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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH 
Atlanta, Georgia Georgia Baby Book 
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH 
ATLANTA 
Eighth Edition—SOM 
143 FOREWORD 
It is with pleasure that the eighth edition of the Georgia Baby 
Book is presented to the mothers of this State. The hook has been 
revised with care. 
Much credit is due those who have contributed to this edition; 
the list is too long for publication and some have requested that 
their names not be mentioned. Leading physicians have been con- 
sulted. The Committee of the Georgia Pediatric Society has gen- 
erously contributed new ideas. Health officers and nurses have of- 
fered practical suggestions. 
The baby who has the constant supervision of a physician will 
be a stronger, healthier baby. While this book cannot and should 
not take the place of a physician’s care, its use will prove of prac- 
tical value to Georgia mothers. 
T. F. Abercrombie, Director, 
Georgia Department of Public Health 
2 The Child’s Bill of Rights 
rPHE ideal to which we should strive is that there shall be no 
child in America: 
That has not been bom under proper conditions 
That does not live in hygienic surroundings 
That ever suffers from undernourishment 
That does not have prompt and efficient medical attention 
and inspection 
That does not receive primary instruction in the elements of 
hygiene and good health 
That has not the complete birthright of a sound mind in a 
sound body 
That has not the encouragement to express in fullest meas- 
ure the spirit within which is the final endowment of 
every human being. REGISTER YOUR BABY’S BIRTH 
Every baby born in Georgia should 
have a birth certificate properly recorded. 
It is the duty of every parent to see that 
their baby has a birth certificate on file in 
the Georgia Department of Public Health. 
This record should be filed within ten days 
after the birth occurred by the attendant 
with the local registrar of the militia dis- 
trict in which the child was born. 
Changing social and economic conditions have greatly 
increased the need for such a record. All through life your 
baby will be called upon to produce his or her birth certificate 
and will be caused much inconvenience if such a record cannot 
be produced. Some of the uses for these records are to prove 
age to enter school, 4-H Club contests, to play American Legion 
baseball, to obtain their first job, to obtain aid in case they 
are orphaned, to obtain a driver’s license, a marriage license, 
to vote, to enter military service, civil service, to prove age 
for retirement, to collect old age assistance, and to prove 
citizenship. 
If you are in doubt as to whether your baby has been regis- 
tered, write to the Georgia Department of Public Health giving 
the date, place of birth, the father’s full name and you will be 
notified as to whether or not the birth is on record. 
On the opposite page is a facsimile of a correctly completed 
certificate of birth. 
4 State Pile We. 
Registrar's No. S 
negistrar s wo. . # 
2. Usual Residence of Mother 
(a) Stat (b) County__ 
(c) Town" /^t 
(It OuUUJ.rClty Writ# Rural) 
House No. & St / 
(d) or R.F.D. & Box CS. 
i U°,.uh,of j£: /<rA* 
i.Kr /5a-*—' 4 girl;01 2, ,9 V> 
_ _ —"jm I Twin or _ Born 1st Full Term Pregnancy Is Mother Manrod /■vx 7 
5. Sex 1 9- Triplet 2ndor3rd 7. If Not Give Months Gestation / 8. To Father of Child? 
17. Color l« *BIh?i Birth 
Birth Place 
20. Occupation ./ 
22. Social Security No. 
21. Business 
27. I hereby certify that I attended the birth oi this child who wai born on the date 
stated above. The personal information as given on this certificate was furnished by 
_ 
Related to as 
Was 1% Silver Nitrate Solution 
Used in This ChUd's Eyes?__ LJL 
Attendant's Own /T'A'iU y 
Signature X Jf* (//V7UAi\ , M.D. 
fy j /l// yO Date Signed 
P."on Addrw. 
Was This Child ¥ Js — If* Total No. of Children s% Born Alive Born Alive Born 
23. Born Alive? 24. Bora to This Mother J_/ (a) Now Living (b) Now Dead CJ (c) Dead Q 
CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH 
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FATHER OFOfflD 
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ggmtMENTABY DATA NOT A PAHT OF LEGAL CERTIFICATE 
Give Complications of Preg. or Labor , 
L 
Was This an Operative Delivery?. 
Was There a Birth Injury? Describe 
_Congenitql Deformity? 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
5 WHAT TO OBSERVE IN A BABY 
Until children acquire the ability to talk, 
it is advisable for the mother to look for any 
signs or movements that indicate discomfort. If 
the mother will acquaint herself with the follow- 
ing information it will be much easier to detect 
when the baby is uncomfortable or ill. 
Well Baby—A healthy child should gain 
regularly in weight each week. Should have 
warm, moist skin, breathe quietly, eat heartily, 
sleep peacefully, have from one to four daily bowel movements, and 
cry when hungry, uncomfortable, ill, or when desiring more attention. 
Posture When Sleeping—Quiet, limbs relaxed, sleep peaceful, no 
excess tossing about, but should be changed from side to side occa- 
sionally. 
