-ist). One specializing in 
mental diseases; one who treats the insane, 
al'iform. [L. ala, wing; forma, shape.] 
Pterygoid; like a wing; wing-shaped, 
alignment. See alinement. 
ailment. [L. alere, to nourish.] Nutriment; 
food; whatever supplies nourishment, 
alimen'tary. [L. alimentum, nourishment.] 
Pertaining to nutrition or food, 
alimenta'tion. The giving of nourishment; 
feeding; food; nourishment, 
alimentother'apy. [L. alimentum, nourish- 
ment; G. therapeia, healing.] Dietetic 
treatment; broma to therapy; dieto therapy, 
alinasal (al-i-na'zal). [L. ala, wing; nasus, 
nose.] Pertaining to the alae nasi or the 
flaring portions of the nostrils, 
aline'ment. [L. ad, to; linea, line.] Adjust- 
ment by a line; arrangement in a line; the 
line along which the teeth are adjusted; 
noting teeth when in normal relation to 
the line of their dental arch, 
alinjec'tion. The injecting of alcohol for pre- 
serving and hardening histological and 
pathological specimens, 
aliphatic (al-i-fat'ik). Pertaining to, or de- 
rived from, fat; fatty; applied to com- 
pounds having an open-chain structure, 
alisphenoid (al-i-sfen'oid). [L. ala, wing; 
G. sphen, wedge; eidos, resemblance.] 
Pertaining to the greater wing of the 
sphenoid bone. 
aliviar. [Sp.] To alleviate (pain), 
alkalescence (Sl-kal-es'ens). The process of 
becoming alkaline; slight alkalinity, 
al'kali. [Ar. al, the; qali, soda-ash.] A 
substance, strongly basic, capable of sa- 
ponifying fats and alkaline in reaction, 
alkaline (al'kal-In). Possessing the reaction 
of an alkali; relating to an alkali, 
al'kaloid. [Ar. alkali; G. eidos, resemblance.] 
The basic substance of vegetable growths, 
forming the active principle of many crude 
drugs. A similar substance is also found 
in animal tissues. 
alkalol. Trade name of a deodorant prepar- 
ation used as a mouthwash. 
Allen’s root-pliers. An instrument for the 
removal of portions or slivers broken off 
the root in extracting; for probing the 
socket and removing loose remaining bits 
of the alveolar process; for the removal of 
deciduous crowns loosened by the resorp- 
tion of their roots. Devised by Dr. Albert 
Bromley Allen, 
alliage. [Fr.] Alloy. ALLIS’ INHALER 
29 
ALUMINATED 
Allis’ inhaler. An apparatus for administer- 
ing ether in general anesthesia, 
alloca'in. A local anesthetic containing aly- 
pin and procain in combination with syn- 
thetic suprarenin and thymol, 
allokinesis (al-16-kin-e'sis). [G. alios, other; 
kinesis, movement.] Reflex movement; 
passive movement. 
allola'lia. [G. alios, other; lalia, talking.] 
A speech defect, especially where the 
speech center is affected by disease, 
allop'athy. [G. alios, other; pathos, disease.] 
A system of treatment of diseases in which 
a morbid process of another kind or in 
another part of the body is brought about, 
allotriodontia (al-ot-ri-6-don'shi-a). [G. 
allotrios, foreign; odous, tooth.] The 
growth of a tooth located abnormally; 
transplantation. 
alloy'. [L. alligare, to combine.] A mixture 
of two or more metals, except mercury. 
(A mixture of mercury results in an amal- 
gam.) binary dental amalgam a., one 
metal only, such as copper, and mercury; 
Sullivan’s amalgam or cement, brass, fine 
cast, 75 parts copper, 20 to 25 zinc, 0.25 
to 3 of lead or tin, or both, brass sheets, 
(1) copper 68.1, zinc 31.9; (2) copper 70.1, 
zinc 29.26, lead 0.38, tin 0.17. brass wire, 
(1) copper 70.29, zinc 29.26, lead 0.28, 
tin 0.17; (2) copper 71.5, zinc 28.5. cop- 
per coin, copper 95, tin 3, zinc 2. Dutch 
metal, copper 11, zinc 2, beaten into thin 
sheets known as Dutch leaf gold; reduced 
to powder by levigation with a small 
quantity of oil or honey, known as bronze 
powder. German silver or argentan, cop- 
per 50 to 66 parts, zinc 19 to 30, nickel 13 
to 18. gun metal (for tensile strength), 
copper 88, tin 10, zinc 2; (for free turning), 
copper 86, tin 10, zinc 2, lead 2. mosaic 
gold, copper 50, zinc 50. nickel coin, cop- 
per 75, nickel 25. pinchbeck, copper 88.8, 
zinc 11.2. quaternary dental amalgam a., 
one composed of three metals, usually 
silver and tin, with a small percentage of 
gold, copper or zinc, and mercury, quinary 
dental amalgam a., one composed of four 
metals and mercury, ternary dental amal- 
gam a., one composed of two metals, usu- 
ally silver and tin, and mercury, 
alloy'age. The act or art of alloying metals, 
alloys for amalgam fillings. These consist 
principally of silver and tin, with an addi- 
tion of copper, or zinc, gold, platinum, etc., 
placed on the market in the form of filings 
and shavings, quick-, medium- and slow- 
setting. Some of them are designated as 
contour alloy, said to possess qualities 
favorable for contour fillings. Submarine 
alloys are claimed to be so constituted that 
they may be inserted with equally favor- 
able results when it is impossible to keep 
a cavity dry. Class I—With a silver con- 
tent of not less than 65 percent. Class II 
—With a silver content of 48 percent or 
less. 
Allport’s bone-cutting burs. Coarse-cut, 
round, stoned burs for the rapid and effi- 
cient cutting of bone, devised by Dr. W. 
W. Allport, 
allume. [It.] Alum. 
A.L.O. Axiolinguoclusal. 
AI2O3. Aluminum oxid. 
aloe (al'5). The inspissated juice of the 
leaves of various species of the aloe plant, 
aloi. [Fr.] Alloy. 
al'pha. The first letter of the Greek alpha- 
bet. Used for classification in various 
sciences, and in chemistry to designate the 
first in a series of isomeric compounds, 
alpha eu'cain. See eucain-A. 
al-sano. Trade name of a preparation for 
the treatment of pyorrhea, gingivitis and 
other infectious conditions of the mouth 
and gums. 
alter (dl'ter). [L. alter, other.] To make 
different, to modify, to change; to become 
different; to castrate. 
alterant (al'ter-ant). [L. alterare, to change.] 
A remedy causing a change in the function 
of any organ of the body; an alterative, 
alteration. A making different; a change or 
modification. 
alterative (al-ter'a-tiv). Alterant, 
alternating (al'ter-nat-ing). [L. alternare, to 
do by turns.] Noting a reciprocal succes- 
sion, as the electric current when its 
direction is changed in rapid succession, 
althe'a. Marshmellow. 
al'um. [L. alumen.] Any double salt formed 
by various combinations of sulphate of 
aluminum, manganese, chromium, iron or 
gallium on one side and sulphate of lithium, 
potassium, sodium, cesium, ammonium 
and rubidium on the other, 
alumbre. [Sp.] Alum, 
alumen (a-16'men). Alum; potassium alum; 
a styptic and astringent, 
alumina (a-16'mi-na). AI2O3. Aluminum 
oxid. 
alu'minated. Containing alum. ALUMINIUM 
30 
AMBIVALENT 
alumin'ium. Aluminum, 
aluminum (a-16'mi-num). Symbol Al; atom- 
ic weight 27.1. A white, silvery metal, 
of light weight, used as a base for dentures, 
a. felt lining, a. liquid lining, preparations 
of aluminum for covering the parts of a 
denture which rest on the mucous mem- 
brane. a. plate, the metal in sheets for 
making dentures. 
aluminum bronze. Copper 90, aluminum 
10, for mandibular dentures, 
alvatunder. Trade name of a local anesthet- 
ic. Alvatunder procain is a later modifica- 
tion. 
alveoden'tal suppura'tion. See pyorrhea. 
alve'olar. [L. alveolus, dim. of alveus, a tub, 
trough, cavity.] Pertaining to an alveolus, 
a. cavity, the socket of a tooth, a. crest, 
the triangle portion of the alveolus which 
terminates interproximally. a. c. fibres, 
fibers extending from the alveolar crest 
to the enamel cemental junction. [AAP.] 
a. index, gnathic index, a. osteomyelitis, 
see pyorrhea. a. pericementi'tis, see 
pyorrhea, a. periostitis, alveolitis. a. 
point, a point in the middle of the anterior 
border of the alveolar process. 
Alveolarfortsatz. [Ger.] Alveolar process, 
alveolar'is, pyorrhe'a. See pyorrhea. 
alveolarosteite. [Fr.] Alveolar osteitis. 
Alveolarrand. [Ger.] Alveolar border, 
alveolectomla. [Sp.] Alveolectomy. 
alveolectomy (al-ve-o-lek'to-mi). [L. alveo- 
lus, socket, cavity; G. ektome, excision.] 
An operation of opening into the socket 
or alveolus of a tooth, for the purpose of 
curettage, to give exit to pus or other con- 
fined fluid, or to gain access for the purpose 
of treatment. [Excision of a portion of the 
alveolar process. ADA.] 
alveoli (al-ve'5-ll). PI. of alveolus. The 
sockets of the teeth, a. dentales, 'tooth- 
sockets. a. pulmo'num, the aircells of the 
lungs. 
alveolin'gual. Pertaining to the alveoli of 
the mandible and the tongue, 
alveolite infectieuse. [Fr.] Infectious al- 
veolitis; pyorrhea. 
alveolitis (al-ve-6-le'tis or i'tis). Fauchard’s 
disease; Riggs’ disease; alveolar periostitis; 
dentoalveolitis; pericementitis; pyorrhea 
alveolaris. chron'ic sep'tic a., see pyorrhea. 
phageden'ic pericemen'tal a., see pyorrhea. 
alveolocla'sia. Alveolar bone absorption 
which produces looseness (mobility). 
[AAP.] 
alveolocondylean (al-ve-o-lS-kon-dil'e-an). 
Pertaining to the alveoli and the condyles 
of the mandible. 
alveolodental (al-ve-o-lo-den'tal). Pertaining 
to the alveoli and the teeth, 
alveoloden'tal pyorrhe'a. See pyorrhea. 
alveolotomy. [L. alveolus, socket; G. tome— 
temnein, to cut.] Incision into the alveolus 
of a tooth, as for locating the end of a root 
of a tooth. [ADA.] 
alve'olus, pi. alve'oli. [L., socket, cavity.] 
A tooth-socket; an aircell, cavity, small 
cell; the terminal lobule or acinus of 
a racemose gland, a. dentalis, a tooth- 
socket. 
aly'pin. An anesthetic less toxic than co- 
cain, employed in 1 to 4 percent solutions. 
A.M. Axiomesial. 
amal'gam. [G. malagma, a soft mass.] A 
mixture of one or more metals with 
mercury. See alloys for amalgam fillings. 
amal'gamable. Noting those metals which 
mixed with mercury will form an amalgam, 
amalgamate (a-mal'ga-mat). To mix mer- 
cury with filings or shavings of a metal 
or an alloy; to make an amalgam; to com- 
pound; to combine; to unite, 
amalgamation. The union of one or more 
metals or of an alloy with mercury, 
amalgamator (a-mal-ga-ma'tur). An appli- 
ance for mixing alloy and mercury by 
means of a rapidly shaking vessel causing 
uniform and rapid amalgamation. Oper- 
ated by hand or electricity, 
amalgame. [Fr.] Amalgam, 
ama'ra. [L. amarus, bitter.] Bitters, 
amarugamu. [Ja.] Amalgam, 
amasesis (&m-a-se'sis).. [G. a- priv.; masesis, 
chewing.] Inability to masticate. Ab- 
sence of mastication. 
amber. [L.] Fossil resin of a pine tree which 
becomes electrified in friction, 
ambidextrous. [L. ambo, both; dexter, right 
(right hand).] Using both hands with 
equal ease. Noting the advantage of a 
dentist who is so qualified, 
ambidexter'ity. The ability to use both 
hands equally. 
ambilat'eral. [L. ambo, both; latus, side.] 
Pertaining to both sides, 
ambilevous (am-bi-le'vus). [L. ambi-, both; 
levus, left.] Left-handed on both sides; 
awkward. 
ambivalent (&m-biv'a-lent). [L. ambi-, both; 
valere, to have power.] Being of equal 
power or value in both directions. AMBO 
31 
AMPLIFICATION 
am'bo. [G. ambon, the edge of a dish.] 
An elevation surrounding a joint cavity, 
as in the glenoid cavity, 
am'boceptor. [L. ambo, both; capere, to 
take.] An antibody, immune body, in- 
termediary body; sensitizer; fixative. 
Amboss. [Ger.] Anvil, 
am'bulant, am'bulatory. Walking about or 
able to walk about; noting pains which 
shift or move about; moving from one 
place to another; moving about, 
ambustion (am-bus'chun). [L. amburere, to 
scorch.] A scald or burn. 
A.M.C. Axiomesiocervical. 
A.M.D. Axiomesiodistal. 
A.M.D.S. Association of Military Dental 
Surgeons of the United States, 
ame'ba, pi. amebae. [G. amoibe, change.] A 
protozoan organism possessing the power 
to extrude parts of itself, thus assuming 
various shapes differing from its normal 
globular form. a. denta'lis, entameba 
buccalis. 
amebi'asis. Pathogenic amebic infection, 
ame'bic. Pertaining to, resembling or caused 
by amebae. 
ame'bicide. [L. ccedere, to kill.] Any agent 
destructive to amebae. 
amebio'sis. See amebiasis. 
ame'boid. [G. amoibe, ameba; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Resembling the ameba. 
amelifica'tion. [Old E. amel, enamel; L. 
facere, to make.] Formation of the enamel 
of the teeth. 
amelioration (a-me-li-5-ra'shun). [L. ad, to; 
meliorare, to make better.] Moderation in 
the intensity of any symptom; improve- 
ment. 
am'eloblast. [Old E. amel, enamel; G. 
blastos, germ.] Adamantoblast. 
amelodentinal junction. See junction. 
American dental cabinets. Trade name of a 
line of sanitary furniture for the dental 
office and laboratory. See illustrations in 
supplement. 
Ames inlay. [Dr. W. V.-B. Ames.] The 
adaptation of a gold-foil or platinum 
matrix into a cavity, and fusing into it 
gold plate or alloy until the required 
contour is obtained. 
A.M.G. Axiomesiogingival. 
A.M.I. Axiomesioincisal. 
amianto. [It.] Asbestos, 
am'id, am'ide. A compound resulting from 
the replacement of an atom of hydrogen 
in ammonia by an element. 
amigdale. [It.] Tonsil, 
amitosis (am-i-tS'sis). The direct division 
of the cell and nucleus, unlike ordinary 
cell-reproduction. 
Ammon’s operation. Dacryocystotomy; the 
operation of blepharoplasty by trans- 
planting tissues from the cheek, 
ammo'nia. A volatile alkaline gas composed 
of nitrogen, one, and hydrogen, three; 
combines with acids to form various salts, 
ammoni'acal. Pertaining to ammoniac (a 
gum resin) or to ammonia, 
ammonio-. A prefix indicating ammonia, 
ammo'nium. A group of atoms never in a 
free state, but forming ammoniacal com- 
pounds. 
am'monol. Trade name of an analgesic 
powder of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium 
carbonate and acetanilid. 
am'nion. [G.] The inner of the membranes 
composing the sac which envelops the 
fetus in the uterus. 
amor'phia, amorph'ism. [G. a- priv.; 
morphe, form.] Being without definite 
shape, irregularly shaped or amorphous, 
amorphous. Uncrystallized; formless; with- 
out definite shape. 
ampere'. The unit of current strength, or 
the electrical current carried in one second 
by the force of one volt through a circuit 
where the resistance is one ohm. 
amphiarthro'sis. [G. amphi, on both sides; 
arthrosis, joint.] A half joint; a mixed 
articulation. 
amphibol'ic. [G. amphibolos, doubtful.] Un- 
certain; ambiguous; doubtful, ■» 
amphidiarthrosis (am-fi-di-ar-thr5'sis). A 
form of articulation combining diarthrosis 
and amphiarthrosis, as that of the man- 
dible. 
amphimi'crobe. [G. amphi, on both sides.] 
A microorganism which, according to en- 
vironment, is either anaerobic or aerobic, 
amphitrichous (am-fit'ri-kus). [G. amphi, 
on both sides; thrix, hair.] Possessing a 
flagella or flagellum at both extremities, 
like some microorganisms, 
amphophyl (Sm'fb-fil). [G. ampho, both; 
philos, fond.] Possessing equal affinity for 
acid and basic dies, as some cells and 
tissues. 
amphoter'ic. [G. amphoteroi, both.] Having 
two opposite characteristics, 
amplification. [L. amplificare, to enlarge.] 
An enlargement of the visual area in 
telescopy or microscopy. AMPLIFIER 
32 
ANACATHARTIC 
amplifier (am'pli-fi-er). A lens between the 
eyepiece and the objective in the micro- 
scope, concavoconvex in form, 
amplitude (am'pli-tud). Extent; largeness, 
ampule (am'pul). [L. ampulla, a small, 
more or less ovoid vessel.] Ampoule; am- 
pulla; hermetically sealed small flask con- 
taining a solution sufficient for one hypo- 
dermic injection. 
ampulla, gen. and pi. ampullae. [L., a 
flask.] A lactiferous duct of the mammary 
glands; a saccular dilatation of a canal, as 
in the ear. 
amputation. [Sp.] Amputation (of the 
pulp). 
amputa'tion. [L. amputatio—ambi, around; 
putare, to prune.] Cutting off of the 
apical part of the root of a tooth, using 
the dental bur with the engine; cutting off 
a limb or any projecting part of the body, 
amputazione radicolare. [It.] Apicoectomy. 
amygdala (a-mig'da-la). [G. amygdale, 
almond.] An almond; the tonsil, one of 
the various almond-like structures in the 
brain. 
amygdalectomy (a-mig-da-lek'to-mi). [G. 
amygdale, almond or tonsil; ektome, excis- 
ion.] Entire removal or excision of a 
tonsil; tonsillectomy. 
amygdaline (a-mig'da-len). Pertaining to a 
tonsil; relating to the brain structure 
known as amygdala or amygdaloid nucleus; 
resembling an almond, 
amygdalitis (a-mig-dal-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
amygdale, tonsil; -itis, inflammation.] In- 
flammation of the tonsils; tonsillitis, 
amygdaloid. [G. amygdale, almond; eidos, 
appearance.] Resembling a tonsil or an 
almond, a. nu'cleus, amygdala, 
amygdalolith (a-mig'da-lo-lith). [G. amyg- 
dale, almond; lithos, stone.] Tonsillar 
calculus. 
amygdalopathy. [G. amygdale, tonsil; pathos, 
suffering.] Adenoid vegetations; any dis- 
ease of a tonsil. 
amygdalothrypsis (a-mig-d&l-o-thrip'sis). [G. 
amygdale, tonsil; thrypsis, a crushing.] 
Crushing the diseased tonsil and then 
excising the crushed parts, 
amyg'dalotome. [G. amygdale, tonsil; tome, 
cutting.] An instrument used in cutting 
off a part of a tonsil; tonsillotome. 
amygdalot'omy. Amputation or excision of 
a portion of a tonsil; tonsillotomy, 
amyl (am'il). [G. amylon, starch; hyle, ma- 
terial.] In the free state a nonexistent 
hypothetical univalent radical, a. alcohol, 
fusel oil. 
amyla'ceous. Starchy. 
amylene (am'i-len). A colorless liquid 
hydrocarbon made from amyl alcohol, 
amyl'enol. Amyl salicylate, 
amyl'ic. Pertaining to amyl. a. al'cohol, 
fusel oil, amyl alcohol, a. fermenta'tion, 
fermentation of any starchy material such 
as potato or corn mash, by which fusel oil 
is produced. 
amylin (am'i-lin). The insoluble envelope 
of the grains of starch; the cellulose of 
starch. 
am'ylis ni'tratis. Amyl nitrite, 
amylodex'trin. An intermediary product 
formed during the change of starch into 
sugar. 
am'yloform. Trade name of a preparation 
to be used as a substitute for iodoform, 
amylogen'ic. [G. amylon, starch; gennad, 
I produce.] Producing starch, a. bod'y, 
amyloplast. 
amylol'ysis. [G. amylon, starch; lysis, solu- 
tion.] The changing of starch into sugar, 
amylolyt'ic. Causing starch to change into 
sugar. 
amylop'sin. [G. amylon, starch; opsis, ap- 
pearance.] A diastatic enzyme which con- 
verts starch into maltose. It resembles 
ptyalin, and is present in the pancreatic 
juice. 
amylum (am'i-lum). [L.] Starch, 
amyxorrhea (a-mik-sor-re'a). [G. a- priv.; 
myxa, mucus; rhoia, flow.] Marked de- 
ficiency or entire absence of the normal 
secretion of mucus. 
ana. Greek preposition, signifying of each. 
In prescription-writing abbreviated aa or 
Aa. 
anab'asis. [G., a going up.] The stage of 
the increase of a disease, 
anabat'ic. Pertaining to the anabasis of a 
disease or to an increase in severity, 
anabol'ergy. [G. anabole, building up; 
ergon, work.] The measure of energy 
used in the process of anabolism, 
anabol'ic. Pertaining to or promoting 
anabolism. 
anab'olin. A substance formed as a result 
of the anabolic process, 
anabolism (an-ab'6-lizm). [G. anabole, a 
building up.] The process of assimilating 
nutritive matter and its conversion into 
living substance; constructive metabolism, 
anacathar'tic. Emetic; causing anacatharsis. ANACIDITY 
33 
ANASTALTIC 
anacidity (an'a-sid'i-ti). [G. an- priv.] Ab- 
sence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice; 
absence of acidity. 
anadicrotic (an-a-dl-krot'ik). [G. ana, up; 
dikrotos, double beating.] The sphygmo- 
graphic tracing recording two beats on the 
ascending line. 
anadic'rotism. The condition in which there 
is a double beat on the ascending line of 
the sphygmographic tracing, 
anaerobe (&n-a/er-ob). [G. an- priv.; aer, 
air; bios, way of living.] A microorganism 
which increases most when deprived of 
oxygen. 
anaerobian (an-a-er-5'bi-an). An anaerobe. 
Possessing the characteristics of an an- 
aerobe, multiplying most without oxygen 
or air. 
anaerobic (an-a-er-6'bik). Pertaining to an 
anaerobe; anaerobian. 
anaerobion, pi. anaerobia (an-a-er-6'bi-on). 
Anaerobe. 
anaerobiosis (an-a-er-o-bi-5'sis). Living in 
an oxygen-free atmosphere, 
anaerobius (an-a-er-6'bi-us). Anaerobic; ex- 
isting without oxygen, 
anaezol. Trade name of an English local 
anesthetic containing cocain, boric acid, 
glycerin, indigo, oil of wintergreen, oil of 
eucalyptus, thymol, alcohol, benzoic acid 
and phenol. 
anagen'esis. [G. ana, up; genesis, produc- 
tion.] To reconstruct lost parts; to mend 
the tissue. 
a'nal. Pertaining to the anus, 
analep'tic. [G. analeptikos, restorative.] A 
restorative remedy. Invigorating; 
strengthening. 
analgesia (an-al-je'zi-a). [G. an- priv.; 
algos, pain.] Insensibility to pain; loss of 
sensibility to pain, 
analge'sic. Analgetic, 
anal'gesin. Antipyrin. 
analget'ic. Pertaining to analgesia; allay- 
ing pain. A pain-stilling remedy, 
anal'gia. [G. an- priv.; algos, pain.] To be 
free from pain, 
anal'gic. Without pain, 
analgin. Trade name of an English prepara- 
tion used as an anesthetic for local appli- 
cation. 
anal'gos. A local anesthetic containing 
phenol, thymol, menthol, aspirin and 
cocain. 
anal'ka wafers. Trade name of a prepara- 
• tion used as an antiseptic. 
anallergic (an-al-ler'jik). Not producing 
supersensitiveness. 
analogue (an'a-log). [G. analogos, conform- 
able.] Organ similar in function but 
differing in structure. 
analysis (an-al'i-sis). [G., a releasing, dis- 
solving.] The breaking up or decomposing 
of chemical compounds into simple ele- 
ments; the means of determining the 
chemical composition of substances, 
an'alyst. One who specializes in making 
analyses. 
analytic. Pertaining to analysis, 
an'alyze. To make an analysis, 
an'alyzer. Analyst; one who analyzes, 
an'apayn. Trade name of a preparation 
used to desensitize the tissues before mak- 
ing a hypodermic injection, 
anaphylaxis (an-a-fi-lak'sis). [G. ana, again, 
a- priv.; phylaxis, protection.] Increased 
susceptibility to infection; opposite of im- 
munity. 
anaplasia (an-a-pla/zi-a). [G. ana, again; 
plasis, a molding.] The reversion to a 
more primitive type, that is, to an em- 
bryonic type of a cell. 
an'aplasty. [G. ana, again; plasso, I form.] 
The surgical restoration of defective or 
lost parts by grafting tissue; plastic 
surgery. 
anaplero'sis. [G. anaplero, I fill up.] The 
form of plastic surgery consisting of graft- 
ing tissue to fill a defect caused by disease 
or injury. 
anaplerot'ic. Pertaining to anaplerosis; fill- 
ing a defect. 
anap'nea. [G. anapnoia.] Recovery of 
breath; respiration. 
anapne'ic. Respiratory; pertaining to anap- 
nea. Re-establishing respiration or re- 
lieving dyspnea. 
anap'nograph. [G. anapnoe, respiration; 
grapho, I record.] An apparatus for 
registering the force and rate of the 
respiratory movements, 
anapnom'eter. [G. anapnoe, respiration; 
metron, measure.] Instrument for measur- 
ing the force of the respiratory movements; 
spirometer. 
anapophysis (an-a-pof'i-sis). [G. ana, back; 
apophysis, offshoot.] The accessory spinal 
process of the thoracic and lumbar verte- 
brae. 
anastal'tic. [G. anastaltikos, capable of 
checking.] An astringent or styptic 
remedy; antiperistaltic. ANASTATE 
34 
ANESTHESIA 
anastate (an'as-tat). [G. anastatos, made to 
rise.] A product of anabolism, 
anastomose (an-idsTd-moz'). [G. anastomoo, 
I furnish with a mouth.] To form an 
anastomosis; to unite by means of an 
anastomosis. 
anastomo'sis. [G. anastomoo, I furnish with 
a mouth.] Direct or indirect natural con- 
nection between blood-vessels, tubular 
structures, nerve-fibers, etc. 
anastomot'ic. Pertaining to or marked by 
anastomosis. 
anatherapeusis (an-a-ther-a-pu'sis). Thera- 
peusis by continually increasing doses, 
anatom'ical. Structural, not functional; per- 
taining to anatomy, a. occlusion. See 
occlusion. 
anatomicophysiological (an-a-tom'i-ko-fiz-i- 
o-loj'i-kal.) Pertaining to both function 
and structure, 
anat'omize. To d’ssect. 
anat'omy. [G. anatome, dissection, from 
ana, up; tome, a cutting.] The science of 
the structure or morphology of the animal 
organism; dissection of animal structures; 
a description of the structures of animals; 
morphology, dental a., the science of the 
structure of the teeth of man. compara- 
tive dental a., the science of the structures 
of the teeth of lower animals, 
anbohren. [Ger.] To bore in or into, 
anchor (ang'kur). A pit or groove, cut or 
drilled in the dentin, in which the first 
pieces of gold in making a filling are lodged 
or anchored, a. drill, a fine drill made for 
this purpose, a. tap, a tool for forming an 
internal screw. 
anchorage (ang'kur-aj.) The part to which 
a thing is fastened; the root to which a 
crown is fastened; one of the points serving 
to start a filling; a tooth to which a bridge 
is anchored. Also see orthodontia in sup- 
plement. 
anchor-screw. A small-headed screw driven 
into a root-canal, around the head of 
which amalgam is built up and anchored; 
also used to give a shell crown additional 
support for attachment; driven into dentin, 
it serves as an anchorage for a large gold 
or other filling. 
anconal (ang'kS-nal). Pertaining to the 
elbow. 
an'cyroid. [G. ankyra, anchor; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Formed like the fluke of an 
anchor, as the coracoid process of the 
scapula; ankyroid. 
an'dolin. A local anesthetic containing eu- 
cain-B, stovain and suprarenin. 
ane'mia. [G. an- priv.; haima, blood.] A 
condition of deficiency of the amount of 
blood; a lack of red blood-corpuscles, 
acute a., temporary and due to the loss 
of an excessive amount of blood, glossitic 
a., usually called pernicious anemia. (This 
should be recognized by the dentist in its 
early and curable stage, and referred to 
the physician. It is said to be caused 
usually by absorption of pus about the 
teeth and gums. The tongue may be sore, 
red, raw, beefy, scalded and cracked.) 
pernicious a., also known as glossitic a. 
septic a., a more serious form of glossitic 
anemia, due to the same causes and ex- 
hibiting similar symptoms, 
anemic (an-em'ik). Pertaining to anemia; 
caused by or suffering from anemia, 
anergic (an-er'jik). [G. an- priv.; ergon, 
work.] Marked by extreme inactivity or 
total loss of energy; lethargic, 
anerythrocyte (an-er-ith'r5-slt). [G. an- 
priv.; erythros, red; kytos, cell.] A non- 
nucleated red cell without hemoglobin; 
lympherythrocyte. 
anerythroplasia (an-er-ith-ro-pla'zi-a). G. 
an- priv.; erythros, red; plasis, a mold- 
ing.] Absence of the formation of red 
blood-corpuscles, 
an'esin. See chlorotene. 
an'eson. See chlorotene. 
anestesico. [Sp.] Anesthetic, 
an'esthaine. A local anesthetic containing 
stovain and antiseptics, 
anesthesia (an-es-the'zi-a). [G. an- priv.; 
aisthesis, sensation.] Loss of tactile sensi- 
bility; loss of sensation, block a., block- 
ing a., see conduction, compression a., 
see nerve compression, conducting a., 
conduction a., conductive a., see conduc- 
tion anesthesia, direct application a., see 
direct application method. endoneural 
a., see endoneural. extraoral a., see 
extraoral, general a., anesthesia of the 
entire body, induced a., produced by 
some drug or other means; temporary, 
infiltration a., see Schleich’s anesthesia. 
instillation a., see instillation method. 
insufflation a., see insufflation method. 
intraoral a., see intraoral, local a., limit- 
ing the anesthetic to a defined area, 
mixed a., producing anesthesia by more 
than one drug, as in starting with nitrous 
oxid followed by ether or chloroform. ANESTHESIE 
35 
ANGIOSIALITIS 
morphin-scopolamin a., produced by the 
injection of morphin and scopolamin, 
causing general anesthesia without pro- 
ducing loss of consciousness, perineural 
a., see 'perineural, pressure a., forcing by 
pressure an anesthetic into the pulp or 
other tissue, primary a., the condition 
preceding insensibility. Schleich’s a., see 
Schleich’s anesthesia. spraying a., see 
spraying method, swabbing a., see swab- 
bing method. 
anesthesie. [Fr.] Anesthesia, a. generale, 
general anesthesia, a. locale, local anes- 
thesia. 
anesthesin. Trade name of a local anes- 
thetic used to desensitize the tissues to 
prevent pain in scaling and other instru- 
mentation, pulpitis, fitting bands or 
crowns, lancing abscesses, and for post- 
operative pain. 
anesthesin-calcidin troches. Anti-gag tab- 
lets. Trade name for a preparation to 
prevent gagging when taking impressions, 
placing x-ray films, cotton rolls and the 
rubberdam. 
anesthet'ic. A drug producing local or gen- 
eral anesthesia. Marked by anesthesia; 
insensible to pain, touch or other stimuli; 
producing anesthesia, general a., one 
which produces general anesthesia, either 
by inhalation or injection, local a., a 
drug which produces anesthesia in a lim- 
ited area when injected into the tissues 
or applied to the surface. 
anesthet'icum. Trade name of a local 
anesthetic consisting of cocain in solution 
in phenyl acetate. 
anes'thetist. One who gives an anesthetic, 
usually for the production of general anes- 
thesia. 
anesthetiza'tion. Rendering anesthetic; the 
induction of anesthesia. 
anes'thetize. To give an anesthetic; to in- 
duce anesthesia. 
anes'thetizer. One of a number of devices 
used in the administration of anesthetics, 
covering the mouth and nostrils, or -cov- 
ering the nostrils only, and admitting one 
vapor only or a mixture of both vapor 
and gas. 
anes'thol. Trade name of an anesthetic com- 
posed of ethyl chlorid, ether and chloro- 
form. 
anes'thyl. A local anesthetic mixture of 
ethyl chlorid 5 parts and methyl chlorid 
1 part. 
aneuria (an-u'ri-a). [G. a- priv,; neuron, 
nerve.] Neurasthenia; failure of nerve 
force. 
aneuric (an-u'rik). Of weak, nervous con- 
stitution; marked by aneuria. 
aneurism (an'u-rizm). A soft tumor con- 
taining blood, connecting with the lumen 
of an artery. 
Anfall. [Ger.] Attack, fit. 
anfeuchten. [Ger.] To moisten, 
anfrischen. [Ger.] To refresh, to quicken, 
angeboren. [Ger.] Inherited; hereditary; 
congenital. 
angei-. For words thus beginning, see angi-. 
angeschwollen. [Ger.] Swollen; tumefied, 
angileucitis (an-ji-16-se'tis or l'tis). [G. 
angeion, vessel; leukos, white; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Lymphangitis, 
angina (an-ji'na). [L.] Sore throat; quinsy; 
severe pain resembling cramps, a. Lud- 
ovici, Ludwig’s a., phlegmonous inflamma- 
tion of the connective tissue in the vicinity 
of the submaxillary glands, a. maligna, 
putrid sore throat, gangrenous pharyn- 
gitis. a. parotides, mumps, a. ulcerosa, 
ulcerative pharyngitis, a. uratica, gouty 
pharyngitis, ulceromembranous a., Vin- 
cent’s a., an ulceromembranous inflamma- 
tion of the tonsil, diphtheroid angina, 
an'ginal. Pertaining to angina, 
an'ginoid. Resembling angina, 
an'gioblast. [G. angeion, vessel; blastos, 
germ.] A cell from which blood-vessels 
are developed. 
an'giocar'diocinet'ic. [G. angeion, vessel; 
kardia, heart; kinesis, movement.] Pro- 
ducing contraction or dilatation in the 
blood-vessels and heart, 
angiocarditis (hn-ji-o-kar-de'tis or l'tis). [G. 
angeion, vessel; kardia, heart; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Inflammation of the blood- 
vessels and heart. 
angioleucitis (an-ji-5-lo-se'tis or l'tis). [G. 
angeion, vessel; leukos, white; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] Lymphangitis, 
angiolipo'ma. A mixed angioma and lipoma, 
an'giolith. [G. angeion, vessel; lithos, stone.] 
A calcic deposit in the wall of an artery, 
angioma (an-ji-6'ma). [G. angeion, vessel; 
-oma, tumor.] A tumor or swelling due 
to the dilatation of blood-vessels or lym- 
phatics. 
angiosialitis (an'ji-5-si-al-e'tis or l'tis). [G. 
angeion, vessel; sialon, saliva; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Inflammation of a salivary 
duct. ANGIOSIS 
36 
ANGLES 
angio'sis. Angiopathy. 
an'giospasm. [G. angeion, vessel; spasmos, 
tension.] Spasmodic contraction of the 
muscular coats of small arteries, increasing 
blood pressure. 
angiot'omy. [G. angeion, vessel; tome, cut- 
ting.] Anatomy of lymphatics and blood- 
vessels; cutting of a vein or artery. 
angle (ang'gl). [L. angulus.] The point or 
line of contact of two planes; the junction 
of two planes or lines; inclination to each 
other of two intersecting straight lines or 
surfaces; point; corner; edge; the line or 
point where two or more surfaces of the 
teeth or walls of cavities join, alveolar a., 
an angle formed by the horizontal plane 
and the base of the nasal spine and the 
middle point of the projection of the 
alveoli of the maxillae, a. of the jaw, the 
angle formed by the lower portion of the 
body and the posterior margin of the 
ramus of the mandible, axial angles, 
those formed with the axes of the teeth, 
basilar a., Broca’s a., formed at the inter- 
section of the basion, the nasal spine and 
nasal point, cavity line a., line angle, 
cavity point a., point angle, cephalic a., 
formed at the intersection of lines passing 
through certain determined points of the 
cranium or the face, facial a., Camper’s 
a., formed by the lines from the external 
auditory meatus of the ear and the nasal 
spine as they meet between the upper 
central incisors, line a., the line where 
two walls of a cavity meet, point a., the 
point where three surfaces of a cavity 
meet. 
angles. The following angles are encoun- 
tered in cavity preparation: 
acute 
axiobuccal 
axiobuccocervical (axiobuccogingival) 
axiobuccoclusal 
axiocervical (axiogingival) 
axioclusal 
axiodistal 
axiodistoincisal 
axiodistocervical (axiodistogingival) 
axiodistoclusal 
axioincisal 
axiolabial 
axiolabiocervical (axiolabiogingival) 
axiolabiolingual (incisal) 
axiolingual 
axiolinguocervical (axiolinguogingival) 
axiolinguoclusal 
angles.—Continued. 
axiomesial 
axiomesiocervical (axiomesiogingival) 
axiomesioclusal 
axiomesioincisal 
axiopulpal 
buccal cavosurface 
buccoaxial 
buccoaxiocervical (buccoaxiogingival) 
buccocervical (buccogingival) 
buccoclusal 
cavosurface 
cervical cavosurface (gingival cavosurface) 
cervicobuccoaxial (gingivobuccoaxial) 
cervicolinguoaxial 
distal cavosurface 
distobuccal 
distobuccopulpal 
distocervical (distogingival) 
distoclusal 
distoincisal 
distolabial 
distolabiopulpal 
distolingual (linguodistal) 
distolinguopulpal 
distopulpal 
incisal 
incisolabial (in incisors and cuspids) 
incisolingual (in upper incisors) 
incisoproximal 
labiocervical (labiogingival) 
line 
lingual cavosurface 
linguoaxial 
linguoaxiocervical (linguoaxiogingival) 
linguocervical (linguogingival) 
linguoclusal 
linguodistal (distolingual) 
linguopulpal 
mesial cavosurface 
mesiobuccal 
mesiobuccopulpal 
mesiocervical (mesiogingival) 
mesioclusal 
mesioincisal 
mesiolabial 
mesiolabiopulpal 
mesiolingual 
mesiolinguopulpal 
mesiopulpal 
pulpoaxial 
pulpobuccoaxial 
pulpodistal 
pulpolabial 
pulpolingual 
pulpolinguoaxial ANGLES 
37 
ANIMAL 
angles—Continued. 
pulpomesial 
subpulpal 
The following angles are formed by the 
junction of the various surfaces of the 
teeth: buccoclusal; distobuccal, distoclusal. 
distoincisal, distolabial, distolingual; lin- 
guoclusal; mesiobuccal, mesioclusal, mesio- 
incisal, mesiolabial and mesiolingual. The 
following line angles are formed by walls 
of cavities: Combining form axio-: -buccal, 
-cervical, -clusal, -distal, -incisal, -labial, 
-lingual, -mesial and -pulpal; combining 
form bucco-: -axial, -cervical and -clusal; 
combining form disto-: -buccal, -cervical, 
-clusal, -incisal, -labial, -lingual and 
-pulpal; combining form labio-: -cervical 
and -lingual; combining form linguo-: 
-axial, -cervical, -clusal, -distal and -pul- 
pal; combining form mesio-: -buccal, 
-cervical, -clusal, -distal, -incisal, -labial, 
-lingual and -pulpal; combining form 
pulpo-: -axial, -distal, -labial, -lingual and 
-mesial. The following point angles are 
formed in various cavities at the point of 
junction of three line angles: Combining 
form axio-: -buccocervical, -buccoclusal, 
-distoincisal, -distocervical, -distoclusal, 
-incisal, -labiocervical, -labiolingual, -lin- 
guocervical, -linguoclusal, -mesiocervical, 
-mesioclusal and -mesioincisal; combin- 
ing form bucco-: -axiocervical; combin- 
ing form cervico-: -buccoaxial and -linguo- 
axial; combining form disto-: -buccopulpal, 
-labiopulpal and -linguopulpal; combining 
form linguo-: -axiocervical; combining 
form mesio-: -buccopulpal, -labiopulpal, 
-linguoclusal and -linguopulpal; combining 
form pulpo-: -buccoaxial and -linguoaxial. 
The following cavosurface angles present 
themselves: buccal, cervical, distal, labial, 
lingual, mesial and occlusal, 
angles of cavities. Angles are formed by 
junction of two or three walls and take 
their names from these walls, cavosurface 
a., formed by the junction of the wall of a 
cavity with the surface of the tooth, line 
a., formed by the junction of two walls 
along a line, and are named by combining 
the names of the walls joining to form the 
angle, as mesiobuccal, axiolingual, etc. 
point a., formed by the junction of three 
walls at a point, and are named by joining 
the names of the three walls whose angles 
meet at the point, as mesiobuccopulpal, 
etc. See cavity nomenclature. 
angles of instruments. Instruments are pro- 
vided with certain angles, to gain access to 
cavities and to enable the operator to 
exert the greatest force with the least 
pressure, the name defining the nature of 
the angle, as monangle, binangle, triple 
angle, quadrangle, contraangle, bayonet, 
etc. The angles are formed in the shank, 
that part of the instrument between the 
shaft and the blade. 
Angle’s orthodontic nomenclature. [Edward 
Hartley Angle, American orthodontist, 
1855. Compiled by Harvey Stallard, 
American orthodondist, 1888.] In view of 
the importance of orthodontia and the pres- 
ent formative period of its nomenclature, 
we have deviated from the usual plans of 
dictionary construction, All the terms 
specially pertaining to this subject, includ- 
ing the classification of malocclusion, etc., 
used and recommended by Dr. Angle, are 
grouped under one head in a supplement- 
ary department.—Ed. 
Angle’s splint. [E. H. Angle.] A modifica- 
tion of the Gilmer splint, the wires being 
held in place by bands cemented to the 
teeth, and the splint being provided with 
knobs around which the wire is twisted, 
angular (§,ng'gu-lar). Characterized by one 
or more corners or bends; relating to an 
angle or angles. 
an'gulus, pi. an'guli. [L.] A corner or 
angle, a. mandibulae, angle of the mandi- 
ble. a. oris, commissura labiorum, angle 
of the mouth. 
anhalten. [Ger.] To hold to, to keep in 
contact. 
Anhang. [Ger.] Attachment; appendix, 
anhela'tion. [L. anhelare, to pant.] Pant- 
ing; shortness of breath, 
anhemolytic (an-hem-6-lit'ik). [G. an- priv.; 
haima, blood; lytikos, capable of dissolving 
or loosing.] That will not destroy blood- 
cells; not hemolytic. 
anhydrid (an-hl'drid). [G. an- priv.; hyddr, 
water.] An oxid combining with water to 
form an acid, or derived from an acid by 
abstracting water. 
anhydrous (an-hl'drus). Having no water, 
anilin (an'i-lin). [Ar. al-nil, indigo.] A basic 
liquid used in making dyes, 
anilinophil (an'i-lin'o-fil). [Ar. anilin; G. 
philos, fond.] Referring to a tissue or cell 
which is readily stained with anilin. 
an'imal. [L.] Pertaining to the physical as 
distinguished from the intellectual part of ANIMALCULE 
38 
ANRUHREN 
man. An organized living body, loco- 
motive, sentient and mobile, 
animalcule (an-i-mal'kul). [L. animalculum, 
dim. of animal.] A protozoan; a micro- 
scopic, minute, unicellular organism, 
animal'ity. Possession of characteristics to 
distinguish an animal from a vegetable 
organism. 
animation. [L. animare, to make alive— 
anima, breath, soul.] The state of being 
animated, alive; high spirits, suspended 
a., cessation of respiration; apparent 
death. 
anion (an'i-un). [G. anion, going up.] An 
ion carrying negative electricity, 
anisognathous (an-i-sog'na-thus). [G. anisos, 
uneven; gnathos, jaw.] Noting jaws of 
abnormal relative size, the maxillse much 
wider than the mandible, or vice versa. 
Ankerloch, Haftpunkt. [Ger.] Pit for re- 
tention; point of anchorage. 
Ankerrinne, Haftrinne. [Ger.] Retention 
groove. 
Ankerschraube. [Ger.] Anchor screw. 
Ankerstift. [Ger.] Anchorage pin or post, 
ankle (ang'kl). A joint connecting the foot 
with the leg; the ankle-joint, 
ank'le-bone. Astragalus; talus, 
ankle-joint'. The articulation between the 
tibia, fibula and astragalus, 
ankylochilia (ang-ki-15-ke'li-a). [G. ankyle, 
a stiff joint; cheilos, lip.] Adhesion of the 
lips. 
ankyloglossia (ang-ki-ld-glos'si-a). [G. ankyle, 
a stiff joint; glossa, tongue.] Abnormal 
shortness of the frenum linguae; tonguetie; 
adhesion of the tongue to any part of the 
mouth. 
ankylosis (ang-ki-15'sis). [G. ankylosis, 
stiffening of a joint.] Stiffening or stability 
of a joint. 
ankylos'toma. [G. ankylos, hooked; stoma, 
mouth.] Dochmius; uncinaria; ancylos- 
toma; lockjaw; trismus, 
anlassen. [Ger.] To anneal, 
anlegen. [Ger.] To attach to form a border, 
anmachen. [Ger.] To mix (cement, plaster.) 
anneal (a-nel). To heat gold foil in order to 
make it cohesive when used for fillings; to 
temper by heating and then slowly cooling, 
anneal'ing lamp. An alcohol lamp used for 
heating gold leaf for fillings, 
annehmen. [Ger.] To receive; to accept, 
annex'a. [L. annectare, to tie on, annex.] 
Additional parts to the main organ or 
structure; appendages. 
ann'ual. [L. annus, a year.] Pertaining to a 
year; once a year; yearly, 
ann'ular. [L. annulus, ring.] Circular, ring- 
like. 
ann'ulus. [L.] A ring-shaped or circular 
structure; a ring. a. mi'grans lin'guae, 
geographical tongue. 
anocain. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a local anesthetic. 
anoci-association. In local anesthesia, the 
blocking of all factors which are detri- 
mental to the patient during the operation, 
that tend to prolong postoperative re- 
covery or affect respiration and blood 
pressure, and the blocking of all afferent 
sensory impulses.' 
anode (an'dd). [G. anodos, a way up.] .The 
positive pole of a voltaic current or bat- 
tery or electrode connecting with a bat- 
tery; the positive terminal in an a;-ray 
tube. 
an'ode rays. The rays from the positive 
end of a vacuum tube, 
an'odont. Without teeth, 
anodontia (an-6-don'shi-a). [G. an- priv.; 
odous, tooth.] Absence of teeth, 
anodyne (an'6-din). [G. an- priv.; odyne, 
pain.] An agent having the power to 
relieve pain. 
anomalia. [Sp.] Anomaly, 
anomalous (a-nom'a-lus). [G. an- priv.; 
homalos, alike.] Abnormal; irregular; un- 
usual. 
anomaly (a-nom'a-li). [G. an- priv.; 
homalos, alike.] Deviation from rule; 
irregularity; exception, 
anon'ymous. [G. an- priv.; onyma, name.] 
Nameless; unknown. 
anorexia (an-o-rek'si-a). [G. an- priv.; 
orexis, appetite.] Loss of appetite, 
anosmia (an-oz'mi-a). [G. an- priv.; osme, 
sense of smell.] Loss or impairment of 
the sense of smell. 
anosmic (an-oz'mik). Having no sense of 
smell. 
anosto'sis. [G. an- priv.; osteon, bone.] 
Failure of ossification. 
anoxe'mia. [G. an- priv.; oxygen; G. haima, 
blood.] Deficient aeration of the blood, 
anprobieren. [Ger.] To try in or on, as a 
band, crown, denture. 
anrauhen. [Ger.] To roughen (a surface, 
an inlay). 
anreiben. [Ger.] To rub; triturate (alloy 
with mercury). 
anriihren. [Ger.] To mix (cement, plaster). ANSA 
39 
ANTHRAX 
an'sa, pi. ansae. [L., handle of a jug.] An 
anatomical structure formed like an arc 
or loop. a. cap'itis, the zygomatic arch, 
a. hypoglos'si, the loop of the hypoglossal 
nerve. 
Ansammlung. [Ger.] Accumulation (of 
salivary calculus, pus), 
ansauern. [Ger.] To acidulate, 
ansaugen. [Ger.] To retain by suction, 
anschliessen. [Ger.] To fit (a band, a clasp). 
ansei. [Ja.] Rest, 
ansei-kogo. [Ja.] Resting bite, 
antacid (ant-as'id). [G. anti, against; L. 
acidum, acid.] An agent which neutralizes 
or reduces the acidity of the gastric juice 
or any secretion. 
antag'onism. [G. antagonismos — anti, 
against; agonizomai, I fight.] Mutual 
resistance; opposition, 
antagonist. That which offers resistance or 
opposition one against another, as is the 
case with certain drugs, muscles, etc. 
antagonize. To neutralize; to oppose; to 
destroy effect or prevent action of. 
antalge'sic. [G. anti, against; algesis, pain.] 
Anodyne. 
antal'gic. [G. anti, against; algos, pain.] 
Anodyne. 
antal'kaline. [G. anti, against; Ar. alkali.] 
Neutralizing or reducing alkalinity, 
ante-. A L. prefix meaning before, 
antebrachium (an-te-bra'ki-um). [L. ante, 
before; brachium, arm.] Forearm, 
an'te ci'bum. [L.] Preceding a meal, 
antecor'nu. Anterior cornu or horn, as the 
anterior horns of the pulp of a molar, 
antecu'bital. [L. ante, before; cubitum, 
elbow.] In front of the elbow, 
antecur'vature. Anteflexion; anterior curva- 
ture. 
antefebrile (an-te-feb'ril). [L. ante, before; 
febris, fever.] Preceding the period of 
reaction following shock; before the fever 
occurs. 
anteflect'. [L. ante, before; flectere, to bend.] 
To cause to bend forward: to bend for- 
ward. 
anteflexed (an-te-flekst'). In a state of 
anteflexion. 
anteflex'ion. A sharp forward angle or 
curve; a bending forward, 
antela'bium. The projecting margin of the 
lips; procheilon. 
antemet'ic. [G. anti, against; emetikos, 
emetic.] A remedy to control vomiting 
and nausea. 
an'te mor'tem. [L.] Preceding death; 
opposite of post mortem, after death, 
antenatal (an-te-na'tal). [L. ante, before; 
natalis, from natus, born.] Existing or 
occurring before birth, 
antepyret'ic. [L. ante, before; G. pyretos, 
fever.] Antefebrile. 
ante'rior. [L.] In the front part of, or in 
front of, in relation to location or space, as 
the anterior teeth, contrasting with those 
in the posterior part of the mouth; also 
in relation to time, earlier, sooner, before, 
anterior intranasal anesthesia. See insuf- 
flation method. 
anterior teeth. The maxillary and mandibu- 
lar incisors and cuspids, variously referred 
to as the front, labial, biting and incising 
teeth. The cuspid in man, corresponding 
to the canine in the lower animals, is not 
considered a tooth for “tearing” the food. 
See teeth. 
antero-. Modification of anterior in com- 
pound words. 
anteroclu'sion. A condition in which the 
mandibular arch is moved anteriorly, as 
compared with its normal position, mesio- 
clusion. 
an'tero-external. In front and outside, 
an'terograde. [L. antero, before; gradi, to 
step.] To move forward, 
an'tero-infe'rior. In front and below, 
an'tero-inter'nal. In front and inside, 
anterolat'eral. In front and to the side, 
particularly the outer side, 
anterome'dial. In front and toward the 
middle line or inner side, 
anterome'dian. In front and in the central 
line. 
anteroposte'rior. Pertaining to both front 
and rear. 
anteroposte'rior relation of the arches. See 
neutroclusion. 
anterosupe'rior. In front and above, 
anteversion (an-te-ver'shun). [L. ante, 
before; versio, a turning.] Leaning for- 
ward as a whole without bending; turning 
forward. (A position occupied by some 
teeth in malocclusion.) 
antevert'. To lean forward; to cause to 
incline forward. 
antevert'ed. In a position of anteversion; 
tilted forward. 
anthemorrhagic (ant-hem-5-raj'ik). Possess- 
ing the power to arrest or prevent 
hemorrhage. 
an'thrax. [G.] Carbuncle. ANTHROPOID 
40 
ANTILEPTIC 
an'thropoid. [G. anthropos, man; eidos, 
resemblance.] A monkey having a like- 
ness to man; an ape. Resembling man in 
form and structure. 
anthropol'ogy. [G. anthropos, man; logos, 
science.] The science which treats of man 
in all his relations. 
anti-. [G. anti, against.] A prefix denoting 
against, opposing, or, relative to symp- 
toms and diseases, curative, 
antiaditis (an-ti-ad-e'tis or l'tis). [G. antias, 
an enlarged tonsil; -itis, inflammation.] 
Tonsillitis. 
antiagglu'tinin. An antibody which preven ts 
the action of the agglutinin, 
antialbumin (an-ti-al-bu'min). That con- 
stituent of albumin which is the source of 
antialbumose formed during the process 
of digestion. 
antial'bumose. See antialbumin. 
antibacte'rial. Preventing the growth of 
bacteria; destructive to bacteria, 
antibechic (an-ti-bek'ik). [G. anti, against; 
bex, cough.] A cough remedy. Possessing 
the property to relieve a cough, 
an'tibody. [G. anti, against.] Any sub- 
stance in the blood-serum or other fluids 
of the body having a restrictive or destruc- 
tive effect on bacteria or which neutralizes 
their toxin. 
antibro'mic. [G. anti, against; bromos, 
smell.] A deodorant, deodorizer. De- 
odorizing. 
antica'rious. Preventing caries, 
anticataphylaxis (an-ti-kat-a-fi-laks'is). [G. 
anti, opposed to, against; kata, down; 
phylaxis, protection.] Interference with 
the carrying of phylactic agents to a site 
of infection. - 
anticatarrhal (an-ti-ka-tar'dl). Curative or 
preventive of catarrhal inflammation of 
the mucous membranes, 
anticath'ode. The metal plate in the x-ray 
tube on which the cathode rays impinge, 
and thus give origin to the x-rays, 
anti'cheir. The thumb, 
anticipate (an-tis'i-pat). [L. anticipare, to 
take in advance.] To occur or come before 
an expected or appointed time (said of 
disease or symptom). 
anticli'nal. [G. anti, against; klino, I 
decline.] Inclined in the opposite direc- 
tion, as two sides of a pyramid, 
anticoagulant (an-ti-ko-ag'u-lant). An agent 
preventing coagulation. Anticoagulative. 
anticom'plement. Any substance combining 
with a complement and thus neutralizing 
"its action, preventing union with the 
amboceptor. 
an'ticrisis. That which prevents the crisis 
of a disease. 
anti'cus. [L., in the very front.] Desig- 
nating a muscle or other structure which 
of all other similar structures is nearest 
to the front or ventral surface, 
antido'lorin. [G. anti, against; L. dolor, 
pain.] Trade name of a preparation of 
ethyl chlorid, used to relieve superficial 
pain. See ethyl chlorid. 
antido'tal. Pertaining to or serving as an 
antidote. 
an'tidote. [G. anti, against; dotos, what is 
given.] An agent which renders a poison 
inactive or counteracts its effects, 
antido'tum. [L.] Antidote, 
antiemetic (an-ti-e-met'ik). [G. anti, against; 
emetikos, nauseated.] An agent which 
arrests vomiting or relieves nausea. 
Arresting or preventing vomiting, 
antienergic (an-ti-en-er'jik). [G. anti, 
against; energos, active.] In opposition 
or acting against. 
antienzyme (an-ti-en'zim). An antibody 
or inhibitory enzyme which retards or 
checks the activity of another enzyme, 
antiepithe'lial se'rum. A serum possessing a 
cytotoxin specific for epithelium, 
antifebrile (an-ti-feb'ril). [G. anti, against; 
febris, fever.] Antipyretic, 
antifeb'rin. A trade name for acetanilid. 
a. sal'icylate, salifebrin. 
antifer'ment. Antienzyme, 
antifermen'tative. Arresting or preventing 
fermentation. 
antiform'in. Trade name of a disinfectant 
used to isolate organisms from sputum, 
antigen (an'ti-jen). Substance which causes 
an antibody when introduced in any 
animal organism. 
antikam'nia. [G. anti, against; kamno, I am 
ill.] Trade name of a preparation con- 
taining acetanilid, caffein, etc. 
antiketogenesis (an-ti-ket-6-jen'e-sis). [G. 
anti, against; ketone, acetone; genesis, 
production.] The reduction of acidosis 
by the oxidation of sugar and similar 
substances in the body, 
antiketogen'ic. [G. anti, against; ketone, 
acetone; gennao, I produce.] Restraining 
the formation of acetone, 
antilep'tic. [G. antileptikos, able to check.] 
Arresting an attack of disease. ANTILITHIC 
41 
ANTISEPTIN 
antilith'ic. [G. anti, against; lithos, stone.] 
An agent which prevents the formation of 
calculi. Anticalculous. 
antimere (an'ti-mer). [G. anti, against; 
meros, a part.] The segment of an 
animal body which is formed by planes 
cutting the axis of the body at right angles, 
antimer'istem. [G. anti, against; meristem, 
embryonal tissue.] An antitoxin for 
pathogenic microorganisms of malignant 
growths. 
antimicro'bic. Having power to destroy 
microbes or to prevent their development 
and pathogenic action; opposed to the 
pathogenic action of microorganisms, 
antimo'nial. Containing or pertaining in 
any way to antimony. 
an'timonid. A chemical substance which 
contains antimony in union with a more 
positive element. 
antimo'nious. Designating a chemical com- 
pound possessing antimony in its trivalent 
relation; antimonial. 
antimo'nium. Symbol Sb, atomic weight 
120.2. A lustrous grayish metal; anti- 
mony. 
an'timony. Stibium; antimonium. inter- 
mediate oxid of a., teroxid. pentoxid 
of a., antimonic oxid. trioxid of a., 
antimonous oxid. 
antineural'gic. Relieving the pain of neural- 
gia. 
antineurotox'in. An antibody to a neuro- 
toxin. 
antin'osin. [G. anti, against; nosos, disease.] 
An antiseptic, nosophensodium, used in 
place of iodoform and in solution as an 
application to the inflamed mucous 
membranes of the upper air tract, 
antiodontal'gic. [G. anti, against; odous, 
tooth; algos, pain.] A toothache remedy. 
Relieving a toothache, 
antiparasit'ic. Destructive of parasites, 
antipep'tone. [G. anti, instead of; pepton, 
digesting.] A product of the splitting of 
amphopeptone. 
antiperiodic (an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik). Antimala- 
rial; preventing the regular return of a 
disease or a symptom. 
antiperistal'sis. Opposite of peristalsis; 
reversed peristalsis, the contraction of the 
intestinal muscles being reversed, and 
thus forcing the intestinal contents in 
the reversed direction. 
antiphagin (an-tif'a-jin). [G. anti, against; 
phagocyte.] Virulin, which develops in 
virulent bacteria and renders them 
resistant to phagocytes, 
antiphlogistic. [G. anti, against; phlogistos, 
on fire.] An agent which subdues inflam- 
mation. Relieving or preventing inflam- 
mation. 
antiphlogis'tin. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion of purified clay and glycerin, used 
like a poultice in inflammatory conditions, 
antip'odal. Opposite, as the opposite sides 
of a globular body or cell, 
antiputrefactive. Preventive of putrefac- 
tion. 
antipy'ic. [G. anti, against; pyon, pus.] 
Antipyogenic. 
anti-py-o. Trade name of a germicidal 
dental cream. 
antipyogen'ic. [G. anti, against; pyon, 
pus; gennao, I produce.] Preventive of 
suppuration. 
antipyre'sis. The treatment of fever as a 
symptom. 
antipyret'ic. A febrifuge; an agent tending 
to reduce fever. Reducing fever, 
antipyrin (an-ti-pi-rin'). [G. anti, against; 
pyretos, fever.] Antipyrina. a. acetyl- 
sal'icylate, pyrosal; has antipyretic, anal- 
gesic and antirheumatic action, 
antipyrot'ic. [G. anti, against; pyrdtikos, 
burning, inflaming.] An application for 
burns. Antiphlogistic; relieving the pain 
and promoting the healing of superficial 
burns. 
antirachitic (an-ti-ra-kit'ik). An agent used 
in the treatment of rickets. Promoting 
the cure of rickets. 
antiscorbutic. A remedy for scurvy. Cura- 
tive or preventive of scurvy or scorbutus, 
antisen'sitizer. Anti-immune body; anti- 
amboceptor; antibody to a sensitizer, 
antisep'sis. [G. anti, against; sepsis, putre- 
faction.] Destruction of deleterious germs, 
antiseptic. Destroying the germs of putre- 
faction, fermentation or disease. Any- 
thing used to destroy disease-germs, 
antisepticin. Trade name of an antiseptic 
compound of boric acid, eucalyptol, 
thymol, benzoic acid and peppermint, 
antisep'ticism. Antiseptic measures em- 
ployed in therapeutics; the exclusion of 
germs from a wound; antiseptic surgery, 
antisep'ticize. To use antiseptic agents for 
destroying and removing pathogenic micro- 
organisms. 
antiseptin. Trade name of an antiseptic 
powder used in surgical dressings. ANTISERUM 
42 
APERITIVE 
an'tiserum. A serum possessing an anti- 
body having a specific power in relation 
to substances in response to a number of 
injections of which it has been produced, 
antisialic (an-ti-si-al'ik). [G. anti, against; 
sialon, saliva.] Antisialogogue. 
antisialogogue (an-ti-si-al'o-gog). [G. anti, 
against; sialon, saliva; agogos, drawing 
forth.] An agent which stops or decreases 
the flow of saliva. 
antispasmodic (an-ti-spaz-mod'ik). An agent 
which subdues spasm. Curative or pre- 
ventive of convulsions or spasmodic affec- 
tions. 
antispirochet'ic. Destructive to spirochetes, 
antisteapsin (an-ti-ste'ap-sin). A fat-split- 
ting enzyme. 
antistreptococcic (an'ti-strep-to-kok'sik). 
Antagonistic to the toxins of streptococci; 
destructive of streptococci, 
antistreptococ'cin. The antitoxin of any 
species of Streptococcus, 
antithermic (an-ti-ther'mik). [G. anti, against; 
therme, heat.] Antipyretic, 
antiton'ic. Lessening muscular or vascular 
tonus. 
antitox'ic. [G. anti, against; toxikon, poison.] 
Pertaining to antitoxin. Antidotal; neu- 
tralizing the action of a poison, a. serum, 
antitoxin. 
antitox'in. [G. anti, against; toxin.] Sub- 
stance in the serum which binds and 
neutralizes toxin. 
antitrismus (an-ti-triz'mus). A tonic muscu- 
lar spasm which prevents the closure of 
the mouth. 
antitryp'tic. Opposed to the digestive action 
of the ferment trypsin, 
antizymot'ic. Restraining the action of fer- 
ments; antiseptic; curative or preventive 
of an infectious disease, 
antodontal'gic. Antiodontalgic. 
an'tra. Plural of antrum. 
an'tral. Pertaining to an antrum, 
an'tra-lamp. Trade name of a sterilizable 
lamp used for antral and other delicate 
surgery. 
antrec'tomy. [L. antrum; G. ektome, excis- 
ion.] Excision of the walls of the antrum, 
antri'tis (an-tre'tis or an-trl'tis). Inflamma- 
tion of the mucous lining of the antrum 
of Highmore. 
antrocele (an'tro-sel). [G. antron, antrum; 
kele, swelling.] An accumulation of fluid 
in the antrum of Highmore, 
antrona'sal. Pertaining to the antrum of 
Highmore and the corresponding nasal 
fossa. 
an'troscope. [G. antron, a cavity; skopeo, 
I view.] An instrument provided with an 
electric light for transilluminating the 
antrum of Highmore or other cavity of the 
body. 
antros'copy. Examination of an antrum by 
means of an antroscope. 
an'trotome. Instrument used to remove the 
wall of an antrum. 
antrot'omy. [G. antron, cavity; tome, incis- 
ion.] Incision made in the wall of an 
antrum. 
antrotympan'ic. Pertaining to the tympanum 
of the ear and the mastoid antrum. 
antrotympanitis (an'tro-tim-pan-e'tis or i'tis). 
Inflammation of the middle ear and the 
mastoid antrum. 
an'trum, pi. an'tra. [G. antron, a cavity.] 
A nearly closed cavity, especially one with 
bony walls, a. of High'more, maxillary 
sinus, antrum maxillare. 
a'nus, gen. a'ni. [L. annus, a ring.] The 
lower opening of the digestive tract; anal 
orifice. 
anvil (an'vil). Iron block, usually faced with 
steel, on which metal is hammered. Used 
in the laboratory in swaging dental base- 
plates of metal. Small sizes are made for 
use in crown- and bridgework. inter- 
changeable a., several anvils arranged on a 
circular metal base so that the one required 
may be brought to the upper surface for 
use. 
anxiety (ang-zl'e-ti). [L. anxietas.] Rest- 
lessness; a feeling of oppression, especially 
in the region of the epigastrium; apprehen- 
sion of danger. 
A.O. Axioclusal. 
aor'ta. [G. from aeiro, I lift up.] The main 
trunk of the systemic arterial system. 
A.P. Axiopulpal. 
apectomy. See apicoectomy. 
apep'sia. [G. a- priv.; pepsis, a digesting.] 
Complete cessation of digestion; extreme 
dyspepsia. 
apepsin'ia. Lack of pepsin in the gastric 
juice. 
aperient (a-pe'ri-ent). [L. aperire, to open.] 
Opening the bowels; slightly cathartic. A 
laxative or mild cathartic. 
aperistal'sis. The absence of the vermicular 
movement of the intestines, or absence of 
peristalsis. 
aper'itive. [L. aperire, to open.] Aperient. APERTOMETER 
43 
APOPHLEGMATIC 
apertom'eter. [L. apertura, aperture; G. 
metron, measure.] An instrument used to 
measure the angular aperture of a micro- 
scope objective. 
apertu'ra. [L.] Orifice; an opening or aper- 
ture. 
ap erture (ap'er-tur). An opening; orifice; 
apertura. 
a'pex, pi. ap'ices. [L., summit or tip.] 
The extremity of a conical or pyramidal 
structure such as the end of the root of a 
tooth, of the heart or the lung. a. dentis, 
the apex of the root of a tooth, a. linguae, 
tip of the tongue, a. nasi, the tip of the 
nose. 
a'pex-beat. The frequently visible and pal- 
pable pulsation in the fifth intercostal 
space, made by the apex of the left ven- 
tricle when it strikes the chest wall in 
systole. 
apexog'rapher. A device for curetting the 
apex of the root of a tooth. 
apha'gia. [G. a- priv.; phago, I eat.] In- 
ability to swallow. 
aphasia (a-fa'zi-a). [G.] A loss or defect of 
the faculty of language, as speaking, writ- 
ing, reading. 
apho'nia. [G. a- priv.; phone, voice.] Loss 
of the voice due to disease or injury of the 
organ of speech. 
aphon'ic. Pertaining to or suffering from 
aphonia. 
aph'onous. Suffering from aphonia; voice- 
less. 
aph'tha, pi. aph'thae. A minute ulcer on the 
mucous membrane. See aphthae. 
aph'thae. [G. aphtha, ulceration.] Noting 
the presence of minute whitish spots on 
the mucous membrane of the mouth; 
sprue; thrush, a. epizoot'icae, foot and 
mouth disease of lower animals, sometimes 
communicated to man. a. orientalis, a. 
tropicae, thrush; sprue. Bednar’s a., see 
under Bednar. chronic a., sprue. 
aph'thoid. [G. aphtha, ulceration; eidos, 
resemblance.] Resembling thrush or aph- 
thae. 
aphthoides chronica (af-thoi'dez kron'i-ka). 
Sprue. 
aphthon'gia. [G. a- priv.; phthongos, voice.] 
A kind of lingual spasm often affecting 
public speakers. 
aph'thous. Pertaining to aphthae. 
ap'ical. Pertaining to or located at or near 
the apex of any structure, a. area, the 
region about the apex of the root. a. 
fora'men, the opening at the apex of a 
tooth to give passage to the nerve and 
blood-vessels, a. space, the space between 
the bone wall of the alveolus and the apex 
of the root of a tooth, filled with soft 
tissues of the periodontal membrane; the 
usual seat of an alveolar abscess, a. zone, 
see zone. 
apice radicular. [Sp.] The apex of the root 
of a tooth. 
apicectomy. See apicoectomy. 
apiceotomy (a-pi-se-ot'5-mi). See apicoec- 
tomy. 
apicoectomy (ap-i-k5-ek'to-mi). [L. apex; 
G. ektome, excision.] Excision of the apex 
of the root of a tooth. [The operation of 
excising the end of the root of a tooth. 
To be used in preference to apectomy, 
apiectomy, apicectomy.—A.D.A.] 
apicotomy. (ap-i-kot'o-mi). See apicoectomy. 
apiectomy. See apicoectomy. 
apioectomy. See apicoectomy. 
apis. [L.] Bee. 
aplasia (a-pla'si-a). [G. a- priv.; plasis, a 
molding.] Congenital absence of a part 
of the body. a. pilo'rum pro'pria, moni- 
lethrix. 
aplas'tic. [G. a- priv.; plastikos, plastic.] 
Incapable of being molded or modeled, 
aplot'omy. A simple incision, 
apne'a. [G. a-priv.; pnoe, breath.] Inability 
to breathe; cessation of respiration, 
apneumatic (ap-nu-mat'ik). [G. a- priv.; 
pneuma, breath.] Designating the lungs 
in a state of collapse; having no air. 
Apollonia. A saint whose aid is invoked 
by sufferers from toothache. She was a 
Christian martyr who had her teeth 
knocked out by blows in the face and was 
then burned at the stake (A.D. 249). 
Her feast is observed on»February 9. 
aponea (ap-on-e'a). [G. apo, away; nous, 
mind.] Idiocy. 
aponeurosis (ap'o-nu-rb'sis). [G., the pas- 
sage of muscle into tendon; apo, from; 
neuron, sinew.] The fibrous tendon or 
sheath which is the means of origin and 
insertion of a muscle. 
apon'ia. [G. a- priv.; ponos, pain, toil.] 
Absence of pain; abstention from labor; 
nonexertion. 
aponic (a-pon'ik). Pertaining to aponia; 
relieving fatigue; analgesic, 
apophlegmat'ic. [G. apo, away; phlegma, 
mucus.] Expectorant; producing a dis- 
charge of mucus. APOPHYLAXIS 
44 
APYCNO MORPHOUS 
apophylaxis (ap-5-fi-laks'is). [G. apo, away 
from; phylaxis, a guarding.] The negative 
phase of the opsonic or vaccine theory, 
being a diminution of the phylactic 
power of the blood fluids, 
apoph'ysis. [G. apo, from; physis, growth, 
excrescence.] A projection or outgrowth 
of a bone; a bony process without an 
independent center of ossification, 
ap'oplexy. [G. apoplexia.] A cerebral 
hemorrhage or an obstruction of an 
artery of the brain by an embolus or 
thrombus, causing a loss of consciousness 
followed by paralysis; an effusion of blood 
into the lungs or other organs, 
apostax'is. [G., a trickling down.] Epi- 
staxis; bleeding by drops; a slight hemor- 
rhage. 
ap'ostem. [G. apostema, abscess.] An ab- 
scess. 
apoth'esin. A synthetic local anesthetic, 
less toxic than cocain and not a habit- 
forming drug. 
apoxem'ena. Substances scraped from the 
root surfaces of the teeth. [AAP.] 
apox'esis. Removal of material from the 
root surface of a tooth by scraping. 
[AAP.] 
appaku-chuzoho. [Ja.] Pressure casting; 
casting with a press. 
apparatus. (ap-a-ra'tus). [L. ad, to; 
paro, prepare.] An appliance or instru- 
ment made up of several parts; a group of 
instruments used for some special purpose. 
Also an aggregation of muscles, blood- 
vessels, glands, etc., which pertain to the 
performance of some specific function, 
appen'dage. [L. ad, to; pendere, to hang.] 
A part, subordinate in function or size, 
fastened to the main structure; appendix; 
annexum. 
appendicitis (ap-pen-di-se'tis or -sl'tis). 
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, 
appendic'ular. Pertaining to an appendage 
or an appendix; concerning the limbs, as 
opposed to axial, which refers to the head 
and trunk. 
appen'dix, pi. appen'dices. [L.] The 
processus vermiformis; an appendage, 
apperception (ap-per-sep'shun). [L. ad, to; 
percipere, to perceive.] Conscious percep- 
tion; comprehension. 
appetite (ap'e-tit). [L. appetere, to long for.] 
A desire to take food; a longing or desire 
to satisfy a conscious physical or mental 
need. 
ap'petite-juice. The gastric juice secreted 
at the time food enters the stomach, 
applana'tion. [L. ad, to; planare, to flatten.] 
The flattening of a normally convex 
surface. 
appliances for orthodontia. See orthodontia, 
appliances for; also orthodontia in the 
supplement. 
appliances, orthodontic. See Angle, Case, 
Jackson, in the supplement, 
ap'plicator. A slender rod of flexible 
metal or wood to which are attached 
substances such as cotton, etc., used to 
make local applications to the throat, 
nose or other cavity. 
appointment. An engagement made with 
a patient; equipment; furniture; outfit, 
apposition (ap-po-zi'shun). [L. ad, to; 
ponere, to place.] Putting two substances 
in contact; contact of two surfaces. 
Approbation. [Ger.] Approval (admission 
to practice dentistry). 
approximal. Obsolete term, superseded by 
proximal, noting the mesial and distal 
surfaces of the teeth. 
Approximalflache. [Ger.] Approximal sur- 
face. 
approximate. [L. ad, to; proximus, nearest.] 
Noting the contact surfaces of the teeth 
when two of them are adjacent. These 
surfaces are known as the mesial and 
distal; collectively, the approximate sur- 
faces, and, preferably, the proximal 
surfaces. Also signifying close together, 
as the teeth of man, in contrast to the 
teeth of some of the lower animals, which 
are separated. Near; contiguous; ap- 
proaching; nearly correct, 
apron (a'prun). Article worn to protect the 
front of a person’s clothes; made of cloth 
and rubber for use in the dental laboratory, 
aprosex'ia. [G., heedlessness.] Inattention, 
caused by aural, ocular or nasal defects or 
by mental weakness, a. nasa'lis, a mental 
change connected with adenoids in some 
cases. 
aproso'pia. [G. a- priv.; prosopon, face.] 
Monstrosity, being the congenital absence 
of part or all of the face, 
aptyalia (ap-ti-a/li-a). Aptyalism. 
aptyalism (ap-tl'al-ism). [G. a- priv.; 
ptyalon, saliva.] Arrested or diminished 
secretion of saliva, producing xerostomia; 
dryness of the mouth; xerostomia, 
apycnomorphous (a-pik-no-mor'fus). [G. a- 
priv.; pyknos, thick; morphe, shape, form.] APYETOUS 
45 
ARCH 
Pertaining to any tissue, especially a cell, 
which does not readily stain, due to the 
fact that the part which takes up the stain 
is not closely associated, 
apy'etous. [G. a- priv.; pyesis, suppuration.] 
Not purulent; non-suppurative. 
apyret'ic. [G. a- priv.; pyretos, fever.] 
Having no fever; non-febrile. 
apyrex'ia. [G.] Absence of fever, 
aqua, pi. aquae (a'kwa). [L.] Water, symbol 
H20; hydrogen monoxid. a. ammoniac, 
liquor ammoniae, water of ammonia, a. 
ammoniae fortior, liquor ammoniae fortior, 
stronger water of ammonia, a. bulliens, 
boiling water, a. calcis, lime water, a. 
camphorae, camphor water. a. chlori, 
chlorin water, a. communis, common or 
ordinary hydrant water. a. creosoti, 
creosote water. a. destillata, distilled 
water, a. destillata sterilisata, sterilized 
and distilled water, a. fervida, hot water, 
a. fontana, fountain, well or spring water, 
a. fortis, strong water, weak nitric acid, 
a. frigida, cold water, a. hydrogenii 
dioxidi, peroxid of hydrogen, a. marina, 
seawater, a. menthse piperitae, pepper- 
mint water, a. menthae viridis, spearmint 
water, a. pluvialis, rainwater, a. pura, 
pure water, a. regia, royal water; nitro- 
hydrochloric acid, a solvent of gold. a. 
sterilata, sterilized water, a. vitae, brandy, 
aquapuncture (ak-wa-punk'tur). [L. aqua, 
water; punctura, puncture.] The produc- 
tion of counterirritation by means of hypo- 
dermic injection of water, 
aqueduct (ak'we-dukt). [L. aqueductus.] A 
canal or conduit. See aqueductus. 
aqueduc'tus. [L. aqua, water; ductus, duct.] 
Canal; aqueduct; conduit, 
aqueous (a'kwe-us). [L. aqua.] Watery, 
aquiferous (a-kwif'er-us). [L. aqua, water; 
ferre, to carry.] Carrying water or a 
watery lymph. 
aquip'arous. [L. aqua, water; parere, to bring 
forth.] Secreting or excreting a watery 
substance. 
aquos'ity. Moisture; state of being watery, 
ar'abic. Pertaining to or derived from differ- 
ent species of acacia issuing a gummy 
or resinous exudate. a. acid, arabin. 
gum a., acacia. 
ar'abin. Arabic acid, which forms gum 
arabic when united with calcium, mag- 
nesium and potassium, 
arachnoid (ar-ak'noid). [G. arachne, cob- 
web; eidos, resemblance.] Similar to a 
cobweb; pertaining to the arachnoid mem- 
brane, arachnoidea, or the middle layer 
of membranes covering the spinal cord 
and brain. 
arachnoidea (ar-ak-noid'e-a). [G. arachne, 
cobweb; eidos, resemblance.] A delicate 
membrane forming one of the three cover- 
ings of the brain. 
arbitrary movement articulator. See articu- 
lator. 
ar'bor. A chuck for a lathe to carry emery 
abrasive bands for finishing and polishing 
vulcanite. 
ar'bor. [L., a tree.] A branching or tree-like 
structure of body. 
arbores'cent. [L. arborescere, to become a 
tree.] Dendritic; branching; tree-like. 
arboriza'tion. Ramification, as of nerve 
fibers, capillaries, veinlets, arterioles. 
arc. [L. arcus, a bow.] Segment of a circle; 
a curved line, longitu'dinal a. of the skull, 
the line carried across the skull from the 
nasion to the opisthion. nasobregmat'ic a., 
a line through the midline of the forehead 
from the nasion to the bregma. . 
arcada dental. [Sp.] Dental arch. 
arcade (ar-kad'). [L. arcus, arc, bow.] An 
anatomical structure which resembles a 
series of arches. 
arcade dentaire. [Fr.] Dental arch. a. 
inferieure, lower dental arch. a. super- 
ieure, upper dental arch. 
arch. [L. arcus, bow.] Any arch-like or 
vaulted structure; a curve forming a bow. 
abnormal a., one which deviates from the 
normal, due to malformation or trauma, 
alveolar a., the line inscribed by the alveo- 
lar process and overlying the gingivse. 
anterior expansion of the a., one in which, 
due to the malposition of the teeth, the 
anterior portion of the arch is dispropor- 
tionately broad as compared with the 
posterior portion, anterior protrusion of 
the a., one in which the palatal processes 
of the maxillae have been lengthened 
anteriorly, due to protrusion of the maxil- 
lary labial teeth, contraction of the a., 
one which is narrow in proportion to the 
size of the mandibular dental arch, den- 
tal a., the curve made by the alveolar pro- 
cess and the teeth in each jaw; the line 
inscribed by the teeth, equalization of the 
a., the bringing of the arch into normal 
relation to the other tissues of the mouth, 
expansion of the a., the spreading of the 
arch until it is of a normal form, glos- ARCHEOCYTE 
46 
AREOMETER 
sopal'atine a., the curve made by the two 
anterior pillars of the fauces; arcus glosso- 
palatinus. Gothic a., one in which the 
roof is unusually high in the median line, 
harmony of the a., when all the curvatures 
are in normal relation to each other, 
high-vaulted a., see Gothic arch, lateral 
expansion of the a., an abnormal broaden- 
ing laterally, without at the same time 
expanding anteriorly, mandibular a., the 
arch forming the maxilla, malar and palate 
bones, the incus, tragus and malleus, part 
of the helix and the mandible, normal a., 
one in which all the anatomical relations 
of the arch are in harmony to each other, 
oral a., palatal arch, palatal a., the line 
inscribed by the roof of the mouth from 
the teeth on one side to the teeth on the 
other side; the dome, palatine a., palatal 
arch, pharyngo-palatine a., arcus pharyn- 
gopalatinus. saddle a., saddle-shaped a., 
one in which the lateral parts of the arch 
are contracted, giving the vault a fancied 
resemblance to a saddle, thyrohyoid a., 
the arch giving rise to the posterior portion 
of the tongue, the lesser cornu and part of 
the hyoid bone and the styloid process of 
the temporal bone. V-shaped a., one 
which comes to a sharp point at the lingual 
junction of the maxillary central incisors, 
zygomatic a., formed by the zygoma and 
the corresponding process of the temporal 
bone. See arcus. 
archeocyte (ar'ke-o-slt). [G.archaios, ancient; 
kytos, a hollow or cell.] A wandering cell; 
leucocyte. 
archesporium (ar-ke-spo'ri-um). [G. arche, 
beginning; sporos, seed.] The layer of 
cells which give rise to the mother cells of 
spores and pollen. 
archetype (ar'ke-tip). [G. arche, beginning; 
typos, type.] The primitive type of man; 
structure from which present forms have 
developed by differentiation. 
Archimedes’ principle. [Archimedes, Greek 
philosopher.] 1. The principle in physics 
that a body wholly or partly immersed 
loses in weight by an amount equal to 
the weight of the fluid displaced. 2. The 
principle of the lever. 
archineuron (ar-ki-nu'ron). [G. archi-, first, 
chief; neuron.] A cell of the cerebral 
cortex with all its processes; pyramidal 
cell or central neuron. 
archiplasm (ar-'ki-plazm). [G. archi-, first; 
plasma.] The substance of attraction; 
sphere surrounding the polar corpuscles; 
centroplasm. 
archoplasm (ar'ko-plazm). [G. archos, 
leader; plasma.] Archiplasm; kinoplasm. 
ar'ciform. [L. arcus, bow; forma, shape.] 
Bow-shaped; arcuate. 
arcta'tio. [L. arctare, to straighten.] Con- 
traction of an opening, as of the entrance 
to the root-canal. 
arcta'tion. [L. arctare, to contract, limit.] 
Stricture; contraction; narrowing, 
ar'cual. Pertaining to an arch, 
arcuate (ar'ku-at). [L. arcuatus, bowed.] 
Bowed; arched. 
arcuation (ar-ku-a'shun). A curvature; a 
bending. 
ar'cus. [L., a bow.] An arc, or structure 
like a bent bow or an arch. a. aortae, 
arch of the aorta, a. dentalis, dental 
arch. a. glossopalatinus, the anterior 
pillar of the fauces, anterior palatine 
arch. a. palatini, the pillars of the 
fauces, a. pharyngopalatinus, posterior 
pillar of the fauces, posterior palatine 
arch. a. zygomaticus, zygoma, zygomatic 
arch. See arch. 
ar'dent. [L. ardere, to burnd Burning; 
sharp; hot. a. spirits, brandy and other 
spirituous liquors. 
ar'dor. A burning or hot sensation, 
area (a/re-a). [L., a courtyard.] The por- 
tion supplied by a given nerve or artery; 
a circumscribed space or surface; a region, 
dentofacial a., see dentofacial. labio- 
mental a., see labiomental. 
areatus (a-re-a'tus). Happening in circum- 
scribed areas or patches, 
ar'eca. A genus of palms of which the 
a. cathecu yields the betel-nut, an astrin 
gent and anthelmintic masticatory used 
by Orientals, staining the teeth black, 
erosio a., the erosion of the enamel of 
the teeth due to betel-nut chewing, 
are'ola. [L., dim. of area.] An erythem- 
atous ring around a pustule, papule, or 
any inflammatory lesion of the skin; the 
pigmented ring that surrounds the nipple; 
any minute area, especially a surrounding 
area; a space or interstice in areolar tissue, 
are'olar. Pertaining to an areola in any 
sense, a. tis'sue, loose connective tissue 
with many interstices. 
areometer (a-re-om'e-ter). [G. araios, rare, 
thin; metron, measure.] An instrument 
used to determine the specific gravity of 
a liquid; hydrometer. ARGENT 
47 
ARSENATE 
argent. [Fr.] Silver. 
argentan. German silver, an alloy of 
copper, nickel and zinc, 
argenta'tion. Argyria; local superficial 
staining with silver nitrate, 
argen'tic. Designating a chemical com- 
pound possessing silver in a higher 
valency, a. ox'id, Ag20. 
argentine. Pertaining to silver, 
argento. [It.] Silver. 
ar'gentous. Indicating a chemical com- 
pound possessing silver in a lower valency, 
argen'tum, gen. argen'ti. [L.] Symbol Ag, 
atomic weight 107.12. Silver, a brilliant 
white metallic element, argenti nitras 
fusus, stick of lunar caustic, a. foliatum, 
silver leaf; has been used for filling cavities, 
a. vivum, mercury, quicksilver, 
argillaceous (ar-jil-la'shus). [L. argilla, 
white clay.] Clayey. 
arginase (ar'jin-az). One of the enzymes 
of the liver which, splits up arginin, 
forming urea. 
arginin (ar-jin'in). One of the hexon bases, 
being a decomposition product of protein, 
ar'gol. Crude potassium bitartrate formed 
in wine-casks. 
ar'gon. [G. argos, idle.] Symbol A, atomic 
weight 39.6. A gaseous element present 
in the atmosphere in small proportion, 
arid'ity. Dryness; applied sometimes to the 
condition of the tongue, 
ar'istol. [G. aristos, best.] Trade name of 
a local antiseptic used in surgical dress- 
ings. 
“Aristotle’s lantern.” The complicated 
dental mechanism of the Echinoderms, 
as the sea-urchin. 
arkyochrome (ar'ke-5-kr5m). [G. arkys, a 
net; chroma, color.] A nervecell where 
the stainable substance of tigroid mass 
of the protoplasm presents a network 
appearance. 
arkyostichochrome (ar-ke-5-stik'o-kr5m). [ G. 
arkys, net; stichos, row; chroma, color.] 
A nervecell in which the tigroid or stain- 
able substance is partly arranged as 
parallel threads or as a network, 
arm. [G. armos, a joint, a peg.] The 
human upper limb; in anatomy sometimes 
restricted to the upper arm, between the 
shoulder and the elbow, 
arm. A slender part of an instrument, 
machine, or mechanical appliance, pro- 
jecting from a trunk, axis or fulcrum, 
engine a., the slender sheath inclosing 
the flexible cable, and extending from the 
head to the handpiece. 
Arm. [Ger.] A branch (artery, vein, nerve), 
armamentarium. [L. armamentum, an im- 
plement.] The means (instruments, drugs, 
etc.) at the disposal of the dentist to pre- 
pare or equip him for the practice of his 
profession. 
arma'rium. [L. armarium, bookcase.] Arm- 
amentarium, particularly the literary part, 
or the dentist’s library, 
ar'mature. A bar of soft iron kept across 
the ends of a horseshoe magnet when not 
in use. 
armonla. [Sp.] Harmony (facial), 
arm'pit. Axillary fossa; maschale; axilla, 
ar'nica. The dried flower heads of Arnica 
montana, wolfsbane, leopard’s bane and 
mountain tobacco; as a tincture applied 
externally to sprains and bruises, 
arno'da. Trade name of a preparation for 
the treatment of inflamed pulps, 
aro'ma. [G. aroma, a spice.] An odor, par- 
ticularly an agreeable odor arising from 
spices and condiments, 
aromat'ic. A vegetable drug having slightly 
stimulant properties and a fragrant odor. 
Possessing an agreeable, somewhat spicy, 
pungent odor. 
aromatic chlo'razene powder. Trade name 
of a disinfectant and germicide for use in 
the mouth. 
aro'matize. To treat with aromatics so as 
to conceal the taste or smell; to render 
aromatic. 
arracheur de dents. [Fr.] Exodontist. 
arrectores pilorum (ar-rek-to'rez pi-lo'rum). 
[L., pi. of arrec'tor pi'li, erector of a hair.] 
The unstriped muscular fibers whose con- 
traction causes the hairs to stand erect, as 
in fright. 
arrest'. [L. arrestare, to restrain.] To check, 
restrain, stop. To interfere or check the 
regular course of a symptom or disease or 
of the performance of a function, 
arrhin'ia. [G. a- priv.; rhis, nose.] Absence 
of the nose. 
arrhi'zal, arrhi'zous. [G. a- priv.; rhizos, 
root.] Without a root; not rooted, 
arrosion (ar-ro'zhun). [L. arrodere, to gnaw 
at.] Erosion. 
ar'row. A sharp-pointed, slender rod of 
silver nitrate or other caustic used for in- 
sertion into a tumor; an arrow-like instru- 
ment. 
ar'senate. A salt of arsenic acid. ARSENIC 
48 
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 
ar'senic. Symbol As, atomic weight 75. A 
steelgray metal; arsenicum; arsenium; 
arsenum; arseni trioxidum, white arsenic, 
acidum arsenosum, arsenous acid, 
arsen'ic. Pertaining to arsenic, the element, 
or one of its compounds, one of which 
(arsenic acid, sometimes confused with 
arsenous acid) forms arsenates with some 
bases. 
arsen'ical. Pertaining to or possessing any 
of the salts of arsenum. 
arsen'icum. [G. arsenikon.] Arsenum. 
ar'senid. Arseniuret, a compound of arsenic 
and a metal. 
Arsenikpaste. [Ger.] Arsenious acid paste, 
arsenious, arsenous (ar-se'-ni-us, ar'sen-us). 
Relating to, consisting of or containing 
arsenic. 
ar'senite. Arseni trioxidum, a salt of ar- 
senous acid. 
arse'nium. Arsenum, arsenic, 
arseniuret (ar-se'nu-ret). Arsenide, 
arseniureted (ar-se'nu-ret-ed). Combined 
with arsenic to make an arsenid. 
arsenoblast (ar'se-no-blast). Masculo-nu- 
cleus; the male element in the nucleus of 
an impregnated ovum or genoblast. 
ar'senous. Pertaining to arsenic or one of its 
compounds, a. acid, arseni trioxidum, 
AS2O3, acidum arseniosum. 
arse'num. Arsenic or one of its compounds, 
a. acid, arseni trioxidum, acidum arse- 
niosum, AS2O3. arseni trioxidum, arsen- 
ous acid, arsenic, white arsenic, acidum 
arseniosum, arsenious acid, 
art. [L. ars.] The skillful adaptation of 
means to an end; skill; dexterity; system 
of rules devised for obtaining results, as 
in arithmetic; the embodiment of beauti- 
ful thought, as in sculpture, painting, 
poetry, etc.; the principles of esthetics as 
applied to artistic dental work, 
arte'ria, pi. arteriae. [G. arteria, an air-con- 
veyor, it having been supposed that the 
arteries were channels for the circulation 
of air.] Artery, a. alveolaris inferior, in- 
ferior dental or inferior alveolar artery, 
a. alveolaris superior anterior, anterior 
superior dental artery, a. angularis, a 
terminal branch of the facial artery, a. 
auricularis profunda, the deep auricular 
artery, a. buccalis or a. buccinatoria, 
buccal artery, a. canalis pterygoidei, the 
Vidian artery, a. carotis communis, com- 
mon carotid artery, a. carotis externa, 
external carotid artery, a. carotis interna, 
internal carotid artery, a. cervicalis as- 
cendens, the thyroid artery, a. dentalis 
inferior, inferior dental artery, a. dentalis 
posterior, posterior dental artery, a. den- 
talis superior anterior, anterior superior 
dental artery, a. ethmoidalis anterior, 
anterior ethmoid artery, a. ethmoidalis 
posterior, posterior ethmoid artery, a. 
infraorbitalis, infraorbital artery, a. la- 
bialis inferior, inferior labial artery, a. 
labialis posterior, posterior labial artery, a. 
labialis superior, superior labial artery, a. 
laryngea inferior, lower laryngeal artery, a. 
laryngea superior, upper laryngeal artery, 
a. lingualis, lingual artery, a. masseterica, 
masseteric artery, a. maxillaris externa, 
the external maxillary artery, a. maxil- 
laris interna, the internal maxillary 
artery, a. mentalis, the mental artery, 
branch of the alveolaris inferior supplying 
the chin. a. esophagea, the esophageal 
artery, a. palatina ascendens, the ascend- 
ing palatine artery, a. palatina minor, 
small palatine artery, a. palatina major, 
large palatine artery, a. profunda lin- 
guae, ranine artery, deep lingual artery, 
a. ranina, the ranine or deep lingual artery, 
a. sphenopalatina, sphenopalatine artery, 
a. sternocleidomastoidea, sternocleidomas- 
toid artery, a. sternomastoidea, sterno- 
mastoid artery, a. sublingualis, sublingual 
artery, a. submentalis, submental artery, 
a. temporalis profundus, deep temporal 
artery. a. temporalis media, median 
temporal artery, a. temporalis superfici- 
alis, superficial temporal artery, a. trans- 
versa faciei, transverse facial artery. 
arte'rial. Pertaining to one or more arteries 
or to the whole system of arteries. 
arterialization (ar-te'ri-al-i-za'shun). Vas- 
cularization; becoming arterial, as the 
aeration of the blood in passing through 
the lungs. 
arteriarctia (ar-te-ri-ark'shi-a). [G. arteria, 
L. arctare, to constrict.] Vasocontraction; 
narrowing of the arteries. 
arteriocap'illary. Pertaining to both arteries 
and capillaries. 
arteri'ola. [L., dim. of arteria.] Arteriole; 
minute artery. 
arteriosclerosis. [G. arteria, artery; skler- 
osis, hardening.] A fibrous overgrowth, 
usually of the inner coat of the arteries, 
resulting in a loss of contractility and 
elasticity and thickening of the arterial 
walls. ARTERY 
49 
ARTIFACT 
ar'tery. [G. arteria.] A blood-vessel carry- 
ing blood away from the heart; with the 
exception of the pulmonary artery, the 
arteries carry aerated or red blood. See 
arteria. nu'trient a., an artery conveying 
blood to the interior of a bone, ve'nous 
a., arteria pulmonalis. 
arthrag'ra. [G. arthron, joint; agra, seizure.] 
Articular gout. 
ar'thral. [G. arthron, joint.] Pertaining to 
a joint; articular. 
arthrite alveolo-dentaire. [Fr.] Alveolo- 
dental arthritis; pyorrhea, 
arthrite dentaire. [Fr.] Dental arthritis; 
pyorrhea. 
arthrit'ic. Gouty; pertaining to arthritis, 
arthritic teeth. Teeth with thick, short 
crowns, and well developed cingula, 
generally of hard structure and dark 
color, said to be associated with a gouty 
diathesis. 
arthritis (ar-thre'tis or i'tis). [G. arthron, 
joint; -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation 
of a joint, dental a., inflammation of the 
periodontal membrane, 
arthri'tis, den'tal interstitial. See -pyorrhea. 
ar'thritism. A condition in which one is 
inclined to different inflammatory pro- 
cesses of a gouty nature in the joints and 
skin. 
arthrobacte'rium. [G. arthron, joint; bak- 
terion—baktron, rod.] A bacterium in 
which reproduction occurs by fission or 
segmentation, but without endogenous 
spore-formation. 
arthropatie alveolo-dentaire. [Fr.] Alveolo- 
dental arthropathy; pyorrhea, 
ar'throplasty. Formation of joints by 
artificial means. 
arthrot'omy. Cutting into a joint, 
arthurizing. [Robert Arthur, American 
dentist, 1819-1880.] A practice intro- 
duced as a preventive of caries on the 
proximal surfaces of the teeth, consisting 
of cutting or filing a Y-shaped space 
lingually, leaving the teeth in contact 
labially, and thoroughly polishing the 
portions of the teeth which have been 
thus denuded. Now obsolete, 
ar'tiad. [G. artios, even.] A dyad, tetrad 
or hexad; an element of even valence, 
ar'ticle. [L. articulus, joint.] An articula- 
tion or joint. 
articolazidne temporo-mandibulare. [It.] 
Temporomandibular articulation, 
artic'ular. Pertaining to a joint. 
artic'ulate. [L. articulare, to connect.] To 
adjust artificial teeth in their proper 
places; to arrange so as to allow motion 
between the parts; to speak clearly and 
connectedly. Distinct and connected 
(concerning speech). 
artic'ulated. Jointed, a. skel'eton, mounted 
skeleton having the various parts con- 
nected so as to allow motion as in the 
living body. 
artic'ulating pap er. Paper impregnated with 
coloring-matter which makes a mark on 
the occlusal surfaces of teeth where they 
first come in contact, similar to the 
ordinary carbon paper, except that it is 
impregnated on both sides. 
articula'tio. [L.] Joint; articulation; speech, 
a. mandibularis, the temporomaxillary 
joint or articulation; the joint of the jaw. 
articulation (ar-tik'u-la'shun). The fitting of 
an artificial tooth in its proper position 
in the dental arch; arranging or joining 
together loosely so as to allow motion 
between the parts. Enunciation; distinct 
connected speech. 
articulator (ar-tik'u-la-tur). [L. articula, 
neut. pi. of articulus, jointed.] A device 
executing mandibular movement for the 
purpose of setting up and grinding in 
artificial teeth; a device in which models 
are held in their relative position while 
artificial teeth are arranged and brought 
into the desired articulation, adjustable 
a., permits adjustment of all articulator 
movements to conform with mandibular 
movements of the patient, or to define 
compensation of these movements, within 
the range of the mechanism, arbitrary- 
movement a., permits the execution of 
two or more mandibular component 
movements in arbitrarily accepted direc- 
tions. average-movement a., executes 
movements determined or accepted by 
the originators as averages, plain-line a., 
executes an arbitrary opening component 
movement; consists of two vise jaws 
hinged in the back; adjustment for a 
minimum opening of the jaw members 
about the hinge axis by means of lock- 
screws is usually provided, semiadjust- 
able a., permits adjustment of direction 
of at least one articulator movement to 
conform with mandibular component 
movements of the patient. 
ar'tifact. [L. ars, art; factus, made.] An 
apparent lesion made in a histological ARTIFICER 
50 
ASPHYXIA 
or pathological specimen which did not 
exist in the living tissue, but was evidently 
made accidentally while dissecting and 
mounting the specimen. 
artificer. [L. ars, art; facio, make.] Skilled 
workman; artistic worker; inventor or 
contriver; one who makes crowns, bridges, 
etc.; a mechanical worker in the dental 
laboratory. 
artificial (ar-ti-fish'al). [L. artificialis.] Any- 
thing constructed by art; manufactured, 
not genuine or natural; made to imitate 
nature, as artificial teeth, a. chin, a. 
lower and upper lip, a. nose, prosthetic 
substitutes made by the dentist to replace 
lost parts named, a. crown, a substitute 
for the lost crown of a tooth, a. dentin, 
a filling-material for temporary use, 
made of guttapercha into which some 
mineral substance has been incorporated, 
a. denture, a set of artificial teeth, prefer- 
able to plate. [ADA.] a. respiration, 
induction of a process resembling respira- 
tion in cases of asphyxia. a. stone, 
oxychlorid of magnesium. black a. 
teeth. See black artificial teeth. 
artificiality. State of being made, contrived 
or simulated by art. 
Artikulationsanomalie. [Ger.] Abnormal 
articulation. 
Artikulationspapier. [Ger.] Articulation-, 
paper. 
ar'tisan. One skilled in a mechanic art. 
artist. One who practices an art, especially 
one of the fine arts; a thoroughly competent 
dentist. 
artis'tic. Conforming to art; pertaining to 
an art. 
Arzneimittel. [Ger.] Remedy; drug; med- 
icament; medicine. 
Arzt. [Ger.] Physician. 
As. Symbol of arsenum. 
asanka-chisso. [Ja.] Nitrous oxid. 
asbestos (as-best'us). [From the Greek, 
meaning unquenchable, referring to a 
mythical mineral which could not be 
extinguished when once set on fire. 
At present indicating a substance which 
can not be burned.] Fibrous, non- 
combustible mineral resembling flax in 
appearance. For dental purposes it 
comes in powder and fibers, and is used 
as a part of the investment-material while 
soldering dentures, orthodontic and other 
appliances requiring soldering and the 
retention of heat; also in sheets, blocks 
and felt foil. It is a magnesium silicate, 
a fibrous form of hornblende, a. fiber, 
the mineral in short strips for use with 
plaster, a.-holder, a handle or device 
in which an asbestos block or slab may be 
held. a. pad, a flat piece of compressed 
asbestos on which metal may be melted, 
a. powder, the mineral in fine powder, for 
mixing with plaster. 
ascending. [L. ascendere, to go up.] Having 
an upward direction; going upward, 
a. aor'ta, the aorta from its origin at the 
heart to the arch. a. colon, the first 
portion of the colon, on the right side of 
the abdomen, and which ascends. 
Ascher’s artificial enamel. Trade name 
of a silicate filling-material. 
Ascomyce'tes. [G. askos, a bag; mykes, 
mushroom.] A family of fungi known 
by long spore-containing cells; molds, 
truffles, like yeasts and ergot. 
as'cus. [G. askos, bag.] The long spore- 
containing cell of lichens, molds and other 
ascomycetes. 
A.S.D.R. American Society of Dental 
Radiographers. 
-ase. [G. asis, slime, colloid material.] 
A termination indicating an enzyme. 
asep'sis. [G. a- priv.; sepsis, putrefaction.] 
The absence of living pyogenic organisms. 
asep'tic. Indicating or pertaining to asepsis; 
free from septic matter or disease germs; 
not liable to putrefaction. a. fe'ver, 
pyrexia accompanied with malaise, caused 
by the absorption of dead but not putre- 
factive tissue following an injury. a. 
sur'gery, operating in a field free of all 
germs, hands, instruments and everything 
used being made sterile, thus preventing 
septicism from without. 
AsH3. Hydrogen arsenid. 
Ash’s popular alloy. Trade name of an 
English alloy for amalgam fillings. 
asialia (a-si-a'li-a). [G. a- priv.; sialon, 
saliva.] Checking or diminution in the 
secretion of saliva. 
asko broach. Trade name of a line of 
root-canal cleansers. 
A.S.O. American Society of Orthodontists. 
AS2O3. Arsenic trioxid; arsenous anhydrid. 
A.S.O.S.E. American Society of Oral Sur- 
geons and Exodontists. 
A.S.P. American Society of Pedodontists. 
asphyx'ia. [G. a- priv.; sphyxid, pulse, 
throb.] Unconsciousness caused by sus- 
pension or interference of any kind ASPHYXIANT 
51 
ATMOSPHERIC 
with the oxygenation of the blood; 
cyanosis, general or local, through inter- 
fering with the circulation; absence of 
the pulse-beat; suspended respiration, 
as in drowning or from gases, 
asphyxiant. That which produces asphyxia; 
a gas. Asphyxiating; causing asphyxia, 
asphyxiate. To suffocate; to induce 
asphyxia. 
as'pirate. To remove by aspiration or 
suction. A sound having the breathing 
character of the letter h. 
aspira'tion. Air or fluid withdrawn from 
any of the body cavities by suction, 
as'pirator. Apparatus used to remove fluid 
by aspiration from any of the body 
cavities. 
as'pirin. Trade name of a preparation 
used as a substitute for salicylic acid, 
assay (as-sa/)- [F. essayer.] The chemical 
process by which the quantity of metal 
contained in any mineral or metallic 
mixture is determined. 
Assezat’s tri'angle. A triangle made by 
lines connecting the nasion, the alveolar 
and the nasal points, 
assimilable. Capable of assimilation, 
assimilate. [L. assimilare, to make alike— 
ad, to; similis, like.] To convert into the 
substance of the body; to digest; to bring 
to a likeness; to convert into a like 
organic substance; to become similar; 
to be converted into the substance of 
an animal or plant. 
assimila'tion. [L. assimilare, to make alike.] 
Process of incorporating materials, pre- 
pared by digestion from food, into the 
tissues of the body; the act of assimilating. 
Ast. [Ger.] Branch (vein, artery, nerve), 
asthe'nia. [G. a- priv.; sthenos, strength.] 
Debility; weakness. 
asthenic. Pertaining to asthenia; weak, 
asthenoplc. Pertaining to or suffering from 
asthenopia. 
asthenox'ia. [G. astheneia, weakness; oxy- 
gen.] Deficiency of oxygenation of the 
products of catabolism, 
asthma (Ss'ma or ast'ma). [G.] A disease 
known by recurrent attacks of dyspnea, 
caused by a temporary change in the 
bronchial tubes or by a reflex spasm of 
the diaphragm. 
astig'matism. An unequal curvature of 
the different meridians in one or more of 
the refractive surfaces of the eye, resulting 
in a failure of the rays of light to focus at 
a single point on the retina, spreading out 
as a line in some other direction, 
asto'matous. [G. a- priv.; stoma, mouth.] 
Absence of mouth. 
astrict'. [L. astringere, to contract.] To 
compress; to contract; to constrict, 
astric'tion. Compression to arrest hemor- 
rhage; astringent action; constipation, 
astrin'gent. [L. astringere, to contract.] An 
agent which causes the tissues to contract, 
arrests secretion or controls bleeding. 
Styptic; arresting hemorrhage; contract- 
ing tissues; arresting secretion, 
as'troblast. [G. aster, star; blastos, germ.] 
A primitive cell developing into an 
astrocyte. 
asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri). [G. a- priv.; 
syn, with; metron, measure.] Dispropor- 
tion between two or more similar parts; 
absence of symmetry. 
asynchronism (a-sin'kro-nizm). [G. a- priv.; 
syn, with; chronos, time.] Want of 
synchronism; a state when two or more 
occurrences do not coincide in point 
of time. 
at'avism. [L. atavus, ancestor.] Reversion 
to a former type or ancestor; recurrence 
in descendants of the characters of remote 
ancestors. 
atelochilia (a-tel-6-keli-a). [G. ateles, imper- 
fect; cheilos, a lip.] Imperfect develop- 
ment of the lip; harelip; cleftlip. 
ateloglos'sia. [G. ateles, incomplete; glossa, 
tongue.] Imperfect development of the 
tongue. 
atelognathia (at-el-og-na'thi-a). [G. ateles, 
incomplete; gnathos, jaw.] Defective 
formation of the maxilla or mandible, 
ateloproso'pia. [G. ateles, incomplete; proso- 
pon, face.] 'Imperfect development of the 
face. 
atelosto'mia. [G. ateles, incomplete; stoma, 
mouth.] Imperfect growth of the mouth 
or parts therein. 
atherisches 01. [Ger.] Essential oil. 
atlas. The first cervical vertebra; it 
articulates with the occipital bone, 
atmen. [Ger.] To breathe, 
at'mos. [Abbreviation of atmosphere.] A 
unit of air-pressure; the pressure of one 
dyne per square centimeter, 
at'mosphere. tG. atmos, vapor; sphaira, 
sphere.] Gas surrounding a given body; 
a gaseous medium; the air. 
atmospheric. Pertaining to the atmosphere, 
a. pressure cavity, the air-chamber on ATOM 
52 
AUGMENTOR 
the surface of a denture which is in contact 
with the mucous membrane, 
at'om. [G. atom,os, indivisible, uncut.] The 
smallest indivisible particle of an element 
which is capable of chemical action, 
atom'ic. Pertaining to an atom. a. the'ory, 
a theory noting chemical compounds 
formed by union of atoms in definite 
proportions, a. weight, hydrogen being 
the unit, atomic weight represents the 
weight of an atom of an element in relation 
to hydrogen. 
atomicity (at-om-is'i-ti). The combining- 
power or valence of a substance, 
atomiza'tion. The reducing of a liquid to 
the form of a spray; spray-production, 
at'omizer. An instrument for throwing a 
liquid in the form of spray, 
aton'ic. [G. atonia, languor.] Without 
normal tension or tone; relaxed, 
at'ony. [G. atonia, languor.] Lack of 
tension or tone; flaccidity; relaxation, 
atre'sia. [G. a- priv.; tresis, a hole.] Patho- 
logical closure or congenital absence of 
a normal passage or opening, 
a'trium. [L., antechamber.] The upper 
chamber of each half of the heart; auricle, 
atro'phia. [G. a- priv.; trophe, nourishment.] 
Atrophy. 
atrophie alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar atrophy, 
atrophied (at'ro-fid). Affected by atrophy, 
atrophique. [Fr.] Atrophied, 
at'rophy. [G. a- priv.; trophe, nourishment.] 
A wasting of the tissues of the body, 
a. marks, certain peculiar markings on 
the teeth, due to interruption of nutrition 
during the development of the tissues 
forming the teeth. 
atropi'na. Atropine, an alkaloid obtained 
from atropa belladonna, sedative, narcotic 
and antispasmodic. 
atsuin-ho. [Ja.] Swage, 
atsuin-kinzakusho-gishi. [Ja.] Swaged metal 
denture. 
attachment (at-tach'ment). Act of attach- 
ing; state of being attached; something 
attached; that by which one thing is 
attached to another. T-attachment, 
something attached, as in orthodontic 
appliances, which forms the letter T 
with the part to which it is attached, 
attachment for partial dentures. Various 
forms of attachment are in use to give 
support to partial dentures on the part 
of the natural teeth remaining in the 
mouth; they take the form of clasps, 
ball-and-socket joints, telescoping caps, 
etc. Among them are the Bischof-Otrich, 
Gilmore, Miller, Morgan, Roach and 
others. See partial denture service in 
supplement. 
attenua'tion. The act of making thin or 
becoming thin; dilution, 
attol'lens. [L. attollere, to lift up.] Raising; 
lifting up. 
attrac'tion. [L. attrahere, to draw toward.] 
The tendency of two bodies to draw 
toward each other, cap'illary a., the force 
which causes fluids to rise through the 
pores or the very fine tubes of a loose 
material, chemical a., the force causing 
atoms of various elements or molecules 
to form new compounds, magnetic a., 
the force which causes steel or iron to 
attach itself to a magnet, 
attrition (at-trish'un). [L. atterere, to rub 
off, to rub away.] Wearing away of the 
teeth, as in mastication; wearing or rub- 
bing away of the surface of the teeth with 
abrasive dentrifices. 
atyp'ical. Devoid of typical character; 
irregular; unlike the type, 
atzen. [Ger.] To corrode; to etch. 
Atzmittel. [Ger.] Corrosive substance; 
cautery. 
AuCh. Trichlorid of gold, auric chlorid. 
audiphone (d'di-fon). [L. audire, to hear; 
G. phone, sound.] A fan-like piece of 
vulcanite, the edge of which is placed 
against the maxillary teeth, collecting 
the sound waves and carrying them to 
the auditory apparatus by conduction 
through the bones. 
audition, (a-di'shun.) [L. audire, to hear.] 
Hearing. 
auditory (a'di-to-ri). Pertaining to the 
perception of sound, a. teeth, tooth-like 
projections in the floor of the scala media 
of the labyrinth. 
aufbauen. [Ger.] To build up, as a filling, 
aufhoren. [Ger.] To cease; to stop, 
auflegen. [Ger.] To lay on; to add. 
auflosen. [Ger.] To dissolve, 
aufschrauben. [Ger.] To screw on; to 
attach by screws. 
aufspritzen. [Ger.] To inject (as ethyl- 
chlorid). 
Augenzahn. [Ger.] Eyetooth; cuspid; 
canine tooth. 
augmentor (dg-men'tur). [L. augmentum, 
increase.] A substance increasing the 
action of a kinetic or an auxetic. AUGNATHUS 
53 
AUTOINOCULATION 
augnathus (ag-na'thus). [G. au, again; 
gnathos, jaw.] A monster with a double 
mandible. 
auran'tium. [L.] Orange, auran'tii ama'ri 
cor'tex, bitter orange-peel. auran'tii 
dul'cis cor'tex, sweet orange-peel, 
auric (a'rik). [L. aurum, gold.] Pertaining 
to gold; golden, 
auricle (a'rik-1). Auricula, 
auric'ula. [L., dim. of auris, ear.] The 
upper receiving-chamber of each half of 
the heart; atrium; auricle; the small 
conical muscular pouch which forms the 
upper portion of the heart, known as the 
auricular appendix. 
auricular (a-rik'u-lar). Pertaining to the 
ear or to an auricle in any sense, 
aurification. [Fr.] Gold filling, 
au'ris. [L.] Ear. a. inter'na, internal ear; 
labyrinth, a. me'dia, the middle ear; 
tympanum, a. exter'na, the external ear; 
auricle. 
aurococcus (a-ro-kok'us). [L. aurum, gold; 
G. kokkos, berry.] Staphylococcus pyo- 
genes aureus. 
aurum (a'rum). [L.] Gold. Symbol Au, 
atomic weight 197.2. The pure metal is 
employed in filling cavities in teeth, for 
backings and other dental purposes. 
Some of the salts are used in medicine, 
au'ri chlo'ridum, orange-colored deliques- 
cent crystals; gold chlorid; used locally as 
a caustic in cancer, a. foliatum, gold 
foil or leaf. See gold. 
ausathmen. [Ger.] Expiration in breathing. 
Ausathmungsrohr. [Ger.] The trachea and 
bronchi. 
ausbohren. [Ger.] To excavate a cavity. 
Ausbreitung. [Ger.] Spreading (as of a 
field of inflammation), 
auscul'tate. [L. auscultare, to listen.] To 
observe the sounds made by the thoracic 
or abdominal viscera, as a means of 
diagnosis. 
auscultation (as-kul-ta'shun). Listening to 
the sounds made by the abdominal or 
thoracic viscera, by the blood in the 
vessels, by the fetus in utero, by the 
contracting muscles, or by any internal 
part of the body; used in diagnosis, 
auscultatory (as-kul'ta-tS-ri). Pertaining to 
auscultation. 
ausdehnen. [Ger.] To expand; to dilate, 
ausfallen. [Ger.] To fall out. 
Ausgang. [Ger.] Issue (as of a disease), 
ausgiessen. [Ger.] To pour out. 
ausgliihen. [Ger.] To anneal. 
Ausguss, Einguss. [Ger.] Ingot; mold, 
auskochen. [Ger.] To evaporate, 
ausloschen. [Ger.] To extinguish, to put 
out. 
ausserlich. [Ger.] Externally. 
Aussprache. [Ger.] Utterance, 
ausspritzen. [Ger.j To syringe, 
ausspiilen. [Ger.] To rinse (the mouth), 
ausstrahlend. [Ger.] Radiating (as pain), 
auswaschen. [Ger.] To wash out. 
ausziehen. [Ger.] To extract, 
auto- (a/to). [G. autos, self.] Prefix 
meaning self, performed or produced by 
oneself, acting upon oneself, sufficient 
to oneself, etc. 
autoblast (d't5-blast). [G. autos, self; 
blastos, germ.] Protozoon; bacterium; an 
independent cell. 
autocatalysis (a-to-kat-al'i-sis). [G. autos, 
self; kata, down; lyo, loosen.] The creation 
of catalysis when products act themselves 
as catalysts, thereby modifying or hasten- 
ing the process. 
autocatalytic (a-to-kat-a-lit'ik). Pertaining 
to autocatalysis. 
au'toclave. [G. autos, self; L. clavis, a key; 
in the sense of self-locking.] Apparatus 
used to sterilize by steam under pressure. 
To sterilize in an autoclave, 
autocytolysis (a-to-si-tol'i-sis). [G. autos, 
self; kytos, cell; lysis, a loosening.] Cell- 
destruction effected by a lysin formed in 
the person’s own body; self-digestion of 
cells by their normally contained enzymes, 
autogamy (a-tog'a-mi). [G. autos, self; 
gamos, marriage.] Inbreeding in which 
fission of the cell nucleus occurs without 
division of the cell. 
autogenous (a-toj'en-us). [G. autos, self; 
gennao, I produce.] Self-generated; pro- 
duced independently; endogenous; orig- 
inating or growing within the body; 
autogenetic, a. u'nion, in prosthetics, 
the union of two pieces of metal without 
solder. 
autoinfection (a'to-in-fek'shun). Infection 
by toxins or germs produced within the 
body, as is the case in the appearance of 
a succession of boils. 
autoinoculable (d't5-in-ok'u-la-bl). Capable 
of autoinoculation. 
autoinoculation (a'to-in-ok'u-la'shun). [G. 
autos, self; inoculation.] Secondary infec- 
tion which originates from a focus of some 
disease already present in the body. AUTOINTOXICANT 
54 
AXIOLABIOLINGUAL PLANE 
autointox'icant. A toxic agent active in 
autointoxication. Self-poisoning, 
autointoxication (a'tb-in-tox-i-ka'shun). The 
result of the absorption of products of 
decomposition within the intestine or the 
waste products of metabolism; self-poison- 
ing. 
automatic. [G. automatos, self-moving.] 
Involuntary or not voluntary; performed 
unconsciously, as by a machine; spon- 
taneous; not induced by outside causes; 
self-operating, self-regulating, or self- 
adjusting; carried on or performed by a 
machine, a. mallet, an instrument for 
condensing gold in filling, operated by 
hand, the dental engine or compressed air. 
a. plugger, an instrument adapted to a 
dental engine, used in condensing fillings, 
automatism (a-tom'a-tizm). Automatic ac- 
tion; independence of the will or of 
. central innervation, as of the heart’s 
action; the state in which movements 
are made while the conscious will is not 
exercised. 
autom'aton. Trade name of a mechanical 
device used in place of the rubberdam. 
autonomic (a-td-nom'ik). [G. autos, self; 
nomos, law.] Spontaneous; self-control- 
ling; independent of outside influences, 
autonomy (a-ton'o-mi). [G. autos, self; 
nomos, law.] Functional independence, 
without outside control, 
autoplas'tic. Pertaining to autoplasty, 
autoplasty (d'to-plas-ti). [G. autos, self; 
plasso, I form.] The repair of defects by 
grafting and transplanting tissues from 
the patient’s own body, 
autopsy (a'top-si). [G. autopsia, seeing 
with one’s own eyes.] A postmortem 
examination to determine the cause of 
an illness or death, or to ascertain what 
pathological changes have taken place, 
autosepticemia (d-to-sep-ti-se'mi-a). [G. 
autos, self; sepsis, decay; haima, blood.] 
Endosepsis; auto toxemia; septicemia orig- 
inating from conditions existing within 
the body and not from without, 
autother'apy. Treatment of disease by 
administering the patient’s own patho- 
logical products, such as the excretions, 
discharges from wounds, etc.; spontaneous 
cure; self-treatment; autoserotherapy, 
auxanography (fiks-an-og'ra-fi). [G. auxano, 
I increase; grapho, I write.] The method 
by which the most suitable medium for 
bacterial cultivation is determined. 
auxanology (dks-an-ol'o-ji). [G. auxano, 
I increase; -logia.] The scientific study 
of growth. 
auxetic (aks-et'ik). [G. auxetikos, ‘promoting 
growth.] A chemical substance the 
specific action of which is said to excite 
proliferation in leucocytes and other 
cells. 
auxiliary (ag-zil'i-a-ri). [L. auxilium, help.] 
Helping; aiding; assisting. Assistant. 
average-movement articulator. See articu- 
lator. 
avoirdupois (av-er-do-poiz'). [Fr., to have 
weight.] A system of weights, one pound 
being equal to 16 ounces; the pound 
equals 453.6 grams. 
ax'ial. Pertaining to an axis; situated in 
the central part of the head or the body, 
as distinguished from the arms and legs 
or extremities; pertaining to, relating 
to or parallel with the long axis of a tooth, 
a. angles are the axiobuccal, axiobucco- 
cervical (axiobuccogingival), axiobucco- 
clusal, axiocervical (axiogingival), axio- 
clusal, axiodistal, axiodistoincisal, axio- 
distocervical (axiodistogingival), axiodis- 
toclusal, axioincisal, axiolabial, axiolabio- 
cervical (axiolabiogingival), axiolabiolin- 
gual (incisal), axiolingual, axiolinguocer- 
vical (axiolinguogingival), axiolinguoclusal 
axiomesial, axiomesiocervical (axiomesio- 
gingival), axiomesioclusal, axiomesiodis- 
tal, axiomesioincisal and axiopulpal. a. 
point angle, the axioincisal. a. surface, 
the surface of a tooth parallel with its 
long axis—the axial, buccal, distal, 
labial, lingual and mesial, a. walls of a 
cavity, named the same as the axial 
surfaces of a tooth, a. walls of the 
pulp-chamber, the walls parallel with the 
long axis of the tooth; they are the 
buccal, distal, lingual and mesial. 
axif'ugal. [L. axis; fugere, to flee.] Centrif- 
ugal. 
ax'il. Axilla. 
axilla, gen. axil'lae. [L.] The axillary 
space; the armpit; maschale. 
ax'illary. Pertaining to the axilla. 
axio-. A modification of axial, used in com- 
pound words, as axiobuccal, axio- 
linguoclusal, etc. For terms begin- 
ning thus, see under axial and cavity 
nomenclature. 
axiolabioling'ual plane. A plane cutting the 
lingual and labial surfaces of a tooth 
parallel with its long axis. AXIOMESIODISTAL PLANE 
55 
BACTERIA-CARRIER 
axiomesiodis'tal plane. A plane cutting the 
proximal or mesial and distal surfaces of 
a tooth parallel with its long axis, 
axip'etal. [L. axis; petere, to seek.] Cen- 
tripetal. 
axis. [L.] The central line of the body or 
any of its parts, as of a tooth, basifa'cial 
a., a line drawn to the midpoint of the 
sphenoethmoidal suture from the subnasal 
point, craniofacial a., the line passing 
through the mesethmoid, presphenoid, 
basisphenoid and basioccipital bones, facial 
a., see basifacial axis, frontal a., the line 
passing transversely through the center 
of the globe of the eye; the transverse 
axis of the eyeball. 
ax'is-cyl'inder. The central part of the 
nerve-fibers, which is the essential conduct- 
ing portion and is continuous with the 
axon of the nervecell. [cylinder, 
ax'ite. A terminal filament of an axis- 
axle-tooth. Molar tooth, 
ax'on. [G. axon, axis.] The body axis; 
neuraxon, or axis-cylinder process of a 
nervecell; the cerebrospinal axis, 
azalein (a-za'le-in). Fuchsin. 
azo-. A prefix indicating a substance taken 
• from a hydrocarbon by the replacement of 
part of the hydrogen by nitrogen, 
azo'ic. [G.] Lacking organic life; without 
living organisms. 
az'ygos. [G. a- priv.; zygos, yoke.] An 
unpaired anatomical structure, a. u'vulae 
muscle, musculus uvulae, 
az'ygous. [G. a- priv.; zygos, yoke.] Single; 
unpaired. 
azy'mia. [G. a- priv.; zyme, ferment.] State 
of being unfermented. 
azy'mic. Unleavened, unfermented; with- 
out a ferment, 
az'ymous. See azymic. 
az'zle-tooth. Molar tooth. 
B 
B. Buccal, bicuspid. 
B. Chemical symbol of boron. 
B.A. Buccoaxial. 
Ba. Chemical symbol of barium. 
ba. [Ja.] Bur. 
Babbitt metal. [Named after Isaac Babbitt.] 
An alloy of copper, antimony and tin, 
used for dies or counterdies in swaging 
plates and dentures. Various formulas: 
(1) Tin 12, copper 4, antimony 8. (2) 
Tin 8, copper 1, antimony 2. (3) Tin 12, 
copper 2, antimony 3. 
B.A.C. Buccoaxiocervical. 
bacciform (bak'si-farm). [L. bacca, berry; 
forma, form.] Berry-like; coccal; shaped 
like a berry. 
bacillar (ba-sil'lar). Pertaining to or caused 
by bacilli. 
bacille'mia. [L. bacillus; G. haima, blood.] 
Bacillary bacteriemia; the presence of 
bacilli in the circulating blood. 
bacilli-carrier. A person apparently in 
good health whose secretions or tissues 
contain pathogenic bacteria, as of diph- 
theria, typhoid fever, cholera, etc. 
bacillici'dal. [L. bacillus; ccedere, to kill.] 
Destructive to bacilli. 
bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sld). An agent used for 
destroying bacilli. 
bacil'liculture. A culture having bacilli; 
the cultivation of bacilli. 
bacil'liform. [L. bacillus, a small rod; 
forma, form.] Shaped like or similar to 
a bacillus; rod-shaped, 
bacillo'sis. An infection with bacilli, 
bacil'lus, pi. bacilli. [L. dim. of baculus, 
a rod.] 1. One of the genus Bacillus, 
usually signifying any bacterium, lactic 
acid b., transforms lactose and other 
sugars into lactic acid. Vincent’s b., 
b. fusiformis, spirocheta anginse Vincenti. 
2. A genus of schizomycetes or bacteria, 
known as Bacillus', usually of rod-shaped 
elongated form, as they are divided 
transversely they are often found in 
chains or threads. B. pyogenes, found in 
ichorous pus and considered as either 
related to or identical with the B. coli 
communis. 
back teeth. See teeth, buccal. 
back-action plugger. See plugger. 
Backe. [Ger.] The cheek, 
backing. A term applied to a piece of 
metal, gold or platinum, used on the 
“back” of a mineral tooth, to which the 
pins of the tooth are soldered, alloy b., 
one made of an alloy instead of pure 
gold or platinum. 
back-up. A term used in radiology indicat- 
ing the distance which the high-voltage 
current will pass through atmosphere. 
BaCl). Barium chlorid. 
bacte'ria. Plural of bacterium. 
bacte'ria-carrier. Bacilli-carrier. BACTERIACEjE 
56 
BAND 
Bacteria'ceae. A family of Schizomycetes. 
bacte'rial. Pertaining to bacteria, 
bacterid'dal. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
L. ccedere, to kill.] Producing the death 
of bacteria. 
bacter'icide. An agent destructive to bac- 
teria. specific b., the active substance 
in a bacteriolytic immune serum which 
destroys one bacterial species, 
bacterie'mia. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
haima, blood.] The presence of living 
bacteria in the blood. 
bacter'iform. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
L. forma, form.] Bacterioid; of bacterial 
form. 
bacterin (bak'ter-in). A bacterial vaccine, 
used therapeutically or prophylactically. 
bacteriogen'ic. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
genes, producing.] Of bacterial origin, 
bacteriogenous (bak-te-ri-oj'en-us). Of bac- 
terial origin or causation; producing 
bacteria. 
bacte'rioid. [G. eidos, resemblance.] Bac- 
teriform; like bacteria in action and form, 
bacteriological (bak-te-ri-6-loj'i-kal). Per- 
taining to bacteriology, 
bacteriol'ogist. Microbotanist; one who 
follows the science of bacteriology, 
bacteriol'ogy. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
logos, science.] The branch of science 
which specializes in the study of unicellular 
vegetable organisms and their relation to 
dentistry, medicine, arts, agriculture, etc. 
bacteriol'ysis. [G. bacterion, a small staff; 
lysis, solution.] The destruction of 
bacteria, usually by means of a specific 
antibody. 
bacteriolyt'ic. Pertaining to bacteriolysis; 
having a solvent action on bacteria, 
bacte'rium, pi. bacteria. [L., from G. 
bakterion, dim. of baktron, a staff or rod.] 
One of the group of microphytes, unicellu- 
lar microorganisms, principally the fission 
fungi or schizomycetes. There are a num- 
ber of families, each consisting of numerous 
genera, as follows: Bacteriacese, which 
include the bacterium, bacillus and pseu- 
domonas; the Beggiatoacese, embracing 
the beggiatoa; the Chlamydobacteriacese, 
including the cladothrix, crenothrix, phrag- 
midiothrix, streptothrix and the thiothrix; 
the Coccacese, including the micrococcus, 
planococcus, planosarcina, sarcinse and 
streptococcus; the Spirillacese, including 
the microspira, spirillum, spirocheta and 
spirosoma. 
Bacte'rium. One of the families of the genus 
Bacteriacese, of the nonflagellated, rod- 
shaped form. 
Bactrid'ium. Bacterium, 
bacu'liform. [L. baculus, a rod; forma, 
form.] Rod-shaped. 
Baelz’s disease. [Erwin B. von Baelz, 
German physician, founder of the medical 
department of the Imperial University, 
Tokyo, Japan, 1845-1913.] Myxadenitis 
labialis, a chronic but painless ulceration 
of the mucous membrane of the lips, ob- 
served among Japanese. 
B.A.G. Buccoaxiogingival. 
baidoku-shi. [Ja.] Syphilitic tooth. 
Bailey’s flask. Used in making metal dies, 
baked porcelain root. See root. 
bal'ance. [L. bi-, twice; lanx, scale, dish.] 
An appliance for determining weight; 
scales; normal action between various 
organs. 
balancing con'tact. The contact of the dis- 
tobuccal cusp of the mandibular second 
molar with the mesiolingual cusp of the 
maxillary second molar during lateral 
movements of the mandible, balancing 
side, the side of the mandible which is in 
such contact, in contradistinction to the 
opposite, or pivotal side, which is then 
the working or masticatory side, 
ball-bearing. Loose metal balls inserted in 
machinery to lessen friction, 
ball-pointed pliers. See pliers. 
balm (bam). [L. balsamum.\ An aromatic 
ointment; balsam; a soothing and healing 
application. 
balsam (bal'sam). [G. balsamon; L. balsa- 
mum.] A fragrant, thick, oily exudate 
from various plants and trees; balm; a 
healing ointment for wounds which gives 
off a pleasant aroma, b, of St. Rocco, a 
clear, amber-colored fluid with a strong 
onion odor, used as a preserving fluid for 
histological and anatomical specimens. 
Can'ada b., a liquid resin of the balsam 
fir employed in mounting histological 
specimens. 
balsam'ic. Pertaining to balsam; aromatic; 
fragrant. 
bal'samum. [L.] Balm; balsam, 
band. Part of an apparatus or an appliance 
that binds or encircles the body or a limb; 
metal girdle fitted to a tooth or root of a 
tooth; a cord-like or ribbon-shaped ana- 
tomical structure that binds or encircles 
another structure or that connects two BANDAGE 
57 
BASILEMMA 
parts or more; fascia. See orthodontia in 
supplement. 
band'age. A strip of cloth or other material 
applied to a limb or any part of the body 
to prevent motion, to retain surgical 
dressings, to make compression, etc. 
band-splint for fracture of the mandible. 
After the fractured parts of the mandible 
have been reconstructed on a model show- 
ing the lower teeth in their normal relation 
to each other, gold or German silver bands 
are made to fit two or three teeth on each 
side of the fracture, these bands are 
soldered into one entire piece, and it is 
then cemented on the teeth, the malposed 
sections of the mandible having been 
brought into the normal relation. 
Bandverbindung. [Ger.] Syndesmosis, 
bar (bar). A piece of wood, metal or other 
material, long in proportion to its breadth 
and thickness, and having in general con- 
siderable rigidity; used in orthodontics 
and prosthetics, and usually named ac- 
cording to the location in which it is used, 
as labial, labiobuccal, lingual, infralabial, 
supralabial, etc. lingual b., a metal bar 
inserted in the lingual part of the base of 
the lower denture; a metal bar passing 
along the gums on the lingual surface of 
the mandibular teeth, connecting sections 
which carry the buccal teeth of a 
denture on both sides, or teeth on one side 
and clasps or other means of attachment 
on the other (usually constructed of an 
alloy of gold, heavy-gage wire, oval or 
round), palatine b., see palatine. 
barb. Any sharp projection with its point 
oblique or crosswise to something else, as 
to the shaft of a broach, barbed broach, 
a fine probelike instrument provided with 
barbs, used in the extirpation of the pulp 
and the removal of the contents of root- 
canals. 
ba'rium. Symbol Ba, atomic weight 136.4. 
A metallic dyad element, the oxid of 
which is an alkaline earth, baryta, 
bark. The covering or exterior layer of the 
roots, trunk and branches of trees and 
shrubs; cinchona. 
Barlow’s disease. Infantile scurvy, 
barom'eter. [G. baros, weight; metron, 
measure.] An instrument for determining 
the pressure of the atmosphere. 
Barren. [Ger.] Bar; ingot. 
Bartholin’s duct. The ductus major Rivini, 
referring to an occasional large duct of the 
sublingual salivary gland which runs along- 
side of Wharton’s duct and opens with it. 
B.’s gland, one of the divisions of the 
sublingual gland. 
Barton’s bandage. A figure-of-8 bandage sup- 
porting the mandible below and anteriorly, 
used in fracture. 
baryglos'sia. [G. barys, heavy; glossa, 
tongue.] Barylalia. 
baryla'lia. [G. barys, heavy; lalia, speech.] 
Difficulty in speech; baryglossia. 
barypho'nia. [G. barys, heavy; phone, voice.] 
A deep voice; difficulty of speech, 
barypho'ny. Baryphonia. 
bas'ad. In a direction toward the base of a 
structure or object. 
bas'al. Pertaining to a base; indicating the 
floor of a cavity in the surface of a tooth, 
base. [G. basis, step, foot, foundation.] 
The support or foundation for anything; 
the metal, porcelain, vulcanite or celluloid 
plate used as the support for artificial 
teeth (formerly wood and ivory were also 
used), cheoplastic b., see cheoplastic. 
base metal. Any metal, as lead, iron, etc., 
readily altered by exposure to air, etc., as 
distinguished from the noble metals, gold, 
silver, platinum, etc. 
basement (bas'ment). Base. b. mem'brane, 
a thin membrane beneath the epithelium 
of the mucous membrane and beneath the 
secreting glands opening on its surface, 
base'plate. Thin sheet of wax, paraffin or 
guttapercha, sometimes mixed with other 
substances, used in making trial plates 
when constructing dentures of vulcanite, 
celluloid or other plastic material, b. p. 
wax, sheets of wax for making the trial 
plate or model of a prosthetic piece, b. p. 
wax and guttapercha, similar sheets com- 
posed of these substances, b. p. wax and 
paraffin, sheets made of these substances, 
ba'sial. Pertaining to the basion. 
basialveolar (ba-si-al-ve'o-lar). Pertaining 
to both basion and alveolar point, espe- 
cially the b. length, or the shortest dis- 
tance between these two points, 
bas'ic. Concerning a base of any kind; 
basylous; basilar; basal, 
basifa'cial. Pertaining to the lower portion 
of the face. 
bas'ilar. Pertaining to a base; basal, 
basilat'eral. Pertaining to the base and one 
or more sides of any part, 
basilem'ma. [G. basis, base; lemma, rind.] 
Basement membrane. BASINASAL 
58 
BELT 
basinasal (ba'si-na'zal). Pertaining to both 
the basion and the nasion, especially the 
b. length, or the shortest distance between 
the two points, 
basina'sial. Basinasal. 
basioglos'sus. The hyoid origin of the 
hyoglossus muscle. 
ba'sion. [G. basis, a base.] The midpoint 
on the anterior margin of the foramen 
magnum, opposite the opisthion. 
ba'sis. [L. and G.] Foundation; base, 
basophil (bas'o-fil). [G. basis, base; phileo, 
I love.] Possessed of affinity for basic or 
nuclear stains; any cell which stains readily 
with basic dyes. 
basophil'ia. The presence of basophil or 
mast cells in undue numbers, 
basshi-jutsu. [Ja.] Exodontia. 
basshi-kanshi. [Ja.] Extraction forceps, 
ba'syl. [G. basis, base; hyle, stuff.] The 
base or electropositive element of a salt, 
bas'ylous. Relating to the basyl or base of a 
salt; basic. 
bath. The immersion of the body or any 
part of the body in water or other liquid; 
the application of such medium in any 
form, as vapor, spray. 
batrachoplasty (bat'rak-o-plas-ti). [G. ba- 
trachos, frog, ranula; plasso, I form.] The 
operation for the cure of ranula. 
batteriologia. [It.] Bacteriology, 
bat'tery. An appliance for generating gal- 
vanic electricity by chemical action, con- 
sisting of one cell or a number of cells con- 
nected in series, 
batteur d’or. [Fr.] Goldbeater, 
batzu zui-shin. [Ja.] Broach; cleanser; 
nerve-canal cleanser. 
Bauch. [Ger.] Abdomen; belly. 
Baumwolle. [Ger.] Cotton. 
Bava'rian splint. A plaster splint of two 
folds of canton flannel having plaster of 
Paris between them. 
bay rum. A distillation of the macerated 
bay leaves. 
bayo-shito. [Ja.] Bur thimble. 
Bazin’s disease. Psoriasis of the mucous 
membrane of the cheek; buccal psoriasis; 
leucoplakia. 
B.C. Buccocervical. 
B.D. Buccodistal. 
bdella. [G.] A leech (formerly used in 
bloodletting). 
bdelyg'mia. Dislike of food; nausea; dis- 
gusting fetor. 
B.D.S. Bachelor of Dental Surgery. 
B.D.Sc. Bachelor of Dental Science, 
beaded (bed'ed). Having numerous small 
rounded projections, often arranged like a 
string of beads. 
beak. The bill of a bird; a point; the jaws 
of forceps for the extraction of teeth, 
beaker (be'ker). A thin glass vessel with a 
projecting lip for pouring, used for heating 
liquids. 
Bean crown. See split-dowel crown. 
Bean’s alloy. Tin 95, silver 5. For lower 
dentures. 
beance dentaire. [Fr.] Open bite, 
beat. [A.S. beatan.] To throb; to pulsate; 
to strike. A pulsation or stroke, as of the 
pulse or heart. 
Bed'nar’s aph'thae. Noted in newborn chil- 
dren; two flattened, yellow, slightly ele- 
vated patches on either side of the median 
raphe of the palate, generally ulcerated, 
bedplate for vulcanizer. See vulcanizer. 
Beers’ crown. See Morrison crown. 
befestigen. [Ger.] To fasten. 
Befestigungsmittel. [Ger.] Means of attach- 
ment. 
behandeln. [Ger.] To treat, 
beissen. [Ger.] To bite. 
Beisszange. [Ger.] Nippers, 
belch. [A.S. belcian.] To eject gas from the 
stomach; to eructate, 
belch'ing. Eructation. 
belem'noid. [G. belemnon, a dart; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Styloid; dart-shaped, 
bell metal. Copper 72 to 85 parts, tin 15 
to 28 parts, in proportion to make 100 
parts; sometimes also containing zinc and 
antimony. 
Bell’s palsy. Facial paralysis. See Bell's 
paralysis. 
Bell’s paralysis. Peripheral facial palsy; B.’s 
palsy; B.’s phenomenon. One affected 
with peripheral facial palsy is unable to 
close the eyelids on the affected side unless 
at the same time the eyeball is moved 
outward and upward. 
belladon'na. [It. bella, beautiful; donna. 
lady.] Deadly nightshade, the leaves and 
root of which are used in medicine, 
bell-crowned. Noting the crowns of teeth 
in which the mesiodistal diameter of the 
crown is considerably greater than that of 
the neck; bell-shaped. 
bellows (bel'oz). Contrivance for blowing a 
fire, supplying wind to an organ, etc., and 
used with the blowpipe in the laboratory, 
belt, belting. Any encircling or traversing BENCH 
59 
BIB 
band or cord for communicating motion 
from one wheel to another. For dental 
engines, of various lengths to suit different 
types of engines; also for the old-type 
laboratory lathes, which are operated by 
the foot and known as foot lathes, b. 
coupling, a wire clasp for fastening together 
the ends of a belt. 
bench. A long work-table used in the labora- 
tory. b.-knife, a strong, sharp knife for 
laboratory use. work-b., a table provided 
with drawers, plaster-bin and other re- 
ceptacles for tools and other appliances 
used in laboratory work, 
ben'esol. A local anesthetic containing 
cocain, phenol, eucain-B, menthol, amyl 
nitrate and eucalyptol. 
benign (be-nln'). [L., benignus, kind.] Not 
liable to recur, not malignant, as a neo- 
plasm; mild in character, as an illness, 
benzene. See benzol. 
benzin, benzine (ben'zin, bcn-zcn'). See 
benzinum. 
benzi'num. A transparent, colorless liquid 
employed as a solvent; petroleum ether; 
petroleum benzin, a purified distillate from 
American petroleum; benzin. b. purifica- 
tum, purified petroleum benzin, sometimes 
used as a parasiticide. 
benzoate (ben'zo-at). A salt of benzoic acid, 
ben'zoated. Having benzoic acid or a benzo- 
ate, usually sodium benzoate, 
benzo'ic. Pertaining to or derived from 
benzoin, b. acid, acidum benzoicum. 
benzo'in. Benzoinum. 
benzo'inol. Trade name of a substance 
similar to liquid paraffin, employed with 
local remedies applied to the mucous mem- 
brane of the throat and nose, 
ben'zol. A mixture of homologous hydro- 
carbons, principally toluene and benzin, 
derived from light coal-tar oil; used locally 
for the destruction of pediculi. 
ben'zyl. A hydrocarbon radical, b. alcohol, 
phenyl carbinol, phenmethylol (a local 
anesthetic). 
Ber'lin blue. Ferrocyanid of iron; Prussian 
blue; used as dye in histology. 
Bernays’ sponge. Aseptic cotton, in disc 
form, which swells when it absorbs moist- 
ure and is used in packing cavities. 
Berry attachment. Trade name of an attach- 
ment for vulcanite and gold partial 
dentures. 
Berry nonstress partial denture. One sc 
constructed that the force of masticating 
stress is dissipated at the juncture of the 
lingual bar and the clasp-retaining ex- 
tension-wire. 
Bert’s method. The inhalation of a mixture 
of from 85 to 88 percent of nitrous oxid 
gas with from 12 to 15 percent of oxygen 
gas, under pressure. 
Berthold valve. Trade name of a valve to 
be used in artificial dentures to retain 
them in place, making use of engineering 
principles. 
Beriihrungspunkt. [Ger.] Point of contact, 
beryl'lium. The element glucinum. 
beschadigen. [Ger.] To injure, 
beschleunigen. [Ger.] To accelerate, 
beschrankt, begrenzt. [Ger.] Confined; 
circumscribed; limited. 
Besserung. [Ger.] Improvement; relief, 
be'ta. [G.] The second letter of the Greek 
alphabet, employed in chemical nomen- 
clature to indicate the second in a series 
of compounds. 
beta-eucain (be'ta-u-ka-in). Benzoylvinyl- 
diacetonalkaminehydrochlorid, a local an- 
esthetic, used as a substitute for cocain. 
See eucain-B. 
betain (be-ta-in). A crystalline alkaloid of 
which the hydrochlorid is used in the 
treatment of tetanus. 
be'tel. The dried leaves and nut of an East 
Indian plant, the leaves when fresh being 
wrapped around the areca catechu or 
betel nut and a small quantity of lime 
added. Used as a stimulant, discoloring 
the teeth to a brick red. 
betel-nut. See areca. 
bevel, beveled. To give a slanting edge to 
something. Slant from a straight line, 
b. angle, either an obtuse or acute angle, 
b. edge, the edge of a sharp tool sloping 
toward the point, bibeveled, noting an 
instrument the blades of which are equally 
beveled on the two sides, 
beweglich. [Ger.] Movable, 
bewustlos. [Ger.] Unconscious. 
B.G. Buccogingival. 
Bi. Chemical symbol of bismuth, 
bi-. [L. bis, twice.] A prefix indicating two, 
double or twice. 
biarticular (bl-ar-tik'u-lar). [L. bi-, double; 
articulus, joint.] Diarthric; double-jointed, 
bib. A cloth or rubber contrivance, made in 
the form of a large open pocket, to protect 
a patient’s garments, while in the dental 
chair, by serving as a receptacle for any- 
thing which may be dropped while oper- BIBEVELED 
60 
BILOBULAR 
ating in the mouth, such as filings and dust 
when polishing fillings; also to catch any 
saliva which may trickle from the patient’s 
mouth, and which cannot be otherwise 
provided for. 
bi'beveled. See bevel. 
Bible, teeth mentioned in the. See Scrip- 
tures. 
bib'ulous. [L. bibere, to drink.] Absorbent, 
b. paper, an absorbent Japanese tissue 
paper. 
bicam'eral. [L. bi-, double; camera, cham- 
ber.] Of two hollows or cavities, as an 
abscess divided by a more or less complete 
septum. 
bicap'sular. Possessing a double capsule, 
bicar'bonate. A carbonate possessing two 
parts or equivalents of carbonic acid to one 
of the base. 
bicel'lular. Of two chambers or compart- 
ments; composed of two cells, 
bi'ceps. [L. bi-, double; caput, head.] A 
muscle possessing two heads; the principal 
muscle of the upper arm. 
Bichat’s fatpad. The corpus adiposum buc- 
cse, a pad of fat deposited in the cheek 
of the infant and thought to strengthen 
the cheek while sucking, 
bichlo'rid. A compound having two parts 
or equivalents of chlorin to one of the 
other element. 
bichro'mate. A salt having two parts or 
equivalents of chromic acid to one of the 
base. 
bichukaku. [Ja.] Columna nasi. 
Bi2(C03)3. Bismuth carbonate, 
bicus'pid. [L. bi-, two; cuspis, point.] A 
tooth with two points or cusps; a premolar 
tooth. 
bicuspidal, bicuspidate. Two-cuspid. A 
tooth with two cusps. 
bicusp'oid. A spatial figure resembling a 
bicuspid and representing the space for 
the freedom of movement of a point of one 
jaw in relation to the other, condyle b., 
the bicuspoid of the accepted condyle 
centers, median b., the bicuspoid of a 
point on the sagittal plane, principally 
that of the central incisal contact point, 
molar b., the bicuspoid of a point in the 
molar region, 
biegen. [Ger.] To bend, 
biegsam. [Ger.] Flexible; pliable. 
Biegung. [Ger.] Flection; bending. 
Biermer’s disease. Pernicious anemia. See 
anemia, glossitic. 
bi'fid. [L. bifidus, forked.] Divided into 
two parts; split or cleft, as the roots of the 
mandibular molars, maxillary first bicus- 
pids, and sometimes of other teeth, 
bifo'rate. [L. hi-, twice; foratus, perforated.] 
With two openings. 
bifur'cate. [L. bi-, two; furca, fork.] With 
two branches; two-pronged; forked, as the 
roots of the mandibular molars, maxillary 
first bicuspids, or of other teeth, 
bifurca'tion. A division into two branches; 
a forking, as the bifurcation of the roots 
of the teeth. 
bilat'eral. [L. bis, twice; latus, side.] Not- 
ing location, referring to both sides of the 
mouth. 
Bildungsfehler. [Ger.] Fault in formation, 
bile. [L. bills.\ The fluid secreted by the 
liver; gall; fel. 
bile-cyst. Gall-bladder, 
bile'duct. Ductus biliferus; one of the ex- 
cretory ducts of the liver, 
bil'iary. Pertaining to bile. b. cal'culus, 
gallstone, b. duct, bileduct. b. secre'- 
tion, the secretion of the bile; the bile, 
bil'ious. Biliary; pertaining to bile; indi- 
cating a disturbance of digestion accom- 
panied with constipation, furred tongue, 
headache, vertigo and sometimes mild 
jaundice, supposed to be caused by dis- 
ordered function of the liver; suffering 
from biliousness. 
biliousness (bil'yiis-nes). A condition due to 
some disturbance of the functions of the 
liver. 
biliphe'in. [L. bilis, bile; G. phaios, dusky.] 
The orange-red or brown coloring-matter 
of bile, or a mixture of the same with other 
indeterminate substances; cholophein; bi- 
lirubin; bilifulvin. 
biliru'bin. [L. bilis, bile; ruber, red.] The 
reddish bile pigment which is identical 
with hematoidin. 
biliru'binate. A chemical compound con- 
taining bilirubin. 
biliver din (bil-i-ver'din). [L. bilis, bile; Fr. 
nerd, green.] A green pigment in human 
bile and that of the herbivora. 
biliver'dinate. A chemical compound pos- 
sessed of biliverdin. 
Billroth’s anesthetic. Ether and alcohol, 
each 30 parts, and chloroform, 100 parts, 
bilo'bate. [L. bi-, two; lobus, lobe.] Having 
two lobes. 
bilob'ular. [L. bi-, two; lobulus, lobule.] 
Having two lobules. BILOCULAR 
61 
BISCO 
biloc'ular. [L. bi-, two; loculus, cell.] Bi- 
cameral ; bicellular. 
biman'ual. [L. bi-, two; manus, hand.] Per- 
taining to both hands; done with both 
hands. 
bimaxillary. Noting location, referring to 
both jaws. 
bimaxillary infraclu'sion. A condition, due 
to an infraclusal position of the posterior 
teeth, in which both the anterior and 
posterior teeth are too short in relation to 
the normal occlusal plane. In these cases 
the jaws may be opened from 34 to 24 of 
an inch without disturbing a reposeful 
closure of the lips, and when the jaws are 
closed the lips in contact are forced forward 
with a marked and unpleasant redundancy 
of lip tissue, primarily due to arrest of 
development of the rami of the mandible. 
See infraversion and micromandibular de- 
formity. 
bimaxillary supraclu'sion. Noting dentures 
in normal occlusion, the teeth not pro- 
truded, but in which the teeth cannot 
be brought together without an effort, so 
that in laughing or talking the crowns of 
the anterior teeth, and often the gums far 
above them, are exposed to view. See 
supraversion. 
Bimsstein. [Ger.] Pumice, 
binangle. See contra-angle. 
bi'nary. [L. binarius, consisting of two.] 
Indicating a chemical compound contain- 
ing two elements, 
binary dental alloy. See alloy. 
bind (bind). [A.S. bindan.] To encircle with 
a band; to join together with a ligature or 
band; to unite with; to neutralize, indi- 
cating the combination of the antitoxin 
and toxin molecules, or of two or more 
substances having a chemical affinity. 
Bindedraht. [Ger.] Binding-wire, 
biniodid (bin-i'o-did.) [L. bini, pair.] A 
compound possessed of two equivalents of 
iodin to one of the other element. 
Bi(NC>3)3. Bismuth nitrate, 
binoxid (bin-oksld). [L. bini, pair.] A com- 
pound having two parts or equivalents of 
oxygen to one of the other element, 
binuclear (bl-nu-kle-ar). [L. bi-, two; 
nucleus.] Having two nuclei, 
binu'cleolate. [L. bi-, two.] Having two 
nucleoli. 
biochemical (bI-5-keml-kal). [G. bios, life; 
Ar. kimia, secret.] Pertaining to physio- 
logical chemistry. 
biochemics, biochemistry (bi-5-kem'iks, bi-5- 
kem'is-tri). [G. bios, life; Ar. kimia, 
secret.] Physiological chemistry, 
biochemy (bl-ok'em-i). Biochemistry, 
bi'ogen. [G. bios, life; gennad, I produce.] 
One of many unstable molecules in proto- 
plasm supposed to be continually under- 
going assimilation and disassimilation; 
protoplasm. 
biogen'esis. [G. bios, life; genesis, origin.] 
The reproduction of the living from the 
living, in contradistinction to abiogenesis, 
or spontaneous generation, 
biological (bi-5-loj'i-kal). Pertaining to 
biology. 
biol'ogist. One who studies biology, 
biol'ogy. [G. bios, life; -logia, science.] The 
science which deals with living organisms, 
biolyt'ic. [G. bios, life; lytikos, solvent.] 
Possessing the power to destroy life, 
biophysiology (bl-o-fiz-i-ol'o-ji). [G. bios, 
life; physis, nature; -logia, science.] The 
science of the morphology, development 
and functions of living organisms, 
bi'oplasm. [G. bios, life; plasma, thing 
formed.] Protoplasm, particularly in its 
relation to living development and pro- 
cesses. 
bioplas'min. The constituent of the cyto- 
plasm on which the life and functional 
activity of cells depend, 
bi'oplast. [G. bios, life; plastos, formed.] 
Lymphocyte; leucocyte; an ameboid cell, 
bioplas'tic. Pertaining to a bioplast; vegeta- 
tive; promoting growth; concerning the 
energy derived from food, 
biostat'ics. [G. bios, life; statikos, causing to 
stand.] The science dealing with the 
average expectation of life, that is, with 
health under different conditions; the 
science of metabolism; the relation be- 
tween function and structure, 
bi'ped. [L. bi-, two; pes, foot.] An animal 
with two feet. Two-footed, 
bi'pedal. Pertaining to a biped; possessed 
of two feet. 
biper'forate. [L. bi-, two; perforatus, pierced.] 
Having two perforations or foramina, 
bipolar. [L. bi-, two; polus, pole.] Possess- 
ing two poles; concerning those nervecells 
in which the branches project from two 
points, generally opposite each other, 
birnformiger Bohrer. [Ger.] Pear-shaped 
bur. 
bi'salt. An acid salt. . 
bisco. Trade name of a line of surgical burs. BISCUIT 
62 
BLACK’S CROWN 
biscuit (bis'kit). [Fr., from L. bis, twice; 
coctus, cooked.] A term applied to porce- 
lain paste, after carving or molding and 
subjecting it to heat in the furnace, making 
it sufficiently hard for trimming and ap- 
plying the coating of enamel, 
biscuiting (bis'kit-ing). The process of sub- 
jecting the carved or molded porcelain 
paste to the heat of the furnace, to make 
it sufficiently hard for trimming, before 
applying the coating of enamel, 
bisect'. [L. bi-, two; secure, to cut.] To 
divide into two parts; to cut in two. 
bisection (b!-sek'shun). Division into two 
parts. 
bismuth (biz'muth). Symbol Bi, atomic 
weight 208. A crystalline, brittle, triad 
metal of a reddish color, 
bismu'thum. [L.] Bismuth. 
Biss nehmen. [Ger.] To take an impres- 
sion. 
bistoury (bis'to-ri). [Fr. bis tour i.] A nar- 
row-bladed knife, curved or straight on 
the edge, sharp or blunt-pointed, used for 
slitting sinuses and fistulse, opening 
abscesses, probing, etc. 
bistratal (bl-stra'tal). [L. bi-, two; stratum, 
layer.] Of two layers or strata, 
bisul'phate. A compound possessed of two 
parts or equivalents of sulphuric acid to 
one of the base. 
bisul'phid. A compound having two equiva- 
lents of sulphur to one of the other ele- 
ment. 
bisul'phite. A compound having two equiva- 
lents of sulphurous acid to one of the base, 
bit. A tool for drilling or boring; the biting 
or cutting edge or part of a tool, 
bitar'trate. A compound having two equiva- 
lents of tartaric acid to one of the base, 
bite (bit). The force with which the jaws 
may be closed when chewing; a wound 
made by an insect; the impression of the 
teeth in wax or modeling-compound used 
in articulating teeth, crowns or bridges. 
To cut or hold with the teeth, counter-b., 
the one opposing the bite taken of the 
teeth of one of the jaws, 
bite'gages. Two small flat plates of metal 
having the edges turned down to engage 
the lower wax rim and with tapering pins 
projecting on the upper surface to engage 
the upper wax rim. 
bite'lock. A device consisting of four short 
prongs soldered to a base, much like the 
four legs of a chair to the seat; used by 
inserting them, while heated, into the 
biterims, so that two prongs engage the 
upper and two the lower rim, making it 
possible to retain the rims in the same rela- 
tive position outside of the mouth which 
they occupied in the mouth, 
bite'rim. A rim of wax placed on the base- 
plate in the form of the arch described by 
the teeth, as a guide for the placement 
of the artificial teeth. For full upper and 
lower dentures a rim is placed on each 
baseplate. 
biting, lip. See lip-biting. 
biting teeth. See teeth, incisor. 
bit'ter. Of a taste like that of quinin or 
strychnin, b. water, purgative mineral 
water containing magnesium sulphate, 
bitubercular (bl-tu-ber'ku-lar). [L. hi-, two; 
tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a knob.] Two- 
cuspid. A tooth with two cusps, 
bi'uret. A derivative of urea. b. reac'tion, 
a red-violet color is formed when biuret 
is heated with Fehling’s solution; this re- 
action is given by urea and various al- 
bumoses, albumins, peptones, etc. 
biv'alence. [L. bi-, two; valere, to have 
power.] Valence, or combining-force, 
possessing a combining-power equal to 
two atoms of hydrogen, 
biv'alent. An element one of the atoms of 
which can replace two atoms of hydrogen, 
bi'valve. [L. bi-, two; valva, door.] Possess- 
ing two movable parts or sides united by a 
hinge. 
B.L. Buccolingual. 
black artificial teeth. Entirely black porce- 
lain teeth are made for the Oriental 
market for dentures for persons who have 
lost some of their natural teeth which, ac- 
cording to one of their customs, have been 
completely blackened. A practice formerly 
required in Japan of women upon entering 
the marital state, now falling into desue- 
tude. 
Black’s crown. [Dr. G. V. Black.] A porce- 
lain-faced crown for an anterior tooth, 
held in place by means of a screw passing 
into a gold-lined root-canal. B.’s holding 
instrument, one for holding gold while it is 
being secured in the cavity during filling, 
the point being serrated. B.’s 1, 2, 3 
mixture, 1 part carbolic acid, 2 parts 
oil of cassia and 3 parts oil of wintergreen; 
an antiseptic and disinfectant, used in the 
treatment of alveolar abscesses and putres- 
cent pulp-canals. B.’s amalgam microm- BLADDER 
63 
BLOCK 
eter, for measuring shrinkage and expan- 
sion of plastic filling materials. B.’s dy- 
namo-micrometer, for determining the 
strength and amount of yielding of sub- 
stances under pressure, and the flow of 
amalgams. B.’s gnathodynamometer, for 
measuring the force of the bite. B.’s 
manudynamometer, for measuring finger 
power in the use of instruments. B.’s 
phagodynamometer, for measuring the 
crushing strength required of filling ma- 
terials. B.’s tuptodynamometer, for meas- 
uring the force exerted by the blows of 
pluggers. B.’s sawframe. A handle of 
black vulcanite in which the saw is fas- 
tened by turning a knurled nut at the end 
of the handle, thus holding the saw rigid 
and firm. 
bladder. [A.S. blaedre.\ Vesica; the elastic 
bag serving as a receptacle and storage- 
place for the urine; any other receptacle 
for fluid, as the gall-bladder; vesicle, 
blister; hollow sac or structure, patho- 
logical or normal, holding a serous fluid. 
blade. Of an instrument, the final straight 
part ending in a cutting edge. 
Blair’s operation for cleft palate. [Vilroy 
Papin Blair, American oral surgeon.] 
Passing silver wires through the maxillary 
bones from one buccoalveolar cul-de-sac 
to the other, the wires being twisted over 
lead plates. 
blanc de Troyes. [Fr.] Prepared chalk; 
creta preparata. 
blanchiment des dents. [Fr.] Bleaching of 
the teeth. 
blanchissage. [Fr.] Bleaching. 
bland. [L. blandus, soft.] Soothing; unir- 
ritating; mild. 
Blandin’s duct. On either side of the median 
line beneath the tip of the tongue. B.’s 
gland, Blandin-Nuhn’s gland; glandula 
lingualis anterior. 
Blasebalg. [Ger.] Bellows for foot blower. 
Blasius’ duct. Ductus parotideus; Stensen’s 
duct. 
blass. [Ger.] Pale. 
blast. [G. blastos, offspring, germ.] Sporo- 
zoite. b. form of red cells, erythroblasts, 
nucleated red blood-corpuscles. 
blaste'ma. [G. blastema, a sprout.] The 
bioplasm of the developing embryo. 
blas'tid. [G. blastos, germ.] The clear space 
in the impregnated ovum indicating the 
site of the nucleus. 
blastoderm (bias' t5-derm). [G. blastos, 
germ; derma, skin.] The primitive cell 
layer of the embryo, consisting of three 
layers: the ectoderm, epiblast or outer 
layer; the mesoderm, mesoblast or middle 
layer, and the endoderm, hypoblast or 
inner layer. 
blastomycetes (blas-to-ml-se'tez). [G. blas- 
tos, germ; mykes, fungus.] Saccharomy- 
cetes; budding fungi; yeasts, 
blastomyco'sis. A disease due to the presence 
of blastomycetes in the tissues, 
bleach'ing. The chemical process of restor- 
ing the normal color to discolored teeth. 
Blech. [Ger.] Plate (metal); tin. 
Blechscheere. [Ger.] Plate-shears, 
bleed'er. One who is affected with hemo- 
phelia; a blood-letter or phlebotomist. 
Blei. [Ger.] Lead, 
bleich. [Ger.] Blanched; pale, 
blennadenitis (blen-ad-en-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
blennos, mucus; aden, gland; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Inflammation of the mucous 
glands. 
blennogen'ic. Forming mucus; muciparous, 
blennog'enous. Blennogenic. 
blen'noid. Resembling mucus; mucoid, 
blennorrhe'a. [G. blennos, mucus; rhoia, 
a flow.] Any mucous discharge; gonorrhea, 
b. alveola'ris, pyorrhea alveolaris. 
blennorhee alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar blen- 
norrhea ; pyorrhea. 
blennos'tasis. [G. blennos, mucus; stasis, a 
standing.] Suppression or diminution of 
secretion from the mucous membranes, 
blennostat'ic. Arresting mucous secretion, 
blis'ter. Any agent which will form a blister 
when applied to the skin; a watery collec- 
tion in the skin beneath the epidermis 
which, being raised, forms the upper wall 
of the sac. The base of the blister is 
formed by the corium. 
blis'tering. The forming of a blister; causing 
a blister. 
block. A mass of gold for filling teeth. It is 
made by folding a tape of gold foil upon 
itself a sufficient number of times to secure 
a block of the thickness desired, asbestos 
b., a cupshaped block, made of asbestos, 
used in soldering, bench b., a sloping 
block of wood on which articles are rested 
while being filed, cut or polished, b. 
teeth, gum blocks, two or more teeth 
carved and baked as one piece, to which 
the corresponding section of the gum has 
been added, being stained to resemble 
the natural gums. Sections are made BLOCK 
64 
BOLT 
consisting of two, three or four teeth, 
which are neatly joined together, present- 
ing a uniform reproduction of the entire 
gums, rubber b., a bench block made of 
rubber instead of wood, 
block. [Fr. bloquer.] To arrest passage 
through; to obstruct; to interrupt the 
sensory function of a nerve, 
block anesthesia. See conduction anesthesia. 
block, filing. See filing-block. 
blocking. Obstructing; arresting the pas- 
sage through anything, nerve-b., inhibit- 
ing, impeding or arresting the passage of 
nervous impulses through a nerve by in- 
jecting a local anesthetic, 
blocking, nerve. See conduction anesthesia. 
blocks, gum. See block. 
blood (blud). The red fluid circulating in 
the arteries, veins and capillaries, carrying 
oxygen and new constructive material to 
the tissues, and carrying away from the 
tissues the waste products and the carbon 
dioxid. b.-cell, blood-corpuscle, b.-clot, 
coagulum. b.-corpuscle, bloodcell, b.- 
plasma, the fibrin containing the fluid 
part of the blood, b.-plate or b.-platelet, 
hematoblast. b.-poisoning, toxemia, py- 
emia, septicemia, b.-pressure, the tension 
of the blood within the arteries, b.-serum, 
the fluid portion of the blood devoid of 
fibrinogen. 
bloodless. Anemic; exsanguinated; with- 
out blood, b. operation, an operation 
performed with little loss of blood, 
bloodletting. Taking blood from the body 
as a remedial measure, 
blood'shot. Locally congested, the smaller 
blood-vessels being dilated and visible, 
blood-vessel. A tube, a capillary, vein, 
artery or sinus carrying blood, 
blosslegen. [Ger.] To lay bare; to expose 
(the pulp). 
blower. A bellows for forcing air through 
a tube and nozzle, used in soldering, foot 
b., one operated with the foot, 
blower, chip. See chip-blower. 
blow'pipe (blb'plp). A cylindrical tube 
tapering at one end to a fine point or 
nozzle. With it a jet of air may be injected 
into a flame, diverting the flame into a 
long and slender cone, which can be direct- 
ed upon any metal, alloy or solder, result- 
ing in melting or fusing. With blowpipes 
consisting of two tubes (one inside of the 
other), illuminating gas, compressed air, 
oxygen or other gas is mixed with the 
flame, the gas being forced with the bel- 
lows. 
blue. Cyanotic; azure, the primary color of 
the spectrum between the green and the 
indigo; having the color of the sky; of the 
color blue. 
Blut. [Ger.] Blood. 
bluten. [Ger.] Bleeding; to bleed. 
blutig. [Ger.] Bloody. 
B.M. Buccomesial. 
B.O. Buccoclusal. 
boca. [Sp.] Mouth; entrance; opening, 
b. abierta, open mouth; b. cerrada, closed 
mouth. 
bocca. [It.] Mouth. 
Bochdalek’s canals or ducts. The ducts of 
the sublingual gland. B.’s ganglion, a 
ganglion of the plexus of the dental nerve 
situated in the maxilla above the root of the 
cuspid tooth. 
bodkin. A sharp-pointed tool for making 
holes, or for passing through a hole in a 
slender shank to afford better purchase for 
the hand. 
body. The principal substance of mineral 
teeth, beneath the gla-zed or vitrified part, 
see porcelain, high- and low-fusing; the 
entire material structure of man, as differ- 
entiated from the mind or soul; the trunk 
in contradistinction to the extremities; 
corpus; soma. 
Bogue’s symptom. [E. A. Bogue, American 
dentist.] The recognition of malocclusion 
in its incipient stage, in the mouths of 
children from four to seven years of age, 
determined by measuring the maxillary 
arch between the second deciduous molars, 
which should be not less than 28 m.m. 
Dr. Bogue was the first to call attention to 
this phase of preventive dental orthopedics. 
bohren. [Ger.] To bore; to use burs. 
Bohrer. [Ger.] Bur. 
Bohrmaschine. [Ger.] Dental engine. 
boil. [Properly bile, A.S. byl, a swelling.] 
Furuncle. 
boilo mirrors. Trade name of a line of dental 
mirrors which can be made aseptic by 
boiling in water. 
Boley gage. A measuring instrument con- 
structed on the metric system, used for 
measuring blades, plugger-points, burs, 
drills, etc. 
bolt. A strong pin used to fasten or hold 
something in place, often having a head 
at one end and a screw-thread at the other, 
as some bolts for flasks in vulcanizing. BOLUS 
65 
BOVINE 
bo'lus. [L.] A medicine in the form of a 
large, soft, rounded pill, 
bonainsche mixture. A local anesthetic con- 
taining phenol, Co cain, menthol and 
adrenalin. 
bond. That which binds, fastens, ties or 
confines, or by which anything is fastened, 
as the bond between the cement and the 
surface of the cavity. 
bond'lyke. Trade name of a temporary 
baseplate composition. 
bone. [A.S. ban.] Os. Constituted of hard 
animal tissue, an organic matrix of fibers 
of collagen containing mineral matter, 
principally calcium phosphate and car- 
bonate. Animal matter about 33 percent, 
mineral about 67. Bones consist of an 
outer layer of compact, dense tissue, 
covered by the periosteum, and the loose, 
inner, spongy tissue. The central por- 
tions of the long bones have cavities filled 
with marrow, incisive or intermaxillary 
b., the os incisivum, which see. lingual 
b., os hyoideum. See os. 
bone-car'tilage. Ossein. Cartilage that be- 
comes ossified to form the cartilage-bones, 
bone'cell. Osteoblast, 
bone-cor'puscle. Osteoblast, 
bone'let. An ossicle, a little bone or part 
resembling a bone, 
bone-nippers. See nippers, bone. 
Bonwill crown. Name of an artificial porce- 
lain crown designed by Dr. Bonwill. 
Bonwill’s method. [William Gibson Arling- 
ton Bonwill, American dentist, 1833-1899.] 
A method of articulating teeth based on 
geometrical and mechanical laws, 
bony. Of, like, pertaining to, containing, or 
consisting of, bone or bones, 
boracic acid (bo-ras'ik as'id). Acidum bori- 
cum. 
bo'racil. An antiseptic powder consisting 
of boric and benzoic acids, resorcinol and 
acetanilid. 
bo'ral. Boro tartrate of aluminum, astrin- 
gent and antiseptic. 
bo'ralide. Trade name of an antiseptic 
dressing of boracic acid and acetanilid. 
bo'rate. A salt of boracic acid, 
bo'rated. Designating anything to which 
borax has been added, 
bo'rax. Sodii boras; sodii biboras, b. bead, 
the formation of a globule of borax when 
in soldering the heat concentrated on the 
borax is greater than that on the plate or 
solder with which the borax is to be fused. 
borboryg'mus. A rumbling in the intestines 
or stomach. 
horde libre de las encias. [Sp.] Free border 
of the gums. 
border of the alveolar process. The thin 
edge of the alveolar process surrounding 
the necks of the teeth. 
hordes defectuosos. [Sp.] Defective mar- 
gins (of a filling), 
bo'ric acid. Acidum boricum. 
bo'ricin. A mixture of borax and boracic 
acid. 
borine. Trade name of dentifrices contain- 
ing benzoborate of soda and other sub- 
stances, of an antiseptic, germicidal and 
deodorant nature. 
borobo'rax. A mixture of borax and boracic 
acid. 
boroglycerin (bo-ro-glis'er-in). Boroglycerid; 
glyceryl borate. 
bo'rol. Borosulphate of potassium or 
sodium; employed as an antiseptic, 
borolyp'tol. Trade name of an antiseptic 
and germicidal mouthwash, 
boron. Symbol B, atomic weight 11. A non- 
metallic triad element, 
borophe'nol. A mixture of phenol and 
borax, used as a disinfectant, 
boros and triolin. Trade name of two prep- 
arations used in conjunction in putrescent 
pulp-chambers and root-canals, 
borosalicylic acid (bo'ro-sal-i-sil'ic as'id). 
An antiseptic solution of 4 percent each of 
salicylic and boracic acid, 
bo'rosol. Trade name of a mixture of tar- 
taric acid and other ingredients, deodorant 
and astringent, 
bor'sal. Borosalicylic acid, 
borsal'yl- Sodium borosalicylate. 
Bosworth operating light. Trade name of a 
fixture for illuminating the operating- 
room by means of reflected light, 
bottles. For office preparations, made of 
various colors, amber, blue, etc., and 
various shapes, provided with glass stop- 
pers to prevent evaporation and the con- 
sequent change in the strength of the 
content. 
bouche. [Fr.] The mouth, 
bouillon (bol'yang). [Fr. bouillir, to boil.] 
A culture medium; a clear beef broth, 
boulimia (bo-lim-l'a). [G. bous, ox; limos, 
hunger.] A voracious appetite; hyperor- 
exia; bulimia. 
boveda. [Sp.] Arch; Vault. 
bo'vine. [L. bos, ox.J Pertaining to cattle. BOVRIL 
66 
BRAUN’S OPERATION 
bovril. Trade name of a preparation of 
meat extract. 
bow'el. [L. botulus, sausage.] Intestine, 
gut; generally used in pi. 
bowl, rubber plaster. Bowl made of flexible 
rubber in which plaster is mixed; its 
flexibility makes it possible to pour the 
plaster from a lip formed by pressing the 
bowl, and to readily clean out the surplus 
plaster by squeezing the sides of the bowl. 
Boyle’s law. [Robert Boyle, Irish physi- 
cist.] The law in physics (known also as 
the law of Boyle and Mariotte and 
Mariotte’s law) that when a gas is sub- 
jected to compression, at a constant 
temperature, the volume is inversely pro- 
portioned to the pressure. 
B.P. Buccopulpal. 
Br. Chemical symbol of bromin or bromum. 
brachia. Plural of brachium, arm. 
brachial (bra'ki-al). Pertaining to the arm. 
brachium. [L., from G. brachion, arm.] The 
arm; that section of the upper extremity 
between the elbow and the shoulder; any 
anatomical structure resembling an arm. 
brachycephalic (brak-i-sef-al'ik). [G. brachys, 
short; kephale, head.] Broad-headed or 
short-headed; with a cephalic index of over 
80. The American Indians and Malays 
belong to this division, 
brachyf acial (brak-i-fa'shal). Brachypro- 
sopic. 
brachygnathia (brak-ig-na'thi-a). [G. 
brachys, short; gnathos, jaw.] Abnormal 
shortness or recession of the mandible, 
brachygnathous (brak-ig'na-thus). Having a 
receding mandible. 
brachyprosopic (brak-i-pros-op'ik). [G. 
brachys, short; prosopikos, facial.] Having 
a short face. 
brachyuranic (brak-i-u-ran'ik). [G. brachys, 
short; ouranos, roof of the mouth.] Of a 
palatomaxillary index above 115. 
bracket, instrument. A revolving table at- 
tached to the dental chair, or part of a 
dental unit, on which instruments and 
other articles are placed for use in per- 
forming dental operations. 
Brackett’s silver abscess-probes. Flexible, 
thin silver-wire probes especially adapted 
for exploring the fistulae of alveolar ab- 
scesses, devised by Dr. C. A. Brackett, 
bradyar'thria. [G. bradys, slow; arthron, 
articulation.] Deliberation or abnormal 
slowness of speech. 
bradyglos'sia. [G. bradys, slow; glossa, 
tongue.] Deliberation or abnormal slow- 
ness of speech. 
bradylalia (brad-i-la'li-a). [G. bradys, slow; 
lalia, speech.] Deliberation or abnormal 
slowness of speech. 
bradylo'gia. [G. bradys, slow; logos, word.] 
Deliberation or abnormal slowness of 
speech. 
bradymase'sis. [G. bradys, slow, difficult; 
massesis, mastication.] Difficult mastica- 
tion; dysmasesis. 
bradypha'gia. [G. bradys, slow; phago, I 
eat.] Extreme slowness in eating, 
bradypha'sia. See bradyarthria. 
bradyphra'sia. See bradyarthria. 
bradypne'a. Abnormal slowness of breath- 
ing. 
brain. [A.S. bregen.] The mass of nervous 
matter within the cranium; cerebrum, 
brain'case. The portion of the skull which 
incloses the brain; the cranium, 
brain'fag. Brain-tire, 
brain-fe'ver. Cerebritis; meningitis, 
bran. The outer shell of wheat and other 
grains, separated from the flour by bolting, 
branching (branching). [Fr. branche, re- 
lated to L. brachium, arm.] Bifurcating; 
dividing into parts, sending out offshoots, 
branchiogenous (brang-ki-oj'en-us). [G. 
branchia, gills; gennao, I produce.] Arising 
from the branchial clefts or arches. 
Brand. [Ger.] Gangrene, 
bran'dy. A spirituous liquor distilled from 
wine; it contains from 40 to 50 percent 
alcohol; spiritus vini gallici. 
brash. Acidity of the stomach with belching 
of sour, burning fluid; pyrosis. Also called 
water-brash. 
brass tee, brass Y. A joint of two tubes of 
brass, either in the form of a T or the 
form of a Y. 
Braun’s formulas. Four formulas for local 
anesthesia containing various proportions 
of cocain and suprarenin. B.’s tablets, 
containing cocain and suprarenin. 
Braun’s operation for fistula of Stensen’s 
duct. Performed by making a transverse 
incision through the cheek parallel with 
the duct; the lax mucous membrane is 
drawn well over toward the parotid 
gland; the free end of the parotid part of 
the duct is passed between the edges of 
mucous membrane and sutured, thus 
causing the short duct to empty into a 
funnel formed by the mucous membrane 
of the cheek. BRAUSEFLAMME 
67 
BROMETHYL 
Brauseflamme. [Ger.] A broad flame, 
bread. A food preparation made by mixing 
the flour of some cereal with water and 
kneading to make dough, usually adding 
yeast, and then baking, 
break. To separate into two or more parts. 
A solution of continuity; fracture; the 
interruption of an electric current, 
breast. [A.S. bredst.] The mamma, mam- 
mary gland; the chest, 
breath (breth). [A.S. breth.] An inspiration; 
the respired air. bad b., halitosis; fetor ex 
ore. 
breathing (bre'f/iing). Respiration; the in- 
halation and exhalation of air; the sound 
heard on auscultation of the chest, mouth 
b., habitual respiration through the mouth 
instead of the nose. 
Brechreitz. [Ger.] Retching, 
bridge. A denture attached to two or more 
teeth, extending over one or more edentu- 
lous spaces, extension b., one carrying a 
free pontic, the latter being attached at 
one or the other end of the bridge and 
beyond the point of anchorage, fixed b., 
one which is permanently fastened to its 
abutments; one w’hich cannot be re- 
moved by the ■wearer, fixed saddle b., 
one in which a saddle rests on some part 
of the soft tissues, removable b., one 
which, though held firmly in place, may 
be removed by the wearer for the purpose 
of cleansing the bridge as well as the teeth 
to w’hich it is attached and the spaces over 
which it extends, removable fixed b., one 
which may be removed without mutila- 
tion of any of its parts, by the dentist but 
not by the patient; a female screw is 
fastened in a filling or root and a male 
screw passing through some part of the 
bridge makes it possible to screw the 
bridge into place and to remove it by un- 
screwing. saddle b., one which consists 
of a section of a base carrying less than 
fourteen teeth, sanitary b., one limited 
to the buccal teeth, so constructed that it 
consists of an occlusal platform, leaving 
the space between the platform and gums 
open in order that the space may readily 
be cleansed, as well as the under surface 
of the platform. stationary b., fixed 
bridge. See bridgework and classification of 
bridgework. 
bridge amovible. [Fr.] Removable bridge, 
bridge coule. [Fr.] Cast bridge, 
bridge en or. [Fr.j Gold bridge. 
bridge estampe. [Fr.] Swaged bridge. 
bridgework. The branch of prosthetic 
dentistry dealing with the making and ad- 
justing of bridges in the mouth. The 
adaptation of one or more artificial teeth, 
in the spaces left by the loss of one or 
more natural teeth, attaching them to 
abutments or anchorages in cavities of the 
teeth, on their crowns or remaining roots, 
the support consisting of teeth or roots 
instead of the mucous membrane, fixed 
b., noting a bridge which is attached 
firmly, and may not be removed, except 
by the dentist, as opposed to removable 
bridgework, which may be removed by 
the wearer for purposes of cleansing, 
removable b., noting a bridge which may 
be removed by the patient for purposes of 
cleansing, as opposed to fixed or stationary 
bridgework, which may not be removed, 
except by the dentist. See bridge and 
classification of bridgework. 
Bridgford’s plate paste. Trade name of a 
nonelastic, plastic, vulcanizable paste, 
spread on back of plate, pressed to place 
in patient’s mouth or on model and vul- 
canized; designed to retrieve an ill-fitting 
plate. 
bridle (brl'dl). A band of fibrous material 
which stretches across the surface of any 
lesion or an ulcer, or forms adhesions of 
the surfaces of mucous or serous mem- 
branes. 
Bright’s disease. A term meaning chronic 
or acute nephritis. 
brim. The rim or upper edge of a cup-like 
structure. 
brim'stone. [A.S. brinnan, to burn.] Sul- 
phur, particularly sublimed sulphur re- 
melted and cast in cylindrical molds. 
britannia metal. Tin 85.64, antimony 9.66, 
copper 0.81, zinc 3.06, bismuth 0.83. 
brittle. Easily broken. Noting a bacterial 
colony which is dry and friable. 
broach. A dental instrument used to re- 
move the pulp of a tooth or enlarge the 
canal. barbed b., one provided with 
small hooklets. smooth b., one without 
barbs. 
Broca’s angle. Basilar angle. 
brom-. A prefix denoting the presence of 
bromin. 
bro'mate. A salt of bromic acid combined 
with a base. 
brometh'yl. Ethyl hydrate. b.-for'min, 
bromalin. BROMIC 
68 
BROPHY’S OPERATION 
bro'mic. Pertaining to bromin, designating 
particularly an oxygen-containing acid 
which combines with bases to form bro- 
mates. 
bro'mid, bromide (bro'mid, bro'mid). A 
compound formed by the replacing of 
hydrogen in hydrobromic acid by a metal 
or organic radical. 
bromidrosis (brom-I-drd'sis). [G. brdmos, 
a stench; hidros, perspiration.] Secretion 
of foul-smelling or fetid sweat, 
bromin, bromine (bro'min, bro'men). See 
bromum. 
bromocaffein. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion for the relief of headache, 
bromopnea (brom-op-ne'a). [G. bromos, 
a stench; pnoe, breath.] An offensive 
breath. 
bromoselt'zer. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion given for headache, 
bro'mum. [G. bromos, a stench.] Symbol 
Br, atomic weight 79.92. Bromin, a 
reddish, non-metallic, volatile, liquid ele- 
ment. 
bromu'ral. Trade name of a preparation 
used as a nerve-sedative, an anodyne and 
hypnotic. 
bronchi. Plural of bronchus. 
bronchia (brong'ki-a). [G., pi. of bronchion, 
dim. of bronchos, trachea.] The bronchial 
tubes. 
bronchial (brong'ki-al). Pertaining to the 
bronchial tubes. 
bronchiolus (brong-kl'o-lus). [L., dim. of 
bronchus.] Bronchiole, one of the very 
small or of the terminal bronchial tubes, 
bronchitis (brong-ke'tisor l'tis). [G. bronchos, 
windpipe; -itis, inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of the mucous membrane of the 
bronchial tubes. 
bronchus, pi. bronchi (brong'kus). [G. 
bronchos, windpipe.] One of the two 
branches given off from the trachea at its 
bifurcation, one going to each lung, 
bronze. Various formulas. Copper 90, tin 
10. 
bronze, aluminum. Copper 90, aluminum 
10, for lower dentures. 
Brophy’s cleft-palate operation. [Truman 
William Brophy, American oral surgeon, 
1848.] An operation to be performed 
when possible within three months after 
birth; first, on the cleft hard palate; sec- 
ond, on the lip; and third, on the soft 
palate. Early operation establishes nor- 
mal anatomical conditions and enables the 
child to speak as do those who were born 
without this congenital defect. Wire su- 
tures are passed from one side to the other, 
above the palate, and held in place by 
being twisted upon lead plates; the edges 
of the cleft are forced together after hav- 
ing been freshened, approximated and 
sutured. B.’s ether and chloroform va- 
porizer, a modification of the Jounker 
vaporizer used in cleftlip and cleft-palate 
operations, the bottles being placed in 
warm water when ether is used; a foot 
pump forces the anesthetic into the 
pharynx. B.’s band matrix, a matrix held 
against the tooth with a screw while in- 
serting a filling. B.’s gag, see oral specu- 
lum. B.’s hemostatic forceps, the points 
are fine and accurately held together by 
double guides; the shanks are long and 
narrow so as not to take up much room in 
the mouth; the instrument is provided 
with long handles. B.’s needles, strong 
needles used in the introduction of pilot 
sutures through the bones preliminary to 
passing wire sutures. B.’s operation for 
mandibular ankylosis, a curved incision 
is made in the angle of the mandible with 
a surgical engine bur, beginning at the 
distal surface of the third molar, extending 
downward and backward in a crescent 
shape, the bone being completely sepa- 
rated ; a piece of thick guttapercha is placed 
between the divided ends of the bone and 
retained until healing has taken place, 
preventing reunion of the bone. B.’s 
operation for neuralgia of the second 
division of the fifth nerve, performed 
without external incision; an intraoral in- 
cision is made over the cuspid tooth. B.’s 
operation for neuralgia of the third divis- 
ion of the fifth nerve, performed without 
external incision; an intraoral incision is 
made slightly below the apex of the root 
of the lower second bicuspid tooth. B.’s 
oral speculum or gag, one designed to 
give an excellent view of the mouth and 
field of operation. B.’s tongue-forceps, 
a modification of the English . tongue 
forceps, so that when the speculum is in 
place the weight of this forceps will hold 
the tongue out of the field of operation. 
B.’s tooth-elevator, provided with a small 
blade, so it can be inserted in a small 
place, the force being applied by a rotat- 
ing movement. Brophy-Truax needle- 
holder, a modification of the ordinary BROW 
69 
BUCKLEY CLASP 
needleholder making a more secure grip 
possible. 
brow. [A.S. bru.] The forehead; the eye- 
brow; the superciliary ridge. 
Brown crown. [Dr. E. Parmly Brown.] A 
crown similar to the Logan, with the ex- 
ception that while in the Logan the base 
is concave, in the Brown it is convex. 
Brownian movements. Brunonian move- 
ments; rapid oscillations of minute par- 
ticles which are suspended in some fluids. 
Bruch. [Ger.] A fracture; break. 
Briickenarbeit. [Ger.] Bridgework. 
Briickenbefestigung. [Ger.] Bridge anchor- 
age. 
Brunn’s mem'brane. The epithelium of the 
olfactory region of the nose, or the hya- 
line membrane. 
Brunner’s glands. Duodenal glands, 
brush. [A. S. byrst, bristle.] An appliance 
made of a flexible material, like bristles, 
attached to a handle; a kind of hair pencil 
used by painters; a cone-shaped bluish 
light produced by the discharge of static 
electricity from a small knob or point. 
To clear, polish or rub with a brush, b.- 
wheel, one of the various brushes used at 
the operating-chair in cleaning teeth, in 
the laboratory for polishing dental de- 
vices, etc. scouring-b., a wire brush for 
rough polishing, scratch-b., one for clean- 
ing tools and instruments, tooth-b., one 
used in cleansing teeth, 
brygmus. [G. brygmos.] Grinding of the 
teeth; stridor dentium. 
bu'bas. Boubas; yaws. 
bubble (bub'l). An auscultatory sound as of 
a bubble bursting. 
bucal. [Sp.] Buccal; relating to the mouth, 
buc'ca, pi. buc'cae. [L.] The mala; cheek, 
buc'cal. Pertaining to the cheek or vesti- 
bulum oris; oral. b. cav'ity, a cavity of 
decay on the buccal surface of a tooth, 
b. surface, the surface of a molar or 
bicuspid tooth which faces toward the 
cheek, b. teeth, the bicuspids and molars, 
posterior teeth. See cavity nomenclature. 
buccal restoration. See restoration, buccal. 
buc'cea. [L. bucca, cheek.] A polypus of 
the nose supposed to have had its origin 
in the mouth. Sometimes, a mouthful, a 
morsel. 
buccilingual (buk'si-ling'gwal). Buccolingual. 
buc'cinator. [L. buccinator, trumpeter.] The 
muscle of the cheek or the musculus buc- 
cinator. 
buc'cinator fren'ulae. Noting four folds of 
the mucous membrane of the mouth. The 
f. buccinator inferiores are attached to the 
gums below the second bicuspids. The f. 
buccinator superiores are attached to the 
gums, above the upper second molars. 
When providing artificial dentures for the 
edentulous, provision should be made in 
the dentures for the free movement of 
these muscular fibers to prevent irritation 
of the mucous membrane and displace- 
ment of the dentures. 
bucco-. A modification of buccal, used in 
compound words, as buccomesial, disto- 
buccopulpal, etc. See buccal. 
buccocervical (buk'5-ser'vi-kal). [L. bucca, 
cheek; cervix, neck.] Pertaining to the 
cheek and the neck of a tooth, b. ridge, 
see ridge. 
buccofa'cial ob'turator. An artificial appli- 
ance for closing an aperture extending 
through the cheek into the mouth, formerly 
used in France. At present the defect is 
generally corrected by a plastic operation 
and skin-grafting. 
buccogingival (buk'6-jin'ji-val). Buccocervi- 
cal. b. ridge, see ridge. 
buccola'bial. [L. bucca, cheek; labium, lip.] 
Pertaining to both cheek and lip. 
buccolin'gual (buk'o-ling'gwal). [L. bucca, 
cheek; lingua, tongue.] Pertaining to 
both cheek and tongue, b. diam'eter, the 
diameter of the crown of a tooth measured 
from the buccal to the lingual surface, 
b. plane, axiobuccolingual plane. 
buccopharyngeal (buk'o-far-in'je-al). Per- 
taining to both the cheek or mouth and 
the pharynx. 
buccover'sion. Noting a tooth which oc- 
cupies a position buccally to the line of 
occlusion. [ASO.] 
buc'cula. [L., dim. of bucca, cheek, mouth.] 
Double chin; fleshy part under the chin; 
fatty puffing under the chin; a small 
mouth or cavity. 
Buckley clasp. [Timothy Andrew Buckley, 
American dentist, b. 1882.] An appliance 
with individual movement and stress- 
breaking feature, attached to platino- 
iridium wire with a variety of anchorages. 
B.’s prophylactic instrument, for carrying 
gauze in the cleaning of tooth-surfaces. 
B.’s tissue, an extension and nutrient con- 
nection of ectoderm with the mesoderm; a 
false or abnormal union between the tissues 
of the pulp and the mucous membrane, BUDDHA’S TOOTH 
70 
BURR 
through the substance of the tooth, due to 
incomplete calcification; noted in first 
permanent molars, and generally asso- 
ciated with incipient scurvy. 
Buddha’s tooth. A tooth said to be one of 
Gautama Siddartha, the Hindu sage, sur- 
named “Buddha,” who flourished about 
the fifth or sixth century B.C. It is sacred- 
ly preserved in India and is important 
in the religious ceremonies of Buddhists. 
The claim, however, is made that the 
preserved tooth is some two inches long, 
and is not a human tooth, 
bud'ding. Gemmation. 
bud-fission (bud'fish-un). A manner of re- 
production in which half of the protoplasm 
forms the new envelope, then separates 
from the remainder of the protoplasm and 
retains its old covering, 
bufete. [Sp.] Office, 
buff. See buffer. 
buffer. A wheel or cone used for polishing; 
a buff, cotton b., one made of cotton, 
muslin b., one made of muslin, 
bukkal. [Ger.] Buccal, 
bulb. [L. bulbus, a bulbous root.] An 
onion-shaped root; an under-ground leaf- 
bud having the leaves superimposed on 
each other, thus forming a rounded mass; 
medulla oblongata; any fusiform or globu- 
lar structure. den'tal b., the papilla, 
originating from the mesoblast, which 
forms the germ of the tooth, taste-b., 
one of the bulbous bodies in the papillae of 
the tongue in which the gustatory nerves 
terminate. 
bul'bus, gen. and pi. bul'bi. [L.] Bulb. 
b. den'tis, dental bulb, 
bul'la. A blister; a bleb, 
bulldog jaw. Excessive protrusion of the 
mandible. 
bun'die. A structure consisting of a group 
of fibers, nervous or muscular; a fasciculus, 
bu'nodont. [G. bounos, mound; odous, tooth.] 
Possessing molar teeth with rounded or 
conical cusps, as opposed to lophodont. 
Bunsen burner. A kind of burner invented 
by R. W. Bunsen and so constructed as 
to admit of a mixture of illuminating gas 
and air which produces a feebly luminous 
but intensely hot flame. 
Bunte-Moral’s local anesthetic combination. 
Contains procain, thymol and sodium 
chlorid. 
Bunting pyorrhea instruments. A set of 
fifteen instruments suggested by Drs. 
R. W. Bunting and N. S. Hoff, containing 
among them instruments devised by Drs. 
T. P. Hyatt, N. S. Hoff, D. D. Smith and 
W. J. Younger. 
bur. A fluted reamer; an instrument of which 
the enlarged and working or cutting end 
consists of equidistant blades for cutting 
enamel, dentin and bone. Burs are 
named according to the manner in which 
they are made, their use and their form. 
They were first used by hand, but now are 
made only for use with the dental engine, 
for the straight handpiece and angle and 
contra-angle attachments. The following 
are the names of the principal burs used: 
bud-shaped; coarse cut, plain; cone- 
shaped; dentate, fine cut; excavating; 
fissure, flat-end, pointed-end and tapered; 
hand cut; inlay; inverted cone; machine 
cut; plain, coarse and fine cut; plug-finish- 
ing; round; surgical; wheel-shaped. 
Burgun'dian deformity. John Lothrop Mot- 
ley, American historian (1814-1877), so 
designates the inherited prognathism of 
the Hapsburg family, believing it to have 
existed in the Burgundian Germanic tribe, 
which was first known in the fifth century 
of our era, and of whom the Hapsburgs, 
the sovereigns of Austria, were descend- 
ants. See Hapsburg jaw and lip. 
Burlew discs. Trade name for discs, for 
polishing teeth, in which the cleansing 
material is embodied in the disc, especially 
recommended for reaching into pits, fur- 
rows and other depressions of the enamel, 
burn. To consume with fire; to cause a 
lesion of the skin by heat, acid or other 
cauterizing agent. A lesion so caused; 
scald. 
burn'er. That part of a lamp, gas fixture, 
etc., from which the flame is produced, 
orthodontic b., one specially designed for 
fine orthodontic work. radial b., one 
distributing flaring, radiating heat, solid- 
flame b., one giving a large flame for 
heating up cases. [polish, 
bur'nish. To make smooth and bright; to 
bur'nisher. An instrument with a smooth 
end, either flat or rounded, for polishing 
fillings, dentures, crowns, etc. For use in 
the dental engine the end is round, conical 
or in the form of an inverted cone, 
burr. A trilled pronunciation of the letter 
r, especially the guttural pronunciation 
produced by trilling the uvula of the soft 
palate. BURR 
71 
CALCARINE 
burr. Bur. 
bur'sa, pi. bursae. [L., a purse.] A closed 
pouch or sac holding fluid, caused by 
pressure over some exposed or prominent 
part, or where a tendon passes over a bone, 
bur'sal. Pertaining to a bursa. 
Biirste. [Ger.] Brush. 
Butlin’s operation. An operation for ex- 
cision of the tongue, 
but'ment. See abutment. 
butt. To join end to end; to abut, with, on 
or against, as the abutment of a bridge 
whereby it is joined to a tooth; to jut, 
as the ends of a gold band about to be 
soldered, bringing them together so that 
they exactly jut, fit to each other, abut 
each other. 
butt gum. An artificial denture in which 
the labial teeth abut directly on the 
natural gum. 
Biittner crown. The root having been made 
round, it is encircled by a band soldered 
to a cap covering the exposed end of the 
root, and to a dowel extending into the 
root; provided with a porcelain facing, 
butyn. Trade name of a synthetic chemical 
compound to be used as a local anesthetic, 
butyn-epinephrin. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion of butyn and adrenalin, an efficient 
local anesthetic. 
butyn pressure solution. Trade name of a 
preparation used for anesthesia of the 
pulp for pulp extirpation, 
butyr'ic. Pertaining to butter, 
buyo. The leaf of the betel-nut plant, used 
with the betel-nut and lime as a mas- 
ticatory by Orientals, staining the teeth a 
brick-red color. 
bys'sus. [G. byssos, cotton.] Lint; cotton, 
byth'ium. [G. bythos, depth.] A substance 
supposed to be a new element obtained 
from sulphur. 
C. Abbr. for Celsius, or centigrade, and 
congius, gallon. Chemical symbol for 
carbon. 
C. Cervical, cuspid, canine. 
C.A. Cervicoaxial. 
Ca. Chemical symbol for calcium. 
CaC2. Calcium carbid. 
cacao (ka-ka/o). Theobroma. 
cache (ka-sha'). [Fr., covered, hidden.] A 
lead cone enveloped in several layers of 
paper, having a mica window at the 
bottom, used as an applicator in radio- 
therapy. 
cachec'tic (ka-kek'tik). Pertaining to or 
suffering from cachexia. 
cachet (ka-sha'). [Fr., a seal.] A capsule 
or wafer for inclosing powders of dis- 
agreeable taste. 
cachexia (ka-kek'si-a). [G. kakos, bad; 
hexis, a body habit.] A wasting or 
general lack of nutrition in the course of 
a chronic disease, c. aphtho'sa, sprue. 
CaCL. Calcium chlorid, a bleaching powder. 
Ca(C102)2. Calcium chlorate. 
CaCC>3. Calcium carbonate, chalk. 
CaC2C>4. Calcium oxalate. 
cacochymic (ka-ko'kim-ik). [G. kakos, bad; 
chymos, juice.] In relation to saliva, 
noting an abnormal condition of the 
secretion. 
cacoethic (ka-ko-eth'ik). [G. kakos, bad; 
ethos, character.] Malignant. 
c 
cacogeusia (kak-5-jo'si-a). [G. kakos, bad; 
geusis, taste.] A bad taste, 
cacosto'mia. [G. kakos, bad; stoma, 
mouth.] Severe stomatitis; noma, 
cacu'minal. Pertaining to the apex or top 
of anything. 
cadaver (ka-dav'er). [L. codere, to fall.] 
A corpse, a dead body, 
cad'mium. Symbol Cd, atomic weight 
111.6. A metallic element resembling 
zinc in its chemical relations and tin in 
appearance. 
caffeic (kaf-fe'ik). Pertaining to coffee, 
caffein, caffeine (kaf-fe-in, en). The active 
principle of tea, coffee, mat6, guarana 
and kola; same as thein and guaranin acid, 
caffeina (kaf-e'na). An alkaloid obtained 
from the dried seeds of coffee or the dried 
leaves of tea; caffein; thein. Used in 
cardiac weakness, headache and neuralgia, 
caj'eputol. Oleum cajuputi. 
cakesthe'sia. [G. kakos, bad; aisthesis, 
feeling.] Malaise. [process, 
cal'car. [L., spur, cock’s spur.] A spurlike 
calcar. Trade name of a substitute for 
sand in molding dies and counterdies, 
calca'rea. Calx; lime. 
calca'reous. Chalky; pertaining to or con- 
taining lime. c. degeneration or infiltra'- 
tion, calcification. 
cal'carine. Spur-shaped; pertaining to the 
calcar. CALCIC 
72 
CALORY 
calcic. Pertaining to or derived from cal- 
cium or lime. 
cal'cic pericementi'tis, hematogenefic. See 
pyorrhea. 
calcifica'tion. [L. calx, lime; facere, to make.] 
The deposition of insoluble salts of calcium 
or magnesium, particularly phosphate or 
calcium carbonate, in degenerated or 
weakened tissues; degeneration or cal- 
careous infiltration; petrification, c. lines, 
accretion lines seen in enamel. 
calcification lines, contemporaneous. See 
contemporaneous. 
cal'cify (kal'si-fi). [L. calx, lime.] To 
become stony or calcareous by deposition 
of the salts of lime, as in the development 
of bone, dentin, etc. 
calcigerous (kal-sij'er-us). [L. calx, lime; 
gerere, to bear.] Producing any of the 
salts of calcium; having lime. c. cells, 
the cells of the calcified portion of the 
dentin. 
calcina'tion. Heating a substance at a 
temperature below its melting-point; 
making or becoming powdery or friable 
by heat. 
cal'cium, gen. calcii. [L. calx, chalk.] Sym- 
bol Ca, atomic weight 40.09. A metallic 
element of a yellow color. The oxid is an 
alkaline earth, CaO, quicklime, which when 
united with water becomes calcium 
hydrate, slaked lime. Several of the 
salts of calcium are used in medicine, 
cal'cii carbo'nas precipita'tus, precipitated 
chalk; creta precipitata; precipitated cal- 
cium carbonate, cal'cii chlo'ridum, cal- 
cium chlorid. cal'cii hypophos'phis, cal- 
cium hypophosphite. cal'cii phos'phas 
precipita'tus, precipitated calcium phos- 
phate. 
calcoglob'ulin. A combination of an albumi- 
nate with a calcium salt; the form in which 
lime salts are deposited in the bones; a 
constituent of saliva. 
cal'coid. [L. calx, lime; G. eidos, resem- 
blance.] A neoplasm of the pulp of a tooth. 
calcophorous (kal-kof'or-us). [L. calx, lime; 
G. phoros, bearing.] Calcigerous. 
calcospherite (kal-k5-sfe'rit). [L. calx, lime; 
G. spaira, sphere.] One of a number of 
very small concentric calcareous bodies 
composed of cal coglobulin; a formation 
of calcium deposits arranged in concentric 
spheres like the annual rings indicating 
the growth of a tree. 
calcul salivaire. [Fr.] Salivary calculus. 
cal'culary. Calculous. 
calculos salivares. [Sp.] Salivary calculus, 
cal'culous. Pertaining to a calculus or cal- 
culi. 
cal'culus, pi. calculi. [L., a pebble.] An 
earthy concretion formed in any part of 
the body, agglutinin of c., very small 
primary spherules in the saliva deposited 
on the teeth and artificial dentures, con- 
stituting the fresh, soft, greasy-feeling 
deposit of salivary calculus, dental c., 
tartar, salivary calculus, salivary c., a 
calculus in one of the salivary ducts; the 
deposit of tartar on the teeth, serumal c., 
a dark brown or greenish deposit derived 
from the blood and deposited on the teeth 
or their roots. 
calefacient (kal-e-fa'shent). [L. calere, to be 
warm; facere, to make.] An application 
producing the sense of warmth to the part 
treated. Making warm or hot. 
cal'iber. The diameter of a canal, such as the 
bileduct, urethra or esophagus, 
cal'ibrate. To measure the diameter of a 
canal. 
cal'iper. Usually used in the plural form 
calipers. An instrument with two legs, 
usually bent, fastened together with a 
hinge or spring, used for determining the 
thickness or diameter of objects, as of 
metal plates, vulcanite, etc., the distance 
between surfaces or the caliber of a cylin- 
drical hole, etc. 
callous (kal'lus). Hardened; insensible; 
thick-skinned; pertaining to a callosity or 
callus. 
cal'lus. [L., hard skin.] The hard, bony 
matter thrown out between and around 
the ends of a fractured bone; hardening of 
the skin. 
cal'omel. Hydrargyri chloridum mite, 
ca'lor. [L.] Heat; one of the four classical 
signs of inflammation: tumor, dolor, calor, 
rubor. 
calorescence (kal-or-es'ens). The incandes- 
cence of a body which has been heated 
through a lens; the invisible heat rays 
being concentrated upon it. 
calor'ic. Pertaining to heat; pertaining to a 
calory. Heat; calory. 
calorifacient (kal-or-i-fa'shent). Heat-pro- 
ducing. 
calorific. [L. calor, heat; facere, to make.] 
Calorifacient. c. cen'ter, heat-center, 
calory (kal'6-ri). [L. calor, heat.] The unit 
of heat used in the study of metabolism; 
pyorrhea. CALOX 
73 
CANALIS 
the degree of heat needed to raise a kilo- 
gram of water from zero to 1° C. 
cal'ox. Trade name of a dentifrice contain- 
ing calcium peroxid. 
calva'ria. [L., a skull.] Skull; cranium; 
skullcap. 
calx, gen. cal'cis. [L., limestone.] Calcium 
oxid; lime; quicklime, which on exposure 
to the air becomes hydrated, forming air- 
slaked lime, or calcium hydrate, and cal- 
cium carbonate. 
camara de la pulpa. [Sp.] Pulp-chamber, 
camera (kam'e-ra). [L., a vault.] A closed 
box, especially that employed in photog- 
raphy; an anatomical cavity or chamber, 
as one of the cavities of the heart. 
Camper’s angle. [Peter Camper, Dutch 
anatomist and naturalist, 1722-1789.] 
Facial angle; maxillary angle; the angle 
formed by lines from the external auditory 
meatus and the nasal spine, uniting at the 
mesial surface of the upper central incisors, 
campho-phenique. Trade name of healing 
antiseptic and germicidal products in 
liquid and powder form, 
camphor (kam'fur). A solid, tough, volatile, 
crystalline, translucent substance, a ketone 
distilled from the bark and wood of a tree 
of Southeastern Asia and the adjoining 
islands; any similar stearoptene. 
cam'phora. [L.] Camphor, 
cam'phorated. Containing camphor. 
Canada balsam. Terebinthina canadensis, 
canal'. [L. canalis.] A tubular structure; 
channel; duct, nasal c., nasolacrymal c., 
canalis nasolacrimalis. pterygopalatine c., 
pharyngeal c., the canal situated between 
the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone 
and the palate bone, pulp-c., root-c., the 
long conical cavity in the long axis of the 
root of a tooth, which contains pulp tissue, 
pulp-c.. orifice, the slightly constricted 
opening from the pulp-chamber into the 
pulp-canal. See canalis. 
canal de Stenon. [Fr.] Stensen’s duct, 
canales radiculares. [Sp.] Root-canals, 
canalic'ular. Pertaining to a canaliculus, 
canalic'ulate. [L. canaliculus, dim. of 
canalis, canal.] Grooved; furrowed; chan- 
neled. 
canalic'uli. PI. of canaliculus. 
canaliculization (kan-al-ik-u-li-za'shun). The 
formation of small canals or canaliculi. 
canalic'ulus, pi. canaliculi. [L., dim. of 
canalis, canal.] A minute or small canal, or 
channel, as the canaliculi of the dentin. 
c. dentalis, dentinal tubule, one of the 
minute channels or tubules radiating from 
the dentin to the periphery, in the crown 
toward the enamel and in the root toward 
the cementum. 
cana'lis. [L.] Channel; a canal, canales 
alveolares, the canals in the body of the 
maxillae through which the nerves and 
blood-vessels are distributed to the molar 
teeth; the posterior dental canals; dental 
canals, canales dentales, dental canals, 
anterior, middle and posterior; the anterior 
and middle canals lead from the infra- 
orbital canal to the alveoli of the incisors, 
cuspids and bicuspids, conveying blood- 
vessels and nerves, while the posterior 
dental canals pass through the body of the 
posterior part of the maxillae, conveying 
blood-vessels and nerves to the molar teeth, 
c. facialis, the aqueduct of Fallopius, or 
facial canal, extending from the superior 
surface of the petrous part of the temporal 
bone to the under surface at the stylomas- 
toid foramen; through it passes the facial 
nerve, c. hypoglossi, hypoglossal canal, 
c. incisivus, the lower, single part of the 
foramen incisivum; anterior palatine canal; 
incisor or incisive canal, c. infraorbitalis, 
the canal below the orbital margins of the 
maxillae, running from the infraorbital 
grooves, in tne floor of the orbits, to the 
infraorbital foramina; the infraorbital 
arteries and nerves pass through them, 
c. mandibulae, the mandibular canal, one 
in each half of the body of the mandible; 
the inferior dental canal, which passes 
through the greater portion of the body 
and parts of the rami of the mandible 
between the mandibular and mental fora- 
mina; the inferior dental blood-vessels, ac- 
companied by the nerves, pass through 
these canals, c. palatinus, two canals, 
one, the posterior palatine or palatomaxil- 
lary canal, formed by the fitting together 
of two grooves in the palate and maxillary 
bones, and the other, the anterior palatine 
canal, formed by the fitting together 
of grooves in the maxillae posterior to the 
alveolar process, c. pharyngeus, situated 
between the sphenoid and palate bones; 
pterygopalatine canal or pharyngeal canal, 
c. pterygopalatinus, posterior palatine or 
pterygopalatine canal; it is formed from 
the sulcus pterygopalatinus and transmits 
the large palatine nerve and the descending 
palatine blood-vessels. CANALIZATION 
74 
CAPROIC ACID 
canalization. The formation of channels or 
canals. 
canaux radiculaires. [Fr.] Root-canals, 
can'cellated. [L. cancellare, to make a 
lattice-work.] Reticular; having a lattice- 
like structure. 
cancel'li. [L., pi. of cancellus, a grating, 
lattice.] The cross-lines or reticulations 
making up the spongy tissue of bones, 
can'cellous. Cancellated; indicating the 
reticular or spongy tissue of bone, 
can'cer. [L., a crab.] A malignant tumor 
or growth; carcinoma, distinguished from 
sarcoma. 
cancroid (kang'kroid). [L. cancer; G. eidos, 
resemblance.] A neoplasm, or ulcer of 
diminished malignancy. Cancriform; re- 
sembling a cancer. 
can'crum. [L. cancer.] A gangrenous 
ulceration, c. na'si, gangrenous inflam- 
mation of the nasal mucous membrane, 
c. o'ris, gangrenous stomatitis; noma; 
canker of the mouth, 
cane-sugar. Saccharose. 
Canfield operation. The making of an 
opening into the antrum of Highmore 
through the anterior nares and beneath 
the inferior turbinated bone, 
canine (ka'nln). [L. canis, dog.] Pertaining 
to the canine or cuspid teeth. A canine 
tooth; a cuspid tooth, c. em'inence, a 
ridge on the anterior surface of the 
maxilla corresponding to the socket of 
the canine or cuspid tooth, c. fos'sa, a 
depression on the superior maxilla, external 
to the c. eminence, c. muscle, musculus 
caninus, levator anguli oris. c. prom'- 
inence, c. eminence. c. tooth, cuspid 
tooth, one of the four sharp-pointed teeth, 
two in each jaw, between the incisors and 
the bicuspid or premolar teeth, 
ca'nine cusp. The buccal cusp of the 
bicuspids. 
canines. [Fr.] Canines, 
cani'niform. Formed like a canine tooth, 
slender, long and pointed, 
canker (kang'ker). [L. cancer.] Noma; 
aphthous stomatitis; a corroding ulcer of 
the mouth. 
can'nabis in'dica. Hashish; Indian hemp, 
can'nula. [L., dim. of canna, reed.] A tube 
inserted into a cavity, and through which 
fluids are enabled to escape, as in the case 
of cysts. 
can'tharis, pi. cantharides. Spanish fly, a 
dried beetle used for blistering. 
cant-hook appliance. A metal contrivance 
based on the cant-hook principle, enabling 
the movement of teeth, in orthodontia, 
without tilting them. 
CaO. Quicklime; calcium monoxid; calx, 
caoutchouc (ko'chok). [Braz. caa, a wood; 
o-chu, to weep.] Weeping wood, from the 
fact that the latex or sap oozes out of 
the tree, resembling drops of tears; 
India rubber; gum elastic; the concrete 
milky juice of a South American tree. 
It is extremely elastic, insoluble in water 
or alcohol; used in prosthetic dentistry 
as a base for artificial dentures and for 
cleft-palate obturators, artificial vela, 
replacement of various lost tissues about 
the jaws, face, nose, ears, etc. 
caoutchoucin (ko'cho-sin). The active prin- 
ciple of caoutchouc. 
cap. [A.S. ceppan.] To cover a part, 
particularly its extremity or top; to 
cover an exposed pulp with an antiseptic 
cement or paste to prevent pressure from 
a filling. The cover protecting the pulp 
of the tooth from the filling, 
capa mucosa. [Sp.] Mucous plaque, 
capacity (ka-pas'i-ti). [L. capax, able to 
contain—capere, to take.] The potential 
cubic contents of a receptacle or cavity; 
the power to do; ability, 
capillar'ity. Capillary attraction! 
cap'illary. [L. capillaris, relating to hair.] 
Pertaining to hair; hair-like, minute and 
slender; pertaining to a capillary vessel. 
One of the microscopic blood-vessels 
making up the capillary system, connecting 
the arteries and veins. 
capil'lus, gen. and pi. capil'li. [L., hair.] 
A hair of the head. 
cap'ital. [L. capitalis, relating to the caput, 
head.] Chief; principal; most important, 
c. operation, one of such magnitude or 
involving vital organs to such an extent 
that it is dangerous to life, 
capit'ulum. [L., dim. of caput, head.] A 
small head; a rounded articular end of a 
bone. c. mandib'ulae, head of the man- 
dible; condyle of the mandible. 
Ca3(P04)2. Bone phosphate; tricalcic phos- 
phate; neutral phosphate of lime, 
cap'ping. The operation of protecting an 
exposed pulp, prior to the filling of the 
cavity; also the substance employed in 
such operation; the placing of a hollow 
or shell crown on a tooth or root; crowning, 
capro'ic acid. An oily fluid found in butter. CAPSICUM 
75 
CARCINOMA 
cap'sicum. Red pepper; cayenne; African 
pepper. 
cap'sula, gen. and pi. cap'sul®. [L., dim. 
of capsa, a chest or box.] Capsule, 
cap'sular. Pertaining to or resembling a 
capsule. 
capsula'tion. Inclosure in a capsule, 
capsule (kap'sol). A membranous or sac-like 
structure enveloping an organ or other 
part, or a tumor, or joint; a small sac 
having the character of an envelope or 
capsule, like the suprarenal capsule, 
internal capsule and others; a small 
cylinder or envelope of digestible material 
in which bitter or nauseous doses of 
medicine are inclosed. 
caput (cap'ut), pi. cap'ita. [L.] The head. 
Any head, or rounded or expanded 
extremity of an organ or anatomical 
structure, c. progne'um [G. pro, before; 
geneion, chin], marked forward projection 
of the mandible; prognathism, 
cara. [Sp.] Face. 
cara triturante. [Sp.] Occlusal surface. 
Carabelli tubercle. A small tubercle, 
resembling a supernumerary cusp, occa- 
sionally found on the lingual surfaces of 
molar teeth. 
car'at. [Ar. qirat, bean or pea shell.] A 
twenty-fourth part (used in estimating 
the fineness of gold); a unit of weight for 
precious stones (205.5 milligrams or 
3| grains troy). 
carbid, carbide (kar'bid, kar'bid). A com- 
pound of carbon with any metal, 
car'bo. [L., coal.] Charcoal, c. anima'lis, 
animal charcoal, ivory-black, bone-black; 
prepared by baking bone, 
carbohe'mia. Incomplete elimination of 
carbon dioxid from the blood; imperfect 
depuration of the blood, 
carbohemoglobin (kar'bS-hem-o-glo'bin). 
Hemoglobin when combined with carbon 
dioxid. 
carbohydrate (kar-bd-hl'drat). [carbon-, G. 
hydor, water.] Substance consisting of 
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the latter 
two in the proportion to form water, 
carbolfuchsin (kar'bol-f ok'sin). A stain 
employed in histology consisting of a 
mixture of one part of a 10 percent alcoholic 
solution of fuchsin and 9 parts of a 5 per- 
cent aqueous solution of carbolic acid, 
carbol'ic. [L. carbo, coal; oleum, oil.] Per- 
taining to phenic or phenol or carbolic 
acid. c. acid, phenol, cam'phorated c. 
acid, a liquid mixture used as a local 
anesthetic by the laity for the relief of 
toothache. 
car'bolize. To add or mix with carbolic acid 
or phenol. 
carbolly'soform. A 3 percent solution of 
phenol in lysoform. 
carbolxylene (kar-bol-zi'len). A mixture of 
1 part carbolic acid and 3 parts xylene, 
car'bon. [L. carbo, coal.] Symbol C, atomic 
weight 12. A non-metallic element. The 
pure is the diamond and graphite, and the 
impure coke, soot and charcoal. It is 
present in all living tissues. The science 
of this element and its compounds con- 
stitutes organic chemistry, c. bisul'phid, 
carbonei disulphidum. c. block, a piece of 
charcoal or compressed carbon on which 
articles are placed while soldering them, 
c. block holder, a handle or device in which 
to hold or retain the hot carbon block, 
c. diox'id, carbonic acid gas; the product 
of the combustion of carbon with plenty of 
air. c. monox'id, formed by the combus- 
tion of carbon with a limited supply of air; 
it is poisonous and its toxic action is due to 
its strong affinity for hemoglobin. c. 
tetrachlo'rid, a colorless, transparent liquid 
employed as a local anesthetic, 
car'bonate. A.salt of carbonic acid, 
carbo'nei disul'phidum. Carbon bisulphid. 
carbon'ic. Pertaining to carbon, c. acid, an 
acid formed of carbon dioxid and water, 
car'borine. A paste of glycerol and pulver- 
ized carborundum, used with steel discs 
revolved in the dental engine, for cutting 
cavities in porcelain teeth, 
carborun'dum. A substance of extreme 
hardness employed for grinding mineral 
teeth, polishing dentures, crowns, fillings, 
etc.; carbid of silicon. 
carboxyhemoglo'bin. The combination of 
carbon monoxid and hemoglobin which 
takes place in poisoning by inhalation of 
carbon monoxid. 
car'buncle. [L. carbunculus, dim. of carbo, 
a live coal.] A phlegmonous inflammation 
of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, 
resembling a furuncle; also a reddish pro- 
tuberance on the face, seen in alcoholic 
subjects; a whelk, 
car'buret. Carbid. 
carcino'ma, pi. carcino'mata, carcino'mas. 
[G. karkinos.] Cancer; a malignant new 
growth of epithelial or gland cells infiltrat- 
ing the surrounding tissues. CARCINOSIS 
76 
CARPUS 
carcino'sis. The occurrence of multiple 
carcinomata; carcinomatosis; cancerous 
growths. 
car'diac. Pertaining to the heart, or to the 
esophageal orifice of the stomach. One 
suffering from heart disease; a tonic 
remedy. 
cardiagra (kar-di-ag'ra). [G. kardia, heart; 
agra, seizure.] Angina pectoris; a gouty 
affection of the heart. 
cardialgia (kar-di-al'ji-a). [G. kardia, heart; 
algos, pain.] Heartburn; a burning sensa- 
tion in the stomach. 
cardiectasia (kar-di-ek-ta'si-a). [G. kardia, 
heart; ektasis, a stretching out.] Dilata- 
tion of the heart. 
car'dinal. [L. cardinalis, relating to a hinge, 
hinging, important.] Of a deep-red color; 
of special importance. 
cardio-. [G. kardia, heart.] A prefix denoting 
reference to the heart. 
cardioaccel'erator. Anything quickening the 
action of the heart. 
cardiodyn'ia. [G. kardia, heart; odyne, pain.] 
Pain in the heart. 
car'diogram. [G. kardia, heart; gramma, a 
diagram.] The graphic curve of the stylet 
of the cardiograph. 
car'diograph. [G. kardia, heart; grapho, I 
write.] An instrument for recording the 
movements of the heart, similar to the 
sphygmograph. 
cardioinhibitory (kar'di-o-in-hib'i-to-ri.). 
Checking or slowing the action of the heart. 
cardiomyoliposis (kar'di-d-ml'o-li-po'sis). [G. 
kardia, heart; mys, muscle; lipos, fat.] 
Fatty deterioration of the heart. 
cardiosphyg'mograph. [G. kardia, heart; 
sphygmos, pulse; grapho, I write.] An 
instrument for recording the movements 
of the heart and the pulse. 
carditis (kar-de'tis or i'tis). Inflammation 
of the heart. 
carie dentaire. [Fr.] Dental caries. 
caries (ka'ri-ez). [L., dry rot.] Decay of 
the tissues composing the teeth; molecular 
decay of a bone in which it becomes 
thinned, dark and friable and breaks down 
gradually with the formation of pus. 
c. dentium, dental caries, c. hu'mida, c. 
accompanied by suppuration. c. ne- 
crot'ica, c. with necrosis, in which pieces 
of bone slough off and lie in the carious 
cavity or are washed away in the purulent 
discharge, dental c., decay of the teeth; 
tooth-rot. 
caries alveolaire specifica. [Fr.] Pyorrhea, 
caries blanches. [Fr.] White caries, 
caries dentaria. [Sp.] Dental caries, 
caries fungus. A microorganism present in 
caries of the teeth; streptococcus media, 
caries, stages of development. (1) First 
period, dissolution of the enamel; second, 
destruction of the dentin; third, involve- 
ment of the pulp-chamber. (2) First, 
superficial or incipient stage, involving the 
enamel or cementum or both; second, or 
progressive stage, the enamel or cementum 
or both have been penetrated and the 
disease extends into the dentin; third, or 
deep-seated stage, involving the dentin, 
reaching to, but not exposing the pulp; 
fourth, or complicated stage, extending 
into the pulp-chamber, with death of the 
pulp. 
carina (ka-rl'na). [L., the keel of a boat.] 
An anatomical structure forming a pro- 
jecting central ridge. 
carios'ity. The state of being carious; 
cariousness; decay. 
ca'rious. Pertaining to caries or decay; 
affected by caries. 
carmal'um. A 1-percent solution of carmine 
in 10-percent alum water; employed as a 
stain in histology. 
Carmichael attachment for bridges. A 
method of forming an anchorage for a 
bridge, feasible in a vital tooth, whereby 
the lingual surface of the tooth is shaped 
by cutting away the enamel and a super- 
ficial layer of the dentin, so as to firmly 
hold attached to it a fac-simile of the 
parts cut away, which serves as the abut- 
ment for a bridge. 
carmine (kar'min). The essential coloring 
principle of cochineal; carminum, a rich 
crimson pigment produced from cochineal 
by treating it with alum, 
carmin'ophile. [G. philed, I love.] Staining 
easily with carmine dyes, 
car'neous. [L. carneus.] Fleshy. 
Carniv'ora. [L. caro, flesh; vorare, to eat.] 
Flesh-eating animals, 
carniv'orous. Flesh-eating, 
carot'ic. [G. karotikos, stupefying.] Stupor- 
ous; carotid. 
carot'id. [G. karoo, I cause to sleep.] Per- 
taining to the carotid artery. Arteria 
carotis. c. ar'tery, arteria carotis. 
car'pus, gen. car'pi. [L., from G. karpos.] 
The wrist; the eight bones constituting 
the wrist. CARREL’S TREATMENT 
77 
CASCO 
Carrel’s treatment. Treatment of wounds 
by intermittent irrigation with Dakin’s 
fluid, it being made to flush every part of 
the surface, the wound previously having 
been freed from dead tissue or other 
foreign matter. 
Carrel'-Dakin fluid. Dakin’s fluid, 
carrier (kar'i-er). A carrier of bacilli; a vec- 
tor; noting some persons who are in 
apparent health but who carry pathogenic 
organisms which may be transferred to 
others while the carriers are themselves 
immune. 
carrier, amalgam. An instrument provided 
with a sliding hood with which amalgam 
is picked up and carried to the cavity to 
be filled. 
Car'ter’s operation. The transplantation of 
a piece of bone taken from a rib, making 
a new bridge for the nose, 
cartilage (kar'ti-laj). [L. cartilago, gristle.] 
A nonvascular connective tissue of 
fibrillated or homogeneous substance con- 
taining gelatin, chondrin and mucin, 
den'tinal c., the animal matter of dentin 
left when the earthy matter has been 
dissolved out with an acid, fibrocar'tilage, 
in this the basement substance is fibril- 
lated and the fibers are grouped into 
bundles interlacing in all directions, 
fibroelas'tic c., in this the cells are sur- 
rounded by a capsule of homogeneous 
basement substance, surrounded by an 
interlacing framework of elastic fibers in 
the basement substance. gingival c., 
the fibrous tissue closing the open end of 
the crib containing the unerupted crown, 
hyaline c., permanent nonarticular car- 
tilage. mandibular c., Meckel’s c., embry- 
onic cartilage wThich forms the mandible, 
cartilago linguae, septum linguae, cartila- 
go permanens, permanent cartilage, 
cartilkgine. [It.] Cartilage, 
cartilaginous (kar-til-aj'in-us). Pertaining 
to or consisting of cartilage, 
cartila'go. [L.] Cartilage, 
cartilago. [Sp.] Cartilage, 
caruncle (kar'ung-kl). A small fleshy pro- 
tuberance or any like structure; caruncula. 
carun'cula (kar-ung'ku-la). [L., a small 
fleshy mass.] Caruncle. c. saliva'ris, 
c. sublingualis, a papilla on each side of 
the frenulum linguse indicating the opening 
of the submaxillary or Wharton’s duct, 
car'vacrol. The iodid is used like aristol as 
a substitute for iodoform. 
car'ver. A tool for carving or shaping 
something. Variously shaped for carving 
the body of mineral teeth, for reproducing 
pits, fissures, etc., in mineral teeth for 
crowns and dentures, for carving teeth 
and their contours in wax and reproducing 
in amalgam the outlines and contours of 
teeth. McCollum’s and Ward’s carvers for 
wax; Frahm’s carver for wax and amalgam, 
LeCron’s (D.O.M.) for inlay work, etc. 
carving teeth. The process of forming and 
shaping the body of which mineral teeth 
are made, with tools especially made for 
the purpose, giving them the proper out- 
line and reproducing in them the character- 
istics of the natural teeth, such as grooves, 
pits, cusps, etc. 
caryogen'esis. [G. karyon, nucleus; genesis, 
production.] Formation of the nucleus 
of a cell. 
caryol'ysis. [G. karyon, nucleus; lysis, solu- 
tion.] Chromatolysis; the apparent de- 
struction of the nucleus; the loss by a 
nucleus of affinity of its chromatin for 
basic dyes. 
caryomi'crosome. [G. karyon, nucleus; 
mikros, small; soma, body.] One of the 
minute granules or particles composing 
the substance of the cell-nucleus, 
car'yon. [G. karyon, a nut, kernel.] The 
cell-nucleus. 
caryophil. Staining easily with thiazin- 
ammonium dyes. 
caryophil'ic acid. Oil of cloves; eugenic acid, 
caryoph'yllin. A tasteless, odorless, crystal- 
lizable body from the oil of cloves, 
caryophyllus. [G. karyon, nut; phyllon, leaf.] 
Clove, the dried unexpanded flower of 
an evergreen tree of tropical countries, 
car'yoplasm. [G. karyon, nucleus; plasma, 
a thing formed.] The protoplasm of a 
cell-nucleus. 
caryoplastin (kar'i-6-plas'tin). The plastic 
substance within the nucleus; para- 
chromatin. 
caryoth'eca. [G. karyon, nucleus; theke, 
sheath.] The investing membrane of a 
nucleus. 
caryozo'ic. [G. karyon, nucleus; zoon, 
animal.] A protozoan parasite occupying 
the cell-nucleus of its host, 
casclasp. Trade name of an alloy for 
casting clasps which are tough and 
elastic. 
casco. Trade name of an English line of 
artificial teeth. CASE 
78 
CATACROTISM 
case. The aggregate of dental service to 
be rendered one individual; the unit of 
one service, as a bridge, denture, etc.; a 
piece. 
Case’s artificial palate. An appliance, made 
in part of hard rubber and in part of soft 
rubber, subsequently replaced by an 
all-hard-rubber appliance; Case’s velum 
obturator. [Calvin S. Case.] 
caseation (ka-se-a'shun). [L. caseus, cheese.] 
The changing of necrotic tissues into a 
granular, more or less pultaceous, amor- 
phous mass of a grayish or light yellowish 
color, like that of cheese, 
case-heater. A device, usually in the form 
of a spider, on which a case to be soldered 
is first gradually heated, 
casein (ka'se-in). [L. caseus, cheese.] A 
nucleoprotein derived from milk and 
which is the substance of cheese, 
caseinogen (ka-se-in'o-jen). [casein; G. 
gennad, I produce.] The principal protein 
in milk, the derivative of which is casein. 
CaS04. Plaster of Paris; gypsum; calcium 
sulphate. 
cassava starch (kas-sa'va). Tapioca; starch 
from the root of some plants of tropical 
America. 
Cassia (kash'ya). A genus of herbs and 
trees of the Leguminose family, c. bark, 
cinnamon, c. buds, the unripe fruits of 
various species of cinnamon, c. caryo- 
phylla'ta, clove-bark, a cinnamon-like 
bark. c. oil, oil of cinnamon. 
Cassius, purple of. See purple of Cassius. 
cast. A positive copy of some object im- 
pressed; a crown, bridge or denture formed 
by the solidification of liquid metal which 
has been poured into a mold; a duplicate 
made of the outlines of the teeth and the 
soft tissues of the mouth by pouring 
plastic plaster of Paris, artificial stone or 
other impression material into an impres- 
sion and permitting it to become hard, 
blood c., a cast from the kidney formed 
principally of bloodclot. epithelial c., 
a cast of the kidney consisting chiefly 
of cylindrical epithelium, 
cast dressing. Trade name of a liquid which, 
wrhen painted upon a cast, deposits a 
film that is a substitute for tin-foil, 
cast metal dentures. A process by which 
molten metal is poured into a mold, in 
which the teeth are held by investment 
and the mold represents the outlines and 
conformation of the denture being made. 
cast'gloss. Trade name of a mineral varnish 
for plaster casts. 
casting. The process of running any molten 
metal or alloy into a mold in order to 
produce a crown, bridge, denture or other 
appliance used in dentistry, 
casting methods. Various methods for 
casting dentures, bridges, crowns and 
inlays have been introduced; among them 
may be mentioned those of Blandy, 
Hudson, Royce, Hawes, Bean, Reese, 
Sauer, Hayford, Watt, Martin, Carroll, 
Zeller, Fenner, Harper (W.E.), Alexander, 
Hollingsworth, Philbrook, Schlotter, 
Lentz, Ollendorf, Taggart, 
casting outfit. One of a large number of 
equipments for the making of cast crowns, 
bridges and dentures, usually consisting 
of all the appliances required from the 
time of making a matrix or taking an 
impression until the case is finished; of 
the outfits there are the Custer, Jameson, 
Taggart, etc. 
cas'tor-oil. Oleum ricini. 
castporlain. Trade name of an artificial por- 
celain for casting jacket crowns, inlays, 
pink gums and facings, 
casts, materials used for making. Coarse 
building plaster, French’s impression 
plaster, French’s regular plaster, mag- 
nesium oxychlorid, ordinary commercial 
plaster, Spence’s plaster compound, 
casual (kazh'u-al). [L. casualis, accidental, 
by chance.] Happening by chance; inci- 
dental; accidental; pertaining to or caused 
by an accident. 
casualty (kazh'u-al-ti). An accident result- 
ing in injury or death. 
cata-. [G. kata, down.] A prefix meaning 
down or in a downward direction, or 
destructive. 
cataba'sial. A skull in which the basion is 
lower than the opisthion. 
catab olism. [G. katabole, a casting down.] 
Metabolism destructive or retrograde; the 
reduction of complex living matter into 
waste products; reducing complex chemical 
compounds to simple ones, 
catacrot'ic. [G. kata, down; krotos, beat.] 
Indicating a pulse-tracing in which the 
down stroke is interrupted by one or more 
upward notches. 
catac'rotism. A condition of the pulse in 
which there are one or more secondary 
expansions of the artery following the 
main beat. CATALASE 
79 
CAULK’S 
catalase (kat'a-laz). [catalysis; -ase.] An 
enzyme in plant and animal tissues said to 
be capable of effecting the decomposition 
of hydrogen peroxid. 
cat'alepsy. [G. kata, down; lepsis, a 
seizure.] A hysteria resembling a morbid 
condition, resulting in partial rigidity, so 
that the extremities may be placed in 
various positions, in which they will remain 
for a short time. 
catalysis (kat-al'i-sis). Acceleration of a 
reaction or of decomposition produced by a 
body which itself appears unchanged, 
cat'alyst. A catalyzer; an agent which 
induces catalysis, 
catalyt'ic. Pertaining to catalysis, 
catamasse'sis. [G. kata, down; massesis, 
mastication.] The grinding of the teeth 
and biting of the tongue, as in epilepsy and 
convulsions. 
catapasm (kat'a-pazm). [G. katapasso, I 
sprinkle over.] A dusting-powder applied 
to ulcers or raw surfaces, 
cataphoresis (kat-a-fo-re'sis). [G. kata, down 
into; phoresis, being carried.] The forcing 
of medicinal substances into the pulp of a 
tooth or other tissue; electric osmosis, or 
transfer of fluids through a membrane 
from the anode to the cathode; introduc- 
tion of medicines by means of an electric 
current into the dentin or other tissues of 
the body. 
cataphoret'ic. Pertaining to cataphoresis. 
cataphor'ic. Pertaining to cataphoresis. 
cataphylaxis (kat-a-f I-laks'is). [G. kata, 
down; phylaxis, protection.] Transport of 
antibodies and leucocytes to the infected 
part. 
cat'aplasm. [G. kataplasso, I spread over.] 
A poultice, or soft mush, prepared by 
wetting absorbent substances or powders 
with oily or watery fluids, applied to the 
surface hot, and having a relaxing, emol- 
lient or stimulant and counterirritant 
effect upon the skin and tissues under- 
neath; cataplasma. 
cataplasma (kat-a-plaz'ma). [L.] Poultice; 
cataplasm, c. lini, linseed or flaxseed 
poultice. 
cat'aract. [G. katarrhaktes, a trap-door.] An 
impairment or loss of the transparency of 
the crystalline lens of the eye or of its 
capsule. 
catarrh (ka-tar'). [G. katarrheo, I flow down.] 
An inflammatory infection of any mucous 
membrane; usually chronic rhinitis. 
catastal'tic. [G. katastello, I check.] A 
checking or inhibitory agent, as an anti- 
spasmodic or astringent. Restricting; 
restraining; inhibitory, 
catas'tasis. A state or condition; a restora- 
tion to normalcy. 
cat'gut. Sheep’s intestine made up into 
cords of varying thickness, employed as an 
absorbable suture and ligature material, 
cathar'sis. [G., purification.] Excessive 
action of the bowels; purgation, 
cathar'tic. An agent producing active move- 
ment of the bowels; a purgative medicine. 
Purging; pertaining to catharsis, 
cath'eter. [G. katheter.] An instrument used 
for passage through canals, 
cath'odal. Pertaining to the cathode, 
cath'ode (kath'od). [G. kathodos, a going 
down.] The negative pole or electrode of 
an electric current; the negative terminal 
in an x-ray tube. 
cath'ode rays. The rays from the negative 
end of a vacuum tube, 
cathod'ic. Electropositive; pertaining to the 
cathode. 
cathodograph (ka-thd'do-graf). Skiagram; 
an x-ray picture, 
caucciu. [It.] Caoutchouc, 
caucho. [Sp.] Caoutchouc, 
cauda (ka'da). [L.] A tail; any tapering or 
elongated extremity of an organ or like 
part; a tail-like appendage, 
caudad (ka'dad). In a posterior direction, or 
toward the tail. 
caudal (ka'dal). [L. caudalis.] Pertaining 
to any cauda or anatomical structure 
resembling a tail. 
caudate (ka'dat). Tailed; having a tail. 
Caulk’s. Trade name (among others) of the 
following: alloy-mercury gage, holds an 
ounce of alloy and a quarter-pound of 
mercury, is dustproof, airtight, and auto- 
matically delivers the correct proportions 
of alloy and mercury for mixing, amalgam 
mixer, mixes alloy and mercury mechani- 
cally by attachment to engine handpiece, 
cavity lining, for lining cavities and protect- 
ing synthetic porcelain and zinc cements 
during the initial hardening. copper 
cement, made in three colors, white, red 
and black, the white containing copper 
iodid. denture cream, for cleansing arti- 
ficial teeth, facing forms, natural tooth 
forms resembling facings, stamped into 
strips of celluloid; used for molding syn- 
thetic porcelain and other plastic materi- CAUSAL 
80 
CAVITIES 
als. crown forms, celluloid shells made in 
imitation of natural crowns, for molding 
synthetic porcelain and other plastic 
materials for crowns, tips, corners, etc. 
pulp-preserver and pulp-capper, a prepara- 
tion of pure thymol and zinc oxid especial- 
ly free from arsenic, 
causal (ka'zal). Pertaining to a cause, 
cause. [L. causa.] That which produces, or 
contributes to, a result; that by which a 
disease or morbid change is brought about, 
constitutional c., a cause acting from 
within or through some systemic defect, 
exciting c., the direct irritating cause of a 
disease, predisposing c., that which pro- 
duces a predisposition or susceptibility to 
a disease without exciting the disease 
itself. proximate c., the immediate 
actual cause. specific c., one whose 
action produces only one definite disease, 
caus'tic. [G. kaustikos—kaio, I burn.] 
Corrosive; escharotic; burning; exerting 
an effect resembling a burn. A substance 
producing this effect, lu'nar c., silver 
nitrate. mitigated c., argenti nitras 
mitigatus. 
cauterant (ka'ter-ant). A cauterizing sub- 
stance. Cauterizing, 
cauteriza'tion. The act of cauterizing, 
cauterize (ko'ter-iz). To burn or sear with 
an actual or potential cautery; to apply a 
cautery. 
cautery (ka'ter-i). [G. kauterion, a branding- 
iron.] An agent employed for burning 
or searing the skin or tissues by means of 
heat or caustic chemicals; the destruction 
produced by a cauterizing substance, 
ac'tual c., a c. by means of fire or the 
heat produced by it. dentoelec'tric c., 
the reduction of the sensitiveness of the 
dentin, or the removal of small morbid 
tissues, by means of an electric current 
passing through a metal loop, the current 
being controlled by a spring or button, 
elec'tric c., galvan'ic c., galvanocautery. 
cavadenti. [It.] Dentist, 
cav'ascope. [L. cavum, hole; G. skoped, 
I view.] An instrument for examining 
the inside of a cavity. 
cav'ern. [L. caverna, a grotto.] A cavity, 
particularly a pathological excavation 
from loss of pulmonary tissue, as in 
tuberculosis. 
caver'na. [L. cavus, a hollow.] A term 
sometimes applied to the antrum of 
Highmore. 
cavernous (kftv'er-nus). Pertaining to a 
cavern or a cavity; having many cavities, 
cav'itas pul'pae. The pulp-cavity of a tooth, 
cavite buccale. [Fr.] The mouth; buccal 
cavity. 
cavite pulpaire. [Fr.] Pulp-chamber, 
cavities, classification of. By Greene Vardi- 
man Black: I. Simple cavities upon 
exposed surfaces: 1, incisors and cuspids, 
(a) labial, (b) lingual, (c) incisal. 2, 
bicuspids and molars, (d) occlusal, 
(e) buccal, (f) lingual. II. Simple prox- 
imal cavities: 1, incisors and cuspids, 
(g) mesial, (h) distal. 2, bicuspids and 
molars, (i) mesial, (j) distal. III. Com- 
pound cavities: 1, incisors and cuspids, 
(k) mesiolabial, (1) distolabial, (m) mesio- 
lingual, (n) distolingual, (o) mesioincisal, 
(p) distoincisal, (q) mesiodistoincisal. 
2, bicuspids and molars, (r) mesioclusal, 
(s) distoclusal, (t) occlusobuccal, (u) 
occlusolingual, (v) mesioclusodistal, (w) 
buccolinguoclusal. Cavities in the teeth 
are classified according to the following 
artificial groups: Class 1: Cavities 
beginning in structural defects in the 
teeth; pits and fissures. Class 2: Cavities 
in the proximal surfaces of the bicuspids 
and molars. Class 3: Cavities in the 
proximal surfaces of the incisors and 
cuspids which do not involve the incisal 
angle. Class 4: Cavities in the proximal 
surfaces of the incisors and cuspids which 
involve the incisal angle. Class 5: Cavi- 
ties in the gingival (cervical) third of the 
labial, buccal or lingual surfaces of the 
teeth, pit cavities excepted. 
By John Sayre Marshall: I. Simple 
cavities upon exposed surfaces: 1, incisors 
and bicuspids, (a) labial, (b) lingual, (c) 
morsal. 2, bicuspids and molars, (d) 
morsal, (e) buccal, (f) lingual. II. Simple 
proximal cavities: 1, incisors and bicus- 
pids, (g) mesial, (h) distal. 2, bicuspids 
and molars, (i) mesial, (j) distal. III. 
Compound cavities: 1, incisors and 
cuspids, (k) mesiolabial, (1) distolabial, 
(m) mesiolingual, (n) distolingual, (o) 
mesiomorsal, (p) distomorsal, (q) mesio- 
distomorsal. 2, bicuspids and molars, 
(r) mesiomorsal, (s) distomorsal, (t) morso- 
buccal, (u) morsolingual, (v) mesiodisto- 
morsal, (w) buccolinguomorsal. 
By Thomas E. Weeks: Class I. All 
cavities on any surface other than prox- 
imate: (a) cavities arising from struc- CAVITINE 
81 
CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
cavities, classification of—Continued. 
tural imperfections in pits and fissures, 
(b) cavities on labial, buccal and lingual 
surfaces, caused by contact with secre- 
tions from diseased tissues or the products 
of fermentation. Class II. All cavities 
on the proximate surfaces of incisors and 
cuspids: (a) cavities which do not 
involve the mesial or distal angle, (b) 
cavities which involve the restoration of 
the mesial or distal angle. Class III. All 
cavities on the proximate surfaces of 
bicuspids and molars: (a) cavities which 
include the marginal ridge, but do not 
involve the sulci or grooves upon the 
occlusal surface, (b) cavities which involve 
not only the marginal ridge, but also the 
sulci and grooves upon the occlusal surface. 
cav'itine. Trade name of a superior lining 
for cavities, also used as a varnish for 
silicate fillings. 
cav'ity. [L. cavitas, from cavus, a hollow.] 
A hollow, as a cavity of the tooth, c. plate, 
a denture with one or more depressions 
forming chambers from which the air is 
withdrawn, and thus assisting the retention 
of the denture in contact with the mucous 
membrane, compound c., one involving 
more than one surface of a tooth, margin 
of a c., the line of junction of a cavity and 
the surface of a tooth, nasal c., the 
nasal fossa, oral c., cavum oris, cavities 
of the teeth, named after the surfaces 
or locations in which they originate: 
buccal, cervical (gingival), distal, fissure, 
incisal, labial, lingual, mesial, occlusal, pit, 
proximal. 
cavity formation. The forming of a cavity 
to give it an outline form, a resistance 
form, a retention form and a convenience 
form. outline form, the form of the 
area of the tooth surface to be included 
within the outline or enamel margins of 
the finished cavity. resistance form, 
the form given to a cavity intended to 
afford such a seat for the filling as will 
best enable it to withstand the stress 
brought upon it in mastication, retention 
form, the form given to a cavity to prevent 
the filling from being displaced, conve- 
nience form, a modification of the forms 
given a cavity to render it more conve- 
nient to insert the filling. 
cavity nomenclature. [Greene Vardiman 
Black, American dental savant, 1836- 
1915.] Cavities in the teeth take the 
cavity nomenclature—Continued. 
names of the surfaces of the teeth on which 
they occur, and when they involve more 
than one surface, they take the names of 
the several surfaces involved. Definitions 
are readily recognized by the name of the 
surface, angle or point, 
acute angle 
axial 
cavity 
surface 
wall 
axio-buccal line angle 
axio-bucco-gingival point angle 
axio-bucco-lingual plane 
axio-bucco-occlusal point angle 
axio-distal line angle 
axio-disto-incisal point angle 
axio-disto-gingival point angle 
axio-disto-occlusal point angle 
axio-gingival line angle 
axio-incisal line angle 
axio-incisal point angle 
axio-labial line angle 
axio-labio-gingival point angle 
axio-labio-lingual point angle (incisal 
angle) 
axio-lingual line angle 
axio-linguo-gingival point angle 
axio-linguo-occlusal point angle 
axio-mesial line angle 
axio-mesio-distal plane 
axio-mesio-gingival point angle 
axio-mesio-incisal point angle 
axio-occlusal line angle 
axio-pulpal line angle 
bicuspid proximal 
buccal 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
groove 
surface 
wall 
bucco-axial line angle 
bucco-axio-gingival point angle 
bucco-distal line angle 
bucco-gingival line angle 
bucco-lingually 
bucco-mesial line angle 
bucco-occlusal line angle 
bucco-pulpal line angle 
cavo-surface line angle 
complex cavity 
convenience point 
dentin wall 
dento-enamel junction CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
82 
CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
cavity nomenclature—Continued. 
distal 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
surface 
wall 
disto-buccal line angle 
disto-bucco-pulpal point angle 
disto-gingival line angle 
disto-incisal line angle 
disto-labial line angle 
disto-labio-pulpal point angle 
disto-lingual line angle (or linguo-distal) 
disto-linguo-pulpal point angle 
disto-occlusal line angle 
disto-pulpal line angle 
division of the tooth surface 
into thirds 
fourths 
fifths 
enamel margin 
plate 
wall 
fault 
fissure 
cavity 
gingival 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
half (of lingual surface of molars) 
surface 
third (of all teeth; on buccal surfaces 
of molars) 
wall 
gingivo-axial line angle 
gingivo-bucco-axial point angle 
gingivo-linguo-axial point angle 
horizontal plane 
incisal 
angle 
step 
inciso-labial (in incisors and cuspids) 
inciso-lingual (in upper incisors) 
inciso-proximal 
inclination (of cavity wall) 
internal (part of cavity) 
labial 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
surface 
wall 
labio-gingival line angle 
labio-lingual line angle 
line angle 
lingual 
cavity 
cavity nomenclature—Continued. 
cavo-surface line angle 
surface 
wall 
linguo-axial line angle 
linguo-axio-gingival point angle 
linguo-distal line angle (or disto-lingual) 
linguo-gingival line angle 
linguo-mesial line angle 
linguo-occlusal line angle 
linguo-pulpal line angle 
lobe 
long axis 
mesial 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
surface 
wall 
mesio-buccal line angle 
mesio-bucco-pulpal point angle 
mesio-distal plane 
mesio-distally 
mesio-gingival line angle 
mesio-incisal line angle 
mesio-labial line angle 
mesio-labio-pulpal point angle 
mesio-lingual line angle 
mesio-linguo-pulpal point angle 
mesio-occlusal line angle 
mesio-occluso-distal cavity 
mesio-pulpal line angle 
molar proximal 
occlusal 
cavity 
cavo-surface line angle 
half (on lingual surface of molars) 
step 
surface 
two-third (on buccal surface of molars) 
wall 
occluso-gingivally 
pit 
cavity 
plane of tooth 
point angle 
proximal 
proximo-occlusal 
pulpal 
wall 
pulp-chamber 
floor 
pulpo-axial line angle 
pulpo-bucco-axial point angle 
pulpo-distal line angle 
pulpo-labial line angle 
pulpo-lingual line angle CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
83 
CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
cavity nomenclature—Continued. 
pulpo-linguo-axial point angle 
pulpo-mesial line angle 
simple cavity 
• smooth-surface cavity 
step 
portion 
sub-pulpal 
angle 
wall 
cavity nomenclature. Modified: first, to 
conform with the opinion that gingival 
should be cervical (it is claimed that 
anything relating to the neck or cervix 
of a tooth, such as the floor, margin, wall 
or angle of a cavity, should take its name 
from the neck)—cervix, cervical, cervically 
—because the neck is a fixed, invariable 
anatomical part of the tooth, in or out 
of the mouth, while the gum line, gum 
margin, gingival line, gingival margin, is 
an unstable and variable designation, on 
the outside of the tooth; second, by the 
omission of the hyphen as superfluous; 
and, third, for the sake of euphony, the 
omission of the letters oc from the 
word occlusal when the part of the 
word preceding ends in an o, that is, 
axio-, bucco-, cervico-, disto-, linguo-, 
mesio-, proximo-, and pulpo-. Buccoclusal, 
distoclusal, etc., in place of bucco-occlusal, 
disto-occlusal, etc. 
acute angle 
axial 
cavity 
surface 
wall 
axiobuccal line angle 
axiobuccocervical point angle 
axiobuccoclusal point angle 
axiobuccolingual plane 
axiocervical line angle 
axioclusal line angle 
axiodistal line angle 
axiodistoincisal point angle 
axiodistocervical point angle 
axiodistoclusal point angle 
axioincisal line angle 
axioincisal point angle 
axiolabial line angle 
axiolabiocervical point angle 
axiolabiolingual point angle (incisal angle) 
axiolingual line angle 
axiolinguocervical point angle 
axiolinguoclusal point angle 
axiomesial line angle 
cavity nomenclature, modified—Cont. 
axiomesiocervical point angle 
axiomesiodistal plane 
axiomesioincisal point angle 
axiopulpal line angle 
bicuspid proximal 
buccal 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
groove 
surface 
wall 
buccoaxial line angle 
buccoaxiocervical point angle 
buccocervical line angle 
buccoclusal line angle 
buccolingually 
buccomesial line angle 
buccopulpal line angle 
cavosurface line angle 
cervical 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
half (of lingual surface of molars) 
surface 
third; (of all teeth; on buccal surfaces of 
molars) 
wall 
cervicoaxial line angle 
cervicobuccoaxial point angle 
cervicolinguoaxial point angle 
complex cavity 
convenience point 
dentin wall 
dentoenamel junction 
distal 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
surface 
wall 
distobuccal line angle 
distobuccopulpal point angle 
distocervical line angle 
distoclusal line angle 
distoincisal line angle 
distolabial line angle 
distolabiopulpal point angle 
distolingual line angle (or linguodistal) 
distolinguopulpal point angle 
distopulpal line angle 
division of the tooth surface 
into thirds 
fourths 
fifths 
enamel margin 
plate CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
84 
CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
cavity nomenclature, modified—Cont. 
wall 
fault 
fissure 
cavity 
horizontal plane 
incisal 
angle 
step 
incisolabial (in incisors and cuspids) 
incisolingual (in upper incisors) 
incisoproximal 
inclination (of cavity wall) 
internal (part of cavity) 
labial 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
surface 
wall 
labiocervical line angle 
labiolingual line angle 
line angle 
lingual 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle • 
surface 
wall 
linguoaxial line angle 
linguoaxiocervical point angle 
linguocervical line angle 
linguoclusal line angle 
linguodistal line angle (or distolingual) 
linguomesial line angle 
linguopulpal line angle 
lobe 
long axis 
mesial 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
surface 
wall 
mesiobuccal line angle 
mesiobuccopulpal point angle 
mesiocervical line angle 
mesioclusal line angle 
mesioclusodistal cavity 
mesiodistal plane 
mesiodistally 
mesioincisal line angle 
mesiolabial line angle 
mesiolabiopulpal point angle 
mesiolingual line angle 
mesiolinguopulpal point angle 
mesiopulpal line angle 
molar proximal 
occlusal 
cavity nomenclature, modified—Cont. 
cavity 
cavosurface line angle 
half (on lingual surface of molars) 
step 
surface 
two-third (on buccal surface of molars) 
wall 
occlusocervically 
pit 
cavity 
plane of tooth 
point angle 
proximal 
proximoclusal 
pulpal 
wall 
pulpchamber 
floor 
pulpoaxial line angle 
pulpobuccoaxial line angle 
pulpodistal line angle 
pulpolabial line angle 
pulpolingual line angle 
pulpolinguoaxial point angle 
pulpomesial line angle 
simple cavity 
smooth surface cavity 
step 
portion 
subpulpal 
angle 
wall 
cavity nomenclature abbreviations. 
A., axial. 
A.B., axiobuccal. 
A.B.C., axiobuccocervical. 
A.B.G., axiobuccogingival. 
A.B.L., axiobuccolingual. 
A.C., axiocervical. 
A.D., axiodistal. 
A.D.C., axiodistocervical. 
A.D.G., axiodistogingival. 
A.D.I., axiodistoincisal. 
A.G., axiogingival. 
A.I., axioincisal. 
A.L., axiolingual. 
A.La., axiolabial. 
A.La.L., axiolabiolingual. 
A.L.C., axiolinguocervical. 
A.L.G., axiolinguogingival. 
A.L.O., axiolinguoclusal. 
A.M., axiomesial. 
A.M.C., axiomesiocervical. 
A.M.D., axiomesiodistal. 
A.M.G., axiomesiogingival. CAVITY NOMENCLATURE 
85 
C2CI3HO2 
cavity nomenclature abbreviations—Cont. 
axiomesioincisal. 
A.O., axioclusal. 
A. axiopulpal. 
B. buccal. 
B. A., buccoaxial. 
B.A.C., buccoaxiocervical. 
B.A.G., buccoaxiogingival. 
B.C., buccocervical. 
B.D., buccodistal. 
B.G., buccogingival. 
B.L., buccolingual. 
B.M., buccomesial. 
B.O., buccoclusal. 
B. buccopulpal. 
C. cervical. 
C.A., cervicoaxial. 
C.B.A., cervicobuccoaxial. 
C.L.A., cervicolinguoaxial. 
C. cavosurface. 
D. distal. 
D.B., distobuccal. 
D.B.P., distobuccopulpal. 
D.C., distocervical. 
D.G., distogingival. 
D.I., distoincisal. 
D.L., distolingual. 
D.La., distolabial. 
D.La.P., distolabiopulpal. 
D.L.P., distolinguopulpal. 
D.O., distoclusal. 
D.P., distopulpal. 
G., gingival. 
G.A., gingivoaxial. 
G.B.A., gingivobuccoaxial. 
G.L.A., gingivolinguoaxial. 
I., incisal. 
I.L., incisolingual. 
I.La., incisolabial. 
I.P., incisopulpal. 
L., lingual. 
La., labial. 
L.A., linguoaxial. 
La.C., labiocervical. 
L.A.C., linguoaxiocervical. 
L.A.G., linguoaxiogingival. 
La.L., labiolingual. 
L.C., linguocervical. 
L.D., linguodistal. 
L.G., linguogingival. 
Li., line. 
Li.A., line angle. 
L.M., linguomesial. 
L.O., linguoclusal. 
L. linguopulpal. 
M. mesial. 
cavity nomenclature abbreviations—Cont, 
M.B., mesiobuccal. 
M.B.P., mesiobuccopulpal. 
M.C., mesiocervical. 
M.D., mesiodistal. 
M.G., mesiogingival. 
M.I., mesioincisal. 
mesioincisodistal. 
M.L., mesiolingual. 
M.La., mesiolabial. 
M.La.P., mesiolabiopulpal. 
M.L.P., mesiolinguopulpal. 
M.O., mesioclusal. 
M.O.D., mesioclusodistal. 
M.P., mesiopulpal. 
O., occlusal. 
O.C., occlusocervical. 
O. oeclusogingival. 
P. pulpal. 
P.A., pulpoaxial. 
P.B.A., pulpobuccoaxial. 
P.D., pulpodistal. 
P.L., pulpolingual. 
P.La., pulpolabial. 
P.L.A., pulpolinguoaxial. 
P.M., pulpomesial. 
Po., point. 
P.O., proximoclusal. 
Po.A., point angle. 
P.M., pulpomesial. 
S.P., subpulpal. 
cavity preparation. The mechanical treat- 
ment of the injuries to a tooth produced 
by dental caries so as best to fit the remain- 
ing part of the tooth to receive a filling 
restoring the original form, give it strength 
and prevent decay in the same surface, 
cavity wall. See wall, cavity. 
cavo-. Modification of cavity, used in com- 
pound words, as cavosurface. 
cavosurface (ka-vo-sur'fas). Pertaining to a 
cavity and the surface of a tooth, c. 
angle, the junction of the wall of the cavity 
and of the surface of a tooth, 
ca'vum. [L.] A hollow, cavity or hole, 
c. o'ris, cavity of the mouth; the space 
between the dental arches, restricted 
anteriorly by the lips, laterally by the 
cheeks and posteriorly by the isthmus of 
the fauces, c. den'tis, the cavity in a 
tooth. 
cayenne pepper (ka-en')- Capsicum. 
Cb. Chemical symbol of columbium. 
C.B.A. Cervicobuccoaxial. 
c.c. Abbreviation for cubic centimeter. 
C2CI3HO2. Trichloracetic acid. C.CM. 
86 
CEMENT 
c.cm. Abbreviation for cubic centimeter. 
Cd. Symbol of the element cadmium. 
Ce. Symbol of the element cerium, 
ceasmic (se-as'mik). [G. keazo, I split, 
cleave.] Designating an abnormal cleav- 
age or a fissure. 
ce'cal. Pertaining to the cecum; ending in 
a cul-de-sac, blind or closed end. 
cecum (se'kum). [L. cecus, blind.] Typhlon; 
blind gut; the cul-de-sac below the 
ileocecal valve, which forms the first 
part of the large intestine; any like 
structure ending in a cul-de-sac. 
ce'liac. [G. koilia, belly.] Pertaining to the 
abdominal cavity. 
cell. [L. cella, a small chamber.] The 
active basis of all living organisms; 
a minute structure composed of a mass of 
protoplasm, inclosed in a delicate mem- 
brane and containing a nucleus, ameboid 
c., one possessed of ameboid movements, 
as a leucocyte, basal or basilar c., one of 
the cells which form the deepest layer of 
the epithelium, bipolar c., a neuron with 
tw’o processes, blood c., an erythrocite 
or leucocyte of the blood, bone c., one 
of the cells in the lacunae of bone, cal- 
cigerous c., dentinal cell. column or 
columnar c., a neuron in the posterior 
columns of the spinal cord, connective- 
tissue c., found in connective tissue, 
dentinal c., the cell of the dentin containing 
calcerous salts; calcigerous cell, element- 
ary or embryonic c., a cell of the primitive 
embryo, an undifferentiated cell of the 
adult, possessing the characteristics of 
embryonic cells, endogenous c., a cell 
which forms within another cell, and which 
is retained in the same enveloping mem- 
brane. endothelial c., belonging to the 
cells which form the lining membrane of 
the serous membranes and of the blood- 
vessels. epithelial c., one of the cells 
which form the epithelial surface of the 
mucous membranes and of the skin, 
germ c., the primitive ovum, germinal 
c., a cytoblast. giant c., a large cell, 
sometimes with more than one nucleus, 
goblet c., one of the epithelial cells 
distended with mucin, which, upon 
being discharged, leaves the cell in a 
goblet shape, mucous c., the mucus- 
secreting cell, the goblet cell, muscular 
c., an elongated cell of the muscular 
tissues, nerve c., ganglion c., the neuron’s 
cell body, osseous c., bone cell, parent 
c., mother c., it divides and gives rise to 
two or more daughter cells, pigment c., 
the connective-tissue cell which contains 
the pigment granules, squamous c., an 
epithelial cell which is like a scale or flat, 
wandering c., ameboid cell, 
cel'la, pi. cell®. [L., a storehouse, a cell, 
compartment.] A cell, 
celloi'din. Purified pyroxylin, employed for 
imbedding histological specimens, 
cell-organ. One of the differentiated parts 
of some cells which perform certain func- 
tions. 
cel'lose. A product of the hydrolysis of 
cellulose. 
cel'lula, pi. cel'lul®. [L., dim. of cella.] 
A small compartment; a minute cell; 
cellule. 
cel'lular. Pertaining to, taken from or com- 
posed of cells; areolar; possessing numer- 
ous interstices or compartments, c. tis'- 
sue, loose connective tissue having many 
interstices or spaces. 
cellulitis (sel-u-le'tis or i'tis). [L. cellula, 
small cell; -itis, imflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of cellular or connective tissues, 
cel'luloid. [L. cellula, dim. of cella, a cell; 
G. eidos, form, resemblance.] Cellulose 
converted with nitrosulphuric acid into 
gun-cotton, soluble in alcohol, sulphuric 
ether and camphor. Used as a base for 
dentures, under various names: celluloid, 
pyroxylin, zylonite and rose pearl. c. 
blanks, celluloid formed in the shape 
required for dentures, on the market in 
forms for uppers, lowers, partials and 
plumpers, c. heater, a small oven used 
for hardening celluloid in making dentures, 
c. steam apparatus, used in molding den- 
tures with steam instead of oil. 
celluloid attachment. Noting dentures in 
which the teeth are attached to a metal 
base by means of celluloid, 
cel'lulose. The fundamental substance of 
vegetable tissues from which celluloid 
is made; a carbohydrate of the same 
composition as starch, and which forms 
the basis of vegetable fiber, 
cement (se-ment'). [L. cementum.] Sub- 
stance employed for uniting substances 
(incorrectly applied to amalgam); exten- 
sively employed filling-material, composed 
of various chemical substances, one usually 
of liquid, the other of powder, which, com- 
bined, result in a solid; a ground substance 
holding together cells or other structures; CEMENT 
87 
CEPHALALGIA 
zinc oxychlorid, oxyphosphate or similar 
plastic material used in filling, c. organ, 
the dental sac. plomb c., a cement for 
fillings used in Germany, tooth c., see 
cementum. 
cement. [Fr.] Cementum. 
cementa'tion. A chemical process in the 
conversion of iron into steel, also in 
refining gold; the reaction which takes 
place under heat between two substances 
without fusion, 
cemente'rium. A crucible, 
cementinifica'tion. The formation of the 
cementum of the tooth, 
cementi'tis. See pericementitis. 
cement'oblast. [L. cementum, cement; G. 
blastos, germ.] A cell from which the 
substantia ossea of the teeth is developed, 
cementoden'tinal junc'tion. The irregular 
line where the dentin and the cementum 
meet. 
cemento'ma, pi. cemento'mata. A tumor 
or growth of cemental structure arising 
from the cementum. 
cementoperiostite. [Fr.] Cementoperiosti- 
tis; pyorrhea. 
cementoperiostitis (se-men-tS-per-i-os-te'tis 
or i'tis). Riggs’ disease, 
cementos de silicato. [Sp.] Silicate cements, 
cemento'sis. A thickening of the cementum. 
cemen'tum. Substantia ossea; a substance 
resembling bone, covering the roots of the 
teeth. 
cementwax. Trade name of a sticky wax for 
mending broken models, 
center. [L. centrum.] The middle point of 
the body; the interior; nervecells grouped 
in various parts of the nervous system, 
and which govern certain functions and 
receive or send out stimuli, accelerating 
c., situated in the medulla; increases 
heart action, cardio-acceleratory c., accel- 
erating center, cardioinhibitory c., situ- 
ated in the medulla; decreases the heart’s 
action, deglutition c., controls the move- 
ments in swallowing; located in the 
floor of the fourth ventricle, facial c., 
controls movements of the muscles of the 
face. gustatory c., the taste center, 
mastication c., controls the movements 
of mastication and is located in the 
medulla, salivary or salivation c., controls 
the secretion of saliva and is located in 
the floor of the fourth ventricle, smell 
or olfactory c., controls the organs of 
smell, sneezing c., controls the muscular 
movements in sneezing, spasm or con- 
vulsion c., injury of this center causes 
spasms, swallowing c., same as degluti- 
tion center, taste c., the gustatory center, 
trophic c., controls the nutritive processes, 
vasoconstrictor c., controls contraction 
of the blood-vessels, vasodilator c., con- 
trols the dilatation of the blood-vessels, 
vasomotor c., controls both the contrac- 
tion and the dilatation of the blood- 
vessels. vomiting c., stimulation of this 
center causes vomiting, 
centes'imal. [L. centesimus, hundredth.] 
Pertaining to or divided into hundredths, 
cen'tigrade. [L. centum, one hundred; 
gradus, step, degree.] Divided or grad- 
uated into one hundred degrees, c. scale, 
a scale in which there are 100 degrees 
between the freezing-point and the boiling- 
point of water, c. thermom'eter, a ther- 
mometer graduated according to the centi- 
grade scale. 
cen'tigram. The hundredth part of a gram, 
equal to 0.1543 grain. 
centiliter (sen'ti-le-ter). The hundredth part 
of a liter, ten cubic centimeters, 162.3 
minims. 
cen'timeter. The hundredth part of a meter, 
0.3937 inch, about § inch, 
cen'tral. Toward the median line, toward 
the center; pertaining to or at the center, 
as the central incisor. 
centric occlusion. Noting the relation of the 
teeth when they are closed in a position of 
rest. The relation of the incline planes 
of the teeth when the jaws are closed in 
the position of rest. [ADA.] 
centrif'ugal. [L. centrum, center; fugere, to 
flee.] Efferent; in a direction away from 
the center. A centrifuge, 
centrifuge (sen'tri-fuj). An apparatus used 
to separate solid particles in suspension 
in a fluid. The vessel holding the fluid 
is attached to a long lever which revolves 
rapidly, the centrifugal force throwing the 
particles to the peripheral part of the ro- 
tated vessel. Some of the inlay-casting 
machines are constructed so as to employ 
the centrifugal principle, 
centrip'etal. [L. centrum, center; pelere, to 
seek.] Afferent; in a direction toward the 
center. 
cen'trum. [L.] A center of any kind, par- 
ticularly an anatomical center, 
cephalal'gia. [G. kephale, head; algos, pain.] 
Headache. CEPHALIC 
88 
CHAIR 
cephal'ic. [G. kephale, head.] Pertaining to 
the head. 
cephalocathar'tic. [G. kephale, head; kath- 
artikos, cleansing.] Expulsive of mucus 
from the nose and accessory sinuses. An 
agent possessing this property, 
cepillo de dientes. [Sp.] Toothbrush, 
ce'ra. [L.] Wax. c. al'ba, white wax, 
bleached wax; the yellow wax is bleached 
by rolling it into sheets and exposing them 
to the air and light, c. fla'va, yellow wax, 
derived from the honeycomb of the hive- 
bee. c. vegetabilis, vegetable wax. 
ceramic dentistry (se-ram'ik). [G. Iceramos, 
potter’s earth.] The art of producing 
artificial teeth in such ideal perfection 
that they appear natural; the reproduction 
on artificial teeth of the peculiarities 
inherent in natural teeth or that may arise 
in the course of life. This includes the 
reproduction of anemic spots, small pits, 
streaks or lines; the shading and staining 
of sulci; deepening the entire tone of color, 
or only the tip or part of a tooth; increasing 
or decreasing transparency; staining the 
necks of the teeth a darker color, including 
tobacco stains, at the necks, in the grooves 
and embrocation lines, and the addition 
of gum color to artificial teeth when, due 
to the loss of the alveolar process, they 
extend above the normal gum line, 
ce'rate. Ceratum. 
cerato-. For words thus beginning see also 
under kerato-. 
cera'tum. [L. ceratus, waxed.] Cerate; an 
unctuous solid preparation which contains 
sufficient wax to maintain its consistency 
when applied on the skin, 
ce'real. Pertaining to any edible grain. An 
edible grain. 
cerebel'lar. Pertaining to the cerebellum, 
cerebellum (ser-e-bel'lum). [L., dim. of 
cerebrum, brain.] The posterior brain 
mass, lying behind the pons and medulla 
and underneath the posterior part of the 
cerebrum. 
cerebralgia (ser-e-bral'ji-a). [L. cerebrum, 
brain; G. algos, pain.] Headache; cephalal- 
gia. [the spinal cord, 
cerebrospi'nal. Pertaining to the brain and 
cer'ebrum. [L., brain.] The principal part 
of the brain, including all parts within the 
skull except the medulla, pons and cere- 
bellum. 
ce'rium. Symbol Ce, atomic weight 140.25. 
A metallic element. 
ceronol. Trade name of an alkaline non- 
astringent mouthwash, 
ceroplas'tic. Pertaining to the art of model- 
ing in wax, as the form of an inlay, 
ce'rous. Waxlike. 
certified enamel. Trade name of a silicate 
for filling cavities. 
certified medi-cement. Trade name of a 
plastic temporary stopping and inter- 
mediary filling containing oil of cloves as 
a sedative. 
certified model cement. Trade name of an 
extremely smooth and hard-setting cement 
for model-making, especially adapted for 
the indirect method. 
cerumen (se-ro'men). [L. cera, wax.] Ear- 
wax. 
ceruse (se'roz). [L. cerussa, white lead.] 
Plumbi carbonas; white lead, 
ce'russite. Lead carbonate, 
cer'vical. [L. cervix, neck.] Pertaining to a 
neck, the neck of a tooth, or a cervix in 
any sense, c. zone. See zone. 
cervico-. A modification of cervical, used in 
compound words, as cervicoaxial, cervico- 
linguoaxial, etc. See cavity nomenclature. 
cervicobuc'cal. Pertaining to the buccal sur- 
face of the neck of a bicuspid or molar 
tooth. 
cervicofacial (ser-vi-kd-fa'shal). Pertaining 
to the neck and the face, 
cervicola'bial. Pertaining to the labial sur- 
face of the neck of an incisor or cuspid 
tooth. 
cervicolin'gual. Pertaining to the lingual 
surface of the cervix or neck of a tooth, 
cer'vix, gen. cervi'cis, pi. cervi'ces. [L., 
neck.] The neck; the constricted part of a 
tooth, delimiting the crown from the root; 
collum. 
cesium (se'zi-um). [L. cesius, bluish gray.] 
Symbol Cs, atomic weight 132.81. A 
metallic element. 
cesto'da. [L., from G. kestos, girdle.] Tape- 
worms; flatworms. 
ceta'ceum. [G. ketos, a whale.] A concrete 
fatty substance obtained from the head 
of the sperm whale; spermaceti. 
C2H2. Acetylene. 
chafe (chaf). [Fr. chauffer, to heat.] To 
excoriate; to irritate; to produce irritation 
by rubbing or by the action of irritants, 
chain. A series of atoms held together by 
one or more affinities, 
chain saw. See saiv, chain. 
chair, dental or operating. Various forms CHALICE CELL 
89 
CHEMISTRY 
and designs of dental chairs are made, 
providing for the comfort of the patient 
and the convenience of the operator, 
being provided with means for raising, 
lowering, tilting and other movements. 
They are designated according -to their 
uses, as child’s for dental infirmaries; 
portable; leather-, plush-, haircloth-, cane- 
or wood-seated, etc. 
chalice cell. Goblet cell, 
chalk (chak). [L. calx.] Creta; calcium 
carbonate. French c., magnesium silicate; 
talcum, prepared c., see creta. 
chalybeate (kal-ib'e-at). [G. chalyps, steel.] 
A therapeutic agent containing iron. 
Pertaining to or containing iron, 
chamber (cham'ber). [L. camera.] An 
inclosed space or compartment; a cell; a 
cavity. 
chamber, air; vacuum-chamber. A depres- 
sion in an artificial denture from which a 
part of the air may be withdrawn by suc- 
tion, thus assisting in the retention of 
the piece. 
chamecephalic (kam-e-sef-al'ik). [G. chamai, 
low, stunted; kephale, head.] Indicating 
a skull with a vertical index of 70 or less; 
having a flat head. Similar to tapeino- 
cephalic. 
chameprosopic (kam-e-pros-5'pik). [G. 
chamai, flattened, low; prosopikos, facial.] 
Possessing a broad face, 
chamomile (kam'6-mJl). [G. chamai, on the 
ground; melon, apple.] The flowering 
heads of anthemis nobilis. 
chapas'gar. A culture medium of agar and 
ascitic fluid with Chapoteau’s peptone, 
chapped. Noting a lesion of the skin caused 
by cold; cracked; split open, 
char'coal. Carbon made by burning or 
heating wood with insufficient air. 
Charles’ law. [J. A. C. Charles, French 
physicist.] The law in physics that the 
volume of a given mass of gas increases for 
a given rise in temperature and decreases 
for a given fall, 
charpie. [Fr.] Lint. 
charta. [L., a sheet of paper.] A folded 
paper containing a medicinal powder, 
chas'ma. Yawning. 
chas'me. [G. chainein, to gape.] Gaping; 
yawning. 
chattering of the teeth. Caused by a tremor 
of the mandible, a reflex act due to cold 
or mental emotion; dentium crepitus; 
odontosynerismus; claquement (Fr.). 
Chayes’ parallelom'eter. [Herman E. S. 
Chayes, American dentist, 1878.] An 
instrument for carrying, placing and 
taking impressions of attachments for 
movable and removable bridgework at 
various distances, measured in micro- 
millimeters, and insuring the juxtaposition 
of these attachments to their respective 
abutments in equidistant relation to each 
other. C.’s parallelodrill, a dental engine 
accessory which cooperates with the 
parallelometer in such a manner that any 
linear variation from 7 to 35 millimeters 
may be transferred from the parallelom- 
eter to the parallelodrill, and two teeth 
may be ground at the same time with 
assurance that the axial walls produced 
will be relatively parallel to each other. 
C.’s buccolingual attachment, one for 
use with movable and removable bridge- 
work. 
CHC13. Chloroform. 
Cheadle’s disease. Infantile scurvy, 
check. To stop or slow the course of any- 
thing, as of a disease; to review or compare 
so as to insure accuracy, 
cheekbone. Malar bone; os zygomaticum. 
cheek-sucking. See sucking. 
cheesy (che'zi). Of the consistence of 
cottage cheese; caseous, 
cheilo-. [G. cheilos, lip.] For words thus 
beginning see chilo-. 
cheloid (ke'loid). [G. chele, a claw; eidos, 
resemblance.] A fibrous growth of con- 
nective tissue of the cicatricial type, 
resulting from irritation or a scar; keloid, 
chemical (kem'i-kal). Pertaining to chem- 
istry, to the relation and interaction of 
the elements and to the resulting phe- 
nomena. 
chemicoparasit'ic theory. A theory that 
caries of the teeth is due to a combined 
chemical and parasitic action, 
chemiotaxis. See chemotaxis. 
chemistry (kem'is-tri). [G. chemeia, al- 
chemy—Ar. al kemia, secret.] The science 
which treats of the intimate constitution 
of substances, the elements, their mutual 
relations, and phenomena resulting from 
the formation and decomposition of com- 
pounds. analytical c., chemistry applied 
to the breaking up of compounds and the 
determination of their composition, den- 
tal c., chemistry in its relation to dentistry, 
inorganic c., the chemistry of compounds 
without carbon, metabolic c., physiologi- CHEMOTACTIC 
90 
CHILOGNATHOPALATOSCHISIS 
cal chemistry, organ'ic c., the chemistry 
of substances having combustible carbon 
compounds, physiological c., chemistry 
of the living organism and all its pro- 
cesses. synthetic c., constructive chem- 
istry; concerns the building up or 
formation of complex compounds by 
uniting or changing the more simple ones. 
chemotac'tic. Pertaining to chemotaxis. 
chemotaxis (kem-5-tak'sis). [G. chemeia, 
chemistry; taxis, orderly arrangement.] 
A process whereby cells are attracted, that 
is by positive chemotaxis, or repelled, 
that is by negative chemotaxis, being a 
reaction of living protoplasm to a chemical 
stimulus, due to acids, alkalis or other 
bodies exhibiting chemical properties; 
chemotropism; chemiotaxis. The attach- 
ment which takes place in implanted, 
replanted and transplanted teeth, in 
which the vitality of the planted tissue is 
wanting, is due to positive chemotaxis, the 
planted tooth acting as the chemical 
stimulant, attracting the surrounding 
cells of the living tissue. 
chemotropism (kem-ot'ro-pizm). [G. chem- 
eia, chemistry; tropos, turn, direction.] 
Chemotaxis; the impulse or capacity 
which cells or cellular organisms possess 
to progress or turn in a certain direction 
under the influence of definite chemical 
stimuli, as in the case of the planting of 
an animal tissue, such as a tooth, consisting 
of chemical substances, attracting the 
living cells and by that means forming a 
union. 
cheoplas'tic. Pertaining to cheoplasty. 
c. base, the base of a denture made by 
pouring molten metal or alloy into a 
mold. c. metal, an alloy consisting of 
tin, silver, bismuth and/or antimony, 
used for pouring a cheoplastic base, 
c. process, the method of making a cheo- 
plastic base and connecting it with arti- 
ficial teeth. c. teeth, artificial teeth 
without pins, but with undercuts into 
which the metal flows, retaining the 
teeth attached to the cheoplastic base. 
che'oplasty. [G. chein, to pour; plasso, I 
form.] The process of molding with 
molten metals or alloys. 
chest. [A.S. cest, a box.] The thorax; 
breast. 
chevauchement. [Fr.] Displacement of an 
incisor or cuspid, whereby the tooth 
assumes a position anteriorly to the other 
teeth and across the labial surface of one 
of them. 
cheves'tre. [Fr. chevastre.] A bandage to 
support the chin in luxation or fracture of 
the mandible, similar to Barton’s bandage, 
chew. [A.S. ceowan.] To masticate; to 
triturate; to comminute with the teeth, 
chewing teeth. The bicuspids and molars. 
See posterior teeth. 
CHI3. Iodoform. 
chiasm (kl'&sm). [G. chiasma, two crossing 
lines.] A crossing or decussation of two 
tracts, as of the nerves or tendons, 
chiasma (ki-az'ma). Chiasm, 
chicot. [Fr.] Stump of a root, 
chido-kogo. [Ja.] Moving bite, 
child'hood. The period from infancy to 
puberty, c. period, from the dental stand- 
point, the time from the first appearance 
of the deciduous teeth until the roots of 
all the permanent teeth (except those of 
the third molars) have been completely 
formed, usually about the sixteenth year, 
c. p. of the permanent teeth, from the 
first appearance of the permanent teeth, 
about the sixth year, until their roots 
(except the third molars) are fully com- 
pleted, or from the sixth to the sixteenth 
year. 
chilectropion (ki-lek-trd'pi-on). [G. cheilos, 
lip; ektropos, a turning out.] Eversion of 
the lip or lips. 
chilitis (ki-le'tis or i'tis). [G. cheilos, lip: 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
lips or of a lip. c. exfoliati'va, seborrheic 
dermatitis which affects the vermilion 
border of the lips. c. glandula'ris, inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane of the 
lips and the enlargement of the glands 
discharging mucus. 
chill. [A.S. cele, cold]. A sudden sensation 
of coldness; rigor; a cold feeling with 
shivering and pallor and a rise in tempera- 
ture in the interior of the body, 
chills and fe'ver. Malaria, 
chilo-. [G. cheilos, lip.] A prefix signifying 
lip. 
chiloc'ace. . [G. cheilos, lip; kakus, bad.] 
Induration or swelling of the lip. 
chilocarcino'ma. [G. cheilos, lip; karkinos, 
crab, cancer.] Cancer of the lip. 
chilognathopalatoschisis (ki-log-nath'6-pal- 
at-os'ki-sis). [G. cheilos, lip; gnathos, jaw; 
L. palatum, palate; G. schisis, fissure.] 
Harelip; cleftlip; cleft palate; chilognatho- 
uranoschisis. CHILOGNATHOURANOSCHISIS 
91 
CHLORODYNE 
chilognathouranoschisis (kl-log-nath'6-u-ran- 
os'ki-sis). [G. cheilos, lip; gnathos, jaw; 
ouranos, palate; schisis, fissure.] Harelip 
or cleftlip with cleft palate, 
chi'lon. [G. cheilos, lip.] Inflammation and 
swelling of the lip; cheilon; chilitis. 
chilon'cus. Swelling of the lip. 
chiloplasty (kl'15-plas-ti). [G. cheilos, lip; 
plasso, I form.] Plastic surgery of the lips; 
operation to repair malformations of the 
lip. 
chilopodiasis (kl-lo-po-di'a-sis). [G. cheilos, 
lip; pous, foot; -msfs.] Invasion of a 
cavity, particularly the nasal cavity, by a 
species of the centipede or Chilopoda 
family. 
chiloschisis (ki-los'ki-sis). [G. cheilos, lip; 
schisis, fissure.] Harelip; cleftlip. 
chilostomatoplasty (ki-los-to'mat-6-plas-ti). 
[G. cheilos, lip; stoma, mouth; plasso, I 
mold.] The operation for the closure of 
cleftlip or harelip; a plastic operation on 
the mouth and the lips, 
chilosto'moplasty. Chilostomatoplasty. 
chilotomy (kl-lot'o-mi). [G. cheilos, lip; 
tome, incision.] Excision of a portion of 
the lip, as in removing an epithelioma, 
chimoru. [Ja.] Thymol, 
chin. [A.S. cin.] The part of the face 
formed by the projection of the mandible; 
mentum. double c., buccula. 
chin'cap. A cap fitting over the chin, usually 
connected by elastics with a skullcap, used 
in exerting force to retract a protruding 
mandible; chin-retractor. See skullcap. 
chinol (kl'nol). A synthetic analgesic and 
antipyretic. 
chin-retractor. See chincap. 
chipblower. A blower to keep the cuttings 
out of a cavity during preparation for fill- 
ing; usually supplied with warm air. 
chirur'gical. Surgical. 
chirurgien dentiste, dentiste. [Fr.] Surgeon 
dentist, dentist, 
chirurgisch. [Ger.] Surgical, 
chiryo. [Ja.] Treatment, 
chiryo-gaku. [Ja.] Therapeutics, 
chisel. [L. cesus, p.p. of cedere, to cut.] A 
metal tool or instrument with a cutting 
edge at the end of a blade, used in dressing, 
shaping and cutting, in operative and 
prosthetic dentistry, binangle c., a contra- 
angled instrument with the blade placed 
at a slight angle with the shaft in a hoe 
form, bone-c., one used in cutting bone, 
enamel-c., one used in cutting enamel. 
chisels. See vulcanite. 
chishi. [Ja.] Wisdom tooth; dens sapientiae; 
opsigone. 
chitin (ki'tin). The hard, shell-like covering 
of insects; the substance of which the 
masticating apparatus of some inverte- 
brates is composed. 
chitinoid (ki'tin-oid). Pertaining to or 
resembling chitin. 
chitinous (kl'tin-us.) Consisting of, or re- 
sembling chitin. 
chiyu. [Ja.] Healing, 
chizu-zetsu. [Ja.] Lingua geographica. 
chloracetiza'tion. The production of local 
anesthesia by applying a mixture of 
chloroform and glacial acetic acid, 
chlo'ral. Chloralum, anhydrous chloral, an 
oily liquid produced by the action of chlorin 
gas on alcohol, c. camphora'tum, a liquid 
made by putting together equal parts of 
camphor and chloral hydrate; camphorated 
chloral, c. hy'drate, chloralum hydratum. 
chlora'lum. Chloral. 
chloran'odyne. Trade name of a compound 
containing morphin, chloroform, cannabis 
indica and hydrocyanic acid, 
chloraper'cha. Chloropercha. 
chlo'rate. A salt of chloric acid. 
Chlorathyl. [Ger.] Chlorid of ethyl. 
Chlorathylnarkose. [Ger.] Chlorid of ethyl 
anesthesia. 
chlorazene soap powder. Trade name of a 
powerful germicidal soap containing 
Dakin’s solution, neutral sodium stearate 
and soap powder, 
chlorbu'tanol. See chlorotene. 
chlo'ric. Pertaining to chlorin; noting a 
compound having a smaller amount of 
chlorin than the chlorous compounds, 
c. acid, a colorless acid liquid, c. e'ther, 
spiritus chloroformi. 
chlorid, chloride (klo'rid, klo'rld). A mix- 
ture of chlorin with another element, 
chlorin, chlorine (klo'rin, klo'ren). [G. 
chloros, yellowish green.] Symbol Cl, 
atomic weight 35.46. A greenish yellow 
gaseous element, disinfectant and possess- 
ing great bleaching power in the form of 
calcium chlorid or chlorin water; employed 
in bleaching teeth, 
chlo'rinated. Having chlorin. 
chlo'rite. A salt of chlorous acid, 
chlorodyne (klo'r5-dIn). Trade name of a 
mixture of chloroform, hydrocyanic acid, 
cannabis indica and capsicum, used to 
assuage pain. CHLOROFORM 
92 
CHROMOSOME 
chlo'roform. [G. chloros, light green; form.] 
Chloroformum. 
chlorofor'mum. Methylene trichlorid, tri- 
chloromethane, a thick colorless liquid 
having a sweet taste and distinct odor, 
made from alcohol or aceton by the action 
of chlorinated lime; employed to produce 
general anesthesia by inhalation, 
chloro'ma. [G. chloros, light green; -oma, 
tumor.] A condition in which the peri- 
osteum of the bones of the face, skull or 
vertebrae is subject to the occurrence of 
multiple growths of a greenish color, as- 
sociated with the presence in the blood of 
numbers of myeloblasts or lymphocytes. 
Chlorosarcoma; green cancer, 
chloroper'cha. Guttapercha dissolved in 
chloroform, of a thick, creamy consistency, 
used in filling root-canals and as a varnish 
to temporarily protect fillings; chlora- 
percha. 
chlorophe'nol. One of the many substitute 
products obtained by the action of chlorin 
on phenol, used as antiseptics, 
chlo'rophyl. [G. chloros, light green; phyllon, 
leaf.] The green pigment of plants, 
chloro'sis. [G. chldros, green.] A disease 
affecting young women; a form of anemia, 
chlorozone. Trade name of a disinfectant, 
chlo'rum. [L.] Chlorin. 
C6H6(NH2). Anilin. 
C5H11NO2. Amyl nitrite. 
C8H9NO. Acetanilid. 
CH20. Formaldehyde. 
CH4O. Methyl alcohol; wood alcohol. 
C2H2O4. Oxalic acid. 
C2H4O2. Acetic acid. 
(C2H5)20. Sulphuric ether. 
C3H603. Lactic acid. 
C3H303. Glycerin; glycerol. 
C4H606. Tartaric acid. 
C4H10O. Sulphuric ether. 
C5H12O. Fusel oil; amyl alcohol. 
CiiHfjO. Phenol; carbolic acid. 
CgHsO?. Citric acid. 
C6H10O6. Starch; cellulose. 
C6Hi206. Grape sugar. 
c7h6o2. Benzoic acid 
C7H603. Salicylic acid. 
C12H22O11. Cane sugar. 
C14H10O9. Gallotannic acid; tannic acid, 
choa'na, pi. choa'nae (ko-a'na). [L. from G. 
choane, funnel.] An infundibulum, as the 
posterior nares. 
choke. To stop respiration by obstruction 
of the windpipe or larynx. 
choko-yu. [Ja.] Oil of cloves, 
cholagogue (kol'a-gog). [G. chole, bile; 
agogos, leading.] An agent which pro- 
motes the flow of bile, 
cholera (kol'er-a). [G. chole, bile; rheo, I 
flow.] An acute, very infectious epidemic 
disease brought on by a germ, Spirillum 
cholerae asiaticse. 
choles'terin. A white, fatty, tasteless and 
odorless crystalline alcohol, 
chondral (kon'dral). [G. chondros, cartilage.] 
Pertaining to cartilage, 
chondroblast (kon'dro-blast). [G. chondros, 
cartilage, hlastos, germ.] One of the cells 
of the primitive cartilage tissue in the em- 
bryo. 
chondrocarcinoma (kon-dro-kar-si-no'ma). A 
carcinoma having cartilaginous tissue, 
chondroclast (kon'dro-klast). [G. chondros, 
cartilage; klastos, broken in pieces.] A cell 
operative in the absorption of cartilage, 
chondroglossus. [G. chondros, cartilage; 
glossa, tongue.] The chondroglossus 
muscle. 
chondroid (kon'droid). [G. chondros, carti- 
lage; eidos, resemblance.] Cartilaginous; 
cartilage-like. 
chondro'ma, pi. chondro'mata. A tumor 
formed of cartilaginous tissue, 
chondrus (kon'drus). [L., from G. chondros, 
gristle.] Cartilage, 
chopanshi. [Ja.] Hypsodont. 
chorda, pi. chor'dae (kar'da). [L., a string, 
cord.] A tendinous or sinewy structure, 
chorea (k5-re'a). [G. choreia, a choral dance.] 
A childhood disorder accompanied by spas- 
modic, irregular, involuntary movements 
of the facial muscles and limbs; St. Vitus’ 
dance or Sydenham’s chorea, 
chorion (k5'ri-on). [G. chorion, a skin.] The 
outermost of the fetal envelopes taken 
from the ovum, 
chosi. [Ja.] Block tooth, 
chromatin (kro'ma-tin). [G. chroma, color.] 
That portion of the nucleus of cells which 
stains readily with dyes, in contradistinc- 
tion to achromatin, or the nonstainable 
portion. 
chromium (kro'mi-um). [G. chroma, color.] 
Symbol Cr, atomic weight 52. Very hard 
metallic element, steel-gray in color, 
chro'mophil. [G. chroma, color; philed, I 
love.] Chromaffin; cell or any histological 
element that stains easily, 
chromosome (kro'mo-some). [G. chroma, 
color; soma, body.] A thread-like, rod- CHRONIC 
93 
CINGULUM 
shaped body of chromatin in the cell- 
nucleus, which splits lengthwise when the 
cell divides, one part going to the nucleus 
of each of the daughter cells, 
chron'ic. [G. chronos, time.] Continuing a 
long time, referring to a disease of slow 
progress and long duration, 
chron'ic alve'olar osteomyeli'tis. See py- 
orrhea. 
chron'ic alve'olar pericementi'tis. See py- 
orrhea. 
chron'ic sep'tic alveoli'tis. See pyorrhea. 
chronicity (kron-is'i-ti). The state of being 
chronic. 
chronique. [Fr.] Chronic, 
chronisch. [Ger.] Chronic, 
chuck (chuk). A contrivance for holding a 
piece of work or a tool in a machine so it 
can be rotated, as with a dental engine or 
lathe. 
chusei-kogo. [Ja.] Neutroclusion, 
chusha. [Ja.] Injection, 
chusseshi. [Ja.] Central incisor, 
chute premature de dents (des anciens). 
[Fr.] Premature destruction of the 
teeth (of the old); pyorrhea, 
chuzo. [Ja.] Cast. c. gokinsho, cheoplastic 
base. c. ho, casting, c. kin jokan, cast 
gold inlay, c. kinzokusho-gishi, cast 
metal denture; metallo-plastic denture, 
c. yo furasuku, casting flask. 
Chvostek’s symp'tom. A unilateral spasm 
produced by a slight tap; facial irritability 
in postoperative tetany, 
chyle (kil). [G. chylos, juice.] The fluid 
collected by the lacteals from the intestine 
during digestion; it is carried by the 
thoracic duct to the left subclavian 
vein, where it is mixed with the blood, 
chylif action (ki-li-fak'shun). [G. chylos, 
chyle; L. facere, to make.] The production 
of chyle. 
chylosis (kl-15'sis). The formation of chyle 
from food matter in the intestine, its 
absorption by the lacteals, assimilation 
into the blood and transmission to the 
tissues. 
chyme (kim). [G. chymos, juice.] The 
semiliquid mass of nearly digested food 
passed from the stomach into the duode- 
num. 
chymification (kl-mi-fi-ka'shun). [G. chymos, 
chyme; L. facere, to make.] Gastric 
digestion; formation of chyme; chymo- 
poiesfs. 
chymosin (kl'mo-sin). Rennin; rennet. 
chymosinogen (kl-mo-sin'o-jen). The zymo- 
gen of rennet or rennin. 
chymous (ki'mus). Pertaining to chyme, 
cib'alis. [L., from cibus, food.] Pertaining 
to food. 
ciba'tio. [L.] The act of eating or taking 
food. 
ci'bus. [L.] Food. 
cicatricial (sik-a-trish'al). Pertaining to 
a cicatrix, c. band, contracted fibrous 
tissue in the oral cavity in the region of 
the buccal muscles, c. b., obliteration 
of, consists in creating, by means of 
silk ligature, a well healed channel through 
the cicatricial mass at the required base 
or depth before dividing the band, a 
method first originated by J. Ewing Mears. 
c. mass, a larger area of thicker fibrous 
tissue in the oral cavity in the region of 
the buccal muscles. 
cicatrisation pulpaire. [Fr.] Cicatrization 
of the pulp. 
cicatrisot'omy. [L. cicatrix, scar; G. tome, 
cutting.] Uletomy. 
cicatrix, pi. cicatri'ces (si-ka'triks). [L.] 
The tissue taking the place of the normal 
tissues destroyed by disease or injury; 
scar; cicatrice. 
cicatrization (si-kat-ri-za'shun). The process 
of healing; scar formation; the healing of 
a wound other than by first intention, 
cic'atrize. To heal a tissue defect or wound 
by inducing the skin to form a scar tissue, 
cil'ia. Plural of cilium. 
cil'iary. Pertaining to a cilium or hair-like 
appendage, as the eyelashes; also to some 
of the structures of the eyeball, 
cil'iated. Having cilia. 
cil'ium, pi. cilia. [L., an eyelid.] Eyelash; 
a hair-like structure of certain cells, 
ciment. [Fr.] Cement (for fillings), 
cimento. [It.] Cement, 
cin-, cine-. [G. kinesis.] A prefix meaning 
movement, sometimes written kin-, kine-. 
cincho'na. The bark of a genus of trees 
containing quinin and other cinchona 
alkaloids in different amounts, 
cinematics. See kinematics. 
cinerea (sin-e're-a). [L. cinereus, ashy.] 
The gray matter of the brain and nervous 
system. 
cin'gule. Cingulum; cingulus; the fifth 
cusp of an upper molar tooth; a small 
tubercle on the lingual side of a tooth, 
cin'gulum, pi. cin'gula. [L., a girdle.] 
Cingulus; cingule. Basal ridge, a U-shaped CINNABAR 
94 
CLAPTON’S LINE 
ridge at the base of the lingual surface of 
the crown of the upper incisors or cuspids, 
the ends of the U running a short distance 
along the sides of the lingual surface, the 
loop pointing to the gum. 
cin'nabar. [G. kinnabari.] Red sulphite of 
mercury; the ore from which metallic 
mercury is taken by sublimation, 
cinnamo'mum. [Heb. kinnan.] Cinnamon, 
the inner aromatic bark of an East Indian 
tree, used as a spice, and in medicine as 
an aromatic and carminative stomachic, 
c. cas'sia, the supposed source of most 
of the cinnamon in the shops, 
cin'namon. Cinnamomum. 
ci'on. [G. kion, pillar.] The uvula, 
cionec'tomy. [G. kion, uvula; ektome, 
excision.] Complete amputation of the 
uvula. 
ci'onis. Elongation and swelling of the 
uvula. 
cionitis (sl-on-e'tis or i'tis). A condition 
in which the uvula is inflamed, 
cionoptosia (sl-on-op-to'si-a). [G. kion, 
uvula; ptosis, a falling.] A state in which 
the uvula is lengthened, 
cionorrha'phia. [G. kion, pillar; rhaphe, 
suture.] Staphylorrhaphy, 
cionotome (si'on-o-tom). An instrument 
used in severing part or all of the uvula, 
cionot'omy. Amputation of a part of the 
uvula. 
circle (ser'kl). [L. circulus.] A ring; a ring- 
shaped structure or group of structures, 
circuit (ser'kit). [L. circuitus, going around.] 
The course of an electric current, closed 
c., one in which the current flows con- 
tinuously. open c., a current in which the 
continuity is interrupted so that the cur- 
rent cannot pass, short c., a current of 
low resistance formed between two points 
which diverts the larger part or the whole 
of the current from the longer circuit, 
cir'cular. Round like a circle; ring-shaped; 
annular; having a circular course; recur- 
rent; periodic. 
circulation. The act of moving round or in a 
circular course, blood c., the course taken 
by the blood, from the heart through the 
arteries, capillaries and veins back again 
to the heart. 
cir'culatory. Pertaining to circulation, 
circulus, gen. and pi. circuli (sir'ko-los). [L., 
dim. of circus, circle.] A ring-like structure; 
arteries, veins or nerves connected so as 
to iorm a circle, c. tonsillaris, the plexus 
formed by the lingual and glossopharyngeal 
nerves around the tonsil, 
circum-. [L., around.] A prefix meaning a 
circular movement, or in a position sur- 
rounding the part indicated by the word 
to which it is attached, 
circumarticular (ser-kum-ar-tik'u-lar). [L. 
circum, around; articulus, joint.] Sur- 
rounding a joint; periarthric, 
circumferentia (ser-kum-fer-en'shi-a). [L.] 
Circumference, 
cire. [Fr.] Wax. 
cirrhosis (sir-ro'sis). [G. kirrhos, tawny.] A 
wasting or degeneration of the parenchyma 
cells of an organ, with hypertrophy of the 
interstitial connective tissue, atroph'ic c., 
the usual form of cirrhosis, marked by 
extreme contraction of the connective 
tissue and wasting of the parenchyma 
cells, causing great reduction in size of the 
organ affected. 
cirugia oral. [Sp.] Oral surgery, 
cista. [G. kystis, bladder.] Cyst, 
cister'na, gen. and pi. cistern®. [L.] Any 
cavity or cup-shaped space serving as a 
reservoir, particularly for lymph or chyle, 
cit'rate. A salt of citric acid, 
cit'rated. Having a citrate; noting milk or a 
blood-serum to which a solution of potas- 
sium citrate has been added, 
cit'ric acid. Citricum acidum. 
Cl. Symbol for chlorin. 
C.L.A. Cervicolinguoaxial. 
clacking pivot, clack-pivot. An obsolete 
method of attaching artificial crowns to 
natural roots of teeth. 
clamp. A round or flat iron or steel wire bent 
so as to hold two or more pieces of gold, 
silver or other metal in apposition while 
being soldered; a screw device to hold 
the metal plate against a die while being 
swaged; a similar appliance for screwing 
together vulcanizing-flasks; a semielastic 
metal spring partially surrounding a 
natural tooth, to aid in retaining artificial 
teeth or dentures in place. Various types 
are the How cervix, Ivory, Johnson lever, 
Libby and Ottolengui. c. forceps, an 
instrument to apply rubberdam clamps 
on the teeth, rubberdam c., an appliance 
for holding a rubberdam in position on 
the teeth during an operation. 
Clap'ton’s line. A condition, in cases of 
chronic copper poisoning, in which the 
dental margin of the gums is discolored 
by a green substance. CLAQUEMENT 
95 
CLEAVAGE 
claquement. [Fr.] Chattering of the teeth, 
clar'et-cheek. Capillary nevus of the face, 
clarif'icant. [L. clarus, clear \ facere, to make.] 
Capable of making a turbid liquid clear. 
An agent possessing this property, 
clarification (klar'i-fi-ka'shun). The process 
of making a slimy or turbid liquid clear, 
clar'ify. To make clear. 
Clark crown. See split-dowel crown. 
Clark unit pedestal. Trade name of a 
pedestal for the dental office, carrying the 
dental engine, cuspidor, instrument-table, 
etc. 
Clarke’s tongue. An indurated tongue with 
a split, cracked or fissured surface, due 
to syphilis. 
cla'sis. [G. klasis, fracture.] Fracture; a 
break, as of a bone. 
clasmatoblast (klaz-mat'o-blast). [G. 
klasma, a fragment; blastos, germ.] Mast- 
cell. 
clasmatocyte (klaz-mat'o-sit). [G. klasma, 
a fragment; kytos, a cell.] A large wander- 
ing, uninucleated cell with many branches, 
clasp. A hook or band of metal or vulcanite, 
fitted to a natural tooth, to assist in 
retaining removable bridges or dentures in 
place, invisible c., one which does not 
reach the labial surfaces of the teeth, 
platinized gold c., one made of platinum 
and gold. See clasp in partial denture 
service in the supplement, 
class name of an instrument. A name 
applied to a definite class of instruments, 
according to the form of the blade or nib, 
as hoe-shaped, hatchet-shaped or spoon- 
shaped excavators; round, oblong, foot 
pluggers, etc. 
classification decimal. See decimal classifi- 
cation. 
classification of fixed bridgework. [Alden 
Joseph Bush, American dentist, 1876.] 
I. Simple bridges. 1. Anterior, (a) central 
and lateral series, (b) central and cuspid 
series. 2. Posterior, (a) cuspid and third 
molar series, (b) first bicuspid and second 
molar series. II. Compound bridges. 1. 
Central and lateral series joined to right or 
left, (a) cuspid and third molar series, (b) 
first bicuspid and second molar series. 2. 
Central and cuspid series joined to right or 
left, (a) cuspid and third molar series, (b) 
first bicuspid and second molar series. 
III. Complex bridges. 1. Central and 
lateral series connecting, (a) right and left 
cuspid and third molar series, (b) right and 
left first bicuspid and second molar series, 
(c) right cuspid and third molar series 
with left first bicuspid and second molar 
series, (d) left cuspid and third molar 
series with right first bicuspid and second 
molar series. 2. Central and cuspid series 
connecting, (a) right and left cuspid and 
third molar series, (b) right and left first 
bicuspid and second molar series, (c) right 
cuspid and third molar series with left 
first bicuspid and second molar series, (d) 
left cuspid and third molar series with 
right first bicuspid and second molar series, 
classification of malocclusion. See Angle, 
Case and Jackson in supplement, 
claustrum (kid'strum). [L., barrier.] An 
anatomical structure resembling a barrier, 
as the claustrum gutturis or claustrum oris, 
the velum palatinum. 
clausura (kla-so'ra). [L., closure.] Atresia, 
clav'ate. (L., clava, a club.] Club-shaped, 
clava'tio. [L. clava, a club.] An immobile 
articulation, such as the teeth in their 
sockets; gomphosis. 
clavicle (klav'i-kl). [L. clavicula, a small 
key.] Collar-bone. 
clavic'ula. [L., dim. of clavis, key.] Clavicle, 
clavic'ular. Pertaining to the clavicle, 
clavic'ulus. [L., dim. of clavus, a nail.] 
One of Sharpey’s fibers, 
cla'vis. [L.] A key; an instrument formerly 
used for the extraction of teeth, 
claw. One of the two hooks of the key 
instrument (clavis) for the extraction of 
teeth. 
clay. A widely distributed variety of 
argillaceous earth, consisting of silica, 
alumina, oxid of iron, etc. Some kinds 
enter into the manufacture of mineral 
teeth, pure c., aluminum oxid, alumina, 
cleaner. A roughened broach used for 
cleansing root-canals. 
cleanlyke. Trade name of a rubber cup and 
disc used for inlays and fillings, 
clearance. Noting the passing out of cut 
particles from the adjoining blades of a 
bur, file, etc. 
cleavage (klev'aj). The splitting of the 
enamel along the prisms or rods; the 
splitting of a complex molecule into 
several simpler molecules; act of cleaving 
or state of being cleft; splitting, parting, 
cracking open. Noting a physical property 
of the enamel, a tendency to more readily 
split apart along the length of the enamel 
rods than in any other direction. CLEAVER 
96 
CLINOID 
cleav'er. An instrument for parting, divid- 
ing, splitting or cutting into or through 
an object, enamel cleavers, as Case’s 
or Orton’s cleavers, sets of instruments for 
cutting through enamel, Ivory contra- 
angle, Weaver, etc. 
cleft. A fissure. 
cleft'lip. A congenital deformity consisting 
of a fissure or fissures in the upper lip 
(incorrectly named harelip), due to failure 
of the superior maxillary and premaxillary 
processes to unite with each other in 
early embryonal life; the split, cleft or 
fissure is often combined with a cleft of 
the palate. The fissure is generally 
single, but may be double, one on either 
side of the median line corresponding to 
the borders of the intermaxillary bone, 
bilateral c., having two clefts, one on 
each side; double cleftlip. complete c., 
extending through the entire width of the 
lip. complicated c., having two clefts 
with protruding maxillary bones, or with 
malformation of the maxillary or palate 
bones, double c., see bilateral, incom- 
plete c., extending part of the distance 
through the width of the lip; partial 
cleftlip. notched c., a slight cleft in the 
border of the lip. partial c., see incomplete 
cleftlip. single c., see unilateral cleftlip. 
twisted suture for c., the margins of the 
cleft being held in apposition by a suture 
twisted in a figure of 8 around a pin. 
unilateral c., having a cleft on one side 
only, cleft of the lower lip, an extremely 
rare congenital anomaly; labial recess. 
See harelip. 
cleft palate. A congenital fissure of the roof 
of the mouth, due to a failure of the palate 
bones to unite, acquired c. p., the result 
of pathological or traumatic causes, gen- 
erally syphilis, alveolar c. p., cleft only 
between the maxillary and premaxillary 
bones, bipartite c. p., one having only a 
single defect of the anterior part, separat- 
ing the premaxillary from the maxillary 
bone on one side only, pathological c. p., 
see acquired c. p. traumatic c. p., see 
acquired c. p. division of cleft palate into 
groups: Form 1, cleft of the uvula; form 
2, cleft of the uvula and tensor palati 
muscles; form 3, cleft through the uvula 
and forward to the horizontal plates of 
the palate bones; form 4, cleft through the 
entire soft palate, including cleft of the 
horizontal plates of the palate bones; 
form 5, cleft of the entire soft palate and 
into the palatal processes of the maxillary 
bones; form 6, cleft of the entire soft 
palate, including part of the hard palate; 
form 7, complete single cleft of the entire 
soft and hard palates with cleftlip; form 
8, cleft extending through the soft and hard 
palates, separating the premaxillary bones 
from the maxillary bones, often complicat- 
ed with double cleftlip (tripartite cleft); 
form 9, cleft of the entire soft palate 
extending halfway through the hard palate; 
form 10, cleft between the maxillary and 
premaxillary bones, alveolar cleft; form 11, 
cleft completely separating the premaxil- 
lary bones from the maxillary bones; form 
12, cleft only of the anterior third or half 
of the hard palate, with protruding pre- 
maxillary bones; form 13, cleft of the entire 
soft and hard palates, extending through 
the left alveolar ridge; form 14, cleft of the 
soft palate and alveolar border; form 15, 
cleft of the alveolar process anterior to the 
maxillary bones, repair of c. p., staphy- 
lorrhaphy, uranoplasty, uranorrhaphy, 
staphyloplasty, cionorrhaphy. 
cleft-palate nipple. See nipple. 
cleft tongue. Furrowed tongue, 
cleoid (kle'oid). A claw-like instrument; 
the form of the blade of some excavators. 
Clev-Dent. Trade name of a line of dental 
operating instruments, 
cliche metal. Tin 48, lead 32.5, bismuth 9, 
antimony 10.5. 
climacteric dentition or teething. The ap- 
pearance of teeth, said to take place rarely, 
after the age of sixty-three; the grand cli- 
macteric; third dentition, 
cli'max. [G. klimax, staircase.] The height 
of a disease; the most critical time, 
clin'ic. [G. Mine, bed.] An institution in 
which dental or medical attention is given 
to the public; instruction to dental or 
medical students with patient present, 
clin'ical. Pertaining to a clinic, 
clinician (klin-ish'an). A practicing den- 
tist or physician as distinguished from a 
laboratory worker, research worker or 
pathologist; one who instructs a class by 
examination and treatment of patients in 
the presence of students, 
clinique dentaire. [Fr.] Dental clinic. 
c. d. publique, public dental clinic, 
cli'noid. [G. Mine, bed; eidos, resemblance.] 
Resembling a bed (referring to some 
anatomical structures). CLIVUS 
97 
COCAINA 
cli'vus. [L., slope.] A sloping surface, par- 
ticularly of a bone such as the sphenoid 
and occipital. 
clon'ic. Pertaining to clonus; marked by 
alternate contraction and relaxation of the 
muscles. 
clo'nus. [G. Monos, a tumult.] A kind of 
convulsion, with contractions and relaxa- 
tions of a muscle in rapid succession. 
cloroperca. [Sp.] Chloropercha. 
close-bite malocclu'sion. Noting a condition 
in which the closure of the buccal teeth 
causes the labial teeth to pass their normal 
occlusal planes, frequently forcing the 
lower incisors deeply into the gum, lingual 
to the upper anterior teeth; supra version 
of the anterior teeth and infraversion of 
the posterior teeth. 
closed-chain compounds. Compounds in 
which a number of atoms are united in a 
closed chain or ring. 
clot. [A.S. clott, a mass.] A coagulate or 
concrete mass of soft or fluid matter; a 
thrombus; a coagulum. 
cloth disc. See disc. 
cloudy swelling. A turbid swelling in which 
the cloudiness is due to coarseness of the 
reticulum; a swelling of the cells and 
granulation of the cryptoplasm. 
clover-leaf dental stone. Trade name of an 
impression and investment material. 
cloves. Caryophyllus. 
clump. A lump; cluster; group, or small 
aggregation. 
clu'nes. [PI. of L. clunis, buttock.] But- 
tocks; nates. 
clusal, cluso-, clus-. Modifications of oc- 
clusal in forming compound words, used 
when the preceding word (or part of a 
word) ends in o; e. g., axioclusal, bucco- 
clusal, distoclusal, linguoclusal, mesio- 
clusodistal. 
cly'sis. [G. Mysis, a washing out.] A wash- 
ing out of torpid or waste matter in the 
blood or any cavity with injections of a 
fluid. 
clys'ma. [G. Mysma, a drenching.] A clyster 
or enema. 
clyster (klis'ter). [G. Myster.] A rectal 
injection of water or other fluids; enema; 
clysma. 
cm. Abbreviation for centimeter. 
Co. Symbol for cobalt. 
CO. Carbonyl. Carbon monoxid; carbonic 
oxid. 
COo. Carbonic anhydrid; carbon dioxid. 
co-, col-, com-, con-. [L. con, with.] Pre- 
fixes meaning with, together, 
coag'ula. Plural of coagulum. 
coag'ulable. Tending to curdle or clot; 
capable of clotting. 
coag'ulant. Producing coagulation. A sub- 
stance which causes a fluid to coagulate, 
coagulase (kS-ag'u-laz). A clotting enzyme, 
one that causes coagulation, like rennin 
and thrombin. 
coag'ulate. [L. coagulare, to curdle.] To 
curdle; to clot; to convert from a liquid 
state to that of a soft, jelly-like substance, 
coagulation (kS-ag-u-la'shun). The act of 
coagulating. A coagulum or clot, 
coag'ulin. The antibody which causes 
coagulation of the antigen, 
coag'ulum, pi. coag'ula. [L.] A curd; a clot, 
coalesce (ko-a-les'). [L. co-, together; alo, 
nourish.] Grow together or unite into 
one body; blend; fuse; combine; amalga- 
mate. 
coalescence (ko-a-les'ens). The fusion or 
growing together of two or more structures, 
coal'tar. A thick, opaque liquid formed dur- 
ing the manufacture of illuminating gas 
from coal. It contains many hydrocarbons 
and is the source of such substances as the 
anilin dyes and a number of synthetic 
drugs. 
coaptation (ko-ap-ta'shun). [L. coaptare, 
to fit together.] The perfect fitting of the 
filling-material to the walls and margins 
of a cavity; the adaptation or adjustment 
of parts together, as of the lips of a wound 
or ends of a broken bone, 
coarct (ko-arkt'). [L. co-, together; arctare, 
to press.] To press together, 
coarse. Rough; not refined in texture, 
coarticula'tion. An articulation; a joining 
together. 
coat (kot). The external covering or en- 
velope of an organ or part; a thin layer of 
membranous or other tissue composing 
the wall of a hollow organ or canal; a tunic, 
coated. A term applied to a condition of the 
tongue, symptomatic of disease, 
cobalt (ko'balt). Symbol Co, atomic weight 
58.97. A steel-gray metallic element, 
cob'web. A spiderweb; formerly used in 
hemorrhage as a styptic, 
cocain, cocaine (ko-ka-in or k5-ka-en, coll. 
k5-kan). An alkaloid derived from coca, 
anesthetic, sedative and anodyne, 
cocaina (ko-ka-e'na). [L.] Cocain, an alka- 
loid derived from coca. COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDUM 
98 
COLA 
cocai'nas hydrochlo'ridum. Cocain hydro- 
chlorid. 
Cocca'ceae. A family of Schizomycetes. 
coccobacte'rium, pi. coccobacte'ria. Coccus, 
coccogenous (kok-oj'en-us). [G. kokkos, 
berry (coccus); gennad, I produce.] Caused 
by cocci. 
coccoid (kok'oid). [coccus; G. eidos, resem- 
blance.] Having a likeness to a coccus, 
particularly a micrococcus, 
coc'cus. [G. kokkos, berry.] A bacterium of 
round, ovoid or spheroidal form, including 
meningococcus, staphylococcus, strepto- 
coccus, micrococcus, pneumococcus and 
gonococcus. 
coch'ineal. [L. coccineus, scarlet.] The dried 
female insect of Pseudococcus cacti, a 
source of carmine, used as a coloring sub- 
stance in pharmaceutical mixtures and as 
a dye in bacteriology and histology, 
cochlea (kok'le-a). [L., a snail shell.] The 
spiral-shaped cavity in the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone. 
cochleare (kok-le-a're). [L.] A spoon, c. 
am'plum, c. mag'num, large spoon, table- 
spoon. c. me'dium, medium-sized spoon, 
dessertspoon, c. par'vum, teaspoon, small 
spoon. 
cochlearifofm (kok-le-ar'i-fdrm). [L. coch- 
leare, spoon; forma, form.] Spoon-shaped, 
coch'leate. [L. cochlea, a snail.] Having a 
likeness to a snailshell (noting the appear- 
ance of a form of plate culture). 
cocoa (ko'ko). [A corruption of cacao.] A 
substance prepared from the seed of cacao 
or theobroma, in the same manner as 
chocolate, but with all the fat expressed, 
cocoanut (k5'k5-nut). The fruit of a palm 
tree, Cocos nucifera, used as a food and in 
the making of an oil. 
code. [L. codex, a tablet for writing on.] 
A body of classified rules, c. of eth'ics, 
a conventional set of laws or rules to gov- 
ern the dental practitioner in his profes- 
sional relations. See supplement, 
codeina. [G. kodeia, poppy-head.] Codein, 
an alkaloid of opium or artificially made 
from morphin; it comes in crystalline 
powder form or shaped as white prisms; 
used as a hypnotic and analgesic, 
cod-liver oil. Oleum morrhuae. 
codren'in. Trade name of a compound of 
adrenalin chlorid and cocain hydrochlorid, 
used as a local anesthetic and hemostatic, 
coefficient (ko-ef-fish'ent). The degree of the 
quality of a substance, or the degree of 
chemical or physical change which normal- 
ly occurs, under definite conditions, in 
such a substance. 
cof'fee. The berry of the plant Coffea 
arabica; alkaloid caffein is derived from 
the seeds. 
cof'ferdam. A thin sheet of rubber fastened 
around the neck of a tooth so as to prevent 
the access of saliva to the tooth. See 
rubberdam. 
Coffin split plate. An appliance of vulcanite 
covering the occlusal surfaces of the 
buccal teeth, and in which laterally the 
ends of a piano wire are vulcanized. The 
wire having previously been bent in al- 
ternating curves, the plate is vulcanized 
and sawed in two in the median line, the 
wire spring is stretched laterally, and when 
the vulcanite piece is slipped over the 
buccal teeth the spring exerts lateral pres- 
sure, thus spreading the arch by pushing 
the teeth toward the cheeks. 
cog. The tooth of a wheel; one of a number 
of teeth or projections on a wheel or other 
parts of machinery. 
cognac (kd'nyak). French brandy. 
cohe'sible. Capable of being made cohesive; 
capable of cohesion. 
cohe'sion (ko-he'zhun). [L. coherere, to 
hold together.] Act of cohering; state of 
being united; force by which particles are 
held together, as the cohesion of gold or 
other metals or alloys in making a filling. 
cohesive (ko-he'siv). [L. cohesio—coherere, 
to hold together.] Having the power of 
sticking together or remaining in contact, 
c. foil, gold foil for filling prepared in a 
cohesive form. c. gold, see gold. 
cohe'sively. In a cohesive manner. 
cohesiveness. [L. coherere, to hold togeth- 
er.] The property of annealed gold which 
makes it possible to unite separate par- 
ticles into a homogeneous mass by beat- 
ing or hammering, as in the making of a 
filling. Incorrectly cohesive is used as 
synonymous with sticky or adhesive, which 
is not applicable to the cohesive qualities 
of metals. 
coil. [L. colligere, to collect.] A structure 
made of a number of windings formed into 
a spiral or ring. 
coin gold. Gold of standard fineness for 
coinage. 
co'la. A drug containing theobromin, 
caffein and a dissoluble principle, colatin; 
used as a cardiac and nerve stimulant. COLALGIA 
99 
COLONY 
colal'gia. [G. kolon, colon; algos, pain.] 
A pain in the colon; colic, 
cola'tion. [L. colare, to strain.] Filtering; 
straining. 
cold. Without heat or warmth; frigid. 
Opposite to heat; the sensation caused 
by the abstraction of heat from the body 
or by anything of a low temperature, 
cold-sore. Herpes labialis. 
Colgate’s dentifrices. Trade name of various 
preparations for cleansing the teeth, free 
from acids, gritty substances and drugs, 
co'li group. Allied coliform bacteria group, 
such as the typhoid, paratyphoid and 
others. 
col'ic. [G. kdlikos, relating to the colon.] 
Pertaining to the colon. An acute spas- 
modic pain in the abdomen and bowels; 
enteralgia. 
co'liform (ko'li-farm). [coli bacillus; L. 
forma, form.] Formed like the colon 
bacillus, one of the coli group, 
coli'tis. [G. kolon, colon; -Ms, inflammation.] 
A condition in which the mucous mem- 
brane of the colon is inflamed, 
col'lagen. [G. kolla, glue; gennao, I produce.] 
An albuminoid found in connective tissue, 
cartilage and bone. 
collapse'. [L. con, together; lapsus, fall.] 
A condition of extreme prostration, like 
that of shock and due to the same causes, 
often with a loss of fluid, as in cholera, 
col'lar. An encircling or confining strap or 
band, as the part of a metal crown which 
surrounds the tooth or root to be crowned, 
col'lar-bone. Clavicle. 
col'lar-crown. An artificial crown with a 
collar or band encircling the end of the 
root and the crown. 
collat'eral. [L. con-, together; lateralis, 
relating to the side.] Accompanying; 
side by side; auxiliary; subordinate or 
secondary; descending from the same 
stock but in a different line, 
collec'tive. [L. collectus — con-, together; 
legere, to gather.] Accumulative; congre- 
gated; considered as forming one mass or 
sum. 
college or school, dental. At the present 
time (1922) there are forty-eight schools 
known as dental colleges, dental schools or 
dental departments of universities, in the 
United States and Canada. These insti- 
tutions, whether independent or connected 
with a medical school or a university, are 
devoted exclusively to the education and 
training of young men and women for the 
practice of the profession of dentistry. 
See illustrations of a number of schools in 
the supplement. 
collet. [Fr.] Neck (of a tooth). 
collic'ulus. [L., mound, dim. of collis, hill.] 
A small portion elevated above the sur- 
rounding parts, c. facia'lis, facial hillock, 
a thick, flattened portion of the eminentia 
medialis, just above the striae medullares 
in the rhomboidal fossa; it is made by the 
internal genu of the facial nerve. 
collo di denti. [It.] Cervix; neck of a tooth. 
collo'dion. Collodium. 
collo'dium. [G. kolla, glue; eidos, appear- 
ance.] Collodion, prepared by dissolving 
gun-cotton, or pyroxylin, in alcohol and 
ether, c. cantharida'tum, blistering col- 
lodion. c. styp'ticum, xylostyptic ether, 
collodium hemostaticum, styptic colloid, 
styptic collodion; made of tannic acid in 
flexible collodion; used as a local hemostatic 
and astringent. 
colloid (kol'lbid). [G. kolla, glue; eidos, 
appearance.] Glue-like. A substance like 
gelatin, which slowly diffuses, rather than 
dissolves, in water; a yellowish, homoge- 
neous, transparent material, more viscid 
than mucoid or mucinoid, present in tissues 
and cells in a state of glue-like degenera- 
tion. 
col'lum. [L.] The neck; the neck-like or 
constricted part of an organ or anatomical 
structure, c. den'tis, the constricted or 
neck-like part of a tooth between the crown 
and the root; cervix, c. mandib'ulae, neck 
of the condyloid process of the mandible. 
colluto'rium. [L.] Mouthwash; gargle; col- 
lutory. c. acidi benzo'ici, Miller’s collu- 
tory; contains tincture of krameria, pepper- 
mint oil, cinnamon oil, benzoic acid, 
saccharin and alcohol; employed as a 
mouthwash in the strength of 30 drops in a 
half glass of water. 
collyr'ium. [G. kollyrion, eyesalve.] An 
eyewash. 
coloboma (kol-o-bo'ma). [G. koloboma, an 
imperfection.] A defect, pathological, 
artificial or congenital. 
co'lon. [G. kolon.] The part of the large 
intestine extending from the cecum to the 
rectum. 
col'ony. [L. colonia.] One of several groups 
of bacteria living on a culture medium, 
each group due to the multiplication of an 
individual germ. COLOR 
100 
COMPLEMENT 
color (kul'ur). [L.] The hue; the appear- 
ance other than texture and shape which 
an object presents to the eye. 
color taste. Pseudogeusesthesia; a condition 
in which the taste and color sense are as- 
sociated, so that stimulation of either will 
cause a subjective sensation of the other, 
colorom'eter. A shade guide consisting of a 
group of samples of certified cement in 
water, each inclosed in a hermetically 
sealed capsule, preventing dehydration by 
exposure to the atmosphere, and thus re- 
taining their exact shade, to enable the 
operator to select the desired shade of 
cement for the case in hand, 
columel'la. [L., dim. of columna, column.] 
Columnella. 
col'umn. [L. columna.] An anatomical 
structure or part in the form of a cylinder 
or pillar; fasciculus; funiculus, 
colum'na. [L.] Column, c. oris, the uvula, 
columnel'la. [L., dim. of columna, column.] 
The uvula. 
columnella'res, dentes; d. columella'res. [L.] 
The cuspid teeth. 
co'ma. [G. koma, deep sleep.] A condition 
in which one cannot be aroused from deep 
unconsciousness; it may be caused by 
an ingested poison, as of alcohol or opium, 
or by a poison formed in the body, as in 
diabetic or uremic coma, by hysteria, or 
by an injury or disease of the brain, as in 
apoplexy. 
co'matose. In a state of coma, 
combus'tible. Inflammable; capable of 
rapid burning or rapid combination with 
oxygen. 
combustion. [L. combustio—comburere, to 
burn up.] The union of an inflammable 
substance with oxygen, etc., accompanied 
with the production of heat and light; 
burning. 
com'edo. The retention of the secretions of 
the sebaceous glands of the skin in their 
excretory ducts, becoming covered with 
dirt and appearing as black spots on the 
skin; blackhead. 
com'ma-bacil'lus. Spirillum cholerse asi- 
aticse. 
commen'sal. [L. con, with, together; mensa, 
table.] Pertaining to organisms which 
live together without parasitic relation 
and without prejudice or harm to each 
other. 
com'minuted. [L. con, together; minuire, 
to make smaller.] Reduced to minute 
particles, as food after mastication; not- 
ing also fracture of a bone when broken 
into a number of pieces, as a c. fracture, 
comminu'tion. The mastication or tritura- 
tion of food; fracture of a bone into several 
pieces; reducing to minute or small par- 
ticles; pulverizing; the reduction of ingots 
of alloys into shavings or filings, for use 
in making amalgam fillings, 
commissu'ra. [L., a joining together, seam.] 
Commissure, c. labio'rum, junction of the 
lips; angle of the mouth, 
commissure (kom'i-shor). Corner or angle 
of the eye, labia or lips; a cranial suture; 
a bundle of nerve-fibers passing from one 
side to the other in the spinal cord or 
brain. 
commotio (kom-m5'shi-o). [L., from com- 
movere, to agitate.] Concussion, 
commo'tion. [L. commotio.] Concussion; 
symptoms leading to pallor, a weak pulse, 
fainting, sometimes following injuries or 
blows on the head. 
commu'nicans. [L., communicating.] One 
of a number of nerves, 
communis. [L., common.] Common; per- 
taining to more than one (designating a 
number of anatomical structures), 
com'mutator. A device used to reverse the 
direction of an electric current; an ap- 
pliance used to strengthen or diminish the 
power of an eleetric current, 
compact'. [L. compactus, joined together.] 
Closely pressed or packed; solid; consoli- 
dated. 
compatible (kom-pat'i-bl). [L. con, with; 
pati, to suffer; habilis, fit.] Capable of 
being mixed without going through a de- 
structive change chemically or acting in 
therapeutic antagonism, as of the elements 
in a properly compounded mixture of 
drugs. 
com'pensating curve. The curve formed 
when the tips of the buccal cusps of the 
bicuspids and molars are in contact when 
viewed buccally. 
compensa'tion. [L. compensare, to weigh 
together, counterbalance.] Recompensing; 
the supplying of a deficiency; the replacing 
of one part for the loss in another, 
complaint (kom-plant'). An ailment or dis- 
ease; usually a chronic disease, 
complaster. Trade name of a plaster for 
investments. 
complement. [L. complementum.] That 
which completes. COMPLEMENTAL 
101 
CONCHA 
complemen'tal, complemen'tary. Complet- 
ing ; supplying a lost part or deficiency, 
completion (kom-ple'shun). Union of am- 
boceptors or antibodies with complement, 
com'plex. [L. complexus, woven together, 
infolded.] Anything composed of a num- 
ber of related parts, c. cavity, a cavity 
involving more than one surface of a tooth, 
as a mesioclusal cavity, etc. c. crown, one 
having two or more cusps or tubercles, 
complex'ion. The color and condition of the 
skin, particularly the skin on the face, 
com'plicated. [L. con, with; plicare, to fold.] 
Confused; complex; indicating a disease 
with which another has become intricated, 
altering or exaggerating its symptoms and 
changing its course. 
complica'tion. [L. con, with; plicare, to fold.] 
In the course of a disease, the appearance 
of some unessential phenomenon, which is 
sometimes an unusual result of the original 
disease, or which may be due to entirely 
independent causes. 
compo'nent. Noting one of the factors from 
which a resultant force, as opening or 
closing the mouth, may be compounded, 
or into which it may be resolved. The 
component factors in the mandibular 
movements are the following: closing, 
incisive, lateral (right and left), opening, 
protrusive and retrusive. 
com'pos men'tis. [L., possessed of one’s 
mind.] Mentally sound; of a healthy mind; 
sane. 
composition (kom-p5-zish'un). [L. con, to- 
gether; ponere, to place.] The number 
and character of atoms making up the 
molecule of any substance; compounding 
of substances, as drugs; the body or enamel 
of mineral teeth; an aggregate mixture, 
mass or body formed by combining two 
or more substances; a compound, model- 
ing-c., a plastic material used for taking 
impressions in the mouth, 
compound'. To mix together the ingredients 
of a medicine according to the directions 
in a formula or prescription, 
com'pound. A substance formed by the 
mixture of two or more elements or in- 
gredients; a preparation having several 
ingredients as distinguished from those 
having the same name containing only 
two or a few. Not simple; composed of 
two or more elements; composed of, or 
produced by the union of, several elements, 
ingredients, parts or things. See composi- 
tion. impression-c., a plastic material for 
taking impressions, inlay-investment c., 
a material in which molds for inlays are 
invested for casting. 
com'pound move'ments of the teeth. When 
two or more of the primary movements are 
involved. See primary movements. 
com'pound, univer'sal invest'ment. See 
universal investment compound. 
com'press. A pad of gauze or other material 
used in surgery to maintain pressure over 
some part. 
compress'. To press together, 
compres'sion. [L. comprimere, to press to- 
gether.] A pressing together; the exertion 
of pressure on a body in a way to increase 
its compactness. 
compres'sor. A muscle the contraction of 
which causes condensation to any part; 
an instrument employed for making pres- 
sure on any part, particularly on an 
artery to stop the flow of blood, 
concave (kon'kav). [L. concavus, arched or 
vaulted.] Curved or arched inward; op- 
posed to convex, curved to the outside, 
concav'ity. Quality of being concave, 
concavocon'cave. Concave on two opposite 
surfaces. 
concavocon'vex. Convex on one surface 
and concave on the other, 
concentration. [L. con, together; centrum, 
center.] A process of obtaining the crude 
drug by desiccation, drying or precipita- 
tion from a solution; increasing the 
strength of a liquid by partially evapo- 
rating it. 
concen'tric. Having a common center, 
concep'tion. [L. conception] The act or 
power of conceiving in the mind; forming 
a notion, thought or idea; the act of be- 
coming pregnant. 
con'cha. [L., a shell.] A structure resem- 
bling a shell in shape, as the outer ear or 
auricle. c. nasa'lis infe'rior, inferior 
turbinated bone in the nose, articulating 
with the lacrymal, superior maxillary, 
ethmoid and palate bones, c. nasa'lis 
me'dia, middle turbinated bone, separating 
the superior from the middle meatus of 
the nose. c. nasa'lis supe'rior, superior 
turbinated bone, forming the upper 
boundary of the superior meatus of the 
nose. c. nasa'lis supre'ma, highest or 
fourth turbinated bone of the nose; con- 
cha Santorini. c. sphenoida'lis, sphe- 
noidal concha. CONCOMITANT 
102 
CONE 
concom'itant. [L. concomitare, to accom- 
pany.] Accompanying; conjoined with; 
happening at the same time; accessory. 
con'crement. [L. concrescere, to grow 
together.] A deposit of calcareous matter; 
a concretion, as a concretion of salivary 
calculus or tartar. 
concrescence (kon-kres'ens). [L. con, to- 
gether; crescere, to grow.] The growing 
or uniting together of two separate parts; 
coalescence; in dentistry, the union of 
the roots of a tooth or of two contiguous 
teeth by a growth of cementum; geminous 
or connate teeth. 
concrete (kon-kret'). Solidified into a 
mass; hardened. 
concretion (kon-kre'shun). [L. concrescere, 
to grow together.] A hardened or solidified 
mass formed by the union of separate 
particles; concrement. 
concussion (kon-kush'un). [L. concutere, 
to shake together.] A violent jarring or 
shaking, causing an injury to a soft 
structure, as of the brain; commotio. 
condensation (kon-den-sa'shun). [L. con, 
together; densare, to make thick.] The 
condensing of gold in making a filling; 
the change of a solid to a liquid or a gas 
or a gas to a liquid; making more solid or 
dense; compression; reduction by pressure 
into a smaller mass. 
condens'er. An apparatus for storing a large 
amount of electricity; an apparatus for 
reducing vapors or gases to a liquid or 
solid form. 
conducting anesthe'sia. See conduction 
anesthesia. 
conduction. [L. conducere, to lead, conduct.] 
The act of conveying or transmitting forms 
of motion, such as electricity, sound or 
heat, from one point to another without 
apparent movement in the conducting 
body; the transmission of stimuli of 
different kinds by living protoplasm. 
conduction anesthe'sia. The method of 
producing insensibility in a part by the 
injection of a local anesthetic solution at 
a point distant from the field of operation, 
or by inhibiting the sensory afferent 
impulses of a nerve trunk or trunks by 
the injection of a local anesthetic solution 
at any point between the area of operation 
and the brain. Classification of the 
conducting method: I. Perineural method. 
1, intraoral method, (a) deep injections 
for blocking nerve branches, (b) intra- 
osseous method, (c) circular or regional 
method. 2, extraoral method, (a) deep 
injections for blocking nerve branches, 
(b) insufflation method, (c) circular or 
regional method, (d) intravenous method, 
(a) direct method, (b) indirect method, 
(e) intraarterial method, (a) direct 
method, (b) indirect method, (f) spinal 
anesthesia method. II. Endoneural 
method. [Dr. Arthur E. Smith.] 
conductive anesthe'sia. See conduction 
anesthesia. “Conduction to be used in 
preference to conductive."—ADA. 
conductivity (of metals). The property 
of conducting or transmitting heat or 
electricity. 
conducto. Trade name of an isotonic local 
anesthetic. 
conducto tablets. A local anesthetic pre- 
pared in tablet form, containing cocain, 
suprarenin and calcium, potassium and 
sodium chlorids. 
conductor. A probe or sound with an 
opening or groove through which a knife 
is passed when slitting open a fistula or 
sinus; a grooved director; any substance 
which conducts or possesses the power to 
conduct heat or electricity, 
con'dylar. Pertaining to a condyle, 
condylarthro'sis. [G. kondylos, condyle; 
arthrosis, a jointing.] A joint, as the 
knee, formed by condylar surfaces; the 
temporomandibular articulation, 
condyle (kon'dil). [G. kondylos, knuckle.] 
The rounded surface of a joint at the 
extremity of a long bone, theory of the 
floating condyle, the acceptance of an 
indiscriminately moving, unguided con- 
dyle head. 
condyle bicuspoid. See bicuspoid. 
con'dyle path. The course followed by the 
condyle in the glenoid fossa during the 
various excursions or movements of the 
mandible. 
condylion (kon-dil'i-on). [G. kondylos, con- 
dyle.] A point on the lateral or medial 
surface of the condyle of the mandible, 
con'dyloid. [G. kondylos, condyle; eidos, 
resemblance.] Pertaining to or having 
a likeness to a condyle, 
condylot'omy. [G. kondylos, condyle; tome, 
incision.] Incision through, without re- 
moval of, a condyle, 
con'dylus. Condyle. 
cone. [G. konos, a peg.] The pointed, 
conical part of the cusp of a tooth; cusp; CONE 
103 
CONSTITUTION 
a structure or figure having a circular 
base and tapering toward the top. Cones 
of felt, leather, rubber and other sub- 
stances are used in polishing fillings and 
dentures. Cones of guttapercha are used 
for filling root-canals. Cone-socket instru- 
ments are made for the engine handpiece, 
a conical part of the shank permitting 
of taking up wear. 
cone. A tubular appliance used in radiog- 
raphy to limit the area of exposure and 
reduce scattered radiation, 
confec'tio. [L. con, together ;facere, to make.] 
Conserve; electuary; confection; a drug 
preparation with honey or syrup, 
confec'tion. Confectio. 
con'fluent. [L. confluere, to run together.] 
Running together; joining; noting dis- 
eases distinguished by lesions which are 
not distinct or discrete from each other, 
cong. Abbreviation for congius, a gallon, 
congelation. [L. con, together; gelare, to 
freeze.] Freezing. 
congen'ital. [L. congenitus, born with.] 
Existing at birth; inborn; connate (noting 
physical or mental peculiarities, diseases, 
etc.). 
congen'ital nonocclu'sion. Open bite. [AAP.] 
congested. Having an unnatural amount 
of blood; unduly crowded; overfilled; 
clogged. 
congestion (kon-jes'chun). [L. congerere, 
to heap up.] A state in which the vessels 
of the body are surcharged with blood, 
due to an obstruction to the return flow 
or increased afflux, active c., hyperemia, 
an increased flow of arterial blood to a 
part. 
con'gius. [L.] A gallon, 
conglom'erate. [L. con, together; glomerare, 
to make into a ball.] Composed of many 
parts gathered or aggregated into a mass. 
A large compound gland; a plate culture 
with a cluster of like colonies lying close 
together. 
conglutination (kon-glo-tin-a'shun). [L. con- 
glutinare, to glue together.] Coalescence; 
adhesion. 
conico-. A combining form meaning 
somewhat resembling a cone, 
conid'ium. [G. konidion, dim. of konis, dust.] 
An uninclosed or walled nonsexual spore; 
an exospore produced asexually, as of 
certain fungi. 
coni'um. [G. koneion, hemlock.] Spotted 
cowbane; poison hemlock. 
conjugate (kon'jo-gat). [L. conjugatus, 
joined together.] Paired; joined; united, 
conjuga'tion. [L. conjugare, to join together.] 
The act of conjugating; the sexual union 
of two cells, with partition of the chro- 
matin. 
conjuncti'va. [L. conjunctivus, connecting.] 
The mucous membrane covering the 
anterior surface of the eyeball and lining 
the inner surface of the eyelids, 
conjunc'tive. Connective; joining; uniting, 
con'nate. [L. con, with; natus, born.] Con- 
genital; existing at birth, 
connec'tion-redu'cer. A device for connect- 
ing rubber tubing of different dimensions, 
connective. [L. connectere, to bind together.] 
That which connects; a nerve fibril con- 
necting two ganglia. Connecting, joining, 
c. tis'sue, the general supporting or 
uniting tissue of the body. c.-tis'sue 
group, a collective name for cartilage, 
bone, dentin and mucous membrane, 
co'noid. [G. konos, cone; eidos, appearance.] 
Cone-shaped; having a likeness to a cone; 
conical. 
co'noides. The cuspid or canine teeth, 
consanguinity. [L. con, with; sanguis, 
blood.] Blood-relationship, 
conscious (kon'shus). [L. conscius, know- 
ing.] Sensible; aware; mentally awake; 
pertaining to, or endowed with, conscious- 
ness. 
conservation. [L. conservare, to keep 
together.] The act of preserving from 
injury or loss; preservation, 
conservative (kon-serv'a-tiv). Opposed to 
heroic or radical measures of treatment; 
having the power or tendency to preserve; 
preservative. 
consolidation. [L. consolidare, to make 
firm.] Changing into a firm, solid mass, 
noting particularly the change of the 
lung from a spongy to a solid condition 
by the filling of the alveoli with an 
exudate. 
constipate (kon'sti-pat). To cause a costive 
or sluggish action of the bowels, 
constipation. [L. constipare, to press 
together.] A state in which the bowels are 
irregular and incomplete in evacuating, 
constitution (kon-sti-tu'shun). [L. con- 
stituere, to establish.} The physical make- 
up of the body, including the manner in 
which its functions perform; the number 
and kind of atoms in the molecule and 
their relationship to each other. CONSTRICT 
104 
CONTRACTION 
constrict'. To contract; cramp; bind; com- 
press. 
constrict'ed. [L. constringere, to draw 
together.] Compressed; drawn together, 
made tight, as the constricted part of a 
tooth at the cervix. 
constric'tion. Compression; binding or 
contraction of a part. 
constric'tor. That which binds or squeezes 
a part. 
constructive. [L. construere, to build up.] 
Building up; pertaining to anabolism; 
anabolic. 
consumptive. Pertaining to, or suffering 
from, consumption. 
contact. [L. contactus, a touching.] The 
touching, meeting or close union of two 
bodies; one who has been exposed to 
contagion; the closing of an electrical 
circuit, c. sur'face, facies contactus; the 
surface of a tooth facing an adjoining 
tooth mesially or distally; proximal 
surface. prox'imal 'c., prox'imate c., 
touching of the adjacent surfaces of two 
teeth, c. point, a small circumscribed 
area on the proximal surfaces of the 
teeth by which they touch one another, 
complete c., the entire proximal surface 
of one tooth touching or meeting the 
entire proximal surface of its neighbor, 
produced artificially by filing the proximal 
surfaces flat, or naturally by the move- 
ment in mastication of one tooth against 
its neighbor, producing a facet, weak c., 
when the proximal surfaces barely touch 
each other, absence of c., when the 
proximal surfaces have been filed away 
to such an extent that they can not 
approach each other; when a tooth has 
become malposed, preventing contact 
with its neighbor; interproximal wear; 
when a tooth has erupted and become 
fixed too far from its neighbor to be in 
contact with it; diastema, c. point zone, 
see zone. 
contagion (kon-ta'jun). [L. contagio, touch, 
contact.] Transmission of an infectious 
disease by direct or indirect contact; 
contagium. 
contagious (kon-ta'jus). Pertaining to 
contagion; noting a disease transmitted 
by contact with the sick, particularly 
certain forms of infectious disease. 
contagium (kon-ta'ji-um). [L.] The virus 
or causative substance of any infectious 
disease. 
contaminate. [L. contaminare, to defile.] 
To stain or soil with infectious matter, 
contamination. [L. contaminare, to stain, 
defile.] Soiling or staining with infectious 
matter; pollution. 
contemporaneous calcification lines. The 
parts of several teeth which are undergoing 
calcification at the same time; a rep- 
resentation on a chart showing these 
lines. 
content. [L. contentus—continere, to con- 
tain.] That which is comprised within 
something else. 
contiguity (kon-tig-u'i-ti). [L. contiguus, 
touching.] State of being in contact or 
very near; contact. 
contig'uous. In actual contact or adjacent, 
continued. [L. continuare, to join.] With- 
out interruption; continuous, 
continuity (kon-tin-u'i-ti). [L. continuus, 
continued.] State of being uninterrupted; 
a succession of parts intimately joined, 
contiguous. Uninterrupted, 
contour (kon-tor'). [Fr., outline.] Restora- 
tion of the normal outlines of a carious 
tooth by a filling, crown or mechanical 
means; profile; the outline of a figure, 
body or part; the surface configuration; 
a line or lines representing such an 
outline, facial c., the outline of the face, 
proximal or proximate c., the outline of 
the teeth or of fillings on the adjoining 
surfaces of the teeth, c. alloy, alloy for 
amalgam fillings. 
contra-angle (kon'tra-ang-gl). An angle 
formed in the shank of instruments, first 
backward from the direction of the cutting 
edge and then forward to form the 
blade, in order to bring the cutting edge 
near the long axis of the handle, binangle 
c.-a., an instrument having two angles, 
triple-angle c.-a., an instrument having 
three angles, quadrangle c.-a., an instru- 
ment having four angles, c.-a. handpiece, 
a handpiece of the dental engine with an 
angle to enable the operator to reach 
cavities inaccessible with a straight 
instrument. 
con'tra-ap'erture. Counteropening, 
contract'. [L. contrahere, to draw together.] 
To draw closer together; to shorten; to 
condense. 
contrac'tile. Possessing the property of 
contracting. 
contraction (kon-trak'shun). [L. contractio, 
drawing together.] A reduction or shrink- CONTRACTURE 
105 
COPTIS 
age in size; a shortening (indicating the 
normal function of muscular tissue); a 
permanent shortening of a muscle, 
contrac'ture. A permanent muscular con- 
traction caused by tonic spasm or loss 
of muscular equilibrium, the antagonists 
being paralyzed. 
contrad'olin. [L. contra, against; dolor, 
pain.] An analgesic made up of phenol, 
acetamid and salicylic acid, 
contraindica'tion. Anything which renders 
the use of a remedy or a dental or surgical 
procedure inadvisable, or which indicates 
a different or contrary treatment, 
con'trast. [L. contra, against; stare, to 
stand.] A comparison showing the 
difference in qualities of two objects, 
control'. [L. contra, against; rotula, roll.] 
To verify an experiment by means of 
another with the important condition 
omitted. 
control'-exper'iment. An animal or chemical 
experiment employed to check another 
and thus verify the result, 
contrude', contrud'ed, contrud'ing, contru'- 
sion, contru' sive. [L. con, against; 
trudere, to shove, push.] To crowd or push 
together; said of malposed teeth which 
are in that position. See trusion. 
contuse'. [L. contundere, to bruise.] To 
bruise. 
contu'sion. A wound; a contused part of 
the skin. 
co'nus. [L., from G. konos, a peg.] Cone, 
convalescence. [L. convalescere, to grow 
strong.] The period between the termina- 
tion of a disease and the patient’s com- 
plete restoration to health, 
convales'cent. Recovering health, or one 
who is recovering health. Indicating the 
period of convalescence, 
conve'nience-point. A small depression or 
undercut to make the starting of a filling 
more convenient. 
convergence (kon-ver'jens). [L. convergere, 
to incline together.] The tendency or 
inclination of two or more objects to one 
point. 
convergent (kon-ver'jent). Tending toward 
one point. 
conver'sion. [L. convertere, to turn round, 
to change.] Transmutation; change, 
con'vex. [L. convexus, vaulted, arched.] 
Curved on the exterior surface, or bulg- 
ing outward. 
convex'ity. The state of being convex. 
convexocon'cave. Convex on one and 
concave on the opposing surface, 
convexocon'vex. Convex on two opposite 
surfaces. 
convolute (kon'vo-lut). [L. convolvere, to 
roll together.] Rolled together or upon 
itself, or one part on another. To wind 
or fold upon itself, 
convoluted. Convolute, 
convolutio (kon-vo-16'shi-d). [L. convolvere, 
to roll together.] Gyrus; convolution, 
convolu'tion. [L. convolutio.] One of the 
projecting rounded elevations on the 
surface of the brain, restricted by the 
fissures or sulci. 
convul'sion. [L. convulsio—con, together; 
vellere, to pull.] A violent involuntary 
contraction of the muscles, 
convulsive. Pertaining to convulsion; pro- 
ducing convulsions. 
Coolidge tube. An x-ray tube, the cathode 
consisting of a spiral made of tungsten 
ware and surrounded by a molybdenum 
tube. When the tungsten wire is heated 
by the electric current the exact quality of 
the x-ray which is given off is regulated 
by varying the temperature of the cathode, 
coordination. [L. con, together; ordinare, 
to arrange.] Several muscles or a group 
of muscles that work harmoniously in the 
execution of complicated movements, 
co'pal-e'ther. A solution of the resin copal 
in sulphuric ether. c.-e. varnish, the 
foregoing solution used for varnishing 
fillings, etc., the rapid evaporation of the 
ether leaving a thin coating of the copal 
which protects the filling for a short time 
from the moisture in the mouth, 
cope (kbp). [L. capa, cap, cape.] A metal 
disc used to cover the root of a tooth 
preliminary to crowning; anything arching 
overhead; top part of a mold, 
cop'per. [L. cuprum.] See cuprum, oxy- 
phosphale of c., c. amalgam, filling 
materials. 
cop'peras. [L. cuprum, copper; rosa, flower.] 
An impure commercial ferrous sulphate; 
green vitriol. 
coprolalia (kop'rb-la-li-a). [G. kopros, dung; 
lalia, talk.] The insane use of obscene or 
vulgar language. 
copr-zinc. Trade name of a white cement 
powder containing copper-iodid. 
cop'tis. The canker root, used as a mas- 
ticatory in sore mouth and also as a gargle 
in tonsillitis and catarrhal sore throat. COPULA 
106 
CORRUGATOR 
cop'ula. [L., bond, conjunction.] A strip 
that connects two structures; immune 
body or amboceptor; zygote, 
cor, gen. cordis. [L.] Heart. 
Corcoran attachment for bridges. See 
bridge, fixed removable. 
cord (kard). [L. chorda, a string.] Any 
string-like structure. To be string-like 
or corded. 
core (kor). [L. cor, heart.] Internal mold 
which forms a hollow in the investment 
material in casting crowns, bridges and 
dentures; a mold of plaster made sep- 
arately to fill in an undercut in casting 
dies for striking up baseplates; a mass of 
necrotic tissue in the center of a boil, 
corega. Trade name of a preparation de- 
signed to assist in retaining dentures in 
contact with the gums, 
co'rium. [L., leather.] The innermost or 
connective-tissue layer of the skin; cutis 
vera, true skin. 
cor'nea. [L. corneus, horny.] A circular 
transparent membrane which forms the 
anterior sixth of the outer coat of the 
eyeball. 
cor'ners. The deciduous incisors of the 
horse, external to the intermediaries, 
cor'nu, gen. cor'nus, pi. cor'nua. [L., horn.] 
A structure made up of horny substance 
or horn-like in shape; a coronal prolonga- 
tion of the dental pulp corresponding to 
the elevation due to the cusp of the tooth, 
cor'nua. Plural of cornu. 
coro'na. [L., crown.] Crown, as a natural 
or artificial crown of a tooth; any normal 
or pathological structure having a likeness 
to or suggesting a crown, c. den'tis, 
crown of a tooth, the portion exposed, 
divided from the root by the neck and 
covered with enamel. 
corona. [Sp.] Crown, c. de oro, gold 
crown; c. de porcelana, porcelain crown, 
corona. [It.] Crown. c. di oro, gold 
crown; c. di porcellana, porcelain crown, 
corona gold. Trade name of gold for 
filling made in flat mats, 
cor'onad. [L. corona, crown; ad, to.] In a 
direction to or toward any corona or 
crown. 
cor'onal. Pertaining to a crown or corona, 
coronal zone. See zone. 
cor'onary. [L. corona, a crown.] Pertaining 
to a corona or crown; crowning; encircling 
or inclosing, as in various anatomical 
structures. 
corone (kor-d'ne). [G. korone, crow.] The 
coronoid process of the mandible, 
coro'nion. [G., dim. of korone, crow.] A 
craniometric point; the tip of the coronoid 
process of the mandible, 
cor'onoid. [G. korone, a crow; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Having a likeness to a crow’s 
beak, designating certain processes and 
other parts of bones. c. fossa, fossa 
coronoidea. c. process, processus coro- 
noideus, a projection on the ramus of 
the mandible. 
cor'pora. Plural of corpus, 
cor'poral. Bodily; pertaining to the body, 
corpo'real. Material, physical, as dis- 
tinguished from mental or intellectual, 
corpse. [L. corpus, body.] A dead body; 
cadaver. 
cor'pus. [L.] The body, or the body or 
mass of anything; the principal part of 
anything, in contradistinction to the 
head, tail or extremities, c. adiposum 
buccse, sucking-pad, an accumulation of 
fat in the cheek in infants, to aid in the 
suction power in nursing, c. dentatum, 
the nucleus dentatus, dentate body, 
corpuscle. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus.] 
A small body; a small mass; bloodcell; 
non-nucleated cell; metabolon; electron, 
or primary atom, cement c., a bone- 
forming cell in the cementum. medullary 
c., odontoblast, migratory c., wandering 
cell, mucous c., present in mucus, pus c., 
a leucocyte of the formed elements of pus. 
salivary c., a leucocyte present in saliva, 
corpus'culum. [L.] Corpuscle, 
corrective (kor-rek'tiv). Changing; modify- 
ing; rectifying what is injurious. A drug 
counteracting or correcting the injurious 
or undesirable effect of another, 
cor'rigent. [L. corrigere, to correct.] Cor- 
rective. 
corrode (kor-rod'). [L. con, together; 
rodere, to gnaw.] To wear away gradually, 
as in case of the enamel of the teeth; 
eat away by degrees; rust, 
corrosion (kor-r5'zhun). Eating or wearing 
away by slow degrees; erosion, 
corrosive (kor-ro'siv). A substance causing 
the wearing away or disintegration of a 
part or structure; an agent capable of 
producing corrosion, such as an acid, 
cor'rugator. [L. corrugare, to wrinkle.] A 
muscle the contraction of which causes 
the skin to draw together or shrink, pro- 
ducing wrinkles. CORTEX 
107 
COURT-PLASTER 
cor'tex, gen. cor'ticis, pi. cor'tices. [L., 
bark.] The bark or outer covering of the 
roots, trunk and branches of a tree; 
the outer covering enveloping an organ 
such as the kidney, as distinguished from 
the inner, or medullary, portion, 
cor'tical. Pertaining to cortex in any sense, 
corun'dum. Mineral of extreme hardness, 
an oxid of aluminum, the granular variety 
of which is commonly known as emery, 
c. points, wheels used in grinding mineral 
teeth and in the preparation of roots for 
crowning. 
coruscation (kor-us-ka'shun). [L. corusco, 
flash.] Throwing off sparkles of light; 
sparkle; shine; the high polish which may 
be given certain metals and fillings, such 
as gold, amalgam, etc. 
Corynebacterium (kor-i'ne-bak-te'ri-um). [G. 
koryne, club; bacterium.] A genus of 
bacilli distinguished by club-like swellings 
and metachromatic granules at their 
extremities, and also by branching forms 
in old structures. 
coryza (kor-i'za). Inflammation or cold in 
the head; acute rhinitis. c. fet'ida, 
ozena. 
cosme'sis. [G. kosmesis, an adorning.] A 
regard in therapeutics, particularly in 
dental operations, for the patient’s looks 
or appearance; a resort to that class of 
dental operations which will improve the 
esthetic appearance or avoid one which 
will mutilate or disfigure, 
cosmet'ic. [G. kosmos, order, ornament.] 
Pertaining to cosmesis. Anything which 
imparts or improves the beauty; in den- 
tistry, an operation which improves the 
looks or appearance of a person or pre- 
vents disfigurement, 
cos'ta. [L.] Rib. 
cos'tal. Pertaining to a rib or ribs, 
cos'tiform. [L. costa, rib; forma, form.] 
Rib-like or rib-shaped, 
cos'tive. [Contraction from L. constipare, 
to press together.] Constipated, 
cos'tiveness. Constipation, 
cot'ton. A white, soft, downy substance 
taken from the seeds of a plant of the 
genus Gossypium; employed extensively 
in dental and surgical dressings, c. rolls, 
a form prepared for convenient use in 
the mouth. 
cot'tonoid. Trade name of a preparation 
of absorbent cotton for dental and surgical 
use. 
cotto-toothbrush. Trade name of a handle 
which firmly holds a cotton roll for 
cleansing the teeth, a fresh piece of cotton 
roll being used each time, 
cot'yloid. [G. kotyle, a small cup; eidos, 
appearance.] Acetabular; pertaining to 
the acetabulum or cotyloid cavity; cup- 
like; cup-shaped. 
cough (kaf). A violent effort to expel 
mucus or any irritating matter from the 
bronchial tubes or larynx by a sudden 
forcing of air through the glottis, 
coulomb (ko-lom'). A unit of quantity 
in electricity, one-tenth of the absolute 
electromagnetic unit, being the amount 
supplied by a current of one ampke per 
second; that amount of electricity which 
is carried by an ampere flowing for one 
second past any given point in the circuit. 
There are 3,600 coulombs in one ampere- 
hour. 
coun'ter-die. The hollow reverse of a die, 
or the female die, employed in swaging, 
counterirritant (kown-ter-ir'ri-tant). An 
agent capable of causing irritation or a 
mild inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane or skin for the purpose of relieving 
a deep-seated inflammation. Pertaining 
to or causing counterirritation, 
counterirrita'tion. Irritation or mild inflam- 
mation of the gums or the skin produced 
to relieve an inflammation of the deeper 
structures. 
counteropening (kown-ter-6'pen-ing). A 
second opening, to drain an abscess or 
cavity containing fluid, made at the 
dependent part of the sore which is not 
draining properly through the previous 
incision. 
counterpoison (kown'ter-poi'zun). Anti- 
toxin; antidote. 
countersink (kown'ter-sink). A beveled or 
conical depression made in a plate for 
• the reception of the head of a pin or rivet, 
coun'tersunk tooth'crown. Artificial tooth 
in which the pin is situated in a counter- 
sunk space corresponding to the alveolar 
ridges against which the tooth is to be 
fitted. 
couronne de la dent. [Fr.] Crown of a tooth, 
couronne d’or fenestree. [Fr.] Open-faced 
gold crown. 
couronne sans dure. [Fr.] Seamless crown, 
couronne telescope. [Fr.] Telescope crown, 
court-plaster (k5rt'plas-ter). A strip of 
silk covered with isinglass, and employed COVER-GLASS 
108 
CRIB KNIFE 
as a protective for slight abrasions and 
cuts. 
cover-glass. A thin glass disc or scale 
which covers the object examined under 
the microscope. 
cow'die gum. See dammar gum. 
cox'a, pi. coxae. [L.] Hipjoint; os innom- 
inatum; hipbone. 
c.p. Abbreviation for chemically pure. 
Cr. Chemical symbol of chromium, 
cramp. A spasmodic pain in the intestine; 
colic; a painful muscular contraction, 
cra'nial. Pertaining to the cranium, 
cranial cap. See skullcap. 
craniofacial (kra'ni-o-fa'shal). Pertaining 
to both face and skull, c. ang'le, the angle 
made at the midpoint of the sphenoeth- 
moidal suture by the meeting of the 
basicranial and basifacial axes. c. ax'is, 
a straight line passing through the 
presphenoid, basisphenoid, basioccipital 
and mesethmoid bones. c. notch, an 
imperfection in the osseous partition 
between the nasal and orbital cavities, 
craniomax'illary. Pertaining to the cranium 
and the maxilla. 
craniopharyngeal (kra/ni-6-far-in'je-al). Per- 
taining to the cavity of the skull and to 
the pharynx. 
cra'nium. [L.—G. kranion.] The skull; 
the bones of the head that make up the 
skull. 
crassamen'tum. [L., thickness.] Coagulum; 
bloodclot. 
cre'asote. Creosote. 
cre'atin. [G. kreas, flesh.] An alkaloid taken 
from the juice of flesh; kreatin. 
creme dentifrice. Trade name of an anti- 
septic and astringent toothpaste, 
cre'na. [L., a notch.] A notch; an indenta- 
tion, as one of the notches into which the 
projections opposite one another fit in 
the cranial sutures. 
cre'nate. [L. crena, a notch.] Indented; 
notched; indicating the contour of a 
shriveled red bloodcell, 
cre'olin. A dark brown syrupy mixture of 
cresol. 
cre'osal. Tannosal; tannic acid ester of 
creosote, used as an astringent and anti- 
septic. 
cre'osote. Creosotum; creasote; a mixture 
of phenols, mostly guaiacol and creosol, 
procured during the distillation of/woodtar. 
beech'wood c., creosote procured from 
oleum fagi, or beechwood tar. c. car'- 
bonate, creosoti carbonas, creosotal; 
tasteless and odorless, employed as a 
substitute for creosote, 
creoso'tum. [G. kreas, flesh; soter, preserver.] 
Creasote; creosote. 
crep'itant. [L. crepitare, to crackle.] Crack- 
ling. 
crepitatio dentium. See chattering of the 
teeth. 
crepita'tion. Crackling; the sensation felt 
on touching the part fractured when the 
splintered ends of the bone are moved, 
crep'itus. A noisy discharge of gas from 
the intestine; crepitation, 
crepitus dentium. See chattering of the teeth. 
cres'cent. [L. crescere, to increase.] Any 
figure resembling a new moon, 
crescent. Trade name of a temporary gutta- 
percha stopping material, 
crescentic (kres-sen'tik). Resembling a 
crescent or new moon in shape, 
cre'soform. A compound of creosote and 
formaldehyde, used as an external anti- 
septic and sometimes internally, 
cre'sol. Tolyl hydroxid, a substance obtained 
from coaltar, somewhat like carbolic 
acid, but less poisonous, 
cresolform. Trade name of a preparation 
for the treatment of abscesses, 
cresot'ic acid. Oxytoluic acid; homosalicylic 
acid. 
crest. [L. crista.] A ridge, particularly a 
bony ridge. alveolar c., the triangle 
portion of the alveolus which terminates 
interproximally. 
crest fibers, alveolar. Fibers extending 
from the alveolar crest to the enamel- 
cemental junction. [AAP.] 
cre'ta. [L.] Calcium carbonate; chalk, 
c. gallica, French chalk, a magnesium 
silicate harder than talc. c. prepara'ta, 
prepared chalk; purified native calcium 
carbonate, a grayish amorphous powder, 
sometimes molded into cones; a constitu- 
ent of dentifrices. 
crevice (krev'is). [L. crepare, to crack, to 
break.] A narrow opening resulting from 
a split or crack. Used to designate frac- 
tures of the enamel and the deep uncalci- 
fied and ununited parts of the sulci of 
the teeth. 
crevice, gingival. The space between the 
marginal gingiva and the tooth cervix. 
[AAP.] 
crib. See orthodontia in the supplement. 
crib knife, implantation. See implantation. CRIBRIFORM 
109 
CROWN 
crib'riform. [L. cribrum, a sieve; forma, 
form.] Sieve-like; with many perfora- 
tions. c. plate, lamina cribrosa of the 
ethmoid bone. 
crimp. To make folds or plaits in small 
regular undulations in such a way that the 
metal or other material will retain the 
shape intended; to give a wavy appearance 
to a strip of metal, as for use on metal 
bases, these strips being soldered to the 
baseplate so that plastic vulcanite will 
flow under the crimps and the vulcanite 
will be held fast to the base; in ortho- 
dontics, to take advantage of the traction 
force exerted when the crimps are put on 
a tension. 
cri'sis. [G. krisis, a separation.] A sudden 
change or critical turn in the course of 
a disease. 
cris'ta. [L.] A crest, ridge or line projecting 
above the level of the surrounding tissue, 
c. buccinatoria, buccinator crest, a ridge 
which passes from the base of the coronoid 
process of the mandible to the third molar, 
serving for the attachment of the bucci- 
nator muscle. c. conchalis, turbinated 
crest, inferior turbinated crest; one is a 
ridge on the vertical plate of the palate 
bone, about its middle, which articulates 
with the posterior part of the inferior 
turbinated bone; the other is a ridge on 
the lower part of the nasal process of the 
maxilla and articulates with the inferior 
turbinated bone. c. nasalis, nasal crest; 
a ridge along the line of union of the palate 
bones and the posterior part of that of 
the maxilla} which articulates with the 
lower border of the vomer. 
croco'isite, cro'coite. Lead chromate. 
cro'cus. A rouge for polishing fillings, 
crowns, bridges and dentures. 
Crombie’s ulcer. An ulcer of the gum, said 
to appear between the second and third 
molar in sprue. 
Crooke’s space. The dark space at the 
cathode, in the almost exhausted tube, 
through which a current of electricity is 
passed. C.’s tube, the glass tube provided 
with two electrodes in which the electrical 
discharge takes place in what is practically 
a vacuum. 
crossed (krast). Intersecting; decussating; 
X-shaped; noting a case in which both 
sides of the body are affected. 
croup (krop). An inflammation of the 
trachea and larynx in children, dis- 
tinguished by a hoarse cough and difficult 
breathing. 
croupous (krop'us). Pertaining to croup; 
marked by a fibrinous exudation. 
crown. [L. corona.] The crown of a tooth, 
the exposed part, above the gum, covered 
with enamel. To attach an artificial 
crown to the natural root of a tooth, 
artificial c., prosthetic c., a metal or 
porcelain crown, or a combination of 
both, fastened to the root of a natural 
tooth, bell c., the crown of a tooth which 
is much larger in circumference at the 
occlusal margin than at the cervix or con- 
tact point, cap c., partial c., an artificial 
crown covering only part of the crown of a 
natural tooth. collar c., an artificial 
crown provided with a metal ferrule which 
is fitted around the root of the tooth and 
the cervical end of the artificial crown, 
c. of the tooth, corona dentis, tooth crown, 
crown, that part of the tooth not covered 
by the gums, extending from the tips of 
the cusps to the cervix, eponymic c., a 
crown named after its inventor or one 
who made some improvement on some 
crown previously used. Since the crowns 
of human teeth, extracted from the living 
or taken from the dead, and crowns of 
sheep, or those fashioned from hippopota- 
mus teeth or ivory, have been fastened 
into roots of teeth by the simple expedient 
of a wooden peg, many forms of crowns 
have been used, and these have generally 
been named after those who introduced 
them to the profession. Some of the 
crowns so named are the Bean, Beers, 
Black (G.Y.), Bonwill, Brewster, Brown 
(E. Parmly), Biittner, Clark, Davis, Dodge 
(J. Smith), Dwindle, Farrar, Foster, 
Gates, Gates-Bonwill, Goslee, Howe, How- 
land, Justi, Kirk, Lawrence, Logan, Mack, 
Merriam, Morrison, Ottolengui, Parr, 
Perry, Richmond, S.S.W., Twentieth Cen- 
tury, Weston, Wood (B.). half cap c., 
openface c., one of which the metal en- 
circles the root and covers the lingual 
surface, extending to, or slightly over, 
the occlusal or incisal margin, porcelain 
cusp c., one in which no metal is used on 
the occlusal surface, porcelain-veneer c., 
one made of metal and veneered with 
porcelain, post c., one attached to the 
root with a post, dowel or tenon, seam- 
less c., one made with one piece of metal 
without being soldered, shell c., a hollow CROWN POST-PULLER 
110 
CTENES 
crown, shoulder c., one without a periph- 
eral band, telescope c., one fitted over 
a tooth that was previously crowned, 
two-piece c., one for bicuspids and molars, 
made of a band and an occlusal part, 
soldered together; one for incisors and 
cuspids, made of a labial and lingual part, 
soldered together. 
crown post-puller. A device, made by the 
S. S. White Company, for removing a 
dowel from the root of a tooth without 
injury to the root. 
crowned. Supplied with an artificial crown 
(said of a natural root), 
crown-holder. A piece of wood trimmed to 
fit into a crown, used as a handle while 
finishing and polishing the crown. A 
device made of a group of divergent steel 
springs set in a handle; when compressed 
inwardly, the springs can be introduced in 
a crown; when the pressure is released, the 
springs press outward and thus hold the 
crown. 
crown'ing. The operation of attaching an 
artificial crown to a natural root, 
crown-slitter. A device for slitting open a 
shell crown for the purpose of removal, 
without injury to the investing tissues, 
crownwork. That part of dentistry dealing 
with the making of all kinds of crowns, 
as distinguished from bridgework and full 
and partial denture service, 
crucial (kro'shal). [L. crucialis—crus, cross.] 
Cross-shaped; transverse; crossed; cruci- 
form; having the form of a cross, as the 
depression in the occlusal surface of the 
second mandibular molar; decisive; severe; 
testing. 
crucible (kro'si-bl). [L. crudbulum, melting- 
pot.] Vessel made of a refractory sub- 
stance, usually clay, earthenware, black 
lead, graphite, plumbago or iron; used for 
melting or forming of alloys of metals by 
exposure to high degrees of heat, 
cru'ciform. [L. crux, cross; forma, form.] 
Cross-shaped; crucial; intersecting, 
cru'cing. See biscuiting. 
crude. [L. crudus, raw, unripe.] Raw, im- 
mature; unripe; unrefined; in a natural 
state. 
cru'ra. Plural of crus. 
cru'ral. Pertaining to the leg or thigh; 
femoral; leg-shaped. 
crus, gen. cru'ris, pi. cru'ra. [L.] The leg, 
particularly the part between the knee 
and the ankle; the shank; an anatomical 
structure having a likeness to a leg or 
legs. 
crust. [L. crusta.] Hard external layer or 
covering; a scab. 
crusta. [L.] Crust, c. adamantina dentium, 
the enamel of a tooth, c. petro'sa, cemen- 
tum of a tooth; substantia ossea. 
crus'tal. Pertaining to or resembling a crust. 
Cryer’s operation for correcting excessive 
protrusion of the mandible. [Matthew H. 
Cryer, American dental surgeon.] The 
cutting of semicircular incisions through 
the mandible at its angle; removal of a 
small part of the bone if required; reduc- 
tion of the protrusion, and suturing the 
mandible in normal occlusal relation of the 
teeth. C.’s operation for correcting exces- 
sive retrusion of the mandible, the same 
as for protrusion, the mandible being 
brought forward into normal occlusal 
relation of the teeth. C.’s operation for 
excision of the mandibular nerve, per- 
formed through an external incision, the 
nerve being reached by the removal of a 
section of bone from the sigmoid notch of 
the mandible. 
Cryptococ'cus. [G. kryptos, concealed; kok- 
kos, berry.] A genus of fungi possessing 
no spores and reproducing only by 
budding. 
crys'tal. [L. krystallos, clear ice.] A figure 
of symmetrical shape taken on by certain 
salts and other chemical compounds, 
c. gold, a form of gold for filling. 
crys'tallin. A solution of pyroxylin similar 
in use to collodion. A globulin in the 
crystalline lens of the eye. 
crystalline (kris'tal-en). Transparent; clear; 
relating to or having the form of a crystal 
or crystals. 
crystalliza'tion. A state in which a vapor 
or liquid, having become solidified, takes 
on a crystalline form or shape, water of 
c., a certain number of molecules of water 
which some substances must absorb in 
order to take on a crystalline form, the 
presence of the water leaving the chemical 
properties unchanged. 
crys'talloid. Resembling crystals, c. gold, 
gold for filling in a crystal or crystalloid 
form. 
Cs. Chemical symbol of cesium. 
C.S. Cavosurface. 
CS2. Thiocarbonic anhydrid; carbon bisul- 
phid. 
ctenes. Incisor teeth. cu 
111 
CURRENT 
Cu. Chemical symbol of copper (cuprum), 
cu'bitus, gen. cu'biti. [L., elbow.] Elbow; 
ulna; forearm. 
cu'boid. [G. kybos, cube; eidos, resemblance.] 
Having a shape like a cube; cube-like, 
cuello. [Sp.] Cervix, neck of a tooth, 
cuerno de la pulpa. [Sp.] Horn of the pulp, 
cuivre. [Fr.] Copper. 
cul-de-sac (kol-de-sak'). [Fr.] A blind 
pocket or tubular cavity closed at one 
end; cecum; diverticulum, 
cultiva'tion. [L. cultivare, to cultivate.] 
Culture. 
cul'tural. Pertaining to a culture of micro- 
organisms. 
culture (kul'tur). [L. cultura, tillage.] The 
generative growth of microorganisms on 
or in artificial media of different kinds. 
A growth of microorganisms on or in an 
artificial medium such as agar jelly, 
bouillon, potato, etc. pure c., one having 
only one species of microorganism; a 
culture derived from a single cell, smear 
c., a culture procured by spreading or 
smearing the infected matter on the 
surface of a solidified medium, sol'id c., 
a culture made on the surface or in the 
interior of agar, potato, gelatin or other 
solid medium, tube c., a culture taken 
immediately after sowing microorganisms 
or other solid medium contained in a 
test-tube; a culture made by inoculating 
bouillon or other fluid in a test-tube, 
cumulative (ku'mu-la-tiv). [L. cumulatus, 
heaped up.] . Increasing by successive 
additions. c. ac'tion, designating the 
effect of a drug of which a number of 
doses have been taken with no apparent 
result, that suddenly develops intense 
action. 
cu'mulus. [L., a heap.] A collection or 
mass of cells. 
cuneate (ku'ne-at). [L. cuneare, to make like 
a wedge.] Wedge-shaped, 
cuneiform (ku'ne-i-farm). [L. cuneus, wedge; 
forma, form.] Cuneate; wedge-shaped. 
CuO. Black oxid of copper; cupric oxid. 
CU2O. Red oxid of copper; cuprous oxid. 
cup (kup). [A.S. cuppe, L. cuppa.] A 
hollowed or cup-shaped structure, either 
pathological or anatomical; a cupping- 
glass; sometimes applied to an impression- 
tray, as an impression-cup. To apply a 
cupping-glass, dividing-mold c., one used 
with the S.S.W. swager. pyrozone c., 
for use of pyrozone at the chair, rubber 
polishing cups, small cup-shaped pieces 
of rubber to be used on a mandrel with the 
dental engine; they are smooth and corru- 
gated, soft and hard, as the Davis and 
Wood polishing cups. 
cupel'. [F. coupelle, dim. of coupe, cup.] 
A shallow vessel made of bone, in shape 
resembling a cup, used in refining or 
assaying metals. 
cupella'tion. The refining or purifying of 
gold or silver, usually lead being added, 
which combines with the baser metals 
and leaves the gold or silver in a pure 
state at the bottom of the cupel, 
cupped. Hollowed; made cup-shaped, 
cu'prum, gen. cupri. [L.] Symbol Cu, 
atomic weight 63.57. Copper, a metallic 
dyad element, cu'pri sul'phas, copper 
sulphate; blue stone; blue vitriol; astrin- 
gent, styptic, mildly escharotic. 
cupula (ko'po-la). [L., a cup, dim. of cupa, 
a tub.] Cupola. 
curaci6n. [Sp.] Treatment, 
curd (kurd). The coagulum of milk, 
cure (kur). [L. curare, to care for.] Restora- 
tion to health; a special kind or course of 
treatment; to heal; to make well, 
cure-dent. [Fr.] Toothpick, 
curettage (ku-ret'taj). Scraping a cavity 
with the curette for the removal of 
pathological tissues. 
curette (ku-ret'). [Fr., fr. curer, to cleanse.] 
A scoop with either a blunt or a cutting 
edge, used to remove growths or foreign 
bodies from the walls of a cavity, 
curet'ting roots. Gently scraping infectious 
material from the root-surfaces of the 
teeth where the investing tissues are 
detached. See scaling. 
curled. Occurring in wavy parallel lines, 
indicating bacterial groups, such as of the 
anthrax bacillus; also indicating irregularly 
formed dentin or enamel, 
curled enamel. See enamel. 
cur'rent. [L. currens, to run.] A stream, 
flow or passage of fluid, electricity or air. 
al'ternating c., an electrical current of 
which the course of travel is constantly 
and rapidly reversed without being broken, 
ascend'ing c., an electrical current passing 
from the anode at the periphery to the 
cathode over the nerve center, con'stant 
c., contin'uous c., an unbroken and non- 
alternating electrical current, direct' c., 
a continuous current from a galvanic 
battery, high-fre'quency c., an alternating CURVATURE 
112 
CYCLE 
electric current possessing a frequency of 
10,000 or more per second; d’Arsonval c.; 
Tesla c. high-poten'tial c., high-tension 
current, high-ten'sion c., a current in. 
which there is a high degree of tension, 
increasing the electromotive force, induc- 
ing c., the primary current which creates 
a secondary current in the induction coil, 
interrupt'ed c., a frequently broken 
electrical current. 
cur'vature. [L. curvatura.] A bending, curve 
or flexure, gin'gival c., the curving or 
rounding of the gum along its line of 
attachment to the cervix of a tooth, 
curve (kurv). [L. curvare, to bend.] Chart; 
a well delineated chart showing the course 
of the temperature or pulse by means of a 
continuous line of a shifting direction; a 
sphygmogram or any other tracing made 
by a recording instrument, aline'ment c., 
align'ment c., the line passing through the 
center of the teeth laterally in the direction 
of the curve of the dental arch, buccal c., 
the line of the dental arch from the cuspid 
or canine tooth to the third molar, 
com'pensating c., the curve formed by 
the occlusal surfaces of the bicuspid and 
molar teeth, referring particularly to the 
lower artificial teeth so that they may 
come in contact with those of the upper 
arch, den'tal c., dental arch, the bowed 
line of the teeth, comprising the alinement. 
la'bial c., the curve of the dental arch 
between the two cuspid or canine teeth, 
curve, labiomental. See labiomental curve. 
cushion (kosh'un). A structure having 
resemblance to a pad or cushion. 
CuSC>4. Sulphate of copper; blue stone; 
cupric sulphate. 
cusp. [L. cuspis, point.] One of the pro- 
jections of the occlusal surface of a tooth; 
a pointed or triangular prominence, 
cusp crown, porcelain. See crown. 
cus'pid. [L. cuspis, a spike.] Cuspidate; 
having but one cusp. A cuspid tooth; 
one of the four cuspid or canine teeth, 
cus'pidate. Having a cusp or a sharp point, 
like the cusp of a tooth, 
cuspidati. PI. of cuspidatus. 
cuspidatus. [L.] A cuspid or canine tooth; 
a tooth with one cusp, 
cuspidor. [Pg. cuspir, to spit.] A vessel into 
which saliva is ejected; spittoon, 
cuspis (kus'pis). [L., a point.] Cusp. 
Custer’s electric furnace. A furnace for 
baking porcelain by heat generated by 
electricity, the invention of Dr. L. E. 
Custer. 
cuta'neous. [L. cutis, skin.] Pertaining to 
the skin. 
cuticle (ku'ti-kl). [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, 
skin.] The outer thick, horny layer of the 
skin; epidermis, den'tal c., enam'el c., 
cuticula dentis. 
cuticula (ko-tik'6-la). [L., dim. of cutis, 
skin.] The cuticle or epidermis, c. den'tis, 
enamel cuticle; skin of the teeth; Nasmyth’s 
membrane; the thin cuticular layer cover- 
ing the enamel of recently erupted teeth, 
cuticule de l'email. [Fr.] Enamel cuticle; 
Nasmyth’s membrane, 
cu'tis. [L.] Skin; integumentum commune, 
cut'ter. That which cuts; a tool or instru- 
ment used for cutting, ligature c., as 
Newkirk’s, wedge c., as Miller’s, 
cutting edge. The edge formed by the 
junction of the labial and lingual surfaces 
of the incisors and cuspids; of instruments, 
the sharpened end of the blade with which 
the cutting is done. 
cutting instruments. See excavators, chisels. 
cutting teeth. The incisors, 
cut'tlefish. A genus of mollusks of which 
the powdered bones sometimes form part 
of the ingredients of dentifrices, 
cutwell. Trade name of a make of burs. 
Cy. Chemical symbol for cyanogen (CN). 
cyanemia (si-an-e'mi-a). [G. kyanos, blue; 
haima, blood.] The imperfect aeration of 
blood, so that the blood in the arteries 
resembles venous blood, 
cyanhy'dric acid. Hydrocyanic acid, 
cyan'ic acid. [G. kyanos, dark blue.] An 
acid formed by uniting oxygen and cyano- 
gen. In its physical properties it resembles 
protoplasm, being coagulable by heat and 
fluid and transparent at a low temperature, 
cyanid (si'an-id). A union of cyanogen 
with an element or another radical, 
cyan'ogen. [G. kyanos, dark blue; genes, 
producing.] A compound of one atom each 
of carbon and nitrogen, 
cyanosed (si'an-ozd). Suffering or ailing 
with cyanosis. 
cyanosis (sl-an-5'sis). [G. kyanos, blue.] A 
condition in which the skin and mucous 
membrane become blue or purplish in 
color, due to deficient oxygenation of the 
blood. 
cyanot'ic. Pertaining to cyanosis, 
cycle (si'kl). [G. kyklos, circle.] Round or 
course of years; a recurrent series of events. CYLINDER 
113 
DARK-FIELD CONDENSER 
cyl'inder. [G. kylindros, a roll.] The surface 
traced by one side of a rectangle rotated 
around the parallel side as axis, 
cylinders, gold. See gold. 
cylin'dric. Pertaining to, or of the shape of, 
a cylinder. 
cylin'driform. [G. kylindros, cylinder; L. 
forma; form.] Having the shape of a 
cylinder. [cells, 
cylindrocel'lular. Pertaining to cylindrical 
cyl'indroid. [G. kylindros, roll, cylinder; 
eidos, appearance.] Having a likeness to a 
cylinder; more or less cylindrical, 
cyn'ic. [G. kybn, dog.] Dog-like. A spasm 
of the muscles of the face which causes a 
grin like that of a dog’s snarl; cynic spasm, 
cynodon'tes. The cuspid or canine teeth, 
cyst (sist). [G. kystis, bladder.] Any ab- 
normal sac containing gas, fluid or semi- 
solid material; a bladder, blood-c., san- 
guineous cyst, dentigerous c., follicular 
odontoma, an expanded dental follicle 
which contains a fluid and one or more 
teeth, mucous c., the result of an obstruc- 
tion in the duct of a mucous gland, sub- 
lingual c., ranulathyrolingual c., one due 
to the failure of closure of a segment of 
the thyrolingual duct. 
cystadeno'ma. [G. kystis, bladder; aden, 
gland.] A tumor resulting from con- 
tinued gland secretion, distended with 
fluid and of a glandular structure, c. 
adamantinum, adamantinoma. 
cys'tis. [G. kystis, bladder.] A cyst; vesica; 
bladder. 
cys'toid. [G. kystis, bladder; eidos, appear- 
ance.] Bladder-like; cystiform; having a 
likeness to a cyst. A tumor, resembling 
a cyst, containing pultaceous matter but 
without capsule. 
cysto'ma, pi. cysto'mata. A cystic tumor; a 
growth containing cysts. 
cytoblast. [G. kytos, cell; blastos, germ.] 
The nucleus of a cell. 
cytoblaste'ma. [G. kytos, cell; blastema, 
sprout.] Cytoplasm. 
cytol'ysin. [G. kytos, cell; lysis, solution.] 
An antibody having the power to partially 
or completely destroy an animal cell. 
cy'toplasm. [G. kytos, a hollow or cell; 
plasma, form.] Protoplasm; the substance 
of a cell, the nucleus and all else ex- 
cluded. 
Czermak’s spaces. The interglobular spaces 
or gaps in the dentin caused by a failure of 
calcification. 
D 
D. Abbreviation, in prescription-writing, 
for da, give; detur, dentur, let there be 
given. 
D. Distal. 
dac'ry-. [G. dakryon, tear.] The prefix of 
a number of medical terms pertaining 
to the lacrymal apparatus. 
dactyl-. [G. daktylos, finger.] A prefix 
of a number of medical terms pertaining 
to the fingers. 
dactylus (dak'ti-lus). [L.—G. daktylos, 
finger.] A finger or toe; a toe, in contra- 
distinction to digitus, a finger. 
daeki. [Ja.] Saliva. 
dai-kogai-domyaku. [Ja.] Greater palatine 
artery. 
dai-kogai ko. [Ja.] Foramen palatinum 
majus. 
Dakin’s fluid or solution. A neutral hypo- 
chlorite solution made of washing-soda 
and chlorinated lime; an alkaline cleansing 
solution used in wounds. 
dakkyu. [Ja.] Abarticulation. 
dammar gum, cowdie gum. A resin 
similar to copal, one of the ingredients 
of a modeling-compound, also used in 
mounting microscopical specimens, 
damp. Moist, humid, foggy. A state in 
which the atmosphere is moist; foul air 
in a mine, the air being charged with 
carbonic oxid or with other explosive 
hydrocarbon vapors. 
Dampf. [Ger.] Steam. 
Dampfkessel. [Ger.] Vulcanizer. 
Dappen medicament-glass. Trade name of 
a decagon-shaped glass stand cupped at 
both ends for holding small quantities of 
medicaments while treating teeth. 
Darby’s plastic trimmers. A set of instru- 
ments for shaping the proximal surfaces 
of amalgam fillings while still soft. 
Designed by Dr. E. T. Darby. 
Darcet’s fusible alloy. (1) Bismuth 16, 
tin 7, lead 2. (2) Bismuth 8, lead 6, tin 2. 
(3) Bismuth 7, tin 4, lead 2. 
dark-field condenser. An appliance used 
in throwing reflected light through the 
microscope field, so that only the object 
to be examined is illuminated, the other 
portion of the field being dark. DASEKI 
114 
DECOCTUM 
daseki. [Ja.] Salivary calculus; ptyalith. 
daughter-cell (da'ter-sel). A cell formed by 
cytodieresis or the separation of a previous 
cell (mother-cell). 
Davis crown. An artificial porcelain crown. 
D.B. Distobuccal. 
D.B.P. Distobuccopulpal. 
D.C. Distocervical. 
D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery. 
D.D.Sc. Doctor of Dental Science, 
de-. [L. de, from, away.] A prefix sometimes 
used in a privative or negative sense, 
but generally indicating away from, 
down, cessation; it has an intensive 
force at times. 
dead (ded). Having no life; without life; 
numb. d. space, a cavity remaining 
after a wound has closed, d. tooth, see 
teeth. 
dealbation (de-al-ba'shun). [L. dealbare, 
to whiten.] Bleaching, 
dealcoholization (de-al-ko-hol-i-za'shun). The 
removal or separation of alcohol from a 
fluid; in histology, the removal of alcohol 
from a specimen into which it had been 
immersed previously. 
dearticulation (de-ar-tik-ti-la'shun). Dis- 
location; disarticulation; diarthrosis, 
death (deth). Cessation of life, 
debil'itant. An agent that produces quiet 
and subdues excitement. Weakening, 
debouch (de-bosh'). [Fr. bouche, mouth.] 
To open or empty into another part, 
debris (da-bre'). [Fr.] Rubbish; ruins. 
D.E.C. Dental Editors’ Club, 
decagram (dek'a-gram). [G. deka, ten.] 
A weight of 10 grams, the equivalent of 
154.33991 grains, or about 2)4 drams, 
apothecaries’ weight. 
decalcifica'tion. [L. de-, away; calx, lime; 
facere, to make.] The removal of lime 
salts or calcareous substances, 
decal'cifying. Removing, or having the 
power to remove, the calcareous matter of 
the bones or teeth. 
decaliter (dek'a-le-ter). A measure of 10 
liters, equivalent to 610.2 cubic inches, 
or about 10 quarts (2)4 gallons), 
decant'. [L. de-, from; canthus, a corner.] 
To carefully pour off the clear portion of a 
fluid, leaving the sediment in the bottom 
of the vessel. 
decay (de-ka'). [L. de-, down; cadere, to 
fall.] To pass from a sound, normal 
physiological state to an unsound, ab- 
normal or pathological one; to putrefy; 
to undergo decomposition, as the decay 
of the teeth, more correctly termed caries. 
dechaussement. [Fr.] The separation of 
the gum from the neck of the tooth before 
extraction. 
dechaussoir. [Fr.] Lancet for the gums. 
deciduous (de-sid'u-us). [L. decidere, to 
fall down.] That which sheds periodically; 
not permanent, d. denti'tion, the first, 
or temporary, dentition, d. teeth, teeth 
of the first dentition, milk teeth, temporary 
teeth, baby teeth. 
decigram (des'i-gr&m). [L. decimus, tenth.] 
A weight of one-tenth gram, the equivalent 
of 1.54 grains. 
deciliter (des'i-le-ter). [L. decimus, tenth.] 
A measure of capacity, one-tenth liter, 
equivalent to 6.1022 cubic inches or 
3.38 fluidounces. 
decimal classification. [Dr. Melvil Dewey, 
American educator and librarian, b. 1851.] 
A system of classification devised in 1872, 
according to which all subjects, including 
dentistry, are classified according to the 
decimal system and noted in Arabic 
figures, and therefore understood in all 
countries. The exact scope of any 
subject, from the broadest classes to the 
minutest subdivisions, is readily indicated. 
For example: 6 means the useful arts; 
1 means the first division of the useful 
arts, medicine; 7 means the seventh 
division of medicine, surgery; 6 means the 
sixth division of surgery, dental surgery, 
and 8 means the eighth division of dental 
surgery, transplantation of teeth. A book 
or an article on transplantation will 
therefore be found under the number 
617.68. The dental figure, then, is 617.6; 
it is the number to look for in any library, 
and the subsequent numbers indicate the 
various subdivisions of dentistry. All 
human knowledge is thus to be found in 
an alphabetical index of over 40,000 
heads. 
decimeter (des'i-me-ter). [L. decimus, tenth.] 
A linear measure of one-tenth meter, 
equivalent to 3.937 inches. 
decline (de-klln'). To deviate; to draw 
toward the close, as of life; to subside, as 
the symptoms of a disease. 
decoction (de-kok'shun). Seedecoctum. The 
act of boiling; the extraction of an essence; 
decoctum. 
decoc'tum, gen. decoc'ti, pi. decoc'ta. [L., 
boiled down, from de, down; coquere, to DECOMPOSE 
115 
DEHYDRATE 
boil.] The name for preparations obtained 
by boiling and straining crude vegetable 
drugs; decoction. 
decompose'. To separate into the parts com- 
posing; resolve into original elements. To 
decay; rot; putrefy. 
decomposition. Act of decomposing; decay; 
rot; putrefaction. 
decurrent (de-kur'rent). [L. decurrere, to 
run down.] Running or extending down- 
ward; centrifugal. 
decussa'tion. [L. decussatio.] Intersection 
or crossing (said of two nerve tracts); 
chiasm; the point at which two tracts cross. 
dedentition (de-den-tish'un). Loss of teeth, 
particularly the falling out of the teeth 
resulting from senile atrophy of the 
alveoli; shedding of the deciduous teeth. 
Deealloy. Trade name of an alloy for 
amalgam fillings. Deedenture, a casting 
for gold dentures and saddles. Deeinlay, 
casting for gold inlays without abutments. 
Deeclasp, No. 3, casting gold of platinum 
color for clasps; No. 4, of rich gold color, 
but with platinum content. Deefive, 
casting gold, rich gold color, high platinum 
content. Deesix, casting gold for three- 
quarter crowns, inlays, etc., when used as 
abutments. Deeseven, casting gold for 
full dentures. Deeortho, band material 
and wire for orthodontic work. Ortho 20, 
high-percentage platinum and pure gold 
band material. Dee “A” and “B,” low- 
fusing metal for model work. 
defecation (def'e-ka'shun). [L. defecare, to 
remove the dregs, purify.] The discharge 
or evacuation of excrement from the rec- 
tum; clarification. 
defective (de-fek'tiv). [L. deficere, to fail, to 
lack.] Imperfect; having a flaw of any 
kind. 
defen'sive. [L. defendere, to ward off.] 
Serving to protect or defend; preserving 
from harm or injury. 
def'erent. [L. deferre, to carry down.] Con- 
veying; efferent; carrying away. 
defibrina'tion. The act of removing fibrin 
from the blood after it has been drawn, 
so as to prevent coagulation or clotting. 
deficiency (de-fish'en-si). [L. deficere, to 
fail.] Incompleteness; lack; insufficiency; 
amount to be made good. 
deflection. Act of turning aside, or the state 
of being turned aside, as of a tooth from 
its proper station in the dental arch. 
deflux'ion. [L. defluere, to flow down.] A 
flowing down; a discharge of blood; a flow 
of blood to a part; congestion, 
deforma'tion (def-or-ma'shun). [L. de-, 
away; forma, form.] A deformity; a change 
of form to that other than normal; trans- 
formation or change for the worse; altera- 
tion of anatomical tissues, 
deform'ing. Producing a deviation from the 
normal form. 
deform'ity. Physical malformation; a devia- 
tion from the normal shape or size, causing 
disfigurement. 
deformity of the jaws. Extreme malforma- 
tion or maldevelopment of the jaws. [ASO.] 
degen'eracy. De \ iv.dation; deterioration; 
decline. 
degen'erate. [L. de-, from; genus, race, 
kind.] To fall from a better to a worse 
state; to fall or decline from the normal 
condition or type; to deteriorate, 
degenera'tion. Act of degenerating; deteri- 
oration. [lowing, 
degluti'tion. [L. deglutire, to swallow.] Swal- 
degree'. A step or station in a series; point 
or stage of advancement or retrogression; 
division of the scales of barometers and 
thermometers; a rank conferred by dental 
schools upon attaining proficiency in den- 
tistry, as the degree of L.D.S., Licentiate 
in Dental Surgery; B.D.S., Bachelor of 
Dental Surgery; M.D.S., Master of Dental 
Surgery; D.D.S., Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery; D.M.D., Doctor of Dental Medicine; 
D.D.Sc., Doctor of Dental Science; an 
honorary rank, as F.A.C.D., Fellow 
American College of Dentists. 
Deguise’s operation for fistula of Stensen’s 
duct. Performed by removing the fistula’s 
tract to the cheek surface; at the floor of 
the tract a needle is passed carrying silk 
or wire and piercing the mucous membrane 
of the mouth; the other end of the silk or 
wire is also threaded into a similar needle 
and passed out about 0.5 cm. from the first; 
the ends of the threads on the mucous 
membrane side are tied if silk, and twisted 
if wire; the skin wound is closed with 
sutures; the original suture gradually 
sloughs out into the oral cavity, and a 
new duct is formed. 
degusta'tion. [L. degustare, to taste.] The 
sense of tasting; the act of tasting, 
dehnbar. [Ger.] Ductile, 
dehy'drate. [L. de-, from; G. hydor, water.] 
To extract water or moisture from; to lose 
water. DEJECTA 
116 
DENTAIRE 
dejecta (de-jek'ta). [L. dejicere, to throw 
down.] The matter discharged from the 
bowels; feces; excrementitious material in 
general. 
dejection (de-jek'shun). Mental depression; 
lowness of spirits; melancholy; depression; 
matter discharged from the bowels, 
delamina'tion. A division into laminae, par- 
ticularly the division of the blastoderm 
into two layers, hypoblast and epiblast. 
deleterious (del-e-te'ri-us). [G. deleterios.] 
Harmful; injurious; noxious, 
deliquesce (del-i-kwes'). [L. deliquescere, to 
melt away.] To become damp, melt or 
become liquid by absorbing water from 
the atmosphere, as some salts, 
deliquescence (del-i-kwes'ens). The process 
of deliquescing. 
deliques'cent. Indicating a substance which 
absorbs water readily from the air. 
delir'ious. In a state of delirium; mentally 
upset. 
delir'ium. [L. delirus, crazy.] A more or less 
temporary state of mental disturbance, 
characterized by hallucinations, illusions 
and disordered or disconnected speech, 
del'ta. A term used in anatomical nomen- 
clature to designate something resembling 
the Greek letter D or delta (A), usually 
some triangular surface, 
deltoid (del'toid). [G. delta, the letter D; 
eidos, resemblance.] Having a likeness to 
the Greek letter D ( A); pertaining to the 
deltoid muscle. 
demarcation. [L. de-, off; marcare, to mark.] 
The act of defining, marking or determin- 
ing a boundary. 
demi-. [Fr.—L. dimidius, half.] A prefix 
meaning half, corresponding to semi- and 
hemi-. 
demineralisation. [Fr.] Decalcification, 
dem'onstrator. [L. demonstrare, to point 
out.] A teacher or an assistant to a pro- 
fessor of operative or prosthetic dentistry, 
anatomy, surgery, etc.; one who instructs 
or quizzes sections of classes in addition 
to the regular lectures, 
demul'cent. [L. demulcere, to smooth down.] 
Softening; soothing; relieving irritation. 
A substance, such as an oil or mucilage, 
that allays irritation, especially of the 
mucous surfaces. 
denarcotize (de-nar'k5-tiz). To extract 
narcotin from an opiate; to deprive of 
narcotic properties. 
denatured (de-na'turd). Altered or changed 
in character; made unnatural, d. al'cohol, 
alcohol denaturatum. 
deh'driform. [G. dendron, tree; L. forma, 
form.] Branching; treeshaped; dendroid. 
Denker’s operation for making an opening 
into the antrum of Highmore. Removal 
of a large portion of the naso-antral 
wall; removal of a great portion of the 
nasal process of the maxilla and anterior 
wall of the antrum. 
denki-kokyo. [Ja.] Electrical mouthlamp. 
denki-to netsuho. [Ja.] Diathermy. 
denki-toyakuho. [Ja.] Cataphoresis. 
dens. [L., tooth; pi., dentes, teeth.] Tooth. 
(See also dentes, tooth, teeth.) d. angu- 
laris, d. caninus, cuspid tooth, canine 
tooth. Incorrectly, tusk or eye tooth, 
referring to the upper, and stomach tooth, 
referring to the lower, d. bicuspidus, 
bicuspid tooth, premolar. Incorrectly, 
small molar, d. caninus, d. cuspidatus, 
cuspid tooth, canine tooth, d. deciduus, 
deciduous tooth, milk tooth, first tooth, 
temporary tooth. d. incisivus, incisor 
tooth, cutting tooth. Incorrectly, front 
tooth, also including the cuspid, d. lacteus, 
see d. deciduus. d. molaris, molar tooth, 
grinding tooth, grinder. Incorrectly, hack 
tooth, d. multicuspidus, see d. molaris. 
d. permanens, permanent tooth, a tooth 
of the second dentition, d. premolaris, 
bicuspid tooth, premolar, d. sapientise, 
d. serotinus, third molar, wisdom tooth, 
tooth of discretion, late tooth, d. 
sophroneticus, d. succedaneus, noting 
the incisors, cuspids and bicuspids, which 
replace or succeed the twenty temporary 
teeth, as distinguished from the twelve 
permanent molars, which were not pre- 
ceded by temporary teeth. 
density (den'si-ti). [L. densus, thick.] 
State or quality of being dense, opposed 
to rarity, ratio of mass of volume to bulk; 
depth of shade; degree of opacity; com- 
pactness. 
dent. [Fr.] Tooth, d. d’en bas, lower 
tooth, d. d’en haut, upper tooth. 
dent&ccio. [It.] Great, ugly or bad tooth. 
dentadura. [Sp.] Denture; set of teeth. 
dentadura provisoria. [Sp.] Temporary 
denture. 
dentag'ra. [L. dens, tooth; G. agra, seizure.] 
Forceps for the extraction of teeth; 
toothache. 
dentaire, dental. [Fr.] Dental; relating to 
the teeth. DENTAL 
117 
DENTALAID MIRROR 
den'tal. [L. dens, tooth.] (For terms 
relating to the teeth and not found here 
see the nouns.) Pertaining, relating or 
referring to the teeth or to dentistry. 
The consonants t, d and n are so named 
because they are formed by placing the 
tongue against the lingual surfaces of the 
upper incisors, d. apparatus, the teeth, 
alveoli and jaws—in general, the entire 
equipment for the mastication of food; 
substituted artificial dentures; the com- 
plete outfit of a dental office and labora- 
tory. d. arch, the more or less symmetrical 
arch formed by the teeth in their normal 
position in either jaw. d. arteries, the 
various arteries which supply the teeth, 
d. atrophy, see atrophy, d. bone, see 
dentin, d. canals, passages for blood- 
vessels, nerves and lymphatics supplying 
the teeth, d. caries, see caries, d. car- 
tilage, the ridge of the jaws in infants, 
preceding the formation of the alveoli, 
d. engine, a machine operated by foot 
power, water power or electricity, rotating 
a cable within a sheath and imparting a 
revolving motion to burs, drills, burnishers, 
polishing-discs and other instruments, 
d. follicle, formed of the enamel organ, 
dentinal papilla and dental sac. d. 
forceps, see forceps, d. formula, a nota- 
tion recording the number and class of 
teeth in any given jaw; the dental formula 
in man is as follows: 
Deciduous teeth: 
2 — 2 1 — 1 2 — 2 
x23-2 ct3t M^r20- 
Permanent teeth: 
2 — 2 1 — 1 2—2 3—3 
I^-2CI^rPM2^M = 32- 
d. groove, in the embryo, a depression 
along the border of the jaw. d. index, 
the ratio of the dental length, or space 
occupied by the bicuspid (premolar) 
teeth and the molar teeth, to the length of 
the basinasal line, of which the formula 
is as follows: 
dental length X100 . . , 
———: —— = dental index. 
length of basinasal line 
d. length, the distance along the alveolar 
border between the mesial surface of the 
first bicuspid (premolar) and the distal 
surface of the third molar in the maxilla, 
being the space occupied by the bicuspid 
(premolar) and molar teeth, d. osteoma, 
a small tumor arising from the cementum. 
d. papilla, dentinal papilla, d. pulp, the 
vascular tissue in the pulp-chamber and 
root-canals of tfye tooth, d. ridge, the 
prominent border of the dental groove, 
d. sac, the connective tissue covering of 
the developing tooth, d. sheath, dentinal 
sheath, d. shelf, an invagination of the 
dental ridge covering the dental papilla, 
dental cleanser. Trade name of a pleasant- 
tasting paste for heavy-duty cleaning in 
the mouth. 
dental college. See college. 
den'tal intersti'tial arthri'tis. See pyorrhea. 
dental irregularity. See malocclusion, mal- 
position. 
dental jewelry. See jewelry, dental. 
dental journal. See journal. 
dental notation. Various systems are in 
use to briefly designate the teeth and 
their respective location in the mouth. 
The following is a simple notation in 
common use. The deciduous teeth are 
indicated by the letters of the alphabet, 
and the permanent teeth by numerals: 
EDCBA ABODE 
EDCBA ABODE 
87654321 12345678 
87654321 12345678 
The horizontal line divides the maxillary 
teeth (above) from the mandibular teeth 
(below). The vertical line represents the 
median line of the mouth. In looking 
at the notation, one should bear in mind 
that the teeth are represented as they 
appear in the mouth to the eye of the 
operator; hence the teeth of the right 
side of the patient are on the left side 
on the paper, and vice versa. Thus D| 
represents the right maxillary deciduous 
first molar, |4 represents the left mandibu- 
lar permanent first bicuspid, etc. 
den'tal periostei'tis. See pyorrhea. 
dental polish. Trade name of an impalpable 
air-floated abrasive for polishing synthetic 
porcelain and other fillings, 
dental zone. See zone. 
dentalaid mirror. Trade name for a mouth- 
mirror designed for use in the home for 
examination of the mouth to detect defects 
or cavities in teeth. DENTALAMP 
DENTILABIAL 
den'talamp. Trade name of a sterilizable 
lamp used in connection with diagnostic, 
operative and prophylactic procedure, 
dentale. The dentary bone, 
dent&le, de dentil. [It.J Relating to the 
teeth; dental. 
dental'gia. [L. dens, tooth; G. algos, pain.] 
Toothache; odontalgia, 
den'talism. Conversion into a dental sound; 
dentality. 
dental'ity. Sound of dental quality, 
den'talize. To make a dental sound; to 
change into a dental sound, 
dentalloy. Trade name of an amalgam 
filling. 
dentalone. A local anesthetic for irritated 
or exposed pulps, sensitive tooth-sockets, 
sensitive dentin, etc., containing chloro- 
tene, oil of birch, cinnamon and cloves, 
dentame. [It.] A set of natural teeth, 
den'taphone. See dentiphone. 
dentkre. [It.] Eruption of the teeth; 
teething. 
Dentaria. [L. dentarius, pertaining to the 
teeth.] A genus of plants having pungent, 
toothed roots, 
dentar'paga. Toothache, 
den'tary. Bearing, or pertaining to teeth. 
A dentary bone. 
dentasepto. Trade name of a nonirritating, 
nonastringent, antiseptic and germicidal 
mouthwash. 
dentata (den-ta'ta). [L. dentatus, toothed.] 
The second cervical vertebra, 
den'tate. Having a toothed margin; cogged; 
notched. 
dentate'ly. In a dentate manner, 
dentation (den-ta'-shun). Quality or state 
of being dentate; an angular, toothlike 
projection. 
dentato-. [L. dentatus.] Combining form 
meaning dentate. 
dentatsu masui. [Ja.] Conductive anes- 
thesia. 
dentatfira. [It.] Set of artificial teeth, 
dente. [It.] Tooth, d. incisivo, incisor 
tooth. 
dentelated. Finely notched; having small 
teeth; having toothlike margins, 
dentes. [L., pi. of dens, tooth.] Teeth, d. 
acuti, the incisors, d. adulti, the permanent 
teeth, d. adversi, the incisors, d. angu- 
lares, the cuspids or canines, d. bicuspidi, 
the bicuspids or premolars, d. caduci, tem- 
porary teeth; dentes lactei; dentes de- 
cidui. d. canini, the cuspids or canines. 
118 
d. cariosi, decayed or carious teeth, d. 
columellares, the molars, d. exserti, the 
cuspids, d. incisores, the incisors, d. 
fixi, permanent teeth, dentes permanentes, 
second, d. lactei, the temporary, decid- 
uous or milk teeth, d. laniarii, the cuspid 
teeth, d. molares, the cuspids, d. primo- 
res, the incisors, d. sapientiae, the third 
molars, wisdom teeth, d. tomici, incisors. 
See dens, tooth, teeth. 
denti-. Latin combining form for dens, 
dentis, tooth. 
dentiaski'ascope. A dental skiascope, the 
instrument for examining the teeth with 
the x-ray. 
dentibuccal (den-ti-buk'al). [L. dens, tooth; 
bucca, cheek.] Relating to the teeth and 
cheeks. 
denticle (den'ti-kl). [L. denticulus, dim. of 
dens, tooth.] A small tooth. A project- 
ing point. 
denticulate, denticulated (den-tik'd-lat, den- 
tik'u-lat-ed). Having very small teeth; 
serrated; notched; dentated. 
denticule. See denticle. 
dentid'ucum. Forceps for extraction; den- 
tagra. 
den'tier. [Fr.] Set of artificial teeth; the 
base for artificial teeth, d. complet, a 
full set of teeth, d. du bas, lower denture, 
d. du haut, upper denture, 
dentiers complets. [Fr.] Full dentures, 
dentification (den-ti-fi-ka'shun). [L. dens, 
tooth; facere, to make.] The formation of 
dental tissue; formation of odontoma 
from soft neoplasm. 
den'tiform. [L. dens, tooth; forma, form.] 
Having the form of a tooth or teeth; 
odontoid; pegged. 
dentiform. [Fr.] Resembling teeth; of the 
shape or form of teeth, 
dentifrice (den'ti-fris). [L. dentifricum, from 
dens, tooth; fricare, to rub.] A substance 
or preparation used in cleaning the teeth; 
toothpowder; toothpaste; mouthwash, 
dentifrico. [Sp.] Dentifrice, 
dentigerous (den-tij'er-us). [L. dens, tooth; 
gerere, to bear.] Bearing or containing 
teeth or toothlike structures, as a denti- 
gerous cyst. 
Dentikel. [Ger.] Denticle, 
dentila'bial. [L. dens, tooth; labium, lip.] 
Relating to the teeth and lips. Sounds 
formed by bringing the incisal edges of 
the upper front teeth down on the lower 
lip, as in / and v. DENTILINGUAL 
119 
DENTITION 
dentiling'ual, linguoden'tal. [L. dens, tooth; 
lingua, tongue.] Relating to the teeth 
and tongue; pronounced with the place 
of articulation between the teeth and the 
tongue, e.g., th in thick and then. A 
dentilingual sound. 
dentimeter (den'ti-me-ter). [L. dens, tooth; 
metrum, measure.] An appliance for 
measuring the size of a tooth, the circum- 
ference of a root, or the length of a root- 
canal. Kirk’s exact d., one in general use 
for this purpose. 
dentin, dentine (den'tin, den'ten). [Fr. 
dentine.] A material, harder and denser 
than bone, forming the greater part of a 
tooth; ivory; substantia eburnea. sec- 
ondary d., dentin formed subsequent to 
that originally formed. sensitive d., 
hypersensitive d., hyperesthesia of the 
d., a condition in which the dentin is 
abnormally sensitive to irritation, 
dentina. [Sp.] Dentin. 
den'tinal. Pertaining, relating to, or of 
the nature of, dentin, d. bulb, enamel 
germ. d. fibers, d. fibrils, processes from 
the cells in the substance of the pulp 
which extend into the dentinal tubuli. 
d. groove, enamel groove or dental groove, 
d. papilla, one of the projections of the 
underlying connective tissue extending 
into the enamel germ. d. ridge, dental 
shelf, d. sheath, the layer of tissue which 
forms the walls of the dentinal tubuli. 
d. tubuli, d. tubules, the minute, wavy 
tubes and their branches found in the 
dentin, and containing the dentinal fibers 
or fibrils; canaliculi dentales. 
dentinal'gia. [L. dens, tooth; G. algos, pain.] 
Supersensitiveness or pain in the dentin, 
dentinasal (den-ti-na'sal). [L. dens, tooth; 
nasus, nose.] Relating to the teeth and 
nose. Sounds combining the qualities of 
the dental and nasal, 
dentine. See dentin. 
dentine secondaire. [Fr.] Secondary den- 
tin. 
dentinifica'tion. [Fr. dentine; L. facere, to 
make.] The calcification or formation of 
dentin. 
dentinitis (den-tin-e'tis or i'tis). [L. dens, 
tooth; G. -itis, inflammation.] See den- 
tinalgia. 
Dentinkeim. [Ger.] Dentin-germ, 
dentino. [It.] A small, diminutive tooth, 
den'tinoid. [L. dens, tooth; G. eidos, re- 
semblance.] Of the nature of dentin; re- 
sembling dentin. A tumor arising from 
dentin. 
dentinol. Trade name of a preparation for 
the treatment of pyorrhea, inflammation 
and soreness of the gums. 
dentino'ma, pi. dentinomata. Tumor of the 
dentin. 
Dentinorgan. [Ger.] Dentin-organ, 
dentinos'teoid. [Fr. dentin; G. osteon, bone; 
eidos, resemblance.] See dentinoid. 
Dentinschicht. [Ger.] Dentin-layer, 
dentip'arous. Relating to the production 
of teeth. 
dentiphone (den'ti-fdn). [L. dens, tooth; 
G. phone, sound.] A fanlike, flexible ap- 
pliance, placed in contact with the upper 
teeth, conveying the sound to the audi- 
tory nerve through the osseous structure, 
enabling the deaf to hear more or less 
distinctly; an audiphone, dentaphone, or 
auriphone. 
dentiscal'pium. Scraper for removing sali- 
vary calculus; a gum lancet; a toothpick, 
dentiseptol. Trade name of a preparation 
for the treatment of pyorrhea and other 
affections of the mouth and the gums, 
den'tist. [L. dens, tooth; ista, one who does 
or makes.] (It., Port., Sp. dentista; Fr. 
dentists, chirurgien dentiste; Ger. Zahn- 
arzt; Boh. zuhnilekar; Arab, jarayifluiy el 
esnan; Lith. dantiminkas; Hind, ddnt ku 
tabib; Hung, fogorvos; Ja. ha-isha.) A 
dental surgeon, an oral surgeon, a stoma- 
tologist, an odontologist; one whose pro- 
fession is to treat the diseases of the teeth 
and adjacent parts and to replace lost 
dental and adjacent tissues; a member of 
the dental profession, 
dentista. [Sp.] Dentist, 
dentista. [It.] Dentist, 
dentiste, chirurgien dentiste. [Fr.] Dentist, 
surgeon dentist, 
dentisteria. [Sp.] Dentistry, 
dentisterie. [Fr.] Dentistry, 
den'tistry. Odontotechny, odontiatria, odon- 
totherapia. The art, science and profes- 
sion of a dentist, including dental and oral 
surgery, dentofacial orthopedia, exodontia, 
oral hygiene, orthodontia, pedodontia, 
periodontia, radiodontia and all other 
specialized branches of science dealing 
with the teeth and adjacent tissues, 
dentition (den-tish'un). Teething, the erup- 
tion of the teeth. The classified record of a 
set of teeth as to arrangement, form, size 
and number of the genus of a species. DENTITION 
120 
DENTURE 
primary d., first dentition, comprising the 
temporary, milk or deciduous teeth, 
secondary d., the eruption of the perma- 
nent teeth, tertiary d., third d., erro- 
neously so called, noting the occasional 
appearance of some tooth not erupted 
earlier in life, when, due to the absorption 
of the alveolar process, a tooth appears in 
old age. 
dentition, climacteric. See climacteric. 
dentition, convulsions in. Convulsions or 
spasm occurring at the time of the erup- 
tion of the teeth and due to reflex nervous 
impulses. 
dentium. [L., pi. possessive of dens, tooth.] 
d. caverna, tooth-socket. d. cortex, 
enamel, d. dolor, toothache, d. nitor, 
enamel, d. scalptura, lancing of the gums, 
d. vacillantia, loose teeth, 
dentium crepitus. See chattering of the teeth. 
dentizione. [It.] Dentition, 
dento-. Modification of dental, used in com- 
pound words, as dentoenamel. 
den'to. A person whose teeth project, or who 
has prominent teeth. 
dentoalve'olar. Pertaining to the alveolus 
of a tooth. 
dentoalve'olar ostei'tis. See pyorrhea. 
dentoalveolitis (den-td-al-ve-6-le'tis or i'tis). 
Pyorrhea alveolaris. 
dentocemental junction. See junction. 
dentoclusal classification of malocclusions. 
See supplement. 
dentoelec'tric cau'tery. See cautery, den- 
toelectric. 
dentoenam'el junc'tion. The line of junc- 
tion of the dentin and enamel as it appears 
in the walls of cavities. 
dentofa'cial area. The facial area which is 
supported and characterized by the teeth 
and the alveolar process, 
dentofa'cial har'mony. See dentofacial rela- 
tion. 
dentofa'cial rela'tion. The relation which 
the teeth in masticating occlusion bear to 
the physiognomy, 
dentofa'cial zone. See zone. 
dentog'raphy. A description of the teeth, 
den'toid. [L. dens, tooth; G. eidos, resem- 
blance.] Dentiform; toothlike; odontoid, 
dentoide'us. Dentoid. 
dentola. Trade name of a preparation of 
potassium bromid and cocain used for the 
treatment of diseases of the gums, 
dentole'gal. Pertaining to dentistry and 
law or dental jurisprudence. 
dentol'ogy. A discourse or a treatise per- 
taining to the teeth. 
dentomechan'ical. Pertaining to dentistry 
and mechanics. 
den'tone. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a nonirritating treatment for pu- 
trescence in root-canals, 
denton'omy. [L. dens, tooth; G. nemein, 
regulate.] Classification of the teeth, 
dentoostei'tis. See pyorrhea. 
den'tor. A dentist. 
den'tos. Tooth-substance, or toothbone. 
dentosocketi'tis. See pyorrhea. 
dentosur'gical. Pertaining to dentistry and 
surgery. 
dents. [Fr., pi. of dent, tooth.] d. & tube, 
tube teeth, d. artificielles, artificial teeth, 
d. bicuspidees, bicuspids or premolars, 
d. collumaris, cuspids or canines, d. de 
lait, deciduous, temporary or milk teeth, 
d. decolorees, discolored teeth, d. dia- 
toriques, diatoric teeth, d. de sagesse, 
third molars, wisdom teeth, d. geminees, 
geminated or united teeth, d. incisives, 
incisors. d. machelieres, molars. d. 
molares, molars, d. multicuspidees, mul- 
ticuspid teeth, d. ceillieres, eyeteeth, cus- 
pids, canines, d. surnumeraires, super- 
numerary teeth, d. temporaires, decidu- 
ous, temporary or milk teeth, 
dentsply crown. Trade name of an artificial 
porcelain crown. 
dentural (adj.). [L. dens, dentis, tooth]. 
Relating to the denture. [ADA.] 
denturcast. Trade name of a hard, rigid 
casting material, that flows readily. It is 
on the market made of 18- and 20-carat 
gold, and also with an addition of 4 per- 
cent platinum. 
denture (den'tur). A complete set of teeth, 
sometimes signifying a complete set of the 
maxilla or the mandible; also a complete 
set of the 32 natural permanent teeth, or 
the twenty natural deciduous teeth. A 
set of artificial teeth, usually qualified 
by the word artificial, indicating a set for 
one jaw only, full d., a complete set of 
teeth, upper and lower, either natural or 
artificial, immediate d., one inserted be- 
fore complete hardening of the tissues has 
taken place, partial d., a plate with one 
or more artificial teeth, but less than a 
complete set of either jaw. permanent d., 
one inserted after complete hardening of 
the tissues has taken place, partial den- 
tures, two plates with artificial teeth, one DENTURE 
121 
DERIVATIVE 
for the upper and one for the lower jaw, 
each carrying more than one, but less than 
the complete number for either jaw. 
upper d., the teeth of, or for, the maxilla, 
lower d., the teeth of, or for, the mandible, 
denture. [Fr.] Set of teeth, 
den'ture bal'ance. The scientifically ac- 
curate distribution of retention in a den- 
ture to maintain it in contact with the 
entire surface of the soft tissues upon 
which it is intended to rest, 
den'ture-plate. An artificial denture held in 
place by means of a plate of metal or 
hardened plastic material, 
denture service, full, partial, prosthetic. See 
supplement. 
dentures, cast metal. See cast metal dentures. 
dentures, names of. Special, permanent, 
temporary, stationary, removable, full, 
partial, upper, lower, fixed, saddle, natural, 
artificial. 
denturlite. Trade name of an alloy for cast- 
ing dentures, bridges, lingual bars and 
inlays. 
denucleated (de-nu'kle-at-ed). Deprived of 
a nucleus (said of a cell), 
denudation (de-nu-da'shun). [L. de-, from; 
nudus, naked.] Depriving of a covering 
or the exterior layer; making bare, 
denude (de-nud'). [L. de-, from; nudus, 
naked.] To lay bare; to make nude or 
naked. 
denu'ding (of the teeth). See erosion. 
denutrition (de-nu-trish'un). [L. de-, from; 
nutrio, I nourish.] Want or failure of 
nutrition. 
deo'dorant. [L. de- priv.; odorare, to smell.] 
Disinfectant; freeing from odor, particu- 
larly obnoxious odor. An agent having 
the power to destroy odors, 
deodorize (de-o'dor-iz). To free from smell, 
deontol'ogy. [G. deon, duty; -logia, treatise.] 
Ethics; the science that treats of the du- 
ties and rights of the dental practitioner 
in connection with his clients and confreres, 
deossifica'tion. [L. de- priv.; os, bone; 
facere, to make.] Resorption; absorption; 
removal of the mineral constituents of 
bone. 
deoxida'tion. Depriving a chemical com- 
pound of air or oxygen, 
deo'zonize. To deprive of ozone, 
dephlogisticate (de-flo-jis'ti-kat). [L. de- 
priv.; G. phlogizo, I set on fire, inflame.] 
To relieve inflammation; to subdue in- 
flammatory processes. 
depigmenta'tion. Depriving of pigment, 
deplete (de-plet'). [L. de- priv.; plere, to 
fill.] To cause evacuation; to empty; to 
exhaust; to reduce the strength of; to draw 
blood. 
depletion (de-ple'shun). The act of removing 
accumulated fluids or solids; a state in 
which the strength is reduced from too 
free discharges. [precipitate, 
depos'it. [L. deposition, placed.] Sediment; 
depravation (dep-ra-va'shun). [L. depravare, 
to corrupt.] Perversion; deterioration, 
depraved'. Perverted; deteriorated; cor- 
rupt. 
depress'ant. [L. depressus, pressed down.] 
An agent that reduces nervous or func- 
tional activity; a sedative. Reducing 
. functional activity; lowering the vital 
tone. 
depressed (de-prest'). Dejected; lowered in 
spirits; below the normal functional level; 
lowered in position; below the level of the 
surrounding parts. 
depression (de-presh'un). [L. depressio.] 
Act of depressing or state of being de- 
pressed, as said of teeth which have not 
fully reached the occlusal plane, 
depression, labiomental. See labiomental 
curve. 
depress'ive. Pushing or pressing down- 
ward; causing depression, 
depress'or. That which depresses or retards 
functional activity; an instrument em- 
ployed to push structures out of the way 
during an operation. 
dep'urant. [L. depurare, to purify.] An 
agent which causes the excretion and re- 
moval of waste matter. Purifying; re- 
moving waste matter. 
depuration (dep-u-ra'shun). Removal of 
waste matter or foul excretions; purifica- 
tion. 
derangement (de-ranj'ment). [Fr.] A state 
in which the regular order or arrangement 
is disturbed or disordered; a mental dis- 
turbance; insanity, 
derecho. [Sp.] Right (side), 
derivation (der-i-va'shun). [L. derivare, to 
draw off.] A condition in which the blood 
or body fluids are drawn to one part, by 
means of cupping, blisters, etc., so as to 
relieve congestion in another; descent; 
evolution. 
deriv'ative. Pertaining to or causing deriva- 
tion. An agent which affects derivation; 
that which is derived. DERM 
122 
DEVITALIZZAZIONE 
derm, derma, dermis (derm, der'ma, der'- 
mis). [G. derma.] The external or outer 
integument or skin; the cutis vera or 
corium. 
derma-. [G. derma, skin.] A prefix to many 
medical terms pertaining to the skin, 
dermal (der'mal). Pertaining to the skin, 
particularly to the true skin or cutis vera. 
dermatitis (der-ma-te'tis or I'tis). [G. derma, 
skin; -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation 
of the skin. 
dermatol'ogy. [G. derma, skin; -logia, trea- 
tise.] That branch of medicine which 
treats of diseases of the skin; the specialty 
of skin diseases. 
dermoid (der'moid). [G. derma, skin; eidos, 
resemblance.] Skin-like; dermatoid; hav- 
ing a resemblance to skin. 
Derraunce’s alloy. An alloy of 1 part of 
silver, 2 of zinc and 3 of copper, used in 
that form by adding it to gold or silver 
plate in making solders, 
descen'ding. [L. descendere, to come down.] 
Running downward, or from center to 
periphery, as a nerve trunk, 
descensus (de-sen'sus). [L.] Falling; de- 
scent. 
desen'sitize. To render non-sensitive, 
desiccant (des'i-kant, de-sik'ant). [L. de- 
siccare, to dry up.] Having the power to 
absorb or expel moisture, particularly from 
the skin or mucous membrane. Something 
which causes a drying up. 
desiccate (des'i-kat). [L. de-, fully; siccus, 
dry.] Dry up; deprive of moisture, 
des'moid. [G. desmos, a band; eidos, ap- 
pearance, form.] Resembling a band, 
tendon or ligament in appearance; tendi- 
nous, ligamentous. 
despumation (des-pu-ma'shun). [L. de- 
spumare, to skim.] Skimming off the 
impurities from the surface of a liquid; 
the coming of impurities to the surface, 
dessertspoon (de-zert'spon). A spoon, 
smaller than a tablespoon but larger than 
a teaspoon, holding about two fluidrams. 
destillieren. [Ger.] To distill, 
detent (de-tent'). [L. dis, separation; 
tendere, to stretch.] That which locks or 
unlocks a movement; a catch, a pawl or 
click, as on an orthodontic appliance to 
increase or decrease an acting force, 
detergent (de-ter'jent). [L. detergere, to 
wipe off.] A cleansing, purging agent. 
Cleansing. 
determination (de-ter-mi-na'shun). [L. de- 
terminare, to limit, determine.] A change, 
either for better or for worse, in the course 
of a disease; direction toward a given 
point. 
de Trey’s gold plugging pliers. Trade name 
of an instrument having the distinct 
advantages of both pluggers and pliers, 
de Trey’s synthetic porcelain. Trade name 
of a chemical porcelain used for permanent 
and esthetic dental restorations, 
detrition (de-trish'un). [L. detritus—deterere, 
to rub off.] A wearing away by friction 
or use; attrition; abrasion, 
detritus (de-tri'tus). [L. detritus, rubbed 
off.] Any substance that is broken down; 
carious or gangrenous matter, 
deuterocone (du'ter-6-kon). [G. deuteros, 
second; konos, cone.] The mesiobuccal 
cusp of the upper premolar tooth in a 
mammal. 
deuteroconid (du'ter-5-kon'id). The mesio- 
buccal cusp of the lower premolar tooth 
in a mammal. 
deu'to-. [G. deuteros, second.] A prefix, 
as deuto- or deute-, for a number of medical 
terms, signifying twice, double or two. 
deutochlo'rid. Bichlorid. 
development. [Fr. developpement.] Expan- 
sion; growth; evolution, 
developmental. Pertaining to or depending 
upon development, d. grooves, the longi- 
tudinal lines on the exterior surface 
of a tooth marking the union of sections 
from which the tooth developed; a fine 
depressed line in the enamel of the tooth 
which marks the junction of two of its 
lobes, d. line, d. groove, 
deviation (de-vi-a'shun). [L. de-, from; 
via, way.] Turning aside or away from 
a certain course; deflection, 
device (de-vis'). Any instrument or con- 
trivance intended for a specific purpose, 
devisceration (de-vis-er-a'shun). [L. de-, 
away; viscera, entrails.] Evisceration; 
removal of the entrails, 
devitalizacidn. [Sp.] Devitalization (of the 
pulp). 
devi'talize. [L. de-, away; vita, life.] To 
deprive of vitality or life-giving qualities, 
as to destroy the life of the pulp of a tooth, 
devi'talizing fiber. A preparation of arsenic, 
creosote, tannin and oil of cassia for 
devitalizing the pulps of teeth, known as 
nonnarcotic; another formula adds mor- 
phin, and is known as narcotic, 
devitalizzazione. [It.] Devitalization. DEVITO CUPS 
123 
DIARRHEA 
devito cups. Trade name of small cups of 
pure guttapercha, used in applying a 
devitalizing agent, sealing it in place to 
prevent leakage and displacement, 
devolu'tion. Degeneration; catabolism; in- 
volution. 
dexter. [L.] Right; right hand side, 
dex'trad. Toward the right side, 
dex'tral. Noting the right side, 
dex'trase. A sugar-splitting enzyme which 
changes dextrose into lactic acid, 
dextrin (deks'trin). [L. dexter, right.] A 
dextrorotatory carbohydrate which forms 
during the hydrolysis of starch, and which 
is converted into dextrose by further 
hydrolosis. 
dextri'num. Dextrin. d. al'bum, white 
dextrin, a compound of several soluble 
dextrins with some unchanged starch, 
dextro-. Prefix, signifying to the right, 
dextroman'ual. Righthanded, 
dextrosaccharin (deks-trS-sak'ar-in). A mix- 
ture of dextrose and saccharin in the 
proportion of 2000 to 1. 
dextrose (deks'troz). [L. dexter, right.] 
Grape-sugar; starch-sugar; dextroglucose. 
D.G. Distogingival. 
di-. [G. dis, twice.] A prefix denoting two- 
fold, twice, double. 
D.I. Distoincisal. 
dia-. [G. dia, through.] A prefix denoting 
through; originally, dividing into two 
parts. 
diabetes (di-a-be'tez). [G.] This term 
designates two diseases, d. mellitus and 
d. insipidus, both characterized by a 
persistent excessive discharge of urine; 
without qualification d. mellitus is indi- 
cated. 
diabet'ic. Pertaining to or ailing with 
diabetes. A subject of diabetes, 
diacrit'ical. [G. diakritikos, able to dis- 
tinguish.] Serving to distinguish or 
separate; allowing of distinction; diag- 
nostic. 
diagnose (di-ag-nos')- [G. dia, between; 
gnosis, inquiry.] To ascertain from 
symptoms; to make a diagnosis of. 
diagnosis (dl-ag-no'sis). [G. diagnosis, 
decision.] A scientific determination of 
the distinctive nature of a disease or 
ailment by its symptoms, 
diagnostic. Pertaining to or aiding in 
diagnosis. d. wire, a slender, flexible 
probe used in aiding the making of diag- 
noses. 
diagnosticate. See diagnose. 
diagnostician (dl-ag-nos-tish'an). One ex- 
perienced in making diagnoses, 
diagnos'tolite. Trade name of a sterilizable 
lamp used in oral surgery for examining 
the teeth and tissues of the oral cavity, 
di'agram. [G. diagramma.] A mechanical 
picture giving the important features in 
a few lines, without being an exact 
representation of the object; an outline; 
a drawing. 
diagrammat'ic. [G. diagramma, a diagram.] 
Pertaining to a diagram; similar to a 
diagram; schematic. 
dial'ysate. To prepare, separate or obtain 
by dialysis; to pass through a suitable 
membrane; to subject to dialysis; to dia- 
lyze. 
dial'ysis. [G. dial-yo, I separate.] The pro- 
cess of separating crystalloid from colloid 
substances when in solution, accomplished 
by the interposition of an animal mem- 
brane between the solution and water, 
the crystalloid substances passing through 
the membrane into the water, while the 
colloid substances do not, due to their 
unequal diffusion through certain natural 
or artificial membranes; dissolution; sepa- 
ration. 
di'alyzer. A membrane employed in dialysis, 
diam'eter. [G. dia, through; metron, meas- 
ure.] Length of a right line passing 
through the center of an object from 
one side to the other. 
diaphoret'ic. Pertaining to or causing 
perspiration. An agent which causes the 
secretion of sweat to increase, 
diaphragm (dl'a-fram). [G. diaphragma, 
a partition wall.] The musculomem- 
branous partition separating the abdom- 
inal and thoracic cavities; midriff; phren; 
a sheet of radiopaque metal with an 
aperture to limit 
diaphrag'ma. [G.] Diaphragm, 
diaphragmatic. Pertaining to the dia- 
phragm. 
diaph'ysis. [G., a growing through.] The 
shaft of a long bone, in contradistinction 
to the extremities, or epiphyses, and out- 
growths, or apophyses, 
diapno'ic. Pertaining to or producing per- 
spiration, particularly insensible perspira- 
tion. A mild sudorific, 
diarrhe'a. [G. dia, through; rhoia, a flow.] 
A morbidly persistent looseness of the 
bowels. DIARTHRIC 
124 
DIE 
diarthric (di-ar'thrik). [G. di-, two; arthron, 
joint.] Pertaining to two joints; Partic- 
ular. 
diarthrosis (dl-ar-thro'sis). [G., articula- 
tion.] A movable joint in which the oppos- 
ing bones are not joined by a solid medium, 
but are held in apposition and can move 
freely upon each other. 
diarticular (di-ar-tik'u-lar). [G. di-, two; 
L. articulus, joint.] Diarthric; Particular. 
diastal'tic. [G. dia, through; stello, I send.] 
Reflex. 
diastase (di'as-tas). A ferment found in 
plants and having the property of changing 
starch into sugar. 
diastasis (di-as'ta-sis). The separation of 
the epiphysis from the shaft of a long 
bone, without fracture of the bone, as it 
occurs in the young. 
diastasum (dl-as-ta'sum). [G. diastasis, a 
difference, separation.] Diastase; a mix- 
ture of amylolytic enzymes made from 
an infusion of malt. 
diastat'ic. Pertaining to diastase; pertain- 
ing to diastasis. 
diaste'ma, pi. diaste'mata. [G., an interval.] 