Facial Expression—A healthy baby is calm and peaceful. If for 
any reason the mother suspects that the baby’s facial expression is 
unusual, a physician should be consulted because in all instances there 
is an explanation. Frequently by the facial expression is the earliest 
sign of some disturbance. 
Breathing—Regular, easy and quiet. However, during the first 
weeks of life breathing may be irregular in normal babies. This should 
cause no alarm unless associated with other abnormal conditions, such 
as hot skin and flushed face. Baby should breathe through the nose 
and keep the mouth closed. Mouth breathing or habitually holding the 
mouth open usually indicates enlarged tonsils or adenoids or some 
other obstruction to the breathing which needs the attention of a 
physician. 
Skin—Warm, slightly moist and of a healthy pink color. The 
skin should be soft and smooth to the touch and the underlying mus- 
cles firm. 
Flabby muscles may indicate improper feeding or some other 
abnormal condition. 
Crying—Babies need a certain amount of crying to develop their 
lungs. When children cry for everything they want, it is the result 
of faulty training. If baby is cross or fretful, or cries a great deal of 
the time, it may mean he is ill, or that he desires more attention. If 
you are certain the child is not ill, and is not uncomfortable, do not 
allow the cry to disturb you. If crying ceases immediately when the 
baby is held in arms, the chances are that he merely wants to be held. 
For good training, the child should be placed in his crib immediately, 
for it is at this time the baby learns to obtain more attention than is 
desirable. 
6 Hunger Cry—A low, whimpering cry some- 
times accompanied by sucking of the fingers or 
the lips. If the meal is not forthcoming it may 
change to a lusty scream. Babies cry from 
indigestion caused bv overfeeding and from 
hunger. 
Fretful Cry—The baby is sleepy or uncom- 
fortable. He may be too warm or tired of being 
laid in one position. He may be soiled. A tepid 
sponge bath and gentle rub or change of clothing and taking him up 
will prove very restful and comforting. If the crying continues, consult 
the doctor. The baby may be ill. 
It is a mistake to think that the strain of crying will cause the male 
baby to rupture. This mistake often makes mothers and nurses give 
the baby his own way and all that is accomplished is a spoiled, 
exacting and fretful baby. 
Cry of Colic or Pain—A lusty cry sometimes rising to a shriek, with 
tears in the eyes might indicate colic or abdominal pain; usually the 
knees are drawn up and the fists are clenched. If the crying increases 
with moving of an arm or leg or when placing the child in a certain 
position, he may have an abnormality calling for the attention of a 
doctor. Never give a purgative unless directed to do so by your 
physician. 
The pain of earache is often mistaken for colic. This terrific pain 
causes more or less continuous and prolonged attacks of crying and 
screaming and is usually accompanied by rolling the head about, or 
boring one side of the head into the pillow, or pressing the ear, or 
placing the hand against the ear. All serious cases are accompanied 
by fever. Call your physician. 
Sick Cry—The very sick baby does not cry hard. There is a low 
moaning or a wail, with sometimes a turning of the head from side 
to side. This is always a serious sign, so see your physician. 
Sick Baby—Learn to recognize any change from the normal. Un- 
usual flushing or pallor of the face, sleeplessness, lack of energy, loss 
of appetite, profuse sweating, especially of the head, peevishness, 
vomiting or diarrhea, give warning that something is wrong. Find out 
what and w hy before administering any medicine. NURSE-MAID 
One of the important arrangements for the 
welfare of the baby is the selection of the proper 
individual to care for the baby. 
The one who comes in contact with the baby 
should be free of disease. She should be physi- 
cally in good condition and have a complete 
examination, especially for tuberculosis, syphilis, 
gonorrhea, and in fact all infectious conditions, 
including examination of the skin for parasites. 
Almost, if not as great importance should be attached to the personal 
character of the individual. She should be quiet, have poise, neat in 
her habits, happy in disposition, possess keen common sense, spiritual 
fiber, and should be sufficiently intelligent to properly carry out the 
orders of the physician and parents. Plain and complete instructions 
in regard to the daily care of the child should be given the nurse-maid 
by the mother or father. 
The nurse should not administer punishment to the child. All 
conditions that arise for which the child should be punished should 
be referred to the parents of the child. 
Habits are formed early. Impressions made on the child, even in 
infancy, go with it through life. So much, therefore, depends upon 
those who have intimate contact with the child in its formative period. 
So much depends on early impressions that are fundamental in habit 
formation. If bad habits or improper speech develop in the child, the 
mother should immediately determine whether or not the maid’s actions 
and speech are at fault. 
Modern preventive medicine has put its scientific finger upon these 
very things and has amply demonstrated that the child’s body, mind 
and spirit are dependent upon such factors for normal growth and 
development. Child hygiene, mental and physical, frequently begins 
with the nurse. 
The parents of the child should have constant contact with the 
baby, and the daily life of the child should not be left entirely to the 
nurse-maid. 
, Instructions as to where the child should visit should be given the 
nurse-maid. 
8 HOW TO HANDLE A BABY 
A baby must always be handled carefully. 
His bones are still part cartilage and they bend 
or break easily. After feeding the baby, place 
him in his crib. Jolting, bouncing or rocking 
may cause the child to vomit. If this attention 
is given regularly, it may cause the child to 
want it after each feeding. Always handle the 
baby evenly and slowly, never hastily or jerkily. 
A young baby cannot turn himself over. His 
muscles get very tired if they remain too long in one position. When 
he is taken up for feeding or cleansing, his position should be changed 
from side to side, or from lying on his back to lying on his stomach. 
But always the head and back must be kept straight and the arms and 
legs free. The ears should be kept straight and flat on the head. The 
eyes should be protected from direct light. 
To hold a young baby on one arm lay him flat on his back on your 
left arm, supporting the neck and head with the palm of the hand and 
fingers, and pressing his body close to your body with the left elbow. 
A baby should never be encouraged to try to hold up his own head 
or to sit up. The spine, neck and head always should be supported. 
Do not use “walkers”. A good plan is to place the baby on the floor 
on a clean blanket and let him find himself. Do not restrain or 
encourage him to sit up, stand, or walk. 
Never pick a child up by the arm. Grasp him firmly by the shoul- 
ders or body. In walking with an older child do not walk too fast 
nor compel him to reach up to take your hand. It is very tiring to 
walk in that position. 
9 DEVELOPMENT OF A BABY 
At birth, a baby’s head is larger in propor- 
tion to his body than is an adult’s. The abdomen 
is big. The arms and legs are short and the legs 
are slightly bowed. 
It should be remembered that babies are 
individuals, therefore, no fixed standard of devel- 
opment can be made. Some babies may not 
develop up to an average, yet will be normal. 
If you are in doubt about your child’s develop- 
ment, discuss the matter with your physician. 
As improper feeding is the chief cause of a child’s failing to 
develop properly, too close attention cannot be paid to the right feeding 
of a young baby. 
Soon after birth, a baby develops sense of contact and temperature; 
that is, he knows when he is being held and he can appreciate heat 
or cold. He learns to see light and to hear during the first three or 
four days; however, the sense of sight and the sense of hearing 
are not fully developed for several weeks. 
The first month the hands move aimlessly about. During the 
second month, he learns to put his hand to his mouth and tries to lift 
his head. 
During the third and fourth months, a baby will make an effort to 
grasp what is held before him and will try to sit up. He should not be 
allowed to do so unless he is supported. About this time, he begins to 
recognize others and develops a will of his own, which is expressed in 
crying when he is displeased. He will coo when he is happy. 
About the sixth month a baby can sit alone for a few minutes. He 
will grasp and hold whatever comes within reach of his busy fingers. 
He now begins to be sociable and will try to talk, sometimes making 
vowel sounds. 
From the seventh month to the ninth month, he will creep and 
will make efforts to stand. He likes to imitate movements and to have 
sympathy and attention shown him. 
From the ninth month to the twelfth month, he learns to stand 
and from the twelfth to the sixteenth month learns to walk. He develops 
a sense of desire to please and this leads to obedience. Sometimes at 
the twelfth month he can say a few words. 
A baby has no moral sense or knowledge of what is right or wrong. 
He simply follows his instincts. An older person must keep him from 
harm and show him gently how to do the right things until he learns 
for himself. 
10 The loss of a pound or two of 
weight makes very little difference to 
the adult but it is a serious matter for 
a young baby. A pound or two of 
loss means as much to the baby as 
ten or fifteen pounds does to the 
adult. 
You should keep up with your 
baby’s physical development. You 
should know if defects are develop- 
ing and give prompt attention to 
their correction. Take the baby to your physician for a complete 
examination once each month during the first year of life and at least 
twice each year after this until school age. 
If a baby fails to gain in weight consistently for several weeks, or 
loses a pound or two, consult your physician. The average daily gain 
in weight for the first year is so small that it cannot be detected without 
weighing. 
When a baby fails to gain it means that there is something wrong 
with him or the food. Whatever it is, it should be remedied at once. To 
delay until baby has lost weight for several weeks, or until the loss 
of weight reaches a pound or two always lessens the baby’s chances 
for prompt recovery. 
It is very much easier to keep a young baby well and gaining 
steadily than it is to have him regain lost weight, or to get him well 
again once he has become ill. For these reasons a mother should 
weigh the young baby every week until he is nine months old and 
after that at least every two weeks until he is one year old. From 
infancy until he enters school the child should be weighed at least 
once a month. Do not neglect a child during the runabout or pre- 
school age. 
The average weight of a baby at birth is 7 pounds. During the 
first week after birth there is usually no gain in weight, and there 
may be a slight loss. Consult table of weight, (Page 92) 
Keep a written record. Do not depend on memory. 
11 THE BABY’S DAILY PROGRAM 
A delicate piece of machinery must have reg- 
ular, systematic care, if it is to remain in order 
and do its work properly. Just so with a baby. 
His body is one of the most sensitive pieces of 
mechanism known, and regular systematic care is 
necessary if he is to grow and develop properly. 
A baby must not only have the right kind of 
meals, but the meals must be on time and at the 
same time every day. 