A fissure or unnatural opening in any 
part, particularly if congenital; a space 
between two teeth, not occurring normally 
in man, but seen in many of the lower 
animals; the angle made by the lingual 
surface of the upper cuspid and the 
mesial surface of the first bicuspid, 
into which the lower cuspid fits when the 
jaws are closed. 
diastematochei'lia. [G. diastema, an inter- 
val; cheilos, lip.] A congenital defect 
consisting in a longitudinal division of the 
lip. 
diastematoglos'sia. [G. diastema, an inter- 
val; glossa, tongue.] A congenital defect 
consisting in a longitudinal division of the 
tongue. 
diastematogna'thia. [G. diastema, an inter- 
val; gnathos, jaw.] A longitudinal division 
of the mandible. 
diastematostaphil'ia. [G. diastema, an inter- 
val; staphyle, the uvula.] Congenital 
cleft of the uvula. 
diastole (di-as'to-le). [G. diastole, dilatation.] 
The expansion or dilatation of the heart 
cavities, during which they fill with 
blood. 
diastomo'tris. A speculum or dilating instru- 
ment, as a speculum for the mouth. 
diath'esis. [G., arrangement, condition.] A 
certain condition or habit of the body, 
especially one predisposing to any disease 
or group of diseases, 
diathet'ic. Pertaining to a diathesis, 
diatom'ic. A chemical compound or radical 
possessing two atoms; a hydrate wherein 
two hydrogen atoms are united to the 
radical by oxygen. 
diator'ic. [G. dia, divided into two parts, 
and tore, a segment.] Artificial teeth 
made without pins, having within them 
a hollow space, of the form of a double 
segment, thus affording an undercut 
into which soft rubber, celluloid or 
molten metal is pressed, which, upon 
becoming hard, retains the tooth in 
place on the base. 
diazo- (di-az'o). [G. di-, two; Fr. azote, 
nitrogen.] A prefix indicating a com- 
pound having two linked nitrogen atoms, 
allied with an aromatic group and an 
acid radical. 
diba'sic. [G. di-, two; basis, base.] Possess- 
ing two hydrogen atoms that can be 
replaced; indicating an acid with a basicity 
of 2; bibasic. 
dichaste'res. [G. dichazo, to divide.] An 
obsolete name for the incisors. 
dichloramin-T. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion for sterilizing root-canals and used 
in the treatment of pyorrhea, Vincent’s 
angina and abscesses. 
dichlorantipy'rin. A compound of chloral 
and antipyrin, of hypnotic and analgesic 
properties. 
dichot'omous. [G. dis, twice; tome, dividing, 
cutting.] Bifurcate, as the roots of a 
tooth; forked. 
dichotomy (dl-kot'o-mi). [G. dichotomia, a 
cutting in two.] Separation or division 
into two parts. 
dicht, kompakt. [Ger.] Dense, compact, 
dichten. [Ger.] To condense, 
dick. [Ger.] Thick. 
dick angeriihrt. [Ger.] Of thick consistence 
(of mixed plaster, cement), 
dicrot'ic. [G. di-, two; krotos, a beating.] 
Pertaining to dicrotism; concerning a pulse 
with two beats for each cardiac systole, 
diduction (di-duk'shun). [L. diducere, to 
draw apart.] A drawing apart; separation; 
dilatation; noting the movements of the 
mandible. 
die. [Icel. deyja.] To cease to live; to 
expire; to become dead in whole or part; 
to perish. DIE 
125 
DILATE 
die. [L. datus, given, cast.] A cast of the 
mouth from which the base for an arti- 
ficial denture is made; a piece of engraved 
metal of a special shape or design used 
for impressing upon some softer material; 
a metal cast obtained in molding-sand, 
or by dipping a model into molten metal, 
counterdie, a metal cast of a lower-fusing 
metal to fit the die. The die is known as 
the male, and the counterdie as the female. 
Dieffenbach’s operation for reconstructing 
the upper lip. Consists in making an 
incision of the alse of the nose high enough 
to secure sufficient tissue to form the lip. 
dielec'tric. Noting any material which 
offers high resistance to the passage of 
an electric current. [pivot tooth, 
diente. [Sp.] Tooth, fang, tusk. d. pibot, 
dientes diatoricos. [Sp.] Diatoric teeth, 
dieplate. A die employed in swaging, 
dieresis (dl-er'e-sis). [G. diairesis, a divi- 
sion.] Solution of continuity, 
dieretic (dl-er-et'ik). Pertaining to dieresis; 
corroding; ulcerating; dividing, 
diet (di'et). [G. diaila.] Daily fare; food 
and drink; course of food prescribed or 
regulated medically, 
dietet'ic. Pertaining to diet, 
differencial. Pertaining to or indicating a 
difference infinitely small, 
differential limit. The difference in rate or 
distance of movement of the teeth in a 
given period, that is, the side movement 
necessary to bring the teeth in proper 
relation to form the masticatory space, 
differentiated (dif-er-en'shi-at-ed). Possess- 
. ing a different function or character from 
the original type or from the structures 
around it (said of cells, tissues and parts 
of the cytoplasm). 
differentiation (dif-er-en-shi-a'shun). Spe- 
cialization; the act of describing a thing 
by giving its characteristics; changes by 
which organs or structures become 
specialized or modified, 
diffluence (dif'16-ens). [L. dis-, asunder; 
fluere, to flow.] Becoming fluid; deliques- 
cence. 
diffuse (dif-fuz'). [L. diffundere, to pour in 
different directions.] To scatter; to spread 
about; to pour out; to circulate, 
diffuse (dif-fus'). Widely spread; scattered; 
copious; not limited or circumscribed, 
diffused (dif-fuzd'). Diffuse, 
diffused infection of the dental alveoli. See 
vy or rhea. 
diffus'ible. Capable of being diffused, 
diffusion (dif-fu'zhun). Scattering or spread- 
ing abroad; dialysis. 
digas'tric. [G. di-, two; gaster, belly.] Pos- 
sessing two bellies, designating particu- 
larly a muscle having two fleshy parts 
divided by an intervening tendinous part, 
digest'. [L. digerere, to dissolve.] To soften 
and prepare by heat and moisture; to 
hydrolyze or divide into simple chemical 
compounds by means of the digestive 
juices; to convert into chyme in the 
stomach. 
diges'tant. An agent capable of assisting or 
helping the process of digestion. Aiding 
digestion. 
diges'tion. [L. digestio.] The act of con- 
verting the ingested food into material 
suitable for assimilation into organic 
substance; conversion of food into chyme; 
the conversion of colloids into crystalloids, 
digit (dij'it). [L. digitus.] A finger or toe. 
digital (dij'i-tal). Pertaining to, or having 
a likeness to, a digit or digits or to an 
impression made by them, 
digita'lis. Purple foxglove, a diuretic and 
cardiac tonic. 
digitate (dij'i-tat). Finger-shaped; dis- 
tinguished by a number of finger-like 
impressions or processes, 
digita'tion. [L. digitatio.] Any arrangement 
resembling fingers; a finger-like process, 
digitus. [L.] Finger or toe; a finger in 
contradistinction to dactylus, a toe. 
diglossia (dl-glos'si-a). [G. di-, two; glossa, 
tongue.] A condition in which the tongue 
is bifid, partially divided into two or 
split longitudinally. 
diglos'sus. A person having a congenitally 
bifid or partially split tongue, 
dignathus (di-gnath'us). [G. di-, two; 
gnathos, jaw.] A monster with a double 
jaw. 
dilaceration (dl-las-er-a'shun). [L. dilacerare, 
to tear in pieces.] The displacement of 
the calcified portion of a tooth from the 
tissues which formed it, the development 
being continued after the normal position 
of the calcified part had been lost, 
dilata'tion. [L. dilatare, to expand.] Expan- 
sion or enlargement of a cavity, opening 
or canal, made artificially or occurring 
pathologically. 
dilate (di-lat'). [L. dilatus, expanded.] To 
spread out in all directions; expand; 
distend; inflate; opposed to contract. DILATOR 
126 
DISCUSS 
dila'tor. A surgical instrument used for 
opening or expanding a cavity, opening 
or canal; a muscle that dilates the parts 
on which it acts. 
diluent (dil'u-ent). [L. diluere, to dilute.] 
An agent used to reduce the strength of a 
solution or mixture; a medicine supposed 
to increase fluidity of the blood or any of 
the body fluids. Diluting; making thin or 
weaker. 
dilu'tion. The process of adding another 
fluid, especially water, to reduce the 
strength; a weakened solution. 
diose (dl'oz). Glycol aldehyde, chemically 
the simplest sugar. 
diosmosis (dl-oz-mo'sis). [G. dia, through; 
osmos, a pushing.] The transuding or 
oozing of a fluid through a membrane. 
diox'id. A chemical compound having 
two atoms of oxygen to one of a metallic 
element. 
dioxogen. Trade name of an active steriliz- 
ing cleanser for the mouth. 
diphtheria (dif-the'ri-a). [G. diphthera, 
leather.] An infectious disease of the 
throat characterized by formation of a 
fibrinous exudate, with extreme inflamma- 
tion of the mucous membrane of the nose 
and throat. 
diphyodont (dif'i-5-dont). [G. di-, two; 
phyo, I produce; odous, tooth.] Having 
two successive sets of teeth, as man and 
most mammals. 
diplegia (dl-ple'ji-a). [G. di-, two; plege, 
a stroke.} Paralysis of corresponding 
parts on each side of the body; double 
hemiplegia. fa'cial d., double facial 
paralysis, mas'ticatory d., paralysis of 
all the muscles of mastication. 
Diplococ'cus. [G. diplous, double; kokkos, 
berry.] A form of micrococcus in which, 
after being separated in one plane, the 
two new individuals still cling to each 
other. 
dipros'opus. [G. di-, two; prosopon, face.] 
A monster with duplication of the face 
or any part of the face. 
direct'. [L. dirigere, to set straight.] Straight; 
straightforward; not deviating to either 
side. 
direct' applica'tion meth'od. In anesthesia, 
(1) by swabbing, which see; (2) by spray- 
ing, which see; (3) sprinkling the powder 
on the mucous membrane. 
direc'tor. An instrument, formed like a 
grooved probe or sound, designed to 
guide the knife of the operator while 
slitting or cutting a sinus. 
dis-. [L.] A prefix denoting double, two, 
apart from, separating into two, taking 
apart. 
disaccharid, disaccharide (di-sak'a-rid, dk 
sak'a-rld). Any of a group of sugars which 
yield on hydration two monosaccharid 
molecules, as cane sugar, or saccharose; 
milk sugar, or lactose, and maltose. 
disaggrega'tion. [L. dis-, separating; aggre- 
gare, to assemble.] Dividing or separating 
into component parts. 
disc. [L. discus, plate, from G. diskos, 
quoit.] An appliance or instrument in 
the shape of a wheel, made of carborun- 
dum, emery or other cutting material; 
paper covered with fine glass (incorrectly 
called sandpaper), emery, cuttlefish bone, 
or other abrasive; also of cloth covered 
with similar abrasives; of leather and 
chamois; of steel or of copper into whose 
surface diamond dust has been forced; 
a flat circular plate, as a disc of metal, 
paper, cloth, stone, etc. Dental discs 
are designated according to the material 
of which they are made, the character and 
fineness of the grit they carry, etc.; they 
are made in various sizes, and the grits 
are numbered according to their fineness. 
Used with the dental engine for cutting 
or grinding teeth and for finishing fillings. 
Principal discs used are carborundum; 
cloth, impregnated with carborundum, 
garnet, lava or rouge; paper, carrying 
grits of cuttlefish, sand, glass, garnet, etc.; 
rubber; vulcarbo, vulcanite impregnated 
with an abrasive, etc. 
discharge'. Matter which is discharged; 
the flowing or issuing of matter from a 
cavity; the escape or flowing away of the 
contents of a cavity, either pathological 
or normal. To remove the contents or 
load; to set free. 
dis'coid. [G. diskos, disc; eidos, appearance.] 
A disc- or spoon-shaped excavator. Hav- 
ing a likeness to a disc. 
discrete'. [L. discretus—discernere, to sep- 
arate.] Separate from others, not joined 
or incorporated. 
disc-tray. A device for holding a great 
variety of discs. 
dis'cus. [L.] Disc. 
discuss'. [L. discutere, to shake apart.] To 
disperse; to cause to vanish; to disappear 
or to be absorbed. DISCUTIENT 
127 
DISTAL 
discutient (dis-ku'shent). [L. discutere, to 
shake apart.] Dispersing or scattering a 
pathological mass or accumulation. An 
agent causing a tumor or pathological 
collection to disperse or scatter, 
disease (diz-ez'). An illness; sickness; in- 
disposition; morbus; morbid change in a 
tissue; abnormal state of the body as a 
whole; perversion or interruption of the 
function of an organ, congenital d., one 
present at birth, contagious d., one which 
is infectious and may be transmitted by 
mediate or immediate contact, endemic 
d., recurrently or continuously present in 
some locality, epidemic d., attacking a 
large number of people at the same time 
in the same locality, foot-and-mouth d., 
a cattle disease, aphthae epizooticae, 
epidemic stomatitis, aphthous fever, some- 
times communicated to man. hereditary 
d., transmitted from parents to children, 
infectious d., due to the presence of some 
vegetable parasite. inherited d., see 
hereditary, specific d., due to a pathogenic 
microorganism, sporadic d., solitary case 
of an endemic or epidemic disease in an 
otherwise unaffected locality. zymotic 
d., infectious disease. 
disengage'ment. The act of extricating; 
setting free; freeing from difficulties, 
disfig'urement. The marring of the figure, 
of the appearance or of the physiognomy, 
dental d., marring the appearance of the 
teeth, by irregularity, caries, absence of 
some of the teeth, inartistic dental service, 
etc. facial d., due to a lack of symmetry 
of the various parts of the face, usually 
accompanied by malformation of one or 
both jaws, as protrusion or retrusion, ex.- 
cessive thickness of the lips, etc. 
dishar'mony, den'tal, dentofa'cial and fa'cial. 
A condition in which the teeth to each 
other, or the teeth to the face, or the vari- 
ous parts of the face are out of harmony, 
due to malocclusion of the teeth or mal- 
formation of the jaws. 
disinfect'. To free from infection; purify 
from infectious germs. 
disinfect'ant. Destroying the germs of 
disease or putrefaction or hindering their 
activity. An agent having this property, 
disinfektol. Trade name of a disinfectant, 
disintegra'tion. Division or separation of 
the component parts of a substance, as 
occurs in caries or catabolism, 
disk. See disc. 
dis'locate. [L. dis-, apart; locare, to place.] 
To put out of joint; to luxate, 
dislocatio (dis-lo-ka'shi-5). See dislocation. 
dislocation. [L. dis-, apart; locus, place.] 
Displacement of a joint from its socket; 
displacement of an organ or any part of 
the body; luxation. 
disorganization. A state in which an 
organ or tissue is destroyed, causing loss 
of function. 
disperse'. [L. dispergere, to scatter about.] 
To discuss; to cause to vanish or dis- 
appear (said of a tumor), 
disper'sion. The act of dispersing or of 
being dispersed. 
displace'ment. Addition of a fluid of greater 
density in an open vessel, thus displacing 
the fluid of lesser density, 
dissect'. [L. dis-, apart; secare, to cut.] 
To cut into parts for the purpose of 
examination; to cut apart or separate 
the tissues of the body in the study of 
anatomy; to anatomize, 
dissect'ing. Separating or dividing the 
parts of a body. 
dissec'tion. The act of dissecting, 
dissem'inated. [L. dis-, apart; seminare, 
to sow.] Widely circulated or scattered 
throughout an organ or tissue or the whole 
body. 
dis'sipate. To break up and drive off; to 
disperse, scatter, dispel, 
dissipation. The act of dissipating or the 
state of being dissipated or dispelled, as 
the wax matrix imbedded in an investment 
becomes broken up and dispelled through 
the investment. 
dissociation. [L. dissociare, to separate.] 
Separation; disassociation; dissolution of 
relations. 
dissolution. [L. dissolvere, to dissolve.] Dis- 
solving or liquefying; separation of the 
soul from the body; death, 
dissolve (diz-zolv'). To change from a 
solid form to suspension in a liquid; to 
melt; to liquefy, 
dissol'vent. Solvent. 
dis'tad. Toward the periphery; in a distal 
direction. 
distal. [L. distalis, distant.] Farthest 
from the center or the middle line. d. 
surface of a tooth, that surface which 
would be most distant from the median 
line if the dental arch were made into 
a straight line. d. cavity, one on the 
distal surface of a tooth, d. cavosurface DISTANCE 
128 
D.La.P. 
angle, the angle formed by the junction 
of the distal wall of the cavity and the 
surface of the tooth, d. wall, the wall of 
a cavity most distant from the median 
line. See cavity nomenclature. 
distance. [L. distantia.] The space between 
two objects or points. 
distensibil'ity. The capability of being 
stretched or distended, 
distill', distil'. [L. de-, down; stillare, to 
drop.] To subject a liquid to the process 
of distillation; to draw out the active 
principle or essence of a substance, 
dis'tillate. The product of distillation, 
distilla'tion. The act or process of distilling; 
that which is formed by distilling; the 
separation of the more volatile from the 
nonvolatile or less volatile parts of a 
liquid, by heat and the subsequent conden- 
sation of the vapor. 
disto-. Modification of distal, used in com- 
pound words, as distobuccal, distolabio- 
pulpal, etc. See cavity nomenclature. 
distobuc'cal. Pertaining to the distal and 
buccal surfaces of a tooth, d. angle, the 
angle formed by the junction of these two 
surfaces. 
distobuccopul'pal. Pertaining to the distal, 
buccal and pulpal walls of a cavity, 
d. angle, the junction point of these three 
surfaces. 
distocer'vical. Pertaining to the distal and 
cervical (gingival) walls of a cavity; 
distogingival. d. angle, the angle formed 
by the junction of the distal and cervical 
surfaces. 
distoclu'sal. Pertaining to the distal and 
occlusal walls of a cavity, d. angle, the 
angle formed by the junction of these 
two walls. 
distoclu'sion. Noting malocclusions char- 
acterized by a distal or posterior relation 
of the mandibular dental arch to the 
maxillary dental arch. [ASO.] 
distoclu'sion. See posteroclusion. 
distogin'gival. See distocervical. 
distoinci'sal. Pertaining to the distal and 
incisal walls of a cavity in an incisor or 
cuspid (canine). d. angle, the angle 
formed by the junction of these two walls, 
distola'bial. Pertaining to the distal and 
labial walls of a cavity in an incisor or 
cuspid (canine). d. angle, the angle 
formed by the junction of these two walls, 
distolabiopul'pal. Pertaining to the distal, 
labial and pulpal walls of a cavity in an 
incisor or cuspid (canine), d. angle, the 
angle formed by the junction of these 
three walls. 
distolin'gual or linguodis'tal. Pertaining 
to the distal and lingual walls of a cavity, 
d. angle, the angle formed by the junction 
of these two walls. 
distolinguoclu'sal. Pertaining to the distal, 
lingual and occlusal walls of a cavity, 
d. angle, the angle formed by the junction 
of these three walls. 
distolinguopul'pal. Pertaining to the distal, 
lingual and pulpal walls of a cavity, 
d. angle, the angle formed by the junction 
of these three walls. 
distopul'pal. Pertaining to the distal and 
pulpal walls of a cavity, d. angle, the 
angle formed by the junction of these 
two walls. 
distor'tor o'ris. The joint action of the 
zygomaticus major muscle and the 
zygomaticus minor muscle in raising the 
corners of the mouth in laughing, 
distover'sion. Noting a tooth too far from 
the median line of the face. [ASO.] Also 
see posteroclusion. 
distrac'tion. Difficulty or impossibility of 
centering or fixing the mind on one 
particular thing; mental confusion, 
distribution. [L. distribuere, to distribute.] 
The course or passage of the branches of 
arteries or nerves to the tissues and organs, 
disulphate (di-sul'fat). Acid sulphate; a 
salt of sulphuric acid having one atom of 
hydrogen which is replaceable by a base, 
disul'phid. A compound having two sulphur 
atoms with only one of the base, 
diuret'ic. Promoting the secretion and 
flow of urine. 
divergence (di-ver'jens). [L. di-, apart; 
vergere, to incline.] A tendency to move 
in different directions; spreading apart, 
divergent. Traveling or moving in different 
directions; radiating. 
diver'gent roots. Receding farther and 
farther from each other, as the roots of 
multirooted teeth; diverging, 
diverticulum (di-ver-tik'6-lom). [L., a by- 
road.] A pocket or sac which opens out 
from a tubular organ; an offshooting cul- 
de-sac. 
divulse'. [L. divulsus—divellere, to pull 
apart.] To tear away or pull apart. 
D.L. Distolingual. 
D.La. Distolabial. 
D.La.P. Distolabiopulpal. D.L.P 
129 
DRIBBLE 
D.L.P. Distolinguopulpal. 
D.M.D. Doctor of Dental Medicine (Den- 
tarice Medicince Doctor). 
D.O. Distoclusal. 
Dobell’s solution. Liquor sodii boratus 
compositum. 
doc'tor. [L., a teacher.] An academical 
degree conferred on one who has followed 
a prescribed course of study, or given as 
a mark of distinction, as doctor of dental 
surgery, medicine or law; a dentist or 
physician, particularly one having had 
a degree in dentistry or medicine conferred 
upon him by a dental or medical college, 
school or university. 
Dodge crown. One with a wood pivot having 
a metallic tube for a core to give strength, 
dolichocephal'ic. [G. dolichos, long; kephale, 
head.] Having a head greatly out of 
proportion in length; designating a skull 
with a cephalic index below 75, or an 
individual with this type of skull, 
dolichofacial (dol-i-kd-fa'shal). Dolicho- 
prosopic. 
dolichoprosop'ic. [G. dolichos, long; prosop- 
ikos, facial.] Possessing an extremely 
long or disproportionate face, 
dolichouranic (dol-i-ko-u-ran'ik). [G. dol- 
ichos, long; ouranos, vault of the palate.] 
Having a palatal index below 110. 
do'lor. [L.] Pain, affliction, d. dentium, 
toothache. 
dolor. [Sp.] Pain; affliction, d. de los 
dientes, pain in the teeth; toothache, 
dolore. fit.] Pain, 
doloroso. [It.] Painful, 
dome. See arch, palatal. 
doppelendig. [Ger.] Double-ended (instru- 
ment). 
dor'sal. [L. dorsum, back.] Pertaining to 
the back. 
dor'sum. [L., back.] The back; the 
posterior or upper surface; ridge; the back 
of any part. 
dos'age. The determination of the proper 
amount of medicine in a dose; the giving 
of medicine or other therapeutic agents in 
prescribed doses, 
dose. [G. dosfs.] Dosis. 
do'sis. [G., a giving.] Dose; the quantity 
of medicine or other therapeutic agent 
to be taken at one time or within a given 
time or at stated periods, 
double wedge. An instrument for removing 
an artificial crown from a tooth, 
douche (dosh). [Fr. doucher, to pour.] 
A current of water, vapor or gas directed 
upon some part of the body or projected 
into a cavity. 
douleur. [Fr.] Pain. d. de dents, toothache, 
douleureux, -euse. [Fr.] Painful. 
Do'ver’s pow'der. Pulvis ipecacuanhse et 
opii. 
dove'tail. Mode of fastening boards, etc., 
together by fitting pieces shaped like a 
wedge or a dove’s tail spread out (tenons) 
into corresponding cavities (mortises), 
dow'el. A pin, post, peg or pivot for fasten- 
ing or attaching an artificial crown to the 
natural root of a tooth; a pin of wood or 
metal used to join or connect two pieces 
of wood or stone. 
D.P. Distopulpal. 
Dr. Abbreviation of Doctor, 
drachm (dram). [G. drachme, a pinch.] 
Dram. 
draft. A quantity of medicine in liquid form, 
more than can be taken in one swallow, 
prescribed as a single dose; draught. 
Draht. [Ger.] Wire. 
drain (dran). [A.S. drehnian, to draw off.] 
A tube or wick adjusted so as to remove 
fluid as it collects in a cavity, particularly 
a wound cavity. To drain or draw off 
water or fluid from a cavity, particularly 
to arrange for its exit immediately after 
its formation. 
drainage ((dran'aj). The act of continually 
draining or drawing off the fluids or 
secretions from a wound or other cavity, 
dram. [Gr. drachme, a pinch.] Drachm, 
a unit of weight; apothecaries’ weight, 
ounce, or 60 grains; avoirdupois 
weight, Jd6 ounce, or 27.34 grains, 
drastic (dras'tik). [G. drastikos, active.] 
Vigorous; powerful; promptly effective. 
A powerful purgative, 
draught. Draft. 
draw'plate. A dieplate through which wires 
are drawn. 
dread. To be in great fear; to anticipate with 
terror or shrinking. Extreme fear or 
anticipation. 
dressing. Material applied to a wound for 
the purpose of keeping the air from it, 
encouraging repair, etc. antisep'tic d., 
a dressing of gauze saturated with carbolic 
acid, bichlorid of mercury or other 
antiseptic. 
dressing, cast. See cast dressing. 
drib'ble. To drip, drool or drivel; to fall in 
small drops, as the saliva from the corners DRIER 
130 
DROPS 
of the mouth in paralysis of the muscles of 
the face. 
drier, root. An instrument invented by 
Dr. George Evans, provided with a slender 
silver point which will enter a root-canal, 
a copper bulb and a steel handle; the bulb 
on being heated conveys the heat to the 
silver point, and thus dries the root-canal. 
drill (dril). To bore a hole in any hard 
substance. An instrument with an edged 
or pointed end used for making or boring 
holes in a tooth or bone; a tool that cuts 
with its end while revolving. Variously 
named according to use, cavity drill, 
pulp-canal drill, etc. bibeveled d., one 
of which both sides of the blade leading 
away from the point are beveled, dia- 
mond d., a very hard, rapidly cutting 
point made of steel impregnated with 
diamond dust. Gates-Glidden d., a 
drill for enlarging and reaming out root- 
canals. 
drill, toothbrush. [A. C. Fones, American 
dental hygienist.] Standard drill approved 
for use in the public schools of Greater 
New York. Two or three children, 
provided with toothbrushes, dentifrice, 
cups, water and a basin, should demon- 
strate this drill before the class: 
Attention! (All in line, elbows close to 
side with brushes in right hand and 
cups in left.) 
1. Ready—Dip! (wet the tooth brush). 
2. Outside surfaces. 
Left side—ready—count 1-16—dip. 
Right “ “ “ 1-16 “ 
Front “ “ 1-16 “ 
Place the toothbrush inside the left 
cheek and on upper gums and nearly close 
the teeth together. Make the brush go 
backward and downward to lower gums, 
then slightly forward and upward until 
it has traveled a complete circle. This 
circular motion should be done rapidly 
and lightly so that the gums will be 
stimulated and the teeth cleansed of 
food. Keep up this fast circular motion 
and brush all the teeth on the left side 
as well as all the front teeth. Now brush 
the right side with the same circular mo- 
tion, or reversing the circle if found 
more convenient. Do not brush the 
teeth and gums crosswise. 
3. Inside surfaces. 
Upper left side—ready—count 1-16—dip 
“ right" “ “ 1-16 “ 
Upper front —ready—count 1-16—dip 
Lower left side “ “ 1-16 “ 
“ right “ “ “ 1-16 “ 
" front “ “ 1-16 “ 
For brushing the inside surfaces of the 
upper teeth, hold the brush with the end 
of the thumb on the back of the handle and 
the bristles pointing upward. Brush the 
roof of the mouth and the inside gums 
and surfaces of the teeth with a light, 
fast in-and-out stroke, reaching back on 
the gums as far as you can. 
For brushing the inside surfaces of the 
lower teeth, hold the handle of the tooth- 
brush in your fist with the thumb lying 
across the back of the handle. Brush the 
gums and teeth with a light in-and-out 
stroke, using chiefly the tuft end or toe 
of the brush. Reach back in the mouth 
on the gums below the last tooth on both 
sides and brush with a fast, light in-and- 
out stroke. Tip the handle of the brush 
up in brushing the gums back of the 
lower front teeth. 
4. Chewing surfaces. 
Upper left side—ready—count 1-16—dip 
• “ right “ “ “ 1-16 “ 
Lower left “ “ “ 1-16 “ 
“ right “ “ “ 1-16 “ 
Brush the teeth with a light in-and-out 
stroke on the surfaces on which you 
chew, as the food must be removed from 
the grooves or fissures of the molars, 
drive'wheel. Driving wheel; a wheel that 
communicates motion, as the wheel of a 
foot-power dental engine or laboratory 
lathe. 
drop. [A.S. droppan.] A globule of liquid 
that falls from a container separately, 
not in a continuous stream; a medicine 
prescribed in drops (see drops); the 
smallest mass of a liquid that falls from 
a container, regarded as a unit of measure, 
equivalent in the case of water to about 
1 minim; a confection in solid form made 
to be dissolved in the mouth, 
drop'jaw. A condition in which, during 
the paralytic stage of rabies in the dog, 
the lower jaw drops down, leaving the 
mouth open, constituting the most 
characteristic symptom of dumb-madness 
or sullen rabies. 
drops. A term applied to medicine taken 
in doses measured by drops, usually a 
tincture, applied by dropping, as a col- 
lyrium. DROPSY 
131 
DYNE 
dropsy (drop'si). [G. hydrops.] Hydrops; 
an unnatural accumulation of clear, 
watery fluid in any cavity or tissues of 
the body; variously called anasarca, 
ascites, hydrothorax, edema, hydroperi- 
cardium, etc., according to its location 
and character. 
drow'sy. Sluggish; sleepy; somnolent. 
Druck. [Ger.] Pressure. 
driicken. [Ger.] To press. 
drug. Any substance used as a medicine 
in the treatment of a disease. 
drum. The tympanum of the ear. 
duct. [L. ductus, a leading pipe.] A struc- 
ture, resembling a tube or canal, by which 
fluid or secretion of any kind is conveyed, 
sal'ivary d., one of the sublingual ducts, 
Bartholin’s, Rivinus’. parotid d., Sten- 
sen’s. sub-maxillary d., Wharton’s. See 
ductus. 
duc'tile, ductil'ity. A property of some 
metals which makes it possible to elongate 
them or draw them out into wire without 
breaking. 
duct'less. Possessing no duct; applied to 
glands that have only an external secre- 
tion. 
duc'tulus. [L. dim. of ductus, duct.] A 
minute duct. 
duc'tus. [L.] Duct. d. incisivus, a rudi- 
mentary duct or protrusion of the mucous 
membrane into the incisive canal, on 
either side of the anterior extremity of 
the nasal crest, d. lingualis, a depression 
or pit on the dorsum of the tongue at 
the apex of the sulcus terminalis. d. 
parotideus, Stensen’s (Steno’s) duct, the 
duct of the parotid gland which opens 
into the mouth above the upper second 
molar, d. sublingualis major, a duct 
which opens underneath the tongue, near 
Wharton’s duct on the sublingual papilla; 
the sublingual duct; the duct of Bartholin, 
d. sublingualis minor, one of several 
ducts of the sublingual gland, the ducts 
of Rivini or Rivinus, Walther’s ducts, 
d. submaxillaris, the duct of the sub- 
maxillary gland, which opens on the 
sublingual caruncle; Wharton’s duct, 
d. Bartholinianus, see d. sublingualis 
major, d. salivalis inferior, see d. sub- 
maxillaris. d. salivalis superior, see 
d. parotideus. d. Stenonanius, see d. 
parotideus. d. Whartonianus, see d. sub- 
maxillaris. See duct. 
dulcamara (dul-ka-ma'ra). [L. dulcis, sweet; 
amaris, bitter.] Bittersweet; wolfgrape; 
poison berry. 
dull. Blunt; clouded; dim; not sharp, in 
any sense, as a surgical instrument, the 
mind, pain, a sound, etc. 
dumb-madness. Dropjaw, paralytic form 
of rabies in the dog. 
dumb'ness. Muteness; inability to speak, 
dum'my. See pontic. 
Dumore. Trade name of a dental engine, 
diinn angeriihrt. [Ger.] Of thin consistency 
(of mixed plaster, cement), 
duodenum (do-6-de'num). [L. duodeni, 
twelve.] The first portion of the small 
intestine, about 11 inches long, or the 
length of the breadth of twelve fingers; 
dodecadactylon. 
du'ra. [L., fem. of durus, hard.] Dura 
mater. 
du'ra ma'ter. [L., hard mother.] The 
tough, fibrous covering enveloping the 
brain and spinal cord. 
dural'umin. An alloy of aluminum little 
heavier in weight and nearly as strong 
as steel and non-corrodible, employed in 
the manufacture of dental and surgical 
appliances. 
Dutch gold. See gold. 
Dwindle crown. A crown with a gold band 
and floor fitted to a vital tooth, held in 
place by two screws passing through the 
floor and into the dentin. 
Dy. Chemical symbol of the element 
dysprosium. 
dy'ad. [G. dyas, the number two, duality.] 
A bivalent element; a pair. 
-dymus. [G. didymos, twin.] Suffix noting 
a twin monster; also signifies the point 
of an attachment; practically the same as 
-pagus. 
dynamic (d!-nam'ik). [G. dynamis, power.] 
Pertaining to power or force; kinetic; 
causal. 
dynamometer (di-na-mom'e-ter). [G. dy- 
namis, power; metron, measure.] An 
instrument for measuring power expended 
or force exerted, gnathodynambmeter, an 
instrument for measuring the force exerted 
by the forcible closure of the jaws, 
manudynamometer, an instrument for 
measuring the force exerted by the hand, 
phagodynamometer, an instrument for 
measuring the force exerted in crushing 
food during mastication, 
dynamomicrometer. See Black's d. 
dyne. The unit of force in physics. DYS- 
132 
ECLABIUM 
dys-. [G.] A prefix meaning bad or difficult; 
also negation, 
dysarth'ria. See dyslalia. 
dyscatabro'sis. Difficult deglutition, 
dyscatapo'sis. Difficulty in swallowing 
liquids. [vomiting, 
dyseme'sia. Difficult or painful efforts at 
dys'entery. [G. dys-, bad; entera, bowels.] 
A disease characterized by frequent small 
stools, principally of mucus and blood, 
accompanied by pain and tenesmus, 
dysesthe'sia. [G. dys, difficult; aisthesis, 
sensation.] Diminution of sensation short 
of anesthesia. 
dysgeusia (dis-jo'si-a). [G. dys-, bad; 
geusis, taste.] Perversion or impairment 
of the sense of taste. 
dyslalia (dis-la'li-a). Difficulty of speech, 
due to an abnormal size of the tongue 
or some other accessory of speech; 
dysarthria. 
dyslo'gia. Difficulty of speech due to a 
nervous lesion. 
dysmasesis (dis-ma-se'sis). [G. dys-, diffi- 
cult; masesis, chewing.] Difficulty in 
mastication; bradymasesis. 
dysodontiasis (dis-o-don-ti'a-sis). [G. dys-, 
bad; odous, tooth.] Irregularity or 
difficulty in the eruption of the teeth. 
dyspep'sia. [G. dys-, bad; pepsis, digestion.] 
Indigestion. 
dyspep'tic. Pertaining to or suffering from 
dyspepsia. 
dysphagia (dis-fa'ji-a). [G. dys-, difficult; 
phago, I eat.] Difficulty in swallowing, 
dysphasia (dis-fa'zi-a). [G. dys-, difficult; 
phasis, speaking.] Difficulty in speaking, 
caused by a brain lesion, but without any 
noticeable mental impairment, 
dyspho'nia. [G. dys-, difficult; phone, 
voice.] Difficulty or pain in talking; 
hoarseness. 
dyspne'a. [G. dys-, bad; pnoe, breathing.] 
Difficulty in breathing; short respira- 
tion. 
dysprosium (dis-pro'si-um). Symbol Dy, 
atomic weight 162.5. A rare element, 
dystonia (dis-t5'ni-a). [G. dys-, bad; tonos, 
tension.] A state of unnatural or abnormal 
tonicity in any of the tissues, 
dystopia (dis-to'pi-a). [G. dys-, bad; topos, 
place.] Malposition, as of a tooth, 
dystopic (dis-top'ik). [G. dys-, bad; topikos, 
relating to place.] Out of place; mal- 
placed, as a tooth out of its normal 
position. 
dys'trophy. [G. dys-, difficult; trophe, 
nourishment.] Defective nutrition. 
E 
E. The chemical symbol of erbium. 
E arch. See expansion arch in orthodontia 
in the supplement. 
eat. To chew and swallow, as food; to take 
food; to corrode. 
eau dentifrice. Trade name of a French 
mouthwash with a vegetable antiseptic 
base. 
ebullition (eb-u-lish'un). [L. ebullire, to 
boil.] Boiling. 
ebur. [L., ivory.] A tissue having a resem- 
blance to ivory in its exterior structure 
and appearance, e. den'tis, dentin; sub- 
stantia eburnea. 
eburna'tion. [L. eburneus, of ivory.] The 
ossification of dentin, obliterating the 
dentinal tubuli, a state in which the bone 
has become degenerated and converted 
into a dense, hard substance like ivory. 
ebur'neous. Resembling ivory; of ivory. 
eccen'tric. [G. ek, out; kentron, center.] 
Peculiar in manner, character, actions, 
speech or ideas; deviating from the center; 
peripheral. 
eccen'tric occlu'sion. The relation of the 
teeth when they are brought together in 
any of the excursive positions of the 
mandible. [The relation of the inclined 
planes of the teeth in the excursive move- 
ments of the mandible. ADA.] 
eccrinol'ogy. [G. ekkrinb, I secrete; -logia, 
treatise.] The branch of anatomy and 
physiology having to do with secretions 
and secreting glands. 
eccymo'sis. [G. ek, out; chymos, juice.] A 
livid spot on the skin produced by extra- 
vasation of blood into the skin; a black- 
and-blue patch. 
ecderon'ic. Pertaining to structures derived 
from the upper epithelial layers of the 
derm, as the enamel, hair, nails, etc. 
eckig. [Ger.] Angular. 
Eckzahn. [Ger.] Cuspid, canine. 
Eckzahngoldkrone. [Ger.] A gold crown 
for a cuspid tooth. 
eclabium (ek-la'bi-um). [G. ek, out; L. 
labium, lip.] Eversion or projection of 
a lip, as in negroid races. ECLAMPSIA 
133 
EILOID 
eclampsia (ek-lamp'si-a). [G. eklampsis, a 
shining forth.] Convulsions, particularly 
of an epileptoid character, infantile e., 
sometimes due to disturbances connected 
with the eruption of the teeth, 
ec'lysis. [G.] A mild degree of syncope, 
econ'omy. The system of the body regarded 
as a combination of functioning organs, 
ec'tal. [G. ektos, outside.] External; outer, 
ecto-. [G. ektos, outside.] A prefix desig- 
nating outer or on the outside, 
ec'toblast. [G. ektos, outside; blastos, germ.] 
The outer cell wall; the thickened outer 
layer of a cell; ectoderm or epiblast. 
ectoderm (ek'tb-derm). [G. ektos, outside; 
derma, skin.] The exterior or outer layer 
of cells formed from the inner cellmass in 
the blastocyst. 
ectoethmoid bone (ek-to-eth'moid bon). One 
of the lateral parts of the ethmoid bone 
making up the distinct elements at birth; 
ectethmoid. 
ectoloph (ek'to-lof). [G. ektos, outside; 
lophos, crust.] The outer ridge on an 
upper molar tooth in a horse, 
ectostosis (ek-tos-to'sis). [G. ektos, outside; 
osteon, bone.] The ossification of cartilage 
beneath the perichondrium; also the 
formation of bone beneath the periosteum, 
ec'zema. [G. ekzeo, I boil over.] An 
inflammatory disease of the skin, chronic 
or acute, presenting multiform lesions, 
in a moist or dry state; salt rheum; tetter. 
Edelmetall. [Ger.] Precious or noble metal, 
ede'ma. [G. oidema, a swelling.] An un- 
natural accumulation of clear, watery 
fluid in the lymph spaces of the tissues; 
hydrops; dropsy, malig'nant e., a kind 
of anthrax in which the lips, eyelids and 
other parts of the face, neck and upper 
extremities are swollen, accompanied 
by vesicular or bullate eruptions, 
eden'tal. Destitute of teeth, 
eden'talous. Destitute of teeth. 
Edenta'ta. A misnomer for an order of 
placental mammals in whom the teeth 
in the anterior part of the mouth are 
wanting. 
eden'tate. [L. e-, out; dens, tooth.] Desti- 
tute of teeth. 
edenta'tion. The act of removing teeth, 
or of depriving of teeth, 
edente. [Fr.] Toothless; edentulous, 
eden'tulous. [L. e-, out; dens, tooth.] With- 
out teeth. 
edge-strength. The degree of resistance 
which an edge or an angle of amalgam 
offers to any force which tends to fracture 
it. 
edible (ed'i-bl). [L. edere, to eat.] Fit to 
be eaten as food. That which can be 
eaten. 
Edwards’ disc moistener. An appliance 
with a split sleeve to fit over the handpiece 
nose, and carrying a little pipe connected 
by a rubber tube with a rubber bulb 
which is filled with water, the latter 
moistening the revolving disc. Designed 
by Dr. C. E. Edwards, 
effect'. [L. effectus, from ex, out; facio, make, 
cause.] The result or consequence of an 
action. To produce as a cause or result, 
ef'ferent. [L. effere, to bring out.] Convey- 
ing or conducting outward or centrifugally, 
as a fluid or impulse of a nerve. An 
efferent nerve, duct or vessel, 
effervesce (ef-fer-ves'). [L. effervescere, to 
boil up.] To be in a state of natural 
ebullition; to boil up or cause bubbles to 
rise to the surface of a fluid, 
effervescent (ef-fer-ves'ent). Bubbling; boil- 
ing; effervescing. 
efflorescence (ef-flo-res'ens). [L. efflorescere, 
to blossom.] A state in which a substance 
loses its moisture and becomes powdery 
upon exposure to a dry atmosphere, 
effluvium. [L., a flowing out.] A disagree- 
able exhalation arising from decayed 
matter. 
effusion (ef-fu'zhun). [L. effusus, poured 
out.] The escape of a fluid from the 
lymphatics or blood-vessels into the 
tissues or a cavity; the act of pouring 
forth freely. 
egesta (e-jes'ta). [L. egestus, cast out.] 
Dejecta; excreta. [develops, 
egg. [A.S. eg.] Cell in which an embryo 
egg-albu'min. The albumin in the white of 
an egg, having a resemblance in many 
ways to serum; albumen, 
e'gols. A class of fixed mercurial para- 
sulphonates in combination with thymol, 
phenol or cresol. 
eho-to. [Ja.] Carving knife, 
ei'gon. A compound of iodin and albumin, 
employed as a substitute for tincture of 
iodin and as an antiseptic powder, 
eikyu-juten. [Ja.] Permanent filling, 
eikyushi. [Ja.] Permanent teeth, 
eiloid (i'loid). [G. eild, I roll up; eidos, 
appearance.] Having a resemblance to 
a roll or coil. EINATMEN 
134 
ELEMENT 
einatmen. [Ger.] To inspire (breathe in). 
Einbettmasse. [Ger.] Investment material. 
Einbettung. [Ger.] Investment, 
einbilden. [Ger.] To imagine (a disease). 
eingipsen. [Ger.] To invest (in plaster). 
Einlagefiillung. [Ger.] Inlay. 
Einschnitt. [Ger.] Slit; incisure, 
einsetzen. [Ger.] To insert, 
einstechen. [Ger.] To puncture (an 
abscess). 
Einstichpunkt. [Ger.] Point of puncture 
(of an abscess). 
einstweilig. [Ger.] Temporary; provisional. 
Einwand. [Ger.] Objection (to material, 
operation). 
Eiter. [Ger.] Pus, matter. [egesta. 
ejec'ta. [L. ejicere, to throw out.] Dejecta; 
elas'tic. [G. elastikos.] Having the power 
to recover its original shape after being 
stretched, compressed, bent or otherwise 
distorted. 
elas'tic hinge. An arrangement found in 
fishes and reptiles whereby the teeth can 
be pushed over and then sprung back to 
hold the prey. 
elas'tica. [L.] India rubber; caoutchouc; 
rubber; the thickened juice of various 
species of rubber-tree, known in commerce 
as pure Para rubber; used as a base for 
dentures, regulating appliances, to replace 
lost parts of the maxilla, mandible, etc. 
elastic'ity. The quality of being elastic, 
e. of metals, the property of returning 
to the original form after having been bent. 
Elastizitat. [Ger.] Elasticity, 
el'bow. [A.S. elnboga.] The joint or bend 
between the arm and forearm; the elbow- 
joint. 
electric'ity. [G. elektron, amber, rubbing of 
which produces electricity.] An invisible 
agent which produces light, heat, etc. 
The nature of the force or energy is not 
understood. 
electro-. A prefix designating electric or 
electricity. 
electroanesthe'sia. The production of anes- 
thesia by the LeDuc current, 
electrocatal'ysis. Chemical decomposition, 
or catalysis, caused by electricity; catalysis, 
electrocauteriza'tion. The act of cauterizing 
with a platinum wire heated by a current 
of electricity. 
electrocau'tery. An instrument in which 
the platinum wire used for cauterizing the 
tissues is heated by charging it with an 
electric current. 
electrode. [electro-; G. odos, path.] Either 
of the two extremities of an electric circuit, 
anode or cathode; either of the poles of 
an electric battery or of the ends of the 
conductors joined therewith, 
electrolysis, [electro-; G. lysis, solution.] 
The decomposition of a chemical com- 
pound or of some body tissue by means 
of electricity. 
elec'trolyte. [G. elektron, amber; lytos, dis- 
solved.] A compound which is decom- 
posed by a current of electricity passing 
through the solution containing it. 
elec'tron. The smallest part into which 
an atom may be divided. It is assumed 
to be a negatively electrified particle or 
corpuscle of ether which is either adherent 
to an atom or is contained in it; one of the 
particles (of about one-thousandth of 
the mass of a hydrogen atom) projected 
from the cathode of a vacuum tube as the 
cathode rays and from radioactive sub- 
stances as the beta rays, 
electroneg'ative. Charged with negative 
electricity. 
electron'ic. Pertaining to an electron or 
electrons. 
elec'troplate. To plate with gold or other 
metal by electrolysis. 
electropositive. Charged with positive 
electricity. 
elec'troscope. An apparatus for detecting 
the presence of an electric charge or 
determining its polarity, 
electrotherapeu'tics. [electro-; G. therapeia, 
treatment.] The use of electricity in 
the treatment of disease, 
eleemosynary (el-e-mos'i-nar-i). [G. elee- 
mosyne, alms.] Pertaining to charity or 
almsgiving; charitable, 
elektrisch. [Ger.] Electrical, 
el'ement. [L. elementum, a rudiment.] A 
substance whose molecules contain one 
kind of atoms only; a cell or other indivi- 
sible anatomical structure; a substance 
not separable into substances different 
from itself. The following is a list of 
the chemical elements, with their symbols 
and atomic weights as adopted by the 
International Committee on Atomic 
Weights, for 1917; comparison being 
made with oxygen, which has an atomic 
weight of 16: 
Aluminum A1 27.1 
Antimony Sb 120.2 
Argon A 39.88 ELEMENT 
135 
ELIXIR 
element—Continued. 
Arsenic As 74.96 
Barium Ba 137.37 
Bismuth ! Bi 208.0 
Boron B 11.0 
Bromin Br 79.92 
Cadmium Cd 112.4 
Calcium Ca 40.07 
Carbon C 12.005 
Cerium Ce 140.25 
Cesium Cs 132.81 
Chlorin Cl 35.46 
Chromium Cr 52.0 
Cobalt Co 58.97 
Columbium Cb 93.1 
Copper Cu 63.57 
Dysprosium Dy 162.5 
Erbium Er 167.7 
Europium Eu 152.0 
Fluorin F 19.0 
Gadolinium Gd 157.3 
Gallium Ga 69.9 
Germanium Ge 72.5 
Glucinum G1 9.1 
Gold Au 197.2 
Helium He 4.0 
Holmium Ho 163.5 
Hydrogen H 1.008 
Indium In 114.8 
Iodin I 126.92 
Iridium Ir 193.1 
Iron Fe 55.84 
Krypton Kr 82.92 
Lanthanum La 139.0 
Lead Pb 207.2 
Lithium Li 6.94 
Lutecium Lu 175.0 
Magnesium Mg 24.32 
Manganese Mn 54.93 
Mercury Hg 200.6 
Molybdenum Mo 96.0 
Neodymium ..Nd 144.3 
Neon Ne 20.2 
Nickel Ni 58.68 
Niton* Nt 222.4 
Nitrogen N 14.01 
Osmium Os 190.9 
Oxygen O 16.0 
Palladium Pd 106.7 
Phosphorus P 31.04 
Platinum Pt 195.2 
Potassium . K 39.1 
Praseodymium Pr 140.9 
Radium Ra 226.0 
element—Continued. 
Rhodium Rh 102.9 
Rubidium Rb 85.45 
Ruthenium Ru 101.7 
Samarium Sa 150.4 
Scandium Sc 44.1 
Selenium Se 79.2 
Silicon Si 28.3 
Silver Ag 107.88 
Sodium Na 23.0 
Strontium Sr 87.63 
Sulphur S 32.06 
Tantalum Ta 181.5 
Tellurium Te 127.5 
Terbium Tb 159.2 
Thallium T1 204.0 
Thorium Th 232.4 
Thulium Tm 168.5 
Tin Sn 118.7 
Titanium Ti 48.1 
Tungsten W 184.0 
Uranium U 238.2 
Vanadium V 51.0 
Xenon X 130.2 
Ytterbium Yb 173.5 
Yttrium Y 88.7 
Zinc Zn 65.37 
Zirconium Zr 90.6 
el'ement, o'ral. See oral element. 
elemen'tary. Pertaining to an element; not 
compounded; simple; rudimentary, 
elevation (el-e-va'shun). [L. elevatio.] Act 
. of elevating; condition of being elevated 
(teeth above the occlusal plane), 
el'evator. [L. elevare, to lift.] A dental in- 
strument used in extracting the root of a 
tooth; an instrument for raising or prying 
up a sunken portion, as the fragments of 
bone in fracture of the skull, 
elevato'rium. A set of instruments for the 
extraction of the roots of teeth. 
Elfenbein. [Ger.] Ivory, 
elim'inant. [L. eliminare, to turn out of 
doors.] Promoting the excretion or remov- 
al of waste matter. An agent which pro- 
motes excretion. 
elimina'tion. Expulsion; ejection of the 
waste matter from the body; getting rid of 
anything. 
elinguation (e-ling-gwa/shun). [L. e-, out; 
lingua, tongue.] The operation of removal 
of the tongue. 
elix'ir. An alcoholic liquid, aromatic and 
sweetened, containing some medicinal sub- 
stance, or intended to make the medicine 
less disagreeable to the taste. 
♦Radium emanation. ELONGATED TEETH 
136 
EMPHYSEMA 
elongated teeth. An incorrect term signify- 
ing extrusion. 
emacia'tion. [L. emaciare, to grow thin.] 
A gradual loss of flesh; extreme leanness, 
email. [Fr.] Enamel. 
Email. [Ger.] Enamel. 
Emailfarbe. [Ger.] Enamel color, 
emailliertes Gebiss. [Ger.] Continuous 
gum denture. 
emailloblast (e-mll'6-blast). [Fr. email, 
enamel; G. blastos, sprout.] Adamanto- 
blast; ameloblast. 
emailloid (em'i-loid). [Fr. email, enamel; G. 
eidos, resemblance.] Resembling ivory or 
the enamel of a tooth, 
emana'tion. [L. emanare, to flow out.] Ef- 
fluvium; exhalation, ra'dium e., a lumi- 
nous gas or vapor arising from radium; it 
gives temporary radioactivity to other 
substances upon which it settles like an 
infinitely fine powder. 
embed'. See imbed. [embolus, 
embol'ic. Pertaining to embolism or an 
em'bolism. [G. embolisma, a piece or patch.] 
A state in which the blood-vessels are ob- 
structed by a transported clot or vegeta- 
tion, a mass of bacteria or any foreign mat- 
ter. 
em'bolus. A detached clot, forming a plug, 
containing a foreign body or composed of 
bacteria, which occludes some blood-vessel, 
embrasure (em-bra'zhor). [O. F. embraser, 
chamfer.] An opening that widens in- 
wardly and outwardly; that part of the 
interproximate space between the teeth 
which extends cut labially or buccally, 
and inward lingually; the space opening 
out on either side of the contact point on 
the proximal surfaces of the teeth, due to 
the rounding away of the surfaces of the 
teeth from each other, buccal e., the open- 
ing out toward the cheeks in bicuspids 
(premolars) and molars, labial e., the 
opening out toward the lips in cuspids 
(canines) and incisors, lingual e., the open- 
ing out toward the tongue in all of the 
teeth. 
embrasure hook. See hook, embrasure-, also 
under partial denture service. 
embroca'tion. [G. embroche, a fomentation.] 
Fomentation; the application of a lotion 
or liniment; liniment. 
em'bryo. [G. embryon.] The product of 
conception during the first three months 
of intrauterine life; the impregnated ovum 
in its early, undeveloped state. 
embryol'ogy. [G. embryon, embryo; -logia. 
treatise.] The science which treats of the 
origin and development of animal organ- 
isms from the ovum to the time of extra- 
ovular or extrauterine existence. 
Emelin’s method. [Mark Joseph Emelin, 
American dentist, 1864.] The administra- 
tion of nitrous oxid, heated to about 90° F., 
under slight pressure during inhalation— 
not during exhalation. E.’s symptom, the 
movement of the thyroid cartilage as in the 
act of normal deglutition (first muscular 
spasm), manifested at the approach of 
complete anesthesia. 
emer'gency. [L. emergere, to rise out.] An 
unexpected contingency or happening; 
pressing necessity; a sudden demand for 
action. 
em'ery. A variety of carborundum of ex- 
treme hardness, used for wheels, discs, 
cones and strips for polishing fillings and 
dentures. 
em'esis. [G.] Vomiting. 
emet'ic. Pertaining to or causing vomiting. 
An agent which causes vomiting, 
em'etin. An alkaloid from ipecac, in the 
form of an amorphous white powder; it is 
the emetic principle of ipecac, 
emigration. [L. e-, out; migrare, to move.] 
A process in which the white bloodcell s 
enter or pass through the endothelium and 
the walls of the small blood-vessels, 
em'inence. Eminentia. 
eminen'tia (em-i-nen'shi-a). [L., prominence 
—eminere, to project.] A restricted area 
raised above the level of the surrounding 
surface; eminence, e. articula'ris, tuber- 
culum articulare of the temporal bone, 
e. facia'lis, colliculis facialis, a thickening 
of the eminentia medialis above the 
medullary striae in the floor of the fourth 
ventricle, indicating the location of the 
genu of the facial nerve, e. sym'physis, 
the projecting central part of the chin, 
emol'lient. [L. emoUire, to soften.] Soften- 
ing, soothing to the skin and mucous mem- 
brane. An agent which softens or soothes 
irritated skin or mucous membrane, 
empasta. [Sp.] Filling, e. de amalgama, 
amalgam filling, e. de oro, gold filling, e. 
provisional, temporary filling, 
empfindlich. [Ger.] Sensitive, 
emphrag'ma. An obstruction, e. salivare, 
ranula. 
emphysema (em-fi-se'ma). [G. en, in; 
physema, a blowing.] A condition in which EMPLASTRUM 
137 
ENDEMIC 
air is present in the interstices of connec- 
tive tissues. 
emplas'trum. [L.] Plaster; a preparation 
of such consistency that it does not run, 
but becomes adhesive when applied to any 
surface of the body. e. adhesivum, an 
adhesive plaster made of petrolatum, rub- 
ber and lead plaster, e. elasticum, rubber 
adhesive plaster, starch or orris root mixed 
with resin, wax and rubber, e. menthol, 
menthol plaster, e. opii, opium plaster, 
e. plumbi, lead plaster. 
empreinte. [Fr.] Impression. 
empye ma. [G. empyema, suppuration.] A 
condition in which pus is present in any 
cavity, as an accumulation of pus in the 
pleural cavity. 
emul'sifier. A substance, such as the yolk 
of an egg or gum arabic, employed to make 
an emulsion of a fixed oil. 
emul'sion. [L. emulsum.] The suspension of 
a resinous or fatty substance, separated 
into very fine particles, in a thin or watery 
liquid; it occurs naturally as in milk, or it 
may be made artificially by agitating fatty 
or resinous substances in some solution 
containing mucilage. 
emul'sum. [L. emulgere, to milk out.] A 
liquid in which an oil or resin is held in 
suspension in water by means of some 
mucilaginous substance; emulsion. 
emunc'tory. [L. emungere, to blow the nose.] 
Producing the removal of an excretion or 
other discharge. An excretory duct or 
tube. 
en-. Also see in-. 
enamel (en-am'el). The substantia adaman- 
tina, a hard, glistening substance covering 
the crown of a tooth, curled e., when the 
rods, prisms or columns of enamel are bent, 
twisted or intertwined, e. cap, the enamel 
covering the crown of a tooth, e. cell, one 
of the epithelial cells lining the concavity 
of the enamel germ; an ameloblast or 
adamantoblast. e. column, prism or rod, 
one of the minute parallel, hexagonal rods 
which extend from the dentin to the outer 
surface of the enamel. e. cuticle, 
Nasmyth’s membrane, a very thin layer 
of cells covering the enamel and persisting 
for a brief period, e. fiber, same as enamel 
rod, column or prism, e. germ, the em- 
bryonal enamel organ, one of a series of 
globular projections on the under surface 
of the dental lamina; it later becomes bell- 
shaped and into its hollow part the papilla 
dentis is received. e. groove, dental 
groove, e. ledge, dental shelf, e. of 
porcelain teeth, the outer layer of mineral 
teeth, e. membrane, the internal layer 
of the enamel organ formed by the enamel 
cells, e. organ, the cap covering the dentin 
of the developing tooth; the enamel germ, 
e. prism, same as column, rod or fiber, e. 
pulp, the layer of stellate cells in the enam- 
el organ, e. rod, same as prism, column or 
fiber, vitrified e., the outer layer of enam- 
el body of a mineral tooth, which on bak- 
ing gives the tooth a glassy, polished and 
shining appearance. 
enamel, white spots in the. See white spots. 
enamel-cleavage. See cleavage. 
enamelo'ma, pi. enamelomata. Embryonal 
tumor of the enamel. 
enamel-rods, inclination of the. Noting a 
normal or abnormal direction of the enam- 
el rods or prisms from the usual direction, 
which is perpendicular to the surface of the 
tooth. 
enamel-splitting. See cleavage. 
en'anthem, enanthe'ma. An eruption of the 
mucous membrane, usually one which 
occurs in connection with the exanthemata, 
encapsulation. [L. in-, in; capsula, capsule.] 
Inclosure in a capsule or sheath, 
encephalal'gia. [G. enkephalos, brain; algos, 
pain.] Headache; cephalalgia, 
enceph'alon. [G. enkephalos, brain.] The 
brain; the portion of the cerebrospinal 
axis within the cranium, that is, the cere- 
brum, cerebellum, pons and medulla 
oblongata. 
enchondroma (en-kon-drb'ma). [G. en, in; 
chondros, cartilage; -oma, tumor.] A 
growth resembling cartilage which some- 
times takes place in the lungs and in glands 
in which normally there is no cartilage, 
enchyle'ma. [G. en, in; chylos, juice.] The 
nearly transparent, semifluid and homo- 
geneous matter making up the cellsap, 
or nuclear sap. 
enchy'ma. [G., an infusion.] The reparative 
and formative fluid of cells and tissues, 
encia. [Sp.] Gums. 
encys'ted. Surrounded by a closed mem- 
brane or inclosed in a cyst; encapsuled. 
endameba buccalis. See ameba. 
endem'ic. [G. en, in; demos, the people.] 
Noting a disease peculiar to a people or 
district. The continued prevalence of a 
disease in a community, in contradistinc- 
tion to an epidemic. ENDENTOSIS 
138 
ENDOSMOSIS 
endento'sis. Exostosis. 
endep'idermis. [G. endon, within; epi, upon; 
derma, skin.] The inner or under layer of 
the epidermis, or stratum germinativum. 
endermosis (en-der-mo'sis). An eruptive 
disease of the mucous membrane, 
enderon (en'der-on). [G. en, in; derma, skin.] 
The subepithelial layer of mucous mem- 
brane; the corium. 
enderon'ic. Pertaining to the enderon; per- 
taining to structures derived from the lower 
layers of the derm, as the dentin, 
endo-. [G. endon, within.] A prefix desig- 
nating inner or within, 
en'doblast. [G. endon, within; blastos, 
germ.] The inner layer of the blastoderm; 
endoderm; hypoblast. 
endocar'diac. [G. endon, within; kardia, 
heart.] Intracordial; within the heart; 
pertaining to the endocardium, 
endocarditis. [G. endon, within; kardia, 
heart; -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation 
of the lining membrane of the heart or 
endocardium, infec'tious, infec'tive, ma- 
lig'nant e., a phase of endocarditis which is 
usually secondary to suppurative inflam- 
mation elsewhere, together with ulceration 
or vegetations on the valves; sometimes 
caused by infectious material carried to 
the heart from pus-pockets about the 
teeth, as in pyorrhea alveolaris. 
endocar'dium. [G. endon, within; kardia, 
heart.] The serous lining membrane of 
the cavities of the heart, 
en'docrin. [G. endon, within; krind, I sepa- 
rate.] Internal secretion of a gland, 
en'docrine. Designating a gland which 
furnishes an internal secretion, 
en'docrines. The glands of internal secre- 
tion, such as pineal, pituitary, thyroid, 
parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, suprarenal, 
endocrinism (en-dok'rin-izm). [endocrin; 
ism.] Endocrinopathy. 
endocrinodon'tia. The study of the en- 
docrins and their relation to the teeth in 
health or disease. 
endocrinodon'tist. One versed in the rela- 
tionship between the teeth and the internal 
secretions of the body in health and dis- 
ease. 
endocrinodontol'ogy. See endocrinodontia. 
endocrinology (en-do-krin-ol'o-ji). [G. endon, 
within; krind, I separate; -logia, treatise.] 
The science having to do with internal 
secretions and their pathology and physi- 
ology. 
endocrinopathic (en-do-krin-6-path'ik). Per- 
taining to or ailing with endocrinopathy. 
One who suffers from the effects of ab- 
normal internal secretion of one or more 
glands. 
endocrinopathy (en-do-krin-op'a-thi). [en- 
docrin; G. pathos, suffering.] Any disease 
caused by abnormality, such as decrease, 
increase or perversion, in any of the in- 
ternal glandular secretions, 
endocrinous (en-dok'rin-us). [G. endon, 
within; krind, I separate.] Pertaining to 
any internal secretion, e. glands, glands 
such as the thyroid, the adrenals, etc., 
which produce an internal secretion, 
endocritic (en-do-krit'ik). Pertaining to an 
internal secretion; endocrinous, 
endoderm (en'do-derm). [G. endon, within; 
derma, skin.] Hypoblast; endoblast; inner 
layer of the blastoderm, 
endodontitis (en-do-don-te'tis or i'tis). [G. 
endon, within; odous, tooth; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] Inflammation of the pulp of a 
tooth; pulpitis. 
endogenous. [G. endon, within; gennad, I 
produce.] Noting that which originates 
or grows within an organism or one of its 
parts; endogenic. 
endognathion (en-dog-nath'i-on). [G. endon, 
within; gnathos, jaw.] The inner of the 
two segments composing the incisive bone, 
the mesognathion. 
endoneu'ral method. In local anesthesia, one 
producing anesthesia by inserting the 
needle beneath the epineurium into the 
nerve trunk which supplies the operative 
field and injecting the solution into the 
nerve itself. 
endonucle'olus. [G. endon, within.] A 
small unstainable spot near the center of 
a nucleolus. 
en'doplasm. [G. endon, within; plasma, any- 
thing formed.] The mass of cell-substance 
or cytoplasm in contradistinction to the 
enveloping ectoplasm. 
en'doplast. [G. endon, within; plastos, 
formed.] The nucleus of an ameba or 
other protozoan. 
end-organ. The structure inclosing the 
terminal of a nerve-fibril in muscular tis- 
sue, mucous membrane, skin or glands, 
endorrhini'tis. [G. endon, within; rhis, nose; 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
nasal mucous membrane; coryza, 
endosmo'sis. [G. endon, within.] Osmosis in 
a direction toward the interior of a cavity. ENDOSTEUM 
139 
ENTODERM 
endos'teum. [G. endon, within; osteon, bone.] 
The membrane enveloping the surface of 
the bone in the medullary cavity; internal 
periosteum. 
endothelio'ma. A tumor originating or 
growing from the lining cells or endothe- 
lium of a blood-vessel. 
endothe'lium. [G. endon, within; thele, 
nipple.] A layer of cells, flat-shaped, 
lining serous cavities, lymphatics and 
blood-vessels. 
end'plate. The flattened disc in which the 
motor nerve-fibrils terminate in muscular 
tissue. 
en'ema, pi. enem'ata. [G.] An injection of 
fluid into the bowels for the purpose of 
evacuating or clearing out any obstinate 
matter; lavement; rectal injection; clyster. 
energy (en'er-gi). [G. en, in; ergon, work.] 
Inherent power; the exertion of power; 
activity; dynamic force. 
enervation (en-er-va'shun). [L. e- priv.; 
nervus, nerve.] Deprivation of nerve force; 
weakness. 
engine, dental. A machine operated by foot- 
power, water-power or electricity, rotating 
a cable within a sheath, and imparting a 
revolving motion to burs, drills, burnishers, 
polishing-discs, surgical burs and other 
instruments, all-cord arm of the d. e., 
one which has no cable or sheath, the chuck 
in the handpiece being revolved by a pul- 
ley at the handpiece, belt engine-arm of 
d. e., see all-cord, e.-arm, see under arm. 
e. -cable, the flexible cable of the engine- 
arm which revolves the chuck in the hand- 
piece. e.-sheath, a flexible covering which 
incloses and protects the revolving cable, 
head of the d. e., pulleys on the upper ex- 
tremity of the upright shaft of the engine, 
over which the belt passes, transmitting 
the power for revolving the cable, rein- 
forced sheath of the d. e., an attachment 
giving additional support to the ordinary 
sheath, slipjoint for the d. e., a device 
enabling the prompt removal of one hand- 
piece to be replaced by another. 
engine-bit. See bur. 
engineering, den'tal. The art and science 
by which the mechanical properties of 
matter are made useful in structures and 
machines pertaining to dentistry. 
engineering prin'ciples in bridge'work. 
Dental bridges are built on the same prin- 
ciples as bridges in general, arch bridge, 
one in which the abutments support the 
vertical stress and the end thrust, canti- 
lever bridge, one in which two or more 
rigid trusses span the space, each of which 
is supported in or near the center by a pier, 
girder bridge, see truss bridge, suspension 
bridge, one supported by abutments at 
each end, and sometimes in the interven- 
ing space by piers, truss bridge, one 
which is supported by an abutment at 
each end. 
English disease. Rickets, 
engorged'. Distended with fluid; absolutely 
filled; hyperemic; congested, 
ensan-kokain. [Ja.] Hydrochlorid of co- 
cain. 
enshin no. [Ja.] Distal, 
en'siform. [L. ensis, sword; forma, appear- 
ance.] Sword-shaped; designating the 
cartilaginous process, formed like a sword- 
tip, at the lower end of the sternum, and 
the xiphoid or ensiform cartilage or pro- 
cess, metasternum; xiphoid, 
ensui-shi. [Ja.] Conical tooth, 
en'tad. [G. entos, within; L. ad, to.] Toward 
the interior. 
en'tal. [G. entos, within.] Pertaining to 
the interior. 
Entame'ba. [G. entos, within; amoibe, 
change.] A sub-genus or genus including 
the internal parasitic forms of amebae. 
E. bucca'lis, found in the mouth in con- 
nection with dental caries, 
entassement dentaire. [Fr.] Crowded 
condition of the teeth. 
enter'ic. [G. enterikos, from entera, bowels.] 
Pertaining to the intestine, 
enteri'tis. [G. enter on, intestine; -itis, 
inflammation.] A condition in which 
the intestine is inflamed, 
entero-. [G. enteron, intestine.] A prefix 
meaning intestinal, 
en'teron. [G.] The intestine, 
en'tity. [L. esse, to be.] That which forms 
of itself a complete whole; an independent 
being or thing; that which possesses all 
things necessary to become individual, 
en'toblast. [G. entos, within; blastos, germ.] 
A nucleolus; hypoblast; endoblast. 
entocone (en'to-kon). [G. entos, within; 
konos, cone.] The mesiolingual cusp of an 
upper molar tooth. 
entoco'nid. [G. entos, inside; konos, cone.] 
The distolingual cone or cusp of a lower 
molar tooth. 
entoderm (en't5-derm). [G. entos, inside; 
derma, skin.] The hypoblast; the inner ENTOSTHOBLAST 
140 
EPITHELIUM 
layer of cells broken away from the inner 
cellmass of the blastocyst, 
entos'thoblast. [G. entosthen, from within; 
blastos, germ.] The hypothetical nucleus 
of the nucleolus; entoblast. 
entozo'on. [G. entos, within; zbon, animal.] 
An animal parasite which makes its home 
in one of the internal organs or tissues. 
Entziindung. [Ger.] Inflammation, 
en'zyme. [G. en, in.; zyme, leaven.] An 
organic colloid substance secreted by 
various cells of the body. It acts as a 
ferment and causes chemical changes, 
by catalysis, in other substances, thus 
altering them, without itself being altered, 
e'osin. [G. eos, dawn.] A coaltar product, 
used as a dye in the form of its potassium 
salt, and as a stain in bacteriology and 
histology. 
eosin'ophil. [eosin; G. philos, fond.] A 
cell or other element, particularly a 
leucocyte, which stains easily with eosin. 
ephem'eral. [G. epi, upon; hemera, day.] 
Existing only for a day; of brief duration; 
short-lived. 
ephidro'sis. Moderate sweating, 
epi-. [G. epi, upon.] A prefix used as ep-, 
eph- and epi-, variously signifying upon, 
increase, repetition, addition, above, ex- 
terior. 
ep'iblast. [G. epi, upon; blastos, germ.] The 
ectoderm, the outer layer of the blasto- 
derm; the common integument and the 
external parts of the special sense organs 
are developed from it. 
epicar'dium. [G. epi, upon; kardia, heart.] 
The membrane immediately surrounding 
the heart; the visceral layer of the peri- 
cardium. 
ep'icyte. [G. epi, upon; kytos, cell.] A cell- 
membrane; an epithelial cell, 
epicyto'ma. [G. epi, upon; kytos, cell; -oma, 
tumor.] Malignant epithelioma; epithelial- 
cell carcinoma. 
epidem'ic. [G. epi, upon; demos, the people.] 
A disease attacking a great many people 
in one community at the same time; 
in contradistinction to endemic in that 
it is introduced from without and is 
not present continuously, 
epider'mis. [G. epi, upon; derma, skin.] 
The cuticle or scarf-skin; the outer layer 
of the skin. 
epigas'trium. [G. epigastrion.] The epi- 
gastric region; the upper part of the 
abdomen; pit of the stomach. 
epiglot'tis. [G. epi, upon; glottis, larynx.J 
A leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with 
mucous membrane and located at the 
root of the tongue, whose use is to fold 
back over the aperture of the larynx, 
closing it while swallowing, 
epig'nathus. [G. epi, upon; gnathos, jaw.] 
An incomplete parasitic monster joined 
to the mandible of the autosite, 
epilepsy (ep'i-lep-si). [G. epilepsia.] A 
chronic nervous disease notable by attacks 
of convulsions and unconsciousness, and 
in later stages by brain or mental dis- 
turbance. 
epimandib'ular. [G. epi, upon; L. mandib- 
ulum, mandible.] Upon the mandible, 
epinephrin (ep-i-nef'rin). [G. epi, upon; 
nephros, kidney.] Trade name of an 
astringent and hemostatic preparation 
made from the suprarenal gland, 
ep'inin. See epinephrin. 
epiph'ysis. [G. epi, upon; physis, growth.] 
The part of a long bone which develops 
from a distinct center of ossification, and 
is therefore at first separated from the 
shaft by cartilage, 
epiren'an. See epinephrin. 
epistax'is. [G., a dropping.] Nosebleed, 
epithe'lial. Pertaining to or composed of 
epithelium. 
epithe'lial in'lay. The epithelization of a 
wound surface with a thin Thiersch layer 
of epidermis. An impression of the wound 
is taken with modeling-compound; after 
the latter has hardened, it is trimmed and 
covered with the layer of epidermis, and 
laid in the cavity of the wound, keeping 
the epithelial inlay in contact with all 
parts of the wound, resulting in complete 
epithelization. 
epithelio'ma. [L. epithelium-, G. -oma, tu- 
mor.] A cancerous growth originating 
from squamous epithelium, e. adamanti'- 
num, adamantinoma. 
epithelium. [L.—G. epi, upon; thelc, 
nipple.] A layer, purely cellular, covering 
all the free surfaces, mucous, serous and 
cutaneous, and the glands and structures 
derived therefrom, cil'iated e., epithelium 
of columnar cells the borders of which are 
surmounted by tapering filaments, or 
cilia, as in the air-passages, colum'nar e., 
epithelium made up of prismatic cells 
set close together, lam'inated e., stratified 
epithelium. pave'ment e., simple e., 
composed of a single layer of scaly or EPONYM 
141 
ERUPT 
squamous cells; the epithelium of the 
pulmonary alveoli and the endothelium 
of serous membranes and of the blood- 
vessels belong to this class, strat'ified 
e., found in the form of several superposed 
layers, the cells varying in shape in the 
different layers, tes'sellated e., pavement 
epithelium with overlapping squamous 
or scaly cells. 
ep'onym. [G. eponymos, named after.] A 
term used to designate a disease, opera- 
tion, anatomical structure, etc., and taken 
from the name of the person who dis- 
covered or first described it. dental e., 
the name of an individual applied to 
something pertaining to dentistry. 
eponym'ic. Pertaining to an eponym; an 
eponym. e. crown, one of a large number 
of crowns invented by and named after 
dentists. 
Ep'som salt. Magnesium sulphate, the 
principal mineral ingredient of Epsom 
water. 
Ep'stein’s pearls. The small white epithelial 
masses on the palate of the newborn. 
epu'lis. [G. epoulis, a gumboil.] A small 
tumor or growth occurring on the gum or 
arising from the periosteum of the jaw, 
usually of a fibrous, tough or fleshy 
nature. 
ep'uloid. [G. epoulis, gumboil; eidos, 
resemblance.] Having a resemblance to 
an epulis. A tumor of the jaw or gum 
resembling an epulis. 
epulo'sis. [G. epoulosis, a scarring over.] 
Cicatrization. 
equation (e-kwa'shun). [L. (square, to make 
equal.] A statement showing the equality 
of two things; equality. 
equilibrium (ek-wi-lib'ri-um). [L. cequus, 
equal; libra, a balance.] A just poise; 
the condition of being balanced evenly. 
equip'ment combina'tion. A term applied 
to dental units, including either many or 
all of the following: dental chair, com- 
plete spiral flush spittoon, tumbler and 
tumbler-holder, saliva-ejector, gas and 
compressed, hot and cold air and water 
connections, aseptic table for instruments, 
gas-burner, electric dental engine, electric 
light for operating, spray bottles and 
nozzle, chip-blower, examination-lamp, 
air-regulator, water-separator, mouthlamp 
and mirror, heater cups, electric appliances 
used in treatment, etc. 
equivalence. [L. cequus, equal; valentia, 
strength, value.] Equity of value or 
power; valence, the property possessed 
by a radical or an element to displace or 
combine with another radical or element 
in definite and fixed proportions, 
equivalent. [L. cequus, equal; valere, to be 
worth.] Something which is the same or 
equal in significance or effect; a thing which 
is equal in weight, size, force or any 
quality to something else. Equal in any 
respect. 
Er. Chemical symbol of erbium, also written 
E. 
erasion (e-ra'zhun). [L. eradere, to erase.] 
The scraping away of tissue, particularly 
bone. 
er'bium. Symbol E or Er, atomic weight 
167.4. A rare metallic element, 
erectile (e-rek'til). [L. erigere, to set up.] 
Capable of being erected; designating a 
vascular tissue, found in the penis, nasal 
cavities and elsewhere, which becomes 
swollen and rigid when filled with blood, 
erg (erg). [G. ergon, work.] The unit of 
work or energy in the decimal system, the 
amount of work done by 1 dyne acting 
through 1 centimeter. 
Ernahrung. [Ger.] Nourishment, 
erode'. [L. erodere, to gnaw away.] To 
eat away, corrode; to cause to wear away 
by ulceration. 
ero'sio ar'eca. Erosion of the enamel of 
the teeth caused by the chewing of the 
betel-nut and leaf, mixed with lime, 
practiced by Orientals, 
erosion. [Fr.] Erosion, 
erosion (e-ro'zhun). [L. e-, off; rodere, to 
gnaw.] The surface of a tooth being 
dissolved and carried away by some 
indefinitely understood process, leaving 
a smooth surface; a state of being worn 
away; the act of eroding, 
ero'sive. Possessing the power to eat or 
wear away. An eroding agent, 
errat'ic. [L. errare, to wander.] Wandering; 
eccentric; indicating pains or other symp- 
toms changing from one part to another, 
errhine (er'en). [G. en, in; rhis, nose.] An 
agent which causes a mucous discharge 
from the nose; a sternutatory. Causing 
a discharge from the nostrils. 
Ersatzdentin. [Ger.] Secondary dentin, 
eructa'tion. [L. eructare, to belch.] Belching; 
the act of raising or throwing off gas or 
acid fluid from the stomach, 
erupt (e-rupt'). To break through (said of ERUPTION 
142 
ETHER 
a tooth piercing the gum or gum and 
alveolar process and taking its place in 
the dental arch). 
eruption (e-rup'shun). [L. erumpere, to 
break out.] The passing of a permanent 
tooth through the alveolar process and 
gum, and of a temporary tooth through 
the gum only. e. of a tooth, cutting of a 
tooth. 
Erweichungsbrand. [Ger.] Soft gangrene, 
erythema (er-i-the'ma). [G. erythema, flush.] 
A condition in which the skin is red; 
rose-rash. e. mi'grans lin'guae, geograph- 
ical tongue. 
erythemateuse. [Fr.] Erythematous, 
erythroblast (er'i-thro-blast). [G. erythros, 
red; blastos, germ.] A nucleated cell, 
small and colorless, found in bone marrow; 
simple hematoblast from which the red 
blood-corpuscles are derived, 
erythrox'ylin. The name given to cocain 
by its discoverer, Gaedeke, in 1855. 
escavador. [Sp.] Excavator, 
eschar (es'kar). [G. eschara, scab.] A dry 
crust or scab occurring after a burn or 
cauterization of the skin, 
escharot'ic. Corrosive; caustic, 
esmalta. [Sp.] Enamel. 
Esmarch’s ban'dage. A rubber bandage 
wound tightly around a limb, from the 
periphery toward the center, so as to 
exsanguinate the member and render a 
bloodless field for operation. The return 
or rush of blood upon removing the 
bandage is prevented by a strong elastic 
bandage bound around the proximal 
end of the limb, 
eso. [Ja.] Necrosis. 
esophagosal'ivary. Indicating a condition in 
which there is an excessive secretion of 
saliva. It is a symptom of cancer of the 
esophagus. 
esoph'agus. [G. oisophagos, gullet.] The 
portion of the digestive canal between the 
pharynx and the stomach; the gullet, or 
canal through which the food passes into 
the stomach. 
esoter'ic. [G. esoteros, inner.] Endoblastic; 
of internal origin; occurring within the 
organism. 
espace interdentaire. [Fr.] Interdental 
space. 
espacement dentaire. [Fr.] A separated 
condition of the teeth; diastema, 
espejo bucal. [Sp.] Mouth-mirror, 
espejo de boca. [Sp.] Mouth-mirror. 
espiga. [Sp.] Pin (for a crown), 
espno'ic (esp-no'ik). [G. es, in; pnoe, a 
blowing.] Pertaining to the injection or 
inhalation of gases or vapors, 
es'sence. [L. esse, to be.] That in which 
the true character of a thing consists; 
an alcoholic solution of the volatile oil of 
a plant; an artificial product of similar 
odor and taste; a fluidextract. 
essential. Indispensable; necessary; char- 
acteristic; inherent, 
estampage. [Fr.] Swaging, 
es'ter. Compound ether, the invention of 
L. Gmelin, a German chemist; a substance 
which is produced by substituting the 
hydrogen in an acid by a hydrocarbon 
radical. 
esthet'ic. [G. aisthetikos, perceptive.] Per- 
taining to sensation, either bodily or 
mental; pertaining to esthetics, 
esthetic considerations. Noting, in dental 
operations, the restoration of lost parts 
by means of fillings, crowns, bridges or 
dentures, so as to imitate the best in the 
handiwork of nature; in the correction of 
malposition of the teeth or jaws, to bring 
about the most beautiful results, 
esthet'ics. The feeling of beauty in objects; 
the principles of taste and art; philosophy 
of the fine arts. 
esthiom'enous. [G. esthiomenos, eating.] 
Ulcerating; phagedenic; corroding, 
estiptico. [Sp.] Styptic, 
estirpamento di polpa. [It.] Extirpation 
of the pulp. 
estirpare. [It.] To extirpate, 
estomatologia. [Sp.] Stomatology, 
estrazione. [It.] Extraction, 
etain. [Fr.] Tin. 
etch (ech). [Ger. atzen—essen, to eat.] To 
produce, as figures, designs, curves, or the 
like, by means of lines or strokes, cut, 
eaten or corroded by some instrument or 
acid; noting the making rough of an inlay, 
to increase adhesion of the cement, by 
etching the cavity contact surface, 
e'ther. [G. aither, the pure upper air.] 
1. The volatile inflammable liquid pro- 
duced by the action of an acid on an 
alcohol. 2. A gas of extreme lightness 
which is supposed to pervade all space as 
well as all solids and liquids and which 
transmits the rays of light, heat and 
sound waves, as in wireless or radio 
communication. 3. A liquid used to 
produce general anesthesia by inhalation; ETHEREAL 
143 
EUROFORM PASTE 
it contains 96 percent by weight of 
absolute ether. 
ethereal (e-the'ri-al). Pertaining to or 
having ether. 
etherifica'tion. [L. ether; facere, to make.] 
The act of changing alcohol into ether, 
etherization (e'ther-i-za'shun). Placing one 
under the anesthetic influence of ether, 
eth'ic, eth'ical. [G. ethos, custom.] Per- 
taining to ethics; complying with the 
rules governing professional conduct, 
eth'ics. The science that treats of the 
principles of morality and duty; in connec- 
tion with dental practice, the principles 
of correct professional conduct with regard 
to the rights of the dentist himself, his 
patients and his fellow practitioners, 
code of e., a set of rules established for 
the use of the dental practitioner in his 
professional conduct. See supplement, 
eth'moid. [G. ethmos, sieve; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Pertaining to the ethmoid bone; 
sieve-like; cribriform. The ethmoid bone; 
os ethmoidale. 
ethmomax'illary. Pertaining to the ethmoid 
and maxillary bones. [nasal bones, 
ethmona'sal. Pertaining to the ethmoid and 
ethmopal'atal. Pertaining to the ethmoid 
and palate bones. 
ethmovo'merine. Pertaining to the ethmoid 
bone and the vomer, e. plate, the central 
portion of the ethmoid bone, forming 
a distinct element at birth, 
eth'yl, eth'ylis. [G. aither, ether; hyle, stuff.] 
The hydrocarbon radical of ethyl alcohol, 
eth'ylis bro'midum, ethyl bromid, hydro- 
bromic ether; a colorless volatile liquid 
employed as a general anesthetic by 
inhalation and in spray as a local anes- 
thetic. eth'ylis chlo'ridum, hydrochloric 
ether, ethyl chlorid, chloryl anesthetic, 
kelene; an extremely volatile liquid, made 
by the action of hydrochloric acid on 
ethyl alcohol, employed as a local and 
general anesthetic, 
ethyl'ium. [L.] Ethyl, 
etiology (e-ti-ol'o-ji). [G. aitia, cause; 
-logia, treatise.] The science of causes, 
especially of any disease; causation. 
Eu. Chemical symbol of europium, 
eu-. [G. eu, well.] A prefix meaning well, 
favorable. 
eucain (u'ka-in). A synthetic compound 
similar to cocain in its properties; the 
hydrochlorid is the salt used in local 
anesthesia. 
eu'cain lac'tate. A local synthetic anes- 
thetic, more soluble in water than either 
eucain-A or eucain-B, and possessing all 
other properties of eucain-B hydrochlorid. 
eucain-A (u'ka-in). A local anesthetic, a 
white crystalline powder, odorless, soluble 
in water, alcohol or glycerin; alpha- 
eucain; the base forming it is closely 
associated with cocain, but it is a safer 
drug. 
eu'cain-B. A local anesthetic similar to 
eucain-A, but less toxic and less prone to 
produce irritation; beta-eucain. 
eucalyp'tene. A hydrocarbon obtained by 
distilling eucalyptol with phosphoric 
anhydrid. 
eucalyp'tol. A colorless liquid of camphora- 
ceous odor and pungent taste, 
eudox. Trade name of an English prepara- 
tion used for obtunding sensitive dentin, 
eudrenin (ud-ren'in). Trade name of a 
solution of beta-eucain hydrochlorid in 
a solution of adrenalin chlorid in physio- 
logical salt solution. 
eugaphen. Trade name of an English 
preparation used as an antiseptic cement 
for pulp-capping, lining sensitive cavities 
and root-canal filling, 
eugen'ic acid. Eugenol. 
eugenics (u-jen'iks). [G. eugenia, nobility 
of birth.] The science having to do with 
the influences that tend to improve the 
conditions as to conception, gestation and 
birth. 
eu'genol. Eugenic acid, an aromatic phenol, 
made from oil of cloves; it is used locally 
as an anesthetic and antiseptic, and in 
dental practice as a substitute for oil of 
cloves. 
Eugle'na. [G. eu, well; glene, eyeball.] A 
genus of infusorians known by the presence 
of a minute spot of differentiated ecto- 
• plasm sensitive to light, 
eulyp'tol. Trade name of an antiseptic 
mixture of carbolic acid, salicylic acid and 
eucalyptus oil. 
eure'ka. Trade name of an artificial plate- 
retainer used for the retention of both 
upper and lower dentures, 
eurodon'tia. [G. euros, caries; odous, tooth.] 
Caries of the teeth. 
eurodon'ticus. One whose teeth are affected 
with caries. 
eu'roform paste. A dental anodyne con- 
taining orthoform, petronal and europhen, 
mixed into a paste with white petrolatum, EURYGNATHIC 
144 
EXCREMENT 
used in packing in wounds in postoperative 
pain. 
eurygnathic (u-rig-n&th'ik). Possessing a 
wide or broad maxilla or mandible. 
eurygnathism (u-rig'na-thizm). [G. eurys, 
broad; gnathos, jaw.] Having a wide 
maxilla or mandible. 
eurygnathous (u-rig'na-thus). Eurygnathic. 
eutectic (u-tek'tik). [G. eu, well; tektos, 
capable of being melted.] Melting at a 
low temperature; designating mixtures of 
certain chemical compounds possessing 
a lower melting-point than any of their 
ingredients. 
euthy'mol. Trade name of a mixture of 
eucalyptus oil and thymol, used as an 
antiseptic. 
evac'uant. [L. evacuare, to empty.] Caus- 
ing an excretion, particularly of the 
bowels. That which causes or increases 
excretion from the bowels; a cathartic. 
evacuation. Removal of waste matter, 
particularly from the bowels; a discharge 
from the bowels. 
Evans’ root-drier. See drier. E.’s root- 
trimmers, set of three taper burs for trim- 
ming the crevices of roots and rounding 
off angular points of natural crowns, 
devised by Dr. George Evans. 
evaporation. [L. e-, out; vaporare, to emit 
vapor.] The conversion of a liquid to 
vapor form; loss of volume of a liquid by 
changing into vapor. 
Everett’s fluid wax impression-compound. 
Trade name of a preparation for rebasing 
ill-fitting dentures. 
evert'. [L. evert ere, to twist about.] To turn 
outward. 
evidement. [Fr.] Scraping or scooping out, 
as of diseased tissue from the socket of a 
tooth. 
evul'sion. [L. evellere, to pluck out.] The 
act of forcibly tearing away a part or a 
new growth, as a polypus. 
ex-. [L. and G., out of.] A prefix designating 
out of, from, away from. 
exacerbation (eks-as-er-ba'shun). [L. ex- 
acerbare, to exasperate.] A periodical 
increase in the severity of a disease or any 
of its symptoms. 
examination rec'ord. At the time of the 
examination of the teeth of a patient 
a record should be made of the service to 
be rendered. A number of systems, card 
records, etc., are in use for this purpose, 
usually containing a diagram of the teeth 
on which the notations are made. The 
records are filed in alphabetical order and 
kept for future reference, 
exanthe'ma, pi. exanthe'mata. [G.] A 
general disease, such as measles, which 
is accompanied by an eruption on the 
skin; an eruptive fever; exanthem, 
excavation. [L. excavare, to hollow out.] 
A cavity formed by hollowing out the 
center; a cavity caused by a pathological 
process or formed artificially; a natural 
cavity or recess; excavatio. 
ex'cavator. An instrument for cleaning out 
and shaping a carious cavity before 
filling, cervical margin trimmer, made in 
pairs, right and left; for mesial and distal 
cavities the cutting edge is ground in a 
bevel, for beveling the cavosurface angles 
of the cervical walls, cleoid, sharp-pointed 
blades resembling a claw, with cutting 
edges on two sides of the blade, discoid, 
with a blade of circular form, like a disc, 
with a cutting edge extending around the 
whole periphery, except where it joins 
the shank. enamel hatchet, made in 
pairs, right and left, having a chisel 
blade of hatchet form, due to the direction 
of the angles of the shank, hatchet, in 
form resembling that implement, hoe, 
in form resembling that implement, 
spoon, made in pairs, right and left, the 
cutting edge ground to a semi-circle and 
sharpened to a thin edge. Sets of these 
instruments are known as Black’s, Wood- 
bury-Crandall, H. W. Gillett, Darby-Perry, 
S. S. White selection, etc. 
excen'tric. [G. ex, from; kentron, center.] 
Efferent; away from the center; eccentric, 
excision (ek-sizh'un). [L. excidere, to cut 
out.] The cutting off or amputation of a 
portion of a limb, organ or part, 
excitability. The tendency or capability 
of quick response to a stimulus; sensitive- 
ness to irritation. 
exci'tant. [L. excitare, to arouse.] Stimu- 
lating. That which stimulates; a stimu- 
lant. 
excoriation (eks-ko-ri-a'shun). [L. ex, out; 
corium, skin.] Rubbing or stripping the 
superficial protective layer of the skin or 
mucous membrane; abrasion, 
excreation. [L. ex, out; screare, to hawk.] 
Spitting. 
ex'crement. [L. excernere, to separate, 
take away.] Waste matter or excretion 
ejected from the body; feces. EXCRESCENCE 
145 
EXTENSION FOR PREVENTION 
excrescence (eks-kres'ens). [L. excrescere, to 
grow forth.] Any unnatural outgrowth 
from a surface, particularly a pathological 
growth. 
excreta (eks-kre'ta). [L., neut. pi. of 
excretus, separated.] Excreted matter; 
ejected waste matter; feces, 
exfolia'tio. [L.] Exfoliation, e. area'ta 
lin'guae, geographical tongue, 
exfolia'tion. [L. ex, out; folia, leaves.] 
Ripping or scaling off in sheets or layers, 
noting particularly a form of desquamation, 
exhalation. [L. exhalare, to breathe out.] 
Exhaling; expiration; breathing out; the 
sending forth of vapor or gas; any emitted 
or exhaled gas or vapor; emanation, 
exhaustion (egz-as'chun). [L. exhaurire, 
to drink up, empty.] Inability to respond 
to stimuli; state of being exhausted, 
exhilarant (eg-zil'ar-ant). Mentally stimu- 
lating. 
exo-. [G. exo, outside.] A prefix denoting 
outward, outside. 
exodontia (eks-6-don'shi-a). [G. exo-, out- 
ward; odous, tooth.] A condition in which 
the teeth are projected or protruded for- 
ward. 
exodon'tia. [G. ex-, out; odous, tooth.] 
T ooth-extraction. 
exodon'tics. Exodontia. 
exodontie. [Fr.] Exodontia. 
exodontist (eks-5-don'tist). A specialist in 
extracting teeth. 
exodontol'ogy. The specialty of tooth- 
extraction. 
exodonto'sis. [G. exo-, outside; odous, 
tooth.] Exostosis. 
exognathion (eks-og-nath'i-on). [G. exo, 
outside; gnathos, jaw.] The maxilla, 
exclusive of the os incisivum or inter- 
maxillary or premaxillary bone, 
exolev'er. An instrument used as a lever 
for removing roots of teeth, 
exoskel'eton. [G. exo, outside; skeleton.] 
All parts such as the teeth, nails, hair, 
feathers, dermal plates, scales, etc., 
developed from the mesoderm or ectoderm 
in vertebrates. 
exosmose (eks'oz-mos). Osmosis from the 
interior outward, as from the inside of 
a blood-vessel. 
exostose cementaire. [Fr.] Exostosis of 
the cementum. 
exosto'sis. [G. ek, ex, out from; osteon, bone.] 
A bony tumor growing from the surface 
of a bone, dental e., bonelike or osseous 
enlargement of the root of a tooth; an 
osseous tumor developing from the root 
of a tooth. 
exosto'sis den'tium. Exostosis of the roots 
of teeth. 
expansion (of metals). The property in 
metals of increasing in length or bulk in 
direct proportion to the degree of heat 
to which they are subjected, 
expansion arch E. See orthodontia in the 
supplement. 
expec'torant. [L. ex, out; pectus, chest.] 
Something which increases secretion from 
the mucous membrane of the air-passages 
or enables its expulsion with ease, 
expectoration. Spitting; saliva, mucus and 
other matter expelled from the mouth or 
air-passages; sputum; mucous and other 
fluids secreted in the air-passages and 
expelled by coughing. 
expel'. [L. expellere.] To drive out; to 
exclude. 
expiration (ek-spi-ra'shun). [L. exspirare, 
to breathe out.] Breathing out; exhala- 
tion. 
exploration. [L. explorare, to explore.] 
Careful investigation; examination; a 
search for symptoms to help in diagnosis, 
explor'er. An instrument with very fine 
point, either with flexible shank or with 
shanks of various angles, for the examina- 
tion of teeth for cavities, 
expos'ure of the pulp. See pulp. 
express'. [L. expressus—exprimere, to press 
out.] To squeeze or press out. 
expui'tion. [G. ex, .out; spuere, to spit.] 
Spitting. 
expul'sive. [L. expulsus—expellere, to drive 
out.] Serving to expel, 
exsect'. [L. exsecare, to cut out.] To cut 
out a portion of a bone, organ or part; 
to excise. 
exsic'cant. [L. exsiccare, to dry out.] Hav- 
ing the quality of drying up or absorbing 
a discharge. A drying or dusting powder, 
extempora'neous. [L. ex, out; tempus, time.] 
Off-hand; unpremeditated; without prep- 
aration. 
exten'sion bridge. See bridge. 
exten'sion for prevention. The forming of 
cavity margins at points, or along lines, 
which are cleaned by the excursions of 
food in chewing, in order to prevent the 
recurrence of caries at the margins of 
fillings; extending proximal fillings, labi- 
ally, buccally or lingually. EXTERIOR 
146 
EYETOOTH 
exte'rior. [L., comp, of exterus, outside.] 
Outward; outside; outer. Outer part or 
surface. 
exter'nal. [L. externics.] Exterior, outside; 
of two structures, the one farther from 
the middle line. An exterior or outward 
part. 
extirpacion de la pulpa. [Sp.] Removal of 
the dental pulp. 
extirpar. [Sp.] To extirpate, e. la pulpa, to 
remove the pulp. 
extirpation (eks-ter-pa'shun). [L. exstirpare, 
to root out.] The act of removing an 
entire organ or part or pathological struc- 
ture, as the removal of the pulp of a 
tooth. 
extrabuc'cal. Outside of the mouth, 
extraction. [Sp.] Extraction, 
ex'tract. Extractum. 
extraction. [L. extrahere, to draw out.] 
The extracting or pulling out, as of a tooth, 
extractor. An instrument employed in 
pulling or drawing out any natural part 
of the body, as a tooth, or a foreign 
substance. 
extractor, nerve. See broach. 
extractum, gen. extrac'ti, pi. extrac'ta. 
[L. ex, out; trahere, to draw.] A prepara- 
tion made by evaporating aqueous or 
alcoholic solutions, condensing the soluble 
principles of drugs; extract; solid extract, 
extraneous (eks-tra'ne-us). [L. extraneus.] 
Foreign; external; outside of the organism 
and not a part of it. 
extrao'ral. Outside of the mouth, 
extrao'ral meth'od. In local anesthesia, the 
method of blocking the various nerve 
branches by the insertion of the needle 
through the skin from the exterior, 
indications for the e. m.: (1) in case the 
operation involves an extensive area; 
(2) in case considerable infection and 
pus are present within the oral cavity; 
(3) in case the tissues within the oral 
cavity are highly inflamed and swollen; 
(4) in case there is extensive trauma, 
laceration, gunshot or shell wound; 
(5) for the reduction of fracture, bandag- 
ing and splinting if accompanied by 
inflammation and infection; (6) for re- 
moval of necrosed bone; (7) in case the 
jaws can not be opened sufficiently wide 
to insert the needle by the intraoral 
method; (8) for the removal of tumors 
which involve an extensive area; (9) valu- 
able many times for operative dentistry, 
as the blocking of the anterior superior 
dental, superior labial, lateral nasal and 
inferior palpebral nerves at the infra- 
orbital foramen, and also for the posterior 
superior dental branch, etc. [Dr. Arthur 
E. Smith.] 
extrav'asate. [L. extra, out of; vas, vessel.] 
To exude from or ooze out of a vessel 
into the tissues (said of blood, serum or 
lymph). 
extrude' (extrud'ed, extrud'ing, extra! sion, 
extra’sive). [L. ex, out; trudere, to shove, 
push.] To force, press, push or shove 
out; said of malposed teeth which are in 
that position. See trusion. 
extrudoclusion. [Sp.] Extrusion, 
exude'. [L. ex, out; sudare, to sweat.] 
To ooze; to escape gradually through the 
tissues (said of a fluid or semisolid), 
exulcerans (eks-ul'ser-anz). [L. ex, out; 
ulcus, ulcer.] Ulcerating, 
exuviae (eks-6'vi-e). [L. exuere, to strip off.] 
The cast-off parts or waste of the body, 
as desquamated epidermis, 
exuvia'tion. The process of shedding the 
deciduous teeth. 
eye (I). [A.S. eage.] The organ of vision; 
ophthalmos; oculus. 
eyelet (I'let). A small hole or perforation, 
usually to receive a metal knob or button, 
as in orthodontic appliances, 
eyepiece (i'pes). The lens at the end of the 
microscope-tube nearest the eye; it magni- 
fies the image of the object made by the 
lens at the other end. 
eyetooth (I'toth). One of the upper cuspid 
teeth (the root was supposed to have some 
connection with the eye). F. 
147 
FAMES 
F 
F. Abbr. for Fahrenheit. Chemical symbol 
of fluorine, 
faccia. [It.] Face. 
F.A.C.D. Fellow American College of Den- 
tists. 
face. [L. facies.] Visible forepart of the 
head; outside appearance; front; surface; 
cast of features. 
face. The end of a plugger, round, square 
or parallelogram, flat or rounded, smooth 
or roughened (serrated), 
face buccale. [Fr.] Buccal surface, 
face distale. [Fr.] Distal surface, 
face externe. [Fr.] Labial or buccal surface, 
face interne. [Fr.] Lingual surface of upper 
and lower teeth. 
face jugale. [Fr.] Labial surface, 
face labiale. [Fr.] Labial surface, 
face linguale. [Fr.] Lingual surface of the 
lower teeth. 
face mesiale. [Fr.] Mesial surface, 
face palatine. [Fr.] Lingual surface of the 
upper teeth. 
face triturante. [Fr.] Occlusal surface, 
face'bow. A measuring device or caliper 
designed for registering the anteroposterior 
and the horizontal plane relationship of 
the alveolar ridges to the condyles when 
the latter are at rest in the glenoid fossae, 
as in normal closure; a device invented by 
Dr. Snow of Buffalo, used for determining 
the rotational relation of the denture, or 
of the denture space, to the condyle line, 
facet, facette (f&s'et, fa-set')- [Fr. facette, 
dim. of face.] A small abraded surface, 
as the worn spot on a tooth, due to the 
rubbing of the proximal surfaces of 
adjoining teeth; on the occlusal surfaces 
of the teeth, due to abrasion; a small 
flat surface made with a grinding-stone 
or polishing-disc; a small flat surface 
produced in the first stage of erosion; a 
small smooth spot on a bone or other 
hard structure. See contact. 
Facettenkrone. [Ger.] Open-faced crown, 
facial (fa-shal). Pertaining to the face, 
fa'cies. [L.] Face; visage; countenance; 
front; surface; appearance, f. anterior, 
the proximal or anterior contact surface 
of a molar or bicuspid, f. buccalis, the 
buccal surface of a bicuspid or molar, 
f. contactus, that surface of a tooth which 
touches its neighbor in the same row; it 
is called the mesial surface—f. medialis 
of cuspid (canine) or incisor, f. anterior 
of bicuspid (prem'olar) or molar—when it 
adjoins the preceding tooth in the row; the 
distal surface—f. lateralis of cuspid 
(canine) or incisor, f. posterior of bicuspid 
(premolar) or molar—when it adjoins 
the succeeding tooth. f. labialis, the 
labial or incisor surface of an incisor or 
cuspid (canine) tooth, f. lateralis, the 
distal or lateral surface of an incisor or 
cuspid (canine) tooth, looking toward 
the following tooth in the row. f. lin- 
gualis, the inner or lingual surface of a 
tooth, looking toward the tongue. f. 
masticatoria, the chewing, grinding or 
masticating surface of a tooth, f. medialis, 
the proximal surface of a cuspid or 
incisor tooth looking toward the preceding 
tooth in the row. f. ossea, the bones or 
skeleton of the face. 
faciolin'gual. Pertaining to the face and 
the tongue. 
fa'cioplasty. Plastic surgical operation 
involving some part of the face, 
facioplegia (fa-si-6-ple'ji-a). [L. facies, face; 
G. plege, stroke.] Palsy of the face; 
prosoplegia. 
factitious. [L. factitius—facere, to make.] 
Artificial; made in imitation of natural 
objects, as artificial teeth, 
factor (fak'tur). [L., causer, maker.] Con- 
tributing cause; one of the elements, 
circumstances or influences that contribute 
to produce a result, as a constitutional 
or local factor. 
Fahrenheit scale. [Gabriel Daniel Fahren- 
heit, who made the first mercury thermom- 
eter in 1720.] The markings on the 
F. thermometer, the freezing-point being 
32°, the boiling-point of water 212°; 
zero indicating the lowest temperature 
F. obtained by mixing ice and salt, 
faire se dents. [Fr.] To teethe, 
fal'cate, fal'ciform. [L. falx, sickle; forma, 
form.] Having the shape of a sickle; 
crescentic, crescent-shaped, 
falsches Gebiss. [Ger.] Artificial denture, 
false. Spurious, not natural, pseudo, arti- 
ficial, not real, adulterated, not pure. 
Incorrectly applied to artificial teeth, 
false occlu'sion. See malocclusion, and mal- 
position. 
fa'mes. [L.] Hunger, appetite, a craving 
for food. FANG 
148 
FELON 
fang. [A.S. fang, seizing.] Long, pointed 
tooth or tusk; claw or talon; hollow tooth 
through which a snake emits its poison; 
the root of a tooth, particularly one of 
the projections forming the roots of a 
molar. See teeth. 
fang'hole. The mark, or infundibulum, in an 
incisor tooth of the horse, 
far'ad. Unit of quantity in electrometry, 
being the quantity of electricity with 
which an electromotive force of one volt 
would flow through the resistance of 
one megohm (a million ohms) in one 
second. 
farina'ceous. [L., farina, meal, flour.] 
Consisting of, containing or yielding 
farina, meal or flour; starchy, 
fascia, pi. fasciae (fash'ya). [L., a filet or 
band.] A sheet of connective tissue 
covering, binding together or supporting 
internal parts of the body; also tissue of 
this character. 
fasciculus (fas-sik'ti-lus). [L., dim. of fascis, 
bundle.] A small bundle of nerve or muscle 
fibers; fascicle. 
fasciola (fas-se'o-la). [L., dim. of fascia, 
filet or band.] A small band of fibers, 
fassformiger Bohrer. [Ger.] Barrel-shaped 
bur. 
fastidio. Trade name of a gold-shell crown 
pin, the core being of nickel, heavily 
coated with gold. 
fat. [A.S. feet.] Plump; fleshy; corpulent; 
adipose; greasy; oily; rich. A greasy 
material composed of olein, stearin and 
palmitin in animal tissues and some plants, 
fat-soluble A. Vitamin which is essential in 
metabolism and growth, 
fat-splitting. Lipolytic; lipoclastic. 
fauces, pi.; gen. faucium (fa'sez). [L., the 
throat.) The narrow passage from the 
mouth to the pharynx, called also isthmus 
of the fauces, pillars of the f., two mucous 
folds, on either side of the fauces, inclosing 
the tonsil. 
Fauchard’s disease. [Pierre Fauchard, 
French dentist, d. 1761.] Pyorrhea 
alveolaris; alveolar periostitis; Riggs’ 
disease. See pyorrhea. F.’s porcelain, 
porcelain used in the manufacture of 
artificial teeth, replacing bone, ivory and 
human teeth and the teeth of lower ani- 
mals; said to be due to a suggestion of 
Reaumur, the French physicist, who was 
a contributor to the royal porcelain 
manufactory of Sevres, France. 
faucial (fa'shal). Pertaining to the fauces, 
fausses dents. [Fr.] Artificial teeth, 
fave'olus. [L., dim. of favus, honeycomb.] 
A slight depression or small pit. 
Fe. Symbol for iron (ferrum). 
feather rubber. Trade name of a very light 
weight rubber for dentures, 
featural sur'gery (fe'tur-al). Plastic surgery 
aiming at the correction of defects in the 
facial features. 
feature (fe'tur). Mark by which anything 
is recognized; cast or form of the face or 
any part of it. 
features (fe'turz). [Fr. failure—L. factura, 
from facio, make.] The human face, the 
cast or appearance of the human face, 
especially of the parts of it which give 
individuality. 
feb'ricant. Causing fever; febrific; febri- 
facient. 
feb'ricide. [L. febris, fever; ccedere, to kill.] 
Anything that stops a fever; antipyretic; 
febrifuge. 
febric'ula. [L., dim. of febris, fever.] A 
mild fever. 
febrifa'cient. Febricant; febrific. Anything 
which causes fever, 
febrif'ic. Febricant. 
febrifuge (feb'ri-fuj). [L. febris, fever, 
fugare, to put to flight.] Febricide. 
feb'rile (feb'ril or fe'bril). Feverish; pyretic; 
pertaining to fever. 
fe'ces, fae'ces. [L. fcex, dregs.] Matter dis- 
charged from the bowel during defecation; 
excrement. 
FeCl-2. Ferrous chlorid, or chlorid of iron. 
Fe2Cl6. Ferric chlorid; sesquichlorid, or 
perchlorid, of iron. 
fec'undate. [L., fecundare, to make fruitful.] 
To fertilize; to impregnate. 
Fede’s disease (Fa-de). Sublingual papil- 
loma in infants; Riga’s disease. 
Feder, elastische. [Ger.] Spring (metal), 
feel'ing. The sense of touch; consciousness 
of pain or pleasure, 
fel. [L.] Bile. 
feld'spar. A mineral composed of alumina, 
silica and potash, with traces of oxid of 
iron and lime. In mineral teeth, feldspar 
forms the largest proportion of the 
ingredients forming the body and gives 
it strength. 
Fellowship alloy. Trade name of a dental 
alloy for amalgam fillings, 
fel'on [Fr. ftlon, traitor.] Whitlow; panaris; 
paronychia. FELT 
149 
FIBER 
felt. Stuff made of matted fibers of wool, 
or wool and fur or hair, wrought into a 
compact substance by pressure with lees 
or size, without spinning or weaving. For 
dental uses, to carry abrasives in polishing 
fillings, crowns, bridges and dentures, 
it is made into various forms, such as 
cones, wheels, discs, etc. 
felt'work. A compact plexus of nerve-fibrils; 
fibrous network. 
female (fe'mal). Of the sex that produces 
young or fruit; noting the sexual cell 
which, after impregnation by union with 
the male cell, develops into a new or- 
ganism; in mechanics, designating a 
hollow part into which is inserted a 
corresponding, or male, part, 
female die, male die. See die. 
fem'oral. Crural; pertaining to the thigh, 
or femur. 
fe'mur, pi. fem'ora. [L., thigh.] The 
thigh; the long bone of the thigh, 
fenes'tra. [L., window.] An anatomical 
opening, sometimes closed by a mem- 
brane ; an opening left in a cast or dressing 
to permit access or inspection; the opening 
in one blade of a forceps. 
Fe2C>3. Ferric oxid; sesquioxid, or peroxid, 
of iron. 
Fe(OH)3. Hydrated oxid of iron. 
Fe(P-_>Oo)3. Hypophosphite of iron, 
fer. [Fr.] Iron. [maxilla. 
Fergusson’s operation. Removal of the 
ferment (fer'ment). [L. fermentum, leaven.] 
A substance which, while itself undergoing 
no change, causes the decomposition of 
organic matter far in excess of its own 
bulk; that which excites fermentation, 
as yeast, leaven; internal motion among 
the parts of a fluid, amylolytic f., a 
hydrolyzer of starch, forming sugar; 
diastatic ferment, fibrin f., a substance 
in the blood possessing the power to 
convert fibrinogen into fibrin, 
fermenta'tion. Chemical conversion of an 
organic substance, through ebullition or 
effervescence, into new compounds in 
presence of a ferment. Fermentation is 
designated, according to the product, as 
acetous, alcoholic, butyric, lactic, vinous, 
etc. 
fermen'tum. [L.] Leaven; yeast, 
ferri. [L.] Gen. of ferrum, iron, 
ferro. [It.] Iron. 
ferrocyanid (fer-o-si'an-id). A salt of hydro- 
ferrocyanic acid. 
ferrother'apy. [L. ferrum, iron; G. therapeia, 
treatment.] The medicinal use of remedies 
containing iron. 
fer'rous. Pertaining to or containing iron; 
ferruginous. 
ferruginous (fer-ro'jin-us). Containing, or 
relating to, iron; chalybeate, 
ferrule (fer'ol). [L. viriola, little bracelet.] 
A metal band or cap encircling or covering 
the root or crown of a tooth, 
fer'rum. [L.] Iron. ferri chloridum, 
the sesquichlorid or perchlorid of iron, 
muriate of iron, ferric chlorid, chlorid of 
iron; astringent and styptic; used in 
hemorrhage. f. dialysatum, dialyzed 
iron, styptic, astringent. See iron. 
fertile (fer'til). [L. fertilis—ferre, to bear.] 
Capable of conceiving and bearing off- 
spring; fruitful; impregnated; fertilized, 
fester. [L. fistula, ulcer.] An ulcer. To 
ulcerate. 
festoon'. [L. festum, feast.] The curvature 
of the gums around the necks of the 
natural teeth, and also the reproduction 
in artificial dentures; the swollen gum 
tissue in the interproximal spaces, opening 
out in the embrasures labially, buccally 
and lingually, more often toward the 
labial and buccal than the lingual; 
sculptured ornament, as of a hanging 
wreath, with the point projecting upward 
and the central portion forming more or 
less of a semicircle, 
fe'tal. Pertaining to a fetus, 
fet'id. [L. foetidus, putrid.] Having a bad 
odor; foul-smelling. 
fe'tor. [L. faetere, to stink.] Offensive odor, 
f. ex ore, f. oris [L., from the mouth], 
halitosis, offensive breath, 
fe'tus. [L., offspring.] The unborn young 
in the egg or in the womb, 
fe'ver. [A.S. fefer.] Disease marked by 
quickening of pulse and a bodily heat 
exceeding 98.6° Fahrenheit; pyrexia; 
febris. aphthous f., foot-and-mouth dis- 
ease. intermittent f., a malarial fever in 
which there is complete absence of symp- 
toms between paroxysms, 
fever-blister. Herpes labialis; herpes sim- 
plex. 
fever-tree. Eucalyptus. 
fi'at, pi. fi'ant. [L.] Let there be made; 
a term used in prescription-writing, 
fiber (fi'ber). [L. fihra.] A thread-like 
substance or filament; a tenuous, elongated 
cell or cell-process; a filamentous element. FIBER 
150 
FILE 
dental fibers, dentinal fibers, the processes 
from the layer of cells on the periphery 
of the pulp, the odontoblastic layer; 
they extend into the dentinal canals, 
enamel fibers, the prismata adamantina, 
enamel rods, enamel prisms, enamel 
columns, hexagonal in shape; they form 
the enamel, and extend from the outer 
surface of the dentin to the periphery of 
the enamel. 
fiber, devitalizing. See devitalizing fiber. 
fi'bers, alve'olar crest. Fibers extending 
from the alveolar crest to the enamel- 
cemental junction. [APP.] 
fi'bers of the gin'givae and periodon'tal mem'- 
brane. Several groups of fibers noted 
in these tissues, alveolar crest group of f., 
pass out into the body of the gingivae 
and are attached to the crest of the bony 
alveolar process, apical group of f., are 
attached about the apical portion of the 
root and extend in fan-shaped bundles to 
the surrounding alveolar process. free 
gingivae group of f., pass out from the 
cementum near the gingival line of the 
tooth and extend occlusally into the free 
gingivae, horizontal group of f., pass out 
at right angles to the long axis of the tooth 
and are attached to the bone of the 
alveolar process slightly below the crest, 
oblique group of f., pass from the cementum 
in an oblique direction occlusally and are 
attached to the bone of the alveolar 
process; they constitute the body of the 
periodontal membrane, that is, the fibers 
which cover the main body of the root of 
the tooth, transeptal group of f., pass 
across the interproximal space, connecting 
the proximal surfaces of the roots, being 
attached to the roots between the gingival 
line and the level of the crest of the bony 
alveolar septum. 
fibers of Tomes. The dentinal fibrillae; 
processes of the odontoblastic cells of the 
pulp which extend into the tubules of the 
dentin. 
fibras de Tomes. [Sp.] Tomes’ fibers, 
fibreuse. [Fr.] Fibrous, 
fibril (fl'bril). [L. fibrilla.] A small fiber, 
fibrillar (fib-ril'lar) or fi'brillary (f i'bril-la-ri). 
Pertaining to a fibril or fibrils, 
fibrin (fl'brin). [L. fibra, fiber.] The active 
agent in coagulation of the blood; an 
elastic, thread-like protein, 
fibrina'tion. The formation of fibrin; the 
capability of forming fibrin. 
fibrin'ogen. [fibrin; G. gennad, I produce.] 
A globulin of the blood-plasma which, 
by the action of fibrin-ferment in the pres- 
ence of a salt of calcium, is converted into 
fibrin, producing coagulation of the blood, 
fibrocarcino'ma. Carcinoma with a large 
amount of fibrous tissue, 
fibrocar'tilage. A kind of cartilage in the 
basic substance of which bundles of fibers 
interlace in all directions, 
fibrocel'lular. Both cellular and fibrous, 
fibroid (fi'broid). [L. fibra, fiber; G. eidos, 
resemblance.] Fibrous; resembling or 
composed of fibers or fibrous tissue. 
Fibromyoma; fibroma, f. tumor, fibroma, 
fibrolipo'ma. Fibroma and lipoma; a fibrous 
and fatty tumor. 
fibro'ma. [L. fibra, fiber; G. -oma, tumor.] 
A fibrous tumor; inoma. f. sarcomato'- 
sum, fibrosarcoma. 
fibro-osteo'ma. Osteoinoma; osteofibroma, 
fibroplas'tic. Fibrinoplastic; producing fi- 
brous tissue. 
fibropol'ypus. A polypus made up chiefly 
of fibrous tissue. 
fibropu'rulent. Full of pus containing 
fibrin flakes. 
fibroretic'ulate. Consisting of, or pertaining 
to, a fibrous network. 
fibrosarco'ma. A mixed sarcoma and 
fibroma; fibroma sarcomatosum, 
fibrosis (fi-br5'sis). Formation of fibrous 
tissue caused by disease, 
fib'ula. [L., a brooch.] Outer and smaller 
bone of the leg; calf-bone; peroneal bone. 
F.I.D. Federation Internationale Dentaire 
(International Dental Federation), 
fifth nerve. Nervus trigeminus, 
fila (fi'la). PI. of filum. 
fila'ceous. [L. filum, thread.] Thread-like; 
filamentous. 
fil'ament. [L. filum, thread.] A fiber or 
thread-like structure; fibril, 
filamen'tous. Thread-like; fibrillar; filar; 
composed of fibers, 
fi'lar. Filamentous. 
Fila'ria. [L. filum, thread.] A genus of 
Nematoda existing parasitically in the 
connective tissue under the skin and in 
the serous cavities. F. labia'lis, very rare, 
one specimen said to have been found in 
a pustule of the lip. 
file (fil). A hardened steel instrument 
having cutting ridges or teeth upon its 
surface made by rows of straight chisel 
cuts running diagonally across it, used in FILIFORM 
151 
FISSURA 
cutting down any substance, as in polishing 
down surplus material from fillings, filing 
off excess from metal or plastic-material 
dentures, etc. Various shapes are used 
in dentistry, principally: flat, with cutting 
surfaces on both sides, or safe-sided, with 
cutting surface on one side only; half- 
round; round; rat-tail, etc. dental f., 
any file used about the teeth, f.-carrier, 
an instrument for holding small files 
when used about the teeth, finishing f., 
small, slender, thin, smooth-cut file for 
finishing fillings, fishbelly f., one having 
the form of the belly of a fish, laboratory 
f., files of varying fineness used in the 
laboratory, plate f., of various shapes, 
fine-cut for plate-work. separating f., 
cut on both sides, or one side only (safe- 
sided), used in cutting down the proximal 
surfaces of the teeth, vulcanite f., usually 
half-round, single or double-ended, one 
end being coarser than the other, round 
or rat-tail; a file with coarse cutting 
ridges used in filing down vulcanite. 
fil'iform. [L. filum, thread; forma, form.] 
Thread-like; hair-like; filamentous. 
fil'ing-block. A device attached to the work- 
bench on which articles are filed, prevent- 
ing injury to the bench when the file 
slips or when it is necessary to file some- 
thing down to a fine point or edge. 
fil'ings. A form in which alloys for amalgams 
are prepared, the small particles being 
the result of filing into small pieces the 
large ingot; as differing from shavings, 
which are thin, large, flat pieces of the 
alloy. 
fill'ing. Odontoplerosis; the act of intro- 
ducing into the cavity of a tooth some 
substance which will prevent further 
caries; any substance used for stopping a 
cavity in a tooth, such as amalgam, 
gold, cement, guttapercha, etc. combina- 
tion f., one consisting of two or more 
materials, a composite filling, compound 
f., one which is inserted in a compound 
cavity, that is, a cavity which includes 
more than one surface of a tooth, non- 
leaking f., one so well adapted to the 
walls of the cavity that the margin between 
the filling material and the tooth is 
impervious to moisture, permanent f., 
one which it is not designed to remove or 
replace. temporary f., one which is 
inserted for a brief period only, to inclose 
some medicament or to await the improve- 
ment of a tooth under treatment or for 
any other reason why a permanent filling 
is not desired at the time; a provisional 
filling. 
film. [A.S. fell, skin.] Thin skin or mem- 
brane; any thin, slight layer or covering; 
coating on a plate prepared to act as a 
medium for taking a photograph; flexible 
membrane, usually celluloid, serving as 
a medium for receiving a photographic 
impression. 
film-holder. An instrument used in radio- 
dontia to hold the film in position while the 
parts are radiographed, 
film-mount. A card in which radiographic 
films are placed for viewing, 
fil'ter. [L. filtrare, to strain through 
filtrum, felt.] To strain a liquid through 
a porous substance such as cloth, paper, 
etc., which arrests all mechanically sus- 
pended matter. Strainer; material used 
for filtering; a substance, usually aluminum 
or copper, used to absorb the less pene- 
trating x-rays. 
filtra'tion. Act or process of filtering, 
f. of x-rays, placing in the path of the 
rays some medium, such as aluminum or 
felt, in order to absorb some of the softer 
radiation. 
Filzscheibe. [Ger.] Felt disc, 
fimbria, pi. fimbriae (fim'bri-a). [L. fimbria, 
fringe.] A fringe-like structure, 
fim'briate, fim'briated. Fringed, 
finger (fing'ger). One of the five extreme 
parts of the hand; digit, 
finger-positions. The position of the 
fingers in performing dental operations, 
finger-power. See grasp. 
Finierer. [Ger.] Finisher (of a plate, 
crown). 
finishers. See vulcanite. 
fission (fish'un). [L. fissio—findere, to 
cleave.] Division of a cell or its nucleus, 
fissu'ra. [L. findere, to cleave.] A fissure, 
crack or cleft, not to be confused, in the 
application to the teeth, with groove or 
sulcus; a defect caused by the failure of 
complete fusion of the enamel, at the 
junction of any two plates which have 
developed from distinct centers of ossifica- 
tion. glenoid f., a fissure in the deepest 
part of the glenoid cavity of the temporal 
bone. f. of the palate, a fissure of the 
palate, hard or soft, or both; cleft palate, 
f. of the lip, harelip, cleftlip, labial recess. 
See fissure. FISSURE 
152 
FLEXION 
fissure (fish'or). [L. fissura.] A cleft, crack 
or fault in the enamel of a tooth; a groove 
in the enamel which sinks abruptly into 
the substance of the tooth in the form of 
a fault. 
Fissurenbohrer. [Ger.] Fissure-bur. 
fissures de l’email. [Fr.] Enamel fissures, 
fis'sus. [L.] A cleft. Cloven, divided, not 
united. 
Fistel. [Ger.] Fistula. 
Fisteloffnung. [Ger.] Fistulous opening, 
fis'tula. [L., a tube.] An abnormal or 
pathological passage from a hollow 
organ, cavity or abscess to the surface, 
or from one organ or cavity to another, 
dental f., one leading out from an alveolar 
abscess, f. gingivalis, a dental fistula, 
salivary f., a fistula opening on the cheek 
from the duct of the parotid gland, 
f. submentis, a fistula opening under the 
chin from the submaxillary or sublingual 
glands. 
fistula. [Sp.] Fistula, 
fistule dentaire. [Fr.] Dental fistula, 
fis'tulous. Pertaining to or containing a 
fistula. 
fit. [A.S. fitt.] Sudden attack by convul- 
sions, as apoplexy; paroxysm; temporary 
attack, as coughing, laughter, etc. 
fixa'tion. [L. fixus—figere, to fasten.] The 
act of making firm or fixing; the state of 
being firmly set or attached, 
fix'ator. Amboceptor. 
fixed. [L. figere, to fasten.] Permanently 
attached, as a fixed bridge, 
fixed point of resist'ance. In using ortho- 
dontic appliances, one or more teeth 
against which the pressure is exerted in 
moving malposed teeth. » 
fixed saddle bridge. See bridge. 
fix'i den'tes. [L.] The second, permanent, 
or fixed, dentition. 
flaccid (flak'sid). [L. flaccidus.] Flahby; 
easily yielding to pressure; soft and weak; 
without bone, 
flach. [Ger.] Flat. 
Flache. [Ger.] Surface, plane. 
Flagg’s cement. Trade name of an oxy- 
chlorid cement for fillings. 
Flagg’s contour alloy. Trade name of an 
alloy for amalgam fillings requiring the 
building out of the contour. F.’s sub- 
marine alloy, trade name of an alloy 
for amalgam fillings which may be 
inserted in cavities which can not be kept 
dry. 
Flamme. [Ger.] Flame. 
Flammenbohrer. [Ger.] Flame-shaped bur. 
flange (flanj). A part that spreads out like 
a rim; an external or internal rim, or rib, 
. for strength, or for a guide or attachment 
to another object; as the flange of an 
orthodontic appliance, the flange of a 
saddle in a bridge or denture, the flange 
of an impression tray. 
Flasche. [Ger.] Flask; bottle, 
flask (flask). A brass or iron frame or box 
which holds the plaster of Paris in which 
teeth and rubber or celluloid are imbedded 
for vulcanizing or pressing. It usually 
consists of two parts, the upper, top or 
cope, and the lower, bottom or drag, 
f. clamp, a clamp or press for closing the 
flask after a case has been packed with 
vulcanite or celluloid. molding f., a 
bronze, brass or iron case, consisting of 
two parts, in which the models, teeth and 
vulcanite or celluloid are inclosed for the 
purpose of vulcanizing or steaming, 
f. press, a screw clamp for closing a flask 
after the case has been packed, 
flask'ing. The process of investing a denture 
in a flask preparatory to vulcanizing it. 
flat'ulence. [L., flatus, a blowing.] Dis- 
tention of the stomach or bowels by gases 
formed during digestion, 
fla'tus. [L., a blowing.] Gas in the bowels 
or stomach; expired air. 
flave'do. [L. flavus, yellow.] Sallowness or 
yellowness of the skin; jaundice, 
flavescens (fla-ves'senz). [L.] Yellowish; 
sallow; becoming yellow, 
fla'vor. Quality which affects the palate 
or the smell. 
flegmon. [Sp.] Phlegmon, 
flesh. [A.S. flcBsc.] Soft substance or 
muscular tissue covering the bones of 
animals; animal food, meat; stoutness, 
adiposity. proud f., overgrowth of 
granulations from a wound or ulcer. 
Fletcher’s carbolized resin. Trade name of 
an effective substitute for creosote. 
Fletcherism. [Horace Fletcher, American 
author, 1849-1919.] The practice of thor- 
ough mastication of the food and absten- 
tion from food until forced by hunger, 
flet'cherize. To practice Fletcherism. 
flexible. [L., flexibilis—flecto, bend.] Easily 
bent; pliant; pliable. 
flexion (flek'shun). Displacement of a 
formative organ causing the malposition 
of a developed tooth; bending; flection. FLEXO 
153 
FOLIUM 
flexo. Trade name of a line of flexible files 
for separating teeth, filing down fillings, 
etc. 
fliessen. [Ger.] To flow. 
Fliesspapier. [Ger.] Absorbent paper, 
floating condyle, theory of the. See coiulyle. 
flores (fld'rez). [L., pi. of flos.] Flowers, 
crystalline chemical bodies, f. sulphuris, 
sublimated sulphur, f. zinci, oxid of zinc, 
flossy. Trade name of a contrivance to 
hold floss silk for cleansing the proximal 
surfaces of the teeth and to prevent the 
floss from injuring the gums, 
flow. The moment when solder has become 
melted and begins to flow over the surface 
of the metal on which it is used. f. of 
amalgam, that property of metals and 
alloys which causes them to move, spread 
or crawl under pressure, noting amalgams 
with a high content of tin, which unfits 
them as suitable fillings under the pressure 
of mastication. 
Flower’s dental index. See index, dental. 
flowers. See flores. [guttapercha, 
flu'avil. A hydrocarbon constituent of 
flu'id. [L. fluidus—fluere, to flow.] Capable 
of flowing. A fluid substance. Fluids of 
the mouth: saliva, from the parotid, 
submaxillary and sublingual glands; mu- 
cous secretion from the mucous glands, 
fluidextrac'tum. [L .fluidus, fluid; extractum, 
extract.] Fluidextract; a concentrated 
solution in alcohol of the vegetable prin- 
ciples of a drug, 1 c.c. of fluidextract 
representing 1 gm. of the crude drug, 
flu'idounce. A measure of capacity equal 
to 8 fluidrams. 
flu'idrachm, fluidram. One-eighth of a 
fluidounce; a teaspoonful. 
flu'idum. [L.] A fluid, 
fluorescence (flo-or-es'ens). [From fluor- 
spar.] Quality of some substances of 
assuming a peculiar luminous appearance 
when exposed to sunlight or the x-rays; 
the greenish yellow color on the surface 
of an excited x-ray tube, 
flu'orid. A compound of fluorin and another 
element. 
fluorin (flo'or-in). Symbol F, atomic weight 
19. A gaseous chemical element, colorless, 
pungent and corrosive, allied to chlorin 
and obtained chiefly from fluor. 
fluor'oscope. An appliance for viewing the 
direct image produced by the passage of 
x-rays through an object; a fluorescent 
screen for x-ray examinations. 
flush. Temporary redness of the skin; 
blush. To wash out a cavity or a wound 
by flooding. 
fliissig. [Ger.] Liquid. 
flutter (flut'ter). Excitement; agitation; 
tremulousness; rapid, irregular vibration, 
flux (fluks), pi. fluxes. [L. fluxus, p.p. of 
fluo, flow.] A highly fusible substance, 
such as borax, which upon being fused 
takes up the oxygen produced by heat 
and thus clears the surfaces of metals, 
permitting a more ready union, as in 
soldering or fusing; a substance that 
promotes the fusion of metals or minerals. 
The following substances are used as 
flux: borax, sodium carbonate, sodium 
chlorid, potassium carbonate, potassium 
nitrate, lime, silica, alumina; plumbic, 
cupric and ferric oxids. black f., a mixture 
of potassium carbonate and pulverized 
charcoal. 
fo'cal. Pertaining to a focus or common cen- 
ter. f. infection, one confined to a distinct 
center or location, such as the tooth- 
sockets, the tonsils, etc., from which, how- 
ever, toxins may escape to the general 
system. 
fo'cal spot. In radiology, the area of the 
target upon which the cathode stream is 
focused. 
fo'cus, pi. fo'ci. [L., hearth.] In radiology, 
point at which the rays of light meet after 
reflection and refraction; central point, 
fog. [Hung.] Tooth, 
fogorvos. [Hung.] Dentist, 
foil. A thin plate of metal, or leaf, gold f., 
gold beaten into various thicknesses for 
fillings, platinum f., platinum beaten into 
thin sheets and electroplated with pure 
gold for fillings, tin f., chemically pure 
tin, beaten into thin sheets, leaves or foil, 
for fillings and for lining the contact sur- 
faces of dentures, f.-carrier, tweezers for 
carrying various foils in filling cavities, 
f.-crimper, an instrument for folding vari- 
ous foils preparatory to use for filling, 
f.-plugger, tweezers with serrated points, 
for carrying foils into a cavity and par- 
tially condensing them, 
fold (f5ld). A ridge; margin seemingly 
formed by the doubling back of a lamina; 
plica. 
fo'lia. PI. of folium. 
foliatum, aurum. See gold leaf. 
fo'lium. [L., a leaf.] A thin, broad leaf-like 
structure, f. ver'mis, the posterior sub- FOLLICLE 
154 
FORCEPS 
division of the superior vermis of the cere- 
bellum; f. cacuminis. 
follicle (fol'i-kl). [L. folliculus, dim. of follis, 
windbag.] A small nearly or entirely 
closed cavity or gland; a minute lacuna or 
cul-de-sac, such as those in the skin from 
which the hair emerges; a minute mass of 
lymphoid cells in the mucous membrane, 
dental f., the sac containing the embryonic 
tooth. 
follicule dentaire. [Fr.] The dental follicle, 
folliculus dentis. Dental follicle, 
fomentation. [L. fomentum, a warm appli- 
cation.] Poultice; stupe; the application 
of moisture and warmth; poulticing, 
fongueuse. [Fr.] Fungous, 
fontanel, fontanelle (fon-tan-el'). [Fr., dim. 
of fontaine, fountain, spring.] One of the 
intervals closed by membranes at the 
angles of the cranial bones of infants, 
food (fod). [A. S. foda.] Nourishment; that 
which, being digested, nourishes the body; 
whatever promotes growth, 
foot (fot). Part of the body on which man 
or other vertebrate stands or walks; a unit 
of length, 12 inches, 30.48 cm. 
foot-pound. The force or energy required to 
raise a weight of one pound to the height 
of one foot. 
foramen (f5-ra/men), pi. foram'ina. [L., an 
opening.] A hole, an opening, aperture or 
perforation in a bone or a membranous 
structure, apical f., the aperture at the 
apex of the root of a tooth giving passage 
to the nerve and blood-vessels. f. 
alveolare, one of the foramina alveolaria. 
foramina alveolaria, alveolar foramina, 
openings of the posterior dental canals on 
the posteroexternal surface of the body 
of the maxilla, f. cecum, the opening of 
the ductus lingualis at the apex of the 
sulcus terminalis on the dorsum of the 
tongue, f. ethmoidale, one of the two 
(anterior and posterior) ethmoidal foram- 
ina. f. frontale, the incisura frontalis, 
or supraorbital notch, when it is bridged 
over to form a canal; frontal foramen, f. 
incisivum, foramen of Stensen, incisive or 
incisor foramen, a Y-shaped canal at the 
anterior part of the intermaxillary suture. 
There is one opening below and just be- 
hind the central incisor teeth, and two 
above, one on either side of the incisor 
crest; the upper arms contain the remains 
of Jacobson’s organs, f. mandibulare, in- 
ferior dental or mandibular foramen; it is 
the opening on the inner surface of the 
ramus of the mandible, the entrance to 
the inferior dental canal, f. mentale, the 
mental foramen, an opening in the inferior 
dental canal, external to and above the 
mental tubercle, on the body of the man- 
dible. foramina palatina minora, the 
smaller palatine foramina, the external 
accessory palatine canals; they pass verti- 
cally through the tuberosity of the palate 
bone and give passage to the smaller 
palatine nerves and blood-vessels. f. 
palatinum majus, opens near the postero- 
external angle of the palate bone of the 
pterygopalatine canal, f. palatinum minus, 
one of the foramina palatina minora, f. 
palatinum posterius, the opening at the 
posterior angle of the hard palate on either 
side for the transmission of the great de- 
scending palatine nerve and the posterior 
palatine vessels, f. rotundum, the opening 
in the great wing of the sphenoid bone, 
through which the maxillary nerve passes, 
f. sphenopalatinum, the foramen palatinum 
majus; the foramen formed from the 
sphenopalatine incisure of the palate bone 
• when closed in by articulation with the 
under surface of the sphenoid bone, 
foramen apical. [Sp.] Apical foramen; the 
aperture at the apex of the root, 
force (fbrs). [L. fortis, strong.] Strength; 
power; energy; that which produces or 
tends to produce change in a body’s state 
of rest or motion, constant f., one which 
is exerted uniformly or invariably, as by 
a spring, intermittent f., one which is 
alternating or periodic, as one regulated by 
a nut on a threaded flexible wire, which 
ceases to act when the wire has reached the 
limit set by the nut. supplemental f., one 
which serves to supplement a main force, 
vacillating f., one which fluctuates and 
alternately is exerted in one direction and 
then in another, 
forcepi. [It.] Forceps, 
forceps. [Sp.] Forceps, 
forceps (far'seps). [L. formus, hot, and 
capio, take.] A pair of pincers or tongs or 
pliers for holding firmly, or grasping, or 
exerting traction upon bodies which it 
would be difficult to seize with the fingers, 
clamp f., see clamp, clasp-f., for bending 
clasp?, dental f., for extracting teeth, 
dressing f., used in dressing wounds, re- 
moving small foreign bodies, fragments of 
mortified tissue, etc. duckbill f., shaped in FORCHHEIMER’S SIGN 
155 
FOVEA 
the form of the bill of a duck, usually for 
the extraction of incisors, cuspids, bicus- 
pids, and the roots of all teeth, excising 
f., for clipping off broken parts of the crown 
of a tooth, extracting f., designed for the 
extraction of teeth or roots; they are desig- 
nated by name according to the teeth 
for which they are used, or for roots, as a 
root-forceps, and for the bicuspids and 
molars they are made for the right and 
left side, plate-f., for bending plates dur- 
ing the process of swaging, punching f., 
for punching holes in backings for the 
pins of the teeth. 
Forchheimer’s sign. A reddish maculopapu- 
lar eruption on the soft palate, noted in 
German measles. 
for'cipate. [L. forceps, tongs.] Shaped like a 
forceps. 
Fordyce’s disease. A disease characterized 
by the presence of a number of small, 
yellowish granules or bodies on the vermil- 
ion border and inner surface of the lips, 
probably caused by hypertrophy of the 
sebaceous glands; pseudocolloid of the lips. 
fore'arm. Antibrachium; cubitus; that part 
of the upper limb between the wrist and 
the elbow. 
forehead (for'ed). Fore part of the face be- 
tween the hairy scalp and the eyebrows; 
brow; frons; metopon. 
foren'sic. [L. forensis, relating to the forum 
or court.] Belonging to courts of judica- 
ture or to public discussion and debate, 
f. dentistry, legal dentistry, dental juris- 
prudence, dental science in its relation to 
the law. 
forg'ing. The process of hammering metals 
into various shapes. 
Form. [Ger.] Shape; form. 
formaldehyde (far-mal'de-hid). A powerful 
disinfectant and antiseptic; formic alde- 
hyde; methyl aldehyde, solution of f., 
formalin. 
form'alin. A 37 percent solution of formalde- 
hyde; liquor formaldehydi. 
for'mative. Giving form; having the power 
to give form; pertaining to the process of 
development. 
Formel. [Ger.] Formula. 
formen. [Ger.] To form; to mold. 
formocresol. Trade name of a specific for 
putrescent pulps; antiseptic and germi- 
cidal. 
formoxid. Trade name of a preparation con- 
sisting of a powder and a liquid containing 
zinc oxid and formaldehyde, for treating 
abscesses. 
Formsand. [Ger.] Molding-sand. 
for'mula. [L., dim. of forma, a form.] Es- 
tablished rule; conventional method; set 
form; prescription; symbolic expression of 
the constituents of a substance, dental f., 
the symbolic representation of the ar- 
rangement of the teeth. 
for'myl teri'odid. Iodoform. 
for'nicate. Arched. 
for'nicolumn. Anterior pillar of the cerebral 
fornix. 
fornicommissure (far-ni-kom'is-sur). The 
body or commissure of the cerebral fornix. 
for'nix. An arch or vault, as of the roof of 
the mouth. 
Fortsatz. [Ger.] Process (alveolar). 
fos'sa. [L., a ditch or trench.] The con- 
cavity on the lingual surface of the in- 
cisors and cuspids (canines); a depression 
on the occlusal surfaces of the bicuspids 
(premolars) and molars; any depression, 
generally longitudinal and below the sur- 
rounding surface, f. canina, the canine 
fossa, consisting of a depression on the 
anterior surface of the maxilla, below the 
infraorbital foramen, f. incisiva, a de- 
pression above the incisor teeth, f. in- 
fratemporalis, the zygomatic or infratem- 
poral fossa, f. mandibularis, the glenoid 
or mandibular fossa, into which fits the 
condyle of the mandible, thus form- 
ing the temporomandibular (temporo- 
maxillary) articulation or joint. f. 
mentalis, a depression on each side of 
the symphysis of the mandible, f. pterygo- 
palatina, a small depression anterior to the 
sphenoid and posterior to the maxilla, 
f. retromandibularis, a slight depression 
on the posterior border of the ramus of 
the mandible, f. sublingualis, see fovea 
sublingualis, i. submaxillaris, see fovea 
submaxillaris. 
fossette (fos-set'). [Fr., dim. of fosse, ditch.] 
A small fossa. 
fos'sula. [L., dim. of fossa, ditch.] A small 
fossa; fossette. 
Fothergill’s disease. Tic douloureux; neu- 
ralgia of the face; Fothergill’s neuralgia. 
fo'vea. [L., a pit.] A cup-shaped depression 
or pit. f. pterygoid'ea, pterygoid pit, a 
depresssion on the inner surface of the neck 
of the condyloid process of the mandible; 
it gives attachment to the external ptery- 
goid muscle, f. sublingualis, a shallow FOWLER’S SOLUTION 
156 
FRIT 
depression on either side of the mental 
spine, on the inner surface of the mandi- 
ble, the location of the sublingual gland; 
sublingual pit. f. submaxillaris, the sub- 
maxillary fossa, or pit, a depression below 
the mylohyoid ridge, on the inner surface 
of the mandible, the location of the sub- 
maxillary gland. 
Fowler’s solution. Liquor potassii arsenitis. 
fractional. [L. fractus—frangere, to break.] 
Pertaining to a fraction; relatively small; 
inconsiderable; done a part at a time, 
fractu'ra den'tis. [L.] Fracture of a tooth, 
fracture. [L. fractura, a break.] A break, 
particularly of a bone or cartilage. To 
break, comminuted f., the breaking of a 
bone into a number of small pieces, com- 
posite f., the simultaneous f. of several 
bones at the same time or of different parts 
of the same bone, compound f., where an 
open wound of the soft parts leads down 
to the seat of fracture, double f., the 
simultaneous f. of two bones or two parts 
of the same bone, incomplete f., where 
the line of breakage does not include the 
entire bone. multiple f., composite f. 
simple f., not compound, uncomplicated, 
splintered f., where a bone is broken into a 
number of pieces and these pieces are long 
and pointed, ununited f., one where union 
fails, a false joint resulting because of the 
ends becoming rounded, 
fraenulum, fraenum. See frenulum, frenum. 
fragile (fraj'il). [L. fragilis—frangere, to 
break.] Easily broken; brittle; frail; deli- 
cate. 
frambe'sia, frambce'sia. [Fr. framboise, 
raspberry.] Yaws, a contagious skin 
disease. 
frame (fram). A kind of open case or struc- 
ture on which anything is stretched or 
by which it is held, or upon which some- 
thing can be laid, heating-f., a net of 
wire on which an invested crown or den- 
ture may be slowly heated; a wire frame, 
occluding f., articulator, saw-f., a struc- 
ture in which a saw is stretched, adjust- 
able saw-f., one in which saws of varying 
lengths may be used. There are many 
kinds of sawframes, such as Black’s, 
Clapp’s, Kaber’s, Wilson’s, etc. 
frasen. [Ger.] To cut; to plane, 
frattura. [It.] Fracture. 
Fredericq’s sign. A red line on the gums 
indicating pulmonary affection and par- 
ticularly tuberculosis. 
free saddle. See partial denture service in 
supplement. 
freiliegend. [Ger.] Denuded, 
frein lingual. [Fr.] Frenum of the tongue. 
Fremdkorper. [Ger.] Foreign body, 
fre'nal. Pertaining to the frenum. 
fren'ate. Having the form of a frenum or 
frenulum. 
frenotomy (fren-ot'o-mi). [L. frcenum, fre- 
num; G. tome, a cutting.] Division of a 
frenum, particularly of the frenum of the 
tongue to relieve tonguetie. 
fren'ula. See frenulum. 
fren'ular. Pertaining to the frenulum, 
fren'ulum, pi. fren'ula. [L., dim. of frcenum, 
a bridle.] A small frenum. f. buccinator 
inferioris, a fold of the mucous membrane 
including fibers of the buccinator muscle 
connecting with the gums below the second 
lower bicuspids, f. buccinator superioris, 
a fold of the mucous membrane including 
fibers of the buccinator muscle connecting 
with the gums above the second molars, 
f. labii inferioris, f. labii superioris, folds 
of the mucous membrane extending from 
the gums., above and below, to the upper 
and lower lips. f. linguae, a fold of mucous 
membrane extending from the gums at the 
median line to the under surface of the 
tongue. 
fre'num. [L., bridle. L. pi. frcena; E. pi. 
frenums.] A connecting fold of a mem- 
brane which supports or restrains any part 
from undue movement. Under the tongue, 
connecting with the gums; at the median 
line of the upper and lower lip; above the 
upper second molars; below the lower sec- 
ond bicuspids. 
fresa. [Sp.] Bur (for dental engine), 
fri'able. [L. friabilis—friare, to crumble.] 
Easily reduced to powder, 
fric'tion. [L. fricare, to rub.] Act of rubbing 
the surface of one body against that of 
another; attrition; resistance which a mov- 
ing body meets with from the surface on 
which it moves. 
frigid (frij'id). [L. frigidus, cold.] Frozen or 
stiffened with cold; cold; icy; forbidding 
in manner; chilling; irresponsive; impas- 
sive. 
frigorific (frig-ur-if'ik). [L. frigus, cold; 
facere, to cause.] Causing cold, 
frit. [Fr. fritte, from frit, fried.] Material of 
which glass and porcelain are made; the 
partially fused composition of which the 
glazed portion of mineral teeth is made. FROG IN THE THROAT 
157 
FURROW 
The following colors are obtained with 
various frits; cobalt f., azure blue; gold 
f., reddish brown; gum f., gum color; iron 
f., gray; platinum f., blue and gray, 
frog in the throat. A gathering of mucus 
producing hoarseness and hawking, 
frog'face. A broadening of the nose occur- 
ring in some cases of polypus, 
frog'tongue. Ranula. 
front teeth. See teeth. 
frontal (frun'tal). Pertaining to the fore- 
head or the anterior part of the body; in 
front, f. angle, anterior superior angle of 
the parietal bone. 
frontoma'lar. Pertaining to the frontal and 
malar bones. 
frontomax'illary. Pertaining to the frontal 
and maxillary bones. 
frontona'sal. Pertaining to the frontal and 
nasal bones. 
frontopari'etal. Pertaining to the frontal 
and parietal bones. 
frontotem'poral. Pertaining to the frontal 
and temporal bones. 
frostilla. Trade name of a preparation to be 
applied, after the removal of the rubber- 
dam, to relax the tired and stretched 
muscles of the mouth. 
ft. Abbr. for fiat (sing.) and fiant (pi.), L. 
for “let there be made,” used in pre- 
scription-writing. Also an abbr. for foot 
and feet (measure of length), 
fuchsin (fok'sin). Rosanilin monohydro- 
chlorid, used as a red stain in bacteriology 
and histology. 
fuel value. Potential energy of oxidizable 
food. 
fugitive (fu'ji-tiv). [L. fugitivus—fugere, 
to flee.] Transient; temporary; fleeting; 
flying; erratic; wandering, 
fiihlbar. [Ger.] Tactile, 
fiihlen. [Ger.] To touch; to palpate, 
fuku-jowaho. [Ja.] Double vulcanization, 
fuku-sayo. [Ja.] Side action, 
ful'crum. [L.] Fixed point on which a lever 
moves; prop; support, 
ful'gent. [L. fulgere, to flash.] Bright; re- 
splendent; polished, as a crown or bridge, 
fulgura'tion. A resplendent brilliancy emit- 
ted by molten metal at the ending of 
cupellation. 
fulig'inous. [L. fuliginosus, from fuligo, 
soot.] Smoky or sooty. Sometimes ap- 
plied to the teeth when discolored, and to 
the tongue, lips and mucous membrane in 
cyanosis. 
full denture service. [Rupert E. Hall, 
American prosthodontist.] In view of the 
formative period of the nomenclature of 
full denture service, we have deviated 
from the usual plans of dictionary con- 
struction. All terms specially pertaining 
to this subject, as recommended by Dr. 
Hall, are grouped under one head in a 
supplementary department.—Ed. 
fuller’s earth. A soft, earthy substance, 
resembling clay, which retains heat and 
absorbs oleaginous substances; the basis 
of antiphlogistic preparations; porcelain 
clay; kaolin; aluminum silicate. 
Fiillung. [Ger.] Filling (of a cavity), 
function. [L. functio—fungi, to perform.] 
Office or action peculiar to any part of the 
body or mind; power. To functionate; to 
perform one’s special function, 
fun'da. [L., a sling.] A form of bandage 
used in luxation or fracture of the mandi- 
ble. 
fun'diform. [L. funda, a sling; forma, form.] 
Sling-shaped; looped. 
fun'dus. [L., bottom.] The lowest part of a 
hollow organ or sac or that farthest from 
the opening. 
fungoid (fung'goid). [L. fungus; eidos, 
resemblance.] Like a fungus; fungous, 
fungus (fung'gus), pi. fungi (fun'ji or fung- 
gi). [L., a mushroom.] Any of a group of 
plants comprising mushrooms and toad- 
stools, microscopic plants growing upon 
other plants, and mold, mildew, smut, rust, 
brand, dry-rot, etc. In medicine, a spongy 
morbid excrescence, as proud flesh formed 
in wounds, an overgrowth of granulation 
tissue. 
funic'ulus. [L., dim. of funis, a cord.] A 
small structure resembling a cord, 
fur (fur). A coating of mucus and epithelium 
on the tongue, generally indicating dis- 
orders of an alimentary tract, 
fur'cate. Forked, as the roots of a tooth. 
Furche. [Ger.] Groove, 
fur'nace. [L. fornax.] An apparatus in 
which heat is produced for the reduction 
of ores, the melting of metals, the baking 
of inlays, bridges, dentures, crowns, 
artificial teeth, etc. blast-f., for producing 
a high degree of heat by forcing currents 
of air as partial food to the flame, cupel- 
ling-f., an inclosed furnace for retaining the 
heat during cupellation. gas-f., in which 
the flame is fed by illuminating gas. 
fur'row. [A.S. furh.] A sulcus or groove. FURUNCLE 
158 
GALENITE 
fu'runcle (fu'rung-kl). A boil; furunculus. 
furun'culus, pi. furun'culi. [L., dim. of 
fur, a thief.] A boil; furuncle; a hard, 
inflamed, suppurating tumor, 
fus'alloy. Trade name of a metal for dies 
and counterdies used for crown inlay 
work. 
fuse. To liquefy by heat; to melt; to blend, 
combine. 
fused teeth. See teeth. 
fu'sel oil. [Ger. fusel, bad liquor.] An acrid 
liquid, a mixture of amyl alcohol and 
other homologous products, often occur- 
ring in alcoholic liquors, 
fusible (fu'zi-bl). Capable of being melted or 
fused. [fused, 
fusibil'ity. Capability of being melted or 
fusiform (fu'zi-farm). [L. fusus, a spindle; 
forma, form.] Tapering at both ends; 
shaped like a spindle. 
fusing-point of metals. The definite degree 
of temperature at which solid metals be- 
come liquid. The fusing-points of the 
principal metals used in dentistry, ac- 
cording to the Centigrade scale, are as fol- 
lows: 
aluminum 657 
antimony 630 
bismuth 269 
fusing-point of metals—Continued. 
cadmium 321.7 
cobalt 1464 
copper '. 1084 
gold 1060 
iridium 1950-2250 
iron, pure 1505 
lead 327 
magnesium 632.6 
manganese 1207 
mercury 38.85 
nickel 1435 
osmium 2500 
palladium 1546 
platinum 1753 
potassium 62.5 
silver 961.5 
sodium 97.6 
steel 1375 
tin 170- 232 
zinc 419 
See high- and low-fusing. 
fusion (fu'zhun). [L. fusio—fundere, to 
melt.] Act or state of melting; close union 
of things as if melted together, 
fusocel'lular. Spindle-celled. 
Fussbetrieb. [Ger.] Footlathe. 
fyrite. Trade name of a superior investment 
material. 
G 
G. Chemical symbol for the element glu- 
cinum. 
G. Gingival, 
g. Abbr. for gram. 
Ga. Chemical symbol for the element 
gallium. 
G.A. Gingivoaxial. 
gabelformig. [Ger.] Bifurcated, 
gabinete. [Sp.] Office; cabinet, 
gag. To cause to heave with nausea; to 
retch. An instrument used in dentistry 
to distend the jaws during an operation. 
Various forms of gag used in oral surgery 
are the Brophy, Ferguson, Heister, Lane 
and others. 
gage, gauge (gaj). [F. gauger, measure.] 
To measure definitely or accurately. A 
standard measure; an apparatus or instru- 
ment for gaging, plate-g., for measuring 
the thickness of metals used in dental 
work, rubber-g., an apparatus for meas- 
uring the quantity of rubber required in 
a given case for vulcanization, steam-g., 
see steam gage. Various gages in use are 
the Birmingham, Brown and Sharpe, or 
American Standard; United States Stand- 
ard; jeweler’s, etc. See also instrument 
gage. 
gaigaku-domyaku. [Ja.] Arteria maxillaris 
externa. 
gaishosei-dakkyu. [Ja.] Traumatic luxa- 
tion. 
gai-shukketsu. [Ja.] External hemorrhage, 
gakan-kinkyu. [Ja.] Spasmodic closure of 
the jaw; lockjaw, 
gakkotsu. [Ja.] Jawbone, 
gakkotsu-kosso. [Ja.] Necrosis of the jaw- 
bone. 
gakkotsu-shuisei-hokashikien. [Ja.] Peri- 
maxillary cellulitis. 
gakukan-kotei. [Ja.] Intermaxillary anchor- 
age. 
gal'ea. [L., a helmet.] A kind of bandage 
covering the head; the caul, or membrane, 
covering the head of some infants at birth, 
gale'na. [L.] Native lead sulphid; the chief 
ore of lead, 
gal'enite. Galena. GALL-BLADDER 
159 
GASTRIC 
gall-bladder. A pear-shaped sac under the 
liver, containing bile; vesica fellea. 
gall'duct. A tube conveying bile; bileduct. 
gallon. A measure of capacity equal to 4 
quarts and containing 231 cubic inches or 
8.3389 pounds of distilled water. Equiva- 
lent to 3.7853 liters. 
galvanic (gal-van'ik). Belonging to or 
exhibiting galvanism; voltaic, g. battery, 
a group of cells in which an electric current 
is created by chemical action, g. cautery, 
cautery by means of a wire heated by a 
galvanic current; galvanometry. 
gal'vanism. [Galvani, the discoverer.] Cur- 
rent of electricity produced by chemical 
agents. 
gamete (gam'et). [G. gametes, husband; 
gamete, wife.] One of two cells undergoing 
true conjugation or caryogamy. 
ganglia. PI. of ganglion. 
ganglioma (gang-gli-6'ma). Tumor of a 
lymphatic gland. 
ganglion, pi. ganglia or ganglions (gang'- 
gli-on). [G., a sort of swelling.] Any 
aggregation of cells, as the nervecells in 
the brain, on the sensory root of a spinal 
nerve, in the course of a sensory cranial 
nerve, in the course of one of the nerves 
of a special sense, and also forming a unit 
along the sympathetic nervous system, 
g. Gasseri, see g. semilunare. g. geniculi, 
the geniculate ganglion, situated on the 
facial nerve at its junction with the fibers 
from the auditory nerve, g. maxillare, 
see g. submaxillare. g. nasale, see g. 
sphenopalatinum. g. semilunare, the 
Gasserian or semilunar ganglion, situated 
on the trigeminal nerve, giving off the 
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular 
branches, g. sphenopalatinum, Meckel’s 
or sphenopalatine ganglion, g. submaxil- 
lare, the submaxillary ganglion; branches 
reach the submaxillary and sublingual 
glands and the submaxillary duct, 
ganglion'ic. Pertaining to a ganglion, 
gangre'na o'ris. Gangrene of the mouth, 
gangrene (gang'gren). [G. gangraina— 
graino, gnaw.] Loss of vitality in some 
part of the body; first stage of mortifica- 
tion. g. of the 'cheek, noma; cancrum 
oris; cancer aquaticus. g. of the mouth, 
cancrum oris; noma; cancer aquaticus; 
ulitis septica; gangrena oris, 
gangrene. [Fr.] Gangrene, g. pulpaire 
seche, mummification of the pulp; dry 
gangrene of the pulp. 
gangrenop'sis. Gangrene of the mouth, 
gangrenos. [Ger.] Gangrenous, 
gangreno'sis. The state of becoming 
gangrenous. 
gangrenous (ghng'gre-nus). Affected by, 
due to, or of the nature of gangrene, 
gangue (gang). [F.] Foreign material or 
impurity in which minerals are found 
imbedded; veinstone; matrix, 
ganmen-domyaku. [Ja.] Facial artery, 
ganmen-jomyaku. [Ja.] Facial vein, 
ganmen-shinkei. [Ja.] Facial nerve, 
ganshu. [Ja.] Carcinoma, 
ganshusei-shigashi. [Ja.] Carcinomatous 
odontoma. 
ganso-zai. [Ja.] Collutory; gargarism. 
Gardiner replaceable crown. The base of 
porcelain presents a square or rectangular 
projection which is received by, and 
inclosed within, a correspondingly shaped 
depression in the socket. 
Garel’s sign. When there is an empyema or 
tumor of the antrum of Highmore, the 
light from an electric bulb placed in the 
mouth will not be transmitted through 
the tissues on the side affected, 
gargareon (gar-gar'i-on). [G.] Uvula, 
gargaris'ma. Gargle; gargarism. 
gargle (gar'gl). [L. gargulio, the throat.] 
To rinse the fauces by taking fluid in the 
mouth and holding the head as far back 
as possible, forcing the expired breath 
through it. A medicinal liquid used for 
gargling; a throatwash. 
Garretson’s operation for excision of the 
mandibular nerve. Performed by remov- 
ing that portion of the external plate of 
the mandible covering the nerve, from 
the mental foramen to a point correspond- 
ing with the second molar, and thus 
gaining access to the nerve. 
Garung. [Ger.] Fermentation, 
gas. A thin, air-like, elastic fluid, convertible 
by compression and cold into a liquid, 
asphyxiating g., carbon monoxid. laugh'- 
ing g., nitrogen monoxid, nitrogenii 
monoxidum, nitrous oxid. 
gas'eous. In the form of gas. 
gasom'eter. An apparatus for holding and 
for measuring gas. Used for holding 
nitrous oxid or oxygen gas for dental uses, 
gasp. [Iceh gesipa, to yawn.] To catch the 
breath convulsively; laborious respiration. 
Gasse'rian ganglion. Ganglion semilunare. 
gas'tric. [G. gaster, stomach.] Pertaining 
to the stomach, g. juice, the digestive GASTRITIS 
160 
GENICULUM 
juice secreted by the glands of the stomach, 
a thick, colorless, acid fluid, composed of 
chlorids, hydrochloric acid, phosphates, 
rennet, and a proteolytic enzyme, pepsin, 
gastritis (gas-tre'tis or i'tis). [G. gaster, 
belly; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which the stomach is inflamed, 
gastroenteritis (gas-tro-en-ter-e'tis or i'tis). 
[G. gaster, stomach; enter on, intestine; 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of 
the mucous membrane of both the intes- 
tine and the stomach. 
Gates crown. A crown composed of metal 
and porcelain, similar to the Mack crown. 
See crown. 
Gates-Bonwill crown. A hollow porcelain 
crown with an opening through the 
lingual surface; the root and hollow part 
of the porcelain are filled with amalgam, 
and the crown is held in place by a metal 
dowel which extends through the amalgam 
in crown and root. 
Gates-Glidden drill. See drill. 
gath'er. To suppurate or generate pus; to 
come to a hea(f (said of a boil when 
maturating). 
gath'ering. An accumulation of pus in a 
boil or abscess; a circumscribed collection 
of pus; a carbuncle, abscess or boil, 
gauge. See gage. 
gaulthe'ria. Partridge berry; wintergreen. 
It produces the official methyl salicylate 
• (methylis salicylas), originally called oleum 
gaultheriae or oil of wintergreen. 
Gaumen. [Ger.] The palate; gums. 
Gaumendefekt. [Ger.] Fault or fissure of 
the palate. 
Gaumenplatte. [Ger.] Palatal plate. 
Gaumensegel. [Ger.] The soft palate; 
uvula. 
gauze (gaz). [Fr. gaze.] A very thin, 
loose-meshed cloth, used in bandages or 
wound dressings when impregnated or 
sterilized with antiseptics. 
G.B.A. Gingivobuccoaxial. 
Gd. Chemical symbol of gadolinium. 
G.D.M. Trade name of a line of artificial 
teeth. 
Ge. Chemical symbol of germanium. 
Gebiss. [Ger.] Denture 
Gebiss, ganzes. [Ger.] A full denture, 
gedoku-zai. [Ja.] Antidote, 
gedrangt. [Ger.] Crowded, 
gekriimmt. [Ger.] Curved, bent, 
gelatin, gelatine (jel'a-tin). [L. gelatus, 
frozen.] A derived protein formed from 
the collagen of the tissues by boiling in 
water. Isinglass, glue and size are forms 
of gelatin. 
gelat'inoid. Resembling or containing gela- 
tin. g. plaques, masses of microorganisms 
in zoogleic form, or inclosed in a gelatinoid 
substance and attached to the teeth, 
gelati'num. [L. gelatus, congealed.] Gelatin 
formed by the action of boiling water on 
animal tissue, such as ligaments, hoofs, 
bones, horns, etc. 
Gelenk. [Ger.] Joint. 
geminate (jem'i-nat). [L. geminatus, double, 
paired.] Growing or occurring in pairs; 
paired. 
gemina'tion. [L. geminus, twin.] Dupli- 
cation; the growth of two teeth in a single 
sac, the follicle containing twin germs, 
gem'inous. Connate; pertaining to gemina- 
tion; concerning the growth of two teeth, 
separate or fused, where normally but one 
would develop. 
gemmation. [L. gemma, a bud.] A form of 
fission in which the parent cell, instead of 
dividing, sends out a small bud-like process 
having its proportion of chromatin, which 
then separates for independent existence, 
gena. [L.] The side of the face; the cheek, 
ge'nal. Pertaining to the cheek or gena; 
genial. 
gencives. [Fr.] The gums, 
gen'era. [L.]. PI. of genus. 
gen'eral. [L. genus, race, family.] Pertain- 
ing to a whole genus or a large class; per- 
taining to the entire body, not local, 
gen'eral anesthe'sia. See anesthesia. 
generation. [L. generare, to beget.] Repro- 
duction; procreation; offspring, 
gengiva. [It.] The gums, 
gengivite. [It.] Gingivitis, 
ge'nial. [G. genion, chin.] Pertaining to the 
chin. g. tu'bercle, a small lump on the 
posterior surface of the arch of the jaw or 
mandible on either side of the symphysis; 
spina mentalis. 
ge'nian. Genial. 
geniculate (jen-ik'u-lat). [L. geniculare, to 
bend the knee.] Knee-like; bent like a 
knee; having reference to the geniculum 
of the facial nerve and to the ganglion 
present there, g. neural'gia, tic douloureux 
of the facial nerve. 
genic'ulum. [L., dim. of genu, knee.] An 
angular, knee-like structure or small genu; 
a knot-like joint, g. cana'lis facia'lis, the 
bend in the facial canal corresponding to GENIO 
161 
GIDDINESS 
the geniculum nervi facialis, g. ner'vi 
facia'lis, external knee of the facial nerve, 
a rectangular turn of the facial nerve in 
the facial canal where it turns backward 
on the inner side of the tympanum, 
geni'o-. [G. geneion, chin.] A prefix per- 
taining to terms relating to the chin, 
geniohyoglos'sus. [G. geneion, chin; 
hyoeides, Y- shaped, hyoid; glossa, tongue.] 
Musculus geniohyoglossus. 
geniohyoideus (je-ni-6-hi-o-id'e-us). [G. 
geneion, chin; hyoeides, Y-shaped, hyoid.] 
See geniohyoideus, under musculus. 
geni'on. [G. geneion, chin.] The tip of the 
spina mentalis, a point in craniometry, 
geni'oplasty. [G. geneion, chin, cheek; 
plasso, I form.] Plastic or reparative sur- 
gery of the chin; plastic surgery of the 
cheek; genyplasty. 
genita'lia. [L., neut. pi. of genitalis, genital.] 
The genital organs. 
gentian (jen'chi-an). g. anilin water, gentian 
violet with saturated anilin water, a stain 
more effective than simple gentian violet, 
g. violet, a purple anilin dye, employed as 
a histological stain. 
ge'nu, gen. ge'nus, pi. gen'ua. [L.] A struc- 
ture of angular shape having a resemblance 
to a flexed knee; the knee. g. inter'num 
rad'icis nervi facia'lis, internal knee, or 
genu, of the root of the facial nerve; the 
fibers of the root of the facial nerve winding 
around the abducens nucleus in the pons, 
ge'nus. [L., race.] The classification or 
division between the family, or order, and 
the species. 
genyantral'gia. [G. genys, cheek; antron, 
cave; algos, pain.] A pain in the antrum 
of Highmore. 
genyantri'tis. [G. genys, cheek; antron, cave; 
-itis, inflammation.] A condition in which 
the antrum of Highmore is inflamed, 
genyan'trum. Maxillary sinus; antrum of 
Highmore. 
genychiloplasty (jen-i-ki'15-plas-ti). [G. 
genys, cheek; cheilos, lip; plasso, I form.] 
Reparative surgery of the lip and cheek, 
gen'yplasty. [G. genys, jaw, cheek; plasso, 
I form.] Plastic surgery of the mandible; 
plastic or reparative surgery of the cheek; 
genioplasty. 
gerade. [Ger.] Straight, 
germ (jerm). [L. germen, a sprig.] The 
rudimentary form of an organism; the 
earliest trace of an embryo; a microbe, 
dentinal g., the papilla of the pulp. 
German silver. An alloy of copper 50, zinc 
30 and nickel 20 parts, 
germa'nium. Symbol Ge, atomic weight 
27.5. A grayish white metallic element. 
germ'cell. Ovum. 
germ-disease. Any disease caused by a 
microorganism. 
germen dentario. [Sp.] Dental germ, 
germici'dal. Capable of destroying germs, 
germici'dal sapon'ifier. A preparation of 
sodium and potassium for the treatment 
of putrescent root-canals, originated by 
Dr. J. W. Ward. 
germici'dal silver cement. Trade name of a 
cement for setting inlays, crowns and 
bridges, attaching orthodontic appliances, 
lining cavities and filling cavities in 
deciduous teeth. 
germicide. [L. germen, germ; ccedere, to kill.] 
Germicidal. A substance capable of 
destroying germs or microbes, 
germinal (jer'min-al). Pertaining to a germ 
or to germination. 
germination (jer-min-a'shun). [L. germinare, 
to bud, sprout.] The first act of growth; 
the formation of an embryo from an 
impregnated ovum; the sprouting of the 
seed of a plant, 
geschlossen. [Ger.] Closed. 
Geschmack. [Ger.] Taste, 
geschmeidig. . [Ger.] Pliant. 
Geschwindigkeit. [Ger.] Rapidity; veloc- 
ity; speed. 
geschwollen. [Ger.] Swollen. 
Geschwulst. [Ger.] Swelling. 
Geschwiir. [Ger.] Ulcer, 
geschwiirig. [Ger.] Ulcerous. 
Gesicht. [Ger.] Face, 
gespalten. [Ger.] Fissured, 
gesso. [It.] Plaster. 
gestation (jes-ta'shun). [L. gestatio—gesture, 
to bear.] Fetation; pregnancy, 
gesund. [Ger.] Healthy, 
geu'ma. [G.] Taste, 
geu'sis. [G.] Taste. 
Gewebe. [Ger.] Tissue (anatomical), 
gewohnen. [Ger.] To accustom one’s self, 
gezai. [Ja.] Purgative, 
gi'ant cell. A syncytium; a large-sized cell, 
often with many nuclei. 
Gib'son’s band'age. [Kasson C. Gibson, 
American dentist, 18—.] A bandage, 
resembling Barton’s bandage, employed 
for holding the bone in fracture of the 
mandible. 
gid'diness. Vertigo. GIESSEN 
162 
GINGIVOGLOSSITIS 
giessen. [Ger.] To cast; to pour. 
Gift. [Ger.] Poison. 
gigaku. [Ja.] Artificial maxilla. 
Gilmer splint. [Thomas Lewis Gilmer, 
American oral surgeon, 1849.] The 
fastening of the lower to the upper teeth, 
in fractures of the mandible, by means 
of silver wires. 
gingiva, pi. gingi'vse (jin'ji-va). The 
mucous membrane surrounding the teeth 
and alveolar processes. [AAP.] alveolar 
g., the mucous membrane situated over 
the alveolar process. [AAP.] areolar g., 
the loose mucous membrane situated 
beneath the alveolar process. [AAP.] 
body of the g., the tough fibrous tissue 
covering the roots and part of the crowns 
of the teeth, continuous with the gums, 
without demarcation, at the crest of the 
alveolar process. buccal g., the part 
covering the buccal surfaces of the teeth, 
cemental g., the mucous membrane 
situated over the cemental portion of the 
root. [AAP.] crest of the g., the thin 
knife-edged margin surrounding the teeth, 
fibrous mat of gums and g., the thick mat 
of fibers forming the basis of the gums 
and gingivae, fibrous tumors of the g., 
various growths originating in the perios- 
teum underlying the gums, free g., the 
part not attached to the teeth but covering 
a portion of the enamel surface of the 
crowns of the teeth, hormone of the g., 
a chemic body produced or secreted by 
the ductless lobulated glandular tissue 
of the septal gingivae, hypertrophy of 
the g., an enlargement of the gum tissue 
until it sometimes covers the entire 
crowns of the teeth, inflammation of the 
g., gingivitis, ulitis. irregularities of the 
line of the g., an unevenness of the line of 
attachment of the gingivae, interrupted by 
small upward attachments or bridges 
or by small depressed or downward attach- 
ments or pitfalls, labial g., the part 
covering the labial surfaces of the teeth, 
lingual g., the part covering the lingual 
surfaces of the teeth, marginal g., the 
mucous membrane surrounding the teeth 
and alveolar process. [AAP.] prurient 
growths of the g., papilloma, septal g., 
the parts occupying the proximal spaces 
of the teeth, turgescence of the g., 
gingivitis, ulceration of the g., gingivitis. 
Gingiva, gingivae, gum and gums are terms 
interchangeably used to designate the 
tough fibrous tissue commencing at the 
free edge surrounding the teeth, covering 
the roof of the mouth and the alveolar 
processes and then merging into the 
mucous membrane without any definite 
line of demarcation. Gingivae or gums, 
used collectively, means all the tissue 
named; gingiva or gum, used in a con- 
stricted sense, refers to a small, definite 
area of this tissue. See gum and gums. 
gin'givse and periodon'tal membrane, fibers 
of the. See fibers. 
gin'gival. Pertaining to the. gums, curva- 
ture of the g. line, the curved line followed 
by the gingivae at their line of attachment 
to the teeth, g. crevice, the space between 
the marginal gingiva and the tooth cervix. 
[AAP.] g. line, the line of attachment of 
the gums around the necks of the teeth, 
corresponding to the line at which the 
cementum terminates, g. margin, the 
free, unattached border of the gums 
around the necks of the teeth, g. zone, 
see zone. See cavity nomenclature. 
gin'givally. Toward the gums, 
gingivite. [Fr.] Gingivitis. g. arthro- 
dentaire infectieuse, infectious arthro- 
dental gingivitis; pyorrhea, g. expulsive, 
expulsive gingivitis; pyorrhea, g. satur- 
nine, gingivitis due to lead-poisoning, 
gingivitis (jin-ji-ve'tis or i'tis). [L. gingiva, 
the gum; G. -itis, inflammation.] Ulitis. 
acute ulcerous g., rarely seen, onset is 
sudden, slight malaise, quickly followed by 
rapid ulceration, at first confined to the 
gingivae, involving two or three anterior 
teeth in both jaws simultaneously and in 
corresponding localities, later extends to 
the gums about a number of teeth, but 
rarely, if ever, includes the entire gum 
margin. At first the lingual festoons are 
not affected, but later they are destroyed 
and deep pockets formed in the inter- 
proximal spaces. Finally the lingual 
gingivae are affected, without becoming 
ulcerous, phagedenic g., rapid ulcerative 
inflammation; trenchmouth. [AAP.] 
gingivi'tis, intersti'tial. See pyorrhea. 
gingivo-. A modification of gingival, used 
in compound words, as gingivoaxial, 
gingivobuccoaxial, etc. 
gingivoglossitis (jin-ji-vo-glos-se'tis or i'tis). 
[L. gingiva, gum; G. glossa, tongue; 
-itis, inflammation.] Stomatitis; inflam- 
mation of the tongue and gums; uloglos- 
sitis. GINGLYMOID 
163 
GLANDULA 
gin'glymoid. [G. ginglymos, a hinge-joint; 
eidos, resemblance.] Pertaining to or hav- 
ing a resemblance to a hinge-joint. 
Gipstisch. [Ger.] Plaster table. 
girdle (ger'dl). [A.S. gyrdel.] Anything 
which encompasses like a girdle; belt; 
zone; cingulum. 
gishi. [Ja.] Artificial denture. 
Gl. Chemical symbol of glucinum. 
G.L.A. Gingivolinguoaxial. 
glabel'la. The smooth prominence on the 
frontal bone above the root of the nose, 
more prominent in the male than the 
female. 
glacial (gla'shal). [L. glacialis, icy.] Glassy; 
resembling ice. g. acet'ic acid, nearly 
pure acetic acid, acidum aceticum glaciale. 
g. phosphor'ic acid, monobasic phosphoric 
acid. 
glair'y. Viscous, like the white of an egg; 
mucoid. 
gland. [L. glans, an acorn.] A secreting 
organ whose secretion flows into a cavity, 
or is poured out upon some surface, or 
passes directly into the blood. Some of 
the secretions are constructive and useful 
to the body, as when they serve as 
lubricants or in digestion, as the secretion 
of the liver, pancreas, etc., while other 
secretions are excrementitious, serving to 
remove the products of waste or poisonous 
materials from the body, acinous g., the 
racemose or alveolar gland, which is 
formed of a number of sac-like pouches 
arranged in groups and opening into a 
common duct. alveolar g., same as 
acinous gland, apical g., glandula lin- 
gualis anterior, or anterior lingual gland, 
buccal g., glandula buccalis. dental g., 
Serres g., a small projection of the epi- 
thelial layer of the enamel organ, consisting 
of a white point on the gums preceding the 
eruption of the teeth, ductless g., a gland 
from which the secretion passes directly 
into the blood, having no duct, excretory 
g., a gland which separates waste material 
from the blood, gingival g., an infolding 
of the epithelium of the gum. mixed g., 
one secreting both saliva and mucus, 
molar g., one of four or five large buccal 
glands situated in the vicinity of the first 
molar, mucous g., muciparous g., a gland 
secreting mucus, palatine g., one of the 
glands of the roof of the mouth, pharyn- 
geal g., guttural gland, one of the racemose 
mucous glands of the pharynx, racemose 
g., formed of a number of branching ducts 
terminating in acini, as the parotid gland, 
serous g., secreting a thin, watery fluid, 
like the parotid, staphyline g., same as 
palatine gland, sublingual g., glandula 
sublingualis, submaxillary g., glandula 
submaxillaris. g. sudoripara, sweat gland. 
See glandula. 
glandes salivaires. [Fr.] Salivary glands. 
glandes sous-maxillaires. [Fr.] The sub- 
maxillary glands. 
glandes sublinguales. [Fr.] The sublingual 
glands. 
glan'dula, pi. glandulae. [L., dim. of glans, 
an acorn.] A small gland; a glandule; 
gland, g. angularis, see glandula sub- 
maxillaris. g. buccalis, one of the many 
racemose glands in the submucous tissue 
of the cheeks, glandulae labiales, a layer 
of glands in the submucous tissue of the 
lips, the labial glands, g. lingualis, see 
glandula sublingualis, g. lingualis anterior, 
the gland of Nuhn or Blandin; apical 
gland; one of many small racemose glands 
in the muscular tissue of the under surface 
of the tongue, near the lip. g. maxillaris, 
see glandula submaxillaris. g. molaris, one 
of four or five mucous glands in the sub- 
cutaneous mucous tissue of the cheek 
opposite the upper first molar, in the 
region of the opening of Stensen’s duct, 
g. palatina, see palatine gland, g. parotis, 
the parotid gland; largest of the salivary 
glands, discharging the saliva through 
Stensen’s duct, the ductus parotideus, 
near the upper first molar on each side. 
One gland is situated on each side of the 
face in front of and below the ear. g. 
parotis accessoria, g. socia parotidis, an 
occasionally present accessory parotid 
gland, separate from the mass of the gland 
proper, lying anteriorly to it just above 
the commencement of the parotid duct. g. 
salivalis externa, glandula parotis. g. 
salivalis interna, the submaxillary and 
sublingual glands considered as one. 
g. socia parotidis, see g. parotis accessoria. 
g. sublingualis, one gland situated on each 
side in the floor of the mouth beneath the 
tongue, secreting saliva and discharging 
it into the mouth through the ductus 
sublinguales minores, the ducts of Rivini 
or Rivinus. g. submaxillaris, one gland 
situated on each side below the angle of 
the mandible, between the two bellies of 
the digastric muscle; secretes saliva and GLANS 
164 
GLOSSOLOGY 
discharges into the mouth through the 
ductus submaxillaris or the duct of 
Wharton, g. tartarica, one of the many 
little masses of concentrically arranged 
epithelial cells in the gums of the newborn. 
See gland. 
glans. [L., acorn.] A gland; goiter, 
glanzend. [Ger.] Brilliant; shining. 
Glas. [Ger.] Glass. 
glass. [A.S. glees.] A hard, brittle, usually 
transparent, amorphous substance, made 
by fusing together silica, potash or soda 
and some other base, like lime or lead 
oxid. 
glass'y. Vitreous, hyaline, as the smooth 
and shining surface of mineral teeth, made 
in imitation of same condition of the 
natural teeth. 
Glastrichter. [Ger.] Glass funnel, 
glatt. [Ger.] Smooth; even, 
glatten. [Ger.] To smooth; to trim, 
gle'noid. [G. glene, a socket; eidos, appear- 
ance.] Socket-like; indicating two articu- 
lar depressions entering into the articula- 
tion of the mandible and the formation of 
the shoulder-joint, g. cavity, g. fossa, the 
fossa mandibularis of the temporal bone, 
in which the condyle of the mandible 
articulates. 
glio'ma. A tumor developed from the 
neurogliar tissue of the brain or spinal 
cord. 
globe alloy. Trade name of an alloy for 
amalgam fillings, composed of tin, silver 
and gold. 
glob'ular. Globe-shaped; spherical. g. 
dentin, irregularly formed dentin, calcified 
in concentric rings, due to some disturbance 
with the process of calcification during the 
formation of dentin. 
glob'ule. [L. globulus, dim. of globus, a ball.] 
A small spherical or globe-like body of 
any kind; a cell of the blood or lymph, 
glob'ulin. [L. globulus, globule.] A simple 
protein, incapable of solution in pure 
water, but soluble in a one percent solution 
of a neutral salt and coagulable by heat, 
glo'bus. [L.] A round, globe-like body; 
sphere; ball. 
glossa (glos'sa). [G.] Tongue; lingua, 
glossag'ra. [G. glossa, tongue; agra, a 
seizure.] Pain in the tongue of gouty 
origin. 
glos'sal. Pertaining to the tongue, 
glossal'gia. [G. glossa, tongue; algos, pain.] 
Pain in the tongue; glossodynia. 
glossan'thrax. [G. glossa, tongue; anthrax, 
a live coal.] Carbuncle of the tongue, 
glossec'tomy. [G. glossa, tongue; ektome, 
excision.] Excision or amputation of the 
tongue; elinguation. 
glossian'us. The lingual muscle, 
glossite. [Fr.] Glossitis, 
glossit'ic. Pertaining to the tongue, 
glossit'ic anemia. See anemia, glossitic. 
glossitis (glos-se'tis or I'tis). [G. glossa, 
tongue; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which the tongue is inflamed, g. 
area'ta exfoliati'va, geographical tongue, 
g. desic'cans, an affection of the tongue, 
of unknown origin, in which the surface 
becomes raw and cracked and is very 
painful. g. parasit'ica, black tongue, 
glossophytia. Moeller’s g., see Moeller. 
glossocat'ochos. An instrument for holding 
the tongue down into the floor of the 
mouth. 
glossocele (glos'5-sel). [G. glossa, tongue; 
kele, tumor, hernia.] A condition in which 
the tongue protrudes from the mouth, 
owing to its excessive size, 
glossocinesthetic (glos-6-sin-es-thet'ik). [G. 
glossa, tongue; kinesis, movement; aisthet- 
ikos, perceptive.] Relating to the sub- 
jective sensation of the movements of 
the tongue. 
glossoc'oma. Retraction of the tongue, 
glossodynamom'eter. [G. glossa, tongue; 
dynamis, power; metron, measure.] An 
apparatus for determining the contractile 
force of the tongue muscles, 
glossodyn'ia. [G. glossa, tongue; odyne, 
pain.] Pain in the tongue; glossalgia. 
glossoepiglottic (glos-6-ep-i-glot/ik). Per- 
taining to the tongue and the epiglottis, 
g. folds, three folds of mucous membrane, 
plic* epiglotticse, which pass from the 
base of the tongue to the epiglottis, 
g. lig'ament, an elastic ligamentous band 
which passes from the base of the tongue 
to the epiglottis in the middle; glosso- 
epiglottic fold. 
gloss'ograph. [G. glossa, tongue; grapho, 
I write.] An instrument used to record 
the movement of the tongue in speaking, 
glossohyal (glos-6-hl'al). Pertaining to the 
tongue and the hyoid bone; hyoglossal, 
glossokinesthet'ic. Glossocinesthetic. 
glossol. See glossal. 
glossology (glos-ol'o-ji). [G. glossa, tongue; 
-logia, treatise.] The branch of medical 
science having to do with the tongue and GLOSSOLYSIS 
165 
GNATHOCEPHALUS 
its diseases; the branch of the science of 
language having to do with the terms of 
any science; the science of nomenclature; 
onomatology. 
glossolysis (glos-ol'i-sis). [G. glossa, tongue; 
lysis, a loosing.] Glossoplegia; paralysis 
of the tongue. 
glossomanti'a. Prognosis founded on the 
condition and appearance of the tongue, 
glosson'cus. A tumor or swelling of the 
tongue. 
glossopalati'nus. Musculus glossopalatinus. 
glossop'athy. [G. glossa, tongue; pathos, 
suffering.] A disease of the tongue, 
glossopharyngeal (glos-5-far-in'ji-al). Per- 
taining to the tongue and the pharynx, 
glossopharynge'us. See under musculus. 
glossophytia (glos'o-f i'ti-a). [G. glossa, 
tongue; phyton, plant.] Nigrities linguae; 
black tongue. 
glossophyton (glos-o-f i'ton). [G. glossa, 
tongue; phyton, plant.] A fungus noted 
in the epithelial debris in cases of black 
tongue or nigrities linguae, 
gloss'oplasty. [G. glossa, tongue; plassd, I 
form.] Plastic or reparative surgery of 
the tongue. 
glossoplegia (glos-o-ple'ji-a). [G. glossa, 
tongue, plege, stroke.] Glossolysis; paral- 
ysis of the tongue. 
glossorrhaphy (glos-or'a-fi). [G. glossa, 
tongue; rhaphe, seam.] Suture of a wound 
of the tongue. 
glossosco'pia. Diagnosis by means of 
examination of the condition of the 
tongue. 
glossoscopy. See glossoscopia. 
glossospasm (glos'o-spazm). [G. glossa, 
tongue; spasmos, spasm.] A condition 
in which the tongue contracts spasmod- 
ically. 
glossostere'sis. See glossectomy. 
gloss'otilt. [G. glossa, tongue; till6, I pull.] 
An instrument used for making traction 
on the tongue. 
glossot'omy. [G. glossa, tongue; tome, 
incision.] Any cutting operation on the 
tongue. 
glossotrichia (glos-o-trik'i-a). [G. glossa, 
tongue; thrix, hair.] Hairy tongue, the 
papillae of the tongue being greatly 
elongated. 
glot'ta. The tongue. 
glot'tic. Pertaining to the glottis or the 
tongue or the vocal apparatus of the 
larynx. 
glot'tis. [G. glottis, aperture of the larynx.] 
The vocal apparatus of the larynx, 
gluci'num. Symbol Gl, atomic weight 9.1. 
A chemical element; a white metal of the 
alkaline earths; also called beryllium, 
glu'cose. [G. gleulcos, sweet new wine.] 
Dextrose; grape sugar, 
gliihen. [Ger.] To glow, 
gluteal (glo'te-al). [G. gloutos, buttock.] 
Pertaining to the buttocks, 
glu'ten. [L., glue.] A viscid, grayish, 
albuminous, nutritious substance obtained 
from wheat and other grains, becoming 
brown and brittle on drying, a compound 
of gliadin, mucedin, gluten-fibrin, gluten- 
casein and other proteins, 
glyc'erin. Glycerinum; glyceritum. 
glyceri'num. [G. glykeros, sweet.] A sweet, 
oily fluid obtained by the conversion of 
fats and mixed oils into soap; it is used as 
a solvent, as an application to chapped 
and roughened skin, and by injection or 
as a suppository for constipation; gly- 
ceritum; glycerin; glycerol, 
glyceritum (glis-er-e'tum). Glycerin; glyc- 
erol; glycerite; glycerinum. A glyeerite 
used in the local treatment of aphthae 
and various forms of stomatitis; the 
glycerite or glycerin of borax; glyceritum 
boracis. 
glycerol (glis'er-5l). Glycerite; glycerin, 
glycogen. [G. glykys, sweet; gennad, I pro- 
duce.] A carbohydrate present in most 
of the actively functioning cells of the 
body, particularly those of the muscular 
tissue and liver, readily changed into 
glucose; animal starch, 
glycoptyalism (gll-ko-tl'al-izm). [G. glykys, 
sweet; ptyalon, saliva.] The excretion of 
glucose in the saliva. 
glycothy'moline. Trade name of an alkaline 
antiseptic and deodorizing mouthwash, 
gm. Abbreviation of gram or gramme, 
gnathalgia (nath-al'ji-a). [G. gnathos, jaw; 
algos, pain.] Gnathodynia; pain in the 
jaw or mandible. 
gnathic (nath'ik). [G. gnathos, jaw.] Per- 
taining to the jaw or alveolar process, 
g. in'dex, see index, gnathic. 
gnathion (nath'i-on). [G. gnathos, jaw.] A 
craniometric point, being the lowest point 
of the middle line of the mandible, 
gnathitis (nath-e'tis or I'tis). [G. gnathos, 
jaw; -itis, inflammation.] A condition in 
which the jaw is inflamed, 
gnathocephalus (nath-6-sef'al-us). A mon- GNATHOD YNAM OMETER 
166 
GOLDGUSS 
ster having little of the head parts except 
the mandible. 
gnathodynamometer (nath-6-di-na-mom'e- 
ter). [G. gnathos, jaw; dynamis, power; 
metron, measure.] An instrument for 
measuring the force exerted by the forcible 
closure of the jaws. 
gnathodynia (nath-5-din'i-a). [G. gnathos, 
jaw; odyne, pain.] Gnathalgia; pain in 
the jaw or mandible. 
gnathoplasty (nath'o-plas-ti). [G. gnathos, 
jaw; plasso, I form.] Reparative surgery of 
the jaw. 
gnathople'gia. Obs. Paralysis of the cheek, 
gnathorrha'gia. Obs. Hemorrhage from the 
mucous membrane of the mouth, 
gochaku-ho. [Ja.] Cementation, 
gohakuashitsu-saibo. [Ja.] Cementoblast. 
goi'ter. [L. guttur, throat.] A chronic 
swelling or enlargement of the thyroid 
gland; struma; bronchocele. lin'gual g., 
a swelling at the posterior portion of the 
dorsum of the tongue, caused by hyper- 
plasia of the remains of the upper portion 
of the thyroglossal duct, 
gokin. [Ja.] Alloy. 
gold. A metallic element. Also see aurum. 
alloys of g., by melting such metals as sil- 
ver, copper, platinum, zinc, etc., with 24- 
carat gold, various alloys used in dentistry 
are produced, annealing of g., softening 
produced by heating the metal (increasing 
its malleability and ductility and reducing 
its brittleness) and either plunging at 
once into cold water or reducing the heat 
gradually, clasp g., gold alloyed with 
various proportions of silver, copper and 
platinum, making it suitable for clasps, 
backings, pins or posts for crowns, spring 
wire, etc. cohesive g., noncohesive g., 
semicohesive g., prepared in these forms 
for fillings, coin g., of standard fineness 
for coinage, 900 pure gold, 100 pure cop- 
per. crystal or crystallized g., a form of 
gold for fillings prepared in the form of 
crystals produced by deposition by means 
of the electric current, g. and porcelain 
crown, a gold crown, the facing of 
which consists of porcelain, g. base, 
the part of a denture or bridge, made 
of gold, which is in contact with the 
mucous membrane, g. casting, a cast of 
pure gold or nearly pure gold alloy, g. 
core, the remnant of gold in the sprue after 
casting a crown, bridge or denture, g. 
crown, an entire shell made in reproduc- 
tion of any tooth, g. cylinder, gold foil 
rolled on a broach in the form of a cylinder, 
provided in various sizes for convenience 
in filling, g. foil, gold prepared in the 
form of sheets of various thicknesses for 
use in filling, in cohesive and noncohesive 
form. g. leaf, see fir. foil. g. plate, the 
metal prepared in pure or alloyed form and 
in various thicknesses for use in crown- 
and bridgework, making bases for den- 
tures, in orthodontic work, etc. g. solder, 
various alloys of gold with other metals 
used for soldering gold in bridgework, for 
making crowns, dentures, orthodontic 
appliances, etc. g. wire, gold drawn into 
round, half-round or square wire for dental 
and orthodontic uses, hall-marked g., 
gold stamped with the number of its carat, 
in England 16, 18 and 22 carat; in France 
18, 20 and 22; in Germany 8, 14 and 18. 
mixed g., alloyed with both silver and 
copper, open-face g. crown, one in which 
the labial surface of the gold is open, per- 
mitting the enamel of the tooth to be 
visible, partial g. crown, in which part 
of the crown is of gold, or a gold crown not 
covering every part of a tooth to which it 
is attached, pure g., 24-carat gold, red 
g., gold alloyed with copper, refining of 
g., various processes for the purpose of 
separating the gold from all other metals 
or impurities, ribbon of g. foil, made by 
folding gold foil over and over until the 
desired width and thickness are obtained 
for the operation at hand, rolled g., 
heavy gold sheets used in fillings for build- 
ing up large contours, sheet g., some- 
times referring to gold leaf or foil, but gen- 
erally to plate gold, sponge g., gold in 
crystal form for fillings, standard g., 
the coinage of the principal nations of the 
world is 900 fine, that is, 900 parts of pure 
gold to 100 parts of pure copper, and is 
therefore 21.6 carats fine; except Great 
Britain, whose coin is 916 fine, being 916 
parts of pure gold to 84 parts of pure 
copper, tape of g. foil, same as ribbon, 
the foil being folded upon itself a number 
of times, suitable in size for the cavity to 
be filled, white g., gold alloyed with silver, 
gold, Dutch. An alloy of copper and zinc, 
golddust. Trade name of a line of dental 
rubbers for artificial dentures, 
golden seal. Hydrastis. 
Goldguss. [Ger.] Gold cast (of inlay, den- 
ture) . GOMPHIASIS 
167 
GRANULOMA 
gomphi'asis. [G. gomphios, a molar tooth.] 
Toothache; teething; a looseness of the 
teeth, particularly of the molars, 
gom'phioi. The molar teeth, 
gompho'sis. [G. gomphos, bolt, nail; osfs.] 
A form of synarthrosis or syndesmosis in 
which a conical process is fitted into a 
socket or hole, as the root of a tooth into 
a socket or alveolus, 
gomu-sho. [Ja.] Rubber plate, 
gong metal. Alloy of copper 80, tin 20. 
goniometer (gS-ni-om'e-ter). [G. gonia, a 
corner, an angle; metron, measure.] An 
instrument for measuring angles, 
go'nion. [G. gonia, an angle.] The point 
of the angle of the mandible, 
gorge. Throat; gullet; guttur. 
Goslee’s interchangeable tooth. [Hart J. 
Goslee, American dentist, 1871.] A por- 
celain facing which readily replaces one 
broken on a crown or bridge; a partially 
contoured porcelain crown, deficient in its 
lingual areas. Within the lingual side and 
at right angle to tKe long axis of the tooth 
is developed a flat seat; in this seat is a 
cylindrical opening, extending incisally 
or occlusally into the body of the tooth, 
for the reception of a dowel which forms a 
part of the metal structure. 
Gossyp'ium. A genus of herbaceous shrubs 
and plants producing cotton, g. puri- 
fica'tum, absorbent cotton, purified cot- 
ton used in surgical dressings, for 
tampons, root-canals, etc. g. styp'ticum, 
absorbent cotton soaked with dilute solu- 
tion of ferric chlorid and then dried; it is 
used locally as a hemostatic; styptic 
cotton. 
gotei-chushitsuki. [Ja.] Pivot-extractor. 
Gothic. A style of architecture mainly dis- 
tinguished by pointed arches and vaulting, 
g. arch., a dental arch pointed anteriorly 
and narrowed laterally. 
Gould’s granular rubber. Trade name of a 
rubber for vulcanite dentures which re- 
produces the granular appearance of the 
gums. 
goundou (gon'do). Anakhre; henpuye; a 
disease noted in West Africa, distinguished 
by exostoses from the nasal processes of 
the maxillary bones, causing a symmetrical 
swelling on each side of the nose, 
gout (gowt). [L. gutta, drop.] A painful 
inflammation of the joints; a disease of 
metabolism distinguished by recurrent 
attacks of arthritis, especially in the joint 
of the great toe, although any joint may 
be attacked; due to deposits of sodium 
biuret surrounding the affected joints and 
to inflammation of fibrous structures 
elsewhere. 
gofit, organe de. [Fr.] The organ of taste, 
gouty teeth. See arthritic. 
gr. Abbreviation for grain, a measure of 
weight. 
grad'uate. To divide into regular intervals; 
to receive an academic or professional 
degree. A graduated cup, tube or flask 
that may be used for measuring; one who 
has received an academic or professional 
degree. 
graft. The act of inserting anything into 
something else so as to become a part of 
the latter, as the insertion of a bit of 
epidermis, a strip of skin, a tooth or piece 
of bone where needed to repair a defect 
or supply a lost part. 
grain (gran). [L. granum.] Cereal plants, 
wheat, rye, barley, corn, etc.; a seed of a 
cereal plant; any minute hard mass, as a 
grain of sand; a unit of weight, 1/60 dram, 
1/480 ounce, 1/5760 pound, the equivalent 
of 0.066 gram. 
gram, gramme. The unit of weight in the 
metric system, the equivalent of 15.432 
grains. 
Gram’s meth'od. A differential method of 
staining bacteria, 
gran molar. [Sp.] Molar tooth, 
grandidenta'tus. [L. grandis, large; dentatus, 
toothed.] One with unusually large teeth, 
granite, plastic. See plastic granite. 
gran'ular. Composed of or resembling grains, 
granulations or granules, 
granula'tion. The state of being or becoming 
granular; forming into granules or grains; 
during the healing of a wound, the forma- 
tion of small, fleshy projections on the 
surface of the wound during the progress 
of the formation of new tissue, 
gran'ule. [L., dim. of granum, grain.] A 
minute discrete particle or mass; a grain, 
a granulation. 
granuleuse. [Fr.] Granulous. 
granulo'ma, pi. granulo'mata. [L. granulum, 
granule; -oma, tumor.] A collection of 
leucocytes and epithelioid cells which sur- 
round the central point of irritation and 
resemble granulation-tissue, dental g., 
granulation-tissue, without suppuration, 
at the apex of the root of a tooth or in 
some edentulous tissues. GRANUM 
168 
GUMBLOCKS 
gra'num. [L.] Grain, 
grape-sugar. Dextrose. 
Graphit. [Ger.] Graphite, 
graphite. Blacklead; plumbago; a variety of 
carbon. 
grasp. Grip of the hand, noting the manner 
of holding an instrument, pen g., as in 
holding a pen. palm and thumb g., the 
instrument is grasped in the palm of the 
hand and brought in opposition to the 
thumb, palm thrust g., a large-handled 
instrument, one end resting in the palm of 
the hand. 
grasshopper springs. Springs formerly used 
on dentures carved from ivory; one end of 
a spring is fastened to the upper denture 
in the region of the first molar, and the 
other end in the same region of the lower 
denture on each side; when the two 
dentures are placed in occlusion and 
inserted in the mouth, the pressure of the 
springs tends to force each denture against 
the mucous membrane, and thus partially 
holds it in place. The name is derived from 
the fact that when the dentures are taken 
out of the mouth the springs suddenly 
straighten, giving a fancied resemblance to 
a jumping grasshopper, 
grave. [L. gravis.] Indicating symptoms of 
a serious or dangerous character, 
gra'ver. An instrument for forming teeth 
from ivory, wood or bone, 
gravimet'ric. Pertaining to measurement by 
weight; measured by weight, 
gravity. [L. gravitas.] Weight; the attrac- 
tion of bodies toward the center of the 
earth; noting lower dentures which are 
made of solid metal or alloy, to be held in 
place, in part, by gravity, or by their 
weight, specific g., the weight of any 
body compared with another body of 
equal volume regarded as the unit; the 
weight or density of a liquid compared 
with the weight of distilled water, 
green stain. See stain. 
Grenze. [Ger.] Limit; border, 
grinder (grln'der). A molar tooth; dens 
molaris. 
grinding teeth. See posterior teeth. 
gristle (gris'l). Cartilage, 
grob. [Ger.] Coarse; rough, 
groin. The depressed part of the human 
body at the junction of the thigh with the 
trunk; the inguinal region; inguen. 
groove. A channel or furrow; a narrow 
elongated depression on a surface, develop- 
men'tal g., one of the lines or grooves on the 
surface of the enamel of a tooth, indicating 
its primitive divisions as formed, naso- 
pal'atine g., a groove on the vomer lodging 
the nasopalatine nerve, supplemental g., 
a long, shallow depression in the surface 
of a tooth, generally with a smoothly 
rounded base; it is distinguished from a 
developmental groove in that it does not 
mark the junction of lobes, 
grosses molaires. [Fr.] Large molars (as 
distinguished from petites molaires or 
bicuspids). 
Grube. [Ger.] Pit; fossa; hole, 
gru'ma. Salivary calculus, 
grumo di sangue. [It.] Bloodclot. 
gru'mose, gru'mous. [L. grumus, a little 
heap.] Clotted; lumpy; consisting of 
clustered grains, like the surface character 
of bacterial culture. 
Griinberg’s orthodontic blowpipe. This has 
a range of movement so that the flame may 
be pointed in any direction that the user 
desires, and the flame may be varied from 
a needle-point to a brush flame. See illus- 
tration in supplement, 
griindlich. [Ger.] Thoroughly. 
Griinspan. [Ger.] Verdigris, 
gt. Abbreviation of L. gutta, drop, 
gtt. Abbreviation of L. guttce, drops, 
guancia. [It.] Cheek, 
gubernac'ulum. [L., a helm.] Any fibrous 
cord which connects two structures, 
g. den'tis, a connective-tissue band 
joining the toothsac with the gum. 
guhatsu-sho. [Ja.] Accident, 
gu'la, gen. gu'lae. [L.] Gullet; throat, 
gullet. [L. gula, throat.] The throat and 
esophagus; the swallow; pharynx, 
gum. [L. gummi.] Gingiva; the fibrous 
tissue covering the alveolar processes of 
the jaws. The exuded sap from various 
trees and shrubs, drying on the surface 
and forming an amorphous brittle mass; 
it forms a mucilaginous solution in water. 
Also see gums and gingiva. 
gum combination set. A set of artificial 
teeth of which the labial teeth are provided 
with reproductions of the gums, while 
the buccal teeth are plain; required in 
cases in which the gums are visible, 
gum elastic. See caoutchouc. 
gum, pink. Rubber of pink color used as a 
facing on dentures in imitation of the 
color of the natural gum. 
gumblocks. See block. GUMBOIL 
169 
GYSI ADAPTABLE ARTICULATOR 
gum'boil. A small abscess of the gum; 
parulis. 
gum-cutter. An instrument for removing 
the persistent gum tissue which sometimes 
partially covers the third molars, 
gum-lancet. An instrument for lancing the 
gums over erupting teeth, to separate the 
gums from the necks of the teeth, for 
opening abscesses and other operations 
requiring the cutting of the gums, 
gumlyke. Trade name of a rubber used in 
making dentures. 
gumma, pi. gum'mata. [L. gummi, gum.] 
Infectious granuloma occurring in the 
tertiary stage of syphilis, the tissues 
affected undergoing fatty and caseous 
degeneration, the center breaking down 
and forming a gummy material. 
Gummi. [Ger.] Gum; India rubber, 
gum-section. In relation to artificial teeth, 
two or more teeth made in one piece, 
representing the corresponding section 
of the gum above the cervix of the tooth. 
Used in cases of excessive absorption 
of the alveolar process. See block. 
gum-septum. The part of the gums which 
occupies the interproximal space, 
gums, pi. of gum. Gingivae; gum. The 
fibrous tissue covering the alveolar proces- 
ses of the jaws, abscess of the g., gumboil, 
parulis. bleeding from the g., ulorrhea. 
inflammation of the g., ulitis, gingivitis, 
pain in the g., ulalgia, ulodynia, ulaganac- 
tesis, gingivalgia. profuse bleeding from 
the g., ulorrhagia, ulemorrhagia. receding 
of the g., ulatrophy, ulatrophia. relating 
to the g., gingival, uletic. tumor of the 
g., uloncus, epulis, parodontis. ulceration 
of the g., ulocace, gingival stomatocace. 
See gingiva and gum. 
Gunning’s splint for fracture of the man- 
dible. After the fractured parts of the 
mandible have been reconstructed on a 
model showing the lower teeth in normal 
relation to each other and to the upper 
teeth, a vulcanite piece is made in which 
both upper and lower teeth are reproduced, 
the upper teeth being fitted into their 
corresponding depressions in the rubber; 
each section of the fractured mandible 
is brought into position with the teeth 
fitted in the corresponding depressions of 
the vulcanite piece, and the jaw is im- 
mobilized by means of bandages. The 
splint may also be made in like manner 
of metal. 
gurgeln. [Ger.] To gargle, 
gurgulio. [L., gullet, windpipe.] Uvula, 
gusei-zbgeshitsu. [Ja.] Adventitious den- 
tin. 
Guss. [Ger.] Casting. 
Gusskrone. [Ger.] Cast gold crown, 
gusta'tion. [L. guslare, to taste.] The 
sense of taste; the act of tasting, 
gus'tatory. Pertaining to gustation or 
taste, g. bud, calyculus gustatorius. 
gusto. [It.] Taste, 
gus'tus. [L.] Taste, 
gut. Intestine. 
gutapercha. [Sp.] Guttapercha, 
gutartig. [Ger.] Benign (tumor), 
gutta. [L.] A drop, roughly a minim ol 
water, differing according to the nature 
of the liquid and the form of the vessel 
from which it drops, 
gutta. [Fr.] Gutta percha. 
guttapercha (gut-a-per'cha). The dried 
milky juice yielded by various Malaysian 
sapotaceous trees. In composition and 
many properties it resembles caoutchouc. 
In solution with chloroform or eucalyptol 
it is used for filling root-canals. It is 
manufactured with other substances for 
provisional filling of cavities, for the 
separation of teeth, and for trial plates in 
making dentures; also for splints, and in 
solution as a substitute for collodion in 
protecting wounds. 
gynecol'ogy. [G. gyne, woman; -logia, trea- 
tise.] The branch of medicine dealing 
with the diseases peculiar to women, 
gyp'sum. [L.] Sulphate of lime; calcium 
sulphate. dried g., plaster of Paris; 
calcii sulphas exsiccatus. 
gyrate (jl'rat). [L. gyratus, turned around.] 
Wheel-shaped; of convoluted or ring 
shape. To revolve around a central 
point; to move spirally; to rotate, 
gyre. Convolution; gyrus, 
gyrus. [G. gyros, circle.] One of the rounded 
projections on the surface of the hemi- 
spheres of the brain; convolution. 
Gysi adaptable articulator. A special appli- 
ance for registering all movements of the 
mandible, condyle path, incisor path, etc., 
in constructing prosthetic dentures. H. 
170 
HANDPIECE 
H 
H. Symbol for hydrogen, 
ha. [Ja.] Tooth. 
Habsburg jaw and lip. See Hapshurg. 
Hackenbruch’s expedience. The area of 
anesthesia occurring after the injection of 
cocain or one of its substitutes is rhombus- 
like in shape. 
hae-. For words thus beginning see he-. 
Haftpunkt. [Ger.] Retaining-point. 
haimoruski-toku. [Ja.] Antrum high- 
morianum. 
hair. [A.S. hoer.] Filament growing from 
the skin of man and animals; pilus. 
hair-follicle. Follicle or cylindrical pit con- 
taining the root of the hair; folliculus 
pili. 
ha-isha. [Ja.] Dentist. 
Haken. [Ger.] Hook, 
hakkoso. [Ja.] Enzyme, 
hakotsu-kanshi. [Ja.] Bone-grasping for- 
ceps. 
hakua-shitsu. [Ja.] Cementum; cortex 
osseus. 
hakuashitsu-hidai. [Ja.] Hypercementosis. 
hakuketsubyo. [Ja.] Leucemia. 
half crown. One made to substitute for 
one-half (more or less) of the crown of a 
tooth. 
halisteresis (hal-i-Ste-re'sis). [G. hals, salt; 
steresis, privation.] Osteomalacia; mala- 
costeon; a deficiency of lime salts in the 
bones, h. ce'rea, waxy softening of the 
bones. 
halito'sis. [L. halitus, breath; -osis.] Offen- 
sive breath. 
halituous (hal-it'u-us). [L. halitus, breath.] 
Covered with vapor, vaporous, 
hal'itus. [L. halare, to breathe.] Exhalation; 
breath; vapor, h. oris fetidus, halitosis. 
Hall’s articulator. Trade name of an articu- 
lator. 
Hall’s method. See Marshall Hall. 
hal'lux. [L.] The first digit of the foot; 
the great toe. 
halogen (hal'6-jen). [G. hals, salt; gennab, 
I produce.] One of the chlorin group of 
metalloids. 
Hals. [Ger.] Neck. 
ham. The inner bend of the knee, or popliteal 
space; the buttock and rear part of the 
thigh. 
hamame'lis. [G. hama, with; melon, apple.] 
Spotted hazel; witch-hazel. 
hammer (ham'er). An instrument consisting 
of a head of wood, steel or iron, fixed 
crosswise to a handle, for pounding, beating 
metals, driving nails, or in like manner 
exerting intermittent force upon some 
object, horn h., for adapting metals to 
dies without indenting the metal, riveting 
h., one so constructed as to facilitate the 
spreading of the point or end of a pin or 
piece of metal to form a rivet, sledge-h., 
a large, heavy, short-handled hammer used 
in striking up metal bases for dentures, 
between two metal dies. 
Hammer. [Ger.] Mallet; hammer, 
hammerbar. [Ger.] Malleable, 
hammern. [Ger.] The process of hammer- 
ing. 
Hammond fused oxid cement. Trade name 
of a cement for fillings. 
Hammond splint for fracture of the mandible. 
A strong gold wire in one piece is made, 
encircling the labial, buccal and lingual 
surfaces of the teeth; it is then fixed by 
ligating to it with flexible wire a sufficient 
number of teeth to bring them into normal 
relation to each other as indicated by the 
occlusion. 
ham'ular. [L. hamulus, small hook.] Unci- 
form; hook-shaped. 
ham'ulus. [L., dim. of hamus, hook.] A 
hook-like structure. 
hand. [A.S.] Extremity of the arm, below 
the wrist; manus. 
Hand. [Ger.] Hand. 
Handbohrer. [Ger.] Handbur. 
Handdruck. [Ger.] Hand-pressure, 
han'dle. That part of an instrument, or that 
part attached to some vessel, which is held 
in the hand when used or moved, as of an 
electric mallet, an excavator or a plugger, 
or of the holder for a cone-socket instru- 
ment, a file or ladle, 
handopesu. [Ja.] Handpiece, 
hand'piece. The part of the dental engine 
held in the hand of the operator and into 
which the instruments are fastened, cone- 
journal h., one holding only those instru- 
ments which are provided with a cone, 
contra-angle h., one having an angle so 
that the instrument is revolved at other 
than a right angle with the straight hand- 
piece. Doriot h., one specially designed 
for use with the Doriot engine, right- HANDSTUCK 
171 
HEBEL 
angle h., one in which short instruments 
are revolved at right angles with the 
straight handpiece, straight h., one with- 
out an angle. 
Handstiick. [Ger.] Handpiece (of engine.) 
hantai-kogo. [Ja.] Underhung bite, 
hap'lodont. [G. haplous, plain, simple; 
odous, tooth.] Possessed of molar teeth 
with plain crowns, that is, without tubercles 
or ridges. 
Hapsburg jaw and lip. A characteristic of the 
Hapsburg dynasty (1521-1918), evidenced 
by a prognathous mandible and macrola- 
bium, a hereditarily projecting lower jaw 
and large, thick lower lip, which has 
prevailed from generation to generation in 
various members of the Hapsburg family, 
and at present is in evidence in the case 
of Alfonso XIII, king of Spain, 
hard solder. See solder. 
hardening. The process of compacting a 
specimen and making it firm so that it 
may be cut into thin sections for micro- 
scopical examination, 
hardening steel. See temperature scale. 
hardness, relative degree of. On a scale of 
ten, graphite ranks in hardness as 1; salivary 
calculus from 1.5 to 2.5; cementum from 
3.5 to 5; enamel from 5 to 7, and diamond, 
the hardest of all, as 10. 
hare'lip. A rare congenital anomaly char- 
acterized by a cleft in the median line of 
the upper lip. See cleftlip. 
haretsu-kagai. [Ja.] Cleft palate, 
harmo'nia. [G. and L., a joining.] The firm, 
simple apposition of two smooth bone 
surfaces, as in the lacrymomaxillary junc- 
tion; harmonic suture, 
har'mony, dentofa'cial. See dentofacial rela- 
tion. 
Harper’s alloys. Trade name of dental 
alloys for amalgam fillings, 
hart. [Ger.] Hard. 
Harte. [Ger.] Hardness. 
Hartgummi. [Ger.] Hard rubber; vulcanite. 
Hartlot. [Ger.] Hard solder. 
Harz. [Ger.] Resin, 
hashisaibo. [Ja.] Odontoclast. 
H3ASO4. Arsenic acid. 
Hatch clamp. A rubberdam clamp invented 
by Dr. Hatch; it is designed for use in 
connection with the filling of cavities 
whose margin is near or extends under the 
free margin of the gums, in bicuspids, 
cuspids and incisors. 
hatsuiku-ko. [Ja.] Developmental groove. 
Havers’ canals. Vascular canals in bony 
tissue. H.’s lamellae, concentric strata of 
bone around H.’s canals. H.’s spaces, 
intervals in bone formed by the enlarge- 
ment of H.’s canals. H.’s system, a H. 
canal with the layers of bone surrounding 
it. 
H3B03. Boric acid. 
HC2H3O2. Acetic acid. 
HC1. Hydrochloric acid. 
H2CrC>4. Chromic acid. 
He. Chemical symbol of helium. 
head [A. S. heafod.] The upper or foremost 
part of an animal’s body, containing the 
brain and the organs of sight, smell, taste 
and hearing; caput, absence, acephalia, 
acephalism. boat-shaped, scaphocephalic, 
cymbocephalic, cymbocephalous. broad, 
eurycephalic, eurycephalous, bradyceph- 
alic, bradycephalous. conical, acroceph- 
alic, acrocephalous. large, macroceph- 
alic, macrocephalous, megalocephalic, 
megalocephalous. long, dolichocephalic, 
dolicocephalous. narrow, stenocephalic, 
stenocephalous. short, brachycephalic, 
brachycephalous. small, microcephalic, 
microcephalous, nanocephalic, nanoceph- 
alous. 
headgear. See skullcap. 
head'rest. That part of a dental or operating 
chair provided for the placing of the back 
part of the head of the patient. 
heal (hel). [A. S. healan.] To cure; to re- 
store to health; to cause a wound or ulcer 
to close or cicatrize. To be cured or be- 
come well; to cicatrize or unite (said of a 
wound or ulcer). 
heart (hart). |A.S. heorte.] The hollow 
muscular organ that circulates the blood. 
heat. [A.S. haete.] Form of energy mani- 
fested in fire, sunrays, etc.; the opposite of 
cold; the sensation caused by proximity to 
fire or a burning object; sexual excitement 
in the lower animals, especially the fe- 
males, and the period of time during which 
such excitement exists. 
heater. An attachment for the operating- 
table spirit or gas lamp, with a container 
for hot water on which guttapercha used 
for filling is softened; also a tray similarly 
attached for annealing gold, an annealing- 
tray. 
heat-unit. The amount of heat required to 
raise a given quantity of water through one 
degree C. of temperature. 
Hebei. [Ger.] Lever. HEBELBEWEGUNG 
172 
HEMIPLEGIA 
Hebelbewegung. [Ger.] In- and outward 
movement (as in extraction), 
hec'tic. [G. hektikos, habitual.] Constitu- 
tional; habitual (used of feverish symptoms, 
as flushed cheeks, hot skin, etc., and es- 
pecially of the daily rise of temperature 
in tuberculosis). 
hec'togram. [G. hekaton, hundred; gramma, 
mark.] One hundred grams = 1543.2 
grains. 
hectoliter (hek'to-le-ter). [G. hekaton, hun- 
dred; litra, pound.] One hundred liters = 
105.6 quarts or 26.4 American gallons, 
hectometer (hek'to-me-ter). [G. hekaton, 
hundred; metron, measure.] One hundred 
meters = 328 ft. 1 in. 
heel. [A.S. hela.] Part of the foot below 
and behind the ankle;' calx; a posterior 
small cusp of a tooth; talon, 
heiko-kogo. [Ja.] Balancing bite, 
heilbar. [Ger.] Curable. [drug. 