A baby must have regular hours for sleep, and he must be put to 
bed on time and at the same time every day. All babies should have two 
long rest and sleep periods during the day, one in the morning and one 
in the afternoon. They should have an early bed time, never later than 
6:30 to 7:00 P.M. 
The baby’s bath, outing, play time, nap, going to stool, in fact 
everything that is necessary to a baby’s care should be done with the 
same care, precision and regularity that is used in caring for any deli- 
cate machine. 
Sun baths should have a regular place in the baby’s schedule when 
weather permits. (See pages 32, 47, 57, 61) 
Regularity in baby’s care will establish good habits. Good habits 
will be a benefit to him through life. The first years of a child’s life 
are, for these reasons, the most important. If he has the right sort of 
care then and is trained in the right sort of habits from the very first 
day of his life he will grow and develop properly. He will be a happy 
baby and therefore a good baby, for he has no reason to be otherwise. 
Systematic living can be learned early. 
On the other hand, careless and irregular feeding, keeping baby 
awake at all hours, waking him to show to the neighbors, or taking 
him out when he ought to be in bed, will upset habits that are essential 
to his health and development, not only during childhood but through 
life. 
A child who has been trained to habits of regularity, to obedience 
and self-control is much easier taken care of when ill, and these habits 
assist in the recovery. The purpose of such habits is to prevent illness 
and promote normal growth. 
12 FEEDING DURING THE FIRST YEAR 
BREAST FEEDING 
Breast milk contains the food elements in the proper proportions. It 
is cheaper, cleaner, and of the proper temperature. Bottle fed babies 
have a higher death rate than breast fed babies. Therefore, nurse your 
baby if possible. There is no formula that is equal to breast milk, and it 
is the mother’s responsibility to give her child this advantage. 
When the breast milk is not sufficient, consult your doctor. The doc- 
tor can frequently give instructions that will increase the flow of milk 
and make it agree with the baby. 
Do not wean your baby until it is nine months of age. 
When nature allows a mother to have a healthy baby, she usually 
furnishes ample breast milk to nourish her offspring. Breast milk is 
nature’s food, and is more digestible for the baby than cow’s milk or 
manufactured foods. 
A baby under three or four months should be breast fed exclusively, 
unless the doctor orders otherwise. If the baby fails to gain a doctor 
should be consulted. He will probably wish to prescribe a supplemen- 
tary feeding to suit the baby’s age and digestion to be given after his 
breast feeding. 
Water—Boil a pint of water every morning and put in a clean bottle 
or jar. Keep in a cool place. Offer the baby plenty of water between 
feedings, beginning with one-half ounce (one tablespoonful) during 
the first few days after birth. The quantity should be gradually in- 
creased until the infant is taking what he desires. 
From Birth to Three Months~Nmse the baby when he awakens at 
6, 9, and 12 A. M., 3 and 6 P. M., and when he awakens at night, but 
not over twice. If the baby is developing rapidly and is overweight, 
then a four-hour schedule is advisable. 
Orange or tomato juice should be begun at 6 to 8 weeks, starting 
with 1 teaspoonful strained and diluted with water. Gradually increase 
the amount until by the third month and thereafter 2 tablespoonfuls 
are given twice a day. Orange juice may be diluted with an equal amount 
of cool boiled water. 
Give cod liver oil both summer and winter. Dosage varies with prod- 
uct. For cod liver oil begin with 1/2 teaspoonful at one month, and 
increase to two teaspoonfuls daily by the end of the second month. 
Concentrated oils vary to a great extent, and the dosage should be 
prescribed by a physician. 
13 Three Months—Many babies at this age do 
well on a 4-hour schedule. Other babies are not 
satisfied on the 4-hour schedule but demand a 
continuation of the 3-hour schedule for a month 
or so longer. 
From Four to Six Months—Breast feeding, 
or artificial feeding at intervals: 6 and 10 A. M., 
and 2, 6, and 10 P. M. 
A few teaspoonfuls of well 
cooked cereal, cooked 2 hours in 
a double boiler, or grits, rice, or 
oatmeal cooked 4 hours and 
strained, may be served with a 
sprinkle of salt just before the 
10 A. M. and the 6 P. M. breast 
feeding. There are several pre- 
cooked cereals on the market that 
are satisfactory. The cow’s milk 
feeding should be substituted for a 
second or third nursing if baby 
fails to gain 1/4 to 1/2 pound in 
weight per week. 
The broth from vegetables 
cooked in water and seasoned to 
taste with the 2 P. M. feeding. Start with 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls and 
slowly increase to 2 or 3 ounces. The pulp may be gradually added to 
the broth by mashing through a fine sieve. There are a number of 
commercial canned vegetables on the market satisfactory for infants 
and children. Some physicians begin feeding eggs at this age period. 
Consult your physician. 
From Six to Twelve Months—It is exceptional for a mother to suc- 
cessfully nurse her baby from 9 to 12 months. Failure of the baby to 
gain steadily in weight should cause the mother to determine if the 
baby is getting sufficient breast milk. Frequently at this age it is neces- 
sary to add a formula to the baby’s diet. This, however, should be 
done only under the physician’s instruction. 
The baby should be given: 
6 A. M.—Toast, after nursing or artificial feeding. 
9 A. M.—4 tablespoonfuls orange, pineapple, lemon, or tomato 
juice. 
10 A. M,—One to three tablespoonfuls cereal, according to age; 
boiled cow’s milk, or breast. 
2 P. M.—Broth thickened with rice, or CUP vegetable soup (veg- 
etables mashed thoroughly) ; 1 teaspoonful stewed fruit (strained); 
toast. 
Give Your Baby a 
Fair Chance 
14 6 P. M.—One to three tablespoonfuls cereal, 
according to age; milk; stewed fruit if consti- 
pated; breast, 
10 P. M.—Breast if baby awakens. 
At Twelve Months—The baby is usually 
weaned from the breast. At 12 months he is tak- 
ing whole milk from the cup, and the following 
diet: 
6 A. M.-—One cup milk; toast. (Bread should be one day old.) 
9 A, M.—Orange or tomato juice, scraped apple, or strained 
banana thoroughly ripe. (A ripe banana is one that is sound and not 
bruised. The skin of the banana should be yellow in color, with brown 
spots scattered over its surface.) 
10 A. M.—Two to three tablespoonfuls cereal; l/£> egg yolk; 1 cup 
milk. 
2 P. M.—One-half cup vegetable soup or milk. 
Vegetables: strained fresh vegetables, 2 teaspoonfuls baked potato, 
sweet or Irish, with 1/4 teaspoonful butter. 
Egg: one yolk. 
6 P. M.—Two teaspoonfuls cereal; 1 cup milk; stewed fruit; toast. 
All milk should be boiled three minutes and cooled quickly. 
On application, feeding cards are available and will be sent without 
charge. 
WEANING THE BABY 
If the mother can secure milk for the baby, breast feeding should 
not be continued beyond the tenth month. 
Increase in the baby’s diet must be made gradually and with cau- 
tion, especially during the summer. It is better to keep the baby on a 
moderately low diet than to upset his digestion by over-feeding. In 
hot weather give more fluid and less food. 
Cow’s milk may contain too much cream and this may cause diges- 
tive disturbances. It may be necessary for the physician to advise the 
removal of part of the cream. All cow’s milk should be boiled three 
minutes, even though it has been pasteurized. Boiling guarantees the 
safety of the milk from the presence of disease germs and makes it 
more digestible. 
Nothing except boiled drinking water should be given between 
feeding schedules. 
Mother should keep in mind that babies and young children should 
acquire a taste for foods at an early age so that they will not refuse 
these foods when they are older. 
CARE OF THE MOTHER 
It is the mother’s duty to nurse her baby if possible. There are very 
few mothers whose breasts will not give milk if they will encourage the 
baby to suck, and thus stimulate the breast to secrete milk. 
Sometimes when the mother suffers from weariness or from feeble 
health or worry, the milk supply will not be sufficient for the baby. 
15 The mother may conclude that the baby will 
starve and give up nursing it. This is a great 
mistake, for modified cow’s milk may be given 
to baby, after mother has nursed the baby ten 
minutes on each breast, and eventually the 
breast milk will be sufficiently abundant. As 
the mother obtains rest she will grow stronger 
and will find the milk coming in sufficient quan- 
tity. When the quantity or quality of the milk 
is insufficient, and there is no opportunity to improve the breast output, 
the baby should, of course, be weaned on the advice of the doctor. 
The nursing mother needs plenty of fresh air and some exercise in 
the open each day, preferably walking or light gardening. The ordi- 
nary household duties may be performed but the nursing mother must 
not be overworked. She should take a nap each afternoon, or at least 
lie down and rest in a cool room. 
The nursing mother cannot afford to have a “spell of nerves”. 
Anger, worry, grief, excitement all interfere with the nervous system 
and its control over the circulation of the blood, which affects the 
supply and the quality of the milk. The nursing mother needs to keep 
herself well. A nursing mother should be relieved of the responsibility 
of caring for the baby several hours daily. 
She should weigh each week and so regulate her diet and exercise 
that undue gain in weight is avoided. 
Diet—The diet for a nursing mother needs to he appetizing, nutri- 
tious and laxative. As a rule, she may follow her choice of food, avoid- 
ing foods which she has learned disturb her digestion. 
If the milk is scanty, a more generous diet is indicated. Take more 
fresh milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, ripe fruit, nourishing liquid food and 
drink plenty of water, avoiding tea and coffee except in moderation and 
all alcoholic preparations or patent medicines. Never force food to 
point of indigestion to make milk. It is usually better to eat and lead 
a normal life with the accustomed diet. 
Constipation should be guarded against. Fresh fruits are laxative. 
So are bran biscuits or bran added to the whole wheat flour. Whole 
wheat bread is more nourishing than white bread and does not consti- 
pate. A glass of hot water the first thing on arising in the morning 
has a beneficial action on the bowels. 