Heilmittel. [Ger.] Remedy; medicament; 
heilsam. [Ger.] Salutary; salubrious. 
Heilung. [Ger.] Cure; healing, 
heisen-kogoki. [Ja.] Plain-line articulator, 
heiss. [Ger.] Hot. 
helium. Symbol He, atomic weight 3.99. 
A rare inert gaseous element first discovered 
spectroscopically in the atmosphere of 
the sun, but since isolated from certain 
terrestrial minerals. 
helix. [G., coil.] The edge of the auricle, 
hemachrome (hem'a-krom). [G. haima, 
blood; chroma, color.] Hemoglobin, the 
color ingredient of the blood, 
hemagglutination (hem-ag-gl5-ti-na'shun). 
The lumping or clustering of red blood- 
cells. 
he'mal. [G. haima, blood.] Pertaining to 
blood or blood-vessels, 
hemangio'ma, pi. hemangio'mata (hem- 
an-ji-5'ma). [G. haima, blood; angeion, 
vessel; -oma, tumor.] A tumor com- 
posed principally of dilated and multi- 
plied blood-vessels. 
hemastrontium (hem-a-stron'shi-um). A his- 
tological stain made by adding strontium 
chlorid to a solution of hematein and 
aluminum chlorid in alcohol and citric 
acid. 
hemat'ic. Hemic; pertaining to blood, 
hem'atid. [G. haima, blood; idios, indi- 
vidual.] A red bloodcell, 
hem'atin. A brownish pigment in the 
blood; the acid radical uniting with globin 
to form hemaglobin. 
hemato-. [G. haima, blood.] A prefix to 
many medical terms signifying blood, 
hem'atoblast. [G. haima, blood; blastos, 
germ.] Platelet. 
hematocele (hem'a-t5-sel). [G. haima, 
blood; kele, tumor.] A bloodcyst; an 
effusion of blood into a canal or cavity, 
hem'atocyte. [G. haima, blood; kytos, cell.] 
A blood-corpuscle. 
hematogenet'ic cal'cic pericementi'tis. See 
pyorrhea. 
hematogenic, hematogenous (hem-a-to-jen'- 
ik, hem-a-toj'en-us). Blood-forming, 
hemato'ma. [G. haima, blood; manteia, 
divination.] A tumor containing effused 
blood; a hematocyst; a bloodcyst. 
hematoxylon (hem-a-tok'si-lon). [G. haima, 
blood; xylon, wood.] A dye produced 
from the wood of a Central American tree 
and used as a histological stain, 
heme'sia. Trade name of a compound of 
urea hydrochlorid and quinin used as 
a local anesthetic. 
hemi-. A Greek prefix meaning one-half; 
Latin, semi-. 
hemiageu'sia, hemiageus'tia. [G. hemi-, 
half; a- priv.; geusis, taste.] Deprivation 
of the sense of taste in one-half of the 
tongue. 
hemianesthesia (hem-i-an-es-the'zi-a). Loss 
of sensibility on one lateral side of the 
body, alternate h., affecting the trunk 
and extremities on one side and the head 
on the other. 
hemiatrophy (hem-i-at'ro-fi). Atrophy of 
one-half of an organ or part, as the tongue 
or face, facial h., affecting one side of 
the face, usually progressive, progressive 
lingual h., affecting one half of the tongue, 
hemigeu'sia. Hemiageusia. 
hemiglos'sal. Hemilingual. 
hemiglossitis (hem-i-glos-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
hemi-, half; glossa, tongue; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A vesicular eruption on one side 
of the tongue and the adjoining inner 
surface of the cheek. 
hemilat'eral. Pertaining to one lateral half, 
hemilin'gual. Pertaining to one lateral 
half of the tongue. 
hemiplegia (hem-i-ple'ji-a). [G. hemi-, half; 
plege, stroke.] Paralysis of one side of 
the face and the opposite side of the 
body. alternate h., paralysis of the 
extremities on one side and the facial 
muscles on the other, caused by a uni- 
lateral lesion of the pons. facial h., HEMISIN 
173 
HERENCIA 
affecting one side of the face only, the 
extremities not being affected, hereditary 
h., present at birth, with atrophy, 
hemisin. See epinephrin. 
hemitox'in. [G. hemi-, half; toxin.] A toxin 
of one-half the usual strength, 
hemo-. [G. haima, blood.] A prefix mean- 
ing blood. 
hem'oblast. Platelet; hematoblast; erythro- 
blast. 
hemocla'sia, hemocla'sis. [G. haima, blood; 
klasis, a breaking.] Destruction of the 
red blood-corpuscles; hemolysis, 
hemocytometer (hem-6-si-tom'e-ter). [G. 
haima, blood; kytos, cell; metron, measure.] 
An apparatus used to estimate the number 
of corpuscles in a given quantity of blood, 
hemoglo'bin. [G. haima, blood; L. globus, 
globe.] A conjugated protein which yields 
a simple protein and hematin on hydrol- 
ysis, and which constitutes the coloring- 
matter of the blood. 
hemoglobinom'eter. [hemoglobin; G. metron, 
measure.] An instrument to ascertain 
the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, 
hemolysis (hem-ol'i-sis). [G. haima, blood; 
lysis, solution.] Destruction of the red 
blood-corpuscles by a specific antiserum. 
hemophilia(hem-o-fel'i-a). [G. haima, blood; 
phileo, I like.] A disorder characterized 
by a tendency, traumatic or spontaneous, 
to profuse hemorrhages, due to defective 
coagulation. 
hemophil'iac. Pertaining to hemophilia. 
One afflicted with hemophilia, 
hemorragie. [Fr.] Hemorrhage, 
hemorragique. [Fr.] Hemorrhagic, 
hemorrhage (hem'o-raj). [G. haima, blood; 
regnynai, to burst.] A discharge of 
blood from the blood-vessels, especially 
one that is profuse, nasal h., epistaxis, 
nosebleed, secondary h., one occurring 
some time after an injury or operation, 
tendency to h., hemorrhagic diathesis, 
hemophilia. spontaneous h. of the 
gums, due to a loss of contractility in the 
blood-vessels of the gums, in cases of 
extreme debility. vicarious h. of the 
gums, said at times to occur in cases of 
amenorrhea, and corresponding with the 
menstrual period. 
hemorrhage, postextraction. A sometimes 
alarming continuance of the flow of blood 
after tooth-extraction. Severe hemorrhage 
after extraction, even in hemorrhagic 
diathesis, arrested by Emelin’s method: 
prepare large, cone-shaped plug of gauze 
or punk, slightly moisten in glycerate of 
tannin, roll in dry tannin powder; 
administer nitrous oxid to slight cyanosis, 
force prepared plug into alveolar socket, 
keep it in position under pressure several 
days. Plug kept in position by a mechan- 
ical appliance or prop, 
hemorrha'gia. Hemorrhage, h. per rhexin, 
caused by rupture of a blood-vessel, 
hemorrhagic (hem'or-aj'ik). Pertaining or 
tending to a flow of blood, 
hemorrhe'a. [G. haima, blood; rhoia, flow.] 
Hemorrhage. 
hem'orrhoid. [G. haima, blood; rhoos, a 
flux.] One of the tumors constituting 
hemorrhoids, or piles, hemorrhoides oris, 
occasional flow of blood from the veins of 
the mucous membrane of the mouth, due 
to suppressed hemorrhoidal discharge, 
hemosi'derin. A derivative of hemoglobin 
containing iron. 
hemosta'sia. [G. haima, blood; stasis, 
standing.] The stoppage of bleeding; 
arrested circulation of the blood; stagna- 
tion of the blood, 
hemos'tasin. See epinephrin. 
hem'ostat. An agent or instrument which 
stops the flow of blood from an open 
vessel. 
hemostat'ic. Styptic; stopping a hemorrhage 
or any flowing of blood, 
hemostyp'tic. [G. haima, blood; styptikos, 
astringent.] Hemostatic, 
hemp'seed. An oleaginous seed, somewhat 
like linseed, used for poultices, 
hen'bane. A poisonous plant, a species of 
nightshade, used medicinally for opium; 
hyoscyamus. 
hentosen-en. [Ja.] Angina tonsillaris, 
he'par, gen. he'patis. [G.] Liver, 
herbiv'orous. [L. herba, herb; vorare, to eat ] 
Feeding on herbs or plants; vegetarian. 
Herbst method. Introduced by Dr. Wilhelm 
Herbst, of Germany. It consists in con- 
densing gold in filling by means of smooth- 
headed burnishers, instead of serrated 
pluggers, using cohesive gold. Also used 
for filling with tin foil or amalgam, 
hereditary. [L. heres, an heir.] Transmitted 
by inheritance; descending from parents 
to offspring; congenital, 
heredity. Transmission of qualities, dis- 
eases, etc., from parents to offspring, 
herencia. [Sp.] Heredity; transmission 
from parents to offspring. HERITAGE 
174 
HIGH-FUSING BODIES 
heritage (her'it-aj). That which is inherited, 
hermet'ic. [Fr. hermetique.] Air-tight; 
hermetically sealed. 
hermetically. In an air-tight manner, 
h. sealed, inclosed in such a way that 
air can neither enter nor issue forth, 
hernia (her'ni-a). [L.] Rupture, especially 
of the abdomen; the breaking out of an 
organ or other part through the wall of 
its containing cavity. 
her'nia of the pulp. The protrusion of a 
part of an inflamed pulp, through an 
exposure or loss of the dentin wall of the 
pulp-chamber. strangulated h. of the 
pulp, loss of vitality resulting from a 
hernia. 
her'nial. Pertaining to hernia, 
her'niated. Afflicted with hernia, 
heroic (he-rb'ik). [G. heroikos, pertaining 
to a hero.] Daring; bold; drastic; indicat- 
ing a manner of treatment possibly increas- 
ing the danger. 
hero'in. An alkaloid sedative drug derived 
from morphin. 
herpes (her'pez). [G. herpo, I creep.] Any 
acute inflammatory eruption of the skin 
or mucous membrane marked by clusters 
of vesicles tending to spread, h. facialis, 
an eruption marked by deep vesicles on 
the vermilion border of the lips or at the 
nostrils, h. labialis, of the lips—cold sore, 
fever blister, h. progenitalis, marked by 
vesicles on the vulva, prepuce, or glans. 
h. simplex, h. facialis or h. progenitalis. 
hervorrufen. [Ger.] To bring on (as a 
disease). 
Heryng’s sign. Absence of illumination of 
the orbit, in case of empyema or tumor 
of the antrum of Highmore, when an 
electric light has been placed in the mouth. 
Herz. [Ger.] Heart. 
Herzfehler. [Ger.] Heart-defect, 
hetero-. [G. heteros, other.] A prefix 
denoting difference, or a divergence from 
normalcy. 
heterocy'clic. [G. heteros, other; kyklos, 
circle.] Noting compounds in which the 
ring or chain is composed of atoms of 
differing kinds. 
het'erodont. [G. heteros, different; odous, 
tooth.] Having teeth of differing shapes, 
as those of man; opposed to homodont. 
heterod'ymus. [G. heteros, different; didy- 
mos, twin.] A twin monster whose head 
and neck are attached to the anterior 
surface of the autosite. 
heteroge'neous. [G. heteros, different ; germs, 
kind.] Mixed; composed of dissimilar 
elements; opposed to homogeneous. 
heteromor'phous. [G. heteros, different; 
morphe, shape.] Abnormal; differing from 
the usual type. 
heteron'omous. [G. heteros, different; nomos, 
law.] Differing from the normal type. 
hexagon (heks'a-gon). Plane figure with 
six angles and sides. 
hexagonal (heks-&g'o-nal). Of the form of 
a hexagon. 
hexatom'ic. [G. hex, six; atomos, atom.] 
Indicating a compound of six atoms, or 
one with six replaceable hydrogen or 
univalent atoms. 
HF. Hydrofluoric acid. 
Hg. Hydrargyrum; mercury. 
HgCb. Mercuric chlorid, corrosive chlorid, 
perchlorid or bichlorid of mercury: 
corrosive sublimate. 
Hg2Cl2. Mercurous chlorid; mild chlorid 
of mercury; calomel. 
HgO. Mercuric oxid; precipitated oxid 
of mercury; red oxid or peroxid of mer- 
cury; red precipitate. 
Hg20. Mercurous oxid. 
HgS. Sulphid of mercury; cinnabar; ver- 
milion. 
hiatus (hi-a'tus). An aperture or opening; 
a fissure; a foramen, h. canalis facialis, 
the slit-like opening on the anterior 
surface of the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone which leads into the 
Fallopian canal; the hiatus of the facial 
canal; hiatus Fallopii, hiatus of Fallopius, 
h. maxillaris, the opening into the antrum 
of Highmore on the nasal surface of the 
maxilla. 
hibernation. [L. hibernus, wintry.] Time 
or act of passing the winter in sleep or 
torpor. 
hiccough, hiccup (hik'up). Spasm of the 
diaphragm with a sudden closing of the 
glottis. 
hidro'sis. [G. hidros, sweat.] Excessive 
sweating; sweating. 
hierro. [Sp.] Iron. 
higai-kogo. [Ja.] Overbite; underbiting. 
high- and low-fusing porcelain bodies. The 
fusing-point of pure gold is the dividing 
line; those fusing above that point are 
high-fusing, those fusing below that point 
are low-fusing. Gold fuses at 1950° F. 
High-fusing: 
Ash’s tooth body 2260° F. HIGHMORE’S ANTRUM 
175 
HOLDER 
Brewster’s enamel 2080° F. 
Brewster’s body 2210 
Close’s body .2300 
Consolidated high-fusing 2200 
Consolidated tooth body 2630 
Dental Protective tooth body... .2440 
Justi’s tooth body 2440 
Moffit’s porcelain 2050 
Sibley’s tooth body 2410 
S. S. White’s tooth body 2515 . 
White’s porcelain (crown and 
bridge) 2300 
Whitley’s porcelain 2210 
Low-fusing: 
Ash’s 1550 
Ash’s (so-called high-fusing) 1900 
Brewster’s low 1500 
Downie’s 1550 
Jenkins’ 1550 
See fusing-point. 
Highmore’s antrum. [Nathaniel Highmore, 
1613-85.] Sinus maxillaris; maxillary 
sinus. 
highmoritis (hi-mor-e'tis or Itis). [Nathaniel 
Highmore.] Inflammation of the sinus 
maxillaris; sinusitis maxillaris; antritis, 
hika-chusha. [Ja.] Hypodermic injection, 
hika-chushashin. [Ja.] Hypodermic needle. 
Hill’s stopping. Trade name of a guttapercha 
filling-material. 
hi'lum. [L., a trifle.] A hilus; that part of 
an organ, a depression or slit at the edge 
or on the surface, where the nerves enter 
or leave. 
hi'lus. A variant of hilum. 
hinge. A hook with its eye, or a joint or 
flexible piece, on which something turns 
or swings, as a velum attached to an 
obturator. 
hinge-joint. Ginglymus. 
hinketsu. [Ja.] Anemia; olighemia. 
hip. [A.S. hype.\ Haunch or fleshy part of 
the thigh; hip-joint. 
hipersensible. [Sp.] Hypersensitiveness (of 
the dentin.) 
hippocam'pus. [G. hippokampos, sea-horse.] 
An elevation on the floor of the inferior 
horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain. 
Hippocrat'ic. Pertaining to Hippocrates. 
H. face, a pinched expression of the 
features observed in one suffering from a 
long, exhausting illness, 
hircismus (her-siz'mus). [L. hircus, a male 
goat.] Offensive smell of the armpits, 
hir'cus (her'kus), gen. and pi. hirci 
(her'si). The odor of the armpits; one 
of the hairs growing in the armpits; 
tragus. 
hirsute (her'sut). [L. hirsutus, shaggy.] 
Hairy; shaggy. 
hiru'do. [L.] Leech, 
hishi. [Ja.] Spatula. 
hisogedoku-yaku. [Ja.] Arsenical antidote, 
histochemistry (his-to-kem'is-tri). [G. histos, 
tissue; chemistry.] Chemistry of the tis- 
sues. 
histofluorescence (his-td-flo-or-es'ens). 
Fluorescence of the tissues under exposure 
to x-rays after injecting a solution of 
quinin or some other fluorescent sub- 
stance. 
histol'ogy. [G. histos, tissue; logos, treatise.] 
The science of the minute structure of 
organic tissues; microscopical anatomy, 
histopathol ogy. The ihistology of diseased 
tissues; pathological histology, 
histophysiol'ogy. The study of the cells and 
tissues of the human body in health. 
Hitze. [Ger.] Heat. 
HNO2. Nitrous acid. 
HNO3. Nitric acid. 
Ho. Chemical symbol of holmium. 
H2O. Water. 
H2O2. Hydrogen peroxid. 
hoch, hoh. [Ger.] High. 
Hocker. [Ger.] Tuberosity. 
Hodgen’s fusible alloy. Bismuth 8, lead 5, 
tin 3, antimony 2. 
Hoffmann’s anodyne. Spiritus setheris com- 
positus. 
Hohe. [Ger.] Height, 
hohl. [Ger.] Hollow. 
Hohle. [Ger.] Cavity. 
Hohlkrone. [Ger.] Shell crown; hollow 
crown. 
hokashiki-en. [Ja.] Cellulitis. 
Hoke-Jewel. Trade name of a soldering 
torch for use in the laboratory, 
holder (hold'er). A part or contrivance in 
which something is held, secured or con- 
tained. asbestos soldering-block h., for 
holding the block while soldering to 
enable the workman to expose to the 
flame of the blowpipe different parts of 
the object which is being soldered, cotton- 
h., mercury-h., containers for the objects 
named. crown h., see crown-holder. 
engine-bit h., a handle in which an engine- 
bit may be held and used as a hand instru- 
ment. Ivory cotton-roll h., see Ivory. 
napkin- or pinafore-h., device to secure 
these articles to the clothing of the HOLLENSTEIN 
176 
HUMOR 
patient, nerve-broach h., a removable 
handle for a broach, rubberdam-h., an 
appliance to hold the rubberdam about 
the face of the patient. 
Hollenstein. [Ger.] Nitrate of silver. 
hol'mium. Symbol Ho, atomic weight 163.5. 
A very rare element. 
holocain hydrochlorate. A local anesthetic 
more toxic than cocain. 
Holy Scriptures, teeth mentioned in the. 
See Scriptures. 
ho'modont. [G. homos, same; odous, tooth.] 
Having teeth all alike in shape, as the 
lower vertebrates; opposed to heterodont. 
homogeneity. Quality or state of being 
homogeneous. 
homogeneous (ho-mo-je'ne-us). [G. homos, 
same; genos, kind.] Of the same kind or 
nature; having the constituent elements 
all similar; opposed to heterogeneous. 
homologous. [G. homos, same; logos, ratio.] 
Corresponding in relative position, pro- 
portion, value or structure. 
hook. [A.S. hok.] A curved or bent instru- 
ment used for catching, fixing or drawing 
something, blunt h., a hook-shaped iron 
bar used in parturition in case of difficult 
breech presentation, embrasure-h., see 
partial denture service in supplement. 
hooked. Having the form of a hook; 
provided with a hook. 
Horlick’s malted milk. Trade name of a 
suitable food for the temporarily edentu- 
lous, and a nutritious food in general. 
hor'mion. [G., dim. of hormos, cord, chain, 
necklace.] The point where the posterior 
border of the vomer joins with the sphenoid 
bone. 
hor'mone. [G. hormon, rousing.] A chemical 
substance carried from one part or organ 
of the body, where it is formed, to another 
part, which it incites or rouses to increased 
activity. 
horn. [A.S.] The slender and blunted 
extension of the pulp-chamber of a tooth 
toward the cusp; an excrescence on the skin 
resembling a horn in shape and structure; 
any curved, pointed, horn-like structure; 
any hard, thickened epidermal tissue such 
as that of the nails; cornu, h. of the pulp, 
the pulp tissue contained in the horn of the 
pulp-chamber. 
horn peen mallet. A mallet of which one 
end of the head is hemispherical, round- 
edged, sharp or thin, and used to stretch 
or bend metal without indentation. 
horn'blende. A mineral composed of silicate 
of lime, magnesium and iron. Used for 
shading the body or enamel of mineral 
teeth. 
horn-silver. Native chlorid of silver, 
hororyochu. [Ja.] Enamel column, 
horoshitsu. [Ja.] Crusta adamantina. 
horoshu. [Ja.] Adamantinoma, 
hosan. [Ja.] Acidum boricum. 
hosha. [Ja.] Borax. 
host (h5st). [O.F. hoste—L. hospes, enter- 
tainer.] That on which a parasite lives, 
hosui-kuroraru. [Ja.] Chloral hydrate, 
hotai. [Ja.] Bandage, 
hot-air syringe. See syringe. 
Hotchkiss’ operation. For epithelioma of the 
cheek. Resection of the lateral half of the 
mandible, and, when required, also a part 
of the maxilla, including the palate. The 
defect in the cheek is closed by the side of 
the tongue as well as by a flap which is 
drawn up from the side of the neck, 
hotetsu-sochi. [Ja.] Prosthetic apparatus. 
How crown. A porcelain facing with four 
pins, the pins being bent around a threaded 
dowel in the root, and the exposed parts of 
pins and dowel covered and built up with 
amalgam. 
Howship’s fovelose or lacunae. Small pits 
which occur on the surface of bone under- 
going resorption and which contain numer- 
ous osteoclasts. 
H3PO3. Phosphorous acid. 
H3PO4. Phosphoric acid. 
H4P2O6. Hypophosphoric acid. 
HoS. Hydrogen sulphid; sulphureted hydro- 
gen. 
H4Si04. Silicic acid. 
H2SO3. Sulphurous acid. 
H2SO4. Sulphuric acid, 
hueso. [Sp.] Bone. 
Hullihan’s acutenaculum. [Simon P. Hulli- 
han, American dentist, 1810-1857.] An 
instrument used in passing a needle 
through the cleft edges of the soft palate 
in the operation of staphylorrhaphv. 
Hiilse. [Ger.] Tube. 
humedad. [Sp.] Humidity, dampness, 
moisture. 
hu'merus. [L., shoulder.] The bone of the 
upper arm. 
hu'mor. [L.,-moisture, fluid.] An uncom- 
bined fluid of the body, as blood and 
lymph; a morbid animal fluid; a chronic 
moist skin disease; any chronic skin affec- 
tion due to a morbid state of the blood. HUMORAL 
177 
HYDROGLOSSA 
aqueous h., the watery fluid in the anterior 
and posterior chambers of the eye; hy- 
datoid. 
hu'moral. Pertaining to a humor. 
Hunt’s crown articulator. Trade name of an 
articulator used in making crowns. 
Hunt’s guttapercha instruments. These are 
provided with a bulk of metal just behind 
the workpoint; this metal, when heated, 
conveys the heat to the guttapercha and 
thus keeps the latter plastic. Designed by 
Dr. C. E. Hunt. 
hurri handwash. Trade name of a prepara- 
tion of cleansing and antiseptic qualities 
for the hands. 
Hutchinson’s teeth. Upper central incisor 
teeth with a crescent-shaped notch on the 
cutting edge, noted in hereditary syphilis. 
hy'alin. [G. hyalos, glass.] The homo- 
geneous basement substance of hyaline 
cartilage; hyaloplasm. 
hyclorite. Trade name of a deodorant and 
nonpoisonous preparation used in the 
treatment of gum infections. 
hydat'id. [G. hydatis, a drop of water.] An 
echinococcus cyst or a vesicular structure 
resembling one. 
hydatoid (hi'da-toid). [G. hydor, water; 
eidos, resemblance.] The aqueous humor; 
the hyaloid membrane. Pertaining to the 
aqueous humor. 
hydra. Any of several small freshwater 
hydrozoan polyps constituting the genus 
Hydra. 
hydrargyri (hi-drar'ji-ri). [L.] Gen. of 
hydrargyrum, mercury. h. bro'midum 
mi'te, mild mercurous bromid, similar to 
calomel, h. chlo'ridum corrosi'vum, cor- 
rosive chlorid of mercury; perchlorid of 
mercury; bichlorid of mercury; corrosive 
sublimate; mercuric chlorid. h. chlo'ridum 
mi'te, mild chlorid of mercury; subchlorid 
of mercury; mercurous chlorid; calomel, 
h. ox'idum ru'brum, red mercuric oxid; 
peroxid of mercury; red oxid of mercury; 
red precipitate; imparts the red or maroon 
color to dental vulcanite. 
hydrargyrum (hl-drar'ji-rum). [G. hydor, 
water; argyros, silver.] Symbol Hg, atomic 
weight 200. Mercury; quicksilver; a heavy 
liquid, silvery metal used in barometers, 
thermometers and other scientific instru- 
ments. Many of its salts are used medici- 
nally; when chemically pure mercury is 
triturated with an alloy the amalgam for 
dental fillings is formed. 
hydrarthrosis (hl-drar-thro'sis). [G. hydor, 
water; arthron, joint.] Articular dropsy; 
effusion of a serous fluid into a joint cavity, 
hy'drate. [G. hydor, water.] An aqueous 
solvate; hydroxid; a compound containing 
water in chemical union, 
hydraulics (hl-dral'iks). [G. hydor, water; 
aulos, a pipe.] The science of hydro- 
dynamics in its practical application to 
water in motion. 
hydrax. Trade name of an English prepara- 
tion used as a temporary cement, 
hydro-. [G. hydor, water.] A prefix meaning 
water or hydrogen. 
hydrocar'bon. A chemical compound con- 
taining only hydrogen and carbon, 
hydrocele (hi'dro-sel). [G. hydor, water; 
kele, hernia.] A gathering of serous fluid 
in a sacculated cavity, 
hydroceph'alus. [G. hydor, water; keyhole, 
head.] An effusion of serum into the 
cerebral ventricles, dilating the cavities 
and decreasing the brain tissue, the pres- 
sure causing separation of the cranial 
bones; it is usually congenital, 
hydrochlo'rate. A salt of hydrochloric acid, 
hydrochlo'ric acid. See acidum. 
hydrodynamics (hl-dro-dl-nam'iks). [G. 
hydor, water; dynamis, force.] The science 
treating of the laws of motion and action of 
fluids. 
hydrogen (hi'dro-jen). [G. hydor, water; 
gennao, I produce.] Symbol H, atomic 
weight 1. A gaseous element, colorless, 
odorless and tasteless. Being the lightest 
substance known, it was formerly taken 
as the basis of comparison with other 
elements in determining their atomic 
weight, but in 1917 an international system 
of atomic weights was adopted, and 
comparison is now made with oxygen, 
which has an atomic weight of 16. h. 
dioxid, oxygenated water, golden liquid, 
hydrogen peroxid, a powerful oxidizing 
agent used as a disinfectant and in 
bleaching, h. monoxid, water, aqua. h. 
peroxid, hydrogen dioxid. sulphureted h., 
hydrogen sulphid, an inflammable, color- 
less gas of intensely fetid odor, formed 
whenever there is decomposition of organic 
matter containing sulphur; it is liberated 
in the process of vulcanizing rubber, and 
to it is due the offensive odor when a 
vulcanizer is opened. 
hydroglos'sa. [G. hydor, water; glossa, 
tongue.] Ranula. HYDROLYSIS 
178 
HYPERTROPHY 
hydrol'ysis. [G. hydor, water; lysis, setting 
free.] A chemical process, when operative 
on animal or vegetable bodies through the 
action of enzymes, resulting in splitting, 
such as starch-splitting, fat-splitting, etc. 
In the process the compound acted upon 
takes up oxygen and hydrogen in the 
proportion to form water, and then is 
changed into other compounds, 
hy'drops. [G.] Dropsy; hydropsy, 
hydropyre. Trade name of an investing- 
material ; may be placed in fire while wet. 
hydrorrhea (hi-drar-re'a). [G. hydor, water; 
rhoia, flow.] A profuse discharge of 
watery fluid. 
hydrosuctine. Trade name of an English 
preparation used for retaining artificial 
dentures in the mouth, 
hy'drozone. Trade name of a solution of 
hydrogen peroxid. 
hygieiology (hi-je-yol'o-ji). [G. hygieia, 
health; -logia, treatise.] The science of 
hygiene. 
hygiene (hi'ji-en). [G. hygieia, health.] 
The science of health, dental, oral and 
mouth hygiene, the preservation of the 
health of the mouth. 
hygiene buccale. [Fr.] Mouth hygiene, 
h. publique de la bouche, public mouth 
hygiene. 
hygienic (hl-ji-en'ik). Healthful; pertaining 
to hygiene; wholesome; sanitary, 
hygienist (hl'ji-en-ist). One skilled in the 
science of health. 
hy'men. [G., membrane.] Maidenhead; 
a thin ring-like or crescent-shaped fold 
partly closing the vaginal opening in the 
virgin. 
hyoglos'sal. [G. hyoeides, hyoid; glossa, 
tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue and 
the hyoid bone, 
hyoglos'sus. See musculus. 
hyoid. Y-shaped or U-shaped, as the 
tongue-bone, os hyoideum. 
hyoscyamus (hi-os-sl'am-us). [G. hyosky- 
amos, henbane.] Hyoscyamus leaves; 
henbane; insane root; stinking nightshade; 
poison tobacco. 
hyothy'roid. Pertaining to the hyoid bone 
and the thyroid cartilage, 
hypalgesia (hi-pal-je'zi-a). [G. hypo, under; 
algos, pain.] Diminished sensibility to 
pain. 
hyper-. [G. hyper, over, above.] A prefix 
denoting over, more than normal, exces- 
sive. 
hyperacid (hi-per-as'id). Excessively acid, 
hyperalgesia (hi-per-al-je'si-a). [G. hyper, 
over; algos, pain.] Excessive sensitiveness 
to pain. 
hypercemento'sis. [G. hyper, over; L. 
cementum, cement; G. -osts.] Extraordi- 
nary growth of the cementum. 
hyperchlo'rid. Superchlorid; perchlorid. 
hypere'mia. [G. hyper, over; haima, blood.] 
Congestion; the presence of an abnormal 
amount of blood in a part, 
hyperesthe'sia. [G. hyper, over; aisthesis, 
sensation.] Excessive sensibility to the 
touch or to pain or other sensation, 
hypergeusia (hl-per-jo'si-a). [G. hyper, 
above; geusis, taste.] Excessive sensibility 
or acuteness of the organ of taste; gus- 
tatory hyperesthesia, 
hypergeus'tia. See hypergeusia. 
hyperkerato'sis linguae. See tongue, black. 
hypernephro'ma. [G. hyper, above; nephros, 
kidney; -oma, tumor.] A tumor of the 
suprarenal gland. 
hyperosto'sis. [G. hyper, over; osteon, bone; 
-osis.] Exostosis; hypertrophy of bone, 
hyperpla'sia. [G. hyper, above; plasis, 
molding.] The increase of any tissue, 
exclusive of tumors, causing an increase 
in the bulk of the organ or part. Also 
signifies proliferative changes in tissues 
which are not occurring to meet a demand 
for increased functional activity, 
hyperpnea (hi-per-pne'a). [G. hyper, over; 
pnoe, breathing.] A condition character- 
ized by abnormally deep and rapid 
breathing. 
hypersen'sitive. [G. hyper, over; L. sensum 
—sentire, to feel.] Supersensitive; exces- 
sively sensitive. 
hypersen'sitiveness. An exaltation of nor- 
mal sensation, h. of the dentin, excessive 
sensibility of the dentin, 
hypersusceptibil'ity. [G. hyper, over; L. 
suscipere, to take; habilis, fit, apt.] Exces- 
sive susceptibility to infection, 
hyperton'ic. [G. hyper, over; tonos, tension.] 
Possessed of a greater degree of tension, 
as when one of two solutions possesses 
the greater osmotic pressure; noting 
excessive tonicity, as of a muscle, 
hypertrophique. [Fr.] Hypertrophied, 
hyper'trophy. [G. hyper, above; trophe, 
nourishment.] An overgrowth or increase 
in the size and bulk of an organ or part 
of the body, not due, however, to any 
tumor formation. It may refer to an HYPESTHESIA 
179 
HYPOSIAGONARTHRITIS 
increase in size, as hypertrophy of the 
mucous membrane of the mouth in the 
edentulous, to meet the demand for 
functional activity due to the necessity 
of forcing the food to be masticated upon 
the edentulous alveolar ridges, or it may 
signify greater bulk through increase in 
size, but not in number, of the individual 
tissue elements. h. of the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, a nonpathological 
increase in the bulk of the soft tissues of 
the mouth due to a demand for retaining 
the food on the edentulous alveolar ridges, 
h. of the pulp, the expansion of the pulp 
tissue into the cavity of a tooth, h. of the 
septal gingiva, the growth and extension 
of the septal tissue into a proximal cavity 
of a tooth. 
hypesthesia (hl-pes-the'si-a). [G. hypo, un- 
der ; aisthesis, feeling.] Scant or diminished 
sensibility. 
hyp'nic. [G. hypnikos, sleepy.] Pertaining 
to sleep; somniferous; causing sleep; 
soporific. 
hypnot'ic. [G. hypnotikos, causing sleep.] 
Pertaining to hypnotism; causing sleep. 
A remedy causing sleep. 
hyp'notism. [G. hypnotikos, causing sleep.] 
Sleeplike condition or somnambulism 
induced by artificial means and in which 
the subject is under the influence of 
suggestion; mesmerism; Braidism. 
hypo. A contraction of hypochondriac; an 
abbr. for sodium hyposulphite. 
hypo-. [G. hypo, under.] A prefix, synon- 
ymous with sub-, denoting location under 
something else, deficiency or diminution, 
and, in chemical compounds, that one of 
a series which is weakest or lowest in 
oxygen. 
hy'poblast. [G. hypo, under; blastos, germ.] 
The endoderm or inner layer of cells in 
the embryo; from it the epithelium of the 
respiratory and alimentary systems is 
derived. 
hypochlo'rite. A salt of hypochlorous acid. 
hypochlo'rous acid. An oxidizing and 
bleaching acid. 
hypochon'driac. Person affected with hypo- 
chondriasis. 
hypochondriasis (hi-po-kon-dri'a-sis). [G. 
hypochondrion, hypochondrium.] Nervous 
malady, often arising from indigestion, 
in which the sufferer entertains imaginary 
fears and a morbid concern about his 
health. 
hypochondrium (hi-pS-kon'dri-um). fG. 
hypo, under; chondros, cartilage.] The 
upper lateral region of the abdomen 
under the floating ribs on either side, 
hypocone (hi'po-kon). [G. hypo, under; 
konos, cone.] The distoliiigual cusp of a 
maxillary molar tooth, 
hypoconid (hl-po-kon'id). The distobuccal 
cusp of a mandibular molar tooth, 
hypoconule (hi-po-kon'ul). The distal (fifth) 
cusp of a maxillary molar tooth. See 
hypostyle. 
hypoconulid (hl-po-kon'u-lid). The distal 
(fifth) cusp of a mandibular molar tooth, 
hypoderm (hl'po-derm). [G. hypo, under; 
derma, skin.) The subcutaneous connec- 
tive tissue. 
hypodermic (hi-po-der'mik). [G. hypo, 
under, derma, skin.] Beneath the skin; 
subcutaneous, h. injection, administra- 
tion of a liquid remedy by injection into 
the epiderm. h. syringe, a small syringe 
with a hollow needle instead of a nozzle, 
for administering h. injections, 
hypogastrium (hl-po-gas'tri-um). [G. hypo, 
under; gaster, belly.] The lower middle 
region of the abdomen, 
hypogeusia (hl-po-jo'si-a). [G. hypo, under; 
geusis, taste.] A dulling of the sense of 
taste. 
hypoglos'sal. [G. hypo, under; glossa, 
tongue.] Under the tongue; sublingual, 
h. nerve, the twelfth cranial nerve, 
hypoglossiadeni'tis. Inflammation of the 
sublingual gland. 
hypoglot'tis. [G. hypo, under; glossa, 
tongue.] Ranula; the under surface of 
the tongue. 
hypog'nathous. [G. hypo, under; gnathos, 
jaw.] Having a protruding mandible, 
hypog'nathus. A twin monster with a rudi- 
mentary parasite attached to the mandible 
of the autosite. 
hypophos'phorous acid. An acid occurring in 
both liquid and solid form, 
hypophysis (hl-pof'i-sis). [G., an under- 
growth.] A small two-lobed body at the 
base of the brain lying in the pituitary 
fossa of the sphenoid bone, 
hypopla'sia. [G. hypo, under; plasis, a mold- 
ing.] Incomplete formation or underde- 
velopment of a part. 
hyporin'ion. [G. hypo, under; rhis, nose.] 
The upper lip, or the lip below the nose, 
hyposiagonarthri'tis. Inflammation of the 
temporomandibular articulation. HYPOSIALADENITIS 
180 
IDIOT 
hyposialadenitis (hl-po-sl-al-ad-en-e'-tis or 
I'tis). [G. hypo, under; sialon, saliva; 
aden, gland; -itis, inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of the submaxillary salivary glands, 
hyposta'phile. Elongation or relaxation of 
the uvula. 
hypos'tasis. [G. hypo, under; stasis, a 
standing.] A sediment, 
hyposthe'nia. [G. hypo, under; sthenos, 
strength.] Weakness; debility, 
hypostom'atous. Zool., having the mouth 
on the lower side. 
hypos'tomous. See hypostomatous. 
hy'postyle. Zool., a small cusp between the 
hypocone and the metacone, 
hyposul'phite. A salt of hyposulphurous or 
thiosulphuric acid. 
hyposul'phurous acid. An acid forming hy- 
posulphites with bases; thiosulphuric acid, 
hypothesis (hl-poth'e-sis). [G., supposition 
—hypo, under; tithemi, place.] Supposition; 
proposition assumed for the sake of argu- 
ment; theory to be proved or disproved by 
reference to facts. 
hypoton'ic. Noting diminution of tonicity 
or tension. 
hypsibrachycephalic (hip-si-brak-i-se-f&l'ik). 
[G. hypsi, aloft; brachys, broad; kephale, 
head.] Having a high, broad head, as in 
Malay races. 
hypsicephalic (hip-si-se-fal'ik). [G. hypsi, 
aloft; kephale, head.] Having a peaked, 
high head or a skull with a vertical index 
above 75. 
hypsiceph'aly. Condition of being hypsice- 
phalic. 
hypsistaphylia (hip-si-sta-fil'i-a). [G. hypsi, 
aloft; staphyle, uvula.] A case in which the 
palate is high and narrow, 
hypsistenocephalic (hip-si-sten-6-se-fal'ic). 
[G. hypsi, aloft; stenos, narrow; kephale, 
head.] With a high, narrow head, as an 
Abyssinian. 
hysterectomy (his-ter-ek'to-mi). [G. hystera, 
womb; ektome, excision.] Removal of the 
uterus. 
hysteria (his-te'-ri-a). [G. hystera, womb— 
at one time believed to be caused by uter- 
ine disorders.] Chronic nervous disorder 
or psychoneurosis manifested in paroxysms 
varying in severity from a simple fit of 
uncontrollable laughter or weeping to one 
resembling the most severe epileptic con- 
vulsion; hysterics. [hysteria, 
hysterical. Pertaining to or afflicted with 
hysterics. An attack of hysteria, 
hystero-. [G. hystera, womb.] A combining 
form denoting the uterus or hysteria, 
hysterotris'mus. Uterine spasm; hysterical 
lockjaw. 
I 
I. Chemical symbol of iodin. 
I. Incisal, incisor. 
-iasis. A suffix meaning condition or state, 
iat'ric. [G. iatros, physician.] Medical. 
-ic. A suffix indicating that the element to 
the name of which it is appended is com- 
bined in one of its higher valencies, 
ice. Water congealed by freezing, i.-bag, 
a rubber bag filled with cracked ice and 
used for the application of cold, i.-cap, 
an i.-bag made to fit over the head, 
ichibu-gishi. [Ja.] Partial denture, 
ichibu-taikan. [Ja.] Partial band, 
ichor (I'kor), [G., serum.] A watery dis- 
charge from an ulcer or wound, 
ichorous (i'kor-us). Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, ichor; serous, 
ic'terus. [G. ikteros.] Jaundice, 
ic'tus. [L.] Stroke; beat; attack, i. cordis, 
heartbeat, i. epilepticus, an epileptic fit. 
i. paralyticus, a paralytic stroke, i. san- 
guinis, a stroke of apoplexy; i. solis, sun- 
stroke. 
ideal baseplate. Trade name of a wax prep- 
aration for baseplates. 
ideal facing. Trade name of a line of facings 
for crowns and bridges, 
idiocy (id'i-o-si). [G. ididteia, uncouthness.] 
State of being an idiot; imbecility; con- 
genital mental deficiency, 
idioglos'sia. [G. idios, own, peculiar; glossa, 
tongue, speech.] An extreme form of con- 
sonant or vowel substitution, by which a 
child’s speech may be made unintelligible 
to one not having the key. 
idioglot'tic. Pertaining to idioglossia. 
idiopath'ic. [G. idios, individual; pathos, 
suffering.] Pertaining to a primary disease 
or one originating without any extrinsic 
cause being apparent. 
idiosyncrasy (id-i-o-sin'kra-si). [G. idios, 
own; krasis, mixture.] Peculiarity of tem- 
perament or constitution, 
idiot (id'i-ut). [G. ididteia, uncouthness.] 
One congenitally deficient in intellect, as 
distinguished from a lunatic, whose mental IGIENE ODONTOIATRICA 
181 
IMPLANTATION 
deficiency arises after birth, and from an 
imbecile, who is more or less capable of 
education. Aztec i., microcephalic i., one 
with receding forehead and chin, 
igiene odontoiatrica. [It.] Dental hygiene, 
ig'nis. [L., fire.] Actual cautery; hot iron, 
ikatura. [Ja.] Gastritis, 
ikin. [Ja.] Chin muscle. 
I.L. Incisolingual. 
I.La. Incisolabial. 
ileocecum (il-e-6-se'kum). The combined 
cecum and ileum. 
il'eum. [G. eiled, I twist, roll up.] The 
third section of the small intestine, about 
12 feet long, extending from the junction 
with the jejunum to the ileocecal valve, 
il'iac. Pertaining to the ilium, 
il'ium. [L., flank.] The flank; the hipjoint; 
os ilium or flankbone. 
illumina'tion. [L. illuminare, to light up.] 
The lighting up of a surface or cavity for 
diagnosis or microscopic examination, 
axial i., by rays of light directed toward 
the axis of the microscope, direct i., by 
light falling upon the inner surface of the 
object under the microscope, 
illu'minator. One of various appliances used 
for illumination, electric i., an electric 
lamp for throwing the light into the 
mouth while operating. mouth-i., a 
, small lamp, lighted by electricity, for 
illuminating the interior of the mouth, 
im-. See in-. 
imbed'. To surround with matter such as 
wax or paraffin preparatory to cutting for 
microscopical examination, 
im'bricate, im'bricated. [L. imbricare, to 
cover with tiles.] Overlapping, like tiles 
or shingles. 
imbrica'tion. The overlapping of layers of 
tissue in the closure of wounds, etc. 
imbrication lines. See Pickerill. 
imme'diate. Direct; instant; with nothing 
intervening, i. root-filling, following the 
removal of the pulp, at the same sitting, 
with a treatment and the filling of the 
root-canal. 
immer'sion. [L. immergere, to dip in.] The 
placing of a body under liquid; in micro- 
scopic work, the use of an immersion lens, 
immer'sion lens. The objective of a mi- 
croscope separated from the object-glass 
by a thin layer of oil or water, 
immobiliza'tion. To make immovable, to 
make immobile, to fix, to make motion- 
less, as a fracture of a bone or segments 
of a fractured mandible, or the fixing of a 
bridge by firmly cementing it to the teeth, 
immo'bilize. [L. im- priv.; mobilis, movable.] 
To make incapable of moving or being 
moved. 
immune (im-mun'). [L. immunis, free from 
service.] Free from danger of infection. 
One exempt from the possibility of infec- 
tion because of inoculation with a mild 
virus or because of having had the infec- 
tious disease. 
immu'nity. State of being immune, 
immunity steel. Steel claimed to be rustless, 
acid-proof and immune to heat in steriliza- 
tion. Used in the manufacture of dental 
instruments. 
im'pact. [L. impactus—impingere, to strike 
on.] The striking of one body against 
another; collision, impact', to compress 
so as to make immovable, 
impact'ed tooth. See teeth. 
impac'tion. The condition of being im- 
pacted; the process of impacting, dental 
i., confinement of a tooth in the jaw, pre- 
venting its eruption. 
imper'forate. [L. im- priv.; per, through; 
foro, bore.] Closed; without an opening, 
imper'meable. [L. im- priv.; permeare, to 
pass through.] Impenetrable; not permit- 
ting passage; impervious, 
imper'vious. [L. im- priv.; per, through; via, 
way.] Not to be penetrated or entered; 
proof against the penetration of fluids; 
waterproof. 
impetigo (im-pe-tl'go). [L. impetere, to 
attack.] Pustular eruption due to infec- 
tion with pus microorganisms, generally on 
the face and about the mouth and nostrils, 
rupturing and becoming crusted, 
implant'. [L. im-, in; plantare, to plant.] To 
insert; to graft; to ingraft, 
implantation de raices. [Sp.] Implantation 
of roots. 
implanta'tion. The insertion of a natural 
tooth into an artificial socket. Ottofy’s 
i. crib knife, a hollow reamer used in 
forming an artificial socket for the root 
of a tooth to be implanted, the hollow 
interior providing room for the cut particles 
of bone, thus preventing clogging. Otto- 
lengui’s i. reamers, a set of solid reamers 
used in forming an artificial socket for the 
root of a tooth to be implanted. Younger- 
Walker i. reamers, a set of solid reamers 
used in forming an artificial socket for 
the root of a tooth to be implanted. IMPREGNATE 
182 
INCLUSION 
impreg'nate. [L. im-, in, prcegnans, with 
child.] To make pregnant; to fertilize; to 
permeate with another liquid or substance; 
to saturate. 
impres'sio. [L.] Impression; a mark ap- 
parently made by one body on another, 
impres'sion. [L. impressio—imprimere, to 
press in.] A negative copy or counterpart 
of some object impressed; a mold made by 
taking an imprint of the alveolar processes, 
the teeth and the palate, using wax, 
modeling-compound or plaster. By pour- 
ing soft plaster or some metal or alloy 
into this mold a duplicate or cast of the 
parts is obtained, i.-cup, i.-tray, recept- 
acle for the plaster, wax, modeling-com- 
pound or other material required to take 
an impression. i.-materials, beeswax, 
guttapercha, a variety of plastics under 
the name of modeling composition, and 
plaster of Paris. 
impres'sionol. Trade name of a liquid 
preparation for taking impressions for 
full and partial dentures, 
im'pulse. [L. impulsus—impellere, to push 
on.] A sudden motive, other than reason- 
ing or instinctive; an unpremeditated de- 
termination to do some act. 
In. Chemical symbol of indium, 
in-. [G. is, fiber.] A prefix denoting fiber or 
fibrous tissue. 
in-, im-, il-., ir-. [L.] A prefix denoting (1) 
negation—not, un-; (2) in, within, into, 
on; (3) intensive action, 
inanimate. [L. in- priv.; animatus, alive.] 
Dead; not animated; lifeless; dull, 
inanition (in-an-ish'un). [L. inanio, empty.] 
Weakness from lack of nourishment, 
inartic'ulate. Incoherent; speechless; un- 
intelligible. 
inassim'ilable. Incapable of being assimi- 
lated or converted into nourishment, 
incandes'cent. [L. incandescere, to begin to 
glow.] White or glowing with heat, 
incar'nant. [L. incarnare, to embody in 
flesh.] Promoting the healing of a wound, 
in'cident. [L. incidere, to meet with.] Hap- 
pening with; falling in with; meeting with; 
going on. 
inciden'tal. Casual; occurring undesignedly; 
concomitant. 
incinera'tion. [L. incinerare, to burn to 
ashes.] Reduction to ashes; cremation, 
incipiency (in-sip'i-en-si). [L. incipio, I 
begin.] The state of belonging to the first 
stage, the opening stage, the initial stage, 
the beginning; noting in caries the first 
signs of the destructive process, incipiency 
of caries. 
incip'ient [L. incipere, to begin.] Beginning; 
belonging to the first stage, 
incisal (in-si'-zal). Pertaining to the cutting 
edges of the cuspid (canine) and incisor 
teeth. 
incise (in-siz'). [L. incidere, to cut into.] 
To cut. 
incising teeth. See teeth. 
incision (in-sizh'un). A cut; a division made 
with a knife. 
inci'sive. Cutting; capable of cutting; per- 
taining to the incisor teeth, 
incisives. [Fr.] Incisors, 
incisivo, -s. [Sp.] Incisor, 
incisi'vum fora'men. The opening of the 
canal directly to the posterior of the 
upper incisors. 
inciso-. A modification of incisor and incisal 
in forming compound words, e.g., inciso- 
labial. See cavity nomenclature. 
inci'sor. One of the cutting or incisor teeth, 
of which there are four in each jaw; labial 
tooth, anterior tooth; incising tooth. See 
teeth, central i., one nearest the median 
line, lateral i., the one more distal from 
the median line. 
inci'sor path. The distance traversed by the 
incisal edges of the lower teeth from the 
position of rest, or normal occlusion, to 
that of an edge-to-edge contact, or the 
contact of incision. 
incisu'ra. [L., a cutting.] An incision; a 
notch, i. lacrimalis, the lacrymal notch on 
the internal margin of the orbital surface 
of the maxillary bone which receives the 
lacrymal bone. i. mandibulae, the sigmoid 
notch, the deep notch on the upper margin 
of the ramus of the mandible, between the 
condyle and the coronoid process, i. 
sphenopalatina, the sphenopalatine notch, 
between the orbital and sphenoidal pro- 
cesses of the palate bone; it becomes the 
sphenopalatine foramen by its articula- 
tion with the inferior surface of the 
sphenoid bone. 
inclina'tion. The deviation from the per- 
pendicular of the longitudinal axis of a 
tooth. 
in'cline plane. An apparatus, usually of 
vulcanite, against which pressure of the 
teeth is exerted in correcting malpositions, 
inclu'sion. [L. inclusus—includere, to in- 
close.] The presence of a foreign substance INCOHERENT 
183 
INDEX 
in a cell, tissue or organ, not the result of 
trauma. 
incoherent. [L. in- priv.; cohcerere, to stick 
together.] Disjointed; confused; not co- 
herent. 
incompatible. [L. in- priv.; con-, with; pad, 
to bear, suffer.] Inconsistent; contradic- 
tory; incapable of being mixed without 
acting antagonistically or suffering de- 
structive chemical change (said of the 
ingredients in a wrongly constructed com- 
pound). 
incompetence. [L. in- priv.; competere, to 
suit.] Inefficiency; inadequacy; inability 
to perform an allotted task, 
incompressible. Incapable of being reduced 
to smaller bulk. 
incontinence. [L. in- priv.; continere, to 
contain.] Inability to prevent the in- 
voluntary discharge of excretions, as the 
urine or feces; want of self-restraint or 
continence. 
incoordination (in-ko-or-di-na'shun). Ab- 
sence of harmonious adjustment or ar- 
rangement; lack of harmony in the action 
of various muscles working together, 
incorporate. [L. in, into; corpus, body.] To 
form into a body; to combine into one 
mass. 
in'crement. [L. incrementum—increscere, to 
increase.] Growth; increase; addition, 
incremental lines. See lines, Pickerill. 
incrustaciones. [Sp.] Inlays, 
incrustation. [L. in, on; crusta, crust.] A 
mass of salivary calculus accumulating on 
the teeth; formation of a crust or scab, 
incubation. [L. incubere, to lie on or in.] 
The act of hatching; the development of 
bacterial or protozoan cultures in an incu- 
bator; the evolution of an infectious disease 
from the time of infection to the appear- 
ance of the first symptoms, 
in'cus, gen. incu'dis. [L., anvil.] The central 
of the three ossicles in the tympanum, 
resembling a bicuspid (premolar) tooth in 
shape. 
indentation. [L. in-, in; dens, tooth.] 
Notch; recess; pit. The act of indenting, 
notching or pitting; state of being notched 
or pitted. 
in'dex, pi. in'dices. [L., an indicator.] Any- 
thing that indicates or points out; the 
second or pointing finger; a list of subjects 
treated of in a book; a number denoting the 
relation as regards size, etc., of one part or 
thing to another, alveolar i., the gnathic 
index—Continued. 
index, the basilar index, basilar i., the 
ratio between the basialveolar line and the 
maximum length of the cranium, accord- 
ing to the following formula: 
basialveolar line X100 , , . . 
—: : — = alveolar index. 
length of cranium 
dental i., the relation of the dental length 
—that is, the distance from the mesial sur- 
face of the first bicuspid (premolar) to the 
distal surface of the third molar—to the 
basinasial length, from basion to nasion = 
dental length X100 
basinasial length. 
facial i., the relation of the length of the 
face to its maximum width between the 
malar prominences. To ascertain the 
superior facial index, the length is meas- 
ured from the nasion or ophryon to the 
alveolar point = 
ophryoalveolar or nasialveolar length X100 
bizygomatic width. 
To ascertain the total facial i., the mandi- 
ble is included in the length, and measured 
from the nasion or ophryon to the mental 
tubercle = 
ophryomental or nasimental length X100 
bizygomatic width. 
gnathic i., the relation between the basial- 
veolar, that is basion to alveolar point, 
and basinasial, that is basion to nasion, 
lengths, the latter being taken as 100 = 
basialveolar length X100 
basinasial length, 
and the result indicates the degree of pro- 
trusion of the maxilla, the alveolar index, 
nasal i., the relation of the greatest width 
of the nasal aperture to the length of a 
line from the nasion to the lower border of 
the nasal aperture, the former being taken 
as; 100 = 
nasal width X100 
nasal height. 
palatal or palatine i., see palatomaxillary 
index, palatomaxillary i., the relation of 
the palatomaxillary width. It is measured 
between the outer borders of the alveolar 
arch immediately above the middle of the 
second molar. The palatomaxillary length INDIA-RUBBER 
184 
INFERIOR 
ind ex— Continued. 
is measured from the alveolar point to the 
middle of a transverse line touching the 
posterior borders of the two maxillae = 
palatomaxillary width X100 
palatomaxillary length, 
thus ascertaining the various forms of the 
dentary arcade and the palate, 
india-rubber. Caoutchouc, 
in'dicate. [L. indicare, to point out.] To 
point out; to denote; to show or manifest 
by symptoms; to point to as the proper 
remedy. 
indica'tion. [L. indicare, to point out.] Act 
of indicating; that which indicates; mark; 
token; symptom; a sign or suggestion as to 
treatment of a disorder derived either 
from knowledge of the cause, the nature 
of the ailment or observation of the symp- 
toms. 
indif'ferent. [L. in- priv.; differre, to differ.] 
Neutral; unconcerned; unimportant; tend- 
ing in neither direction; undifferentiated, 
indigestion (in-di-jest'yun). [L. in- priv.; 
digestus—digero, carry asunder, dissolve.] 
Lack of proper conversion of food in the 
alimentary tract. 
indirect'. Not straight or direct; round- 
about; not immediate, 
indiscrim'inate. [L. in- priv.; discrimen, 
separation.] Promiscuous; confused; 
heterogeneous. 
in'dium. Symbol In, atomic weight 114.8. 
A metallic element of a silvery white color, 
in'doform. Trade name of a mixture of 
formaldehyde, salicylic acid and acetyl 
salicylic acid. 
in'dol, in'dole. A crystalline substance 
formed in the bowel during protein putre- 
faction and occurring also during the di- 
gestion of proteins in the pancreas; ketol. 
in'dolent. [L. in- priv.; dolere, to feel pain.] 
Sluggish; inactive; painless, 
induce (in-dus'). [L. inducere, to lead in.] 
To cause; to produce; to cause by electric 
or magnetic induction, 
inducieren. [Ger.] To induce, 
induction (in-duk'shun). Causation or pro- 
duction; production by one body of an 
opposite electric state in another by prox- 
imity. 
in'dulin. A coaltar dye used as a histological 
stain. 
in'durated. [L. in- intensive; durus, hard.] 
Hardened. 
indura'tion. The act of hardening; a spot of 
hardened tissue. 
inefficient (in-ef-fish'ent). [L. in- priv.; 
facere, to make.] Effecting little or noth- 
ing; ineffectual; inadequate, 
ineinandergreifen. [Ger.] To gear; to fit 
one in another. 
inert (in-ert'). [L. iners, sluggish.] Sluggish; 
slow; having no therapeutic effect, 
inertia (in-er'shi-a). Inherent property of 
matter by which it tends to remain at rest 
when resting, and in motion when mov- 
ing; inertness; inactivity, 
in'fant. [L. in- priv.; fari, speak.] Babe; a 
child less than two years old; in law, a 
minor. 
in'fantile (in'fan-til or in'fan-tel). Pertain- 
ing to an infant or infants, i. scorbutus, 
i. scurvy, i. tet'anus, trismus neonatorum, 
trismus nascentium. 
infan'tilism. [L. infantilis, infantile.] A 
condition in which mind and body develop 
with extreme slowness, 
infarct (in'farkt). [L. infarcire, to stuff.] A 
region of coagulation necrosis caused by 
the stoppage of circulation in an artery, 
infeccion bucal. [Sp.] Mouth infection, 
infect'. [L. inficere.] To taint, especially 
with disease; to cause infection, 
infection (in-fek'shun). Act or process of 
infecting, especially with disease; that 
which infects, or causes communicated 
disease; the state of being infected, result 
of infecting influence; an epidemic; a 
prevailing germ disease, focal i., a local- 
ized infection, as in the dental area or the 
tonsils, etc., whence the microorganisms 
or their toxins are carried to other parts 
of the body and thus produce local or 
systemic infections, latent i., a phase of 
bacterial infection where the bacterium 
and the tissues are in equilibrium, 
infection alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar infec- 
tion ; pyorrhea. 
infection of the dental alveoli, diffused. See 
pyorrhea. 
infectious (in-fek'shus). Capable of pro- 
ducing an infection; infective; transmissi- 
ble by infection with or without actual 
contact, i. disease, one caused by the 
action of an animal or vegetable micro- 
organism. 
infecun'dity. Barrenness; sterility; unfruit- 
fulness; unproductiveness, 
infe'rior. [L., comp, of inferus, low.] Low- 
er; subordinate; secondary; less valuable. INFERIOR TEETH 
185 
INLAY 
inferior teeth. See teeth. 
inficieren. [Ger.] To infect, 
infiltra'tion. The act of passing through or 
into, as in filtering, as of gases, fluids or 
matters held in solution passing into or 
penetrating a substance, cell or tissue; the 
gas, fluid or solution which has entered 
any substance, cell or tissue, 
inflamma'tion. [L. in, in; flamma, flame.] 
A morbid congestion manifested by swell- 
ing and redness with heat and pain. i. of 
the gums and periodontal membrane, cal- 
cic, an inflammatory condition of the tis- 
sues named, due to a deposit of salivary 
calculus. 
inflammation calcique. [Fr.] Calcic in- 
flammation; pyorrhea, i. pericementaire, 
pericemental inflammation; pyorrhea, i. 
pulpaire, inflammation of the pulp, 
inflation. [L. in, in; flare, to blow.] State 
of being puffed up; distention of a part by 
a gas or a liquid. 
infra-. [L., below.] A prefix denoting be- 
low, under, lower than, 
infraclu'sion. Noting teeth whose occluding 
surfaces are below the normal occlusal 
plane. See infraversion, bimax'illary i., 
see bimaxillary infraclusion, infraversion. 
infraction. [L. infractus, broken.] A frac- 
ture, particularly one without displace- 
ment. 
infraglenoid (in-fra-glen'oid). Under the 
glenoid fossa of the temporal bone or the 
glenoid surface or cavity of the scapula, 
inframandib'ular. Under the lower jaw or 
mandible. 
inframax'illary. Submaxillary; inframandib- 
ular. 
infraorbital (in-fra-or'bit-al). Under the 
orbit or in the floor of the orbit, 
infraver'sion. Noting a tooth which is too 
short as related to the plane of occlusion. 
[ASO.] See open-bite malocclusion, close- 
bite malocclusion. 
infundib'ulum. [L., a funnel.] A funnel or 
funnel-shaped passage or structure, 
infusible (in-fu'zi-bl). Not capable of being 
melted or fused. 
infu'sion. [L. in, into; fundere, to pour.] 
The process of pouring water, cold or hot, 
but below the boiling-point, over a sub- 
stance in order to extract its active princi- 
ple; distinguished from a decoction, which 
is made with boiling water. Solution in 
water of an organic, especially a vegetable 
substance; liquor so obtained. 
in Gang setzen. [Ger.] To begin; to start 
(an operation). 
ingesta (in-jes'ta). [L., pi. of ingestum— 
ingerere, to carry in.] Food taken into the 
body. 
ingot (in'got). A bar of any metal cast in a 
mold, i.-mold, a box of carbon, charcoal, 
soapstone, iron or brass, into which metal 
is poured, resulting in an ingot, 
inguen, gen. in'guinis (in'gwen). The groin, 
inguinal (in'gwin-al). Pertaining to the 
groin. 
inha'lant. A remedy taken by inhalation; 
that which is inhaled. 
inhala'tion. [L. in-, in; halare, to breathe.] 
Drawing in the breath; inspiration; draw- 
ing a medicated vapor in with the breath; 
a liquid medicine intended for inhalation 
in the form of vapor. 
inha'ler. A device for administering reme- 
dies by inhalation; a device like a mask, 
through which to breathe when the air is 
inclement or infested with dust or vapors, 
inhalieren. [Ger.] To inhale, 
inherent (in-her'ent). [L. in.-, in; hcerere, to 
stick.] Inseparable; innate; natural; in- 
trinsic. 
inhibition (in-hi-bish'un). [L. inhibere, to 
restrain.] The restraining, checking or 
retarding of physiological action, 
initial (in-ish'al). [L. initium, beginning.] 
Commencing; placed at the beginning; 
pertaining to a beginning, 
inject'. [L. injicere, to throw in.] To charge 
with a fluid; to introduce into the body 
hypodermically or into a cavity or a blood- 
vessel. 
injectio (in-jek'sho). [L.] Injection, 
injection (in-jek'shun). [L. injectio.] The 
introduction of food or medicine in liquid 
form into a canal, cavity or blood-vessel 
or the subcutaneous or muscular tissue, 
in'lay. A solid metal or mineral filling, made 
to correspond to the form of a cavity, in- 
serted and secured with cement; a filling 
composed of some dense material, con- 
structed outside the tooth-cavity, and 
which is held in position in the cavity by 
some adhesive substance, gold i., one 
made of pure gold or an alloy of gold, 
gold shell i., one made of gold, but hollow, 
the interior being filled with cement, 
porcelain i., one made of baked mineral, 
i. wax, a special hard wax made of bees- 
wax, paraffin and rosin, for making cores 
for inlays. INLET 
186 
INSTRUMENT FORMULA 
in'let. A passage leading into a cavity, 
in'nocent. [L. in- priv.; nocere, to harm.] 
Harmless; benign. 
innoc'uous. [L. innocuus.] Harmless, 
innom'inate. [L. in- priv.; nomen, name.] 
Nameless. 
innox'ious. [L. innoxius.] Innocuous; harm- 
less. 
in'oblast. [G. is (in-), fiber; blastos, germ.] 
An embryonic connective-tissue cell, 
inoc'ulate. [L. inoculare, to ingraft.] To 
infect with a disease by inserting its virus 
into the flesh, thus inducing a mild form 
to insure future immunity, 
inoepithelioma (in-5-ep-i-the-li-b'ma). [G. 
is (in-), fiber; epithelioma.] An epithelioma 
mixed with fibrous tissue, 
ino'ma. [G. is, fiber; -oma, tumor.] A 
fibroid tumor; fibroma, 
inomyoma (in-o-mi-o'-ma). [G. is, fiber; 
mys, muscle; -oma, tumor.] Fibromyoma; 
a myoma with much fibrous tissue, 
inop'erable. That cannot be helped by 
operation, or that cannot be operated on. 
inorganic. Not pertaining to living organ- 
isms; not organic. i. chemistry, the 
chemistry of substances not containing 
carbon. 
inosculate (in-os'ku-lat). [L. in, in; osculum, 
dim. of os, mouth.] Anastomose, 
in'ose. [G. is (in-), fiber.] Inosite; muscle- 
sugar. 
inosemia (in-o-se'mi-a). [inose; G. haima, 
blood.] The presence of inose or inosite 
in the blood. 
in'osite. [G. is (in-), fiber, muscle.] Inose; 
muscle-sugar, a sugar found in the cardiac 
muscle, the kidneys, brain, etc. 
inosto'sis. The process by which cement 
tissue is re-formed in any excavation made 
by resorption in the cementum. 
insalivate. [L. in, in; saliva.] To mix food 
with saliva during mastication, 
insaliva'tion. Mixing food with saliva, 
insane'. [L. in- priv.; sanus, sound, sane.] 
Of unsound mind; non compos mentis; 
lunatic; crazy; deranged, 
insanitary. [L. in- priv.; sanitas, health.] 
Injurious to health; unhealthful; in- 
salubrious. 
inscrip'tion. [L. inscriptio.] The principal 
part of a prescription, that noting the 
drugs and the quantity of each in the 
compounds. 
insen'sible. Unconscious; callous; unfeeling; 
imperceptible to the senses. 
insertion (in-ser'shun). [L. in, in; severe, to 
plant.] A placing in; the fixation of a 
muscle to various parts of the skeleton; 
the introduction of a filling in a cavity; 
the placing of a denture in the mouth, 
insheathed (in-shei/id). Encysted; inclosed 
in a capsule or sheath, 
insho. [Ja.] Impression, 
insid'ious. [L. insidice, ambush.] Treacher- 
ous; deceptive; stealthy; indicating an ail- 
ment which exhibits few symptoms to 
warn of its gravity. 
in si'tu. [L. situs, site.] In place; in position, 
insol'uble. Not capable of being dissolved; 
not soluble. 
inspect'. [L. inspicere, to examine.] To 
examine with the eye. 
inspiration. [L. in, in; spirare, to breathe.] 
Inhalation; the act of breathing in. 
inspis'sated. [L. in- intensive; spissare, to 
thicken.] Thickened by the evaporation 
of moisture. 
Instandhaltung. [Ger.] Maintenance, 
instillation method. In local anesthesia, the 
dropping of the drug in solution upon the 
tissue or into a cavity, as is practiced by 
ophthalmologists in connection with the 
eye. 
instrument (in'stro-ment). [L. instrumen- 
tum.] A mechanical device or material 
thing for performing work or producing 
an effect; an implement; a tool; utensil; 
as a dental instrument, cutting i., exploring 
i., holding i., plastic filling i., pyorrhea i., 
etc. dental hand i., a hand instrument 
is divided into three parts, viz.: a shaft, 
the straight part held in the hand; a blade, 
which is the cutting edge and the un- 
curved portion of that part; and a shank, 
which connects the handle with the blade, 
and which may be curved or possessed of 
one or more angles. 
instrument formula. [Dr. G. V. Black.] 
Dental instruments are made according to 
a formula which describes the instrument 
so that the width and length of its blade 
as well as the angle of the cutting edge (if 
it has one) and the angle of the blade 
with the shaft may be exactly determined. 
The width of the blade is measured in 
tenths of millimeters, giving the first 
figure in the formula; the length of the 
blade is measured in millimeters, giving 
the second figure in the formula; and the 
angle of the blade is measured according 
to the centigrade circle, giving the third INSTRUMENT GAGE 
187 
INTENTION 
instrument formula—Continued. 
figure in the formula. If the cutting edge 
of the blade is at an angle, it is also 
determined by the centigrade circle, and 
the figure is given in () brackets. Ex- 
amples: 
If the shaft of an instrument is stamped 
20 
it indicates that the width of cutting edge 
is 20 tenths of a millimeter, that neither 
the blade nor the shank has an angle, i.e., 
that the instrument is perfectly straight, 
with a cutting edge, as a chisel. If an 
instrument bears a formula like this: 
14 
6 
12 
it indicates that the width of the blade is 
14 tenths of a millimeter, that the length 
of the blade is 6 millimeters, and that the 
angle of the blade with the shank is 12 
degrees of the centigrade scale. If an 
instrument bears a formula like this: 
20 
(95) 
9 
12 
R 
it indicates that the width of the blade is 
20 tenths of a millimeter, that the cutting 
edge is at an angle of 95 degrees of the 
centigrade scale, that the length of the 
blade is 9 millimeters, that the angle of the 
blade with the shank is 12 degrees of the 
centigrade scale, and that it is the right 
of a right-and-left pair of instruments, its 
corresponding mate being stamped with 
an L. 
instrument gage, dental. A device for meas- 
uring dental instruments. It is provided 
with a short graded bar to measure the 
width of the blade in tenths of millimeters, 
with a long graded bar to measure the 
length of the blade in millimeters, and a 
centigrade circle to measure the angle of 
the blade with its shaft and the angle of 
the cutting edge, if the latter is set at an 
angle. 
instrumental. Pertaining to an instrument, 
appliance or tool; serving as an instrument 
or means; helpful. 
instrumenta'rium. The complete set of the 
instruments used by the dentist in opera- 
tive dentistry. 
instrumentation. Operating by means of an 
instrument or instruments; the use of 
various instruments in the performance of 
dental operations. [ments. 
Instrumentensatz. [Ger.] Set of instru- 
Instrumententisch. [Ger.] Instrument 
bracket or table. 
insufficiency (in-suf-fish'en-si). Inefficiency; 
inadequacy; incompetency. 
insuf'flate. [L. in, into; sub, under; flare, to 
blow.] To blow into; to fill with air; to 
blow a powder into a cavity. 
insufflation method. In local anesthesia, the 
application of the drug by means of a swab 
to the mucous membrane of the nostrils 
over the region of the apices of the roots of 
the incisors, anesthetizing the nerves enter- 
ing those teeth; anterior intranasal an- 
esthesia; administration through a slender 
tube passed between the vocal cords. 
in'sufflator. A device for blowing powders 
into the ear, nose, etc. 
insulate (in'so-lat). [L. insula, an island.] 
To place in a detached situation; to de- 
tach; to prevent connection or communica- 
tion with; electrically, to separate from 
other conducting bodies by interposing a 
nonconducting substance, as rubber, glass, 
etc. 
insusceptibility. Immunity; want of sus- 
ceptibility. 
integument (in-teg'u-ment). External cov- 
ering of an animal or plant; enveloping 
membrane. 
inten'sifier. A solution to chemically in- 
crease the density of photographic or 
radiographic negatives. 
intensifying screen. A surface coated with 
some fluorescing material, such as tung- 
state of calcium, placed in contact with the 
film side of the x-ray plate, materially 
shortening the time necessary for ex- 
posure. 
inten'sity. [L. intensus—intendere, to stretch 
out.] Extremity in degree; marked ten- 
sion; severity. 
intension. [L. intendere, to stretch out.] A 
process or operation in surgery. Union 
or healing of wounds is designated by first, 
second and third intention: first, immediate 
healing without suppuration or the forma- 
tion of granules, second, union of the 
granulating surfaces accompanied with 
suppuration, third, the filling of an ulcer 
or the cavity of a wound by granulations, 
followed by cicatrization. INTER- 
188 
INTRAORAL 
inter-. [L. inter, between.] A prefix signi- 
fying between, among. 
intercusping (in-ter-kusp'ing). The normal, 
natural and correct occlusion of the cusps 
of the bicuspids (premolars) and molars 
of one jaw with the corresponding depres- 
sions in the occlusal surfaces of the teeth 
of the opposite jaw. 
intercutaneomu'cous. Between the mucous 
membrane and the skin, as in the lip or 
cheek. 
interden'tal. [L. inter, between; dentes, 
teeth.] Between the teeth, i. splint, a 
splint attached to the maxillary and 
mandibular teeth in the treatment of frac- 
tures of the maxilla or the mandible. See 
splint. 
interdig'itate. See interdigitation. 
interdigitation (in-ter-di-ji-ta'shun). [L. in- 
ter, among, between; digitus, finger.] Not- 
ing the closure of the buccal teeth in which 
the cusps of one denture strike fairly into 
the occluding sulci of the other, normal i., 
normal occlusion of the buccal cusps of the 
teeth. 
interglob'ular. Between globules, i. spaces, 
Czermak’s spaces. 
inte'rior. [L., comp, of interns, inward.] 
Inside; internal. Inner part, 
interlock (in-ter-lok'). To unite, engage or 
interrelate with one another; to interlace 
firmly; to connect in one system; to lock 
into one another as by overlapping, 
intermaxil'la. Os incisivum; premaxilla, 
intermax'illary. Between the upper jaw- 
bones or maxillae, i. bone, os incisivum. 
interme'diary. [L. intermediare, to come be- 
tween.] Intervening; coming between, 
interme'diate. [L. intermediare, to come be- 
tween.] In the middle; between two ex- 
tremes; intervening. A non-conducting 
substance applied as a capping under a 
metallic filling. 
intermis'sion. [L. intermissus—intermittere, 
to leave off.] An interval between par- 
oxysms, as in intermittent fever or ma- 
laria; a temporary cessation, as of symp- 
toms. 
intermit'tent. Marked by intervals, 
inter'nal. [L. internus, inside.] Interior; 
inside; opposed to external. 
interne', intern'. A resident dentist, physi- 
cian or surgeon in a hospital, dispensary or 
other institution for the treatment of pa- 
tients. 
interos'seous. [L, inter, between; os, bone.] 
Situated between or connecting bones, as 
certain ligaments and muscles, 
interpretation. Explanation or exposition. 
In dentistry, the correct reading diagnosing 
the conditions shown by a radiograph, 
interproximal (in-ter-prox'i-mal). [L. inter, 
between; proximus, next.] Between ad- 
joining surfaces, i. space, the space be- 
tween adjoining teeth, bounded by the 
proximal surfaces of the adjoining teeth, 
by the buccal, labial, lingual, incisal or 
occlusal surfaces of the adjoining teeth, 
and by the crest of the septum of the 
alveolar process between them; divided 
into (a) the septal space, normally filled 
with the septal gingivse or interproximal 
gum septum, (b) the buccal or labial em- 
brasure, and (c) the lingual embrasure, 
intersep'tal. Situated between two septa, 
inter'stice. [L. interstitium.] A small space, 
interval, gap or hole in the substance of a 
tissue or organ. 
intersti'tial. Pertaining to an interstice or 
interstices, i. tissue, connective tissue, 
intersti'tial arthri'tis, dental. See pyorrhea. 
intersti'tial gingivi'tis. See pyorrhea. 
in'terval. Time or space between; a break 
in the course of a disease or in a current, 
intes'tinal. Pertaining to the intestine, i. 
juice, an alkaline fluid of a light yellow 
color; succus entericus. 
intestine (in-tes'tin). [L. intestinum.] The 
alimentary canal. 
in'tima. [L., fem. of intimus, innermost.] 
The inner coat of a blood-vessel; tunica 
intima. 
intor'tion. [L. in, in; torquere, to twist.] A 
bending or turning inward, 
intoxation (in-toks-a'shun). Poisoning by 
toxins or ptomains, 
intoxica'tion. [L. in, in; toxikon, poison for 
arrows—toxon, arrow.] Poisoning; drunk- 
enness; acute alcoholism, 
intra-. [L., within.] A prefix denoting inside 
or within. 
intrabuc'cal. [L. intra, within; bucca, cheek.] 
Within the substance of the cheek; in the 
mouth. 
in'trad. Toward the inside, 
intramu'ral. Within the wall of any hollow 
organ or cavity. 
intramyocar'dial. Within the wall of the 
heart or myocardium. 
intrana'sal. Within the cavity of the nose, 
intrao'ral. [L. intra, within; os, mouth.] 
Within the mouth. INTRAORAL METHOD 
189 
IODOFORMUM 
intrao'ral method. In local anesthesia, the 
manner of blocking the various nerve- 
branches by way of the oral cavity, indi- 
cations for i. m.: A. For oral surgery not 
complicated with infection, pus, etc.: 
(I) removal of teeth; (2) resection of 
alveolar process; (3) opening and treating 
the antrum of Highmore; (4) removal of 
an epulis, cyst or ranula; (5) trimming the 
gum tissue; (6) suturing; (7) removal of 
impacted teeth; (8) curetting of root- 
sockets; (9) removal of fragments of 
necrosed bone; (10) cleft palate (on adult); 
(II) cleftlip (on adult); (12) removal of 
pulp stones; (13) entering the pulp- 
chamber to relieve congestion and pressure; 
(14) also other operations coming under 
the observation of the oral surgeon or 
dentist. B. For operative dentistry: (1) 
preparation of sensitive cavities; (2) prep- 
aration of teeth for crown and bridgework; 
(3) extirpation of pulps; (4) desensitizing 
the soft palate for taking impressions; (5) 
treatment of erosion; (6) application of 
ligatures; (7) application of separators; (8) 
application of the rubberdam or cervical 
clamps for cervical cavities. C. In perio- 
dontia or pyorrhea alveolaris operations: 
(1) scaling and curetting pyorrheal roots 
and sockets; (2) excising and cauterizing 
gum flaps which would retain infection; 
(3) treatment of pathologic conditions of 
the periodontal membrane and application 
of strong acids to dissolve carious bone in 
sockets, contraindications for the i. m.: 
(1) in any case where considerable infection 
is present it would be unwise to insert the 
needle into the tissues if pus is present; 
(2) in case the tissues are highly inflamed 
or swollen; (3) in case the jaws can not be 
opened sufficiently wide to insert the 
needle, owing to inflammation and pain; 
(4) in case there is extensive trauma, as 
following an injury; (5) deep nerve-block- 
ing injections should never be attempted 
by one not familiar with the anatomy, 
rules for asepsis and each step of the 
technic. [Dr. Arthur E. Smith.] 
intraos'teal. [L. intra, within; G. osteon, 
bone.] Intraosseous; endosteal, 
intratu'bal. Within a tube, 
intratu'bular. Within a tubule, 
intrin'sic. [L. intrinsecus, inward.] Essen- 
tial ; inherent; belonging entirely to a part, 
intro-. [L. intro, into.] A prefix meaning 
into, in or within. 
introversion (in-tro-ver'shun). [L. intro, 
within; vertere, to turn.] Turning inward; 
the turning of one part within another, 
intrude' (intrudled, intrud'ing, intru'sion, 
intru'sive). [L. in, in; trudere, to shove, 
push.] To force, press, push or shove in 
(said of malposed teeth which are in that 
position). See trusion. 
intrudoclusion. [Sp.] Intrusion, 
intumesce (in-tu-mes'). [L. intumescere, to 
swell.] To swell up; to enlarge; to expand, 
inva'sion. [L. invadere, to enter.] The in- 
cursion or beginning of a disease, 
inversion. [L. in, in; vertere, to turn.] A 
turning in, over or about, 
invertase (in'ver-taz). An enzyme in the 
small bowel which converts cane-sugar 
into invert-sugar. 
inver'tebrate. [L. in- priv.; vertebratus, 
jointed.] Not having a vertebral column, 
in'vertin. A yeast ferment which converts 
cane-sugar into invert-sugar, 
in'vertose. Invert-sugar, 
in'vert-sugar. Supposed to be a mixture of 
dextrose and levulose. 
invest'. To imbed in an investment, 
investing tissues of the teeth. The gingivse, 
periodontal membrane, cementum and 
alveolar process. 
invest'ment. Plaster or other material in 
which crowns, dentures, etc., are in- 
vested during heating, casting and solder- 
ing. i.-compound, universal, see universal 
investment-compound. 
investone. Trade name of an investing 
material of artificial stone, 
invol'untary. [L. in- priv.; voluntas, the 
will.] Independent of, or contrary to the 
will. 
inyeccion local. [Sp.] Local injection, 
inzidieren. [Ger.] To incise; to cut into, 
iodid, iodide (i'o-did, i'o-did). A compound 
of iodin. 
iodin, iodine (i'o-din, i'o-din). Iodum. 
io'doform. Iodoformum. 
iodofor'mal. Trade name of a substitute for 
iodoform. 
iodofor'mum. [iodin; formyl.] Iodoform; 
triiodomethane; formyl teriodid; an anti- 
septic dusting powder obtained by the 
action of iodin on various alcohols and 
other substances in the presence of an 
alkaline solution, i. aromatisa'tum, de- 
odorized or aromatized, i. bituminatum, 
a compound of iodoform and tar, the tar 
being added to change the color. IODOGLYCEROLE 
190 
ISOMERIC 
iodoglyc'erole. An iodin combination for 
use wherever it is desired to apply iodin 
solutions in the mouth, 
i'odol, iodo'lum. A substitute for iodoform, 
derived from pyrrol. 
iodothy'moform. A substitute for iodoform, 
an insoluble yellow powder obtained by the 
action of iodin on thymoform. 
iodum (i-o'-dum). [G. iodes, like a violet.] 
Symbol I, atomic weight 126.92. Iodin, a 
chemical element, non-metallic, in lustrous 
bluish-black crystals which dissolve in 60 
parts glycerin but require 5000 parts dis- 
tilled water for solution, 
i'on. [G. ion, giving.] One of the substances 
which appear at the respective poles in 
electrolysis; one of the elements of an 
electrolyte; a group of atoms carrying a 
charge of electricity; an electron, 
ioniza'tion. Separation or conversion into 
ions. 
i'ons. Electronic groupings into which sub- 
stances are divided by electrolysis. 
I.P. Incisoproximal. 
ipana. Trade name of a toothpaste recom- 
mended because of its ziratol content as 
specially useful to heal bleeding gums. 
Ir. Chemical symbol of iridium, 
iridescent (ir-i-des'ent). [G. iris, rainbow.] 
Showing a rainbow-like play of colors, as 
in a soap-bubble, mother-of-pearl, etc. 
iridioplat'inum. An alloy of iridium and 
platinum, adding stiffness to platinum, 
iridium (I-rid'i-um). [G. iris, rainbow.] 
Symbol Ir, atomic weight 193.1. A rare 
metallic element, very hard, white in 
color and very rare. 
irijumu-ka-hakukin. [Ja.] Iridioplatinum. 
iris (i'ris). [G., rainbow.] Contractile cur- 
tain perforated by the pupil and forming 
the colored portion of the eye. 
iron (i'urn). [A.S. iren.] Symbol Fe, at- 
omic weight 55.85. Ferrum; a metallic 
element occurring in the hemoglobin of 
red blood-corpuscles and in the chloro- 
phyl of plants. Many salts of iron are 
employed medicinally, especially for ane- 
mia. blackband, carbonate of iron with 
clay and bituminous matter. brown 
hematite, hydrated sesquioxid of iron, 
clay ironstone, carbonate of iron with clay, 
dialyzed i., ferrum dialysatum. iron 
pyrites, bisulphid of iron, magnetic iron 
ore, protosesquioxid of iron, red hema- 
tite, sesquioxid of iron, spathic iron ore, 
carbonate of iron, specular iron, sesqui- 
oxid of iron, modifications of iron: cast, 
an impure carburized iron; wrought, pure 
decarburized iron; steel, iron with a small 
percentage of carbon. 
irredu'cible. [L. in- priv., re-, back; ducere, 
to lead.] Incapable of reduction or of be- 
ing made smaller, or, in chemistry, of be- 
ing replaced or made simpler, 
irreg'ular. Not regular, 
irregularity of the teeth. See malocclusion, 
malposition. 
ir'rigate. [L. in, on; rigare, to water.] To 
wash out with water or a medicinal fluid, 
irrigation. The act of irrigating. [table, 
irritability. Quality or-state of being irri- 
ir'ritable. Susceptible of excitement or irri- 
tation by stimulants. 
ir'ritant. Causing irritation. A stimulus; an 
irritating agent, 
irritiert. [Ger.] Irritated. 
Isambert’s disease. Ulceration, generally 
tuberculous, of the mucous membrane of 
the fauces and mouth. 
ischemia (is-ke'mi-a). [G. ischo, I keep 
back; haima, blood.] Local anemia of the 
mucous membrane caused by an obstruc- 
tion in the blood supply. [AAP.] 
isinglass (I'zing-glas). [Dut. huizzeblas— 
huzen, sturgeon; bias, bladder.] Purest 
form of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the 
air-bladders of the sturgeon, 
island (i'land). Insula; an isolated part cut 
off from surrounding tissues by a groove 
or distinguished by a difference in struc- 
ture. 
isoco'cain. [G. isos, equal.] Trade name of 
a synthetic local anesthetic similar in 
effect to cocain. 
isocy'clic. [G. isos, equal; kyklos, circle.] 
Noting compounds in which the ring or 
chain is composed of atoms of the same 
kind. 
isodont'. Having the same kind of teeth, 
isognathous (I-sog'na-thus). [G. isos, equal; 
gnathos, jaw.] Having jaws of equal 
width. 
isolate (is'5-lat or i's5-lat). To separate 
from others; in chemistry, to obtain in 
a free or uncombined state, 
isola'tion. Act of isolating or state of being 
isolated. 
isomer'ic (i-so-mer'ik). [G. isos, equal; 
meros, part.] Noting chemical compounds 
which are identical in their ultimate or 
percentage composition but present dif- 
ferences in their chemical properties. ISOMERISM 
191 
JAW 
isom'erism. Relation existing between two 
or more forms of a chemical compound 
identical in composition but differing in 
physical properties. 
isometric (i-so-met'rik). [G. isos, equal; 
metron, measure.] Of equal measurement 
or dimensions; isodiametric. 
isotonia (i-so-td'ni-a). [G. isos, equal; tonos, 
tension.] Equality of tension in two or 
more solutions or substances; tonic quality, 
isoton'ic. Having equal tension; pertaining 
to isotonia. [or agent, 
-ist. [G. -istes.} A suffix indicating a doer 
isthmian (ist'mi-an or is'mi-an). Pertaining 
to an anatomical isthmus, 
isthmitis (ist-me'tis, is'me'tis, ist-mi'tis, 
is-mi'tis). Inflammation of the isthmus 
of the throat; sore throat; faucial catarrh; 
faucitis. 
isthmoplegia (ist'mS-ple'ji-a or is-mS-ple'- 
ji-a). [G. isthmos, isthmus; plege, stroke.] 
Faucial paralysis. 
isthmus (ist'mus or is'mus). [G. isthmos.] 
A constriction connecting two larger 
divisions of an anatomical structure; a 
passage connecting two larger cavities, 
i. faucium, fauces, i. pharyngonasa'lis, 
pharyngeal i., the opening between the 
nasopharynx and the oral pharynx, 
bounded by the soft palate and the poste- 
rior palatine arches. 
itch. [A.S. giccan.] An uneasy, irritating 
sensation in the skin; scabies. 
-ite. A suffix meaning resembling, of the 
nature of; in chemistry it denotes a salt 
of an acid designated by the termination 
-ous; in anatomy, an essential portion of 
the part to the name of which it is added, 
i'ter. [L., a way.] A passage between 
anatomical parts, i. dentis, the small 
canal situated distally of the anterior 
deciduous teeth and leading to the sac 
of the corresponding permanent teeth, 
-ites. [G. -ites, m.; itis, f., ites, n.] A Greek 
suffix corresponding to the English -y or 
-like. The feminine form, -itis, which 
agrees with nosos, disease, has come to 
acquire the significance of inflammation, 
-itis. [G., fem. of -ites.\ A suffix denoting 
inflammation. See -ites. 
ivoire. [Fr.] Ivory. 
i'vory. [L. ebur.] The hard dentin compos- 
ing the tusks of the elephant, walrus, etc. 
hard as i., eburnated. 
Ivory cotton-roll holder. An instrument 
with two cribs into which the cotton 
rolls may be placed and firmly held to the 
lingual and buccal sides of the gums, 
preventing moisture from reaching a 
tooth operated on. 
i'zal. Trade name of an antiseptic, 
izquierdo. [Sp.] Left (side). 
J 
J. and L. bite rite teeth. Trade name of a 
make of artificial teeth, 
jacket crown. See crown. 
jackscrew. An instrument which acts by 
the rotation of a screw in a threaded 
socket, employed in regulating teeth, in 
connection with vulcanite, for expanding 
the arch. 
Jacob’s ulcer. Rodent ulcer of the face. 
Jadelot’s lines or furrows. Three furrows 
or lines in the faces of children said to 
be indicative of certain diseases: 1. In 
cerebral disease, the ocular line, extending 
from the inner canthus of the eye toward 
the glenoid fossa. 2. In abdominal dis- 
eases, the nasal line, beginning at the 
lower border of the ala nasi and curving 
around to the outer side of the orbicularis 
muscle. 3. In disorders of the respiratory 
organs, the labial line, downward from 
the corner of the mouth, 
jan'iceps. [L. Janus, a god with two faces; 
caput, head.] A monster with two heads 
fused at the back. j. asymmetricus, one 
with one of the faces imperfectly devel- 
oped. 
jauchig. [Ger.] Ichorous, sanious. 
jaundice (j dn-dis). [F. jaune, yellow.] A 
disease characterized by yellowness of 
the eyes and skin, caused by bile; icterus. 
jaw, pi. jaws. The bony structure in which 
the teeth are set. The jaws constitute 
the framework of the mouth and support 
the soft tissues which form the lower half 
of the face. The upper jaw consists of two 
bones, maxilla, pi. maxillae; the lower jaw 
consists of one bone, the mandible. 
Preferably the jaws should be designated 
by these terms. absence of the j., 
agnathia. ankylosis of the j., gnathan- 
kylosis. big j., actinomycosis. cleft j., 
gnathoschisis. india-rubber j., a condi- 
tion caused by the destruction of the bone 
and the substitution of a dense white JAWBONE 
192 
JOSHIGIN-SHI 
cancerous growth, inflammation of the j., 
gnathitis. large j., macrognathous, megag- 
nathous. lockjaw, trismus, lower j., in- 
ferior maxilla, mandible, mandibula. 
lumpy j., actinomycosis, pain in the j., 
gnathoneuralgia, gnathalgia. phossy j., 
necrosis of the jaw due to phosphorus 
poisoning. plastic surgery of the j., 
genyplasty, gnathoplasty. protruding j., 
prognathous, receding j., micrognathus, 
brachygnathous. spasmodic closure of 
the j., lockjaw, trismus, gnathospasmus. 
straight j., orthognathous. upright j., 
straight jaw. upper j., maxilla, superior 
maxilla. 
jawbone. Mandible. 
jawbreaker. A word which is difficult to 
pronounce. 
jawed. Having jaws; denoting the presence 
of jaws. 
jawless. Agnathous. 
jawjerk. Jaw reflex. See jerk. 
jawjoint. Temporomaxillary articulation; 
articulatio mandibularis; the articulation 
between the mandible and the temporal 
bones. 
jaw-winking. An unexplained phenomenon 
in which the upper eyelid is raised when- 
ever the lower jaw is depressed. 
jeju'num. That part of the small intestine, 
about 8 feet in length, between the ileum 
and the duodenum; intestinum jejunum. 
jerk. A short, sudden movement; a quick 
muscular contraction following a tap on 
a muscle or tendon, jaw-j., a sudden 
contraction after a tap on the loosely 
hanging mandible. 
jewelry, dental. 1. The wearing of teeth in 
necklaces, wristlets and other forms of 
decorations as ornaments, on the part of 
savages and barbarians. 2. Unessential 
attachments made by dentists or jewelers, 
to be worn upon the teeth as decorations 
or ornaments, such as the setting with 
cement of a diamond in a cavity made for 
that purpose in a maxillary incisor; setting 
a gold crown which is not necessary on 
one of the labial teeth; inserting large gold 
fillings for the primary purpose of showing 
the precious metal; attaching a gold crown 
to a labial tooth, carrying a very narrow 
pontic of the same metal to fill in a small 
diastema; attaching a plate of gold to the 
labial surface of a labial tooth, by means 
of narrow bands of the same metal passed 
through the proximal spaces and bent on 
the lingual surface, giving the appearance 
of a gold crown (they are removable and 
are made by jewelers); a similar piece of 
gold made in the form of a heart, with 
two pieces of gold soldered in the center of 
the back, these being passed through one 
proximal space, one of the pieces of gold 
being bent to the lingual surface of one 
tooth and the other to the lingual surface 
of the other tooth, giving the appearance 
of two large proximal gold fillings (they 
are removable, and are made by jewelers); 
a gold crown or a human tooth set on a 
pin and worn as a scarfpin, etc. 
jido-insho-san. [Ja.] Automatic impression 
tray. j.-tensokuki, automatic plugger. 
j.-tsui, automatic mallet, 
jig'gle. To move with quick little jerks, or 
lightly to and fro or up and down, with 
repeated motions; applied to the use of 
the toothbrush in cleansing the teeth, 
jikasen. [Ja.] Glandula parotis. 
jinko horo. [Ja.] Artificial enamel. j.- 
shikan, artificial crown. j.-zogeshitsu, 
artificial dentin. 
jissei-juketsu. [Ja.] Active hyperemia. 
Jod. [Ger.] Iodin. 
jogaku-kotsu. [Ja.] Maxilla superior, j.- 
shinkei, nervus maxillaris. j.-shikyu, 
arcus dentalis superior, 
jogakutoku-chikunosho. [Ja.] Empyema 
of the antrum of Highmore, 
johigan. [Ja.] Epithelioma, 
joint. [L. junctura—jungere, to join.] The 
place where two or more bones join; 
articulation; articulatio. compound j., 
one of three or more bones in which the 
socket is partly made up of connective 
tissues, condyloid j., ellipsoidal j. di- 
arthrodial j., diarthrosis, a freely movable 
j. false j., pseudarthrosis; non-union of 
the fragments of a broken bone, causing 
motility where there should be solid bone, 
gin'glymoid j., ginglymus, hinge j. hinge 
j., one in which the axis of movement cor- 
responds with the transverse axis of the 
joint, as in the temporomandibular articu- 
lation. immovable j., synarthrosis, jaw 
joint, articulatio mandibularis, the tem- 
poromandibular articulation, movable j., 
amphiarthrosis. simple j., one which is 
composed of two bones only, 
jokan. [Ja.] Inlay, j.-yo-tozai, inlaying 
porcelain. 
joshigin-shi. [Ja.] Rami gingivales superi- 
ores. JOSHIN KEITAI 
193 
KAGAKU-KOTAI 
joshin keitai. [Ja.] Frenulum labii supe- 
rioris. 
joshi-shi. [Ja.] Rami dentales superiores. 
joshiso-shinkei. [Ja.] Nervi alveolares 
superiores. 
Jourdain’s disease. Suppurative inflamma- 
tion affecting the gums and the alveolar 
process; pyorrhea alveolaris. 
journals, dental. In the United States, at 
the present writing (1922), there are thirty- 
nine publications, usually designated as 
dental journals, devoted to the periodical 
dissemination of information pertaining to 
dentistry. Most of them appear monthly, 
others quarterly. Some are published in- 
dependently, others by dental fraternities, 
dental societies and dental schools, as 
bulletins, and also by manufacturers of 
dental goods. 
jowa. [Ja.] Vulcanization, 
jowa-gomu. [Ja.] Vulcanite, 
jowa-ho. [Ja.] Vulcanizing, 
ju'gal. [L. jugum, yoke.] Yoked; connect- 
ing; of or pertaining to the jugal, malar 
or zygomatic bone; malar; zygomatic, j. 
bone, malar or zygomatic bone. j. liga- 
ment, ligamentum corniculopharyngeum. 
j. point, jugale. 
juga'le. A point corresponding to the angle 
between the vertical border and the margin 
of the zygomatic process of the malar 
bone; jugal point. 
jugomax'illary. Pertaining to the malar 
bone or zygomatic process and the maxilla, 
jugular (jo'gu-lar). [L. jugulum, throat.] 
Pertaining to the throat or neck or to the 
jugular veins. A jugular vein, 
ju'gulum. [L.] Throat or neck, 
ju'gum, pi. ju'ga. [L., a yoke.] A furrow or 
ridge connecting two points, j. alveola're, 
pi. juga alveolaria, alveolar yoke; one of 
the depressions on the anterior surface of 
the alveolar process between the ridges 
which are formed by roots of the incisors, 
juketsu. [Ja.] Hyperemia. 
junction (jungk'shun). [L. junctura, joint.] 
The place or point of coming together; the 
place or point of union, dento-cemental 
j., the line where the dentin and cementum 
meet, dento-enamel j., the line where the 
dentin and enamel meet, the amelo-den- 
tinal junction. 
junctu'ra. [L., a joining.] Joint; articula- 
tion; juncture; point, line or surface of a 
union. 
jurisprudence. [L. jus, law; prudentia, 
prudence.] The science of law. dental j., 
dento-legal science, forensic dentistry; the 
interrelation of dentistry and law; law in 
its bearing on the practice of dentistry; the 
application of dental science to the settling 
of legal questions. 
jury-mast. [Corruption of injury-mast.} An 
upright bar used to support the head in 
cases of Pott’s disease of the cervical 
vertebrae. The lower end is fixed in a 
plaster-of-Paris jacket or spinal support 
and the upper carries a sling in which the 
occiput and chin rest. 
jusojo-kanshi. [Ja.] Bayonet forceps. 
Justi combination gum sections. • Trade 
name of artificial teeth made in sections 
with gums. J. insoluble cement, trade 
name of a plastic filling-material. J. P. M. 
combination teeth, trade name of a make 
of artificial teeth in which the pins are 
made of an alloy of precious metals. 
J. true-to-nature teeth, trade name for 
artificial teeth. J. white-pin teeth, trade 
name of a make of teeth in which the pins 
are made of an alloy. 
juten. [Ja.] Filling. 
ju'venile. [L. juvenis, young.] Pertaining 
to a child or youth. 
juxta-. [L., near.] A prefix denoting close 
proximity. 
juxtaposition (juks-ta-p5-zish'un). [L. juxta, 
near; positus, place.] The condition of 
being placed side by side; contiguity; 
apposition; placing or being placed near. 
K 
K. For some words not found under K see 
C. 
K. Chemical symbol for potassium (kalium). 
Kabel. [Ger.] Cable (for engine), 
kaborandamu. [Ja.] Carborundum, 
kado kesei-ho. [Ja.] Cavity formation, 
cavity preparation. 
kado-risoho. [Ja.] Lining of the cavity. 
kaen. [Ja.] Cavity margin, 
kagaku-hansha. [Ja.] Jaw reflex, 
kagaku-kaku. [Ja.] Angle of the jaw. 
kagaku-kansetsu. [Ja.] Articulatio man- 
dibularis. 
kagaku-kitei. [Ja.] Base of the lower jaw. 
kagaku-kotai. [Ja.] Mandibular retro- 
version. KAGAKU-KOTSU 
194 
KEMDENT 
kagaku-kotsu. [Ja.] Mandible, lower jaw, 
inferior maxilla. 
kagaku-sankaku. [Ja.] Mandibular tri- 
angle. 
kagaku-shikyu. [Ja.] Arcus dentalis infe- 
rior. 
kagaku-shinkei. [Ja.] Nervus mandibu- 
laris. 
kagaku-tansho-sho. [Ja.] Brachygnathia. 
kagakuto. [Ja.] Condyle, 
kagankako. [Ja.] Infraorbital foramen, 
kaganka-to. [Ja.] Caput infraorbitale. 
kaheki. [Ja.] Wall of the cavity, 
kaibo-gaku. [Ja.] Anatomy, 
kaiketsu-byo. [Ja.] Scorbutus, 
kaiko-inshoho. [Ja.] Open-mouth impres- 
sion. 
kaiko-ko. [Ja.] Mouthgag. 
kaimen. [Ja.] Sponge, 
kaimen-kinkan. [Ja.] Open-face gold 
crown, window crown, 
kaiyo. [Ja.] Ulcer, 
kako-gishi. [Ja.] Bridge denture, 
kakudai-kokyo. [Ja.] Magnifying mouth- 
mirror. 
kakuheki. [Ja.] Matrix, 
kakurorutetsu. [Ja.] Ferric chlorid. 
kalak water. Trade name of a mineral water 
containing calcium, sodium, potassium, 
etc., recommended for calcium deficiency 
in pregnant women, 
ka'li. Potassium, 
ka'lium. Potassium. 
Kallus. [Ger.] Callus. 
kalt. [Ger.] Cold. 
kanjikutai. [Ja.] Roller bandage. 
kanko. [Ja.] Hydrargyri chloridum mite; 
mild chlorid of mercury, 
kankotsu-to. [Ja.] Caput zygomaticum. 
kankotsu-tokki. [Ja.] Jugal process, 
kansetsu-dashinho. [Ja.] Mediate percus- 
sion. 
kanshoseki-sei. [Ja.] Sweet spirits of niter, 
nitrous ether. 
ka'olin. A disintegrated and decomposed 
feldspar; aluminum silicate; porcelain 
clay; fuller’s earth; kaolinum. From it is 
derived the plastic quality of the body of 
mineral teeth, making it possible for the 
mass to be molded into the desired form, 
kaoli'num. Kaolin. 
Kapsel. [Ger.] Capsule, 
karat. See carat. 
Karbolsaure. [Ger.] Carbolic acid. 
Kardinalsymptom. [Ger.] Chief clinical 
symptom. 
karios. [Ger.] Carious, 
karo. [Ja.] Condyle path, 
karyo-. See caryo-. 
karyu nikuge. [Ja.] Granulation, 
kashigin-shi. [Ja.] Rami gingivales in- 
feriores. 
kashi-shi. [Ja.] Rami dentales inferiores. 
kashiso-shinkei. [Ja.] Nervus alveolaris 
inferior. 
kasho. [Ja.] Baseplate, 
kata-. See cata-. 
Kataplasma. [Ger.] Cataplasm. 
Katarrh. [Ger.] Catarrh, 
katei. [Ja.] Floor of the cavity, 
katetsu-kako-gishi. [Ja.] Detachable 
bridge-denture. 
Kaubewegungen. [Ger.] The movements 
of mastication. 
kauen. [Ger.] To masticate. 
Kauflache. [Ger.] The masticatory surface; 
the grinding surface. 
Kaufman’s operation for fistula of Stensen’s 
duct. Performed by inserting a rubber 
tube from the fistula into the mouth, 
allowing it to project slightly into the oral 
cavity; the skin wound is closed, the tube 
left in position eight or ten days; the tube 
is gradually withdrawn day by day and 
clipped until the entire tube has been re- 
moved and normal conditions established, 
kau'ri resin. Cowdie gum, the principal 
ingredient of the impression-material 
known as modeling-compound. 
Kautschuk. [Ger.] Rubber; vulcanite. 
Kautschukplatte. [Ger.] Rubber plate. 
Kauzahn. [Ger.] Molar. 
Kavitat. [Ger.] Cavity. 
KBr. Potassium bromid. 
KC1. Potassium chlorid. 
KC103. Potassium chlorate. 
Kegelbohrer. [Ger.] Cone bur. 
kei soku ki. [Ja.] Gage, 
keijomyaku. [Ja.] Jugular vein, 
keiko-inshoho. [Ja.] Closed-mouth impres- 
sion. 
Keil. [Ger.] Wedge, 
keilformig. [Ger.] Wedge-shaped. 
Keim. [Ger.] Germ. 
Keimhaut. [Ger.] Blastoderm. 
Keimstoff. [Ger.] Blastema, 
keisei-kanshi. [Ja.] Contouring pliers, 
keitai. [Ja.] Check cord, 
kelene (ke'len). [G. keled, I charm.] Trade 
name for ethyl chlorid. 
kemdent. Trade name used for preparations 
manufactured by the Chemico-Dental KENBIKYO 
195 
KINKO 
Manufacturing Company, London, Eng- 
land. 
kenbikyo. [Ja.] Microscope, 
kenma. [Ja.] Polishing, 
kenmayo-ba. [Ja.] Finishing bur. 
kenshi. [Ja.] Cuspid, canine tooth, 
kenshi-ka. [Ja.] Fossa canina. 
kenshi-kin. [Ja.] Canine muscle, 
kenshi-ryuki. [Ja.] Canine eminence, ca- 
nine prominence, 
kenyo-sui. [Ja.] Uvula, 
kenyosui-setsujojutsu. [Ja.] Cionectomy. 
ker'atin. [G. keras, horn.] Ceratin; epider- 
mose; an albuminoid or scleroprotein 
present in such structures as hair, horns, 
nails, etc. 
kerato-. See cerato-. 
kerocaine (ker'o-ka-en). Trade name of an 
English make of novocain. 
Kerr perfection impression-compound. 
Trade name of a modeling-compound for 
taking impressions. 
Kerr soldering-tweezer. A device for hold- 
ing the crownband and the occlusal cap 
lightly yet firmly together while soldering 
one to the other. 
keseki. [Ja.] Calculous concretion, 
kessatsu-sen. [Ja.] Binding wire, 
kessatsu-shi. [Ja.] Ligature, 
kessei. [Ja.] Serum. 
kesseki. [Ja.] Concrement; sanguinary cal- 
culus; stone; lapis. 
kesseki-sei-shikon-makuen. [Ja.] Hema- 
togenic calcic pericementitis. 
Kester’s alloys. Trade name of dental alloys 
for amalgam fillings, 
ke'tone. Acetone, 
ketsuno. [Ja.] Sanious pus. 
ketsuyu-byo. [Ja.] Hemophilia. 
KHC03. Potassium bicarbonate. 
KI. Potassium iodid. 
kid'ney. [A.S. cwith, belly; Ger. niere, 
kidney.] One of the two flattened glands 
on each side of the loins (L. ren, G. nephros) 
which excrete the urine. 
Kiefer. [Ger.] Jaw, maxilla; mandible. 
Kieferbruch. [Ger.] Fracture of the mandi- 
ble or jaw. 
Kieferfraktur. [Ger.] Fracture of the jaw 
or mandible. 
Kiefergelenk. [Ger.] Temporomaxillary 
articulation. 
Kieferschussverletzung. [Ger.] Gunshot 
wound of the jaw. 
Kieferverrenkung. [Ger.] Dislocation of 
the mandible. 
Kiesselbach’s area. The anterior portion of 
the nasal septum above the intermaxillary 
bone; it has a network of large capillaries 
which is frequently the seat of epistaxis. 
kikei-shi. [Ja.] Malformed tooth, 
kil'ogram. [Fr. kilogramme.] A weight of 
1,000 grams, or 1 cubic decimeter of water; 
equal to 15,432 grains, about 2.2 lb. avoir- 
dupois or 2.7 lb. troy. 
kiloliter (kil'o-le-ter). A measure of 1,000 
liters, equal to about 1,056 quarts, 
kilometer (kil'o-me-ter). A measure of 1,000 
meters, equal to 3,280.8 feet or 0.621 mile, 
kin-, kine-. See cin-, cine-. 
kinemat'ical. Of or pertaining to kinematics, 
kinematics (kin-e-mat'iks). The science 
appertaining to movements, 
kinetic (kin-et'ik). Pertaining to, or impart- 
ing, motion; pertaining to muscular 
movement; motor; active. A supposed 
substance believed to excite ameboid 
movement in leucocytes. 
Kingsbury’s alloy. Tin 16, antimony 1. For 
lower dentures. 
Kingsley’s artificial velum. [Norman Wil- 
liams Kingsley, American dental surgeon.] 
A flexible rubber palate for closing a cleft 
between the mouth and the nares. K.’s 
jumping the bite, the operation known 
as “jumping the bite” consists in attaching 
an apparatus to the teeth which is intended 
to force the mandible forward the desired 
distance and to hold it there until the 
temporomaxillary articulation has become 
altered, so as to render it impossible for 
the mandible to return to its former 
abnormal position. K.’s splint for fracture 
of the mandible, after the fractured 
parts of the mandible have been recon- 
structed in a model showing the lower 
teeth in normal relation to each other a 
vulcanite piece is made in which the 
lower teeth are reproduced; at each 
corner of the mouth two heavy wires 
are vulcanized in the rubber, these wires 
extending back nearly as far as the 
ears; each section of the fractured man- 
dible having been brought into normal 
position in the depressions of the splint, 
it is held firmly in place by bandages 
extending from one projecting wire to the 
other and passing under the chin, 
kinjokan. [Ja.] Gold inlay, 
kinkan. [Ja.] Gold shell crown, 
kinkan-setsujoki. [Ja.] Cap crown slitter, 
kinko. [Ja.] Gold clasp. KINKWAN 
196 
kogai-noyo. [Ja.] Palatal abscess, 
kogai-suheki. [Ja.] Rugae of the palate, 
kogo. [Ja.] Bite; occlusion, 
kogoki. [Ja.] Antagonizer; articulator, 
kogomen. [Ja.] Occlusal surface, 
kogomen-kado. [Ja.] Occlusal cavity, 
kogosen. [Ja.] Line of occlusion, 
kogosho. [Ja.] Trial plate. 
Kohle. [Ger.] Coal. 
Kohlenwasserstoff. [Ger.] Carbohydrate, 
kokasei-zetsu en. [Ja.] Glossitis sclerotica, 
ko-kogai. [Ja.] Hard palate, palatum 
durum. 
koku. [Ja.] Buccal cavity, 
koku-ese. [Ja.] Oral hygiene, oral pro- 
phylaxis; mouth hygiene, 
kokugai-kokyu. [Ja.] Nonmouth-breathing, 
koku-geka. [Ja.] Oral surgery, 
kokuhatsuiku-fuzen. [Ja.] Atelostomia. 
koku-neumaku. [Ja.] Buccal membrane, 
koku-noyo. [Ja.] Oral abscess, 
kokusen. [Ja.] Glands of the mouth, 
kokyo. [Ja.] Mouth-mirror, 
kokyu. [Ja.] Respiration. 
Kollaps. [Ger.] Collapse. 
Kolliker’s cells. Osteoblasts, 
kol'ynos. [G. kolyd, prevent; nosos, disease.] 
Trade name of an antiseptic paste used 
as a dentifrice. 
kompakt, dicht. [Ger.] Compact; dense, 
konai-en. [Ja.] Stomatitis, 
kongo-masui. [Ja.] Mixed anesthesia. 
Konigswasser. [Ger.] Aqua regia (royal 
water). 
konisch. [Ger.] Conical, 
konkan. [Ja.] Root-canal, 
konkan-tanshin. [Ja.] Nerveprobe. 
konkav. [Ger.] Concave, 
kontan-eso. [Ja.] Necrosis apicalis. 
kontanko. [Ja.] Foramen apicale. 
kontan-noyo. [Ja.] Apical abscess, 
kontansei-nikugeshu. [Ja.] Apical granu- 
loma. 
Kopf. [Ger.] Head. 
Kopfschmerz. [Ger.] Headache. 
Koplik’s spots. Red spots with bluish-white 
specks on the mucous membrane of tne 
mouth during an attack of measles. 
Kork. [Ger.] Cork, 
kosa-kogo. [Ja.] Crossbite, 
kosen-ryoho. [Ja.] Action therapy, 
koshi. [Ja.] Posterior teeth, 
koshin. [Ja.] Labia oris; peristoma, 
koshin-domyaku. [Ja.] Labial artery, 
koshin-hoshin. [Ja.] Herpes labialis. 
koshin-keiseijitsu. [Ja.] Chiloplasty. 
KOSHIN-KEISEIJITSU 
kinkwan. [Ja.] All-gold collar crown, 
kinpaku. [Ja.] Aurum foliatum, gold foil, 
kinro. [Ja.] Gold solder, 
kinsho-gishi. [Ja.] Gold plate. 
Kirstein’s method. Inspecting the larynx 
by pushing the head far back and depress- 
ing the tongue. 
kisosho-yo-gomu. [Ja.] Basic rubber. 
Klammer. [Ger.] Clasp, clamp. 
Klammerbiegezange. [Ger.] Clasp-bending 
pliers. 
kleben. [Ger.] To stick. 
Klebwachs. [Ger.] Sticking-wax. 
klopfen. [Ger.] To tap; to knock; to beat. 
Knapp wax eliminator. Trade name of an 
appliance said to completely eliminate 
invested wax cores in seven minutes, 
knee. [A.S. cneow.] The joint between 
the tibia and the femur, 
knee'pan. Patella. 
knife (nlf), pi. knives (nivz). An instru- 
ment consisting of a thin blade, usually 
of steel, and having a sharp edge for 
cutting, generally fastened in a handle. 
The following knives used in dentistry 
are understood from the names they bear: 
laboratory k., office k., plaster k., finishing 
k., for fillings, etc. 
knit'ting. The process of union of the parts 
of a broken bone. 
Knochen. [Ger.] Bone. 
Knochenentwickelung. [Ger.] Formation 
of bone. 
Knochenkrankheit. [Ger.] Disease of a 
bone. 
Knorpel. [Ger.] Cartilage, 
knot (not). [A.S. cnotta.] Interlacement or 
intertwining of the ends of a cord or cords 
or other flexible bodies so that they cannot 
be easily separated, or a like intertwining 
of a flexible body in continuity, 
knurl (nurl). A small protuberance, as on 
the handles of instruments, so as to enable 
one to secure a firmer grasp, 
ko. [Ja.] Hiatus. 
Koagulation. [Ger.] Coagulation. 
Kochsalz. [Ger.] Sodium chlorid. 
kofun-yaku. [Ja.] Analeptic, 
kogai-domyaku. [Ja.] Palatal artery, 
kogai-haretsu. [Ja.] Uraniscochasma. 
kogai-hentosen. [Ja.] Faucial tonsil, 
kogai-hotetsujutsu. [Ja.] Palatal pros- 
thesis. 
kogai-jomyaku. [Ja.] Palatal vein, 
kogai-kan. [Ja.] Canales palatini, 
kogai-kyuru. [Ja.] Palatal arch. KO-SHOCCHI 
197 
LABIOCERVICAL 
ko-shocchi. [Ja.] After treatment. 
kSshukketsu. [Ja.] Secondary hemorrhage, 
kossei-yuchaku. [Ja.] Osseous union, 
kosshu. [Ja.] Osteoma, 
kotei. [Ja.] Anchorage; immobilization, 
koteiho. [Ja.] Fixing, 
kotei-shi. [Ja.] Anchor teeth, 
kotenteki-shikkan. [Ja.] Acquired disease; 
not congenital diease, 
koto. [Ja.] Larynx, 
kotokan ku. [Ja.] Suclus. 
kotsu-kanshi. [Ja.] Bone-cutting forceps, 
kotsu-kogai. [Ja.] Bony roof of the mouth, 
kotsu-zui. [Ja.] Marrow, 
kotsuzui-en. [Ja.] Osteomyelitis. 
Kr. Chemical symbol of krypton. 
Kraft. [Ger.] Force. 
Krampon. [Ger.] Pin; post, 
krank. [Ger.] Ill; sick. 
Krankheit. [Ger.] Sickness; illness. 
Krankheitsursache. [Ger.] Cause of disease, 
kre'asote. Creosote, 
kre'atin. See creatin. 
Kreide. [Ger.] Chalk, 
kreisformig. [Ger.] Circular. 
Kreislauf. [Ger.] Circulation (of the blood). 
kre'osote. Creosote, 
kre'sol. Cresol. 
kre'solin. Trade name of a disinfectant con- 
taining cresol. 
Krisov'ski’s sign. Wrinkles radiating from 
the corners of the mouth in congenital 
syphilis. 
kritisch. [Ger.] Critical. 
Kromayer lamp. Trade name of an electric 
appliance for treating pathological con- 
ditions of the mouth, pyorrhea and post- 
extraction pains. 
Krone. [Ger.] Crown. Goldkrone, gold 
crown. Porcelankrone, porcelain crown. 
Kronenarbeit. [Ger.] Crownwork. 
K2SO4. Dipotassic sulphate; potassium 
sulphate. 
Kubikinhalt. [Ger.] Cubic contents; cubic 
capacity. 
kugelformig. [Ger.] Spherical. 
Kugelgelenk. [Ger.] Ball-and-socket joint. 
Kupfer. [Ger.] Copper. 
Kur. [Ger.] Cure. 
Kuration. [Ger.] Treatment, cure. 
Kurbel. [Ger.] Crank (mechanical), 
kuroro pacha. [Ja.] Chloropercha. 
kuroru-aen. [Ja.] Zinc chlorid. 
kurz. [Ger.] Short. 
Kurzschluss. [Ger.] Short circuit (electric- 
ity). 
ku-shitsu. [Ja.] Air-chamber. 
Kiivette. [Ger.] Flask (for vulcanizer). 
kyo. [Ja.] Cheek, bucca. 
kyodatsu. [Ja.] Prostration, 
kyo-hakuhan. [Ja.] Leucoplakia buccalis. 
kyo-kin. [Ja.] Cheek muscle, 
kyokusho-sayo. [Ja.] Local action, 
kyomen. [Ja.] Facies buccalis, facies 
malaris. 
kyoshi. [Ja.] Buccal tooth, cutting imple- 
ment, scissors. 
kyosoku-koto. [Ja.] Buccal cusp, 
kyosoku-teni. [Ja.] Buccoversion. 
kyst. Cyst. 
kystes apicaux. [Fr.] Apical cysts, 
kystes buccaux. [Fr.] Cysts of the mouth, 
kyto-. [G. kytos, a hollow, a cell.] For words 
beginning with this prefix see cyto-. 
kyuinki. [Ja.] Aspirator, 
kyusei-ushoku. [Ja.] Caries acuta. 
L 
L. Left. 
L. Lingual. 
La. Chemical symbol for lanthanum. 
La. Labial. 
Labarraque’s solution. Liquor sodse chlo- 
rinatse. 
labbro. [It.] Lip. 
label'lum. [L.] A small lip. 
la'bia. [L.] Plural of labium, lip. 
la'bial. Pertaining to the lips or any lip- 
shaped structure or labium; noting the 
surfaces of the teeth nearest to the lips. 
One of the letters p, b, f, v, m and w, 
formed by means of the lips. See cavity 
nomenclature. 
la'bial re'cess. See cleftlip. 
labial teeth. Anterior teeth; the incisors and 
cuspids. Sed teeth. 
la'bialism. Stammering in which the use of 
the labial consonants is confused, 
labially (la/bi-al-i). Toward the lips, 
la'biate. With lips. 
labile (lab'il). [L. labilis, liable to slip.] Not 
fixed; unsteady. 
labio-. Modification of labial, used in com- 
pound words, as labiocervical, labiolingual, 
etc. 
labio, -s. [Sp.] Lip, lips, 
labiocer'vical. [L. labium, lip; cervix, neck.] 
Pertaining to the lip and a neck, noting LABIOCHOREA 
198 
LACUNULE 
particularly the labial surface and the neck 
of a tooth. 
labiochorea (la-bi-6-ko-re'a). [L. labium, 
lip.] A chronic spasm of the lips causing 
the speech to be interfered with. 
labiodental (la-bi-6-den'tal). [L. labium, 
lip; dens, tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth 
and the lips; concerning letters (/, v) the 
sounds of which are formed by both the 
lips and teeth. 
labioglossolaryngeal (la/bi-5-glos'o-lar-in'je- 
al). [F. labium, lip; G. glossa, tongue; 
larynx.] Pertaining to the lips, tongue and 
larynx; concerning bulbar paralysis involv- 
ing these parts. 
labioglossopharyngeal (la'bi-d-glos'6-f£,r- 
in'je-al). [L. labium, lip; G. glossa, tongue; 
pharynx, throat.] Pertaining to the lips, 
tongue and pharynx; concerning bulbar 
paralysis in which these parts are involved. 
la'biograph. [L. labium, lip; G. grapho, I 
record.] An instrument used in registering 
or recording the movements of the lips in 
speaking. 
labiomen'tal. [L. labium, lip; mentum, chin.] 
Pertaining to the lower lip and the chin. 
1. area, the surface of the face including the 
lower lip and the chin. 1. curve or depres- 
sion, the concave depression beneath the 
lower lip and above the chin. 
labiomyco'sis. [L. labium, lip; G. mykes, 
fungus.] A disease of the lips caused by a 
fungus. 
labiona'sal. [L. labium, lip; nasus, nose.] 
Pertaining to the upper lip and the nose, 
or to both lips and the nose; concerning a 
letter (to) which is both labial and nasal in 
the production of its sound. 
labiopalatine (la/bi-o-pal'a-tin). [L. labium, 
lip; palatum, palate.] Pertaining to the 
lips and to the palate. 
labioplasty (la'bi-6-plas-ti). [L. labium, lip; 
G. plasso, I form.] Chiloplasty. 
la'bium, gen. la'bii, pi. la'bia. [L.] A lip or 
lip-like organ; in entomology, the lower lip 
of an insect. 1. leporinum, harelip. 1. o'ris, 
one of the lips bounding the cavity of the 
mouth. 
la'bor. [L. laborare, to work.] Childbirth; 
delivery; the act of giving forth a fetus 
from the uterus at the normal termination 
of pregnancy. 
Laboratorium. [Ger.] Laboratory. 
laboratory. [L. laboratorium, a workplace.] 
A place fitted up with apparatus for con- 
ducting experiments, dental, chemical, 
physiological, etc., for analyzing substances 
or manufacturing drugs, dental 1., pros- 
thetic 1., a place fitted for the making of 
all dental appliances, dentures, crowns, 
bridges, etc. 
Laborde’s for'ceps. For grasping the tongue 
in making traction; an instrument with 
flat crescentic blades. L.’s method, the 
application of rhythmical traction on the 
tongue, either with L.’s forceps or by 
grasping the tongue with the thumb and 
forefinger; this, being made from fifteen 
to seventeen times a minute, stimulates 
the respiratory center in cases of apparent 
death or asphyxiation, 
la'brum. [L.] A lip; a lip-shaped structure; 
the lip-like shield of an insect’s mouth, 
lab'yrinth. [G. labyrinthos, a maze.] The 
internal ear, comprising the semicircular 
canals, cochlea and vestibule, 
labyrin'thus. [L.] Labyrinth. 
La.C. Labiocervical. 
L.A.C. Linguoaxiocervical. 
lac, gen. lactis. [L.] Milk; any whitish, 
milky-looking substance, 
lac'erable. [L. lacerare, to tear.] Capable 
of being torn; liable to be torn, 
lacera'tion. The act or process of tearing the 
tissues, as the gums, etc.; a tear or torn 
surface. 
Lachgas. [Ger.] Nitrous oxid; laughing-gas. 
lachrymal. Lacrymal. 
Lack. [Ger.] Gum; lac. 
Lackmuspapier. [Ger.] Litmus paper, 
lac'rima, pi. lac'rimae. [L.] A tear, 
lac'rymal. [L. lacrima, a tear.] Pertaining 
to the tears or to weeping, 
lactase (lak'taz). A sugar-splitting enzyme 
in the small intestine having the power to 
change milk-sugar, or lactose, into dex- 
trose and galactose. 
lacta'tion. [L. lactare, to suckle.] The 
secretion and production of milk; the 
period following childbirth when milk is 
formed in the breasts. 
lac'teal. [L. lac, milk.] Pertaining to or 
resembling milk; milky; milk-like, 
lac'tic. [L. lac, milk.] Pertaining to milk. 
1. acid, acidum lacticum. 
lac'tose. Milk-sugar. 
lacu'na. [L., a pit, dim. of lacus, a hollow.] 
A small depression; a small pit or hollow; 
a gap or defect. How'ship’s 1., a space 
beneath the periosteum, 
lacunule (la-ko'nul). [L. lacunula, dim. of 
lacuna.] A very small lacuna. LADLE 
199 
LANE METAL SPLINT 
ladle (la/dl). A cup-like spoon of small or 
large size, with a long handle, attached or 
removable, used for melting fusible alloys 
and also metals for making dies and coun- 
terdies. 
lado. [Sp.] Side. 1. derecho, right side. 
1. izquierdo, left side. 
la'dybird. One of a family of little spotted 
beetles, of a brilliant red or yellow color, 
the coccinella septempunctata, also known 
as the ladybug. Formerly believed to 
possess antiodontalgic properties. Appli- 
cation was made by first crushing them 
and rubbing into a pulpy mass, and then 
rubbing the substance around the aching 
tooth and on the adjacent gums, 
laev-. For words beginning thus see lev-. 
laffodon'tia. Colloquial term applied to 
jokes, stories, squibs and other humorous 
or satirical matter pertaining to the 
teeth, dentists and dental subjects in 
general. 
L.A.G. Linguoaxiogingival. 
Lage. [Ger.] Position, 
lagochei'lus. Cleftlip; harelip, 
lagos'toma. Cleftlip; harelip, 
laiton. [Fr.] Brass. 
laity (la'i-ti). [G. laos, the people.] Non- 
professional people, as distinguished from 
a special profession (dentistry, medicine, 
theology or law) to which reference is 
made. 
lake. [A.S. lacu.] A small collection of 
fluid; lacus. 
La.L. Labiolingual. 
lalla'tion. [L. lallere, to sing a lullaby.] A 
form of stammering in which the pro- 
nunciation of r sounds like l; lalling. 
lal'ling. [G. laleo, I chatter.] A form of 
stammering in which the pronunciation 
is almost unintelligible, 
laloneuro'sis. [G. laleo, I chatter.] A 
neurosis resulting in incoherent speech, 
lalop'athy. [G. lalia, speech; pathos, suffer- 
ing.] Speech defect of any form, 
lamb'doid. [G. lambda, or letter L; 
eidos, resemblance.] Resembling the 
Greek letter L (A). 
lamel'la, pi. lamel'lae (la-mel'a). [L., dim. 
of lamina, plate, leaf.] A thin scale or 
plate; lamina; one of the plates forming 
the Haversian system of bone, 
lamel'lar. Scaly; arranged in thin scales 
or plates; composed of or relating to 
lamellae. 
lam'ina, pi. laminae. [L.] A thin sheet or 
flat layer. 1. denta'lis, the band of 
thickened epithelium of the mouth in the 
embryo, along the margin of the gum, 
from which the enamel-organ is formed, 
lam'inar. Arranged in plates or laminae; per- 
taining to any lamina, 
lamp (lamp). A vessel with a wick used for 
the combustion of some inflammable 
liquid to produce heat or artificial light 
or both; any vessel, instrument or device 
for producing light or heat. In dental 
practice usually alcohol is used for 
producing heat at the operating-table or 
in the laboratory, alcohol 1., any lamp 
in which alcohol is used as the fuel, 
headlamp, one provided with a band to 
be fastened about the head of the op- 
erator, thus always concentrating the 
light in the direction of sight, laboratory- 
1., one of various sizes and forms of lamps 
used in the laboratory. mouthlamp, 
small electric lamp for illuminating the 
oral cavity. soldering-1., an especially 
large lamp with a heavy wick, furnishing 
a large flame in soldering, 
lam'pas. A condition in which the fleshy 
ridges on the roof of the mouth of a horse 
become inflamed and swollen, 
lamp'black. Soot obtained from the imper- 
fect burning of turpentine or resin. Some- 
times, mixed with water, employed to 
paint the surfaces of metals to prevent 
solder from flowing upon them in solder- 
ing. 
lance. [L. lancea, a slender spear.] To open 
or incise a part, as an abscess or boil. 
A lancet. 
lan'cet. [Fr. lancette.] A surgical knife 
having a short, wide, two-edged, sharp- 
pointed blade, gum 1., a lancet employed 
in cutting or incising the gum over the 
crown of an erupting tooth, 
lan'cinating. [L. lancinare, to tear.] Indi- 
cating a tearing or cutting pain. 
Land jacket crown. See porcelain jacket 
crown. 
Landouzy’s disease. Weil’s disease. L.’s 
type, progressive atrophic myopathy of 
infancy, starting in the muscles of the 
face, shoulder and arm. 
land'-scurvy. Purpura hemorrhagica. 
Lane metal splint (after Sir Arbuthnot Lane) 
for fracture of the mandible. A silver 
plate is used, being fitted to the irregu- 
larities of the mandible at the point of 
fracture; the tissues are opened by an LANGSAM 
LAXATIVE 
200 
external incision, the bone is exposed, 
the plate fitted to it, and through holes 
in the plate it is screwed to the bone. 
It may be left indefinitely, or removed 
after union of the fragments has taken 
place. 
langsam. [Ger.] Slow, 
langue. [Fr.] The tongue, 
langue de carpe. [Fr.] The elevator for 
extracting roots of teeth, so called from 
a fanciful resemblance to the tongue of 
the carp. 
lan'oform. Trade name of a 1 percent 
solution of formaldehyde in lanolin, 
lan'olin. [L. lana, wool; oleum, oil.] Refined 
wool fat or oil; adeps lanse hydrosus. 
Lanzette. [Ger.] Lancet, 
laparo-. [G. lapara, flank, loins.] A prefix 
indicating the loins, or sometimes the 
abdomen in general. 
laparotomy (la-par-ot'o-mi). [G. lapara, 
flank; tome, incision.] Incision into the 
loin or through any part of the abdominal 
walls; celiotomy; abdominal section, 
la'pis. [L.] A stone. 1. caus'ticus chirurgo'- 
rum, potassii hydroxidum, caustic potassa. 
1. inferna'lis, argenti nitras, lunar caustic. 
1. luna'ris, lapis infernalis. 
la'queus. [L., noose.] A cord, band or 
fillet. 
Larat’s meth'od. Treatment of diphtheritic 
paralysis of the palate by immersing the 
hands of the child in a basin of water 
containing an electrode and applying the 
second electrode to the nape of the neck, 
lard. [L. lardum.] Adeps; melted fat of 
swine. 
laryn'geal. Pertaining to the larynx, 
laryngitis (lar-in-je'tis or ji'tis). [G. larynx; 
-itis, inflammation.] A condition in which 
the mucous membrane of the larynx is 
inflamed. 
laryngophar'ynx. The portion of the pharynx 
which extends from the vestibule of the 
larynx to the esophagus at the lower 
border of the cricoid cartilage, 
laryn'goscope. [G. larynx; skoped, I inspect.] 
A small round mirror with a rod-like 
handle which is attached at an angle, 
used to inspect the interior of the larynx, 
laryngot'omy. [G. larynx, incision.] The 
surgical operation of cutting into or 
incising the larynx, usually below the 
vocal cords, to remove any new growth or 
to relieve dyspnea. 
lar'ynx. [G.] The organ of voice production; 
the part of the respiratory tract lying 
between the pharynx and the trachea. 
la'tent. [L. latere, to lie hid.] Invisible; 
concealed; concerning the period of 
incubation of an infectious disease before 
the prodromal symptoms appear. 
lat'erad. [L. latus, side; ad, to.] Toward the 
side. 
lat'eral. [L. latus, side.] Pertaining to, or 
acting upon, the side; on the outer side, as 
distinguished from medial. 1. incisor, 
see teeth. 
lathe (lath). A machine by which a spindle 
is rotated, carrying either cutting or 
polishing burs, wheels, cones, points, etc. 
laboratory 1., propelled by foot-power, 
water, electricity, etc., used for pros- 
thetic work. 1. burs, see vulcanite, office 
1., a small lathe for convenience at the 
chair in shaping crowns, altering dentures, 
etc. 
latta. [It.] Tin. 
lattajuolo. [It.] Milk, temporary or decid- 
uous tooth. 
lat'ten. Brass or bronze. 
la'tus. [L.] Broad. 
laudable (lad'a-bl). [L. laudabilis, praise- 
worthy.] A term applied to thick, creamy 
pus, which was supposed to indicate a 
healthy condition of a wound. 
lau'danum. [G. ledanon, a certain resinous 
gum.] Tinctura opii. 
Lauge. [Ger.] Solution of caustic potash; 
lye. 
laughing-gas. Nitrogen monoxid; nitrous- 
oxid gas. 
lav'age. [L. lavare, to wash.] The flushing 
or washing out of a hollow organ, as the 
stomach or lower bowel, by injections and 
ejections of water. 
lava'tion. Lavage. 
lavodent. Trade name of an English 
preparation used as a denture-cleansing 
paste or cream. 
lavoris. Trade name of an antiseptic, 
deodorant and astringent mouthwash. 
Lawrence’s amalgam. Trade name of an 
alloy with a large tin content. 
Lawrence crown. A porcelain crown with 
an opening from the base to the lingual 
surface, held in place by means of a 
screw anchored in the root-canal. 
lax'ative. [L. laxare, to loosen.] A mild 
cathartic having the power to loosen the 
bowels or to move the bowels slightly 
without pain or violent action. LAYER 
201 
LEPTOTHRIX 
lay'er. Stratum, or bed; a sheet of any 
substance lying in strata or upon another, 
basement 1., membrana propria, blasto- 
der'mic 1., one of the three germ layers: 
mesoblast, hypoblast or epiblast. mucous 
1., stratum mucosum. pap'illary 1., corpus 
papillare. 
lb. An abbreviation for pound, Latin libra. 
L.C. Linguocervical. 
L.D. Linguodistal. 
L.D.S. Licentiate in Dental Surgery, 
lead. Symbol Pb, atomic weight 207. A 
metallic element of bluish white color; 
plumbum, dioxid of 1., brown lead oxid, 
puce. diplumbic oxid, lead suboxid. 
monoxid of 1., litharge, red oxid of 1., 
red lead. 
leaf, gold. See gold. 
lecithin (les'i-thin). [G. lekythos, yolk of 
egg.] A complex body, a compound of 
glycerophosphoric acid and chlorin with 
fatty acids. It is present in milk, yolk of 
egg, blood, nervous tissue and other animal 
and vegetable organisms. 
Leder. [Ger.] Leather, 
leech. A blood-sucking aquatic worm used 
for abstracting blood from the body; 
hirudo. 
lega. [It.] Alloy, 
legal dentistry. See jurisprudence. 
Legendre’s sign. In facial hemiplegia of 
cerebral origin, when the lids of the 
actively closed eyes are raised by the 
examiner, the resistance on the affected 
side is less. 
Legierung. [Ger.] Alloy, 
legion (le'jun). [L. legio, army.] An 
occasional division made between the 
class, or subclass, and the order, as recog- 
nized in biological classification, 
legitimacy (le-jit'i-ma-si). [L. legitimus, 
lawful.] Lawfulness of birth; regular 
descent; lawfulness; regularity, 
legume (leg-urn'). [L. legumen.] The 
seed-pod of a leguminous plant, as the 
pea, bean, and other vegetables of that 
class. 
leicht. [Ger.] Light (weight), 
leio-. See lio-. 
leipo-. See lipo-. 
Leishman'ia. A genus of protozoans found 
in small oval protoplasmic masses in the 
blood of mammals, endothelial cells and 
leucocytes. 
leishmani'asis, leishmani'osis. Infection 
with a species of Leishmania. na'so-o'ral 
1., espundia. orona'sal 1., espundia. 
oropharyn'geal 1., a condition known by 
intractable ulceration of the pharynx and 
soft palate, scrapings from the ulcers 
indicating the presence of an organism 
similar to Leishmania tropica, 
le'mic. [G. loimos, plague.] Pertaining to 
epidemic diseases, especially to the 
plague. 
lem'on. A citrus fruit of sour taste due to 
citric acid. 
lengua. [Sp.] Tongue. 1. negra, black 
tongue. 
len'itive. [L. lenitus—lenire, to soften. 
Soothing, emollient, relieving pain or 
discomfort. An agent which relieves or 
soothes irritation. 
lens. [L., a lentil.] A convex or concave 
glass adapted for changing the direction 
of rays of light and in that way magnifying 
or diminishing the apparent size of objects, 
lens'lite. Trade name of a special lens 
used in inlay work and for examination of 
orthodontic appliances, 
lentic'ular. [L. lenticula, dim. of lens, a lentil.] 
Pertaining to or having a resemblance to a 
lens. 1. jaws, the serrated maxillae of the 
leech and other worms, 
leonti'asis. [L. leo, lion.] The enlarged 
bosselated face often seen in tubercular 
leprosy. 1. os'sea, a condition in which 
the bones of the face and the cranium are 
overgrown, causing a general enlargement 
of the features. 
lep'er. A sufferer from leprosy, 
lepocyte (lep'5-sit). [G. lepos, scale, rind; 
kytos, cell.] A cell devoid of a distinct 
envelope. 
lep'rosy. [G. lepros, scaly.] A disease, the 
nature of which is uncertain, believed to 
be caused by the presence of Bacillus 
leprae. 
leptopho'nia. Weakness of the voice, 
leptoprosope (lep'to-pros-op). [G. leptos, 
slender; prosopon, face.] A person having 
a narrow face and elongated cranium, 
leptoproso'pia. Narrowness of the face, 
leptoproso'pic. [G. leptos, thin; prosopikos, 
facial.] Possessing a thin, narrow face, 
leptorrhine (lep'tor-ren). [G. leptos, thin; 
rhis, nose.] Having a thin nose; indicating 
a skull with a nasal index below 47 or 
48. 
Lep'tothrix. [G. leptos, thin; thrix, hair.] 
A group of slender bacilli formed in long 
chains or filaments, the lines of division LESION 
202 
LIGAMENTUM 
being hardly noticeable. L. bucca'lis, a 
species found in the salivary calculus on 
the teeth, and sometimes causing inflam- 
mation of the tonsils and pharynx; mycosis 
leptothrica. L. innomina'ta, another 
species found in salivary calculus and 
carious teeth. 
le'sion. [L. ledere, to injure.] A wound or 
injury; a morbid change in a function or 
organism; an individual point or patch of a 
disease of the skin. 
Les'ser’s tri'angle. The space between the 
bellies of the digastric muscle and the 
hypoglossal nerve. 
le'thal. [L. letum, death.] Mortal; fatal; 
deadly; causing death. 
leth'argy. [G. lethargia, drowsiness.] A con- 
dition in which a person falls into deep 
and prolonged unconsciousness, resembling 
profound slumber, from which one may be 
aroused only to immediately return to a 
drowsy state; the condition may last from 
a few hours to several years. 
leuce'mia. [G. leukos, white; haima, blood.] 
Leucocythemia, leuchemia, leukemia; a 
disease of the blood known by persistent 
leucocytosis accompanied by changes in 
the spleen, bone-marrow and lymphatic 
glands. 
leu'coblast. [G. leukos, white; blastos, germ.] 
Myeloblast. 
leu'cocyte. [G. leukos, white; kytos, cell.] 
A white blood-corpuscle; an ameboid cell 
found in lymph, blood and pus; a wan- 
dering tissue cell in the tissues of the 
body. 
leucocytoblast (lo-kS-si'to-blast). [G. leukos, 
white; kytos, cell; blastos, germ.] The 
mother cell of a leucocyte. 
leucocy'tolysis. [G. leukos, white; kytos, 
cell; lysis, solution.] Destruction of leuco- 
cytes. 
leucocy'tosis. Presence of leucocytes in the 
blood. Usually employed in the sense of 
hyperleucocytosis, the number of leuco- 
cytes in the blood being increased beyond 
the normal amount for the individual, that 
is, above 10,000 per c.mm. 
leu'codont. Having white teeth. 
leucomyo'ma. [G. leukos, white; myoma.] 
Lipomyoma. 
leucoplakia (lo-k5-pla/ki-a). [G. leukos, 
white; plax, a plague.] A condition in 
which irregular white patches occur on the 
mucous membrane of the tongue, 1. 
lingua'lis; or cheek and tongue, 1. bucca'lis; 
the epithelium is thickened and the papillae 
may be hypertrophied; ichthyosis linguae; 
buccal or lingual psoriasis; smoker’s tongue, 
leuk-. See leuc-. 
leva'tor. [L., lifter.] A surgical instrument 
used to pry up the depressed or lowered 
parts in a fracture of the skull; a muscle 
which serves to raise a part into which it 
is inserted. 
lever (le'ver or lev'er). [Fr. levier—L. levator, 
lifter.] A bar or other rigid piece of metal 
or wood turning on a support called the 
fulcrum or prop, for the purpose of giving 
increased power and force to overcome 
resistance of heavy weights, 
leverage (lev'er-aj). The power gained by 
the use of the fulcrum, employed in the 
correction of malposition of the teeth, the 
extraction of teeth with certain forceps, 
and of roots by means of elevators, 
lev'igate. To make smooth; to free from grit 
and reduce to an impalpable powder or 
paste. 
lev'ulin. [L. Icevus, left.] A starch-like 
substance present in certain tubers; it is 
changed readily into levulose. 
lev'ulose. [L. latvus, left.] Levoglucose; fruit- 
sugar; fructose. 
L.G. Linguogingival. 
Li. Chemical symbol of lithium. 
Li. Line. 
Li.A. Line angle. 
li'bra. [L., balance.] A pound; abbrevia- 
tion, lb. 
lichen (li'ken). [G. leichen, a tetter-like 
eruption.] One of an order of cellular, 
flowerless plants of fungoid nature forming 
patches on rocks, tree-trunks, etc. 
li'chenoid (ll'ken-oid]. Lichenous, having a 
resemblance to lichen. A white, patch-like 
eruption occurring on the tongue of infants, 
liga. [Sp.] Alloy. 
lig'ament. [L. ligare, to bind.] A tough band 
of tissue serving to connect parts, as the 
articular extremities of bones, to hold an 
organ in place or to act as a support to 
muscles or fascise. See ligamentum. 
ligamen'tum. [L.] A ligament. 1. apicis 
dentis, ligament of the apex of the tooth. 
1. sphenomandibulare, the internal lateral 
ligament of the mandible, the spheno- 
mandibular ligament. 1. stylomandibulare, 
a part of the deep cervical fascia which 
extends from the tip of the styloid process 
of the temporal bone to the posterior 
border of the angle of the mandible; the LIGATE 
203 
LINEA 
stylomaxillary or stylomandibular liga- 
ment. 1. temporomandibulare, the external 
lateral ligament of the mandible; the tem- 
poromandibular ligament, 
li'gate. [L. ligare, to tie, to bind.] To apply 
a ligature; to constrict a blood-vessel or 
the pedicle of a tumor with a tightly bound 
thread or fillet. 
liga'tion. The application of a ligature, 
lig'ature. A thread, fillet, wire or similar 
structure tightly tied or bound around a 
blood-vessel, the pedicle of a tumor or 
other part, in order to constrict it; 
ligation. 
light (lit). [A.S. leoht.] Ethereal waves 
which render an object visible by their 
action on the retina; day. 
Lil'ienthal’s probe. Electric probe; an 
instrument or probe composed of two or 
four pieces of metal insulated from the 
shank, having two wires attached to the 
tip, these wires running to two plates, 
one made of zinc and the other of copper, 
which are placed above and beneath the 
examiner’s tongue. A metallic taste 
produced in the mouth indicates that the 
probe has come in contact with a bullet 
or other piece of metal, 
lily cups. Trade name of sanitary individual 
vessels for water to be used by patients 
for rinsing the mouth, 
li'ma denta'ria. [L.] A dental file, 
lima'tio. Filing. 
limatu'ra, Immature. [L. lima, a file.] Filings 
from alloys and metals; file dust, 
limature. [It.] Filings, 
limb (lim). A joint or articulated part of 
an animal body; an extremity; a member; 
an arm or leg; a segment of any jointed 
structure. 
lim'bus. [L., a border.] The border, edge 
or fringe of a part. 1. alveola'ris, the free 
margin of the alveolar process of the 
mandible or maxilla. 
lime (lim). The fruit of the lime-tree, the 
juice of which is used in making a slightly 
acid drink. 
lime (lim). White caustic earth from lime- 
stone. Calcium oxid, quicklime, is con- 
verted into calcium hydrate, slaked lime, 
upon the addition of water; air-slaked 
lime is formed from quicklime on exposure 
to air and is a mixture of calcium car- 
bonate and calcium hydrate, 
li'men. Threshold, 
li'mo. [L.l Lemon. 
limo'sis. [G. limos, hunger.] Hunger, 
particularly inordinate or abnormal hun- 
ger. 
limpiar. [Sp.] To clean. 
limpieza de los dientes. [Sp.] Cleaning of 
the teeth. 
lincrown. Trade name of a ready-made 
gold crown. 
Linderungsmittel. [Ger.] Relief remedy. 
line. [L. linea.] A threadlike mark, crease, 
streak or strip, usually differing in color, 
elevation or texture from the adjoining 
tissues; a straight line; also a unit of 
measure, being one-twelfth of an inch, 
accretion lines, stratified lines in the 
enamel, indicating the accretion of the 
enamel, layer after layer, alveolonasal 1.. 
the line connecting the alveolar point 
and the nasion. base 1., a line correspond- 
ing to the base of the skull; it passes from 
the infraorbital ridge to the midline of 
the occiput, cutting the external auditory 
meatus, basinasal 1., a line connecting the 
basion and the nasion. blue 1., a bluish 
line of discoloration along the free margin 
of the gums, present in cases of chronic 
lead-poisoning, developmental lines, lines 
on the enamel which mark the junction 
of the separately formed plates; develop- 
mental grooves; essential grooves, gin- 
gival 1., the line around the cervix of the 
tooth marking the free margin of the 
gums, corresponding to the junction of 
the enamel and the cementum. incre- 
mental lines, due to imperfect calcifica- 
tion; the incremental lines pass through 
the dentin; Salter’s lines; see accretion l. 
labial 1., one of Jadelot’s lines; linea 
mylohyoidea, the ridge on the inner surface 
of the mandible which runs from the 
base of the symphysis upward and then 
backward to the ascending ramus distally 
of the third molar, giving attachment 
to the mylohyoid muscle and the superior 
constrictor of the pharynx; the mylohyoid 
or internal oblique line, linea obliqua, 
a faint ridge which runs along the external 
surface of the mandible from the mental 
tubercle to the anterior border of the 
ascending ramus; the oblique or external 
oblique line. 1. of Ritzius, see accretion l. 
nasal 1., one of Jadelot’s lines, nasobasilar 
1., see basinasal l. nasolabial 1., see 
nasolabial folds, ocular 1., one of Jadelot’s 
lines, recessional 1., see recessional. 
lin'ea. [L.] See line. LINGUA 
204 
LIPOSTOMY 
lin'gua. [L.] The tongue. 1. frenata, 
tonguetie, or a tongue with a very short 
frenum, restricting its free movement. 
1. geographica, geographical tongue. 1. 
nigra, black tongue. 1. plicata, furrowed 
tongue. See tongue. 
lin'gua. [It.] Tongue, 
lin'gual. Pertaining to the tongue or any 
tongue-like structure; glossal; one of the 
letters d, t, the sound being made with the 
tip of the tongue. 1. bar, see bar. 1. sur- 
face, the surface of the tooth next to the 
tongue, opposed in this sense to labial 
and buccal. See cavity nomenclature. 
lingua'lis. The musculus lingualis. 
lin'gually. Toward the tongue, 
lingula (ling'gu-la). [L., dim. of lingua, 
tongue.] A term used in connection with 
several tongue-shaped processes. 1. man- 
dib'ulae, mandibular tongue; a pointed 
tongue of bone overlapping the inferior 
dental foramen, serving for the attach- 
ment of the internal lateral ligament of 
the mandible. 
linguo-. Modification of lingual, used in 
compound words, as linguoaxial, disto- 
linguopulpal, etc. See cavity nomenclature. 
linguodental. See cavity nomenclature. 
linguodistal (ling-gwo-dis'tal). Designating 
the inclination of a tooth distally and 
toward the tongue. 
linguogingival (ling-gwo-jin'ji-val). Pertain- 
ing to the tongue and the gums. 1. fiss'ure, 
an inconstant fissure on the lingual surface 
of one of the upper incisors and extending 
into the cementum. 1. ridge, a ridge 
on the lingual surface, near the gum, of 
the cuspid and incisor teeth, 
linguover'sion. Noting a tooth which occu- 
pies a position lingually to the line of 
occlusion. [ASO.] 
Linie. [Ger.] Line. 
lin'iment. [L. linere, to smear.] A prepara- 
tion thinner than an ointment, rubbed 
on the skin, consisting usually of a solution 
of some medicine in water, oil or alcohol; 
an embrocation; linimentum. 
linimen'tum. [L.] See liniment. 
lining (lln'ing). That which covers or lines 
the inner surface of anything; the act of 
providing a lining. Noting substances 
which are applied to that surface of a 
denture which comes in contact with the 
mucous membrane; aluminum, felt and 
liquid, gold felt, soft rubber, rubber, etc., 
are various preparations of this kind in use. 
Linse. [Ger.] Lens. 
lin'seed. Linum; flaxseed. 
lint. [L. linteus, made of linen.] A soft 
absorbent material employed in surgical 
dressings; charpie. Formerly it was 
made by scraping old linen cloths, but 
now a form of thick, loosely woven mate- 
rial is used. 
li'num. [L., from G. linon, flax.] Linseed, 
flaxseed. 
liomyoma (li-6-mI-o'ma). [G. leios, smooth; 
mys, muscle; -oma, tumor.] A tumor of 
unstriated muscle-fibers. 1. sarcomato'- 
sum, liomyosarcoma. 
liomyosarcoma (ll'o-mi'S-sar-ko'ma). A 
mixed sarcoma and liomyoma; a tumor of 
smooth muscle-fibers containing embryonic 
or vegetative cells which are imperfectly 
differentiated; liomyoma sarcomatosum. 
lip. One of the two fleshy folds surrounding 
the orifice of the mouth, absence of the 1., 
achilia. adhesion of the two lips, symphysis 
labiorum, ankylochilia. bleeding from the 
1., chilorrhagia. cleftlip, harelip, chi- 
loschisis, chilodierisis, chilognathus, lago- 
chilus, labium leporinum. eversion of 
the 1., chilectropion, eclabium. groove in 
the upper 1., philtrum. hardness of the 1., 
chilocace. harelip, cleftlip. hypertrophy 
of the 1., macrochilia, megachilia. inflam- 
mation of the 1., chilitis. pain in the 1., 
chilalgia, chilodynia. plastic surgery of the 
1., chiloplasty, labioplasty. pseudocolloid 
of the 1., see Fordyce’s disease, small lips, 
microchilia. spasm of the 1., chilospasmus, 
labiochorea. 
lip pit. Labial recess. 
lip-biting. An evil habit whereby one of the 
lips is drawn in and the incisal edges of the 
incisors and cuspids are pressed against it, 
usually in an intermittent, nervous man- 
ner. 
lip'lyke. Trade name of a rubber plaster- 
bowl. 
lipofibro'ma. A mixed fibrous and fatty 
tumor. 
lip'oid. [G. lipos, fat; eidos, appearance.] 
Having a resemblance to fat; a fatty sub- 
stance which is not chemically related to 
fats and hence does not form soap with 
alkalis. 
lipo'ma. [G. lipos, fat; -oma, tumor.] A 
tumor consisting of fatty tissue; adipoma. 
lipos'tomy. [G. leipo, I lack; stoma, mouth.] 
Smallness or congenital absence of the 
mouth. LIPPE 
205 
LITHIUM 
Lippe. [Ger.] Lip. 
Lippenbandchen. [Ger.] Frenurn of the 
lip. 
lip'ping. The act of forming a lip-like 
structure. 
lip-re'flex. A pouting movement of the lips 
produced in infants by slightly tapping 
near the angle of the mouth. 
lips. Both of the muscular folds which bound 
the orifice of the mouth anteriorly, blend- 
ing in continuation the dry skin or outer 
covering of the body with the moist 
mucous membrane lining the alimentary 
tract. They vary from a hardly dis- 
tinguishable increase in the thickness of 
the tissues to that of the very thick lips of 
some races, as the Negro, and in color from 
the faintest of pale rose to a deep vermilion. 
See lip. 
liquefacient (lik-we-fa'shent). [L. liquere, 
to be fluid; facere, to make.] Serv- 
ing to liquefy; making liquid; causing 
a solid to become liquid; designating 
an agent which causes the resolution of 
a solid tumor by liquefying its contents; 
resolvent. 
liquefaction (lik-we-fak'shun). The process 
of becoming liquid; the change from a solid 
to a liquid form. 
liquescent (li-kwes'ent). [L. liquescere, to 
become liquid.] Becoming liquid; deli- 
quescent. 
liquid. [L. liquidus.] Flowing, not solid; an 
inelastic fluid, like water, which is neither 
solid nor aeriform. 1. air, etc., air or other 
gas which, by means of cold and pressure, 
has been changed to a liquid form. 1. 
nitrous oxid, nitrous oxid gas which has 
been compressed into a liquid. 
liquor (li'kwor). [L.] An aqueous solution 
of a nonvolatile substance? a solution; a 
liquid or fluid, as some of the secretions of 
the body glands. 1. acidi arsenosi, hydro- 
chloric solution of arsenic, solution of 
arsenous acid. 1. ammoniae, ammonia 
water, aqua ammoniae. 1. arseni et hy- 
drargyri iodidi, Donovan’s solution. 1. 
calcis, lime-water, solution of calcium 
hydroxid, solution of lime. 1. caoutchouc, 
a solution of rubber in carbon disulphid 
and benzin. 1. ferri chloridi, solution of 
ferric chlorid. 1. ferri dialysatus, a solution 
of oxychlorid of iron, dialyzed iron, an 
astringent and styptic. 1. ferri hypophos- 
phitis, solution of hypophosphite of iron. 
1. ferri oxychloridi, solution of ferric 
oxychlorid, in action similar to dialyzed 
iron. 1. ferri perchloridi, solution of 
perchlorid of iron. 1. ferri persulphatis, 
solution of persulphate of iron, astringent 
and styptic. 1. ferri subsulphatis, Monsel’s 
solution, solution of ferric subsulphate, 
astringent and styptic. 1. formaldehydi, 
formol, formalin, a solution of formalde- 
hyde. 1. gastricus, the gastric juice. 1. 
guttaperchas, a solution of 15 parts of 
guttapercha in 100 parts of chloroform. 
1. hydrogenii dioxidi, a solution of dioxid, 
or hydrogen peroxid. 1. morphinae hypo- 
dermicus, Magendie’s solution, a solution 
of morphin for hypodermic use. 1. nitro- 
genii monoxidum, nitrogen monoxid, laugh- 
ing-gas; nitrous oxid gas compressed until 
it has liquefied and thus furnished in iron 
cylinders for dental and other uses. 1. 
potassii permanganatis, solution of the 
permanganate of potassium. 1. pan- 
creaticus, the pancreatic juice, digestive 
fluid of the pancreas. 1. pericardii, the 
serous fluid of the pericardial sac. 1. 
sanguinis, the blood-plasma. 1. sodae 
chlorinatae, Labarraque’s solutioii, solu- 
tion of chlorinated soda. 1. sodii boratis 
compositum, Dobell’s solution, compound 
solution of sodium borate. 1. zinci chloridi, 
Burnett’s solution, solution of zinc chlorid, 
deodorant and disinfectant. 
liquor (lik'ur). [L., a fluid.] Anything fluid; 
alcoholic drink. 
lisere plombique. [Fr.] Gingivitis due to 
lead-poisoning. 
listerine. Trade name of an antizymotic 
mouthwash. 
listerine toothpaste. Trade name of a 
preparation for cleansing the teeth and 
dissolving the mucin plaques. 
liter (le'ter). [Fr. litre.] A measure of 
capacity of 1000 cubic centimeters, or 1 
cubic decimeter, the equivalent of 1.056 
quarts. 
litharge (lith'arj). [G. lithos, stone; argyros, 
silver.] Lead oxid, a scaly powder or mass 
of yellowish or reddish color; plumbi 
oxidum. 
lithiasis (li-thl'a-sis). [G. lithos, stone.] A 
uric acid diathesis; the formation of calculi, 
like the salivary, urinary, biliary, etc. 
lith'ic acid. [G. lithos, stone.] Uric acid. 
lith'ium. [G. lithos, stone.] Symbol Li, 
atomic weight 7. An alkaline metallic 
element of silvery white color, softer than 
lead. LITHOUS 
206 
LOOMIS’ AERIAL TELEGRAPHY 
lithous (lith'us). [G. lithos, stone.] Pertain- 
ing to a calculus; calculary; calculous; 
noting salivary calculus, 
lit'mus. [A corruption of lacmus.] Lacmus, 
a matter of bluish color taken from 
Roccella tinctoria and other species of 
lichens; it becomes red by the action of 
acids and turns blue again when alkalis 
are applied. 1. pa'per, a blotting-paper 
stained with litmus, used to test the re- 
action of saliva, urine and other similar 
fluids, turning red if the fluid is acid, 
litre (le'ter). [Fr.] Liter, 
little giant post-puller. A device, invented 
by Dr. F. H. Skinner, for removing a dowel 
from the root of a tooth without injury to 
the root. 
liv'er. [A.S. lifer.) The largest glandular 
organ of the body, lying beneath the 
diaphragm in the right hypochondrium and 
upper part of the epigastrium; it weighs 
from 3 to 3)4 pounds, or about 1/40 the 
weight of the body, and is of irregular 
shape; it secretes bile and is very important 
in proteid and carbohydrate metabolism, 
liv'id. [L. lividus.] Discolored as by a blow; 
black and blue; ashy pale; cyanotic, 
livid'ity. Discoloration due to venous con- 
gestion; the state of being black and blue; 
cyanosis. 
L.M. Linguomesial. 
L.O. Linguoclusal. 
lo'bar. Pertaining to a lobe, 
lo'bate. Lobe-like; divided into lobes; 
lobose; lobed. 
lobe. [L. lobus.) A subdivision of an 
organ or other part bounded by fissures, 
connective-tissue septa or other demarca- 
tions of similar structure; one of the 
divisions of the crown of a tooth which 
was formed from a distinct center of 
ossification. 
lob'ular. Pertaining to a lobule, 
lob'ulate. Divided or separated into lobules, 
lob'ule. [L. lobulus.] A small lobe or one 
of its subdivisions. 
lob'ulus. [L., dim. of lobus, lobe.] Lobule, 
lo'cal. [L. localis—locus, place.] Pertaining 
to or restricted to a particular place; not 
general or systemic, 
local anesthesia. See anesthesia. 
localiza'tion. Restriction to a definite area; 
determination of the location of a morbid 
process; reference of a sensation to its 
point of origin. 
Loch. [Ger.] Hole. 
Lochzange. [Ger.] Punching pliers (rubber- 
dam, plate), 
locked jaw. Trismus, 
locker, lose. [Ger.] Loose, 
lockern. [Ger.] To loosen, 
lock'jaw. Tetanus; particularly trismus, 
locomo'tor. Pertaining to locomotion, or 
movement from one place to another, 
loc'ulus, pi. loc'uli. [L., dim. of locus, 
place.] A small chamber or cavity. 
Loffel. [Ger.] Spoon. 
loffelformig. [Ger.] Spoon-shaped (excava- 
tor). 
Logan crown. A full-contoured porcelain 
crown into which a platinum dowel is 
baked. 
-logia. [G. logos, discourse, treatise.] A 
Greek suffix of which the English equiva- 
lent is -logy or -ology. It signifies the 
study or science of the subject or a dis- 
course or treatise on the same, 
loi'mic. See lemic. 
loin. [Fr. longe—L. lumbus.] Flank; the 
lower part of the back between the ribs 
and the pelvis. 
longitu'dinal. [L. longitudo, length.] Per- 
taining to longitude; running lengthwise; 
in the direction of the long axis of a tooth 
or of the body or its parts. 
Loomis’ aerial telegraphy. Mahlon Loomis, 
American dentist, Washington, D. C., 
1826-1886, discovered, demonstrated and 
patented wireless telegraphy before Mar- 
coni was born. From a paper by him, 
August 15, 1858: “ ... As soon as 
something is found that bears the same 
relation to the earth that wire does, 
telegraphic communication can be made 
without wire.” From application for 
patent, granted July 30, 1872; “I now 
dispense with both wires, using the earth 
as one half of the circuit, and the continu- 
ous electrical element far above the 
earth’s surface for the other part of the 
circuit.” In 1866, between two peaks of 
the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia, 
eighteen miles apart, wireless messages 
were transmitted by him. Failure to 
place the discovery on a business footing 
was due to the jeers, sneers and ridicule 
with which the discovery was received and 
to the consequent failure to obtain finan- 
cial support, although Dr. Loomis never 
relaxed in his efforts until the time of his 
death. In 1873 the U. S. Congress passed 
a bill incorporating the “Loomis Aerial LOOP 
207 
LUXATION 
Telegraph Company,” but failed to pass 
the requested appropriation of $50,000 
with which to place the discovery on a 
commercial footing. 
loop. A more or less sharp and complete 
bend or curve in a blood-vessel or nerve, 
as in the pulp of a tooth or urinary tubule; 
a curve or complete bend in a cord or 
other cylindrical body; a platinum wire, 
with an insulated handle, its end being 
bent into a small circle, employed for 
removing part of a bacterial colony into 
a fresh culture-medium. 
loph'odont. [G. lophos, ridge; odous, tooth.] 
Pertaining to a state in which the crowns 
of the molar teeth are formed in transverse 
or longitudinal crests or ridges; opposed 
to bunodont. 
loquacious (lo-kwa/shus). Talkative. 
loquac'ity. Talkativeness; verbosity; volu- 
bility. 
loque'la. [L.] Articulate speech. 1. abolita, 
absence or loss of speech. 
Losungsmittel. [Ger.] Solvent. 
Lot. [Ger.] Solder. 
Lotapparat. [Ger.] Soldering-apparatus. 
Lotblock. [Ger.] Soldering-block. 
lo'tio. [L., a washing.] A wash; a lotion. 
lo'tion. [L. lotio.] A wash. 
Lotkohle. [Ger.] Carbon soldering-block. 
Lotpinzette. [Ger.] Soldering pliers or 
tweezers. 
Lotrohr. [Ger.] Blowpipe. 
lower teeth. The teeth of the mandible 
or lower jaw. Preferable to inferior 
teeth, because the term inferior has 
a twofold meaning, pertaining to lo- 
cation and quality. Mandibular teeth. 
See teeth. 
loz'enge. A troche or lozenge of rhombic 
shape, or in a disc form; trochiscus. 
L.P. Linguopulpal. 
L-radia'tion. A radiation excited by x-rays 
when they impinge on a metal anticathode. 
It is of slight penetrating power. 
Lu. Chemical symbol of lutecium. 
lu'bricate. To make smooth or slippery, so 
as to decrease friction, as to lubricate 
with oil the parts of a machine, lathe, 
engine, etc. 
lucid (lo'sid). [L. lucidus, to shine.] Dis- 
tinct; readily understood; clear. 
Liicke. [Ger.] Diastema; abnormal space 
between teeth. 
Ludwig’s an'gina. A phlegmonous inflamma- 
tion of the floor of the mouth and upper 
part of the neck; a streptococcal infection 
coming on usually as a complication of 
some other disease; cynanche cellularis 
maligna gangraenosa; angina Ludovici; 
cynanche sublingualis, 
lues (lo'ez). [L., pestilence.] A pestilence; 
a plague; especially syphilis, 
luftdicht. [Ger.] Airtight; hermetically 
sealed. 
Luftdruck. [Ger.] Atmospheric pressure. 
Luftpumpe. [Ger.] Airpump, pneumatic 
pump. 
lug (lug). That by which anything is 
supported, carried or grasped, or to which 
a support is fastened; used in orthodontic 
appliances. 1. bolt, a bolt terminating in 
a long, flat extension which takes the 
place of a head, occlusal 1., see partial 
denture service in supplement, 
lum'bar. Pertaining to the loins or the 
lower part of the sides and back between 
the ribs and the pelvis, 
lu'men, pi. lu'mina (lo'men). [L., window.] 
The space in the interior of a tubular or 
tube-like structure, as a dentinal tubule, 
an artery or the intestine. 
Lumen. [Ger.] Inner diameter, 
luminif'erous. [L. lumen, light; ferre, to 
carry.] Producing or carrying light, 
lum'py jaw. Actinomycosis in cattle, trans- 
missible to man. 
lu'nacy. [L. luna, moon.] Insanity, 
lu'nar. [L. luna, moon.] Pertaining to the 
moon or to a month, semilunar, crescentic; 
resembling a moon, particularly a half- 
moon; pertaining to the os lunatum or 
semilunar bone of the carpus. 1. caustic, 
nitrate of silver in pencil form, 
lung. As a pair, the lungs are the organs of 
respiration, and in them the blood receives 
its oxygen; they occupy the cavity of the 
thorax. 
lung'motor. See pulmotor. 
lu'pus. [L., a wolf.] A kind of skin-disease, 
of tuberculous nature, appearing mostly 
in the face. 
luxa'tio. [L. luxare, to dislocate.] Luxation. 
1. imperfec'ta, sprain. 1. i. dentis, the par- 
tial dislodgment of a tooth, 
luxa'tion. [L. luxatio.] Dislocation; the 
displacement of a tooth by accident or by 
design, as in extraction. complete 1., 
when all connection between the tooth and 
the tissue surrounding it has been severed, 
partial 1., when the connection has not 
been entirely severed. LUXATION 
208 
MACROSCOPIC 
Luxation. [Ger.] Dislocation, 
lycorex'ia. A morbid appetite, 
lye. An alkaline solution; lixivium, the 
liquid obtained by leaching wood ashes; a 
solution of potassa or soda, 
lymph (limf). [L. lympha, clear spring- 
water.] A clear fluid, of a pale yellowish 
color, similar to chyle in chemical com- 
position, but containing less fat and 
fibrinogen, which circulates in the lymph- 
spaces or lymphatic vessels of the body; 
vaccine, blood-1., lymph dischaTged from 
the blood-vessels and not derived from the 
tissues, hu'manized 1., vaccine lymph 
derived from the human subject. Koch’s 
1., tuberculin. 
lymphadenitis (limf-ad-en-e'tis or l'tis). In- 
flammation of a lymph node, 
lymphangioma (limf-an-ji-o'ma). [L. lympha-, 
G. angeion, vessel; -oma, tumor.] A cir- 
cumscribed enlargement and new forma- 
tion of the lymphatic vessels, 
lymphangitis (limf-an-je'tis or l'tis). [L. 
lympha, lymph; G. angeion, vessel; -Ms, 
inflammation.] A condition in which the 
lymphatic vessels are inflamed, 
lymphat'ic. [L. lymphaticus.\ Pertaining to 
lymph or the minute ducts which convey 
lymph; sluggish in disposition. 
Lymphe. [Ger.] Lymph, 
lymph'oblast. [lympho(cyte); G. blastos, 
germ.] Myeloblast. 
lymphocyte (lim'fo-slt). [L. lympha, lymph; 
G. kytos, cell.] A white blood-corpuscle 
having no granules present in its cyto- 
plasm. 
lym'phoid. [L. lympha, lymph; G. eidos, 
appearance.] Having a resemblance to 
lymph; adenoid. 
lympho'ma, pi. lympho'mata. [L. lympha, 
lymph; G. -oma, tumor.] Lymphadenoma; 
a tumor composed mainly of lymphoid 
tissue. 
ly'sin. [G. lysis, solution.] Hemolysin, 
nephrolysin, bacteriolysin, and other speci- 
fic antibodies which act destructively upon 
tissues and cells. 
ly'sis. [G., solution or loosening.] A state 
in which the symptoms of an acute disease 
gradually subside, a stage of the cura- 
tive process distinguished from crisis; 
destruction of bloodcells, bacteria, etc., 
by a specific lysin, the process being 
called hemolysis, nephrolysis, bacte- 
riolysis, etc., according to the cell des- 
troyed. 
lysogen'ic. Pertaining to the formation of 
lysins. 
ly'sol. Trade name of a compound of soaps 
and phenols produced by boiling a mixture 
of fats, resins, tarry oils and alkalis; has 
odor of creosote; it is used in weak solution 
as a disinfectant dressing and also as a 
wash for the hands. 
M 
M. Abbreviation for mille, a thousand; also 
for misce, mix, in prescriptions. 
M. Mesial; molar, 
m. Abbreviation for minim, meter. 
m-. Abbreviation for meta- in chemistry, 
mabeescope. Trade name of a device used 
for illuminating and magnifying dental 
x-ray negatives. 
maceration (mas-er-a'shun). [L. macerare, 
to make soft, to soak.] Softening of anj" 
substance by the action of a liquid, 
machicatoire. [Fr.] Masticatory, 
machoire. [Fr.] Jaw. 
Mack crown. A porcelain crown with a 
dovetailed depression, held in place with 
amalgam or cement upon roughened pins 
previously fixed in the root, 
mac'roblast. [G. makros, large; blastos, 
germ.] Megaloblast. 
macrochilia (mak-ro-ke'li-a). [G. makros, 
large; cheilos, lip.] Permanent swelling of 
the lip, due to greatly distended lymph- 
spaces; cavernous lymphangioma, 
macrococ'cus. Megacoccus, one of a group 
of large-sized bacterial cocci, 
mac'rodont. [G. makros, large; odous, 
tooth.] Having large teeth; megadont. 
macrodon'tia, mac'rodontism. Abnormal 
largeness of the teeth. 
macroglos'sia. [G. makros, large; glossa, 
tongue.] Enlargement of the tongue, 
usually caused by local lymphangiectasia 
or muscular hypertrophy; megaloglossia. 
macrola'bia. [G. makros, large; L. labium, 
lip.] Macrochilia. 
macromandib'ular deform'ity. Noting a 
mandible which is too long or over- 
developed. [ASO.] 
macropla'sia. Hypertrophy; hyperplasia; 
overgrowth; gigantism, 
macroscop'ic. [G. makros, large; skopeo, I 
view.] Visible to the naked eye; megascopic. MACROSTOMIA 
209 
MALFORMATION 
macrosto'mia. [G. makros, large; stoma, 
mouth.] Abnormal largeness of the mouth, 
mac'rotome. [G. makros, large; tome, cut- 
ting.] An instrument for making the 
larger anatomical sections, 
mac'ula. [L., a spot.] A small spot of dif- 
ferent color from the surrounding tissue; 
a small, smooth, discolored spo.t or patch 
on the skin; macule. 
Magen. [Ger.] Stomach. 
Magitot's disease. [Emile Magitot, French 
dentist, 1833-1896.] Osteoperiostitis of 
the dental alveoli. 
magna'lium. An alloy of aluminum and 
magnesium, lighter in weight than alumi- 
num, but harder, 
magne'sia. Oxid of magnesium, 
magne'sium, gen. magne'sii. Symbol Mg, 
atomic weight 24.32. A mineral element 
of silvery luster, the base of the alkaline 
earth magnesia. Burning with an intense 
white light and abounding in actinic rays, 
it is employed in photography, magne'sii 
carbo'nas, magnesium carbonate, magnesia 
alba, an odorless white powder of a some- 
what earthy taste, insoluble in water, 
magne'sii ox'idum, magnesium oxid, mag- 
nesia. magne'sii sil'icas, asbestos, mag- 
ne'sii sul'phas, magnesium sulphate; 
Epsom salt, which occurs in acicular 
crystals, of bitter, saline taste, soluble in 
water, magne'sii sul'phis, magnesium sul- 
phite, a, white powder partly soluble in 
water, used in pyemic conditions, mag- 
ne'sium salts, as a local anesthetic mag- 
nesium sulphate is used in solution, 
mag'net. [G. magnes.] Magnetite, lodestone, 
native magnetic oxid of iron, having the 
property of attracting particles of iron, and 
also having magnetic polarity, so that, 
when suspended freely, it tends to indicate 
the magnetic poles of the earth, artificial 
m., a bar or piece of iron, in the shape of a 
horseshoe, which has been rendered mag- 
netic through contact wdth another magnet, 
magnifica'tion. [L. magnus, great; facere, 
to make.] Seeming increase in size of an 
object viewed through the microscope, 
the increase expressed by a figure preceded 
by X, to indicate the number of times 
its diameter was apparently enlarged; 
in a lens, the degree of penetration and 
also of amplification. 
mag'nifying mouth-mirror. A mirror pro- 
vided with a magnifying lens, 
mahi-yaku. [Ja.] Paralyzer. 
maibotsu-zairyo. [Ja.] Investing-material, 
investment-compound, 
maifukushi. [Ja.] Impacted tooth, 
maillet. [Fr.] Dental mallet, 
mal. [Fr.—L. malum,, an evil.] A disorder, 
or disease, m. perforant dentaire, pyor- 
rhea. m. perforant palatin, an ulcer 
perforating the roof of the mouth opening 
into the nasal Cavity. m. de dents, 
toothache, petit m., a mild attack of 
epilepsy, with momentary unconscious- 
ness, but without convulsions except 
slight twitching of the extremities and 
facial muscles. 
mal-. [L. malum, an evil.] A prefix meaning 
bad, evil, ill. 
mal di denti. [It.] Toothache. 
ma'la. [L., cheek-bone.] The cheek; bucca; 
os zygomaticum; cheekbone, 
malacot'ic. [G. malakos, soft.] Subject to 
malaria; soft. m. teeth, teeth of soft 
structure, more than ordinarily predis- 
posed to caries, and generally of a milkish 
white color. 
maladie du Fauchard. [Fr.] Fauchard’s 
disease; pyorrhea. [pyorrhea, 
maladie du Riggs. [Fr.] Riggs’ disease; 
malalign'ment. Malalinement. 
malaline'ment. [L. mal-, bad; linea, line.] 
A condition in which the teeth are not in 
the normal relation to the line of the 
dental arch; malalignment, crowded m., 
a condition in which the teeth are not only 
out of line, but also contruded. 
ma lar. Pertaining to the mala, the cheek 
or cheekbone, m. arch, zygoma, m. 
bone, os zygomaticum. m. point, a 
craniometric point on the apex of the 
tuberosity of the zygomatic bone, 
malaria. [It. mala, bad; aria, air.] A disease 
due to the presence of a protozoan parasite 
of the red blood-corpuscles, 
malassimila'tion. Imperfect, incomplete or 
faulty assimilation or nutrition, 
maldevel'opment. Bad development, ill- 
development. 
maldiges'tion. Imperfect digestion, 
male (mal). [L. masculus.] Masculine; 
noting the sex of man as distinguished 
from woman. 
male die, female die. See die. 
malerup'tion. The eruption of a tooth not 
in the normal position it should occupy, 
malforma'tion. Ill-formation; irregular, ab- 
normal or wrong formation of a structure; 
deformity. MALIC 
210 
MAMMA 
mal'ic. [L. malum, apple.] Pertaining to 
apples, m. acid, an acid present in apples 
and other tart fruits. 
malig'nancy. State or quality of being 
malignant; the character of a cancerous 
growth as distinguished from a benign 
neoplasm; virulence. 
malig'nant. [L. malignare, to do maliciously.] 
Resisting treatment; severe enough to 
threaten death; tending to grow worse, 
and to recur after removal, as said of a 
tumor. 
malinterdigita'tion. [L. mal-, bad; inter, 
among, between; digitus, finger.] The 
abnormal occlusion of the buccal cusps of 
the teeth. 
malleabil'ity (of metals). The susceptibility 
to expansion under pressure, as of the 
blows of a hammer. 
malleable. [L. malleus, hammer.] That 
may be beaten out or shaped by ham- 
mering. 
mallet (mal'et). [Dim. of mall, hammer.] 
A small maul or hammer with a short 
handle, used for driving a tool or instru- 
ment, as a plugger in filling cavities with 
gold or amalgam; the head is made of 
steel, brass, lignum vitse, ivory, lead, bone, 
etc.; hand mallet, automatic m., one in 
which a plugger is inserted and in which 
there is a small weight capable of exerting 
pressure on the socket which holds the 
plugger, so that when the point of the 
plugger is pushed upon the gold in a 
cavity a series of automatic strokes are 
given, thus condensing the gold, auto- 
matic back-action m., a similar instru- 
ment in which the stroke is given on 
pulling (instead of pushing) the point of 
the plugger, the latter having the form of 
a U, with one arm of the U long and 
constituting the shank of the plugger; 
used in filling inaccessible cavities on the 
distal surfaces of the teeth, electric m., 
one in which the force is applied by an 
electric current, engine m., one in which 
the force against the end of the instrument 
is exerted by a piece of metal driven by 
electricity, hand m., one used by the 
operator or an assistant, plugging m., 
an ordinary mallet for tapping the end 
of the plugger in filling, pneumatic m., 
one in which the force is applied by means 
of compressed air. swaging horn m., 
one made of horn, used in driving the 
metal base of a denture against the die, 
the softness of the horn preventing sharp 
indentation of the metal, 
mal'leus. [L.] A hammer; the largest of 
the three ossicles of the ear. 
malnutrition. Imperfect nutrition due to 
malassimilation. 
malocclu'sion. [L. mal-, bad; claudere, to 
close.] Dental irregularity; irregularity 
of the teeth; abnormal occlusion; a dental 
or dento-facial malposition of the teeth, 
malocclu'sion, classification of. See Angle, 
Case and Jackson in supplement, 
malocclusion, close-bite. See close-bite mal- 
occlusion. 
malocclusion, open-bite. See open-bite mal- 
occlusion. 
maloclusion. [Sp.] Malocclusion. 
Malpigh'ian bod'y. Malpighian corpuscle, 
malposed'. [L. mal-, bad; positus, placed.] 
Noting a tooth not in its normal or regular 
position. 
malposi'tion. See malposed. 
malposi'tion of the teeth. Noting the 
abnormal relation which the individual 
teeth bear to the normal line of occlusion, 
the median line of the face and the 
individual denture. [ASO.] See mal- 
occlusion. 
malprac'tice. Injurious mistreatment of a 
case through ignorance, negligence or 
criminal intent. 
mal'tase. A sugar-splitting enzyme present 
in saliva and pancreatic secretion which 
changes maltose into dextrose, 
maltine. Trade name of a food product 
containing malt. 
mal'tose. Malt sugar; a dextrorotatory 
disaccharid formed by the hydrolysis of 
starch through the action of an enzyme, 
malturned. [L. mal-, bad; tornare, to turn.] 
Noting a tooth which is abnormally turned 
on its central axis, 
malt-sugar. Maltose, 
ma'lum. [L., an evil.] A disease, 
malu'nion. Union in a faulty position, or 
incomplete union, after a wound or 
fracture of the soft parts, 
mamanpian (ma-mon-pi-on'). Mother yaw, 
the most pronounced of the lesions in 
yaws or frambesia. 
mam'elon, mam'melon. [Fr. mamelon, 
nipple.] One of the three rounded projec- 
tions on the cutting edge of an incisor 
tooth when it first comes through the gum. 
mam'ma. [L.] Mammary gland; breast; 
the organ of milk secretion. MAMMALIA 
211 
MARK 
Mamma'lia. [L. mamma, breast.] The 
highest class of vertebrates, including 
man and other animals which suckle their 
young. 
mam'mary. Pertaining to the breasts. 
m. gland, breast; mamma, 
mamm'elon. Mamelon. 
mammil'la. [L.] Nipple; any nipple-like 
structure. 
mam'millary. Pertaining to or formed like 
a nipple. 
mamo. [Ja.] Abrasion. 
Mandeln. [Ger.] Tonsils. 
man'dible. The lower jaw; mandibula; 
inferior maxilla. See os. 
mandib'ula. [L., a jaw.] Lower jaw; man- 
dible; a bone forming the lower jaw, of a 
horseshoe shape, articulating with the 
temporal bone on either side, with its 
condyloid processes, 
mandibula. [It.] Mandible, 
mandib'ular. Pertaining to the lower jaw, 
or mandible. 
mandibular teeth. The lower teeth; inferior 
teeth; teeth of the lower jaw. [ASO.] 
mandibulopharyngeal (man-dib-u-16-far-in'- 
je-al). Maxillopharyngeal. 
mandib'ulum. Mandibula. 
mandrel (man'drel). A cylindrical axis, 
arbor or spindle inserted into the hand- 
piece of the dental engine, and into which 
some instrument, as a polisher, wood or 
stone cone or disc, may be fitted. Davis 
m., for chuck handpieces and angles; 
disc and wheel m.; Dr. Huey’s screw-head 
m.; Dr. Klump’s m. for porte-polisher; 
Morgan-Maxfield improved m.; parting- 
nut m.; screw-head m., for small discs; 
screw m., with shoulder, etc. 
mandril. See mandrel. 
man'drin. [Fr. mandrin, mandrel.] A wire 
inserted in the lumen of a soft catheter to 
stiffen it while passing through the 
urethra; mandrel. 
manducate (man'du-kat). [L. manducare, 
to chew.] To chew; to eat; to masticate, 
manduca'tion. Chewing; mastication, 
man'ducatory. Adapted for, pertaining to 
or employed in chewing, 
man'ganum. [L. manganesium, an altered 
form of magnesium.} Symbol Mn, atomic 
weight 54.93. A metallic element resem- 
bling and sometimes associated with iron 
in ores. 
man'ifold for vul'canizer. See vulcanizer. 
man'ikin. [O.D. manneken, dim. of man.] 
A dwarf; a model of the human body or 
any of its parts for anatomical study or 
the practice of certain manipulations, as 
those of dentistry; a phantom, 
mansei-shikonmaku-en. [Ja.] Chronic peri- 
cementitis. 
mansei-shiso-noyo. [Ja.] Chronic alveolar 
abscess. 
mansei-shizui-en. [Ja.] Chronic pulpitis, 
mansei-ushoku. [Ja.] Caries chronica, 
man'ual. [L. manus, hand.] Pertaining to 
or performed with the hand, 
manu'brium. [L.] Handle or hilt of a tool 
or instrument. 
manudynamometer (man-u-dl-na-mom'e- 
ter). [L. manus, hand; G. dynamis, 
force; metron, measure.] An instrument for 
ascertaining the force exerted by the 
thrust of an instrument, the amount of 
the pressure being indicated on a scale, 
map'py tongue. Geographical tongue, 
maquina. [Sp.] Dental engine, 
maras'mus. [G. marasmos, withering.] Pro- 
gressive emaciation or general atrophy, 
found particularly in young children, 
not traceable to any apparent cause; it 
may be a form of intestinal auto-intoxica- 
tion. 
marfil. [Sp.] Dentin; ivory, 
mar'gin. [L. margo, border, edge.] The 
border, edge or boundary of any surface, 
gum m., the termination of the gums at the 
necks of the teeth. 
marginal (mar'jin-al). Of, pertaining to 
or relating to a margin, m. lines, the 
lines circumscribing a cavity, m. ridge, 
an elevation of the enamel on the margins 
of the occlusal surfaces of the bicuspids 
and molars and on the mesial and distal 
margins of the lingual surfaces of the 
incisors and cuspids. 
mark. A visible sign, such as a spot, line or 
other figure on the surface, by which 
anything is known. Infundibulum; the 
cavity or hollow in the incisor tooth of 
a horse, which extends down one-half 
inch in the deciduous teeth and deeper 
in the permanent incisors; it first appears 
as a black mark on the occlusal surface 
of the incisors, but as the permanent 
incisors are worn away, the mark gradually 
disappears, and it is by studying this 
condition that the age of the horse is 
determined, double m., a condition in 
which the dentin on the side of the 
infundibulum of an incisor tooth in the MARKHALTIG 
212 
MATRIX 
horse becomes black and surrounds the 
central mark with a black ring, sec'ondary 
m., the attrition or wearing away of the 
center of the incisor tooth of an old 
horse, which, having become blackened, 
presents the appearance of the mark, 
markhaltig. [Ger.] Medullated; contain- 
ing marrow. 
marklos. [Ger.] Without marrow, 
mark-rite articulating paper. Trade name 
of a very sensitive paper showing the 
points of articulation on pressure. 
Marmor. [Ger.] Marble, 
mar'row. The soft, fatty or oily substance 
filling the medullary cavities and can- 
cellous extremities of the bones; any fatty 
or gelatinous material resembling marrow 
of bone. 
Marshall Hall’s fa'cies. The disproportion 
of forehead to face seen in hydrocephalus. 
M. H.’s meth'od, respiration effected 
artificially by alternately turning a person 
asphyxiated face downward, pressure 
being made while in this prone position 
in order to compress the lungs and expel 
the air, and then to the back or side, 
continuing until revived. 
Marshall’s pellet-placer. An instrument for 
carrying pellets, cylinders, etc., to the 
cavity, devised by Dr. F. L. Marshall, 
mascella. [It.] Jaw. 
mascellare. [It.] Molar. 
Maschine. [Ger.] Machine; dental engine, 
mas'culine. [L. masculus, male.] Pertaining 
to or having the qualities or characteristics 
of the male sex. 
mask. A sculptured face, or face and neck, 
or a copy of a face made by means of a 
cast in plaster, as in orthodontic practice; 
a cloth, with openings cut for the eyes and 
nostrils, saturated with a medicine and 
applied to the face in treating erysipelas 
and other facial skin affections; a copy of 
the face in plaster or wax, as a death mask, 
masked. Concealed; disguised. 
Mason cal'iper. A device for mark- 
ing and punching holes in a backing at the 
exact points where the pins are to pass 
through it. 
mass. [L. massa.} A lump, accumulation or 
aggregation of coherent matter, blue m., 
massa hydrargyri. 
Mass. [Ger.] Measure, 
massage (mas-sazh'). [Fr.] A scientific 
method of treating the body by pinching, 
rubbing, kneading, tapping, etc.; it is used 
in therapeutics to promote absorption, 
stretch adhesions, increase metabolism, etc. 
masse'ter. [G. viaseter, masticator.] One 
of the muscles of mastication, 
massnehmen. [Ger.] To take a measure 
(of tooth for band). 
mas'tax. The muscular pharynx of a 
rotifer, containing the jaw parts, 
mast'cell. [Ger. masten, to feed, fatten.] 
Usually present in leucemia in large 
numbers; it is a mononuclear leucocyte 
which contains numerous basophyl gran- 
ules. 
mas'tic. A resinous gum used as a chewing- 
gum. 
mas'ticate. [L. masticare.] To grind with 
the teeth; to chew; to comminute, mas'ti- 
cating surface, occlusal, masticatory, grind- 
ing or morsal surface of a tooth, 
mastica'tion. Manducation; chewing, 
muscles of m., temporalis, pterygoideus 
externus, pterygoideus internus and mas- 
seter. 
mas'ticatory. Pertaining to mastication, m. 
surface, occlusal or grinding surface; the 
surface of a bicuspid (premolar) or molar 
tooth coming in contact with the cor- 
responding tooth in the opposite jaw. 
masticatory teeth. See teeth. 
Mastix. [Ger.] Mastic, 
mas'toid. [G. mastos, breast; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Breast-shaped; pertaining to 
the mastoid process, cells, antrum, etc. 
m. angle, posterior inferior angle of the 
parietal bone. m. bone, mastoid portion 
of the temporal bone, 
masui-yaku. [Ja.] Anesthetic agent, 
mate'ria med'ica. [L., medical matter.] The 
branch of medical science having to do 
with the origin and preparation of drugs, 
their doses and the manner of administer- 
ing them; any agent used therapeutically, 
dental m. m., the science of drugs especially 
applicable to dentistry, 
mate'ries mor'bi. The substance acting as 
the immediate cause of a disease, 
mater'nal. [L. maternus, motherly.] 
Motherly; pertaining to or derived from 
the mother. 
Mathews’ fusible alloy. Bismuth 48, tin 19, 
cadmium 13. 
matiere obturatrice. [Fr.] Filling-material, 
ma'trix, pi. ma'trices. [L. mater, mother.] 
A cavity or mold in which anything is 
formed or cast; mold; a die; a thin sheet of 
metal closely adapted and fastened on a MATRIZE 
213 
MEASLES 
tooth to form one or more walls for a 
cavity, and within which a filling is made; 
a gold or porcelain lining of a cavity in 
which, after removal, a porcelain inlay is 
baked or a gold inlay is fused or cast; the 
hollow or mold formed in an investment 
into which gold or other metal is cast; an 
appliance temporarily providing a contour 
for a cavity while inserting a filling; the 
formative portion of a tooth or nail; the 
womb, celluloid m., one made of celluloid, 
copper m., one made of copper, m. for 
high-fusing porcelain, thin platinum plate 
or foil. m. for low-fusing porcelain, pure 
gold plate or foil, steel m., one made of 
steel. Among the various kinds of matrices 
used are the Brophy band, Guilford, Jack 
and Woodward. 
Matrize. [Ger.] Matrix, 
matte (mat). [Fr.] Crude, impure metal 
smelted from certain sulphid ores, 
maxil'la, gen. and pi. maxil'lae. [L., jaw- 
bone.] Superior maxillary bone, supra- 
maxilla, upper jawbone; an irregularly 
shaped bone connecting with all the bones 
of the face, the ethmoid, inferior tur- 
binated and occasionally the sphenoid 
bones, and forming, with its fellow, the 
upper jaw. inferior m., lower m.; mandi- 
ble; mandibula. superior m., upper m.; 
maxilla. 
maxillaire inferieur. [Fr.] The mandible, 
maxillaire superieur. [Fr.] The maxilla, 
max'illary. Supramaxillary; pertaining to 
the maxilla or upper jaw. inferior m., the 
mandible, or lower jaw. m. glands, sub- 
maxillary glands, glandulse submaxillares. 
inter-m. bone, premaxillary or incisive 
bone. 
max'illary bone. See os. 
max'illary ram'part. The dental ridge, 
maxillary teeth. The upper teeth; the 
superior teeth; the teeth of the upper jaw. 
[ASO.] See upper teeth. 
maxillas. Maxillae, pi. of maxilla. 
maxillitis (maks-i-le'tis or li'tis). A condition 
in which the maxilla is inflamed; inflamma- 
tion of the submaxillary salivary gland, 
maxilloden'tal. Pertaining to the jaw and 
the teeth; alveolodental. 
maxillofa'cial. Pertaining to the face and 
the jaws. 
maxilloju'gal. Pertaining to the maxilla and 
the zygoma. 
maxillomandib'ular. Pertaining to the upper 
and lower jaws. 
maxillopalatine (maks-il'6-pal'a-tin). Per- 
taining to the maxilla and the palatine bone. 
maxillopharyn'geal. Mandibulopharyngeal; 
pertaining to the mandible and the 
pharynx; concerning a space located 
between the pharynx and the ramus of the 
mandible in which the internal carotid 
artery and internal jugular vein and the 
glossopharyngeal, accessory, vagus and 
hypoglossal nerves are found. 
maxillotur'binal. Pertaining to the inferior 
turbinated bone, nasalis inferior, concha. 
Maximaldose. [Ger.] The maximum dose. 
max'imum. [L. maximus, greatest.] The 
greatest number, quantity or degree attain- 
able. Pertaining to, marking or determin- 
ing a maximum. 
Mayo’s sign. The muscles of the mandible 
relax when surgical anesthesia is com- 
pleted. 
M.B. Mesiobuccal. 
M.B.P. Mesiobuccopulpal. 
M.C. Mesiocervical. 
McGee’s emergency splint. [Rea Proctor 
McGee, American oral surgeon.] For 
cases of double fracture of the rami of the 
mandible. If a mandible thus fractured is 
set with the mouth closed, respiration is 
impossible, due to swelling of the soft 
palate. This splint may be applied with 
the mouth kept open and the mandible 
considerably thrown forward, allowing the 
patient to breathe when lying down. 
McG.’s wire splint, wire loops are formed 
at the necks of the teeth, the wires being 
twisted around the upper teeth and the 
lower teeth, and then the loose ends 
twisted into loops, forming ring pulleys; 
through these pulleys wire is then drawn, 
alternately through an upper and through 
a lower ring; traction on the wires draws 
the fractured segments into their relative 
places to each other. 
M.D. Abbr. of Medicinae Doctor, Doctor of 
Medicine. 
M.D. Mesiodistal. 
M.D.S. Abbr. of Master of Dental Surgery. 
M.D.Sc. Abbr. of Master of Dental Science. 
measles. An acute infectious disease marked 
by fever and other body disturbances. 
An eruption occurring on the buccal 
mucous membrane in the early stages of 
the disease, in the form of the so-called 
Koplik’s spots, is important in diagnosing 
the disease; the incubation period is 
from 10 to 12 days. MEASURE 
214 
MEGADONT 
measure (mezh-ur). That by which extent 
is ascertained or expressed. See weights 
and measures. 
meat'hole. A space between two teeth in 
which food particles lodge, 
meatus (me-a'tus). [L., course.] A channel 
or passage, particularly the external 
opening of a canal, m. na'si, the three 
passages in the nasal cavity formed by the 
projection of the turbinated bodies, 
m. nasopharynge'us, the pharyngeal open- 
ing of the nostrils; posterior nares. 
mechan'ical (me-kan'ik-al). [G. mechanikos, 
relating to a machine.] Not manual; 
performed by means of an apparatus, 
m. dentistry, prosthetic dentistry. m. 
dentist, a laboratory assistant, 
mechan'ics (me-kan'iks). The science of 
the laws of matter and motion, particularly 
the science which treats of forces, 
mech'anism (mek'an-ism). [G. mechanisma, 
a contrivance.] The arrangement or 
relation of the parts of a machine or 
anything which has a definite action; 
mechanical operation or action, dental 
m., the masticatory apparatus as a whole. 
Meck'el’s car'tilage. The lower and larger 
part of the first branchial arch; the 
cartilage of the mandibular arch in the 
embryo. M.’s ganglion, the spheno- 
palatine ganglion. M.’s lesser ganglion, 
the submaxillary ganglion. M.’s plane, 
a craniometric plane cutting the alveolar 
and the auricular points. M.’s rod, 
M.’s cartilage. 
meckelec'tomy. Excision of Meckel’s or the 
sphenopalatine ganglion, 
me'dia. [L. medius, middle.] The middle 
or muscular covering or coat of an artery, 
me'diad. Toward the middle line, 
me'dial. [L. medialis, middle.] Pertaining 
to the middle or center; internal, opposed 
to lateral or external. 
me'dian. Central; mesal; medial; pertaining 
to the middle of anything, 
median bicuspoid. See bicuspoid. 
medianbuc'cal. The distobuccal cusp of the 
mandibular first molar. When this cusp 
is so designated, the distal cusp is given 
the name distobuccal. 
mediastinum (me-di-a-sti'num). [L. medi- 
astinus, middle.] The dividing wall of 
the thoracic cavity; contains the thoracic 
viscera, except the lungs, and is covered 
by the mediastinal pleura, 
me'diate. [L. mediare, to divide in the 
middle.] Intermediate; situated between 
two parts; not immediate or direct; ' 
effected by means of something else, 
med'ical. [L. medere, to heal.] Pertaining 
to medicine or connected with medicine; 
medicinal. 
medicament. [L. medicamentum, medicine.] 
A medicine; a healing application; a 
remedy. 
medicinal. [L., medicina, medicine.] Per- 
taining to medicine; having the properties 
of, or used in, medicine, 
medicine. [L. medicina.] The art of curing 
and preventing disease; the science which 
pertains to the treatment and alleviation 
of disease; the study and treatment of 
general diseases, or those of the internal 
parts of the body, distinguished from 
surgery; anything applied for the cure or 
lessening of disease or pain, 
medicoden'tal. Pertaining to medicine and 
dentistry. 
me'dium. [L. medius, middle.] A means; 
anything intervening or through which an 
action is performed; a culture-medium, 
a solid or liquid substance containing 
nutrient material for the cultivation of 
microorganisms; a substance employed 
for treating or mounting histological 
specimens; a substance through which 
impressions or impulses are transmitted; 
a liquid vehicle holding a substance in 
suspension or solution, clearing m., a 
medium employed in histology for making 
specimens transparent or translucent, 
cul'ture m., see third definition above, 
medulla (me-dul'a). [L., marrow.] The 
marrow of bones; any soft, marrow-like 
substance, particularly in the center of a 
part, as the medulla oblongata or the 
spinal cord. 
med'ullary. Pertaining to the medulla or 
marrow, m. sub'stance, white substance 
of Schwann; myelin substance, 
megacephal'ic. [G. megas, large; kephale, 
head.] A condition in which the head Is 
very large; a skull with a capacity of over 
1450 c.c., or an individual possessing this 
type of skull; the Japanese, Europeans 
and Eskimos are among the megacephalic 
races. 
megaceph'alous. Megacephalic. 
megacoc'cus. Macrococcus, 
meg'adont. [G. megas, large; odous, tooth.] 
Having large teeth; a skull with a dental 
index above 44. MEGALOCYTE 
215 
MENDEL’S LAW 
meg'alocyte. [G. megas, large; kytos, cell.] 
A large, nonnucleated red blood-corpuscle, 
meg'alodont. [G. megas, large; odous, tooth.] 
Macrodont. 
megalodon'tia. Macrodontia. 
megaloglossia (meg-a-16-glos'si-a). [G. megas, 
large; gldssa, tongue.] Macroglossia. 
megapros'opous. [G. megas, large; prosopon, 
face.] Having a large face; a skull the 
face of which is out of proportion to the 
vault of the cranium. 
Meglin’s point. The point of emergence of 
the palatine nerve at the foramen palat- 
inum majus, which upon pressure in 
neuralgia is sometimes painful, 
meio-. See mio-. 
mel. [L., honey.] A sugary substance 
prepared by the honey-bee; honey, 
m. bora'cis, honey of borax—borax 1, 
glycerin }/2, honey 8; used locally in 
treating aphthae and other affections 
of the oral mucous membrane, 
melancholia (mel-an-ko'li-a). [G. melas, 
black; chole, bile.] A mental disease in 
which one is depressed in spirit and shows 
great indifference to surroundings; apathy; 
mental sluggishness; depression, 
melano-. [G. melas, black.] A prefix 
indicating dark, darkness, black, 
melanoepithelio'ma. A tumor of epithelium 
containing dark pigment, 
melano'ma. A tumor containing dark 
pigment; development of dark-pigmented 
tumors. 
melanopla'cia, melanopla'kia. [G. melas, 
black; plax, a flat plain.] A condition in 
which pigmented patches occur on the 
tongue and buccal mucous membrane, 
melitis (mel-e'tis or I'tis). [G. melon, 
cheek; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which the cheek is inflamed, 
melitoptyalism (mel-i-to-tl'al-izm). Glyco- 
ptyalism. 
melonoplasty (me'lon-o-plas-ti). [G. melon, 
cheek; plasso, I form.] Plastic surgery of 
the cheek; grafting or sliding of tissue 
from a neighboring part to repair a defect 
in the cheek. 
Melotte’s metal. A low fusible alloy for 
making dies; bismuth 8, lead 5, tin 3; 
Newton’s alloy. M.’s moldine, trade 
name of a mixture of fine clay and glycerin 
for taking small impressions in crown- 
and bridgework. 
melt, melt'ing. Causing metals to become 
fluids by heating them until the tempera- 
ture at which they melt or fuse has been 
reached, melt, a quantity of metal or 
alloy which has been melted into one mass. 
melt'ing-point. The degree of temperature 
at which solids pass into the liquid state. 
membrana (mem-bra/na). [L., a membrane.] 
Pliable tissue, in the form of a thin layer or 
sheet, which lines a cavity, envelops or 
covers a tissue or part, or connects two 
structures, basement m., the layer under- 
lying the epithelium of the dermal and 
mucous membranes, and serving as the 
support of delicate structures, m. eboris, 
the lining membrane of the pulp-chamber.' 
false m., a tough fibrinous exudate on a 
dermal or mucous surface; a pseudomem- 
brane. fibrous m., a strong membrane 
composed principally of fibrous tissue, 
germ m., germinal m., the m. germinativa, 
the blastoderm, ivory m., the membrana 
eboris. medullary m., endosteum, mu- 
cous m., the membrana mucosa or tunica 
mucosa, m. pituitosa, the nasal mucous 
membrane. m. propria, the basement 
layer of the mucous membrane, periodontal 
m., peridental m.; the membrane sur- 
rounding the root of the tooth and lining 
the alveolus; the alveolar periosteum, m. 
praeformativa, an artefact membrane be- 
tween the enamel pulp and the enamel of 
the tooth during the formative period, 
pyogenic m., the granular lining membrane 
of an abscess cavity. Schneiderian m., 
the nasal mucous membrane, the mem- 
brana pituitosa. serous m., membrana 
serosa, subenamel m., the membrana 
praeformativa. 
mem'brane. See membrana. 
membranocartilaginous (mem-bran-5-kar-til- 
aj 'in-us). Derived from membrane and 
cartilage; partly membranous and partly 
cartilaginous; noting certain bones. 
mem'brum. [L., member.] Member; limb. 
Mendel’s law. [Gregor J. Mendel, Austrian 
abbot, 1822-1884.] In crossing varieties 
of plants and animals differing from each 
other in one characteristic, the hybrid off- 
springs receive largely the characteristics 
of one or the other, but not a blending of 
the two parents’ peculiarities. The peculi- 
arity which persists is known as the domi- 
nate, while the one which tends to dis- 
appear is the recessive. When the hybrid 
offsprings are interbred, the recessive 
characteristics appear in one-fourth of 
them and the dominate in three-fourths. MENINGES 
216 
MESIAL 
meninges (men-in'jez). Membranes; specifi- 
cally the membrane enveloping the brain 
and spinal cord. 
meningitis (men-in-je'tis or -jl'tis.) [G. 
meninx, membrane; -itis, inflammation.] 
A condition in which the membranes of the 
brain or spinal cord are inflamed, 
mensa. [Ja.] Gauze. 
menstrua'tion. A discharge of bloody fluid 
from the uterus occurring monthly; men- 
orrhea. vica'rious m., a condition in which 
the surface of a part other than the mucous 
membrane of the uterine cavity (as the 
mucous membrane of the mouth) bleeds 
at the time when the normal menstruation, 
which is suppressed, should take place, 
mentag'ra. [L. mentum, chin; G. agra, a 
seizure.] Sycosis, a herpetic eruption 
about the chin. 
mentagrophy'ton. [mentagra; G. phyton, a 
plant.] The fungus causing sycosis para- 
sitica. 
men'tal. [L. mens, mind.] Pertaining to the 
mind. [L. mentum, chin.] Pertaining to 
the chin; genial, 
men'tha. [L.] Mint. 
menthene (men'then). A liquid hydrocarbon 
taken from menthol or peppermint oil. 
menthi'odol. Trade name given a mixture of 
menthol and iodin employed externally in 
neuralgia. 
men'thol. Peppermint camphor, a stea- 
roptene from oil of peppermint; it comes in 
* the form of colorless needles or crystalline 
masses and has a peppermint odor and 
cool taste; it is used locally as an analgesic 
and antipruritic and as a spray in affec- 
tions of the respiratory mucous membranes, 
m. camphora'tum, camphomenthol, a liquid 
made up of equal parts of camphor and 
menthol; used as a spray in pharyngitis 
and rhinitis and locally as a counterirritant 
in neuralgia, 
mento. [It.] Chin. 
mentola'bial. Pertaining to the chin and the 
lower lip. 
mentolabia'lis. The mentalis (levator labii 
inferioris) and quadratus labii inferioris 
(quadratus menti) considered as one 
muscle. [chin, 
men'tum, gen. menti. [L.] Genium; the 
mercitan. Trade name of a preparation for 
the treatment of pyorrhea, trenchmouth, 
gingivitis, etc. 
mercitan lotion. Trade name of a new- 
principle mouthwash. 
mercitan medicated toilet soap. Trade name 
of a germicidal soap. 
mercurial (mer-ku'ri-al). Pertaining to or 
consisting of mercury; any salt of mercury 
used medicinally. m. teeth, having a 
deficiency of enamel; stunted appearance 
of the teeth due to mercurial diathesis, 
mercu'rialism. Poisoning by mercury; 
hydrargyrism. 
mercu'ric. A salt of mercury in which the 
ion of the metal is bivalent, as in corrosive 
sublimate, mercuric chlorid; the mercurous 
chlorid is calomel, 
mercu'rio. [It.] Mercury, 
mer'curous. Noting a salt of mercury in 
which the ion of the metal in univalent, as 
in mercurous chlorid, calomel; the mer- 
curic chlorid is corrosive sublimate, 
mercury. [L. Mercurius, Mercury, the god 
of trade.] Mercurius; quicksilver. Sec 
hydrargyrum. 
Meriam’s plug-finishers. Fine, flexible 
curved files, safe-sided, to reach the cervi- 
cal margin of fillings on the proximal sur- 
faces of the teeth. 
mes'ad. [G. mesos, middle; L. ad, to.] 
Toward the middle or median plane of the 
body or a part. 
mes'al. [G. mesos, middle.] Pertaining to 
the median plane of the body or a part; 
middle; mesial; median, 
mesameboid (mes-a-me'boid). [G. mesos, 
middle; amoibe, change; eidos, resemblance.] 
A wandering or unattached cell of the em- 
bryonic middle germ-layer or mesoderm; 
a wandering cell or leucocyte, 
mesaticephalic (mes-at-i-se-fal'ik). [G. mes- 
atos, midmost; kephale, head.] Having a 
head of medium length, a skull with a 
cephalic index between 75 and 80 and with 
a capacity of 1350 c.c. to 1450 c.c., or an 
individual possessing this type of skull; 
the Europeans, American Indians, Poly- 
nesians and Chinese are among the mesat- 
icephalic races. 
mes'entery. [G. mesos, middle; enteron, in- 
testine.] The double layer of peritoneum 
which is attached to the abdominal wall 
and incloses in its fold a part or all of one 
of the abdominal viscera, 
mes'iad. Mesad. 
mesial (me'zi-al). Median, middle, mesal, 
mesiad; toward the middle line of the 
body, that is, toward the center of the 
dental arch. m. angle, the angle formed 
by the junction of the mesial surface with MESIO- 
217 
MESODONT 
the. labial, buccal or lingual surface of a 
tooth, m. cavity, a carious cavity on the 
mesial surface of a tooth, m. cavosurface 
angle, the angle formed by the junction of 
the mesial surface of a tooth with the 
surface of a cavity, m. surface, that sur- 
face of a tooth which faces toward the 
median line of the body if the teeth are 
considered as being arranged in a straight 
line laterally from the central incisor to 
the third molar, m. wall, the wall of a 
cavity facing toward the mesial surface of 
a tooth. See cavity nomenclature. 
mesio-. A modification of mesial in forming 
compound words, e.g., mesiolabial. See 
cavity nomenclature. 
mesiobuccal (me-zi-6-buk'al). Pertaining to 
the mesial and buccal surfaces of a tooth 
or a cavity, m. angle, the angle formed by 
the junction of the mesial and buccal sur- 
faces of a bicuspid (premolar) or molar 
tooth, or by the corresponding walls of a 
cavity. 
mesiobuccoclusal angle (me-zi-6-buk-5-klo'- 
zal). The angle formed by the mesial, 
buccal and occlusal surfaces of a bicuspid 
(premolar) or molar tooth, or by the corre- 
sponding walls of a cavity, 
mesiobuccopulpal angle (me-zi-5-buk-o-pul'- 
pal). The angle formed in a cavity of a 
bicuspid (premolar) or molar tooth by the 
junction of its mesial, buccal and pulpal 
walls. 
mesiocervical angle (me-zi-6-ser'vi-kal). Me- 
siogingival. The angle formed in a cavity 
by the junction of its mesial and cervical 
(gingival) walls. 
mesioclusal angle (me-zi-5-klo'zal). The 
angle formed by the junction of the mesial 
and occlusal surfaces of a biscuspid (pre-. 
molar) or molar tooth, or by the corre- 
sponding walls of a cavity, 
mesioclu'sion. A malocclusion characterized 
by a mesial or anterior relation of the 
mandibular dental arch to the maxillary 
dental arch. [ASO.] See anteroclusion. 
mesioclusodistal (me-zi-d-klo'zo-dis-tal). Per- 
taining to a cavity involving the mesial, 
occlusal and distal surfaces of a bicuspid 
(premolar) or molar tooth, or to the corre- 
sponding walls of a cavity, 
mesiodistal plane (me-zi-6-dis'tal). The 
plane or diameter of a tooth cutting its 
mesial and distal surfaces, 
mesiodistal relation of the arches. See 
neutroclusion. 
mesiodistally (me-zi-6-dis'tal-li). In a direc- 
tion from the mesial to the distal, 
mesiogingival. See mesiocervical. 
mesioincisal angle (me-zi-o-in-siz'al). The 
angle formed by the junction of the mesial 
and incisal angles of an incisor or cuspid 
(canine) tooth, or by the corresponding 
walls of a cavity. 
mesiolabial angle (me-zi-o-la'bi-al). The 
angle formed by the junction of the mesial 
and labial surfaces of an incisor or cuspid 
(canine) tooth, or by the corresponding 
walls of a cavity. 
mesiolabiopulpal (me-zi-o-la-bi-d-pul'pal). 
The angle formed in a cavity of an incisor 
or cuspid (canine) tooth by the junction of 
its mesial, labial and pulpal walls, 
mesiolingual (me-zi-6-ling'gwal). The angle 
formed by the junction of the mesial and 
lingual surfaces of any tooth, or by the 
corresponding walls of a cavity, 
mesiolinguoclusal angle (me-zi-o-ling-gw5- 
klo'zal). The angle formed by the mesial, 
lingual and occlusal surfaces of a bicuspid 
(premolar) or molar tooth, or by the corre- 
sponding walls of a cavity, 
mesiolinguopulpal angle (me-zi-o-ling-gw5- 
pul'pal). The angle formed in a cavity of 
any tooth by the junction of its mesial, 
lingual and pulpal walls, 
mesiopulpal (me-zi-o-pul'pal). The angle 
formed in a cavity of any tooth by the 
junction of its mesial and pulpal walls, 
mesiover'sion. Noting a tooth which is too 
near the medial line of the face. [ASO.] 
See neutroclusion. 
meso-. [G. mesos.] Prefix denoting middle, 
mes'oblast. [G. mesos, middle; blastos, germ.] 
The middle or germinal layer of the em- 
bryo, situated between the hypoblast and 
epiblast, being derived from the endoderm 
and ectoderm. 
mesococ'cus. A coccus of medium size, as 
distinguished from a micrococcus or a 
macrococcus. 
mesoco'lon. [G. mesos, middle; kolon, colon.] 
The fold of the peritoneum by which the 
colon is attached to the posterior abdom- 
inal wall. 
mes'oderm. [G. mesos, middle; derma, skin.] 
Mesoblast; the middle layer of the primi- 
tive embryo, formed by cells budding off 
from the primitive streak, 
mes'odont. [G. mesos, middle; odous, tooth.] 
Having medium-sized teeth; a skull with 
a dental index of 42 to 44. MESOGNATHIC 
218 
met'al. [G. metallon.] A solid, opaque body, 
as gold, silver, etc.; one of the electro- 
positive elements, either basylous or 
amphoteric, air-chamber m., an alloy 
from a sheet of which a small piece is 
cut and formed usually in the shape of a 
heart, this being fastened to the plaster 
cast, making an impression in the vulcanite 
or celluloid or other plastic base and 
producing what is afterwards the air- or 
vacuum-chamber, al'kali m., one of the 
members of the sodium group of basylous 
elements, base m., one whose compounds 
with oxygen are not decomposable by 
heat alone, retaining oxygen at high 
temperatures, cast m. base, a base for 
a denture which is made of metal by 
casting, cheoplastic m., see cheoplastic. 
colloid'al m., a colloidal solution of a 
metal (gold, platinum, silver, etc.) pro- 
cured by passing electric sparks between 
terminals of the metal through distilled 
water; electrosol; metallic ferment, m. 
base, the metal plate used in a denture 
to which artificial teeth are attached, 
m. facing, a filling of which the greater 
part is of a hardened plastic and only the 
outer layer is of a metal like platinum or 
gold. m. tape, thin strips of steel or copper 
upon wrhich an abrasive paste is smeared, 
used for polishing fillings. noble m., 
one whose compounds with oxygen are 
decomposable by heat alone at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding redness, 
metal dentures, cast. See cast metal dentures. 
Metall. [Ger.] Metal. 
Metallarbeit. [Ger.] Metal-work. 
Metallhiilse. [Ger.] Metal shell, 
metallic (met-al'ik). [L. metallicus.] Per- 
, taining to or like a metal; consisting of 
metal. 
metalliferous (met-al-if'er-us). [L. metallum, 
metal; fero, carry.] Producing or yielding 
metals. 
met'alline compound. A moderately hard 
substance, heavily loaded with graphite, 
resembling modeling-compound, 
metallization. Conversion into metal, 
metalloid (met'al-oid). [G. metallon, metal; 
eidos, resemblance.] A non-metallic ele- 
ment, as oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, 
etc. 
metalloplas'tic. Pertaining to the casting of 
metal in a plastic form, as the casting of 
metal around the pins or undercuts of 
teeth, making a denture, etc. 
METALLOPLASTIC 
mesognath'ic. Mesognathous; pertaining to 
the mesognathion. 
mesognath'ion. [G. mesos, middle; gnathos, 
jaw.] The lateral segment of the inter- 
maxillary, premaxillary or incisive bone, 
and external to the endognathion, which 
carries the central incisor, 
mesog'nathous. Having a face with a slight- 
ly protruding mandible or jaw, one with a 
gnathic index from 98 to 103. 
mesorrhine (mes'or-ren). [G. mesos, middle; 
rhis, nose.] Having a nose of moderate 
width. A skull with a nasal index from 
47 to 51 or 48 to 53. 
mesostate (mes'o-stat). An intermediate 
product in metabolism, a substance formed 
during the process of changing the raw 
material into an assimilable product, 
mes'ostyle. Zool., a small cusp between the 
metacone and the paracone. 
mesouranic (mes-6-u-ran'ik). [G. mesos, 
middle; ouranos, palate.] Having a palatal 
index of 110 to 115. 
Messing. [Ger.] Brass, 
meta-. [G., after, between, beyond, over.] 
In chemistry, a prefix designating a com- 
pound which is formed by two substitu- 
tions in the benzene ring arranged asym- 
metrically, i.e., linked to the first and third, 
the second and fourth, etc., carbon atoms 
of the series. Also, a prefix signifying a 
transformation or change after something 
else in the series. 
metab'asis. [G., a passing over, change.] 
A change of any kind, as in the symptoms 
or course of a treatment or disease; 
transition. 
metabol'ic. Pertaining to metabolism, 
metab'olism. [G. metabole, change.] Tissue- 
change; the continuous process by which 
living cells or tissues undergo a chemical 
change; it consists of anabolism, con- 
structive or assimilative change, and 
catabolism, destructive or retrograde 
change. 
metacar'pus. [G. meta, beyond; karpos, 
wrist.] The palm; the part of the hand 
between the wrist and the fingers, 
metacone (met'a-kdn). [G. meta, behind; 
konos, cone.] The distobuccal cusp of 
a maxillary molar tooth, 
metaconid (met'a-kon'id). The mesiolingual 
cusp of a mandibular molar tooth, 
metaconule (met-a-kon'ul). The distal 
intermediate cusp of a maxillary molar 
tooth. METALLURGY 
219 
MICROBICIDE 
metallurgy (met'al-ur-ji). [G. metallon, metal; 
ergon, work.] The art of separating metals 
from their ores and applying them to 
useful purposes. 
metals, fusible. Readily fusible alloys used 
as indicated. Babbitt’s m., for dies and 
counterdies, chamber m., for vacuum- 
or air-chambers for dentures, counterdie 
m., a hard alloy for counterdies. Melotte’s 
and S. S. White’s m., for dies and counter- 
dies. S. S. White’s inlay m., for inlays. 
Watt’s m., for mandibular dentures. 
Weston’s m., for mandibular dentures, 
metals, separation of. Freeing them from 
metallic combinations or metalliferous 
matter. dry process, by heat. wet 
process, by suitable solvents, 
metamorphosis (met-a-mor'f5-sis). [G.,trans- 
formation—meta, beyond; morphe, form.] 
A change of structure, form, shape or 
function; degeneration, 
metiaplasm. Separated material, such as 
secretion or excretion, glycogen, fatty 
granules, or other differentiated matter 
which is temporarily present within the 
protoplasm of a cell. 
metastasis (me-tas'ta-sis). [G. meta, in the 
midst of; stasis, a placing.] A condition 
in which a disease or its local manifesta- 
tions shift from one part of the body to 
another, specifically as in mumps when the 
symptoms referable to the parotid gland 
subside and the testis becomes affected, 
met'astyle. Zook, a small cusp just pos- 
terior to the metacone, 
me'ter. [G. metron, measure.] A unit of 
length in the decimal system, the equiva- 
lent of 39.371 inches. 
metheth'yl. A liquid mixture of ethyl and 
methyl chlorids and chloroform, employed 
locally as an anesthetic, 
meth'od. [G. meta, after; hodos, way.] The 
regular mode or manner of performing an 
operation; systematic procedure; orderly 
arrangement or process, 
meth'yl. [G. methy, wine; hyle, wood.] The 
radical of wood alcohol, m. al'cohol, wood 
alcohol, pyroxylic spirit, methylic alcohol; 
obtained by the destructive distillation of 
wood; its action is of a poisonous nature, 
causing blindness. m. chlo'rid, chlor- 
methyl monochlormethane, a liquid formed 
by compressing a gas obtained by the 
distillation of sodium chlorid, sulphuric 
acid and methyl alcohol; it is used in 
spray as a local anesthetic. 
meth'ylene. A hydrocarbon combination 
of which the bichlorid is used as a spray 
for local anesthesia and sometimes by 
inhalation as a general anesthetic, 
methyl'ic. Pertaining to methyl, 
met'oplasty. [G. metopon, forehead; plassd, 
I form.] Plastic surgery of the forehead, 
metopodyn'ia. [G. metopon, forehead; odyne, 
pain.] Frontal headache, 
meto'pon. [G., forehead.] The anterior 
portion of the frontal lobe of the brain, 
met'ric. [G. metron, measure.] Pertaining 
to measurement; quantitative, m. sys'- 
tem, a decimal system of weights and 
measures based upon the meter as a unit, 
metrology (me-trol'o-ji). The science or 
system of, or a treatise on, weights and 
measures. [needle, 
metsan. Trade name of an aseptic syringe 
Meyer’s organ. A group of glands and a 
series of mucous folds at the upper portion 
of the border of the tongue, particularly 
in certain of the lower animals, 
mezcla. [Sp.] Mixture. 
M.G. Mesiogingival. 
Mg. Chemical symbol of magnesium. 
MgO. Calcined magnesia; magnesia. 
MgSO,}. Magnesium sulphate; Epsom salt. 
M.I. Mesioincisal. 
mi'asm, mias'ma. [F. miasma, stain.] Per- 
nicious or noxious emanations or effluvia, 
formerly regarded as the cause of malaria 
and other epidemic diseases, 
micro-. [G. mikros, small.] A prefix desig- 
nating smallness; before a term meaning a 
unit of any kind, it denotes the one- 
millionth of such unit, the term micromil- 
limeter excepted. 
microbacte'rium. [G. mikros, small.] A 
bacterium of very small or minute size, 
microbe (mi'krob). [G. mikros, small; bios, 
life.] Microorganism; a minute one-celled 
individual, either animal or vegetable, 
microbe'mia. [microbion; G. haima, blood.] 
A condition in which microorganisms are 
present in the peripheral blood; micro- 
biohemia. 
micro'bial, micro'bian. Pertaining to a 
microbe or microbes. 
microbicidal (ml-krd-bi-si'dal). [microbion; 
L. ccedere, to kill.] An agent destructive to 
microbes; microbicide. Antiseptic; germi- 
cidal. 
microbicide (ml-kro'bi-sld). An agent hav- 
ing the power to destroy microbes; an 
antiseptic; a germicide. Microbicidal. MICROBIOLOGY 
220 
MIGRATE 
microbiol'ogy. [G. mikros, small; bios, life; 
-logia, treatise.] Biology of unicellular 
organisms; the science of microorganisms, 
micro'bion. [G.] Microbe, 
mi'crobism. Being infected with microbes, 
mi'croblast. [G. mikros, small; blastos, 
sprout, germ.] A small nucleated red 
blood-corpuscle. 
microchemistry (mi-kro-kem'is-tri). [G. mi- 
kros, small.] The observation of chemical 
reaction which takes place under the 
microscope; the chemistry of microscopic 
objects. 
Micrococ'cus. [G. mikros, small, kokkos, 
berry.] Generally indicating any coccus or 
spherical schizomycete; one of the genus of 
Coccacese, including spherical cells without 
flagella, in which division occurs in two 
planes. M. fetidus, a species present in 
caries of the teeth and in some cases of 
pharyngitis. M. gingivae pyogenes, found 
in cases of alveolar abscess, belonging to a 
species of the nonmotile—though some- 
times single—diplococci. 
mi'crocyte. [G. mikros, small; kytos, cell.] 
A minute, elementary, non-nucleated red 
blood-corpuscle, showing evidences of 
degeneration; a multinuclear leucocyte, 
microden'tism. [G. mikros, small; L. dens, 
tooth.] A condition in which the teeth are 
small. 
mi'crodont. [G. mikros, small; odous, tooth.] 
Having small teeth. A skull with a dental 
index below 42. 
microglos'sia. [G. mikros, small; glossa, 
tongue.] A condition in which the tongue 
is small. 
micrognathia (mi-krog-nath'i-a). [G. mikros, 
small; gnathos, jaw.] Smallness of the 
jaws, particularly of the mandible, 
mi'crogram. [G. mikros, small.] The mil- 
lionth part of a gram, equivalent to about 
1/68000 grain. 
micromandib'ular deform'ity. Noting a 
mandible which is too small or arrested in 
development. [ASO.] 
micromax'illary deform'ity. Noting a max- 
illa which is too small or arrested in 
development. [ASO.] 
microm'eter. [G. mikros, small; metron, 
measure.] An instrument used for measur- 
ing objects under the microscope, 
mi'crometer. Micron, the millionth part of 
a meter; usually referred to, incorrectly, 
as micro millimeter; its sign is the Greek 
letter y. 
micromicron (mi-kro-mrkron). The mil- 
lionth of a micron or a meter X 10—12, 
commonly but incorrectly used to desig- 
nate the millionth of a millimeter, or 
thousandth of a micron, micromillimeter; 
it is expressed by the Greek letters yy. 
micromil'limeter. The millionth part of a 
millimeter; commonly but incorrectly, the 
thousandth part of a millimeter, or micron; 
its sign is y. 
micromy'ces. [G. mikros, small; mykes, 
fungus.] Bacterium; a microscopic fungus, 
micromyeloblast (ml-kro-ml'el-o-blast). 
Myeloblast; leucoblast. 
mi'cron. [G. mikros, small.] The millionth 
of a meter or thousandth of a millimeter; 
expressed by the Greek letter y properly 
placed in a position above the line, 
microorganism (mi-kro-or'gan-ism). A mi- 
croscopic animal or plant; a protozoon or 
bacterium. 
micropathol'ogy. [G. mikros, small; pathos, 
suffering; -logia, treatise.] The study of 
the microscopic changes in cells and tissues 
in connection with disease; morbid his- 
tology; protozoology and bacteriology in 
their relation to disease, 
mi'croscope. [G. mikros, small; skoped, I 
view.] An optical instrument containing 
one or more lenses for magnifying minute 
objects. binoc'ular m., a compound 
microscope with two eyepieces and but a 
single objective, com'pound m., a micro- 
scope consisting of two or more lenses, 
microscop'ic. Of minute size; determined or 
visible only with the aid of a microscope, 
microseme (ml'kro-sem). [G. mikros, small; 
sema, sign.] A skull with an orbital index 
below 84. 
microsmat'ic. [Cl- mikros, small; osme, sense 
of smell.] A condition in which the sense 
of smell is poorly developed, 
microsto'mia. [G. mikros, small; stoma, 
mouth.] Smallness of the mouth, 
mi'crotome. [G. mikros, small; tomos, cut- 
ting.] An instrument for dividing or mak- 
ing sections of the object to be examined 
under the microscope. 
micturition (mik-tu-rish'un). Morbidly fre- 
quent urination. 
M.I.D. Mesioincisodistal. 
migraine. [Fr.] Sick headache, 
mi'grant. [L. migrare, to wander.] Migrat- 
ing; wandering; roving, 
mi'grate. [L. migrare, to wander.] To pass 
from one part to another in the body or in MIGRATION 
221 
MISTURA 
an organ (said of some diseases or symp- 
toms) . 
migration. Wandering or passing from 
place to place (said of some morbid pro- 
cesses or symptoms). 
Mikulicz's disease. Swelling of the lacrymal 
and occasionally of the salivary glands, as 
a result of an infiltration of, and replace- 
ment of the normal gland structure by, 
lymphoid tissue. M.’s mask, a wire frame, 
covered with gauze, employed as a mask to 
cover the nose and mouth of the surgeon 
while performing an operation. M.’s 
operation for making an opening into the 
antrum of Highmore, performed by remov- 
ing a portion of the naso-antral wall, 
including a part or the whole of the inferior 
turbinated bone. 
mil. Abbr. for milliliter, the thousandth part 
of a liter; a cubic centimeter. 
Milchzahn. [Ger.] Milk, temporary or 
deciduous tooth. 
miliaria (mil-i-a'ri-a). [L. miliarius, relating 
to millet.] An eruption of minute vesicles 
caused by the retention of fluids at the 
mouths of the sweat-follicles; miliary fever. 
Militarzahnpflege. [Ger.] Dental hygiene 
in the army. 
milk teeth. The deciduous, temporary teeth; 
the teeth of the first dentition. 
milk-sugar. Lactose. 
mill, rolling. A mechanical device for re- 
ducing the gage of metals, as gold for 
dental work, by pressure-rolling. 
milliampere (mil-i-am-par'). [Fr. mille, 
thousand; ampere.] An electrical unit of 
current-strength, the thousandth of an 
ampere. 
milligram. One thousandth of a gram, 
estimated as equivalent to 1/65 grain. 
milliliter (mil-i-le'ter). One thousandth of a 
liter or 1 cubic centimeter; about 15 
minims. 
millimeter. One thousandth of a meter, 
roughly 1/25 inch. 
millimicron (mil-i-mi'kron). Micromil- 
limeter. 
milling. A method of articulating artificial 
teeth in which the patient grinds the 
proper occlusion. 
mim'ic. [G. mimikos, imitating.] Mimetic; 
simulating; imitative, m. spasm, a spasm 
of the muscles of the face. 
mimma'tion. [Ar. mim, the letter to.] A 
form of stammering in which various 
letters are given the m-sound. 
min'eral. [L. minare, to mine.] Any homo- 
geneous inorganic body found on the 
surface or in the earth, 
mineral stains. Various coloring-materials 
with which the colors of the natural teeth 
and the gums are reproduced on mineral 
teeth and gums. 
min'im. [L. minimum, least.] The smallest 
fluid measure, one sixtieth of a fluidrachm; 
in the case of water, about a drop, 
min'imal. Smallest, least, 
min'imum. [L.] The least quantity, the 
smallest possible. 
mio'sis. [G. meidsis, a lessening.] The com- 
mencement of the decline in the symptoms 
or intensity of a disease, 
miot'ic. Pertaining to contraction of the 
pupil. A substance having the power to 
cause the pupil to contract, 
mirror (mir'ur). [Fr. miroir.] A speculum 
or looking-glass; any glass or polished 
smooth substance that forms images by 
means of the reflection of rays of light. 
Best mirrors are usually made by deposit- 
ing a metallic coating of silver on the 
back of the glass, head-m., a mirror, 
of circular concave shape, worn on a 
headband, employed to send a beam of 
light into a cavity such as the mouth, 
ear, nose or larynx, for the purpose of 
examination, mouth-m., a mirror, plain 
or magnifying, used in examining the 
teeth and mouth. 
mirror finish. The high polish given to a 
filling so that objects are reflected as in 
a mirror. 
miscarriage (mis-kar'ij). Premature par- 
turition; giving forth the product of 
conception during the fourth, fifth or 
sixth month of pregnancy, 
mis'ce. [L., imp. of miscere, to mix.] The 
direction given to the pharmacist in 
prescription-writing, to mix the ingredi- 
ents; usually it is abbreviated to M., or 
Mis. 
miscegenation. [L. miscere, to mix; genus, 
race.] Marriage or sexual relations 
occurring between individuals of different 
races, particularly of the white and black 
races. 
Mischung. [Ger.] Mixture; mixing. 
Missbildung. [Ger.] Deformity, 
mistu'ra. [L.] A mixture; a liquid which 
has an insoluble medicinal substance in 
suspension, being so held by some viscid 
material, gum arabic or sugar, m. chloro- MISUSE 
222 
MOLAR 
formi, emulsum chloroformi, chloroform 
mixture. m. creosoti, a mixture of 
creosote and spirit of juniper; a creosote 
mixture. 
misuse'. Improper or incorrect use of any- 
thing, as of a toothbrush, silk floss, tape, 
rubber, toothpick, etc. 
Mitchell’s solution. A tablet containing 
% grain cocain and 1/400 grain adrenalin, 
dissolved in 50 or 100 c.c. physiological 
salt solution; the weaker solution is 
employed for general infiltration anes- 
thesia of the tissues and the stronger for 
anesthetizing the skin or blocking the 
nerves. 
mi'tis. [L.] Mild. 
mi'tral. [L. mitra, a miter.] Pertaining to 
the bicuspid or mitral valve of the heart, 
mitsu-ro. [Ja.] Cera, 
mix (miks). The correct proportion of 
alloy and mercury to form a quantity of 
amalgam sufficient for one or more fillings 
or a model for an inlay; the correct 
proportion of the powder and liquid to 
form a quantity of semiplastic mixture 
for one or more fillings, 
mixed. Composed of two or more ingredi- 
ents blended or united into one mass or 
compound; not simple; showing signs or 
characteristics of two or more different 
things. 
mixed anesthesia. See anesthesia. 
mixing-tablet. See tablet. 
mix'ture. [L. mistura.] A compound formed 
by mixing two or more substances without 
chemical action, the particles of each 
ingredient retaining their physical prop- 
erties. 
M.L. Mesiolingual. 
M.La. Mesiolabial. 
M.La.P. Mesiolabiopulpal. 
M.L.P. Mesiolinguopulpal. 
mm. Abbreviation for millimeter, 
mmm. Abbreviation for micromillimeter, 
or micron. 
Mn. Chemical symbol of manganese. 
Mo. Chemical symbol of molybdenum. 
M.O. Mesioclusal. 
mobile (mo'bel). [L. mobilis, movable.] 
Easily moved; movable; moving, 
mobil'ity. [L. mobilis, movable.] Suscep- 
tibility of motion; quality of being mov- 
able. 
M.O.D. Mesioclusodistal. 
mod'alloy. Trade name of an alloy for use 
in making models by the indirect method. 
mod'el. [L. modulus, dim. of modus, 
measure.] A positive or duplicate copy 
of the mouth or some part of it, used for 
producing a similar positive of itself, 
and hence of the mouth, in metal, plaster, 
artificial stone, etc.; a pattern of a form; 
reproduction of something, of a form or 
shape; a mold, a form in which to cast 
something; an artificial form, a form 
made in imitation of the real, as the model 
in which are reproduced the teeth and 
the gums, antagonizing m., the opposing 
teeth reproduced in plaster, and used 
for arranging the articulation of the 
dentures, contour m., a model with a 
baseplate built up with wax, indicating 
the length and other characteristics of 
artificial teeth used in arranging the 
articulation, plaster m., a plaster repro- 
duction obtained by pouring soft plaster 
into the impression. 
model alloy. Trade name of an amalgam 
for indirect method of inlay models, 
model stone. Trade name of an artificial 
stone for casts and models, 
modele. [Fr.] Model, 
mod'eling-composi'tion. Modeling com- 
pound. 
mod'eling-com'pound. An elastic impression 
material made of gum dammar, French 
chalk, stearine and other substances, 
colored and scented to be agreeable to 
sight and smell. 
modellieren. [Ger.] To model. 
Modelliertisch. [Ger.] Modeling-table, 
mod'elrite. Trade name of a waxy prepara- 
tion used for taking impressions, 
mo'dus operan'di. [L.] Mode of action; 
manner in which anything is operated. 
Moeller’s disease. Barlow’s disease; infan- 
tile scurvy. 
Moeller’s glossi'tis. A chronic form of 
glossitis in which the tongue assumes a 
very smooth appearance, 
mokei. [Ja.] Model. 
mo'lar. [L. molaris, relating to a mill.] A 
molar tooth; a double tooth or grinder. 
Grinding. m. glands, small, round, 
racemose or compound tubular glands 
situated between the buccinator and 
masseter muscles, somewhat larger than 
the. buccal glands, m. tooth, one of the 
back teeth or grinders, three on each side 
of each jaw. sixth-year m., the first 
permanent molar tooth. twelfth-year 
m., the second permanent molar tooth. MOLAR 
223 
MOOREHEAD’S RETRACTOR 
molar. [Sp.] Molar tooth, m. de juicio, 
wisdom tooth. 
mo'lar bicus'poid. See bicuspoid. 
mola'res dentes. [L.] Molar teeth, 
molar'iform. [L. forma, form.] Resembling 
or having the form of a molar tooth, 
mold. The cavity or matrix in which any- 
thing is shaped, and from which it takes 
its form; the body or mass containing the 
cavity, as a sand mold for casting metals; 
cast; form; shape; a pile of goldbeater’s 
skin, usually about 950 pieces. To mix or 
knead into a required consistency; to form 
a mold of, as in sand or marble dust, in 
which a casting is made. See cast. 
mold-guide. A series of forms showing the 
various molds of teeth made by a manu- 
facturer, enabling the dentist to select the 
desired form. 
mold'ine. Potter’s clay and glycerin forming 
* a putty-like mass, used for taking small 
impressions, as for crowns or small bridges. 
See Melotte’s moldine. 
mold'ing-flask. An iron or brass ring in 
which a model is placed, molding-sand 
packed around it, and when the model is 
removed, molten metal is poured into the 
space, thus reproducing the parts in metal, 
resulting in a die on which to swage plates, 
molec'ular. Pertaining to a molecule, 
molec'ular ten'sion. A property developed 
in metals which tends to bring the mole- 
cules back to the original relation they sus- 
tained to each other before the metal was 
subjected to working stress, 
molecule (mol'e-kul). [L. molecula, dim. of 
moles, mass.] The smallest particle into 
which a substance can be divided without 
destroying its chemical character; it may 
consist of a single atom, 
mollifies (mol-ish'i-ez). [L.] Malacia; soft- 
ness or softening. 
molybde'num. [G. molybdaina, graphite.] 
Symbol Mo, atomic weight 96. A silvery 
white metallic element. molybdenum 
gold-coated round wire, furnished in vari- 
ous sizes and used as a substitute for plat- 
inum. 
momen'tum. [L., balance, motion.] Im- 
petus; the product of the mass by the 
velocity of a moving body; the quantity of 
motion. 
momificacion de la pulpa. [Sp.] Mummi- 
fication of the pulp; dry gangrene of the 
pulp. 
momification pulpaire. [Fr.] Mummifica- 
tion of the pulp; dry gangrene of the 
pulp. 
monacid (mon-as'id). [G. monos, single; L. 
acidus, acid.] Indicating a base having 
one replacement hydroxyl group, 
mon'ad. [G. monas, unity.] An elementary 
organism or cell; a univalent atom or radi- 
cal; one of the flagellate infusoria, 
monar'thric. [G. monos, single; arthron, 
joint.] Monarticular; pertaining to a 
single joint. 1 
monartic'ular. [G. monos, single; L. articulus, 
joint.] Pertaining to a single joint; mon- 
arthric; uniarticular. 
monatom'ic. Having one atom in the mole- 
cule; consisting of one atom; having one 
replaceable atom or radical. 
Monfort’s cap crown slitter. An instrument 
for slitting a metal crown about to be re- 
moved, without injury to the tooth or 
adjacent tissues. Invention of Dr. J. B. 
Monfort. 
mono-. [G. monos, single.] A prefix signi- 
fying one, single, alone; uni-, 
mon'obas'ic. [G. monos, single; basis, base.] 
Having but one hydrogen atom capable of 
being replaced. An acid with a basicity 
of one. 
monococ'cus. [G. monos, single; kokkos, 
berry.] A coccus occurring singly, not 
grouped or paired. 
monohy'dric. Possessing but one atom of 
hydrogen in a molecule, 
monomax'illary. Pertaining to one maxilla, 
monophy'odont. [G. monos, single; phyo, I 
grow; odous, tooth.] Possessed of only one 
set of teeth; without deciduous dentition. 
See diphyodont and polyphyodont. 
monosaccharid (mon-o-sak'a-rid). A simple 
sugar; any of a number of sugars not de- 
composable into simpler sugars by hydrol- 
ysis. 
monox'id. [G. monos, single.] An oxid 
having but one atom of oxygen, 
mons, gen. mon'tis, pi. mon'tes. [L., a 
mount.] An anatomical projection or 
slight elevation above the level of the 
surface. 
montieren. [Ger.] To mount; to adjust. 
Moon’s mo'lars. Small first molars with un- 
developed occlusal surfaces, so that the 
tooth appears dome-shaped, due to heredi- 
tary syphilis. 
Moorehead’s retrac'tor. [Frederick Brown 
Moorehead, American oral surgeon.] A 
device which fits on the crown of the head MORBID 
224 
MOUTH 
of the patient; it is provided with metal 
buttons to which perforated metal bands 
may be attached in any desired position, 
the bands being provided with shields of 
various shapes which can be fitted about 
the lips, cheeks and margins of wounds, 
and when these bands are fastened to the 
device on the head the tissues can be re- 
tracted and firmly held so as to give access 
to any part of the oral cavity, leaving the 
hands of the operator and the assistant 
free. 
mor'bid. [L. morbidus, ill.] Pathological; 
diseased. 
Morgan-Maxfield man'drel. One having 
the shank of the part carrying the disc 
bent in the form of a corkscrew, so that 
when it is inserted in the hollow socket of 
the mandrel it is held in place by friction- 
contact. 
mor'phin, mor'phine. Morphina. 
morphi'na. [L. Morpheus, the god of dreams.] 
Morphin, the narcotic principle of opium; 
it comes in the form of colorless acicular 
crystals of a bitter taste. morphi'nae 
sul'phas, morphin sulphate. 
morphin-scopolamin anesthesia. See anes- 
thesia. 
morphol'ogy. [G. morphe, form; -logia, 
treatise.] The science having to do with 
the external configuration or the structure 
of animals and plants. 
Morrison crown. A gold shell crown of two 
pieces, a band and a swaged occlusal sur- 
face, first made by Dr. W. N. Morrison, 
but later incorrectly attributed to Dr. 
Beers. 
mors. [L.] Death. 
mor'sal. [L. morsus, a bite.] Noting the 
occlusal or masticatory surface of the 
bicuspids and molars. Proposed by 
Edward Cameron Kirk, American dentist, 
b. 1856. “Morsal and occlusal to be used 
synonymously as relating to the masticat- 
ing surfaces of the bicuspid and molar 
teeth.”—[ADA.] See occlusal. 
mor'sal teeth. See posterior teeth. 
mor'sel. [L. morsulus, dim. of morsus, a 
bite.] A small piece; a bit; a mouthful; 
a bite. 
Morser. [Ger.] Mortar. 
morso-. Modification of morsal, used in 
compound words. 
mor'sulus. [L., dim. of morsus, a bite.] 
A troche or lozenge. 
mor'tal. [L. mortalis—mors, death.] Sub- 
ject to death; fatal; destructive to life; 
destined to die. 
mortality. [L. mors, death.] Death-rate, 
mor'tar. [L. mortarium.] A vessel with a 
rounded interior in which substances or 
crude drugs are pounded or crushed with 
a pestle. 
mortari'olum. Alveolus of a tooth, 
mortification (mar-ti-fi-ka'shun). [L. mors, 
death \facere, to make.] Gangrene, 
mo'tile. [L. motus, movement.] Capable of 
spontaneous movement, 
mo'tion. [L. motio, movement.] The process 
of moving; movement; change of place; 
defecation, movement of the bowels, dis- 
charge from the rectum, a stool, 
mo'tor. [L., a mover.] Causing motion, 
moving; a nerve or its center through 
which or from which impulses travel, ex- 
citing a muscle to contract, 
mot'tled teeth. Caused by a failure of the 
formation of the cementing substance of 
the enamel, generally accompanied by dis- 
coloration of the areas in which the cement- 
ing substance is wanting, 
mould. See mold. 
mount. To prepare for microscopical ex- 
amination. 
mouth. [L. os, gen. o'ris, pi. o'ra, adj. oral'is. 
E. adj. o'ral.] The expanded upper por- 
tion, or first part, of the digestive tract, 
bounded anteriorly by the upper and 
lower lip, laterally by the cheeks, above by 
the roof of the mouth or palate, below by 
the floor of the mouth, consisting of mus- 
cular tissues, and posteriorly by the 
fauces. Os or ostium is also used to sig- 
nify an opening or orifice, generally one 
opening exteriorly from a cavity or canal, 
as the os uteri, absence of the m., as- 
tomia, lipostomia. aperture of the m., 
rima oris, atrophy of the m., lipostomia, 
lipostomy. bleeding from the m., hem- 
orrhagia oris, stomatorrhagia, cavity of 
the m., cavum oris, disease of the m., 
stomatopathy, stomatosis, stomatia. dry- 
ness of the m., xerostomia, fetor from the 
m., fetor of the breath, halitosis, fluid 
discharge from the m., stomatorrhea, 
sialorrhea, ptyalism. gangrene of the m., 
cancrum oris, noma, cancer aquaticus, 
stomatonecrosis, glassblower’s m., swell- 
ing of the parotid gland in glassblowers. 
imperforation of the m., atretostomia. 
inferior cul de sac of the m., the lower part 
of the vestibule, inflammation of the m., MOUTHGLASS 
225 
MUCOUS 
stomatitis, thrush, muguet, stomacace, 
stomatocace, aphthae, stomatomycosis, 
stomatopyra. large m., macrostomia. 
odor from the m., ozostomia, stomatody- 
sodia. pain in the m., stomatalgia, stoma- 
todynia. plastic surgery of the m., chalin- 
oplasty, stomatoplasty, stomatopoiesis. 
small m., microstomia, softening of the 
m., stomatomalacia. spasmodic closure 
of the m., lockjaw, trismus, stomatospas- 
mus. specialty pertaining to affections of 
the m., stomatology, stomatoiatria. su- 
perior cul de sac of the m., the upper part 
of the vestibule, tapir m., protrusion of 
the lips, tumor of the m., stomatophyma. 
ulceration of the m., stomacace, stoma- 
tocace, canker, cancrum oris, stomatel- 
cosis. vestibule of the m., that part 
which lies between the teeth and the lips 
and cheeks; vestibulum oris, vicarious 
menstruation from the m., stomatomenia, 
stomenorrhagia. 
mouth'glass. Mouth-mirror, 
movement (mov'ment). [L. mover e, to 
move.] A discharge of feces from the 
bowels; passing from one place to another; 
changing a position, labial m. of the 
upper incisors, the excursion of these teeth 
toward the lips, due to diseases of their 
periodontal membranes. 
M.P. Mesiopulpal. 
mu'cedin. [L. mucedo, mucus.] One of the 
proteins of the gliadin group, present in 
the gluten of cereals, 
mu'cic. Pertaining to mucus, 
mu'ciform. [L. mucus; forma, form.] Re- 
sembling mucus. 
mu'eigen. [L. mucus; G. gennao, I produce.] 
A substance formed in the secreting cells 
of the mucous membranes, convertible into 
mucin. 
mucigenous (mu-sij'en-us). [L. mucus; 
G. gennao, I produce.] Muciparous, 
mu'cilage. See mucilago. 
mucilaginous (mu-si-laj 'in-us). Gummy; 
sticky; resembling mucilage, 
mucila'go. [L.] A preparation consisting 
of the mucilaginous principles of vegetable 
substances dissolved in water; has a sooth- 
ing effect when applied to mucous mem- 
branes. 
mu'ein. A glycoprotein secreted by the gob- 
let cells of the mucous glands; is also 
present in the umbilical cord and in con- 
nective tissue; precipitated by acetic acid, 
but soluble in alkaline water. 
mucin plaque or film. See plaque. 
mu'cinoblast. Goblet cell, 
mucip'arous. [L. mucus; par ere, to bring 
forth.] Productive of mucus; mucigenous; 
muciferous. 
mucitis (mu-se'tis or si'tis). A condition in 
which the mucous membrane is inflamed, 
mucocele (mu'ko-sel). [L. mucus; G. kele, 
tumor, hernia.] A mucous polypus; a 
cyst of mucus, 
mucocuta'neous. Pertaining to the mucous 
membrane and the skin, as the line at 
which the two unite at the nasal, oral, 
anal and vaginal orifices, 
mucoid (mu'koid). [L. mucus; G. eidos, 
appearance.] A glycoprotein distinguished 
from mucin in general only in having a 
higher sulphur content; it is normally 
present in connective tissue and pathologi- 
cally found in the cells undergoing mucoid 
degeneration. Mucus-like; muciform. 
mu-col. Trade name of a nonpoisonous 
alkaline antiseptic and deodorant powder 
for the mucous membrane of the mouth, 
mucoperios'teal. Pertaining to a mucoperi- 
osteum. 
mucoperios'teum. Mucous membrane and 
periosteum joined in a manner so as to 
form practically a single membrane, as 
that covering the hard palate, 
mucopu'rulent. Both mucous and purulent; 
consisting or composed of mucus and pus. 
mucopus'. A mixture of mucus and pus; a 
mucopurulent discharge, 
mucosa (mu-kb'sa). [L., fem. of mucosus, 
mucous.] Mucous membrane; tunica 
mucosa; membrana mucosa, 
muco'sal. Pertaining to a mucosa, 
mucosanguineous (mu -ko - san - gwin'e - us). 
Consisting of mucus mixed with blood, 
mucosed'ative. Demulcent; relieving or 
soothing to the mucous membrane, 
mucoserous (mu-kd-se'rus). Both mucous 
and serous; consisting or composed of 
mucus and serum. 
mu'cosin. A mucin occurring in a very 
thick, tough mucous discharge, 
mucous (mu'kus). Pertaining to mucus or 
a mucous membrane, m. membrane, a 
•membrane secreting mucus which lines 
cavities and passages or canals that com- 
municate with the exterior, as the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, m. patch, a 
mass of macerated macules and papules 
present in the mucous membrane of the 
mouth in syphilis; condyloma latum. MUCRO 
226 
MUSCLE-EXERCISER 
mucro (mu'kro). [L., sharp point.] Any 
pointed extremity of a structure, 
mu'cus. [L.] The viscid clear fluid secreted 
by the mucous membranes, consisting of 
mucin, leucocytes, epithelial cells and 
inorganic salts suspended in water; animal 
mucilage. 
muela. [Sp.] Molar tooth. 
Mueller’s sign. Rhythmical pulsatory 
movements perceived in the uvula, accom- 
panied by swelling and redness of the 
velum palati and tonsils, synchronous with 
the action of the heart in aortic insuffi- 
ciency. 
muf'fle. A compartment used for heating 
without exposing the contents to the direct 
action of the fire, as in dental ceramics, in 
making crowns, bridges and dentures, 
m. furnace, a furnace so devised as to 
shield its contents from direct contact 
with the flame. 
muguet. [Fr.] Aphthae; thrush, 
mukogo. [Ja.] Nonocclusion, 
mukos, schleimig. [Ger.] Mucous, 
mulieb'ria. [L., neut. pi. of muliebris, re- 
lating to woman.] The female genital 
organs. 
multi-. Latin prefix denoting many. Greek 
equivalent, poly-. * 
multicel'lular. [L. multus, many; cellula, 
cell.] Composed or made up of many cells, 
multicus'pid. A molar tooth; a multicuspi- 
date tooth. 
multicus'pid ate. [L. multus, many; cuspis, 
cusp.] A molar tooth; a multi cuspid; a 
tooth with three or more projections or 
cusps. Possessing more than two cusps, 
multiden'tate. Many-toothed; denoting 
animals having many teeth, 
mul'tiform. [L. multus, many; forma, form.] 
Polymorphous; occurring in or of many 
forms. 
multilob'ular. [L. multus, many; lobulus, 
lobule.] Composed of many lobules, 
multinuclear (mul-ti-nu'kle-ar). [L. multus, 
many; nucleus.] Possessed of two or more 
nuclei. 
mul'tiple. [L. multiplex—multus, many; 
plica, fold.] Manifold; repeated many 
times; consisting of many parts, 
multiroot'ed. Possessed of more than two 
roots, as a molar tooth, 
multituber'culate. Noting teeth having 
many tubercles. 
multituber'culy. [L. multi, many; tubercu- 
lum, tubercle.] State of being multi- 
tuberculate; used specifically of a theory 
of the origin of mammalian teeth, suppos- 
ing them derived from multituberculate 
forms. 
multiv'alence. [L. multus, many; valere, to 
have power.] Possessing a combining 
power of more than one atom of hydrogen, 
mu'maloid. Trade name of a preparation 
for sealing the apical foramen and fibril- 
lary canals. 
mummifica'tion. [mummy; L. facere, to 
make.] Dry gangrene; dry gangrene of 
the pulp of a tooth; the condensation of 
a toothpulp by the use of astringents, 
mum'my. [Ar. mumiya.] A dead body pre- 
served by the Egyptian art of embalming, 
mumps. Epidemic parotitis. 
Mund. [Ger.] Mouth. 
Mundfaule. [Ger.] Ulcerative stomatitis. 
Mundhohle. [Ger.] Oral cavity. 
Mundlampe. [Ger.] Mouthlamp. 
Mundloffel. [Ger.] Impression-tray. 
Mundoffner. [Ger.] Mouth-opener or prop. 
Mundsperrer. [Ger.] Mouthprop; mouth- 
gag. 
Mundstiick. [Ger.] Facepiece (inhalation), 
murispegler. [Sw.] Mouth-mirror, 
muqueuse buccale. [Fr.] The mucous 
membrane of the mouth, 
mu'ral. [L. muralis—mums, wrall.] Per- 
taining to the wall of any passage or 
cavity. 
mu'riate. [L. muria, brine.] A term form- 
erly used for chlorid. 
muriat'ic. [L. muria, brine.] Hydrochloric. 
m. acid, acidum hydrochloricum. 
mur'mur. [L.] A soft, indistinct sound, as 
that made by a somewhat forcible expira- 
tion with the mouth open, heard on 
auscultation of the lungs, heart and 
blood-vessels; susurrus. 
muro-rochaku. [Ja.] Sweat, 
musan. [Ja.] Atomization, 
musanki. [Ja.] Atomizer, 
muscle (mus'l). [L. musculus.] A fleshy 
contractile organ of the body which is 
one of the means of carrying on the move- 
ments of various parts or organs. See 
musculus. 
muscle-exerciser. An appliance devised by 
Dr. Alfred P. Rogers to enable the patient 
to aid the orthodontist by stimulation of 
the facial muscles; it is helpful in estab- 
lishing or restoring tonicity of the orbi- 
cularis oris and other muscles, whereby 
they may do their part in maintaining the MUSCLE-MARKING 
227 
MUTEI-TOSHI 
normal relations of the teeth. See illus- 
tration in supplement, 
muscle-marking. The act of making marks 
noting muscular movements in an impres- 
sion while it is being taken, the patient 
contracting the oral muscles for that 
purpose, muscle-trimming, the alteration 
made by the dentist in the impression or 
on the cast to accommodate the muscular 
movements about a denture, 
mus'culi. Plural of musculus, muscle, 
mfisculo. [It.] Muscle, 
musculus (mus'ko-los), pi. mus'culi. [L.] 
A muscle, m. amygdaloglossus, muscular 
fibers which arise alongside of the tonsil 
and join the palatoglossus muscle, m. 
buccinator, the muscle of the cheek, re- 
tracts the angle of the mouth and flattens 
the cheek, m. buccopharyngeus, part of 
the superior constrictor of the pharynx, 
arising from the pterygo-mandibular liga- 
ment. m. caninus, the levator anguli oris, 
arises in the canine fossa of the maxilla 
and raises the angle of the mouth, mus- 
culi constrictores (pharyngis superior, 
medius, inferior), their action is to narrow 
the pharynx in swallowing, m. depressor 
alse nasi, depresses the wing of the nose, 
m. depressor anguli oris, depresses the 
angle of the mouth, m. depressor labii 
inferioris, depresses the lower lip. m. 
frontalis, the anterior portion of the 
epicranius; it pulls the scalp forward and 
wrinkles the forehead, m. genioglossus, 
protrudes and retracts the tongue, m. 
geniohyoideus, draws the hyoid bone for- 
ward and depresses the mandible when the 
hyoid bone is fixed, m. glossopalatinus, 
raises the back of the tongue and narrows 
the fauces, m. hyoglossus, retracts and 
pulls down the side of the tongue, musculi 
incisivi labii (superioris, inferioris), fibers 
which blend with the orbicularis oris and 
act in conjunction with it. musculi 
levatores labii (superioris, inferioris), 
elevate the upper and lower lip, respect- 
ively. m. levator labii superioris alseque 
nasi, elevates the upper lip and the wing 
of the nose. m. levator menti, the elevator 
of the chin. m. levator palati, m. levator 
palatini, raises the soft palate, musculi 
longitudinales (superior, inferior), muscles 
situated respectively directly beneath the 
mucous membrane of the dorsum of the 
tongue and in the under part of the tongue 
on either side. m. masseter, elevates the 
mandible and closes the jaws. m. men- 
talis, raises and wrinkles the skin of the 
chin and pushes up the lower lip. m. 
mylohyoideus, elevates the floor of the 
mouth and the tongue, and depresses the 
mandible when the hyoid bone is fixed, 
m. orbicularis oris, the sphincter of the 
mouth, closing the lips. m. platysma, the 
platysma myoides, wrinkles the skin of the 
neck and thekupper part of the chest and 
depresses the mandible and lower lip. 
musculi pterygoideis (internus, externus), 
the former raises the mandible, thus closing 
the jaws, and the latter pushes the mandible 
forward. musculi quadratis labii (in- 
ferioris, superioris), the former depresses 
the lower lip and the latter raises the 
upper lip. m. risorius, draws out the 
angle of the mouth, m. styloglossus, re- 
tracts the tongue, m. stylohyoideus, fixes 
the hyoid bone. m. temporalis, closes the 
jaw. m. tensor veli palatini, stretches the 
soft palate, m. transversus linguae, fibers 
arising from the septum of the tongue and 
radiating to the dorsum and the sides, 
m. transversus menti, passing transversely 
across the chin. m. triangularis, the de- 
pressor anguli oris, which pulls down the 
corners of the mouth, m. uvulae, the 
azygos uvulae muscle, which raises the 
uvula, m. verticalis linguae, fibers which 
are attached to the dorsal fascia and pass 
downward and outward to the sides of the 
tongue. m. zygomaticus major, m. 
zygomaticus minor, the former draws the 
upper lip upward and the latter, upward 
and outward. 
mush'bite. A term signifying the taking of 
a bite in one lump of wax, securing therein 
the impression of both the maxillary and 
mandibular teeth. 
mu-sol-dent. Trade name of a solvent for 
mucin plaques. 
mus'tard. [O. Fr. moustarde.] The dried 
ripe seeds of Brassica alba and nigra, 
white m. and black m.; a condiment made 
from the ground seed. m. gas, dichlorethyl 
sulphid. 
mu'tant. [L. mutare, to change.] An inher- 
ited variation or sport which nevertheless 
breeds true. 
muta'tion (mu-ta'shun). [L. mutare, to 
change.] A variation of striking character 
which is inherited; the sudden production 
of a species as distinguished from variation. 
mutei-toshi. [Ja.] Pinless tooth. MUZZLE 
228 
MYOSINOGEN 
muzzle (muz'l). The projecting mouth, lips 
and nose of an animal; snout, 
mycetogenet'ic. [G. mykes, fungus; gen- 
netos, begotten.] Produced by fungi, 
mycetogenous (mi-se-toj'en-us). Myceto- 
genetic. 
myceto'ma. [G. mykes, fungus; -oma, 
tumor.] Madura foot, fungous foot of 
India; a disease of the foot, occurring in 
East Indians, resembling actinomycosis. 
Mycobacte'rium. [G. mykes, fungus; bak- 
terion, rod.] A genus including many 
organisms generally named Bacillus, as 
those of leprosy, glanders, tuberculosis, 
diphtheria, etc. 
my'cocyte. [G. mykos, mucus; kytos, a 
hollow or cell.] A mucous cell. 
Mycoder'ma. [G. mykes, fungus; derma, 
skin.] A genus of fungi to which belongs 
the mother of vinegar, Mycoderma aceti. 
mycoder'ma. [G. mykos, mucus; derma, 
skin.] Mucous membrane, 
mycodermatitis (mi-ko-der-ma-te'tis or 
tl'tis). [G. mykos, mucus; derma, skin; 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of any 
mucous membrane. 
mycogastritis (mi-ko-gas-tre'tis or tri'tis). 
[G. mykes, fungus; gaster, stomach; -itis, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the stom- 
ach caused by the presence of a fungus, 
not a bacterium. 
myco'sis. [G. mykes, fungus.] Any disease 
caused by fungi or bacteria being present, 
myelitis (mi-el-e'tis or I'tis). [G. myelos, 
marrow; -itis, inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of the spinal cord or of the bone-mar- 
row; osteomyelitis. 
my'eloid. [G. myelos, marrow; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Pertaining to or a derivative 
of bone-marrow; pertaining to the spinal 
cord. 
myelolymphangio'ma. [G. myelos, marrow; 
L. lympha, lymph; G. angeion, vessel; 
-oma, tumor.] Elephantiasis, 
myelolymphocyte (m!-el-o-lim'f5-sit). [G. 
myelos, marrow; lymphocyte.] A path- 
ological lymphocyte formed in bone-mar- 
row. 
myelo'ma. [G. myelos, marrow; -oma, 
tumor.] Encephaloid tumor, a tumor 
caused by hyperplasia of the bone-mar- 
row; a large-celled sarcoma, giant-cell m., 
a tumor of the periosteum or bone-mar- 
row, made up of short spindle-cells and 
other cells of different shapes containing 
also numerous giant-cells. 
mylo-. [G. myle, molar tooth.] A prefix 
used in connection with muscles in the 
region of the molar teeth, 
mylocal. Trade name of a local anesthetic 
containing cocain or procain. 
mylohy'oid. [G. myle, molar tooth.] Per- 
taining to the molar teeth, or to the hyoid 
bone and the posterior portion of the 
mandible. 
mylohyoideus (mi-lo-hi-o-id'e-us). Mylo- 
hyoid. [muscle, 
myo-. [G. mys, muscle.] A prefix denoting 
my'oblast. [G. mys, muscle; blastos, germ.] 
A primitive muscle-cell which develops 
into a muscle-fiber. 
myocardium (mi'6-kar'di-um). [G. mys, 
muscle; kardia, heart.] The muscular 
substance of the heart. 
myofibro'ma. Myoma intermingled with 
fibrous tissue. 
myogenetic (mi-o-jen-et'ik). [G. mys, mus- 
cle; gennetos, begotten.] Pertaining to the 
origin of fibers; originating from muscle, 
myogenous (mi-oj'en-us). Myogenetic. 
myognath'ia. A condition in which an ab- 
normal or imperfect head is attached to 
the mandible. 
myog'nathus. [G. mys, muscle; gnathos, jaw.] 
A monster with an abnormal or imperfect 
head attached to the mandible by muscle 
and skin. 
my'oid. [G. mys, muscle; eidos, appear- 
ance.] Muscle-like; resembling muscle, 
myolem'ma. Sarcolemma. 
myolipo'ma. [G. mys, muscle; lipos, fat; 
-oma, tumor.] A fatty-degenerated my- 
oma, one having a large admixture of fat; 
lipomyoma. 
myol'ogy. [G. mys, muscle; -logia, treatise, 
discourse.] The branch of science having 
to do with muscles and their parts, such a < 
tendons, bursse, fasciae and aponeuroses; a 
description of the muscles, descriptive 
m., myography. 
myo'ma. [G. mys, muscle; -oma, tumor.] 
A tumor made up of muscular tissue; 
with an admixture of fibrous tissue, fi- 
bromyoma; or with fat-globules, lipomy- 
oma; occasionally formed of striated mus- 
cular tissue, rhabdomyoma. m. sar- 
comato'des, a rapidly growing myoma 
which takes on a sarcomatous character; 
myosarcoma. 
myosin'ogen. [G. mys, muscle; gennao, I 
produce.] A globulin, one of the two chief 
proteins contained in muscular tissue. MYOSITIS 
229 
NAPHTHOL 
myositis (ml-o-se'tis or sl'tis). [G. mys, 
muscle; -itis, inflammation.] Myitis; a 
condition in which a muscle is inflamed, 
myrrha (mir'ra). [L. and G.] An aromatic 
gummy resin obtained from a shrub of 
Arabia and Eastern Africa; employed 
locally in aphthous sore mouth and also 
used as a tonic, stimulant and astringent; 
myrrh. 
myrtiform (mur'ti-f arm). [L. myrtus, 
myrtle; forma, form.] Resembling myrtle- 
berries or myrtle-leaves, m. fossa, incisive 
fossa, a depression above the prominences 
or slightly projected parts formed by the 
incisor teeth in the maxilla, in which is the 
attachment of origin of the depressor alse 
nasi muscle. 
myxadenitis (miks-ad-en-e'tis or I'tis.] [G. 
myxa, mucus; aden, gland; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A condition in which the mucous 
glands are inflamed, m. labia'lis, Baelz’s 
disease, a chronic but painless ulceration 
of the mucous glands of the lips, occurring 
among Japanese; chilitis glandularis, 
myxangi'tis. [G. myxa, mucus; angeion, 
vessel; -itis, inflammation.] Inflammation 
of the ducts of the mucous glands, 
myxasthe'nia. Diminution in the secretion 
of mucus. 
myxe'mia, myxae'mia. [G. myxa, mucus; 
haima, blood.] Mucinemia. 
myxochondrofibrosarco'ma. A tumor con- 
taining a mixture of mucoid, cartilaginous, 
fibrous and sarcomatous tissues, 
myxochondro'ma. Tissue of mixed chon- 
droma and myxoma. 
myxocysto'ma. A cystic tumor containing 
mucoid structures. 
myxocyte. One of the polyhedral or stellate 
cells present in mucous tissue, 
myxofibro'ma. A fibroma which is under- 
going mucoid degeneration, or one which 
contains areas of mucoid tissue; myxo- 
inoma; fibroma myxomatodes. 
myxofibrosarco'ma. A tumor containing a 
mixture of njucoid, fibroid and sarcoma- 
tous tissues. 
myxoglio'ma. A mixed glioma and myxoma, 
myx'oid. Resembling mucus; mucoid, 
myxoino'ma. An inoma containing mucoid 
tissue; an inoma undergoing mucoid de- 
generation; fibroma myxomatodes; myxo- 
fibroma. 
myxolipo'ma. [G. myxa, mucus; lipos, fat; 
-oma, tumor.] A mixed myxoma and 
lipoma; a lipoma undergoing the process 
of mucoid degeneration; lipoma myxoma- 
todes. 
myxo'ma, pi. myxo'mata. [G. myxa, mu- 
cus; -oma, tumor.] A tumor consisting 
principally of polyhedral or stellate cells 
imbedded in a soft matrix containing 
mucin, m. fibro'sum, myxoinoma. m. 
enchondromato'sum, myxochondroma, m. 
lipomato'sum, myxolipoma. m. sarco- 
mato'sum, myxosarcoma, 
myxom'atous. Pertaining to myxoma, 
myxomyce'tes. [G. myxa, mucus; mykes, 
fungus.] The slime mold or slime fungus, 
myxosarco'ma. A tumor of mixed myxoma 
and sarcoma; myxoma sarcomatosum, 
myze'sis. [G. myzeo, I suck.] Sucking. 
N 
N. Chemical symbol of nitrogen. 
Na. Chemical symbol of sodium natrium. 
Na2B4O7+10H2O. Borax; disodic tetra- 
borate. 
NaBr. Sodium bromid. 
nachlassen. [Ger.] To let up (pain). 
NaCl. Sodium chlorid, common salt. 
NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite. 
N.A.D.E. National Association of Dental 
Examiners. 
N.A.D.F. National Association of Dental 
Faculties. 
NaHC03. Sodium bicarbonate; monosodic 
carbonate; cooking-soda. 
NaH2P04. Acid sodium phosphate. 
Na2HP04. Disodic phosphate; sodium phos- 
phate. 
Nahrung. [Ger.] Nourishment. 
NaHS04. Sodium bisulphate; acid sodium 
sulphate. 
naigaku-domyaku. [Ja.] Internal maxillary 
artery. 
nan-gomu. [Ja.] Soft vulcanite, 
nan'ism. [L. nanus, dwarf.] Dwarfishness, 
symptomatic n., nanism associated with 
delayed and incomplete dentition, ossifica- 
tion or other arrested development, 
nanko. [Ja.] Ointment. [palate, 
nan-kogai. [Ja.] Palatum molle; soft 
nan-kogai-hogojutsu. [Ja.] Cionorrhaphy. 
NaOH. Caustic soda; sodium hydroxid. 
naph'thol. A phenol of naphthalene, n. 
aris'tol, iodonaphthol. n. carboxylic acid, 
an antiseptic naphthol compound. NAPHTHOPYRIN 
230 
NEBINGER-PRAUN OPERATION 
naphthopyrin (naf-tho-pi'rin). An anti- 
septic compound composed of both naph- 
thol and antipyrin. 
Narbe. [Ger.] Scar; cicatrix, 
narcoanesthesia (nar-ko-an-es-the'si-a). 
Surgical anesthesia produced by scopol- 
amin-morphin or other narcotic, 
narco'sis. Stupefaction or general anesthesia 
produced by the effects of some narcotic 
drug. 
narcot'ic. Pertaining to or causing narcosis. 
An agent which produces coma or general 
anesthesia. 
nar'cotile. See ethyl chlorid. 
na'ris, pi. nares. [L.] Nostril; the anterior 
opening of the nasal fossa on either side, 
ante'ridr n., naris, the nostril, posterior 
n., the posterior opening of the nasal fossa 
on either side. 
Narkose. [Ger.] Anesthesia, 
nasal (na/zal). [L. nasalis.] Pertaining to 
the nose. n. height, the space between the 
nasion and the lower border of the nasal 
aperture. 
nascent (nas'ent). [L. nasci, to be born.] 
Beginning to grow or exist; incipient; 
indicating the state of a chemical element 
the moment it becomes detached from one 
of its compounds. 
Nase. [Ger.] Nose. 
Nasenhohle. [Ger.] Nasal cavity, 
na'sion. [L. nasus, nose.] A point of the 
skull which corresponds to the middle of 
the nasofrontal suture, 
nasitis (na-se'tis or sl'tis). [L. nasus, nose; 
G. -itis, inflammation.] Rhinitis. 
Nas'myth’s cu'ticle or membrane. Cuticula 
dentis. 
Na2SC>4. Disodic sulphate; Glauber’s salt; 
neutral sodium sulphate, 
nasoan'tral. Pertaining to the nose and the 
antrum of Highmore. 
nasoantritis (na'zo-an-tre'tis or tri'tis). 
Rhinoantritis. 
nasofron'tal. Pertaining to the nasal fossae 
and the frontal sinuses or the nose and 
the forehead. 
nasola'bial. [L. nasus, nose; labium, lip.] 
Pertaining to the nose and the upper lip; 
relating to the muscular band which makes 
up the attachment of the mesial fibers of 
the orbicularis oris muscle to the nasal 
septum, n. depressions, nasolabial folds, 
n. folds, folds, depressions or lines extend- 
ing from the lateral borders of the wings 
of the nose diagonally downward to a 
point slightly below the corners of the 
mouth, marked by the action of the orbi- 
cularis oris and risorius muscles, n. lines, 
nasolabial folds. 
nasolac'rymal. Pertaining to the nasal 
fossae and the lacrymal ducts, or to the 
nasal and the lacrymal bones, 
nasopalatine (na-zo-pal'a-tln). Pertaining 
to the nose and the palate. A small 
grtery, a branch of the internal maxillary, 
the continuation of the sphenopalatine; a 
nerve, a branch of the sphenopalatine, or 
Meckel’s ganglion. 
nasopharyn'geal. Pertaining to the naso- 
pharynx, the nasal cavity and the pharynx; 
rhinopharyngeal; designating a slight 
groove which marks the point of separation 
of the nasal cavity from the pharynx, 
nasophar'ynx. [L. nasus, nose; G. pharynx.] 
The upper part of the pharynx above the 
level of the palate; rhinopharynx. 
nasosinusi'tis. [L. nasus, nose; sinus; G. 
-itis, inflammation.] A condition in which 
the nasal cavities and the accessory sinuses 
of the nose are inflamed, 
nass. [Ger.] Moist; humid, 
na'sus. [L.] Nose. 
Nat. [Ger.] Suture. 
na'tal. [L. natus, birth.] Pertaining to 
birth. 
nates (na'tez). [pi. of natis.] The buttocks, 
natlos. [Ger.] Seamless, 
na'trium. Sodium. 
nat'ural. [L. natura, nature.] Pertaining to, 
or produced by, nature; not artificial; 
normal. 
nausea (na'she-a). [G. ?iausia, seasickness.] 
A strong sensation of sickness at the 
stomach; an inclination to vomit, 
na'vel. [A.S. nafela.] The depression in the 
center of the abdomen indicating the 
point where the umbilical cord was 
attached in the fetus; umbilicus. 
Nay'smith’s mem'brane. Nasmyth’s cuticle. 
Nb. Chemical symbol of niobium. 
Nd. Chemical symbol of neodymium. 
N.D.A. National (now American) Dental 
Association. 
Ne. Chemical symbol of neon. 
Nebinger-Praun operation. An operation 
for frontal sinus disease; a skin incision 
from the nasofrontal suture at edge of 
orbit to the supraorbital notch; the 
outer bony wall is removed by chisel 
and a cut is made following the frontal 
vein. NEBULA 
231 
NERVE 
neb'ula. [L. nebula, mist.] An oily prepara- 
tion to be applied by an atomizer, n. 
aromat'ica, aromatic oil spray, a mixture 
of menthol, thymol, benzoic acid, cam- 
phor, eucalyptol, oil of cinnamon, oil of 
clove, phenol and methyl salicylate, with 
a light liquid petrolatum serving as a base, 
n. eucalypto'lis, eucalyptol spray, a solu- 
tion of eucalyptol 5, in light liquid petro- 
latum 95. n. mentho'lis, menthol spray; 
menthol, 2 percent, in light liquid petrola- 
tum. n. mentho'lis compos'ita, compound 
menthol spray, containing methyl salicy- 
late 0.5, eucalyptol 0.2, oil of cinnamon 
0.2, menthol 1, camphor 1, in light liquid 
petrolatum 100. n. thymo'lis, thymol 
spray, containing 1 percent thymol in 
light liquid petrolatum, 
neb'ulize. To vaporize; to break up a 
liquid into a fine mist or vapor, 
neb'ulizer. An apparatus used for reducing 
a liquid to a fine spray or vapor; an 
atomizer; a vaporizer, 
neck. The part of the body between the 
head and the trunk; collum; trachelos; 
cervix. Any structure having a fancied 
resemblance to the neck of an animal, 
n. of a tooth, the neck or constricted part 
of the tooth, constituting the dividing line 
between the crown and the root; cervix 
of the tooth; collum dentis. 
necrec'tomy. [G. nekros, dead; ektome, 
excision.] The removal of any necrosed 
or mortified tissue by an operation, 
nec'ropsy. [G. nekros, corpse; opsis, view.] 
A post-mortem examination; autopsy, 
necrose (nek'rSz). [G. nekroo, I make dead.] 
Affected with necrosis; causing necrosis, 
necrose. [Fr.] Necrosis, 
necrosis (ne-kro'sis). [G. nekrosis, a killing.] 
The death of large groups of cells with 
degenerative changes in the intercellular 
substance; local death. n. infantilis, 
gangrene of the mouth in infants, n. 
mummifica'tion, dry gangrene, n. pro- 
gre'diens, progressive sloughing, n. of a 
tooth, the complete death of the pulp and 
periodontal membrane, 
necrot'omy. [G. nekros, corpse; tome, cut- 
ting.] Necrectomy; dissection; an opera- 
tion to remove a necrosed or sequestered 
portion of a bone. 
nee'dle. A slender, sharp-pointed instru- 
ment employed in guiding the thread or 
wire in suturing, in passing a ligature 
around an artery or for puncturing the 
tissues, exploring n., a thick needle with 
a longitudinal gioove which is inserted 
into a cavity or tumor for the purpose 
of learning whether or not fluid is present, 
the fluid escaping along the groove, 
hypoder'mic n., a needle with a hollow 
center, attached to a syringe; employed 
for injecting fluids underneath the mucous 
membrane or skin or for extracting 
fluid from a cyst or abscess for examina- 
tion. v 
neg'ative. [L. negare, to deny.] Implying 
negation; expressing denial; opposite of 
positive. The absence of result; in 
photography, a picture in which light 
and shade and right and left are reversed, 
nengo-taikan. [Ja.] Clamp band, 
nenten-shi. [Ja.] Malturned tooth, 
neo-. [G. neos, new.] A prefix meaning 
new or recent. 
neo-balsam compound. Trade name of a 
cement for root-filling, nerve-capping and 
filling cavities in deciduous teeth, 
neomem'brane. [G. neos, new.] False 
membrane; pseudomembrane, 
ne'omorph. A structure that is not derived 
from a similar structure in an ancestor, 
ne'on. [G. neos, new.] Symbol Ne, atomic 
weight 20. A gaseous element in the 
atmosphere. 
neopla'sia. [G. neos, new; plasis, a molding.] 
A newly formed tissue or tumor, 
ne'oplasm. [G. neos, new; plasma, thing 
formed.] A new growth; a tumor, 
histoid n., a tumor formed of a similar 
structure to the parts surrounding it. 
neoplasmes buccaux. [Fr.] Neoplasms, 
tumors, of the mouth. 
ne'oplasty. Plastic or reparative surgery, 
neos diatorics. Trade name of a German 
manufacture of artificial teeth, 
neosal'varsan. A product resembling sal- 
varsan, from which it differs, however, in 
being neutral in reaction, more soluble 
and less toxic; neoarsphenamin. 
nephritis (ne-fre'tis or ne-fri'tis). [G. 
nephros, kidney; -itis, inflammation.] In- 
flammation of the kidneys, 
nerf trijumeau. [Fr.] The fifth or trigeminal 
nerve. 
nerve (nerv). [L. nervus.] One of the 
filamentous bands of nervous tissue that 
conduct the nervous impulses from the 
central nervous system to the periphery 
or the reverse; a whitish cord consisting 
of nerve fibers in bundles and held NERVEBLOCK 
232 
NERVUS 
together by a connective-tissue sheath, 
accelerator n., carries the impulses to 
increase the action of the heart, afferent 
n., carries impulses from the periphery 
to the central nervous system, cranial n., 
one of twelve pairs which arise from the 
brain, crotaphitic n., the maxillary divi- 
sion of the fifth pair of cranial nerves, 
depressor n., when stimulated, lowers the 
blood-pressure, efferent n., carries im- 
pulses from the nervous system to the 
periphery, fifth n., the nervus trigeminus 
or trigeminal nerve, mixed n., one which 
contains both afferent and efferent fibers, 
motor n., carries the impulses which 
excite muscular contraction. n. of a 
tooth, the dental pulp, pressor n., has 
the opposite function of a depressor 
nerve, carrying the impulses to raise 
the blood-pressure. secretory n., one 
which excites the functional activity of a 
gland, sensory n., carries the outward 
impression to the central nervous system, 
giving the consciousness of sensation, 
seventh n., the facial nerve, sympathetic 
n., a nerve of the sympathetic system, 
trophic n., through which the growth of 
tissues and metabolism is regulated, 
twelfth n., the hypoglossal nerve, vaso- 
motor n., controls the contraction and 
dilation of the blood-vessels. See also 
nervus. 
nerve'block. The arrest or blocking of the 
passage of impulses through a nerve 
by chemical or mechanical means, such 
as injections of cocain, quinin, alcohol, 
urea hydrochlorid, etc. 
nerve'blocking. See conducting anesthesia. 
nerve'broach. See broach. 
nerve-cavity. The pulp-cavity of a tooth, 
nerve'cell. Neuron, 
nerve-cep'tor. Ceptor. 
nerve-compres'sion. In local anesthesia, the 
application of pressure to the nerve-trunk, 
thereby interrupting the function of the 
nerve. 
nerve-cor'puscle. Nerve-nucleus, 
nerve-end'ing. The specialized termination 
of a nerve; some nerves end in nerve- 
hillocks, others in tactile corpuscles, 
tastebulbs, endbulbs, etc. 
nerve-fi'ber. One of the units of a nerve- 
trunk. 
nerve-fi'bril. One of the fine threads forming 
a network in the body of a ganglion 
nervecell and extending into the dendrites; 
they are supposed to form the conducting 
part of the nerve-fibers. 
nerve-gan'glion. Ganglion. 
Nervekstirpation. [Ger.] Removal of the 
pulp. 
nerve-nucleus (nerv-nu'kle-us). The oval 
body lying beneath the neurilemma in 
a depression in the medullary substance 
of a nerve-fiber. 
nerve'pain. Neuralgia. 
nerve'root. One of the two bundles of 
nerve-fibers coming from or going to the 
spinal cord on either side; they join to 
form a spinal nerve; the ventral or anterior 
roots contain the motor fibers and the 
dorsal or posterior roots contain the 
sensory fibers. 
nerve-stretch'ing. The forcible stretching 
or extending of a nervetrunk in cases of 
obstinate neuralgia; neurectasy; neuro- 
tension; neurotony; neurectasia; neurec- 
tasis. 
nerve-su'ture. Neurorrhaphy. 
nerve'trunk. The epineurium; bundles of 
nerve-fibers, or a collection of funiculi, 
inclosed or enveloped in a sheath. 
nerve-tu'mor. Neuroma. 
nervo, nerbo. [It.] Nerve. 
ner'vodyne. Trade name of a devitalizing 
paste and anodyne. 
ner'vous. Pertaining to nerves; excitable; 
afflicted with instability or weakness of 
nerve action. 
ner'vousness. Irritability; unrest; excite- 
ment of nervous action. 
Nervtoten. [Ger.] Devitalization of the 
pulp. 
ner'vus. [L.] Nerve, n. abducens, the 
sixth cranial nerve, n. alveolaris inferior, 
the inferior dental nerve, a branch of the 
mandibular nerve, passes through the 
inferior dental canals and supplies the 
lower teeth, n. alveolaris superior, the 
superior dental nerve, which supplies the 
gums and the upper molars, n. buccalis, 
the buccal nerve, n. buccinatorius, the 
buccal or buccinator nerve, supplies the 
buccal mucous membrane and the skin 
of the cheek near the angle of the mouth, 
n. dentalis inferior, the inferior dental 
nerve, n. dentalis superior, the superior 
dental nerve, n. facialis, the facial nerve, 
seventh cranial nerve, the principal motor 
nerve of the face. n. glossopharyngeus, 
the ninth cranial or glossopharyngeal 
nerve, supplies sensation to the tongue NERVUS 
233 
NEUROGANGLION 
n e rvu s—Contin ued. 
and pharynx, n. hypoglossus, the twelfth 
cranial or hypoglossal nerve, supplies 
the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and 
also the omohyoid, sternohyoid, sterno- 
thyroid and other muscles. n. infra- 
orbitalis, branches from this, the infra- 
orbital nerve, supply the bicuspid (pre- 
molar), cuspid (canine) and incisor teeth 
of the maxilla, n. lingualis, the lingual 
nerve, a division of the mandibular; it 
supplies the anterior two-thirds of the 
tongue, the mucous membrane of the 
floor of the mouth and the adjacent 
tissues. n. mandibularis, the inferior 
maxillary or mandibular nerve, supplies 
the face and gives off the inferior alveolar 
and lingual branches, n. massetericus, 
the masseteric or motor nerve of the 
masseter muscle, n. masticatorius, the 
masticatory nerve, a branch of the 
mandibular, dividing into the temporal, 
buccinator, masseteric and pterygoid 
muscles, n. maxillaris, the maxillary or 
superior maxillary nerve; it gives off the 
sphenopalatine nerve and terminates as 
the infraorbital. n. maxillaris inferior, 
the mandibular or inferior dental nerve, 
n. maxillaris superior, the maxillary or 
superior maxillary nerve, n. mentalis, 
the mental nerve; it is a branch of the 
inferior alveolar and supplies the chin 
and lower lip. n. nasopalatinus, the 
nasopalatine nerve, which supplies the 
mucous membrane of the hard palate, 
n. palatinus, the palatine nerve, supplies 
the mucous membrane of the palate, 
n. pterygoideus, the pterygoid nerve, 
supplies the internal and external ptery- 
goid muscles. n. sphenopalatinus, a 
short branch of the maxillary nerve, 
n. sublingualis, the sublingual nerve, 
supplies the mucous membrane of the 
floor of the mouth and the sublingual 
gland; n. temporalis profundis, the deep 
temporal nerve, supplying the temporal 
muscles, n. temporomalaris, see zygomat- 
icus. n. trigeminus, the fifth pair, tri- 
geminal or trifacial nerve, is the principal 
sensory nerve of the face and motor 
nerve of the muscles of mastication; it 
derives its name from the fact that it 
divides into three branches, the ophthal- 
mic, maxillary and mandibular, n. vagus, 
the tenth cranial or pneumogastric nerve; 
the vagus nerve; it is a mixed nerve of 
sensation and motion, supplying the 
larynx, lungs, esophagus, heart and 
most of the abdominal viscera, n. zygo- 
maticus, the zygomatic nerve, supplies the 
area over the malar bone and the skin of 
the temple. 
nest. Any structure having a fancied 
likeness to a bird’s nest, 
net'work. Any structure having a woven 
appearance; reticulum; rete. 
Neubildung. * [Ger.] Neoplasm, 
neu'ral. [G. neuron, nerve.] Pertaining to 
any part of the nervous system, particu- 
larly to the cerebrospinal system in a 
vertebrate embryo; referring to the dorsal 
region, as opposed to hemal or visceral. 
neural'gia. [G. neuron, nerve; algos, pain.] 
Nervepain; acute pain of a severe, stab- 
bing or throbbing character in the nerve 
distribution, stump n., a severe pain in 
a stump after amputation, due to pressure 
on the nerves; or in the body of the 
mandible or maxilla whence the teeth have 
been extracted. 
neural'gic. Pertaining to, having a resem- 
blance to, or of the character of, neuralgia, 
neuralgisch. [Ger.] Neuralgic, 
neurasthe'nia. [G. neuron, nerve; astheneia, 
weakness.] Nervous exhaustion, 
neurasthenic. Relating to neurasthenia, 
neurax'on. [G. neuron, nerve; axon, axis.] 
The axis-cylinder process of a nerve; a 
neurite. 
neurec'tasy. Nerve-stretching, 
neurilem'ma. [G. neuron, nerve; lemma, 
husk.] A delicate hyaline membrane 
covering the medullary substance of a 
nerve-fiber or the axis-cylinder in a non- 
medullated nerve-fiber; sheath of Schwann, 
neuritis (nu-re'tis or nu-rl'tis). [G. neuron, 
nerve; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which a nerve is inflamed, indicated 
by neuralgia, anesthesia or parasthesia, 
paralysis, muscular atrophy, hyperesthesia 
in the surrounding parts supplied by the 
affected nerve, and by abolition of the 
reflexes. 
neu'roblast. [G. neuron, nerve; blastos, 
germ.] An embryonic nervecell, 
neu'rocain. Cocain prepared in the form of 
pellets to be dissolved in distilled water, 
making a solution of cocain hydrochlorid, 
used in pressure anesthesia for the 
removal of the pulp, 
neu'rocyte. Neuron; nervecell, 
neurogang'lion. Nerve-ganglion. NEUROID 
234 
NITRITE 
neu'roid. Like a nerve; resembling a nerve, 
neu roplasm. The protoplasm of a nerve- 
cell. 
neuro'sal. Pertaining to neurosis, 
neuro'sis. [G. neuron, nerve.] A nervous 
disease, particularly a functional nervous 
disorder that is dependent upon no 
evident lesion. 
neurot'ic. Pertaining to or suffering from a 
nervous disease or neurosis, 
neuro-vita. Trade name of a pulp-protecting 
and preserving preparation. 
Neusilber. [Ger.] German silver, 
neutral. [L. neuter, neither.] Indifferent; 
presenting no positive properties; neither 
acid nor alkaline (said of chemical salts), 
neu'tralite. Trade name of a preparation 
of asbestos material used for soldering 
purposes in prosthetic work, 
neutralization. Making ineffective; render- 
ing neutral; the conversion of the whole 
of an acid or a base into a salt by adding 
an exactly sufficient amount of a base or 
of an acid, respectively; the change 
produced in reaction of a solution from 
acid or alkaline to neutral by adding 
enough of an alkaline or acid substance 
to bring about an absence of reaction, 
neutroclu'sion. A malocclusion character- 
ized by normal mesiodistal or normal 
anteroposterior relation of the mandibular 
dental arch to the maxillary dental arch. 
[ASO.] 
neutroclu'sion. The normal relation of the 
mandibular and maxillary arches. n. 
with anteroversion, an anterior drifting 
of the molars and bicuspids of the max- 
illary arch. n. with mesioversion, see 
n. with anteroversion. 
ne'vus, pi. ne'vi. [L.] A pigmented place 
on the skin, usually congenital; a vascular 
tumor, one mainly of blood-vessels. 
Newkirk’s ligature-cutter. An instrument 
for quickly and safely cutting ligatures 
holding the rubberdam around the necks 
of the teeth. Devised by Dr. Garrett 
Newkirk. 
Newton’s alloy. See Melotte's metal. 
Ney-alloy. Trade name of a dental alloy 
for amalgam fillings. 
Ney-oro. Trade name for gold alloys for 
tooth inlays, etc. 
NH3. Ammonia. 
NH4CI. Ammonium chlorid. 
Ni. Chemical symbol of nickel (niccolum). 
nib. The end of a plugger with which 
filling-materials are condensed; it may be 
smooth or roughened (serrated), 
nick'el. [L. niccolum.] Symbol Ni, atomic 
weight 58.68. A metallic element resem- 
bling cobalt. 
Nicoladoni’s operation for fistula of Stensen’s 
duct. • Performed by excising the scar 
in the duct and approximating the ends 
with fine sutures. 
ni'dus. [L., nest.] A nest or hatching-place; 
a point of lodgment and development of 
a pathogenic organism; the nucleus or 
central point of origin of a nerve, 
niedrig. [Ger.] Low. 
nieten. [Ger.] To rivet. 
Niethammer. [Ger.] Riveting-hammer. 
Nietkopf. [Ger.] Head of a rivet. 
Nietung. [Ger.] Riveting, 
nigrities (nl-grish'i-ez). [L. niger, black.] 
Black pigmentation. n. lin'guae, black 
tongue, glossophytia. 
ni'grosin. A black coaltar dye. 
niju-kinkan. [Ja.] Telescope crown, 
nikugan. [Ja.] Naked eye. 
nikugesei-en. [Ja.] Granulomatous in- 
flammation. 
nikugeshu. [Ja.] Granuloma, 
nikushu. [Ja.] Sarcoma, 
niobium (nl-o'bi-um). Symbol Nb, atomic 
weight 94. A rare metallic element, 
nip'per. The incisor tooth of a horse, 
nippers, bone. Forceps with cutting edges 
for nipping off splinters of bone and broken 
carious parts of a crown preparatory to 
crowning teeth, plate n., a pair of pliers 
for nipping off the edges of metal plates, 
nip'ple. Mamilla; papilla; mamma; teat, 
nipple, cleft-palate. A nipple provided with 
a flange so constructed as to cover the 
cleft and enable the infant to nurse with- 
out drawing the milk into the nares. See 
nursing velum. 
nirvanin (ner-va'nin). A local anesthetic 
occurring in colorless, soluble, prismatic 
crystals; it is said to be equally efficacious 
but much less toxic than cocain. 
ni'ter. [G. nitron, soda.] Potassii nitras; 
saltpeter. sweet spirit of n., spiritus 
etheris nitrosi. 
ni'ton. Symbol Nt, atomic weight 222.4. 
An element. 
nitoshi. [Ja.] Bicuspid, 
ni'trate. A salt of nitric acid, 
ni'tre. Niter. 
ni'tric acid. Acidum nitricum. 
ni'trite. A salt of nitrous acid. NITRO- 
235 
NOSOGENIC 
nitro-. A prefix designating a compound 
containing the radical or atom group NO2, 
or nitryl. 
ni'trogen. [L. nitrum, niter; G. gennao, I 
produce.] Symbol N, atomic weight 14.01. 
A gaseous element which forms about 77 
parts by weight of the atmosphere, n. 
monox'id, nitrous oxid; laughing-gas. 
nitr oge'nii monox'idum. Nitrous oxid; nitro- 
gen monoxid; laughing-gas. 
nitrogenous (nl-troj'en-us). Pertaining to 
or containing nitrogen, 
nitroglyc'erin. Glyceril trinitrate, formed by 
the action of nitric and sulphuric acids on 
glycerin; used as a vasodilator, 
nitrohydrochlo'ric acid. Acidum nitrohydro- 
chloricum; aqua regia; nitromuriatic acid, 
a solvent of gold. 
ni'trous. A nitrogen compound containing 
the smallest possible number of oxygen 
atoms, one having nitrogen present in its 
lowest valency, n. ox'id, a gas used to 
produce general anesthesia for minor opera- 
tions, such as tooth-extractions or slitting 
felons, or before inhalation of ether or 
chloroform. 
No. Abbr. of L. numero, by number, indi- 
cating the place of any unit in a series. 
No. 606, salvarsan. No. 914, neosalvarsan. 
no. [Ja.] Pus. 
N20. Laughing-gas; nitrogen monoxid; ni- 
trous oxid. 
N2O3. Nitrous anhydrid; nitrogen trioxid. 
N2O5. Nitric anhydrid; nitrogen pentoxid. 
nobokain. [Ja.] Novocain, 
noctur'nal. [L. nocturnus.] Pertaining to or 
happening during the night, 
no'dal. Pertaining to any node, specifically 
the atrioventricular node in the heart, 
node. [L. nodus, a knot.] A knob; a tumor; 
a circumscribed swelling; a restricted mass 
of differentiated tissue, 
nod'ular. Pertaining to, or distinguished by 
the presence of, nodules, 
nod'ule. [L. nodulus.] A small node, 
enam'el n., odontoma, an irregular round- 
ed outgrowth of enamel substance, 
nod'ulus. [L., dim. of nodus, knot.] Nodule, 
no'dus. [L., a knot.] Node. n. gutt'uris, 
Adam’s apple; prominentia laryngea. 
no'li me tan'gere. [L., do not touch me.] 
Rodent ulcer. 
no'ma. [G. nome, a spreading.] Gangrenous 
stomatitis, gangrene of the mouth, a gan- 
grenous process of a progressive nature 
occurring in children; it starts on the 
mucous membrane of the cheek or the 
gum and spreads to the cutaneous surface; 
cancrum oris. 
nomenclature. [L. nomen, name; calare, to 
call.] The system of words, terms or 
names used in any art, science or profes- 
sion; terminology; onomatology, 
no'menclature, orthodon'tic. See Angle, 
Case, Jackson, in supplement, 
non-. [L. non, not.] A prefix indicating a 
negation, or absence of that which is ex- 
pressed by the word to which it is prefixed 
noncohe'sive gold or foil. See gold. 
non-conduc'tor. That which does not trans- 
mit an electric current or heat, 
no-no. [Ja.] Pus-pocket, 
nonocclu'sion, congenital. Open bite. [AAP.] 
nontox'o. Trade name of a local anesthetic 
compound, containing procain, suprarenin 
hydrochlorid, thymol, boracic acid and 
duatol in normal salt solution, 
nontu'bular calcification of den'tin. Sec- 
ondary dentin in which the formation of 
the dentinal tubules is wanting, the mass 
consisting of clear calcified tissue, 
nonva'lent. Possessing no valency because 
of not entering into union with any other 
element, as argon. 
nor'ma. [L. norma, a carpenter’s rule.] A 
pattern or line outlining the contour of a 
part; the outline of a surface, particularly 
referring to the different aspects of the 
cranium. n. ante'rior, n. facia'lis, n. 
frontalis, the outline of the skull as seen 
from in front. 
nor'mal. [L. normalis, according to pattern.] 
According to the rule; regular; typical; 
usual; healthy. 
normal occlusion. See occlusion. 
nor'moblast. [L. norma, a rule; G. blastos, 
germ.] A nucleated red blood-corpuscle 
of normal or medium size, 
noro-no. [Ja.] Pyorrhea-pocket, 
nose. [L. nasus.] The organ of smell, 
having a flat n., platyrrhine. having a 
slender n., leptorrhine. mucous membrane 
of the n., pituitary membrane, Schneider- 
ian membrane, orifice of the n., meatus, 
nostrils, nares. posterior nares, choanae. 
plastic surgery of the n., rhinoplasty, 
root of the n., nasion. 
nose'bleed. Epistaxis. 
noshu. [Ja.] Cyst. 
nosogenic (nos-6-jenlk). [G. nosos, disease; 
gennao, I produce.] Causing disease; 
pathogenic. NOSOLOGY 
236 
NYUSHI 
nosol'ogy. [G. nosos, disease; -logia, treatise, 
discourse.] The classification of diseases, 
nos'tril. One of the two external openings 
of the nasal fossae; naris. 
notch. Any indentation at the margin or 
border of a structure; incisura; emargina- 
tion. mandibular n., incisura mandibulse. 
parotid n., the space between the ramus of 
the mandible and the mastoid process of 
the temporal bone, sigmoid n., incisura 
mandibulae. sphenopalatine n., incisura 
sphenopalatina. 
novesthene. Trade name of a local anes- 
thetic designed for use on broken and 
injured surfaces. 
novesthol. Trade name of a local anesthetic 
in the form of a paste and of a liquid, 
novo dentaesthin. A local anesthetic con- 
taining beta eucain lactate, procain and 
suprarenin. 
novocain (nd'vo-ka-in). A synthetic local 
anesthetic of which the chemical name is 
paraamidobenzoyldiethylaminoethenolhy- 
drochlorid; procain. 
novoi'odin. Trade name of a preparation 
used as a substitute for iodoform, 
novol. Trade name of a line of chemical 
products. 
novrenin (nov-ren'in). Trade name given a 
2 percent solution of novocain in a 1:20,000 
solution of adrenalin chlorid in physiolog- 
ical salt solution. 
nowesco garments. Trade name of a line 
of professional apparel, including office 
coats, chair covers and assistants’ dresses, 
nox'ious. [L. noxius—nocere, to injure.] 
Harmful; pernicious; injurious, 
noyo. [Ja.] Abscess. 
nozugai. [Ja.] Calvaria; cranium cerebrale. 
N.S.D.P. National Society of Denture 
Prosthetists. 
Nt. Chemical symbol of niton, 
nuclear (nu'kle-ar). Pertaining to a nucleus, 
nu'cleated. Provided with a nucleus, a 
distinctive quality of all true cells, 
nu'clei. Plural of nucleus. 
nucle'olar. Pertaining to a nucleolus, 
nucle'olus. [L., dim. of nucleus.] A minute 
body inside a nucleus; a small mass of 
stainable matter contained in the substance 
of the nucleus of a cell; it usually occurs 
singly, but sometimes from two to five 
nucleoli may be present, 
nucleus, pi. nu'clei (nu'kle-us). [L., kernel.] 
The executive center of the functional 
activity of the cell, consisting of a differ- 
entiated mass of protoplasm, n. dentis, 
the dental pulp, pulpa dentis. n, fibrosus 
linguae, the septum of the tongue, septum 
linguae. nuclei nervi facialis, nuclei 
faciales, the nuclei of the facial nerve, n. 
nervi hypoglossi, the nucleus of the 
hypoglossal nerve. 
nuform teeth. Trade name of a line of arti- 
ficial teeth. 
Nuhn’s gland. The glandula lingualis an- 
terior; Blandin’s gland. 
numbness (num'nes). Anesthesia. 
nummi'form. [L. nummus, coin; forma, 
shape, form.] Nummular; shaped like a 
coin. 
num'mular. Coin-shaped; discoid, like the 
mucous sputum in some respiratory dis- 
eases; arranged like coins in a stack, as in 
the agglutination of the red blood-corpus- 
cles, with the flat surfaces against each 
other, forming rouleaux. 
Nurnberg gold. Copper 90, aluminum 7.5, 
gold 2.5. 
nurs'ing ve'lum. A rubber velum used 
while nursing infants with a cleft palate; 
it is placed in the child’s mouth against the 
palate and held by a short handle by the 
mother or nurse; prevents regurgitation of 
the milk through the nose and enables 
swallowing without difficulty. 
nut. A perforated block, square or many- 
sided, usually of metal, with an internal 
screwthread as for a bolt. 
nutrient (nu'tri-ent). [L. nutrire, to nour- 
ish.] Nutritious; nutritive. A nutritious 
substance; something which possesses nour- 
ishment. 
nu'triment. Nourishment. 
nutrition (nu-trish'un). The act or process 
of nourishing or being nourished; the 
process by which animals and plants take 
in and utilize food substances; nourish- 
ment; food. 
nux vomica (nux vom'i-ka). [L. nux, nut; 
vomere, to vomit.] Emetic nut; poison nut; 
Quaker button. 
nympha (nim'fa). [G. nymphe, an opening 
rosebud.] One of the labia minora, folds 
of mucous membrane underneath and to 
the inner side of the labia majora of the 
vulva. 
nyushi. [Ja.] Milk teeth. 0., 
237 
OCCLUSION 
o 
O. Chemical symbol for oxygen. 
O. Occlusal. 
o-. In chemistry, abbr. for ortho-. 
Oberflache. [Ger.] Surface, 
oberflachlich. [Ger.] Superficial. 
Oberkiefer. [Ger.] Upper jaw; maxilla, 
obese (o-bes'). Fleshy; corpulent; extremely 
fat. 
objective. The lens in the lower end of a 
microscope which brings the rays to a focus, 
ob'ligate. [L. oh, to; ligare, to bind.] Com- 
pulsory; of necessity. To bind to a duty, 
oblique (ob-lek' or ob-lik'). [L. obliquus.] 
Slanting; inclined, 
oblique' ridge. See ridge. 
oblonga'ta. [L. oblongus, rather long.] 
Medulla oblongata. 
obstet'rics. [L. obstetrix, a midwife.] The 
branch of medicine dealing with preg- 
nancy, parturition, etc. 
obstet'rix. [L.] A midwife, 
obstruction. [L. oh, before; struere, to 
build.] That which is in the way or blocks 
the way; obstacle. 
obtund'. [L. obtundere, to make dull.] To 
blunt or dull; to deaden pain or sensation, 
obtun'dent. Dulling. That which dulls 
sensibility. 
obtun'der. Obtundent. 
obtun'do. A local anesthetic containing 
cocain, thymol, menthol, nitroglycerin, 
oil of wintergreen, eucalyptus and cloves, 
obturation. [Sp.] Filling, 
obturation. [Fr.] Filling (of a tooth 
cavity), o. provisoire, temporary filling, 
obtura'tion. Obsolete term for the act of 
inserting a filling. 
obtura'tor. [L. obturare, to stop up.] That 
which closes up an opening, or passage, 
or stops the entrance to anything, o. for 
cleft palate, an appliance, usually con- 
nected with a denture, for closing a cleft 
or opening between the cavity of the 
mouth and the nasal cavity, 
obtuse (ob-tus'). [L. obtusus, blunt.] Blunt, 
not pointed or sharp; dull; stupid. 
O.C. Occlusocervical. [occiput, 
occipital (ok-sip'i-tal). Pertaining to the 
occipitofrontal (ok-sip-i-to-frunt'al). Per- 
taining to the occiput and the forehead, 
occipitomen'tal. [L. mentum, chin.] Per- 
taining to the occiput and the chin, 
occipitopari'etal. Pertaining to the occipital 
and the parietal bones. 
oc'ciput, gen. occip'itis. [L.] The back of 
the head. 
occlude (ok-klod'). [L. occludere, to close 
up.] To fit together; to close up, as the 
relation of the masticatory surfaces of 
the upper and lower bicuspids (premolars) 
and molars. 
occluding frame. See articulator. 
occlusal (ok-klo'zal). [L. occlusum—occlu- 
dere, to close up.] Coming in contact; 
closing; noting the surfaces of the teeth 
which come into contact with the opposite 
teeth; relating to the occlusion of the 
teeth, o. cavity, a cavity in the occlusal 
surface of a tooth, o. half, a unit of 
measure pertaining to the lingual surfaces 
of the molars, indicating half of the surface 
nearest to the linguoclusal angle. o. 
plane, when the lips of the esthetic 
facial outlines are in perfect repose, the 
standard line of a typical occlusal plane 
should be even with or but slightly below 
the lower margin of the upper lip, which 
should indicate the normal line of the 
occlusal edges of the upper anterior teeth. 
The anterior part of the lower plane 
curves upward to a point slightly above 
this, to allow the occlusal ends of the 
lower anterior teeth to pass posteriorly 
to the upper anterior teeth. From this 
point posteriorly the plane curves slightly 
downward, and then, as it passes the 
first molars, it again curves slightly up- 
ward. See curve of Spee. o. surface, 
the grinding, masticatory or morsal sur- 
face of the bicuspids and the molars, 
o. two-thirds, a unit of measure pertaining 
to the buccal surfaces of the molars, 
indicating two-thirds of the surface 
nearest to the linguoclusal angle. o. 
step, a shelf-like part of a cavity near the 
occlusal surface, o. wall, the side of a 
cavity facing toward the occlusal surface. 
See occlusion. 
occlu'sal rest. See partial denture service 
in the supplement. 
occlu'sal zone. See zone. 
occlu'sion. [L. occludere, to close up.] Not- 
ing the closure of the teeth or dentures 
one upon the other; stress exerted on 
the teeth during their use. afunction o., 
a lack of function, i. e., a congenital 
nonocclusion. anatomical o., noting a 
case in which no teeth are missing, the OCCLUSION 
238 
ODONTHEMODIA 
dentures are not irregular and occlude 
according to the anatomical standard, 
centric o., position of the teeth at rest, 
eccentric o., position of the teeth not at 
rest, hyperfunctional o., an excess of 
function, i. e., a traumatic occlusion, 
line of horizontal o., a decided curve of 
the occlusion, extending from the anterior 
to the posterior teeth, the incisal margins 
of the incisors being at a higher plane, 
descending at the cuspids and bicuspids 
and reaching the lowest point at the first 
molar, and then ascending, reaching the 
highest plane at the occlusodistal angle 
of the third molar. The same variation 
of the plane in the mandible is the reverse 
of that of the maxillary teeth as given 
above, normal o., innocuous distribution 
of stress exerted on the teeth during their 
use; anatomical occlusion. supra o., 
elongation of a tooth or teeth producing 
trauma, traumatic o., abnormal distri- 
bution of stress exerted on teeth during 
their use. [AAP.] See centric and eccentric 
occlusion. 
occlu'sion. Chem., the property possessed 
by some metals of absorbing and retaining 
certain gases. 
occluso-. A modification of occlusal in 
forming compound words, e. g., occluso- 
gingival or occlusocervical. 
occlusocer'vically (occlusogingivally). In a 
direction from the occlusal surface toward 
the neck of a tooth, 
occlusometer. See gnathodynamometer. 
occult'. [L. occulere, to hide.] Hidden; 
unknown; concealed; mysterious, 
ochronosis (ok-ron-5'sis). [G. ochros, sal- 
low; nosos, disease.] A pathological 
pigmentation of cartilage, muscle, con- 
nective tissue, epithelial cells, the mucous 
membrane of the lips, the skin of the 
ears, hands and face; the urine is some- 
times dark in color and contains pigmented 
casts. 
oclusion. [Sp.] Occlusion, 
octagon (okt-a-gon). Plane figure with 
eight angles or sides. 
octagonal (okt-ag'o-nal). Of the form of an 
octagon. Handles of instruments are 
made in this form. 
octa'rius. [L. octo, eight.] The. eighth part 
of a gallon; a pint. Abbreviation, O. 
octav'alent. [L. octo, eight; valere, to have 
power.] Having a combining power or 
valency of eight. An octad. 
oc'ular. [L. oculus, eye.] Pertaining to the 
eye; received by sight; visual; ophthalmic. 
Eyepiece of a microscope, 
oc'ulist. One skilled in the treatment of 
diseases and refractive errors of the eye; 
ophthalmologist. 
oculofacial (ok-u-15-f a'shi-al). Pertaining 
to the eyes and the face, 
oculozygomat'ic. Pertaining to the orbit 
and the zygoma. 
oc'ulus. [L.] The eye, the organ of vision, 
odaxes'mus. [G. odaxesmos, an irritation.] 
A peculiar itching of the gums sometimes 
preceding the eruption of teeth; odontoc- 
nesis. 
-odes. [G. -odes, with the odor of.] A 
suffix originally signifying resemblance 
in odor, but now having practically the 
same meaning as eidos (-oid), or resem- 
blance in general. 
o'dol. Trade name of an antiseptic, aromatic 
mouthwash. 
odon-eki. [Ja.] Acute febrile jaundice, 
odonen'chytes. A syringe for injecting 
fluids into the cavity of a tooth, 
odont-, odonto-. A prefix from the G. odous 
(odontos), tooth, denoting relation to, or 
connection with, a tooth or teeth, 
odontag'ma. Fracture of the teeth, 
odontago'gon. Dentagra. 
odontag'ra. [G. odous, tooth; agra, seizure.] 
Toothache presumed to be of gouty origin, 
odontal'gia. [G. algos, pain.] Odontodynia; 
toothache, o. hemodia, hypersensitive- 
ness of the teeth due to some acid. o. ner- 
vosa, neuralgic toothache, 
odontal'gic. Pertaining to odontalgia or 
toothache. 
odon'talite. [G. lithos, stone.] A petrified 
tooth; a tooth turned to stone, 
odontal'ysis. The examination of the teeth, 
odontatroph'ia, odontat'rophy. [G. atrophia, 
atrophy.] Imperfect formation of the 
teeth, incorrectly atrophy of the teeth, 
odon'terism. [G. erismos, quarrel.] Chat- 
tering of the teeth; stridor dentium. 
odontexesis (o-dont-ex'e-sis). [G. exesa, to 
smooth, to polish.] Smoothing or polishing 
of teeth by scraping, scaling, planing, 
filing, etc.; cleaning of teeth, 
odonthar'paga. [G. harpage, a seizure.] A 
severe toothache; odontagra. 
odonthele. [Fr.] Secondary dentin, 
odonthemo'dia. [G. haimodia, having the 
teeth “set on edge.”] . Hypersensitiveness 
of the teeth; odontohyperesthesia. ODONTIA 
239 
ODONTOME 
odon'tia. Odontalgia, o. deformis, deformity 
of the teeth, incorrectly applied to mal- 
position. o. incrustans, deposit of tartar 
on the teeth. 
odonti'asis. Teething; the cutting of the 
teeth; the eruption of the teeth; dentition, 
odontia'ter. [G. iatreia, treatment.] Dentist, 
odontiatri'a. Dentistry; dental surgery, 
odon'tic. Dental; pertaining to the teeth, 
odon'ticus. [L.] Pertaining to the teeth, 
odon'tinoid. [G. eidos, resembling.] Re- 
sembling dentin. A small nodule, excres- 
cence or globule, of dentin-like structure, 
occasionally found on the cementum of 
the tooth. 
odontit'icous. Relating to odontitis, 
odontitis (o-don-te'tis or ti'tis). [G. -itis, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the pulp 
of a tooth. 
odonto-, odont-. A prefix from the G. 
odous (odontos), tooth, denoting relation 
to, or connection with, a tooth or teeth, 
odon'toblast. [G. blastos, germ, sprout.] 
One of the cells from which dentin is 
formed; one of the layer of colupinar 
cells lining the pulp-chamber, 
odontoblasto'ma. A dentinal tumor or 
overgrowth. 
odontoboth'rion. [G. bothrion, a small pit.] 
A tooth-socket; alveolus dentalis; dental 
alveolus. 
odontobothri'tis. Inflammation of the alve- 
olus or tooth-socket. 
odon'tocele. A tumor containing a tooth or 
teeth. 
odontocen'tesis. Boring into a tooth, 
odontoceram'ic. [G. keramos, pottery.] Per- 
taining to mineral or porcelain teeth, 
crowns, bridges and dentures, 
odontoceramotech'ny. Odontoceramic art; 
the making of mineral or porcelain teeth, 
odonto'clasis. [G. klasis, fracture.] The 
breaking or fracture of a tooth, 
odon'toclast. [G. klad, I prune.] One of the 
cells which cause the absorption of the 
roots of teeth, especially those of the 
deciduous teeth, 
odontocne'sis. Odaxesmus, 
odonto'des. Large number of teeth, 
odontodyn'ia. [G. odyne, pain.] Toothache; 
odontalgia. 
odontoestomologica. [Sp.] Dentostomat- 
ology. 
odon'togen. [G. gennad, I produce.] A 
substance forming dentin, 
odontoge'nia. Odontogeny. 
odontog'eny. The process of the generation 
and development of the teeth, 
odon'toglyph. [G. glypho, I engrave.] Scaler 
for removing salivary calculus, 
odontogly'phon. Gum-lancet, 
odon'togram. [G. gramma, drawing.] The 
tracing made by the needle of the odonto- 
graph. 
odon'tograph. [G. graphd, I record.] An 
instrument for recording the inequalities 
of the surface of the teeth and the thickness 
of enamel on a revolving tambour, 
odontog'raphy. Description of, or a treatise 
on, the teeth; the process of determining 
the thickness of the enamel by means of 
the odontograph. 
odontohyperesthe'sia. Supersensitiveness of 
the teeth. 
odon'toid. [G. eidos, resemblance.] Tooth- 
like; having the form of a tooth, o. 
ligament, ligamentum apicis dentis; liga- 
mentum alare. 
odon'tolith. [G. lithos, stone.] Salivary 
calculus; tartar. 
odontolog'ical. Pertaining to odontology or 
to dentistry. 
odontologisk. [Sw.] Odontological. 
odontol'ogist. A dental surgeon, dentist, 
stomatologist. 
odontol'ogy. [G. -logia, discourse.] The 
science of the teeth; a treatise on the 
teeth; dentistry. 
odontolox'ia, odontol'oxy. [G. loxos, slant- 
ing.] Malposition of the teeth, 
odontolysis. See odontalysis. 
odonto'ma, pi. odonto'mata. A tumor in 
connection with a tooth or teeth; a tumor 
composed of dental tissues; a tumor 
arising from a tooth, its follicle or adjacent 
tissues; a dental neoplasm; an enamel 
nodule, composite o., one composed of 
the different structures which enter into 
the formation of a tooth, coronary o., 
one connected with the crown. epi- 
thelial o., one found in connection with 
the horizontal portion of the mandible, 
fibrous o., consisting of a tooth contained 
in its sac, which sac has become so 
thickened by the deposit of fibrous tissue 
that it will not permit the escape of the 
tooth, follicular o., one formed by the 
union of several denticles, mixed o., 
one including in its substance two or more 
elements of tooth structure, radicular o., 
one connected with the root of a tooth, 
odon'tome. Odontoma. ODONTOMES 
240 
OFEN 
odonto'mes. Any growths or hypertrophic 
formations, found in any part of the 
organism, containing dental structures, 
odontonecro'sis. [G. nekrosis, a killing.] 
Death of the entire tooth; necrosis of the 
tooth, in contradistinction to dental 
decay or caries. 
odontoneural'gia. Neuralgia due to the 
teeth; odontalgia. 
odonton'omy. [G. onoma, name.] Dental 
nomenclature. [teeth, 
odontono'sis. Science of diseases of the 
odontonosol'ogy. [G. nosos, disease; -logia, 
discourse.] Dentistry; odontology, 
odontoparallax'is. [G. parallaxis, alterna- 
tion.] Malposition of the teeth; irregu- 
larity; odontoloxia. 
odontopathol'ogy. Science of diseases of 
the teeth. 
odontop'athy. [G. pathos, suffering.] Patho- 
logical condition or disease of the teeth 
or alveoli. 
odontoperios'teum. [G. peri, around; osteon, 
bone.] Periodontal membrane; periden- 
tium. 
odontophleg'mon. Inflammation of the pulp 
of a tooth. 
odontopho'bia. [G. phobos, fear.] Morbid 
fear excited by seeing the teeth of an 
animal. 
odon'tophore. The strap-like organ of mol- 
lusks which carries the teeth, 
odontophy'ia. Dentition, 
odontophylax'is. See prophylactodon'tia. 
odon'toplast. [G. plasso, I form.] Odonto- 
blast. 
odontoplero'sis. [G. plerdsis, a filling up.] 
Filling cavities in teeth, 
odontopri'sis. [G. prisis, grinding.] Stridor 
dentium; grinding together of the teeth, 
odontoptose radiculaire. [Fr.] Odontoptosis 
of the root; pyorrhea, 
odontopto'sia. Falling out of the teeth, 
odontoptosis (o-don-top'to-sis). [G. odous, 
tooth; ptosis, falling.] A sinking down or 
falling of a tooth. A term used in France 
in connection with pyorrhea, 
odontora'diograph. A radiograph of the 
teeth. 
odontorheumal'gia. Toothache, 
odon'torine. A dental file. 
Odontorpedia. [Ger.] Dental orthopedia. 
odontorrha'gia. [G. rhegnynai, I break 
forth.] Profuse hemorrhage from the 
socket of a tooth, especially after extrac- 
tion. 
odon'torrhizophtisis. Caries of the teeth, 
odontortho'sis. [G. orthos, straight.] Cor- 
recting malpositions of the teeth, 
odontos'chisis. Splitting of the teeth, 
odon'toschism. [G. schisma, a cleft.] Split- 
ting or fissure of a tooth, 
odon'toscope. [G. skoped, I examine.] 
Mouth-mirror. 
odonto'seism. Looseness of the teeth, 
odontosei'sis. Looseness of the teeth; 
odontoseismus. 
odontoseis'mus. Odontoseisis; looseness of 
the teeth. 
odonto'sis. Dentition; odontiasis; odon- 
togeny. 
odontosmeg'ma. [G. smegma, soap.] Den- 
tifrice. 
odontospha'celism. Caries of the teeth, 
odontos'teophyte. [G. osteon, bone; phyton, 
plant.] A tumor of the dentin; a tumor 
of dentinal structure. 
odontostere'sis. [G. steresis, privation.] 
Loss of the teeth. 
odontosyneris'mus. [G. synerizein, to strike 
together.] Chattering of the teeth, 
odontotech'ny. Dentistry; dental surgery, 
odontotherapi'a, odontother'apy. [G. thera- 
peia, treatment.] Dental therapeutics; 
treatment ol diseases of the teeth; dental 
hygiene. 
odon'totribe. Odontotripsis. 
odontotrim'ma. Tooth-powder, 
odontotrip'sis. [G. tripsis, rubbing.] Attri- 
tion or abrasion of the occlusal surfaces 
of the teeth. 
odontot'rypy, odon'trypy. [G. trypao, I 
bore.] Odontotrypia; the perforation of a 
tooth by means of a drill, for the purpose 
of enabling the escape of pus or other 
purulent matter from the pulp-cavity, 
o'dor. [L.] The property in a substance 
which affects the sense of smell; scent, 
offensive o., stench, fetor, 
odor (of metals). Most metals possess a 
characteristic odor by which they may be 
distinguished from one another, 
odorif'erous. [L. odor; ferre, to bear.] 
Diffusing a perfume, scent or odor, 
odous, odont-, odontos. The G. term 
signifying a tooth. 
odynpha'gia. [G. odyne, pain; phago, I eat.] 
Painful deglutition. 
oe-. For words beginning with ae and not 
found here, see e. 
cesoph'agus, etc. See esophagus. 
Ofen. [Ger.] Oven; furnace. OFFEN 
241 
ONCOSIS 
often. [Ger.] Open. 
offentliche Mundhygiene. [Ger.] Public 
mouth-hygiene, 
offnen. [Ger.] To open. 
Offnung. [Ger.] Opening, orifice, aperture, 
oficina. [Sp.] Office. 
O.G. Occlusogingival. 
ohm (om). The unit of electrical resistance. 
Resistance equals pressure divided by 
current strength. 
Ohnmacht. [Ger.] Fainting; syncope; 
swoon. 
ohnmachtig. [Ger.] About to faint, 
oi. For words beginning thus see also e. 
-oid. [G. eidos, appearance, form.] A 
suffix equivalent to -form and meaning 
resemblance. 
o'idiomycetes (o-id-i-o-mi-se'tes). [oidium; 
G. mykes, fungus.] A fungus group 
including Oidium. 
oidiomycet'ic. Pertaining to o'idiomycetes. 
oidiomyco'sis. Infection with Oidium; 
blastomycosis. 
oldiomycot'ic. Pertaining to oidiomycosis. 
Oidium (o-id'i-um). [L. dim. of G. don, egg.] 
A genus of gymnosporous fungi of which 
some species are parasitic in man. O. 
al'bicans, thrush fungus, Saccharomyces 
albicans. O. lactis, a white mold on sour 
milk and bread. 
oil. [L. oleum.] A greasy, inflammable 
liquid of animal, vegetable or mineral 
origin, insoluble in water, sometimes 
soluble in alcohol and freely soluble in 
ether, coal o., petroleum, cod-liver o., 
oleum morrhuae. flaxseed o., oleum lini. 
fusel o., amyl alcohol, linseed o., oleum 
lini. mineral o., petroleum, o. of winter- 
green, oleum gaultheriae. rock o., petro- 
leum. sweet o., olive oil, oleum olivae. 
See oleum. 
oilstone. A slab of Arkansas or other stone, 
usually covered with oil, on which instru- 
ments are sharpened. 
ointment. [L. unguere, to anoint.] A medi- 
cated oily or fatty mixture applied exter- 
nally to diseased or wounded parts, blue 
o., unguentum hydrargyri dilutum. mer- 
curial o., unguentum hydrargyri. red 
precipitate o., unguentum hydrargyri 
oxidi rubri. simple o., unguentum. 
wax o., ceratum. white precipitate o., 
unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati. 
<51. [Ger.] Oil. 
-ol. A suffix indicating that the substance 
named is an alcohol or a phenol. 
oleaginous (o-le-aj'in-us). [L. oleum, oil.] 
Oily; containing oil; greasy, 
oleatum (6-1 e-a/turn or o-le-a/tom). [L.] 
Oleate; a combination or solution of an 
alkaloid or metallic base in oleic acid, 
olef'iant. [L. oleum, oil; facere, to make.] 
Oil-producing. o. gas, ethylene, the 
principal constituent of ordinary illumi- 
nating gas. 
ole'ic. [L. oleum, oil.] Pertaining to oil. 
o. acid, acidum oleicum. 
o'leum. [L.] Oil, an unctuous combustible 
substance which is liquid, or easily 
liquefiable on warming, and soluble in 
ether, but not in water; any substance of 
an oily consistency, o. cajeputi, cajeput 
oil. o. caryophyli, oil of cloves. o. 
cassise, oil of cinnamon, cassia oil. o. cin- 
namomi, oil of cassia, o. essentiale, 
essential oil. o. eucalypti, oil of eucalyp- 
tus. o. gaultheriae, oil of wintergreen, 
oil of gaultheria. o. lini, flaxseed oil, 
linseed oil. o. menthae viride, oil of spear- 
mint. o. menthae piperitae, oil of pepper- 
mint. o. morrhuae, cod-liver oil. o. 
olivae, olive oil. o. petrae, petroleum, rock 
oil, coal oil. o. ricini, castor oil. o. 
terebenthinae, oil of turpentine, 
olfac'tory. [L. olfacere, to smell.] Pertaining 
to the sense of smell. 
oligoptyalism (ol-i-go-ti'al-ism). [G. oligos, 
few, small; ptyalon, saliva.] Oligosialia; 
scanty secretion of saliva, 
oligosia'lia. [G. oligos, few, small; sialon, 
saliva.] Oligoptyalism, 
oli'va. [L.] Olive; olivary eminence; olivary 
body; an oval bulging in the medulla 
oblongata. 
ol'ivary. [L. oliva, an olive.] Pertaining to 
the oliva; pertaining to or resembling an 
olive. 
-ology. [G. lego, I speak; logios, learned.] A 
suffix indicating a science or special branch 
of study. See -logia. 
olor putrido. [Sp.] Putrid or foul odor, 
-oma. [G.] A suffix denoting a tumor or 
neoplasm. 
omen'tum. [L.] A fold or peritoneum, 
single or double, passing from the stomach 
to another abdominal organ, 
omniv'orous. [L. omnis, all; vorare, to eat.] 
Eating food of all kinds, animal and 
vegetable. 
onanpo. [Ja.] Hot fomentation, 
onco'sis. [G.] Swelling; intumescence; tu- 
mor formation. ONE-TWO-THREE MIXTURE 
242 
ORANGE-WOOD 
one-two-three mixture. See Black's one-two- 
three mixture. 
Onion’s fusible alloy. Bismuth 5, lead 3, tin 2. 
onomatol'ogy. [G. onoma, name; -logia, 
treatise.] Nomenclature; terminology; the 
vocabulary of a science, profession or 
trade; the science of naming, 
onshin. [Ja.] Temperature test, 
on'ym. [G. onj/mo, name.] A technical term, 
oospore (o'o-spor). [G. don, egg; sporos, 
seed.] The fertilized egg-cell or ovum of 
algae and fungi. 
ootheca [o-o-thek'a). [G. don, egg; theke, 
box.] An ovary. 
opacity (o-pas'i-ti). [L. opacitas.] State or 
quality of being opaque; an opaque area, 
opak. [Ger.] Opaque. 
opal'gia. [G. ops, face; algos, pain.] Neural- 
gia of the face. 
opaque (5-pak'). Not transparent; imper- 
vious to light; not translucent, or only 
slightly so. 
o'pen. [A.S.] Not shut; free of access; 
exposed to the air (said of a wound), 
open-bite malocclu'sion. A condition where 
the labial or “biting” teeth cannot be 
brought together, through an occlusal 
interference of the buccal teeth, leaving a 
space of more or less width; infraversion, 
op'erate. [L. operare, to work.] To work 
upon the teeth or the adjacent parts; to 
perform dental or oral operations, 
operation. The act of operating; a dental or 
surgical procedure; the action of drugs or 
remedies; the evacuation of the bowels. 
Operationsstuhl. [Ger.] Operating-chair. 
Operationszimmer. [Ger.] Operating-room, 
op'erative. Active; effective; pertaining to or 
effected by an operation, 
operatory (op'er-a-to-ri). A place where oper- 
ations are performed, as a dental office, or 
the operating-room of a dental school, 
oper'culum. [L., a lid or cover.] Anything 
resembling a cover or lid. 
ophthal'mia. [G. ophthalmos, eye.] Inflam- 
mation of the conjunctiva, 
ophthalmology. [G. ophthalmos, eye; -logia, 
treatise.] The branch of medical science 
treating of the eye. 
opiate (o'pi-at). Any preparation of opium; 
that which induces sleep, 
opistog'nathism. A retreating jaw; opposed 
to prognathism. 
opistognathisme. [Fr.] A retreating jaw. 
o'pium. [G. opion, poppy-juice.] Narcotic 
inspissated juice of the white poppy. 
opoceph'alus. [G. ops, face; kephale, head.] 
A monster without nose or mouth, with 
one eye or two eyes closely joined and with 
a rudimentary jaw. 
opodid'ymus, opod'ymus. [G. ops, face, 
didymos, twin.] A monster with two heads 
fused behind but separated in front, 
opsial'gia. [G. ops, face; algos, pain.] 
Opalgia. 
op'sigone. The wisdom tooth, the third 
molar, a tooth erupting late in life, 
opsin'ogen. [opsonin; G. gennao, I produce.] 
A substance which promotes the produc- 
tion of opsonin, a bacterial vaccine, 
opson'ic. Pertaining to opsonins. 
op'sonin. A substance in the blood-serum 
which renders microorganisms attractive 
to the phagocytes. 
op'tic, op'tical. [G. optikos.] Pertaining to 
the sight or to optics. 
or. [Fr.] Gold. o. en feuille, goldleaf, 
goldfoil. 
o'rad. [L. os, mouth; ad, to.] Toward the 
mouth. 
o'ral. [L. os, mouth.] Pertaining to the 
mouth, o. cavity, cavum oris; cavity of 
the mouth, o. teeth, anterior teeth, the 
six front teeth in each jaw. o. whiff, the 
puffing sound heard at the open mouth 
after violent exercise and in some cases of 
aortic aneurism. 
o'ral el'ement. An indivisible element of 
speech. 
o'ral sep'sis. Cleanliness of the mouth, 
freedom from infection, 
o'ral sur'geon. One who specializes in the 
manual and operative treatment of dis- 
eases and accidents of the mouth and 
adjacent tissues. 
o'ral sur'gery. The branch of dentistry and 
medicine which deals with diseases and 
accidents of the mouth and adjacent tis- 
sues subject to manual or operative treat- 
ment. 
oraline toothpaste. Trade name of a denti- 
frice. 
or'alite. Trade name of a tongue-depressor 
with operating and diagnostic blade at- 
tachments for use in oral surgery, 
oral'ogist. See dentist. 
oral'ogy. See dentistry. 
or'alyke. Trade name of a light-weight 
rubber used in making dentures, 
orange-wood. Sticks of the wood of the 
orange tree used in separating the proximal 
surfaces of the teeth. ORBICULAR 
243 
ORTHOGNATHIA 
orbic'ular. [L. orbiculus, a small disc.] 
Circular; ring-shaped, 
or'bit. Orbita; the eye-socket, 
or'bita. [L., a wheel-track.] Eye-socket; 
orbit; orbital cavity; the bony cavity 
containing the eyeball, 
or'bital. Pertaining to an orbit or the orbits, 
orbitona'sal. Pertaining to the orbit and the 
nose or nasal cavity, 
orchis (or'kis). [G.] Testicle, 
order names of instruments. The group 
names of instruments, as scalers, pluggers, 
excavators, forceps, etc. 
ordinaries. Cutting instruments, such as 
hatchets and hoes, in common use by 
all operators. 
ore. Metal mixed with earthy and other 
substances; mineral containing one or 
more metals in a free or combined state; 
metal in its unreduced state, 
orefu-yu. [Ja.] Oil of olive, 
or'gan. [G. organon.] Any part of the body 
by which a specific function is carried on. 
enamel o., see enamel, o. cement, see 
cement. 
organe pulpaire. [Fr.] Dental pulp, 
organ'ic. Pertaining to an organ or an 
organism; structural; organized, o. chem- 
istry, the chemistry of compounds con- 
taining carbon, 
organisch. [Ger.] Organic, 
or'ganism. An organic structure; a living 
being, either animal or vegetable, 
or'ganon. [G.] An organ, as the organ of 
hearing. 
orifice (or'i-fis). An opening or aperture, 
orifi'cial. Pertaining to an orifice, 
orifi'cium. [L.] An orifice, 
or'igin. [L. origo, source—oriri, to rise.] 
Of two points of attachment of a muscle, 
the less movable; the one attached to 
the more fixed part of a skeleton, 
o'ris. [L., gen. of os, mouth.] O. constrictor, 
the orbicularis oris muscle, cancrum o., 
canker of the mouth; gangrenous or 
phagedenic stomatitis, 
oro. [It.] Gold, 
oro. [Sp.] Gold, 
oro. [Ja.] Yellow wax. 
orolingual (o-ro-ling'gwal). Pertaining to 
the mouth and the tongue, 
orol'ogist. Stomatologist, 
orol'ogy. Stomatology, 
orona'sal. [L. os (or-), mouth; nasus, nose.] 
Noting the passage from the mouth to the 
nose. 
orophar'ynx. [L. os, mouth; G. pharynx.} 
The middle portion of the pharynx, from 
the level of the palate to the vestibule of 
the larynx. 
orrhorrhe'a. [G. orrhos, blood-serum; rhoia, 
a flow.] Discharge of a serous nature, 
or'ris. Iris, or flag. o. root, the rhizome of 
Florentine iris. 
ortho-. [G. orthos, straight, correct, regular.] 
A prefix signifying regular, normal or in 
proper order; in chemical terms it denotes 
that a compound is made up by substitu- 
tions in the benzene ring consecutively 
arranged. 
orthocre'sol. An isomeric cresol. 
orthoden'tist. See orthodontist. 
or'thodont. Having regular or normal teeth, 
orthodonti. [Sw.] Orthodontia, 
orthodontia (ar-tho-don'shi-a). [G. orthos, 
straight; odous, tooth.] The branch of 
dentistry which has for its object the 
prevention and correction of malocclusion, 
or irregular teeth, dentofacial o., facial 
orthodontia. See Angle, Case, Jackson, in 
the supplement. 
orthodon'tic. Relating to the science of 
orthodontics. 
orthodon'tic appli'ances. See Angle, Case, 
Jackson, in the supplement, 
orthodon'tic tech'nic teeth. Sets of teeth 
made of wood, bone or metal, arranged in 
flexible or movable arches so that they may 
be made to assume any one of the mal- 
positions found in the mouth; used in 
teaching orthodontia. 
orthodon'tics. The branch of dentistry 
which has for its object the prevention 
and correction of malocclusion or irregular 
teeth. See orthodontia. 
orthodontie. [Fr.] Orthodontia, 
orthodon'tist. One who devotes himself to 
that branch of dentistry which has for 
its object the correction of malocclusion 
or irregular teeth, 
orthodontol'ogy. See orthodontia. 
or'thoform. A white, almost insoluble 
powder possessing anesthetic and anti- 
septic properties when placed in contact 
with nerve tissue, o. (new), a form in 
which the toxic effects are supposed to 
be eliminated. o. (old), the original 
form, found objectionable on account of 
toxic properties. 
orthognathia (ar-thog-na'thi-a). [G. orthos, 
right, straight; gnathos, jaw.] The cor- 
rection of luxation, fracture or other ORTHOGNATHIC 
244 
OSMIC ACID 
traumatic condition which causes a mal- 
position of either of the jaws, 
orthognathic, orthog'nathous. [G. orthos, 
straight; gnathos, jaw.] Having a face 
with a nonprojecting jaw or with a 
gnathic index below 98. 
orthomor'phia. [G. orthos, correct; morphe, 
form.] Correction of a deformity; ortho- 
pedics. 
orthope'dia. [G. orthos, straight; pais, 
child.] Orthopedics. 
orthope'dia, dental. [G. orthos, straight; 
pais {paid-), child; L. dens, tooth.] The 
branch of dentistry which has for its 
object the correction of facial deformities 
in children through the medium of force 
applied to the teeth in the correction of 
malocclusion, or irregular teeth, dento- 
facial o., facial o. 
orthope'dia, dentofa'cial. See orthopedia, 
dental. 
orthopedic. Pertaining to orthopedia. 
orthopedic dentistry. See orthopedia, dental. 
orthopedics. [G. orthos, straight; pais, 
child.] The surgical treatment of deform- 
ities and chronic diseases of the joints and 
spine, dental o., orthodontia, 
orthopedist. One practicing orthopedics, 
orthophosphoric acid. See phosphoric acid. 
orthopne'a. [G. orthos, straight; pnoe, 
breathing.] Inability to breathe com- 
fortably except when standing or sitting 
erect. 
orthopraxia, or'thopraxy. [G. orthos, straight; 
praxis, doing.] Correction of deformities; 
orthopedics; orthomorphia, 
ortho'sis. [G. orthosis, making straight.] 
Correction of a deformity; orthomor- 
phia. 
ortodoncia. [Sp.] Orthodontia, 
ortodoncico. [Sp.] Orthodontic. 
Orton’s cleavers, one set of seven for use 
with a porte-polisher, and one set of six- 
teen for cone-socket handles, designed by 
Dr. Forrest H. Orton. 
Os. The chemical symbol of Osmium, 
os, gen. o'ris. [L.] Mouth. See mouth. 
os, gen. os'sis. [L.] Bone. o. ethmoidale, 
the ethmoid bone. o. frontale, the frontal 
bone. o. hyoideum, the hyoid bone, a U- 
shaped bone between the mandible and 
larynx; it does not articulate with any 
other bone. o. incisivum, the intermaxil- 
lary, premaxillary or incisive bone, the an- 
terior part of the maxillary bone; in the 
fetus, and sometimes in the adult, it is a 
separate bone, extending from the anterior 
palatine foramen to a point between the 
lateral incisor and cuspid (canine), sub- 
divided into the endognathion, which car- 
ries the central incisor, and the mesogna- 
thion, which carries the lateral incisor, 
o. lacrimale, the lacrymal bone. o. linguae, 
the hyoid or tongue bone. o. malare, the 
malar, zygomatic or cheek bone. o. mas- 
toid eum, the mastoid part of the temporal 
bone. o. nasale, the nasal bone. o. palati- 
num, the palate bone, entering into the 
formation of the nasal fossa, orbit and hard 
palate, o. parietale, o. pterygoideum, the 
pterygoid process, o. sphenoidale, the 
sphenoid bone, the irregular-shaped bone 
at the base of the skull, articulating with 
the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, vomer, 
temporal, parietal, malar, palate and 
sphenoidal turbinal bones, o. temporale, 
the temporal bone. o. zygomaticum, the 
malar, zygomatic or cheek bone, 
os. [Fr.] Bone. 
os artificial. A formerly used cement filling, 
consisting of oxid and chlorid of zinc, 
os sepiae. Cuttlefish bone, 
os'anore teeth. Artificial teeth made from 
the tooth of the hippopotamus and sub- 
jected to the action of a chemical agent 
which closes the pores of the ivory with a 
silicious substance, 
osce'do. [L.] Yawning, 
oscheal (os'ke-al). [G. osche, scrotum.] Per- 
taining to the scrotum, 
oscillate (os'sil-at). [L. oscillare, to swing.] 
To move, or cause to move, back and forth; 
to fluctuate; to vibrate, 
oscilla'tion. The act of oscillating; vibra- 
tion; fluctuation. 
oscilloscope. A vacuum tube constructed 
so as to show whether a current is unidirec- 
tional or oscillatory, and in the latter case 
roughly in which direction the greater 
quantity of current is flowing, 
os'citate. [L. oscitare, to yawn.] To gape; 
to yawn. 
oscita'tion. Gaping; yawning, 
osculum, pi. oscula. [L., dim. of os, mouth.] 
A very small opening or pore. 
-ose. A suffix used to indicate a carbohy- 
drate. 
-osis. [G.] A suffix denoting production 
or increase. 
osmat'ic. [G. osme, smell.] Pertaining to 
the sense of smell. 
os'mic acid. An acid formed from osmium; OSMIUM 
245 
OSTEONECROSIS 
osmium tetroxid, a powder used in neu- 
ralgia. 
os'mium. Symbol Os, atomic weight 189.6. 
A metallic element. 
osmo'sis. [G. osmos, impulsion.] The pas- 
sage of fluids and solutions through a mem- 
brane. 
os'sa. PI. of L. os, bone, 
osseocartilaginous (os-se-o-kar-ti-l&j 'in-us). 
Composed of, or pertaining to both bone 
and cartilage; osteochondrous, 
osseous (os'se-us). [L. ossews.] Bony, 
os'sicle. [L. ossiculus, dim. of os, bone.] A 
small bone; one of the bones of the tym- 
panum. 
ossif'erous. [L. os, bone; ferre, to bear.] 
Containing bone; osseous, 
ossif'ic. [L. os, bone ;facere, to make.] Form- 
ing or making bone; osteogenic; ossifying, 
ossifica'tion. Change, or state of being 
changed, into bone; formation of bone, 
os'siform. [L. os, bone; forma, form.] 
Formed like bone; osteoid, 
os'sify. [L. os, bone; facere, to make.] To 
make into a bone or into a bonelike sub- 
stance; to become bone, 
osso. [It.] Bone. 
osteal'gia. [G. osteon, bone; algos, pain.] 
Pain in a bone or bones; osteodynia; os- 
teocope. 
osteitis (os-te-e'tis or i'tis). [G. osteon, bone; 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of 
bone, dentoalve'olar o., see -pyorrhea. 
oste'mia. [G. osteon, bone; haima, blood.] 
Hyperemia or congestion of a bone, 
ostempye'sis. [G. osteon, bone; empyesis, 
suppuration.] Caries; suppurative in- 
flammation of a bone. 
osteoarthritis (os-te-6-ar-thre'tis or thri'tis). 
[G. osteon, bone; arthron, joint; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Inflammation of the artic- 
ular extremity of a bone which involves 
erosion of contiguous cartilages, 
osteoarthropathy (os-te-6-ar-throp'a-thi). 
Disease involving joints as well as bones, 
osteoblast (os'te-6-blast). [G. osteon, bone; 
blastos, germ.] A bone-forming cell, 
osteocamp'sia. [G. osteon, bone; kampsis, 
bending.] Bending or curvature of a bone, 
as in rickets. 
osteocarcino'ma. Cancer of a bone; a cancer 
containing bone, or a combined cancer 
and osteoma. 
osteocartilag'inous. See osseocartilaginous. 
osteochon'drous. [G. osteon, bone; chondros, 
cartilage.] Osseocartilaginous, 
osteocla'sia. The destruction of bone, 
os'teoclast. [G. osteon, bone; klad, I break 
up.] A cell of the marrow which is be- 
lieved to cause absorption of bone tissue, 
osteoclas'tic. Pertaining to an osteoclast; 
causing bone-absorption, 
osteocom'ma. [G. osteon, bone; komma, a 
coin.] A segment of bone, 
osteocope (os'te-o-kop). [G. osteokopos, bone- 
racking.] Pain in the bones, as the night 
pains in syphilis. 
osteocop'ic. Pertaining to osteocope. 
osteoden'tin. Secondary dentin combining 
the elements of both bone and dentin or 
cementum. 
osteofibro'ma. A tumor composed of fibrous 
tissue with bony islets, 
os'teogen. [G. osteon, bone; gennao, I pro- 
duce.] The inner layer of the periosteum, 
from which new bone is produced, 
osteogen'esis. [G. osteon, bone; genesis, pro- 
duction.] The formation of bone, 
osteog'raphy. [G. osteon, bone; graphe, 
description.] A treatise on bones, 
os'teoid. [G. osteon, bone; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Bone-like; bony; resembling 
bone; osseous; ossiform; osteal, 
osteol'ogy. [G. osteon, bone; -logia, treatise.] 
Science of the bones and their structure; 
anatomy of the bones, 
osteo'ma, pi. osteo'mata. [G. osteon, bone; 
-oma, tumor.] A bony tumor, o. sarco- 
mato'sum, osteosarcoma, o. spongio'sum, 
one made up largely of cancellous bone 
tissue. 
osteomala'cia. [G. osteon, bone; malakia, 
softness.] A disease in which there is a 
softening and bending of the bones, ac- 
companied by more or less severe pain; 
mollities ossium. 
osteo'matoid. [osteoma; G. eidos, appear- 
ance.] Like an osteoma. 
osteo-myelite alveolaire chronique. [Fr.] 
Chronic alveolar osteomyelitis; pyorrhea, 
osteomyelitis (os-te-o-ml-el-e'tis or i'tis). 
[G. osteon, bone; myelos, marrow; -itis, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the mar- 
row. malignant o., myelomatosis, 
osteomyeli'tis, alve'olar. See pyorrhea. 
osteomyeli'tis, chron'ic alve'olar. See pyor- 
rhea. 
osteon'cus. [G. osteon, bone; onkos, swelling.] 
A bone tumor, osteoma, 
osteonecro'sis. [G. osteon, bone; nekrosis, a 
killing.] The death of a mass of bone, in 
contradistinction to caries, molecular death. OSTEONEURALGIA 
246 
OTTONE 
osteoneural'gia. Ostealgia; osteodynia, os- 
teocope. 
osteoperiostite alveolo-dentaire. [Fr.] Al- 
veolodental osteoperiostitis; pyorrhea, 
osteoperiostitis (os-te-5-per-i-os-te'tis or 
i'tis). Inflammation of the periosteum and 
of the underlying bone, 
osteophage (os'te-6-faj). [G. osteon, bone; 
phago, I eat.] Osteoclast; myeloplax. 
osteoph'ony. [G. osteon, bone; phone, voice.] 
Transmission of sound waves through the 
facial bones to the tympanum, 
os'teophyte. [G. osteon, bone; phyton, 
tumor.] A bony excrescence, 
os'teoplast. [G. osteon, bone; plasso, I form.] 
Osteoblast. 
os'teoplasty. [G. osteon, bone; plasso, I 
form.] Plastic or reparative bone surgery; 
bone-grafting. 
osteopsathyrosis (os-te-op-sath-i-ro'sis). [G. 
osteon, bone; psathyros, friable.] Brittle- 
ness of the bones; softening of the bones; 
fragilitas ossium. 
osteor'rhaphy. [G. osteon, bone; rhaphe, 
seam.] Wiring together the pieces of a 
broken bone. [coma, 
osteosarco'ma. A mixed osteoma and sar- 
osteosclero'sis. [G. osteon, bone; skleros 
hard.] Eburnation or hardening of bone; 
condensing osteitis. 
osteostix'is. [G. osteon, bone; stixis, prick- 
ing.] Puncture or trephining of a bone, 
osteotome (os'te-6-tom). [G. osteon, bone; 
tomos, cutting.] A chisel for cutting bone, 
osteot'omy. [G. osteon, bone; tome, incision.] 
Cutting a bone to remove a sequestrum, 
to correct a deformity or for any other 
purpose. 
osteotribe (os'te-o-trlb). [G. osteon, bone; 
tribo, I crush.] An instrument for remov- 
ing bits of dead or carious bone, 
osteotrite (os'te-6-trit). [G. osteon, bone; L. 
tritus, grinding.] An instrument to remove 
carious bone; it has a conical or olive- 
shaped tip with a cutting surface like that 
of a dental bur. 
os'tial. [L. ostium, opening.] Pertaining to 
an orifice. 
os'tium. [L., an opening or entrance.] An 
opening or entrance into a canal or hollow 
organ. o. pharynge'um or o. phar- 
ynge'um tubae auditivae, pharyngeal open- 
ing of the auditory or Eustachian tube, 
ostoi'dea substantia. Cementum. 
otal'gia. [G. ous (ot-), ear; algos, pain.] Ear- 
ache; otodynia. 
otitis (5-te'tis or o-tl'tis). [G. ous, ear; -Ms, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the ear. 
otol'ogy. [G. ous, ear; -logia, treatise.] That 
branch of medical science dealing with the 
ears and hearing. 
otoneural'gia. [G. ous, ear; neuron, nerve; 
algos, pain.] Neuralgic earache. 
otorhinolaryngology (o'to-rl'no-lar-in-gol'o- 
ji). [G. ous, ear; rhis, nose; larynx; -logia, 
treatise.] That branch of medical science 
dealing with diseases of the ear, nose and 
larynx. 
Ottofy’s buccinator frenulae. [Louis Ottofy, 
American dental surgeon of Hungarian 
birth, I860.] Four folds of the mucous 
membrane of the mouth. The f. buccina- 
tor inferiores are attached to the gums, 
below the mandibular second bicuspids. 
The f. buccinator superiores are attached 
to the gums, above the maxillary second 
molars. When providing artificial dentures 
for the edentulous, provision should be 
made in the dentures for the free movement 
of these muscular fibers to prevent irrita- 
tion of the mucous membrane and dis- 
placement of the dentures. O.’s erosio 
areca, erosion of the enamel of the teeth, 
caused by the chewing of the betel nut 
and leaf mixed with lime, practiced by 
Orientals, and staining the teeth black. 
O.’s hypertrophy of the mucous membrane 
of the mouth, a nonpathological increase 
in the bulk of the soft tissues of the mouth 
due to a demand for retaining the food on 
the edentulous alveolar ridges. O.’s im- 
plantation crib knife, a hollow reamer used 
in forming an artificial socket for the root 
of a tooth to be implanted, the hollow 
interior providing room for the cut parti- 
cles of bone, and thus preventing clog- 
ging. 
Ottolengui’s implantation-reamers. [Rodri- 
gues Ottolengui, American dentist.] A set 
of instruments for making sockets in the 
alveolar process for the implantation of 
teeth; they are cross-cut, increasing the 
cutting surface, and are the first instru- 
ments made in that manner. O.’s root- 
facer, an instrument for trimming the 
face or exposed part of the root of a tooth, 
preliminary to fitting a crown to it. O.’s 
root-reamer, an instrument for enlarging 
the root-canal to a definite size into which 
the pin of a porcelain crown will properlv 
fit. 
ottone. [It.] Brass. OTTURAZIONE 
247 
OXYPHOSPHATE OF COPPER 
otturazione. [It.] Filling, o. temporanee, 
temporary filling, 
oula. The gums. 
oulectomy, ouletomy, oulitis. See ulectomy, 
etc. 
oulorrhag'ia. Hemorrhage of the gums, 
ounce (ouns). [G. ounkia, L. uncia.] A 
measure of weight containing 480 grains, 
tV pound troy and apothecaries’ weight, 
or grains, ys pound avoirdupois. 
Abbr., oz.; sign 5. 
-ous. A suffix which, when attached to the 
name of an element, denotes that it is 
in combination in one of its lower valencies, 
o'va. PI. of ovum. 
o'val. [L. ovum, egg.] Pertaining to an 
ovum; egg-shaped; having the figure of 
an egg; elliptical. 
ovalbu'min. Albumen; the white of an 
egg (formerly supposed to be nearly pure 
albumin). 
ova'rian. Pertaining to an ovary, 
o'vary. [L. ovarium, receptacle for eggs.] 
One of the two female reproductive 
glands containing the germ-cells or ova; 
ovarium; ootheca; oophoron. 
ovatta. [It.] Cotton-wool, 
overbite (o'ver-blt). The overlapping of the 
lower incisor teeth by the upper, 
o'verflow. The escape of fluid due to over- 
filling of a vessel or receptacle, o. of 
saliva, sialorrhea; drooling, 
o'vergrowth. Hyperplasia; hypertrophy, 
overhang'. To hang over; to jut or to pro- 
ject over. A filling at the cervical margin 
of a cavity, especially on the proximal 
surface, causing a rough shoulder under 
which food is retained, 
overka'ken. [Sw.] Maxilla, 
o'viform. Resembling an ovum; egg-shaped. 
Ovip'ara. [L. ovum, egg; parere, to bear.] 
A class of animals producing eggs that 
hatch after exclusion from the body— 
contrasted with vivipara, whose young 
are born alive. 
o'void. [L. ovum, egg; G. eidos, resemblance.] 
Ovoid; resembling an egg. 
ovule (o'vul). [L., ovulum, dim. of ovum, 
an egg.] An ovum in an early stage of 
growth; the ovum of a mammal, 
o'vum, pi. o'va. [L., egg.] The female 
sexual cell, which, when impregnated 
with the male element, develops into a 
new individual. 
oxacid (oks-as'id). An acid composed of 
both oxygen and hydrogen atoms, 
ox'alate. A salt of oxalic acid, 
oxal'ic acid. [G. oxalis, sorrel.] An acid 
originally obtained from sorrel, but now 
derived from sugar and cellulose, 
oxid (oks'id). A compound of oxygen with 
another element or radical, 
oxida'tion. The act of combining an element 
with oxygen or of causing such combina- 
tion. 
oxidize (oks'i-diz). To combine or cause an 
element to combine with oxygen, 
oxifosfato. [Sp.] Oxyphosphate filling- 
material. 
ox'ol. An antiseptic mixture of dilute alco- 
hol, hydrogen peroxid and menthol or 
some other camphor, called menthoxol, 
naphthoxol, etc., according to the camphor 
used. 
ox'one. Trade name of a preparation of 
hydrogen dioxid. 
oxpa'ra. Trade name of a preparation for 
treating abscessed or putrescent teeth, 
oxychlorid (oks-i-klo'rid). A compound of 
oxygen with a metallic chlorid. 
oxychlo'rid of zinc. A mixture of oxid and 
chlorid of zinc, made at the time to be 
used for a provisional filling. It becomes 
hard, but is soluble in the saliva, 
oxyesthesia (oks-i-es-the'si-a). [G. oxys, 
acute; aisthesis, sensation.] Abnormal 
acuteness of sensation; hyperesthesia, 
ox'ygen. [G. oxys, acid; gennao, I produce.] 
Symbol O, atomic weight 16. Oxygenium, 
a gaseous element. It is the most widely 
distributed of all elements and is essential 
to animal and plant life, 
oxygena'tion. Impregnation with oxygen, 
as thd aeration of the blood in the lungs, 
oxygeusia (oks-i-jo'si-a). [G. oxys, acute; 
geusis, taste.] Abnormal acuteness of 
the sense of taste. 
oxyhemoglo'bin. Hemoglobin in combina- 
tion with oxygen. 
oxyhy'drogen. A combination of hydrogen 
and oxygen, the combustion of which, 
when the flame is thrown against a piece 
of lime, produces a white light, 
oxyla'lia. [G. oxys, swift; lalia, speech.] 
Abnormally rapid speech, 
ox'ymel. [G. oxys, acid; meli, honey.] 
Vinegar of honey; mel acetatum; a mixture 
of acetic acid with honey and distilled 
water, used as a gargle, 
oxyphos'phate of copper. A plastic filling- 
material containing a salt of copper and 
possessing antiseptic properties. OXYPHOSPHATE OF ZINC 
248 
PALATE 
oxyphos'phate of zinc. Prepared from 
calcined oxid of zinc and glacial phos- 
phoric acid; used as plastic filling-material 
and for attaching crowns, bridges and 
regulating-appliances. 
oxyrhine (oks'i-rin). [G. oxys, sharp; rhis, 
nose.] Sharp-nosed; having a pointed 
nose. 
oxyrygmia (oks-i-rig'mi-a). [G. oxys, acid; 
erygmos, belching.] Acid eructation. 
oz. Abbr. for ounce. 
Oze. [Ger.] Loop, a more or less sharp and 
complete bend or curve. 
ozena (o-ze'na). [G. ozaina, a fetid polypus.] 
A foul odor observed in certain cases of 
chronic rhinitis. o. laryngis, a fetid 
odor present in some cases of atrophic 
__ laryngitis. 
Ozenzange. [Ger.] Loop punch, 
o'zogen. Trade name of a preparation of 
hydrogen peroxid. 
ozone (o'zon). A modification of oxygen, 
being one and a half times as dense, 
ozostomia (5-zo-st,o'mi-a). [G. ozo, I smell.; 
stoma, mouth.] Foul odor from the 
mouth; bad breath. 
P 
P. Chemical symbol of phosphorus. 
P. Pulpal. 
P.A. Pulpoaxial. 
pab'ular. Pertaining to nourishment or food. 
pab'ulum. [L.] Food; nourishment; nutri- 
ment; aliment. 
pachy-. [G. pachys, thick.] A prefix mean- 
ing thick. 
pachychilia (pa-ki-kil'i-a). [G. pachys, thick; 
cheilos, lip.] Abnormal fullness or swelling 
of the lips. 
pachyglossia (pa-ki-glos'si-a). [G. pachys, 
thick; glossa, tongue.] Macroglossia; 
hypertrophy of the tongue. 
pachygnathous (pa-kig'nath-us). [G. pachys, 
thick; gnathos, jaw.] Having a thick or 
large jaw. 
pacifier (p3,s'i-f I-er). Anything, as a rubber 
nipple or a sweetened or simply a mois- 
tened rag, given to teething infants to 
suck in order to quiet them. A harmful 
practice, tending to cause protrusion of 
the maxilla. 
pack. To stuff or fill; to wrap or envelop 
the body or a part in a wet blanket or 
sheet. The process of, or the material 
used in, packing. 
pack'er. Obsolete term for plugger. 
pack'ing (v.). The placing of pieces of 
rubber about the teeth which are invested 
in plaster preparatory to closing the 
flask for vulcanizing the denture; the 
compression of food in an interproximal 
space, creating a meat-hole. 
pack'ing (n.). Strips of cloth impregnated 
with rubber, used in covering the joint 
between the boiler and the cover of the 
vulcanizer, to prevent the escape of the 
steam, endless p., one made without a 
seam, and exactly fitted to the various 
sizes of vulcanizers. seamless p., endless 
packing. 
paed-. For words beginning thus, see ped-. 
pain. [L. poena, a penalty, a fine.] Bodily or 
mental suffering; anguish; an affection or 
feeling caused by bodily injury or due to 
disease or derangement of functions, p. in 
the mouth, stomatalgia, stomatodynia. 
p. in the teeth, odontalgia, odontodynia, 
odontagra, toothache, p. in the tongue, 
glossalgia, glossodynia. p., varieties of: 
boring, pungent, terebrant; darting, lan- 
cinating, shooting, lightning, fulgurant; 
nocturnal; osteocopic; starting, jumping: 
lacerating, tearing; tensive, grinding; 
throbbing; acute, sharp; after-; dull; labor, 
false, niggling, girdle, premonitory, bear- 
ing-down, dilating, aching, expulsive. 
palador. [Sp.] Palate. 
pal'atal. Pertaining to the palate or the 
palatine bone. 
palatal. Obsolete term indicating the sur- 
faces of the maxillary teeth directed 
toward the palate, now always designated 
as lingual. 
pal'atal defects'. Pathological or traumatic 
defects of the palate, usually of syphilitic 
origin. 
pal'ate. [L. palatum.] The roof of the mouth, 
palatum, uraniscus; the muscular and 
bony partition between the nasal and oral 
cavities, arch of the p., the vaulted roof 
of the oral cavity, cleft p., a congenital 
fissure usually associated with cleftl ip or 
harelip. falling p., elongated uvula, 
hard p., the bony portion of the roof of the 
mouth, pendulous p., uvula; soft palate, 
soft p., the posterior muscular portion of 
the palate dividing the nasal from the 
oral pharynx. See palatum, PALATE-HOOK 
249 
PAPAVER 
palate-hook. An instrument used to push 
aside the soft palate to facilitate rhinos- 
copy. 
palat'iform. Palate-shaped; resembling the 
palate. 
pal'atine. Of or pertaining to the palate, as 
the p. vault or arch, p. artery, vein and 
nerve, p. process, p. foramina; palatal. 
Formerly used to designate the Ungual 
surfaces of the maxillary teeth and cusps 
nearest the palate, now designated by the 
common term lingual, p. bar, a metal bar 
or wire imbedded in the palate portion of 
a denture to increase the strength, p. 
root, the large root of the maxillary molars 
in the direction of the palate, 
palatitis (pal-a-te'tis or i'tis.) [L. palatum, 
palate; G. -itis, inflammation.] Uraniscon- 
itis; inflammation of the palate, 
pal&to. (It.) Palate. 
palatoglos'sal. [L. palatum, palate; G. glossa, 
tongue.] Pertaining to the palate and the 
tongue or to the palatoglossus muscle, 
palatog'nathous. [L. palatum, palate; 
gnathos, jaw.] Pertaining to the palate and 
the jaw. 
pal'atograph. [L. palatum, palate; grapho, 
I write.] An instrument recording the 
movements of the uvula in speaking and 
breathing. 
palatomax'illary. Pertaining to the palate 
and the maxilla. 
palatona'sal. Pertaining to the palate and 
the nasal fossae. 
palatopharyn'geal. Pertaining to the palate 
and the pharynx. 
pal'atoplasty. [L. palatum, palate; G. plasso, 
I form.] Uranoplasty, 
palatople'gia. [L. palatum, palate; G. plege, 
stroke.] Paralysis of the soft* palate; 
uranoplegia. 
palator'rhaphy. [L. palatum, palate; G. 
rhaphe, suture.] Uranorrhaphy, 
palatoschisis ( pal-a-tos'ki-sis). [L. palatum, 
palate; G. schisis, fissure.] Uranoschisis. 
palatostaphyU'nus. [L. palatum, palate; 
staphyle, uvula.] A bundle of muscular 
fibers from the tensor veli palatini joining 
the uvular muscle. 
pala'tum. [L.] Palate; the concave elliptical 
plate of bone which forms the roof of the 
mouth; it is made up of the palatine 
processes of the maxillae and the horizontal 
parts of the pyramidal processes of the 
palate bones, p. durum, hard palate, p. 
molle, the soft palate, velum palati, velum 
pendulum palati, the posterior muscular 
part of the palate; it forms an incomplete 
septum between the mouth and the 
pharynx and between the pharynx and 
the nasal fossae. See palate. 
palla'dium. Symbol Pd, atomic weight 106.7. 
A metallic element resembling platinum, 
pal'liate. [L. palliare, to cloak.] To mitigate 
without curing; to relieve slightly, 
pal'lor. [L.] Paleness, 
palm-and-thumb grasp. See grasp. 
palm thrust grasp. See grasp. 
pal'mar. [L. palmaris—palma.] Pertaining 
or corresponding to the palm of the hand; 
volar. 
pal'pable. [L. palpabilis—palpare, to feel, 
stroke.] Capable of being touched or felt; 
easily perceptible; noticeable; manifest, 
pal'pebra, pi. pal'pebrae. [L.] Eyelid, 
palpita'tion. [L. palpitare, to throb.] Violent 
pulsation of the heart; fluttering, 
palsy (pal'zi). Paralysis. Bell’s p., facial 
paralysis. 
pan-. [G. pas (pan-), all.] A prefix mean- 
ing all, every, entire, 
pan, pickling. See pickling-pan. 
Pancoast’s operation for excision of the 
mandibular nerve. Performed through 
an external incision and excision of the 
coronoid process of the mandible, thus 
gaining access to the nerve, 
pancreas (pan'kre-as). A large gland dis- 
charging into the intestine—called sweet- 
bread when used as food, 
pancreat'ic. Pertaining to the pancreas, 
p. juice, the external secretion of the 
pancreas. 
pancreatin, pancreatinum (pan'kre-a-tin, 
pan-kre-a-te'num). A mixture, in the form 
of a cream-colored powder, of the enzymes 
from the hog or ox, employed as a digestive. 
Pandori'na. A genus of flagellate protozoans 
in small spherical colonies, 
panglos'sia. [G. pan-, all; glossa, tongue.] 
Chattering loquacity or garrulity, particu- 
larly of the insane, 
pa'nis. [L.] Bread. 
pansinusitis (pan-si-nus-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
pan-, all; L. sinus; G. -itis, inflammation.] 
Inflammation of all the various sinuses of 
the nose on either or both sides, 
papa'in. A digestive ferment similar to pep- 
sin, obtained from Carica papaya, the fruit 
of the papaw. 
Papa'ver. [L.] Poppy from which the opi- 
ates are derived. PAPAYA 
250 
PARALYSIS 
papa'ya. Papaw; carica; juice from the fruit 
of a tropical American tree which is em- 
ployed in indigestion, 
p&pila dentaria. [Sp.] Dental papilla, 
papilla. [L., a nipple.] Mamilla; the nipple 
of the breast; any nipple-like projection on 
a bone. p. dentis, the dentin papilla, a 
projection of the connective tissue of the 
jaw into the cup of the enamel organ, 
which later forms the substantia eburnea 
or dentin of the tooth, p. filiformis, one of 
the many elongated conical projections on 
the dorsum, sides and tip of the tongue, p. 
foliata, one of the many projections on the 
lateral margins of the tongue directly in 
front of the anterior pillars of the fauces, 
arranged in several transverse folds, rudi- 
mentary in man. p. fungiformis, one of 
many small projections on the sides and 
tip of the tongue, being broader at the top 
than at the base; they have a resemblance 
to a mushroom, p. fusiformis, one of the 
papillae on the anterior part of the dorsum 
of the tongue, p. incisiva, p. palatina, a 
slight elevation at the anterior extremity 
of the raphe of the palate, p. lingualis, 
one of the many variously shaped projec- 
tions of the corium of the mucous mem- 
brane of the dorsum of the tongue, p. 
palatina, p, incisiva. p. vallata, one of the 
vallate or circumvallate papillae, there 
being eight or ten of them on the dorsum 
of the tongue; they form a row anterior to 
and parallel with the sulcus terminalis. 
pap'illary. Pertaining to, resembling or 
having papillae. 
Papille. [Ger.] Papilla, 
papillo'ma. Hypertrophy of the papillae of 
mucous or cutaneous surfaces, 
pap'ula. [L.] Pimple; papule, 
para-. [G. para, beside.] A prefix meaning 
alongside of, beside, against, close to, amiss, 
para-acetphenetidin (par-a-a-set-fen-et'i- 
din). Phenacetin; acetphenetidinum. 
par'acone. [G. para, beside; konos, cone.] 
The mesiobuccal cusp of a maxillary molar 
tooth. 
paracon'id. The mesiobuccal cusp of a man- 
dibular molar tooth. 
paracre'sol. An isomeric cresol, a solid melt- 
ing at 36° C. and boiling at 198° C. 
paracres'ylol. Cresol. 
paradental (p&r-a-den'tal). [G. para, beside; 
L. dens, tooth.] By the side of a tooth; 
near a tooth. Noting lesions of the invest- 
ing tissues of the tooth, sueh us gingivitis, 
alveolar affections, etc., in contradistinc- 
tion to lesions of the teeth themselves, such 
as caries, abrasion, erosion, etc. 
paraffin (par'a-fen). [L. parum, little; affinis, 
having affinity.] Paraffinum, a white, 
crystalline, solid hydro-carbon; one of the 
methane series of acylic hydrocarbons, 
paraffin pros'the sis. The filling in of sunken 
tissues, as the cheeks, nose or other parts 
of the face, with paraffin, to round out 
deficiency of structure, 
paraffinum (par-a-fe'num). [L. parum, little; 
affinis, related.] Paraffin; paraffinum 
durum; a mixture of solid hydrocarbons 
of the methane series, colorless, tasteless 
and odorless and of a waxy feel, and used 
in melted form to fill defects, as of the nose, 
sunken cheeks, etc. 
parageusia (par-a-jo'si-a). [G. para, beside; 
geusis, taste.] Perverted or disordered 
sense of taste. 
parageusic (par-a-jo'sik). Having a dis- 
ordered sense of taste; pertaining to para- 
geusia. 
paraglos'sa. [G. para, beside; glossa, tongue.] 
Swelling of the tongue.. 
paraglos'sia. Inflammation of the tissues 
about the tongue. 
paragnathus (par-ag-nath'us). [G. para, be- 
side; gnathos, jaw.] A monster with an 
accessory mandible, 
parallel'odrill. See Chayes. 
parallelom'eter. An instrument for ascer- 
taining that the opposite sides of parallel 
lines, curves or surfaces are equal. See 
Chayes. 
paral'ysis. [G. paralyein, to loosen or disable 
at the side.] Palsy; acinesia; akinesia; 
abolition or impairment of function, physi- 
cal or mental, especially loss of the power 
of voluntary movement or sensation, 
bulbar p., progressive bulbar paralysis, 
facial p., prosoplegia, prosopoplegia, mimic 
paralysis; if on one side, hemiprosoplegia, 
Bell’s palsy. glossolabiopharyngeal p., 
progressive bulbar p., glossolabiolaryn- 
geal p., Duchenne’s paralysis, a progres- 
sive paralysis and atrophy of the tongue, 
lips, palate, pharynx and larynx, due to 
atrophic degeneration of the nuclei in the 
medulla oblongata, which supplies the 
muscles of these parts; it usually occurs 
only late in life, labial p., bulbar paralysis, 
onesided p., hemiplegia, hemiplexia, semi- 
sideratio. p. of the larynx, laryngoparal- 
ysis, laryngoplegia. p, of the pharynx, PARALYTIC 
251 
PARTURITION 
pharyngolysis, pharyngoparalysis, pharyn- 
goplegia. p. of the tongue, glossoplegia. 
pseudobulbar p., a paralysis of the lips and 
tongue, similar to the progressive type, 
but not caused by any cerebral lesion, 
paralyt'ic. Pertaining to paralysis. One 
stricken with paralysis, 
paralyzant (p&r-a-li'zant). An agent that 
causes paralysis. 
Parame'cium. [G. paramekes, rather long.] 
A genus of infusorians of elongated form, 
some being of such size as to be visible to 
the naked eye. 
paraneph'rin. See epinephrin. 
paraplegia (par-a-ple'ji-a). [G. para, beside; 
plege, a stroke.] Paralysis of both legs and 
more or less of the trunk, 
parasite (par'a-sit). [G. parasitos, a guest.] 
An organism, animal or vegetable, which 
lives in, on or with another (called the 
host) at whose expense it obtains its food 
or shelter. 
parasitol'ogy. [G. parasitos, a parasite; 
-logia, treatise.] The science which deals 
with parasites. 
par'astyle. Zool., a small cusp just anterior 
to the paracone. 
paratyp'ical. [G. para, beside; typos, type.] 
Deviating from type or from the normal, 
parax'ial. [G. para, beside; axis.] By the 
side of the axis. 
parenchyma (par-en-kl'ma). [G. parenched, 
I pour in beside.] The specific tissue of an 
organ or gland which is contained in and 
is supported by the connective tissue 
framework. 
parenchymateuse. [Fr.] Parenchymatous, 
parenchy'matous. Pertaining to paren- 
chyma. 
paresis (par'e-sis or pa-re'sis). [G. para, be- 
side; hiemi, relax.] Partial paralysis; 
motor paralysis, general p., dementia 
paralytica. 
par'ies, pi. pari'etes. [L., wall.] A wall, as 
of the abdomen, the chest, or of any hollow 
organ. 
Paris green. Acetoarsenite of copper. 
Paris, plaster of. See gypsum. 
Paris white. Prepared chalk, 
parksite. Zylonite. 
parodon'tid. [G. para, beside; odous, tooth.] 
A tumor of the gum; epulis, 
parodontitis (par-5-don-te'tis or ti'tis). [G. 
para, beside; odous, tooth; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] See pyorrhea. 
parois alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar process. 
parot'id. [G. para, beside; ous, ear.] Situ- 
ated near the ear. p. fascia, a part of the 
deep cervical fascia surrounding the 
parotid gland. 
parotidectomy. [G. parotis; ektome, exci- 
sion.] Removal or excision of the parotid 
gland. 
parotidite. [Fr.] Parotiditis, 
parotiditis (par-ot-i-de'tis or di'tis). Inflam- 
mation of the parotid gland; mumps; 
parotitis, epidemic p., mumps, 
parotidoscirrhus (par-ot-i-do-skir'us or 
sir'us). Hardening of the parotid gland; 
parotidosclerosis; a scirrhous cancer of 
the parotid region. 
parotidosclerosis (par-ot-i-do-skle-ro'sis). [G. 
parotis, parotid gland; sklerosis, harden- 
ing.] Fibrous hardening of the parotid 
gland. 
paro'tis. The parotid gland, 
parotitis (par-6-te'tis or ti'tis). Parotiditis; 
mumps. 
paroxysm (par'oks-ism.) A convulsion; 
spasm; -a fit of acute pain or a sudden 
onset of a disease or any symptom, 
par'rot-jaw. Excessive protrusion of the 
maxillae. 
par'rot-mouth. A retraction of the mandible 
in the horse. 
pars. [L.] A part or portion, p. horizon- 
talis, horizontal part, or plate, of the 
palate bone. p. nasa'lis, nasal portion 
of the temporal bone. p. orbita'lis, 
orbital portion of the frontal bone, 
p. perpendicula'ris, perpendicular part or 
vertical plate of the palate bone, 
partial (par'shal). [L. partialis—pars, a 
part.] Pertaining to or consisting of a 
part only; incomplete, 
partial denture service. [William Ernest 
Cummer, Canadian prosthodontist, 1879, 
and Finis Ewing Roach, American pros- 
thodontist, 1866.] In view of the formative 
period of the nomenclature of partial 
denture service, we have deviated from 
the usual plans of dictionary construction. 
All the terms specially pertaining to this 
subject, as recommended by Drs. Cummer 
and Roach, are grouped under one head 
in a supplementary department.—Ed. 
particle (par'ti-kl). [L. particula, dim. of 
pars, part.] A small portion or part, 
parturition (par-tu-rish'un). [L. parturire, 
to desire to bring forth.] Act of bringing 
forth young; delivery; childbirth; travail; 
labor. PARULIS 
252 
PEDIADONTOLOGY 
parulis (pa-ro'lis). [G. para, beside; oulon, 
gum.] A gumboil. 
Parvicini’s lingual nerve operation. No 
external incision is made, the mucous 
membrane is incised along the ascending 
ramus of the mandible, distal to the third 
molar, the internal pterygoid muscle is 
elevated, and the nerve exposed. 
Pascal's law. [Blaise Pascal, French 
mathematician.] The principle in physics 
that the pressure in a fluid not acted on 
by external forces is transmitted equally 
in all directions. 
pas'sage. [L. passare, to pass.] The act of 
passing; course; duct, channel, pore or 
opening; a discharge, as of urine or from 
the bowels. 
passen. [Ger.] To fit; to try on. 
pass'ive. [L. passivus—pati, to endure, to 
suffer.] Unresisting; submissive; yielding; 
inactive; suffering, 
pas'ta. [L.] Paste. 
paste (past). [L. pasta.] A semisolid com- 
pound soft enough to flow slowly, arsen- 
ical p., an escharotic, a compound of 
arsenious acid, usually also containing 
sulphate of morphia, made into a paste 
with creosote, lanolin or other substance, 
pasteurization (pas-tur-i-za'shun). [Louis 
Pasteur.] A process for preventing or 
checking fermentation in milk, wine, etc., 
by exposure to a temperature of 158° F. 
patch. A small area varying in color or 
substance from the surrounding surface, 
patel'la. [L., a small plate.] The large 
sesamoid bone of the knee; kneecap; 
kneepan. 
path. See condyle path and incisor path. 
pathfinder. Trade name of an instrument 
for finding and tracing the finest of root- 
canals. 
pathodon'tia. [G. pathos, disease; odous, 
tooth.] That branch of dentistry which 
has for its purpose the study and treatment 
of diseases of the teeth. [ADA.] 
pathogen'esis. [G. pathos, suffering; genesis, 
origin.] The manner of development or 
origin of any morbid process or disease, 
pathological (path-6-loj'i-kal). Pertaining 
to pathology; diseased; morbid; caused 
by disease. 
pathol'ogist. One skilled in pathology; one 
who specializes in the study of the morbid 
changes connected with disease, 
pathol'ogy. [G. pathos, suffering; -logia, 
treatise.] That branch of medical science 
which treats of morbid conditions, their 
causes, symptoms, etc. This term is 
being used to indicate a disease or patho- 
logic condition, which use is confusing, 
unnecessary, and undesirable. [ADA.] 
dental p., the branch of dental science 
dealing with the diseases of the teeth, 
oral p., the branch of dental science dealing 
with the diseases of the mouth, 
pat'tern. A term applied to the form of 
vacuum- or air-chamber metal, which is 
made in various shapes or patterns; the 
matrix for an inlay. 
pavement (pav'ment). [L. pavimentum— 
pavire, to ram down.] Any structure 
having a likeness to a pavement or tiled 
floor, p. epithelium, tesselated epithe- 
lium, flattened epithelial cells arranged 
with edges placed together so as to form 
a more or less extensive membrane-like 
structure. 
pawl (pal). A pivoted tongue or sliding 
bolt; a part adapted to fall into notches 
or interdental spaces on another part, 
governing the application of force in 
orthodontic appliances, 
paynex. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a desensitizer of hypersensitive dentin 
in cavity preparation. 
Pb. Chemical symbol for plumbum, lead. 
P.B.A. Pulpobuccoaxial. 
PbS. Galena, native sulphid of lead. 
P.D. Pulpodistal. 
Pd. Chemical symbol for palladium. 
P.D.A. Protective Dental Association, 
pearl. A hard mass formed around a grain 
of sand or other foreign body inclosed 
within the shell of certain mollusks; a small 
tough mass of mucus expelled in the 
sputum in asthma; a small, hollow 
sphere of thin glass in which amyl nitrate 
or other fluid is contained and which is 
crushed or broken in the handkerchief 
and its contents inhaled, 
pebeco. Trade name of a dentifrice. 
Peck’s casting investment. Trade name of a 
compound which resists extreme heat and 
withstands strong pressure, 
pec'tus, gen. pec'toris, pi. pec'tora. [L.] The 
chest; the thorax, particularly the anterior 
wall; the breast. 
ped'al. Pertaining to the feet or any struc- 
ture referred to as pes. 
pediadon'tia. (Obs.) See pedodontia. 
pediadon'tist. See pedodontist. 
pediadontol'ogy. See pedodontia. PERCHLORlf) 
PEDIATRIC 
253 
pediatric (pe-di-kt'rik). [G. pais, child; 
iatrikos, relating to medicine.] Pertaining 
to the medical treatment of children, 
ped'icle (ped'i-kl). [L. pediculus, dim. of pes, 
foot.] A small, short stalk; a pedicel or 
peduncle; a stem or constricted portion; 
the stalk or attachment of a nonsessile 
tumor. 
pediodon'tia. See pedodontia. 
pedodon'tia. [G. pais, child; odous, tooth.] 
/ That branch of dentistry which has for its 
purpose the study and treatment of 
children’s teeth and mouth conditions. 
[ASP.] Term adopted in July, 1922. 
Pedodontics. 
pedodon'tics. Pedodontia. 
• pedodon'tist. One who is skilled in the treat- 
ment of children’s teeth and mouth con- 
ditions. « 
pedodont'ology. See pedodontia. 
pedol'ogy. [G. pais, child; -logia, treatise.] 
The branch of science having to do with 
the study of children in their mental, 
physical and social development, 
pedon'tia. See pedodontia. 
peduncle (pe'dung-kl). [L. pedunculus, dim. 
of pes, foot.] A pedicle, pedicel, stalk or 
stem serving as the attachment of a non- 
sessile tumor. 
pedun'culus, pi. pedun'culi. [L., dim. of pes, 
foot.] Peduncle. 
peerless composition. Trade name of a make 
of artificial teeth. 
Peeso’s root-reamers. A set of three instru- 
ments for preparing roots for the Rich- 
mond and other crowns which do not have 
tapered pins. Designed by Dr. F. A. Peeso. 
pel'ican. A formerly used instrument for the 
extraction of teeth, so named from the 
fancied resemblance of its beak to that of 
the pelican. 
pel'let. A small pill; a granule; a minute 
pill; a small mass of gold foil, tin foil, or 
the two combined, rolled into a globule 
and thus used for filling, 
pellicle (pel'i-kl). [L. pellicula, dim. of 
pellis, skin.] Cuticle; a thin skin or film, 
pellucid (pel-lo'sid). [L. per, through; 
lucere, to shine.] Translucent, 
pel'vis. [L., basin.] The massive cup- 
shaped bone, with its ligaments, at the 
lower extremity of the trunk of the body, 
formed of the innominate bone or os 
coxae on either side and in front, and the 
fifth lumbar vertebra, sacrum and coccyx 
posteriorly. 
pen grasp. See grasp. 
pen'dulous. [L. pendulus—pendere, to hang.] 
Hanging loosely; oscillating, p. palate, 
velum pendulum palati. 
penetol'ogy. The science of radiant energy, 
pen'etrate. [L. penetrare, to enter.] To 
pierce or perforate; to pass into a cavity or 
into the deeper tissues, 
penetra'tion. A term used to indicate the 
penetrating power of x-rays, 
pe'nis. [L.] The organ of copulation in the 
male. 
pen'nate. [L. penna, feather.] Feathered; 
penniform; shaped like a feather; divided 
into leaflets. 
pen'nyweight. A Troy weight—1/20 ounce 
or 24 grains. 
pen'tad. [G. pente, five.] A collection of five 
things related in some manner; a quin- 
quevalent element. 
pen'tal. A liquid, colorless and volatile, 
having an odor of mustard—a general 
anesthetic; a pure form of amylene. 
pentox'id. [G. pente, five.] Oxid containing 
five atoms of oxygen. 
pep'sin. [G. pepsis, digestion.] A digestive 
ferment or enzyme in the gastric juice 
which changes proteins into proteoses and 
peptones; pepsinum. 
pepsin'ogen. An enzyme, present in the 
peptic cells of the stomach, which is 
changed into pepsin. 
pepsinum (pep-se'num or pep-si'num). Pep- 
sin. 
pepsodent. Trade name of an antiseptic and 
germicidal, soapless dentifrice, 
peptone (pep'ton). [G. pepton, digesting.] 
A protein derivative formed by the process 
of digestion and a product of the action of 
the gastric and pancreatic juices upon 
native protein. 
per-. [L., through.] A prefix meaning 
through, intense, the highest of a series, 
per os. [L.] By or through the mouth, 
per primam or per primam intentionem (per 
pri'mam in-ten-shi-o'nem). [L.] By first 
intention (said of the manner in which a 
wound heals). 
per secundam or per secundam intentionem 
(per se-kun'dam in-ten-shi-6-nem). [L.] 
By second intention (said of the manner in 
which a wound heals). 
perarticula'tion. [L. per, through; articulus, 
joint.] Diarthrosis. 
perchlorid (per-klo'rid). A chlorid with the 
highest possible amount of chlorin. PERCOLATE 
254 
PERIODONTAL 
percolate (per'ko-lat), [L. per, through; 
colare, to filter.] To filter or strain; to 
pass through small spaces; to pass or seep 
through a porous substance or structure, 
percussion (per-kush'un). A process of 
diagnosis for ascertaining the density of a 
part by tapping the surface with the finger 
or a plessor. 
perennial (per-en'i-al). [L. perennis—per, 
through; annus, year.] Lasting several 
years. 
perfil. [Sp.] Profile. 
perfla'tion. [L. perflare, to blow through.] 
The act of blowing air into or through a 
cavity or canal for the purpose of expand- 
ing it or forcing apart its walls or to expel 
any pus or other matter contained there- 
in. 
perforated. Pierced through with one or 
more holes. 
pergenol (per'jen-ol). Trade name of a 
preparation of hydrogen peroxid. 
perhy'drol. Trade name of a preparation of 
hydrogen peroxid. 
peri-. [G., around.] A prefix meaning 
around, about. 
periap'ical. Around the apices of tooth-roots, 
periap'ical tissue. The investing tissue about 
the apex of the root of a tooth, 
periarthrite alveolo-dentaire. [Fr.] Alveolo- 
dental periarthritis; pyorrhea, 
periarthri'tis. [G. peri, around; arthron, joint; 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
tissues about a joint. 
pericar'diac, pericar'dial. [G- peri, around; 
kardia, heart.] Pertaining to the peri- 
cardium ; surrounding the heart, 
pericarditis (per-i-kar-de'tis or dl'tis). A 
condition in which the pericardium is 
inflamed. 
pericardium (per-i-kar'di-um). [L.—G. per- 
ikardios, around the heart.] The fibroser- 
ous membrane that surrounds the heart 
and forms the beginning of the great 
vessels. 
pericemental (per'i-se-menfal). Pertaining 
to the pericementum. p. alveoli'tis, 
phageden'ic, see pyorrhea, p. suppura'tion, 
see pyorrhea. 
pericementite. [Fr.] Pericementitis; pyor- 
rhea. p. calcique hematogenique, san- 
guineous calcic pericementitis; pyorrhea, 
p. goutteuse, gouty pericementitis; pyor- 
rhea. 
pericementitis (per-i-se-men-te'tis or ti'tis). 
Periodontitis; inflammation of a chronic 
nature resulting in the gradual absorp- 
tion of the alveolar processes; Fauchard’s 
disease. See pyorrhea. 
pericementocla'sia. Breaking down of the 
pericementum and formation of pus- 
pockets; pyorrhea alveolaris. [AAP.] 
pericementum (per'i-se-men'tum). [G. peri, 
around; L. cementum, cement.] Perio- 
dontal membrane; periodontium, 
pericla'sia. [G. peri, around; klasis, breaking 
down.] Used as a shortening for con- 
venience of periodontoclasia. Should be 
used with a qualifying word, as in itself 
it does not mean anything in particular. 
[ADA.] See periodontoclasia and peri- 
dontoclasia. 
periden'tal. [G. peri, around; L. dens, 
tooth.] See periodontal. 
peridentite. [Fr.] Peridentitis; pyorrhea, 
peri'dentitis, suppurative p. See pyorrhea. 
periden'tium. Periosteum; pericementum; 
dental periosteum. See periodontium. 
peridontocla'sia. Breaking down of the 
periodontium; periclasia. [AAP.] 
periglot'tic. [G. peri, around; glossa, tongue.] 
Around the tongue, particularly the base 
of the tongue and the epiglottis, 
periglot'tis. [G. peri, around; glossa, tongue.] 
The mucous membrane of the tongue, 
perilaryn'geal. Surrounding the larynx, 
perilaryngitis (per i-lar-in-je'tis or jl'tis). 
[G. peri, around; larynx; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A condition in which the tissues 
around the larynx are inflamed, 
perine'um. The external base or surface 
of the perineal body, lying between the 
scrotum and the anus in the male and the 
vulva and the anus in the female, 
perineu'ral meth'od. In local anesthesia, 
one producing anesthesia of a nerve 
trunk by injecting the solution into the 
immediate region of the nerve; indirect 
method. 
perineu'rium. [G. peri, around; neuron, 
nerve.] The connective tissue sheath 
which surrounds a nerve, 
pe'riod. [G. periodos, a circle—peri, around; 
hodos, way.] Interval of time; a certain 
duration or division of time; a stage of a 
disease, as the period of incubation, period 
of convalescence, etc. 
periodicity (pe-ri-6-dis'i-ti). The state or 
quality of being periodical; tendency to 
occur at regular intervals, 
periodon'tal. [G. peri, around; odous, 
tooth.] Relating to the alveolodental PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE 
255 
PERLECHE 
ligament. To be used in preference to 
peridental. [ADA.] Relating to, or 
consisting of, the membrane covering 
the root of the tooth and lining the alveolar 
wall. See periodontium. 
periodon'tal mem'brane and gin'givae, fibers 
of the. See fibers, indefinite connective 
tissue of the p. m., the supporting con- 
nective tissue enmeshing the blood-vessels 
and nerves of the periodontal membrane, 
periodon'tia. [G. peri, around; odous, tooth.] 
That branch of dentistry which has for 
its purpose the study and treatment of 
diseases occurring around the teeth and 
their roots. [ADA.] A specialty devoted 
to the treatment of abnormal conditions 
in the tissues surrounding the roots of the 
teeth. The practice of correcting dis- 
turbances of the periodontium. [AAP.] 
periodon'tic. Pertaining to periodontia or 
periodontology. 
periodon'tist. One who is skilled in the 
treatment of diseases occurring around the 
teeth and their roots. 
periodontite. [Fr.] Periodontitis; pyorrhea. 
p. expulsive, expulsive periodontitis, 
periodonti'tis. Inflammation of the perio- 
dontium or periodontal membrane; alveolar 
periostitis. See pyorrhea. 
periodon'tium. The periodontal membrane, 
alveolodental membrane, dental peri- 
osteum, pericementum; the membrane 
covering the root of the tooth and lining 
the alveolar wall. [The pericementum, 
and all investing structures of the teeth. 
AAP.] 
periodontocla'sia. [G. peri, around; odous, 
tooth; klasis, a breaking down.] The 
destructive degeneration of the tissues 
about the root of a tooth. Substituted for 
pyorrhea alveolaris; Riggs' disease; inter- 
stitial gingivitis. [ADA.] See periclasia. 
periodontokla'sia. See periodontoclasia. 
periodontologie. [Fr.] Periodontology (ap- 
plied to pyorrhea). 
periodontol'ogy. [G. peri, around; odous, 
tooth; -logia, science.] Study of the tissues 
about the teeth. [AAP.] See periodontia. 
perio'ral. Around the mouth; peristomatous, 
per'iost. Periosteum. 
perioste. [Fr.] Periosteum, p. dentaire, 
dental periosteum. 
perios'teal. Pertaining to the periosteum, 
periostei'tis. Periostitis. den'tal p., see 
pyorrhea. 
periosteo alveolo-dentario. [Sp.] Alveolo- 
dental periosteum; the investing mem- 
brane of the root of a tooth, 
periosteo'ma. [G. peri, around; osteon, bone; 
-oma, tumor.] A tumor of the periosteum; 
a tumor surrounding a bone, 
perios'teophyte. [G. phyton, growth.] A 
neoplasm of the periosteum; periosteoma, 
periosteo'sis. The formation of a peri- 
osteoma. 
perios'teotome. [G. periosteon, periosteum; 
tomos, cutting.] A knife in the form of a 
scalpel for cutting the periosteum, 
periosteot'omy. The act of cutting through 
the periosteum to the bone, 
perios'teous. Periosteal, 
perios'teum. [G. peri, around; osteon, bone.] 
The thick fibrous membrane which covers 
the entire surface of a bone except the 
articular cartilage, p. alveolaris, peri- 
odontium. 
periostitis. Inflammation of the periosteum, 
periosto'ma. Periosteoma, 
periosto'sis. See periosteosis. 
periostostei'tis. Inflammation of the bone 
including the periosteum, 
peripheral. Peripheric; pertaining to or lo- 
cated at the periphery. 
perisinuitis (per-i-sin-u-e'tis or i'tis). In- 
flammation surrounding a sinus, as the 
maxillary sinus. 
peris'sad. [G. perissos, uneven.] An element 
of uneven valence; a pentad, monad or 
triad. 
peristal'sis. [G. peri, around; stalsis, con- 
striction.] The vermiform or worm-like 
movement of the intestine or other similar 
structures. 
peristaphyline (per-i-staf'i-len). [G. peri, 
around; staphyle, uvula.] Around the 
uvula; periuvular. 
peristo'ma. [G. peri, around; stoma, mouth.] 
Around the mouth; the lips, 
peritone'um. [L.—G. peritonaion—peri- 
teino, I stretch over.] The thin serous sac 
lining the abdominal cavity and covering 
most of the viscera contained therein, 
peritonitis (per-i-ton-e'tis or i'tis). A condi- 
tion in which the peritoneum is inflamed, 
periu'vular. Peristaphyline. 
perleche (per-lesh'). [Fr. per, intensive; 
Ibcher, to lick.] A contagious disease which 
causes the corners of the mouth to become 
inflamed, with an accumulation of whitish 
macerated epithelium, similar to a diph- 
theritic pseudomembrane; it occurs princi- 
pally among children in institutions. PERMANENT 
256 
PETROSALPINGOSTAPHYLINUS 
per'manent. [L. per, through; manere, to 
remain.] Enduring; continuing in the 
same state, p. teeth, the teeth of the sec- 
ond dentition. 
perman'ganate. A salt derived from per- 
manganic acid. 
permangan'ic acid. An acid derived from 
manganese, forming permanganates with 
bases. 
per'meable. [L. permeare, to pass through.] 
That may be passed through; permitting 
the passage of fluids. 
pernicious (per-nish'us). [L. perniciosus, 
destructive.] Destructive; highly in- 
jurious; noting a disease of a severe 
character and usually fatal; harmful. 
perox'id. The oxid of any series which con- 
tains the greatest number of oxygen atoms. 
perox'ol. Hydrogen peroxid combined with 
a camphor. 
Perry’s separators. [Safford G. Perry, 
American dentist.] A set of small but 
strong devices, consisting of two clamps 
which fit at the necks of the teeth; they 
are connected by two bars the threaded 
ends of which pass through female screws 
in the clamps; turning the bars causes the 
clamps to closely hug the teeth and to 
move them laterally from each other. 
P.’s hot-air syringe, designed for forcing 
heated air into a cavity for the purpose of 
desiccation. 
personal equation (per'sun-al e-kwfi'shun). 
[L. persona, a mask used by players; equus, 
even.] Noting a condition in which all 
persons are equal in ability to perform the 
same or a similar task, but impaired or 
qualified by a difference in mental or 
physical attributes. Hence the perform- 
ance of dental operations, on the part of 
equally competent men, leading to differ- 
ent results, is attributed to a personal 
equation. 
perspira'tion. [L. perspiratio.] Excretion 
of fluid by the pores of sweat-glands of the 
skin. 
persul'phate. A sulphate which contains 
more molecules of sulphuric acid than any 
other sulphate of a series. 
persulphid (per-sul'fid). A sulphid which 
contains a greater number of atoms of 
sulphur than any other sulphid of a 
series. 
pertussis (per-tus'is). [L. per, very (in- 
tensive) ; tussis, cough.] Whooping-cough. 
Peru'vian bark. Cinchona. 
perver'sion. Noting an impacted tooth lying 
in an abnormal plane. [ASO.] 
per'vious. [L. pervius—per, through; via, a 
way.] Capable of admitting or giving 
passage to anything, such as heat, light, 
moisture, etc.; permeable, 
pes, gen. pe'dis, pi. pe'des. [L.] The foot, 
or any foot-like structure; any basal 
structure or part. 
pes'tilence. [L. pestilentia.] The plague; an 
epidemic of any contagious or infectious 
disease. 
pes'tis. [L.] Plague. 
pestle (pes'l). [L. pistillum.] An instru- 
ment shaped like a small club, with one 
rounded and weighted end, employed in 
pounding and breaking substances in a 
mortar. 
petites molaires. [Fr.] Bicuspids, 
petrifac'tion. [L. petra, rock; facere, to 
make.] Changing into stone; calcification; 
fossilization. 
pet'rolate. Petrolatum, 
petrolatum (pe-trd-la'tum). Vaseline, petro- 
leum jelly, paraffin jelly, cosmoline, paraf- 
finum molle; a mixture of a yellowish 
color, one of the softer members of the 
methane or paraffin series of hydrocarbons, 
used as a soothing application to burns and 
skin abrasions, also as a base for oint- 
ments. p. al'bum, white vaseline, white 
petrolatum, composed of the same sub- 
stance as petrolatum except that care is 
taken in preparing it to keep it colorless, 
p. liq'uidum, liquid vaseline, paraffin oil, 
liquid petrolatum, liquid paraffin, para- 
ffinum liquidum; used as a vehicle for 
drugs to be applied by a vaporizer to 
mucous membranes. 
petro'leum. [L. petra, rock; oleum, oil.] 
Coal*oil, rock oil, mineral oil; a mixture of 
liquid hydrocarbons taken from the earth 
in various parts of the world; it is employed 
for lighting and heating purposes and is 
a source of vaseline, gasoline, naphtha, 
etc. 
petromas'toid. Pertaining to both the 
petrous and mastoid portions of the tem- 
poral bone, which usually join at birth, 
forming the petromastoid bone, 
petrosa (pe-tro'sa). The petrous portion of 
the temporal bone, crusta p., see crusta. 
petrosalpingostaphyli'nus. [L. petrosa, pet- 
rous portion of the temporal; G. salpinx, 
trumpet (Eustachian tube); staphyle, 
uvula.] Musculus levator veli palatini. PETROSELINUM 
257 
PHARYNGOORAL 
petroselinum (pet-ro-se-ll'num). Parsley 
fruit, the dried ripe fruit of P. sativum, 
pet'rosite. Trade name of a powder which 
when mixed with water produces a hard, 
fire-proof cast. 
petrosphe'noid. Pertaining to the petrous 
portion of the temporal bone and to the 
sphenoid bone. 
petrostaphyli'nus. [G. petra, stone; staphyle, 
uvula.] Musculus levator veli palatini, 
petrous (pet'rus, pe'trus). [G. petra, a rock.] 
Stony; resembling stone; pertaining to the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone; 
petrosal, p. bone, petrous portion of the 
temporal bone. p. gan'glion, the inferior 
ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve, 
p. por'tion, a three-sided pyramidal pro- 
jection from the inner surface of the tem- 
poral bone in which the structures of the 
internal ear are contained; it is usually 
joined with the mastoid portion at birth, 
pew'ter. Alloy of tin and lead, sometimes 
with a trace of antimony or copper, mak- 
ing a low-fusing solder. 
Peyer’s glands. Noduli lymphatici solitarii. 
P.’s patches or plaques, noduli lymphatici 
aggregati. 
Pflaster. [Ger.] Plaster. [tration. 
pH or pH. Abbr. for hydrogen ion concen- 
phagedena (fa-je-de'na). [G. phagedaina, a 
canker—phago, I eat.] A sloughing ulcer 
of a widely spreading nature, p. oris, 
gangrene of the mouth. p. trop'ica, 
tropical ulcer. slough'ing p., hospital 
gangrene. 
phagedenic (fa-je-den'ic). Pertaining to or 
having the characteristics of phagedena, 
p. gingivitis, rapid ulcerative inflammation; 
trenchmouth. [AAP.] p. pericemental 
alveolitis, p. pericementitis, destructive 
inflammation of the periodontal membrane. 
See pyorrhea. 
phagedenique. [Fr.] Phagedena; pyorrhea, 
phagocyte (fag'o-sit). [G. phago, I eat; 
kytos, cell.] A cell having the power of 
ingesting bacteria, other cells, foreign 
particles, etc. 
phagocy'toblast. [G. blastos, germ.] A 
primitive cell developing into a phagocyte, 
phagocyto'sis. The process of ingestion and 
digestion on the part of a cell, 
phagodynamometer (fa-gb-dl-na-mom'e-ter). 
[G. phago, I eat; dynamis, power; metron, 
measure.] An instrument for measuring 
the force exerted in crushing food during 
mastication. 
phagoma'nia. [G. phago, I eat; mania, 
frenzy.] Boulimia occurring in the insane, 
phalanx, pi. phalan'ges (fa'lanks, fal'&nks). 
[G., a line of soldiers.] One of the 14 long 
bones of the fingers or toes of each hand 
or foot, the thumb and great toe having 
two, and three each for the other four 
digits. 
phantom illustration. A picture in which the 
exterior is shown as transparent so as to 
disclose the interior. 
pharmaceutical (far-ma-so'ti-kal). [G. 
pharmakeutikos, relating to drugs.] Per- 
taining to pharmacy. 
phar'macist. [G. pharmakon, a drug.] A 
druggist; an apothecary; a pharmaceutist; 
one who prepares and dispenses drugs, 
pharmacology. [G. pharmakon, drug; -login, 
treatise.] The branch of science having to 
do with drugs in all their relations, 
pharmacope'dia, pharmacoped'ics. [G. 
pharmakon, a drug; paideia, instruction.] 
The teaching of pharmacy and pharma- 
codynamics. 
pharmacopeia (far'ma-ko-pe'a). [G. pharma- 
kon, a drug; poieo, I make.] An official 
publication containing a list of accepted 
drugs and established standards for their 
purity and strength, together with direc- 
tions for the preparation of medicine, etc. 
phar'macy. [G. pharmakon, drug.] The art 
of preparing and compounding drugs; an 
apothecary’s shop; a drugstore, 
pharyngoesophageal (far-ing-g5-e-s5-faj'e-al). 
Pertaining to the pharynx and the esopha- 
gus. 
pharyngoglos'sal. Pertaining to the pharynx 
and the tongue. 
pharyngoglos'sus. A part of the superior 
constrictor of the pharynx, consisting of a 
band of muscular fibers which run from 
the pharynx to the base of the nose, 
pharyngomax'illary. Pertaining to the 
pharynx and the maxilla, 
pharyngomyco'sis. [G. pharynx; mykes, a 
fungus.] A condition in which the mucous 
membrane of the pharynx becomes the 
seat of a fungus growth, Leptothrix bucca- 
lis. 
pharyngona'sal. Pertaining to the pharynx 
and the nasal fossae, p. cav'ity, the naso- 
pharynx, the rhinopharynx. 
pharyngooral (far-ing'go-o'ral). [G. pharynx; 
L. os, mouth.] Pertaining to the pharynx 
and the mouth or the passage from the 
mouth to the pharynx. PHARYNGOPALATINE 
258 
PHOSPHORIC ACID 
pharyngopalatine (far-ing'go-pal'a-tln). Per- 
taining to the pharynx and the palate, 
pharynx, gen. pharyn'gis (far-inks). [G., the 
throat.] The upper part of the digestive 
tube, situated between the esophagus be- 
low and the mouth and nasal cavities 
above and in front. na'sal p., naso- 
pharynx, rhinopharynx, pars nasalis 
pharyngis; the upper end of the pharynx 
above the soft palate; it opens anteriorly 
into the nasal cavities. o'ral p., oro- 
pharynx, pars oralis pharyngis; the part 
of the pharynx situated behind the mouth, 
between the soft palate above and the 
opening of the larynx below, 
phase (faz). [G. phasis, an appearance.] A 
stage in which a thing appears while under- 
going its process of change or development, 
phatne (fat'na). [G., manger, feeding- 
trough.] Dental alveolus; phatneon; socket 
of a tooth. 
phat'neon. Dental alveolus, 
phatnorrhagia (fat-nor-raj'i-a). [G. phatne, 
manger, alveolus; -rhagia.\ Alveolar hem- 
orrhage; profuse hemorrhage from the 
alveolus. 
phatnorrhea (fat-nor-re'a). [G. phatne, 
manger, alveolus; rhoia, a flow.] Pyorrhea 
alveolaris. 
phenacetin (fen-as'e-tin). Acetphenetidi- 
num; acetphenetidin. 
phe'nate. A salt of phenic acid; carbolate. 
phe'nic acid. Phenol; carbolic acid, 
phen'icate. To saturate or mix with phenic 
acid. 
phen'idin. Acetphenetidin. 
phenmeth'ylol. Phenyl carbinol, benzyl al- 
cohol; a substance used locally as an anti- 
septic. 
phenocre'osote. Trade name given a mix- 
ture of phenol and creosote, 
phe'nol. Phenic acid, carbolic acid, phenyl 
hydrate, phenyl alcohol, acidum carboli- 
cum; it comes in the form of colorless 
crystals and with the addition of 10 per- 
cent of water becomes liquid; disinfectant 
and antiseptic; used as an anesthetic and 
escharotic locally in concentrated form, 
p. liquefac'tum, acidum carbolicum lique- 
factum, a watery or aqueous solution con- 
taining 86.4 percent of pure phenol, 
phenol compound. Trade name of an ano- 
dyne, astringent and antiseptic succeda- 
neum for carbolic acid, 
phe'nolated. Carbolated; phenicated; sat- 
urated or mixed with phenol. 
phe'nolin. Trade name of a disinfectant 
containing cresol. 
phenolsulphon'ic acid. Acidum sulphocar- 
bolicum. 
phenomenon, pi. phenom'ena. [G. phai- 
nomenon—phaino, I show.] A symptom; 
a happening of any kind, in relation to any 
disease, whether usual or unusual, 
phenozygous (fe-noz'i-gus). [G. phaino, I 
show; zygon, yoke.] A skull having a 
narrow cranium as compared with the 
width of the face, so that the zygomatic 
arches are visible when viewed from above, 
phenyl'one. Antipyrin. 
phi'al. [G. phiale, a drinking-bowl.] Vial; 
a small glass bottle or vessel, 
phil'trum. [L., from G. philtron, a love- 
charm.] The groove in the midline of the 
upper lip; the infranasal depression, 
phlebitis (fle-be'tis or fle-bl'tis). [G. phleps, 
vein; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which a vein is inflamed, 
phlegm (flem). [G. phlegma, inflammation.] 
Mucus. 
phlegmat'ic. [G. phlegmatikos, relating to 
phlegm.] Unexcitable; apathetic; calm, 
phleg'mon. [G. phlegmone, inflammation.] 
A condition in which the subcutaneous 
connective tissue becomes the seat of an 
acute suppurative inflammation, 
phlogis'tic. [G. phlogistos, inflammable.] 
Inflammatory. 
pho'bia. [G. phobos, fear.] Any fear, dread 
or aversion that is unreasonable or of an 
insane nature. Combined as a suffix with 
words expressing the object which inspires 
the fear or aversion, e.g., odontophobia, 
fear of teeth. 
phonet'ic. [G. phonetikos.] Pertaining to 
speech or to the voice, 
phos'phate. A salt of phosphoric acid, 
phos'phid, phos'phide. A compound of 
phosphorus with another element, 
phos'phite. A salt of phosphorous acid, 
phosphorescence (fos-fo-res'ens). ]G. phos, 
light; phoros, bearer.] The emission of 
light without active combustion or without 
giving heat; luminosity, 
phosphor'ic acid. Acidum phosphoricum; an 
acid procured by the oxidation of phos- 
phorus, but usually from bones; phos- 
phoric acid occurs in several forms, the 
ordinary form being known also as ortho- 
phosphoric acid and distinguished in this 
way from metaphosphoric, monobasic or 
glacial phosphoric acid, a vitreous solid PHOSPHOROUS ACID 
259 PICKERILL’S IMBRICATION LINES 
soluble in water, and pyrophosphoric acid; 
anhydrous phosphoric acid is obtained by 
the complete combustion of phosphorus and 
is one of the ingredients of the oxyphos- 
phate plastics used for fillings and the 
attachment of crowns and bridges, 
phos'phorous acid. An acid in the form of a 
syrupy liquid; it combines with bases to 
form phosphites, which are called acid 
phosphites and neutral phosphites, ac- 
cording to the amount of the dibasic 
phosphorous acid present, 
phos'phorus. [G. phos, light; phoros, bear- 
er.] Symbol P, atomic weight 31. A 
nonmetallic chemical element which oc- 
curs extensively in nature, always com- 
bined with another element, and in many 
animal tissues—muscles, bone and nerves, 
amor'phous or red p., phosphorus of an 
allotropic form, produced by heating 
ordinary phosphorus without oxygen to 
500° F.; it becomes an amorphous dark red, 
non-poisonous mass or powder and is much 
less inflammable than ordinary phosphor- 
us; it may be reconverted to its natural 
form by heating to 850° F. in nitrogen gas. 
vit'reous p., ordinary semitranslucent, 
colorless phosphorus, 
phos'photal. Creosote phosphite, 
phos'phuret. Phosphide, 
phos'phureted. Compounded with phos- 
phorus. p. hydrogen, phosphin. 
phos'sy jaw. Necrosis of the jaw caused by 
phosphorus-poisoning. 
photomi'crograph. [G. phos, light; mikros, 
small; graphe, a record.] An enlarged 
microscopic photograph of an object; mi- 
crophotograph. 
pho'tophore. [G. phos, light; phoros, bear- 
er.] A lamp to which a reflector is at- 
tached, employed in laryngoscopy and 
generally in examining internal parts of 
the body. 
photoradiom'eter. [G. phos, light; L. radius, 
a ray; G. metron, measure.] An instru- 
ment employed to ascertain the penetrat- 
ing power of radium rays or Rontgen rays, 
pho'toscope. [G. phos, light; skoped, I view.] 
Fluoroscope; skiascope, 
photos'copy. Fluoroscopy; skiascopy, 
phrag'mos. A row of teeth, 
phren. [G. phren, the diaphragm, heart, seat 
of emotions, mind.] The diaphragm; the 
mind. 
phren'ic. Pertaining to the diaphragm or to 
the mind. 
phthisis (the'sis, thi'sis, te'sis, ti'sis). [G., a 
wasting.] A local or general wasting or 
atrophy; consumption; tuberculosis of the 
lungs. 
physic (fiz'ik). [G. physikos, natural.] The 
science of medicine or the art of healing; 
a medicine, particularly a cathartic, 
physical. Pertaining to the body, in con- 
tradistinction to mental, pertaining to the 
mind. p. diagno'sis, diagnosis made by 
means of inspection, auscultation, palpa- 
tion and percussion, p. signs, the symp- 
toms of disease perceived by the methods 
of physical diagnosis. 
physician (fi-zish'un). [Fr. physicien, a 
natural philosopher.] A medical man, a 
doctor, one who is fitted by knowledge and 
legally qualified to examine and treat the 
sick; a practitioner of medicine, 
physics (fiz'iks). [G. physika.] The branch 
of science having to do with the phenomena 
of matter, with the various processes mat- 
ter undergoes without changing or losing 
its chemical identity. 
physiognomy (fiz-i-og'no-mi). [G. physis, 
face; gnomon, indicator.] Expression of 
countenance; the face; art of knowing a 
person’s disposition from the features. 
The mouth is the part of principal interest 
to the dentist. “The mouth is the inter- 
preter of the mind and of the heart. It 
combines, both in a state of rest and in the 
infinite variety of its motions, a world of 
character. It is eloquent even in its 
silence.”—Lavater. 
physiol'ogist. One skilled in physiology, 
physiol'ogy. [G. physis, nature; -logia, 
treatise.] The science which treats of liv- 
ing things and of the vital functions per- 
formed by the organs of animals and 
plants. 
phyto-. [G. phyton, a plant.] A prefix mean- 
ing plant or concerning anything relating 
to plants. 
pia mater (pe'a ma/ter, pl'a ma/ter). [L. 
pius, tender; mater, mother.] A fibrous 
membrane of a delicate nature which 
closely envelops the brain and spinal cord, 
pian (pi-an' or pi'an). Yaws, 
piano wire. Steel string used in musical 
instruments. Piano wire is springy, 
elastic and strong, made in various sizes, 
and is used in orthodontic service, 
pic. A peak or projection, as a sharp-pointed 
cusp. 
Pickerill’s imbrication lines. Interruptions PICKLING-PAN 
260 
PIVOT 
of the secretive function of the amelo- 
blasts, leaving the horizontal imbrication 
lines on the surface of the enamel, 
pickling-pan. An earthen or copper vessel 
in which crowns, dentures and other 
metallic dental appliances are placed in 
sulphuric acid, and, with the application 
of slight heat, the fused borax and oxids 
which discolor their surfaces are removed, 
making them clean and bright, 
piece. The unit of one complete appliance 
or finished bridge, denture, crown, ortho- 
dontic appliance, etc.; a case, 
piece de prothese. [Fr.] Prosthetic piece 
(denture). 
pier (per). A support at either end of a 
bridgespan; the crown or root supporting 
the arch of a bridge, not at either end. 
pierband, the metal band fitted to a crown 
or a root which is to serve as the pier of a 
bridge. 
pieza de mano. [Sp.] Handpiece (of dental 
engine). 
pig'ment. [L. pigmentum—pingere, to paint.] 
An organic coloring-matter, such as that 
of the hair, iris, bloodcells, etc.; a stain used 
in bacteriological or histological work, 
pig'mented. Stained or colored by a deposit 
of pigment. 
piles. [L. pila, a ball.] Hemorrhoids, 
pill. [L. pilula, dim. of pila, ball.] See 
pilula. A medicine in a little ball to be 
taken whole, blue p., blue mass, massa 
hydrargyri. sulphate of quinin p., the one 
most generally prescribed, 
pil'lar. In anatomy, a structure which re- 
sembles a pillar or column, 
pil'ula, pi. pilulse. [L.] Pill, pilulae cathar- 
tic® composit®, compound cathartic pills, 
with calomel as the principal ingredient, 
p. ferri carbonatis, Bland’s pills, iron pills, 
pills of ferrous carbonate, with the latter 
drug as the principal ingredient, p. hy- 
drargyri, blue pill, massa hydrargyri, 
mercury pill. See pill. 
pi'lus, pi. pi'li, gen. pi. pilo'rum. [L.] Hair, 
a fine fibrous, thread-like appendage of the 
skin; the entire body, with the exception 
of the palms and soles and the flexor sur- 
faces of the joints, is covered with this 
thread-like filament. 
pin. A peg, bolt, or other similar device for 
fastening articles together. In dentistry, a 
pivot, dowel, post, peg or tenon, with 
which an artificial crown is fastened to the 
root of a tooth. 
pin-bending and cutting pliers. A plier for 
bending a dowel or pin into any shape 
required, and for cutting it off at any 
point. 
pin'cers. The two median deciduous incisor 
teeth of the horse. 
pineal (pin'e-al). [L. pinea, a pine-cone.] 
Pertaining to, or shaped like, a pine-cone, 
pink gum. See gum. 
pins. Two small round pieces of platinum 
baked into mineral teeth, or of gold alloy, 
metalloid, etc., which serve for fastening 
the teeth to their base. Headed pins are 
provided with heads similar to those of an 
ordinary pin; they are used with plastic 
bases, such as vulcanite, celluloid, cast 
aluminum or other metal, the enlarged end 
of the pins enabling the plastic material, 
when hardened, to retain the teeth to the 
base. Plain pins are for metal work, a 
piece of gold or platinum being punched 
with two holes, through which the pins 
pass, and pins and plate being soldered 
together; the teeth may be attached to 
dowels, to each other or to metal bases. 
Pins are made long, short, medium, plain 
or without a head, flat-headed, round- 
headed, etc. 
pint (pint). A measure of quantity contain- 
ing 28.875 cubic inches or 16 fluidounces. 
piombo. [It.] Lead, 
piorrea. [Sp.] Pyorrhea, 
pi'per. [L.] Black pepper, 
pipette'. [Fr., dim. of pipe, pipe.] A tube 
employed in laboratory work to convey 
small amounts of a gas or liquid, 
pir'iform. [L. pirum, pear; forma, form.] 
Pear-shaped. 
pisiform (piz'i-farm). [L. pisum, pea,-, forma, 
appearance.] Having the shape and size 
of a pea. 
pit. [L. puteus, a well.] A hole; a hollow; 
an indentation; a sharp-pointed depres- 
sion in the enamel surface of a tooth; any 
natural depression on the body such as 
the armpit or axilla, p. cavity, one which 
has its beginning in a pit. lip p., labial 
recess. 
pituita (pit-u-i'ta). [L.] Glairy mucus; a 
thick, slimy nasal secretion, 
pituitary (pit-u'i-ta-ri). Pertaining to pituita 
or glairy mucus, p. body, p. gland, hy- 
pophysis cerebri, formerly thought to 
secrete the nasal mucus, 
piv'ot. A dowel, or tenon, by which artificial 
teeth are attached to roots, p. bur, an PIVOTING 
261 
PLASTODIE 
instrument for countersinking the root of 
a tooth, preparatory to attaching an arti- 
ficial crown to it. p.-extractor, one of 
a number of appliances for the removal of a 
dowel from the root of a tooth, p.-gage, 
an instrument to determine the length 
required of a dowel to fit the place pre- 
pared for it in the root-canal, p. tooth, an 
artificial tooth attached to a natural root, 
piv'oting. The fitting and securing of an 
artificial crown provided with a dowel to 
the root of a tooth; setting a crown, 
pix, gen. pi'cis. [L.] Pitch. 
P.L. Pulpolingual. 
P.L.A. Pulpolinguoaxial. 
P.La. Pulpolabial. 
placement (plas'ment). Act of placing, or 
state of being placed. 
placen'ta. [L., a cake.] The organ of com- 
munication between the fetus and the 
mother. 
plac'oid. Plate-like, as the scales and some 
kinds of teeth of sharks and rays, 
plague (plag). [L. plaga, pestilence.] A 
malignant epidemic or any disease of 
wide prevalence; an acute infectious 
disease known as black death, pest, 
caused by Bacillus pestis. 
plain. [L. planus, flat.] An area having a 
smooth, flat surface, 
plain-line articulator. See articulator. 
plancha. [Sp.] Plate (metal), 
plane. [L. planus, flat.] A flat or level 
surface; any imaginary surface made by 
extension through two definite points or 
through any axis, incline p., see incline. 
occlusal p., see occlusal. 
planes of the teeth. The teeth have three 
planes: axiobuccolingual p., passing 
through the tooth buccolingually parallel 
with its long axis; in the incisors and cus- 
pids, this plane is named the labiolingual. 
axiomesiodistal p., passing through the 
tooth mesiodistally parallel with its long 
axis, horizontal p., passing through the 
tooth at right angles to the long axis of 
the tooth, or cutting through the crown 
at any point between the occlusal surface 
and the cervix. 
piano-. [L. planus.] Prefix denoting flat, 
planocon'cave. One side flat, the other 
concave. 
planocon'vex. One side flat, the other con- 
vex, as the lens of a microscope. 
plan'ta, gen. and pi. plan'tae. [L.] Vola; 
the sole of the foot. 
planum. [L., neut. of -planus, flat.] A plain; 
a level or flat surface. 
plaque (plak). [Fr., a plate.] A blood- 
platelet; a small differentiated area or 
patch on the enamel surface of a tooth, 
on the skin or a mucous surface, 
plaques, gelatinoid. See gelatinoid. 
plaques muqueuses. [Fr.] Mucous plaques, 
plas'ma. [G., anything formed.] The color- 
less fluid portion of the circulating blood, 
as distinguished from the serum obtained 
after coagulation; protoplasm; the fluid 
portion of the lymph. 
plas'ma-cell. A phagocytic and ameboid 
leucocyte having a resemblance to the 
mononuclear phagocytic leucocyte of in- 
flammatory exudates; phlogocyte; stimu- 
lation cell; Turck’s irritation cell, 
plas'mogen. [G. plasma; gennao, I produce.] 
Protoplasm. 
plas'son. Protoplasm of the nonnucleated 
cell. 
plas'ter. [L. emplastrum.] A solid prepara- 
tion which becomes adhesive at the 
temperature of the body and which can 
be spread when heated. p. of Paris, 
calcium sulphate or gypsum, the water 
of crystallization having been expelled 
by heat; calcii sulphas exsiccatus. See 
also gypsum. 
plas'ter-band'age. A roller-bandage which 
is impregnated with plaster of Paris and 
is applied in a moist condition in order to 
make a permanent dressing or cast for a 
diseased joint or fracture, 
plaster-bowl, rubber. See bowl. 
plas'tic. [G. plastikos, pertaining to mold- 
ing.] Filling-material which is soft and 
may be molded while it is being inserted, 
such as amalgam, the cements, silicates, 
guttapercha, etc. Capable of being molded 
or formed; formative; plasmic; plasmatic, 
p. surgery, see surgery. 
plastic granite. Trade name of a material 
in powder form which, when mixed with 
water, quickly sets to stone-like hardness, 
plasticity (plas-tis'i-ti). Capability of being 
molded or formed; the state or quality of 
being plastic. 
plas'tics. A general term to designate the 
plastic filling-materials, amalgam, cement, 
silicate, guttapercha, etc.; plastic surgery, 
plastodie. Trade name of a material in 
powder form which, when mixed with 
water, produces a cast suitable for swaging 
metal. PLASTONE 
262 
PLAUT’S ULCER 
plastone. Trade name of an investing- 
material of artificial stone. 
plate. [L. platurn.] A shallow dish; a la- 
mella, lamina or other thin, flat structure; 
a thin piece of metal, as gold, silver, plat- 
inum, etc., used to make dentures, crowns 
and bridges; a term applied to the base 
of a denture, the part which covers the 
mucous membrane and to which the 
artificial teeth are attached. oral p., 
the circumscribed area of fusion of the 
entoderm and ectoderm of the embryo, 
which upon its disappearance is replaced 
by the opening between the mouth-cavity 
and the pharynx, palate p., the horizontal 
portion, or pars horizontalis, of the palate- 
bones. p. denture, an artificial denture 
held in place by means of a plate of metal 
or hardened plastic material, as vulcanite 
or celluloid, p. forceps, used in partially 
adapting the metallic base of a denture 
to the model, prior to “striking up” the 
plate, p. line, the outline of the denture 
marked on the model, p. metal, the flat 
piece of metal, gold, platinum, aluminum, 
etc., used in making a denture, skeleton 
p., the slender framework of a denture or 
the base which supports the artificial 
teeth, split p., a broken denture; a plate 
divided in the median line, connected with 
springs to exert lateral pressure on teeth 
to be moved, spring p., one which is 
held in place by the elasticity of vulcanite 
abutting on natural teeth, or which is used 
for exerting pressure against one or more 
teeth, suction p., a denture held in place 
by atmospheric pressure. trial p., the 
outline of a denture made of some com- 
bination of wax, paraffin or guttapercha, 
upon which the artificial teeth are mounted, 
the trial plate being used for fitting in the 
mouth. [Artificial denture is preferred to 
plate by the A.D.A.] 
plate, finishing of dental. The final polishing 
of an artificial denture, including the 
reproduction of the natural conformation 
of the gums, as to elevations, depressions, 
the elevated margin at the gum-line, 
rugae, etc. 
platelet (plat'let). A small plaque or plate; 
a bloodplate, a round or oval disc, without 
any biconcavity, smaller than the eryth- 
rocyte, and without hemoglobin, in num- 
bers from 200,000 to 800,000 per cubic 
millimeter. 
pla'ting. The making of a plate culture; 
spreading or sowing of bacteria on a 
medium formed like a plate. A metal 
strip applied to a part to keep the ends 
of a fractured bone in apposition, gold p., 
a deposit of gold on some other metal, 
platin'ic. Pertaining to platinum; concerning 
a compound in which platinum is present 
in its highest valency, 
platino. [Sp.] Platinum, 
plat'inogold. Platinum foil or leaf plated 
with pure gold, used for fillings, 
platinoirid'ium. See iridioplatinum. 
plat'inous. Pertaining to platinum; con- 
cerning a compound in which platinum is 
present in its lower valency, 
plat'inum. Symbol Pt, atomic weight 195. 
A metallic element of a silver white color 
and of the same consistence as copper; 
it occurs as spongy platinum, of a gray 
color, soft and porous; because of its 
resistance to acids, it is employed in 
making chemical apparatus. p. group, 
palladium and platinum, forming a 
group of two amphoteric elements, 
p. leaf, p. foil, platinum plated with gold, 
used for filling, p. plate, used as a base 
for a continuous gum denture, and in 
crown- and bridgework and orthodontic 
appliances, p. sponge, a form of platinum 
used in connection with gold for fillings, 
platre. [Fr.] Plaster. 
platy-. [G. platys, flat, broad.] A prefix 
meaning wide or flat. 
platycephalic (pl&t-i-sef-al'ik). [G. platys, 
flat; kephale, head.] A head with a 
flattened skull or one with a vertical 
index less than 70. 
platyglos'sal. [G. platys, broad; glossa, 
tongue.] Possessing a broad, flattened 
tongue. 
platyo'pia. [G. platys, broad; dps, face.] 
A condition in which the face is very 
broad, or in which the nasomalar index 
is less than 107.5. 
platyop'ic. Pertaining to or distinguished 
by platyopia; possessing a broad face, 
platyrrhine (plat'ir-in). [G. platys, broad; 
rhis, nose.] Having an abnormally wide 
nose in proportion to its length; noting 
a skull with a nasal index between 51.1 
and 58. 
platyrrhiny (plat'i-ri-ni). Abnormal short- 
ness of the anteroposterior diameter of 
the nasal fossae. 
Plaut’s ulcer (plowt). Vincent’s agina; 
Plaut-Bernheim ulcer. PLECTRUM 
263 
PLIERS 
plectrum. [G. plektron, hammer.] The 
malleus; the styloid process of the temporal 
bone; the uvula. 
pledget (plej'et). A small piece, mass or 
tuft of wool, lint or cotton, 
pies'sor. [G. plessein, to strike.] A small 
hammer used in percussion, 
plethora (pleth-5'ra). [G. plethore, fullness.] 
General congestion or overabundance of 
blood; a condition in which the volume of 
blood is increased, causing an abnormal 
distention of the blood-vessels; excess of 
any of the body-fluids, 
pleura, gen. pleu'rse (plo'ra). [G. pleura, 
side.] A delicate serous membrane cover- 
ing the lungs and lining the walls of the 
thoracic cavity. 
pleu'risy. [G. pleura, the side.] A condition 
in which the pleura is inflamed; pleuritis. 
pleu'rodont. [G. pleura, side; odous, tooth.] 
Designating animals having the teeth 
ankylosed or joined to the sides of the 
sockets or fixed to the side of the jaw. 
plex'iform. [L. plexus; forma, form.] Of the 
form of, or resembling, a plexus. . 
plex'us. [L., a braid.] A network of struc- 
tures, as the lymphatics, veins, nerves, 
etc. p. dentalis inferior, the inferior 
dental plexus, which is formed by branches 
of the inferior alveolar nerve interlacing 
before they supply the teeth, p. dentalis 
superior, the superior dental plexus, 
which is formed by branches of the infra- 
orbital nerve, giving off the rami dentales, 
or dental branches, and the rami gin- 
givales, or gingival branches, supplying 
the gums. p. lingualis, the lingual plexus, 
a plexus on the lingual artery, coming 
from the external carotid plexus. p. 
maxillaris externus, the external maxillary 
plexus, a plexus on the external maxillary 
artery, a branch going to the submaxillary 
ganglion. p. maxillaris internus, the 
internal maxillary plexus, on the internal 
maxillary artery. p. parotideus, the 
parotid plexus, consisting of branches of 
the facial nerve which pass through the 
substance of the parotid gland. p. 
pterygoideus, the pterygoid plexus in the 
zygomatic and pterygoid fossae; it receives 
veins accompanying branches of the 
internal maxillary artery, terminating 
in the internal maxillary vein, 
pli'ca. [L., a plait or fold.] A structure in 
which there is a folding over of the parts, 
p. epiglottica, one of the three folds of 
mucous membrane which pass between 
the tongue and epiglottis, p. fimbriata, 
one of the folds running outward from 
the frenulum on the under surface of the 
tongue, p. glossoepiglottica lateralis, the 
lateral glossoepiglottidean fold of mucous 
membrane which extends from the margin 
of the epiglottis to the sides of the base 
of the tongue and the pharynx on either 
side. p. glossoepiglottica mediana, the 
frenulum epiglottidis or middle glosso- 
epiglottidean fold of mucous membrane 
which extends from the back part of the 
dorsum of the tongue to the front of the 
epiglottis, p. salpingopalatina, the plica 
tubopalatina, extending from the anterior 
border of the opening of the Eustachian 
tube to the palate, p. sublingualis, an 
elevation in the floor of the mouth beneath 
the tongue, one on each side; they mark 
the location of the sublingual gland, 
p. triangularis, the fold of mucous mem- 
brane a.t the point of junction of the 
anterior pillars of the fauces with the 
tongue, p. tubopalatina, see plica salpin- 
gopalatina. 
pliers. [From ply, to bend.] Small pinchers 
with long jaws, used for bending or 
cutting metal plate, rods or wire, and for 
seizing, holding or handling small objects. 
A large number of these instruments are 
used by the dentist, their purpose being 
generally expressed by their names: 
clasp-bending p.; cone-socket p.; contour- 
ing p.; contouring p. with punch; cusp- 
forming p.; foil-carrier and plugging 
combination p.; flat-nose p.; pin-roughen- 
ing, cutting and bending p.; plugging p.; 
round-nose p.; Dr. E. H. Angle’s band- 
forming p., band-holding p., band-solder- 
ing p., banding p., clamp band placing 
p., pin and ligature cutting p., ribbon 
arch bending p., ribbon arch seating p., 
tape p., wire-bending p., Dr. A. Brom 
Allen’s root p., Dr. Benson’s stretching 
and contouring p., Dr. A. J. Bush’s con- 
touring p., Dr. Flagg’s dressing p., 
Dr. J. D. Gordon’s contouring p., Dr. A. S. 
Howe’s angular p., curved crown p., 
straight crown, smooth and serrated p., 
Dr. H. H. Johnson’s contouring p., 
Dr. Merriam’s long-reach foil-carrier and 
plugging p., Dr. J. V. Mershon’s con- 
touring p., Dr. F. A. Peeso’s collar p., 
stretching and contouring p., Dr. Perry’s 
annealing p., Dr. J. H. Prothero’s clasp- PLOMB 
264 
POINT 
bending p., contouring p., Dr. C. L. 
Reynolds’ crescent contouring p., Dr. 
C. L. Robinson’s collar p., Dr. W. H. 
Tuttle’s matrix p., Dr. Ralph Waldron’s 
spring-bending p., Dr. Watling’s p., 
Dr. J. Lowe Young’s wire-bending p., 
S. S. White’s office and laboratory, 
smooth and serrated p., S. S. W. matrix 
p. designed by Dr. W. H. Tuttle, ball- 
pointed p., pin-bending and -cutting p., 
etc. Also see orthodontia in supplement, 
plomb. [Fr.] Lead, 
plomb cement. See cement. 
plombe. [Ger., from L. plumbum, lead.] A 
term signifying a filling, from the former 
use of lead as a filling material. 
Plombe. [Ger.] Filling (of a cavity), 
plombieren. [Ger.] To fill a cavity, 
ploughshare (plow'shar). Vomer, 
plug. That which serves to fill up or close 
up; a peg or any mass filling a hole or 
closing an orifice. To fill a tooth-cavity 
(obs.) 
plug'ger. An instrument, usually with 
a serrated end, for condensing pieces of 
gold or amalgam in filling a cavity in a 
tooth. Pluggers are named according to 
the manner in which they are used, as 
long-handle pluggers, cone-socket, right 
and contra-angle points, Abbott’s back- 
action points, engine and automatic 
mallet points, etc.; and according to their 
uses, as gold pluggers, Black’s amalgam 
and automatic pluggers, Arrington’s canal 
pluggers, Donaldson’s flexible canal plug- 
gers, etc. (See automatic plugger.) amal- 
gam p., one of a series of instruments for 
condensing amalgam, foot p., one whose 
nib is long and set at an angle with the 
shank of the instrument, gold p., one of 
a series of instruments for condensing 
gold (or platinogold, or platinum) in making 
a filling, hand p., one of a series of instru- 
ments used by hand, being grasped by the 
fingers, in contradistinction to a plugger 
operated with an automatic mallet, 
reverse p., one with a backward stroke of 
the mallet, used in filling cavities in the 
distal surfaces of teeth; back-action plug- 
ger. 
plumba'go. Blacklead; graphite, 
plum'bi. Gen. of L. plumbum, lead, 
plum'bism. [L. plumbum, lead.] Lead- 
poisoning; a bluish line along the gums, 
due to lead-poisoning. 
plum'bum. [L.] Symbol Pb, atomic weight 
207.1. Lead, a metallic element of 
metallic luster and bluish-gray color, 
plump'er. Reflection of the upper peripheral 
margin of the baseplate to increase the 
size for purposes of facial restoration. 
P.M. Pulpomesial. PM. Premolar, 
pneumatic (nu-mat'ik). [G. pneumatikos.] 
Pertaining to, consisting of or moved by 
air or gas; pertaining to respiration, 
pneumococcus (nu-mo-kok'us). Strepto- 
coccus lanceolatus; Micrococcus lanceola- 
tus; Diplococcus pneumoniae, the patho- 
genic microorganism of croupous pneu- 
monia. 
pneumogastric (nu-m5-gas'trik). [G. pneu- 
mon, lung; gaster, stomach.] Pertaining 
to the lungs and the stomach, 
pneumonia (nu-mo'ni-a). [G. pneumon, 
lung.] Pneumonitis; inflammation of the 
lungs. 
P.O. Proximoclusal. 
Po. Point. 
Po.A. Point angle. 
pock'et. [Fr. pochette.] An abnormal space 
occurring between the gum and the root of 
a tooth; a cul-de-sac or pocket-like 
cavity; an accumulation of pus in a nearly 
closed sac. 
point. [L. punctum.] A slight projection, 
spot, small area, apex or sharp end. 