The following diet is recommended for mothers: 
Milk—-one quart taken in some form each day. 
All kinds of soups. 
All kinds of fresh fish, boiled or broiled, salmon canned. 
Meats, once a day—beef, mutton, lamb, veal, ham, bacon, 
chicken or turkey. Avoid fried meats. 
Eggs—one or two each day. All cooked cereals with milk and cream. 
All green vegetables—peas, string beans, asparagus, cauliflower, 
turnip greens, cabbage, collards, spinach, white and sweet potatoes, 
celery, lettuce and other plain salads with oil. 
Desserts of plain custard or pudding, ice cream; no pastry. 
Fruits should be taken freely; all ripe raw fruits and cooked 
fruits. 
Beverages—Plenty of water, one or two quarts daily; tea and 
coffee sparingly, and not strong, once a day. No alcoholic drinks. 
Tobacco in all forms, including snuff, should be limited, or 
omitted entirely, during pregnancy and the nursing period. 
17 EXPRESSION OF BREAST MILK 
It is sometimes necessary to draw the milk from the breast arti- 
ficially due to the fact that the baby is not strong enough to nurse; 
the nipples may be under-developed or fissured making nursing difficult 
for the baby and painful for the mother. If milk is to be expressed 
from the breast the following procedure should be used. 
Scrub the hands and nails with soap, warm water, and a nail brush 
for at least one full minute or until 
they are clean. Wash the nipple 
with fresh absorbent cotton and 
boiled water or a freshly made boric 
solution (1 teaspoon boric acid to 1 
pint boiled water). Dry the hands 
thoroughly on a clean towel and 
keep them dry. Have a sterilized 
graduated glass tumbler or large 
mouth bottle to receive the milk. 
1. Grasp the breast gently but 
firmly between the thumb placed 
in front and the fingers on the 
under surface of the breast. The 
thumb in front and the first finger 
beneath should rest just outside 
of the colored area of the breast. 
2. With the thumb a down- 
ward pressing motion is made on 
the front against the fingers on the 
back of the breast, and the thumb 
in front and fingers behind are 
carried downward to the base of 
the nipple. 
3. This second act should end 
with a slight forward pull with 
(ypntlp nrpcenrp at tVif> tiart tVio 
18 nipple which causes the milk to flow out. 
The combination of these three movements 
may be described as “Back-down-out”. 
It is not necessary to touch the nipple. 
This act can be repeated 30 to 60 times a 
minute after some practice. 
Both breasts may be emptied if necessary or 
they may be used alternately. 
The milk should be covered at once by a sterile cloth held in place 
by a rubber band and kept on ice until used. ARTIFICIAL FEEDING FOR NORMAL 
HEALTHY BABIES 
Physician—Feeding a baby on a bottle is a 
difficult thing to do successfully. For that reason 
a baby fed on a bottle needs to be under the 
supervision of a physician. 
Weight—-The regular increase in weight de- 
termined by weekly weighing is the best indica- 
tion that baby’s food is not only agreeing with 
him and satisfying his hunger, but that it is also 
meeting his growth requirements. 
Milk—For babies living in our climate special caution is necessary 
not to feed with milk that is too rich. It is better to begin feeding a 
bottle baby with skimmed milk or milk from which the cream has been 
partially removed than it is to risk upsetting the baby’s digestion with 
whole milk. Discuss this with your physician. 
Water—Boil a pint of water every morning and put in a clean 
bottle. Keep in a cool place. Give the baby about six ounces (approxi- 
mately % of a measuring cup) a day. Never force the baby to take 
water but offer it at frequent intervals. 
Average Increase in Diet—The milk as in sample formula may be 
increased by one-half ounce to one ounce every third day if baby is 
hungry and digests it. The water may be decreased with same quantity 
as the milk is increased. The milk sugar or corn syrup may be increased 
by one level teaspoonful every other day until three level tablespoonfuls 
are given in the twenty-four hour quantity, provided the baby digests it. 
GENERAL FORMULAS 
General formulas such as have been given must of necessity be 
written for the average baby and may not be entirely satisfactory for 
your baby. It is best to consult a physician when artificial feeding is 
necessary. 
A new-born baby needs very little food for the first day or two. The 
first feeding should be made of one ounce of milk to three ounces of 
boiled water and no sugar. No food substance other than cool boiled 
water may be given except by the direction of the physician. All for- 
mulas should be given near body temperature. 
After the first day, a weak baby is fed at 3-hour intervals during 
the day and twice during the night, at 10 P. M. and 2 A. M., provided 
he awakens. 
At one week, the average child requires 15 ounces (2 cups) of 
20 diluted milk daily. To 5 ounces (% cup) of 
milk add 10 ounces of water and fl/2 tablespoon- 
fuls of milk sugar. This total quantity is given 
at 7 feedings at 3-hour intervals during the day 
and two feedings at night. 
At three months, the child will require about 
32 ounces (4 cups) of diluted milk daily. To 16 
ounces of milk add 16 ounces of water and three 
level tablespoonfuls of corn syrup. This is given 
in 6 feedings at 3-hour intervals during the day and one feeding at 
night if the baby awakens. The 2 A. M. feeding is discontinued if 
possible at the third or fourth month. Give one teaspoonful, slowly 
increasing the amount to one tablespoonful, of orange juice or diluted 
strained tomato juice once a day. Beginning at the fourth week give 
!/4 teaspoonful pure cod liver or halibut liver oil after one of the morn- 
ing feedings increasing the amount gradually to 1 teaspoonful. These 
oils are not given during the hot weather if bowels are loose, or if 
the baby spits his food. (See pages 13, 21, 24, 32, 57.) 
At six months, the average baby will require 40 ounces (5 cups) of 
diluted milk. To 26 ounces (31/4 cups) of milk add 14 ounces (1% 
cups) of water and 3 level tablespoonfuls of milk sugar or corn syrup. 
This is given in 5 feedings during the day at four-hour intervals, 6 and 
10 A. M., and 2, 6, and 10 P. M., the night feeding being discontinued. 
At six months of age the bottle fed baby should have from one to three 
tablespoonfuls of strained orange juice once or twice a day, and 1 
teaspoonful pure cod liver or halibut liver oil three times a day. 
From six to nine months, a few teaspoonfuls of a well cooked 
strained cereal, cooked two hours in a double boiler, may be served 
with a little milk and water in addition to the 10 A. M. and the 6 P. M. 
feedings. The orange juice should be increased and continued, also at 2 
P. M. a few teaspoonfuls of strained vegetable soup may be given in 
addition to the regular 2 P. M. feeding. 
At nine months the average child requires 40 ounces (5 cups) 
daily. To 30 ounces (3% cups) of milk add 10 ounces (11/4 cups) of 
water and 3 level tablespoonfuls of milk sugar or corn syrup. This is 
given in five feedings. In addition to the cereal the baby should be 
given a piece of dry toast or zwieback after each feeding. He may be 
given also broth of beef, mutton, or chicken and vegetable soup (the 
vegetables should be sliced and mashed through a sieve) thickened 
with rice. 
At twelve months, the baby is taking whole milk from the cup, well 
cooked cereals, broths, vegetable soups and finely mashed vegetables 
and cooked fruit. Only one new food should be added at a time and 
every new food is given in very small amounts at first, then gradually 
increased. 
21 Nothing except water, orange or tomato juice 
and pure cod liver or halibut liver oil should be 
given .between the feeding schedules, and the 
baby must not be given tastes of food other than 
those specially prepared for him. 
Feeding—Feed the baby by the clock. When 
it is feeding time, shake the bottle gently to mix 
the contents and place it in a pan of hot water 
to warm it. Test the temperature of the milk by 
letting a few drops fall on the inside of the wrist. 
If baby takes only a small amount of a feeding, do not save it for a 
later feeding but throw it away and let baby wait until the next feeding 
time. 
Giving the Bottle—The bottle should always be held while the child 
is taking the food. Hold the baby in a semi-recumbent position. Do 
not allow him to drink longer than twenty minutes. Do not urge him 
to take more than he wants. If he does not take the whole feeding, 
throw it out. Do not save it for another time. Do not allow the baby 
to go to sleep with bottle. 
During the feeding, the child should be placed upright and patted 
gently to allow him to bring up gas or air which he has swallowed. 
He should then be placed in the bed—but not rocked. 
A child should not be played with after feeding. He should not be 
allowed to suck on an empty bottle nor allowed to sleep or play with 
the nipple in his mouth. INFANT FOODS 
COW’S MILK 
The best food now and always for the grow- 
ing baby is breast milk. The next best food is 
clean cow’s milk. If you cannot give your baby 
breast milk seek a doctor that understands infant 
feeding, and let him show you how to prepare 
cow’s milk so that it will agree with your baby. 
Milk for babies should be obtained from 
healthy, tuberculin tested and Bang’s disease 
tested cows. It should be milked by a clean milk- 
man into clean sterilized pails, promptly cooled to 50 degrees F. and 
kept at about this temperature until ready for use. Never give a baby 
old or stale milk. Milk delivered in cans is not safe for babies because 
there are too many opportunities for dirt and impurities to get into it. 
Nature never intended milk to be handled. It passes directly from 
the mother to the mouth of the young, both in human beings and 
animals. This is a wise precaution because milk is easily spoiled, espe- 
cially if small particles of dirt or dust get into it, and it is a fertile 
field for growth of disease-producing germs. 
All dairies would give cleaner milk if public sentiment demanded 
it. Insist upon clean handling by the dairy that supplies your baby 
with milk. The best milk is not the richest, but the cleanest. The scrub- 
cow of the clean and honest dairyman gives better milk for your baby 
than the high-priced Jersey cow of the dirty and dishonest dairyman. 
Always boil the milk three minutes and place at once on ice in a 
vessel that has been sterilized by boiling. Never let the milk stand even 
five minutes in the sun. Keep milk ice-cold always until warmed for 
immediate use. 