Coming to a point, as an abscess about to 
open, alveolar p., a point in the middle of 
the anterior border of the upper alveolar 
margin, glenoid p., the center of the glen- 
oid cavity of the maxillary articulation, 
jugal p., the tip of the angle formed by 
the masseteric and maxillary borders of 
the malar bone, malar p., the apex of 
the tuberosity of the malar bone, mental 
p., the most forward point of the symphysis 
of the mandible, gnathion, pogonion. 
nasal p., the nasion. p. angle, see angle. 
spinal p., subnasal p., the center of the 
root of the anterior nasal spine, 
point. The tapering end of anything; the 
tip of anything tapering or ending in an 
angle, as the point of an instrument. 
1. Many dental instruments are made of 
a handle which is hollowed at one end and 
contains the threads of a female screw, 
into which a short instrument is fastened 
by means of a male screw; these short 
instruments are designated as points. 
2. Various objects used for grinding, 
cutting or polishing, and carried in a 
mandrel or directly inserted on the end POINTING 
265 
POLYPHYODONT 
of a short instrument into the handpiece 
of the engine, are also designated as 
points, as Arkansas stone p.; carborun- 
dum p., corundum p.; soft corrugated 
rubber p.; vulcarbo p.; wood polishing 
p., etc. 3. Guttapercha-pointed cone 
used for filling root-canals; gold wire or 
other material used for the same purpose. 
4. A position or condition attained; a 
step, stage or degree, as the freezing, 
boiling or fusing point. 5. To indicate 
a decimal, e.g., 0.15, expressed zero, 
point, fifteen. 
pointing. Making ready to open spontane- 
ously (said of a boil or an abscess). 
Poirier's line. A line which extends from 
the bottom of the nasofrontal angle to a 
point above the lambda, 
poison (poi'zn). [Fr. from L. potio, potion, 
draught.] Anything which, when taken 
into the body, is injurious to health and 
destructive to life. 
poi'soning. The state of being poisoned; 
administering poison; to mix poison with 
something, blood-p., pyemia, septicemia, 
po'lar. [L. polus, a pole.] Pertaining to a 
pole; having poles (said of some nervecells 
possessing one or more processes), 
polarization (po'lar-i-za'shun). In electricity, 
the act of weakening or arresting the 
action of the battery by coating the 
copper plate of an electric cell with a 
thick layer of hydrogen bubbles, 
pole. [L. polus; G. polos—pelo, be in 
motion.] One of the two points of an 
electric battery or cell or in a magnet hav- 
ing the extremes of opposite properties, as 
of repulsion or attraction; the extreme 
opposite; one of the two points on a sphere 
at the farthest distance from the equator; 
one of the two points at the extremity 
of the axis of any body, fron'tal p., polus 
frontalis. 
polishing-brush. See brush. 
polo'nium. A radioactive element, isolated 
from pitchblende; radio tellurium, a dis- 
integration-product of radium-emanation, 
poloris. Trade name of a remedy for allaying 
inflammation, congestion and irritation 
of the teeth and gums, antiseptic and 
germicidal. 
polpa. [It.] Dental pulp, 
polvere dentifricia. [It.] Tooth-powder, 
polvere nett&re i denti. [It.] Dentifrice; 
tooth-powder. 
poly-. [G. polys, much, many.] A prefix 
meaning many or much. The correspond- 
ing Latin prefix is multi-. 
polyarthric (pol-i-ar'thrik). [G. polys, many; 
arthron, joint.] Multiarticular; pertaining 
to or involving many joints, 
polyarthrite alveolaire or alveolo-dentaire. 
[Fr.] Alveolodental polyarthritis; pyor- 
rhea. 
polyarthritis (pol'i-ar-thre'tis or i'tis). [G. 
polys, many; arthron, joint; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] A condition in which several 
joints are affected with inflammation at 
the same time. 
polyatomic (pol-i-a-tom'ik). [G. polys, 
many; atomos, atom.] A chemical com- 
pound possessing a valency of more than 
two, or one in which more than two 
replaceable hydrogen atoms are present, 
polyba'sic. Having more than one atom 
of hydrogen in the molecule capable of 
replacement by basic atoms or radicals 
in forming salts or esters, 
pol'yblast. [G. polys, many; blastos, germ.] 
An ameboid, uninucleated, wandering, 
phagocytic cell present in inflammatory 
exudates, and derived from primitive 
wandering cells, lymphocytes and clas- 
matocytes. 
polychromatophil (pol-i-krb'mat-o-fil). [G. 
polys, many; chroma, color; phileo, I 
love.] Concerning some cells, particularly 
certain red bloodcells, which stain readily 
with acid, basic and neutral dyes, 
polyg'nathus. [G. polys, much; gnathos, 
jaw.] A monstrosity in which the parasite 
is joined to the jaw of the autosite, 
polyhe'dral. [G. polys, many; hedra, base.] 
Possessing many facets or sides, 
polymicro'bic. [G. polys, many; mikrobion, 
microbe.] Produced by a number of 
different microorganisms, 
polynuclear (pol-i-nu'kle-ar). [G. polys, 
many; L. nucleus.] Multinuclear. 
polyodon'tia. [G. polys, many; odous, tooth.] 
A condition in which supernumerary 
teeth are present, 
pol'yp. Polypus. 
polypapillo'ma. [G. polys, many; L. papilla, 
nipple; G. -oma, tumor.] Frambesia; 
yaws; multiple papillomata, 
polypha'gia. [G. polys, much; phago, I eat.] 
Gluttony; eating to excess, 
polyphyodont (pol-i-fi'6-dont). [G. polys, 
many; phyo, I produce; odous, tooth.] 
Having more than two successive sets of 
teeth formed in a lifetime. POLYPOUS 
266 
PORTAL 
pol'ypous. Pertaining to a polypus. 
pol'ypus. [G. polys, many; pous, foot.] A 
pedunculated growth or swelling from a 
mucous membrane. bleed'ing p., a 
prominent angioma of the nasal mucous 
membrane, cel'lular p., mucous polypus, 
cystic p., a pedunculated cyst, fibrous p., 
a polypus made up largely of fibrous 
tissue, mucous p., a pedunculated growth 
from the mucous membrane, of soft, 
jelly-like, myxomatous consistence, pulp 
p., an outgrowth from the pulp of a tooth, 
round-cell p., mucous polypus, spongy p., 
mucous polypus, vas'cular p., bleeding 
polypus. 
polysaccharid (pol-i-sak'a-rid). Any carbo- 
hydrate decomposable by hydrolysis into 
two or more molecules of simpler carbo- 
hydrates. 
pom'phus. [G. pomphos, blister.] A wheal; 
a pustule. 
pon'derable. [L. pondus, weight; habilis, 
apt, fit.] Capable of being weighed; 
having weight. 
pons. [L., bridge.] A projecting white mass 
on the basal aspect of the brain; pons 
Varolii. 
ponte. [It.] Bridge. 
pontic (pon'tik). [L. ponticulus, dim. of 
pons, bridge.] A substitute for a natural 
tooth; used in preference to dummy. 
[ADA.] 
pool. [A.S. pol.] A clot of blood in any 
part of the body, caused by distention of 
the capillaries and retardation of the 
circulation. 
pop'py. Papaver. 
por'celain. The finest of earthenware, con- 
sisting principally of kaolin and decom- 
posed feldspar, quartz, silica, etc., differing 
from ordinary pottery in being more or 
less translucent and in its superior white- 
ness and hardness and the high degree of 
heat required for fusing it; china; china- 
ware. Artificial teeth, also designated as 
mineral teeth, are made of the highest 
and finest grade of porcelain. The material 
for making porcelain teeth is furnished 
in various grades, principally divided 
into high-, medium- and low-fusing, the 
fusing-point ranging from 2450° F. to 
2560° F. countersunk p. teeth, mineral 
teeth in which the pins are set in a counter- 
sunk space, pinless p. teeth, mineral 
teeth attached to plastic bases by means 
of undercuts in the teeth into which the 
soft plastic material is forced and from 
which, upon hardening, it cannot be with- 
drawn. p. base denture, a denture made 
entirely of porcelain, p. crown, made in 
imitation of the various forms, sizes and 
colors of the teeth, p. teeth, mineral 
teeth, artificial teeth. p. tube teeth, 
having a hole through the body of the 
tooth, through which a post or pin passes, 
synthetic p., a preparation for filling 
cavities and for facings in crown- and 
bridgework, made in various hues to 
match the natural teeth, 
porcelain body. See body. 
porcelain cusp crown. See crown. 
porcelain facing. A porcelain tooth made 
as thin as possible and yet with sufficient 
body to hold the pins which are baked in 
it, used for the labial and buccal surfaces 
of crowns and bridges, 
porcelain jacket crown. One specially suit- 
able for peg-shaped teeth, made of a 
platinum cap to cover the teeth, the por- 
celain being fused on the platinum. See 
crown. 
porcelain root, baked. See root. 
porcelana. [Sp.] Porcelain, 
porcellkna. [It.] Porcelain, 
pore. A minute opening, foramen or orifice; 
an interstice between the constituent 
particles or molecules of a body, 
poro'ma. [G. poroma, callus.] Exostosis; 
callus; induration following a phlegmon, 
poro'sis. A condition in which callus forms 
around the ends of a fractured bone; a 
porous condition. 
poros'ity. State or quality of being porous, 
po'rous. [L. porus, a pore.] Noting a state 
in which the pores extend through the 
entire thickness of the substance, directly 
or indirectly, in this way rendering it 
permeable; full of holes or pores, having 
small interstices, as the condition of 
rubber when improperly vulcanized, 
port, porte. [F.] A holder or carrier, 
p.-polisher, a brush, cone of wood, stone 
or carborundum point, fastened in a holder 
and rotated by the dental engine, used for 
grinding and polishing teeth and fillings, 
por'ta. [L., gate.] An opening, hilum, 
hilus; the part of an organ through which 
nerves and vessels enter and through which 
the excretory ducts pass out. 
por'tal. Pertaining to any hilus or porta, 
especially to the portal vein and the porta 
hepatis. PORTCAUSTIC 
267 
POSTURE 
portcaustic (port-kds'tik). [Fr. porter, to 
carry.] A permanent or adjustable handle 
used in holding a stick of silver nitrate 
‘ or other caustic. 
porte. See port. 
porte-impreinte. [Fr.] Impression-tray, 
portemeche [port-e-mesh'). [Fr. porter, to 
carry; m'eche, wick.] A sound or probe 
having a notched end, employed to insert 
a drain or tent into a canal, 
porte-polisher. A socket at the end of an 
instrument into which a polishing point 
is screwed or in which it is held in place 
by a chuck. Made for the straight, 
right-angle and contra-angle handpieces, 
portio (pdr'shi-o). [L., portion.] A part, 
p. interme'dia, a small nerve situated 
between the facial and the acoustic, the 
sensory root of the facial; pars intermedia 
of Wrisberg. p. ma'jor, the larger, 
sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve, 
p. mi'nor, the smaller, motor portion of 
the trigeminal nerve, p. mol'lis, eighth 
nerve, soft part, nervus acusticus. 
po'rus. [L.] A meatus, foramen or pore, 
posed. [L. positus, placed.] Noting the 
position or place occupied by a tooth, 
malposed, noting a tooth not in its normal 
position, normally p., noting a tooth in 
its regular or normal position, regularly 
p., normally posed. 
position (po-zish'un). [L. positus, placed.J 
Place occupied, posture, attitude, as 
applied to a patient about to undergo 
an examination or operation, 
positive. [L. positus, placed.] Noting the 
occurrence of a reaction in laboratory 
technique; opposite of negative; definite, 
certain, affirmative. Sign +. 
posology (p5-sol'o-ji). [G. posos, how much; 
-logia, a treatise.] Dosage; the science 
dealing with the determination of doses, 
post-. [L. post, after.] A Latin prefix 
signifying behind, posterior, after. The 
Greek prefix corresponding to it is meta-. 
post. See dowel. 
postanesthet'ic. Happening after an anes- 
thetic has been used, particularly after a 
general anesthetic. 
poste'rior. [L., comp, of posterus, following.] 
Behind or after, in place or time or posi- 
tion. p. teeth, the upper and lower 
bicuspids and molars, variously referred 
to as the back, buccal, masticatory, 
morsal, grinding and chewing teeth, 
postero-. Prefix meaning posterior. 
posteroclu'sion. A condition in which the 
mandibular arch is moved posteriorly, 
or backward, toward the posterior part of 
the cranium, as compared with its normal 
position; distoclusion. 
posteroexter'nal. A position behind and 
to the outer or posterolateral side, 
posterointer'nal. A position behind and to 
the inner or posteromedial side, 
posterolat'eral. Behind and to one side, 
posterome'dial. Behind and to the inner 
side. 
posterome'dian. Behind a central position, 
or behind something which is centrally 
located. 
posterosupe'rior. Behind and above, 
postextrac'tion hem'orrhage. A sometimes 
alarming continuance of the flow of blood 
after extracting teeth. 
postglen'oid. Behind the glenoid fossa of 
the mandible. 
postgrad'uate. Noting supplementary studies 
pursued after graduation. One pursuing 
such studies. 
posthem'orrhage. A recurrence of bleeding 
after the principal or primary hemorrhage 
has ceased. 
post'humous. [L. postumus, last.] Some- 
thing which occurs or appears after the 
death of the producer, as the birth of a 
child after the death of the father, 
post-mortem. [L. post, after; mors, death.] 
A necropsy, an autopsy, a post-mortem 
examination. After death, 
postna'rial. Pertaining to the choanse or 
posterior nares; choanal, 
postna'ris. Choana; posterior naris. 
postna'sal. Pertaining to the posterior part 
of the nasal fossae; behind the nasal fossae, 
posto'ral. [L. post, behind; os, mouth.] 
Pertaining to the posterior part of the 
mouth; behind the mouth, 
postpal'atine. Pertaining to the posterior 
part of the palate or palate bones; behind 
the palate. 
postpharyn'geal. Behind the pharynx; 
pertaining to the location behind the 
pharynx. 
postulate (pos'tu-lat). [L. postulare, to 
demand.] An assumption or unproved 
assertion; a formula or statement made as 
the basis of a theory. 
posture (pos'tur). [L. positus, placed.] 
Pertaining to the position of the body, 
as an erect, reclining or recumbent posture; 
attitude. POTABLE 
268 
PREMAXILLA 
po'table. [L. potare, to drink; habilis, fit.] 
Fit to drink; drinkable, 
potas'sa. Potash; potassii hydroxidum. 
potas'sic. Pertaining to potash, 
potas'sii. Gen. of potassium, p. bicarbonas, 
bicarbonate of potash, potassium bicarbo- 
nate. p. bromidum, potassium bromid, 
a nerve sedative, p. carbonas, salt of 
tartar, potassium carbonate, used in 
skin diseases. p. chloras, chlorate of 
potash, potassium chlorate, used as a 
mouthwash and gargle in stomatitis, 
halitosis, and infections of the pharynx, 
p. permanganas, potassium permanganate, 
an antiseptic and deodorizer, used in 
stomatitis, halitosis, cancer, ozena, foul 
ulcers, etc. 
potas'sium. [L.] Symbol K, atomic weight 
39.1. A lustrous silvery white or gray 
substance; kalium. See potassii. 
po'tency. [L. potentia, power.] Strength, 
force, power, as of a drug, 
potential (po-ten'shal). [L. potentia, power.] 
Possible, but not actual; capable of doing 
or being, although not yet doing or being; 
possessed of the power to do or to be. 
pouch (powch). Cul-de-sac; pocket, laryn'- 
geal p., sacculus laryngis. 
poudre dentifrice. [Fr.] Tooth-powder. 
Poulet’s disease. Rheumatic osteoperios- 
titis. 
poultice (pbl'tis). [L. puls, a thick pap.] 
Cataplasm, flaxseed p., cataplasma lini. 
linseed p., cataplasma lini. 
pound. [L. pondus, weight.] A unit of 
weight, apothecaries’ containing twelve 
ounces and avoirdupois containing sixteen 
ounces. 
poussee de dents. [Fr.] Dentition, 
powder. [Fr. poudre—L. pulvis.] Any dry 
substance composed of minute separate 
particles; pulvis, a drug in a finely ground 
form, bleaching p., calx chlorinata. 
pox. [variant of the pi. of pock.] An 
eruptive disease; a term is usually prefixed 
to designate the type of disease, such as 
cowpox, smallpox, etc. 
Pr. Chemical symbol of praseodymium, 
prac'tice. [L. practica, business.] The 
exercise of the profession of dentistry. 
To exercise the profession of dentistry, 
practitioner (prak-tish'un-er). One who 
practices dentistry; a dentist engaged in 
practice, 
prse-. See pre-. 
Pramolar. [Ger.] Bicuspid. 
praseodymium (pra-se-o-dim i-um). [G. pra- 
sios, relating to garlic; didymium.] Symbol 
Pr, atomic weight 140.6. A very rare 
element. 
pre-. [L. prce, before.] A prefix meaning 
before, anterior, in space or time; ante-, 
pro-. 
precipitate. [L. precipitare, to cast head- 
long.] A substance which, having been 
dissolved, is again separated from its 
solvent and thrown to the bottom of the 
vessel; a flocculence or clumping resulting 
from the mixture of an antigen and its 
antibody. To separate out from a 
suspension or solution; to throw a sub- 
stance down from its solution or suspen- 
sion in a liquid. Precipitant; headlong; 
hasty. 
predispose'. [L. prce, before; disponere, to 
arrange.] To render susceptible; to incline 
beforehand. predispos'ing cause, any- 
thing which affects the body in such a 
manner as to render it vulnerable to 
attack. 
preforma'tive mem'brane. Membrana prae- 
formativa. 
prefron'tal. Denoting the anterior portion 
of the frontal bone. 
preg'nancy. [L. prce, before; genere, to 
beget.] The state of a female after con- 
ception and until the time of birth; 
fetation; gravidity; gestation. 
prehen'sile. [L. prehendere, to seize.] 
Adapted for holding or seizing. 
prehen'sion. Taking hold of; grasping; seiz- 
ing. 
prelaryn'geal. In front of the larynx; par- 
ticularly noting the small lymphatic 
glands in front of the lower part of the 
larynx. 
prelipoid substance (pre-li'poid sub'stans). 
Nerve tissue in a broken-down condition 
awaiting the process of being converted 
into fat. 
pre'lum. [L., a press.] That which makes 
a strong compression. p. arteria'le, 
tourniquet, p. abdomina'le, the compres- 
sion of the abdominal viscera produced 
by bearing down or straining. 
premalig'nant. Precancerous. 
premature (pre-ma-tur'). [L. prce, before; 
maturus, ripe.] Occurring before the 
proper time; not ripe; undeveloped; not 
mature. 
premaxil'la. Os incisivum; intermaxillary 
bone. PREMAXILLARY 
269 
PROBE 
premax'illary. Pertaining to the premaxilla; 
anterior to the maxilla; intermaxillary, 
premier. Trade name of a line of artificial 
teeth. 
premo'lar. A molar tooth in the first denti- 
tion; a bicuspid tooth. In front of a 
molar tooth. 
premon'itory. [L. premonere, to forewarn.] 
Giving warning beforehand or indicating 
what is to follow; foreboding; forewarning, 
prenaris, pi. prena'res (pre-na/ris). Nostril; 
the anterior opening of the nasal fossa; 
one of the anterior nares. 
prena'tal. [L. prce, before; natus, birth.] 
Antenatal; preceding birth, 
preo'ral. [L. prce, before; os, mouth.] In 
front of the mouth. 
prepal'atal. Pertaining to the anterior 
portion of the palate; in front of the 
palate bone. 
preparation. [L. preparatio—prce, before; 
par are, to get ready.] Making ready; 
the act of preparing or getting something 
ready, as a medicinal or other mixture, or 
an anatomical specimen, 
prepared chalk. See creta. 
prescribe (pre-skrlb'). [L. prce, before; 
scribere, to write.] To give directions, 
usually in writing, for the preparation and 
administration of medicine, 
prescrip'tion. A written recipe or formula 
for the preparation and administration of 
a remedy. 
press'ure. A force, compulsion or stress 
acting in any direction against resistance, 
p. anesthesia. See anesthesia, steam p. 
in vulcanizers. See steam pressure. 
prest-o-torch. Trade name of a dental 
blowpipe giving a hot flame with prestolite 
gas and compressed air. 
preventive. [L.prce, before; venire, to come.] 
Prophylactic; tending to prevent or 
ward off disease. That which checks the 
threatened onset of disease, p. dentistry, 
see prophylactodontia. p. med'icine, pro- 
phylaxis, the science of the prevention of 
disease. 
preventol'ogist. See prophylactodontist. 
preventology, dental. See prophylactodontia. 
Priestley’s mass. A slimy growth, of a 
greenish color, of infusoria and algae 
on stones and moist earth; occasionally 
and incorrectly, the greenish salivary 
calculus on the lingual surfaces of the 
lower incisor teeth. 
pri'mary. [L. primus, first.] First; original; 
chief. The first sign of syphilis, or the 
chancre. p. anesthesia, see anesthesia. 
p. teeth, first dentition, 
primary movements of the teeth. Inclina- 
tion, rotating, bodily, extrusive, intrusive, 
primitive. [L. primitivus—primus, first.] 
Pertaining to the beginning; early in the 
course of development; primary; rudi- 
mentary. 
prin'ceps. [L., chief.] Principal; chief; a 
term employed to distinguish several 
arteries. 
prince’s metal, Prince Rupert’s metal. An 
alloy of copper and zinc, 
principle (prin'si-pl). [L. principium, begin- 
ning.] The chief or essential ingredient 
in a chemical compound or drug; a con- 
tinuously acting force or power, 
prism. [G. prisma, something sawed.] A 
solid whose bases are equal, parallel and 
similar and whose sides are parallelo- 
grams; a triangular prism, one whose 
cross section is a triangle, and which 
deflects the ray of light toward the base 
of the triangle and breaks it up into its 
primary colors; it is employed in making 
spectacles to correct high degrees of 
imbalance of the extrinsic ocular muscles, 
enam'el p., a calcified hexagonal micro- 
scopic prism which radiates from the 
surface of the dentin and forms the sub- 
stance of the enamel of a tooth; prisma 
adamantinum. 
pris'ma adamanti'num. Enamel prism, 
prismat'ic. Pertaining to, or having a 
resemblance to, a prism, 
pris'mos. Stridor dentium. 
pro-. [L. and G. pro, before.] A prefix 
meaning before or forward, 
pro tern cement. Trade name of a non- 
irritating temporary cement containing 
copperiodid. 
pro'bang. A flexible rod to which a small 
sponge or lint may be attached, used for 
clearing the esophagus of any obstruction 
by pushing it toward the stomach, 
probe. [L. probare, to test.] A slender 
flexible instrument for examining a wound, 
ulcer or cavity. Dr. C. A. Brackett’s 
silver abscess p., for probing abscesses, 
gold-pointed p., one having a gold tip 
which is not corroded by medicaments 
used, or which does not combine with 
medicaments, imparting impurities to 
them, nerve p., one designed for examin- 
ing the pulp-canal. PROCAIN 
270 
PROLEUCOCYTE 
procain (pro'ka-in). Trade name of a local 
anesthetic equal to novocain, 
procain-adrenalin tablets. Isotonic solution 
of procain, adrenalin and sodium chlorid 
in distilled water, used in cases of infiltra- 
tion and nerve-blocking anesthesia, 
process (pros'es or pro'ses). [L. procedere, 
to advance.] A processus (which see); 
an outgrowth, a projection; a progress 
or advance of any activity, as a patho- 
logical process, or of a disease; a method 
adopted to accomplish a certain result, 
dental p., processus alveolaris. malar p., 
processus zygomaticus. 
process, cheoplastic. See cheoplastic. 
proces'sus. [L.] A projection; a process, 
p. alveolaris, the alveolar process, the 
projecting ridge on the maxillae and 
mandible which contains the alveoli of 
the teeth, p. condyloideus, the condyle 
or condyloid process of the mandible, 
p. frontalis, the nasal or frontal process, 
extending upward from the body of the 
maxilla, forming part of the side of the 
nose and the margin of the orbit, p. 
maxillaris, the maxillary process of the 
inferior turbinated bone, articulating with 
the maxillary bone, and partly closing the 
opening to the antrum of Highmore, 
p. mentalis, protuberantia mentalis. p. 
orbitalis, the orbital process of the palate 
bone, and also the orbital process of the 
malar bone. p. pyramidalis, the tuberosity 
of the pterygoid process of the palate bone, 
the pyramidal process, p. sphenoidalis, 
sphenoid process of the palate bone, 
p. uncinatus, the unciform or uncinate 
process; partly closes the opening of the 
antrum of Highmore, p. zygomaticus, 
one of the zygomatic processes, that of 
the maxilla, the malar process articulating 
with the malar bone. See process. 
prochei'lon. The projecting margin of the 
lips; prolabium; antelabium. 
procto-. [G. proktos, anus.] A combining 
form signifying rectum or anus, 
procur'sive. [L. pro, forward; currere, to 
run.] Running forward, 
procynodon'tos. A cuspid or canine tooth; 
also the protrusion of that tooth, resem- 
bling a tusk. 
prod'romal. Pertaining to prodromes or 
the initial stage of a disease, 
prod'rome. [G. prodromos, premature, run- 
ning before.] A premonitory or early 
symptom of a disease. 
productive. [L. producere, to lead forth.] 
Leading to production; capable of pro- 
ducing; producing; leading to the produc- 
tion of new tissue. 
profession (pro-fesh'un). [L. profiteri, to 
declare publicly.] A calling, vocation or 
occupation which requires a special 
knowledge of some branch of science, as 
the dental, medical or- legal profession; 
the general body of dental, medical, legal 
or other practitioners. 
professional. Pertaining to a profession, 
as the dental or medical profession; 
ethical. 
profilasse orale. [It.] Oral prophylaxis, 
profilaxia dentaria. [Sp.] Dental pro- 
phylaxis. 
profile (pro'fel or pro'fll). A human head 
seen or represented sidewise, or in a side 
view; the side face or half face; a drawing 
in outline. 
progloss'is. [G. pro, before; glossa, tongue.] 
The tip or anterior part of the tongue, 
prognathic. [G. pro, before; gnathos, jaw.] 
Possessed of a projecting jaw; one having 
a gnathic index of more than 103. 
prog'nathism. A prognathic condition; 
abnormal forward projection of one or 
both jaws. 
prognathisme. [Fr.] Prognathism, 
prog'nathous. Prognathic, 
prognostic. Pertaining to prognosis. A 
symptom on which a prognosis is based, 
prognosticate. To prognose; to foretell, 
progress (prog'res). [L. progressus—pro- 
gredi, to go forward.] Course of a disease; 
when unqualified, a favorable advance, 
improvement. 
progress (pro-gross'). To advance; to go 
ahead; when unqualified, to advance 
favorably. 
progressive (pr5-gresiv). Advancing; going 
forward; when unqualified, of a disease, 
it denotes an unfavorable course or an 
increase of alarming symptoms, 
projection. [L. projicere, to throw before.] 
A jutting or pushing out; a prominence, 
prola'bium. [L. pro, before; labium, lip.] 
The projecting red margin or border of 
the lip; procheilon; antelabium. 
prolapse (pro-laps'). [L. prolabi, to fall 
forward.] To fall or bend down. Falling 
down or bending of an organ, 
prolap'sus u'vulae. Swelling or elongation 
of the uvula; staphyledema, 
proleucocyte (pro-lo'ko-slt). [G. pro, before; PROLIFERATE 
271 
PROSTHETIC 
leucocyte.] The parent cell of a leucocyte; 
leucoblast. 
prolif'erate. [L. proles, offspring; ferre, to 
bear.] To increase by reproduction, 
prolif'ic. [L. proles, offspring; facere, to 
make.] Fruitful; productive; fertile, 
prominentia (prom-i-nen'shi-a). A projection 
or prominence. p. larynge'a, Adam’s 
apple, pomum Adami, laryngeal prom- 
inence. 
prom'ontory. [L. promontorium.] A projec- 
tion or eminence, 
prong. See teeth. 
pronostico. [Sp.] Prognosis, 
proof-spirit. Dilute alcohol with a specific 
gravity of 0.920 and containing 57.27 
percent by volume (49.5 percent by 
weight) of absolute alcohol, 
prop. That which props or sustains some- 
thing; that on which anything rests or 
leans for support, mouth p., piece of 
wood, cork or rubber used in supporting 
the mandible against the maxilla during 
operations under an anesthetic or at 
other times when it is desired to reduce 
the mobility of the mandible, 
propaesin (pro-pa'sin). Trade name of a 
local anesthetic. 
prop'agate. [L. propagare, to continue.] 
To multiply by generation or successive 
production. 
prophylac'tic. Preventing disease; protecting 
against disease; pertaining to prophylaxis, 
p. toothpowder, trade name of a dentifrice, 
prophylactodontia (pr5-fi-lak-t5-don'shi-a). 
[G. pro, before; phylasso, I guard; odous, 
tooth.] The advance-guarding of the 
mouth and teeth by preventing diseases, 
malpositions and deleterious influences, 
prophylactodon'tist. One who specializes 
in prophylactodontia. 
prophylactodontology. See prophylactodontia. 
prophylax'is. [G. pro, before; phylasso, I 
guard.] The prevention of disease, 
dental p., the prevention of diseases of 
the teeth, oral p., the prevention of 
diseases of the oral cavity, including the 
teeth; prevention of diseases of the 
mouth; prophylactodontia. 
propor'tionator. A contrivance for measuring 
the correct proportion of alloy and mercury 
to make a mix for amalgam, 
prosect'. [L. pro, before; secare, to cut.] 
To dissect a cadaver before a class, 
prosec'tor. One who demonstrates by 
dissection before a class in anatomy. 
prosop agus. [G. prosopon, face; pagos, 
fastened together.] A twin monster, the 
parasite being attached, in the form of 
a tumorlike mass, to the cheek or orbit 
of the autosite. 
prosopal'gia. [G. prosopon, face; algos, 
pain.] Neuralgia in the face; tic dou- 
loureux. 
prosopal'gic. Pertaining to facial neuralgia, 
prosopantritis (pros-6-pan-tre'tis or i'tis). 
[G. prosopon, face; antron, cavity; -itis, 
inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
frontal sinuses or of one of them, 
prosopecta'sia. [G. prosopon, face; ektasis, 
extension.] Enlargement of. the face, 
as in acromegaly. 
prosoplasia (pros-5-pla'zi-a). [G. proso, for- 
ward; plasis, a molding.] Progressive 
transformation, as the change of cells 
of the salivary ducts into secreting cells, 
prosopodiplegia (pros-o-pod-i-ple'ji-a). [G. 
prosopon, face; pous, foot; plege, stroke.] 
Paralysis of the face and one lower 
extremity. 
pro'sopon. [G.] The face, 
prosoponeural'gia. Prosopalgia, 
prosopoplegia (pros-5-po-ple'ji-a). [G. proso- 
pon, face; plege, stroke.] Paralysis of the 
face. 
prosopople'gic. Pertaining to or suffering 
from prosopoplegia. 
prosoposchisis (pros-o-pos'ki-sis). [G. pros- 
opon, face; schisis, fissure.] Cleftlip, 
harelip or other considerable fissure of the 
face. 
pros'opospasm. [G. prosopon, face; spasmos, 
spasm.] Spasm of the face, 
prosopothoracop'agus. [G. prosopon, face; 
thorax; pagos, fastened together.] Cephalo- 
thoracopagus; a twin monster joined 
at the face and chest. 
prosopoto'cia. [G. prosopon, face; tokos, 
birth.] Face presentation in childbirth, 
prostata (pros'ta-ta). [L., from G. prostates, 
standing before.] A muscular and glandu- 
lar body, shaped like a chestnut, surround- 
ing the beginning of the urethra in the 
male; prostate, 
pros'tate. Prostata. 
prostesi dentaria. [It.] Dental prosthesis, 
pros'theon. See prosthion. 
pros'thesis. [G., an addition.] The supply- 
ing of any lost part of the body by an 
artificial substitute, like the teeth, jaws, 
nose, ears, eyes, arms, legs, etc. 
pros'thetic. Pertaining to prosthesis. PROSTHETICS 
272 
PROXIMAL 
prosthet'ics. A general term signifying the 
making and adjusting for any lost part 
of the body of an artificial substitute, 
pros'thetist. A dentist who specializes in 
making artificial substitutes for lost teeth 
and lost parts of the jaws and adjacent 
tissues; one who makes other artificial 
substitutes, such as arms, limbs, etc. 
pros'thion. [G. prosthios, foremost.] The 
alveolar point. 
prosthodontia (pros-tho-don'shi-a). [G. 
prostithenai, to add; odous, tooth.] The 
art of making prosthetic pieces, crowns, 
bridges, dentures and appliances for the 
correction of malpositions. See denture, 
full denture and partial denture service 
in supplement. 
prosthodontist. One who is skilled in 
prosthodontia. 
prosto'mia. Commissure of the lips, 
prostra'tion. [L. prostratus, overthrown.] 
Exhaustion; dejection; complete loss of 
strength. 
protective. [L. protegere, to defend, to 
shelter.] Affording protection or im- 
munity; preventing infection; prophy- 
lactic. 
proteid. See protein. 
protein (pro'te-in). [G. protos, first.] A 
compound of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, 
nitrogen and sulphur found in vegetable 
and animal organisms, 
proteol'ysis. [protein; G. lysis, dissolving.] 
The decomposition or digestion of pro- 
tein; protein hydrolysis, 
proteolyt'ic. Pertaining to or causing pro- 
teolysis. 
protesyn. Trade name of a form of syn- 
thetic porcelain for prosthetic pieces, to 
take the place of pink rubber on artificial 
dentures. 
Prothero’s plate-burnisher. A strong- 
handled instrument for adapting back- 
ings to facings. 
prothese dentaire. [Fr.] Dental pros- 
thesis. 
Prothesie. [Ger.] Prosthesis, 
proth'esis. [G., a placing before.] Pros- 
thesis. 
prothet'ic. Prosthetic, 
prothetics. Prosthetics, 
prothetist. Prosthetist, 
proto-. [G. protos, first.] A prefix denoting 
first, foremost or highest in rank, 
protocone (pr5'to-kon). [G. protos, first; 
konos, cone.] The mesiobuccal cusp of 
an upper (premolar) tooth in a mammal. 
See hypocone, metacone, etc. 
protoconid (pro-to-kon'id). The mesio- 
buccal cusp of a lower premolar tooth in 
a mammal. 
pro'toplasm. [G. protos, first; plasma, 
thing formed.] The substance of which 
animal and vegetable matter is formed; 
living matter. 
Protozoa (pr5-tb-z5'a). [G. protos, first; 
zoon, animal.] The subkingdom of 
animalcules which includes all unicellular 
animal organisms, consisting of a single 
cell or of an aggregation of nondifferen- 
tiated cells which are loosely held to- 
gether and do not form tissues, 
protozoology (prd-t5-z5-ol'o-ji). [G. protos, 
first; zoon, animal; -logia, treatise.] 
The science treating of Protozoa, 
protrude' (protrud'ed, protrud'ing, pro- 
tru'sion, protru'sive). [L. pro, forward; 
trudere, to push, shove.] To force, press, 
push or shove out; said of malposed 
teeth which are in that position. See 
trusion. 
protrusion (pro-tro'zhun). A projection, a 
pushing forward or outward, as of a 
tooth. 
protu'berance. [L. protuberare, to swell 
out.] A knob; a swelling; an outgrowth, 
protuberancia (pro-tu-ber-an'shi-a). [L.] A 
projection, prominence, protuberance, 
p. laryngea, Adam’s apple, prominentia 
laryngea. p. mentalis, the protuberance 
of the chin; the mental protuberance, 
process or prominence; the rough tri- 
angular prominence at the lower part of 
the symphysis of the mandible, 
proud flesh. A fungous growth from a 
granulating surface which shows no 
tendency to form a scar; excessive granu- 
lations. 
provisional (pro-vizh'un-al). [L. providere; 
to provide.] Providing for the present 
use, as a temporary set of artificial teeth 
or the deciduous teeth, 
provisional. [Sp.] Temporary (filling), 
prox'imad. [L. proximus, next; ad, to.] 
In a direction toward the center or 
proximal part; not distad. 
prox'imal. [L. proximalis.] Mesial; op- 
posed to distal; noting the surface of a 
tooth in relation to its neighbor, whether 
distal or mesial; nearest the trunk or the 
point of origin (said of a nerve, artery, 
etc., situated in this manner). PROXIMATE 
273 
PTYALISM 
prox'imate. Proximal; next; immediate, 
p. con'tact, the touching of the surfaces 
of two adjoining teeth, 
proximo-. Modification of proximal, used 
in compound words, as proximoclusal. 
proximobuc'cal. See mesiobuccal and dis- 
tobuccal under cavity nomenclature. 
proximoclu'sal. See mesioclusal and disto- 
clusal under cavity nomenclature. 
proximola'bial. See mesiolabial and dis- 
tolabial under cavity nomenclature. 
proximolin'gual. See mesiolingual and dis- 
tolingual under cavity nomenclature. 
pruri'tus. [L. prurire, to itch.] Itching, 
prussic acid (prus'ik fis'id). Hydrocyanic 
acid. 
psammous (sam'us). [G. psammos, sand.] 
Sandy. 
pseudo- (so'db). [G. pseudes, false.] A 
prefix designating a resemblance, some- 
times deceptive, to the thing which is 
indicated by the second element of a 
compound. Before a vowel pseudo- is 
sometimes contracted to pseud-. 
pseudoalveolar (so-do-al-ve'o-lar). Having 
a resemblance to alveolar tissue, 
pseudoexpos'ure of the pulp. A condition 
in which caries has so far progressed as to 
nearly, expose the pulp, leaving only a 
thin layer of partially decalcified infected 
dentin to protect it. 
pseudogeusesthesia (so'do-jo-ses-the'zi-a). 
[G. pseudes, false; geusis, taste; aisthesis, 
sensation.] A form of synesthesia in 
which, by stimulation of the sense of 
taste, a mental sensation of light or color 
is produced. 
pseudogeu'sia. A subjective taste sensa- 
tion which was not produced by an 
external stimulus. 
pseudomembrane (so-do-mem'bran). [G. 
pseudes, false.] A fibrinous exudate 
which forms a tough, felt-like membrane 
on the surface of the skin or a mucous 
membrane; a false membrane, 
pseudophotesthesia (so-do-fo-tes-the'zi-a). 
[G. pseudes, false; phos, light; aisthesis, 
sensation.] A form of synesthesia in 
which, by a stimulus to one of the other 
sense organs, either of touch, hearing, 
taste or smell, a mental sensation of light 
is produced. 
psilosis (si-lo'sis). [G., a stripping.] Sprue; 
also falling of the hair, 
psomophagia, psomophagy (so-md-fa'ji-a, 
so-mof'a-ji). [G. psomos, morsel, bit; 
;phago, I eat.] The act of swallowing food 
not properly masticated; bolting food, 
psoriasis (s5-rl'a-sis). [G. psoriasis—psora, 
the itch.] A skin disease characterized 
by an eruption of a red color and occurring 
in circumscribed rounded patches covered 
with white scales. 
psychic (si'kik). [G. psychikos, relating to 
the mind.] Mental; pertaining to the 
mind or soul. 
psychology (sl-kol'o-ji). [G. psyche, mind; 
-logia, treatise.] The science which 
treats of mental phenomena or with the 
mind and mental processes, 
psychrophilic (sl-kro-fil'ic). [G. psychros, 
cold; phileo, I love.] Preferring cold or a 
low temperature (said of bacteria which 
thrive best at a low temperature). 
ptenoglos'sa. A group of gasteropods 
having teeth only on the sides of the 
odontophore, but no middle row. 
pterygoid (ter'i-goid). [G. pteryx, wing; 
eidos, resemblance.] Alate; wing-shaped; 
a term applied to various anatomical 
parts in the neighborhood of the sphenoid, 
pterygomandibular (ter-i-go-man-dib'u-lar). 
Pertaining to the pterygoid process and 
the mandible, p. ligament, raphe ptery- 
gomandibularis. 
pterygomaxillary (ter-i-go-maks'il-a-ri). Per- 
taining to the pterygoid process and the 
maxilla, p. fossa, fossa pterygopalatina. 
p. ligament, raphe pterygomandibularis. 
pterygopalatine (ter-i-go-pal'a-tln). Per- 
taining to the pterygoid process and the 
palate bone. p. groove, sulcus pterygo- 
palatinus. 
pterygopharin'geus. Pertaining to the pter- 
ygoid process and the pharynx, 
ptomain (to'ma-in, to'man). [G. ptoma, a 
corpse.] Cadaveric alkaloid, a substance 
which has the properties of alkaloids, and 
is formed during the decomposition of 
dead animal and vegetable matter, 
ptosis (to'sis). [G., a falling.] The sinking 
or falling down of an organ, 
ptyalin (tl'al-in). [G. ptyalon, saliva.] The 
diastatic enzyme of the saliva, which 
converts the starch into maltose, 
ptyalinogen (ti-al-in'5-jen). [G. ptyalon, 
saliva; gennao, I produce.] The substance 
in the secreting-cells of salivary glands 
which forms the saliva, 
ptyalism (ti'al-izm). [G. ptyalon, saliva—■ 
ptyalismos, much spitting.] The excessive 
secretion of saliva; salivation; sialism. PTYALIZE 
274 
PULPE DENTAIRE 
pulp. [L. pulpa, flesh.] A moist, coherent 
soft mass; the vascular tissue in the 
center of a tooth; chyme, dead p., see 
nonvital. dental p., dentinal p., pulpa 
dentis. devital, devitalized p., see non- 
vital. exposure of the p., the absence of 
part of the dentin covering the pulp of 
a tooth. mummified dental p., the 
dental pulp in a state of dry gangrene, 
nonvital p., one in which the processes 
of life have ceased, p.-canal, root-canal, 
that part of the pulp cavity which is in 
the root. p.-capping, protecting an 
exposed pulp from irritation and injury 
by means of an aseptic protecting sub- 
stance. p.-cavity, tooth-cavity, the cen- 
tral hollow part of the tooth in the 
crown and root. p.-chamber, tooth- 
chamber, that part of the pulp-cavity 
which corresponds .to the crown portion 
of the tooth, p. devitalization, destroying 
the life of the pulp. p. extirpation, 
removal of the dental pulp. p. mummifi- 
cation, dry gangrene, shriveling of the 
substance of the pulp-tissue, p.-nodule, a 
nodule of dentin in the pulp of a tooth, 
p.-stone, a pulp-nodule, vital p., one in 
which the processes of life are active, 
pulpa (pul'pa). [L. pulpa, flesh, soft part.] 
Pulp. p. dentis, the dental pulp, 
pul'pal. Pertaining to the pulp; pulpar. 
See cavity nomenclature. 
pulpal'gia. Pulpitis, 
pul'pamen. The dental pulp, 
pul'par. Pertaining to the pulp, 
pulp-canal. That part of the pulp-cavity 
which is in the root, usually corresponding 
with the outline of the root and terminating 
in one foramen at the apex. Sometimes, 
near the apex, very fine branches are 
given off, the lateral or accessory pulp- 
canals; these terminate in fine, small 
foramina on the side of the root; the 
principal part of the pulp-canal is the 
main canal or the trunk. The canal takes 
the name of the root in which it is situ- 
ated; in maxillary bicuspids, buccal and 
lingual; in maxillary molars, mesiobuccal, 
distobuccal and lingual; in mandibular 
molars, mesial and distal, and when the 
mesial canal is divided, mesiobuccal and 
mesiolingual. 
pulpcap. Trade name of a preparation to be 
used for preventing the death of the pulp, 
pulp-chamber. See pulp. 
pulpe dentaire. [Fr.] The dental pulp. 
ptyalize (tl'al-Iz). [G. ptyalon, saliva— 
ptyalizo, I spit much.] To increase the 
secretion of saliva; to salivate, 
ptyalocele (tl'al-6-sel). [G. ptyalon, saliva; 
kele, tumor.] A cystic dilatation of a 
salivary duct; a salivary cyst, sublingual 
p., ranula. 
ptyalogenic (ti-al'o-jen'ik). [G. ptyalon, 
saliva; gennao, I produce.] Of salivary 
origin; formed from the saliva, 
ptyalogogue (tl-al'o-gog). [G. agogos, lead- 
ing.] An agent which promotes the flow 
of saliva; sialogogue. 
ptyalolith (ti'a-16-lith). [G., ptyalon, saliva; 
lithos, stone.] Salivary calculus, tartar, 
ptyalolithiasis (ti-a-lo-lith-i'a-sis). The pres- 
ence or the formation of tartar or salivary 
calculus. 
ptyalophthisis (tl-a-lof-te'sis). [G. phthio, 
to waste away.] A wasting of the body 
due to excessive ptyalism. 
pty'alum. Mucous spittle; saliva, 
pty'alun. Saliva, 
pty'aolore. Ptyalin. 
ptychodont (tl'ko-dont). [G. ptychodes, in 
folds; odous, tooth.] Indicating an 
animal in which the crowns of the molars 
are folded. 
ptys'ma. Sputum; spittle. 
ptysmagogue (tis'ma-gog). Expectorant; 
ptyalogogue; sialogogue. 
pu'berty. [L. puber, grown up.] The age 
at which the reproductive organs become 
developed, in girls 12 to 14, in boys 
13 to 16. 
pubes (pu'bez). [L.] The pubic region; 
mons Veneris; the pubic hairs; os pubis, 
the pubic bone. 
puden'dum, pi. pudenda. [L. pudere, to 
be ashamed.] The external female 
genitals; the vulva, 
puente. [Sp.] Bridge. 
pulley. A sheave, or small wheel with a 
grooved rim, used to change the direction 
and point of application of a pulling force, 
sometimes in groups of two or more, 
pul'mo, pi. pulmones. [L.] Lung, 
pulmonary (pul'mo-na-ri). Pertaining to 
the lungs, to the pulmonary artery, or 
to the aperture leading from the right 
ventricle into the pulmonary artery, 
pul'motor. A device for supplying oxygen 
to the lungs and inducing artificial 
respiration in cases of asphyxiation by 
illuminating gas, drowning or other 
causes of asphyxia; lung'motor. PULPECTOMIA IMMEDIATA 
275 
PUS 
pulpectomfa immediata. [Sp.] Immediate 
removal of the pulp. 
pulpec'tomy. [L. pulpa, flesh; G. ektome, 
excision.] Extirpation of the pulp; ex- 
cision of the pulp. 
pul'piform. Resembling pulp; pulpy, 
pulpite. [Fr.] Pulpitis, 
pulpitis (pul-pe'tis or pul-pi'tis). [L. pulpa, 
pulp; G. -itis, inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of the pulp of the tooth; odontitis, 
pulpless tooth. See teeth. 
pulpo-. A modification of pulpal in forming 
compound words, e.g., pulpoaxial. 
pulpot'omy. [L. pulpa, flesh; G. tome, 
cutting.] Incision into the pulp of a 
tooth. 
pul'sate. [L. pulsare, to beat.] To beat and 
throb rhythmically, as the heart and 
arteries. 
pul'satile. Beating; throbbing, 
pul'sation. Rhythmical throbbing or beat- 
ing, as the pulse of the heart and arteries, 
pulse. [L. pulsus, stroke.] The throbbing 
of the arteries due to the contractions of 
the heart; a beat or stroke; a measured 
or regular stroke; a vibration; a rhyth- 
mical dilatation of an artery, 
pul'sus. [L.] Pulse. 
pulta'ceous. [L. puls, pap.] Pulpy; pap- 
like; macerated. 
pulv. Abbreviation of the Latin pulvis, 
powder. 
pul'verize. [L. pulverere.] To reduce to a 
powder. 
pul'vis, pi. pulveres. [L.] A powder; a 
drug in powdered form; a compound of 
drugs in powdered form, 
pu'mex. [L.] Pumice, 
pumice (pum'is). [L. pumex.] A hard, 
light, spongy volcanic mineral, used 
especially in powdered form as an 
abrasive and for polishing dentures, 
punch. [L. pungere, to stick through.] An 
instrument resembling a pair of pliers, 
having in one jaw a usually circular cut- 
ting blade, and in the other an opening, 
used for punching holes; a tool for making 
a hole or indentation in a solid material; 
an instrument formerly used for the 
extraction of teeth, pin'punch, for mak- 
ing the perforations in the metal backing 
through which the pins of artificial teeth 
are passed. plate'punch, for making 
holes in metal plates; for clipping out the 
semicircular notches in a partial plate 
in order to make it fit to the necks of the 
natural teeth, also for clipping off parts 
of a plate while it is being struck up be- 
tween dies, rubberdam p., for punching 
a hole in a rubberdam through which 
the tooth is passed, tooth'punch, an 
obsolete term for the elevator used for 
extracting roots of teeth, 
puncture (pungk'tur). [L. punctura.] To 
make a hole with a needle or pointed 
instrument. The hole made with an 
instrument; a prick; a small hole, 
punc'tured. Pricked; pierced; perforated, 
p. pulp, an exposed pulp. p. wound, a 
wound made with a sharp pointed 
instrument. 
pungent (pun'jent). [L. pungere, to pene- 
trate.] Acrid, sharp, as the odor or 
taste of a substance. 
punk. A dried fungus used in drying cavi- 
ties prior to filling, on account of its 
extremely bibulous nature, 
pu'pil. [L. pupa, a doll—dim. pupilla, a 
small doll or girl.] The circular opening in 
the center of the iris, through which 
lightrays enter the eye. 
pupil'la. [L.] Pupil. 
pure. [L. purus.] Free from extraneous 
matter; free from adulteration; un- 
adulterated. 
purga'tion, pur'ging. Causing the evacua- 
tion of the bowels by means of cathartics; 
catharsis. 
purge (purj). [L. purgare, to cleanse.] A 
cathartic remedy. To cause free and 
copious evacuation of the bowels, 
pu'riform. [L. pus, pus; forma, shape, 
form.] Resembling pus. 
puromu'cous. Containing pus and mucus; 
mucopurulent. 
purple of Cassius. A mixture of pure silver 
240, pure gold 24 and pure tin 17.5, used 
in imparting the gum or pink tint to the 
porcelain of gumblocks and continuous 
gum dentures. 
pu'rulence. [L. purulentus, festering.] The 
state of producing or containing pus; 
suppuration. 
pu'rulent. Suppurating; suppurative; form- 
ing or containing pus. 
pus, gen. puris. [L.] The fluid product of 
inflammation. It consists of a liquid, 
the liquor puris, in which pus-corpuscles 
or leucocytes are found, and the debris 
of tissue elements and dead cells which 
have become liquefied by the proteolytic 
and histolytic ferments, these latter PUS-CORPUSCLE 
276 
PYORRHEA 
being elaborated by the pus-organisms or 
leucocytes, burrowing p., following some 
unresisting line, as along the fibers of a 
muscle, a sinus, connective tissue, etc. 
cheesy p., very thick, nearly solid mass 
resulting from the absorption of the 
liquor puris. curdy p., pus which con- 
tains flakes of caseous matter, ichorous 
p., thin pus which contains shreds of 
sloughing tissue, generally of a fetid odor; 
ichor, laudable p., creamy yellow pus. 
multiple p.-pockets, a number of small 
inclosed areas containing pus. p.-pocket, 
a small inclosed area containing pus. 
sanious p., ichorous pus which is stained 
with blood. 
pus-cor'puscle. A polymorphonuclear leu- 
cocyte which constitutes the formed 
elements in pus; pyocyte. 
pus'cure. Trade name of a powerful non- 
irritant, non-poisonous germicide, 
pus-or'ganisms. Bacteria which cause sup- 
purative inflammation, mostly the staphy- 
lococci and streptococci, although some- 
times pneumococci or gonococci also are 
the excitants of suppuration, 
pus'tula. [L.] Pustule, 
pus'tula o'ris. Aphthae, 
pus'tulant. An agent which produces pus- 
tules. Causing or pertaining to a pustu- 
lar eruption. 
pus'tular. Pertaining to pustules; pres- 
ence of pustules. . 
pus'tule. [L. pustula, blister.] A small cir- 
cumscribed elevation on the skin, con- 
taining pus. 
-utrefac'tion. [L. putrefacere, to putrefy.] 
The splitting up or cleavage of the 
molecules of a protein, resulting in the 
formation of other and less complex 
substances, accompanied by the produc- 
tion of sulphureted hydrogen and am- 
monia or its derivatives, 
pu'trefy. [L. puter, rotten -facere, to make.] 
To rot; to become putrid; to cause to 
become putrid. 
putres'cence. Putridity; rottenness; decay, 
putres'cent. Becoming rotten; putrefying; 
decaying. 
putrescen'tia. Putrefaction, 
pu'trid. [L. putridus.] Rotten; decayed, 
putrid'itas. Putridity, 
putridity. Decay; putrefaction, 
pyarthrosis (pi-ar-thro'sis). [G. pyon, pus; 
arthrosis, a jointing.] The presence of 
pus in the cavity of a joint. 
pycnomor phous. [G. pyknos, thick; mor- 
phe, shape, form.] Indicating a cell or 
tissue in which the stainable material is 
densely packed and which therefore colors 
deeply. 
pycnophra'sia. [G. pyknos, thick; phrasis, 
speech.] Thickness in uttering, 
pyecchisis (pl-ek'i-sis). [G. pyon, pus; ek, 
out; chysis, a pouring.] A discharge of 
pus. 
pyem'esis. [G. pyon, pus; emesis, vomit- 
ing.] The vomiting of pus. 
pyemia (pi-e'mi-a). [G. pyon, pus; haima, 
blood.] The presence of pus in the blood, 
a phase of septicemia, the organism giv- 
ing rise to foci of suppuration in various 
parts of the body, indicated by multiple 
abscesses, etc. 
pye'mic. Pertaining to pyemia, 
pye'sis. Suppuration, 
py'ic. Purulent; pertaining to pus. 
py'icous. Concerning pus. 
pykno-. See pycno-. 
pylo'rus. [G. pyloros, a gatekeeper.] The 
opening between the stomach and the 
small intestine; the pyloric orifice, 
pyo-. [G. pyon, pus.] A prefix indicating 
pus, an accumulation of pus, or suppura- 
tion. 
pyoblen'nic. Mucopurulent, 
pyoblennorrhe'a. A flow of purulent mucus, 
pyococ'cus. Generally the streptococcus 
pyogenes; a micrococcus causing sup- 
puration. 
pyogen'esis. [G. pyon, pus; genesis, origin.] 
The formation of pus. 
pyogen'ic. [G. pyon, pus; gennad, I pro- 
duce.] Pertaining to the formation of 
pus; pus-forming; pus-producing, 
py'oid. Of the nature of pus; puriform; re- 
sembling pus. 
pyon. Pus. 
pyop'tysis. Spitting of pus. 
pyorrhe'a (pi-or-re'a). [G. pyon, pus; rhoia, 
a flow.] A flow of pus; a purulent dis- 
charge; a suppurative inflammation of 
the periodontal membrane involving the 
gums, a flow of pus and loosening of the 
teeth. This disease, so generally known 
under the name of pyorrhea, which means 
simply a flow of pus, has been qualified 
into pyorrhea alveolaris, meaning a flow 
of pus from the alveolus of a tooth. 
The name pyorrhea was first mentioned by 
M. Joirac, a French dentist, in 1822, and 
since then it has been given many other PYORRHEA 
277 
PYTHO GENIC 
pyorrhea—Continued. 
names, of which the following is a repre- 
sentative, if not a complete, list: 
alveolar osteomyelitis 
alveolar pericementitis 
alveolar periostitis 
alveolar polyarthritis 
alveolitis 
alveolodental arthropathy 
alveolodental polyarthritis 
alveolodental pyorrhea 
alveolodental suppuration 
blennorrhea alveolaris 
calcic gingivitis 
calcic pericementitis 
cementoperiostitis 
chronic alveolar osteomyelitis 
chronic alveolar pericementitis 
chronic septic alveolitis 
chronic suppurative pericementitis 
dental interstitial arthritis 
dental periostitis 
dentoalveolar periostitis 
dentoalveolar pyorrhea 
dentoalveolar traumarthritis 
dentoalveolitis 
dentoosteitis 
dentosocketitis 
diffused infection of the dental alveoli 
Fauchard’s disease 
gingivitis expulsiva 
gouty pericementitis 
hematogenic calcic pericementitis 
infectuous alveolitis 
interstitial gingivitis 
Jourdain’s disease 
parodontitis 
pericemental alveolitis 
pericemental suppuration 
pericementoclasia [AAP.] 
periclasia [ADA.] 
peridentitis 
peridontoclasia [AAP.] 
periodontitis 
periodontoclasia [ADA.] 
periostitis alveolodentalis 
periostitis dentalis 
phagedenic alveolitis 
phagedenic pericemental alveolitis 
phagedenic pericementitis 
phatnorrhea 
ptyalogenic calcic pericementitis 
pyorrhea, pyorrhoea 
pyorrhea alveolaris 
radicular odontoptosis 
Riggs’ disease 
stomatitis ulcerosa chronica 
suppurative pericementitis 
suppurative peridentitis 
suppurative periodontitis 
pyorrhe'a alveola'ris. See pyorrhea. 
pyorrhea interalveolaire dentaire. [Fr.] Pyor- 
rhea. 
pyorrhea salivaris. A discharge of pus from 
a salivary duct. 
pyorrhe'al. Pertaining to pyorrhea, 
pyorrhee. [Fr.] Pyorrhea, p. alveolaire, 
pyorrhea alveolaris. p. intraalveolaire, 
intraalveolar pyorrhea, 
pyorrhocide. Trade name of an antiseptic 
medicated dentifrice recommended in 
cases of pyorrhea, soft, bleeding and spongy 
gums. 
pyorrhoea. See pyorrhea. 
pyo'sis. The formation of pus; suppuration, 
pyr'amid. [G. pyramis.] A name given some 
of the anatomical structures which are 
more or less the shape of a pyramid, 
pyramidal. Pertaining to a pyramid; noting 
anatomical structures of that form; hav- 
ing the shape or form of a pyramid, 
pyramis (pir'a-mis). [G.] Pyramid, as the 
petrous portion of the temporal bone, 
pyrazine (pi'ra-zen). Antipyrine. 
pyrethrum (pir'eth-rum). [G. pyrethron, 
feverfew.] Spanish chamomile; pellitory; 
pyrethri radix. A sialogogue used as a 
masticatory in atonic pharyngitis and 
elongated uvula. 
pyretic. [G. pyretos, fever.] Pertaining to 
fever; febrile; feverish, 
pyrexia. [G. pyrexis, feverishness.] Fever. 
local p., acute inflammation, 
pyro-. [G. pyr, fire.] A prefix signifying fire 
or prepared by fire. 
pyrocast. Trade name of a fire-proof model 
and investing material, 
pyroligneous (pi-rS-lig'ne-us). [G. pyr, fire; 
L. lignum, wood.] Pertaining to or pro- 
duced by dry distillation of wood. p. 
alcohol, wood alcohol; methyl alcohol, 
pyrom'eter. An instrument for recording 
degrees of temperature higher than those 
which can be recorded by the mercurial 
thermometer, usually in the shape of a 
metallic bar or other contrivance, 
pyrox'ylin. See celluloid. 
py'rozone. Trade name of a preparation of 
hydrogen peroxid. 
pythogenlc. [G. pytho, I decay; genesis, 
origin.] Originating from decaying mat- 
ter ; filthy; putrescent. Q.L. 
278 
QUOTIENT 
Q 
q.l. [L. quantum libet.] In prescription- 
writing, signifying as much as desired, 
q.s. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit, as 
much as is needed; quantum sufficial, as 
much as may be needed, 
q.v. Abbreviation of quod vide, which see; 
also of quantum vis, as much as you wish, 
quadrangle. See contra-angle. 
quadran'gular. [L. quadri-, four; angulus, 
angle.] Any figure having four angles, 
quadricuspid (kwod-ri-kus'pid). [L. quadri-, 
four; cuspis, point.] Four-cuspid. A 
tooth with four cusps. 
quadricuspidal, quadricuspidate. Four-cus- 
pid ; with four cusps. 
quadrilat'eral. [L. latus, side.] Any figure 
having four sides. 
quadritubercular (kwod-ri-tu-ber'ku-lar). [L. 
tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a knob or 
tubercle.] A tooth with four points or 
cusps, as a molar. 
quadriv'alent. [L. valere, to have power.] 
Possessing the combining power of four 
atoms of hydrogen. 
qual'itative. Pertaining to quality as dis- 
tinguished from quantity, q. analysis, an 
analysis having for its object the determi- 
nation of the nature of substances, regard- 
less of their amount. 
quantitative. Pertaining to quantity, q. 
analysis, an analysis having for its object 
the determination of the amount of each 
substance present, regardless of their na- 
ture. 
quantiv'alence. [L. quantus, how much; 
valere, to have power.] Valence, 
quantum. [L. quantus, how much.] A cer- 
tain definite amount, q. libet, abbrevia- 
tion q.l., as much as is desired, q. sufficit, 
abbreviated q.s., take as much as is needed, 
q. sufficiat, abbreviated quant, suff. or 
q.s., as much as may be needed, 
quart. The fourth part of a gallon, 0.9468 
liter. 
quartz. Silica; a mineral varying from trans- 
parent to opaque. Silicic oxid, a com- 
pound of silicon and oxygen, forms the 
greater proportion of the material compos- 
ing the body of mineral teeth, 
quartzif'erous. Containing or bearing 
quartz. 
quartz'ite. Granular quartz. 
quartz'ose. Containing or resembling quartz. 
quas'sia. Bitterwood. 
quaternary den'tal alloy. See alloy. 
Quecksilber. [Ger.] Mercury; quicksilver. 
Quecksilbervergiftung. [Ger.] Mercurial- 
ism; mercurial poisoning, 
queen’s metal. Tin 88.5, antimony 7.1, 
copper 3.5, zinc 0.9. 
quer. [Ger.] Transverse; crosswise. 
Querhiebbohrer. [Ger.] Cross-cut bur. 
quetschen. [Ger.] To contuse. 
Quetschwunde. [Ger.] Contusion; con- 
tused wound. 
quicklime. Calcium oxid; unslaked lime, 
quick'silver. Hydrargyrum; mercury, 
quijada. [Sp.] Jaw. 
qui'na. Cinchona bark, 
qui'nary den'tal alloy'. See alloy. 
quin'ia. Quinin. 
quinidi'na. An alkaloid of cinchona; beta- 
quinin; conquinin; quinidin. [Quinina. 
quinin, quinine (kwl'nin, kwl'nin, kwi'nen). 
quinin and urea hydrochlorid. A salt pos- 
sessing anesthetic properties, consisting 
of one molecule of quinin hydrochlorid 
and one molecule of urea hydrochlorid. 
quini'na. [Peruvian kina, cinchona bark.] 
Quinin; it is the most important alkaloid 
obtained from cinchona. q. sulphas, 
quinin sulphate, the most frequently used 
of the salts of quinin. 
quinquecuspid (kwin-kwe-kus'pid). [L. 
quinque, five; cuspis, point.] Five-cuspid. 
A tooth with five cusps, 
quinquecuspidal, quinquecuspidate. Five- 
cuspid; with five cusps, 
quinquetubercular (kwin-kwe-tu-ber'ku-lar). 
[L. quinque, five; tuberculum, dim. of tuber, 
a knob or tubercle.] A tooth with five 
points or cusps, as some of the molars, 
quinquevalent (kwin-kwev'a-lent). [L. va- 
lere, to have power.] Possessing a com- 
bining power equal to five atoms of hydro- 
gen. 
quinsy (kwin'zi). Acute suppurative in- 
flammation of the faucial tonsil and sur- 
rounding tissue; circumtonsillar abscess, 
lingual q., phlegmonous inflammation of 
the lingual tonsil and the adjacent tissues, 
quintes'sence. [L. quintus, fifth; essentia, 
essence.] A concentrated extract, 
quistes radiculares. [Sp.] Cysts of the 
roots. 
quotient (kwo'shent). [L. quoties, how 
often.] The number of times one amount 
is contained in another. R. 
279 
RADIOLOGY 
R 
R. Abbreviation for Reaumur, a thermo- 
metric scale, and for L. recipe, take, sym- 
bol by, in prescription-writing. 
R. Right. 
Ra. Chemical symbol of radium, 
rabies (ra'bi-ez). [L., rage, fury.] Hydro- 
phobia; lyssa. 
racemose (ras'e-mos). [L. racemus, a bunch 
of grapes.] Growing in racemes or clusters 
resembling a bunch of grapes; branching, 
with nodular terminations, r. adeno'ma, 
a tumor retaining the racemose glandular 
form. r. gland, any gland (as the parotid) 
having numerous branching ducts ending 
in acini. 
rach-. Also see rhach-. 
Rachen. [Ger.] Pharynx. 
Rachenenge. [Ger.] Isthmus of the fauces, 
rachitis (ra-ke'tis or ra-kl'tis). Rickets. Also 
written rhachitis. 
racine. [Fr.] Root (of a tooth). 
Rad. [Ger.] Wheel. 
Radbohrer. [Ger.] Wheel bur. 
Radchen. [Ger.] Dim. of Rad; a small 
wheel, disc. 
radectomy (ra-dek'to-mi). [L. radix, root; 
G. ektome, excision.] The removal of part 
of the root or the entire root of a tooth; 
amputation. 
radformig. [Ger.] Wheel-shaped, 
ra'diad. Toward the radial side, 
ra'dial. [L. radialis.] Radiating or spread- 
ing out from a given point or center, 
radiatio (ra-di-a'shi-o). [L.] Radiation, 
radiation (ra-di-a'shun). The condition or 
act of diyerging or spreading out in all 
directions from a given point; a ray; the 
effusion or sending forth of light or any 
other rays. 
radical (rad'i-kl). [L. radix, root.] Pertain- 
ing to the root or origin; thorough. A 
group of atoms which pass undivided from 
one compound to another, acting in this 
way as a single atom. r. operation, one 
which removes every possible trace of the 
diseased tissue, or makes recurrence impos- 
sible. 
radice. [It.] Root. 
radic'iform. Having the shape of a root of a 
tooth. 
radicle (rad'i-kl). [L. radicula, dim. of 
radix, root.] A structure having a resem- 
blance to a rootlet or root, as the radicle 
of a vein. 
radiec'tomy. [L. radix, root; ektome, excis- 
ion.] The amputation of one of the roots 
of a multirooted tooth. 
radioactin'ium. A disintegration product of 
actinium which gives off the alpha and 
beta rays, its disintegration product being 
actinium X. 
radioactive (ra'di-o-ak'tiv). [L. radius, ray; 
activus—agere, to act.] Possessing radio- 
activity. 
radioactivity (ra'di-6-ak-tiv'i-ti). Sponta- 
neously emitting rays consisting, at least 
in part, of material particles traveling at 
high velocities, as do radium and, to a 
less degree, thorium, uranium, etc. 
radiode (ra'di-dd). [radium; G. odos, way.] 
A metal vessel or container used for 
radium. 
radiodermatitis (ra'di-6-der-ma-te'tis or tl'- 
tis). [L. radius, ray; G. derma, skin; -itis, 
inflammation.] Actinodermatitis; der- 
matitis caused by exposure to the x-ray. 
radiodiagnosis (ra'di-6-dI-ag-no'sis). Diag- 
nosis made with the help of the x-rays, 
radiodon'tia. The science and art of making 
and interpreting radiographs of the teeth 
and adjacent structures, 
radiodon'tic. Pertaining to radiodontia. 
radiodon'tist. One skilled in the practice of 
radiodontia. 
radiodontol'ogy. See radiodontia. 
ra'diogram. [L. radius, a ray; G. gramma, a 
writing.] The product or tangible result, 
as the film or the print thereof, of the 
radiographic process, actuated by radiant 
energy of whatever source. [ADA.] Ac- 
tinogram, radiograph. 
ra'diograph. [L. radius, ray; G. grapho, 
writing.] The act or process of making a 
radiogram. [ADA.] Actinograph; an 
x-ray picture; a negative produced by the 
action of x-rays upon photographic media. 
To produce a negative by the use of x-rays, 
radiog'raphy. [L. radius, ray; G. grapho, 
write.] Art or process of producing shadow 
pictures of objects by the action of x-rays; 
actinography. The art of making radio- 
grams. [ADA.] 
radiologia. [Sp.] Radiology, 
radiol'ogy. [L. radius, ray; G. -logia, trea- 
tise.] The science of radiant energy. To 
be used as the generic term to indicate 
radiant energy from whatever source. 
[ADA.] Actinology. RADIOLUCENT 
280 
RAPHE 
radiolu'cent. [L. radius, ray; lucere, to 
shine.] Term applied to substances that 
allow the passage of radiant energy light, 
but offer some resistance. [ADA.] Offer- 
ing slight resistance to the passage of 
x-rays. 
radiom'eter. [L. radius, ray; G. metron, 
measure.] An instrument used to deter- 
mine the penetrative power of x-rays, 
ra'dion. [L. radius, ray; G. on, being.] One 
of the particles composing the alpha or 
beta or cathode rays. 
radioneuritis (ra'di-6-nu-re'tis or rl'tis). 
Actinoneuritis. 
radiopaque. Trade name of a preparation 
to be inserted in a root-canal prior to mak- 
ing a radiograph, and by which the entire 
root-canal is made visible, 
radiopaque. [L. radius, ray; opacus, shady.] 
Term applied to a substance that is im- 
permeable to the various forms of radiant 
energy. [ADA.] Impervious to the 
Rontgen ray; offering great resistance to 
the passage of x-rays. 
radiopar'ent. [L. radius, ray; parere, to 
appear.] Term applied to substances that 
freely transmit the light of radiant energy. 
[ADA.] Offering no resistance or obstruc- 
tion to the passage of x-rays, 
radioprax'is. [L. radius, ray; G. praxis, a 
doing.] Actinopraxis. 
radios'eopy. [L. radius, ray; skopeo, I ex- 
amine.] Skiascopy; actinoscopy. 
radiostereoscopy (ra-di-5-ster-e-os'ko-pi). [L. 
radius, ray; G. stereos, solid; skopeo, I 
examine.] Actinoscopy; the inspection of 
the interior organs by means of the x-ray. 
radiother'apy. The treatment of disease by 
radiation, x-rays, ultra violet rays or 
radium; actinotherapy. 
ra'dium. Symbol Ra, atomic weight 226.4. 
A metallic element. 
ra'dius, gen. and pi. ra'dii. [L., spoke of a 
wheel, rod, ray.] A straight line extending 
from the center to the circumference of a 
circle; outer and shorter bone of the fore- 
arm. 
ra'dix. [L.] A root. r. den'tis, the root of a 
tooth, that portion below the neck, cov- 
ered by cementum and fixed in the alveolus, 
r. lin'guae, the root of the tongue, the 
posterior attached part of the tongue, r. 
na'si, root of the nose, the upper extremity 
of the nose, located between the two (orbits, 
r. ner'vi facia'lis, the root of the facial 
nerve. 
rad'ula. The dentary organ of mollusks. 
rad'ula. Scraper; scaler; an instrument to 
remove salivary calculus or tartar. 
rkggi X. [It.] X-rays, 
raiz, raices. [Sp.] Root, roots. 
rkme. [It.] Copper, brass, 
ramifica'tion. Division or separation into 
branches; branching, 
ram'ify. To branch. 
ram'ulus. [L., dim. of ramus, a branch.] 
A small twig or branch, 
ra'mus. [L.] A branch; one of the first or 
original divisions of a blood-vessel or 
nerve; a part of an irregularly shaped 
bone which forms an angle with the main 
body, as the ramus of the mandible, 
ramus'culus. A division of a ramus, 
ran'cid. [L. rancidus—rancere, to stink.] 
Having a rank or sharp, disagreeable odor 
or taste; noting an oil or other fat which 
has become decomposed. 
Rand. [Ger.] Margin; border. 
Randstarke. [Ger.] Edge strength, 
range. Row, class, rank (noting dental in- 
struments arranged according to size, 
angle of blades, etc., on definite compara- 
tive gradations). 
ranine (ra'nen). [L. rana, a frog.] Pertain- 
ing to the under surface of the tongue, 
r. ar'tery, the terminal part of the lingual 
artery, r. tumor, ranula. 
Ranke’s angle. Formed by the horizontal 
plane of the head and a line passing from 
the point of the center, corresponding with 
the suture of the maxillae at the median 
line, just below the nasal spine, to the cen- 
ter of the frontonasal suture. 
Ransom & Randolph’s artificial stone. Trade 
name of a preparation of plaster used in 
making investments. 
ran'ula. [L., dim. of rana, a frog.] A cyst- 
like tumor occurring on the floor of the 
mouth, due to obstruction of the duct of 
the glandula incisiva or the sublingual 
glands; any cystic tumor of the floor of 
the mouth or under surface of the tongue; 
hypoglossis; hypoglottis. 
ran'ular. Pertaining to a ranula. 
raphe (raf'e). [G. rhaphe, a seam.] The line 
of union between two neighboring and 
similar structures. r. lin'guae, sulcus 
medianus linguae, r. pala'ti, the median 
ridge on the hard palate, r. pterygo- 
mandibula'ris, pterygomandibular liga- 
ment, a sinewy thickening of the bucco- 
pharyngeal fascia, dividing the buccinator RAPHIDIOGLOSSA 
RECESSIONAL LINES 
281 
muscle from the superior constrictor of the 
pharynx. 
raphidioglos'sa. Needle-shaped teeth on 
the odontophore. 
rarefac'tion. [See rarefy.] Expansion; the 
act of rarefying or rendering less dense, 
rar'efy. [L. rarus, thin; facere, to make.] 
To make less dense; to become less dense, 
rasco. Trade name of a preparation of 
plaster for making hard models, 
rash. [L. rasus—radere, to scrape.] An 
eruption or efflorescence on the skin, 
of a spreading nature, and usually tempo- 
rary. 
rasp. To rub or file with something rough, 
as with a coarse file. The roughest part of 
a vulcanized denture. 
ras'patory. An instrument for scraping bone, 
rat'chet. A pawl, click or detent for holding 
or propelling a ratchet-wheel or ratch; 
a mechanism composed of a ratchet-wheel 
or ratch and pawl, used in orthodontic 
appliances to increase or decrease an 
applied force. 
Rathke’s pouch. A formation in the median 
line of the roof of the oral sinus in the 
embryo. 
ratio (ra'shi-o). [L.] Quotient, proportion, 
rational (rash'un-al). Agreeable to reason; 
judicious; intelligent; proportionate; not- 
ing justifiable treatment of a disease, 
rauh. [Ger.] Rough; rugged, 
ray. [L. radius.] A line or pencil of light, 
heat or other form of radioactivity, 
indirect rays, x-rays produced at the 
surface of the glass of the tube, primary 
rays, alpha, beta and gamma rays; 
x-rays produced at the focal point of the 
tube. r. fungus, actinomyces. Rontgen 
rays, x-rays, secondary rays, rays pro- 
duced in the body upon which the primary 
rays impinge upon matter, x-rays, the 
ethereal waves or pulsations sent forth 
from a Crookes tube, excited by the 
bombardment of the anode target with 
the cathode rays; they are thought to 
be a series of short pulsations which follow 
each other at irregular intervals, 
rayos X. [Sp.] X-rays. 
Rb. Chemical symbol of rubidium. 
re-. [L. re-, red-.] A prefix denoting again; 
back, back to. 
reabsorb. See resorb. 
reabsorption. See resorption. 
reaction (re-ak'shun). [L. re-, again; agere, 
to act.] A condition in which a muscle 
or other living tissue responds to a stimu- 
lus; the change of color effected in litmus 
and other organic pigments by coming in 
contact with substances possessing proper- 
ties which produce this change; the inter- 
molecular action of two or more substances 
upon each other, new ones being formed 
in their place, fo'cal r., the reaction at the 
focus or local seat of a disease to an inocu- 
lated toxin or vaccine brought there by 
the blood stream. 
reagent (re-a'jent). [L. re-, again; agere, to 
act.] A substance added to a complex 
solution in order that the presence or 
absence of a certain substance may be 
determined by chemical action. 
ream'er (rem'er). A tool or instrument 
provided with cutting blades for enlarging 
or shaping a hole by turning; a broach; a 
rimer. Morrison’s r., Ottolengui’s r., 
Peeso’s r., for enlarging root-canals. See 
Ottolengui. 
reamputa'tion. The second of two amputa- 
tions, as the second amputation of the root 
of a tooth. 
reattach'ment. The formation of a union 
between the alveolus and a replanted, trans- 
planted or implanted tooth; the replacing 
of a crown or bridge which has become 
loosened. 
rebas'ing. The act of making a new base, or 
of altering the base of an artificial denture 
to improve its adaptation to the tissues. 
recalcification (re-kal-si-fi-ka'shun). [L. re-, 
again; calx, lime; facere, to make.] The act 
of restoring lost lime salts to the tissues. 
receptac'ulum. [L. rccipere, to receive.] A 
receptacle. 
recess'. [L. recessus.] A small hollow, cav- 
vity or indentation, labial r., see cleft- 
lip. 
recession (re-sesh'un). [L. recedere, p.p. 
recessus, to draw back, to recede.] The 
act of receding or drawing away from; 
withdrawal; retraction, r. of the gums, a 
condition in which the gums shrink away 
from the necks of the teeth, r. of the 
mandible, see retrusion. 
reces'sional lines. In the formative period 
of the tooth, that space which is later 
occupied by the dentin is filled with soft 
pulp tissue. As the dentin forms, the pulp 
becomes smaller, its pulpal horns receding, 
and as the process is irregularly slow or 
rapid, it leaves markings in the dentin, 
the recessional lines of the pulpal horns. RECESSUS 
282 
REFRACT 
reces'sus (re-ses'sus). A small hollow or 
recess, r. parotide'us, a deep hollow or 
cavity situated on the side of the head 
below and in front of the mastoid, and in 
which is lodged the parotid gland, 
rechtwinklig. [Ger.] Right-angled, 
recipe (res'i-pe). [L.] Take; the super- 
scription of a medical prescription, usually 
designated by the sign a formula for 
compounding anything, 
recip'rocal. [L. reciprocus, returning.] Act- 
ing in return; mutually given and received, 
rec'rement. [L. re-, back; cernere, to sep- 
arate.] A secretion, like the saliva and in 
part the bile, which is reabsorbed into the 
system after having performed its function, 
recrementitious (rek-re-men-tish'us). Simi- 
lar to or of the nature of a recrement, 
recrudescence (re-kro-des'ens). [L. re-, 
again; crudescere, to become bad.] The 
state of retrogression after a period of 
improvement; a sharp relapse, 
rectification (rek-ti-fi-ka'shun). Repeated 
distillation of a spirit, such as low wine in 
the manufacture of whisky, to concen- 
trate it or render it purer, 
rec'tify. [L. rectus, straight; facere, to make.] 
To purify, refine, to set right, 
rec'tum. [L. rectus, straight.] The lowest 
part of the great intestine or the terminal 
portion of the digestive tube extending 
from the pelvic colon to the anus, 
recum'bent. [L. recumbere, to lie down.] 
Reclining, lying down; leaning against 
another part. 
recu'perate. [L. recuperare.] To recover; 
to regain health and strength, 
recuperation (re-ku-per-a'shun). Recovery; 
restoration to health. 
recurrence. [L. re-, back; currere, to run.] 
A return of symptoms, 
red gum. See strophulus. 
reduce (re-dus'). [L. re-, back; ducere, to 
lead.] To replace the ends of a fractured 
or splintered bone or a dislocation; to 
deoxidize, to restore or cause an oxid to 
resume Its metallic form; to weaken, 
redu'cer. A solution to chemically reduce 
the density of photographic and radio- 
graphic negatives. 
reduc'tion. Operation of restoring a frac- 
tured or dislocated bone to its proper place 
or state; freeing a metal from its com- 
binations; the act of reducing; the state 
of being reduced. 
redun'dant. [L. redundare, to overflow.] 
Superfluous; exuberant; more than normal 
or necessary. % 
Reeder headlamp. Trade name of a brilliant 
cold lamp for illuminating the mouth 
during dental operations. 
Rees’ alloy. Tin 20, silver 2, gold 1. For 
lower dentures. 
refill'ing. The act of inserting a filling in 
place of one which has become dislodged 
or has been intentionally removed. 
refine (re-fin'). [L. re-, again; finire, to 
finish.] To separate from impurities, as 
the refining of metals. 
refit'ting. The making of adjustments on a 
denture, bridge, crown or other appliance 
to improve adaptation to the parts. 
reflect'. [L. re-, back \ fleetere, to bend.] To 
throw back, as the rays of light from a 
mirror; to bend back. 
reflec'tor. Any surface which reflects or 
throws back the waves of light, heat or 
sound, dental r., small concave mirror 
which may be attached to a clamp or 
tooth, to reflect light on the field of opera- 
tion in the mouth. 
re'flex. [L. re-, back; flectere, to bend.] Re- 
flected; reflecting. An involuntary move- 
ment, reaction, or reflected act, causing 
the exercise of some organ, or the per- 
formance of some function, in response to 
some stimulus applied to the periphery 
and transmitted by the nerves to the 
central nervous system, chin r., tapping 
the chin causes contraction of the masseter 
muscle, faucial r., vomiting caused by 
tickling the throat, jaw r., sudden con- 
traction of the muscles which close the 
mandible, as the result of a sharp tap on 
a flat piece of thin wood laid across the 
teeth while the mandible hangs loosely 
open; the jawjerk; mandibular jerk, nasal 
r., sneezing as the result of irritation of 
the nasal mucous membrane, nasomental 
r., the contraction of the mentalis muscle 
when the sides of the nose are tapped, 
palatine r., if the mucous membrane of the 
hard palate is touched it results in an 
elevation of the velum of the soft palate, 
pharyngeal r., swallowing movement due 
to a stimulus applied to the mucous mem- 
brane of the pharynx. 
reflux (re'fluks). [L. refluxus—refluere, to 
flow back.] Flowing back, regurgitation, 
ebb, refluence. 
refract'. [L. refractus—refringere, to break 
back.] To deflect or swerve a ray of light. REFRACTION 
283 
REMISSION 
refrac'tion. The change from a straight line 
which a ray of light assumes when deflected 
and when it passes from one medium into 
another of different density, 
refrac'tory. [L. refractarius.] Sullenly or 
perversely obstinate; not yielding readily 
to treatment. 
refresh'. [L. re-, again; frescus, fresh.] 
To revive after fatigue; to freshen; to 
scrape or pare two opposing surfaces of 
an old wound so as to induce a union, 
refrigerant (re-frij'er-ant). [L. refrigerare.] 
Cooling; refreshing; reducing a slight 
fever. An agent having the properties of 
relieving fever and giving a cool sensation. 
In local anesthesia (1) the application of 
cold, as ice and salt, abstracting heat 
from the tissues, thus diminishing sensa- 
tion; (2) the application of a spray 
rendering the terminal nerve endings 
incapable of receiving painful afferent 
impulses, sulphuric ether and ethyl 
chlorid being generally used for this 
purpose. 
regenerate (re-jen'er-at). [L. re-, again; 
generare, to produce.] To renew; to repro- 
duce; to make over, 
regia aqua. See aqua regia. 
re'gio. [L.] An area, territory or region 
of the body. r. buccalis, the region of 
the cheeks, r. facialis, the region of the 
face. r. mentalis, the region of the chin, 
re'gion. Territory; area; some portion of 
the surface of the body more or less 
definitely indicated. 
regression (re-gresh'un). [L. regredi, to go 
back.] Retrogression; relapse (return of 
symptoms); recession (subsidence of symp- 
toms) ; any retrograde movement, 
reg'ular. [L. regula, a rule.] According to 
rule; normal; typical. 
reg'ulating (teeth). Orthodontia, r. appli- 
ance, see orthodontic appliance. 
reg'ulator for vul'canizef. Gas regulator, 
an attachment whereby the amount of 
gas burned is so regulated that the 
temperature is constantly held at the 
degree required for vulcanizing the case, 
time r., an attachment connected with a 
clock, whereby the gas is shut off at the 
time previously provided for by proper 
adjustment. 
regulieren. [Ger.] To regulate, 
reg'ulus,. The more or less impure mass of 
metal formed beneath the slag in reducing 
ores; matte. 
regurgitate (re-gur'ji-tat). [L. re-, back; 
gurgitare, to flow.] To flow or pour 
backwards; to belch or expel the con- 
tents of the stomach in small amounts. 
Reibung. [Ger.] Friction, 
reif. [Ger.] Ripe; mature, 
reimplanta'tion. The return of a tooth to 
the socket whence it has been dislodged, 
returned and again dislodged. Also see 
replantation. 
reinfec'tion. A condition in which a second 
infection caused by the same microorgan- 
ism occurs immediately after recovery or 
during the course of a primary infection, 
reinforce', -ed, -ing. The addition of metal 
or plastic material in the construction of 
crowns, bridges and dentures, to add 
strength. 
reinocula'tion. A reinfection by means of 
inoculation. 
rejuvenescence (re-jo-ven-es'ens). [L. re-, 
again; juvenescere, to grow young.] The 
state of becoming young, renewing youth; 
a cell or tissue regaining its former or 
earlier stage of existence, 
relapse'. [L. re-, back; lapsus, a sliding.] 
The return of a disease after it has spent 
its course or after partial recovery, 
relaps'ing. Recurring. A condition in 
which a disease, after a period of con- 
valescence, returns in a new attack, 
rela'tion, dentofa'cial. See dentofacial rela- 
tion. 
rel'ative. [L. relatus—referre, to refer.] 
Having relation to another object or 
subject; not existing independently, 
relax'. [L. re-, back; laxare, to loosen.] To 
render less tense; to slacken; to cause a 
movement of the bowels, 
relief'. The mitigation of pain or distress, 
mental or physical. 
relieve (re-lev'). [L. re-, again; levare, to lift.] 
To free entirely or partly from pain, grief 
or discomfort, either physical or mental; 
mitigate; alleviate. 
relining (re-lin'ing). The act of replacing 
the worn-out lining of a denture with a 
new one. 
remediable (re-me'di-a-bl). [L. remederi, to 
cure; habilis, apt.] Curable; admitting 
remedy. 
rem'edy. [L. remedium, a cure.] An agent 
which cures disease or counteracts its 
symptoms. To cure; to make right, 
remission (re-mish'un). [L. remissus—re-, 
back; mittere, to send.] A lessening in REMITTENT 
284 
RESPIRATOR 
severity; a temporary relaxation of the 
symptoms of a disease, 
remit'tent. Characterized by symptoms 
increasing and abating alternately, 
remov'able bridge'work. See bridgework, 
removable, r. fixed bridge, see bridge. 
ren. [L.] Kidney. 
rengo-jokan. [Ja.] Combination inlay, 
rengo-juten. [Ja.] Combination filling, 
renicap'sule. [L. ren, kidney; capsula, cap- 
sule.] The capsule of the kidney, 
ren'nin. Chymosin; rennet, an enzyme 
present in the principal cells of the 
gastric tubules. 
rentogen-gaku. [Ja.] Radiology, 
reparation. [Sp.] Reparation, 
repel'lent. [L. repellere, to drive back.] 
Reducing swelling. An astringent or other 
substance which reduces swelling, 
repercussion (re-per-kush'un). [L. reper- 
cutere, to drive back.] The reduction or 
driving away of a swelling, 
replanta'tion. [L. re-, again; plantare, to 
plant.] Replacing a tooth into the socket 
from which it has been extracted or 
accidentally dislodged, 
reproduce (re-pro-dus'). Produce again; 
copy; give rise to offspring, 
reproduc'tion. Act of reproducing; that 
which is reproduced. 
repulsion. [L. repulsus—repellere, to drive 
back.] The state of being repelled; the 
power by which certain bodies recede from 
each other; aversion, 
resection, [Sp.] Resection, 
resect'. [L. resecare, to cut off.] To cut off. 
resection (re-sek'shun). Removal of a 
portion of the root of a tooth; removal of 
the articular ends of bones, 
resection apicale. [Fr.] Apicoectomy. 
reshaping. To alter the form or shape of 
a crown, bridge or denture, to improve 
its appearance, attachment, etc. 
residual (re-zid'u-al). [L. residuum, residue.] 
Pertaining to or similar to a residue; 
remaining or left behind. r. alveolar 
ridge, the remaining part of the alveolar 
process after the extraction of teeth and 
absorption of the edges of the sockets, 
r. root, any small part of a root remaining 
in the jaw. 
residue (rez'i-du). Remainder; rest, 
resid'uum. [L.] Residue, 
resilience ’ (re-zil'i-ens). [L. resilire, to 
jump back.] Elasticity; springing back, 
res'in (rez'in). [L. resina.] An uncrys- 
tallized, brittle substance composed of 
the hardened exudation of a number of 
plants, a derivative of volatile oil and 
similar to a stearoptene; rosin; colophone. 
resi'na. [L.] Resin; colophone; rosin, 
resistance. Exertion of one force against 
another, as a passive against an active 
force. In electricity, opposition to the 
passage of a current, causing loss of 
energy and production of heat; the quality 
of a conductor which impedes the action 
of the current; resistance equals pressure 
divided by current-strength, 
resolution. [L. resolutus—resolvere, to re- 
solve.] The arrest or checking of an 
inflammatory process without suppuration, 
resolve (re-zolv'). [L. re-, back to; solvere, 
to loosen.] To return or cause to return 
to the natural state without suppuration, 
res'onance. [L. resonare, to resound, to 
echo.] The sound obtained on percussing 
a freely vibrating part, 
resorb'. [L. re-, again; sorbere, to suck up.] 
To decalcify and be absorbed again, 
incorrectly said of the roots of the decidu- 
ous, and sometimes of the permanent 
teeth; to absorb that which has been 
excreted, as pus or an exudate; to reabsorb. 
See resorption. 
resorption (re-sarp'shun). A loss of sub- 
stance by lysis, incorrectly said of the 
roots of the deciduous teeth, and some- 
times of the roots of permanent teeth; 
resorbing; the removal of a bloodclot, 
an exudate, pus, etc., by absorption; 
reabsorption. There is no term correctly 
expressing the normal process whereby 
the roots of the deciduous teeth are 
disintegrated and returned into the 
circulation. The process is not one of 
resorption or reabsorption; because re- 
signifies again, and sorbere, to suck up. 
Not having once been “sucked up,” they 
can not again be “sucked up.” Possibly, 
sorb, sorbed and sorption, signifying “to 
suck up,” etc., would be more appropriate 
expressions. 
respira'tion. [L. respirare, to breathe.] A 
function essential to all living plants or 
animals; it consists of the taking in of 
oxygen and the exudation of the products 
of oxidation in the tissues, mainly water 
and carbon dioxid. 
res'pirator. An appliance used to coyer the 
mouth and nose, for the purpose of 
excluding smoke, dust, etc., or of warming RESPIRATORY 
285 
RETROMANDIBULAR 
the air before it enters the lungs or 
respiratory passages. 
respi'ratory. Pertaining to respiration, 
r. tract, the course of air-passages from 
the nostrils to the airsacs in the lungs, 
respire'. [L. respirare.] To breathe, 
response (re-spons'). [L. responsus—respond- 
ere, to answer.] The reaction of a muscle 
or other part to a stimulus, 
rest. [AS.] Repose, quiet, 
rest, occlusal. See partial denture service 
in the supplement. [in perfect repose, 
rest'bite. The occlusion of the teeth when 
restora'tion. [L. restaurare, to restore.] 
Replacement; recovery, buccal r., the 
replacement of more than the usual tissue 
lost after extraction of the teeth. See 
plumpers. 
restor'ative. Renewing strength and health. 
An agent capable of restoring or renewing 
health or strength. 
resuscitate (re-sus'i-tat). [L. re-, again; 
suscitare, to raise up.] To revive from 
apparent death, 
retain'. To continue to hold, 
retain'er. [L. re-, back; tenere, to hold.] 
In orthodontia, an appliance for retaining 
teeth whose malposition has been corrected 
in their assigned location until they are 
so firmly established as not to wander 
from their acquired situation. See ortho- 
dontia, partial denture service, in supple- 
ment. 
retch. An involuntary effort to vomit, 
retch'ing. Vomituration; the making of 
movements of vomiting without effect, 
rete (re'te). [L.] A mesh or network of 
nerve fibers or small vessels, or a structure 
composed of a mesh or fibrous network, 
r. canalis hypoglossi, a small venous 
network around the hypoglossal nerve, 
r. foraminus ovalis, a venous network 
around the mandibular nerve, r. muco- 
sum, the stratum germinativum. 
retention en ortodoncia. [Sp.] Retention 
in orthodontia. 
retention (re-ten'shun). [L. re-, back; 
tenere, to hold.] The keeping or retaining 
in the body of what normally belongs 
there, particularly food and drink in the 
stomach; the retaining in the body of 
what should normally be discharged, as 
feces or urine, r. form, the shape of a 
cavity offering the greatest resistance to 
the displacement of a filling by the 
forces to which it is subjected. 
retentive form. The shape given to a 
cavity in order that it may prevent the 
filling from becoming displaced, 
retic'ulum. [L., dim. of rete, a net.] A 
fine network, particularly of protoplasmic 
processes or nerve-fibers; neuroglia, 
ret'iform. [L. rete, network; forma, form.] 
Having a resemblance to a net or network, 
ret'ina. [L. rete, a net.] The inner nervous 
tunic of the eyeball; optomeninx. 
retinac'ulum. [L., a halter.] A retaining 
band or ligament; a frenum. 
retort'. [L. retorquere, to twist back.] A 
flask-like vessel with a long neck, used in 
distilling and decomposing substances, 
retract'. [L. retrahere.] Take back or 
recall; rescind; withdraw; draw back or in; 
shrink away; recede. 
retrac'tion. The state of being drawn back; 
shrinking; recantation, 
retro-. [L., back, backward.] A prefix 
meaning backward or behind, 
retrobuccal (re-tro-buk'kal). [L. retro, 
behind; bucca, mouth.] Pertaining to the 
posterior part of the mouth; behind the 
mouth. 
retrocession (re-tro-sesh'un). A relapse; a 
going back; a condition in which the 
external symptoms of a disease cease, 
followed by signs indicating the involve- 
ment of some internal organ or part, 
retroflexed (re-tro-flekst'). [L. retro, back- 
ward; flexus, bent.] Bent backward, 
ret'rograde. [L. retro, backward; gradi, to 
go.] Going or moving backwards; revers- 
ing the natural or normal order of growth 
and development: degenerating, 
retrogression (re-tro-gresh'un). [L. retro- 
gressus—retro, backward; gradi, to go.] 
A condition in which the metabolic 
processes are reversed; catabolism; involu- 
tion; degeneration. 
retrojec'tion. [L. retro, backward; jacere, 
to throw.] The washing out of a cavity 
or canal by the backward flow of an 
injected liquid. 
retrolingual (re-tr5-ling'gwal). [L. retro, 
behind; lingua, tongue.] Pertaining to 
the posterior part of the tongue; behind 
the tongue. 
retromandibular (re-tro-man-dib'u-lar). [L. 
retro, behind; mandibula, lower jaw.] 
Behind the mandible or lower jaw, particu- 
larly noting a point in front of the mastoid 
process, sensitiveness to pressure of 
which indicates Signorelli’s sign. RETRONASAL 
286 
RHINOLARYNGITIS 
retrona'sal. Pertaining to the posterior 
nares. Posterior nasal. [tooth, 
retrover'sion. A turning backward, as of a 
retrovert'ed. Inclined or turned backward, 
as a tooth. 
retrude' (retrud! ed, retrud'ing, retru'sion, 
■ retru'sive). [L. re-, back; tradere, to push, 
shove.] To force, press, push or shove 
back (said of malposed teeth which are 
in that position). See trusion. 
Retzius’ lines. The calcification or accretion 
lines of the enamel. R.’s striae, the dark 
concentric lines crossing the enamel 
prisms of the teeth, noted in cross sections; 
brown striae; striae parallelae. 
revelation. Trade name of an aptiseptic 
tooth-powder; trade name of a line of 
dental burs. 
reverse plugger. See plugger. 
rever'sion. [L. reversio.] Act of reverting 
or returning; that which reverts or returns. 
Revilliod’s sign. A condition in facial 
hemiplegia of cerebral origin in which 
there is inability to close the eye on the 
affected side without closing the other 
at the same time. 
revivification (re-viv'i-fi-ka-shun). [L. re-, 
again; rivere, to live; facere, to make.] 
Renewal of life and strength; revivescence; 
scraping or paring the edges of an old 
wound to induce union; refreshing. 
Rh. Chemical symbol of rhodium, 
rhab'doid. [G. rhabdos, a rod; eidos, 
resemblance.] Rod-shaped, 
rhabdomyo'ma. A tumor composed of 
striated muscle. 
rhachis (rak'is). [G.] Spinal column, 
rhachitic (ra-kit'ik). Rickety; rachitic, 
rhachitis (ra-ke'tis or ra-ki'tis). Rachitis; 
rickets. 
-rhagia. A G. suffix signifying a discharge 
or bleeding from some part, 
rhaphe. [G., seam.] A raised line or ridge, 
usually in the median part of a tissue 
or structure. 
Rhein’s picks. Instruments for opening and 
enlarging root-canals to the apex without 
danger of piercing the side of the root. 
R.’s proximal trimmers, instruments for 
trimming fillings near the cervical margins 
on the proximal surfaces of the teeth. 
Devised by Dr. M. L. Rhein, 
rhe'ostat. [G. rheos, stream; statos, placed.] 
A resistance-coil; an apparatus used for 
regulating the degree of resistance in an 
electric current. 
rheum (rom). [G. rheuma, a flux.] A watery 
or mucous discharge. 
rheumatism (ro'ma-tizm). [G. rheuma, a 
flux.] An acute, painful disease charac- 
terized by fever and excessive perspiration, 
and accompanied by inflammation and 
swelling of the joints and frequently by 
endocarditis. 
rhig'olene. A volatile liquid made by the 
distillation of petroleum, *used as a local 
anesthetic, when its rapid evaporation 
freezes the tissue upon which it is sprayed, 
rhi'nal. [G. rhis, nose.] Nasal; pertaining 
to the nose. 
rhinedema (ri-ne-de'ma). [G. rhis, nose; 
oidema, swelling.] A condition in which 
the mucous membrane of the nose is 
swollen. 
rhinesthesia (rl-nes-the'zi-a). [G. rhis, nose; 
aisthesis, sensation.] The sense of smell, 
rhineurynter (rl-nu-rin'ter). [G. rhis, nose; 
euryno, I dilate.] A dilatable bag 
employed to make pressure within the 
nostril in order to alleviate an excessive 
epistaxis. 
rhinion (rin'i-on). [G. rhinion, nostril.] 
The punctum nasale inferius, a cranio- 
metric point; the lower end of the sutures 
between the nasal bones, 
rhinitis (ri-ne'tis or ri-ni'tis). [G. rhis, 
nose; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which the nasal mucous membrane 
is inflamed, mem'branous r., a chronic 
inflammation of the nasal mucous mem- 
brane accompanied by a fibrinous or 
pseudomembranous exudate, 
rhinoantritis (ri'no-an-tre'tis or I'tis). [G. 
rhis, nose; antron, a cave; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A condition in which the nasal 
cavities and one or both antra of Highmore 
are inflamed. 
rhino'byon. [G. rhis, nose; byo, I plug.] 
A nasal plug or tampon, 
rhinoceph'alus. [G. rhis, nose; kephale, 
head.] A monstrosity having simple 
skinfolds to take the place of a nose; 
rhinophthalmus; rhinencephalus. 
rhinochiloplasty (rT-no-ki'lb-plas'ti). [G. rhis, 
nose; cheilos, lip; plasso, I form.] Repara- 
tive or plastic surgery of the nose and 
upper lip. 
rhinocleisis (ri-no-kli'sis). [G. rhis, nose; 
kleisis, a closure.] Rhinostenosis; nasal 
obstruction. 
rhinolaryngitis (ri-no-lar-in-je'tis or jl'tis). 
[G. rhis, nose; larynx; -itis, inflammation.] RHINOLOGY 
287 
RIDDLE’S RETAINER 
A condition in which the nasal and laryn- 
geal mucous membranes are inflamed, 
rhinology (rl-nol'o-ji). [G. rhis, nose; 
-logia, discourse, treatise.] The branch 
of medical science which treats of the 
nose and its diseases. 
rhinonecrosis (rl'no-ne-kro'sis). [G. rhis, 
nose; nekr&sis, deadness.] Necrosis of the 
bones of the nose. 
rhinopharyn'geal. Pertaining to the rhino- 
pharynx, the nose and the pharynx, 
rhinopharyngitis (ri-no-far-in-je'tis or ji'tis). 
Inflammation of the mucous membrane 
of the upper part of the pharynx and 
posterior nares; pharyngitis, r. mu'tilans, 
an ulceration of destructive nature, 
starting on the soft palate and extending 
from there to the hard palate, nasopharynx 
and nose, resulting in a disfiguring scar, 
rhinophar'ynx. [G. rhis, nose.] The upper 
portion of the pharynx, above the level 
of the palate; nasopharynx, 
rhinoplasty (ri'nS-plas-ti). [G. rhis, nose; 
plasso, I form.] Plastic or reparative 
surgery of the nose. Carpue’s r., Indian 
rhinoplasty. English r., rhinoplasty by 
means of a flap from the cheek. In'dian 
r., rhinoplasty by means of a flap from the 
forehead. Ital'ian r., rhinoplasty by 
means of a flap from the arm. 
rhinopol'ypus. A nasal polypus, 
rhinorrha'gia. [G. rhis, nose; -rhagia, a 
bleeding.] Nosebleed; epistaxis, particu- 
larly if profuse. 
rhinorrhaphy (ri-nor'a-fi). [G. rhis, nose; 
rhaphe, sewing.] An oval piece of the 
skin from the bridge of the nose is excised, 
and the edges of the wound are then 
united, thus taking up the slack; practiced 
for the relief of epicanthus. 
rhinorrhe'a. [G. rhis, nose; rhoia, flow.] A 
profuse discharge of a watery nature from 
the nasal mucous membrane; nasal 
hydrorrhea. 
rhinosalpingitis (ri-no-sal-pin-je'tis or jI'tis). 
[G. rhis, nose; salpinx, tube; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] A condition in which the mucous 
membrane of the nose and Eustachian 
tube is inflamed. 
rhinoscopy (rl-nos'ko-pi). [G. rhis, nose; 
skoped, I examine.] The act of inspecting 
the nasal cavity, 
rhi'za. Root. 
rhizag'ra. An instrument, resembling a 
punch, formerly used for the extraction 
of teeth. 
rhizodontropy (rl-zo-don'tro-pi). [G. rhiza, 
root; odous, tooth; trope, a turn.] The 
turning or rotating of the root of a tooth, 
rhizodontrypy (rl'zo-don'tri-pi). [G. rhiza, 
root; trypao, I bore.] Drilling into the 
root of a tooth. 
rhi'zoid. [G. rhiza, root; eidos, resemblance.] 
Root-like. 
rho'dium. Symbol Rh, atomic weight 102.9. 
A metallic element of bluish gray color, 
rhomb (romb). A quadrilateral figure whose 
sides are parallel and equal but whose 
angles are not right angles, 
rhomboid (rom'boid). [G. rhombos, a 
rhomb; eidos, appearance.] Rhomboidal; 
having a resemblance to a rhomb. An 
elongated rhomb; the form of some 
muscles and ligaments, 
rhythm. [G. rhythmos.] Measured motion 
or time; the regular alternation of two 
different or opposite states, 
rib. One of the twenty-four curved bones 
attached to the vertebral column and 
forming the main portion of the bony 
wall of the chest; costa, 
ribbon arch. See orthodontia in supplement, 
ribbon of gold foil. See gold. 
rice-water discharges or stools. A watery 
fluid in which whitish flocculi are present, 
discharged from the bowel in Asiatic 
cholera and sometimes in other cases of 
serous diarrhea. 
Rich'ardson’s spray-produ'cer. An appara- 
tus employed in throwing ether spray for 
the purpose of producing local anesthesia. 
Richmond crown. See crown. 
Richmond’s fusible metal. Bismuth 48, 
tin 20, lead 19, cadmium 13. 
rick'ets. [Prov. E. wrick, to twist.] Rachitis, 
a disease occurring among children; the 
characteristics are softening of the bones, 
malnutrition, profuse sweating, enlarge- 
ment of the liver and spleen and a general 
tenderness of the body when touched, 
acute r., infantile scurvy, adult r., a 
disease occurring in adult life having 
many features resembling rickets, hemor- 
rhag'ic r., infantile scurvy, scurvy r., 
infantile scurvy. 
rick'ety. Rachitic; pertaining to or suffering 
from rickets. 
Riddle’s universal matrix retainer. Trade 
name of a device which holds the matrix 
so that it will perfectly and closely 
embrace the tooth during the insertion of 
a filling. RIDGE 
288 
RIVINUS’ CANALS 
rigor (rig'ur). [L.] Stiffness; rigidity; a 
chill. 
rikaiki. [Ja.] Separator, 
ri'ma, gen. and pi. ri'mae. [L., a slit.] A 
narrow, elongated opening between two 
symmetrical parts; a fissure or slit. r. 
o'ris, the aperture of the mouth; the 
mouth-slit or opening. 
rimmose (rim'os). [L. rima, a fissure.] Fis- 
sured; crackled; full of, or covered with, 
cracks, like the crackle of porcelain or the 
friable enamel of desiccated teeth, 
rim'ula. [L., dim. of rima.] A small or 
minute fissure or slit. 
ring. [A.S. rhing.] A circle; a circular line; 
anything in the form of a circular band or 
hoop, casting-r., a small r. in which in- 
vestments are placed, as inlays or crowns, 
molding-r., in which models are reproduced 
in sand or other material for making dies. 
Ringer solution. A scientific local anesthetic 
solution, consisting of sodium, potassium 
and calcium chlorids, dissolved in sterile 
distilled water in various proportions, and 
exerting a stimulating effect on the action 
of the heart, hypertonic R. s., one which 
contains an overamount of the chlorids. 
hypotonic R. s., one which does not con- 
tain the proper amounts of the chlorids. 
isotonic R. s., one which conforms to the 
physical laws, physiologic properties and 
functions of the living cells, and by which 
no abnormal changes are produced, 
rinsetsu-men. [Ja.] Approximal surface, 
proximal surface. 
rinsetsumen-kado. [Ja.] Proximal cavity, 
risoforumu. [Ja.] Lysoform. 
ri'sus. [L. risor, one who laughs.] A laugh, 
r. caninus, r. sardonicus, a facial spasm or 
grin, noted in tetanus. 
Ritzeus, lines of. See Retzius' lines. 
rivet (riv'et). A headed pin or bolt of 
malleable material, such as wrought iron, 
soft steel, copper, gold, etc., used for 
uniting two or more pieces of metal by 
passing the shank through a hole in each 
piece and then beating down the plain 
end, thus forming a second head, holding 
the pieces of metal together. A small 
platinum pin, of which generally two are 
baked into mineral teeth, generally spoken 
of as pins. See pins. 
riv'eting. The act of joining with a rivet. 
Rivinus’ canals or ducts. Ductus riviniani; 
ductus Rivini; the ducts of the sublingual 
gland. The ductus major Rivini is the 
ridge. [A.S. hrycg, back, spine.] An 
elongated elevation on the surface of a 
tooth, usually a rough linear elevation, 
basal r., cingulum, buccocervical (bucco- 
gingival) r., a prominent ridge on the 
buccal surface of a deciduous molar tooth 
at the cervical (gingival) margin, espe- 
cially prominent on the first molar, 
linguocervical (linguogingival) r., a ridge 
on the lingual surface of the incisor and 
cuspid (canine) teeth, near the gums, 
marginal r., one of the ridges of enamel 
on the margin of the occlusal surface of 
a bicuspid . (premolar) or molar tooth, 
oblique r., one running obliquely across 
the occlusal surface of the upper molars, 
formed by the union of the triangular 
ridge of the distobuccal cusp with the 
distal portion of a similar ridge formed by 
the mesiolingual cusp, supplemental r., 
a ridge on the surface of a tooth that is 
not present normally, transverse r., a 
ridge running transversely across the 
occlusal surface of a molar tooth, formed 
by the junction of two triangular ridges, 
triangular r., a ridge on the occlusal surface 
of a molar tooth running from the point 
of a cusp to the center of the crown. 
Ridout’s graphite investment and inlay 
paint. Trade name of an investment 
material. 
Riethmiiller’s root-drier No. 2. An instru- 
ment consisting of a silver probe carrying 
an oval copper bulb at some distance from 
the shank; the bulb is heated and the heat 
is carried to the end of the probe. De- 
signed by Dr. R. H. Riethmuller. 
Riga’s disease. Ulceration or erosion of 
the frenum of the tongue, accompanied 
by induration and the formation of a 
grayish membrane. Noted in infants 
during dentition and supposed to be 
caused by the child’s practice of putting 
out the tongue and thus irritating it by 
its friction with the erupting deciduous 
central incisors. 
Riggs’ disease. [John M. Riggs, American 
dentist, 1810-1885.] Pyorrhea alveolaris. 
See pyorrhea. 
rights and lefts. A phrase used in connec- 
tion with hand instruments with lateral 
cutting edges, one cutting toward the 
right, the other toward the left. 
rigidity (ri-jid'i-ti). [L. rigidus.] Stiffness; 
rigor; want of pliability; the quality of 
being rigid. RIVULOSE 
289 
ROACH ATTACHMENT 
large duct of the sublingual gland and 
opens near Wharton’s duct; it is also known 
as Bartholin’s duct. R.’s glands, sub- 
lingual glands. 
rivulose (riv'u-los). [L. rivus, a brook.] 
Distinguished by irregular wavy lines, 
like the rivers on a map; noting the 
appearance of a bacterial colony. 
ro. [Ja.] Solder; wax. 
Roach attachment. [Finis Ewing Roach, 
American prosthodontist, 1866.] A ball- 
and-socket attachment for anchoring re- 
movable partial dentures; does not require 
paralleling; permits of some play between 
denture and tooth and thereby serves as a 
stress-breaker. R.’s automatic pyrometer 
furnace, an electric furnace with a pyrom- 
eter and automatic cutoff attachments; 
the degree of heat is determined by the 
melting of a lead slug and the variation in 
temperature is governed by the relative 
position of the slug to the center of the 
heat; when the slug melts it drops, strik- 
ing a switch which cuts off the current. 
R.’s Bunsen burner and wax-heater, a 
Bunsen burner with one or more small 
cups swiveled to an upright piece for con- 
veniently melting and maintaining wax 
in the molten condition by close proximity 
to the flame. R.’s burnishers, a set of six 
burnishers for adapting platinum matrices; 
four have oval lipped ends, one a round 
end and one has a shouldered projecting 
point for universal application; all having 
long contra-angle shanks. R.’s casting- 
flask, a box-shaped hinged lid designed for 
horizontal visible investing of large cases. 
R.’s c.-machine, a centrifugal vertical 
throwcasting machine propelled by a pulley 
and a string, thereby yielding a quick, 
smooth get-away with an accumulating 
sustained pressure until the metal cools. 
R.’s clasp-remover, a small compact steel 
shaft instrument with a hook on one end, 
a knob and sliding weight on the other 
end; to be used by the patient in the re- 
moval of tight-fitting cast clasp cases. 
R.’s clasps, specially designed cast clasps 
to be used in removable partial denture 
cases; namely, mesiodistal, buccolingual 
and embrasure grip types. R.’s enamel- 
cleaver, a straight-shanked short cleaver 
with a right-angle blade to be used on the 
ten maxillary anterior teeth in connection 
with the thumb support. R.’s facing 
(wedgelock), a detachable facing with 
platinum pin the head of which is set at 
an angle of about ten degrees to the back 
surface of the facing, so that when seated 
a wedged lock engagement supplements 
that of the cement. R.’s hot-air syringe, 
a cylindrical hard-rubber barrel with an 
adjustable hollow metal point and a re- 
movable copper plunger at the rear, that 
is to be heated over a flame, so that the 
air passing through the chamber will be 
warmed to any temperature desired. R.’s 
impression-lancet, a double-end steel 
instrument with a broad, flat chisel shape 
at one end and the other a sharpened 
paddle-shaped contra-angle point, for use 
in trimming and separating sectional im- 
pressions in the mouth. R.’s molding- 
porcelain, an opaque porcelain composed 
of materials which mixed together have 
the property of crystallizing into a form 
capable of being handled and baked with- 
out the support of a metal matrix. R.’s 
pyorrhea files, a set of four small bud- 
shaped files with contra-angle shanks suit- 
able for universal use in the treatment of 
pyorrhea. R.’s root-facer, an end-cutting 
root-facer with the central portion recessed 
so that the periphery only of the instru- 
ment does the cutting; a flexible pin pro- 
jects from the shaft through the central 
recess to engage in the pulp-canal and 
permit lateral movement of the cutting 
blade without danger of gum laceration. 
R.’s soldering-tweezers, a double-pointed, 
triple-jointed, universal position adjust- 
ment for locking tweezers, to be used in 
holding parts in the process of soldering. 
R.’s stains, set of mineral stains of very 
finely ground texture suitable for tinting 
and modifying the shades and color of 
porcelain teeth. R.’s thumb-support, an 
adjustable thimble-shaped device fitted 
to the thumb with a shouldered point to 
rest in the pulp-canal; to serve as a ful- 
crum or support to the thumb in the re- 
moval of enamel of the teeth that have been 
cut off preparatory to the construction of 
Richmond crowns. R.’s trays: cavity 
impression t., a small tray with detach- 
able handle suitable for taking modeling- 
compound impressions of cavities in the 
indirect method of inlay construction, 
hinged-split t., for taking impression of 
individual teeth for clasp construction, 
impression-t., universal tray for partial 
lowers (S.S.W. No. 30). sectional t., ROASTING 
290 
ROOTS 
a half tray to be used in securing an im- 
pression of the lingual half of one-piece 
double abutment cast clasp removable 
bridge cases. R.’s wax-carver, a suction 
wax-carver having a metal chamber with a 
small tube connected with an insulated 
tubular handle, to the end of which a rub- 
ber tube may be attached, and suction 
applied thereto, having the bulb-shaped 
chamber at the other end heated so that 
the small point, when applied to the wax, 
actually melts and sucks it away. R.’s 
w.-c. spatula, a double-end steel instru- 
ment with a spear-shaped blade at one 
end for carving wax and a small concavo- 
convex point at the other end with a ball- 
shaped portion just back of the point to 
retain heat; to be used in building and 
carving inlay wax in delicate pieces. R.’s 
wax-ladle, a cup-shaped ladle with a heavy 
solid base, a constricted connecting neck 
and handle, designed to melt wax by hold- 
ing over a flame, heating the brass base, 
which retains the heat and keeps the wax 
in a molten condition for a considerable 
length of time. 
roast'ing. The reduction of metalliferous 
substances to oxids by heating in con- 
tact with the air. 
Robinson’s remedy. Trade name of a prep- 
aration for the treatment of pyorrhea 
alveolaris. 
rob'orant. [L. roborare, to strengthen.] 
Strength-giving; tonic. A substance hav- 
ing the power to rebuild or give strength; 
a tonic. 
Rochelle powder (ro-shel'). Seidlitz powder. 
R. salt, potassii et sodii tartras. 
rod. A slender, straight cylindrical struc- 
ture. enamel r., a prism of the enamel 
of a tooth, r. bacteria, bacilli. 
ro'dent ul'cer. An ulcerating epithelioma 
affecting only the surface of the skin, 
usually the face, of relatively slight ma- 
lignancy; ulcus rodens; ulcus exedens. 
Roentgen. See Rontgen. 
Roller’s nucleus. An accessory hypoglossal 
nucleus, small, bulbar in form, lying im- 
mediately anterior to the hypoglossal 
nucleus. 
rolling-mill. See mill. 
Romberg’s spasm. Trismus which occurs 
in facial spasm. 
rongeur. [Fr.] Pliers or forceps designed 
for removing sharp points of the alveolar 
process after the extraction of teeth. 
rontgen diagnosis. A diagnosis made by 
means of the Rontgen ray. 
Ront'gen ray (runt'gen). A ray discovered 
and described by Wilhelm Conrad Ront- 
gen; x-ray. [To be used in preference to 
x-ray, and only where the specific ray is 
indicated. ADA.] 
rontgenism (runt'gen-izm). The use of the 
Rontgen rays in diagnosis and in the 
treatment of diseases. 
rontgenogram (runt'gen-6-gram). The shad- 
ow picture made by the Rontgen 
rays on a sensitized plate or film. A 
shadow picture produced by the Rontgen 
ray on a sensitized plate or film, or the 
print from the film. [ADA.] 
rontgenograph (runt'gen-6-graf). The act 
of making a rontgenogram. [ADA.] To 
make a rontgenogram.—Ed. 
rontgenog'raphy (runt-gen-og'ra-fi). The 
art of making rontgenograms. [ADA.] 
The examination of any part of the body, 
for the purpose of diagnosing diseases, by 
means of the Rontgen rays; the recording 
of the findings by the impression made on 
a plate or film; skiagraphy; the making of 
rontgenograms. 
rontgenologist. One skilled in rontgenology, 
rontgenol'ogy. The study and use of the 
Rontgen ray in its application to den- 
tistry and medicine. [ADA.] 
roof. [A.S. hrdf.] Tegmen. r. of the 
mouth, the palate. 
root. [A.S. rot.] The portion of the tooth 
below the neck fixed in the alveolus, cov- 
ered by cementum; radix dentis. In 
anatomy, the base, origin, foundation or 
beginning of any part; radix. baked 
porcelain r., reproduction of the root of a 
tooth in porcelain for continuous gum 
dentures and other replacements of a root 
or part of a root, facial r., radix nervi 
facialis, r. of a tooth, radix dentis. r.- 
filling, the operation -of obliterating the 
root-canal by introducing some filling; the 
material of which the root-filling consists, 
r.-trimmers, instruments for shaping the 
large end of the root of a tooth in crown- 
and bridgework. 
root-canal'. Pulp-canal, 
rootcap. A metallic covering for the exposed 
end of a root, 
root-drier. See drier. 
root-facer. See Ottolengui. 
root-reamer. See Ottolengui. 
roots, curetting. See curetting roots. ROOTWISE 
291 
RUBBERDAM 
root'wise. Noting the position or direction 
of force toward the end of the root of a 
tooth, in line with its central axis, or in- 
trusively. r. attachment, an appliance 
which extends above or below the gingival 
line for the force of attachment, 
ropy saliva. See viscous saliva. 
rose pearl. See celluloid. 
Rose’s fusible alloy. Various formulas. (1) 
Bismuth 2, tin 1, lead 1. (2) Bismuth 8, 
lead 8, tin 3. 
Rosenbohrer. [Ger.] Round bur. 
roseola (ro-ze'o-la). [L., dim. of roseus, 
rosy.] Scarlet rash; rose rash; macular 
erythema. 
roshitsu-shizui. [Ja.] Exposed pulp, 
rosin (roz'in). A solid left after distilling 
off the oil from crude turpentine; colo- 
phone. (Form of resin.) 
ros'trum. [L., a beak.] Any structure 
shaped like a beak. 
rot. To become decomposed; to decay; to 
putrefy. A process of putrefaction, 
ro'tary. Pertaining to or marked by rota- 
tion. 
rotate (ro'tat). [L. rotare, to turn or swing 
around.] To revolve on, or as on, an axis, 
as the turning of a tooth on its axis; to 
turn or twist. The process of turning a 
tooth on its central axis, 
rota'tion. [L. rota, a wheel.] The act of 
rotating; regular succession; the regular 
recurrence of events, as the symptoms of a 
periodical disease; the turning of a mal- 
turned tooth into a normal position, 
rota'tional. Pertaining to, or resulting from, 
rotation; of the nature of, or character- 
ized by, rotation; noting the movements 
of the mandible. 
ro'tatory. Pertaining to rotation; causing 
rotation; caused or distinguished by rota- 
tion. 
rot'ula. [L., dim. of rota, a wheel.] A troche 
or lozenge; the patella. 
rouge (rozh). A red amorphous powder con- 
sisting of ferric oxid, used as polishing- 
powder or paste for fillings, crowns, etc. 
Rouge’s operation (rozh). In order to gain 
access to the nasal cavities and to avoid 
a subsequent scar, the upper lip is freed 
from the maxilla, the alar cartilages are 
separated from the maxilla and the car- 
tilaginous septum disconnected from the 
nasal spine; after the operation the flap 
is replaced and held in place by com- 
presses without suture. 
rouleaux-formation (ro-lo')- [Fr., pi. of 
rouleau, a roll.] The position of red blood 
corpuscles in shed blood, their flat surfaces 
lying against each other and thus resem- 
bling stacks of coin. 
Roux’s method. The division of the mandi- 
ble in the median line to facilitate the 
operation of ablation of the tongue, 
royal mineral succeda'neum. The name 
given amalgam when first introduced in 
the United States. 
Ru. Chemical symbol of ruthenium, 
rubber (rub'ber). Caoutchouc or India 
rubber in a commercial form. For den- 
tures it is mixed with sulphur or some 
sulphid and pigment. In color, for dental 
uses, it is made white, pink (light, medium 
and dark), maroon, brown, dark brown, 
red (light and dark), black, etc. granular 
gum pink r., made to represent the granu- 
lar appearance of the gum. mottled r., 
granular rubber, veneering r., for the 
labial and buccal facing of dentures, 
weighted r., made with an addition of 
some metal such as tin, used for lower 
dentures to aid in retaining them in place 
by increase in weight. 
rubber-bulb syringe. A syringe of rubber 
with pipe and nozzle, the latter straight or 
forming an angle, used for forcing water 
on and around the teeth; or as an air 
syringe for forcing mucus or saliva away 
from an area, and also for driving foreign 
substances from a dry surface, as the 
cuttings and chips in excavating cavities, 
rubber plaster bowl. See bowl. 
rubberdam'. A thin sheet of rubber used to 
exclude the saliva, the vapor of the breath 
and any other moisture from the field of 
operation on one or more teeth; cofferdam, 
r. applier, an instrument with two prongs, 
over the ends of which silk ligature is 
stretched, to enable the forcing of the 
rubberdam between the posterior teeth 
difficult of access, r. clamp, an appliance 
of flexible steel which, being sprung over 
the tooth, holds the rubberdam in place, 
depressed r., a form of rubberdam with a 
hollowed or depressed portion, in order to 
keep the rubberdam a greater distance 
from the tooth or teeth operated on. r. 
holder, an arrangement of clasps by which 
the free edges of the rubberdam outside 
of the mouth are grasped, and by means of 
an elastic passing around the head the 
rubberdam is held out of the way and RUBBERDAM FORCEPS 
292 
SACCHARUM 
in a slightly stretched state; also made 
with a short metal bar on each end of the 
elastic, the rubberdam being stretched 
over the ends of the bar, thus grasping in 
like manner as by means of the clasp, 
r. punch, an instrument with which holes 
are punched in the rubberdam through 
which the teeth are slipped which are in- 
tended to be kept free from moisture, r. 
weights, small weights to be suspended 
from the lower border of the rubberdam 
outside of the mouth, thus slightly stretch- 
ing the rubberdam over the lower lip 
and chin. 
rubberdam clamp forceps. See clamp. 
rubber-tissue. A thin sheet or layer of 
caoutchouc employed in surgical dressings 
as a protective. 
rubefacient (ro-be-fa'shent). [L. ruber, red; 
facere, to make.] Making red. That 
which produces a redness of the skin; a 
substance which produces redness, 
rubeola (ro-be'o-la). [L., dim. of rubeus, 
reddish.] Measles; rubella, 
ruber (ro'ber). [L.] Red. 
rubescent (ro-bes'ent). [L. rubescere, to 
become red.] Becoming red; reddening, 
rubid'ium. Symbol Rb, atomic weight 84.8. 
A metallic element, a silvery white metal, 
ru'bor. [L.] Redness, 
ruc'tus. [L.] Eructation, 
ru'diment. [L. rudimentum, a beginning.] 
Anything in its first and undeveloped state; 
an organ or other structure in the first 
stages of its development; any part the 
development of which has been hindered; 
first principle of an art or science. 
ru'ga, pi. ru'g®. [L., a wrinkle.] A crease, 
ridge or fold; a wrinkle, r. gas'trica, a 
fold of the mucous membrane of the 
stomach when contracted, r. palati'na, 
one of the five or six ridges running across 
and outward on either side of the anterior 
portion of the raphe of the palate, 
rugapaks. Trade name of a contrivance used 
in the making of vulcanite dentures to 
produce rugae that feel natural to the 
tongue. 
ru'geau. An inserted piece of metal in a vul- 
canite or celluloid plate, on that portion of 
the palate where normally the rugae are 
noted. Made in imitation of the rugae, 
thus imparting to the denture a more 
natural surface exposed to contact with the 
tip of the tongue, and transmitting the 
changes of temperature in the mouth to 
the palate. 
ru'gose. Wrinkled; distinguished by rugae, 
rugos'ity. The state of being formed into 
ridges or wrinkles; a ruga, 
ru'gous. Rugose. 
rumina'tion. [L. ruminare, to chew the cud.] 
Merycism; chewing the cud, a phenome- 
non sometimes observed in man, usually 
the result of some nervous mental dis- 
order. 
rup'ture. [L. ruptura, to break.] A hernia; 
the bursting or tearing of any soft organ 
or other soft part. 
ruthe'nium. Symbol Ru, atomic weight 
101.7. A metallic element, a hard, brittle 
metal of the platinum group, 
rynkosei-konaien. [Ja.] Epidemic stomati- 
tis. 
s 
S. Chemical symbol of sulphur. Abbr. of 
L. signa, remark, the introduction of the 
signature in a prescription, 
s. Abbr. of L. sinister, left; and of L. semis, 
half, also written ss. 
sac. [L. saccus, a bag.] An encysted abscess 
at the root of a tooth; a membranous 
pouch, a bursa; the envelope of a cyst or 
capsule of a tumor, den'tal s., the cover- 
ing or envelope of a dental follicle in which 
the embryonic tooth is inclosed, 
saccharated (sak'a-rat-ed). [G. sakcharon, 
sugar.] Mixed with sugar; sweetened, 
saccharic, saccharine (sak-ar'ik, sak'ar-en). 
Pertaining to sugar. 
Saccharomyces (sak-a-ro-mi'ses). [G. sak- 
charon, sugar; mykes, fungus.] A genus of 
blastomycetes or budding fungi; the yeast 
fungi. S. al'bicans, Oidium albicans, 
saccharomycosis (sak-ar-6-mi-ko'sis). [G. 
sakcharon, sugar; mykes, fungus.] Blasto- 
mycosis. 
saccharose (sak'kar-5ze). Cane-sugar; su- 
crose, present in many plants, such as 
sugar-beet, sugar-cane, maples, palms, etc. 
saccharum (sak'a-rum). Refined sugar; su- 
crose; cane-sugar; a sugar obtained from 
sugar-cane, sugar-beet and from several 
species of sorghum; saccharum purifica- 
tum. s. lac'tis, sugar of milk, a sugar 
taken from the whey in cows’ milk; lac- 
tose. SACCULAR 
293 
SALOL-CAMPHOR 
saccular. Sac-shaped, sacciform, 
sac'cule. A small sac; sacculus. 
sac'culus. [L., dim. of saccus, sac.] A small 
sac or cyst; saccule, s. laryn'gis, appendix 
ventriculi laryngis. 
sac'cus. [L.] A sac. 
sacral (sa'kral). Pertaining to the sacrum, 
sa'crum. [L., neuter of sacer, sacred.] A 
triangular or spade-shaped bone at the 
base of the vertebral column; it is slightly 
curved and broad, thick above and thinner 
below, and formed by the welding of 
five originally separate vertebrae, 
sad'dle. See partial denture service. s. 
bridge, see bridge.- 
saddle-nose (sad'l-n5z). A condition in 
which the bridge of the nose is sunken, 
caused by necrosis of the vomer, 
safe'side, safe'sided. Noting cutting or 
abrading discs used in the dental engine, 
one side being free from the abrasive, 
enabling the use of the disc between two 
teeth without affecting the one facing the 
safe side. 
safe'ty-valve of vul'canizer. A device 
wherein a thin copper disc is interposed 
between the steam in the vulcanizer 
and the outer atmosphere, the disc break- 
ing and permitting the steam to escape 
when the temperature within the boiler 
is about to exceed the pressure which it 
was constructed to withstand, 
sagittal (saj'it-al). [L. sagitta, an arrow.] 
Arrow-like, having a resemblance to an 
arrow; in the line of an arrow shot from 
a bow. 
Saint Apollo'nia. See Apollonia. 
Saint Vi'tus’ dance. Sydenham’s chorea, 
sal. [L.] Salt. s. aera'tus, potassium 
bicarbonate, saleratus. s. ammo'niac, 
ammonium chlorid. 
sal anesthet'icum Schleichii. A local anes- 
thetic solution prepared in three strengths, 
strong, normal and weak, depending on 
the proportion of cocain hydrochlorid 
contained in each, the other ingredients 
being morphin hydrochlorid and sodium 
chlorid. 
sal hepatica. Trade name of a laxative 
and eliminant. 
sald&re. [It.] To solder, 
saldatura. [It.] Solder, 
salicyl'ic. [L. salix, willow; G. hyle, stuff.] 
Derived from salicin; having the radical 
salicyl. s. ac'id, acidum salicylicum. 
salilithi'asis. Ptyalolithiasis. 
saline (sa'lln or sal'en). Consisting of, per- 
taining to or like salt; salty, s. pur'gative, 
Rochelle salt, Epsom salt, or any salty 
purgative. 
salipyrin (sal-i-pl'rin). Antipyrin salycilate; 
a combination of antipyrin and salycilic 
acid. 
salithymol (sal-i-thl'mol). Thymol salyci- 
late*. 
saliva (sa-li'va), [L.] Spittle; the secretion 
of the parotid, submaxillary and sub- 
lingual salivary glands, a clear, odorless, 
tasteless, alkaline fluid, more or less 
viscid in character when mixed with the 
secretion of the mucous glands. Its prin- 
cipal function is to convert starch into 
maltose, by virtue of its diastatic enzyme, 
the ptyalin; secondary functions, to lubri- 
cate the mouth, especially during articula- 
tion in speech, and by moistening the food 
to enable it to be formed into a soft mass 
or bolus, chorda s., the secretion of the 
submaxillary salivary gland when the 
chorda tympani nerve is stimulated, 
ganglionic s., submaxillary saliva obtained 
as a result of direct irritation of the 
gland, mixed s., the secretion of the 
three pairs of salivary glands when mixed 
with the mucous secretion of the mucous 
glands of the mouth, whereby the vis- 
cidity of the saliva is increased, resting 
s., the saliva present in the mouth during 
the intervals when food is not present or 
being masticated, s. pump, dental pump, 
saliva ejector. sympathetic s., sub- 
maxillary saliva obtained by stimulating 
the sympathetic nerve, 
sali'val. Salivary; belonging to or of the 
saliva. 
salivant (sal'i-vant). Causing a flow of 
saliva. An agent which causes an increase 
in the flow of saliva. 
salivary (sal'i-va-ri). Pertaining to the 
saliva, s. calculus, a deposit or crust of 
the lime salts of the saliva on the surfaces 
of the teeth, abdominal s. gland, the 
pancreas, oral s. gland, one of the three 
pairs of glands secreting saliva: parotid, 
submaxillary and sublingual, 
sal'ivate. To cause an excessive flow of 
saliva. 
saliva'tio. Salivation. 
saliva'tion. Ptyalism. 
sal'ivator. Salivant. 
sal'ol. Phenylis salicylas. 
sal'ol-cam'phor. A local anesthetic con- SALT 
294 
SAPONACEOUS 
sisting of a yellowish oily liquid obtained 
by heating 3 parts of salol with 2 parts of 
camphor; antiseptic and analgesic. 
salt. Sodium chlorid, NaCl, table salt, 
common salt; a compound formed by the 
combination of an acid with a base, the 
hydrogen atoms of the acid being replaced 
by the atoms of the base. Epsom s., 
magnesium sulphate. Glauber’s s., sodi- 
um sulphate. Monsel’s s., iron sub- 
sulphate. Rochelle s., sodium and 
potassium tartrate, s. solu'tion, saline 
solution. 
saltpe'ter. [L. sal, salt; petra, rock.] Potassii 
nitras; niter. 
salts. A saline purgative. 
salu'brious. [L. salubris, healthy.] Health- 
ful. 
sal'utary. [L. salutaris.] Wholesome; health- 
ful. 
sal'varsan. [L. salvare, to preserve; sanitas, 
health.] Trade name of a preparation, 
No. 606, employed in the treatment of 
syphilis, yaws and other diseases of 
protozoan origin. Salvarsan is made in 
the United States under the name of 
arsphenamin. 
salve (sav). An ointment; unguentum; 
ceratum. 
Sampson. Trade name of a line of dental 
rubbers for artificial dentures. 
san'ative. [L. sanare, to heal.] Healing; 
curative. 
san'atory. Curative; conducive to health. 
sand. The fine grains of crushed quartz 
and various other crystalline rocks, 
molding-s., specially prepared for use in 
making dies, s.-bath, immersion of the 
whole body in hot sand. s.-tumor, 
psammoma. 
san'dalwood. Santalum. red s., the wood 
of the Santalum rubrum. 
san'darac. Gum sandarac; sandarach. An 
inodorous gum resin from a species of 
trees known as the Callitris. It is in- 
soluble in water, and is used in the form 
of a thick solution in alcohol (in which it 
is soluble) as a temporary dressing in 
cavities of the teeth, by applying it on 
a pellet of cotton. Upon exposure to 
moisture the sandarac becomes hard, and 
so remains for several days, protecting 
and retaining the medicament placed in 
the cavity. 
sand'paper disc. See disc. 
Sandwith’s bald tongue. A condition in the 
later stage of pellagra, in which the tongue 
becomes abnormally clean, 
sane. [L. sanus.] Mentally sound, 
sangue. [It.] Blood. 
sanguine (sang'gwin). [L. sanguis, blood.] 
Full of vitality, plethoric; hopeful, con- 
fident. 
sanguineous (sang-gwin'e-us). [L. sanguis, 
blood.] Plethoric; pertaining to blood, 
bloody. 
sanguis (s&ng'gwis). [L.] Blood, 
sanguisuge (sang'gwi-soj). [L. sanguis, 
blood; sugere, to suck.] A leech, 
sanies (sa'ni-ez). [L.] A thin, reddish 
discharge in which pus is present, 
sa'nious. Ichorous and blood-stained; per- 
taining to sanies. 
san'itary. [L. sanitas, health.] Pertaining 
to health; tending or designed to promote 
health; healthful, s. bridge, see bridge. 
san'itas. Trade name of a class of turpen- 
tine preparations used as disinfectants, 
san'itol. Trade name of an antiseptic 
mouthwash. 
sanitray. Trade name of a line of impres- 
sion-trays made of celluloid for one-time 
use; shape and size may be altered in 
hot water; can be burned away from the 
model. 
san'ity. [L. sanitas, health.] Saneness; 
soundness of mind, 
sanka-butsu. [Ja.] Oxid. 
sanka-ho. [Ja.] Oxidation method, 
sanka-hyohakuzai. [Ja.] Oxidizing bleacher, 
sanka-zai. [Ja.] Oxidizing agent, 
sans douleur. [Fr.] Painless, 
saphanol. Trade name of an aromatic 
combination of thymol and other sub- 
stances, to be used as germicide and 
anesthetic. 
sap'id. [L. sopfdws.] Tasty; savory, 
sapid'ity. [L. sapidus—sapere, to taste.] 
The power of affecting the organs of taste, 
sa'po. [L.] Soap; hard soap; Castile soap, 
a soap composed of sodium hydroxid and 
olive oil; it is used in the form of a sup- 
pository, or of an enema of suds in 
constipation, and also as an antidote in 
poisoning by mineral acids; also employed 
as an excipient in pills, s. mol'lis, green 
soap, soft soap, potash soap, made from 
olive-oil or linseed oil and potassium 
hydroxid; it is used as a stimulating 
application in some skin diseases, 
sapona'ceous. [L. sapo, soap.] Soapy; 
resembling soap. SAPONIFICATION 
295 
SAW 
saponifica'tion. [L. sapo, soap; facere, to 
make.] Conversion into soap; the action 
of an alkali upon a fat. 
sapon'ify. To make into soap, 
sapre'mia. A condition produced by the 
absorption of the toxins caused by the 
action of saprophytic bacteria, 
saprodontia (sap-ro-don'shi-a). [G. sapros, 
rotten; odous, tooth.] Dental caries, 
saprogen (sap'ro-jen). [G. sapros, decayed; 
gennao, I produce.] A putrefactive 
microorganism. 
saprogenic (sap-ro-jen'ik). [G. sapros, rot- 
ten; gennao, I produce.] Resulting from 
or causing decomposition, 
saprophyte (sap'ro-f It). [G. sapros, de- 
cayed; phyton, plant.] A plant which 
grows on decomposing vegetable matter; 
a microorganism existing on dead matter, 
as distinguished from a parasite, 
sapros. [G.] Rotten; carious; foul, 
sapros'tomous. Having an offensive or foul 
breath. 
sap'tic. Pertaining to caries; decaying. 
Sarci'na. A genus of nonciliated bacteria 
distinguished by having cells which 
divide in three directions, resulting in 
cubical masses. 
sarco-. [G. sarx, flesh.] A prefix signifying 
muscular substance or having a resem- 
blance to flesh. 
sar'coblast. [G. sarx, flesh; blastos, germ.] 
A gemmule or bud from a germinating 
cell. 
sar'coid. Resembling flesh. A tumor 
resembling a sarcoma. 
sarcolem'ma. [G. sarx, flesh; lemma, husk.] 
The sheath enveloping a muscle-fiber, 
sarcol'ogy. [G. sarx, flesh; -logia, treatise.] 
That part of anatomy which treats of the 
soft parts of the body, in contradistinc- 
tion to osteology; myology, 
sarco'ma. [G. sarx, flesh; -oma, tumor.] 
A tumor formed by proliferation of 
imperfectly differentiated cells of the 
embryonic or vegetative type and usually 
malignant; a malignant connective-tissue 
neoplasm. gi'ant-cell s., a giant-cell 
myeloma in which smaller round cells 
have replaced some of the spindle-cells; 
metastases are not infrequent, os'teoid 
s., a sarcoma containing a bony tissue, 
round-cell s., a malignant tumor com- 
posed principally of closely packed cells, 
both small and large, the former made 
up chiefly of nucleus with very little 
cytoplasm and the latter having a larger 
cell-body and upon pressure becoming 
oval or polygonal in shape, spin'dle-cell 
s., a malignant tumor consisting of 
elongated, spindle-shaped cells of large 
and small size. 
sarcomateuse. [Fr.] Sarcomatous, 
sarco'matoid. [G. eidos, resemblance.] Hav- 
ing a resemblance to a sarcoma, 
sarcom'atous. Pertaining to, or of the 
nature of, a sarcoma. 
sarcomyces (sar-ko-mi'sez). [G. sarx, flesh; 
mykes, fungus.] A fungous fleshy growth, 
sar'coplasm. [G. sarx, flesh; plasma, a 
thing formed.] Hyaloplasm; the undif- 
ferentiated protoplasm of a muscle-cell, 
sar'coplast. [G. sarx, flesh; plastos, formed.] 
A rounded interfibrillary cell in a muscle 
fiber. 
satellite (sat'el-lit). [L. satelles, guard.] A 
minor or less important structure accom- 
panying a greater one, as a vein with an 
artery or a secondary skin lesion breaking 
out in the vicinity of a larger one. 
saturate. [L. saturare, to fill.] To imbue 
or impregnate to the greatest possible 
degree; to satisfy all the chemical affinities 
of a substance; to neutralize, saturated 
solu'tion, a liquid containing all of the 
salt or other substance which it is capable 
of dissolving. 
saturation. The impregnation of one sub- 
stance by another until it can contain 
no more, as a liquid by a soluble salt or 
the atmosphere by vapor, 
sat'urnine. [L. saturnus, lead.] Pertaining 
to lead; caused by or symptomatic of 
lead-poisoning, 
sat'urnism. Lead-poisoning. 
Satz. [Ger.] Set (of instruments), 
savon dentifrice. [Fr.] Toothsoap. 
saw. [A.S. saga.] An instrument'having a 
toothed edge or an edge of sharp, tooth- 
like projections, used in surgery for cut- 
ting bone; an instrument consisting of 
a thin, flat plate of tempered steel, with 
a continuous series of teeth on one or both 
edges, used for cutting wood, metal, etc. 
chain s., a spring saw serrated on one 
edge, used in the resection of bone, as 
the mandible. s. frame, see frame. 
flexo s., a fine flexible saw. Gordon 
White’s s., for separating, separating s., 
for separating teeth on their proximal 
surfaces, some cutting on both sides, 
others on one side only. SB 
296 
SCHIZOMYCETES 
Sb. Chemical symbol of antimony (sti- 
bium). [sulphid. 
Sb2S3. Black antimony; antimony tri- 
Sc. Chemical symbol of scandium. 
S-C alloy. Trade name of an alloy for 
amalgam fillings. 
S-C cement. Trade name of a preparation 
used for cementation of crowns, etc. 
S-C modeling-compound. Trade name of a 
preparation used in taking impressions, 
also for crown and bridge models. 
scab. Eschar; an incrustation over a sore, 
wound, etc. 
scabies (ska'bi-ez). [L. scabere, to scratch.] 
The itch; dermatitis, accompanied by an 
intense itching sensation caused by the 
burrowing under the skin of parasitic 
mites. 
scale. [A.S. sceale, scale of a fish; scalu, 
balance.] To remove salivary calculus 
from the teeth; to desquamate. A small 
thin layer of horny epithelium, having a 
resemblance to a fish-scale, cast off from 
the skin; a thin plate of bone. A strip of 
glass, metal or other material, marked 
off in lines, for measuring. 
scalene (ska-len'). [G. skalenos, uneven.] 
A state in which the sides are of unequal 
length (said of a triangle so formed). 
scal'ers. Instruments for removing salivary 
and serumal calculus and other foreign 
deposits from the teeth; a set of six is 
generally used, two pull and two push 
instruments, and one each of a cleoid and 
sickle form. Of a large number of varieties, 
there are Abbott’s, Black’s and the 
Darby-Perry sets, McCall’s, Palmer’s, 
S. S. White’s, Thorpe universal and 
Tompkins’ pyorrhea scalers, University 
of Southern California, Zerfing’s and 
other forms. 
scal'ing. The operation of removing de- 
posits of salivary and serumal calculus 
from the teeth and their necks, heavy s., 
prying hardened calculus from the teeth 
and their necks, prophylactic s., lightly 
scraping off deposits from beneath the 
gingival margins and from the necks of 
the teeth without penetrating deeply into 
pus-pockets along the roots, serumal s., 
scraping from the roots or necks of the 
teeth the adherent hard, so-called serumal 
calculus. 
scal'pel. [L. scalprum, a knife.] A small 
pointed, keen, sharp knife with a convex 
edge. 
scalpriform (skal'pri-farm). [L. scalprum, 
chisel; forma, shape.] Shaped like a 
chisel, s. inci'sors, the gnawing or cutting 
incisors of a rodent. 
scal'prum. In mammals, the incisal margin 
of the incisors, s. dentarium, a dental 
file; lima dentaria; a raspatory; a strong, 
large scalpel, 
sca'ly. Squamous; scurfy, 
scaph'oid. [G. skaphe, boat; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Hollowed; boat-shaped; navic- 
ular. 
scapula (skap'u-la). [L.] The shoulder- 
blade; a large flattened bone, of triangular 
shape, lying over the ribs posteriorly on 
both sides, and forming a joint by its 
outer angle with the clavicle and the 
humerus. 
sca'pus. [L., shaft, stalk.] The stem or 
shaft of the hair. 
scar. [G. eschara, scab.] Cicatrix, 
scarf'skin. Epidermis. 
scarification. [L. scarificare, to scratch.] 
The state of being scarified; the act of 
scarifying. 
scarify. To make small cuts in the skin; 
to scratch. 
scarlati'na. [L. scarlatum, scarlet.] A mild 
form of scarlet fever; scarlet fever, an 
acute eruptive disease, marked by fever 
and other disturbances, 
seat'd. [G. skdr, excrement.] A crystalline 
matter of fecal odor, resulting from 
decomposed protein in the intestine, 
scellement a la gutta. [Fr.] Attaching 
with gutta percha. s. au ciment, attaching 
with cement. 
Schamberg’s surgical burs. For the amputa- 
tion of roots, and as bone-cutters in other 
surgical operations. Devised by Dr. 
M. I. Schamberg. 
schematic (ske-mat'ik). [G. schema, shape, 
figure.] That which is made or formed 
after a definite formula or type; defining 
in general, but not exact in representation, 
said of an anatomical model or drawing; 
pertaining to a systematic plan, 
schistocyte (skis'to-slt). [G. schistos, cloven; 
kytos, cell.] Microcyte; a fragmented or 
divided red bloodcell, 
schizocyte (skiz'6-sit). Schistocyte. 
Schizomycetes (skiz-6-mI-se'tez). [G. mykes, 
fungus.] A group of vegetable micro- 
organisms which reproduce by fission; 
fission-fungi; the bacteria are of this 
group. SCHLEICH’S ANESTHESIA 
297 
SCRAPS 
Schleich’s anesthe'sia. Local anesthesia 
produced by introducing a very weak 
cocain solution, injected with a hypo- 
dermic syringe, at successive points, into 
the subcutaneous tissues, causing them 
to expand or distend; also referred to as 
infiltration anesthesia. S.’s solu'tion, 
one of the three solutions employed to 
produce infiltration anesthesia; the strong- 
est contains sodium chlorid gr. 3 (0.2), 
cocain hydrochlorid gr. 3 (0.2), morphin 
hydrochlorid gr. 4 (0.25), in water 100; 
in the two weaker solutions the amounts 
of cocain and of morphin are gr. l]/2 
(0.1) and gr. 3d5 (0.01) of cocain and 
gr. f (0.025) and (0.005) of morphin. 
schleimig, mukos. [Ger.] Mucous. 
Schloesser’s meth'od. Injection of alcohol 
into the foramina of exit of the branches 
of the trigeminal nerve, to relieve tic 
douloureux. 
Schmelz. [Ger.] Enamel. 
Schmerz. [Ger.] Pain. 
schmerzlich. [Ger.] Painful. 
schmerzlos. [Ger.] Painless. 
Schneide'rian mem'brane. Mucous mem- 
brane of the nasal fossse; pituitary 
membrane. 
Schneidezahn. [Ger.] Incisor. 
Schulzahnarzt. [Ger.] A dentist engaged 
in the clinic of a school. 
Schulzahnklinik. [Ger.] Dental clinic in 
the school. 
Schulzahnpflege. [Cer.] Dental hygiene in 
the schools. 
Schwann’s sheath. Neurilemma. S.’s 
substance, medullary substance. 
sciatic (sl-at'ik). [G. ischiadikos.] Pertain- 
ing to, or located in the immediate 
neighborhood of, the hip or ischium; 
ischiatic; pertaining to sciatica. 
scirrhus (skir'us or sir'us). [G. skirrhos, a 
hardened tumor.] A cancer in which 
hardening or induration has occurred 
through overgrowth of fibrous connective 
tissue in the stroma; the opposite of 
medullary cancer; fibrous cancer; scir- 
rhous carcinoma. 
scis'sel. Metal clippings, small pieces of 
silver, gold, platinum or aluminum, 
clipped from a plate which is being 
prepared for the base of a denture. 
scission (sish'un). [L. scindere, to cleave.] 
Fission. 
scissors (siz'urs). [L. scissus—scindere, to 
cut.] A cutting instrument composed of 
two blades moving on a pin or pivot by 
which they are held together and cutting 
against each other. For dental uses are 
Beebe’s collar and crown s., Lane’s crown 
s., Quinby’s gum s., small curved gum s., 
and foil s., for cutting gold foil, 
sclera (skle'ra). [G. skier os, hard.] Sclerotic 
sclereuse. [Fr.] Sclerotic. 
coat; the white of the eye; sclerotica, 
sclero'ma. [G. skleros, hard; -dma, tumor.] 
An indurated area of granulation tissue 
in the mucous membrane or skin, 
sclero'sal. Sclerous. 
sclerosarco'ma. [G. skleros, hard; sarx, 
flesh; -dma, tumor.] Epulis; a fleshy 
tumor of the gums. 
sclerosis (skle-ro'sis). [G. sklerdsis, hard- 
ness.] Hardening or induration originating 
from a chronic inflammatory condition; 
particularly induration of nervous and 
other structures by a hyperplasia of the 
interstitial fibrous connective tissue, 
sclerot'ic. Pertaining to sclerosis, s. teeth, 
teeth which are yellowish in color and hard 
and comparatively immune to caries, 
scobs. Filings and shavings from metal, 
scoop. [A.S. skopa.] A narrow ladle-like 
instrument employed in extracting the 
contents of cysts or cavities, 
scorbut de gencives. [Fr.] Scorbutus of 
the gums; pyorrhea, 
scorbu'tus. [L.] Scurvy, 
scorifica'tion. The process of converting 
foreign substances present in a metallic 
compound into slag by oxidation and 
union with silica. 
scra'per. An instrument with which some- 
thing is scraped, tongue s., a flexible 
piece of ivory, whalebone or other sub- 
stance for scraping off the scum or other 
foreign deposit from the dorsum of the 
tongue, vulcanite s., one of a line of 
instruments of various shapes for trimming 
and finishing vulcanite and celluloid 
dentures. 
scraps. The cuttings, filings, ground dust, 
grindings, gold and platinum foil or pel- 
lets, and all other remnants of precious 
metals used in the operating-room and 
laboratory. Usually kept separate as 
gold filling scrap, clean gold scrap, pure 
gold scrap, bridge scrap, gold grindings 
and platinum scrap. Also, amalgam 
scrap, always kept separate from other 
metal scraps. Base metals, lead, zinc, etc., 
should not be mixed with noble metals. SCRATCH-BRUSH 
298 
SEBACEOUS 
scratch-brush. A bundle of brass wires 
made in the form of a brush, for cleaning 
files, burs and all serrated instruments, 
screa'tus. [L.] Hawking, 
screen. [O. Fr. escren.] A thin sheet of 
any substance or material used to protect 
or shield an object from any influence, 
such as light, heat, x-rays, etc. 
screw (skro). A cylinder with a spiral 
groove or ridge on either its outer or inner 
surface, used as a fastening or for the 
application of mechanical power. When 
the spiral groove is on the outside it is 
known as the male screw, and when on 
the inside, as the female screw. Used on 
orthodontic appliances, obturators, etc. 
s.-driver, a tool for turning screws so as 
to drive them into their place; it has a 
thin wedge-shaped end which enters the 
nick in the head of the screw, s. elevator, 
an instrument for removing short roots of 
teeth, the screw being inserted in a uni- 
versal joint, thus making it applicable to 
roots in the posterior part of the mouth 
as well as the anterior, root-s., a screw 
on a long handle, designed to be screwed 
into a short root (which can not be 
otherwise grasped), and extracting it by 
a pulling movement, s. pivot, a conical 
dowel with a screw cut on it, formerly 
used by screwing it into a root and then 
fastening an artificial crown to it. s.- 
plate, a steel plate perforated by holes of 
varying size, from very fine small holes 
to large ones, each hole having a spiral 
thread cut on its inner side, for cutting 
threads on wire, retaining screws, small 
screws made of gold (sometimes having a 
head), used by being partly screwed into 
the dentin, for the purpose of serving as 
an anchorage around which the gold is 
condensed in filling shallow cavities, it 
being not feasible to secure sufficient 
anchorage by the form of the cavity, 
scri'bing. Marking by a rule, compass or 
parallelometer so that two lines will 
bo equidistant from each other, whether 
the lines are straight or have one or 
more curves, as in the scribing of a piece 
of gold to be used as a band for a crown. 
Scriptures, teeth mentioned in the. Gen. 
xlix, 12. Exod. xxi, 24, 27. Lev. xxiv, 20. 
Num. xi, 33. Deut. xix, 21; xxxii, 24. 
I Sam. ii, 13. I Kings x, 22. II Chron. ix, 
21. Job, iv, 10; xiii, 14; xvi, 9; xix, 20; 
xxix, 17; xli, 14. Psalms, iii, 7; xxxv, 16; 
xxxvii, 12; lvii, 4; Iviii, 6; cxii, 10; cxxiv, 6. 
Prov. x, 26; xxv, 19; xxx, 14. Cant, iv, 2; 
vi, 6. Is. xli, 15. Jer. xxxi, 29, 30. Eze. 
xviii, 2. Lam. ii, 16; iii, 16. Dan. vii, 
5, 7, 19. Joel, i, 6. Amos, iv, 6. Micah, 
iii, 5. Zech. ix, 7. Matt, v, 38; viii, 12; 
xiii, 42, 50; xxii, 13; xxiv, 51; xxv, 30; 
xxvii, 44. Mark, ix, 18. Luke xiii, 28. 
Acts vii, 54. Rev. ix, 8. 
scrof'ula. [L., dim. of scrofa, an old sow.] 
A constitutional condition noted in the 
young in which there is a lack of resisting 
power of the tissues, predisposing to 
tuberculosis and characterized by erup- 
tions, ulceration, glandular swellings, etc.; 
struma; king’s evil. 
scrof'ulous. Pertaining to or affected with 
scrofula, s. teeth, teeth whose formation, 
development, color and structure are 
detrimentally affected by scrofula, 
scro'tum. [L.] A musculocutaneous sac 
in which the testes are contained, 
scruple (skro'pl). [L. scrupulus, dim. of 
scrupus, a sharp stone.] An apothecaries’ 
weight of one-third of a dram or twenty 
grains; symbol, 9. 
scum. A film of material which rises to 
the top of a liquid, being insoluble, 
scur'vy. A disease characterized by debility, 
anemia, inanition, edema of the dependent 
parts, a spongy condition, occasionally 
with ulceration, of the gums, and hemor- 
rhages from the mucous membranes; 
due to the absence of certain vitamins from 
the food. Alpine s., pellagra, infantile 
s., Moller’s disease, Cheadle’s disease, 
Barlow’s disease, acute rickets; a cachectic 
condition, due to the use of improper food, 
in infants; pallor, coated tongue, fetid 
breath, diarrhea and subperiosteal hemor- 
rhages are the characteristics of this 
disease, land s., purpura hemorrhagica, 
sea s., scurvy. 
scur'vy-grass. Cochlearia officinalis, a cress 
used as a remedy for scurvy and also 
eaten as a salad. 
scute. [L. scutum, shield.] Squama; a thin 
lamina or plate; scale. 
S.D.D. Standard Dental Dictionary. 
S.D.D.E. Standard Dental Dictionary and 
Encyclopedia. 
Se. Chemical symbol of selenium, 
seamless crown. See crown. 
seba'ceous. Oily; fatty; pertaining to sebum, 
s. gland, one of the racemose glands of 
the skin which secrete sebum; they are SEBUM 
299 
SELF-LIMITED 
situated in the corium, usually in relation 
with the hair-follicles. 
se'bum. [L., tallow.] The oily secretion 
of the sebaceous glands, 
secodont (sek'6-dont). [L. secare, to cut; 
odous, tooth.] Teeth of animals in which 
the tubercles of the molar teeth have 
cutting edges. 
sec'ondary. Succeeding next in order to the 
first; occupying the second place; sub- 
ordinate. s. dentin, dentin formed subse- 
quent to the primarily developed dentin, 
s. dentition, the eruption of the permanent 
teeth. 
secrecion salival. [Sp.] Salivary secretion, 
secre'ta. [L., neut. pi. of secretus, secreted.] 
The products of secretion; secretions, 
secrete (se-kret'). [L. secretus, separated, 
hidden.] To elaborate or separate a 
substance from the blood, 
secre'tion. [L. secretus—secernere, to sep- 
arate.] The production by a cell or 
number of cells of some matter composed 
of different chemical and physical proper- 
ties from the body by which or from 
which it is produced; the product of 
glandular or cellular activity. A secretion 
is stored up or utilized by the animal or 
plant in which it is produced, in this way 
differing from an excretion, which is 
expelled from the body, 
secre'tory. Pertaining to secretion or the 
secretions. 
sectio (sek'shi-o). [L.] Section, 
section (sek'shun). [L. sectio—secare, to 
cut.] The act of cutting; separation by 
cutting; a segment or part of an organ 
delimited from the remainder; a thin 
slice of any material or substance to be 
used for examination under the micro- 
scope; a cut surface, 
sections, gum. See block. 
secto'rial teeth. The cutting teeth of the 
Carnivora, the long-bladed premolars and 
molars. 
sed'ative. [L. sedare, to allay.] Quieting; 
calming; allaying irritation. A substance 
which quiets nervous excitement; the 
sedatives are named according to the 
organ or part upon which they specifically 
act, as cerebral, nervous, cardiac, respira- 
tory, spinal. 
sedavol. Trade name of a preparation used 
to eliminate postextraction pain, 
sed'entary. [L. sedere, to sit.] Pertaining 
to the sitting posture; sitting. 
sed'iment. [L. sedere, to settle.] Insoluble 
matter which subsides or settles at the 
bottom of a liquid; hypostasis; that part 
which rises to the surface is called scum 
or epistasis. 
sedimentation. The formation of a sedi- 
ment. 
Sed'litz pow'der. Seidlitz powder, 
seed. [A.S. sed.\ The mature ovule; the 
reproductive body of a flowering plant. 
Seessel’s pock'et or pouch. An entodermic 
pouch present in the buccopharyngeal 
membrane of the embryo, 
seg'ment. [L. segmentum—secare, to cut.] 
A section or delimitation of an organ or 
other structure naturally or artificially, or 
a representation as it would appear if cut 
from the remainder. 
segmentation. The state of being divided 
into segments; dividing into segments, 
segregation (seg-re-ga'shun). [L. segregare, 
to separate.] Removal of parts from a 
mass; separation; division, 
seichu-rikai. [Ja.] Median separation. 
Seidlitz pow'der. Pulvis effervescens com- 
positus. 
seifu. [Ja.] Antisepsis, 
seifu-zai. [Ja.] Antiseptic, 
seikatsu-shi. [Ja.] Vital tooth, 
seishi-konnan. [Ja.] Morbid dentition, 
seitai-senshoku. [Ja.] Vital stain, 
seiyakugaku. [Ja.] Pharmacognosy, 
seizure (se'zhur). A sudden attack or onset 
of a disease or of certain symptoms, as 
of convulsions. 
sekitansan. [Ja.] Acidum carbolicum; 
phenol. 
sekkai. [Ja.] Discission, 
sekkaika-sayo. [Ja.] Calcification, 
sekkai-shinjun. [Ja.] Calcareous infiltra- 
tion. 
sekko. [Ja.] Plaster, 
sekko-kogoki. [Ja.] Plaster articulator, 
sekko-mokei. [Ja.] Plaster cast, 
sele'nium. Symbol Se, atomic weight 79.2. 
A metallic element. 
selenodont (se-le'no-dont). [G. selene, moon; 
odous, tooth.] Having teeth with longi- 
tudinal crescent-shaped ridges, as in 
man (the molars) and some animals, 
self-infec'tion. Autoinfection, 
self-lim'ited, self-limiting. Noting diseases 
which run a specific course and which, 
if the patient survives, terminate at, or 
about, a certain period. Applied to caries 
of the teeth, it signifies a reduction to, or SELF-POISONING 
300 
SEPARATING TEETH 
entire termination of, the susceptibility 
to caries. 
self-poi'soning. Autointoxication, 
se'men. [L., seed.] Sperm; seminal fluid, 
semi-. [L. semis, half.] A prefix meaning 
one-half or partly. The corresponding 
Greek prefix is hemi-. 
semiadjust'able artic'ulator. See articulator. 
semicanalis (sem-i-kan-a'lis). [L. semi-, 
half; canalis, canal.] A half canal; semi- 
canal. 
semicartilaginous (sem-i-kar-ti-laj 'in-us). 
Composed or formed partly of cartilage, 
semicircular (sem-i-ser'ku-lar). Forming an 
incomplete or half circle, 
semicohe'sive gold or foil. See gold. 
semicrista (sem-i-kris'ta). [L. semi-, half; 
crista, crest.] An imperfect or small 
crest or ridge, s. incisi'va, crista, nasalis, 
nasal crest. 
semilu'nar, [L. semi-, half; luna, moon.] 
Crescentic; halfmoon-shaped, 
semiluxa'tion. Subluxation, as of the 
mandible; a partial dislocation, 
sem'inar. [Gr.] A seminary course; a group 
of advanced students studying by means 
of real research, writing of theses, etc. 
semiol'ogy. [G. semeion, sign \-logia, treatise.] 
Symptomatology. 
semiorbic'ular. Hemispherical; semicircular, 
se'mis. [L.] One-half; in prescriptions 
written s or ss. 
semisul'cus. A slight groove on the edge 
of a bone or other structure which, when 
joined with a similar groove on an adjacent 
structure, forms a complete sulcus, 
senban. [Ja.] Engine, 
senile (se'nll). [L. senilis.] Pertaining to or 
characteristic of old age. 
se'nile decay'. In the dental sense, that 
form of decay which occurs in the teeth 
of elderly persons about the gum margins 
when the gums have receded; usually in- 
volving the cementum. 
senisei-shigashu. [Ja.] Fibrous odontome. 
senko. [Ja.] Fenestration, 
seno maxilar. [Sp.] Maxillary sinus, 
senreco. Trade name of a toothpaste, 
sensa'tion. [L. sensa, idea, conception.] 
A feeling, or state of consciousness, pro- 
duced by an external object or stimulus, 
or by change in the body, 
sense. [L. sensus—sentire, to feel, to per- 
ceive.] The faculty of perceiving any 
stimulus, consciousness, sensation or 
feeling. 
senshi. [Ja.] Tampon, 
senshu. [Ja.] Adenoma, 
sensibilidad. [Sp.] Sensibility, 
sensibil'ity. [L. sensibilitas.] Capability 
of perceiving sensible stimuli; the con- 
sciousness of sensation; sensation; sensi- 
tiveness; delicacy. 
sen'sible. [L. sensibilis—sentire, to feel, 
to perceive.] Capable of sensation; per- 
ceptible to the senses; having reason or 
judgment; intelligent; sensitive, 
sensitive. Susceptible to sensations; re- 
sponding to a stimulus; easily affected; 
undergoing a chemical change readily, as 
a sensitive reagent. 
sensitivity (sen-si-tiv'i-ti). [L. sentire, to 
feel.] The state or quality of being 
sensitive. 
sensizai. [Ja.] Toothwash. 
senso'rium. Sense-center; the seat of 
sensation. 
sen'sory. Pertaining to sensation, s. nerve, 
one which transmits peripheral stimuli 
to the sensorium; an afferent nerve, 
sentient (sen'shi-ent). [L. sentire, to feel, 
to perceive.] Capable of sensation; 
sensitive. 
sen'timent. [L. sentire, to feel.] A thought 
prompted by feeling or emotion, 
separatine. Trade name of a liquid which 
prevents cohesion of plaster to plaster 
without intervening coating, 
separating me'dium. A preparation used 
for coating the surface of plaster to 
prevent an additional layer of plaster 
from adhering to or uniting with it. 
alcoholic s. m., sandarac, shellac, aqueous 
s. m., borax and shellac; soap and water; 
water only, ethereal s. m., collodion, 
copal, ethereal soap, fatty s. m., oil. 
separating teeth. A means resorted to in 
order to obtain temporarily a space 
between adjacent teeth for the purpose of 
operating on the proximal surfaces of the 
teeth, immediate separation of the t., 
for this purpose there are a number of 
appliances known as separators, which 
are operated with parallel screws, gradual 
separating of the t., accomplished with 
various substances, which are forced 
between the teeth and either by their 
elastic virtue or by absorbing moisture 
exert pressure; these substances include 
India rubber, wood, silk fiber, tape, sea- 
tangle, linen or cotton tape, cotton, wool, 
etc. SEPARATOR 
301 
SEQUESTRUM 
sep'arator. An instrument provided with 
four claws, two of them fitting in the 
labial or buccal embrasure, and two in 
the lingual embrasure of the interproximal 
spaces of the teeth; they are connected 
with two threaded bars, passing through 
threaded holes, and these, when turned 
with a wrench provided for the purpose, 
force the teeth apart and thus afford 
space for operating on the proximal sur- 
faces of the teeth. Dr. S. G. Perry’s 
set of six, a set known as the “Little 
Giant,” Ivory’s and others are in general 
use. Various forms used are the Parr, 
Perry, Woodward and others. See 
illustration in supplement, 
sep'arlac. Trade name of a fluid used for 
separating impressions from casts, 
sephanol. Trade name of a toothpaste 
recommended for “loosening tissue.” 
se'pia. [G.] A dark secretion obtained 
from the cuttlefish, from which a brown 
pigment is made. 
sep'sin. A soluble ptomain present in 
putrid flesh, blood, or in proteid com- 
pounds. 
sep'sis. [G. sepsis, putrefaction.] A putre- 
factive condition; the presence of pus- 
forming or other pathogenic organisms, or 
their toxins, in the blood or tissues; septi- 
cemia. 
sep'tal. Pertaining to a septum, s. abscess, 
one originating in the interproximal space, 
s. gingivae, the parts of the gingivae 
occupying the interproximal spaces, s. 
gland, a ductless gland (?) of lobulated 
epithelium in the septal gingivae. s. 
space, the deeper portion of the inter- 
proximal space, s. tissue, the gingivae 
occupying the septal space, 
sep'tate. Possessing a septum; divided or 
separated into compartments, as the 
alveolus of a multirooted tooth, 
septentrionalin (sep-ten-tri-on'al-in). An 
alkaloid derived from Aconitum lycoc- 
tonum employed as a local analgesic, 
sep'tic. Pertaining to or caused by sepsis; 
having the power to promote putrefaction, 
s. alveolitis, chronic, see pyorrhea, s. 
anemia, see anemia, septic. s. fever, 
septicemia. 
septicemia (sep-ti-se'mi-a). [G. sepsis, 
putrefaction; haima, blood.] A condition 
caused by the presence of microorganisms 
or their toxins in the circulating blood; 
the germ causing the infection may be 
one of the pus organisms, typhoid bacillus, 
coli bacillus, pneumococcus, or other 
pathogenic bacterium. cryptogen'ic s., 
a form of septicemia in which no primary 
focus of infection can be found, 
septiv'alent. [L. septem, seven.] Possessing 
a valency of seven. 
septomar'ginal. Pertaining to the margin 
of a septum. 
septona'sal. Pertaining to the nasal septum, 
sep'tulum, pi. sep'tula. [L., dim. of septum.] 
A minute septum. 
sep'tum. [L. septum, a partition.] A thin 
wall serving to divide two cavities or 
masses of softer tissue, gin'gival s., gum 
s., the portion of the gums occupying the 
interproximal spaces, s. alve'oli, one of 
the thin plates of bone dividing or separat- 
ing the alveoli in the alveolar process of 
either jaw. s. interalveola're, pi. septa 
interalveola'ria, one of the interalveolar 
septa, the bony partitions between the 
sockets of the teeth, s. interradicale, one 
of the septa or bony partitions between 
the roots of a multirooted tooth. s. 
lin'guae, the median vertical fibrous 
partition of the tongue merging posteriorly 
into the transverse hyoglossal membrane, 
s. mo'bile na'si, the anterior movable 
part of the nasal septum, formed by the 
recurving crus mediale of the cartilago 
alaris major on either side. s. na'si, the 
wall dividing the two nasal cavities, 
formed posteriorly of bone, mainly the 
vomer and perpendicular plate of the 
ethmoid, and anteriorly of cartilage, 
s. na'si os'seum, osseous nasal septum, 
consisting of the vomer and perpendicular 
plate of the ethmoid. 
sequela (se-kwe'la). [L.] A morbid condi- 
tion succeeding or following as a conse- 
quence of another disease, 
seques'ter. To isolate; to separate; to 
sequestrate. Sequestrum, 
seques'tral. Pertaining to a sequestrum, 
sequestra'tion. [L. sequestrare, to separate.] 
Isolation; seclusion; separation from 
others, as is usual in contagious diseases; 
the formation of a sequestrum, 
sequestrec'tomy. [L. sequestrum; G. ektome, 
excision.] The removal of a sequestrum 
by an operation. 
seques'trum. [L. sequestrare, to separate.] 
A piece of bone in a necrosed condition 
which has become separated from the 
healthy osseous tissue surrounding it. SERA 
302 
SETIFEROUS 
or which is discharged in inflammation 
of any of those membranes; the fluid 
portion of the blood obtained after 
coagulation, in contradistinction to the 
circulating plasma in live blood; an anti- 
toxin prepared for therapeutic use. 
s. antitetan'icum, tetanus antitoxin, anti- 
tetanic serum, s. antitetan'icum purifica'- 
tum, tetanus antitoxin globulins, anti- 
tetanic glubulins, purified antitetanic 
serum, s. antitetan'icum sic'cum, dried 
tetanus antitoxin, dried antitetanic serum, 
se'rumal. Pertaining to or derived from 
serum, s. cal'culus, a concretion or hard 
mass formed around the neck or on the 
root of a tooth; it differs in color and 
constitution from salivary calculus or 
ordinary tartar. 
serumalbu'min. A protein of the group of 
native albumins found with the globulins 
in the fluids of the body, 
se'rum-glob'ulin. A variety of globulin 
found in the plasma and cells of the 
blood; paraglobulin. 
service, full denture. See supplement, 
service, partial denture. See supplement, 
ses'amoid. [G. sesame, sesame; eidos, appear- 
ance.] Resembling a grain of sesame in 
size or shape. 
sesqui-. [L.] A prefix designating one-half 
more. 
sesquichlorid (ses-kwi-klor'id). A chlorid 
in which the proportion between the 
atoms of chlorin and the atoms of other 
elements is as three to two. 
sesquiox'id. An oxid in which the propor- 
tion between the atoms of oxygen and 
the atoms of other elements is as three 
to two. 
sesquisul'phid. A compound of sulphur 
in which the proportion between the atoms 
of sulphur and the atoms of the other 
elements is as three to two. 
sesshi. [Ja.] Incisive tooth; pincette, 
sesshoku-ten. [Ja.] Contact point, 
set. To become fixed or rigid; to harden. 
Said of a plastic filling which is intro- 
duced soft, then becomes partially hard- 
ened and finally completely hardened, or 
set. Said of plaster after it has become 
hard. 
seta'ceous. [L. seta, a bristle.] Having a 
resemblance to a bristle or bristles; 
having bristles. 
setif'erous. [L. seta, bristle; ferre, to 
carry.] Having bristles; bristly. 
primary s., a seouestrum which has 
become completely detached, secondary 
s., one loosely attached or joined to the 
surrounding sound bone. tertiary s., 
one firmly attached to the surrounding 
bone. 
se'ra. Plural of serum. 
seralbu'min. Serum albumin, 
se'rial. Pertaining to a series, 
ser'icum. [L.] Silk. 
series (se'rez or se'ri-ez). [L. severe, to join 
together.] A number of similar objects 
following or succeeding one another in 
space or time; a group of substances, 
either compounds or elements, having 
similar properties or differing in composi- 
tion by a constant ratio, 
se'riflux. [L. serum; fluxus, a flow.] A 
profuse serous discharge; orrhorrhea. 
seringue. [Fr.] Syringe, 
serol'ogy. [L. serum-, G. -logia, treatise.] 
The branch of science having to do with 
serum, particularly with specific immune 
or lytic sera; orrhology. 
seromem'branous. Pertaining to a serous 
membrane. 
seropu'rulent. Containing or composed of 
both serum and pus; pertaining to a 
discharge of thin, watery pus, or seropus. 
se'ropus. Purulent serum; a discharge of 
pus largely diluted with serum, 
sero'sa. [L. serosus, serous.] Serous 
membrane, particularly the peritoneal or 
serous coat of the intestines, 
se'rous. Pertaining to, producing or con- 
taining serum, s. membrane, one of the 
smooth membranes lining the closed 
cavities of the body, as the pleura and 
peritoneum, or forming the interior coat 
of a blood-vessel. 
ser'rate, ser'rated. [L. serra, a saw.] 
Toothed; dentate; notched; having teeth 
like those of a saw; noting the roughened 
point of an amalgam or gold plugger. 
serra'tion. [L. serra, a saw.] The indenta- 
tion of the points of instruments, such 
as pluggers for condensing gold or amal- 
gam, the flat surface being cut into a 
number of small points. 
Serres’ angle. Metafacial angle. S.’ 
glands, gingival glands, 
ser'rulate. [G. serrulatus, dim. of serratus.] 
Finely serrated or notched, 
se'rum, pi. se'ra. [L., whey.] A clear, 
watery fluid, particularly that which 
moistens the surface of serous membranes SETTAN-GUKAKU 
303 
SHIGA-SEISOHO 
settan-gukaku. [Ja.] Incisal angle, 
settan-kinban. [Ja.] Gold tip. 
settle, settling. A term applied to the slight 
sinking of a denture into the soft tissues, 
due to the yielding of the tissues to the 
pressure of the denture, 
seventh nerve. Nervus facialis, 
se'vum. Tallow or suet, 
sex. [L. sexus.} The distinction between 
male and female. 
sexiv'alent. [L. sex, six; valere, to have 
strength.] Possessing a combining power 
equal to six atoms of hydrogen, 
sex'ual. Genital; pertaining to sex. 
shade. The difference and variation of 
color, s.-block, a series of mineral teeth 
showing the various shades made by a 
manufacturer to enable the dentist to 
match the natural teeth of the mouth, 
s.-ring, a series of mineral teeth showing 
various shades, suspended on a ring, 
s.-holder, a device into which any mineral 
tooth may be placed and held alongside 
of a natural tooth for the purpose of 
matching its color, 
shad'owgram. Skiagram, 
shaft. An elongated structure of rod-like 
shape, as the part of a long bone between 
the epiphyseal extremities, 
shaft. Of a hand instrument, that part 
held in the hand, 
shako. [Ja.] Wry-mouth. 
shamen-kogo. [Ja.] Bevel joint, 
shank. Of a hand instrument, that part 
which connects the shaft with the blade; 
it may be either straight, curved or pos- 
sessed of one ormore angles. 
-shaped. Suffix meaning resembling, formed, 
of the shape of something, arch, arciform. 
beak, rostrate, coronoid, rostriform, cora- 
coid. berry, bacciform. bow, arcuate, 
arciform. crown, coronoid. cylinder, 
cylindroid, cylindrical. disc, discoid, 
forceps, forcipate. hinge, ginglymoid. 
hook, ankyroid, hamular, uncinate, unci- 
form. palate, palatiform. pear, piriform, 
peg, styloid, ring, annular, root, rhizo- 
morphoid. round, circular, spiral, heli- 
coid. tongue, glossoid. tooth, dentoid, 
dentate, odontoid. 
Sharpey’s fibers. Connective-tissue fibers 
which serve to join the periosteum to the 
underlying bone. 
shavings. A form in which alloys for 
amalgams are prepared, the particles 
being in the form of shaved thin, flat 
pieces, instead of filings, which are 
produced by means of a file, 
shears (sherz). In effect large, powerful 
scissors, consisting of two bevel-edged 
blades pivoted together so that the edges 
slide one by the other; used for cutting 
dense materials, crown- and bridgework 
s., for cutting metals for crown- and 
bridgework. plate s., for cutting metals, 
especially for dentures; they are made 
large and small, straight and curved, foil 
s., long and slender, for cutting gold or 
tin foil, laboratory s., of various sizes and 
forms, with long or short blades, adapted 
for prosthetic work in the laboratory, 
sheath (sheth). Any structure serving to 
cover or envelop anything, such as the 
membranous covering of a nerve, blood- 
vessel or muscle, dentinal s., a layer of 
tissue which forms the walls of the dentinal 
tubules, very resistant to the action of 
acids; Neumann’s sheath, 
shed'ding (of the teeth). The falling out of 
the deciduous teeth after their roots have 
been resorbed, 
shell crown. See crown. 
shellac (shel-ak' or shel'ak). The resinous 
substance of a tree dissolved in alcohol 
and used for varnishing plaster models 
and as a separating medium, 
shellshock. A term signifying a series of 
grave mental and nervous disturbances 
due to war. 
shidai. [Ja.] Abutment, 
shidaikan-shi. [Ja.] Dummy, 
shidai-keizokushikan. [Ja.] Abutment 
crown. 
shidai-shi. [Ja.] Abutment tooth, 
shidai-shikon. [Ja.] Abutment root, 
shiga-bakkyo. [Ja.] Extraction of the 
tooth. 
shiga-dakkyu. [Ja.] Luxation of the tooth, 
shiga-encho. [Ja.] Lengthening of the 
teeth. 
shiga-hassei konnan. [Ja.] Difficult denti- 
tion. 
shiga-ishikusho. [Ja.] Atrophy of the teeth, 
shiga-kaibo gaku. [Ja.] Dental anatomy, 
shiga-kanshokujutsu. [Ja.] Implantation, 
shiga-kyokaku-ho. [Ja.] Bleaching of the 
tooth. 
shiga-maifuku. [Ja.] Perversion of the 
tooth. 
shiga-mamosho. [Ja.] Wearing off of the 
tooth. 
shiga-seisoho. [Ja.] Cleaning of the teeth. SHIGA-SHINSHOKUSHO 
304 
SHOKANSHI 
shiga-shinshokusho. [Ja.] Erosion of the 
tooth. 
shiga-shippei. [Ja.] Cacodontia. 
shigashu. [Ja.] Odontome. 
shiga-shutsugin. [Ja.] Eruption of the 
tooth. 
shiga-ushokusho. [Ja.] Caries dentium. 
shige. [Ja.] Dental germ, 
shigin. [Ja.] Gingiva, gums, 
shigin-en. [Ja.] Gum margin, 
shiginen-en. [Ja.] Marginal gingivitis, 
shigin-hidai. [Ja.] Hypertrophied gum. 
shigin-juketsu. [Ja.] Turgescence of the 
gum. 
shigin-kaiyo. [Ja.] Ulceration of the gum. 
shigin-nai-chusha. [Ja.] Intragingival in- 
jection. 
shigin-no. [Ja.] Gingival pocket, 
shigin-noyo. [Ja.] Parulis. 
shigin-ryokuhen. [Ja.] Blue gum. 
shigin-shu. [Ja.] Epulis; parodontid. 
shigin-to. [Ja.] Gum lancet, 
shigin-yurien. [Ja.] Free margin of the 
gum. 
shika-igakushi. [Ja.] History of dentistry, 
shika-ikai. [Ja.] Dental association, 
shika-kyoseigaku. [Ja.] Dental ortho- 
pedia. 
shika-kyoseijutsu. [Ja.] Orthodontia, 
shikan. [Ja.] Corona dentis. 
shikan-hotei kan. [Ja.] Interproximal spur, 
shikan-kako gishi. [Ja.] Bridgework. 
shikan-nyuto. [Ja.] Interdental papilla, 
shikei. [Ja.] Cervix, 
shikei sen. [Ja.] Cervical line, 
shiketsu. [Ja.] Hemostasis, 
shiketsu-kanshi. [Ja.] Hemostat. 
shikicho-mihon. [Ja.] Shade guide, 
shikon. [Ja.] Root. 
shikon-kan. [Ja.] Canalis radicis dentis. 
shikon-maku. [Ja.] Root-membrane, 
shikon maku-en. [Ja.] Pericementitis, 
shikonmaku-noyo. [Ja.] Periodontal abscess, 
shikon-nikugeshi. [Ja.] Dental granuloma, 
shikon-noshu. [Ja.] Radicular cyst; root 
cyst; dental cyst. 
shikon-setsudan-jutsu. [Ja.] Amputation 
of the root. 
shikon-shigashu. [Ja.] Radicular odon- 
tome. 
shikontan. [Ja.] Apex of the root, 
shikontan-setsujojutsu. [Ja.] Apicoectomy. 
shikyu. [Ja.] Dental arch, 
shikyu-gensen. [Ja.] Arch bar. 
shingles (shing'glz). [L. cingulum, girdle.] 
Herpes zoster. 
shinjun-masuiho. [Ja.] Infiltration anes- 
thesia. 
shinmen. [Ja.] Facies labialis. 
shinmen kado. [Ja.] Labial cavity, 
shinmenko. [Ja.] Labiodental strand, 
shino. [Ja.] Folliculus dentis. 
shinsen. [Ja.] Lip line, 
shiretsu-idoho. [Ja.] Major tooth move- 
ment. 
shisai-kan. [Ja.] Canaliculi dentales; den- 
tinal tubules; minute dental canals, 
shisei-angina. [Ja.] Angina dentalis. 
shiseki. [Ja.] Calculus dentalis; lapis den- 
tium. 
shishiki. [Ja.] Dental formula, 
shishitsu-eso. [Ja.] Necrosis eboris. 
shiso-chukaku. [Ja.] Alveolar septum; in- 
teralveolar septum. 
shiso-domyaku. [Ja.] Alveolar artery, 
shiso-en. [Ja.] Alveolitis; margo dentalis. 
shiso-jomyaku. [Ja.] Alveolar vein, 
shiso ka. [Ja.] Alveolar socket, 
shiso kan. [Ja.] Dental canal, 
shiso-kanshi. [Ja.] Alveolar forceps, 
shisokotsu-hidai. [Ja.] Alveolar exostosis, 
shiso-noro. [Ja.] Alveolar pyorrhea, 
shiso-noyo. [Ja.] Alveolar abscess, 
shiso-ryuki. [Ja.] Juga alveolaria. 
shiso-shinkei. [Ja.] Alveolar nerve, 
shiso-tokki. [Ja.] Alveolar process, 
shitsu. [Ja.] Dolor dentium. 
shizui. [Ja.] Dental pulp, 
shizui-donmayaku. [Ja.] Nerve-obtundent, 
shizui-en. [Ja.] Pulpitis, 
shizui eso. [Ja.] Gangrena pulpse; necrotic 
pulp. 
shizui-fukutoho. [Ja.] Nerve-capping, 
shizui-kaiyo. [Ja.] Ulceration of the pulp, 
shizui-ku. [Ja.] Nerve-cavity; pulp cavity; 
tooth-cavity. 
shizui-setsudan-jutsu. [Ja.] Amputation 
of the pulp. 
shizui-shikkatsuho. [Ja.] Devitalization of 
the pulp. 
shizui-sokuniku. [Ja.] Polypus of the pulp, 
shizui-zosei. [Ja.] Hyperplasia of the pulp, 
shock. A state of profound mental and 
physical depression caused by a physical 
injury or an emotional disturbance; a 
sudden mental or physical disturbance, 
sur'gical s., a shock brought on by 
surgical operation or a trauma, 
shojo shi. [Ja.] Bell-shaped tooth, 
shoka-furyo. [Ja.] Dyspepsia, 
shokaki. [Ja.] Apparatus digestorius. 
shokanshi. [Ja.] Bell-crowned tooth. SHOKO 
305 
SIGMATISM 
shoko. [Ja.] Hydrargyri chloridum cor- 
rosivum. 
shosan. [Ja.] Acidum azoticum. 
shoshaku-ho. [Ja.] Cauterization, 
shoshaku-ki. [Ja.] Cautery; thermocau- 
tery. 
shosokushi. [Ja.] Probe, 
shoulder (shol'der). The lateral portion of 
the scapular region, where the scapula 
articulates with the clavicle and humerus 
and is covered by the rounded mass of the 
deltoid. 
shoulder (shol'der). An abrupt projection 
which forms an abutment on an object, 
as a denture or orthodontic appliance, a 
projection around a tenon, dowel or post, 
etc. 
shoulder crown. See crown. 
shriv'el. To be drawn into wrinkles; to 
wither; to shrink; to lose moisture and 
contract. 
shukketsushitsu-kauja. [Ja.] Bleeders, 
shusei. [Ja.] Alcohol, 
shuto-so. [Ja.] Vaccine. 
Si. Chemical symbol of silicon, 
si'agon. [G.] The maxilla or mandible, 
siago'nagra. [G. siagon, jaw; agra, seizure.] 
Gouty affection of the jaw. 
siagonantritis (si-a-gon-an-tre'tis or I'tis). 
[G. siagon, jaw; antron, cave; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] A condition in which the 
maxillary sinus is inflamed, 
sial'aden. [G. sialon, saliva; aden, gland.] A 
salivary gland. 
sialadenitis (si-al-ad-en-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
sialon, saliva; aden, gland; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A condition in which a salivary 
gland is inflamed. 
sialadenoncus (si-al-ad-en-on'kus). [G. sia- 
lon, saliva; aden, gland; onkos, tumor.] 
A tumor of a salivary gland, 
sial'agogue. Sialogogue. 
sialapo'ria. [G. sialon, saliva; aporia, lack.] 
A deficient secretion of saliva; sialoschisis, 
suppression of the secretion of saliva, 
sialemesia, sialemesis (si-al-e-me'si-a, si-al- 
em'e-sis). [G. sialon, saliva; emesis, 
vomiting.] Vomiting of saliva, due to, 
or accompanying, an excessive secretion 
of saliva, 
sial'ic. Salivary, 
si'aline. Salivary. 
si'alism, sialis'ma, sialis'mus. [G. sialismos.] 
Ptyalism; sialorrhea; salivation, 
sialoadenitis (si'al-o-ad-en-e'tis or i'tis). 
Sialadenitis. 
sialoangeitis (sl'al-6-an-je-e'tis or i'tis). 
[G. sialon, saliva; angeion, vessel; -itis, 
inflammation.] A condition in which the 
salivary duct is inflamed, 
sialodochitis (si-al-5-do-ke'tis). [G. sialon, 
saliva; doche, receptacle; -itis, inflamma- 
tion.] A condition in which the duct of 
the salivary gland is inflamed, 
sialoductitis (si-al-6-duk-te'tis or ti'tis). 
[G. sialon, saliva; L. ductus, duct; G. -itis, 
inflammation.] Sialodochitis, 
sialogenous (si-al-oj'en-us). [G. sialon, 
saliva; gennao, I produce.] Sialogogic; 
producing saliva. 
sialogogic (si-al-6-goj'ik). Sialogenous. 
sialogogue (si-al'o-gog). [G. sialon, saliva; 
agogos, drawing forth.] Stimulating or 
increasing the secretion of saliva. A 
substance which promotes the flow of 
saliva; ptyalogogue. 
si'aloid. Resembling saliva, 
si'alolith, sialolith'us. [G. sialon, saliva; 
lithos, stone.] A salivary calculus or 
concretion. 
sialolithi'asis. The occurrence of salivary 
calculi. 
sialon'cus. An obstruction of a salivary 
duct due to salivary calculus, 
sialorrhea (si'al-or-re'a). [G. sialon, saliva; 
rhoia, a flow.] Salivation; sialism, 
sialoschisis (si-al-os'ki-sis). [G. sialon, 
saliva; schesis, retention.] Sialaporia; 
suppression of the secretion of saliva, 
sialosemiology (si-al-6-se-mi-ol'o-ji). [G. 
sialon, saliva; semeion, sign; -ology, 
science.] The analysis and study of the 
saliva as a help to diagnosis, 
sialosteno'sis. [G. sialon, saliva; stenosis, a 
narrowing.] Stricture of a salivary duct, 
sialosyrinx (si-al-o-sir'inks). [G. sialon, 
saliva, syrinx, fistula.] An abnormal or 
unnatural opening into a salivary gland or 
duct; a salivary fistula, 
sialoza'mia. Salivation, 
sic'cative. [L. siccare, to dry.] Drying, 
sic'cus. [L.] Dry. 
sick. Suffering from disease; unwell; indis- 
posed; ill. 
sick head'ache. Megrim; migraine, 
sick'ness. Nausea; disease; illness, 
side instruments. Noting instruments which 
are not of any regular set. 
side-chain, side-chain theory. See chain. 
sig. Abbreviation of L. signa, write; used 
in a prescription to introduce the signature, 
sig'matism. [G. sigma, the letter s.] A SIGMOID 
306 
SINISTER 
form of stammering in which the letter s 
is pronounced imperfectly, 
sig'moid. [G. sigma, letter s; eidos, form.] 
Having an outline which resembles the 
letter S or one of the forms of the Greek 
sigma, 2 or q. 
sign. [L. signum, mark.] A symptom, 
particularly a phenomenon, which is 
produced by some maneuver or which is 
already present, indicating a certain 
disease or morbid state; a symbol or 
abbreviation; a signature, 
sig'na. [Imperative of L. signare, to write.] 
A word used as the introduction of the 
signature in a prescription; abbreviation 
S. or sig. 
signature (sig'na-tur). That part of the 
prescription which contains directions to 
the patient. 
Signorelli’s sign. On pressure in the glenoid 
fossa in front of the mastoid process, 
in cases of meningitis, there is marked 
tenderness. 
Silber. [Ger.] Silver, 
si'lex. Silica, Si02, usually in the form 
of quartz; for dental uses it comes in 
liquid form, or powdered fine and coarse; 
the oxid of silicon; silica; flint, liquid s., 
water-glass, soluble glass, a compound of 
silicic acid and soda or potash, forming a 
silicate of sodium or potassium; it has a 
glassy appearance and is soluble in water; 
used in the dental laboratory for various 
purposes, repairing broken plaster models, 
coating models to prevent the adherence 
of rubber in the process of vulcanization, 
mending broken block teeth, etc. 
silica (sil'i-ka). In chemistry, silicon 
dioxid; quartz; opal; flint; silicic anhydrid; 
dioxid of silicon, 
sil'icate. A salt of silicic acid, 
silicic (sil-is'ik). Pertaining to silicon or 
silica, s. acid, one of the various colloid 
acids which have not been isolated in a 
free state, but of which solutions are 
obtained in water by treating silicates, 
s. anhy'drid, silicon dioxid, silica, 
silicious (sil-is'i-us). Containing silica; 
flinty. 
sili'cium. Silicon. 
silicoflu'orid. A compound composed of 
fluorin and silicon with another element, 
sil'icon. [L. silex, flint.] Symbol S, 
atomic weight 28.3. A very abundant 
non-metallic element. 
silk. A fine, strong, lustrous fiber produced 
by various insect larvae, especially by the 
silkworm caterpillar. For dental uses it 
comes plain or waxed, and is known as 
floss silk, or dental floss. 
silk, dental floss. Very fine silk strands, 
manufactured for dental uses, placed about 
the teeth to keep the rubberdam from 
sliding up on a tooth, and used in correct- 
ing malpositions, for separating teeth, and 
for cleansing proximal surfaces. 
sil'ver. Symbol Ag, atomic weight 107.88. 
One of the elements, a metal of lustrous 
white color, of a specific gravity of 10.4 
to 10.7; argentum, s. chlorid, argenti 
chloridum. s. foil, thin sheets of silver, 
formerly •used for fillings, s. leaf, silver 
foil. s. ni'trate, argenti nitras, employed 
in retarding or checking incipient caries, 
s. oxid, argenti oxidum. s. solder, silver 
alloyed with copper and zinc or other low- 
fusing metal, rarely used for dental pur- 
poses. On account of its tendency to 
tarnish metallic silver is seldom used in 
dentistry, except as a component of solders 
or as a solder, standard s., 900 silver, 100 
copper, sterling s., 925 silver, 75 copper. 
silver paste. Amalgam. 
sim'ple. [L. simplex.] Plain, not compli- 
cated; not compound. A medicinal herb. 
simple cavity. A cavity involving only one 
surface of a tooth, as a mesial, distal, 
or buccal cavity, etc. 
Simp'son light. A lamp which sends forth 
ultraviolet rays produced by an electric 
arc between two electrodes, one of man- 
ganese and the other of tungstate of iron. 
Simp'son’s plug or splint. A cotton tampon, 
compressed and cut to shape, inserted into 
the nares as a plug in epistaxis, and in the 
nasal fossa to retain the parts after opera- 
■ tion on the septum. 
Sina'pis. [G. sinapi, mustard.] A subgenus 
of Brassica, cruciform or cross-shaped 
plants, including mustard, s. alba, white, 
and s. nigra, black mustard, counterirri- 
tants and rubefacients, used in the form 
of poultices. 
sin'apism. A mustard-plaster. 
si'necain. A local anesthetic containing 
quinin hydrochlorid, antipyrin and ad- 
renalin. 
sin'ew. A tendon. 
sing. Abbreviation of singular and L. singu- 
lorum, of each. 
sinis'ter. [L.] Left; on the left side; of un- 
favorable prognosis; of evil import. SINISTRAD 
307 
SKULL 
sin'istrad. Toward the left side, 
sin'istral. Noting the left side, 
sintetico. [It.] Synthetic, 
sintoma. [Sp.] Symptom, 
sinuitis (sl-no-e'tis or I'tis). [L. sinus; G. 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
lining membrane of a sinus, especially of 
one of the accessory sinuses of the nose, 
sin'uous. [L.] Bending in various direc- 
tions; tortuous, as of a vessel or canal, 
si'nus. [L., a bay or hollow.] An antrum; a 
hollow in a bone or other tissue; a tract or 
fistula leading from a suppurating cavity; 
a channel or passage which does not possess 
walls or coats, s. frontalis, the frontal 
sinus, two hollow spaces in the frontal 
bone, communicating with the nasal fossa, 
s. paranasalis, one of the accessory nasal 
sinuses situated in the bones of the face, 
lined with mucous membrane and con- 
nected with the nasal fossa, named the 
frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and eth- 
moidal. s. tonsillaris, the space between 
the palatine arches in which the tonsil lies, 
sinusi'tis. Sinuitis. 
sinusoid (sl'nus-oid). [L. sinus; G. eidos, 
resemblance.] Resembling a sinus. 
SiC>2. Silicic anhydrid; silicon dioxid. 
sir'inga ipodermica. [It.] Hypodermic 
syringe. 
si'tus. [L.] Situation; site, 
sixth nerve. Nervus abducens. 
sixth-year molar. See teeth. 
skel-cast. Trade name of a metal, of rich 
gplden platinum color, used for full and 
partial plates, lingual and palatal bars, 
skel'etal. Pertaining to the skeleton, 
skel'eton. [G. skeletos, dried.] The frame- 
work of bone of the body, or the bones of 
the body considered collectively, s. cap, 
the framework or principal part of a metal 
cap or crown, that supports the rest, but 
without the appendages, s. plate, the 
slender framework of a denture or the base 
which supports the artificial teeth, 
ski'agram. [G. skia, shadow; gramma, a 
writing.] The print made from a photo- 
graphic plate or film exposed to the action 
of the x-rays; an x-ray photograph, 
ski'agraph. See skiagram. 
ski'agraphy. [G. skia, shadow; grapho, I 
write.] The making of x-ray photographs, 
by passing the x-rays through a part of the 
body, as the face and jaws, in front of a 
photographic plate or film, the softer parts 
through which the rays penetrate appear- 
ing in light shadow, the bones and teeth 
in heavier shadow, and metals, such as 
fillings, crowns and metal posts in the 
roots of teeth, appearing nearly black. 
skiam'eter. [G. skia, shadow; metron, 
measure.] An apparatus for measuring 
the penetrating power or intensity of the 
x-rays. 
ski'ascope. [G. skia, shadow; skoped, I 
examine.] An instrument used in skias- 
copy. 
skias'copy. [G. skia, shadow; skoped, I 
examine.] Fluoroscopy; retinoscopy. 
skikan-keizokujutsu. [Ja.] Crownwork. 
skin. The outer membranous covering of 
the body; integumentum commune; cutis. 
skin-graft'ing. Supplying lost portions of 
the skin, and stimulating new growth of 
it, by placing strips or bits of fresh skin on 
the denuded surface. 
skull. [Dan. skal, shell.] The bony frame- 
work of the head, consisting of fourteen 
bones of the face and eight bones of the 
head or braincase; the cranium; caput, 
broadness, platycephaly. conical, oxy- 
cephaly, acrocephaly. craniometric points: 
acanthion, alveolar, antinion, asterion, 
auriculare, basion, dacryon, glabella, 
glenoid, gonion, inion, lambda, malar, 
mental, metopian, nasion, obelion, ophrion, 
opisthion, pterion, inferior and superior 
stephanion, subnasal, front of the skull, 
bregma, sinciput, having a boat-shaped 
skull, cymbocephalic, scaphocephalic. hav- 
ing a broad skull, platycephalic, platy- 
cranial, platybregmatic. having a conical 
skull, vertically, acrocephalic; longitud- 
inally, oxycephalic, having a high skull, 
hypsicephalic. having a high and broad 
skull, hypsibrachycephalic. having a 
large skull, macrocephalic, megalocephalic, 
megocephalic. having a long skull, 
macrocephalic, dolichocephalic, having a 
medium-sized skull, mesocephalic, metrio- 
cephalic. having a narrow skull, lepto- 
cephalic, stenobregmatic, stenocephalic. 
having a short skull, brachycephalic. 
having a small skull, microcephalic, 
nanocephalic. having a thick skull, pachy- 
cephalic. having a well proportioned 
skull, metriocephalic, orthocephalic. high- 
vaulted skull, hypsicephaly. large size 
of a skull, cephalonia, megacephaly, 
megalocephaly, macrocephaly. lengthy 
skull, dolichocephaly, macrocephaly. nar- 
rowness of the skull, leptocephaly, SKULLCAP 
308 
SOCKET 
stenocephaly. science relating to the 
skull, craniometry, craniology. shortness 
of the skull, brachycephaly. extreme 
shortness of the skull, hyperbrachy- 
cephaly. smallness of the skull, micro- 
seme, microcephaly, nanocephaly, 
skull'cap. The upper, domelike part of the 
skull, covering the brain; the sinciput; 
the calvarium. 
skullcap (skul'kap). A cap fitting snugly 
over the top of the head, usually connected 
by elastics with a chincap, used for 
exerting force to retract a protruding 
mandible; cranial cap; headgear. See 
chincap. 
slag. Dross; the vitrified cinders which are 
produced during the reduction of ores 
with fluxes. 
slav'ering. Involuntary escape of saliva 
from the mouth; driveling, 
sledge-hammer. See hammer. 
slide. A glass plate on which is a picture to 
be projected by a stereopticon or an object 
to be observed in a microscope, fireclay 
s., Hammond’s s., a flat piece of fireclay 
on which crowns, bridges or dentures are 
placed preparatory to being put in the 
furnace for baking. 
slit or opening. In crown and bridge 
construction, a cut or separation made 
during construction or repair, 
slit'ter. An instrument for slitting crowns 
which it is desired to remove from teeth 
to which they have been cemented, 
slob'bering. The uncontrolled flowing or 
oozing of saliva at the corners of the 
mouth. 
slough (sluf). Necrosed tissue which has 
separated from the living parts. To sep- 
arate from the living tissue, as a necrosed 
or dead part which is cast off. 
Sluder’s operation (for making an opening 
into the antrum of Highmore). Per- 
formed by making a large opening beneath 
the inferior turbinated bone, 
small'pox. Variola. An acute eruptive 
contagious disease, accompanied by high 
fever, chills, headache and backache; later 
these symptoms subside and the eruption 
appears; these become first vesicles and 
later pustules, and when the scabs fall 
off, leave the permanent marks known as 
pockmarks; the incubation period is 
from eight to fourteen days, 
smalto. [It.] Enamel, 
smear, smear-culture. See under culture. 
smeg'ma. [G. smegma, unguent.] The se- 
cretion of the sebaceous glands; sebum, 
smell. The sense of smell; olfaction; an odor, 
a scent. To scent; to recognize odors by 
means of the olfactory apparatus, 
smi'leon. A scalpel. 
Smith’s certified cements. Trade name of a 
line of cements for fillings. 
Smith’s certified enamel. Trade name of a 
silicate filling-material which matches the 
natural tooth shades and because of its 
translucency renders the filling unnotice- 
able. 
Smith’s copper cement. Trade name of a 
germicidal oxyphosphate of zinc cement 
containing copper as a germicide; used for 
cementing crowns and bridges, 
smoker’s cancer. Epithelioma of the lip or 
tongue, due to the irritation of the stem 
of a pipe or the hot smoke of the tobacco, 
smudg'ing. Slurring speech in which the 
more difficult consonants are omitted. 
Sn. Chemical symbol of tin (stannum), 
snag. A broken tooth or remnant of a root, 
snaggle-tooth. One which is out of line, 
sneeze. Sneezing; a reflex act due to some 
irritation of the nasal mucous membrane. 
To expel air from the nose and mouth 
by contraction of the muscles of expira- 
tion, due to their involuntary spasmodic 
contraction. 
Snow artic'ulator. An occluding frame in 
which the movements of the cast of the 
mandible are limited by adjusting the 
condyle path in each case to that 
mandible represented by the cast. 
Snow face bow. See face bow. 
soap. [L. sapo.] A compound of a fatty 
acid and an alkali, used for cleansing. Cas- 
tile s., sapo durus. green s., sapo mollis, 
hard s., sapo durus. See sapo. 
soap'stone. A variety of talc of a grayish 
green or brown color, found in extensive 
mineral beds; steatite. 
so'cia parot'idis. The glandula parotis 
accessoria, a small accessory gland occa- 
sionally present; it is detached from the 
principal part of the parotid gland and is 
situated near the beginning of Stensen’s 
duct. 
sock'et. [L. soccus, a sock, a shoe.] A hol- 
low concavity into which some other part 
fits, as a tooth into its socket, the eye in its 
socket; the hollow part of a joint, into 
which the articular end of another bone 
fits, s.-joint, enarthrosis. tooth-s., al- SODA 
309 
SOLUTION 
veolus, the hollow or cavity into which the 
root of the tooth is fixed, 
so'da. Sodii hydroxidum. s. caustica, 
caustic soda, sodii hydroxydum. 
sodio-. A prefix signifying a compound con- 
taining sodium, a sodiocitrate, a sodio- 
tartrate, or any citrate or tartrate of an 
element which contains sodium in addi- 
tion. 
sodiphene. Trade name of an antiseptic 
and germicide recommended for use in 
pyorrhea, trenchmouth, etc. 
so'dium. Symbol Na, from the Latin na- 
trium; atomic weight 23. A white, silvery, 
lustrous alkali, readily oxidizable in water 
or air. sodii biboras, borax, biborate of 
sodium, used in solution as a gargle or 
mouthwash, sodii bicarbonas, an antacid, 
the bicarbonate of sodium, sodii boras, 
borax, sodium borate, used in solution as 
a mouthwash, and also in aphtheous 
stomatitis and as a flux in soldering, sodii 
chloras, sodium chlorate, to which the 
potassium chlorate is preferable, sodii 
chloridum, common or table salt, sodium 
chlorid. 
sodox'ylin. Trade name of a preparation of 
antacid properties, toning relaxed mucous 
membranes and reducing intestinal putre- 
faction. 
sofortig. [Ger.] Immediate, 
soft. Malleable; not hard; yielding readily 
to pressure; not resistant. s. palate, 
palatum molle, velum pendulum palati. 
soft solder. See solder. 
softening (saf'ning). The act of becoming 
or state of being soft; a diminution of the 
natural or normal consistence of a tissue; 
mollities; malacia. mucoid s., myxoma- 
tous degeneration. 
sokuji-kyoseiho. [Ja.] Immediate regula- 
tion. 
soku-niku. [Ja.] Polypus, 
sokusseshi. [Ja.] Lateral incisor, 
sol. Abbreviation for solution, 
so'lar. [L. Solaris—sol, sun.] Pertaining to 
the sun or sunlight, 
soldadura. [Sp.] Solder, 
solder (sod'er or sol'der). [L. solidare, to 
make firm or solid.] Fusible alloy or 
metal used to unite metallic edges or sur- 
faces; that which unites or cements, 
hard s., requiring red heat for melting, 
gold s., made of various carats of fineness, 
the principal constituent being gold, sil- 
ver s., made of various grades of fineness, 
the principal ingredient being silver, 
simple s., one made of the plate upon 
which it is used, 5 parts of the plate and 
one part of brass or silver solder, soft s., 
fusing at a lower temperature than hard 
solder. 
sol'dering. A procedure by which the edges 
or surfaces of two or more pieces of metal, 
of similar or dissimilar character, are unit- 
ed with each other, by melting, at the 
point where the union to be made is de- 
sired, some fusible alloy or solder; uniting 
by a fusible metallic cement, autogenous 
s., without the intervention of a fusible 
alloy, the edges of the metal being united 
by fusing them while they are in contact 
with each other; sweating, s.-block, a 
circular block of fireclay, plumbago, car- 
bon, charcoal or asbestos, on which pieces 
of prosthetic work are placed while solder- 
ing them. s.-clamp, a clamp made of bent 
wire for the purpose of holding together 
two or more pieces of metal while solder- 
ing them, s.-lamp, a lamp provided with 
a large wick, used in soldering, s.-pan, a 
funnel-shaped sheet-iron pan provided 
with a handle; it is filled with ignited 
charcoal, upon which the piece to be sol- 
dered is placed. 
sol'id. [L. solidus.] That which retains its 
form when not contained or confined in 
anything, being neither fluid, liquid nor 
gas. Compact; firm; not fluid; without 
interstices or cavities other than those 
occupied by the ether; not cancellous, 
solila gold. Trade name for crystal or mat 
golds used in hand-plugging, 
solila teeth. Trade name of artificial teeth 
with gold-plated pins which are soldered 
into platinum alloy anchorages baked in 
the teeth. 
sol-iodi-gen. Trade name of tablets that 
produce iodin in solution, 
solitary. [L. solitarius—solus, alone.] Single; 
alone; not forming or making up one of a 
group. 
solubil'ity. The quality of being soluble, 
sol'uble. [L. solubilis—solvere, to dissolve.] 
Capable of being dissolved, 
solution (so-lo'shun). [L. solutio—solvere, to 
dissolve.] The incorporation of a gas or a 
liquid in a fluid substance, a homogeneous 
liquid being the resultant; in pharmaceu- 
tical preparations an aqueous solution 
of a non-volatile substance; a laceration, 
break or cut of the solid tissues, designated SOLV. 
310 
SPASMODIC 
as a solution of continuity; the termina- 
tion of a disease by crisis, saturated s., a 
solution which contains all of a substance 
which the menstruum is capable of dissolv- 
ing. supersat'urated s., one which con- 
tains more of the solid than would ordi- 
narily be dissolved by the menstruum; it is 
made by heating the solvent when adding 
the substance, and on cooling the sub- 
stance is retained without precipitation, 
solv. Abbreviation of L. solve, dissolve, 
sol'vent. [L. solvere, to dissolve.] That 
which is capable of dissolving; a men- 
struum, a liquid which retains another sub- 
stance without precipitation or which 
holds it in solution. 
somat'ic. [G. somatikos, bodily.] Pertain- 
ing to the body; physical; corporeal; per- 
taining to the soma or trunk, or to the 
wall of the body-cavity; parietal, 
somatol'ogy. [G. soma, body; -logia, trea- 
tise.] The doctrine of the general proper- 
ties of the body, including both anatomy 
and physiology. 
somnifa'cient. [L. somnus, sleep; facere, to 
make.] Hypnotic; soporific; causing sleep. 
A substance which produces sleep, 
som'noform. Trade name of an anesthetic 
used for minor surgical operations, as 
the extraction of teeth, slight operations 
about the gingivae, etc. 
som'nolent. Drowsy; sleepy; wanting to 
sleep; semicomatose; in a condition of 
incomplete sleep. 
so'norousness. A property of hard metals 
and alloys which, when struck, emit a 
characteristic sound. 
so'por. [L.] An unnaturally deep sleep; 
stupor. 
soporif'ic. [L. sopor, deep sleep; facere, to 
make.] That which causes deep sleep. 
Somnifacient; hypnotic, 
sorb, sorbed, sorption. See resorption. 
sorbefa'cient. [L. sorbere, to suck up \ facere, 
to make.] That which produces or facili- 
tates absorption. Causing absorption, 
sordes (sor'dez). [L. sordere, to be foul.] A 
crust-like formation, of a dark brown or 
blackish color, on the lips, teeth and gums 
of a person with severe typhoid or other 
fever. 
sore. An ulcer, wound, open skin-lesion or 
diseased spot. Painful, s. mouth, stom- 
atitis. gangrenous s. m., cancrum oris, 
sore throat. A condition known by severe 
pain and discomfort in swallowing; it 
occurs in a variety of forms of inflamma- 
tion of the pharynx, tonsils or larynx, 
diphtheritic s. t., croupous tonsillitis, 
putrid s. t., cyanche maligna, angina ma- 
ligna or gangrsenosa, gangrenous pharyn- 
gitis. septic s. t., tonsillitis of streptococ- 
cic causation, spotted s. t., follicular ton- 
sillitis. ulcerated s. t., putrid sore throat, 
soshaku. [Ja.] Mastication, 
soshaku-fuzen. [Ja.] Imperfect mastica- 
tion. 
soshaku-men. [Ja.] Masticating surface, 
soshaku-ryoku. [Ja.] Masticating force, 
soshiki-gaku. [Ja.] Minute anatomy, 
sotol mouthwash tablets. Trade name of an 
English effervescent tablet for use orally 
and nasally. 
soudage. [Fr.] Soldering, 
soudure. [Fr.] Solder. 
souffle (so'fl). [Fr. souffler, to blow.] A 
sound heard on auscultation, of a soft, 
blowing nature. 
sound. Noise; the impression made on the 
ear by the vibrations produced by a 
sounding body and transmitted by the 
air or other medium. 
sozoiodolic acid (so-zo-i-6-doL'ik as'id). So- 
zoiodol. 
S.P. Subpulpal. 
sp. Abbr. of L. spiritus, spirit, 
sp. gr. Abbr. of specific gravity, 
space. [L. spatium.] Any delimited portion 
of the body, either a segment of the tissues, 
a cavity or an area of the surface; a dis- 
tance; an interval, interglob'ular s., one 
of a number of irregular branching spaces 
near the periphery of the dentin, due to 
failure of calcification of the dentin, 
interprox'imate s., the space between ad- 
joining teeth, retropharyn'geal s., the 
space filled with loose areolar tissue, pos- 
terior to the pharynx, subgin'gival s., 
the space between the gingiva and the 
enamel of the tooth which it covers, 
space-filler. A block of metal put on a flask 
in the screwpress when the distance to be 
closed is too great for the flaskpress. 
spal'ter. Spelter. 
spane'mia. [G. spanos, rare; haima, blood.] 
Anemia; hydremia; a condition in which 
the blood is thin or poor, 
spasm (spazm). [G. spasmos.] An involun- 
tary convulsive contraction of the muscles; 
cramp; convulsion. 
spasmodic. Pertaining to or characterized 
by spasm; convulsive; intermittent. SPASMOTOXIN 
311 
SPECTROCHROME 
spasmotox'in. A toxic substance isolated 
from cultures of Bacillus tetani. 
spas'mus. [L.—G. spasmos.] Spasm, s. 
cani'nus, risus sardonicus. s. glot'tidis, 
laryngismus stridulus, 
spatium, pi. spatia (spa'shi-um). [L.] A 
space, s. interglobula're, pi. spa'tia inter- 
globula'ria, interglobular space, 
spat'ula. [L., dim. of spatha, a paddle.] 
An instrument of steel, bone, stellite, 
agate, etc., shaped like a knife, flat, thin, 
and with a rounded end, used for mixing 
cements or plaster, spreading or shaping 
wax, etc. Of cement spatulas are Dr. 
Houghton’s, J. F. Flagg’s, H. Weston’s, 
C. N. Peirce’s, A. D. Gritman’s, etc. 
Spatulas for cements and wax are rigid, 
while for plaster they are flexible. Of wax 
spatulas there are Dr. Fahnestock’s, Dr. 
Beale’s, L. P. Haskell’s, F. A. Peeso’s and 
others. 
special (spesh'al). [L. species, kind.] In- 
dividual, or pertaining to some particular 
system or subject. 
special instruments. Noting instruments 
which are designed for doing a special 
thing in the preparation of cavities, 
specialism (spesh'al-izm). The study and 
treatment of a special group of diseases, or 
following up a special line of practice, as 
the diseases of the periodontal membrane, 
the correction of malocclusions, the 
hygiene and treatment of children’s teeth, 
the construction and insertion of partial 
or full dentures, the performing of surgical 
operations in and about the mouth, the 
extraction of .teeth, the making of radio- 
dontic examinations, the treatment of 
children, of the eye, of nervous diseases, 
etc. 
specialist (spesh'al-ist). One who devotes 
himself to one branch of an art, science or 
profession, by making a special study of it, 
giving the benefit of such study to his 
clients, as through scientific, mechanical, 
surgical or other means of treating diseases, 
or substituting prosthetic pieces for lost 
natural parts. bacteria, bacteriologist, 
correcting malposition of the teeth, ortho- 
dontist. diagnosis, diagnostician, diges- 
tive organs, gastroenterologist, diseases 
of children, pediatrist, ear, aurist. ex- 
traction of teeth, exodontist. eye, oculist, 
ophthalmologist, internal diseases, in- 
ternist. intestine, enterologist. mental dis- 
orders, psychiatrist, alienist. mouth, 
stomatologist. nose, rhinologist. ob- 
stetrics, obstetrician, operative medicine, 
surgeon. pathology, pathologist. pro- 
phylaxis of the teeth and mouth, prophy- 
lactodontist. protozoa, protozoologist, 
radiometric examination of the teeth, 
radiodontist. skin, dermatologist, teeth, 
dentist, dental surgeon, odontologist. 
treating children’s teeth, pedodontist. 
treating periodontal membrane, periodon- 
tist. surgery of the teeth and mouth and 
adjacent parts, oral surgeon. Also see 
specialty. 
specialize (spesh'al-ize). To devote one’s 
time and attention to a special subject or 
group of subjects. 
specialty (spesh'al-ti). The particular branch 
of dentistry in which one becomes skilled, 
and to which one devotes his time and 
attention; as: the treatment of the invest- 
ing membranes of the teeth, periodontia; 
extraction of the teeth, exodontia; the 
treatment of children’s teeth, pedodontia; 
the correction of malpositions, orthodontia; 
the esthetic improvement of the features, 
facial orthopedia; operative surgery of the 
teeth, mouth and adjacent tissues, oral 
surgery; the radiological examination of 
the teeth, radiodontia; the artistic produc- 
tion of substitutes for lost teeth, gums, 
jaws or parts of the jaw and other organs 
about the face, prosthodontia; the pre- 
vention of diseases of the teeth and mouth, 
prophylactodontia, etc. Also see specialist. 
spe'cies, pi. spe'cies (spe'shez). [L., a kind 
or sort.] The biological division between 
the genus and the individual, or a variety. 
specific. [L. species; facere, to make.] Per- 
taining to species; pertaining to an in- 
dividual infectious disease, that which is 
caused by a special microorganism, as 
syphilis. A remedy for a particular 
disease or symptom, possessing definite 
curative action, as quinin to malaria or 
mercury to syphilis. 
specific heat (of metals). The relative 
property of metals to absorb heat. 
specil'lum, pi. specil'la. [L.] A small 
sound or probe; stylet. 
spec'trochrome ther'apy. [Dinshah P. 
Ghadiali, psychologist, born in Bombay, 
1873.] The treatment of dental and other 
diseases by a system of attuned color- 
waves, consisting of the primary colors, 
red, green and violet; the secondary colors, 
yellow, blue and magenta (yellow is made SPECTROSCOPE 
312 
SPHENOPALATINE 
of half green and half red, blue of half 
green and half violet, and magenta of half 
red and half violet), and the tertiary 
colors, orange, lemon, turquoise, indigo, 
purple and scarlet (orange is of half red 
and half yellow, lemon of half yellow and 
half green, turquoise of half green and 
half blue, indigo of half blue and half 
violet, purple of half violet and half 
magenta, and scarlet of half magenta and 
half red). The slides with which these 
waves are attuned are five, by combina- 
tions of which all twelve attuned color- 
waves are produced; these five slides are 
red, yellow, green, blue and violet. The 
restoration of color-balance effects the 
removal of the disease. The following 
colors are used as designated: fetor oris 
(foul breath), lemon in the mouth and on 
the face; geographical tongue, lemon on the 
tongue; inflammation of the salivary glands, 
turquoise on face and neck; leucoplakia 
buccalis (smokers’ tongue), turquoise in 
the mouth; oral sepsis, green in the mouth; 
ptyalism, indigo on the face; pyorrhea, 
green in the mouth; stomatitis (thrush), 
green in the mouth); toothache, indigo on 
the face; trigeminal neuralgia (tic doulour- 
eux), indigo on the face; xerostomia (dry 
mouth), yellow on the face, neck and 
thyroid area. 
spectroscope (spek'tro-skop). [L. spectrum-, 
G. skopeo, I view.] An instrument em- 
ployed to resolve a ray of light from any 
luminous body into its spectrum and for 
the examination and analysis of the 
spectrum when formed. 
spec'trum, pi. spec'tra. [L., an image.] The 
color picture presented when colored and 
other rays of light are separated by re- 
fraction, by being passed through a prism 
or reflected from a glass diffraction- 
grating. The colors of the spectrum, red, 
orange, yellow, green, indigo, blue, and 
violet, arranged according to the increas- 
ing rapidity of the vibrations or decreasing 
length of the waves of which they consist; 
red, blue-violet and green are the primary 
colors. After-image. 
speculum (spek'u-lum). [L., a mirror— 
specere, to look at.] An instrument for 
dilating the opening of any cavity or 
canal to facilitate examination of its 
interior. 
speculum metal. Copper 66.6, tin 33.4. 
speech. The faculty of uttering articulate 
sounds or words; speaking; talking; the 
use of the voice in conveying ideas. 
Spee’s curve, the curve of Spee. A curved 
line which touches the highest points of 
the buccal cusps of the upper and lower 
teeth from first bicuspid to third molar, 
corresponding to the arc of a circle the 
center of which lies behind the crista 
lacrimalis posterior and on the line bisect- 
ing the horizontal plane passing through 
the orbit. 
speiss (spis). A mixture of metallic arsenic 
compounds produced as a regulus in 
smelting certain ores. 
spel'ter. [L. pestrum, pewter.] Crude com- 
mercial zinc. 
spelter solder. Fusible brass made of copper 
16 parts, zinc 12 parts. 
Spence metal. A nonmetallic compound 
used for making dies. 
Spence’s dental plaster. Trade name of a 
plaster of Paris. 
sperm. [G. sperma, seed.] Semen, 
sperma (sper'ma). [G., seed.] The testicu- 
lar secretion containing the male repro- 
ductive cells; semen. 
spermatozoa (sper-ma-tb-zo'a). Plural of 
spermatozoon. 
spermatoz#on (sper-ma-to-zo'on). [G. 
sperma, seed; zdon, animal.] The male 
sexual cell, 
spew. To vomit. 
sphacelate (sfas'e-lat). [G. sphakelos, mor- 
tification.] To be in a state of mortifica- 
tion; to become gangrenous; to slough, 
sphacelus (sfas'e-lus). [G. sphakelos, gan- 
grene.] A slough; a soft mass of necrotic 
matter; moist gangrene, 
sphagitis (sfa-je'tis or sfa-jl'tis). [G. sphage, 
throat; -itis, inflammation.] Sore throat; 
inflammation of the throat, 
sphenoceph'aly. [G. sphen, wedge; kephale, 
head.] Having a wedge-shaped head, 
sphenoethmoid (sfe-no-eth'moid). Pertain- 
ing to the sphenoid and ethmoid bones, 
sphenofron'tal. Pertaining to the sphenoid 
and frontal bones, noting a suture, 
sphe'noid. [G. sphen, wedge; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Sphenoidal; wedgeshaped. s. 
bone, os sphenoidale, 
sphenoma'lar. Sphenozygomatic, 
sphenomax'illary. Pertaining to the sphe- 
noid bone and the maxilla, s. fissure, 
fissura orbitalis inferior, s. fossa, fossa 
pterygopalatina. 
sphenopalatine (sfe-no-pal'a-tin). Pertain- SPHENOZYGOMATIC 
313 
SPIRILLUM 
ing to the sphenoid and the palate bones, 
s. fora'men, the sphenopalatine notch 
changed into a foramen by the under sur- 
face of the body of the sphenoid bone. s. 
notch, a deep notch between the sphenoidal 
and orbital processes of the palate bone; 
incisura sphenopalatina. 
sphenozygomat'ic. Pertaining to the sphe- 
noid and the zygomatic or malar bones, 
sphere. [G. sphaira.] A globe or globular 
body. 
spher'ical. Globular; pertaining to or re- 
sembling a globe or sphere, 
spherobacterium (sfe-ro-bak-te'ri-um). Mi- 
crococcus. 
spherococ'cus. Micrococcus, 
sphe'roid. [G. sphaira, sphere; eidos, re- 
semblance.] Spheroidal; having the shape 
of a sphere. 
spher'oiding. The tendency to form a ball, 
spherule, globule or globe; a tendency 
or inherent disposition of amalgams to 
assume a globular form on completely 
hardening and thus of drawing away from 
the margins of the cavity, 
spherule (sfer'ul). A minute sphere, 
sphincter (sfink'ter). [G. sphinkter, a band 
or lace.] An orbicular muscle which, when 
in a state of normal contraction, serves to 
close one of the orifices surrounding it. 
s. o'ris, musculus orbicularis oris, 
sphyg'mic. [G. sphygmos, pulse.] Pertain- 
ing to the pulse. 
sphyg'mograph. [G. sphygmos, pulse; grapho, 
I record.] An instrument consisting of a 
lever, the short end resting on the radial 
artery at the wrist, the long end recording 
the excursions of the pulse on a moving 
ribbon of smoked paper by means of a 
stylet. 
spic'ular. Pertaining to or possessing 
spicules. 
spic'ule. [L. spiculum.] A small, slender, 
sharp-pointed body or spike, 
spic'ulum, pi. spic'ula. [L., dim. of spica, a 
point.] A spicule. 
spi'der. A trivot, tripod or other device to 
support a vessel or invested piece of dental 
work over a fire. 
spi'na. [L., a thorn.] The spine; any spine 
or sharp, thorn-like structure, s. fronta'lis, 
nasal spine of', the frontal bone; frontal 
spine, s. menta'lis, a slight projection, 
sometimes two occur, in the middle line 
of the posterior surface of the body of the 
mandible, giving attachment to the genio- 
hyoid muscle above and the geniohyoglos- 
sus below, s. nasa'lis, s. frontalis; nasal 
spine, s. nasa'lis ante'rior, a pointed pro- 
jection at the anterior extremity of the 
intermaxillary suture; anterior nasal spine, 
s. nasa'lis poste'rior, the sharp posterior 
extremity of the nasal crest; posterior 
nasal spine; posterior palatine spine, 
spi'nae palati'nse, the longitudinal ridges 
on the lower surface of the palatal process 
of the maxilla; palatine spines. 
spi'nal. Pertaining to any spinous process 
or spina; pertaining to the vertebral 
column. 
spi'nal col'umn. Vertebral column; back- 
bone ; spine; spina; rhachis. 
spinal cord. That part of the central nervous 
system which is contained within the 
spinal, or vertebral, canal; medulla 
spinalis; spinal marrow. 
spi'nate. Having a spine or spines. 
spindle (spin'dl). Any fusiform or spindle- 
shaped structure or cell, such as the inner 
segment of one of the cones or rods of the 
retina; a spindle-cell. 
spin'dle-celled. Composed chiefly of fusi- 
form or spindle-shaped cells, s.-c. sarco'- 
ma, a sarcoma composed chiefly of spindle- 
shaped cells. 
spindle-shaped (spin'dl-shapt). Formed like 
a spindle, bulbous in the center and taper- 
ing at the two opposite extremities; fusi- 
form. 
spine (spin). [L. spina, a thorn.] A spinous 
process or a short, sharp process of bone; 
the vertebral or spinal column, the back- 
bone. alar s., angular s., spina angularis. 
mental s., spina mentalis. nasal s., spina 
nasalis; spina frontalis. See spina. 
spiradeno'ma. [G. speira, coil; aden, gland; 
-oma, tumor.] A small, rounded epithelial 
growth which occurs in numbers about 
the face, of a glistening semi-translucent 
appearance; adenoma sudoriparum. 
spi'ral. [L. spiralis—spira, a coil.] Coiled; 
winding around a center like the spring of a 
watch; winding and unwinding like a wire 
spring. Any structure in the shape of a 
coil. 
Spiralbohrer. [Ger.] Spiral drill. 
Spirilla'ceae. A family of Schizomycetes 
among which the curved, somewhat spiral 
cells are found. 
Spiril'lum. [L., dim. of spira, a coil.] A 
genus of Spirillaceae containing inflexi- 
ble or rigid cells with polar tufts of flagella. SPIRIT 
314 
SPLITTING-INSTRUMENT 
spir'it. [L. spiritus.] An alcoholic liquid ob- 
tained by distillation and much stronger 
than wine; an alcoholic solution of a 
gaseous or volatile substance, meth'ylate d 
s., ethyl alcohol containing one-ninth its 
volume of wood alcohol; denatured alcohol, 
proof s., dilute alcohol containing 50 per- 
cent absolute alcohol, pyrolig'neous s., 
wood or methyl alcohol, pyroxyl'ic s., 
wood or methyl alcohol. 
spir'it-lamp. A lamp in which alcohol is 
burned, used in dental and other labora- 
tory work, also for annealing gold while 
inserting a filling. 
spirituous (spir'i-tu-us). Containing alco- 
hol in large proportion; alcoholic; intoxi- 
cating. 
spir'itus. [L. spirare, to breathe.] Spirit, a 
preparation made of a gaseous or volatile 
substance in an alcoholic solution; with 
the exception of the tincture of iodin, 
tinctures are alcoholic solutions of non- 
volatile substances, s. ammoniae, am- 
moniated alcohol, ammonia, spirit of 
ammonia, s. ammoniae aromaticus, aro- 
matic spirit of ammonia, s. cajeputi, one 
part of oil of cajeput to nine parts of 
alcohol; spirit of cajeput. s. camphorae, 
one part of camphor to nine parts of 
alcohol; tincture of camphor, spirit of 
camphor, s. chloroformi, chloric ether, 
spirit of chloroform, s. cinnamomi, one 
part of oil of cinnamon to nine parts of 
alcohol, spirit of cinnamon, s. aetheris, 
spirit of ether, s. aetheris compositus, 
Hoffman’s anodyne, compound spirit of 
ether, s. aetheris nitrosi, sweet spirit of 
niter, spirit of nitrous ether, s. frumenti, 
whisky, s. menthae piperitae, essence of 
peppermint, spirit of peppermint. s. 
rectificatus, rectified spirit. s. vini, 
alcohol, spirit of wine. 
Spirochete (spi-r5-ke'te). [G. speira, a coil; 
chaite, flowing hair.] A genus of flagellated 
protozoans which are of a twisted thread- 
like form, wavy; they have an undulating 
membrane. S. buccalis, a form found in 
the mouth. S. dentium, a form found in 
food remnants collected about the teeth. 
S. pertenius, a form which is the specific 
organism of yaws. S. Vincenti, possibly 
related to S. dentium, a form found along 
with the fusiform bacillus in Vincent’s 
angina. 
Spirogy'ra. A large genus of fresh-water 
algae. 
spirom'eter. An instrument for measuring 
the breathing-capacity of the lungs, 
spi'rus. [G. speiros, a wrapper, a shroud.] 
An almost imperceptible thin covering or 
layer. [ened; inspissated, 
spis'sated. [L. spissare, to thicken.] Thick- 
spit. Saliva; expectoration; sputum; spittle. 
To eject saliva, mucus or other fluid from 
the mouth; to expectorate, 
spittle (spit'l). Saliva. 
spittoon', dental. A vessel provided at the 
dental chair for the reception of saliva and 
other ejections from the mouth; cuspidor, 
spiral-flush s., one provided with running 
water, which cleanses all parts of the bowl 
by running spirally. 
splash'er. A shield or protecting cover for 
lathe-wheels and brushes reducing the 
spread of dust and splash during grinding 
and polishing. 
spleen. Lien; the large vascular, ductless 
gland situated on the left side of the upper 
part of the abdominal cavity between the 
stomach and the diaphragm, 
splint. A device to prevent movement of 
the broken ends of the mandible or of any 
other broken bone, interdental s., see 
under Angle, Gilmer, Gunning, Hammond, 
Kingsley, Lane, swage, tube, plaster s., a 
splint made of bandages which have been 
impregnated with plaster of Paris, wire s., 
silver wire used for bringing together and 
holding together the ends of broken bones, 
splin'ter. A sharp fragment of bone which 
has become separated in a fracture, 
split-dowel crown. One in which the root is 
covered with a cap of gold carrying a 
hollow tube, the latter extending into the 
root; the crown is provided with a dowel 
which is split in two, the open ends making 
a friction-tight contact with the tube, thus 
holding the crown in place, and making it 
possible to remove or insert it. 
split-prod'ucts. The two substances into 
which protein is split when it is treated 
with a two percent solution of sodium 
hydroxid in absolute alcohol, 
split'ting. Hydrolysis; a chemical change in 
which a complex body is converted into 
two or more simpler products, s. of the 
teeth, odontoschisis, odontoschism, 
split'ting, enam'el. See cleavage. 
split'ting-in'strument. An appliance for 
splitting apart the roots of molars, when 
broken off short, in order that they may 
be more readily extracted. SPODOPHAGOUS 
315 
SPUR 
spodophagous (spo-dof'a-gus). [G. spodos, 
ashes; phago, I eat.] Disintegrating or 
separating the waste matter in the body, 
designating especially the scavenger cells, 
spodophorous (spo-dof'o-rus). [G. spodos, 
ashes; phoros, a carrier.] Carrying off or 
removing the waste materials from the 
body, designating especially the emunc- 
tories. 
spoke'shave. Ring-knife; an instrument used 
in removing tumors in the nasal and other 
cavities. It is a modification of the 
carpenter’s tool of this name, 
spon'dylous. [G. spondylos, vertebra.] 
Pertaining to a vertebra or vertebr®; 
vertebral. 
sponge (spunj). [G. spongia.] The fibrous, 
porous and absorptive skeleton of a marine 
organism from which all cellular matter 
has been removed, formerly used in 
surgery for mopping up blood and other 
fluids during an operation; any absorbent 
material, such as a prepared cotton or 
gauze, used in place of a sponge in surgical 
operations; any material resembling sponge 
or having a sponge-like texture, 
sponge gold. See gold. 
sponge-graft'ing. The act of placing small 
bits or pieces of sponge on a granulating 
surface in order to induce a growth of 
epidermis. 
spon'gia. [G.] Sponge, 
spongiform (spun'ji-farm). [G. spongia, 
sponge; L. forma, form.] Sponge-like; 
having the appearance of a sponge, 
spongy (spun'ji). Spongioid; spongiform; of 
a sponge-like texture, s. bone, one of the 
turbinated bones; cancellous bone, 
spontaneous (spon-ta'ne-us). [L. spon- 
taneus—sponte, of free will.] Proceeding 
from impulse or natural disposition; occur- 
ring without external stimulation, 
spoon (spon). An instrument consisting of 
a rod-like handle with a small, shallow 
bowl-shaped extremity, sharp s., a spoon 
with an extremity having sharpened edges, 
employed for scraping skin-lesions, s.- 
shaped excavator, an instrument for re- 
moving the contents of a carious cavity 
in a tooth. 
sporadic. [G. sporadikos, scattered.] Occur- 
ring apart, not grouped, singly; neither 
epidemic nor endemic, 
spore (spor). [G. sporos, seed.] The repro- 
ductive cell of a sporozoan or of a crypto- 
gamous plant. 
sporotricho'sis. [G. sporos, seed; thrix, hair; 
osis, increase.] A mycosis sometimes 
affecting the mucous membrane of the 
mouth and pharynx, due to mucedines of 
the Sporotrichum. s. beurmanni, dis- 
seminated gummatous, s. dori, with the 
presence of multiple abscesses, s. tropic®, 
s. indie®, tropical, s. schenkii, gum- 
matous lymphangitis. 
Sporot'richum. Fungus of the Mucedine® 
family. 
Sporozo'a. A class of Protozoa, parasites 
without organs of locomotion, reproducing 
themselves by sexual or nonsexual spore 
formation. 
sporule (spar'ul). [L. sporula, dim. of G. 
sporos, seed.] A small spore, 
spot. A restricted area differing in color, 
texture, elevation or sensation from the 
surrounding surface; pustule, papule, 
macula. 
spots in the enamel, white. See white spots. 
spotted fever. Typhus fever; tick fever; 
epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, 
sprain. [L. exprimere, to press out.] An 
excessive strain of the muscles or liga- 
ments of a joint with possible rupture, but 
without dislocation or fracture. To cause 
a sprain. 
spray. A jet of liquid in a fine shower or 
drops, coarser than a vapor; it is pro- 
duced by forcing the liquid through the 
opening of an atomizer together with air. 
spraying method. In local anesthesia, the 
application of a drug in solution with a 
spraying apparatus, 
sprew (spro). Sprue. 
sprue (spro). A condition in which there is 
chronic remitting catarrhal inflammation 
of the mucous membrane of the alimentary 
canal, characterized by diarrhea, stomati- 
tis, anemia and emaciation; tropical 
diarrhea; thrush, aphth®. In casting 
crowns, bridges and dentures, a piece of 
metal or wood or rod of wax, employed 
for making the ingate, 
spu'ma. [L.] Foam, froth; scum; spume, 
spunk. Fungus chirurgorum; touchwood; 
surgeons’ agaric; punk; amadou; the stem 
of a fungus, Polyporus fomentarius, 
saturated with niter. 
spur. A small, horny projection from any 
surface; calcar; a dull spine or outgrowth 
from a bone; a horny projection from the 
skin; any stiff, sharp spine, as a point or 
button soldered to some appliance on SPURIOUS 
316 
STAINING 
which a rubber band or other material 
may be alternately fastened or removed, 
spu'rious. [L. spurius, of illegitimate birth.] 
Not genuine; false; adulterated, 
spur'ring. The act of making opposing 
spurs on a metal plate with a diamond- 
point engraver, the soft rubber entering 
under and around these spurs so that, 
when vulcanized, it remains attached to 
the metal base, 
spu'ta. Plural of sputum. 
sputamen'tum. Sputum, 
spu'tum, pi. spu'ta. [L. sputum—spuere, to 
spit.] Expectorated matter, particularly 
mucus or mucopurulent matter ejected in 
diseases of the air-passages; an individual 
mass of this matter, albu'minoid s., the 
frothy expectoration of pulmonary edema, 
glob'ular s., nummular sputum, green s., 
sputum eruginosum. num'mular s., a 
thick, sticky expectoration which forms a 
discoid mass resembling a coin at the 
bottom of the cup. prune-juice s., a thin, 
reddish substance expectorated, charac- 
teristic of cancer or gangrene of the lung 
and certain cases of pneumonia, rusty s., 
a reddish brown, blood-stained substance 
expectorated, characteristic of croupous 
pneumonia, s. coctum, the opaque puru- 
lent sputum accompanying the later stages 
of bronchitis, s. crudum, the clear, viscid 
mucous expectoration seen in the early 
stages of bronchitis, s. cruen'tum, bloody 
expectoration, s. erogeno'sum, a greenish 
expectoration sometimes seen in jaundice, 
squa'ma, pi. squa'mae. [L., a scale.] A thin 
plate of bone, scale-like; an epidermic scale, 
s. fronta'lis, the broad curved portion of 
the frontal bone forming the forehead; 
frontal squama. 
squa'mous. [L. squamosus.] Pertaining to 
squama; scaly, scale-like, squamate, squa- 
mosal; covered with or pertaining to 
scales. 
squamozygomat'ic. Pertaining to the squa- 
ma and the zygomatic process of the 
temporal bone. 
squee'gee. A device with a handle and with 
a transverse piece of wood or metal at one 
end of it, into which a strip of leather or 
rubber is fitted, used in squeezing off sur- 
plus water from windows, decks, pave- 
ments, etc. Applied to a form of massag- 
ing the gums by using the thumb and the 
tip of the forefinger, thus effecting pres- 
sure on the labial or buccal and the lin- 
gual surface of the gums at the same time, 
and directing the pressure toward the 
margin of the gums, pressing out the con- 
tents of pyorrhea pockets, or other foreign 
material from pathological spaces between 
the roots of the teeth and the gums. To 
squeegee the gums. 
squig'gle. To shake a fluid about the mouth 
with the lips closed. 
squill. Scilla. 
squint. To suffer from strabismus; to have 
the vision distorted. Strabismus. 
Sr. Chemical symbol of strontium. 
ss. Abbreviation of L. semis, half. 
S.S.W. Trade mark of the old-established 
firm known as the S. S. White Dental 
Manufacturing Co., founded by Dr. 
Samuel S. White. 
S.S.W. ceramic cement. Trade name of 
a cement for setting jacket crowns, porce- 
lain inlays and interchangeable teeth. 
S. S. White oxyphosphate of zinc cement. 
Trade name of a cement for fillings, at- 
taching crowns and bridges, etc., medium-, 
slow- and quick-setting. S.S.W. silver c., 
a germicidal filling material containing (a) 
silver chlorid and (b) silver phosphate. 
S. S. White white-pin teeth. Trade name 
of a make of artificial teeth in which the 
pins are made of a noncorrosive alloy. 
stabile (sta'bil). [L. stabilis.] Firm; steady; 
stable; fixed. 
sta'bilizer. A mechanism to maintain con- 
stant voltage in the control of x-ray tubes. 
stable (sta'bl). [L. stabilis—stare, to stand.] 
Stabile, firm, steady. 
stage. [Fr. etage, story of a house.] A degree 
or period in the course of a disease; 
stadium; that part of a microscope which 
supports the objects to be examined. 
stag'nate. [L. stagnum, a pool.] To cease 
to flow or run; to become dull or motion- 
less. 
stain. To discolor; to tinge with dye or 
color; to blemish with color either by a 
deposit on the surface or by penetrating 
and combining -with the substance stained. 
A discoloration caused by foreign matter; 
a dye employed in bacteriological and 
histological technique, green s., a fun- 
goid deposit on the cervicolabial and 
cervicobuccal surfaces of the teeth, more 
common in childhood; the stain is some- 
times corrosive in action, tobacco s., 
discoloration of the teeth due to tobacco. 
stain'ing. Coloring a cell or tissue by one of STAINING PORCELAIN 
317 
STAPLE 
the various dyes employed in histology, 
bacteriology or hematology, 
staining porcelain. See tinting. 
stamp-lick'ers’ tongue. A form of sore mouth 
or stomatitis formerly frequent in those 
whose occupation was to moisten stamps 
or labels with the tongue, 
stanch. [L. stagnare, to stagnate.] To stop 
or arrest the flow of blood, 
stand'ard. That which stands or is accepted 
or fixed as a rule or model, 
standardiza'tion. Making any drug or 
preparation conform to the standard or 
type; making a solution of definite strength 
so that it may be used in tests and for 
comparison; making a method of treat- 
ment or practice uniform, 
stand'ardize. To bring up to, or recognize 
as, a standard. 
stan'nic. [L. stannum, tin.] Pertaining to 
tin, particularly when in combination in 
its highest valency. 
stan'nous. [L. stannum, tin.] Pertaining to 
tin, noting particularly compounds con- 
taining tin in its lower valency, 
stan'num. [L.] Symbol Sn, atomic weight 
119. Tin, a metallic element, s. foliatum, 
tin foil or leaf. 
stapes, gen. sta'pedis (sta'pez). [L.] The 
smallest of the three auditory ossicles; 
stirrup (thus named from its shape), 
staphylag'ra. [G. staphyle, uvula; agra, a 
catching.] Uvula forceps, 
staphyledema (staf-il-e-de'ma). [G. staphyle, 
uvula; oidema, swelling.] Edema or swell- 
ing of the uvula. 
staphyline (staf'i-lin). [G. staphyle, uvula, a 
bunch of grapes.] Botryoid, resembling 
a bunch of grapes; uvular, pertaining to 
the uvula. 
staphyli'nopharynge'us. Musculus glosso- 
palatinus. 
staphyl'ion. [G., dim. of staphyle.] The 
midpoint of the posterior edge of the hard 
palate, a craniometric point, 
staphylitis (staf-il-e'tis or i'tis). [G. staphyle, 
uvula; -itis, inflammation.] A condition 
in which the uvula is inflamed, 
staphyloangina (staf'il-o-an'ji-na). A staphy- 
lococcic pharyngitis. 
staphylococ'cal. Pertaining to, or produced 
by, any species of Staphylococcus, 
staphylococcemia (staf'il-o-kok-se'mi-a). 
[staphylococcus; G. haima, blood.] The 
presence of staphylococci in the blood. 
Staphylococcus (staf-il-o-kok'kus). [G. 
staphyle, a bunch of grapes; kokkos, a berry.] 
A genus of cocci in which the individuals 
are grouped or so arranged in irregular 
masses as to resemble bunches of grapes. 
S. ce'reus au'reus, a species detached or 
isolated from the nasal mucus in coryza; 
in cultures it forms a reddish orange pig- 
ment. S. ce'reus flavus, a species iso- 
lated from pus; in culture it produces a 
yellow pigment. S. pyog'enes albus, a 
non-motile Grampositive form which 
causes suppuration. S. pyog'enes au'reus, 
a form, occurring commonly on the skin, 
which produces pus, and stab cultures of 
which give a yellow precipitate in gelatin, 
staphylodialysis (staf-il-o-dl-al'i-sis). [G. 
staphyle, uvula; dialysis, loosening.] A 
condition in which the uvula relaxes, caus- 
ing falling of the palate, 
staphylon'cus. [G. staphyle, uvula; onkos, 
tumor.] Enlargement or tumor of the 
uvula. 
staphylopharyngeus (staf-il-5-far-in'je-us). 
Musculus pharyngopalatinus. 
staphylopharyngor'rhaphy. [G. staphyle, 
uvula; pharynx; rhaphe, suture.] Surgical 
repair or restoration of defects in the soft 
palate or uvula and the pharynx, 
staph'yloplasty. [G. staphyle, uvula; plasso, 
I form.] Plastic or reparative surgery of 
the soft palate or uvula, 
staphylopto'sia, staphylopto'sis. [G. staphy- 
le, uvula; ptdsis, a falling.] Staphylo- 
dialysis; elongation or relaxation of the 
uvula. 
staphylor'rhaphy. [G. staphyle, uvula; 
rhaphe, suture.] Uranorrhaphy; urano- 
plasty ; closure of a cleft of the soft palate 
or of a divided uvula; staphyloplasty, 
staphylo'sis. Staphyloma, 
staphylostreptococcia (staf-il-6-strep-to-kok'- 
si-a). A double infection with streptococci 
and staphylococci. 
staphylotome (staf'il-5-tom). [G. staphyle, 
uvula; tomos, cutting.] A knife or guillo- 
tine employed in removing the uvula, 
staphylot'omy. [G. staphyle, uvula; tome, 
incision.] Excision of, or any cutting 
operation on, the uvula; cutting away a 
staphyloma. 
staphylotox'in. The toxin produced by any 
species of Staphylococcus, 
staple (sta'pl). A loop of iron, or a bar or 
wire, bent and formed with two points to 
be driven or pushed into wood, etc., to 
hold a hook, a pin, bolt or the like. STAPLE HALF CROWN 
318 
STEEL 
staple half crown. See Carmichael attach- 
ment. 
star. Aster; any structure resembling a 
star, or star-shaped, dental s., spot of 
deeper yellow in the center of the dentin 
of the incisor of the horse, 
starch. [A.S. steare, strong.] A carbo- 
hydrate, composed of carbon, hydrogen 
and oxygen, a constituent of plants, 
manufactured from cereals and potatoes, 
and not found as such in animal tissues; 
the animal starch found in most tissues 
of the body is known as glycogen, 
sta'sis. [G., a standing still.] A condition 
in which the blood or other fluid of the 
body becomes stagnated, 
state. [L. stare, to stand.] Circumstances 
or condition; status; situation, 
stat'ic, stat'ical. [G. statikos, causing to 
stand.] Pertaining to bodies at rest or 
in equilibrium; not in action, 
stationary bridge'work. See bridgework, 
fixed. 
status. [L.] Standing; condition; state; 
situation. 
stau'rion. [G., dim. of stauros, a cross.] 
The craniometric point at the intersection 
of the median and transverse palatine 
sutures. 
steam pressure in vulcanizers. The elastic 
force of steam does not rise in proportion 
to the rise of the temperature, but exceeds 
it at a dangerous rate. The following is 
the ratio of the degree of heat to the 
steam pressure per square inch of the 
vulcanizer: 
Degrees Steam pressure 
Fahrenheit per square inch 
212 0 
220 2 
230 6 
240 10 
250 15 
260 21 
270 27 
280 34 
290 43 
300 52 
310 63 
320 75 
330 89 
340 104 
350 120 
360 140 
370 160 
380 180 
Degrees Steam pressure 
Fahrenheit per square inch 
390 205 
400 234 
410 264 
420. , 296 
430 335 
440 375 
450 410 
460 455 
470 515 
480 565 
490 603 
500 663 
510 721 
520 798 
530 864 
540 937 
550 1015 
steam'-gage. A device on a vulcanizer 
showing the amount of steam-pressure, 
steapsin (ste-ap'sin). A steatolytic enzyme 
present in the pancreatic juice which 
changes the neutral fats into glycerin and 
fatty acids; lipase. 
ste'arate. A salt present in stearic acid, 
stearic acid (ste-ar'ik 3,s'id). A white, fatty 
acid found in solid animal fats and in 
some vegetable fats. 
steatolysis (ste-a-tol'i-sis). [G. stear, tallow; 
lysis, solution.] The emulsion or hydrolysis 
of fat while undergoing the process of 
digestion. 
steatoma (ste-a-to'ma). [G. stear, tallow; 
-oma, tumor.] A sebaceous cyst; lipoma; 
a fatty tumor. 
stechiometry (stek-i-om'e-tri). [G. stoicheion, 
element; metron, measure.] Stoichiom- 
etry ; the act of determining or ascertaining 
the actual and relative quantities of the 
elements concerned in any chemical 
reaction. 
steel. A variety of iron, usually combined 
with carbon; in dentistry and medicine, 
the salts of ferrum or iron. Soft steel 
contains less than 0.15 percent of carbon, 
medium steel from 0.15 to 0.30 percent, 
and the hard steel from which dental 
instruments are made contains more than 
0.30 percent of carbon, aluminum s., 
addition of about 1 percent of aluminum, 
blister s., iron with about 1 percent of 
carbon, chrome s., iron with a small 
percentage of chromium, cold-short s., 
addition of a small percent of phosphorus 
to steel, copper s., addition of from 5 to STEEL 
319 
STERNUM 
20 percent of copper, harveyized s., 
steel plate heated to the melting-point 
of cast iron, its surface tightly packed 
with carbon, of which about 1 percent is 
taken up by the steel, immunity s., see 
immunity. manganese s., about 15 
percent of manganese added to steel, 
nickel s., about 5 percent of nickel added 
to steel, red-short s., presence of sulphur 
of about 0.1 percent, shear s., blister 
steel from which the blisters have been 
removed by hammering; double-shear s., 
two treatments of hammering, spring s., 
blister steel heated and rolled, tungsten 
s., small percentage of tungsten added to 
steel, making it exceedingly hard, 
steel, hardening and tempering. See 
temperature scale. 
Steele’s interchangeable teeth. Facings 
which have a slot in them fitting to a ridge 
on the backing, so that if a facing breaks 
another can be slipped into its place 
following the ridge, 
stee'ple-skull. Oxycephaly, 
stegno'sis. [G., stoppage.] Constriction; 
stenosis; the obstruction or stoppage of 
any of the secretions or excretions; con- 
stipation. 
stegnot'ic. An astringent substance which 
serves to check secretion or cause constipa- 
tion. Constipating; astringent, 
stelen'gis. Stridor dentium. 
stel'lar alloy'. Trade name of an alloy used 
for fillings. 
stel'late. [L. stella, a star.] Resembling a 
star; star-shaped. 
stel'lite. Trade name of a line of dental 
instruments, including spatulas, pliers, 
plastic instruments, amalgam instruments, 
lancets, etc.; also called wondermetal, 
being harder than steel, and said not to 
tarnish, rust or corrode, 
stel'lula. [L., dim. of stella, star.] A small 
star or star-shaped structure, 
stenion (sten'yun). [G. stenos, narrow.] A 
craniometric point, the termination of 
the shortest transverse diameter of the 
skull in either temporal fossa, 
steno-. [G. stenos, narrow.] A prefix 
designating constriction or narrowness. 
Steno’s duct. See Stensen’s duct. 
stenobregmat'ic. Indicating a skull narrow 
at its anterior portion, the part containing 
the bregma. 
Stenon’s duct. Steno’s duct, Stenson’s duct. 
See Stensen’s duct. 
stenosis (sten-o'sis). [G.] A stricture; the 
narrowing of a canal. 
stenostenosis (sten-5-sten-o'sis). Stricture 
or morbid contraction of the parotid duct, 
Stensen’s, Stenon’s or Steno’s duct. 
stenosto'ma. [G. stenos, narrow; stoma, 
mouth.] Stricture or narrowness of the 
oral cavity. 
Stensen’s duct. Ductus incisivus; ductus 
parotideus, parotid duct; Steno’s duct; 
Stenon’s duct. S.’s fora'men, foramen 
incisivum. S.’s plex'us, the venous net- 
work which surrounds S.’s duct. 
Stenson’s duct. See Stensen’s duct. 
Stent’s composition. A well-known English 
modeling-compound for taking impres- 
sions. 
steph'ane. [G. stephanos, crown.] Crown. 
stepha'nion. [G., dim. of stephanos, crown, 
wreath.] A craniometric point where the 
coronal suture intersects or crosses the 
temporal crest or linea temporalis. 
stercobi'lin. [L. stercus, excrement.] A 
brown coloring-matter present in the 
feces which is derived from the bile. 
ster'cus. [L.] Feces. 
stereo- (ster'e-5). [G. stereos, solid.] A 
prefix designating a solid, or a solid state 
or appearance. 
stereoradiography (ster'e-6-ra-di-og'ra-fi). 
Radiography to which the principles of 
binocular vision are applied to disclose the 
third dimension or perspective. 
sterile (ster'il). [L. sterilis, barren.] Un- 
fruitful; producing no progeny; not fertile; 
aseptic. 
sterility (ster-il'i-ti). Unproductiveness; in- 
fertility; barrenness. 
sterilization (ster'il-i-za'shun). The act or 
process of rendering any person or thing 
sterile; castration; the act of destroying 
all microorganisms in or about an ob- 
ject. 
sterilize. To render sterile; to deprive of 
the power of reproduction; to castrate; 
to make aseptic. 
sterilizer (ster'il-iz-er). An apparatus for 
sterilizing by the agency of boiling water, 
steam, dry heat, etc. 
sternoglos'sal. Concerning muscular fibers 
which sometimes pass from the sterno- 
hyoid muscle to join the hyoglossal 
muscle. 
sternum (ster'num). [G. sternon, the chest.] 
The breastbone, a long flat bone joining 
with the clavicle and with the cartilages STERNUTATION 
320 
STOMATOCACE 
of the first seven ribs, forming the middle 
part of the anterior wall of the thorax, 
sternuta'tion. Sneezing, 
steth'oscope. [G. stethos, chest; skoped, I 
examine.] An instrument for examining 
the chest or for aid in hearing the respira- 
tory and cardiac sounds in the chest. N 
stib'ium. [L.—G. stibi.] Antimony, 
stick'ing-plaster. A plaster of silk thread 
on one side with a thin coating of isinglass, 
used as a protective; court-plaster, 
stim'ulant. [L. stimulare, to incite.] Stimu- 
lating, exciting or arousing. A substance 
having the power to arouse organic 
activity, increase vitality, strengthen the 
action of the heart and promote a sense 
of well-being. 
stim'ulate. To arouse or animate the system 
in general to increased functional activity; 
to excite greater vitality in any special 
system or organ. 
stimula'tion. The exciting or arousing of 
the body, its parts or organs to increased 
functional activity; the state of being 
stimulated. 
stim'ulin. A constituent of fresh gastric 
juice that is said to stimulate the gastric 
glands to renewed action, 
stim'ulus. That which stimulates; any- 
thing which excites or arouses action in 
a nerve, muscle or gland or which pro- 
motes some trophic change, homol'ogous 
s., a stimulus which acts only upon the 
nerve-terminations in a special sense 
organ. 
stip'pling. The speckling of a bloodcell 
or other structure with fine dots when 
exposed to the action of a basic stain, 
stir'rup. Stapes. 
stitch. A sudden sharp sticking pain of 
momentary duration; a suture, 
stoichiometry (stoi-ki-om'e-tri). [G. stoi- 
cheion, a first principle; metry.]- The 
process of calculating the combining 
weights, etc., of the elements; the branch 
of science treating of the laws of chemical 
combination and of the reactions between 
the properties, or substances and their 
composition. 
sto'ma, pi. sto'mata. [G. stoma, mouth.] 
The os; the mouth; an artificial opening 
between two cavities or canals, or either 
of them and the surface of the body; a 
minute opening, orifice or pore, 
stomac'ace. See stomatocace. 
stomac'ece. See stomatocace. 
stomach (stum'ak). [L. stomachus.] The 
large sac between the esophagus and the 
small intestine, situated directly beneath 
the diaphragm. 
stomach'oliths. The calcareous plates, 
found in the stomach or gizzard of crus- 
taceans, which carry cusped or molar-like 
eminences. 
stomal'gia. Pain in the mouth, 
sto'maphylaxis. See prophylactodontia. 
sto'mata. Plural of stoma. 
sto'matal. Pertaining to a stoma, or a 
mouth. 
stomatal'gia. [G. stoma, mouth; algos, pain.] 
Pain in the mouth. 
stomat'ic. Pertaining to the mouth; oral, 
stomatite aphtheuse. [Fr.] Aphthous stoma- 
titis. s. cremeuse, muguet. s. diphter- 
itique, diphtheritic stomatitis, s. eryth- 
emateuse, erythematous stomatitis, s. 
gangreneuse, gangrenous stomatitis, s. 
mercurielle, mercurial stomatitis, 
stomatitis (stS-ma-te'tis or tl'tis). [G. 
stoma, mouth; -itis, inflammation.] Sore 
mouth; inflammation of the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, aphthous s., 
a catarrhal inflammation of the mouth 
in which minute vesicles are formed on 
the mucous membrane of the tongue, 
cheeks and lips, catarrhal s., an inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane of the 
mouth of a nonulcerative character, 
epidemic s., the foot-and-mouth disease 
of cattle, erythematous s., simple stoma- 
titis. follicular s., aphthous stomatitis, 
gangrenous s., noma, herpetic s., same as 
aphthous stomatitis. membranous s., 
inflammation accompanied, by adventi- 
tious or false membranes, mercurial s., 
inflammation of the mouth due to mercury 
in the system, mycotic s., thrush, para- 
sitic s., thrush, s. intertropica, sprue, 
s. simplex, same as catarrhal stomatitis, 
s. ulcerosa, a destructive ulceration of the 
mucous membrane of the mouth; putrid 
sore mouth; ulcerative stomatitis; stoma- 
tocace. s. ulcerosa chronica, pyorrhea 
alveolaris. syphilitic s., inflammatory 
lesions due to systemic syphilis, vesicular 
s., same as aphthous stomatitis, 
stoma'to-. [G. stoma, mouth.] A prefix 
signifying something pertaining to the 
mouth. 
stomatocace (stb-ma-tok'a-si). [G. hake, 
badness.] Ulcerative stomatitis; putrid 
sore mouth. STOMATOCATHARSIS 
321 
STRATIFICATION 
stomatocatharsis (sto-ma-to-ka-thar'sis). [G. 
catharsis, cleansing, purgation.] Disin- 
fection of the oral cavity, 
stomatodyn'ia. [G. odyne, pain.] Stoma- 
talgia. 
stomatodyso'dia. [G., dysodia, bad odor.] 
Halitosis; offensive breath; bad odor or 
stench from the mouth, 
stomatogas'tric. Pertaining to the mouth 
and the stomach. 
stomatog'raphy. A description of the oral 
cavity. 
stomatological. [G. -logia, treatise.] Per- 
taining to stomatology, 
stomatologist. A dentist; one skilled in 
stomatology. 
stomatol'ogy. Dentistry; the science which 
treats of the mouth, teeth and their 
diseases. 
stomatomala'cia. [G. malakia, softness.] 
Noma; pathological softening of the 
structures of the mouth, 
stomatome'nia. [G. men, month.] Vicarious 
menstruation from the mouth manifested 
by bleeding from the gums, 
stomat'omy. Stomatology, 
stomatomyco'sis. [G. mykes, fungus.] Thrush 
or other disease of the mouth caused by 
a microscopic fungus. 
stomatonecro'sis. [G. nekrosis, a killing.] 
Noma; gangrene of the mouth, 
stomatono'ma. [G. nome, spreading.] Noma; 
gangrene of the mouth, 
stomatopa'nus. Swelling of the glands of 
the mouth. 
stomatop'athy. [G. pathos, suffering.] Any 
disease of the mouth, 
stomatophylax'is. See prophylactodontia. 
stomatophy'ma. A swelling in the mouth, 
stomatoplas'tic. Pertaining to stomato- 
plasty. 
sto'matoplasty. [G. plasso, I form.] Plastic 
or reparative surgery of the mouth, 
stomatorrha'gia. [G. -rhagia, a bleeding.] 
Bleeding from the mouth; bleeding from 
the gums; bleeding from the alveolus of 
a tooth. 
stom'atoscope. [G. skopeo, I examine.] A 
device for illuminating the interior of the 
mouth in order to facilitate its examina- 
tion. 
stomato'sis. Any disease of the oral cavity, 
stomatoty'phus. Ulcerative stomatitis; 
stomatocace. 
stomenorrha'gia. [G. men, month; -rhagia, 
a bleeding.] See stomatomenia. 
stomoceph'alus. [G. kephale, head.] A 
monster with undeveloped jaws, giving 
it a mouth resembling a snout, 
stomod'eal. Pertaining to the stomodeum. 
stomode'um. [G. daio, I divide.] The 
invagination of the ectoderm forming 
the mouth cavity. 
stone (ston). Concreted earthy or mineral 
(natter, oil-s., see oilstone, polishing-s., 
used for polishing crowns, bridges, etc., 
as Arkansas s., Hindustan s., Scotch s., 
etc. 
stone. Calculus. 
stool. Feces discharged at one movement 
of the bowels; an evacuation of the bowels, 
stool, operating. A small seat having a 
readily movable base and on which the 
operator or assistant may be seated during 
long and tedious dental operations, 
stop. An obsolete term denoting the act 
of filling a cavity in a tooth, 
stopain. Trade name of a remedy to prevent 
postoperative pain. 
stop'ping. An obsolete term denoting a 
filling. 
stor'age bat'tery. An accumulator; a 
battery which has two leaden plates 
immersed in an electrolyte, which, when 
charged with a current of electricity, 
become positive and negative, and if 
then a connection is made the current 
flows from one to the other, the same as 
between the poles of a galvanic battery, 
stovain (sto-va-in). A local anesthetic used 
in dental practice; its chemical name is 
benzoylethyldimethylaminoproponalhy- 
drochlorid. 
stovainization (sto-va-in-i-za'shun). The 
induction of anesthesia by injection of 
stovain. 
strabismus (stra-biz'mus). [G. strabismos.] 
A constant lack of parallelism of the visual 
axes of the eyes; a squint; heterotropia. 
strain (stran). [A.S. strynd, stock.] A 
stock or race; generation or descent, noting 
the derivation of bacteria or protozoa 
from a definite source and preserving 
them unmixed in successive cultures or 
inoculations. 
strain (stran). [O. Fr. straindre—L. stringere, 
to draw tight.] To try to the limit of 
one’s strength; to percolate; to filter; to 
injure by overtaxing. Overexertion, 
stratification. [L. stratum, layer; facere, to 
make.] Any arrangement of a tissue in 
strata or layers. STRATUM 
322 
STUPOR 
stratum. [L.] A layer of differentiated 
tissue, a number of them forming a 
structure, s. dentatum, a dentate layer; 
the stratum mu cosum; germinative or 
Malphigian layer, s. germinativum, the 
rete mucosum, stratum dentatum, stratum 
mucosum or Malphigian layer. 
Straus’ sign. A grave prognosis when, in a 
case of facial paralysis, an injection of 
pilocarpin is followed by sweating on the 
affected later than on the other side, 
straw'berry tongue. In,scarlatina, a white- 
coated tongue with large projecting red 
papillae. 
streak (strek). A stripe, line or stria, 
strength'ener. A device made of wire, 
bent or in a skeleton framework, to be 
vulcanized into the rubber to give strength 
to a denture. 
streptoangina (strep-to-an'j i-na). Mem- 
branous sore throat caused by the presence 
of a streptococcus. 
streptobacil'lus. A rod bacterium which 
appears in chains, the individual bacilli 
being joined end on end. 
streptobacte'ria. Any bacterial forms ar- 
ranged in wreaths or chains. 
Streptococ'cus. [G. streptos, curved; kokkos, 
a berry.] A genus of Coccacese, the indi- 
vidual ones of which are arranged in 
curved lines like the beads on a string; 
division of the cells occurs in one plane 
only. S. acidi lactici, Streptococcus 
lebinis. S. anginosus, see S. pyogenes. 
S. lacticus, see S. lebinis. S. lebinis, the 
species which produces lactic acid and 
causes the coagulation of milk; the 
bacterium of Bulgarian sour milk. S. 
lacticus, S. acidi lactici. S. pyogenes, 
a pus-forming organism pathogenic for 
man and for the lower animals. S. sali- 
varis, a short-chained streptococcus pres- 
ent in the saliva and throughout the 
alimentary canal; it is sometimes found 
in terminal infections and in malignant 
forms of chronic endocarditis. S. viridans, 
a nonhemolytic form, growing in green 
colonies and producing neither gas nor 
pus; the focus of infection is frequently 
from the mouth, the teeth, gums and 
tonsils, and causes nonsuppurative ar- 
thritis and neuritis. 
Streptococ'cus media. See caries fungus. 
streptothricho'sis. An infectious disease due 
to some species of Streptothrix; actino- 
mycosis. 
Strep'tothrix. [G. streptos, bent; thrix, 
hair.] A genus of microorganisms which 
includes the forms of unbranched threads 
in which division occurs in one plane only, 
stress. [L. stringere, to draw together.] The 
pressure of the upper and lower teeth 
against each other when the jaws are closed 
in mastication. 
stri'a, pi. striae. [L. stria, a furrow, a 
channel.] A line, band or stripe, usually 
distinguished by texture, color, depression 
or elevation from the tissues in which it 
is present. 
stria'ted [L. striatus, furrowed.] Marked 
by striae; striped. 
stria'tion. A striated appearance; stria; 
striae. 
stric'ture. [L. strictus, bound.] A narrowing 
of a tubular structure, 
stri'dor den'tium.. [L.] Grinding of the 
teeth; brygmus. 
strip. A narrow or relatively long piece, 
as of cloth, celluloid, German silver, 
linen, rubber, steel, etc., used for various 
purposes in dentistry. 
stro'ma. [G. stroma, a mattress.] A frame- 
work of connective or other tissue of a 
gland, organ or like structure, 
strontium (stron'shi-um). Symbol Sr, atomic 
weight 86.62. A dark yellow metallic 
element. 
stroph'ulus. Toothrash. 
structure. [L. struere, to build.] The 
manner of formation of a tissue, organ or 
part; the arrangement of the details of 
a part; a formation or tissue made up of 
different but related parts, 
stru'ma. [L. struere, to build.] Goiter; 
bronchocele; scrofula, 
strychnin (strik'nin). Strychnina. 
strychnina (strik-ne'na). An alkaloid from 
nux vomica. 
stump. Root of a tooth; extremity of a 
limb remaining after amputation; the 
pedicle left after removal of the tumor 
to which it was attached; the remnant of 
a part of the pulp in a root-canal, s. 
hallucination, the feeling or sensation 
as of the continual presence of a tooth 
after it has been extracted or of an 
amputated limb or part of a limb. See 
teeth. 
stun. To render senseless or unconscious 
by cerebral concussion; to stupefy, 
stu'por. [L.] Unconsciousness; torpor: 
intellectual insensibility. STUZZICADENTI 
323 
SUBLIMATE 
stuzzicadenti. [It.] Toothpick, 
sty, stye. A condition in which one of the 
sebaceous glands of the eyelid becomes 
inflamed; hordeolum. 
style. Zool., any of several small cusps or 
elevations of the cingulum of a molar 
tooth. See hypostyle, mesostyle, metastyle 
and parastyle. 
style, stylet, stylette (stil, stl'let, sti-let')- 
[L. stilus.] A slender probe; a wire placed 
in the center cavity or lumen of a flexible 
catheter to stiffen it and give it shape 
during its passage; mandrin; mandril, 
styliform (stl'li-farm). [L. stilus, a stake; 
forma, form.] Styloid; peg-shaped, 
stylo-. A prefix noting relation to a styloid 
process, particularly the styloid process 
of the temporal bone. 
styloglos'sus. [G. stylos, a peg, a post; 
glossa, tongue.] Pertaining to both the 
styloid process and the tongue, 
styloid (sti'loid). [G. stylos, a peg, a post; 
eidos, resemblance.] Styliform; peg- 
shaped; concerning one of the various 
bony processes. 
stylomandib'ular. Pertaining to the styloid 
process of the temporal bone and the 
mandible; indicating the ligamentum 
stylomandibulare, a flat ligamentous 
structure or band of the cervical fascia 
extending from the styloid process to 
the inner side of the angle of the mandible, 
stylomax'illary. Stylomandibular, 
stylomy'loid. Stylomandibular, 
stylostaphyline (stl-lo-staf'i-lln). Pertaining 
to the styloid process of the temporal 
bone and the velum pendulum palati or 
uvula. 
sty'lus. [L. stilus, a stake.] A stilet; a 
style; stilus. 
styp'tic. [G. styptikos.] Hemostatic; astrin- 
gent. An astringent, hemostatic sub- 
stance. 
sty'rax. [G.] A liquid balsam procured 
from the wood and inner bark of a tree 
of Asia Minor, used in the treatment of 
chronic inflammation of the mucous 
membranes; styrax liquidus; liquid storax; 
storax. 
sub-. [L. sub, under.] A prefix meaning 
under, below, less than the normal or 
typical, inferior; the corresponding Greek 
prefix is hypo-. 
subacid (sub-as'id). Acidulous; slightly acid, 
subap'ical. Below the apex of any part, 
as the root of a tooth. 
subchlorid (sub-klo'rid). Achlorid which con- 
tains proportionally the greatest amount 
of the other element in the compound, 
sub'class. A name prefixed to a class name 
of instruments which describes the form 
of the shank, as contra-angle hoe, binangle 
hatchet, etc. 
subsconscious (sub-kon'shus). Feebly con- 
scious; occurring in the mind, but not in 
consciousness. 
subculture. A culture formed by trans- 
ferring microorganisms from a previous 
culture to a fresh medium (this method 
is used to lengthen the life of a particular 
strain where there is, in older cultures, 
a tendency to degenerate); the act of 
making a new culture with material taken 
from a previous one. 
subcuta'neous. [L. sub, beneath; cutis, 
skin.] Hypodermic; under or beneath 
the skin. 
subcu'tin. A local anesthetic prepared by 
the action of paraphenol sulphuric acid 
on anesthesin. 
subden'tal. Beneath the roots of the teeth, 
subepithe'lium. Any structure below the 
epithelium; a layer of fine texture between 
the epithelium and the basement mem- 
brane of the mucous membrane of the 
intestine and bronchi, 
subfasci'al. Beneath a fascia, 
subgingival space. The space between the 
free gingiva and the enamel which it 
covers. 
subglen'oid. Infraglenoid; below the glenoid 
fossa and glenoid cavity, 
subglos'sal. [L. sub, beneath; G. glossa, 
tongue.] Hypoglossal; sublingual, 
subglossitis (sub-glos-se'tis or sl'tis). [L. 
sub, under; G. glossa, tongue; -itis, inflam- 
mation.] A condition in which the 
tissues beneath the tongue or of the 
under surface of the tongue become 
inflamed. 
subiodid (sub-i'o-did). One of a number of 
iodin compounds having the least iodin. 
subja'cent. [L. subjacere, to lie under.] 
Lying under or beneath another part, 
sub'ject. [L. subjectus, lying beneath.] One 
who is under dental or medical treatment; 
an animal being used for experiments; a 
body for dissection. 
sublimate (sub'li-mat). [L. sublimare, to 
raise on high.] To convert a solid by 
heat into vapor and then to cause its 
condensation so as to free it from non- SUBLIMATION 
324 
SUBSULPHATE 
vaporizable impurities. That which has 
been submitted to sublimation; hydrar- 
gyri chloridum corrosivum, corrosive 
sublimate. 
sublimation. The process of separating in 
the form of vapor the volatile portions of 
a substance by heat, and condensing 
them into a solid. 
sublime (sub-lim'). To sublimate; to under- 
go a process of sublimation, 
sublingual (sub-ling'gwal). [L. sub, under; 
lingua, tongue.] Beneath the tongue, 
sublingua'lis. See arteria, fovea and glandula. 
sublinguitis (sub-ling-gwetis or it is). A 
condition in which the sublingual salivary 
gland is inflamed. 
subluxation. An incomplete luxation or 
dislocation, as a partial dislodgment of 
a tooth. 
submar'ginal. Near the margin or border 
of any part, as beneath the margin of 
the gingivae. 
submarine (sub-ma-ren'). The field of 
operation or other part beneath an 
accumulation of saliva, s. alloy, alloy 
for amalgam fillings, s. filling, a filling 
inserted while the cavity cannot be 
kept in a dry condition, 
submaxil'la. The lower jaw or mandible, 
submaxillaritis (sub-maks-il-ar-etis or i'tis). 
A condition in which the submaxillary 
salivary gland is affected with mumps, 
submax'illary. Beneath the mandible or 
lower jaw, designating lymph glands, a 
salivary gland and its duct, a nerve, an 
artery and vein, a fossa and a triangle of 
the neck. 
submaxillitis (sub-maks-il-e'tis or I'tis). Sub- 
maxillaritis. 
subme'dial, subme'dian. Almost, but not 
quite, in the middle. 
submen'tal. [L. sub, under; mentum, chin.] 
Beneath the chin. 
submuco'sa. A layer of tissue below a 
mucous membrane. 
submu'cous. Beneath a mucous membrane, 
subna'sal. [L. sub, under; nasus, nose.] 
Below the nose. s. point, the point at 
the root of the nasal spine, a craniometric 
point. 
subni'trate. A salt of nitric acid in which 
one or more atoms of the base are still 
capable of combining with the acid; a 
basic nitrate. 
subnormal. Below the normal, 
sub'order. A name prefixed to an order 
name of instruments which describes the 
manner or place of use, as enamel hatchet, 
hand plugger, etc. 
suboxid (sub-oks'id). That one of a series 
of oxids having the least oxygen. 
subperiosteal (sub-per-i-os'te-al). Beneath 
the periosteum. 
subpurpal. Relating to the area below the 
pulp-chamber, s. angle, the angle formed 
by the floor of the pulp-chamber with the 
surrounding walls, s. wall, the floor of 
the pulp-chamber. 
sub salt'. A basic salt, one in which the base 
has one or more unsaturated molecules 
still capable of combining with the acid. 
subscription (sub-skrip'shun). That portion 
of a prescription, preceding the signature, 
containing the directions for compounding. 
subse'rous. Below or beneath a serous 
membrane. 
substance (sub'stans). [L. substantia, es- 
sence, material.] Matter or material; 
stuff, white s. of Schwann, medullary 
substance. 
substantia (sub-stan'shi-a). [L.] Substance, 
s. adamanti'na, enamel, the hard substance 
which covers the portion of the teeth ex- 
posed ; it is composed principally of carbon- 
ate, fluorid, calcium phosphate and magne- 
sium phosphate; it is formed of a mass of 
hexagonal prisms held together by a very 
thin calcified matrix, s. ebur'nea, dentin, 
the ivory composing the mass of the tooth; 
it is composed of calcium phosphate, car- 
bonate, collagen, elastin, fluorid and mag- 
nesium phosphate; although structureless, 
it contains a great number of fine tubules, 
running in a direction from the pulp-cavity 
to the external surface and in which are 
present processes from the odontoblasts, 
such as dentinal or Tomes’ fibrils, s. 
os'sea, cementum, a layer of modified bone 
which covers the dentin of the root of a 
tooth; crusta petrosa, s. vit'rea, substan- 
tia adamantina. 
substitution. The displacing of one or more 
atoms of one element in a compound by 
an equivalent number of atoms of another 
element. 
substitutive (sub'sti-tu-tiv). Producing a 
change or substitution; substituting. 
substratum. [L. substratus, spread under.] 
Any stratum or layer lying beneath 
another; any substance acted upon by a 
ferment or enzyme. 
subsul'phate. A basic sulphate which con- SUBTLE 
325 
SULCUS 
tains one or more unsatisfied atoms of the 
base which are still capable of combining 
with the acid. 
subtle (sut'l). Slender, refined, fine; acute, 
sharp. 
subzygomat'ic. Beneath or below the 
zygoma. 
succeda'neous. Pertaining to a succeda- 
neum; used as a substitute, s. teeth, the 
permanent incisors, cuspids and bicuspids 
which succeed deciduous teeth, 
succedaneum (suk-se-da'ne-um). A drug or 
therapeutic substance having the proper- 
ties and capable of being used in place of 
another. 
succinum (suk'se-num). [L.] A fossil resin; 
amber. 
succorrhea (suk-kor-re'a). [L. succus, juice; 
G. rhoia, a flow.] A condition in which 
there is an abnormal increase in the 
secretion of a digestive fluid, specifically 
of the saliva or gastric juice, 
suc'cus. [L.] Juice; the component fluid 
of the body tissues; a fluid secretion, 
particularly the digestive fluid, s. enter'i- 
cus, intestinal juice, s. gas'tricus, gastric 
juice, s. pancreat'icus, pancreatic juice, 
suck. The act of drawing a fluid through a 
tube after exhausting the air in front. To 
draw fluid into the mouth; to draw milk 
from the breast. 
suck'ing. The act of drawing in with the 
mouth which tends to produce a vacuum, 
as in sucking liquids, cheek-s., an evil 
habit whereby the buccal tissues are drawn 
toward the center of the mouth, thumb-s., 
an evil habit of infants, usually to relieve 
irritation during dentition. tongue-s., 
an evil habit whereby the apex of the 
tongue is projected and drawn upon as in 
the act of sucking a liquid. A similar evil 
habit is lip-biting. 
suck'ing-pad. Corpus adiposum buccse. 
suckle (suk'l). To suck, to draw sustenance 
from the breast; to feed, to nurse at the 
breast. 
su'crate. A compound of sucrose, 
sucrose (so'krdz). Saccharose; cane-sugar, 
suction (suk'shun). [L. sugere, to suck.] 
Aspiration; the act or process of sucking, 
suc'tion. In artificial dentures, a depressed 
chamber from which the air is withdrawn 
by suction, causing assistance in the re- 
tention of the denture. Various methods 
are resorted to, and devices for assisting in 
retaining dentures in contact with the 
mucous membrane are known as flexible 
suction, Justi’s, Petry’s, valve, Whittaker, 
etc. 
suc'tion-cham'ber. Air-chamber; vacuum- 
chamber, used on dentures to aid in 
retaining them in position, 
suc'tion-cups. Cupping-glasses of different 
shapes, used to produce local hyperemia, 
suc'tion-plate. A denture held in place by 
atmospheric pressure, 
su'dor. [L.] Perspiration; sweat, 
sudorif'ic. [L. sudor, sweat; facere, to 
make.] Causing perspiration; sudorip- 
arous; sudoriferous; diaphoretic. 
Suersen’s ob'turator. One of the earliest 
appliances for closing a cleft between the 
mouth and the nares. 
suf'focate. [L. suffocare—sub, under; fauces, 
pharynx.] To obstruct respiration; to 
asphyxiate; to stifle; to smother; to suffer 
from want of oxygen. 
suffu'sion. [L. sub, under; fundere, to pour 
out.] Reddening of a surface; extravasa- 
tion; a condition of being moist with 
some fluid; the pouring of a fluid over a 
body or part. 
sugar (shog'ar). [Fr. sucre.] A sweet-tasting 
carbohydrate, cane s., the saccharose 
extracted from sugar-cane; saccharum. 
grape s., glucose, dextrose, invert s., con- 
sists of equal parts of levulose and dextrose, 
milk s., lactose. 
suggestion (sud-jes'chun). [L. suggerere, 
to supply.] Transferring an idea from one 
mind to another, by word, action or impli- 
cation, thus influencing the person affected 
as to the mental or physical condition of 
that person. Employed as a therapeutic 
agent. 
suigan. [Ja.] Gangrena oris, 
suigin. [Ja.] Argentum vivum; quicksilver; 
mercury. 
suishu. [Ja.] Hydrops, 
sul'cal. Pertaining to a sulcus, 
sul'cate. Marked by a sulcus or sulci; 
grooved, furrowed, as the occlusal surfaces 
of the teeth, s. groove, one that follows a 
sulcus of notable depth, the inclines of 
which approach each other at an angle, 
sulciform (sul'si-farm.) [L. sulcus, furrow; 
forma, shape, form.] Of the form of a 
groove or sulcus, 
sul'cuius. [L.] A small sulcus, 
sulcus (sul'kus), pi. sulci (sul'si). [L., a 
ditch, furrow.] A notable long-shaped de- 
pression in the surface of a tooth, the SULCUS 
326 
SUPERPHOSPHATE 
inclines of which meet at an angle. A 
sulcus has a developmental groove at the 
junction of its inclines, 
sul'cus, pi. sul'ci. [L.] A long, narrow 
groove; a furrow, ditch or slight depression, 
as the sulci of the teeth, s. medianus 
linguae, a slight longitudinal depression 
running forward on the dorsal surface of 
the tongue from the foramen cecum; the 
median longitudinal raphe of the tongue, 
s. mentolabialis, an indistinct line separat- 
ing the lower lip from the chin; the men- 
tolabial furrow. s. mylohyoideus, a 
groove on the inner surface of the ramus 
of the mandible leading to the opening of 
the inferior dental canal, and giving lodg- 
ment to the mylohyoid artery and nerve; 
the mylohyoid sulcus, s. nasolabialis, the 
furrow between the ala nasi and the lip; 
the nasolabial furrow, s. palatinus, one of 
a number of grooves running along the 
lower surface of the palatal process of the 
maxilla, in which run the vessels and nerves 
of the hard palate; the palatine groove, 
s. pterygopalatinus, a groove on the 
sphenoidal process and posterior surface of 
the vertical plate of the palate bone; with 
similar grooves bearing the same name, on 
the maxilla and pterygoid process of the 
sphenoid bone, it forms the canal of the 
same name, its inferior extremity forming 
the foramen palatinum majus; the pterygo- 
palatine groove, s. terminalis, on the 
surface of the tongue, being a Y-shaped 
groove, with its apex pointing distally; it 
marks the separation between the oral, 
or horizontal, and the pharyngeal, or 
vertical, parts of the tongue. 
Sullivan’s amalgam or cement. See alloy. 
sulph-, sulpho-. A prefix signifying that the 
compound of which the prefix is part of 
the name contains sulphurous anhydrid. 
sul'phate. A salt of sulphuric acid with one 
base. 
sul'phid, sul'phide. A compound of sulphur 
with a base; a sulphuret. 
sul'phite. A salt of sulphurous acid with a 
base. 
sulphocyanic acid (sul-fS-si-an'ik as'id.) An 
acid which is present in the saliva; CHNS; 
rhodanic acid; thiocyanic acid, 
sul'phur. Symbol S, atomic weight 32.07. 
An element resulting from volcanic activ- 
ity; brimstone, flowers of s., sublimated 
sulphur, precipitated s., milk of sulphur, 
sublimed sulphur, roll s., sublimed sul- 
phur molten, hardened and made into 
cylindrical shape; brimstone, s. group, 
sulphur, selenium and tellurium, the three 
bivalent metalloids, 
sul'phuret. Sulphid. 
sul'phureted. Made into sulphid; combined 
with sulphur. 
sulphu'ric acid. Acidum sulphuricum. 
sul'phurous. Pertaining to or containing 
sulphur. 
sum. Abbreviation of L. suma, take, or 
sumendum, sumendus, to be taken; a direc- 
tion used in the signature of a prescription, 
sump. Trade name of an investing-material, 
super-. [L. super, above, beyond.] A prefix 
meaning over, above, superior, in excess or 
in the upper part of; often written supra. 
The corresponding Greek prefix is hyper-. 
superacid'ity. An excess of acid; hyper- 
acidity; excessive acidity of the gastric 
juice; hyperchlorhydria. 
superacute (so-per-a-kut'). Extremely acute; 
distinguished by rapid progress and great 
severity of symptoms, as denoting the 
course of a disease. 
supercil'ium, pi. supercil'ia. [L. super, above; 
cilium, eyelid.] The eyebrow; one of the 
hairs of the eyebrow. 
superficia'lis. [L.] Superficial; denoting the 
nerves, veins, arteries and other structures 
near the surface of the body, 
superficies (so-per-fish'i-ez). [L. super, 
above-, facies, face.] Facies, outer surface, 
superfron'tal. Above or in the upper por- 
tion of the frontal region; sulcus praecen- 
tralis superior, a sulcus in the upper por- 
tion of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, 
superinduce (so'per-in-dus'). To effect or 
bring on in addition to that which already 
exists; superadd. 
supe'rior. [L., comparative of superus, high.] 
Above, higher in position, in relation to 
another structure; of more value, better, 
s. teeth, the upper teeth; due to the two- 
fold meaning of the word superior, signi- 
fying both location and quality, it is no 
longer used in connection with the upper 
or maxillary teeth; maxillary teeth is the 
correct form. See teeth. 
supernumerary (so-per-nu'mer-a-ri). [L. 
super, above; numerus, number.] Exceed- 
ing the number required or the normal 
number, as the occasional presence of 
teeth above the normal number, super- 
numerary teeth; accessory, 
superphos'phate. An acid phosphate; that SUPERSCRIPTION 
327 
SURGERY 
phosphate of a series which contains the 
greatest proportion of phosphoric acid, 
superscription. The beginning of a pre- 
scription, consisting of the precept recipe, 
take; usually written 
supersep'tal. Above a septum, 
supersul'cus. Superfissure, 
supine (so-pIn'). [L. supinus.] Lying on the 
back; indolent; in a position of supination, 
or supinated. 
supplemental (sup-le-men'tal). [L. supple- 
mentum.] Of the nature of that which 
completes or fills up, as an addition to; 
additional; pertaining to a supplement, 
s. air, reserve air. s. groove, a shallow, 
long-shaped depression in the surface of a 
tooth, usually with a smoothly rounded 
bottom; it does not mark the junction of 
lobes and is therefore not a developmental 
groove, s. lobe, an additional lobe; one 
which is not of the typical form of the 
tooth, s. ridge, an additional ridge; one 
which is not of the typical form of the 
tooth. s. teeth, supernumerary teeth; 
teeth in excess of the normal number, 
suppression. [L. supprimere, to press down.] 
The act of holding back, arresting, repress- 
ing; arrest of the secretion of any fluid, as 
distinguished from retention, 
suppuran'tia. [L.] Substances which pro- 
duce suppuration. 
sup'purate. [L. suppurare.] To form pus. 
suppura'tion. Formation of pus. alveolo- 
den'tal s.,.see pyorrhea, pericemen'tal s., 
see pyorrhea. 
suppuration alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar sup- 
puration; pyorrhea, s. conjointe, general 
suppuration; pyorrhea, 
sup'purative. Suppurating; forming pus. s. 
pericementi'tis, see pyorrhea, s. periden- 
ti'tis, see pyorrhea, s. periodonti'tis, see 
pyorrhea. 
supra-. [L., above.] A prefix designating a 
position above the part indicated by the 
word it precedes; often the same as super. 
suprabuc'cal. Above the cheek, 
supracap'sulin. See epinephrin. 
supraclu'sion. Noting teeth whose occlud- 
ing surfaces are above the normal occlusal 
plane. See supraversion. bimaxillary s., see 
bimaxillary supraclusion, supraversion. 
supramandib'ular. Above the mandible, 
supramar'ginal. Above any margin; above 
the margin of a cavity, 
supramaxil'la. The maxilla or upper jaw, 
consisting of two bones. 
supramax'illary. Pertaining to the upper 
jaw or maxilla. 
supramen'tal. Above the chin, 
suprana'sal. Above the nose, 
su'pranol. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a hemostatic, cardiac stimulator and 
preventor of constitutional absorption, 
supraor'bital. Above the orbit, in the 
cranium or on the face, 
suprare'nal. Above the kidney; noting the 
suprarenal gland, 
supraren'alin. See epinephrin. 
supraren'in. Trade name of a preparation of 
the suprarenal gland. See epinephrin. 
supraver'sion. Noting a tooth which is too 
long as related to the plane of occlusion. 
[ASO.] 
supraversion of the teeth. See close-bite 
malocclusion. 
surfaces of the teeth. To indicate in words 
the exact situation of a cavity on any 
surface of a tooth, each surface (mesial, 
distal, buccal, labial, lingual and occlusal) 
is divided into thirds, fourths and fifths. 
The division into thirds yields nine small 
squares, division into fourths yields twelve 
small squares, and division into fifths 
yields twenty small squares, 
surgeon (sur'jun). [Fr. chirurgie—G. cheir, 
hand; ergon, work.] One who manually 
treats injuries or diseases by operating 
upon them. s.-dentist, dental surgeon, 
oral s., one who specializes in the manual 
and operative treatment of diseases and 
accidents of the mouth and adjacent 
tissues. 
surgery (sur'jer-i). [G. cheir, hand; ergon, 
work.] The branch of medicine which 
deals with all diseases and accidents to 
the body which are subject to manual or 
operative treatment, dental s., dentistry, 
dentofacial s., oral surgery, major s., ex- 
tensive operative surgery, as an extensive 
amputation of one of the extremities or 
part of a limb, cerebral or abdominal 
surgery, removal of large tumors and the 
like, usually a more or less hazardous 
operation, minor s., the opening of small 
abscesses; slight surgical operation, not 
necessarily involving danger to life; appli- 
cation of bandages and splints, oral s., 
operative surgery involving the teeth, 
mouth and adjacent tissues, plastic s., 
the restoration of lost parts; transfer of 
tissue from a neighboring part; repair of 
defects by grafting. SURGICAL 
328 
SWAB 
sur'gical. Pertaining to surgery. 
sur'gilite. Trade name of a sterilizable 
surgical lamp used as a retractor and 
illuminator in exodontia and dental 
surgery. 
surrogate. [L. sub, under; rogare, to ask.] 
A substitute. 
sursa'nure. [L. super, over; sanus, healthy.] 
An ulcer which has healed superficially, but 
still contains pus beneath the surface. 
suspension. [L. sub, under; pendere, to 
hang.] A temporary cessation or inter- 
ruption of a function; diffusion through 
liquid of finely divided particles of a solid. 
sutura (so-to'ra). [L., a seam.] Suture, not- 
ing the seamlike line along which the parts 
of an immovable articulation are united, 
s. ethmoideomaxillaris, the line of appo- 
sition of the orbital surface of the maxillary 
bone with the os planum of the ethmoid; 
the ethmoideomaxillary suture, s. fronto- 
maxillaris, the line of apposition of the 
nasal process of the maxilla with the 
frontal bone; the frontomaxillary suture, 
s. harmonia, a suture in which there is a 
simple, firm apposition of two contiguous 
bones with smooth or roughened margins, 
as is the case with the palatal portion of 
the intermaxillary or incisive bone; a 
harmonic suture, s. incisiva, see sutura 
premaxillaris. s. infraorbitalis, a not 
always present suture; the infraorbital 
suture; when present, it runs from the 
infraorbital foramen, on the anterior sur- 
face of the maxilla, to the infraorbital 
groove in the floor of the orbit, s. inter- 
maxillaris, the line of the union of the two 
maxillary bones; the intermaxillary suture, 
s. internasalis, line of union of the two 
nasal bones; the internasal suture, s. 
lacrimomaxillaris, the line of union be- 
tween the margin of the lacrymal bone 
and the maxilla; the lacrymomaxillary 
suture. s. nasomaxillaris, the line of 
union between the lateral border of the 
nasal bone and the frontal process of the 
maxilla, s. notha, a false suture in which 
the opposing margins are smooth or not 
well defined, s. palatina mediana, line of 
union between the horizontal plates of 
the palate bones, being a continuation of 
the intermaxillary suture; the middle or 
median palatine suture, s. palatina trans- 
versa, the line of union of the palatal 
processes of the maxillae with the hori- 
zontal plates of the palate bones; the 
transverse palatine suture, s. palatoeth- 
moidalis, the line of union of the orbital 
process of the palate bone and the os 
planum of the ethmoid; the palatoeth- 
moidal suture, s. palatomaxillaris, the 
line of union between the orbital process 
of the palate bone and the orbital suture 
of the maxilla, s. premaxillaris, an in- 
constant suture running from the anterior 
palatine foramen in the intermaxillary 
suture forward and outward on either side 
to a point between the lateral incisor and 
cuspid, and marking, when present, the 
union between the premaxillary and the 
maxillary bones; the intermaxillary, pre- 
maxillary or incisive suture, s. spheno- 
maxillaris, an occasional suture between the 
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and 
the body of the maxilla; the sphenomaxil- 
lary suture. s. squamosa, a scale-like or 
squamous suture in which the opposing 
borders overlap in the manner of the 
scales of a fish. s. vera, a true suture, one 
in which the opposing borders present well 
defined, true interlocking projections, s. 
zygomaticomaxillaris, the zygomaticomax- 
illary suture, the line of junction of the 
malar bone with the zygomatic process of 
the maxilla. 
suture (so'tur). [L. sutura, a seam.] Sutura; 
the uniting of two surfaces, surgically, by 
stitching; the material used for sutures, 
such as wire, thread, catgut, silk, etc.; the 
seam of the united parts after a surgical 
operation. A synarthrosis between two 
bones formed in membrane, it being a 
fibrous membrane continuous with the 
periosteum; an anatomical suture, figure- 
of-8 s., cleftlip suture; harelip suture; a 
pin passed through the lips of the wound at 
right angles to the line of incision, and 
then the thread passed over the ends of a 
pin in form of the figure 8; a pin suture, 
rubber s., in an operation for cleftlip, a 
rubber band being slipped over the ends of 
the pin. shotted s., in which the ends are 
fastened by passing through a split shot, 
which is then compressed, twisted s., 
same as figure-of-8 or cleftlip suture. 
Suzanne’s gland. A small mucous gland in 
the floor of the mouth. 
swab (swob). A ball of gauze or tuft of 
cotton attached to the end of a wire or 
stick of wood; used in cleaning out cavi- 
ties, applying remedies to the interior 
walls of cavities, or taking from them some SWABBING METHOD 
329 
SYMPHYSEOTOMY 
secretion or exudate for microscopical or 
bacteriological examination, 
swabbing method. In local anesthesia, the 
application of the drug in powder form or 
in solution direct to the mucous mem- 
brane by the aid of cotton or gauze upon 
a wooden applicator. 
swage (swaj). The male model of a die. 
To shape or form by using a die or swage, 
swaged splint for fracture of the mandible. 
The preliminary steps are the same as in 
making a band splint (which see); when 
the teeth are in normal relation on the 
model, an impression of the teeth on the 
model is taken, dies are made, and a 
metal plate is struck up to cover the 
crowns of all the teeth; this is then ce- 
mented on the teeth. 
swager (swa/jer). An appliance provided 
with dies and counterdies, or shot, rub- 
ber blocks, water-bags, etc., with which 
forms for inlays, cusps, crowns, etc., are 
shaped. A swaging outfit consists of 
dental lac, celluloid strips, Melotte’s 
moldine, inlay metal, pouring-ladle, etc. 
swaging. The act of shaping or forming a 
plate of metal into a desired form by pres- 
sure, as with a hammer, between two dies, 
a swage, or male die, and a counter, or 
female die. 
swallow (swol'15). To force or pass any- 
thing through the fauces, pharynx and 
esophagus into the stomach; to perform 
deglutition. 
sweat (swet). Perspiration; sudor, usually 
meaning sensible perspiration. To per- 
spire. 
sweat'gland. One of the tubular coilglands 
of the corium and subcutaneous tissue 
which secrete the sweat; glandula su- 
doripara. 
sweat'ing. Perspiring; causing profuse 
perspiration. A process of uniting metals, 
or a metal and an alloy, possessing iden- 
tical fusing-points, by applying heat to 
the perfectly approximated edges of the 
metals until, at the moment of fusion, 
union takes place, similar to soldering, 
swedge. See swage. 
sweet. Possessing a taste like sugar, 
swelling. A tumor or any morbid enlarge- 
ment; a protuberance, 
swoon. Syncope; fainting, 
syco'ma. [G. sykon, fig.] A pendulous 
growth of a fig-like nature; a large, soft 
wart. 
sycosis (sl-ko'sis). A fungous, fig-like 
tumor. s. staphylog'enes, s. vulgaris, 
s. vulga'ris, nonparasitic sycosis, caused 
by simple infection with pus cocci, 
symbio'sis. [G. syn, with; bios, life.] Com- 
mensalism, the mutual association of two 
or more organisms which proves beneficial 
or advantageous. An example of sym- 
biosis is the growth together of the cholera 
bacillus, an ameba, and the lepra bacillus, 
although the latter is incapable of being 
cultivated alone. 
symbol (sim'bul). [G. symbolon, a sign.] 
Representation of an idea by an object; 
an object representing an idea; a letter, 
character or sign representing something. 
The following symbols are used in pre- 
scription-writing : 
g. gram, 
gm. gram, 
gr. grain, 
rrjj minim. 
3 scruple. 
5 drachm. 
5 ounce. 
O pint, 
lb pound. 
recipe, take. 
M misce, mix. 
symmetric, symmetrical. Pertaining to or 
distinguished by symmetry, 
sym'metry. [G. syn, with; metron, measure.] 
Harmony of parts; state of one part being 
proportionate to another, as the esthetic 
symmetry of the face or the teeth, 
sympathetic. [G. syn, with; pathos, suffer- 
ing.] Pertaining to or expressing sym- 
pathy. 
sym'pathy. [G. sympatheia—syn, with; 
pathos, suffering.] The mutual relation 
or reciprocal action, pathological or 
physiological, between two organs, sys- 
tems or parts of the body, 
symphyseal (sim-fiz'e-al). Pertaining to a 
symphysis. 
symphyseorrhaphy (sim-fiz-e-or'ra-fi). [G. 
symphisis; rhaphe, suture.] The fastening 
or joining together of the two parts of 
a divided symphysis. 
symphyseotome (sim-fiz'e-o-tom). [G. sym- 
physis; tome, incision.] An instrument 
used in symphyseotomy, 
symphyseotomy (sim-fiz-e-ot'o-mi). [G. sym- 
physis; tome, cutting.] The operation of 
incising or cutting through the symphysis 
of the mandible. SYMPHYSIC 
330 
SYNOVIAL 
symphys'ic. Symphyseal; pertaining to a 
symphysis; fused, grown together, 
symphysion (sim-fiz'i-on). The most ante- 
rior point of the alveolar process of the 
mandible, a craniometric point, 
symphysis (sim'fi-sis). [G., a growing 
together.] A form of synarthrosis in which 
two bones are joined or united by means 
of fibrocartilage; a commissure of any two 
structures, a union, a meeting-point; a 
pathological adhesion or a growing 
together, s. mandib'ulae, a vertical ridge 
in the center of the mandible, the line of 
union of the two parts of which the bone 
is composed at birth. 
symp'tom. [G. symptoma—syn, together; 
pipto, fall.] Any morbid phenomenon 
or perceptible change in function, sensa- 
tion or appearance experienced by a 
patient and indicative of disease, con- 
stitutional s., one which indicates the 
disease has become general, the toxins 
or other materies morbi being in the 
blood, esophagosal'ivary s., a condition, 
in certain cases of cancer of the esophagus, 
in which there is an excessive secretion of 
saliva, local s., a symptom of limited 
extent due to disease of a particular 
organ or part, localizing s., a symptom 
which clearly indicates the seat of the 
morbid process, objective s., a symptom 
which is obvious to the observer, path- 
ognomon'ic s., a symptom which, when 
present, unmistakably indicates a certain 
definite disease, reflex s., a symptom 
in which the sensation or function of an 
organ or part is disturbed more or less 
remotely from the morbid condition 
causing it, as vertigo and headache due 
to eyestrain. 
symptomatic. Pertaining to a symptom or 
symptoms; that which indicates a change 
in the body or its functions, 
symp'tomatol'ogy. [G. symptoma, symptom; 
-ology.] The science treating of the 
symptoms of disease, their production, 
and the indications furnished by them; 
semiology; the symptoms of a disease 
aggregated. 
syn-. [G. syn, with, together.] A prefix 
designating together, with, joined; the 
corresponding Latin prefix is con-. 
synalgia (sin-al'ji-a). [G. syn, with; algos, 
pain.] Pain felt at a more or less remote 
part from the seat of the lesion giving 
rise to it; referred or reflex pain. 
syncfiilia (sin-kl'li-a). [G. syn, together; 
cheilos, lip.] Atresia of the mouth, an 
almost complete adhesion of the lips, 
synchondrosis (sin-kon-dro'sis). [G. syn, 
together; chondros, cartilage; -osis.] A 
synarthrosis in cartilage formed between 
two bones, the medium serving to unite 
them being hyaline cartilage which tends 
to disappear with the advance of ossifica- 
tion. 
synchronism (sing'kro-nizm). [G. syn, 
together; chronos, time.] The condition 
of being simultaneous, or having two or 
more events occur at the same time, 
synchronous (sing'krd-nus). [G. syn, to- 
gether; chronos, time.] That which 
occurs simultaneously, 
syn'copal. Pertaining to syncope, 
syncope (sin'ko-pe). [G. synkope, a swoon.] 
Fainting; swooning; a failure of the 
cardiac systole or a sudden fall of the 
blood-pressure, causing cerebral anemia 
and a complete loss of consciousness, 
syndesmitis (sin-dez-me'tis or ml'tis). [G. 
syndesmos, a ligament, conjunction; -itis, 
inflammation.] A condition in which a 
ligament is inflamed. 
syndesmology (sin-dez-mol'o-ji). [G. syndes- 
mos, ligament; -logia, treatise.] The 
branch of anatomy having to do with the 
ligaments. 
syndesmoma (sin-dez-mo'ma). [G. syn- 
desmos, ligament, conjunction; -dma, 
tumor.] A connective-tissue tumor, 
syndesmosis (sin-dez-mS'sis). [G. syndes- 
mos, ligament.] A synarthrosis which 
serves to unite the opposing surfaces by 
fibrous connective tissue, as the union 
between the lower ends of the tibia and 
fibula. 
syndrome (sin'drdm). [G. syndromos, a 
running together, a meeting.] The aggre- 
gate of symptoms connected or associated 
with any morbid process and together 
making up the picture of the disease, 
synergy (sin'er-ji). [G. synergia—syn, to- 
gether; ergon, work.] Correlation between 
different parts; cooperation in action, 
synovia (sl-no'vi-a). [G. syn, with; L. 
ovum, egg.] The clear, viscid fluid 
secreted by the synovial membrane, 
which lubricates the joints and the 
surfaces of an inclosed tendon or serves 
as a water-pad in a bursa; jointoil. 
syno'vial. Consisting of synovia, or per- 
taining to synovia. SYNOVITIS 
331 
SYSTEM 
synovi'tis. Inflammation of the synovial 
membrane; arthritis. 
synthay sylikay. Trade name of a synthetic 
silicate for fillings. 
syn'thesis. [G. syn, with; thesis, arranging.] 
The formation of complex compounds 
from simpler elements or substances, 
synthet'ic. Pertaining to or made by 
synthesis, s. filling, synthetic porcelain 
or silicate filling, s. porcelain, a filling- 
material, in hardness and insolubility in 
the saliva resembling vitreous or baked 
and glazed porcelain. 
synthet'ic sali'va. A fluid possessing the 
chemical composition of saliva, produced 
by synthesis in quantities for experimental 
purposes. 
syn'thetize. To make synthetically. 
synulo'sis. Cicatrization. 
syphilel'cus. [G. syn, with; philos, loving; 
helkos, ulcer.] A syphilitic ulcer, 
syphilemia (sif-il-e'mi-a). [G. syn, with; 
philos, loving; haima, blood.] Presence 
of the specific organism of syphilis in the 
blood; constitutional syphilis, 
syphilide (sif'il-ed). Any one of the cuta- 
neous lesions of syphilis; syphiloderma. 
syphilis (sif'i-lis). [G. syn, with; philos, 
loving.] An infectious disease acquired 
through sexual intercourse and through 
contaminated articles, such as towels, 
table-utensils and articles upon which 
the specific organism of syphilis, the 
Treponema pallidum, is present, primary 
s., the first stage from the development 
of the chancre to the eruption, secondary 
s., the second stage, from the appearance 
of the eruption, and lasting an indefinite 
period, tertiary s., the final stage, which 
begins and ends at an indefinite period 
and is marked by the formation of gum- 
mata. quaternary s., parasyphilis, any 
affection which is indirectly due to 
syphilis. 
syphilit'ic. Pertaining to, suffering from or 
caused by syphilis. 
syphilo'ma. Gumma; a syphilitic tumor, 
syr. Abbreviation of the Latin syrupus, 
syrup. 
syringe (sir'inj). [G. syrinx, a tube.] An 
instrument for injecting fluids, abscess 
s., one with a curved nozzle designed for 
entering alveolar abscesses, dental s., 
provided with a curved point for use in 
the mouth, hot-air dental s., provided 
with a metal bulb which, upon being 
heated, warms the air in passing through 
the tube leading to the nozzle; essential 
in driving air against sensitive dentin to 
prevent pain. air-s., chip-blower; an 
ordinary dental syringe used to clear a 
tooth and the surrounding parts of 
cuttings from cavities under preparation, 
hypodermic s., provided with a slender 
needle and fine point, used in injecting 
fluids under the mucous membrane or 
skin, one-drop s., one so devised that 
only one drop at a time can escape from 
the nozzle, pyorrhea s., one with a fine 
nozzle designed to reach pyorrhea pockets, 
tooth-s., dental syringe. Of syringes 
used by dentists, Moffatt’s bulb tooth-s., 
Perry’s hot-air s., chip s., warm-air s., 
etc., are best known. 
syrinx (sir'inks). [G.] A fistula; the 
Eustachian tube. 
syrup (sir'up). Any sweet fluid; a solution 
of sugar in water in any proportion; the 
uncrystallized saccharine or sugary solu- 
tion which is left over after sugar has 
been refined; refined molasses, simple s., 
sugar 850 parts, distilled water to make 
1000 parts. Syrups for medicinal purposes 
consist of aromatic substances in solution 
in syrup. For syrups see syrupus. 
syrupus (sir-6'pos). Syrup. s. acaciae, 
syrup of gum arabic, employed as an 
emulcent. s. aurantii, orange syrup, 
syrup of orange peel. s. calcis, syrup of 
lime, syrup of calcium hydroxid. s. 
hypophosphitum, syrup of hypophos- 
phites. s. ipecacuanhae, syrup of ipecac, 
employed as an expectorant, s. phos- 
phatum compositum, compound syrup of 
phosphates, s. rhei, syrup of rhubarb, 
s. rhei aromaticus, aromatic syrup of 
rhubarb, s. scillae, syrup of squill, syrup 
of the vinegar of squill, s. zingiberis, 
syrup of ginger. See syrup. 
syssarcosis (sis-ar-ko'sis). [G. syn, with; 
sarx, flesh.] A muscular articulation; the 
union of bones by muscles, as the patella, 
the hyoid bone. 
sys'tem. [G. systema, a complex whole.] An 
assemblage of objects united by regular 
interaction or interdependence; an organic 
whole, as the system of the body, the 
circulatory, the pulmonary, the digestive, 
lymphatic, nervous, muscular system, etc. 
Regular method or order; formal arrange- 
ment, orderliness, as of words, their ety- 
mology and definition arranged in an order- SYSTEMA 
332 
TANNIN 
iy system in one work, a dental dictionary; 
the arrangement in an orderly alphabetical 
system of everything pertaining to dentis- 
try, a dental encyclopedia, dentinal s., 
all the dentinal tubules of a tooth, 
syste'ma. [G.] System, 
systematic. Pertaining to a system in every 
sense; regulated, ordered or arranged ac- 
cording to a system. Proceeding according 
to a system, or regular method, s. dental 
anatomy, descriptive anatomy of the teeth, 
systemic. Relating to a system as the 
entire organism as distinguished from an 
individual part. 
sys'temoid. Similar to or resembling a 
system. 
systole (sis'to-le). [G. systole, a contracting.] 
The rhythmical contraction of the ven- 
tricles of the heart by which the blood is 
driven through the aorta into the system 
and through the pulmonary artery into 
the lungs. 
systol'ic. Occurring at the time of the car- 
diac systole or pertaining to it. 
T 
tabel'la. [L. dim. of tabula, tablet.] A 
medicated lozenge or tablet, 
tabes (ta/bez). [L., wasting away, consump- 
tion.] Progressive emaciation; phthisis; 
tabes dorsalis. 
ta'ble. [L. tabula, board, plank, table, 
tablet.] One of the two laminae or plates 
of the cranial bones; an arrangement in 
parallel columns of the data of a clinical 
case, the stages of an experiment, etc.; 
the grinding surface of the tooth of a horse, 
tab'let. [L. tabula.] Tabella; a small flat 
surface or slab of any kind, mixing-t., 
one of various forms and sizes of porcelain 
or glass slabs for mixing cements, nerve- 
paste, etc.; mixing-slab, 
tab'ular. [L. tabula, table.] Like a table; 
laminar; arranged in the form of a table, 
tab'ule. Tablet. 
tachypha'gia. Bolting or rapid eating, 
tac'tile (tak'til). [L. tangere, to touch.] 
Pertaining to touch; that may be felt or 
touched; tangible; palpable, 
tac'tus. [L.] The sense of touch; touch. 
Taggart compressed-gas casting-machine. 
The invention of Dr. W. H. Taggart, in 
which gold is quickly brought to a super- 
heated condition by means of nitrous oxid 
and illuminating gas, cast, and forced into 
the matrix by a sealing cap. 
taibutsu-lenzu. [Ja.] Object-glass, 
taikan. [Ja.] Band, 
taikan-keizokushi. [Ja.] Collar crown, 
taiko. [Ja.] Clasp. 
tail. [A.S. tcegl.] Appendage at the end of 
the backbone of an animal; cauda. 
takakuteki-shoko. [Ja.] Objective symp- 
tom. 
takon-shi. [Ja.] Multirooted tooth, 
takoto-shi. [Ja.] Multicuspidate. 
takumaki. [Ja.] Burnisher. 
Talbot’s hot-air apparatus. [Eugene Solomon 
Talbot, American dentist, 1847.] A special 
device for making celluloid plates. T.’s 
pulp-canal reamer, a three-cornered ream- 
er for pulp-canal work. T.’s screwpost, 
one with a round base instead of V- 
shaped, with a sharp-pointed thread to cut 
into dentin, making it stronger and less 
liable to twist off. T.’s iodoglyc'erole, 
a preparation used as an antiseptic and 
astringent. 
talc, talcum (talk, tal'kum). [Ar. talq.] A 
soft mineral appearing in the form of French 
chalk, soapstone, etc., and used in making 
dusting-powder, toilet preparations, paper, 
etc. 
tal'on. [L. talo, a bird’s claw.] The distal 
part of a maxillary molar tooth; a low cusp 
of a tooth. 
tal'onid. The distal part of a mandibular 
molar tooth. 
tambour'. The recording part of a sphyg- 
mograph or other similar recording appara- 
tus. 
tamp'ing. A slight tapping with the plugger 
of each piece of amalgam added in making 
a filling, until the amalgam has been uni- 
formly spread. 
tam'pon. A ball or cylinder of cotton, gauze 
or other like substance used as a plug to 
stop hemorrhage, to absorb secretions or 
to maintain an organ in position, 
tand, pi. tander. [Sw.] Tooth, 
tandlaege. [Dan.] Dentist, 
tandlakare. [Sw.] Dentist, 
tandoku. [Ja.] Erysipelas, 
tankanshi. [Ja.] Brachyodont. 
tan'nin. [Fr. tanin.] A stringent vegetable 
substance found largely in oak bark or 
gallnuts, in tea, coffee, etc., of great use 
in tanning; tannic acid. TANNIN-SAN 
333 
TEAR 
tannin-san. [Ja.] Tannic acid, 
tanshin. [Ja.] Explorer, 
tan'talum. Symbol Ta, atomic weight 181. 
A rare metallic element, used as a sub- 
stitute for steel in some dental instruments, 
tap. To let out fluid from a cavity by means 
of a hollow needle or a trocar and cannula, 
tape (tap). A narrow woven fillet or band, 
of cotton or linen, used in cleansing the 
proximal surfaces of teeth, carrying abra- 
sive materials for polishing either the 
surfaces or fillings on the proximal surfaces, 
and also used for gradual separation of the 
teeth by forcing a small piece between two 
teeth and leaving it for a time, for which 
purpose it is waxed or flax-waxed, t. of 
gold foil, see gold. 
tape'worm. An intestinal parasite; tenia, 
ta'pir-mouth. A condition caused by 
atrophy of the orbicularis oris muscle; 
the lips are thickened and separated, the 
upper lip slightly over-hanging, 
ta'piroid. [G. eidos, resemblance.] Like a 
tapir’s snout. 
tar. [A.S. tern.] A thick, dark-colored, 
viscid product obtained by the destructive 
distillation of organic substances and 
bituminous minerals, as wood, coal, peat, 
etc.; pix liquida. beechwood t., a thick, 
oily dark-brown liquid largely employed 
as a source of creosote; oleum fagi. 
tar'get. A button of high-fusing metal 
in the anode of an x-ray tube; as used in 
radiography, refers to the anticathode of 
a tube. 
tar'sal. Pertaining to a tarsus, t. glands, 
glandulse tarsales, Meibomian glands, 
tar'sus. [G. tarsos, a wicker-work frame.] 
The instep, the root of the foot; the 
seven bones of the instep, 
tar'tar. [Fr. tartre.] The yellowish-brown 
or brownish substance known as salivary 
calculus, consisting largely of calcium 
phosphate, which is deposited on the 
teeth from the saliva, principally on the 
buccal surfaces of the upper molars, near 
the opening of Stensen’s duct coming 
from the parotid gland, and on the lingual 
surface of the lower incisors and cuspids, 
where the various ducts from the sub- 
maxillary and sublingual glands are 
situated, acid potassium tartrate, potas- 
sium bitartrate which forms as crust on 
the interior of winecasks. cream t., 
potassii bitartras. t. emetic, antimonii 
et potassii tartras. 
tartaro dentario. [Sp.] Tartar; salivary 
calculus. 
tartre. [Fr.] Salivary calculus; tartar, 
taste. The perception of the character of 
substances through the medium of the 
gustatory nerve. A sensation produced 
by the application of a stimulus to the 
gustatory nerve-endings in the tongue, 
acuteness of t., hypergeustia, hypergeus- 
esthesia. after-t., a sense of tasting which 
continues after the substance which pro- 
duced the original impression has dis- 
appeared. dullness of t., hypogeustia. 
franklinic t., a sour taste caused by the 
application of static electricity to the 
tongue, having t., sapid, savory, loss 
of t., ageusia, ageustia, gustatory anes- 
thesia. organ of t., organon gustus. per- 
version of t., allotriogeusia, parageusia, 
dysgeusia, pseudogeusia. t.-bud, t.-bulb, 
calyculus gustatorius. t.-cell, the cell 
in a taste corpuscle in which the axis- 
cylinder of the gustatory nerve-fiber ends, 
t. corpuscle, calyculus gustatorius. t. 
end, taste-cell. t. goblet, calyculus gus- 
tatorius. t.-pore, one of the depressions 
on the circumference of the vallate pa- 
pillse into which the gustatory hairlets 
of the taste-buds project, t.-ridge, one of 
the ridges surrounding the vallate papillae 
of the tongue, voltaic t., see franklinic. 
without t., insipid. 
taste (of metals). A metallic taste more or 
less pronounced in some metals, 
taurodont'ism. The vertical deepening of 
the pulp cavity at the expense of the 
roots. 
tautomer'ic. [G. tautos, the same; meros, 
part.] Pertaining to the same part, 
tax'is. [G., arrangement, order.] Reduction 
of a rupture or dislocation by manipula- 
tion; systematic arrangement or classifica- 
tion. 
Te. Chemical symbol of tellurium, 
tea. The dried leaves of a shrub (Thea 
sinensis), grown chiefly in China, Japan 
and Ceylon, and from which a stimulating 
beverage is made by infusion, the principal 
constituent being thein, an alkaloid 
similar to caffein; any extemporaneous 
decoction or infusion, usually of herbs, 
tear (ter). [A.S. tear.] A drop of the 
limpid fluid secreted by the lacrymal 
gland and appearing in the eye or flowing 
from it; a rounded mass of exuded resin 
or gum. TEARING TEETH 
334 
TEETH 
tear'ing teeth. The cuspids; canines, 
tearsac (ter's&k). Lacrymal sac. 
tease (tez). [A.S. tcesan.] To prepare the 
constituent parts of a tissue for histological 
examination by separating them with a 
needle. 
teat (tet). [A.S. tit.] Nipple of the female 
breast or udder; papilla mammae, 
technic (tek'nik). Technical. Technique, 
technical (tek'nik-al). Pertaining to tech- 
nique. 
tech'nics. Doctrine of arts in general; 
branches that relate to the arts, 
technique (tek-nek'). [Fr., from G. tech- 
nikos, pertaining to skill or art.] Operative 
skill in dentistry, surgery or the fine arts, 
dental t., the practical study and per- 
formance of the technical branches of 
dentistry. 
tecton'ic. [G. tektonikos, pertaining to 
building.] Pertaining to the restoration 
of lost parts by grafting or plastic surgery, 
teeth. [PI. of tooth; L. dens, pi. dentes; 
G. odous, odontos.] The hard structures 
firmly fixed in the sockets or alveoli of 
the alveolar processes of the maxillae, 
or upper jaw, and the mandible, or lower 
jaw. Man has two sets of teeth: a first, 
temporary or deciduous set, and a second 
or permanent set. The first set consists 
of twenty teeth, ten in each jaw, namely, 
four incisors, two cuspids and four molars. 
The second set consists of thirty-two 
teeth, sixteen in each jaw, namely, four 
incisors, two cuspids, four bicuspids and 
six molars. The temporary teeth take 
their places between the sixth and the 
twenty-fourth month. The permanent 
teeth take their places between the fifth 
and twelfth year, except the third molars, 
which may erupt at any time later, or 
remain unerupted during the life of the 
individual. In savage and barbaric 
tribes, or among primitive peoples (as the 
Igorots of the Philippines), the presence 
of the third molars has been noted at 
the estimated age of from twelve to 
fourteen years. In structure the teeth 
are of dermal origin, and are allied to the 
hairs and nails, and not to bone. The 
principal and primary function of the 
teeth is to masticate the food, thereby 
reducing it to a pulpy mass, and causing 
it to become thoroughly mixed with the 
saliva, which possesses digestive proper- 
ties. Their secondary function is in 
teeth—Continued. 
articulation, in speech, aiding the clear 
enunciation of words. Anatomically a 
tooth is divided into a root or roots 
{radix, pi. radices), imbedded in the 
alveoli; a neck, collum or cervix, a con- 
stricted part corresponding with a line 
of demarcation between that portion of 
the tooth which is covered by bone and 
gum and that portion which is not 
covered; and the crown {corona), the 
part visible in the cavity of the mouth. 
The central portion of a tooth and of its 
root or roots is hollow. The hollow part 
in the crown is the pulp-chamber, and 
the hollow part in each root the root-canal, 
and the entire hollow space is the pulp- 
cavity or tooth-cavity. The pulp-chamber 
and the root-canals correspond with the 
outline of the tooth and contain the 
dental pulp {pulpa dentis), a connective- 
tissue reticulum containing the nerves, 
arteries, veins and lymphatics of the 
pulp, entering through one large foramen, 
or several smaller foramina, at or near the 
apex or apices of the roots. Histologically, 
the principal part of the tooth consists 
of dentin, or substantia eburnea, the 
crown portion being covered by the 
enamel, or substantia adamantina, while 
the root portion is covered by the cemen- 
tum, or substantia ossea. 
aberra'tion, wandering, a deviation 
from the normal position. 
abra'sion, mechanical wearing away, 
scraping off, odontotribe. 
absence, anodontia. 
alve'olus, pi. alve'oli, the socket, the 
sockets. 
anal'ysis, minute chemical or histo- 
logical examination. 
anat'omy, the science of their structure, 
dental anatomy. 
ante'rior, the incisors and cuspids, 
labial, front. 
apposi'tion, the coming in occlusion with 
more than one tooth of the opposite jaw; 
in man, all except the lower central 
incisors and the upper third molars. 
articula'tion, (1) in their alveoli, gom- 
phosis, articulatio; (2) with the teeth of 
the opposite jaw, occlusion. 
artificial, substitutes for lost natural 
teeth, made of mineral or metallic sub- 
stances. 
at'rophy, odontatrophy. TEETH 
335 
TEETH 
teeth—Continued. 
attrition, wearing, scraping, rubbing 
away. 
au'ditory, tooth-like projections in the 
floor of the scala media of the labyrinth 
of the ear. 
ax'le, molars, 
az'zle, molars, 
baby, see deciduous. 
back, colloquial term for the bicuspids 
and molars. 
barred, having diverging roots making 
extraction difficult. 
bicus'pid, bicus'pidate, premolar, dentes 
bicuspidi (sing., dens bicuspidus), dentes 
premolares (dens premolaris). 
bleaching, improving or entirely remov- 
ing discoloration, by chemical and other 
means. 
block, mineral teeth made in blocks of 
two or more teeth, with a reproduction 
of the gums. [tesis. 
boring into, odontotrypy, odontoeen- 
bridging, supplying lost teeth by means 
of a bridge. 
buc'cal, the bicuspids and molars, 
buck, teeth erupted outside of the 
normal arch. 
cal'culus on the t., odontolith, tartar, 
ca'nine, of lower animals, corresponding 
with the cuspid in man; dentes canini 
(sing., dens caninus). 
ca'ries, odontosphacelism, odontonecro- 
sis, odontorrhizophthisis, decay, rotting, 
dentes cariosi (sing., dens cariosus). 
cast of the t., a reproduction made in 
plaster, metal or other substance, 
cemen'tum, substantia ossea. 
cer'vix, collum, the neck, 
chattering of the t., odonterism, crepi- 
tatio dentium, stridor dentium. 
che'oplastic, mineral teeth without pins, 
chewing, the bicuspids and molars, 
chiaie, eroded by the action of sub- 
terranean gases, noted in those who drink 
water impregnated with those gases or 
who are exposed to volcanic emanations, 
classification, dentonomy. 
climac'teric, noting the grand climac- 
teric, or the age of 63; teeth supposed to 
appear at that, or a later, period belong 
to the climacteric dentition, 
collum, the neck, cervix, 
contru'sion, a crowding together, a 
pushing against each other of several 
teeth. 
teeth—Continued. 
corner, the third or outer pair of the 
incisors of the horse; sometimes said of 
the cuspid in man. 
cross'pin, mineral teeth with pins 
placed horizontally. 
crown, corona, the part not covered by 
the gums, artificial c., one made of a 
mineral or metallic substance. 
crowning, placing an artificial crown on 
a tooth. 
cuspid, eye-tooth (upper); stomach 
tooth (lower); cuspidate, procynodontos, 
dentes cuspidati, dentes angulares, dentes 
exserti, dentes laniarii. 
cu'ticle of the t., Nasmyth’s membrane, 
cutting, the incisors and cuspids, 
cutting of the t., dentition, eruption, 
odontiasis, odontophyia. 
dead, when both the pulp and perio- 
dontal membrane are devoid of vitality, 
necrosed. 
decay, colloquial term for caries; see 
caries. 
deciduous, temporary, first, baby, milk, 
primary, dentes decidui, dentes lactei, 
dentes caduci. [To be used as designating 
the teeth of the first dentition, in prefer- 
ence to the terms temporary, milk or baby. 
ADA.] 
den'tin, substantia eburnea, toothbone. 
denti'tion, eruption, cutting teeth, 
odontiasis, odontophyia. 
denuding, depriving of enamel, erosion, 
attrition, abrasion. 
development, evolution, growth, odon- 
togeny, odontophyia. 
devi'tal, see pulpless. 
devi'talized, see pulpless. 
dias'tema, space between the teeth, 
discoloration, loss of normal color, 
stain. 
disease of the t., odontopathy, odontia, 
odontonosis. 
elonga'tion, extrusion, 
enam'el, substantia adamantina. 
erup'tion, dentition, cutting of teeth, 
odontiasis, odontophyia. 
examination by radiol'ogist, radio- 
dontia. 
exfoliation, dropping out. 
exosto'sis, pericementosis. 
extraction, surgical removal, exodontia. 
extrao'ral, noting teeth of some of the 
lower vertebrates which are not in the 
mouth. See oral. TEETH 
336 
TEETH 
t e eth—Continued. 
extru'sion, elongation, 
eyetooth, upper cuspid, 
falling-out of the t., odontoptosia, 
odontosteresis. 
false, colloquial term for artificial teeth, 
fangs, obsolete term for the roots of 
multirooted teeth. 
filling cavities in the t., obturation, 
plugging, stopping, odontoplerosis. 
first, see deciduous. 
first molar, sixth-year molar, first 
permanent molar. 
fis'sure of the t., odontoschism, odontos- 
chisis. 
fix t., v., colloquial term signifying the 
repairing of natural or artificial teeth, 
fixed, see permanent. 
fora'men, pi. fora'mina, of the t., small 
orifice or orifices at or near the apex of 
the roots of the teeth. 
frac'ture, odontagma, odontoclasis. 
front, colloquial term for anterior or 
labial teeth. 
functions of the t., mastication and, 
indirectly, insalivation of food; enuncia- 
tion. 
fused, see union of teeth. 
gemina'tion, gem'inous, see union of 
teeth. 
grad'ual separation of the t., slowly 
forcing apart, to gain space for access in 
operating on proximal surfaces, 
green stain on the t., see stain. 
grinding, (1) of the natural teeth, (a) 
in nervous affections, stridor dentium, 
(b) by mechanical means, for esthetic 
improvement, or prior to attaching 
crowns or bridges; (2) of artificial teeth, 
to fit them in the mouth or in making 
dentures. 
gum t., (1) the molars; (2) artificial 
teeth with artificial gums. 
hag, having wide spaces between the 
incisors; diastema, 
hair, see auditory. 
having all the same kind, homodont, 
isodont. 
having but one set, monophyodont. 
having different kinds of, heterodont. 
having large, macrodont, megalodont. 
having more than two sets, polyphydont. 
having small, microdont. 
having straight, orthodont. 
having two successive sets (a deciduous 
and a permanent), diphyodont. 
teeth—Continued. 
having white, leucodont. 
having yellow, xanthodont. 
hem'orrhage following extraction of 
the t., odontorrhagia. 
histol'ogy of the t., the science of their 
minute structure, dental histology. 
Horner’s, incisors horizontally grooved, 
due to maldevelopment of the enamel. 
Hutchinson’s, syphilitic, 
imme'diate separation of the t., rapidly 
forcing apart, to gain space for access in 
operating on proximal surfaces. 
impacted, unerupted, retained within 
the alveolar process or bone. 
imper'fect development, odontatrophia, 
odontatrophy. 
implantation, see plantation. 
impres'sion of the t., securing a copy 
in plaster or other plastic material, 
inci'sal, the incisors, 
inci'sive, the incisors, 
inci'sor, cutting, labial, front, anterior, 
dentes incisivi, dentes acuti, dentes 
adversi, dentes incisores, dentes primores, 
dentes tomici. 
infe'rior, obsolete term for lower teeth, 
inflammation, odontitis, odontophleg- 
mon. 
infundib'ulum of the t., a black mark 
or hollow on the occlusal surfaces of the 
incisor teeth of the horse; mark, 
intermaxillary, the upper incisors, 
intru'sion, depression into the socket, 
irregularity, odontoloxia, odontoparal- 
laxis. 
la'bial, the incisors and cuspids, 
loose'ness, odontoseisis, odontoseism, 
agomphiasis. 
lower, mandibular, in the mandible or 
lower jaw. 
luxation, (1) complete, removal, extrac- 
tion; (2) partial, not wholly dislodged, 
loosened. 
malacot'ic, soft, white, prone to caries, 
mal'position, irregularity, odontolaxia, 
odontoparallaxis. 
mandib'ular, lower, of the mandible or 
lower jaw. 
mark of the t., see infundibulum. 
double m., an additional black mark 
surrounding the central mark. 
masticatory, the bicuspids and molars, 
morsal teeth, grinders. 
mastoid, in the horse, supernumerary 
teeth. TEETH 
337 
TEETH 
teeth—Continued. 
maxillary, upper, the teeth of the maxil- 
lae, the teeth of the upper jaw. 
mem'brane of the t., Nasmyth’s mem- 
brane or cuticle, cuticula dentis. 
milk, see deciduous. 
min'eral, porcelain teeth, 
mo'lar, grinder, multicuspid, multi- 
cuspidate, axle, azzle, chewing, dentes 
molares, dentes multicuspidi. 
mold of the t., a cast, a reproduction 
made in plaster, metal or other material. 
Moon’s, molars having undeveloped 
or malformed crowns due to syphilis, 
mor'sal, the bicuspids and molars, 
multicus'pid, having more than two 
cusps, dentes multicuspidi. 
muliirooted, with more than two roots. 
Nasmyth’s mem'brane or cu'ticle, dental 
cuticle, dental membrane, cuticula dentis. 
nat'ural, made by nature, as dis- 
tinguished from artificial. 
neck, cervix, collum, the dividing line 
between the crown and the root. 
necro'sis, complete death of the pulp 
and periodontal membrane; odontonecro- 
sis. 
nerve, colloquial term signifying the 
pulp. 
notched, see Hutchinson's. 
occlu'sion of the t., stress exerted on 
the teeth during their use. 
o'ral, the incisors and cuspids. Strictly 
speaking, all the teeth of man are oral, 
that is, they are situated in the mouth; 
in some lower vertebrates some of the 
teeth are in the pharynx, and these are 
pharyngeal or extraoral. 
pain in the t., toothache, dentagra, 
dentalgia, dentarpaga, dolor dentium, 
odontagra, odontalgia, odontodynia, odon- 
toneuralgia, odontharpaga, odontorheu- 
malgia. 
peg, (1) syphilitic; (2) attached with a 
peg, post, pivot, dowel or tenon, 
pegged, syphilitic, 
peg'top, syphilitic. 
pericemento'sis, exostosis of the peri- 
cementum. 
pericemen'tum of the t., periosteum, 
peridentium, periodontium. 
periden'tium, see pericementum. 
periodon'tium, see pericementum. 
permanent, (1) second, secondary, sec- 
ond set, fixed, dentes permanentes (sing., 
dens permanens), dentes adulti; (2) an 
tee th—Continued. 
artificial set inserted after complete 
healing and hardening of the tissues. 
physiol'ogy of the t., the science of the 
functions of the teeth, dental physiology. 
piv'ot, teeth attached with a peg, post, 
pin, dowel, pivot or tenon. 
plantation of t., the insertion of the 
teeth by (1) implantation, into an arti- 
ficially produced alveolus; (2) by replan- 
tation, into an alveolus whence the tooth 
has been extracted or from which it has 
been intentionally or accidentally dis- 
lodged, and (3) by transplantation, from 
one alveolus into another. 
plant'ed, teeth which have been im- 
planted, replanted or transplanted. 
plug, obsolete term signifying a filling, 
or to fill a cavity. 
plug'ging, obsolete term signifying the 
operation of filling a tooth, 
por'celain, mineral teeth, 
posterior, buccal teeth, the bicuspids 
and molars. 
premax'illary, the upper incisors, 
premo'lar, of lower animals, correspond- 
ing with the bicuspid in man, dentes 
premolares (sing., dens premolaris). 
primary, see deciduous. 
prongs, (1) obsolete term signifying the 
roots of the teeth; (2) the projecting pre- 
hensile teeth, corresponding with the 
canine of some animals. 
protru'sion, projecting outward from 
the normal line of the arch. 
provisional, (1) the deciduous teeth; 
(2) an artificial set inserted before the 
complete healing and hardening of the 
tissues. 
pulp, tooth-pulp, dental pulp, nerve, 
pulpa dentis. 
pulp-canal, root-canal, 
pulp-cavity, pulp-chamber, 
pulp-chamber, the hollow part in the 
center of the crown of the tooth, containing 
the dental pulp. 
pulp'less, noting the death or devitaliza- 
tion of the dental pulp. 
quadricus'pid, quadricuspidal, quadritu- 
bercular, having four cusps or tubercles. 
quinquecus'pid, quinquecuspidal, quin- 
quetubercular, having five cusps or 
tubercles. 
ra'diograph of the t., a negative pro- 
duced by the action of ar-rays upon photo- 
graphic media. TEETH 
338 
TEETH 
teeth—Continued. 
ra'diographic examination of the t., 
radiodontia. 
rake, separated by spaces or intervals; 
diastema. 
reg'ulating t., the straightening of 
irregular or malposed teeth; the correction 
of malpositions, the bringing into normal 
position teeth which are not in the regular 
line of the arch. 
replanta'tion, see plantation. 
retru'sion, projecting inward from the 
normal line of the arch. 
rontgen'ograph, see radiograph. 
root, radix dentis, the part of the tooth 
covered by the bone and the gum {fang, 
prong, stump, obsolete terms). 
root-canal, the extension of the pulp- 
chamber into the roots, containing the 
dental pulp. [carious, 
rotten, vulgar term signifying decayed, 
rot'ting, vulgar term signifying affected 
with caries. 
row of t., phragnios. 
science relating to the t., odontology, 
dentology, odontonosology, odontopath- 
ology, odontiatria, odontotechny, odonto- 
therapy, dentistry, dental surgery. 
sclerot'ic, hard, yellowish, not prone 
to caries. 
screw'driver, syphilitic, 
second molar, twelfth-year molar, the 
second permanent molar. 
second set of t., permanent teeth, 
dentes fixi, dentes permanentes. 
secondary, permanent teeth, 
sen'sitiveness of the t., odontohyper- 
esthesia, odonthemodia. 
separating, (1) gradual or slow, (2) 
immediate or rapid; resorted to for 
gaining access in operating on the prox- 
imal surfaces. 
set of t., an upper or lower natural or 
artificial denture, full s., an upper and 
lower denture. 
shedding of the t., the dropping-out of 
the crowns of the deciduous teeth after 
the roots have been absorbed and the 
permanent teeth take their places. 
six-year molar, sixth-year molar, the 
first permanent molar. 
space between the t., diastema, 
specialist in diseases of the t., dentist, 
dental surgeon, odontologist, stomatolo- 
gist, odontiater, orthodontist, pedodontist, 
periodontist, prophylactodontist. 
teeth—Continued. 
splitting, odontoschism, odontoschisis. 
stain on the t., brown, black, green, 
yellow and other shades of discoloration 
of the teeth. 
stomach, the lower cuspids, 
stopping, obsolete term signifying filling 
of the teeth. 
straightening, orthodontia, 
straight-pin, mineral teeth with pins 
placed vertically. 
stump, obsolete term signifying a root, 
or a small piece of a root. 
substantia, substance, tissue; s. ada- 
mantina, enamel; s. eburnea, dentin; 
s. ossea, cementum. 
succeda'neous, dentes succedanei (sing., 
dens succedaneus), the incisors, cuspids 
and bicuspids which have succeeded the 
deciduous teeth. 
supe'rior, obsolete term signifying the 
upper teeth. 
supernumerary, in excess of the normal 
number. 
surfaces of the t., labial, buccal, lingual, 
occlusal (morsal), mesial and distal 
(proximal, proximate). 
syphilit'ic, Hutchinson’s, peg, pegged, 
pegtop, notched, screw-driver. 
tearing, the canines of lower animals, 
tem'porary, (1) deciduous, baby, first, 
milk, primary; (2) an artificial set inserted 
before the complete healing and hardening 
of the tissues. 
ter'tiary, those of a third dentition, 
third molar, wisdom, opsigone, dentes 
sapientise, dentes serotini, dentes sophron- 
etici, the teeth of the age of wisdom, 
prudence and sobriety. 
third set, tertiary, see also climacteric. 
tooth-cavity, tooth-chamber, pulp-cav- 
ity, pulp-chamber. 
torsion of the t., teeth turned upon 
their long axes. 
transplanta'tion, allotriodontia, see plan- 
tation. 
transposition, transposed, misplaced, 
as a lateral incisor occupying the normal 
position of the central incisor. 
treatment, specialties for: children, 
pedodontia; esthetic improvement of the 
teeth and face, orthodontia, dentofacial 
orthopedia; extraction, exodontia; in rela- 
tion to the glands of the body, endo- 
crinodontia; correction of malposition, 
orthodontia; periodontal membrane, peri- TEETHE 
339 
TEMPERATURE SCALE 
teeth—Continued. 
odontia; radiographic examination, radio- 
dontia; surgery, oral surgery; preventive, 
prophylactodontia. 
tricuspid, tricuspidal, tricuspidate, hav- 
ing three cusps or tubercles. 
trit'urating, the bicuspids and molars, 
tru'sion, see contrusion, extrusion, intru- 
sion, protrusion and retrusion. 
tu'mor containing t., dentigerous cyst, 
odontocele, dermoid cyst. 
tumor of the t., odontoma, exostoma, 
exostosis dentium, odontosteophyte. 
tusk, projecting tooth, usually the 
cuspid. 
twelfth-year molar, twelve-year molar, 
the second permanent molar. 
unicus'pid, unicuspidal, unitubercular, 
having one cusp or tubercle. 
union of two t., gemination, geminous; 
two teeth united, having developed in a 
single sac, the follicle containing twin 
germs. 
u'nirooted, having one root, 
vil'liform, in some fishes, sharp-pointed 
minute teeth so close together as to 
resemble villi, plush or velvet. 
vir'gin, horse’s teeth not yet worn 
down by use. 
vi'tal, teeth with living pulps and 
investing membrane. 
vit'reous substance of the t., (1) the 
glassy, smooth enamel; (2) the outer, 
smooth, polished and shining part of 
a mineral tooth. 
wisdom, see third molar. 
without t., anodont, agomphious, eden- 
tate, edentulous, toothless. [teeth, 
teethe (teth). To grow teeth; to cut one’s 
teeth'ing (teth'ing). The cutting or eruption 
of the teeth, especially of those of infants, 
climacteric t., see climacteric. 
teg'men. [L., a roof, cover.] That which 
roofs over or covers a part, 
teg'ument. Integument, 
teishi. [Ja.] Elevator, 
tejidos dentarios. [Sp.] Dental tissues, 
tekio-inshosan. [Ja.] Adjustable tray, 
te'la, gen. and pi. te'lae. [L., a web.] Any 
web-like structure; a tissue of delicate 
form. t. submucosa, the connective 
tissue under the tunica mucosa, 
tel'escope crown. One which is fitted over 
a tooth previously provided with a conical 
cap or crown. 
tellu'rium. Symbol Te, atomic weight 127.5. 
A nonmetallic element of the sulphur 
group. 
temcem. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a cement in temporary work. 
temper (tem'per). [L. tempera, apportion.] 
To bring to a proper degree of hardness 
and elasticity, as a metal; to make soft 
and pliable; to modify; to assuage. 
tem'perament. [L. temper amentum.] A 
peculiarity of the physical organization of 
an individual; the general views of life, 
thought and action influencing the meta- 
bolic processes. The following tempera- 
ments are distinguished, bil'ious t., high 
blood-pressure, slow pulse, tenacity of 
purpose, strong appetite, well developed 
muscles, a choleric temper and increase of 
general pigmentation; also termed choleric 
temperament, lymphat'ic t., slow, shallow 
respiration, pale skin, sluggish circulation, 
hyperplasia of the thymus and lymphatic 
glands, a tendency to inflammation of the 
lymphatics and skin, sometimes described 
as a scrofulous diathesis, melancholic t., 
marked irritability, emaciation, pessimism, 
nerv'ous t., mental and physical alertness, 
excitability, rapid pulse, sometimes volu- 
bility, lacking fixity of purpose, phleg- 
matic t., same as lymphatic temperament, 
san'guine or sanguin'eous t., light hair and 
eyes, full pulse, good digestion, fresh com- 
plexion, quick, not lasting, temper. 
tem'perate. Restrained; moderate. 
tem'perature. [L. temporare, to moderate.] 
The sensible heat of a substance, of the 
body or of the atmosphere, mean t., the 
average of a month or year, in any locality 
or space of time, normal t., the tempera- 
ture of animal bodies in good health; of 
man it is 98.6° F., or 37° C. See ther- 
mometer. 
temperature scale determined by the color 
emitted by molten metals [Pouillet]: 
Incipient redness 525° C. 
Dull red 700° C. 
Cherry red 900° C. 
Deep orange 1100° C. 
White 1300° C. 
Dazzling white 1500° C. 
temperature scale for hardening and temper- 
ing steel. 220 to 238° C., very faint or 
yellow pale straw color; for lancets, razors, 
surgical instruments, enamel chisels, etc. 
243° C., full yellow; for excavators, very 
small cold chisels, etc. 254° C., brown; 
for pluggers, scissors, penknives, etc. TEMPERING 
340 
TEREBINTHINA 
265° C., brown with purple spots; axes, 
plane irons, saws, cold chisels, etc. 276° C., 
purple; table knives, large shears, etc. 
287° C., bright blue; swords, watch- 
springs, etc. 292° C., full blue; fine saws, 
augers, etc. 315° C., dark blue; for hand 
and pit saws. 
tem'pering. The bringing of a metal to the 
desired softness or hardness and elas- 
ticity, accomplished by heating the metal 
to varying degreees of heat and cooling it 
rapidly or slowly, according to the degree 
of hardness or softness desired, t. steel, 
see temperature scale for hardening and 
tempering steel. 
tem'ple. [L. tempus, time, temple.] The 
flattened area on either side of the fore- 
head. 
tem'poral. [L. tempus (tempor-), time, 
temple.] Pertaining to the temple; per- 
taining to time; limited by time; transi- 
tory; temporary, t. bone, os temporale. 
t. canal, a canal in the zygomatic bone, 
t. muscle, musculus temporalis. 
tempora'rii dentes. Temporary teeth. 
temporary. Not permanent; for a time 
only; provisional. 
temporofa'cial. Designating the nervus tem- 
porofacialis. 
temporoma'lar. Temporozygomatic. 
temporomax'illary. Temporomandibular; 
pertaining to the region of the temporal 
and maxillary bones. 
temporozygomatic. Pertaining to the region 
of the temporal and zygomatic (malar) 
bones. 
tem'pus, gen. tem'poris. [L.] The temple; 
time. 
tena'cious. [L. tenax—tenere, to hold.] Hold- 
ing fast; cohesive; adhesive; viscous; vis- 
cid; sticky; glutinous. 
tenacity (ten-as'i-ti). Quality or state of 
being tenacious, t. of metals, the pos- 
session of tensile strength. 
tender (ten'der). [L. tener, delicate, soft.] 
Painful on pressure or contact; sensitive. 
ten'derness. The state of being tender; pain- 
fulness on contact or pressure, as an 
elongated tooth to the pressure of the 
opposing teeth. 
ten'dinous. Pertaining to, resembling or 
composed of a tendon or tendons; fascial; 
aponeurotic. 
ten'do. [L.] Tendon. 
ten'don. [L. tendere, to stretch.] A tough 
fibrous cord or band of connective tissue 
uniting a muscle with its bony attachment 
and transmitting the force exerted by the 
muscle; a sinew. 
te'nia. [G. tainia, a ribbon, band, tape.] 
Any band-like structure; a tapeworm, 
tenioglos'sa. A kind of gastropod having 
bent teeth on the odontophore. 
tenisei-kansen. [Ja.] Communicated in- 
fection. 
tenisei-noyo [Ja.] Metastatic abscess, 
teni-shi. [Ja.] Transposed tooth, 
tennyu-ki. [Ja.] Packer, 
ten'on. [L. teneo, I hold.] The pivot, pin 
or post used for attaching an artificial 
tooth to a natural root, 
tense. [L. tensus—tendere, to stretch.] 
Stretched tight; strained, rigid, 
ten'sion. [L. tensio—tendere, to stretch.] 
The act of stretching; the state of being 
stretched; strain; stress; physical, mental 
or mechanical, 
tensoku-ki. [Ja.] Plugger. 
tent. [L. tenta, a probe; tentare, to test.] A 
cylinder, usually of absorbent material, 
introduced into a sinus to dilate it or 
keep it open. 
tentacle (tent'a-kl). An elongated flexible 
process, usually tactile or prehensile, in 
some lower animals. 
tentative. [L. tentare, to feel, to test.] Made 
or done provisionally or as an experiment; 
experimental; provisional, 
tento'rium. [L., tent.] A membranous 
covering or horizontal partition, 
tenu'ity. Smallness of diameter; slender- 
ness; thinness, opposed to density. 
tep'id. [L. tepidus.] Lukewarm. 
Tepper’s impression-compound. Trade name 
of a modeling-compound for taking im- 
pressions. 
ter. [L.] Thrice; three times, 
terato'sis. [G.] Monstrosity, atresic t., 
in which any normal opening, as the 
mouth or nares, is closed, ceasmic t., 
in which lateral halves have failed to 
unite, as in cleft palate, 
ter'bium. Symbol Tb, atomic weight 159.2. 
A metallic element. 
terchlorid (ter-klo'rid). Trichlorid; a com- 
pound with three atoms of chlorin in the 
molecule, two of them being capable of 
uniting with more of the other element, 
terebinthina (ter-e-bin'thi-na). [L., from G. 
terebinthinos, relating to turpentine.] 
Turpentine, t. canaden'sis, Canada tur- 
pentine, Canada balsam, balsam of fir, TEREBRANT 
341 
THALAMIC 
used chiefly for mounting histological 
specimens. 
ter'ebrant, ter'ebrating. [L. terebrare, to 
bore.] Boring; penetrating, 
terebra'tion. The act of boring or of tre- 
phining; a boring pain, 
te'res. [L.] Round and, slender, as certain 
ligaments and muscles, 
ter'gum. [L.] The back (of men or beasts), 
term (term). [G. terma, a limit.] A limited 
or definite period; that by which a 
thought is expressed; [pi.] condition or 
arrangement. 
ter'minal. [L. terminus, end, limit.] Final; 
pertaining to the end or to the extremity 
or summit. 
termina'tion. [L. terminus, end, limit.] End; 
expiration. 
terminology. [L. terminus, a term; G. -logia, 
treatise.] The knowledge of technical 
terms; onomatology; the nomenclature or 
vocabulary of any science, art or profes- 
sion. 
ter'minus. [L.] End; conclusion; extreme 
point; extremity. 
ter'nary. [L. ternarius, of three.] Proceeding 
by, or consisting of, threes; indicating a 
chemical compound of three elements, 
ternary dental alloy. See alloy. 
teroxid (ter-oks'id). A compound containing 
three atoms of oxygen, two of them being 
still able to combine with the base; trioxid. 
ter'pene. Any of a series of isomeric 
hydrocarbons which are prominent con- 
stituents of volatile oils distilled from 
the exudation of coniferous trees, 
ter'ra. [L.] Earth; soil. t. alba, white 
clay. t. fullon'ica, fuller’s earth, 
tersulphate (ter-sul'fat). A sulphate with 
three molecules of sulphuric acid, two of 
them being still capable of combining 
with the base. 
tersulphid (ter-sul'fid). A compound with 
three atoms of sulphur to one of the 
other element; trisulphid. 
tertiary (ter'shi-a-ri). [L. tertiarius—tertius, 
third.] Of the third rank, order or forma- 
tion. 
test. [O. Fr. test, cupel—L. testum, earthen 
vessel.] To put to proof; to compare with 
a standard; to try; to determine by means 
of reagents the chemical nature of a 
substance. 
tes'ticle. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis.] One 
of the two male reproductive glands; 
testis; orchis. 
tes'tis, pi. tes'tes. [L.] See testicle. 
test-paper. Paper dipped in a litmus or 
other reagent solution and dried; used to 
determine by its change of color the 
alkaline or acid reaction of a fluid, 
test-solu'tion. A reagent solution used in 
testing for sugar in the urine, etc. 
test-tube. A glass tube closed at one end, 
used in chemical operations, tests, etc. 
teta'nia. Tetany. 
tetan'ic. Pertaining to tetanus, t. convul- 
sion, one characterized by firm and 
continuous muscular contraction; tonic 
convulsion. 
tet'anus. [L., from G. tetanos, tension.] An 
infection caused by the Bacillus tetani 
and characterized by painful tonic muscu- 
lar contractions. When confined to the 
muscles of the lower jaw, it is called 
lockjaw or trismus. 
tet'any. A disorder resembling tetanus, 
characterized by intermittent tonic spasm 
affecting most commonly the muscles of 
the extremities, 
tet'arcone. Tetartocone. 
tetarcon'id. The fourth or distolingual cusp 
of a mandibular molar. Tetartoconid. 
tetar'tocone. [G. tetartos, four; konos, cone.] 
The fourth or distolingual cusp of the 
maxillary molars. 
tet'ra-. A Greek prefix meaning four, 
tetraba'sic. [G. tetra-, four; basis, base.] 
Designating an acid with four replaceable 
hydrogen atoms. 
tetrachlor'ic acid. Perchloric acid, 
tetrachlo'rid. A compound with four 
atoms of chlorin to one of the other ele- 
ment or one radical equivalent, 
tetracid (tet-ras'id). [G. tetra-, four; L. 
acidus, acid.] Designating a base with 
four replaceable hydroxyl groups, 
tetracoc'cus. Micrococcus tetragenus. 
tetradont. See Tetraodontidce. 
tet'ragon, tetrago'num. [G., tetra-, four; 
gonia, angle.] Quadrangle; a figure having 
four angles. 
tetrahy'dric. Indicating a compound having 
four replaceable hydrogen atoms. 
Tetraodon'tidae. A family of globefishes, or 
puffers, in which each jaw is divided by a 
median suture. 
tex'ture. [L. textura—texere, to weave.] 
Structure or composition, 
tex'tus. [L. texere, to weave.] A tissue. 
Th. Chemical symbol of thorium, 
thalam'ic. Pertaining to the optic thalamus. THALAMUS 
342 
THERMOMETER 
thal'amus. [G. thalamos, a bed.] Optic 
thalamus (thalamus opticus); a large egg- 
shaped mass of gray matter with a 
flattened inner surface situated in the 
path of each pedunculus cerebri, 
thal'lium. Symbol Tl, atomic weight 204. 
A soft, bright white metallic element, 
thanato'sis. Gangrene; necrosis, 
theca (the'ka). [G. theke, a box.] A sheath, 
particularly the synovial sheath of a 
tendon. 
the'cal. Pertaining to a theca, 
the'codont. Denoting the teeth inserted in 
the alveoli. 
thecoglos'sate. Having the tongue smooth 
and retractile into a sheath, said of 
certain lizards. 
thein, theine (the'in or te'en). Caffein from 
the dried beans of Thea sinensis; active 
principle of tea. 
the'nal. Pertaining to the palm of the hand, 
the'nar. [G., the palm of the hand.] The 
fleshy part of the outside of the palm; the 
ball of the thumb; the radial palm, 
theobro'ma. [G. theos, a god; broma, food.] 
The dried ripe seed or bean of Theobroma 
cacao, yielding chocolate and “cocoa.” 
theobromin (the-S-bro'min). The alkaloid, 
resembling caffein, present in the bean of 
the Theobroma cacao. 
theoretical (the-5-ret'i-kal). Hypothetical; 
pertaining to or based on a theory, 
the'ory. [G. theoria.] The general or 
abstract principles of any body of facts; 
pure, as distinguished from applied, 
science or art; hypothesis; a doctrine of 
which there is no absolute proof; a reason- 
able and probable explanation of the 
manner in which something has been or 
may be produced, atomic t., a speculation 
that all elements are composed of atoms, 
being the smallest indivisible parts, re- 
sembling nothing else, and that intricate 
compounds are also constituted of atoms, 
germ t., the belief that infectious diseases 
are caused by animal and vegetable 
microorganisms. 
therapeutic, therapeutical. Curative; per- 
taining to the treatment of diseases; per- 
taining to therapeutics, 
therapeutics. [G. therapeutike, medical 
practice.] The practical branch of medi- 
cine having to do with the treatment of 
disease, dental t., the practical branch of 
dentistry dealing with the treatment of 
dental diseases. 
therapeutique stomatologique. [Fr.] Thera- 
peutics of the mouth. 
therapeutist. One who is skilled in the 
treatment of diseases, 
therapi'a. Therapeutics; therapy, 
ther'apy. The treatment of diseases; thera- 
peutics; therapia. 
therenceph'alous. ’ [G. ther, wild beast; 
enkephalos, brain.] Signifying a skull in 
which the angle of the hormion, formed by 
lines converging from the inion and nasion, 
measures from 116° to 129°. 
ther'mal. Pertaining to heat and warmth, 
thermo-. [G. therme, heat.] A prefix signify- 
ing a relation to heat or warmth, 
thermocautery (ther-mo-ka'ter-i). Actual 
cautery; thermoelectric cautery, 
thermometer (ther-mom'e-ter). [G. therme, 
heat; metron, measure.] Instrument by 
which the temperature of substances is 
ascertained. For ascertaining the heat of 
furnaces for baking mineral teeth, a 
pyrometer (which see) is used, clinical t., 
a small thermometer used for ascertaining 
the temperature of the human body, 
self-registering t., one in which the 
column of mercury is prevented from 
withdrawing from the point registered on 
the scale, t. scale, a scale indicating the 
degree of heat registered by a ther- 
mometer. Of three thermometers in 
ordinary use, the centigrade—based on 
the decimal system—is used almost 
exclusively in the sciences, while the 
Fahrenheit scale is used ordinarily, mer- 
cury bath t., t. for vulcanizers, a thermom- 
eter between two and three inches in 
length specially made to register the 
temperature in a vulcanizer; the bulb 
extends into a cup-shaped hollow in which 
it is kept in contact with mercury, which 
in turn, being in contact with the metal 
vulcanizer, causes the mercury to rise to 
the point which indicates the heat of the 
steam in the vulcanizer. vulcanizer t. 
scale, a scale specially made for the 
mercury bath thermometer; it is divided 
into degrees from 200 to 400; marked on 
the scale at 212, the boiling-point, and at 
300 and 320, indicating the usual tempera- 
ture for properly hardening the rubber. 
Each scale is marked for its tube, and can 
not be used with another tube. 
Centigrade and Fahrenheit scale.—On the 
centigrade scale zero marks the freezing 
and 100 degrees the boiling-point. On THERMOMETER 
343 
THRESHOLD 
thermometer—Continued. 
the Fahrenheit scale the freezing-point 
is at 32 degrees and the boiling-point at 
212. The normal temperature of the 
blood (human) according to the centi- 
grade scale is 37.0, and according to the 
Fahrenheit scale it is 98.6. 
Following are the rules for converting 
centigrade to Fahrenheit and vice versa: 
For temperatures above 0° C., or 32° F.— 
To convert C. to F.: multiply by 9, 
divide by 5 and add 32. To convert F. to 
C.: subtract 32, multiply by 5 and 
divide by 9. 
The absolute temperature scale is that 
in which zero represents the total absence 
of heat. 
ther'mostat. [G. therme, heat; statos, stand- 
ing.] A device for automatically regulat- 
ing heat; an incubator. 
thick-necked. Noting the necks of teeth in 
which the mesiodistal diameter of the neck 
is nearly that of the crown at its largest 
diameter. 
thigh. The part of the leg between the hip 
and the knee; the upper leg. 
thimble, bur. See bur thimble. 
thio-. [G. theion, sulphur.] A prefix which 
signifies that sulphur has replaced oxygen 
in any compound to which the prefix is 
attached. 
thirst. An uncomfortable sensation in the 
mouth and pharynx due to a desire to 
drink, absence of t., aposia, adipsia. 
excessive t., polydipsia, morbid t., dip- 
sosis. 
Thompson’s natural gum. Trade name of a 
rubber for vulcanite bases. 
thoracic (tho-ras'ik). Pertaining to the chest 
or thorax. 
tho'rax. [G. thorax, breastplate.] The upper 
part of the trunk between the neck and the 
abdomen; the chest. 
tho'rium. Symbol Th, atomic weight 
232.42. A metallic element. 
Thorpe’s scalers. A set of scalers for the 
removal of salivary calculus, devised by 
Dr. Burton Lee Thorpe. 
thread (thred). A thread-like or filiform 
structure; a fine-spun filament of some 
fibrous material, such as cotton, silk, flax, 
etc. 
threshold (thresh'old). The external open- 
ing of a canal; an entrance; limen; the 
lower limit of perception of a stimulus, the 
point where a stimulus begins to produce 
a sensation. 
Centigrade. 
Fahrenheit. 
220-F 
210 
2oo-; 
190- 
180- 
170- 
160 
150- 
140 
130- 
120- 
110- 
100 
90- 
80 
70—e 
60- 
50- 
40- 
30- 
20- 
10- 
o- 
10- 
Reaumur. 
Absoluie. 
100- 
90- 
80- 
70- 
60- 
50- 
40 
30- 
20- 
10- 
o- 
10- 
20- 
80- 
70- 
60- 
50- 
40- 
30- 
20- 
10- 
o- 
10- 
20- 
370- 
3G0- 
350- 
340- 
330- 
320- 
310- 
300- 
290- 
280- 
270- 
260- 
250- 
Comparison of Thermometric Scales TIN 
THROAT 
344 
throat (throt). The fauces and pharynx; the 
gullet; the swallow; the jugulum, or ante- 
rior part of the neck; a narrowed entrance 
into a part. 
throat-almond. The tonsil, 
throe (thro). A pang or severe pain, 
throm'base. The fibrin ferment; thrombin, 
throm'bin. [G. thrombos, a clot.] The fer- 
ment which is formed in the blood after 
the blood is shed; it converts fibrinogen 
into fibrin, and is formed from the con- 
junction of prothrombin and calcium salts, 
thrombo'sis. [G. thrombosis, a curdling.] 
The forming of a thrombus; the presence 
of a thrombus. 
throm'bus. [G. thrombos, a clot.] A clot or 
plug of coagulated blood which partially 
or completely clogs a blood-vessel or one 
of the cavities of the heart, and which is 
formed at the point where it is found, due 
to the coagulation of the blood or a deposit 
of some of its formed elements, 
thrush. Sprue; aphthse; aphthous stomatitis, 
thrush-fungus. Saccharomyces albicans, or 
Oidium albicans. 
thrust. A violent push or drive with force, 
as the force exerted by the blade of an 
instrument or the nib of a plugger. 
thrust-culture. Stab culture, 
thrust-dynamom'eter. A device designed by 
Dr. G. V. Black to measure the force of a 
thrust in pounds or kilograms, 
thryp'sis. [G.] A comminuted fracture, 
thu'lium. Symbol Tm, atomic weight 168.5. 
A metallic element. 
thumb. The first finger on the radial side of 
the hand; pollex. 
thumb-sucking. See sucking. 
thyme (tim). The source of thymol; the 
dried leaves and flowering tops of sweet or 
garden thyme. 
-thymia. A suffix denoting relation to the 
emotions. 
thymoform. Trade name of an English 
preparation used for abscess-treatment, 
thymol (timol). A phenol present in the 
volatile oil of the thyme, horse-mint and 
other volatile oils; thymic acid; used as an 
antiseptic and deodorizer in offensive or 
putrid discharges. 
thymolized calcium phosphate. Trade name 
of a preparation for pulp-capping and root- 
filling. 
thymo-percha. Trade name of an English 
preparation used as a root-canal filling, 
thymoxid. Trade name of a preparation 
containing thymolin and zinc oxid, used 
for treating abscesses. 
thy'mus (ti'mus). Thyme. 
thy'mus (thl'mus). [G. thymos, sweetbread.] 
A ductless gland, located in the lower part 
of the neck, which appears in early life, 
undergoes retrograde changes and becomes 
absorbed, being absent in the adult, t. 
persistens hyperplastica, one which has 
not atrophied, but has persisted until adult 
life. 
thyreo-, thyre-, thyro-. Combining forms 
used to indicate connection with, or rela- 
tion to, the thyroid body or the thyroid 
cartilage. 
thyToglossal. Pertaining to the thyroid 
gland and the tongue. 
thy'roid. [G. thyreos, an oblong shield; eidos, 
resemblance.] The name of a gland and 
of a cartilage of the larynx; scutiform; 
resembling a shield, t. eminence, Adam’s 
apple, the projecting prominence of the 
thyroid cartilage in the front of the neck, 
t. gland, a ductless gland situated in front 
of the upper part of the trachea; its func- 
tion is to furnish an internal secretion 
which favorably influences metabolism 
and the absence of which results in 
myxedema and cretinism, t. therapy, t. 
treatment, the application of some prepa- 
ration of the thyroid gland of the sheep, 
used in the treatment of myxedema and 
cretinism. 
thyropal'atine. The musculus pharyngopal- 
atinus. 
Ti. Chemical symbol of titanium. 
tib'ia. [L.] The shinbone, the inner and 
the larger of the two bones of the leg. 
tic. [Fr.] Involuntary repeated contraction 
of a group of muscles; a habitual spasmodic 
movement of a part of the body; a habit 
contraction. convulsive t., facial tic, 
mimic tic, twitching of the muscles of the 
face, generally unilateral, t. douloureux, 
trigeminal neuralgia due to degenerative 
changes in the fifth nerve; facial neuralgia. 
ti'dal. Pertaining to the tides; resembling 
tides, alternately rising and falling, as the 
ebbing and flowing of the air as it enters 
and leaves the lungs. 
ti'groid. [G. tigris, tiger; eidos, resemblance.] 
Streaked or spotted like a tiger, as the 
Nissl bodies or tigroid masses, deeply 
stainable substances in the protoplasm of 
nervecells. 
tin. See stannum, dioxid of t., stannic oxid. TINCT. 
345 
TO ENSUI-KEI BA 
tin'der. Spunk. See punk. 
tine (tin). [A.S. tind, a prong.] A slender, 
fine-pointed instrument, straight or curved, 
for making minute examination of the 
surfaces or in the cavities of teeth. 
tin'ea. Ringworm. 
tinting porcelain with oxids of the metals. 
Rose red, gold in a state of minute division; 
bright rose red, oxid of gold; purplish 
red, purple of Cassius (double oxid of 
tin and gold); grayish blue, sponge 
platinum and filings; bright blue, oxid 
of cobalt; purple, oxid of manganese; 
greenish yellow, oxid of uranium; lemon 
yellow, oxid of silver or oxid of zinc; 
bright yellow, oxid of titanium. 
tip. A more or less sharp extremity; a point ; 
a pointed anatomical structure; the part 
of a structure which forms the end. 
gold t., the occluding part of a porcelain 
crown made of gold alloy, t. of the tongue, 
the pointed, loose end or apex of the 
tongue. 
tipped. Noting an artificial porcelain 
crown whose occlusal surface is made of 
some metal to prevent fracture of the 
porcelain in mastication; noting a filling 
on the incisal edge of one of the labial 
teeth. 
Tisch. [Ger.] Table. 
tissue (tish'o). [L. texere, to weave.] An 
aggregation of cells, with their intercellular 
substance, forming an animal structure, 
ad'ipose t., fatty tissue. are'olar t., 
connective tissue of wavy bundles of 
white fibrous tissue mingled with straight 
threads of elastic tissue, cartilaginous t., 
cartilage, connective t., the framework 
or supporting tissue of the body, elastic 
t., connective tissue in which elastic 
fibers predominate. epithe'lial t., epi- 
thelium. fi'brous t., composed of bundles 
of white fibers between which are rows of 
connective tissue cells, mesenchy'mal t., 
mucous tissue, the embryonic tissue from 
which all connective tissues are derived, 
mu'cous t., mesenchymal t. mus'cular t., 
muscle, ner'vous t., composed of nerve- 
cells or ganglion cells, nerve-fibers, 
dendrites, the neuroglia or supporting 
tissue, os'seous t., bone, subcuta'neous 
t., the layer of loose connective tissue 
beneath the skin. 
Tl. Chemical symbol of thallium. 
Tm. Chemical symbol of thulium. 
to ensui-kei ba. [Ja.] Inverted cone bur. 
monoxid of t., stannous oxid. t.-foil, 
chemically pure tin in the form of sheets, 
used for fillings, t.-foil roll, a heavier foil 
for covering the cast in making dentures 
of vulcanite or celluloid, thus giving the 
finished denture a perfectly smooth sur- 
face. 
tinct. Abbr. of tincture. 
tinction (tink'shun). [L. tingere, to dye.] 
The act of staining; a preparation for 
staining; a stain. 
tinctu'ra. [L.] Tincture. t. aconiti, 
tincture of aconite, t. aloes, tincture of 
aloes, t. arnicas, tincture of arnica (arnica 
2 parts, alcohol 10 parts), for sprains and 
bruises. t. benzoini composita, com- 
pound tincture of benzoin, inhaled in 
croup and bronchitis. t. camphoras 
composita, compound tincture of cam- 
phor. t. chloroformi et morphinae com- 
posita, compound tincture of chloroform 
and morphin, similar to chlorodyne, 
used in diarrhea, t. gallae, tincture of 
galls, tincture of nutgalls, used locally as 
an astringent in relaxed uvula and in 
tonsillitis. t. iodi, tincture of iodin 
(iodin 7, potassium iodi 5, distilled water 
5, alcohol 83 parts), used in inflammatory 
conditions of the mucous membrane of 
the mouth, and also externally, t. iodi 
fortior, stronger tincture of iodin, used 
like tincture of iodin and as a counter- 
irritant. t. iodi saturata, iodin paint, 
saturated solution of iodin, saturated 
tincture of iodin; used as a counterirritant 
on a small area of the mucous membrane 
of the mouth; must not be applied 
externally to a dry surface, t. myrrhae, 
tincture of myrrh (myrrh 2 parts, alcohol 
10 parts), astringent used on the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, the gums and 
in relaxed uvula, t. opii, tincture of opium, 
laudanum, t. pyrethri, tincture of pyre- 
thrum, tincture of pellitory (pyrethrum 2 
parts, alcohol 10 parts), used locally in 
relaxation and paralysis of the uvula and 
pharynx, t. zingiberis, tincture of ginger. 
tincture (tingk'tur). [L. tingere, to dye.] 
A solution of medicinal substances in 
alcohol, usually diluted. With the excep- 
tion of the tincture of iodin, ferric chlorid, 
cantharides and musk, tinctures are 
alcoholic solutions of nonvolatile vegetable 
substances; alcoholic solutions of volatile 
substances are spirits (see under spiritus). 
For tinctures, see under tinctura. TOE 
346 
TONGUE 
black t., nigrities linguae, glossophytia; 
blackish and yellowish brown patches on 
the tongue, with elongation of the papillae, 
due to a fungous growth of glossophyton. 
border of the t., margo lateralis, cleft t., 
see bifid tongue, coated t., noted by the 
presence of food particles, bacteria and 
epithelial d6bris, in the form of a whitish 
layer on the dorsum of the tongue, indica- 
tive of fever or indigestion, description 
of the t., glossography. diagnosis based 
on observing the t., glossoscopy, gloss- 
osemiotics. (The tongue is a sensitive 
indicator of the condition of the general 
system, especially the digestive tract.) 
disease of the t., glossopathy. division of 
the frenum of the t., ankylotomy. dotted 
t., each separate papilla is capped with a 
whitish deposit, double t., bifid tongue, 
enlarged t., macroglossia, megaloglossia, 
glossocele, paraglossa. excision of the t., 
glossectomy, glossosteresis, glossotomy. 
fluted t., furrowed tongue, furred t., 
coated tongue, furrowed t., the presence 
of a number of longitudinal grooves or 
furrows on the dorsum of the tongue, 
geographical t., an irregular, maplike 
appearance produced by scaly patches on 
the dorsum of the tongue, grooved t., 
furrowed tongue, hairy t., lingua negra, 
black tongue. hemorrhage of the t., 
glossorrhagia. hypertrophy of the t., 
macroglossia, megaloglossia, glossauxis, 
glossypertrophy, glossocele. imperfect 
development of the t., ateloglossia. in- 
flammation of the t., glossitis, instrument 
to determine the firmness of the t., glosso- 
dynamometer. instrument to record the 
movements of the t., glossograph. lower 
surface of the t., facies inferior linguae, 
pain in the t., glossagra, glossalgia, glos- 
sodynia. paralysis of the t., glossoplegia, 
glossolysis. plastic surgery of the t., glos- 
soplasty. prognosis based on observing 
the t., glossomantia. projecting t., glos- 
socele, glossoptosia. relating to the t., 
glossal, lingual, relating to the under 
surface of the t., ranine, ribbed t., fur- 
rowed tongue. root of the t., radix 
linguae. science relating to the t., 
glossology, scrotal t., a chronic glossitis 
indicated by a number of deep fissures 
on the dorsum of the tongue, small t., 
microglossia. smoker’s t., leucoplakia. 
smooth t., see Moeller's glossitis, spasm 
of the t., glossospasm, aphthongia. stip- 
toe. One of the digits of the feet; pedis 
digitus. 
toe'nail. One of the nails of the toe. 
toi'let. [Fr.] The cleansing of any part, 
or of a wound after operation prior to the 
application of a dressing. dental t., 
the cleansing of the mouth, t. of a 
cavity, the cleansing of caries and d6bris 
from a cavity and the placing of the 
cavity in an aseptic condition. 
tokuhatsu-sei-shitsu. [Ja.] Idiopathic odon- 
talgia. 
to'la. Tonsil. 
tol'uene. A hydrocarbon of the aromatic 
series homologous with benzene, and 
obtained as a light, colorless liquid by 
distilling tolu balsam, coaltar, etc. 
-tome. [G. tomos, cutting.] A suffix 
signifying a cutting instrument, the part 
to be cut being expressed by the first 
element of the word. 
Tomes’ fibrils. [Sir John Tomes, British 
dentist, 1836-1895.] The processes of 
the odontoblasts in the pulp extending 
into the dentinal tubuli. T.’s granular 
layer, the outer and less dense layer of 
dentin next to the cement. T.’s process, 
the fibrillar process from the enamel 
cell in or around which calcification takes 
place. 
-tomy. [G. tome, incision.] A suffix sig- 
nifying a cutting operation. 
tongs (tongz). A device for taking hold of 
something, as a piece of hot metal, a 
ladle of molten metal, pieces of solder, 
or for lifting or handling anything from 
or to the fire or heat. 
tongue (tung). [A.S. tunge.] Lingua; the 
protrusile and freely movable organ in 
the floor of the mouth; a muscular struc- 
ture attached to the floor of the mouth; 
the organ of taste; accessory organ of 
speech; accessory organ of the digestive 
system, its function being to move the 
food about in the mouth, thus subject- 
ing it to mastication and insalivation, 
finally forming it into a bolus and 
forcing it into the pharynx, absence of 
the t., aglossia. baked t., the dry, 
blackish tongue in typhoid fever, ball t., 
smooth tongue noted in pernicious anemia, 
when the papillae are indistinct, beneath 
the t., sublingual, hypoglossal, ranine, 
bifid t., cleft tongue, the division beginning 
at the extremity and extending back longi- 
tudinally for a greater or lesser distance. TONGUEBONE 
347 
TOOTH 
pled t., dotted tongue, strawberry t., in 
scarlet fever; the enlarged papillae project 
as red points through the whitish coat 
with which the tongue is covered, sul- 
cated t., furrowed tongue, suture of the 
t., glossorrhaphy. tip of the t., apex 
linguae, t.-compressor, tongue-depressor, 
tongue-holder, t.-depressor, an instru- 
ment used for pressing and holding down 
the tongue in examination of the fauces 
and pharynx, t.-scraper, a piece of thin,, 
flexible steel, ivory or whalebone for 
scraping sluggish mucous secretions from 
the dorsum of the tongue, t.-spatula, 
tongue-depressor, tumor of the t., glosso- 
cele, glossoncus. tumor beneath the t., 
ranula. upper surface of the t., dorsum 
linguae, wooden t., actinomycosis, 
wrinkled t., furrowed tongue, 
tongue'bone. Hyoid bone, 
tongue-shaped. Linguiform; linguliform. 
tongue-sucking. See sucking. 
tongue-swal'lowing. The slipping back of 
the tongue over the laryngeal opening, 
causing choking. 
tongue'tie. Abnormal shortness of the 
frenulum linguae; ankyloglossia; the opera- 
tion for relieving it is ankylotomy. 
tongue-trac'tion. A method of performing 
rhythmical tractions on the tongue, in 
order to stimulate the respiratory center. 
See Laborde’s method. 
ton'ic. [G. tonos, tone.] Being in a state of 
continuous action, as the contraction of a 
muscle; invigorating; increasing the mental 
tone. A remedy which promotes vigor 
and restores sluggish functions, 
tonicity (t5-nis'i-ti). A condition of normal 
elastic tension of the tissues which enables 
them to respond to suitable stimuli, 
ton'sil. [L. tonsilla.] A collection of lym- 
phoid tissue like the faucial or palatine 
tonsil. Eustachian or Gerlach’s t., a col- 
lection of lymphoid tissue within the 
Eustachian tube near its pharyngeal ori- 
fice. faucial t., palatine tonsil, tonsilla 
palatina. laryngeal t., an irregular col- 
lection of lymphoid tissue on the ventricu- 
lar band, or false vocal cord, on either side, 
lingual t., tonsilla lingualis. pharyngeal t., 
Luschka’s t., tonsilla pharyngea, third 
tonsil, submerged t., a flat tonsil situated 
below the pillars of the fauces, 
tonsilassistant. Trade name of a mouthgag 
with detachable tongue-blades for child 
and adult. 
tonsil'la. [L.] Amygdala; tonsil, 
ton'sillar. Pertaining to a tonsil, as the 
faucial or palatine tonsil; amygdaline, 
tonsillec'tomy. [L. tonsilla, tonsil; G. 
ektome, excision.] Removal of the entire 
tonsil; amygdalectomy. 
ton'sillith. Amygdalolith. 
tonsillit'ic. Amygdalitic; suffering from ton- 
sillitis; pertaining to tonsillitis, 
tonsillitis (ton-sil-e'tis or l'tis.) fL. tonsilla. 
tonsil; G. -itis, inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of a tonsil; amygdalitis, lacunar t., 
inflammation of the mucous membrane 
lining the tonsillar crypt, parenchyma- 
tous t., inflammation of the whole sub- 
stance of a faucial tonsil, frequently 
resulting in quinsy, superficial t., inflam- 
mation of the mucous membrane covering 
the tonsil. 
tonsillolith (ton'sil-6-lith). [L. tonsilla, ton- 
sil; G. lithos, stone.] A calcerous con- 
cretion in a distended tonsillar crypt; 
amygdalolith; tonsillar calculus, 
ton'sillotome. [L. tonsilla, tonsil; G. tome, a 
cutting.] An instrument employed for 
cutting away a part of a hypertrophied 
tonsil; amygdalotome. 
tonsillot'omy. The cutting away of a part of 
a faucial tonsil; amygdalotomy. 
tonsilloty'phoid. Typhoid fever which is 
complicated by a pseudomembranous 
deposit on the tonsil, 
to'nus. [G. tonos.] Tonicity, 
tooth (toth). A hard bony appendage, situ- 
ated in the mouth, imbedded in the jaws 
by means of a root or roots. See teeth. 
Anglo-Saxon, toth. 
Armoric, dant. 
Bohemian, zub. . 
Breton, dant. 
Cornish, danz. 
Danish, land. 
Dutch, tand. 
French, dent. 
German, Zahn. 
Gothic, tunthus. 
Greek, odous, odont-. 
Hindustani, dant. 
Hungarian, fog. 
Icelandic, tonn. 
Indian (Algonquin), wipit. 
Italian, dente. 
Japanese, ha. 
Latin, dens, dentis. 
Lithuanian, dantis. 
Low German, tan. TOOTHACHE 
348 
TOURNIQUET 
Middle Dutch, tand.- 
Middle English, toth. 
Middle High German, zant. 
Middle Low German, tant. 
Norwegian, tand. 
Old Friesic, toth. 
Old High German, zand. 
Old Irish, det. 
Old Norse, tonn. 
Old Saxon,tand. 
Persian, dandan. 
Polish, zab. 
Portuguese, dente. 
Sanskrit, danta. 
Spanish, diente. 
Swedish, tand. 
Welsh, dant. 
tooth'ache (toth'ak). Odontalgia; pain in a 
tooth, or in the teeth, 
tooth'band. Lamina dentalis. 
tooth'bone. Dentin. 
tooth'brush. An appliance consisting of a 
handle at one end of which, for a distance 
varying from a half inch to an inch and a 
half, from two to four rows of bristles have 
been fastened, used for cleansing the teeth, 
toothbrush drill. See drill. 
tooth'cough. A cough of reflex origin, attrib- 
uted to caries, malformation or other dis- 
eases of the teeth. 
toothed. Possessing teeth; with toothlike 
projections; serrate; dentate, 
tooth'forms. A steel plate on which are 
reproduced, either raised or sunk, the 
labial, buccal, lingual and occlusal surfaces 
of the teeth, and upon which pieces of 
metal are swaged for crown- and bridge- 
work, or from which dies are made for the 
same purpose. 
tooth'germ. The enamel organ and the 
dentin papilla, which constitute the devel- 
oping teeth. 
tooth'key, turn'key. An instrument formerly 
used for the extraction of teeth; a hook 
grasping the lingual side of the tooth, the 
alveolar process on the labial or buccal side 
being used as the fulcrum. Twisting or 
turning the instrument like a key in a lock, 
the tooth was dislodged, usually with con- 
siderable injury to the soft tissues, 
toothless. See teeth. 
tooth'paste. Dentifrice, 
tooth'pick. A short, flexible appliance made 
of wood, whalebone, quill, rarely of metal, 
used for removing particles of food and 
other extraneous substances from the 
vicinity of the teeth, especially from the 
interproximal spaces, 
tooth-powder. Dentifrice, 
tooth'rash. See strophulus. 
tooth'sac. The capsule which is developed 
from the connective tissue of the gums and 
incloses the developing tooth, 
tooth-shape, tooth-shaped. Having the form 
of a tooth; dentate, 
tooth'spasm. Infantile eclampsia, 
tooth'wash. Mouthwash; dentifrice, 
top. See tip. 
top'ical. [G. topos, place.] Pertaining to a 
particular locality or definite place; local, 
as the local or topical application of a 
remedy. 
Topinard’s angle. Ophryospinal angle; 
facial angle. T.’s line, the line running 
between the glabella and the mental point, 
tor'pid. [L. torpere, to be numb.] Sluggish; 
inactive. 
tor'por. Insensibility; stupor; numbness, 
torsiclu'sion. See torsoclusion. 
tor'sion. [L. torquere, to twist.] A rotation 
or twisting of a part on its axis, as of a 
tooth which is partly or fully turned 
around; practiced in the correction of mal- 
positions. 
torsiver'sion. Noting a tooth which is 
rotated on a perpendicular axis. [ASO.] 
torsoclusion (tor-so-klo'zhun). Acupressure 
combined with torsion, 
tortuous (tdr'tu-us). [L. tortus, twisted.] 
Crooked, twisted, as a root-canal in a mal- 
formed root. 
tor'ulus. [L., dim. of torus, swelling.] A 
papilla, or minute elevation, t. palatinus, 
palatine torus or protuberance, a bony 
swelling on the median palatine suture of 
the roof of the mouth, 
toshi. [Ja.] Mineral tooth, 
toshi-kan. [Ja.] Porcelain crown, 
toshin. [Ja.] Cheiloschisis, labium lepori- 
num, cleftlip, harelip, 
totsu. [Ja.] Pain. 
touch. Digital examination; the tactile 
sense. 
touch-me-not. Noli me tangere; rodent 
ulcer. 
touch'wood. Spunk or punk used in taking 
up moisture from a cavity or from the 
mouth; rotten wood used as tinder; dried 
fungi used as tinder. 
tourniquet (tor'ni-ket). [Fr.] A bandage 
which is twisted around a limb to tempo- 
rarily arrest the flow of blood. TOWNSEND’S AMALGAM 
349 
TRANSPARENT 
Townsend’s amalgam. Trade name of an 
alloy with a large tin content, 
toxe'mia. [G. toxicon, poison; haima, blood.] 
The presence in the blood of the poisonous 
products of pathogenic microorganisms; 
blood-poisoning. 
tox'ic. Poisonous; pertaining to a poison or 
toxin; caused by a poison or toxin, 
tox'icant. Poisonous; toxic, 
toxicide (toks'i-sid). [G. toxikon, poison; L. 
ccedere, to kill.] A chemical antidote; an 
agent which destroys a poison, 
toxicol'ogy. [G. toxikon, poison; -logia, trea- 
tise.] The branch of science dealing with 
poisons, including their source, chemical 
composition, action, tests and antidotes, 
tox'in. A poisonous substance which is pro- 
duced during the growth of pathogenic 
microorganisms. 
toxoglos'sa. Mollusks having arrow-shaped 
teeth. 
to-yaku. [Ja.] Medication, 
tozai-juten. [Ja.] Porcelain filling. 
Tr. Abbreviation of L. tinctura, tincture, 
trabec'ula. [L., dim. of trabs, a beam.] One 
of the supporting fibers which pass through 
the substance of a structure, 
trace. A slight quantity; a mark, 
trachea (tra'ke-a, tra-ke'a). [G. tracheia 
arteria, rough artery.] The windpipe; 
the airtube which extends from the larynx 
to a point where it gives off two branches, 
the bronchi, one to each lung, this point 
being known as the bifurcation of the 
trachea. 
tra'cheal. Pertaining to the trachea, 
tracheotomy (tra-ke-ot'o-mi). [G. tracheia, 
windpipe; tome, incision.] The operation 
of cutting into the trachea, or of making 
an opening into it. 
trachoma (tra-ko'ma). [G. trachys, rough.] 
A contagious granular conjunctivitis; the 
formation of granules on the lids; granular 
lids. 
tract. [L. tractus.] A path; a track; a way; 
an area which is longer than it is broad, 
alimentary t., the digestive tract from 
the lips to the anus, respiratory t., the 
air-passages through the nose to the 
pulmonary alveoli. 
traction (tr&k'shun). [L. trahere, to draw.] 
Contraction; drawing; pulling; attraction, 
as one of the forces employed in correcting 
malpositions of the teeth, t. screw, a 
screw caused to draw or pull, used in 
orthodontics. 
tractor (trak'tur). Any instrument or appli- 
ance for making traction, 
trac'tus. [L.] A tract, as of a band of fibers 
or a nerve, or like the digestive tube or 
tract. 
trag'acanth. A resinous gum used in 
powder form for sprinkling on the mois- 
tened surface of an artificial denture, for 
aiding in retaining the plate in place, 
virtually “sticking” the plate to the roof 
of the mouth. Pulverized gum arabic 
is used and special preparations are on 
the market for the same purpose, 
trans-. [L. trans, through, beyond, across.] 
A prefix signifying across, beyond,through, 
transformer. An apparatus used in radiog- 
raphy to raise the voltage of commercial 
currents. 
transfusion (tranz-fu'zhun). [L. trans, 
across; fundere, to pour.] The transferring 
of blood from one person to another; 
injection of a saline solution into a vein, 
transillumina'tion. [L. trans, through; 
illuminare, to light up.] The causing of 
light to shine through a body or cavity 
which is normally translucent, as through 
the antrum of Highmore by placing a 
strong light into the mouth, the presence 
of a fluid or foreign body being indicated 
by the degree of opacity, t. of the teeth, 
by which the condition of the teeth and 
the surrounding tissues may be deter- 
mined in some measure, 
transition (tranz-ish'un). [L. transire, to 
pass over.] The passage from one condi- 
tion to another; a change, 
transitional. Marked by or pertaining to 
transition; transitory. 
translational (trans-la'shun-al). Adjective 
of translation as understood in cinematics, 
translu'cent. [L. trans, through; lucere, 
to shine.] Not transparent, but permit- 
ting the passage of a portion of the light, 
transmigration. [L. trans, through; migrare, 
to move elsewhere.] Diapedesis; the 
passage of bloodcells through the walls 
of the vessel. 
transmission. [L. trans, across; mittere, to 
send.] The conveying of an infectious dis- 
ease from one to another; transfer, as by 
heredity, of certain mental or physical 
qualities. 
transparent. [L. trans, through; parere, to 
appear.] Denoting some substance through 
which light passes so readily that objects 
may be seen through it. TRANSPIRE 
350 
TREATMENT 
transpire'. [L. trans, through; spirare, to 
breathe.] To exhale vapor from the re- 
spiratory mucous membrane or the skin; 
to sweat. 
transplant'. [L. trans, across; plantare, to 
plant.] To plant a tooth from one person 
in the vacant socket of another; to transfer 
from one part to another, as in grafting, 
transplanta'tion. The planting of a tooth 
from one person in the vacant socket of 
another; the planting or grafting of tissue 
from one part of the body to another part 
of the same person, or to some part in 
another person. 
transposi'tion. [L. trans, across; positus, 
placed.] Transference; metathesis; re- 
moval from one place to another, as 
correcting the wrong position occupied 
by a tooth, e.g., the lateral incisor in 
the place of the central, t. of the teeth, 
malocclusion. 
transuda'tion. [L. trans, through; sudare, 
to sweat.] Diapedesis; sweating; the 
passing of a fluid through a membrane, 
not as in osmosis or exudation, 
transverse'. Lying across the long axis 
of something; crosswise, 
transverse ridge. A ridge formed of two 
triangular ridges which join to form a 
continuous ridge across the occlusal sur- 
face of a tooth. 
transver'sion. The position of a tooth which 
is in the proper vertical plane, but is in 
incorrect numerical order. [ASO.] 
trapez'iform. [G. trapezion, a counter or 
table; L. forma, shape, form.] Trapezoid; 
resembling a trapezium; pertaining to 
several anatomical structures, 
trape'zium. [G. trapezion, a counter or 
table.] A four-sided geometrical figure 
in which no sides are parallel, 
trap'ezoid. [G. trapezion, a table; eidos, 
resemblance.] Resembling a trapezium; 
trapeziform. A geometrical figure resem- 
bling a trapezium except that two of the 
opposite sides are parallel, 
tratamiento. [Sp.] Treatment, 
trattamento. [It.] Treatment, 
trauma. [G., a wound.] Traumatism; an 
injury; a wound. 
traumarthri'tis, dentoalve'olar. See pyorrhea. 
traumasthenia (tro-m&s-the'ni-a). [G. 
trauma, a wound; astheneia, weakness.] 
The nervous exhaustion following some 
injury. 
traumatic (tra-mat'ik). [G. trauma, wound.] 
Pertaining to, useful for, or produced by, 
a wound or wounds. A remedy which 
promotes healing. 
traumat'ic occlu'sion. Noting an abnormal 
occlusal stress which is capable of pro- 
ducing, or has produced, an injury to the 
periodontium. 
traumati'cin. Trade name of a chloropercha 
solution, that is, a solution of guttapercha 
in chloroform. 
trau'matism. Trauma; a wound due to an 
injury; an injury. 
tray. A shallow receptacle for holding or 
carrying articles, annealing-t., a shallow 
steel, mica or soapstone receptacle on 
which metals to be annealed are laid, 
hinged t., an impression-tray provided 
with a hinge, enabling the fracturing of 
the plaster and its removal in two or 
more sections, impression-t., impression- 
cup; an appliance used for conveying 
impression-material to, and holding it in 
position against, the tissues of the mouth 
while hardening; the body of the i. t. 
consists of the floor and flanges, and, in 
trays for the maxilla, of a vault portion; 
they are oval for edentulous jaws and 
flat for cases where teeth are present; 
the flanges are an inner and an outer, 
sectional t., see hinged t. 
treat (tret). [L. tractare, to handle.] To 
improve or remove a disease by medicinal, 
dental, medical, surgical or other measures; 
to care for a patient dentally, medically 
or surgically. 
treatment. Therapy; therapeutics; the 
dental, medical or surgical care of a client; 
the institution of measures by giving reme- 
dies to cure some disease, conservative t., 
means directed to preserve the parts and 
avoid dental or surgical mutilation, defer- 
ring operative procedure or the giving of 
remedies until the indications are well 
defined, curative t., the cure of an existing 
disease, in contradistinction to prophy- 
lactic or palliative treatment, dental t., 
odontotherapy, treatment of diseases of 
the teeth, dental orthopedic t., ortho- 
dontics. dental preventive t., dental 
prophylactic t., prophylactodontics. hy- 
gienic t., by cleanliness, fresh air, whole- 
some food, without using medicines, 
medical t., by the use of medicines, but not 
by surgical means, palliative t., to alle- 
viate the symptoms without expecting a 
cure of the disease, preventive t., prophy- TRfiLAT’S SIGN 
351 
TRIDENTATE 
lactic t., to protect from an attack of a 
disease, prevent exposure to disease; 
prophylaxis. specific t., a treatment 
directed to the removal of the cause of the 
disease, surgical t., by operating sur- 
gically; manual or cutting operation, t. 
by the extraction of teeth, exodontics. 
t. of children, pediatrics, t. of children’s 
teeth, pedodontics. t. of the mouth, oral 
t., treating diseases of the mouth and oral 
cavity, t. of the periodontal membrane, 
periodontics. 
Trelat’s sign. The presence of minute 
tubercles or miliary abscesses, consisting 
of disseminated yellowish spots in the 
vicinity of tuberculous ulcers of the mouth, 
trem'or. [L. tremere, to shake, to quiver.] A 
muscular disorder, due to the absence of 
muscular tonus, in which the normal con- 
tractions are increased, 
trench diseas'es. A number of diseases due 
to trench duty in war, caused by exposure 
and the general detrimental conditions due 
to life in the trenches, t.-mouth, rapid 
ulcerative inflammation of the gums, 
trepan'. [G. trypanon, a borer.] A trephine. 
To trephine. • 
trepana'tion. The removal of a disc of bone 
from the skull; trephining, 
trephine'. [Fr.] A cylindrical saw, driven by 
a dental engine or motor, employed in 
removing a disc of bone, usually from the 
skull, to relieve pressure on the brain or 
to expose it for operative purposes. 
To remove a disc of bone or tissue by 
means of a trepan or trephine, 
tri-. [L.] A prefix denoting three, 
triac'etate. An acetate which contains three 
acetic-acid molecules. 
triacid (tri-as'id). [L. tres, three; acidus, 
acid.] Designating a base possessing three 
replaceable hydroxyl groups, 
tri'ad. [G. trias, three.] A trivalent element; 
a collection of three things which have 
something in common, 
tri'al-den'ture. Artificial teeth mounted in 
wax, or a composition of wax, representing 
the future base of the denture, 
tri'al-plate. A form of wax or some com- 
pound of wax on which the artificial teeth 
are mounted and tried in the mouth, 
triangle (trl'ang-gl). [L. tres, three; angulus, 
angle.] A figure formed by three lines 
intersecting by twos at three points, and 
so forming three angles, or a set of three 
angles; trigone; in the body, a triangular 
area bounded by bones, muscles or other 
structures, anterior t., situated in the 
neck, formed by the mandible above, the 
midline of the neck anteriorly and the 
sternocleidomastoid muscle, subdivided 
into the submandibular and the superior 
and inferior carotid triangle, the sub- 
mandibular triangle also being known as 
the digastric triangle, facial t., formed by 
the lines connecting the basion, alveolar 
and nasal points, palatal t., bounded by 
the greatest transverse diameter of the 
alveolar point and by the lines converging 
from its extremities, submandibular t., 
or submaxillary t., a subdivision of the 
anterior triangle of the neck, bounded by 
the mandible above, the stylohyoid and 
the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, 
and anteriorly by the midline of the neck, 
submaxillary t., submandibular triangle, 
submental t., bounded by the anterior 
belly of the digastric muscle, and below by 
the hyoid bone, the mylohyoid muscle 
forming its floor. 
triang'ular. Three-cornered, t. ridge, a 
ridge running from the point of a cusp 
toward the central portion of the occlusal 
surface. 
triangularity of the teeth. Markings on the 
occlusal surface of the incisors indicating 
the age of horses. 
triang'ulum. [L.] Trigone; triangle, 
triatom'ic. Having three atoms in the 
molecule; consisting of three atoms; having 
three replaceable atoms or radicals, 
triba'sic. [G. tris, thrice; basis, base.] Pos- 
sessing three replaceable atoms of hydro- 
gen; indicating an acid with a basicity of 
three. 
tribro'mid. A bromid possessing three atoms 
of bromin in one molecule, 
trichlo'rid. A chlorid possessing three atoms 
of chlorin in a molecule, 
trichlormeth'ane. Chloroform, 
trichoglos'sia. [G. thrix, hair; glossa, tongue.] 
Hairy tongue. 
tricon'odont. A molar tooth with three 
cusps, tubercles or cones, 
tricus'pal. Tricuspid. 
tricus'pid. [L. tres, three; cuspis, point.] A 
tooth with three cusps or points. Pos- 
sessing three points, cusps or prongs; per- 
taining to several anatomical structures, 
tricus'pidal, tricus'pidate. Tricuspid, 
triden'tate. [L. tres, three; dens, tooth.] 
Three-toothed; three-pronged; trident. TRIFACIAL 
352 
TRIUMPH 
trifa'cial. [L. tres, three; facies, face.] The 
fifth pair or trigeminus nerve, t. neuralgia, 
tic douloureux, facial neuralgia, neuralgia 
of one of the branches of the fifth pair of 
nerves. 
trigem'in. Trade name of a preparation for 
the treatment of tic douloureux, neuralgia 
and sore throat. 
trigeminal (trl-jem'i-nal). Pertaining to the 
trigeminal or fifth pair of nerves, 
trigemino. [Sp.] The trigeminus, 
trigeminus. [L.] The fifth pair of the 
cranial nerves. 
Triggs charts. A dental examination, book- 
keeping, accounting and collecting system, 
tri'gon. An upper molar tooth with three 
cusps, namely, a mesiolingual, a mesio- 
buccal and a distobuccal. 
trig'onal. Pertaining to a trigonum; tri- 
angular. 
trig'onid. A lower molar tooth with three 
cusps, namely, a mesiolingual, a mesiobuc- 
cal and a distobuccal. 
trigon'odont. A tooth having three cusps 
or cones in a triangle. 
trigo'num. [G. trigonon, a triangle.] See 
triangle. 
trihal'oid. A compound having three hy- 
droxyl radicals in the molecule, 
trihy'drate. A compound which contains 
one atom of the base to three hydroxyl 
radicals in the molecule, 
trihy'dric. Designating a chemical com- 
pound having three replaceable atoms of 
hydrogen. 
trihydrox'id. Trihydrate, 
triiodid (tri-l'6-did). An iodid of three 
atoms of iodin and one of the other ele- 
ments in the molecule, 
trilam'inar. Possessing three laminae, 
trilateral. Possessing three sides, 
tri'lobate or tri'lobed. Possessing three 
lobes. 
triloc'ular. Possessing three cells, 
trim'mer. An instrument with which trim- 
ming is done, such as Darby’s plaster t., 
Evans’ root t., Rhein’s proximal t., etc. 
triple (trip'l). [L. triplus.] Consisting of 
three parts; threefold, 
triple-angle. See contra-angle-. 
triple'gia. [G. tri-, three; plege, stroke.] 
Paralysis of one upper and lower extrem- 
ity and of the face, or of both extremities 
on one side and one on the other, 
tri'pod. A stand which has three legs or 
supports; three-legged. 
trip'oli. A silicious deposit of the shells 
of diatoms, occurring in friable masses 
as stone, and as powder, the latter being 
used as an abrasive for polishing in pros- 
thetic work. 
tri'salt. A salt of which each molecule con- 
tains three acid radicals with one atom 
of the base. [mus. 
tris'mic. Pertaining to or marked by tris- 
tris'moid. Resembling trismus, 
tris'mus. [G. trisxnos, a creaking.] Lock- 
jaw due to some disease of the motor 
branch of the trigeminal nerve, resulting 
in tonic spasm of the muscles of mastica- 
tion, and thus firmly closing the jaws; 
generally due to the same causes as, and 
associated with, general tetanus. t. 
capistratus, congenital adhesion of the 
cheeks to the gums. t. dolorificus, tic 
douloureux. t. nascentium, t. neona- 
torum, a form occurring in infants and 
usually beginning with stiffness of the 
muscles of the mandible, t. sardonicus, 
risus sardonicus. 
trisul'cate. Having three grooves, 
trisul'phid. A chemical compound in which 
each molecule contains three atoms of 
sulphur and one of another element, 
tri'tocone. [G. tritos, third; konos, cone.] 
The distobuccal cusp of an upper premolar 
in a mammal. 
tritocon'id. The distobuccal cusp of a lower 
premolar in a mammal, 
tritox'id. Trioxid. 
tritub ercular (tri-tu-ber'ku-lar). [L. tres, 
three; tuberculum, tubercle.] Tricuspid; 
noting a tooth having three cusps, as fre- 
quently the lower second bicuspid, some- 
times the upper second molar, and gen- 
erally the upper third molar, 
trituber'culate. Tritubercular. 
trituber'culy. A theory that all multituber- 
cular or multicuspid teeth have been de- 
veloped from teeth with a single primitive 
cone or cusp. 
trit'urable. Possible of trituration, 
trit'urate. [L. triturare.] To rub to a fine 
powder. Trituratio; a fine powder, 
tritura'tion. The act of rubbing one or more 
substances to a fine powder, usually in a 
mortar; rubbing, grinding, bruising, pulver- 
izing, as the rubbing of alloy and mercury 
into a plastic mass for an amalgam filling, 
triumph. Trade name of a noncontracting 
investing-material for crown- and bridge- 
work. TRIVALENCE 
353 
TRUNK 
tri'valence. The property of being trivalent. 
tri'valent. [L. tres, three; valere, to have 
power.] Possessing the combining power 
of three atoms of hydrogen, 
trizo'nal. Arranged in or having three layers 
or zones. 
tro'car. An instrument with which fluid is 
withdrawn from a cavity, 
troche (tro'ke). [G. trochos, a pill.] A pastil, 
lozenge, trochiscus; a round, oblong or 
diamond-shaped flattened mass, made of 
some solidifying paste, into which there 
has been incorporated a demulcent, 
deodorizing, antiseptic or astringent drug, 
and which, upon being dissolved in the 
mouth, releases the drug, and thus has a 
medicinal effect on the mucous mem- 
brane of the mouth and throat and less 
actively on the entire digestive tract. 
Latin trochiscus, pi. trochisci, which see. 
trochis'ci. Troches, t. acidi benzoici, ben- 
zoic acid lozenges, for hoarseness, t. acidi 
carbolici, carbolic acid lozenges, for 
stomatitis, t. acidi tannici, tannic acid 
lozenges, for relaxed uvula and affections 
of the larynx, t. carbonis ligni, charcoal 
lozenges, used as a deodorant, t. catechu, 
catechu lozenges, for relaxed uvula and 
affections of the pharynx, t. cubebae, 
cubeb lozenges, for subacute laryngitis 
and pharyngitis. t. eucalypti gummi, 
eucalyptus gum lozenges, for cough in 
laryngitis, t. gambir, gambir lozenges, 
for relaxed uvula and affections of the 
pharynx, t. glycerrhizae et opii, licorice 
and opium lozenges, for cough in bron- 
chitis and pharyngitis, t. guaiaci resinae, 
guaiacum lozenges, for cough, t. ipe- 
cacuanhae, ipecac lozenges, for bronchitis 
and laryngitis. t. krameriae, rhatany 
lozenges, for relaxed uvula and affections 
of the pharynx, t. krameriae et cocainae, 
rhatany and cocain lozenges, for sore 
throat, t. menthae piperitae, peppermint 
lozenges, for stomatitis, halitosis, and as 
a deodorant, t. potassii chloratis, potas- 
sium chlorate lozenges, for stomatitis, 
laryngitis and aphthae, t. sodii bicarbon- 
atis, sodium bicarbonate lozenges, for 
eructations and gastric acidity, t. ulmi, 
slippery elm lozenges, demulcent, for 
stomatitis. See troche. 
trochlea (trok'le-a). [L., a pulley.] An 
anatomical structure serving as a pulley; 
the smooth articulating surface of a bone 
upon which another bone glides. 
trochleiform (trok'le-i-fdrm). [L. trochlea, 
pulley; forma, shape, form.] Pulley- 
shaped; trochlear; having the shape of a 
trochlea. 
tropacocain (tro-pa-ko'ka-in). An alkaloid 
obtained from Java coca leaves; a local 
anesthetic in a three to ten percent solu- 
tion, in the form of the hydrochlorid. 
troph'ic. Pertaining to the center of nutri- 
tion, the trophic center and nerves which 
regulate and control the functions of nu- 
trition. 
tropho-nevrose alveolaire. [Fr.] Alveolar 
trophic neurosis; pyorrhea, 
troy. The system of troy weights, used in 
weighing the precious metals, platinum, 
gold foil, pellets, plate and all other forms 
of gold, solders, alloys for amalgam, etc. 
The grain and the ounce are the same as 
those of the apothecaries’ weights, but the 
intermediate weights differ. See weights 
and measures. 
trubase. Trade name of a baseplate com- 
position. 
trubyte teeth. Trade name of artificial teeth 
made as nearly as practicable to conform 
to the natural teeth. 
trudo. [L. trudere, to thrust.] Latin root 
of terms used in orthodontia, dental and 
dentofacial orthopedia. See contrude (con- 
truded, contruding, contrusion, contru- 
sive), extrude (extruded, extruding, ex- 
trusion, extrusive), intrude (intruded, 
intruding, intrusion, intrusive), protrude 
(protruded, protruding, protrusion, pro- 
trusive), retrude (retruded, retruding, 
retrusion, retrusive). See also trusion. 
true. Genuine; real, not false, 
true dentalloy. Trade name of an alloy for 
amalgam fillings. 
tru'ing. The act of making true, as the bring- 
ing to its exact and correct condition as to 
form, place, angle or adjustment of a tool 
or instrument. 
truite (trwe-ta/). [Fr.] Having a delicate 
crackled surface, as noted sometimes of 
the enamel of the teeth in old age, or of 
the enamel of mineral teeth when it is 
minutely crackled. 
truncal (trung'kal). Pertaining to a trunk, as 
the trunk of the body, a nerve, an artery, 
truncate (trung'kat). [L. truncare, to cut 
off.] Cut across at right angles; truncated, 
trun'cus. [L.] Body. See trunk. 
trunk. [L. truncus.] The body, that is, the 
torso without the head or the extremities; TRUSION 
354 
TUBEROSITAS 
the main and larger part of the blood- 
vessels, lymphatics and nerves, from which 
branches, like those of a tree, are given 
off. 
tru'sion. [L. trudere—trusum, to shove, 
push, press.] Act of shoving, pushing 
or pressing; said of malposed teeth, bi- 
maxillary t., pertaining to the teeth of 
both jaws, bodily t., noting the malposi- 
tion of the entire tooth, crown and root, 
coronal t., noting the malposition of the 
crown of the tooth, the apex of the root 
being in normal position, mandibular t., 
pertaining to the teeth of the mandible, 
maxillary t., pertaining to the teeth of the 
maxillae. See contrude, extrude, intrude, 
;protrude and retrude. [baseplates. 
truwax. Trade name of wax in sheets for 
Trypanosoma (tri-pan-o-so'ma). [G. try- 
panon, an auger; soma, body.] A genus of 
flagellate Protozoa having spindle-shaped 
bodies, with an undulating membrane on 
one side and a single flagellum. 
T-shaped. Having the form of the letter T 
(used in referring to wires, tubes, etc., 
which are joined or come together at a 
right angle). 
tsuida-tensokuki. [Ja.] Mallet plugger. 
tsui-tei. [Ja.] Hammer. 
tu'ba. [L.] A tube-like canal or structure; a 
tube. t. auditiva, the Eustachian or 
auditory tube leading from the tympanic 
cavity to the nasopharynx; otopharyngeal 
tube. 
tube. [L. tubus.] A canal, hollow cylinder, 
pipe, tubular organ, tuba or tubule, 
otopharyngeal t., Eustachian tube, tuba 
auditiva. stomach t., a flexible tube to be 
passed into the stomach for forcible feed- 
ing or for lavage of the stomach, trache- 
otomy t., a curved silver tube employed to 
keep the opening free after the operation 
of tracheotomy, t. teeth, mineral teeth 
with a cylindrical hollow running from the 
cervical to the occlusal surface. See ortho- 
dontia in supplement. 
tube splint for fracture of the mandible. A 
modification of the band splint (which see); 
the same procedure is followed, and in 
addition a tube is soldered to the buccal 
or labial surface of the united bands; when 
the fractured sections have been brought 
into the bands, a pin is inserted into the 
tube, and thus the fractured ends of the 
mandible are brought into their normal 
relation. 
tu'ber. [L.] A localized swelling or knob, 
t. maxillare, the maxillary tuberosity; the 
bulging extremity of the maxilla, posterior 
to the third molar, t. zygomaticum, a 
small prominence near the origin of the 
zygomatic process of the temporal bone, 
tu'bercle. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a 
knob, swelling.] The cusp of a tooth; any 
rounded, circumscribed, solid elevation on 
the mucous membrane, skin or the surface 
of any other part; a slight elevation of a 
bone which serves as the point of attach- 
ment for a ligament or muscle; a tuberosity, 
labial t., the slight projection on the free 
edge of the center of the upper lip; the 
tuberculum labiale. 
tuber'cula. Plural of tuberculum. t. dentis, 
. the cusps of a tooth. 
tuber'cular. Pertaining to or marked by 
tubercles or nodules on the skin or in the 
tissues; tuberculated; nodular, 
tuber'culate, tuber'culated. Tubercular, 
nodular; having tubercles or nodules, 
tubercula'tion. The formation of tubercles 
or nodules; the arrangement of tubercles 
or nodules in a tissue or part of the body, 
tuberculo'sis. [L. tuberculum, tubercle; G. 
osis, increase, production.] A specific 
disease due to the Bacillus tuberculosis; 
the most common seat of the disease is in 
the lungs and joints, but it may affect any 
of the organs or tissues; phymatiosis. 
tuber'culum. [L., dim. of tuber, a knob, 
swelling.] Tubercle, t. articulare, articu- 
lar eminence of the zygomatic process of 
the temporal bone, forming the anterior 
root of the zygoma and bounding the 
glenoid or mandibular fossa anteriorly, t. 
dentis, the cusp or tubercle of a tooth, t. 
geniale, spina mentalis. t. hypoglossi, 
trigonum nervi hypoglossi. t. impar, a 
small knob, on the floor of the pharynx of 
the embryo, from which the tongue 
develops, t. labiale, see tubercle, labial. 
t. mentale, a slight prominence on the 
lower border of the mandible on either side 
of the mental protuberance; the mental 
tubercle. 
tuberos'itas. [L.] A tuberosity; tubercle, 
t. masseterica, a slightly rough surface on 
the external surface of the angle of the 
mandible, serving for the attachment of 
fibers of the masseter muscle; the mas- 
seteric tuberosity, t. pterygoidea, the 
pterygoid tuberosity, a slightly rough sur- 
face on the inner side of the angle of the TUBEROSITY 
355 
TWEEZERS 
mandible, serving for the attachment of 
fibers of the internal pterygoid muscle, 
tuberos'ity. A small elevated part of a bone; 
a small rounded elevation; a tubercle; 
tuberositas, maxillary t., tuber maxillare. 
palatal t., processus pyramidalis. ptery- 
goid t., tuberositas pterygoidea. 
tu'berous. Lumpy; nodular; knobby; hav- 
ing a number of tubers or tuberosities, 
tube'stand. An appliance used to support an 
x-ray tube. 
tu'bular. Pertaining to a tube or tubule; of 
the form of a tube or tubule, 
tu'bule. [L. tubulus, dim. of tubus, tube.] 
A small tube, dental t., dentinal tubule, 
tu'buli. Plural of tubulus. 
tu'bulous. Possessing many tubules, as the 
dentin. 
tu'bulus. [L.] A tubule. t. dentalis, 
dentinal tubule, canaliculus dentalis. 
tu'bus. [L.] A canal; a tube, 
tumefa'cient. [L. tumefacere, to cause to 
swell.] Swelling; causing to swell, 
tumefac'tion. A swelling; the condition of 
becoming swollen; being swollen, 
tu'mefy. To cause to swell; to swell, 
tumes'cent. Swelling; tumefying, 
tu'mid. Swollen; tumefied, 
tu'mor. [L.] A swelling or tumefaction; a 
neoplasm or outgrowth; a circumscribed 
growth which has arisen from preexisting 
tissue, not inflammatory in character, but 
independent of the normal rate of growth 
of the preexisting tissue, and which is of 
no physiological necessity and performs no 
physiological function, adenoid t., ade- 
noma. adipose t., lipoma, benign t., one 
not tending to return after removal, cellu- 
lar t., composed of cells imbedded in a 
homogeneous stroma, without any distinct 
histoid structure, such as sarcoma, con- 
nective-tissue t., desmoma, desmoneo- 
plasm, histoid tumor, such as osteoma, 
fibroma, sarcoma, epithelial t., epithe- 
lioma, organoid tumor, including carci- 
noma. fatty t., adipose tumor, lipoma, 
steatoma, pimeloma, adipoma. fibro- 
cellular t., fibrous tumor, fibroma, hard 
t., scirrhus. heterologous t., composed of 
other forms than those from which it springs 
—(1) sarcoma: angiosarcoma, chloroma, 
chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, giant- 
celled sarcoma, liposarcoma, melanosar- 
coma, small and large spindle-celled 
sarcoma; (2) carcinoma: cylindrical and 
pavement epithelial; (3) endothelioma: hem- 
angio e., lymphangio e., e. of the brain and 
perithelioma; (4) dermoids; (5) mixed 
tumors; (6) teratoma, histoid t., com- 
posed of a single tissue, as fibroma, 
homologous t., composed of the same form 
of tissue from which it springs—(1) fibro- 
mata: diffuse, keloid, mixed and mucous 
membrane polyp; (2) myoma; (3) lipoma; 
(4) chondroma, ecchondroma; (5) chor- 
doma; (6) osteoma, innocent t., benign 
tumor, malignant t., cancer, carcinoma, 
sarcoma, syncytioma, mesothelioma; one 
likely to recur after removal, mucoid t., 
myxoma, collonema, polypus, mixed t., 
one composed of two or more varieties of 
tissue, osseous t., osteoma, papillary t., 
papilloma, verruca, condyloma, wart, 
tooth t., odontoma, odontosteophyte. 
transition t., a benign tumor which recurs 
after removal and assumes a malignant 
character, vascular t., angioma, 
tung'sten. Symbol W, atomic weight 184. 
A metallic element in the form of a gray 
lustrous powder; Wolframium. 
tu'nic. [L. tunica, a layer, a coat.] See 
tunica. 
tu'nica. [L.] A tunic, coat or layer which 
envelops a part, particularly one of the 
coats of a blood-vessel or other tubular 
structure, t. mucosa, the mucous mem- 
brane; the mucous coat, as of the in- 
testines. t. submucosa, a submucous 
membrane or coat; tela submucosa, 
tuptodynamom'eter. See Black, G. V. 
tur'binated. [L. turbo, a whirl, a top.] 
Shaped like a top; scroll-shaped, as the 
turbinated bones. 
turgescence (tur'jes'ens). [L. turgescere, to 
begin to swell.] Inflation; swelling, 
turges'cent. Tumid; turgid; swollen; con- 
gested. 
tur'gid. Turgescent. 
tur'pentine. [G. terebinthinos.] Terebin- 
thina. Canada t., Canada balsam, t. 
oil, oil of turpentine, oleum terebinthinse. 
t. spirit, oil of turpentine, 
tush. A tusk. 
tusk. A canine tooth of the horse; tush; a 
prominent incisor or cuspid which pro- 
trudes some distance beyond the lips, 
tus'sal. [L. tussis, cough.] Pertaining to a 
cough. 
twee'zers. Small fine-pointed pliers for 
picking up minute articles, solder t., 
for picking up small pieces of solder in 
prosthetic dental work. TWELFTH-YEAR MOLAR 
356 
ULCIN1 
twelfth-year molar. A second permanent 
molar. 
twentieth century alloy. Trade name of a 
dental alloy for amalgam fillings, 
twentieth century all-pin teeth. Trade name 
of a make of artificial teeth, 
twentieth century solila teeth. Trade name 
of a line of artificial teeth, 
twig. A fine terminal branch of an artery, 
twinge (twinj). A sharp, sudden pain of 
momentary duration, 
tympan'ic. Pertaining to the tympanum, 
tym'panum. [G. tympanon, drum.] The 
middle ear; the eardrum, 
type. [G. typos, a model, a mark.] The 
mark or impression of something; stamp; 
sign; emblem; that which has or exempli- 
fies qualities or characteristics common to 
a number of individuals, 
type metal. Lead 55, antimony 30, tin 15. 
Various formulas. 
ty'phoid. [G. typhos, stupor; eidos, resem- 
blance.] Resembling typhus; stuporous 
from fever. Typhoid fever, t. fever, an 
infectious, febrile, often fatal disease due 
to bacterial infection, introduced with food 
or drink; marked by serious intestinal 
complications. 
ty'phus. [G. typhos, stupor.] Typhus fever, 
a contagious and infectious disease. No 
specific lesions are present, the disease 
appearing where large numbers, improperly 
fed and housed, are crowded together. 
There is great mental and physical de- 
pression, a high temperature, and petechial 
and macular eruption, lasting about two 
weeks. 
typ'ical. Conforming to, resembling or relat- 
ing to a type; of the nature of a type; 
emblematic. 
tyro'ma. [G. tyros, cheese; -oma, tumor.] A 
cheesy or caseous tumor. 
u 
U. Chemical symbol of Uranium, 
udimcolite. Trade name of a line of instru- 
ments which do not discolor silicates, nor 
rust or corrode, 
uka. [Ja.] Carious cavity, 
ula. The gums; gingivae, 
ulacne'sis. Itching of the gums, especially 
in children at the time of dentition; 
odaxismus. 
ulatro'phia. [G. oulon, gum; atrophia, 
atrophy.] Wasting of the gingivae, con- 
fined chiefly to the marginal gingiva. 
[AAP.] Retraction or shrinkage of the 
gums, afunctional u., type of ulatrophia 
found in congenital nonocclusion, 
ulcer (ul'ser). [L. ulcus.] A mucous mem- 
brane or skin lesion due to a molecular 
disintegration of the superficial parts, 
generally accompanied by suppuration, 
atonic u., one showing slight tendency to 
heal, callous u., an indolent ulcer, creep- 
ing u., a serpiginous ulcer, dental u., 
ulcer caused on the side of the tongue by 
ragged edges of cavities of the teeth, 
roughness on artificial crowns or dentures, 
projecting margins of fillings, sharp 
margins on the occlusolingual angles of 
the teeth due to attrition, broken teeth, 
accumulation of salivary calculus and 
other like causes, indolent u., callous u., 
chronic in character, with hardened ele- 
vated margins, scanty or no granulations, 
and of obdurate persistence, lingual u., 
see dental ulcer, phagedenic u., rapidly 
spreading ulcer accompanied by sloughing, 
phlegmonous u., in which the neighboring 
tissues are inflamed, rodent u., superficial 
erosion due to the breaking down of the 
epithelioma of the skin; noli me tangere; 
Jacob’s ulcer; ulcus exedens. serpiginous 
u., creeping ulcer, extending on one side 
while the other edge is healing, simple 
u., one not marked with pain or inflam- 
mation, not constitutional but local, 
trophic u., due to impaired nutrition, 
ulcera. [It.] Ulcer, 
ul'cerate. To break down into an ulcer, 
ul'cerated. Containing an ulcer or ulcers, 
or converted into an ulcer, u. tooth, one 
wholly or partially surrounded with ulcer- 
ation of the gums and a suppurative in- 
flammation of the periodontal membrane 
and alveolar periosteum, 
ulcera'tion. An ulcer or number of ulcers; 
the forming of an ulcer, 
ulceration. [Fr.] Ulceration, 
ul'cerative. Pertaining to or causing ulcers, 
ulceromem'branous. Pertaining to ulcera- 
tion accompanied by the formation of a 
false membrane. 
ul'cerous. Pertaining to or affected with 
ulceration. 
ulci'ni. The external teeth on the odonto- 
phore. ULCUS 
357 
UNHEALTHY 
ul'cus. Ulcer. 
ulec'tomy. [G. oule, scar; ektome, excision.] 
The excision of cicatricial tissue, 
ulemorrhagia (u-lem-or-ra'ji-a). [G. oulon, 
gum; hemorrhagia, hemorrhage.] Bleeding 
from the gums. 
ulet'ic. [G. oulon, gum; also oule, scar.] Per- 
taining to the gums or to a scar, cicatricial 
tissue or a cicatrix. 
ulet'omy. [G. oule, scar; tome, incision.] 
Cicatricotomy; incision of a cicatrix to 
relieve tension. 
ulitis (u-le'tis or I'tis). [G. oulon, gum; -itis, 
inflammation.] Gingivitis; inflammation 
of the gums, interstitial u., inflammation 
of the connective tissue of the gums around 
the necks of the teeth. 
ul'na. [L.] The inner and larger of the two 
bones of the forearm. 
ulocace (u-lok'a-se). [G. oulon, gum; kake, 
badness.] Ulcerative inflammation of the 
gums. 
ulocarcino'ma. Carcinoma of the gums, 
uloglossi'tis. Gingivoglossitis; stomatitis; in- 
flammation of the tongue and the gums, 
ulon'cus. [G. oulon, gum; onkos, tumor.] 
Epulis; parulis; tumor of the gum. 
ulorrha'gia. [G. oulon, gum; regnymi, I 
burst forth.] Ulemorrhagia; bleeding from 
the gums. 
ulorrhe'a. [G. oulon, gum; rhoia, a flow.] 
Oozing of pus, blood or any fluid from the 
gums. 
ulo'sis. Cicatrization. 
U'lothrix. A species of green algae, 
ultimate. [L. ultimus, last.] Last of a 
series; final. 
ultra. Trade name of a pyorrhea remedy, 
ultra-. [L., beyond.] A prefix signifying 
exaggeration, excess, beyond, 
ultrabrachycephalic (ul-tra-brak-i-se-fal'ik). 
Having a very short skull, one with a 
cerebral index of at least 90°. 
ultradolichocephalic (ul-tra-dol-i-ko-se-fal'- 
ik). Having a very long skull, one with 
a cephalic index of less than 65°. 
ultravi'olet. The chemical or actinic rays 
beyond the violet end of the spectrum, 
biultra, beyond the ultraviolet, triultra, 
beyond the biultra. 
umbili'cus. [L., navel.] The point where the 
umbilical cord entered the fetus, marked 
by a pit in the center of the abdominal 
wall; the belly-button; the navel, 
umbras'copy. [L. umbra, shadow; G. skoped, 
I view.] Skiascopy. 
un'cia. [L.] Ounce. 
un'ciform. [L. uncus, hook; forma, shape.] 
Hook-shaped. 
uncon'scious. Insensible; not conscious, 
unction. [L. ungere, to anoint.] The act 
of smearing with an ointment; the applica- 
tion of an ointment or oil; anointing, 
un'cus. [L.] A hook, or any hook-shaped 
process or structure. 
un'dercut. A groove, shelf, depression or 
excavation made in a cavity to assist in 
the anchorage of a filling; a slight depres- 
sion made in the dentin, either in the form 
of one or more pits or of a shallow groove, 
to aid in commencing a filling; the general 
form given a cavity whereby it is made 
larger within than at the surface, in order 
to retain a filling, 
underkaken. [Sw.] Mandible, 
undula'tion. [L. unda, wave.] Fluctuation; 
a wavelike movement. 
ung. Abbr. of the Latin unguentum, an 
ointment. 
ungual (ung'gwal). [L. unguis, nail.] Per- 
taining to a nail or the nails; unguinal. 
un'guent. [L. unguentum.] Salve; ointment. 
See unguentum. 
unguen'tum. [L.] Salve; ointment; solid 
or semisolid unctuous preparation into 
which a medicinal agent is incorporated 
and which liquefies at the temperature of 
the body when applied to the skin. u. 
acidi borici, ointment of boric acid. u. acidi 
carbolici, phenol ointment, carbolic acid 
ointment, u. atropinae, atropine ointment, 
an anodyne for neuralgia, u. capsici, a 
rubefacient application; capsicum oint- 
ment. u. cocainae, cocain ointment, to 
relieve localized pain. u. creosoti, creosote 
ointment, used in skin diseases, indolent 
ulcers, etc. u. iodoformi, iodoform oint- 
ment, used for the same purpose as 
iodoform powder, u. zinci oxidi, ointment 
of zinc oxid, made of two parts of zinc oxid 
and eight parts of benzoinated lard, and 
used as a soothing mild astringent in 
burns, abrasions and skin diseases, 
un'guis. [L.] The nail of the finger or toe; 
onyx. 
Ungulata. [L. ungula, hoof.] Hoofed mam- 
mals, of which some are known as buno- 
donts, from the fact that the surfaces of the 
molars are covered with conical or rounded 
cusps. 
unhealthy. Not well; morbid; unsound; in- 
clined to be ill. UNI- 
358 
UREA-FROST 
uni-. [L. unus, one.] A Latin prefix signify- 
ing single, one, not paired. The Greek 
prefix signifying the same is mono-. 
uniarticular (u-ni-ar-tik'u-lar). [L. unus, 
one; articulus, joint.] Pertaining to a 
single joint; monarthric, 
uniax'ial. Possessing but one axis; extend- 
ing or growing in one direction, 
uniba'sal. Possessing but one base, 
unicam'erate. [L. unus, one; camera, 
chamber.] Uniocular; possessing but one 
chamber or cavity, as a tooth, 
unicel'lular. [L. unus, one; cellula, a cell.] 
Like the protozoans, being composed of 
but one cell. 
unicen'tral. Possessing but one center, as 
said of ossification or growth, 
unicus'pid, unicus'pidal, unicus'pidate. [L. 
unus, one; cuspis, point.] Having but 
one cusp, point or tubercle, as incisor or 
cuspid (canine) teeth. 
u'niform. [L. unus, one; forma, shape, form.] 
Possessing the same form or shape as an- 
other structure or object; of but one form, 
or not variable in form, 
unilateral. [L. unus, one; latus, side.] Not- 
ing location, referring to one side of the 
mouth. 
unimax'illary. Noting location, referring to 
one jaw. 
uninu'clear. Having but one nucleus, 
union (un'yun). [L. unus, one.] Amal- 
gamation or joining of two or more bodies; 
the adhering or growing together; the 
structural adhesion or growing together 
of the margins of a wound, 
unisep'tate. Having only one septum or 
partition. 
u'nit. [L. unus, one.] Standard of measure 
or weight; a single person or thing; one. 
dental u., one tooth, u. of heat, calory, the 
amount of heat necessary to raise a kilo- 
gram of water from zero centigrade to 
1° C. u. of length, a meter, u. of weight, 
a gram. 
unitubercular (u-ni-tu-ber'ku-lar). [U unus, 
one; tuberculum, dim. of tuber, knob.] 
Uni cuspid; noting a tooth with one cusp, 
univalent (u-niv'a-lent). [L. unus, one; 
valere, to have power.] Possessing the 
combining power of one atom of hydrogen, 
universal investment-compound. Trade 
name of a compound adapted to all classes 
of dental casting and for soldering, 
unor'ganized. Not provided with organs; 
without definite structure; inorganic. 
unsat'urated. Noting a solution in which 
more of a solid could be dissolved; not 
saturated. 
unsound'. Morbid; defective; unhealthy, 
unstri'ated. Unstriped, as involuntary mus- 
cles; without striations or stripes, 
ununit'ed. Noting an unhealed fracture or 
the failure of fractured bone to unite; not 
knit or united. [ating. 
unwell'. Indisposed; slightly ill; menstru- 
upper teeth. The teeth of the maxillge or 
upper jaw. Preferable to superior teeth, 
because the term superior has a twofold 
meaning, pertaining to location and 
quality. Maxillary teeth, 
uranal'ysis. [G. ouron, urine; analysis, dis- 
solving.] The analysis of the urine, 
uraniscochasma (u-ran-is-ko-kas'ma). [G. 
ouraniskos, roof of the mouth; chasma, 
chasm.] Uranoschisis; cleft palate, 
uranisconitis (u-ran-is-kon-e'tis or i'tis). [G. 
ouraniskos, roof of the mouth; -itis, in- 
flammation.] Inflammation of the palate, 
uraniscoplasty (u-ran-is'ko-plas-ti). [G. 
ouraniskos, roof of the mouth; plasso, I 
form.] Operation for the closure of a 
cleft palate; staphyloplasty; staphylor- 
rhaphy; uranoplasty; uraniscorrhaphy, 
uraniscorrhaphy (u-ran-is-kor'ra-fi). [G. 
ouraniskos, roof of the mouth; rhaphe, 
suture.] Uraniscoplasty; staphyloplasty; 
staphylorrhaphy. 
ura'nium. Symbol U, atomic weight 238.5. 
A metallic element. 
uranoplas'tic. Pertaining to uranoplasty, 
u'ranoplasty. [G. ouranos, palate; plasso, I 
form.] Uraniscoplasty. 
uranople'gia. [G. plege, stroke.] Paralysis 
of the muscles of the soft palate, 
uranor'rhaphy. Uraniscoplasty. 
uranoschisis (u-ran-os'ki-sis). [G. schisis, 
fissure.] Uraniscochasma; uranoschism; 
cleft palate. 
uranoschism (u-ran'o-sizm). [G. schisma, 
cleft.] Cleft palate. 
uranostaph'yloplasty. [G. staphyle, uvula; 
plasso, I form.] Operation for a cleft on 
both the hard and soft palate, 
uranostaphylorrhaphy (u-ran-5-staf-il-or'ra- 
fi). [G. rhaphe, suture.] Uranostaphylo- 
plasty. 
ure'a. One of the end products of metab- 
olism excreted by the urine; carbamide, 
ure'a-frost. Small masses of urea sometimes 
appearing on the skin of the face in Bright’s 
disease. URETHRA 
359 
VALENCE 
ure'thra. A canal arising from the bladder, 
through which the urine is passed out of 
the body. 
uTic. Pertaining to urea, 
uri'na. [L.] Urine, 
urinal'ysis. Uranalysis. 
u'rinary. Pertaining to the urine, 
u'rine. [L. urina.] The excretion of the 
kidneys, collected in the bladder and 
passed out through the urethra, normally 
acid and of a specific gravity of 1.020. 
urobi'lin. [G. our on, urine; L. bilis, bile.] 
A pigment present in the urine, derived 
principally from bilirubin. 
U-shaped. Having the form of the letter U 
(used in describing the form of anatomical 
structures, appliances, etc.) 
ushi. [Ja.] Carious tooth, 
ushoku. [Ja.] Dental caries, 
us'tus. [L. urure, to burn.] Burnt; cal- 
cined; roasted; dried in a fire, 
ustula'tion. Burning; expelling one sub- 
stance from another by heat, 
u'terus. [L.] The womb, in which the 
impregnated ovum develops into the child, 
u'viform. [L. uva, grape; forma, shape.] 
Like a grape or a bunch of grapes; 
staphyloid. 
u'viol. A more than usually transparent 
specially made glass permitting passage 
of the ultraviolet or actinic rays, 
u'vula. [L., dim. of uva, grape.] The 
pendulum palati, a small conical projec- 
tion from the posterior margin of the soft 
palate, composed of connective tissue, in 
which there are a number of racemose 
glands and the azygos uvulae muscle. 
One of several structures resembling the 
palatine uvula, bifid u., an elementary 
cleft of the uvula, bifurcation of the uvula, 
u. palatina, the uvula of the soft palate, 
uvula. [Sp.] Uvula. 
uvulapto'sia. [L. uvula; G. ptosis, a falling.] 
Staphyloptosia. 
u'vular. Pertaining to the uvula, 
uvular'is. The azygos uvulae muscle, 
u'vulatome. Staphylotome. 
uvulat'omy. Staphylotomy, 
uvulitis (u-vu-le'tis or i'tis). [L. uvula; G. 
-itis, inflammation.] Inflammation of the 
uvula; staphylitis; cionitis. 
uvulopto'sia. [L. uvula; G. ptosis, a falling.] 
Staphyloptosia. 
u'vulotome. [L. uvula; G. tome, a cutting.] 
Staphylotome. 
uvulot'omy. Staphylotomy. 
V 
vacci'na. [L.] A local disease limited to the 
site of inoculation, specifically the effect 
of inoculating man with the virus of cow- 
pox. See vaccine. 
vaccination. The inoculation with virus of 
cowpox, or vaccine, to create immunity 
against smallpox. 
vac'cine. The virus of cowpox employed 
for inoculation, causing immunity against 
smallpox. Pertaining to the virus of 
smallpox in man or in the cow. autog- 
enous v., vaccine manufactured from a 
culture of bacteria obtained from the 
patient himself, bovine v., that obtained 
from a heifer, corresponding v., that 
made with bacteria of the same species 
as those which caused the infection to be 
treated, but not derived from the patient 
himself, homogeneous v., same as cor- 
responding vaccine, humanized v., that 
obtained from man. mixed v., one made 
from more than one species' of bacteria. 
vac'uole. [L. vacuolum, dim. of vacuum, an 
empty space.] A small space in a tissue; 
the source of origin of a lymphatic vessel. 
vacuum (vak'u-um). [L. vacuus, empty.] 
Hypothetically an empty space; ordinarily, 
one from which nearly all the air has been 
exhausted or removed, 
vac'uum-chamber, vacuum-cavity. Air- 
chamber; the depression on the surface of 
a denture in contact with the mucous 
membrane from which the air is exhausted 
by suction, and which thus acts as an aid 
in retaining the denture in close contact 
with the mucous membrane by atmos- 
pheric pressure, v.-c. plate, a denture pro- 
vided with an air-chamber, 
vac'uum plate. A denture provided with an 
air-chamber. 
vagina (va-ji'na). [L.] A sheath; a sheath- 
like structure, as the genital canal in the 
female from the vulva to the uterus, 
va'gus. [L.] Wandering; the name of the 
pneumogastric nerve, the nervus vagus, 
va'lence. [L. valentia, strength.] The com- 
bining power of an atom of an element or 
radical, the valence of a hydrogen atom 
being taken as the unit of comparison; 
quantivalence; equivalence. VALENCY 
360 
VASOINHIBITOR 
valency. See valence. 
Valentin’s ganglion. Enlargement on the 
middle superior dental nerve, above the 
root of the second bicuspid, at its point of 
communication with the posterior superior 
dental nerve. 
val'idol. Trade name of a preparation used 
as a nerve sedative, antispasmodic, 
restorative and stimulant. 
vallate. Circumvallate, as certain papillae 
on the dorsum of the tongue; surrounded 
by an elevation; cupped. 
vallec'ula. [L. vallum, a rampart.] A de- 
pression on the dorsum of the tongue, one 
being on each side of the frenulum epi- 
glottidis. 
Valleix’s points. A number of locations in 
the course of a nerve upon which pressure 
is painful in neuralgia. 
Vallender compound casting-machine. Trade 
name of a machine for casting inlays and 
dentures. 
val'lum. [L., a rampart.] A raised, more or 
less circular ridge; the outer wall of a fossa 
or circular depression, which is slightly 
raised, surrounding a vallate papilla of 
the tongue. 
Valsalva’s experiment. To inflate the 
Eustachian tube and tympanum by a 
forced expiration, holding the nose with 
thumb and forefinger and closing the 
mouth. 
valve. [L. valva.] A reduplication of a 
tissue having a resemblance to a valve; a 
fold or duplication of the lining membrane 
of a canal or any hollow organ which 
assists in retarding or preventing the reflux 
of a fluid, aortic v., valvula semilunaris, 
auriculoventricular v., the left or mitral 
valve, and the right or tricuspid valve of 
the heart, bicuspid v., mitral valve, the 
left auriculoventricular valve; valvula bi- 
cuspidalis. semilunar v., one of the valves 
at the orifice of the aorta and one at that 
of the pulmonary artery, tricuspid v., the 
right auriculoventricular valve; valvula 
tricuspidalis. 
valveless (valv'les). Without valve or 
valves, as the portal vein, which is not 
provided with valves as are most other 
veins. 
val'viform. [L. valva, valve; forma, shape, 
form.] Valve-shaped. 
val'vula. [L., dim. of valva, valve.] A small 
valve; a valvule; a valve to govern the 
direction of the flow of a fluid or gas. 
vana'dium. Symbol V, atomic weight 50.8. 
A metallic element. 
va'por. [L., steam.] The gaseous form of 
solids or liquids when heated to the extent 
which will drive their molecules apart; 
the visible emanation of the fine particles 
of a liquid; a medicinal preparation which 
is to be vaporized and thus administered, 
vaporiza'tion. The application of vapor as a 
medicine; the changing of a solid or liquid 
to vapor. 
variation. Deviation from the normal or 
type in structure or form, 
varicella. Chickenpox. 
vari'ola. Smallpox. 
va'rioloid. Resembling smallpox. A mild 
form of smallpox. 
var'nish. A solution of a resin in oil, alcohol 
or spirits which dries when applied, a thin 
film of it being left on the surface, copal 
ether v., see copal ether, dental v., see 
sandarac and shellac. 
vas. [L.] A vessel, v. afferens, an artery 
carrying blood to any part, or a lymphatic 
vessel entering a lymph gland, v. efferens, 
a vein conveying blood away from a part, 
or a lymphatic vessel leaving a lymph 
gland; one of the excretory ducts, 
vasa. Plural of vas, vessel. [vessels, 
vas'cular. Pertaining to or containing blood- 
vas'culum. A small vessel, 
vas'eline. Petrolatum, a semisolid unctuous 
mixture of hydrocarbons made from 
petroleum. 
vas'iform. [L. vas, vessel; forma, shape, 
form.] Possessing the shape of a vas or 
tube; tubular. 
vasoconstrictor (vaz-5-kon-strik'tur). A 
nerve whose stimulation results in vascu- 
lar contraction; any agent which causes 
the blood-vessels to become constricted or 
narrowed. 
vasoden'tin. Vascular dentin, the dentin in 
which the primitive capillaries have not 
become calcified and hence are wide 
enough to give passage to the formed 
elements of the blood, 
vasodilator (vaz-6-dI-la'tur). A nerve whose 
stimulation results in vascular dilatation; 
any agent which causes the blood-vessels 
to become dilated or enlarged, 
vasoinhibitor (vaz-o-in-hib'i-tur). Any agent 
which has the effect of preventing or re- 
stricting the functioning of the vasomotor 
nerves, and thus resulting in the passive 
dilatation of the blood-vessels. VASOMOTOR 
361 
VENA 
vasomotor (vaz-o-mo'tur). Indicating a 
nerve which causes the contraction or 
dilatation of the blood-vessels, 
vault (volt). [L. volvere, to turn.] In 
anatomy, a part which resembles a dome 
or an arched roof. v. of the palate, 
palatine vault, the roof of the mouth, 
v. of the pharynx, the upper part or roof 
of the rhinopharynx. v. of the vagina, 
the fornix. 
vegetable (vej'e-ta-bl). [L. vegetare, to 
animate.] A plant, generally meaning one 
used for food. Pertaining to plants in 
contradistinction to animals, 
vehicle (ve'hi-kl). [L. vehiculum, a con- 
veyance.] A menstruum; an excipient; a 
substance in which medicine is taken, 
veil (val). [L. velum.] A caul; a velum, 
vein. [L. vena.] A blood-vessel which 
conveys the unaerated blood from the 
periphery of the body to the heart, except 
the pulmonary vein, which conveys 
aerated blood. See vena. 
velamen'tum. [L., a cover.] Velum; vela- 
men; any membrane or membranous 
covering, v. linguae, plica epiglottica. 
ve'lar. Pertaining to any velum, as the 
velum palati. 
ve'lum. [L., sail, veil.] A structure re- 
sembling a curtain or veil. v. palatinum, 
v. pendulum palati; palatum molle; the 
soft palate, artificial v. of the palate, 
prosthetic v. of the palate, a velum of 
elastic rubber made in imitation of the 
natural velum. See nursing velum. 
ve'na, pi. venae. [L.] Vein; a blood-vessel 
which carries the blood from the different 
parts of the body to the heart. With the 
exception of the pulmonary vein, all veins 
carry unaerated blood, v. comitans nervi 
hypoglossi, runs with the hypoglossal nerve 
below and at the outer side of the hypo- 
glossus muscle, and empties into the 
lingualis. v. dorsalis linguae, a tributary 
of the lingualis. v. facialis anterior, the 
anterior facial vein; it unites with the 
posterior facial in the carotid fossa, below 
the border of the mandible, and forms the 
common facial, v. facialis communis, the 
common facial vein, arises in the carotid 
fossa from the union of the anterior and 
posterior facial veins, and empties into the 
external jugular, v. facialis posterior, the 
posterior facial or temporomaxillary vein; 
it is formed by the union of the temporal 
veins in front of the ear and runs behind 
vena—-Continued. 
the ramus of the mandible through the 
parotid gland, uniting with the anterior 
facial to form the common facial, v. 
jugularis anterior, the anterior jugular 
vein; it arises on the digastric muscle from 
veins of the lower lip and the mental 
region, then descends superficially on the 
anterior part of the neck, pierces the 
superficial layer of the deep fascia, and 
passes outward to empty into the external 
jugular vein. v. jugularis externa, the 
external jugular vein; it forms below the 
parotid gland by the junction of the 
posterior auricular and the temporo- 
maxillary, then passes down the side of the 
neck external to the sternocleidomastoid 
muscle to the anterior or subclavian part 
of the posterior triangle of the neck, and 
empties into the subclavian vein. v. 
jugularis externa posterior, posterior ex- 
ternal jugular vein, commences in the 
upper and back part of the neck, super- 
ficially, runs downward and forward and 
empties into the external jugular vein, 
v. jugularis interna, the internal jugular 
vein, is a continuation of the transverse 
sinus of the dura mater; it unites behind 
the cartilage of the first rib with the sub- 
clavian and forms the innominate vein; 
the following are its tributaries: occipitalis 
thyroidea superior, the anterior, common 
and posterior facial, the lingualis, the 
pharyngeal, the meningeal and the vena 
comitans nervi hypoglossi. v. labialis 
inferior, a tributary of the anterior facial, 
drains the lower lip. v. labialis superior, 
drains the upper lip and empties into the 
anterior facial vein. v. lingualis, the 
lingual vein, returns the blood from the 
tongue, sublingual and submaxillary glands 
and the muscles of the floor of the mouth, 
and empties into the internal jugular and 
common facial veins, v. palatina, the 
palatine vein, drains the palatine region 
and empties into the anterior facial vein, 
v. parotidea anterior, drains part of the 
parotid gland and empties into the anterior 
facial, v. parotidea posterior, drains part 
of the parotid gland and empties into the 
posterior facial, v. portae, the portal vein', 
divides into a right and left branch and 
is distributed throughout the liver, v. 
sublingualis, a tributary of the lingual 
vein. v. submentalis, below the chin, 
anastomoses with the sublingual and VENEER 
362 
VICARIOUS 
empties into the anterior facial, v. tem- 
poromaxillaris, the posterior facial vein, 
veneer (ve-ner'). The name of various shades 
of pink rubber used for the labial portion 
of artificial dentures. 
venenation (ven-e-na/shun). [L. venenum, 
poison.] Poisoning. 
venenosal'ivary. The secreting of a poison- 
ous saliva, as in venomous reptiles, 
ven'enous. Poisonous. 
vene'real. Pertaining to sexual intercourse; 
resulting from sexual intercourse, 
ven'om. [L. venenum.] The poison excreted 
by reptiles and insects, 
venomosal'ivary. Venenosalivary. 
ve'nous. Pertaining to veins, 
vent. Any opening or orifice into a canal or 
cavity. 
ven'ter. [L.] The abdomen, belly; any one 
of the three great cavities of the body; 
the uterus; the broad swelling of a muscle, 
ven'tilate. To renew the air in a room; to 
aerate the blood, as in the lungs, 
ven'tral. Pertaining to the abdomen; 
abdominal. 
ventricle (ven'tri-kl). [L. ventriculus, dim. of 
venter, belly.] A small cavity, as the 
ventricles of the heart, 
ventric'ular. Pertaining to a ventricle, 
ventric'ulus. [L.] A ventricle; the stomach, 
vera'trum vir'ide. Hellebore, 
verdigris (ver'di-gres). Copper subacetate; 
the green rust on copper, a carbonate of 
copper. 
vermiform (ver'mi-fdrm). [L. vermis, worm; 
forma, shape, form.] Resembling a worm; 
worm-shaped, as the vermiform appendix 
of the intestine. 
vermil'ion. The red pigment made from 
cinnabar or red mercuric sulphid, used as 
the coloring-material in caoutchouc, to the 
poisonous effect of which an inflammatory 
condition of the mucous membrane is 
ascribed, due to its presence in artificial 
dentures, v. border, the red border of the 
lips where skin and mucous membrane 
merge into each other, 
ver'mis. [L., worm.] A worm, 
verru'ca. [L.] A circumscribed hyper- 
trophy of the papillae of the epidermis; a 
wart. 
vers l'arriere. [Fr.] Retroversion, 
vers l'avant. [Fr.] Anteversion. 
vert. [L. vertere, to turn.] The revolving 
motion of a part, as the cable of a dental 
engine within the sheath. To turn. 
vertebra, pi. vertebrae (ver'te-bra). [L.] 
One of the segments of the spinal column, 
ver'tebral. Pertaining to one or more of the 
Yertebrae. 
ver'tebrate. Possessed of a vertebral column, 
as a vertebrate animal, 
ver'tex. [L.] The crown of the head; the 
uppermost point of the vault of the skull, 
used as a landmark in craniometry, 
ver'tical. Pertaining to the vertex, or the 
crown of the head; perpendicular, 
ver'tigo. [L. vertere, to turn around.] Gid- 
diness; dizziness; a sensation of turning 
around; irregular or whirling motion, 
vesi'ca. [L.] A bladder, 
ves'ical. Pertaining to the bladder, 
ves'icant. Epispastic; blistering. Some- 
thing which produces a blister; a vesica- 
tory. 
ves'icate. To blister, 
vesica'tion. The producing of a blister, 
ves'icle. [L. vesicula, a small bladder.] Any 
small sac containing a fluid or gas; a small 
circumscribed elevation on the skin con- 
taining a nonpurulent fluid, 
vesic'ula. [L.] A vesicle, small bladder or 
structure like a bladder, 
vesic'ular. Pertaining to or containing 
vesicles. 
ves'sel. [L. vascellum, dim. of vas, vessel.] 
A duct, canal or tube through which a 
liquid is conveyed, like the blood, chyle, 
lymph, etc.; a vas, angeion. 
ves'tibule. [L. vestibulum, an entrance- 
chamber.] A small space or cavity at the 
entrance of a canal. 
vestib'ulum. [L., an entrance or ante- 
chamber.] A vestibule. v. oris, the 
entrance to the mouth; the space between 
the teeth and the lips and gums, 
vestige (ves'tij). [L. vestigium, a footstep.] 
A rudimentary structure; a trace of some- 
thing. 
vi'a. [L., road, way.] A passage in the body, 
as the alimentary canal, 
viabil'ity. [Fr. viabilite.] A viable state; 
the capability of living, 
vibra'tion. [L. vibrare, to shake.] Oscilla- 
tion; to and fro movement; a shaking. 
Vib'rio. A flexible bacillus possessing snake- 
like movements; the Spirillum, a member 
of the genus Spirillaceae. 
vica'rious. [L. vicarius, delegated, substi- 
tuted.] Substitutive; compensatory, v. 
menstruation, periodical losses of blood 
corresponding with menstrual periods, VITAMINS 
VICE 
363 
taking place from the stomach, mouth, 
gums, etc., during the time when normal 
menstruation is suppressed, 
vice. [L. vitium'.] An imperfection or 
defect. 
vicious. (vish'us). Defective; harmful; 
faulty. 
vident. Trade name of a series of prophylac- 
tic and therapeutic preparations for the 
mouth, toothbrushes and a contrivance 
for cleansing the dorsum of the tongue. 
Vidian canal. The pterygoid canal, 
villi. PI. of villus. 
vil'liform teeth. See teeth. 
villus. [L., a tuft of hair.] A minute pro- 
jection on the surface of mucous mem- 
branes. 
vin. [Fr.] Wine. 
vin. Abbr. of L. vinum, wine. 
Vincent’s angi'na. An inflammation of the 
tonsil, with the formation of a pseudo- 
membranous exudate and subsequent 
ulceration. It is accompanied by painful 
swelling of the adjacent lymphatic nodes, 
fever, and other signs of systemic infection; 
trenchmouth. 
Vincent’s infection. The ulcero-membran- 
ous stomatitis caused by Vincent’s spiril- 
lum and fusiform bacillus; in preference to 
Vincent’s angina, the latter being more 
applicable to the throat infection. [ADA.] 
vin'culum. [L., a fetter.] A ligament, 
frenum or frenulum. 
vinegar. Acetum; dilute acetic acid made 
from wine, cider, malt, etc. 
vi'nous. Pertaining to wine, 
vi'num. [L.] Wine; a medicinal substance 
in solution in wine. v. album, white wine, 
the fermented juice of grapes, v. carnis et 
ferri, wine of beef and iron. v. carnis, ferri 
etcinchonae,wineof beef, iron and cinchona, 
a tonic, v. ferri, wine of iron, tonic, v. 
opii, Sydenham’s laudanum, wine of 
opium, v. pepsini, wine of pepsin, v. 
portense, port wine. v. rubrum, claret, 
red wine. v. xericum, sherry wine, 
vi'olet. The color of the rays at the actinic 
end of the spectrum; purple, 
virgin (ver-jin). [L. virgo.] Fresh, unused, 
uncontaminated. A woman or man who 
has never had sexual intercourse, 
virile. [L. vir, man.] Pertaining to man or 
the male sex; masculine, 
virtual (ver'tu-al). [L. virtus, power.] Not 
actual; potential; being in essence or 
effect, but not in fact. 
virtue (ver'tu). Efficacy; power, as that of 
a medicine. 
virulence (vir'u-lens). [L. virulentus, full of 
poison or virus.] The power of micro- 
organisms to produce disease; the quality 
of being poisonous. 
virulent (vir'u-lent). Very poisonous, 
virulif'erous. Conveying virus, 
vi'rus. [L., poison.] Contagium; specific 
poison of infectious disease; vaccine 
lymph. 
vis. [L.] Power, force, energy, v. a fronte, 
a force acting from the front, v. a tergo, 
a force acting from behind, v. vitae, life 
force, vital force. 
viscera (vis'er-a). Plural of viscus. 
viscid (vis'id). [L. viscum, birdlime.] Glu- 
tinous; sticky; adhesive, 
viscidity. Adhesiveness; stickiness, 
viscosity (vis-kos'i-ti). [L. viscum,, birdlime.] 
Thickness of a fluid; stickiness, tenacity, 
noting a condition of saliva; viscidity; a 
condition in which there is a measure of 
adhesion of the molecules of a fluid to each 
other, so that it does not readily flow, 
viscous (vis'kus). [L. viscum, birdlime.] 
Sticky; tenacious; viscid; glutinous, v. 
saliva, noting saliva which is sticky, ropy, 
tenacious, stringy, in contradistinction to 
the saliva which is thin and watery, 
vis'cus. [L.] An internal organ, such as the 
liver, pancreas, etc. 
vise (vis). A screwpress appliance with two 
jaws between which hard objects may be 
clamped securely, leaving both hands free, 
bench v., one which is attached to a table 
or bench by a screw, hand v., small vise 
to be held in one hand, pin v., a small 
handvise for holding fine pieces of dental 
work. • 
visible (viz'i-bl). [L. visibilis.] Capable of 
being seen. 
vision (vizh'un). [L. videre, to see.] The act 
of seeing; the sight. 
vital'itester. Trade name of an electric 
pulp-tester, used to determine the vitality 
of teeth. 
vitality. Energy or vital force, 
vitamins (vi'ta-minz). [L. vita, life.] A 
group of substances that are found in 
carbon foods, as in rice, butter, vegetables, 
oranges, etc., and that, while not directly 
food, are essential to the welfare of the 
body and to metabolism; their lack is the 
cause of various deficiency diseases. Up 
to the present the following vitamins have VITELLIN 
364 
VULCANITE 
been classified: fat-soluble A, or anti- 
rachitic; water-soluble B, or anti-neurotic, 
and water-soluble C, or anti-scorbutic, 
vitel'lin. [L. vitellus, yolk.] A protein com- 
bined with lecithin in the yolk of eggs, 
vitelloru'bin. A pigment of the yolk of 
eggs, of a reddish color, 
vitel'lus. [L.] The yolk of egg, the germinal 
part of the ovum and the substance for the 
nutrition of the embryo, 
vitiation (vish-i-a'shun). [L. vitiare, to cor- 
rupt.] Impairment; the rendering useless, 
less efficacious; corruption, 
vit'reous. [L. vitreus, glass.] Resembling 
glass, glassy, as the vitreous part of a tooth, 
the enamel; the vitreous body of a mineral 
tooth, the outer smooth, glassy surface, 
vit'reum. The vitreous body of the eye; 
corpus vitreum. 
vit'riol. Sulphuric acid. elixir of v., 
aromatic sulphuric acid. Roman v., cop- 
per sulphate. 
vivifica'tion. [L. vivificare, from vivus, alive; 
facere, to make.] In the final stage of 
assimilation, the changing of the protein 
of the food into the living matter of the 
cell. Freshening the margins of a wound, 
by paring off a thin layer, and facilitating 
reunion; revivification, 
vivip'arous. [L. vivus, alive; parere, to bear.] 
Giving birth to living beings, as dis- 
tinguished from oviparous, egg-bearing, 
vivisection (viv-i-sek'shun). The cutting up 
of living animals or the operating on living 
animals, for study and investigation, 
vo'cal. Pertaining to the voice. 
Vogt’s angle. The craniometrical angle 
formed by the nasobasilar and alveolonasal 
lines. 
voice. [L. vox.] The sound produced by the 
outward passage of air through the 
larynx while the vocal cords are brought 
closer together and are made tense, 
void. To cast out excrementitious matter; 
to evacuate, as the bowels, 
voile du palais. [Fr.] Velum of the palate, 
vo'la. [L.] The palm of the hand or the 
sole of the foot. 
vo'lar. Pertaining to the palm of the hand 
or sole of the foot; palmar; plantar, 
vol'atile. [L. volare, to fly.] Evaporating 
spontaneously; not permanent, 
volition (vo-lish'un.) [L. volo, I will.] The 
conscious impulse to do or to refrain from 
doing something; the act of willing or 
choosing. 
Volkmann’s disease. See Baelz's disease. 
Volkszahnklinik. [Ger.] Dental clinic for 
the general public. 
Volkszahnpflege. [Ger.] Dental hygiene of 
the general public. 
volt. The fractional unit of electromotive 
force. 
volt'age. The expressing in volts of the 
electromotive force. 
voltme'ter. An apparatus for measuring 
voltage. 
volumet'ric. [L. volumen, volume; G. metron, 
measure.] Pertaining to measurement by 
volume; measured by volume. 
vo'mer. [L., a ploughshare.] The flat bone 
of trapezoid shape which forms the 
inferior and posterior part of the nasal 
septum. 
vomerobas'ilar. Pertaining to the vomer and 
the base of the skull. 
vomerona'sal. Pertaining to the vomer and 
the nasal bone. 
vom'it. [L. vomere.] To forcibly eject matter 
from the stomach. The matter ejected; 
an emetic. 
vom'iting. The forcible ejection of matter 
from the stomach through the esophagus 
and the mouth. 
vomiturition (vom-i-tu-rish'un.) Ineffectual 
efforts at vomiting; retching. 
vom'itus. Vomiting; vomited matter. 
Von Langenbeck’s operation for fistula of 
Stensen’s duct. Performed by implanting 
the distal end of the duct, at the site of the 
fistula, directly into the oral cavity, thus 
constructing a new orifice. 
Von Mikulicz’ disease. See Mikulicz. 
vor'tex. [L.] The whorl of the muscular 
fibers at the apex of the heart. 
vofite palatine. [Fr.] The vault of the 
palate. 
V-shaped. Having the form of the letter V 
(used in describing a certain malformation 
of the palate, in describing appliances, 
etc.) 
vulcan lining. Trade name of gold lining 
for vulcanite dentures. 
vul'canite. Hard rubber, caoutchouc, used 
as the base for dentures, for orthodontic 
appliances, the making of artificial sub- 
stitutes for lost tissues about the face, as 
the mandible, nose, lips, ear, etc., and in 
surgery and general orthopedics for splints, 
etc. dental v., caoutchouc combined writh 
sulphur and colored pink, red, brown, 
maroon, black, etc., used for dental bases. VULCANIZADORA 
365 
WASHING AMALGAM 
v. base, the base of a denture made of 
vulcanite, v.-chisels, heavy chisels with 
a square, a right or a left cutting edge for 
trimming vulcanite, v. denture, an artifi- 
cial denture whose base is made of vul- 
canite. v.-finishers, variously shaped 
tools for trimming vulcanite, v. lathe burs, 
coarse burs revolved in the lathe, for cut- 
ting down the rough vulcanite, v.-lining, 
lining of gold foil or other metal for vul- 
canite bases, v.-scrapers, spoon-shaped 
tools for shaving off vulcanite in trimming 
dentures, v.-teeth, artificial teeth made 
for use with vulcanite. weighted v., 
rubber into which tin filings have been 
incorporated to add weight to mandibular 
dentures. 
vulcanizadora. [Sp.] Vulcanizer. 
vul'canizer. A steam boiler in which rubber 
is hardened. It consists of an iron, brass 
or copper boiler, and is provided with a 
thermometer to indicate the temperature 
of the steam, a safety-valve to prevent 
overheating or explosion and a blow-off to 
permit rapid cooling if desired, air-pres- 
sure relief valve for v., a valve through 
which the air in the vulcanizer is forced 
out while the boiler is being heated, so 
that the denture will be subjected to steam 
pressure only and not to the pressure of 
any condensed air. v.-bedplate, a device 
in which the hot vulcanizer is held while 
the top or cover is screwed on. v.-mani- 
fold, an attachment on a vulcanizer which 
carries the various outlets, for the cold air, 
steam, safety valve, etc. 
vul'canizing. The process of hardening 
rubber in a vulcanizer. 
vulnerable. [L. vulnerabilis.] Easily in- 
jured; exposed to injury; capable of being 
wounded. 
vul'va. [L., a covering, a wrapper.] The 
pudendum muliebre, the labia majora of 
the female, and the cleft between them. 
w 
W. Chemical symbol of Wolfram or tung- 
sten. 
Waite’s local anesthetic. Trade name of a 
local anesthetic containing cocain, phenol, 
glycerin, iodin, thyme, eucalyptus, mentha 
arvensis, baptisia, gaultheria and benzo- 
boracic acid. 
Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring. The incomplete 
ring of limphoid tissue formed by the 
faucial, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils, 
wall. The inside surface of a room, cavity, 
vessel, etc. dentin w., that part of the 
wall of a cavity which consists of dentin, 
enamel w., that part of the wall of a cavity 
which consists of enamel, 
wall, cavity. [Black.] The surrounding 
walls of a cavity take the names of those 
surfaces of the teeth adjoining the surface 
decayed toward which they are placed. 
Cavity walls are as follows: axial, buccal, 
cervical (gingival), distal, labial, lingual, 
incisal, mesial, occlusal, pulpal and sub- 
pulpal. See cavity nomenclature, cavity 
classification. 
wall'tooth. Molar tooth. 
Walther’s canals or ducts. Eight to ten 
ducts of the lobules of the sublingual gland 
which are sometimes present (the gland 
usually has a single duct); the ductus sub- 
linguales minores; ductus Rivini, Rivinus’ 
ducts. 
wan'dering. Noting cells which move about; 
not fixed, w. cell, leucocyte. 
Wangenzahn. [Ger.] Molar tooth, 
wang'tooth. Molar tooth. 
Ward’s system of inlay anchorage. A 
method introduced by Dr. M. L. Ward, 
inserting one or more short pins in various 
parts of a cavity, the bent portion of the 
pin being inclosed in the inlay, 
warm-air syringe. See syringe. 
warp'age. A change of shape, or bulge, in a 
plaster impression allowed to remain in an 
impression-tray for some time, or in vul- 
canite dentures long exposed to air. 
wash. A lotion. eyewash, collyrium. 
mouthwash, a medicinal liquid for cleans- 
ing the mouth and teeth and treating 
diseased conditions of the mucous mem- 
brane. 
wash-bottle. A bottle filled with water, 
through which a tube passes to the bottom; 
gases to be purified are forced through it. 
wash'ing. The process of separating par- 
ticles of gold or other valuable metals 
from the impurities of the workshop, 
washing amalgam. The practice of rubbing 
the amalgam, while making a mix, with 
alcohol, ether or chloroform, to remove 
oxids and other foreign substances, the 
liquid in which it is washed carrying with it 
the extraneous substances. WASSERMANN TEST 
366 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
Wassermann test. A diagnostic test for 
syphilis. 
waste (wast). Excrements of the body. To 
grow thin; to emaciate, 
wast'ing. Atrophy; emaciation; loss of 
weight, w. of the teeth, abrasion, attri- 
tion, erosion, w. of the alveolar process, 
disintegration of the alveolar process, 
water (w&'ter). A fluid mixture or compound 
of hydrogen and oxygen, H2O; any col- 
lection of it; any fluid resembling water; 
when pure, a clear, tasteless and odorless 
fluid, freezes or solidifies at 0° C. or 32° F., 
and boils at 100° C. and 212° F. chlorin 
w., contains chlorids of sodium, potassium, 
calcium and magnesium, w. of crystal- 
lization, united with certain salts, being 
necessary to their arrangement in crystal- 
line form. 
water-soluble B, water-soluble C. Vitamins 
which are essential in metabolism and 
growth. See vitamins. 
watt. The unit of electrical power; with an 
electromotive force of one volt and a 
current of one ampere, one watt represents 
the available power. 
Watt’s metal. An alloy for making cast 
dentures. 
wave (wav). State of vibration propagated 
through a system of particles; ridge rising 
on the surface of water; inequality of sur- 
face; movement of particles in a solid or 
liquid elastic body; the pulse; alternate 
elevation and depression in an artery due 
to the varying pressure of the blood, 
wax. A yellow, fatty substance produced by 
bees; it is a thick, tenacious substance and 
remains plastic at ordinary temperatures. 
Used alone or in combination with other 
substances for taking impressions of the 
mouth, adhesive w., a compound of wax 
and rosin used for temporarily attaching 
parts of dental pieces to each other for 
trial in the mouth, baseplate w., pink or 
yellow wax sheets stiffened with paraffin, 
used for trial-plates, hardbite w., wax 
containing rosin, for use in hot weather, 
mineral w., paraffin wax. paraffin w., wax 
made from coal oil. vegetable w., a wax 
derived from plants, w. form, w. model, 
impression of a cavity constituting a mold 
for an inlay, w. impression, an impression 
of the mouth taken in wax. w.-knife, a 
double-ended instrument for manipulating 
wax in “waxing-up” bridges, dentures, etc. 
w. plate, a trial-plate of wax in making 
dentures, white w., bleached beeswax, 
yellow w., unbleached beeswax, inlay w., 
see inlay. 
waxing, waxing up. The operation of form- 
ing a baseplate of wax and the arranging 
of the artificial teeth on it by means of wax. 
waxing-burner. A spirit lamp pivoted in a 
stand so that it may be turned at an angle, 
preventing the melted wax from dropping 
into the flame and also permitting the 
melting of wax and the dropping of it 
directly upon the work in hand, 
wax'y. Pertaining to or resembling wax. 
wear, interproximal. See contact. 
wearing down of teeth. Abrasion; attrition, 
web. A membrane; a tissue; tela. 
Weber standard unit model. Trade name of 
a pedestal for the dental office, carrying 
dental engine, cuspidor, instrument-table, 
etc. 
Weber’s glands. The muciparous glands of 
the tongue situated on either side posteri- 
orly. 
wedge. A piece of wood or metal, tapering 
to a thin edge or point, used in separating 
teeth preparatory to some operation on 
the proximal surfaces. 
wedge-cutter. An instrument for cutting off 
the projecting ends of wedges after they 
have been forced between the teeth in 
separating or for holding the gum tissue 
out of the field of operation, 
wedge-shaped. Cuneiform, 
wedging. The act of separating the teeth 
with a wedge. 
weight (wat). The force with which a body 
is attracted to the earth, minus ithe 
centrifugal pressure from its axis of rota- 
tion; heaviness; gravity, atomic w., the 
weight of an atom of any element as 
compared with the weight of an atom of 
oxygen, the latter’s atomic weight being 
expressed as 16. molecular w., the weight 
of a molecule of any substance as compared 
with the weight of an atom of hydrogen, 
that is with 1. See weights and measures. 
weights and measures. The dentist is 
called upon to make use of four systems of 
weights and measures; these are: the 
metric, the troy, the apothecaries’ and 
the avoirdupois. The metric system is in 
general use by all the principal nations of 
the world except Great Britain, Russia 
and the United States, where it is author- 
ized, but not compulsory. For scientific 
purposes it is used in all the countries of WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
367 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
the world, and hence is the system in use 
in the strictly scientific phases of dentistry. 
The troy system of weights is used in 
weighing precious metals, such as platinum, 
gold, solders, etc., while drugs may be 
prescribed or dispensed according to the 
apothecaries’ or metric systems. The 
avoirdupois is used in ordinary commerce, 
and base metals, such as lead, tin, zinc, etc., 
are weighed according to that system. 
The Metric System—Weights 
milligram (.001 gram) = .0154 grain 
centigram ( .01 gram) = .1543 grain 
decigram ( .1 gram) = 1.5433 grains 
gram = 15.4339 grains 
decagram ( 10 grams) = .3527 ounce 
hectogram ( 100 grams) = 3.5274 ounces 
kilogram (1,000 grams) =. 2.2046 pounds 
Dry Measure—Metric 
milliliter (.001 liter) = .061 cubic inch 
centiliter ( .01 liter) = .6102 cubic inch 
deciliter ( .1 liter) = 6.1022 cubic inches 
liter = .908 quart 
decaliter ( 10 liters) = 9.08 quarts 
hectoliter ( 100 liters) = 2.838 bushels 
kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 1.308 cubic yards 
Liquid Measure—Metric 
milliliter ( .001 liter) = .0338 fluid ounce 
centiliter ( .01 liter) = .338 fluid ounce 
deciliter ( .1 liter) = .845 gill 
liter = 1.0567 quarts 
decaliter ( 10 liters) = 2.6418 gallons 
hectoliter ( 100 liters) = 26.418 gallons 
kiloliter (1,000 liters) = 264.18 gallons 
Length Measure—Metric 
millimeter ( .001 meter) = .03937 inch 
centimeter ( .01 meter) = .3937 inch 
decimeter ( .1 meter) = 3.937 inches 
meter = 39.37 inches 
decameter ( 10 meters) = 393.7 inches 
hectometer ( 100 meters) = 328 feet 1 inch 
kilometer (1,000 meters) = 3,280 feet 10 inches 
In microscopy, the unit of measure is XgV<y of a millimeter, called micron (symbol y), or 
micrometer. 
The unit of weight is the gram, or gramme, abbreviation gr., in English-speaking countries 
usually g. or gm. to distinguish it from grain. 
In prescription-writing, fractions of the cubic centimeter or of the gram are expressed by 
decimals, or by figures written to the right of a vertical line: 
2 cubic centimeters or 2 gm., 2. or 2 
cubic centimeter or gm., 0.1 or 1 
cubic centimeter or gm., 0.03 or 03 
Yrfffv cubic centimeter orx<Jsoxgm., 0.002 or 002 
Ittht cubic centimeters or l 1.35 or 1 35 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
368 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
Avoirdupois Weights 
pound, ounces, drachms, grains. 
1 = 16 = 256 = 7000 
1 = 16 = 437.5 
1 = 27.34375 
Troy Weights 
pound. ounces, pennyweights, grains. 
1 = 12 = 240 = 5760 
1 = 20 = 480 
1 =24 
To convert troy ounces to avoirdupois, add 10 percent; to convert avoirdupois ounces to 
troy, subtract Ex- 
Apothecaries' Weights 
pound, ounces, drachms, scruples, grains. 
1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760 
1 = 8 = 24 = 480 
1 = 3 = 60 
1 = 20 
gallon, quarts, pints. fluid fluid minims. 
ounces, drachms. 
1 = 4 = 8 = 128 = 1024 = 61440 
1 = 2 = 32 = 256 = 15360 
1 = 16 = 128 = 7680 
1 = 8 = 480 
1 = 60 
United States Apothecaries' Liquid Measures 
grams. 
grams. 
tI(J 
0.000539 
ToTF 
0.000648 
A 
0.001079 
A 
0.001296 
A 
0.002159 
A 
0.002592 
A 
0.003237 
A 
0.005399 
A 
0.006479 
i 
0.008098 
1 
0.010798 
i 
0.016197 
£ 
0.021597 
0.032395 
Metric Equivalents of Avoirdupois and Apothecaries' Grains 
grains. 
grams. 
1 
0.064798 
2 
0.129596 
3 
0.194394 
4 
0.259192 
5 
0.323990 
6 
0.388788 
7 
0.453586 
8 
0.518384 
9 
0.583182 
10 
0.647980 
15 
0.971970 
20 
1.295960 
30 
1.943940 
Metric Equivalents of Apothecaries' Drachms and Ounces 
drachms. 
grams. 
1 
3.88788 
2 
7.77576 
3 
11.66364 
4 
15.55152 
ounces. 
grams. 
1 
31.10394 
2 
62.20788 
3 
93.31182 
4 
124.41576 
6 
186.62364 
12 
373.24728 WEINSTEIN’S STONE 
369 
WHEEL 
Metric Equivalents of Avoirdupois Drachms and Ounces 
drachms. 
grams. 
1 
1.77182 
2 
3.54364 
3 
5.31546 
4 
7.08728 
8 
14.17456 
ounces. 
grams. 
1 
28.34912 
2 
56.69824 
8 
226.79296 
16 
453.58592 
grams. 
grams. 
0.001 
0.01543 
0.002 
0.03086 
0.003 
0.04630 
0.004 
0.06173 
0.005 
0.07716 
0.006 
0.09260 
0.007 
0.10803 
0.008 
0.12347 
0.009 
0.13890 
0.01 
0.15433 
0.02 
0.30866 
0.03 
0.46301 
0.04 
0.61735 
0.05 
0.77169 
0.06 
0.92603 
0.07 
1.08037 
0.08 
1.23471 
0.09 
1.38905 
Equivalents of Metric in Apothecaries' or Avoirdupois Weights 
grams. 
grains. 
0.1 
1.54339 
0.2 
3.08668 
0.3 
4.63017 
0.4 
6.17359 
0.5 
7.71699 
0.6 
9.26039 
0.7 
10.80379 
0.8 
12.34719 
0.9 
13.89059 
1.0 
15.43399 
2.0 
30.86688 
3.0 
46.30177 
4.0 
61.73598 
5.0 
77.16995 
6.0 
92.60394 
7.0 
108.03793 
8.0 
123.47196 
9.0 
138.90591 
10.0 
154.33991 
kilograms. 
ounces. 
pounds. 
ounces. 
pounds. 
(troy) 
(troy) 
(avoirdupois) 
(avoirdupois) 
1 
32.15 
2.6792 
35.27 
2.2048 
2 
64.31 
5.3584 
70.55 
4.4096 
5 
160.77 
13.3960 
176.37 
11.0240 
10 
321.54 
26.7920 
352.74 
22.0480 
Weinstein’s artificial stone. Trade name of 
an investment-material for dentures for 
use during the process of vulcanization. 
Weinstein’s inlay investment. Trade name 
of an investment-material. 
Weisbach’s angle. The craniometrical angle 
formed by the junction, at the alveolar 
point, of the lines passing from the basion 
and the middle of the frontonasal suture, 
welding. That property of metals by which 
two pieces may be united under pressure, 
especially when heat is applied. Gold 
possesses this property in a high degree 
when cold, if the surfaces are clean and 
free from impurities, thermite w., mixing 
finely divided oxids in volumetric pro- 
portions with finely divided aluminum and 
igniting the mixture, w. heat, white heat, 
wesdenin. Trade name of an English 
preparation used as an antiseptic spray 
for offices and waiting-rooms. 
West’s toothbrush. Trade name of a small 
toothbrush designed to reach ail surfaces 
of the teeth, invention of Dr. Geo. N. 
West. 
Weston crown. A porcelain pivot crown 
similar to the Howe crown, except that two 
instead of four pins were used. 
Weston’s double-end plugging assistant. An 
instrument for holding a pellet of gold to a 
point where it is to be condensed. 
Weston’s metal. Trade name of an alloy 
used as a base for artificial dentures. 
Wharton’s duct. The submaxillary duct; 
ductus submaxillaris. 
whartoni'tis. Inflammation of Wharton’s 
or the submaxillary duct. 
wheel (hwel). A disc, or a circular frame or WHITE 
370 
WRINKLES 
body, whether solid or built up, capable of 
turning on a central axis, bristle w., one 
made of stiff bristles, used with the dental 
engine or lathe for cleaning teeth, polishing, 
etc. lathe brush w., one of a large variety 
of wheels for the laboratory or office lathe, 
made in various sizes and stiffness of 
bristles, carborundum w., one of various 
sizes from the smallest used in the dental 
engine to the largest used in the lathe for 
grinding metals, mineral teeth, etc.; they 
are of various forms, square edge, round 
edge, and of grits graded as fine, medium 
and coarse, chamois w., buff for the 
lathe and smaller size for the dental 
engine, corundum w., like carborundum, 
of various sizes, forms and grits, cotton 
w., for polishing, felt w., for polishing, 
leather w., for polishing, wire w., of steel 
or brass wire, for cleaning instruments. 
white. Of the color of snow or sunlight; 
opposed to black or dark; the result of the 
perfect commingling of all the rays of the 
spectrum without absorption of any. w. 
arsenic, arsenous acid. w. wax, cera alba, 
bleached beeswax. 
white spots in enamel. A condition in the 
enamel in which there is no cementing 
substance between the enamel prisms. 
White’s separating saw-holder. Consists of 
a split chuck with a stem threaded to fit 
the handle; the saw has a short blade, and 
is readily inserted or removed from the 
handle. Devised by Dr. Gordon White. 
whi'ting. Carbonate of lime; chalk free from 
impurities; a solution of precipitated chalk 
in alcohol, used for coating dies to prevent 
union with counterdies. 
whooping-cough (hop'ing-kaf). Tussis con- 
vulsiva; pertussis. 
whorl (hwurl). Rotation; a turning around 
and around. (Noting tissues formed in 
concentric circles.) 
willgold. Trade name for specialized casting 
metals and alloys for dental purposes. 
Wilson’s local anesthetic. Trade name of a 
local anesthetic containing cocain, trini- 
trin, hydronaphthol, eucalyptol, monarda, 
baptisia, gaultheria, thymol, benzoic acid 
and boric acid. 
win'dow. Fenestra. w. resection, sub- 
mucous resection. 
wind'pipe. Trachea. 
wire. A thread or slender rod of metal, 
usually very flexible and circular in cross 
section, base w., in orthodontics, one 
serving as the principal base to which the 
various appliances are attached; in pros- 
thetics, one imbedded in vulcanite, espe- 
cially in mandibular dentures to give 
strength to the artificial denture, binding 
w., for use in the dental laboratory for 
various purposes, half-round w., square 
w., triangular w., are also occasionally 
used, piano w., see piano, rigid w., one 
devoid of elasticity, spring w., an elastic 
wire. 
wireless telegraphy. See Loomis. 
wire'splint. See splint. 
wiring (wlr'ing). Fastening loose teeth 
together by means of wires; fastening 
together by means of wires the broken 
ends of the mandible, or of any other 
broken bone. 
wis'dom tooth. The third molar; dens 
sapientise, dens serotinus, 
womb. The uterus, 
wood alcohol. Methyl alcohol. 
Wood crown. [Dr. B. Wood.] A porcelain 
crown baked to a platinum cap. 
Wood’s metal. Bismuth 5 to 8, cadmium 1 
to 2, lead 4, tin 2. 
wood'en tongue. Actinomycosis of the 
tongue in cattle. 
wound (wond or wownd). A hurt or injury 
caused by violence; an injury by which the 
integument is divided; a cut, stab, lacera- 
tion; a traumatism, contused w., injury 
of the soft parts without breaking the 
skin, gunshot w., result of a bullet or part 
of some larger missile projected by a 
firearm, incised w., a clean cut made with 
some sharp weapon or instrument, lacerat- 
ed w., one in which the tissues are torn, 
open w., one in which the affected tissues 
are exposed by an external opening; one 
which is slow in healing, 
wrench (rench). A tool, sometimes a simple 
bar or lever with jaws or an angular 
orifice either at the end or between the 
ends, for exerting a twisting strain, as in 
turning screwtaps, bolts, nuts, etc. A 
number of these tools are used for turning 
bolts, nuts, etc., in orthodontic work, in 
operating separators, and for other minor 
purposes, as well as in the laboratory for 
vulcanizers, etc. double-end w., one pro- 
vided with a different head at each end. 
single-end w., one having but one head, 
wrinkles. A number of supplemental grooves 
of the enamel concentrating toward one 
point. WRINKLY 
371 
X-RAYS IN DENTISTRY 
wrinkly. Wrinkled; tending to wrinkle, 
wrist. The joint and the region between the 
forearm and the hand; the carpus. 
Wurzel. [Ger.] Root. 
Wurzelfiillung. [Ger.] Root-filling. 
Wurzelfiillungssubstanz. [Ger.] Root-fil- 
ling material. 
Wurzelhaut. [Ger.] Pericementum. 
Wurzelhautentzundung. [Ger.] Pericemen- 
titis. 
X 
X. Chemical symbol for xenon, 
xan'thodont. Having yellow teeth, 
xan'thodontous. See xanthodont. 
xerosto'ma. See xerostomia. 
xerosto'mia. [G. xeros, dry; stoma, mouth.] 
Dryness of the mouth; aptyalism. 
xiphoid (zi'foid). [G. xiphos, sword; eidos, 
resemblance.] Ensiform; sword-shaped, as 
the lower extremity of the sternum. 
X-ray. This word is used indiscriminately 
as noun and verb. It should not be used 
as a verb. The term Rontgen ray is 
preferable. It should also be used with 
the small x rather than with the capital 
letter X, if used at all. [ADA.] 
X-rays. Form of radiant energy emanating 
from an electrically excited vacuum tube, 
possessing the power of penetrating ob- 
jects impervious to sunlight and of affect- 
ing sensitized plates similarly to light. 
Discoverd by Prof. Rontgen in 1896. 
X-rays in dentistry. Dr. Howard R. Raper, 
American radiodontist, lists the following 
dental problems which call for the use of 
the a>ray: 
1. In cases of delayed eruption, to determine 
the presence or absence of the unerupted 
teeth. 
2. In cases where deciduous teeth are re- 
tained long after the time when they 
should have been shed, to learn if the 
succedaneous teeth are present. 
3. To learn if the roots of children’s teeth 
are fully formed. 
4. To determine whether a tooth is one of 
the primary or secondary set. 
5. To determine whether to extract tem- 
porary teeth. 
6. To show the orthodontist when he may 
move the coming permanent teeth by 
moving the deciduous teeth. 
7. To observe moving teeth. 
8. In cases of supernumerary teeth. 
9. In cases of impacted teeth, as an aid in 
extraction. 
10. To determine the number of canals in 
some teeth. 
11. As an aid in filling the canals of teeth 
with large apical foramina. 
12. To learn if canals are open and enlarged 
to the apex before filling, and to observe 
the canal-filling after the operation. 
13. To determine whether an opening leading 
from a pulp-chamber is a canal or a 
perforation. 
14. In cases of pulpstones (nodules). 
15. In cases of secondary dentin being 
deposited and pinching the pulp. 
16. To learn whether the filling in the crown 
of a tooth encroaches on the pulp. 
17. In cases of teeth with large metal fillings 
or shell crowns which do not respond to 
the cold test, to learn if the canals are 
filled. 
18. To learn whether apical sensitiveness is 
due to a large apical foramen or an un- 
removed, undevitalized remnant of pulp. 
19. In cases of chronic pericementitis (lame 
tooth). 
20. In cases of alveolar abscess, to determine 
which tooth is responsible for the abscess. 
21. In cases of alveolar abscess, to determine 
the extent of the destruction of tissue— 
bony and tooth. 
22. In cases of alveolar abscess, to learn how 
many teeth are involved. 
23. In cases of abscess of multirooted teeth, 
to learn at the apex of which root the 
abscess exists. 
24. In cases of abscess of crowned teeth, to 
learn whether the canals are properly 
filled. 
25. As an aid in differential diagnosis between 
chronic alveolar abscess and pyorrhea 
alveolaris. 
26. To observe destruction of tissue due to 
pyorrhea alveolaris. 
27. In cases of pericemental abscess. 
28. In cases of persistent suppuration which 
do not yield to the usual treatment. 
29. To observe the course of the fistulous 
tract. 
30. To observe the field of operation before 
and after apicoectomy (root-amputation). XYLONITE 
372 
YOBO 
31. To locate foreign bodies, such as a 
broach in the pulp or tissue at the apex of 
a tooth, a piece of wooden toothpick in 
the periodontal membrane, etc. 
32. To determine the presence or absence of 
a bit of root imbedded in the gum tissue. 
33. To diagnose fracture of a root. 
34. To observe the size and shape of roots 
of teeth to be used in crown- and bridge- 
work. 
35. As an aid and safeguard when enlarging 
canals for posts. 
36. To examine bridges about which there 
is an inflammation. 
37. To observe the field before constructing 
a bridge. 
38. To observe planted teeth. 
39. In cases of cementoma. 
40. In cases of bone “whorls.” 
41. To locate stones (calculi) in the salivary 
ducts or glands. 
42. In. cases of bone cysts. 
43. In cases of dentigerous cysts. 
44. In cases of tumor, benign or malignant. 
45. To observe anomalous conditions such as 
the fusion of the roots of two teeth, for 
example. 
46. To observe the location and extent of a 
necrotic or carious condition of bone. 
47. To diagnose antral empyema. 
48. To observe the size, shape and location 
of the antrum, as an aid in opening into it. 
49. To locate foreign bodies, such as tooth 
roots or broaches, in the antrum. 
50. To observe cases of luxation before and 
after reduction. 
51. In cases of fracture of the jaw. 
52. In cases of ankylosis of the temporo- 
mandibular articulation or the joint 
formed by the tooth in the jaw. 
53. To observe the field of operation before 
and after resection of the mandible. 
54. In all cases of facial neuralgia with an 
obscure etiology. 
55. To observe the inferior dental canal. 
56. In cases of Ludwig's angina. 
57. In cases of insomnia, neurasthenia, 
insanity and kindred nervous disorders. 
58. In cases of periodic headaches. 
59. In cases of facial gesticulatory tic 
(spasmodic twitching of a set of facial 
muscles). 
60. To allay the fears of a hypochondriac. 
61. In cases where the patient cannot open 
the mouth wide enough for an ocular 
examination. 
62. In research work to study osteology, the 
development of the teeth, action of bis- 
muth paste, bone production and destruc- 
tion, changes occurring in the temporo- 
mandibular articulation when jumping the 
bite, blood supply to parts, resorption of 
teeth and the causes for it, etc. 
63. As a record of work done. 
64. In cases of hidden dental caries. 
xylonite (zl'lo-nit). [G. zylon, wood.] Cel- 
luloid; pyroxylin; rose pearl; parksite; a 
base for dentures. 
Y 
Y. Chemical symbol of yttrium. 
yakurigaku. [Ja.] Pharmacology. 
y-angle. The angle at the inion formed by 
lines drawn from the hormion and the 
lambda. 
yaw. An individual lesion of the eruption of 
yaws, mother y., a large tubercle of the 
yaws eruption. 
yawn (yan). To open the jaws wide as from 
sleepiness, with a deep inspiration, and, 
after a pause, followed by slow expiration; 
to gape. 
yaws. A tropical infectious disease, accom- 
panied by rheumatic pains, increase of 
temperature and an eruption of aggregated 
flattened or rounded tubercles covered by 
a caseous crust, due to Spirochete perte- 
nuis; pian; frambesia. guineacorn y., in 
this form the lesion resembles grains of 
maize or Indian corn, ringworm y., in 
which there is a circular disposition of the 
eruption. 
Yb. Chemical symbol of ytterbium, 
yeast (yest). Froth or sediment of malt 
liquors in alcoholic fermentation; a prepar- 
ation which raises the dough for bread; a 
ferment consisting of a culture of Saccharo- 
myces cerevisiae. 
yell'ow fe'ver. A malignant, infectious 
febrile disease transmitted by a mosquito, 
-yl. [G. hyle, stuff.] A termination signify- 
ing that the substance is a radical. 
-ylene. A suffix signifying a bivalent hydro- 
carbon radical. 
yobo kakudoi. [Ja.] Extension for pre- 
vention. YODO-CHINKI 
373 
ZONE 
yodo-chinki. [Ja.] Iodin tincture, 
yojo-zetsu. [Ja.] Lobulated tongue, 
yoke (yok). Jugum. y. bone, the os zygo- 
maticum, malar or jugal bone, 
yokujo-kogaiko. [Ja.] Foramen pterygo- 
palatinum. 
yotai. [Ja.] Solution. 
Young plate perforator. A device for punch- 
ing both holes in a backing at the same 
time. 
Y-shaped. Having the form of the letter 
Y (used in referring to wires, tubes, etc., 
which are joined or come together like the 
letter Y). 
ytterbium. Symbol Yb, atomic weight 172. 
A rare metallic element, 
yttrium. Symbol Y, atomic weight 89. A 
metallic element. 
yu kettsukan-zogeshitsu. [Ja.] Vasodentin, 
yusho-gishi. [Ja.] Plate denture. 
z 
Zahn, pi. Zahne. [Ger.] Tooth. 
Zahnarzt. [Ger.] Dentist. 
Zahnausziehen. [Ger.] Extracting of teeth. 
Zahnbein. [Ger.] Dentin. 
Zahnbiirste. [Ger.] Toothbrush. 
Zahnentwickelung. [Ger.] Tooth develop- 
ment. 
Zahnersatz. [Ger.] Prosthesis. 
Zahnhals. [Ger.] Cervix; neck of a tooth. 
Zahnheilkunde. [Ger.] Dentistry, 
zahnlos. [Ger.] Toothless; edentulous. 
Zahnpulpa. [Ger.] Dental pulp. 
Zahnpulver. [Ger.] Toothpowder. 
Zahnschmerz. [Ger.] Toothache. 
Zahnstocher. [Ger.] Toothpick. 
Zahntechnik. [Ger.] Dental prosthesis. 
Zahnweh. [Ger.] Toothache, 
zankan-juten. [Ja.] Temporary filling, 
zankan-shi. [Ja.] Temporary tooth, 
zekkatsu. [Ja.] Hyoid bone, 
zenjo-shisokan. [Ja.] Anterior alveolar 
canal. 
zenshi. [Ja.] Anterior teeth, 
zenshin-shiketsuyaku. [Ja.] General he- 
mostatic. 
zenso-toshi. [Ja.] Porcelain facing, 
zero. Cipher; nothing; lowest point; point 
from which thermometers are graduated, 
zessoku-kogo. [Ja.] Lingual occlusion, 
zessoku-koto. [Ja.] Lingual cusp, 
zetsu. [Ja.] Glossa. 
zetsu-keitai. [Ja.] Lingual frenum. 
zetsumen. [Ja.] Lingual surface, 
zetsumen-kado. [Ja.] Lingual cavity, 
zetsumen-renketsu-sen. [Ja.] Lingual bar. 
zetsu-nyuto. [Ja.] Papillae lingualis. 
zigzag coccus. A white staphylococcus found 
in suppurating pulps and alveolar abscesses, 
zinc. Symbol Zn, atomic weight 65.37. A 
bluish white, malleable and ductile metal- 
lic element. In making metal dentures it 
is used in casting the male die. Crude 
commercial zinc is spelter. See zincum. 
z. oxychlorid, a filling-material made by 
mixing powdered oxid of zinc with liquid 
chlorid of zinc. z. oxyphosphate, z. phos- 
phate, a filling-material made by mixing 
powdered oxid of zinc with glacial phos- 
phoric acid in a fluid state, 
zinco. [It.] Zinc. 
zincoid (zing'koid). Pertaining to or re- 
sembling zinc. 
zin'cum, gen. zinci. Zinc, zinci chloridum, 
chlorid of zinc, a powder of opaque, 
crystalline rods and plates; dissolved and 
combined with oxid of zinc, it forms the 
oxychlorid of zinc, one of the plastics used 
as an antiseptic filling-material, zinci 
oxidum, oxid of zinc, zinc oxid, a white 
powder; combined with chlorid of zinc, it 
forms oxychlorid of zinc, used as a filling- 
material; when combined with glacial 
phosphoric acid it forms oxyphosphate of 
zinc, used as a filling-material and for 
cementing in place crowns and bridges. 
See zinc. 
zin' giber. [L. zingiber is.] Ginger. 
Zinn. [Ger.] Tin. 
zir'atol. Trade name of a preparation used 
as an antiseptic and germicide, 
zirco'nium. Symbol Zr, atomic weight 90.6. 
A metallic element. 
Zn. Chemical symbol of zinc. 
ZnCl2. Zinc chlorid. 
ZnO. Zinc oxid. 
ZnSC>4. Zinc sulphate; white vitriol, 
zogeshitsu. [Ja.] Dentin, 
zohorosaibo. [Ja.] Ameloblast. 
zohorosaibo-maku. [Ja.] Ameloblastic mem- 
brane. 
zo'na. [L.] Girdle; zone; a beltlike or encir- 
cling structure, 
zo'nal. Pertaining to a zone, 
zone. [G. zone, girdle.] Zona; a belt, girdle 
or encircling band; an area or region taken 
as distinct from adjoining parts. In ZOOGLEA 
374 
ZYMURGY 
dentistry, noting the sections of the dental 
and alveolar arches; also noting affected 
sections in injuries of the teeth in atrophy, 
which spread in girdles through parts of 
the enamel and dentin, apical z., the 
narrow bandlike area extending along the 
gingivae, parallel to the apices of the roots 
of the teeth, cervical z., see coronal zone. 
contact-point z., coronal zone, coronal z., 
the labial and buccal surfaces of the teeth 
divided vertically into three equal parts; 
the one-third nearest the occlusal plane is 
the occlusal zone; the central one-third 
part, the contact-point zone, and the one- 
third nearest the neck of the tooth, the 
cervical zone, dental z., the narrow band- 
like area extending along the dental arch 
parallel to the occlusal plane, dento- 
facial z., the bandlike area extending along 
the dental arch and alveolar process 
parallel to the crowns of the teeth and the 
alveolar process; divided into an upper 
apical, the portion of the face lying over 
the roots of the upper front teeth; upper 
coronal, the portion of the face lying over 
the crowns of the upper teeth; lower 
coronal, the portion of the face lying over 
the crowns of the lower teeth; lower 
apical, the portion of the face lying over 
the roots of the lower teeth, gingival z., 
the narrow bandlike area extending along 
the gingivae, between the cervical and 
apical zones, occlusal z., the narrow 
bandlike area extending along the labial 
and buccal surfaces of the teeth, parallel 
to 'the crowns of the teeth, and including 
one-third of those surfaces nearest the 
occlusal plane. 
zoog'lea. A colony of microorganisms im- 
bedded in a viscous gelatinous substance. 
zoology (zo-ol'o-ji). [G. zoon, animal; -logia, 
science, treatise.] That part of natural 
history which treats of animals in all their 
relations. 
zoshisaibo. [Ja.] Odontoblast. 
zuikaku. [Ja.] Horn of the pulp. 
Zunge. [Ger.] Tongue. 
Zungengeschwiire. [Ger.] Ulcers of the 
tongue. 
zygo'ma. [G.] Cheekbone; the zygomatic 
arch; the zygomatic, malar or jugal bone, 
zygomat'ic. Pertaining to the zygoma, 
z. apoph'ysis, the zygomatic process, z. 
arch, arcus zygomaticus, zygoma, z. bone, 
os zygomaticum, malar or jugal bone. z. 
crest, margo zygomaticus, that part of 
the great wing* of the sphenoid bone which 
articulates with the zygomatic bone. z. 
diameter, the breadth of the skull at the 
zygomatic arch. z. fora'men. the fora- 
men zygomaticotemporale and the foramen 
zygomaticofaciale. z. fossa, the infratem- 
poral fossa. z. muscle, the musculus 
zygomaticus. z. suture, the sutura zygo- 
maticotemporalis. z. tubercle, eminentia 
articularis, tuberculum articulare. 
zygomaxilla're. The zygomaxillary point, a 
craniometrical point at the zygomaticotem- 
poral suture. 
zygomax'illary. Pertaining to the zygoma 
and maxilla. 
zygomyce'tes. A group of mold fungi, the 
hyphomycetes. 
zy'gote. [G. zygotos, yoked.] The zoosperm, 
fertilized macrogamete, produced by the 
fusion of two cells in zygosis or true con- 
jugation. 
zylindrisch. [Ger.] Cylindrical, 
zy'lonite. Celluloid; xylonite; pyroxylin; 
rose pearl; parksite. 
zyme (zlm). [G. zyme, ferment.] The con- 
tagium vivum of an infectious disease; a 
ferment. 
zy'min. Pancreatin; ferment, 
zymo-. [G.] A prefix denoting fermentation, 
zy'mocide. [G. zyme, ferment, leaven; L. 
ccedere, to kill.] Trade name of a liquid 
antiseptic. 
zy'mogen. [G. zyme, ferment; gennao, I 
produce.] A microorganism which causes 
fermentation; a substance, convertible 
into an enzyme, found in a digestive gland, 
zymot'ic. Pertaining to an infectious disease 
or to fermentation. 
zymurgy (zi'mur-ji). [G. zyme, ferment; 
ergon, force, work.] Branch of chemistry 
which treats of the scientific principles of 
fermentation. ADDENDA 
The following terms have come to our attention after the forms of this book 
were made up: 
addepha'gia. Insatiable hunger, gluttony. 
AQ. Alpha Omega. Greek letter dental 
fraternity. 
amalgam microm'eter. See Black, G. V. 
apicoloca'tor. An instrument for locating the 
apex of a root, the invention of Dr. George 
Evans. 
Bacillus acidophilus odontolyticus, Type I 
and Type II. A microorganism producing 
artificial caries, and considered to be the 
chief etiological agent in producing dental 
caries. See dental caries in supplement, 
braze. To solder with hard solder, especially 
with an alloy of copper and zinc, 
brazed. United or formed by brazing, 
brazing. Soldering with hard solder, espe- 
cially with an alloy of copper and zinc, 
ceramodon'tia. Ceramic dentistry, 
continuous gum work. A phrase applied to 
artificial dentures which are made of a 
platinum base, upon which the teeth and 
the reproduction of the gums and of the 
palate are baked in one continuous piece 
of porcelain, and all in their natural 
colors. 
curvilin'ear. Consisting of, or bounded by 
curved lines, as a curvilinear angle. 
ASA. Delta Sigma Delta. A dental Greek 
letter fraternity. 
lFQ. Psi Omega. A dental Greek letter 
fraternity. 
tang. A projecting shank, prong, fang, 
tongue, or the like, as the prongs of a fork. 
torquing. The production of rotation, turn- 
ing or torsion; a twisting around, as of 
teeth in the correction of malpositions. 
E*F<1>. Xi Psi Phi. A dental Greek letter 
fraternity. 
375 SUPPLEMENT 
Orthodontia—Denture Prosthesis—Periodontia—The Bac- 
terial Origin of Dental Caries—Relation Between 
Mechanical and Anatomical Articulation— 
Code of Ethics—Illustrations. 
377 ORTHODONTIA 
Angle’s Orthodontic Nomenclature 
[EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE, American orthodontist, b. 1855] 
Compiled by Dr. HARVEY STALLARD 
action. To put action into an appliance is 
to bend an orthodontic mechanism so that 
it will cause movement of a tooth. Syn.: 
Orthodontic force, power. 
Aderer annealer. An annealer made to use 
in the open flame, consisting of a pan with 
a gauze bottom, provided with a suitable 
handle. A modification of the Hawley 
annealer. See ribbon arch annealer. 
anatomical part of a model. That part of the 
cast or model which accurately represents 
the anatomical part reproduced, as the 
teeth, gums, palate and reflected mucosa, 
anchor. In orthodontia, to fix to or fasten 
to; attach firmly to. 
anchorage. The base against which ortho- 
dontic force or reaction of orthodontic 
force is applied. A part of the head, as a 
tooth, palate, back of head, made to with- 
stand the reaction of orthodontic force in 
moving teeth. [EHA.] See Baker a., 
extramaxillary a., extraoral a., intermaxil- 
lary a., intraoral a., occipital a., recipro- 
cal a., simple a., stationary a. 
Angle classification of malocclusion. See 
classification of malocclusion. 
Angle impression-tray. A receptacle for 
carrying impression-material (plaster or 
wax or compound) to the teeth and jaws 
so that the impression will extend to the 
reflection of the mucosa of the jaws. 
[EHA.] See tray. 
Angle No. 2 appliance. An appliance used 
for carrying distally the upper teeth used 
in connection with traction-bar and head- 
gear. [EHA.] See traction-bar, headgear, 
occipital anchorage. 
anneal. To heat and cool for the purpose of 
softening. Syn.: Soften, 
annealer. An instrument made for heating 
and cooling metals conveniently. Ortho- 
dontically: A device whereby an arch or 
band can be conveniently heated and 
suddenly chilled to produce proper soften- 
ing of the metal. Usually the same instru- 
ment can be used for tempering. See 
Aderer a., Atkinson a., Hawley a., Ketcham 
a., ribbon-arch a. 
appliance. A device or apparatus used as a 
means toward an end. In orthodontia: 
An instrument or device used in the mouth 
to produce or prevent tooth movement, as 
a working appliance, working retainer or 
passive appliance. 
arch. A structural form, usually curved and 
composed of separate wedge-shaped ele- 
ments, widely found in dentistry and 
medicine. Orthodontically: 1. Any ana- 
tomical part that resembles a structural 
arch, as dental arch, alveolar arch, palatal 
arch. 2. A wire shaped like a structural 
arch, used in applying orthodontic force, 
as expansion-arch, ribbon arch, ribbed 
arch, lingual arch, labial arch, etc. See 
baby ribbon a., E-a., ribbon a., ribbon 
expansion-a., tiny ribbon a. 
archograph. [Robt. Strang, of Bridgeport.] 
An instrument for recording the bends of 
the arch or appliance and also to show 
what other adjustments are necessary. 
Was developed to assist in manipulating 
the pin-and-tube appliance, 
archspur. A delicate cylinder of metal 
soldered to an arch to hold or move a tooth 
by means of a ligature or bracket. [EHA.] 
art part of model. That part of the model or 
plaster cast not belonging to the anatomi- 
cal portion; the trimmed or planed portion 
of a plaster cast; the convenience portion 
of a model, used for grasping the cast 
repeatedly without marring the anatomical 
details. 
Atkinson annealer. An annealer made by 
adapting a sand bath on the inside of an 
electric furnace padded with asbestos to 
prevent too rapid radiation. Used only 
for tempering the ribbon arch, 
axial. Pertaining to an axis of a body. 
379 ORTHODONTIA 
380 
Orthodontically: Pertaining to the axis 
of a tooth, dental arch or a portion of a 
tooth. 
axial stress. The strain or pressure applied 
in the direction of the long axis of a tooth. 
When the force is distributed on the line 
of the long axes of the teeth, as in normal 
occlusion, the axial stress relation is 
correct. In treating Class II cases of 
malocclusion, both upper and lower molars 
should always be first tipped to their full 
upright position in the line of occlusion. 
[EHA.] See perverted a. s. 
axis. A straight line passing through a body 
on which it revolves or may be supposed to 
be revolved. Orthodontically: A tooth 
has a long axis passing through crown and 
root, called the long axis. The greatest 
mesiodistal diameter may be called the 
transverse axis of the crown, for on this 
axis rotation is made either lingually, 
labially or buccally. The same is true of 
the greatest buccolingual or labiolingual 
diameter. 
baby ribbon arch. Ribbon arch shortened to 
be adapted for a deciduous or mixed 
denture. The tiny arch is a closer adapta- 
tion for the needs of the deciduous denture. 
[EHA.] 
Baker anchorage. That type of intermaxillar 
anchorage by means of which the teeth 
of opposite arches may be reciprocally 
moved collectively, the uppers distally 
and the lowers mesially, or vice versa. 
[EHA.] 
band. Any device used to confine a part of 
the body or substance; a strip of metal of 
very thin dimensions used to closely 
encircle a tooth, or finger, or wrist, or arm, 
or leg, or neck. Orthodontically: A thin 
strip of metal closely encircling horizontally 
the crown of a tooth. It should occupy a 
position transversely to the crown of the 
tooth so as to embrace equally the mesial 
and distal swells of the crown in an occlusal 
and cervical direction. [EHA.] See 
bands, bicuspid clamp-b., bracket b., clamp- 
b., fracture clamp-b., Magill b., matrix b., 
molar clamp-b., plain brazed b., retaining b., 
seamless b., spurred b., tubed b. 
band-driver. A small bar of nickel-plated 
steel with a chisel blade slightly concave 
on the inner surface at one end, and at the 
other end conical in shape, for driving on 
orthodontic bands. [EHA.] 
[band-forming pliers. Special pliers whose 
beaks are rhomboid in shape and whose 
three free edges are adapted to the three 
different shapes of lingual, buccal and 
labial surfaces of the teeth, so that bands 
can be readily pinched by them. [EHA.] 
band-holding pliers. Pliers with flat, close- 
fitting beaks that stand at an obtuse angle 
to the handles, and which are provided 
with a transverse slot for the reception of 
the two thicknesses of band material. 
[EHA.] 
band-holding and forming pliers. A com- 
bination of the band-holding and band- 
forming pliers, enabling the operator to 
hold the band firmly at the proper place 
on the tooth while at the same time it 
conforms the band perfectly into the 
desired shape. [EHA.] 
bands. Magill band; clamp band, bicuspid, 
molar, baby, fracture, tiny; plain brazed 
bands; bracket-bands, bands provided with 
a bracket; bands with tubes, for the pin- 
and-tube appliance; spurred bands; retain- 
ing bands, used in retaining teeth; rotation 
bands, used in rotating a tooth; anchor 
bands, bands on anchor teeth, 
bicuspid clamp-bands. Clamp-bands adapted 
in size to fit bicuspids and cuspids. [EHA.] 
biteplate retainer. A retainer used by 
various schools of orthodontia and of 
various forms in retaining the length of 
the bite. 
bracket. An overhanging part projecting 
from a body to support a beam or lever. 
Orthodontically: A small block of metal 
attached to a band by a brazed joint, the 
outer edge of which is rounded, with sides 
straight and parallel, with a deep inner 
transverse slot, extending downward one- 
half the length of the block, into which the 
ribbon arch fits, and a slot passing 
through the block lengthwise providing 
a means to fasten the arch by a lockpin. 
[EHA.] 
bracket-band. A reinforced band provided 
with an Angle bracket. [EHA.] See 
bracket. 
brass wire ligature. See wire ligature, 
ligature. 
buccal occlusion. Position occupied by a 
cheek tooth when it is outside the line of 
occlusion. A tooth outside the line of 
occlusion may be said to be in buccal or 
labial occlusion. [EHA.] 
cast. Model obtained from an impression 
of a thing or person or part of a person. ANGLE’S NOMENCLATURE 
381 
Orthodontically: A model secured from 
an orthodontic impression, and which 
should reproduce the teeth, gums, alveolar 
portions, palate and the reflected mucosa 
with its muscular and glandular markings, 
casts. Kinds: buccal aspect cast; facial 
cast; study cast, used for study only, not 
for records; record cast; intermediate cast, 
cast used to study the intermediate stages 
of correction; wax cast, cast made of wax. 
chincap. Metallic cap made of light metal 
for the chin, used in retracting the man- 
dible. [EHA.] See chin-retractor. 
chin-retractor. Metallic cap of thin dimen- 
sions for the chin, used in retracting a 
protruding mandible. [EHA.] See chin- 
cap. 
clamp-band. A ribbon of thin metal at one 
end of which is soldered a fish-tailed 
flattened end of a threaded bolt, the other 
end being provided with a ferrule soldered 
longitudinally, and when the bolt is passed 
through the ferrule and a nut attached, 
the band is completed. [EHA.] 
clamp-band wrench. Wrench for screwing 
up the nuts on a clamp-band, a straight 
one being used for the upper teeth and a 
curved one for the lower. [EHA.] 
classification of malocclusions. [E. H. 
Angle.] Basis: the line of occlusion. 
Description: If the jaws are in harmony 
with the line of occlusion mesiodistally 
when the first permanent molars erupt 
any deformity appearing in the arches will 
produce malocclusion belonging to Class I. 
If the jaws are not in harmony with the 
line of occlusion mesiodistally when or 
before the first permanent molars erupt, a 
form of malocclusion results which will 
belong to either Class II or Class III. 
Explanation: The relation of the jaws to 
the line of occlusion can be judged only in 
part by facial features, and such a basis 
alone for founding a classification of mal- 
occlusion is unreliable, unscientific and 
unnatural (not in accord with faulty 
developments). Angle’s classification is 
based in part upon the facial features, but 
chiefly upon the developmental forces of 
the denture and the kinds of perversion. 
The occlusal forces when normal place the 
teeth in harmony with the line of occlu- 
sion and thereby with the whole skull. The 
first permanent molars, being the largest 
teeth, the earliest of the permanent molars 
to erupt and most used in mastication, 
exert a powerful and long continued 
mechanical influence on the development 
of the denture. They are therefore more 
diagnostic than any other quartet of teeth 
in determining the relation of the jaws to 
the line of occlusion. If there have been 
lost no teeth anterior to the first permanent 
molar, and if the jaws are in proper 
mesiodistal relation to the line of occlusion, 
these most important teeth will lock so 
that the mesiolingual cusp of the upper 
first molar will be received in the central 
fossa of the lower first molar, or when 
viewed from the buccal aspect, which is 
more accessible, the mesiobuccal cusp of 
the upper molar will be received in the 
buccal groove of the lower. 
If the lower jaw is distal to the line of 
occlusion when or before the first perma- 
nent molars erupt, the lower molars /will 
lock distally to normal. If the lower jaw 
is mesial to the line of occlusion before 
or at the time the first permanent molars 
erupt, the lower molars will lock with the 
uppers, mesial to normal. The classifica- 
tion is then based on how the jaws are 
related to the line of occlusion at the time 
of, or previous to, the eruption of the first 
permanent molars. The evidence neces- 
sary for determining the classification of a 
given case is to be derived from the shape 
of the face and head, shape of the teeth, 
perverted forces as judged by the position 
and trend of the teeth individually and 
collectively from the line of occlusion, but 
especially the deviation of the first 
permanent molars and cuspids. It is 
necessary to determine the history of each 
case as revealed by the model, face and 
habits, or the sequence of stages that 
occurred in the production of the mal- 
occlusion of the case as presented. To do 
so the perverted forces must be known 
and the time at which the perversion 
began, either in the deciduous or perma- 
nent dentition. The teeth, being entirely 
passive to the forces that act upon them, 
make the most natural and logical factor 
for determining the history of the develop- 
ment of the deviation from the normal. 
Therefore we use the teeth in the positions 
in which we find them to determine 
whether the jaws are in proper relation 
to the line of occlusion and whether—if 
the jaws are not in harmony with the 
line of occlusion—the deviation definitely 382 
ORTHODONTIA 
began before the eruption of the first 
permanent molars or afterward. 
Class I. Class I is characterized by normal 
mesiodistal relations of the jaws and dental 
arches, as indicated by the contour of the 
face, the normal locking on eruption of 
the first permanent molars, at least in 
their mesiodistal relations, though one or 
more may be in buccal or lingual occlusion, 
—the effect of perversion of force being 
most often manifested in malocclusion of 
teeth in the anterior part of the arches, 
usually in a crowded or bunched arrange- 
ment. There is a great variety of mal- 
occlusion belonging to this class, simple to 
complex. [Not synonymous with neutro- 
clusion. Lischer. ] 
Class II. When from any cause the lower 
first molars lock distally to normal with 
the upper first molars on their eruption to 
tfie extent of more than one-half of the 
width of one cusp on each side, it must 
necessarily follow that every succeeding 
permanent tooth to erupt must also 
occlude abnormally, all of the lower teeth 
being forced into positions of distal occlu- 
sion, thereby causing more or less retrusion 
or lack of development, or both, of the 
entire lower jaw. When the lower jaw is 
distal to the line of occlusion at or before 
the eruption of the first permanent molars 
a Class II malocclusion develops. [Not 
synonymous with distoclusion. Lischer.] 
Class II, Division 1. Characterized by distal 
occlusion of the teeth of both lateral halves 
of the lower dental arch, the lower molars 
having taken this position on their erup- 
tion and locking; a narrowed upper arch, 
lengthened and protruding upper incisors, 
short and practically functionless lips, 
lengthened lower incisors, and thickened 
lower lip which rests cushion-like between 
the upper and lower teeth, increasing upper 
protrusion and lower retrusion. 
Class II, Division 1, Subdivision. Character- 
istics of Class II, Division 1, found on only 
one side of the dental arches. Unilateral 
conditions of Class II, Division 2. 
Class II, Division 2. Characterized specifi- 
cally also by distal occlusion of the teeth 
in both lateral halves of the lower arch, 
teeth and jaw, indicated by the mesiodis- 
tal relation of the first permanent molars, 
distal relation of the jaw and the retruded 
chin, but with retrusion instead of pro- 
trusion of the upper incisors. 
Class II, Division 2, Subdivision. Mal- 
occlusion in which the characteristics of 
Class II, Division 2, are found on only one 
side. Unilaterally like Class II, Division 2. 
Class III. Division 1 is characterized by 
mesial occlusion of both lateral halves of 
the dental arches. If the lower jaw is 
mesial to the line of occlusion before or 
at the time of the eruption of the first 
permanent molar a Class III malocclusion 
will develop. Subdivision has Class III 
characteristic on only one side. When 
only one side of the lower jaw is mesial to 
the line of occlusion before or at the erup- 
tion of the first permanent molars Class 
III Subdivision malocclusion will develop. 
[Not synonymous with mesioclusion. 
Lischer.] 
cleat. A wedge-shaped piece of material to 
act as a reinforcement or check. Ortho- 
dontically: A U-shaped form of metallic 
square wire which is to be soldered trans- 
versely to the ribbon arch so that the legs 
of the U will engage respectively the 
mesial and distal surfaces of the bracket 
and thus provide a rigid attachment to 
secure mesiodistal stationary anchorage, 
especially on anterior teeth. [EHA.] 
coiled-spring attachment. A coiled spring 
used in connection with the pin-and-tube 
appliance for rotation of teeth. (Obs.) 
See pin-and-tube appliance. 
crib. A removable orthodontic appliance 
with loose anchorage to teeth, as the 
Jackson crib. 
curvilinear sheath. Improved sheath for the 
anchor band; it is provided for the ribbon 
arch which the distal two-thirds fits 
accurately, the mesial one-third forming a 
slightly enlarged cylinder for the friction- 
sleeve on the nut on the ribbon arch. The 
sheath is curved to make it better adapted 
to the rounding surface of the tooth, but it 
makes it possible to secure better control 
over the direction of force mesially, 
distally, buccally or lingually. [EHA.] See 
ribbon-arch appliance. 
cuspid extension hook. Extension hook 
placed on a cuspid band for tilting either a 
lower or upper cuspid in any desired 
direction, usually tilting the crown distally. 
[EHA.] See upper cuspid retraction spur. 
cuspid extension spur. A delicate lever with 
a free end curved mesially, soldered to an 
upper cuspid band so that it extends 
occlusally to the crown of the tooth. It is ANGLE’S NOMENCLATURE 
383 
used in retracting a cuspid. [EHA.] See 
upper cuspid retraction spur. 
denture. The normal human denture in its 
completeness includes not only the jaws, 
alveolar processes, dental arches, teeth and 
periodontal membrane, but also the muscles 
of the lips, cheeks, tongue and mouth, 
the nasal passages, palate and throat, as 
these assist the teeth in performing their 
function. Not synonymous with denti- 
tion, nor with set of teeth. [EHA.] 
distal occlusion. Position occupied by a 
tooth when it is posterior to its proper 
place in the line of occlusion. [Not 
synonymous with distoclusion. Lischer.] 
A tooth too far posterior in the line of 
occlusion is in distal occlusion. [EHA.] 
dynamics. The branch of mechanics which 
treats of motion of bodies and the action 
and reaction of forces producing motion. 
Orthodontically: A study of' the action 
and reaction of the natural forces of the 
denture, as the force of mastication, 
respiration, swallowing, eruption, etc. A 
study of the forces used in moving teeth 
by artificial means. A study of the action 
and reaction of forces resulting from 
artificial stimuli. 
E-arch. Same as the expansion arch, which 
see. [EHA.] 
elastic. Springy; expansive; contractive; 
resilient. Scientifically, that property of a 
substance whereby it tends to return to its 
original shape and size when the cause of 
deformity or compression has been re- 
moved. Rubber prepared in bands or 
strings so as to be elastic. See intermaxil- 
lary elastics. 
extramaxillary anchorage. Anchorage ob- 
tained outside or apart from the jaws, 
extraoral anchorage. Anchorage outside of 
the mouth. 
facial art. Best balance, best harmony, best 
proportions of the mouth in its relation to 
the other features require that there shall 
be the full complement of teeth, and that 
each tooth shall be made to occupy its 
normal position—normal occlusion. [EHA.] 
fixed retainer. A retainer attached to 
banded teeth so that it remains in position 
and cannot be removed and replaced 
properly by the patient. See retainer. 
flange. An external or internal rib used for 
strength or attachment. Flange on the 
ribbed arch used for governing the position 
of wire ligatures. 
flare. To open out like the mouth of a 
trumpet or tubular flower. Orthodonti- 
cally: To turn out the edge of a band. To 
turn out the edge of a ribbon arch to 
produce torque in the bracket. [EHA.] 
See torque. 
force. An action between two bodies which 
changes or tends to change their relative 
conditions of rest or motion. It is the 
product of mass and acceleration. Ortho- 
dontia: Synonymous with energy (par- 
ticularly with potential energy stored in 
springs or stress of appliances), 
fracture clamp-bands. Clamp-bands used 
for fracture reduction, differing from the 
regular clamp-band only by addition of a 
headed spur soldered on the flattened 
portion of the bolt. [EHA.] 
friction-sleeve nut. A nut having only a 
portion square in cross-section, the remain- 
der being cylindrical in shape, which forms 
a flange that accurately telescopes the 
end of the sheath on the anchor band, the 
friction preventing the cheek from turning 
the nut during mastication. [EHA.] 
German silver. An alloy containing copper 
(50-60), zinc (20), and nickel (20-25). 
Orthodontically: Introduced by E. H. 
Angle in 1887 because of its strength, 
rigidity, elasticity, ductility, poor con- 
duction of heat, etc. Slightly antiseptic 
and germicidal, due to the high percentage 
of copper. 
gooseneck retainer. A retainer attached to 
a band at one end, the other end being free 
but bent in the form of a gooseneck to 
engage the mesial surface, mesial or distal 
marginal ridge and sulcus of the molars or 
bicuspids, and being more securely at- 
tached to the unbanded tooth by a trans- 
versely soldered curved bar adapted to 
the mesial or distal surface of the tooth. 
[EHA.] 
harmony. See line of harmony. 
Hawley annealer. A container having a 
gauze bottom and provided with a suitable 
handle allowing the operator to hold it over 
a free gas flame. When the metal to be 
annealed is sufficiently heated, the con- 
tainer is turned over quickly to allow the 
hot metal to fall into a vessel of water, 
permitting rapid cooling. 
Hawley retainer. A modern modification of 
the Kingsley retainer. 
headed spur. A spur with one end provided 
with a head. The head end may be 384 
ORTHODONTIA 
soldered to the band, or oppositely, as the 
operator desires. [EHA.] 
headgear. A loosely woven cap used in 
securing occipital anchorage (which see) 
for retracting protruded teeth of either 
dental arch, or for retracting a protruding 
chin when used with a chincap. [EHA.] 
impression. An indentation obtained by 
contact with a form or figure. The 
counter-form of the real object indented in 
wax or some other material which can be 
made plastic or has been plastic during the 
formation of the indentation. Ortho- 
dontically, an impression is the imprint 
in wax or plaster or any other plastic 
material of the teeth, gums, alveolar pro- 
cesses, palate and the reflected mucosa 
with its muscular markings and glandular 
stipples. See orthodontic i. 
impression-tray. Tray used for impression- 
taking. See Angle impression-tray. 
inclined-plane spur. A spur soldered to a 
band in an inclined position intended by 
the operator to function as the incline 
planes of a tooth. Used actively or 
passively, i.e., either to move a tooth or 
to hold it in position. [EHA.] 
infraocclusion. Position occupied by a tooth 
when it has failed to erupt sufficiently in 
the line of occlusion. Teeth not suffi- 
ciently elevated in their sockets would be 
in infraocclusion. [EHA.] 
intermaxillary. Between the jaws; from one 
jaw to the other. 
intermaxillary anchorage. Anchorage secured 
between the two jaws. 
intermaxillary elastics. Rubber elastic bands 
running from teeth of the upper dental 
arch to teeth of the lower, as in Baker 
anchorage, or as in elevating a tooth in 
one jaw by anchoring it through rubber 
elastics to teeth of the other dental arch. 
[EHA.] See intermaxillary, elastic, Baker 
anchorage, intermaxillary anchorage. 
intermaxillary ligatures. Ligatures tied from 
one jaw to the other, as in cases of reducing 
fractures. Rubber elastics used in Baker 
anchorage are called intermaxillary liga- 
tures. 
intermaxillary retention. That form in which 
retention is secured by attachment to teeth 
in the opposite arch. First introduced by 
E. H. Angle in 1890 in the form of inclined 
planes fastened by bands to buccal or 
labial teeth of chiefly the lower jaw. 
Baker anchorage (which see) is that type 
of intermaxillary anchorage by means of 
which the teeth of the opposite jaws may 
be reciprocally moved collectively and 
should not be used as intermaxillary reten- 
tion. See plane-and-spur retainer. 
intermaxillary spur. A spur fastened on the 
banded tooth of one jaw, but intended to 
act on the teeth of the opposing jaw. 
intermediate study models. Models used 
for studying the temporary positions of 
teeth and produced during a course of 
orthodontic treatment, 
intraoral anchorage. Anchorage obtained 
inside the mouth, as from teeth, palate, 
alveolar processes, lips, tongue, etc. 
jackscrew appliance. See traction screw. 
Ketcham annealer. An electric annealer 
made by Dr. Ketcham of Denver for 
annealing and tempering the ribbon arch, 
key to occlusion. The first permanent molars 
are used as a basis for diagnosis of 
malocclusion. The first permanent upper 
molar furnishes more nearly than any 
other tooth or point in the anatomy an 
exact scientific basis from which to reason 
on malocclusion. Teeth, like the stones 
of an arch, are all keystones, but the first 
permanent molars and the cuspids are 
the keys of major importance. The first 
permanent molars are the first occupants 
of the permanent arches; the cuspids are 
not the last, but among the last, to enter 
the arches. The positions of the cuspids 
and molars are therefore historic land- 
marks in a denture. The cuspids and 
molars are the keys to occlusion. [EHA.] 
Kingsley retainer. A vulcanite plate with 
labial or buccal wires used in holding teeth 
in proper upright positions in their sockets 
mesiodistally. Hawley’s retainer is a 
modern modification. 
labial occlusion. Position occupied by 
anterior teeth when they are too far labial 
to the line of occlusion. A tooth outside 
the line of occlusion may be said to be in 
buccal or labial occlusion, 
lever. See rotating l., spring l. 
ligature. A thread, string or wire for tying 
blood-vessels, broken bones or free edges of 
cut skin. Orthodontically, a wire, or 
string, used to tie a tooth to an orthodontic 
appliance, or a tooth to a tooth. See 
intermaxillary l., pigtail l., wire l. 
ligature-tying pliers. A pair of pliers the 
beaks of which open as the handles are 
pressed together (as rubberdam-clamp ANGLE’S NOMENCLATURE 
385 
forceps), the beaks being bifurcated by a 
groove with a , convex-rounded floor. The 
ends of the ligatures are caught in a 
grooved tension button which is fastened 
on the side of the pliers over the connecting 
rivet. [EHA.] 
line of harmony. A straight line determined 
by three points, namely, the most promi- 
nent points of the frontal and mental 
eminences and the middle of the ala of the 
nose. (Obs.) 
line of occlusion. 1. The line of greatest 
normal occlusal contact. 2. The line 
with which, in form and position according 
to type, the teeth must be in harmony if in 
normal occlusion. There can be but one 
true line of occlusion, and it must be the 
same as the architectural line on which 
the dental apparatus was constructed. 
This ideal line is intended to govern not 
only the length, breadth and peculiar 
curve of the dental arches, but the size and 
pattern of each tooth, cusp and inclined 
plane composing these arches. And more 
than this, the dental apparatus is only a 
part of the great structure—the human 
body—each part and organ of which was 
fashioned according to the lines of design. 
It must have been intended that the line 
of occlusion should be in harmony in form 
and position with, and in proper relation 
to, the skull and all the other parts of the 
greater structure—the body—according 
to the inherited type of the individual. 
[EHA.] 3. An ideal typal line of dynamic 
equilibrium of all the forces of the denture. 
[Stallard.] 
Dr. Angle’s second definition was com- 
posed after he had caught the vision of the 
wonderful mechanical plan of the denture, 
and he thus described the line dynamically. 
It is thus, by its description and signifi- 
cance, the very heart of all orthodontic 
thought. Diagnosis, classification and 
treatment of malocclusion and the reten- 
tion of corrected occlusion are all based on 
the concept as expressed in the line of 
occlusion. 
lingual occlusion. Position occupied by 
teeth when they are inside the line of 
occlusion. A tooth when inside this line of 
occlusion is in lingual occlusion. [EHA.] 
lockpin. A pin .010" square in cross-section 
pointed at one end and provided with a 
head at the other, which is made by turn- 
ing the direction of the shaft at right 
angles, thus giving the pin the shape of a 
miniature railroad spike. [EHA.] 
loop. See Young-Angle l. 
Magill band. A band made by encircling 
the crown with a thin ribbon of platinum 
slightly overlapping the ends and uniting 
by brazing. Magill was the first dentist 
to cement bands to the teeth. 
mal-. L. prefix meaning wrong, bad, mean, 
improper. 
malerupting. Erupting in malocclusion. 
(Not authentic.) 
malocclusion. Any deviation from the 
normal denture by reason of loss of parts, 
perversion of forces, deformed parts or 
improperly arranged parts. Malocclusion 
of the teeth is but the perversion of their 
normal relation. [EHA.] See classifica- 
tion of malocclusions. 
malposition. Improper position occupied by 
a tooth. (Not good usage.) Syn.: mal- 
occlusion. 
matrix bands. Bands placed in position to 
hold a matrix. 
mechanics. A science which treats of the 
action of forces. Orthodontically: 1. 
Consideration of the action of the natural 
forces of the denture. 2. A study of the 
action of the artificial forces produced by 
appliances. 
mesial occlusion. A position of a tooth too 
mesial to be normal. A tooth, if further 
forward or mesial than normal, is in mesial 
occlusion. [EHA.] 
model. That which exactly resembles some- 
thing else; a form obtained by pouring; a 
mold. Orthodontically: Syn. with cast, 
which see. See anatomical part of a m., 
art part of a m., intermediate study models, 
serial models. 
molar clamp-band. Large clamp-band for 
use on molars. [EHA.] 
movable retainer. An appliance for retaining 
the positions of teeth gained by orthodontic 
operations which can be removed and re- 
inserted by the patient. See removable 
retainer. 
nickel silver. See German silver. 
number 2 appliance. See Angle. 
occipital anchorage. That form in which the 
resistance is borne by the top and back of 
the head and force transmitted to the teeth 
by means of a headgear and heavy elastics 
connected with attachments upon the 
teeth. Obsolete at present, yet may be 
revived in treating “bimaxillary protru- 386 
ORTHODONTIA 
sions,” as has been recently done by Robert 
Strang of Bridgeport. [EHA.] 
occlude. To close or shut. To close the jaws 
and teeth until the opposing cusps inter- 
digitate. 
occlusion. The normal relation of the occlu- 
sal inclined planes of the teeth when the 
jaws are closed. [EHA.] See buccal o., 
distal o., key to o., labial o., line of o., lin- 
gual o., mesial o., torso-o. 
open-face tube. Tube with the face cut out 
by an oval section, as used with the work- 
ing retainer. [EHA.] 
orthodontia. That science which has for its 
object the correction of malocclusion of 
the teeth. [EHA.] 
orthodontic. Adjective form. Pertaining 
or relating to orthodontia. First suggested 
by Rev. Henry Simmons, Minneapolis. 
[EHA.] 
orthodontic appliance. An appliance used in 
correcting malocclusion and retaining the 
normal after it is established. The forms 
are endless in variety but applying a few 
principles, of which pulling, pushing and 
rotating are the chief tasks to be accom- 
plished. [EHA.] 
orthodontic impression. An impression 
obtained by the imprint in wax or plaster 
or any other suitable plastic material of 
the teeth, gums, alveolar processes, palate 
and the reflected mucosa with its muscular 
markings and glandular stipples. [EHA.] 
See impression. 
orthodontic work-table. An artistic table 
with refined bench legs and inconspicuous 
drawers, mounted on ball-bearing rollers, 
covered with a beveled glass top, used 
instead of a bracket-shelf by orthodontists. 
[EHA.] 
orthodontics. Synonymous with orthodontia. 
Etymologists consider it as good an ending 
as -tia, as in politics, economics, dynamics, 
mechanics, etc. [EHA.] 
pervert. To go wrong; to corrupt. See 
perverted axial stress, malocclusion (per- 
verted occlusion). 
perverted axial stress. Perverted axial stress 
results from the mesial locking of the upper 
first molar with the lower. The continual 
masticatory impact of the upper molar on 
the mesial one-half or one-fourth of the 
lower molar results in a tipping of both 
the upper and lower molar. Instead of the 
great weight of occlusion of the upper 
molars being received largely on the pos- 
terior half of the lower molars and the 
anterior half of the uppers, as it would be 
normally, it is in these cases transposed to 
the anterior half of the lower molars and 
the posterior half of the uppers, thus 
causing the lower molars to tip forward 
and downward and allowing a closer 
closure of the jaws than normal. [EHA.] 
See pervert, axial and stress. 
pigtail ligatures. Term of contempt for 
twisted ends of small wire ligatures. 
[EHA.] 
pin-and-tube appliance. Consists of a three- 
piece arch, tubes being soldered trans- 
versely on the labial or buccal surfaces of 
bands; through each tube a delicate pin 
attached to the arch is passed; the free 
end of the pin, being shaped like a crochet 
hook, secures the pin in the tube and holds 
the appliance en rapport with the teeth. 
[EHA.] See working retainer. 
pin-cutters. A pair of delicate cutters whose 
blades are cut on only one side in sharpen- 
ing, so that the shearing edge coincides 
with the flat side of the jaw, which permits 
cutting the pins off very close. [EHA.] 
plain brazed bands. Bands adapted to the 
form of a tooth or teeth by band-forming 
pliers and with joints soldered; plain bands 
with soldered joints in contrast with seam- 
less bands or clamp-bands. [EHA.] 
plain tube. A simple tube with a constant 
diameter and without slots cut in it, used 
with the working retainer, 
plane-and-spur retainer. Intermaxillary re- 
tainer to retain mesiodistal movements 
in Class II or Class III corrected cases. It 
consists of a plane on a banded upper 
tooth which engages mesially or distally 
an inclined plane soldered to a band ce- 
mented on a lower tooth. [EHA.] 
plaster-plane. Small copper carpenter’s 
plane adapted for cutting and planing the 
art surfaces of orthodontic models. The 
blade edge is veneered with a Gillette razor 
blade. [EHA.] 
pliers. See band-forming p., band-holding p., 
ligature-tying p., ribbon-arch bending p., 
ribbon-arch seating p., wire-stretching p. 
principle of retention. To antagonize the 
movements of the teeth only in the direc- 
tion of their tendencies. [EHA.] 
protrude. To thrust forward, to project. 
Orthodontically, to point forward out of 
the mouth. 
protrusion. Act of protruding, projecting. ANGLE’S NOMENCLATURE 
387 
Orthodontically: When teeth of the an- 
terior part of the mouth project beyond 
the lips they present protrusion, 
reciprocal anchorage. Strictly speaking, not 
a distinct form of anchorage, yet its value 
and possibilities in application are such 
that it may with propriety be so regarded. 
It is that form in which one malposed 
tooth is pitted against another, the force, 
if correctly applied, being reciprocated 
from one to the other, moving both into 
normal occlusion. [EHA.] 
reciprocal retention. Retention secured by 
pitting one tooth against another, their 
tendencies being to move in opposite or 
different directions. 
regulate. To put in order. Orthodontically, 
to put the teeth in normal occlusion. (Obs.) 
regulating appliances. Obsolete term for 
orthodontic appliances, 
regulating pliers. See wire-stretching pliers. 
regulation. Act of putting in order. Ortho- 
dontically, act of regulating teeth. (Obs.) 
removable retainer. An appliance for re- 
taining teeth in the positions desired; one 
which can be removed and replaced by 
the patient. 
retain. To continue to hold in proper place. 
Orthodontically: To hold the teeth in 
proper occlusion either by appliances or by 
correct natural forces. 
retainer. An appliance constructed to retain 
teeth in their new positions following or- 
thodontic operations. Anatomically, one 
of those forces of occlusion that hold teeth 
in their natural positions, as lips, cheeks, 
tongue, incline planes, periodontal mem- 
brane, etc. [EHA.] Seebiteplater., fixed r., 
gooseneck r., Hawley r., Kingsley r., mov- 
able r., plane-and-spur r., removable r., 
working r. 
retaining appliance. An appliance intended 
to retain teeth in their new positions fol- 
lowing orthodontic treatment. [EHA.] 
retaining band. A band that retains a single 
tooth or its adjacent or antagonistic teeth. 
[EHA.] 
retaining pipes. Pipes used in retaining 
teeth. [EHA.] 
retention. The act of holding teeth in the 
desired position by mechanical appliances, 
applied passively, or by corrected natural 
forces. See intermaxillary r., principle of 
r., reciprocal r. 
retention spur. A spur placed on a banded 
tooth to hold it from returning to its 
former position, or to hold its adjacent or 
antagonistic fellows in position. [EHA.] 
retract. To draw a tooth back in the line 
of occlusion. 
retraction. The act of drawing teeth back 
in the line of occlusion, especially the an- 
terior teeth, 
retractor. See chin-r. 
retrude. Orthodontically, to thrust back- 
ward, as when the lips carry the upper 
central incisors back, in toward the inside 
of the mouth, that is, lingually. 
retrusion. The state of being thrown back— 
(opposed to protrusion), 
ribbon arch. A very delicate, flat, continu- 
ous or non-sectional expansion-arch with 
parallel sides and rounded edges, dimen- 
sions in cross-section of .022" X .036" or 
.022" X .028", with thread ends provided 
with friction-sleeved nuts. [EHA.] 
ribbon-arch annealers. See Ketcham a., 
Atkinson a. 
ribbon-arch appliance. Expansion arch pro- 
vided with a rib or flange on the un- 
threaded portion into which notches may 
be filed for wire ligatures so that they can 
be fixed in position on the arch. [EHA.] 
ribbon-arch bending pliers. A round-beaked 
plier adapted to bending and torquing the 
ribbon arch, provided with a transverse slot 
which corresponds exactly to the slot of a 
bracket, the distal end of the jaws closing 
with flat surfaces to provide means of 
bending the arch sharply or flattening out 
curves, and one jaw on its proximal three- 
fourths being rounded to provide means 
of bending in a rounded fashion the ribbon 
arch. [EHA.] 
ribbon-arch seating pliers. A plier with bi- 
furcated beaks forming a pair of minute 
jaws which are all of the same dimension 
and each jaw provided with a transverse 
groove which exactly fits the edge of the 
ribbon arch, the bifurcation being a little 
larger than the bracket. Used in grasp- 
ing the arch and overcoming torque or 
rotation bends so that the arch can be 
seated in the bracket without springing 
the width of the bracket’s mouth. [EHA.] 
ribbon-arch wrench. Wrench used in turn- 
ing the nuts on the ribbon arch. [EHA.] 
ribbon expansion-arch. See ribbon arch. 
rotating lever. A piece of piano wire used for 
rotating teeth, valuable because of its 
elasticity. [EHA.] 
rotation spur. A spur applied to a band for 388 
ORTHODONTIA 
stress. Pressure, strain, caused by tension, 
compression, shear, or any combination 
of these. Orthodontically: The pressure 
delivered to a tooth during mastication. 
Mechanically stress is the cohesive force 
in a body opposing a strain or pressure. 
See axial s., perverted axial s. 
supraocclusion. Too high a position in 
the line of occlusion occupied by a tooth. 
Teeth that occupy positions of too great 
elevation would be in supraocclusion. 
[EHA.] 
T-bar. Bar made in the shape of a T so 
that the standard passes interproximally 
to teeth and the crossbar rests either on 
the labial or buccal surfaces of two 
neighboring teeth. [EHA.] 
tiny ribbon arch. An orthodontic mechan- 
ism devised by Angle and Atkinson 
(Spencer), consisting of a ribbon arch 
in cross-section of the dimensions of 
.022" X .028". It is provided at the ends 
by tangs soldered on the outside at the 
positions desired, which fit into an open- 
faced curvilinear sheath; the free end of 
the tang, being mesial, is bent to one 
side, which prevents distal displacement 
of the arch in the sheath; and when the 
arch is advanced in the sheath, the 
tang is bent over again, locking the 
arch in a new position. The arch is 
advanced by a power tube which auto- 
matically clinches the tang. [EHA.] 
torque. Orthodontically: A twist given to 
the ribbon arch to produce rotation of 
the tooth on a mesiodistal axis. Used to 
carry crowns of the buccal teeth either 
lingually or buccally, also to carry the 
crowns of the anterior teeth either lingually 
or labiallv; likewise the root apices of 
teeth. [EHA.] 
torso-occlusion. That condition of a tooth 
when it is turned on its long axis so that 
the cusps and contact points are out of 
harmony with its adjacent and opposing 
teeth. A tooth if turned on its axis would 
be in torso-occlusion. [EHA.] 
traction-bar. The bar or bit portion of 
Angle’s No. 2 appliance, consisting of a 
bar provided with a standard in its center, 
having a socket for the reception of a 
delicate ball on the center of a threadless 
arch and also having at either end hooks 
for engaging the elastic straps from he 
headgear. [EHA.] See tradion-har appli- 
ance. 
securing or maintaining rotation in the 
socket of a tooth. [EHA.] 
screw. See traction s. 
seamless band. Band without a seam (Blue 
Island manufacture). Brazed bands may 
be made apparently seamless by covering 
the seam with a solder of lower carat than 
that of the seam. 
serial models. Models made from impres- 
sions taken successively, step by step, to 
show how a denture develops either nor- 
mally or abnormally; or models taken in 
successional stages of treatment. See 
model. 
sheath. Connective tissue covering an 
elongated part of the body which binds 
it together and holds it in proper relations 
to correlated parts; a tubular fold of skin. 
Orthodontically: A tubular cylinder for 
reception of the threaded portions of an 
orthodontic arch. See curvilinear s. ‘ 
simple anchorage. That form in which, 
first, the resistance is overcome by means 
of an anchor tooth or teeth of larger size 
or more favorable location, and, second, 
the form of attachment to both anchor 
tooth and teeth to be moved is hinged 
or pivotal, admitting of tipping of both 
in their sockets. It is impossible to trace 
the origin of simple anchorage; it was the 
first, and until recent years the only, form 
employed in orthodontia. [EHA.] 
spring lever. A short piece of piano-wire 
used to rotate teeth in their sockets. 
Obsolete, being now replaced by the 
ribbon arch. 
spur. A goad; something that projects. 
Orthodontically: A piece of metal, 
either flat or rounded, that projects from 
a band, arch, plate, wire or tooth. [EHA.] 
See archspur, cuspid extension s., headed, s., 
inclined-plane s., intermaxillary s., reten- 
tion s., upper cuspid retraction s. 
spurred band. A band provided with spur 
or spurs, used to keep a tooth from 
rotating or moving in any other of 
several directions. [EHA.] 
stationary anchorage. That form in which 
the attachment to the anchor tooth is 
essentially rigid, so that its tipping is 
impossible, and if moved, the tooth must 
be dragged bodily through the alveolar 
process in an upright position. [EHA.] 
stipple. The dots in plaster casts which are 
the reproduction of glandular orifices in 
the mucosa. CASE’S CLASSIFICATION 
389 
traction-bar appliance. A traction bar pro- 
vided with a standard in its center, having 
a socket for the reception of a delicate 
ball on the center of a threadless arch 
(No. 2 appliance). Used for retraction 
of protruding upper anterior teeth. [EHA.] 
See Angle No. 2 appliance. 
traction-screw. A shaft bent sharply at 
right angles at one end and at the other 
end threaded and provided with a friction- 
sleeve nut which fits in a sheath. [EHA.] 
tray. Any shallow article or receptacle for 
holding or carrying materials, as soldering- 
tray, impression-tray, etc. See impres- 
sion-t. 
tube. A hollow cylinder of very small 
dimensions used in orthodontic work 
for various attachments of Angle’s mate- 
rial; open-face tube, plain tube, retaining 
tube, anchor band tube, etc. See open- 
face t., plain t. 
tubed bands. Bands provided with tubes, 
as those used in the pin-and-tube appli- 
ance. [EHA.] 
upper cuspid retraction spur. An extended 
spur with a hook facing mesially soldered 
in a suspended fashion from a well fitted 
upper cuspid band. Used in retracting a 
cuspid. [EHA.] 
wire ligature. Dental ligature made of 
brass wire for orthodontic purposes or for 
reducing maxillary fractures. [EHA.] 
wire-stretching pliers. Large pliers used for 
stretching wires by pinching. Original 
intention now obsolete. [EHA.] See 
regulating pliers. 
working retainer. Consists of a three-piece 
arch, tubes being soldered perpendicularly 
or transversely on the labial surfaces of 
bands; through each tube a delicate pin 
attached to the arch is passed; the free 
end of the pin, being shaped like a crochet 
hook, secures the pin in the tube and 
holds the appliance en rapport with the 
teeth. [EHA.] 
wrench. An instrument consisting of a 
simple bar or lever with jaws or orifices 
for engaging a nut or head of a bolt, used 
for exerting a twisting force on a nut 
or bolt, as the ribbon-arch nut wrench, 
clamp-band wrench, etc. See clamp-band, 
w., ribbon-arch w. 
Young-Angle loop. A vertical loop of an 
arch made just in front of an anchor 
band, and which, by being straightened, 
allows elongation of the arch. (Obs.) 
[Also see orthodontic terms in vocabulary, 
Case and Jackson in this supplement.] 
Dentoclusal Classification of Malocclusion 
By CALVIN SUVERIL CASE, American orthodontist, b. 1847. 
Based on the Distomesioclusal Relations of the Buccal Teeth. 
Class I. The distomesioclusal relations of 
the buccal teeth are normal, or nearly so. 
Division 1. Locally caused dentofacial 
malocclusions. 
Type A: Unilateral maleruptioi; of 
cuspids. 
Type B: Bilateral maleruption of cus- 
pids. 
Type C: Bilateral eruption of cuspids 
requiring extraction (from Class II). 
Type D: Protrusion of upper front 
teeth (from thumbsucking). 
Type E: Retrusion of upper front teeth 
(treated in division 2, Class III). 
Type F: Lateral malocclusion. 
Type G: Open-bite malocclusion. 
Division 2. Bimaxillary protrusion and 
retrusion. 
Class II. The distomesioclusal relations of 
the lower buccal teeth are about the width 
of a cusp distal to normal. 
Division 1. Retrusion of lower denture. 
Type A: Pronounced retrusion of lower 
denture, with upper normal. 
Type B: Moderate retrusion of the 
lower denture, with protrusion of the 
upper denture. [lower normal. 
Division 2. Protrusion of the upper, with 
Type A: Upper coronal protrusion. 
Type B: Upper bodily protrusion. 
Type C: Upper coronal protrusion with 
apical retrusion. 
Type D: Upper apical protrusion. 
Concomitant character of Class II. 
Retrusion of the mandible and lowet- 
denture. 390 
ORTHODONTIA 
Close-bite malocclusion. 
Maleruption of cuspids (treated in Class 
I). 
Class III. The distomesioclusal relations of 
the lower buccal teeth are about the width 
of a cusp mesial to the normal. 
Division 1. Bodily retrusion of the upper 
denture and maxilla (with lower normal, 
though apparently protruded). 
Division 2. Contracted retrusion of the 
upper denture (due to inhibited develop- 
ment of the maxilla). 
Division 3. Retrusion of the upper with 
protrusion of the lower denture (with 
no protrusive position of the mandible). 
Division 4. Retrusion of the upper with 
prognathic mandible (commonly accom- 
panied with open-bite malocclusion). 
Jackson’s Orthodontic Nomenclature and Classification 
of Movements of the Teeth 
By VICTOR HUGO JACKSON, American orthodontist. 
abnormal occlusion. See occlusion. 
advantages of the Jackson orthodontic 
method. (Defined by Major Joseph 
B. Eby): 
1. Accurate control and adjustment. 
2. Aids the forces of occlusion. 
3. Comfort to patient and operator. 
4. Dentinal ligament, periodontal mem- 
brane and the laminated socket lining 
remain uninjured. 
5. Durability. 
6. Ease of alteration to meet advanced 
conditions. 
7. Ease of insertion. 
8. Exact control of stimulation. 
9. Excellent retainer. 
10. Favorable location. 
11. Great latitude of design. 
12. Hygienic. 
13. Movements expedited. 
14. Relative ease of construction. 
15. Remarkable balance between the 
problems of anchorage and applied 
forces. 
16. Retention more rapid and assured. 
17. Teeth retain alinement. 
18. Volume and quality of production, 
arches, equalizing the. See equalizing. 
arm of basewire. See basewire. 
bands, equalizing. See equalizing. 
basewire. The foundation of a regulating 
appliance, rigid b., one which is firm, 
stiff, unyielding, not flexible, spring b., 
one possessing elastic power or force, 
size of b., determined by the age of the 
patient and the required amount of force 
to be exerted; approximate sizes for the 
respective ages are as follows: 3 to 8 years, 
No. 13 gage; 8 to 15 years, No. 12 gage; 
15 to 21 years, No. 11 gage; 21 to 30 years, 
No. 10 gage; for more mature adults, 
when necessary, No. 9 gage, labiobuccal 
b., one which passes along the labial 
and buccal surfaces of the teeth, lingual 
b., one which passes along the lingual 
surfaces of the teeth, palatal b., one 
passing over any part of the palate, p. b. 
with loop, one passing over any part of 
the palate and provided with a loop, 
body of b., the principal part of the base- 
wire. arms of the b., extensions forward 
in the lateral divisions of either the max- 
illary or mandibular arches and resting on 
the molars, bicuspids and cuspids to 
which they are anchored. 
biteplane. A vulcanite plate or metal 
device with a raised portion located 
posteriorly to the incisal edges of the 
maxillary incisors, so shaped as to slope 
upward and forward; the mandibular 
incisors (and sometimes the cuspids), rest- 
ing upon this incline in occlusion, slide 
forward and upward, drawing the man- 
dible forward, sometimes “jumping the 
bite,” and improving the occlusion by 
equalizing the arches. 
clasp. A device which surrounds, clings to, 
grasps, encircles or entwines an object, 
as a tooth, partial c., a thin piece of 
plate metal partially embracing the tooth, 
plate-metal c., one which is usually 
shaped to pass from the appliance between 
and around the teeth, spring c., one 
made of spring wire about No. 20 gage, 
wire c., one made of wire and which 
grasps the tooth like a bent finger. JACKSON’S NOMENCLATURE 
391 
classification of movements of the teeth (in 
correcting malocclusions). 1. Incisors to 
move outward. 2. Incisors to move in- 
ward. 3. Incisors to move laterally. 
4. Cuspids, bicuspids and molars to move 
outward. 5. Cuspids, bicuspids and mo- 
lars to move inward. 6. Cuspids, bi- 
cuspids and molars to move anteriorly 
in the line of the dental arch. 7. Cuspids, 
bicuspids and molars to move posteriorly 
in the dental arch. 8. Rotation. 9. De- 
pression. 10. Elevation, including the 
alveolus. 
classification of rotating movements. I. 
Incisors: (a) mesiolingual, rotating an 
incisor inward; (b) mesiolabial, rotating 
an incisor outward; (c) distolabial, rotating 
the distal surface of an incisor outward; 
(d) distolingual, rotating the distal surface 
of an incisor inward. II. Cuspids, 
bicuspids and molars: (a) mesiolingual, 
rotating the mesial surface inward; (b) 
mesiobuccal, rotating the mesial surface 
outward; (c) distolingual, rotating the 
distal surface inward; (d) distobuccal, 
rotating the distal surface outward. 
constant force in orthodontia. See physio- 
logical law. 
crib. A device of open or cratelike construc- 
tion; a form of anchorage for orthodontic 
appliances introduced by Dr. Jackson in 
1887; made of piano wire in a variety of 
shapes, firmly held in place by means of 
collars, lugs, cross-wires passing between 
the teeth, etc. 
crib and split-plate combination. The use of 
the split-plate described by W. H. Coffin 
of England in connection with the Jackson 
cribs, avoiding the covering of the teeth 
with vulcanite, or opening of the bite, 
whereby from four to six teeth may be 
moved en masse in or out, until they 
have reached their proper positions in 
the line of the dental arch. 
division of the maxillary and mandibular 
arches. The natural division of the 
maxillae is along the lines of the inter- 
maxillary suture and the premaxillary 
sutures, resulting in the following division: 
intermaxillary or incisive division (I.M.D.); 
left maxillary division (L.M.D.); right 
maxillary division (R.M.D.). In diagnosis 
the malposition of any tooth is noted and 
located in one or more of these divisions; 
appliances for correcting malocclusions 
should be classified according to these 
divisions. The mandible is divided into 
an incisive mandibular division (I.Ma.D.); 
left mandibular division (L.Ma.D.), and 
right mandibular division (R.Ma.D.). 
equalizing the arches. Causing maloccluding 
arches to be brought into normal occlusion, 
e. bands, small rubber rings used for 
exerting force for the equalization of the 
arches. 
finger-spring. An extension of piano-wire 
from a crib which may be so bent as to 
move a protruding or intruding tooth 
into the line of the dental arch. 
forces applied in orthodontia. See physio- 
logical law. 
full normal occlusion. See occlusion. 
I.M.D. Intermaxillary or incisive division 
of the maxilla. See division. 
I.Ma.D. Incisive mandibular division. See 
division. 
intermittent force in orthodontia. See phys- 
iological law. 
labiobuccal basewire. See basewire. 
lack of anterior occlusion. When there is a 
space between the maxillary and man- 
dibular labial teeth, while at the same 
time the buccal teeth are in occlusion. 
lack of lateral occlusion. When the an- 
terior and posterior teeth occlude, except 
in the region of the bicuspids and first 
molars; unilateral, when the failure of 
occlusion is on one side; bilateral, when 
the failure of occlusion is on both sides. 
lack of posterior occlusion. When there is 
a space between the buccal teeth, while 
at the same time the maxillary and 
mandibular labial teeth are in occlusion. 
lingual basewire. See basewire. 
L.M.D. Left maxillary division. See divi- 
sion. 
L.Ma.D. Left mandibular division. See 
division. 
locking device for anchorage. Combination 
of a metal partial clasp and a wire clasp 
in form to support a regulating appliance 
in position on the teeth. A thin gold 
collar with a lug on the buccal surface is 
cemented to each anchorage tooth, and a 
spring is extended from the appliance 
around the anchorage tooth, and in passing 
above the lug on the collar locks the ap- 
pliance into place; to remove for cleansing 
the teeth and the appliance, the wire 
clasps are sprung outward from beneath 
the lugs, when the appliance is readily 
liberated. 392 
ORTHODONTIA 
malocclusion. Abnormal position of the 
teeth, usually including abnormal rela- 
tionship of the jaws. 
mandibular arch, division of the. See di- 
vision. 
maxillary arch, division of the. See di- 
vision. 
normal occlusion. See occlusion. 
occlusal force. Force caused by the closure 
of the jaws. 
occlusion. The meeting of the maxillary 
and the mandibular teeth, abnormal o., 
when some or all of the teeth are not in a 
position in the dental arches to meet 
normally, full normal o., when all the 
teeth in each arch are present and in 
normal occlusion with the teeth of the 
opposite arch, normal o., the meeting of 
the maxillary and mandibular teeth when 
they are in correct position and relation- 
ship. 
orthodontic accessories. The following are 
the most important appliances required: 
contouring pliers; expanding pliers; clasp- 
benders; three-pronged pliers; flat-nosed 
pliers, large and small; meter and milli- 
meter gage; electric soldering iron, etc. 
palatal basewire. See basewire. 
palatal basewire with loop. See basewire. 
partial clasp. See clasp. 
physiological law of forces as applied in 
orthodontia. Constant force on the bone, 
by pressure on the teeth or on the bone, 
causes softening and absorption of the 
bone, with consequent change of form 
of the bone and the position of the teeth; 
this constant force is required in ortho- 
dontia. Intermittent force results in in- 
creased density and strength of the bone 
without causing movement or change of 
form, as illustrated in the athlete, who, 
by alternately straining and resting the 
muscles, causes the bones and muscles to 
become dense, strong and resisting, 
plane. A raised part of a regulating ap- 
pliance for depressing elevated teeth of the 
opposite arch by means of the occlusal 
force. 
plate-metal clasp. See clasp. 
prognathism. An abnormal prominence of 
the mandible, true p., a condition in 
which both dental arches are more promi- 
nent than normal. 
rigid basewire. See basewire. 
R.M.D. Right maxillary division. See 
division. 
R.Ma.D. Right mandibular division. See 
division. 
rotating springs. Two extensions of piano- 
wire from a crib, so bent and adjusted 
that the end of one wire will engage on 
the labial and the end of the other wire 
on the lingual side of the tooth to be ro- 
tated, the latter being provided with a 
collar having slight depressions or sockets 
in which the ends of the rotating springs 
are received. 
spring basewire. See basewire. 
springclasp. See clasp. 
springclasp attachment. A device made by 
fitting to the lingual side of each anchor- 
age tooth a contoured partial clasp of 
plate metal, No. 36 gage, and shaping a 
wire claspspring to cross the buccal side 
of the tooth, with the two ends of the 
spring shaped to pass over the dental arch 
at the junction with the adjoining teeth, 
the ends resting on the partial clasp, to 
which they are soldered; the springclasp 
attachment is adjusted to each anchorage 
tooth and soldered to a basewire, which is 
the foundation of the regulating appliance. 
spur. A short piece of wire to support an 
appliance, extending upon the occlusal 
surface of the tooth, and preventing the 
appliance from pressing on the gingiva. 
sustaining muscles. Muscles whose func- 
tion is to support the bones in their nor- 
mal relationship. 
true prognathism. See prognathism. 
wire clasp. See clasp. 
[Also see Angle and Case.] DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
Full Denture Service 
The following terminology, by Dr. RUPERT E. HALL, American prosthodontist, 
b. 1884, is applicable to full denture service. 
adaptation. The degree of conformity and 
closeness of apposition of the outline and 
of the surface of the base and periphery 
of an artificial denture with that of the 
jaw and flexible peripheral tissues, to es- 
tablish such relation as will bring their 
surfaces within the required distance or 
proximity to each other, to make active 
the adhesive and cohesive forces of the 
interposed saliva between and through 
the complete surface of the jaw, flexible 
peripheral tissues, base and periphery of 
the denture. 
adhesion. The force exerted by the attrac- 
tion of unlike molecules for one another; 
the aggregate molecular attraction ex- 
erted by the molecules of the interposing 
saliva for those of the substance of the 
structure of the base of the denture and 
those of the adapted tissues. 
atmospheric pressure. The force exerted 
by the weight of the atmosphere which 
envelops the earth, a pressure of 14.7 
pounds to the square inch. Atmospheric 
pressure, contrary to the opinion of many, 
is not a kinetic force acting conjointly 
with adhesion and cohesion in the position 
of basal seat. The space between the 
denture and the adapted tissues is com- 
pletely filled with aerated saliva equaliz- 
ing the pressure within the space with 
that of the atmosphere without the space. 
Were the maximum pressure of the air 
utilizable by complete removal of the in- 
terposed saliva and evacuation of the 
space thus formed, we could then have the 
maximum pressure of the air, or 14.7 lb. 
pressure to the square inch of base and 
peripheral surface covering the tissues, re- 
taining the denture as a kinetic force. But 
could the maximum pressure of the air be 
utilized through such source, the human 
tissues would not tolerate permanently 
even a partial vacuum of an appreciable 
degree. We see this demonstrated in the 
air-chamber commonly used to aid re- 
tention of upper dentures by this means. 
Hypertrophy of the tissues occurs and the 
cavity-chamber fills. Thus do we con- 
clusively show that atmospheric pressure 
cannot be utilized as a constant force to 
retain artificial dentures, owing to the 
fact that the interposed film of aerated 
equalized saliva between the denture and 
the adapted tissues cannot be dispensed 
with, and nature will not tolerate the 
negative pressure of vacuation about her 
tissues to make manifest such pressure by 
means of vacuum-chambers. Therefore, 
it must be considered that we have no 
degree of vacuation existing between the 
denture and the adapted tissues, conse- 
quently no possible aid from atmospheric 
pressure retaining the denture in the posi- 
tion of basal seat, but that it is supported 
or retained in proximity with the adapted 
tissues by the attraction of the molecules 
of the interposed liquid for those of the 
denture. Since we know the relation or 
state defined as adaptation not to exist 
when an artificial denture is first intro- 
duced into the mouth, and until adapta- 
tion evolves by wear, permitting the 
tissues, as they do, to fill in and shape 
themselves to conformity and apposition 
with the surface of the base, we also know 
that during this introductory period, so to 
speak, while the tissues are adjusting them- 
selves establishing adaptation, partially 
evacuated spaces exist between the den- 
ture and tissues about areas not in suffi- 
ciently close apposition to establish adap- 
tation. Therefore, in this connection, it is 
conceded that atmospheric pressure is an 
aiding force retaining a denture conjointly 
with adhesion and cohesion. Also does 
it solve in part the perplexing puzzle of 
why many dentures lose their fit—so- 
called. Nature responds to the negative 
pressure of evacuation, the tissues fill in 
393 394 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
and obliterate the spaces, the force of the 
atmosphere becomes nil and the denture 
is retained by adhesion and cohesion only. 
Since the retaining force offered for re- 
sistance to displacement of the denture by 
adhesion and cohesion alone is low in com- 
parison with that required to resist the 
displacing forces of efficient incision and 
mastication, displacement of the denture 
easily and readily occurs. How, then, 
may aid by utilization of the force of 
atmospheric pressure be accomplished for 
retention of an artificial denture for the 
efficient incision and mastication of food? 
Aid by means of the force of the atmos- 
phere may be indirectly accomplished by 
the formation of an emergency partial 
vacuum arising momentarily and simul- 
taneously with displacement of the den- 
ture by the forces of incision and mastica- 
tion, or by any other forces causing dis- 
placement of the structure. 
basal seat. Basal seat may be defined as 
meaning the relation which the base of 
the denture bears to that of the indirectly 
supporting or retaining jaw in the state 
of adaptation. The jaw does not support 
or retain the base directly, but indirectly 
through the medium of interposed adher- 
ing saliva, the actual seat of the denture 
being formed and made up by and of the 
film of the interposing saliva upon or 
about which, through its adhesive and 
cohesive forces, the structure is supported 
or retained. 
base. That part of the surface of an artificial 
denture that is adapted to and covers the 
jaw. 
cohesion. The aggregate molecular attrac- 
tion by the molecules of the interposed 
saliva for each other in value as the sur- 
face and conformity of the base covers and 
hugs the adapted tissues and the amount 
of interposed saliva is minimized. The 
attraction of like molecules for one an- 
other. 
denture design. The requirements of den- 
ture design for the accomplishment of the 
emergency partial vacuum are that the 
base of the denture should cover and be 
adapted to the entire surface of the jaw, 
and have added to it a periphery with 
border surface continuous with that of the 
base of the denture, and that the surface 
of such border be extended upon and 
adapted to the flexible peripheral tissues 
so that there is created a seal and valve- 
like action between the flexible peripheral 
tissues and the surface of the periphery, to 
preclude, herewith, the ingress of air 
under the base of the denture and resist 
or prevent dislodgment of the same 
through the indirectly applied resisting 
force of the atmosphere should displace- 
ment occur. Preventing the ingress of 
air between the surface of the base of the 
denture and the tissues of the jaw at the 
time of displacement of the restoration, 
sealing the space occurring between the 
base and jaw without admitting the air, 
forms, simultaneously with displacement, 
a partial vacuum. The tidal or momen- 
tary partial vacuum created between the 
base of the denture and the adapted tissues 
of the jaw is, therefore, manifested only 
when the resistive forces of the cohesion 
of the molecules of the interposed saliva 
are overcome and displacement of the 
denture occurs. Since the resultant at- 
mospheric pressure is the direct force 
resisting dislodgment of the denture when 
forces displace the structure, forming a 
relative partial vacuum, it is obvious that 
any force that creates and increases the 
space, degree of vacuity and resultant 
atmospheric pressure, increases, simul- 
taneously, resistance of the denture to 
dislodgment. The degree of vacuity of 
the space is in direct ratio to the volume 
of the vacuum, owing to the fact that the 
sealed periphery precludes the ingress of 
air and the increasing space between the 
base and the jaw still accommodates the 
same quantity of air. Boyle’s law govern- 
ing the relationship between the pressure 
and volume of gases under a constant 
temperature covers this point and is as 
follows: “Pressure of a given mass of 
gas varies inversely as the volume of the 
space within which it is confined.” That 
is, if the volume of space existing under 
the denture consists of 1 c.c. at a pressure 
of one atmosphere, when increased to 2 
c.c. of volume the pressure according to 
this law would be one-half of an atmos- 
phere. Extent of adapted surface tissues, 
then, determines the relative extent of the 
respective forces exerted by adhesion and 
cohesion. Peripheral construction and 
adaptation for a seal and valve-like action 
with the flexible peripheral tissues, sealing 
space occurring between the base and jaw PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE 
395 
created by displacement of the denture, 
preventing the ingress of air, forming a 
relatively increasing partial vacuum in- 
directly applying the force of the atmos- 
phere thereby, aids in preventing or oppos- 
ing dislodgment of the artificial denture 
should displacement occur. Credit for the 
idea of constructing and establishing such 
design and relations between the base, 
periphery, jaw and flexible peripheral 
tissues should, in so far as we are informed, 
be given Dr. W. V.-B. Ames, of Chicago, 
for it was he who first conceived of their 
importance and in 1885 (Independent 
Practitioner, July) demonstrated their 
principles. Others notable in early ap- 
preciation and use of these principles were 
the Greene brothers of Missouri. 
dislodgment. The breaking of the seal of 
the peripheral valve. 
displacement. A change in relation of the 
position of the base with that of its basal 
seat. 
flexible peripheral tissues. All tissues at- 
tached to the jaws that are moved or are 
movable by the action of the muscles, 
including the soft palate. See peripheral 
valve seal and periphery. 
interposed saliva. The saliva interposed 
between the denture and the adapted 
tissues. 
jaw. All surface tissue of the jaw ridge, 
and, in case of the upper, the hard palate, 
upon or about which the base of an arti- 
ficial denture is adapted and indirectly 
supported or retained, excepting the at- 
tached flexible peripheral tissues. These 
may be more specifically described as all 
tissues the fixed or rest position of which 
is not modified by muscular action, 
peripheral valve seal. The adaptation be- 
tween the periphery of the denture and the 
flexible peripheral tissues to effect valve 
action and prevent the ingress of air be- 
neath the base of the denture in case of 
displacement. 
periphery. That part of the border surface 
of an artificial denture adjacent to, or 
continuous with, the base that is adapted 
to and covers the flexible peripheral 
tissues. 
retention. The resistance of the restoration 
to displacement and dislodgment. 
vacuum. A confined space devoid of matter, 
partial v., a confined space with a degree 
of emptiness. 
Partial Denture Service—Nomenclature and Classification 
The following terms and classification, as recommended by Dr. WILLIAM 
ERNEST CUMMER, Canadian prosthodontist, are used in connection 
with the scientific practice of constructing partial dentures. 
absorption. In prosthesis, estimated to cor- 
respond to one-third of the length of the 
original crown of the tooth. [Willmott.] 
adhesion auxiliary. Noting adhesion as used 
to assist direct retention in certain types 
of cases, usually class 3. Because of 
difficulty in securing peripheral valve seal, 
it is not as effective as in full dentures, 
anchor tooth. The tooth to which a direct 
retainer is attached, and which thus affords 
retention to the partial denture or to a 
removable bridge. 
assembly. The juxtaposition of various 
standardized finished or semi-finished 
parts resulting in a standardized product. 
The juxtaposition of various parts by sol- 
der or other means, resulting in a stand- 
ard dental appliance, as an orthodontic 
device, a bridge, partial denture, etc. 
attachment. That part of an artificial den- 
ture which joins the artificial teeth to the 
base; usually vulcanite, frequently gold, 
either cast or solder. The term some- 
times applies to special forms of direct 
retainers, as the Roach or other attach- 
ments. staple a., a simple direct retainer 
for attachment to a fixed bridge, of staple 
shape, one wing being on the occlusal sur- 
face, the other below the bridge, 
base. That part of the denture which rests 
on the mucosa. Bases are (a) vegetable, 
as vulcanite and celluloid; (b) metal, as 
gold, aluminum or some alloy; (c) com- 
binations of a and b, as a metallic lining 
of a vulcanite base. b. in partial dentures, 
(a) skeleton, with saddles of vulcanite or 
gold, joined with bars of gold alloys; these 
are of various compositions and sizes; they DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
396 
should be approximately equal to the 
combined areas of the pericementum of 
those lost teeth whose spaces they fill 
[Chayes]; (b) continuous, in which the 
saddles and connecting parts are made in 
one continuous piece; in upper dentures 
it may or may not cover the entire den- 
ture vault. 
B.L. Buccolingual. 
capillarity. The capillary action causing in- 
tensive caries, due to the retention of 
fermenting substances, in contact with 
susceptible parts of the natural teeth, by 
clasps, bases, orthodontic appliances, mal- 
posed teeth, overhanging margins of fill- 
ings, etc. 
clasp. A direct retainer fitted to the enamel 
of a tooth; a springy wire or band en- 
circling the crown of the tooth about 
two-thirds of its circumference, grasping 
the opposing convex surfaces of the tooth. 
Clasps are usually fitted partly upon the 
occlusal and partly upon the cervical 
(gingival) cones of the tooth. All clasps 
consist, in varying proportions, of (a) a 
body and (6) one or two free ends; con- 
nectors or occlusal rests may be added, 
if required. The following is a partial 
list of clasps of various types: band c., 
made of sheet metal about 24 gage, 
either wrought or cast, buccolingual c., 
clasping the buccal and lingual surfaces 
of the tooth, cast c., made of wax and 
then cast in metal, either by the direct 
method, being cast on the model of the 
tooth, or by the indirect method, being 
cast not directly upon the model of the 
tooth, composite c., partly cast and 
partly wrought, see embrasure c. em- 
brasure c., made of wire or a band, de- 
signed by Dr. Roach for teeth at the end 
of a series; one free end is a half loop, 
terminating in the embrasure, the other a 
cast or wrought halfband, usually mesio- 
distal. embrasure hook c., a halfclasp 
terminating in the embrasure, used for 
auxiliary retention, halfclasp, encircling 
a tooth for half its circumference, line 
angle c., one embracing the line angle of 
the tooth, mesiodistal c., one grasping 
the mesial and distal surfaces of the tooth, 
multiple c., one grasping an opposed con- 
vexity on one tooth and another opposed 
convexity on another adjacent tooth, in- 
cluding two or three (rarely more) teeth, 
and always mesiodistally. quarter c., 
encircling a tooth for one-quarter of its 
circumference, three-quarter c., encir- 
cling the tooth for three-quarters of its 
circumference, being the most common 
type used, wire c., one made of wire 
about 18 gage, either wrought or cast, 
wrought c., one of metal which is formed 
by bending and shaping over a metal mold 
of the tooth to be clasped, 
classification of partial dentures. Class 1: 
With direct and indirect retainers, diago- 
nally opposite and, when possible, with 
only two direct retainers. Class 2: With 
direct and indirect retainers, diametrically 
opposite and, when possible, with only 
two direct retainers/ Class 3: With 
direct retainers only, on one side, and, 
when possible, with only two direct re- 
tainers. Class 4: With direct retainers 
only, and in a triangular or quadrilateral 
relationship with three or more direct 
retainers. 
compensation. Provision in the impression, 
on the cast and on the subsequent finished 
denture, for foramina and their contents 
and for inequalities of the density of the 
mucose and subjacent bone, 
connector. A part which connects or joins 
the retainers and occlusal rests to the 
saddles or other parts of the main frame- 
work of the partial denture. The forms 
are rigid or flexible, and the latter are 
divided into simple and compound; the 
simple are (o) of the grasshopper type, 
and (6) of the butterfly and other spring 
types. The compound are divided into 
the following types: (a) pin-and-tube, as 
the Stansbury; (b) piston, as the Nichols; 
(c) Dresch link motion; (d) ball and 
socket; (e) the Rich type, and (/) the 
Friedman type. Connectors constitute 
one of the six classes of standardization 
parts for partial dentures, 
crib. The original wire crib, as designed by 
Dr. Jackson, is useful as a direct retainer, 
especially when retention is desired in the 
center of a series of teeth which are uncut 
or unaffected by caries, 
design in partial denture service. A mental 
or mentographic picture should precede 
the construction of every denture. All 
the steps for the construction of the 
denture should be designed, and a drawing 
made of the completed piece, before any 
steps have been taken, in the following 
order: 1. Preliminary examination: (A) PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE 
397 
general examination by a physician, if 
necessary. (B) dental examination in 
the following order: (a) making charts; 
(6) study models; (c) both or neither; 
(d) order of examination, with or without 
radiographs. 2. Design: (A) saddles: 
(a) skeleton, (b) continuous, (c) upper 
palatal, and (d) a combination of the fore- 
going. (B) parts connecting saddles: 
(a) cast, (6) wrought wire or plate, (c) wire, 
pure gold, solder built up, and (d) combina- 
tion of the foregoing. (C) direct and in- 
direct retainers and connectors; class 1, 
2, 3 or 4. (D) occlusal rests, allocation 
of load to teeth and the pericementum of 
each tooth: (a) recessed, and (b) surface, 
including partial, full and multiple 
occlusal rests and pads, and rests for 
occlusal cone. The following steps to be 
followed: Step 1, upon a printed or rubber- 
stamped form of fourteen teeth, upper or 
lower, outline the saddle, choosing the 
type of saddle suitable for the case. 
Step 2, outline the parts connecting the 
saddles, choosing the type suitable for the 
case. Step 3, for class 1 cases, choose 
direct and indirect retainers diagonally 
opposite; for class 2 cases, retainers 
diametrically opposite; for class 3 cases, 
retainers for one side only, and for class 4 
cases choose retainers in a triangular or 
quadrilateral relationship. The connectors 
are also chosen and drawn in at this step. 
Step 4, choose and outline the occlusal 
rests and pads, if required. 
embrasure clasp and hook. See clasp. 
engineering, dental. Many dental opera- 
tions partake of an engineering character 
and involve engineering principles, as in 
orthodontic and prosthodontic operations, 
being modified by physiological require- 
ments 
exfoliation. When the antagonizing teeth 
are lost and are not replaced, an unocclud- 
ing tooth tends to become malposed and 
exfoliated. 
flush, saliva. The saliva flush is a process 
by which one may supplement the regu- 
lar cleansing of partial dentures and 
bridges with toothbrush and dentifrice, 
by forcing the saliva around the prosthet- 
ic pieces by the movements of the tongue. 
hypothesis. When statements are made as 
facts in connection with partial denture 
service they are based on careful observa- 
tion; with continued proof extending over 
a number of years, such hypotheses be- 
come scientific truths. 
impression, sectional method. Noting a 
method of taking an impression in which 
part of the impression is taken, with- 
drawn, trimmed and coated with oil, re- 
turned to the mouth, and the balance of the 
impression then taken. Cores may or may 
not be used, as such an impression will 
consist of a number of pieces, with pre- 
determined lines of fracture, 
incline plane. In prosthetic dentistry in- 
cline planes which result in stresses against 
the natural teeth, other than the direction 
in which they best resist pressure (coin- 
cident with their long axes), are as follows: 
(a) axial, as a faulty cusp incline plane; 
(f>) buccolingual, as a clasp body resting 
on a buccally or lingually inclined tooth 
surface; (c) mesiodistal, as a faulty oc- 
clusal rest on a mesial or distal slope of a 
marginal ridge only, and (d) a combina- 
tion of any of the foregoing. They tend 
to subject the periosteum to unnatural 
stresses, resulting in injury, 
injuries. Partial list of the most frequent 
causes of injuries to structures and inter- 
ference with functions as commonly found 
in partial denture construction, insertion 
and maintenance: 
Structures: 
1. Enamel, dentin, and cementum, in- 
tensive caries production, erosion and wear. 
2. Gingivae, impingement and interference. 
3. Mucosa and subjacent bone, overload. 
4. Mucosa and subjacent bone, strangu- 
lation. 
5. Pericementum and mucosa, with sub- 
jacent bone, overload. 
6. Pericementum, overload. 
7. Pericementum, torque, vertical. 
8. Pericementum, torque, horizontal. 
9. Pericementum, incline plane (wedge), 
mesiodistal. 
10. Pericementum, incline plane, bucco- 
lingual. 
11. Pericementum, incline plane, mesio- 
distal, buccolingual. 
12. Pericementum, incline plane, axial. 
13. Pericementum, lever, first class. 
14. Pericementum, lever, second class. 
15. Pericementum, lever, third class. 
16. Pericementum, combinations of all 
mechanical advantages. 
17. Dental pulp and periapical tissues, 
various injuries. 398 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
injuries—Continued. 
18. Cheeks, tongue and soft tissues, im- 
pingement and irritation leading possibly 
to malignancy. 
Functions: 
19. Mastication and ultimate digestion, 
various injuries. 
20. Speech and voice, lisping, thick speech, 
etc. 
21. Hearing, interference with. 
Both structure and function: 
22. Any or all of above injuries, from lack 
of systematic maintenance. 
STRUCTURES 
1. Enamel, dentin and cementum, intensive 
caries production, erosion and wear: 
(а) Capillary retention against enamel 
(faulty or at fissures), clasps, occlusal rests, 
or pads causing caries. 
(б) Capillary retention against dentin by 
clasp, pad or other constructional parts. 
(c) Capillary retention against cementum 
by clasp, base or other constructional parts. 
(d) Clasps and other parts over inlay 
margin. 
(e) Clasps and other parts over eroded 
areas, causing further erosion, caries or both. 
(/) Abrasion, usually from porcelain in 
overload, relation to abraded teeth. 
(g) Attrition, usually from natural teeth 
in overload. 
(h) Use of compound retainers rather 
than simple resulting in unnecessary de- 
struction of tooth tissue. 
(i) Unnecessary number and contact area 
of direct retainers. 
2. Gingivce, impingement and interference: 
(a) Impingement against cervical (gingi- 
val) margin or septal gingivae by clasp, etc. 
(b) Impingement against cervical (gingi- 
val) margin or septal gingivae by saddle and 
other constructional parts. 
(c) Impingement against cervical (gingi- 
val) margin or septal gingivae by “settling” 
clasps and saddles, especially after recent 
extraction. 
(d) Interference from unprotected cervi- 
cal (gingival) margin and septal gingivae from 
lack of occlusal protective contours, such 
as marginal ridges, cusps, etc. 
(e) Interference from unprotected cervi- 
cal (gingival) margin and from septal 
gingivae from lack of axial protective con- 
tours. 
injuries—Continued. 
3. Mucosa and subjacent bone, overload: 
(a) Overload from small saddle area in 
proportion to mastication area, and pressure, 
without occlusal rests. 
(b) Local overload, improper muscle trim- 
ming, saddle outline, etc. 
(c) Local overload from incorrect forecast 
compensation for hard areas, and settling. 
(d) Overload of mucosa from relation of 
direct retainer and mucosa with too much 
pressure on mucosa. 
4. Mucosa and subjacent bone, strangulation: 
(a) Parallel wrought and cast clasps, con- 
nectors, and compound retainers which do 
not release after pressure applied from con- 
struction, too tight construction, etc. 
ib) Clasps with excess towards cervical 
(gingival) cone. 
(c) Indirect retainers adjusted too tightly. 
(d) Overloads on mucosa as above. 
(e) Relations between saddles and direct 
retainers giving mucosa too much pressure. 
5. Pericementum and mucosa, with subjacent 
bone, overload: 
(а) Local overload, from warpage and too 
great pressure at one or more points. 
(б) Overload, from lack of escape grooves, 
with flat cutting contact rather than line 
contact. 
(c) Overload from all constructional parts 
preventing exact central occlusion. 
6. Pericementum, overload: 
(a) Overload from occlusal rests, from 
expected absorption (especially after recent 
extraction) with no rebasing. 
(b) Overload from large saddle area, with 
occlusal rests. 
(c) Overload from medium saddle area, 
soft mucosa, with occlusal rests. 
(d) Clasps without occlusal rests too heavy 
to admit of “slip,” especially with soft 
mucosa. 
7. Pericementum torque, vertical: 
(а) Cast clasps too wade on free saddle 
(cantilever). 
(б) Cast clasps too thick on free saddle. 
(c) Cast clasps (B.L.) wide body on free 
saddle. 
(d) Cast clasps (M.D.) too wide at free 
ends attached to free saddle. 
(e) Cast clasps (B.L.) too thick at free 
ends and attached to free saddle. 
(/) Cast clasps (Li.A.) attached to free 
saddles as above. PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE 
399 
injuries—Continued. 
(gr) Reinforced wrought clasp attached 
to free saddle as above. 
(h) Improper relief on all clasps, e.g., 
right angles to fulcrum line. 
8. Pericementum, torque, horizontal: 
(a) Cast clasps on single teeth. 
9. Pericementum incline plane (wedge), mesio- 
distal: 
(а) Interfering embrasure hooks above 
contact point. 
(б) Connectors soldered to free end of 
clasps. 
(c) Too much solder, connector to clasp. 
(d) Occlusal rest too short and on incline 
plane. 
(e) Improperly placed rigid connectors on 
leaning teeth. 
(/) Improperly placed clasp bodies. 
(g) Rigid two-thirds loops too short. 
10. Pericementum, incline plane, buccolin- 
gual: 
(a) Indirect retainers on incline planes 
without occlusal rests on direct retainers. 
(b) Improperly placed rigid connectors on 
leaning teeth. 
(c) Improperly placed clasp bodies. 
(d) Skeleton work too rigid. 
11. Pericementum, incline plane, M.D., B.L.: 
(a) Teeth interfering with occlusion. 
(b) Teeth interfering with articulation. 
(c) Parts interfering with occlusion. 
(d) Parts interfering with articulation. 
(e) Shrinkage and distortion of metallic 
framework. 
(/) Contours too full, inlays, crowns, etc. 
12. Pericementum, incline plane, axial: 
(a) Clasp above or below line of widest 
cross section. 
(b) Rebound of displaced mucosa, with 
relation of direct retainers and mucosa too 
close without occlusal rests. 
13. Pericementum, lever, first class: 
(a) Indirect retainers too tightly adjusted. 
(b) Cast multiple clasps on single groups 
of teeth. 
(c) Indirect retainer too close to fulcrum 
line. 
(d) Teeth set outside ridge. 
(e) Class 4 cases with free saddle on soft 
mucosa. 
14. Pericementum, lever, second class: 
(a) Cast multiple clasps on single groups 
of teeth. 
15. Pericementum, lever, third class: 
Indirect retainers, no occlusal rest on 
in j uri e s—C ontinued. 
direct retainer (remainder of mechanical 
advantages, i.e., screw and pulley, not 
found). 
16. Pericementum, combinations of any or all 
mechanical advantages: 
(a) Cast clasps with rigid connectors on 
flabby mucosa, without provision for corre- 
lation of movement of saddle and anchor 
tooth. 
17. The dental pulp, periapical tissues, 
various injuries: 
Because of the interdependence of the 
dental pulp, pericementum, dentin, enamel, 
cementum and cervical (gingival) tissues, 
injuries to the dental pulp, followed by 
diseases of the dental pulp, may occur from 
any or all of the foregoing causes. 
18. Cheeks, tongue and soft tissue impinge- 
ment and irritation, leading possibly to 
malignancy: 
(a) Improper overhang to prevent tongue- 
and cheek-biting. 
(b) Positioning of constructional parts 
not close enough to prevent irritation. 
(c) Improper finishing, rounding off of 
sharp edges, elimination of feather edges, 
etc. (should include a study of the micros- 
copy of the polished and aseptic surfaces). 
FUNCTION 
Injuries may result from lack of applica- 
tion of all known principles, especially in: 
19. Mastication and ultimate digestion, etc., 
various injuries: 
(a) All missing teeth and surfaces not 
supplied (for example, with special occlusal 
pads to secure greatest masticating surface). 
(b) Lack of anatomical articulation on 
partials (various mechanical advantages as 
before mentioned). 
(c) Lack of positive retention in small 
pieces and danger of swallowing of piece. 
20. Speech and voice, lisping, thick speech, etc.: 
(a) Parts not crossing ahead of bicuspids 
between rugse, or, failing this, wide flat cast 
or swage pieces (causing lisping, etc.). 
(b) Parts crossing distal to first molar, 
bar or similar not crossing approximately 
opposite to the second molar, causing thick- 
ening of speech. 
(c) Parts not close to mucosa (causing 
both lisping and indistinct enunciation). 
21. Hearing, interference with: 
Neglect of sufficient intermaxillary dis- 
tance in restoration (may interfere with 400 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
injuries—Continued. 
opening of meatus by condyle tipping back 
and causing obstruction). 
BOTH STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION 
Almost all of the foregoing injuries to 
structure and function may occur or may 
be aggravated through breakage, settling 
or other contingencies difficult or impossible 
to foresee. After insertion these may be 
prevented by proper inspection and main- 
tenance, including the following: 
22. Maintenance (the patient's part): 
(а) Cleansing five times per day. 
(б) Saliva flush. 
(c) Removal at night. 
(d) Use of notification system for periodic 
examination furnished by dentist. 
(e) Prompt repairs if necessary. 
FACTORS INDICATING TYPE OF SUPPORT 
(a) Root. 
(b) Mucosa. 
(c) Combination of above. 
(This is used temporarily until more 
accurate data regarding the loading of 
teeth and mucosa are secured for the dental 
profession.) 
1. Some Factors Indicating Mucosa Support. 
—Larger saddle areas with stress of 
mastication carried primarily by saddles 
and subjacent mucosa, and without 
occlusal rests are indicated: 
(a) Larger distances between remaining 
teeth. 
(b) Space or spaces with one tooth at end 
of space only (cantilever). 
(c) Smaller amount of pericementum 
available for support. 
(d) Less favorable condition of peri- 
cementum of teeth available, or not avail- 
able for support. 
(e) Less firm condition of the mucosa. 
(/) Pressure from antagonizing teeth above 
the average. 
2. Some Factors Indicating Root Support.— 
Smaller saddles with stress of mastica- 
tion carried primarily by the teeth and 
their pericementa, and with occlusal 
rests, are indicated: 
(а) Smaller distance between the remain- 
ing teeth. 
(б) Space or spaces with teeth at both 
ends of space or spaces. 
(c) Larger amount of pericementum of 
teeth available for support. 
(d) More favorable condition of peri- 
cementum of teeth available for support. 
(e) More firm condition of the mucosa. 
(/) Pressure from antagonizing teeth be- 
low the average. 
interference. Any obstacle which may inter- 
fere with any of the normal functional 
positions during occlusion and articula- 
tion; as, for example, in occlusal position, 
an occlusal rest which is too full; in articu- 
lating, the incline plane of the artificial 
cusp is steeper than those of the cusps of 
the natural teeth, 
inverse. See reverse. 
inversion. The relation between a given 
combination of teeth and another com- 
bination in which the teeth standing in 
the given combination are missing in the 
inverse combination, reverse i., the rela- 
tion between a given combination and 
another combination which is both in- 
verted and reversed. 
Li.A. Line angle. 
loop, rigid two-thirds. A type of occlusal 
rest for conical teeth, consisting of a rigid 
loop embracing two-thirds of the circum- 
ference of such a tooth and also engaging 
upon the occlusal cone. By a reciprocal 
action this transmits pressure coincident 
with the long axis of the tooth engaged; 
it is joined to the base by suitable connec- 
tions. 
maintenance. The systemic care of dental 
conditions and appliances by regular 
inspections and making necessary repairs. 
M.D. Mesiodistal. 
occlusal bite. The relation of the jaws in 
occlusion and with the teeth in central 
occlusion. [Dr. Rupert Hall.] 
occlusal pad. An occlusal rest which covers 
the entire occlusal surface of a tooth, 
multiple o. p., a pad covering the entire 
occlusal surface of more than one tooth, 
occlusal rest. A metallic extension from 
the main body of the partial denture, or 
removable bridge, which engages upon 
parts or the whole of the occlusal or other 
surface of the tooth, and thus engages the 
pericementum to assist in the support of 
the denture, in a direction coincident with 
the long axis of the tooth. Occlusal rests 
are (a) recessed, that is, fitted into a suit- 
able depression in a filling, inlay, crown, 
etc., and (b) surface, covering part or the 
whole of the occlusal surface. The re- 
cessed occlusal rests are (a) of 14-gage PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE 
401 
oblique wire, and (b) of casting. The 
surface occlusal rests are (a) quarter, half, 
full and multiple occlusal pads, (5) two- 
thirds rigid loops, buccolingual, line angle 
and mesiodistal, and (c) buccolingual, 
line angle and mesiodistal, embrasure and 
other clasps, with sufficient material on 
the occlusal cone. Occlusal rests con- 
stitute one of the six classes of standard- 
ized parts of partial dentures. 
occlusion, traumatic. See preventive den- 
tistry. 
overload. Too great a pressure upon any 
part, as upon the pericementum or the 
mucosa. 
parallelometer. See precision. 
permutations and combinations. These 
mathematical operations are useful to 
calculate and, if possible, to set on paper 
the entire number of circumstances which 
may occur in various branches of dentistry. 
For example, the number of possible per- 
mutations and combinations of the teeth, 
including on one hand all the teeth pres- 
ent, and on the other hand all the teeth 
absent, is 65,536, this being the number 
of combinations possible in the making of 
artificial dentures. 
practice of partial denture service. Presup- 
poses a knowledge of the theory. The 
preliminary examination having been 
made, the practice which follows consists 
in (a) design, (6) construction from the 
design, (c) insertion or installation, and 
(d) maintenance and repair of the piece. 
The design may be made after the pre- 
liminary examination has been completed 
by a mental and graphic process, sketch- 
ing the work to be done on a chart of 
fourteen teeth, in the following order: 
(a) saddles, (b) parts connecting the 
saddles, (c) retention, direct and indirect, 
and (d) occlusal rests, if any are to be used. 
Presupposing a mastery of the theory, 
and possession of the necessary handicraft, 
the mouth is made ready in the following 
order: I. Preliminary. 1. General ex- 
amination, with the aid of a physician, 
if necessary. 2- Dental examination: 
(a) making charts, (fe) making study 
models, (c) both or neither, as required, 
and (d) order of examination, with or 
without radiographs. When this is com- 
pleted, the procedure is as follows: I. 
Design. 1. Saddles, allocating the load to 
the mucosa: (a) skeleton, (6) continuous, 
(c) upper palatal, and (d) combination of 
the above. 2. Parts connecting saddles: 
(a) cast, (5) wrought wire or plate, (c) 
wire, pure gold or built up with solder, and 
(d) combination of the above. 3. Direct 
and indirect retention and connectors. 
Class 1, with direct and indirect retainers, 
diagonally opposite, and when possible 
with only two direct retainers; class 2, 
with direct and indirect retainers, di- 
ametrically opposite, and, when possible, 
with one or two direct retainers; class 3, 
with direct retainers only, on one side, 
and, when possible, with only two direct 
retainers; class 4, writh direct retainers 
only, and in a triangular or quadrilateral 
relationship, with three or more direct 
retainers. 4. Occlusal rests, allocating 
the load to the teeth and their peri- 
cementa: (a) recessed, and (6) surface 
rests, including partial, full and multiple 
occlusal rests and pads, and rests for 
occlusal cone. II. Construction and pre- 
cision. 1. Direct retainers and occlusal 
rests completed, and checked in the 
mouth for interference. 2. Impression, 
preferably muscle-trimmed: (a) all plaster; 
(b) plaster, sectional method; (c) plaster 
and compound, sectional method, and 
(d) Dr. Furnas’ method. 3. Cast: (a) 
stone, with wax reliefs for undercuts, indi- 
rect assembly, and (b) investment, for 
direct assembly. 4. Assembly, with metal 
parts soldered: (a) indirect, off cast; (b) 
direct, on cast (with subsequent loss 
of cast). 5. Checking all the above in the 
mouth, spot-grinding if necessary: (a) 
vulcanite with temporary wax base, and 
(b) metal, as to finish. 6. Anterior teeth, 
applied esthetics. 7. Posterior teeth, 
articulation and occlusion. 8. Checking 
in the mouth, on wax mount. 9. Finish- 
ing. III. Insertion or installation. 1. Be- 
fore piece snaps “home,” use carbon paper 
and spot-grinding. 2. After piece snaps 
“home,” final allocation of load, use car- 
bon paper and spot-grinding; teach the pa- 
tient and have him practice insertion and 
removal before leaving. 3. Subsequent 
adjustment and rebasing at subsequent 
sittings, until the load is properly dis- 
tributed. IV. Maintenance. 1. Instruc- 
tion of the patient, as to oral health, diet, 
exercise, elimination, immunity, etc. 2. 
Saliva flush and cleansing of denture and 
mouth five times a day. 3. Removal at 402 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
night. 4. Notification. 5. Prompt re- 
pairs: (a) fractures and simple replace- 
ments, (b) additions for natural teeth 
lost, and (c) other repairs. 6. Supplying 
the patient with literature concerning the 
care of the mouth and of artificial den- 
tures. 
precision. Standards of precision vary in 
various crafts. Thus, in certain kinds of 
carpentry work a variation of one thirty- 
second part of an inch, one way or the 
other, is considered as exact. In some 
machinery from one-thousandth to one- 
ten-thousandth of an inch variation is 
permissible within the bounds of exacti- 
tude, while in microscopic work a varia- 
tion of a micron, or the one-twenty-five- 
thousandth of an inch, is considered within 
the limits of precision. In lens-grinding 
and similar optical work half of a wave- 
length of light, or one-fifty-thousandth of 
an inch, is standard. In the case of the 
precision direct retainers, they should be 
accurate within one-thousandth of an 
inch, and to assure this exactness the 
parallel relationship is determined by 
some instrument, such as the Chayes 
parallelometer. 
predetermined fracture of impressions. See 
impressions, sectional method. 
preventive dentistry as applied to partial 
dentures. The prevention of further 
injury to patients requiring and wearing 
prosthetic appliances consists of two divi- 
sions: (a) prevention of injuries which are 
the direct result of extraction, such as 
drifting of the remaining teeth, traumatic 
occlusion, etc., and (6) prevention of 
injuries which may result from faulty 
appliances. The most common of these 
are listed under theory of partial denture 
service. 
prosthesis. The making and fitting of 
artificial parts to the human body, as 
artificial eyes, limbs, etc., surgical pros- 
thesis; teeth, dental prothesis or pros- 
thesis, prosthodontia; cleft palate appli- 
ances, splints, etc., surgicodental pros- 
thesis. 
prosthesis, partial denture. The theory and 
practice of the design, construction, instal- 
lation, maintenance and repair of partial 
restorations, supported either by teeth 
and mucosa or by the mucosa alone. 
prosthesis, surgicodental; war prosthesis. 
A branch combined of both dental and 
surgical prosthesis, in which the dentist 
and the oral surgeon collaborate. The 
majority of obturators, artificial vela and 
splints for fractures of the maxillae and 
the mandible are examples of this, as well 
as the reconstruction of the lips, nose, 
cheeks, etc., with dental support, reten- 
tion or both. Divided as follows: I. In- 
ternal, when the artificial piece is entirely 
covered by the tissues. II. External. 
1. Temporary: (a) reduction splints; (b) 
retaining splints; (c) both reduction and 
retaining splints; (d) appliances for re- 
taining surgically formed tissue; (e) appli- 
ances for reducing or stretching cicatrices; 
(/) appliances providing a physiological or 
semiphysiological motion during natural 
restorative processes. 2. Permanent, with 
or without teeth; (a) hard and soft palate; 
(6) buccofacial parts; (c) tongue; (d) nose; 
(e) eye; (/) ear; (g) larynx, and (h) any 
combination of the above. 
prosthetic dentistry, prosthodontia. Involves 
engineering problems based on the physio- 
logical requirements of the natural parts 
which are used for the retention and sup- 
port of the prosthetic substitute, and also 
upon a correct design. Routine dental 
prosthesis includes the design, construc- 
tion, installation and maintenance of the 
following types of restorations, subdivided 
according to the support received from 
remaining available natural tissues: 1. 
Crown- and bridgework, fixed; supported 
by roots of suitable remaining teeth with 
their pericementa and alveolar process. 
2. Bridgework, removable; supported in 
like manner as fixed crowns and bridges. 
3. Partial dentures, supported by roots 
of suitable remaining teeth, their peri- 
cementa and alveolar process, with addi- 
tional support from available mucosa by 
means of saddles. 4. Full dentures, sup- 
ported by the mucosa alone. 
rebasing. In addition to the ordinary pur- 
pose of rebasing, that is, to correct a fit or 
adaptation of a base lost through ab- 
sorption or other cause, rebasing is also 
resorted to in partial denture and remov- 
able bridgework, for the purpose of more 
accurately dividing the load between the 
roots of the remaining teeth and the mu- 
cosa in combination supported dentures. 
rest-bite. The relation of the jaws in occlu- 
sion and with the teeth in central occlusion. 
[Dr. Rupert Hall.] PARTIAL DENTURE SERVICE 
403 
retainers. Appliances by which direct or 
indirect retention of dentures is attained. 
Retainers in common use: I. Direct. 
1. Precision, all compound and chiefly 
for bridgework: (a) the Chayes, Hart and 
others; (6) Ash and others, and (c) Peeso 
and others. 2. Non-precision. (A) sim- 
ple: (a) clasp; (b) crib, simple and 
multiple; (c) auxiliary adhesion, and (d) 
staple attachment. (B) compound: (a) 
Roach and similar attachments; (b) stud, 
single and double, and (c) ring and stud, 
single and double. II. Indirect. 1. Con- 
tact only. (A) surface: (a) 14-gage 
rounded wire, and (b) cast. (B) recessed: 
(a) 14-gage wire obliquely recessed in an 
inlay or similar place, and (b) cast to fit an 
oblique recess. 2. Carrying the stress of 
the teeth and of mastication. (A) surface: 
(a) various partial, full or multiple oc- 
clusal rests and pads, and (b) mesiodistal, 
buccolingual or line angle rigid two-thirds 
loop. (B) recessed: (a) 14-gage oblique 
wire recessed in an inlay or similar place, 
and (b) casting oblique recessed in an in- 
lay or similar place, compound direct r., 
made of two parts, one part soldered to an 
inlay, crown or similar connection of the 
anchor tooth, and the other (which fits 
into it) is attached to the bridge or partial 
denture, non-precision direct r., simple 
and compound, sufficiently accurate al- 
though the inaccuracy is greater than one- 
thousandth of an inch, simple direct r., 
made of one part fitted to the anchor 
tooth, as a clasp, crib, etc.; auxiliary ad- 
hesion by means of saddles to the mucosa 
is one phase of simple direct retainer, 
precision r., one which is accurate within 
a variation of less than .001 of an inch, 
retention. The fixation of a prosthetic ap- 
pliance: (a) fixed or not removable, as 
bridge held by cement, (b) removable by 
the dentist only, as certain fixed-removable 
bridges, and (c) removable by the patient, 
direct r., in which the point of the location 
of the retaining appliance, like a clasp, 
being attached to the denture, retains it 
in place in the immediate vicinity of the 
retainer, indirect r., the use of a contact 
directly opposite to a point on a denture 
which is not possible of direct retention, 
and between which two indirect retainers 
are interposed in an indirect retention to 
the unsupported saddle, 
reverse. The retention between a combina- 
tion of teeth and another combination, 
in which the teeth stand on the fight side 
of the given combination, but are found 
on the left side of the reversed combina- 
tion, or vice versa. 
ring and stud. A compound direct retainer 
with a 16-gage stud soldered to an inlay, 
crown, bridge or similar part, and which 
fits a ring attached to the main frame of 
the partial denture. 
saddle. A section of a base of a denture or 
bridge carrying less than fourteen teeth, 
free s., one which is directly retained at 
one end only. 
saliva flush. See flush, saliva. 
sectional impression method. See impression. 
spot-grinding. The removal of a small 
amount of material from a limited and 
circumscribed area of the occluding surface 
of a bridge or denture, to eliminate inter- 
ference as marked by articulating or 
carbon paper. 
stagnation. Natural teeth from which the 
antagonizing teeth have been removed, if 
not antagonized by artificial substitutes, 
become coated with a semigelatinous ma- 
terial, due in part to the failure of the 
food to rub over their surfaces during 
mastication. 
standardized parts. A working knowledge 
of the following standardized parts used 
in partial denture construction is re- 
quired: 1. Base or saddle with connect- 
ing parts: (a) skeleton; (b) continuous; 
(c) covering upper palate for auxiliary 
adhesion or mucosa support, and (d) com- 
binations of these. 2. Attachment: (a) 
gold, and (b) vulcanite. 3. Teeth: (a) for 
gold attachment, and (b) for vulcanite at- 
tachment. 4. Retainers (see retainers) 
and clasps. 5. Connectors (see con- 
nector). 6. Occlusal rests (see occlusal 
rest and occlusal pad). 
strangulation. An overload upon the mu- 
cosa, with results ranging from a local 
irritation to interference with the circula- 
tion of the blood under an entire saddle. 
stress-breaker. A nonrigid connector. 
stud. A simple direct retainer made of 
14-gage wire, inverted cone-shaped, and 
which engages in a 14-gage recess in an 
inlay, crown or similar part, double s., 
two studs diagonally or diametrically 
opposed to each other. 
theory of partial denture service. The theory 
should be mastered, preceding any at- 404 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
tempt at a practical application. Theo- 
retically the following items enter into 
the construction of a partial denture: 
I. Restoration. Structures to be re- 
stored: (a) teeth, and (6) associate parts. 
Functions to be restored: 1, to aid in the 
first step of digestion, by enabling im- 
provement in (a) mastication, (b) insaliva- 
tion, and (c) deglutition. 2, improvement 
in speech and voice, and 3, improvement 
of expression. II. Standardized parts to 
be used, which, in proper assembly, will 
(a) restore structure and function, and 
(b) prevent further injuries to structures 
and the impairment of functions. III. The 
prevention of injuries. 1. Caused by the 
loss of teeth, preventable with properly 
constructed and well fitting appliances; 
these are (a) drifting of teeth, (6) ex- 
foliation of teeth, (c) excessive stress and 
wear, and (d) stagnation. 2. Presuppos- 
ing a healthy mouth, preventing injuries 
as the result of faulty appliances; these 
injuries affect: (A) The structures: (a) 
the enamel, dentin and cementum, causing 
intensive caries, erosion and abrasion, 
due to capillarity; (6) impingement upon 
and interference with the normal functions 
of the gingivse; (c) overload upon the 
mucosa and adjacent bone; (d) strangula- 
tion of the mucosa and circulation in the 
adjacent bone; (e) overload on the peri- 
cementum, mucosa and the adjacent 
bone; (/) overload on the pericementum; 
(g) vertical torque exerted on the peri- 
cementum; (h) horizontal torque exerted 
on the pericementum; (i) a mesiodistal 
wedge formed by an incline plane and 
exerted on the pericementum; (j) a bucco- 
lingual incline plane exerting force on the 
pericementum; (k) a mesiodistal and 
buccolingual incline plane exerting force 
on the pericementum; (£) an axial incline 
plane exerting force on the pericementum; 
(m) a first-class lever force (like shears) 
exerted on the pericementum; (n) a 
second-class lever force (like a nut- 
cracker) exerted on the pericementum; 
(o) a third-class lever force (like flask 
tongs) exerted on the pericementum; 
(p) injury from a combination of me- 
chanical forces exerted on the pericemen- 
tum; (q) injuries to the dental pulp and 
periapical tissues; (r) impingement upon 
and irritation of the cheeks, tongue and 
soft tissues, possibly leading to malig- 
nancy. (B) The functions: (a) impedi- 
ments of mastication and eventual in- 
juries to digestion; (6) interference with 
the voice and speech, causing lisping, 
thick speech, etc., and (c) interference 
with hearing. (C) Injuries to both 
structures and functions, due to any of 
the above mentioned injuries. 
torque. A turning or rotational movement 
given to the natural teeth. May be ap- 
plied gradually with intent, as in ortho- 
dontia, or intermittently, and without 
intent, as, for example, by a heavy and 
non-resilient clasp with a free saddle on 
the soft mucosa, resulting in stress not 
coincident with the long axis of the tooth, 
and hence probably resulting in injury to 
the pericementum. 
Dr. Roach’s Recommendations 
The following terms are recommended by Dr. Finis Ewing Roach, American 
prosthodontist, b. 1866, in connection with partial denture prosthesis. 
bridge, removable. That form of a remov- 
able partial artificial denture which occu- 
pies the space originally occupied by the 
natural teeth and their investing tissues, 
and which depends largely upon the 
natural teeth for support, 
classification of dentures. Made according 
to the location of spaces where teeth 
have been lost, as follows: bilateral ex- 
tension saddle; complex bilateral; simple 
bilateral; unilateral extension saddle; uni- 
lateral multiple space with multiple 
abutment; unilateral single space with 
double abutment. 
partial denture prosthesis. The art of sup- 
plying artificial substitutes for the nat- 
ural teeth in partially edentulous mouths, 
partial denture, that form of restoration 
which supplies one or more artificial sub- 
stitutes in the partially edentulous mouth, 
divided into fixed and removable, fixed 
p. d., that form of partial denture which is DR. OWEN’S RECOMMENDATIONS 
405 
cemented to place in the mouth; divided 
into bridges and crowns, removable p. d., 
that form of partial denture which may 
be removed by the patient; divided into 
bridges and partial plates. 
partial plate. That form of removable par- 
tial denture which occupies the space 
originally occupied by the natural teeth 
and their investing tissues, and which 
extends to other parts of the mouth, de- 
pending largely upon the mucosa for 
support. 
Dr. Owen’s Recommendations 
The following terms, recommended by Dr. Elbert Britten Owen, 
American prosthodontist, have been tentatively accepted at recent 
meetings of the National Society of Denture Prosthetists. 
anterior palatine foramen. A term pref- 
erable to foramen incisivum or incisive 
foramen. 
art, dental. That science which has to do 
with the theory or practice of esthetics in 
the expression of beauty in form, size, ar- 
rangement and hue of the teeth and facial 
expression. 
articulation. Sliding contact of the mandib- 
ular teeth with the maxillary teeth. For 
purposes of description, articulation is 
divided into protrusive articulation, re- 
trusive articulation, lateral articulation, 
and their resultants, balanced a., see 
balanced articulation. 
articulator. A device designed to approxi- 
mate mandibular movements for the pur- 
pose of enabling the dentist to occlude 
and articulate teeth. 
balanced articulation (applied to artificial 
dentures). An arrangement of the teeth 
so that in varying positions of the mandible 
the teeth maintain balance contacts to 
prevent tipping of the dentures, 
balanced occlusion. Central occlusion ob- 
tained with muscles under tension and in 
perfect coordination; central occlusion 
with balanced musculation, 
basic occlusal surface. A curved surface 
seen in fine natural dentures, representing 
the positions of the maxillary incisal 
surfaces and the summits of the cusps of 
the other maxillary teeth. For purposes 
of description, two general inclinations 
of this surface are recognized, antero- 
posterior and transverse. The effect of 
the curvature is to maintain the occlusal 
surfaces of the teeth at right angles to the 
line of closure of the mandible, 
bite plates. See occlusion rim. 
central occlusion. Maximum contact of 
the occluding surfaces of the maxillary 
and mandibular teeth. 
central relation. See maxillomandibular re- 
lations. 
check-bite. A registration in hard wax of 
the relation of teeth, either natural or 
artificial, in varying positions of the 
mandible, for the purpose of checking or 
correcting occlusion and articulation on 
an instrument. 
compressible area. See resilient zone. 
compression of tissue. A term that has 
come into common use during the last 
two or three years, and has reference to 
the application of heavy pressure upon 
confined tissue with an impression-material 
offering more or less resistance. The cor- 
rectness of the term is questioned since it 
is doubtful if tissues may be compressed. 
Not to be confused with pressure upon 
tissue. 
dental art. See art, dental. 
dental articulator. See articulator. 
dental esthetics. See esthetics. 
dental hue. See hue. 
dental hue guide. See hue guide. 
dental impression. See impression. 
denture, temporary. See predenture. 
dentures, set of. Denture means a maxillary 
or a mandibular denture, while dentures 
signifies both a maxillary and a mandibular 
denture as a unit. A better term is de- 
sirable. 
esthetics. The science which deduces from 
nature the rules and principles of facial 
and dental art. 
foramen incisivum. See anterior palatine 
foramen. 
guide, dental hue. See hue guide. 
hue. The distinctive quality of the funda- 
mental color in teeth. 406 
DENTURE PROSTHESIS 
hue guide. An instrument consisting of a 
display of porcelain teeth, each differing 
in shade or tint of the fundamental color 
found in teeth, whereby teeth of a suitable 
hue may be selected with a reasonable 
degree of accuracy. 
impression. A negative of that portion of 
the mouth to be covered by a denture, 
incisive foramen. See anterior palatine 
foramen. 
intermediate positions. See occlusion. 
intermediate relation. See maxillomandibu- 
lar relations. 
lateral occlusion. See occlusion. 
lateral relation. See maxillomandibular re- 
lations. 
maxillomandibular relations are as follows: 
central r., that condition in which the 
mandible is in the position of central 
occlusion, lateral r., lateral occlusion, 
protrusive r., protrusive occlusion, inter- 
mediate r., the position resulting from the 
combination of any two of these relations, 
muscle-trim. See tissue-trim. 
occlusal basic surface. See basic occlusal 
surface. 
occlusal plane. An arbitrary construction 
used in some methods of teaching to 
determine the inclination of the flat 
occlusal surfaces of the occlusion rims. 
This plane is determined thus: its antero- 
posterior inclination is approximately 
parallel to a line from the incisal edge of 
the upper occlusion rim in the median 
line to the occiput or to a line from the 
upper margin of the external auditory 
meatus to the lowest point of the wing of 
the nose. Laterally, it is approximately 
parallel to a line drawn through the center 
of the eyes. It determines the approxi- 
mate positions of the incisal edges of the 
maxillary central incisors and the summits 
of the mesiolingual cusps of the maxillary 
first molars. 
occlusion. Non-moving contact between 
the maxillary and mandibular teeth. For 
descriptive purposes occlusion is divided 
into central occlusion, lateral occlusion, 
protrusive occlusion, retrusive occlusion 
and intermediate positions, balanced o., 
see balanced occlusion, central o., maxi- 
mum contact of the occluding surfaces 
of the maxillary and mandibular teeth, 
lateral o., contact of the maxillary and man- 
dibular teeth when the mandible is to the 
right or left of central occlusion, protrusive 
o., contact of the maxillary and mandibu- 
lar teeth when the mandible is anterior to 
central occlusion, retrusive o., contact of 
the maxillary and mandibular teeth when 
the mandible is posterior to central occlu- 
sion. intermediate positions, the result of 
a combination of any two of these positions, 
as lateroprotrusive occlusion, etc. 
occlusion, registering. See registering occlu- 
sion. 
occlusion rim. The flat wax rim upon a 
temporary or permanent base, used to 
approximate the occlusal plane and es- 
tablish and register central occlusion, 
overbite. The overlapping of the lower 
incisors by the upper incisors when the 
teeth are in central occlusion, 
over jet. The protrusion of the upper in- 
cisors in advance of the lower incisors 
when the teeth are in central occlusion, 
plane, occlusal. See occlusal plane. 
positions, intermediate. See occlusion. 
predenture. A term proposed, but not 
approved, to designate what is usually 
understood by the term temporary den- 
ture. 
pressure upon tissue. Pressure applied, dur- 
ing the process of making impressions, in 
the same direction that it will be applied 
by the forces of mastication; pressure 
applied for the purpose of placing or dis- 
placing tissue. 
protrusive relation. See maxillomandibular 
relations. 
registering occlusion. The position of the 
occlusion, whether right or wrong, is 
registered after it has been established 
with occlusion rims. If the relation cor- 
responds with that which existed at the 
time the natural teeth were in the mouth, 
the central occlusion is re-established. See 
occlusion. 
relations, maxillomandibular. See maxillo- 
mandibular relations. 
retrusive occlusion. See occlusion. 
rim, occlusion. See occlusion rim. 
set of dentures. See dentures, set of. 
temporary denture. See predenture. 
tissue, compression of. See compression of 
tissue. 
tissue-trim. Muscle and tissue adjustment 
of the border of an impression, thereby 
establishing the peripheral outline of the 
denture in the impression. PERIODONTIA 
Terms and Definitions 
The following terms and definitions, given by Dr. Benjamin Tishler, Lecturer 
on Periodontia, Harvard Dental School, from the October, 1922, number of Dental 
Items of Interest, are inserted here with the hope that consideration of these terms, 
and others appearing in the body of this work, may lead to a definite adoption 
of the terms and definitions most acceptable in this important branch of dentistry. 
abscess, periodontal. A hematogenous 
process located in the periodontium whose 
exudate drains elsewhere than through 
the gingival crevice, periapical p. a., one 
presenting in the apical area, parietal p. 
a., one presenting on the surface of the 
root of a tooth, except in the apical area; 
divided into two groups: gingival, when in 
the gingival tissue, and pericemental, 
when connected with the pericementum, 
alveoloclasia. A disturbance of the alveolar 
bone which produces an absorption of 
the alveolar crest and inner border of the 
alveolus. 
crevice, gingival. The space between the 
marginal gingiva and the amelocemental 
junction. 
crevicular surface. The gingival crevice, 
force, the application of. [Definition by 
Dr. Harold K. Box, of Toronto.] Force, 
when applied to an 
unyielding body such 
as a tooth, depends 
upon three factors, 
namely: (1) mag- 
nitude (i.e., its 
amount); (2) direc- 
tion in which it meets 
the body acted upon; 
(3) the point at which 
it is applied. Force 
applied to an oblique 
surface loses part of 
its original power be- 
cause the tendency of 
the impact is to slide 
along the surface. Its 
magnitude depends 
on its original direc- 
tion; it is greatest 
when delivered at a 
right angle. Force applied to a lever 
is greatest when the point of appli- 
cation is farthest from its fulcrum. As 
an example, force of given magnitude 
when applied to a maxillary cen- 
tral incisor will be greatest when at a 
right angle to the incisive edge. Corre- 
spondingly, it will decrease when parallel 
to the lingual surface near the cervix of 
the root. The illustration will give an 
idea of what occurs when a mandibular 
incisor is out of line, (a) represents the 
original amount of power exerted by the 
muscles of mastication whenever the in- 
cisors are brought in contact; (B) the 
point at which the power is applied; (c) the 
direction of the force applied; (D) the re- 
sult of the application of force. When 
the teeth come into contact B is the 
point where the impact is felt; but D, 
which corresponds to the fulcrum of the 
lever, receives the result of the force and 
therefore the real injury. It is evident 
that the resulting injury, under such 
conditions, is the greatest when the 
points of abnormal contact are few; in 
other words, if two opposing incisors re- 
ceive the entire occlusal impact, the 
damage done will be much greater than if 
(let us say) four incisors were involved, 
gingiva. The soft tissues at the neck of the 
tooth and overlying the alveolar process, 
alveolar g., that portion of the investing 
tissue which overlies the alveolar process, 
and which is so firmly attached to its sur- 
face as to have but slight mobility, 
cemental g., that portion of the investing 
tissue which is attached to the cementum. 
marginal g., that portion of the investing 
tissue in contact with the enamel, but 
not directly attached to the tooth surface. 
407 408 
PERIODONTIA 
gingival crevice. See crevice. 
gingivitis. An inflammation of the soft 
tissues overlying the tooth and alveolar 
process. 
mucosa. The mucous tissue, areolar m., 
the tissue overlying the alveolar process 
and which is bound to it by a loose areolar 
connective tissue, buccal m., the mucous 
tissue beyond the areolar gingiva on the 
buccal surfaces, labial m., the mucous 
tissue beyond the areolar gingiva on the 
labial surfaces, palatine m., the mucous 
tissue on the maxillae beyond the areolar 
gingiva on the lingual surfaces, sublingual 
m., the mucous tissue of the mandible 
beyond the areolar gingiva on the lingual 
surfaces. 
occlusion. The distribution of stress exerted 
on the teeth during their use. centric o., 
the relation of the incline planes of the 
teeth when the jaws are closed in the 
position of rest, eccentric o., the relation 
of the incline planes of the teeth when the 
mandible is moved in any one of the ex- 
cursive movements, normal o., the in- 
nocuous, or harmless, distribution of 
stress exerted on the teeth during their 
use. Six conditions are necessary for 
normal occlusion: 1. Normal mesiodistal 
relationship between the maxillae and the 
mandible, and of the individual teeth of 
each jaw and their antagonists of the 
other jaw. 2. Normal vertical relationship 
of the teeth to the line of occlusion. 
3. Normal inclination of the roots of the 
teeth. 4. Normal occlusal surfaces, either 
natural or restored. 5. Normal proximal 
contact points, either natural or restored. 
6. Compensating wear of the incline 
planes of the teeth through use in mastica- 
tion, whereby there is brought about a 
diminution of the buccolingual stress, 
traumatic o., when any condition of normal 
occlusion is absent, the result is traumatic 
occlusion, caused (1) by interference with 
the freedom of the oscillating movements 
of the mandible, through abnormal re- 
lationship of one or more of the occlusal 
incline surfaces; (2) by occlusal stress 
delivered at an incorrect angle, and (3) by 
supraocclusion (elongation) of a tooth as 
related to the occlusal line, 
pericementoclasia. A disintegration of 
the pericementum and alveolar bone 
which results in pocket formation without 
the corresponding loss of the overlying soft 
tissues; incorrectly termed pyorrhea al- 
veolaris. [Definition by Dr. Harold K. 
Box: A typical pus-pocket formation and 
a severing of the pericemental fiber; the 
process is divided into four stages: (1) early 
inflammatory reaction following the initial 
invasion of bacteria; (2) loss of some of 
the epithelial lining at the extremity of 
the gingival crevice, and the establish- 
ment of ulceration in the cemental gingiva; 
(3) progressive loss of tissue, and the 
formation of a pocket in the cemental 
gingiva, and (4) establishment of a pocket 
in the pericementum.] 
periodontal abscess. See abscess, periodontal. 
periodontia. The practice of treating 
diseased conditions affecting the perio- 
dontium. 
periodontist. One who treats conditions 
affecting the periodontium, 
periodontium. The investing structures of 
the teeth, i.e., mucous membrane, peri- 
cementum and alveolar process, 
periodontoclasia. Breaking down of the 
periodontium through some irritating 
agency and formation of a pus-pocket, 
periodontology. The study of conditions af- 
fecting the periodontium. [Definition by 
Dr. Paul R. Stillman.] 
trauma. A form of injury to a tissue pro- 
duced by a mechanical agent which is 
capable of producing or has produced an 
injury to the periodontium, actual t., a 
condition in which disharmony has pro- 
duced a change in the tissues, potential t., 
a condition of disharmony which has not 
as yet produced change in the tissues, 
but which is capable of doing so at any 
time. 
ula. [G.] See gingiva. 
ulatrophia. A wasting of the marginal and 
cemental gingiva which is accompanied 
by hypertrophy; not to be confused with 
recession of the gingiva. Bacterial Origin of Dental Caries 
By James McIntosh, M.D.; W. Warwick James, O.B.E., F.R.C.S., Eng., and 
P. Lazarus-Barlow, M.B., B.Ch., Camb., London, England. 
IN natural caries the pathological process is well understood, the condition 
usually beginning on the crown and particularly in the fissures and at points 
of contact between the teeth. Macroscopically, the first sign is the appearance of 
a small chalk-white area on the enamel. The process continues, the enamel 
prisms break down and are removed. The dentin is now attacked and it, like 
the enamel, is decalcified and destroyed until the tooth pulp is reached. In the 
affected dentin bacteria (bacilli, cocci, etc.) can be demonstrated with consider- 
able ease. 
The constant presence of bacteria even in the deeper layers of carious dentin 
suggested to us that it was unlikely that all the bacteria were merely secondary 
invaders in already damaged tissues. But the variety of microorganisms present, 
together with the results of former investigators, convinced us that it would be 
necessary to employ some selective method of isolation. As the first stage in 
dental caries is a destruction of the enamel by decalcification, it was considered 
that if bacteria play an important role in the etiology, they must be capable of 
bringing about such a change. This necessitates that the bacteria can produce 
sufficient acid to bring about decalcification. 
The selective technique we proposed to use was a very acid medium, as it was 
reasonable to suppose that bacteria which can produce a high concentration of 
acid are also capable of living in a very acid medium. By the use of this medium 
we succeeded, as the following results show, in killing off or inhibiting most of the 
contaminating bacteria, leaving us with a certain type of microbe which we regard 
as the chief etiological agent in dental caries. 
Technique of Isolation 
The first procedure was to determine experimentally the degree of acidity 
required to decalcify enamel. Normal teeth—i.e., teeth showing no caries—were 
placed in acid broths of different pH values from 5 to 1, and, after autoclaving, 
left for 34 weeks. At the end of this time the degree of whitening or opacity of 
the enamel was noted, and it was found that a greater degree of acidity than pH 
4 was necessary to attack the enamel. 
Carious teeth were obtained from the dental out-patient department and from 
two private practices in order to procure material from a wide source. After 
passing the tooth through the flame the superficial part of the carious material 
was removed with a sterile scalpel, and the deeper part taken and emulsified in 
broth pH 7.6. After 24 hours’ incubation broths of varying degrees of acidity 
were heavily inoculated, and from these agar-plates were inoculated after 24 or 
48 hours. At first the acid broths used varied from pH 7 to pH 4.5, and later 
409 410 
DENTAL CARIES 
higher concentrations up to pH 1 were tried. After a short time the most success- 
ful method was found to be to emulsify the carious material in pH 3.5 broth 
direct, as in this the majority of organisms from the tooth fail to grow. 
Nature of the Organisms Isolated 
The organisms isolated by the above method fall, morphologically, into the 
main groups: (a) Type I, a long thin bacillus 0.75X2-3 microns, which occurs 
singly, in pairs or chains, having a marked tendency to parallelism or palisade 
formation in dried films; in old cultures chains are not formed; (b) Type II, a 
shorter bacillus 0.75X1-2 microns, usually occurring in chains. Both organisms 
are non-motile and Grampositive; both are aerobes and facultative anaerobes. 
In broth there is usually uniform turbidity, but in a few cases the growth settles 
to the bottom. On ordinary agar the colonies may appear as minute points after 
24 hours’ incubation, but often do not become visible till after 48 hours; they are 
small, round, grayish and opaque, with a finely granular appearance and a regular 
outline under the low power. The colonies are about 0.5-1.0 mm. in diameter; 
on serum agar rather larger, up to 2.0 mm. When first isolated the organisms 
tend to die out rapidly and should be subcultured once a fortnight; later once a 
month is sufficient. 
Type I was isolated in pure culture from the deeper layers of carious dentin 
from 38 out of 50 teeth and Type II from 18 out of 50 teeth. In some cases the 
growth of mouth organisms in the original broth culture outgrew the above two 
types so that they were not isolated, although morphologically similar organisms 
were seen in films. Inoculation into acid broth direct obviates this difficulty. In- 
cluding these cases, Type I “occurred” in 44 cases and Type II in 21 cases. One 
or other or both types were isolated in pure culture from 88 percent of cases and 
“occurred” in 96 percent. Occasionally other organisms were isolated, but with 
no regularity. 
Of the two types isolated, the sugar reaction in Type I is very constant, whereas 
in Type II it is very variable. In no case was gelatin liquefied or indol formed; 
26 strains were inoculated into dextrin and dulcite without the formation of acid 
or gas. 
The agglutinating power of the two types in two immune sera was ascertained 
in both types of organism; but in each case the strains agglutinated in the higher 
dilutions belonged to Type I. In no instance was any Type II strain agglutinated 
in a higher dilution than 1/160. 
Relation of the Two Types to Other Bacteria Described in Dental Caries 
Morphologically, Type I closely resembles an organism illustrated by Miller 
in a microphotograph of artificial caries; B. acidophilus (Moro) as described by 
Howe also bears some resemblance, but the sugar reactions differ, as he states 
that most strains ferment saccharose. Kligler isolated 58 strains of B. acidophilus 
(Moro) from the teeth. 
Agglutination DENTAL CARIES 
411 
Decalcification 
It was found experimentally that a degree of acidity greater than pH 4.0 was 
required to decalcify enamel. It was therefore necessary to determine whether 
the bacilli isolated by us were able to form this amount of acid from carbohydrates. 
Nine strains picked at random were inoculated into glucose broth of a reaction of 
pH 7.6 and incubated till the growth had completely sedimented. The average 
reaction gave a pH value of 2.75; so far we have not met with any other bacteria 
either in the mouth or elsewhere which can produce such an extreme degree of 
acidity. A seven days old culture of B. coli in glucose broth gave a final pH 
value of 4.0. 
Production of Artificial Caries 
In estimating the etiological importance of a virus it is necessary to judge 
the effects of the virus or, better still, of pure cultures on the normal tissues, as 
pathological changes comparable with those found in the spontaneous affection 
should follow the application of the proper etiological agent. In the case of teeth 
the problem is complicated by their peculiar composition, necessitating a pro- 
longed experimentation. The experiments described here were all done in vitro. 
Non-carious teeth were placed in glucose broth and sterilized; various strains 
of the bacilli were then inoculated into the broth; control inoculations were made 
with Streptococcus salivarius and B. coli. Every eight days the teeth were re- 
moved from the culture and placed in fresh uninoculated glucose broth under 
sterile conditions, so as to prevent the teeth remaining continuously in an acid 
medium in which the bacteria soon die. Sufficient bacilli were carried over on 
each tooth to inoculate the fresh broth. 
The primary lesion observed in our experiments is a whitish opacity of the 
enamel similar to that of “natural caries”; the change is not uniform in that in 
some areas the penetration is more marked than in others. Sections show a 
granularity of the enamel prisms and fragmentation, but bacteria so far have not 
been definitely demonstrated in the enamel, nor have they in “natural” caries. 
Decalcification of the enamel, however, and the passage of microorganisms along 
the amelodentinal junction can be seen in the microscopical sections. Miller 
noted that the first change in the dentin was an area of decalcification in advance 
of the organisms; one of our sections shows the infected dentin has taken the 
stain more deeply than the decalcified dentin while the undecalcified parts are 
unstained. Microscopically, the organisms are found to spread down the dentinal 
tubules in a manner identical with the natural process. There is also a true 
widening of the tubules and the formation of liquefaction foci. 
One of our sections shows a low-power magnification of a longitudinal section 
from a tooth, the upper half of which had been in a glucose-broth culture of Type 
I for YlYi weeks. The organisms have penetrated the dentinal tubules from the 
pulp cavity side, which fact proves that the appearance is artificial, since natural 
caries always starts from the enamel side. In some of the more recent artificial 
caries results still more comparable to true caries have been produced. 412 
DENTAL CARIES 
Conclusions 
1. The examination of selected carious material showed the constant presence 
of a definite type of bacilli. 
2. These bacilli are capable of forming a high degree of acidity by the fer- 
mentation of carbohydrates. 
3. Teeth left in contact with cultures over prolonged periods showed changes 
almost identical with “natural” caries: erosion of the enamel, penetration of the 
dentinal tubules, and the formation of liquefaction foci. 
4. These bacilli in their resistance to and formation of acid resemble the 
acidophilus group of Moro; biologically, however, there are several points of differ- 
ence. To the bacilli we propose to give the name B. acidophilus odontolyticus, 
Type I and II. 
5. The successful production of artificial caries by pure cultures of the organisms 
isolated goes far in establishing the microbic theory of caries. [From the Bland- 
Sutton Institute of Pathology, Middlesex Hospital, London, W., England. Ab- 
stracted from The Lancet, London, June 17, 1922.] The Relation Between Mechanical and 
Anatomical Articulation 
By RUDOLPH L. HANAU, M.E. 
THE problems of denture construction with which dentists are daily con- 
fronted are so diversified that a simple standard or universal formula for 
their solution should be considered beyond reasonable expectations. 
The basis of our conception of articulation is the articulation of natural teeth. 
Articulation is the change from one occlusal position into another, while the 
occlusal surfaces maintain contact. The following main occlusions apply to the 
occlusal surfaces or to the maxillomandibular relation: 
Central occlusion, 
Protrusive occlusion, 
Right lateral occlusion, 
Left lateral occlusion, 
Intrusive occlusion. 
I do not especially mention retrusive occlusion, which according to my inter- 
pretation is normally but an intrusive occlusion of the mandible to the posterior. 
In some dentures an actual retrusive movement is possible and used during the 
masticating strokes. This seems to me an abnormal condition. 
Central occlusion.—The occlusal surfaces are in central occlusion when the 
cusp of the upper interdigitates between the corresponding lower cusp and its 
distal neighbor, buccally; the upper and lower incisors are symmetrically arranged 
in two nearly concentric arcs between the cuspids and are in more or less intimate 
contact. 
The mandible is in central occlusion when the condyle heads rest gently in 
their sockets and the teeth are in contact. 
Protrusive occlusion.—The occlusal surfaces are in protrusion when the lower 
teeth are in contact with the upper, anterior to central occlusal relation. 
The mandible is in protrusive occlusion when both condyle heads have made 
excursions forwardly and downwardly in their fossae. 
Right lateral occlusion.—The occlusal surfaces are in right lateral occlusion 
when the lower teeth are in contact with the upper teeth in a position laterally 
to the right of central occlusion. 
The mandible is in right lateral occlusion when the right condyle has made 
an excursion laterally and the left condyle an excursion forwardly, downwardly 
and somewhat inwardly. 
Left lateral occlusion of the occlusal surfaces as well as of the mandible is a 
lateral image of the right lateral occlusion. 
Intrusive occlusions of both the occlusal surfaces and the mandible are occlusions 
under applied forces which incur temporary displacement or compression of tissues. 
413 414 
DENTAL ENGINEERING 
The effect of the unroundness of the condyle heads may be neglected within the 
limits of articulation. 
Intrusive occlusion is not an independent occlusion; it is always associated 
with one of the main occlusions or an intermediate occlusion. 
The above interpretation brings us to the realization that a variance of the 
magnitude of intrusion will associate a series of occlusal relations of the mandible 
with one occlusal relation of the masticatory surfaces, and vice versa. This applies 
to the anatomical masticatory apparatus involving resilient tissues, and not to 
the articular mechanism with its constrainedly guided parts and the dentures 
mounted rigidly therein by plaster of Paris. No intrusive occlusion exists in the 
articulator. All other occlusions of the masticatory surfaces and of the jaw mem- 
bers are coincident. 
Here we have the key to the situation, which, though complicated in itself, is 
easily mastered when understood. 
We distinguish four kinds of articulation: 
(a) Anatomical articulation, which is articulation governed by at least three 
pairs of anatomical guiding elements; for example, by the two condyle heads in their 
fossse and by two opposed guiding surfaces of natural teeth. 
(b) Semi-anatomical articulation, which consists of two anatomical guidances 
at the condylar joints and a third selected guide in the mouth, as is the guidance of 
artificial teeth upon natural teeth, or of opposed artificial teeth against each other. 
(c) Mechanical articulation, which is articulation produced in an articular set 
and adjusted to compensate for the difference between mechanism and anatomy. 
(d) Articulator articulation, which is articulation adapted to an arbitrarily 
chosen mechanism, irrespective of the anatomical requirements. 
The search for a satisfactory solution of the problem of what constitutes articu- 
lation and of how to establish it in an auxiliary device known as an articulator has 
been very intense during the past few decades. Our dental literature gives ample 
proof thereof. 
Articulation itself is a purely physical function. It therefore should not sur- 
prise us that previous and present investigators accompanied the presentation of 
their conception of articulation with a mechanism which incorporates and illus- 
trates their ideas of the subject. I mention the names of Christensen, Walker, 
Snow, Gysi, Hall, Monson, Needles and Hanau. Scores of names could be added. 
Snow, Gysi and their precursors have laid the foundation upon which I base 
my work. The conical theory of Dr. Hall, the spherical theory of Dr. Monson and 
the theory of the concentric spheres by Dr. Needles should never have been taken 
seriously, as they are neither scientific nor logical, in spite of their authors’ asser- 
tions. 
The basic ideas of our present conception of articulation were very ably pre- 
sented to us by Snow’s and Gysi’s theoretical work and ingenious devices, 
illustrating their conception of the masticatory operation. The Gysi simplex 
device eliminates itself from consideration, as the principles incorporated therein 
are inconsistent with Dr. Gysi’s valuable findings. DENTAL ENGINEERING 
415 
In the study of the work of each investigator, including the above named, it 
will be found that the endeavor was made to design an apparatus which reproduces 
mandibular movements. Some claimed an exact reproduction of such movements. 
As a matter of fact, some claimed that their mechanism represents that ideal 
movement which the Great Creator seemingly had failed to establish. 
The natural masticatory apparatus consists of individual teeth rooted fairly 
firmly in the jawbones. The jaws themselves join in a sliding hinge, which is 
provided with two interposing elements, the fibrocartilages. These permit intru- 
sion of the condyle heads into their sockets. The shape of the condyle head, the 
shape of the cartilages and their resiliency are responsible for intrusion. The effect 
upon the relative position of mandible to maxilla, whatever the cause may be, is 
the same. We shall refer to the resiliency only in the following, yet keep in mind 
that the aforesaid contributary causes exist. 
Artificial full dentures are associated with four resilient elements interposed 
between the parts which comprise the restored masticatory apparatus. At each of 
the condylar joints and below each plate we have an interposition of resilient 
tissues, through which coactive forces are transmitted during the execution of 
physical mastication. 
We shall first dwell upon the conditions pertaining to full dentures, for they 
present all the features found in natural normal dentures, traumatic dentitions, 
partial dentures and edentulous masticating apparatus. Lastly we shall consider 
the latter four by elimination of elements. 
The masticatory apparatus, equipped with a full denture, is comparable to a 
power and working machine. The power is generated by coordination of a com- 
plex arrangement of simultaneously and alternately operating muscles and liga- 
ments. The peculiarities of the elements comprising the power mechanism are 
important and interesting for many reasons, yet their consideration is not necessary 
for our analysis, provided we are satisfied with our conception of their effect upon 
the working mechanism. 
Let me illustrate by an example. The lathe is a working machine, invariably 
hitched to, relayed with, or combined with a power mechanism. A description or 
an analysis of the lathe mechanism may, without detriment to succinctness, start 
with the framework and wind up with the spindle, rotated by motive power. 
Hence we may apply the logic: the working mechanism of the restored masticatory 
apparatus is made up of the following coacting main elements: 
1. The upper denture. 
2. The tissues between the upper denture and the maxilla. 
3. The maxilla, consisting of an assembly of rigidly joined bones. 
4. The fibrocartilages interposed in separated places between maxilla and 
mandible. 
5. The mandible, a single bone. 
6. The tissues between mandible and lower denture. 
7. The lower denture. 
That part of the working cycle of mastication which is of prime importance 
to prosthodontists obtains the moment the chain of elements becomes closed either 416 
DENTAL ENGINEERING 
by direct contact of the upper and lower dentures or by an interposed bolus of 
food. Of further importance is the relation of the elements for an open chain: dur- 
ing relaxation, speech and apprehension. In either case forces act between the 
elements and, of course, through them. The magnitude of these forces ranges 
from the negative to the positive, or we may say forces act which tend to separate 
two elements or hold them together. 
All elements except the food itself will withstand the applied forces without 
immediate destruction, and the anatomical elements are securely linked without 
danger of their sudden collapse or dismemberment. The effective operation of 
restored dentures is largely dependent upon the permanency of retention of the 
substituted elements to the complemented anatomical elements. 
Numerous difficulties in denture construction may be attributed to the failures 
of complying with the two principal and reciprocal requirements: (1) establish- 
ment of occlusions and (2) establishment of retention. 
Occlusions and impressions are not a fifty-fifty proposition. The share belong- 
ing to each factor cannot be expressed in mathematical terms. It varies in each 
case and is indeterminable in all cases—two good reasons why we should endeavor 
to obtain perfection for both. 
Perfect occlusions contribute more effectively to permanent stability than per- 
fect impression work, but do not infer that perfect impressions are to be looked 
upon indifferently. It is well known that the best impression work will not main- 
tain stability when associated with defective occlusions, and it is also conceded 
that the establishment of balanced occlusions will not only be of assistance in 
maintaining stability7-, but is also a stimulant to physiological changes which im- 
prove adaptation and assist in maintaining stability. On the other hand, it is 
evident from clinical experience that the best impression does not maintain sta- 
bility when associated with faulty, unbalanced occlusions. The many cases which 
require rebuilding on account of defective occlusions amply justify this contention. 
Natural articulation in its entirety is not suitable for reproduction in artificial 
dentures. The latter require balanced occlusions through the entire stroke of 
applied articulation. Balanced occlusions infer a contact relation of the mastica- 
tory surfaces which will counteract displacement of the plates by masticatory 
forces. All extreme and intermediate occlusions, except central occlusions, require 
at least three-point contact, at points widely distributed over the masticatory 
surfaces. Two or more contact points at the posterior ends of the arch and one 
(or more) in the anterior region of the denture constitute a favorable distribution. 
I am using the customary expressions three-point contact and multiple-point 
contact; in fact, each point spoken of represents a fragmental surface of contact 
or closely spaced independent surface fragments of adjacent cusp inclines. I fre- 
quently spoke of contact areas and intimacy of contact in these areas, explained 
in Dental Engineering. 
Balanced central occlusion is not an evenly intimate contact relation along the 
entire masticatory surfaces. A perfectly satisfactory central occlusion for dentures 
under applied muscular forces has a greater intimacy of contact on the left and the 
right side about the first molars; to the posterior and anterior a gradual decrease DENTAL ENGINEERING 
417 
of intimacy of contact occurs, and it winds up in total loss of contact at the anterior 
or the posterior or at both regions. This means that spaces between various regions 
of the opposed masticatory surfaces exist for different applied forces. 
One may compare such arrangement with a frequently met type of rocking- 
chair, one having a base below the rocker. One purpose of such a rocking-chair 
design is evident. The occupant’s weight, which acts at the center line upon the 
base, is favorably transmitted to the carpet. The weight is evenly distributed 
over a greater area and, in consequence, exerts .less per unit area. When the 
occupant’s center of gravity shifts then his weight is transmitted to another part 
of the base. In consequence, the back part of the chair will transmit a greater 
share of the applied weight to the carpet. The weight is less favorably distributed; 
it becomes somewhat greater per unit area at the back. 
A similar condition, that of distributing the pressure, is produced by a bolus 
of food between two dentures backed by resilient tissues, and also when the den- 
tures are in contact under muscular tension. 
A rocking-chair fit of the masticatory surfaces (pardon such unscientific term) 
serves a double purpose. It secures favorable pressure distribution in central 
occlusions under loads and it prevents interference of the ihasticatory surfaces 
which is invited by dentures slightly lifted by relieved resilient tissues. In lateral 
and protrusive occlusions, when initiating articulation of the surfaces, forces may 
or may not act. In either case the masticatory surface formation as described 
presents advantages. Code of Ethics 
As amended and adopted by the American Dental Association, July, 1922. 
Section 1. In his dealings with patients and with the profession, the conduct 
of the dentist should be in accordance with the Golden Rule, both in its letter 
and in its spirit. 
Section 2. It is unprofessional for a dentist to advertise by handbills, posters, 
circulars, cards, signs, or in newspapers or other publications, calling attention to 
special methods of practice or claiming excellence over other practitioners, or to 
use display advertisements of any kind. It is also unprofessional to publish reports 
of cases or certificates in the public prints. This does not exclude a practitioner 
from using professional cards of suitable size with name, titles, address and tele- 
phone number, printed in modest type, nor having the same character of card in a 
newspaper. Neither does it prevent a practitioner who confines himself to a 
specialty from merely announcing his specialty on his professional card. 
Section 3. It is unprofessional for dentists to pay or accept commissions on 
fees for professional services, or for radiograms, or on prescriptions or other articles 
supplied to patients by pharmacists or others. 
Section 4. One dentist should not disparage the services of another to a 
patient. Criticism of operations which are apparently defective may be unjust 
through lack of knowledge of the conditions under which they were performed. 
But the welfare of the patient is paramount to every other consideration, and 
should be conserved to the utmost of the practitioner’s ability. If he finds indis- 
putable evidence that a patient is suffering from previous faulty treatment, it is 
his duty to institute correct treatment at once, doing it with as little comment as 
possible and in such a manner as to avoid reflection on his predecessor. 
Section 5. If a dentist is consulted in an emergency by the patient of another 
practitioner who is temporarily absent from his office, or by a patient who is away 
from home, the duty of the dentist so consulted is to relieve the patient of an}r 
immediate disability by temporary service only, and then refer the patient back 
to the regular dentist. 
Section 6. When a dentist is called in consultation by a fellow practitioner, 
he should hold the discussions in the consultation as confidential, and under no 
circumstances should he accept charge of the case without the request of the dentist 
who has been attending it. 
Section 7. The dentist should be morally, mentally and physically clean. 
He should be honest in all his dealings with his fellow man, as comports with the 
honor and dignity of a cultured and professional gentleman. 
418 TYPES OF AMERICAN DENTAL EDUCATIONAL 
INSTITUTIONS AND DENTAL 
DISPENSARIES 
Baltimore College op Dental Surgery 
Oldest dental college in the world 
419 420 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Ohio College of Dental Surgery, Cincinnati, Ohio 
Established in 1845 DENTAL SCHOOLS 
421 
DENTAL HYGIENISTS' CLINIC 
bENTAL CLINIC 
boys’ mm> 
CHILDRENS, ROOM 
FORSYTH CENTAL INFIRMARY FOR CHILDREN 
BOSTON, MASS. 
Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children, Boston, Mass. 422 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Rochester Dentai, Dispensary 
School for Dental Hygienists, Rochester, N. Y. DENTAL SCHOOLS 
423 
Atlanta-Southern Dental College, Atlanta, Ga. 424 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
College of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis. DENTAL SCHOOLS 
425 
University of Illinois, College of Dentistry, Chicago 426 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
College of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. 
The Clinical Building DENTAL SCHOOLS 
427 
College of Dentistry, University of Southern California— 
The Science and Technic Building 428 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Kansas City-Western Dental College, Kansas City, Mo. DENTAL SCHOOLS 
429 
Dental Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco 
Forrest Hall—Dalhousie School of Dentistry, Halifax, Nova Scotia 430 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Loyola University School of Dentistry, New Orleans, La. DENTAL SCHOOLS 
431 
New York College of Dentistry, New York City 432 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Washington University, School of Dentistry, St. Dorris, Mo. DENTAL SCHOOLS 
433 
University of Louisville, Ky., School of Dentistry 
U. C. M. Building, Medical College of Virginia—Medicine, Dentistry and 
Pharmacy—Richmond, Va. 434 
DENTAL SCHOOLS 
Meharry Medical College, Department of Dentistry, Nashville, Tenn. OFFICE AND LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 
Courtesy of the American Cabinet Co. 
No. 94 Dental Cabinet 
435 436 
EQUIPMENT 
The Victor 3" Dental X-Rat Unit 
Incorporates the Victor-Kearsley Stabilizer, the purpose of which is to hold the 
Coolidge tube current constant in spite of fluctuations on the line-supply; also a 
circuit-breaker which protects both the apparatus and tube against overloads, and, 
incidentally, serves also to shut off current instantaneously should operator or patient 
come in contact with the high tension system. DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS 
EXPLANATION OF CUTS 
1 Marked absorption of the gingival alveolar process 
2 Radiolucent area below the apices of the lower first, second and third molars, sug- 
gestions of a cyst 
3 Radiolucent area at the apex of the second molar 
4 Impacted third molar 
5 Abscess under crown 
6 Root filling crowded through side of root 
7 Chloropercha pushed beyond apex of root 
Courtesy of the Victor X-Ray Corporation 
437 DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
Magnified View of a Cross-cut Bur 
Showing arrangement of the Blades 
Magnified View of a Round and an Inverted Cone Bur 
Showing arrangement of the Blades 
Courtesy of the Ransom & Randolph Co., Toledo, Ohio 
Types of Revelation Burs (Magnified) 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 
438 DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
439 
Types of Plain and Cross-cut Burs, a$id Screw Mandrel (center) 
Courtesy of the Cleveland Dental Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 440 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
BLACK’S CUTTING INSTRUMENTS (Set of 102) 
Made and Classified according to the system of Dr. G. V. Black 
Hatchets 
The late Dr. G. V. Black, as one step in the teaching of the preparation of tooth cavities 
on scientific principles, formulated rules for the construction and use of cutting or ex- 
cavating instruments of definite dimensions. Founded on these rules he laid out a scheme 
for a set of the instruments themselves. These instruments—excavators, chisels, etc.— 
in general form are like well-known instruments of the same character, but they are 
more accurately gaged as to width of edge, length of blade, angle of blade to shank, 
etc. The complete set consists of 102 instruments, with which it is claimed any sort of 
hand excavating may be accomplished. 
Dr. Black’s object, it should be borne in mind, was the teaching of exactness in instru- 
mentation. The instruments were classified by forms and measurements so that the 
teacher should be able to indicate surely and quickly the particular one to be used for 
a given operation. 
METRICAL MEASUREMENTS 
For convenience the metrical system is used for the measurements, the width of the 
cutting-edge being taken in tenths of a millimeter, the length of the blade (from the 
center of the angle to the edge) in millimeters, and the angle of the blade in centi- 
grades (one-hundredths of the circle). The instruments are made as near as is com- 
mercially practicable to those measurements. The formulae are always read in the 
order here indicated, with the name of the instrument, as hatchet, hoe, etc., prefixed. 
Thus “hatchet 14-6-6” would indicate to one familiar with the system a hatchet exca- 
vator with a cutting-edge fourteen-tenths of a millimeter wide, on a blade six milli- 
meters long, set at an angle of six centigrades. DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
441 
BLACK’S CUTTING INSTRUMENTS—Continued 
Hoes 
Hoes 
Hatchets 442 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
BLACK’S CUTTING INSTRUMENTS—Continued 
u i \ 
Gingival 
Margin 
Trimmers 
Spoons 
Spoons 
Enamel Hatchets DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
443 
BLACK’S CUTTING INSTRUMENTS—Continued 
Side 
Instruments 
Long Hoes 
Straight 
Chisels 
Binangle 
Chisels 
Long Hatchets 
Cleoids 
Gingival 
Margin 
Trimmers 
Discoids 444 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
EXCAVATORS—S. S. WHITE SELECTION 
FILE-CUT HANDLES AND 
CONE-SOCKET POINTS DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
445 
CLEAVERS—SET OF 16 DESIGNED BY 
DR. FORREST H. ORTON 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 446 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
SCALERS AND EXCAVATORS 
Darby-Perry Set of Excavators 
Black’s Set of Scalers 
Courtesy of the S, S. White Dental Mfg. Co. DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
447 
AUTOMATIC PLUGGER POINTS 
Above : For direct action 
In Center: For back action 
Below: For obtuse angle 
Courtesy of Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. 448 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
Types of Foil-Carriers 
Broach-Holders 
Foil-Carriers and Broach-Holders 
Courtesy of Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
449 
Courtesy of the Cleveland Dental Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio 
Types of the Standard Set of Extracting Forceps 450 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
Perry Separators and Wrenches for Use with Them 
Invention of Dr. Safford G. Perry 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
451 
Rubberdam Weight 
Courtesy of Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. 
Exolever 
For the Removal of Roots of Teeth 
Courtesy of the Cleveland Dental Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio 452 
DENTAL INSTRUMENTS 
Sterilizing Jar 
Courtesy of the John Hood Company ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
Arches 
Upper—Ribbon Arch, with enlarged cross section. Center—Contraction Arch B, Im- 
proved. Lower—Retaining Wire and Retaining Pipes. 
Courtesy of tlie 8. 8. White Dental Mfg. Co. 
453 454 
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
Expansion Arches E 
Upper—Light, .036 inch. Lower—Heavy, .051 inch. 
Oourresy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
455 
Anchor Clamp 
Band “D” 
For Molars 
Measures 
Small, medium and large 
Anchor Clamp 
Band “X” 
For Bicuspids 
Measures 
Anchor Clamp 
Band “A” 
A molar band for 
light arches 
Measures 
Bicuspid 
Anchor Clamp 
Band “B” 
A bicuspid band for 
light arches 
Molar 
Measures 
Plain Adjustable 
Band 
Bicuspid 
Fracture Band 
Molar 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 456 
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
E.H.A. 
Application of Ribbon Arch 
Sheath-Hooks and 
Rubber Ligatures 
Illustration of Expansion Arch in Movement of First Molar 
By Dr. E. H. Angle 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
457 
Traction Screw A and D 
Single- and Double-end Wrench 
Improved Jackscrews 
Band Driver 
Brass Ligature 
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Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 458 
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
B 
A 
C 
Band Material 
Holding Band with Pliers No. 144 
A Band bent sharply at right angles near both ends 
B Formed into a loop 
C Ends seated in slotted beak 
A 
B 
Band-Forming with Pliers No. 123 
A Pinching band on lingual surface of a 
mandibular tooth 
B Pinching band on lingual surface of a 
maxillary tooth 
A 
C 
D 
E 
Wrench 
For 
adjusting 
locknuts 
on 
ribbon 
arches 
Bracket Bands with Lockpins 
A Reinforced band with bracket 
B Enlarged view 
C Enlarged side view 
D Actual size of lockpin 
E Enlarged lockpin 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
459 
Orthodontic Pliers 
Left—Arch-Bending No. 142. Right—Band-Holding No. 144. 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 460 
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
Pliers for Adjusting Angle's Pin-and-Tube Arch 
Designed by Dr. J. Lowe Young 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co, ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
461 
Band-forming Pliers No. 123 
Courtesj' of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. 462 
ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
Upper—Headgear with Traction Bar and Contraction Arch 
Lower—Headgear with Chin Retractor 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Affg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
463 
Rogers Muscle Exerciser 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
464 
Angle’s Plaster Plane 
Grunberg’s Orthodontic Blowpipe 
Courtesy of the S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co. ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCES 
465 
Angle-Wuerpel Orthodontic Cabinet with Chair 
Courtesy of the American Cabinet Co. DENTAL CEMENTS, TEETH, ETC. 
Section of Mill Room for the Manufacture of Copper Cement 
Courtesy of Lee S. Smith & Son Hfg. Co., Pittsburgh 
466 DENTAL CEMENTS, ETC. 
467 
Furnaces used in Manufacturing Certified Enamel 
Courtesy of Lee S. Smith & Son Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh 468 
DENTAL CEMENTS, ETC. 
Section of Certified Enamel Mill-Room 
Courtesy of Lee S. Smith & Son Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh DENTAL CEMENTS, ETC. 
469 
Molds of Mineral Teeth 
Courtesy of H. D. Justi & Son, Philadelphia 470 
DENTAL CEMENTS, ETC. 
High-fusing Porcelain Jacket Crowns 
Shrinkage of Porcelain Teeth after Baking 
Courtesy of H. 1>. Justi & Son, Philadelphia 
Small Machine for Grinding Silicate Cements 
The glass-like result of the fusion of the ingredients of silicate cements is put in jars 
made of the highest grade porcelain, which also contain porcelain balls. These jars 
are then placed in the machine and rotated until the fusion is of proper fineness for 
silicate cement powder. 
Courtesy of the W. V.-B. Ames Co., Fremont. Ohio DENTAL CEMENTS, ETC. 
471 
A Simplified Method of Occluding a Maxillary and Mandibular Denture 
Finished Denture on Articulator 
Courtesy of H. I). Justi & Son. Philadelphia APPLIANCES FOR PROSTHETIC WORK 
Types of Solder Tweezers and Tongs 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. 
472 PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
473 
Gasoline Soldering Outfit 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dent?,! Mfg. Co. 
Soldering Blocks and Pads 474 
PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
Gasoline Blowpipe Outfit 
Courtesy of the Ransom & Randolph Co., Toledo. Ohio 
Blowpipes for Gas 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
475 
Flames for Dental Work 
||.045 |:.040 | .032 l .025 5 .015 ] .008 .015 jf .016 
Ex.Large Large Medium Small Fine jEx.Fine LongRne Fx.Longfine 
Forms and Sizes of Guttapercha Points for Root-canals 
Courtesy of the Ransom & Randolph Co., Toledo, Ohio PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
476 
ZINC 
The Lewis Molding-Flask 
The Bailey Molding-Flask 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. 
Moore Plate Flask with Perforated Inner Flask 
Courtesy of the Ransom & Randolph Co., Toledo, Ohio PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
477 
Casting Outfit 
Watts Improved Molding Flask 
Courtesy of the Ear.som & Kan do lull Co., Toledo, Ohio 478 
PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES 
Types op Melting-Ladles 
Clay 
Crucibles and Crucible Tongs 
Plumbago 
Combination Bench Block 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. APPLIANCES FOR VULCANITE 
Dental Vulcanizer 
Thermometer for 
Dental Vulcanized 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co. 
479 480 
APPLIANCES FOR VULCANITE 
Types of Flasks for Dental Vulcanizers 
Courtesy of the Buffalo Dental Mfg. Co.