In traveling, or where the cleanliness of milk is suspected, or where 
milk or ice cannot be obtained, use powdered or evaporated milk. 
DEFINITION OF PREPARED MILK 
There seems to be some misunderstanding about dried milk, evap- 
orated milk and condensed milk. For this reason the following defini- 
tions are given. 
Several dried milk products can be found on the market. The kinds 
most commonly used in the home at present are dried whole milk, dried 
skim milk and dried partly skimmed milk. These three types vary 
somewhat in food value, flavor and keeping qualities because of the 
difference in the quantity of fat each contains. 
Dried whole milk has had none of the fat, or cream, removed and 
has been dried until its moisture content does not exceed 5 per cent, 
according to government standards. Dried skim milk has had all 
of the fat removed before drying, while dried partly skimmed milk has 
had only part of the fat removed. 
23 Dried whole milk contains all of the food 
elements found in fresh milk except vitamin C 
which is lost in the drying process. Dried skim 
milk contains a large proportion of the proteins, 
sugar, minerals and vitamins B and G of the 
milk. However, since much of the fat of the 
whole milk has been removed in the preparation 
of dried skim milk, it is lower in fuel or energy 
value, is less rich in flavor and is a very poor 
source of vitamin A, as compared with whole milk. When dried skim 
milk is used, care must be taken to give the child cod liver oil and 
orange or tomato juice. 
The low cost and the convenience in carrying and storing canned 
milk and dried milk have encouraged its use in infant feeding. 
EVAPORATED MILK 
Evaporated (unsweetened) milk is pure, fresh, cow’s milk with 
much of its water removed by evaporation in vacuum pans. “Evap- 
orated milk” is simply milk reduced in water content and then canned 
without sugar. 
When cow’s milk is difficult to procure and keep in a wholesome 
condition for the baby, evaporated milk can be used with complete 
safety and satisfaction. It will be found especially convenient for 
mothers to use when they are traveling or on a vacation. 
An unopened can of evaporated milk will keep indefinitely but 
once opened it must be handled and kept cool like any other milk. 
Evaporated milk diluted with an equal measure of boiled water may 
be used in much the same way as fresh milk. 
If it becomes the regular food for the baby, it should be supple- 
mented with cod liver oil or halibut liver oil and orange juice or 
tomato juice as directed by your physician. 
CONDENSED MILK 
Condensed milk is not only reduced in water content but also has 
sugar added to help in its preservation. 
Condensed milk is much thicker than unsweetened evaporated milk 
because of the added sugar. It is so sweet that it should not be used 
for infant feeding unless prescribed by a physician. 
Condensed milk is not cheaper than fresh cow’s milk, although it 
may appear to cost less. 
24 MODIFICATION OF MILK 
A young baby frequently has difficulty 
when fed raw cow’s milk, therefore, it is 
advisable that the milk be modified, accord- 
ing to the child’s individual needs. 
Modified milk is milk to which water, 
some form of sugar or other substance has 
been added so as to make it suitable for a 
baby’s stomach. 
Cooled boiled water, barley or lime 
water, lactic acid or lemon juice are added 
to dilute cow’s milk and make it more 
digestible. Some form of sugar is added 
not oidy for the sweetening, but to supply 
the necessary food value and to make it 
more nearly like mother's milk. 
The prescription which the physician 
writes for modifying milk is called the formula. As baby grows older 
he requires a greater quantity of food, so the formula must be changed, 
using more milk and less water. It is upon the correctness of these 
formulas that baby’s health and growth depend. 
PREPARATION OF A SAMPLE FORMULA FOR A 
SIX-MONTHS-OLD BABY 
This sample formula is for an average baby and may not be the 
right mixture for your baby. Consult your physician for specific 
formula. 
Ingredients 
Whole milk, 26 oz.; water, 14 oz. 
Three tablespoons of corn syrup. Mixture to be boiled three minutes. 
Divide into five feedings of 8 oz. each to be given at four hour 
intervals. 
Always wash hands clean with a brush, soap and water before 
handling or preparing the milk. 
Boil utensils, bottles and corks, and place them conveniently on 
the table. 
Wash the top of the milk bottle with damp cloth and remove 
particles of dust. 
Invert bottle several times to thoroughly mix cream, since whole 
milk is used. 
Use nursing bottle or graduate to measure milk and water and 
place in sauce pan; boil three minutes over slow flame stirring con- 
stantly. Remove from fire and add sugar. 
Pour eight ounces of mixture into each of the five hot sterile bottles 
and cork. 
Cool quickly and put on ice or in refrigerator at once. 
25 CARE OF BOTTLES AND NIPPLES 
Select good quality aluminum-wear for the 
utensils for preparing baby’s milk and never use 
them for any other purpose. They must always 
be kept scrupulously clean, and boiled each time 
before using. Have a pair of forceps with which 
to lift the articles listed below. 
EQUIPMENT 
1. Large pan with inverted 
pie pan or wire rack in 
which to boil nursing bot- 
tles, corks, spoons, funnel 
and other equipment to be 
used in preparing formula. 
2. 1 two-quart sauce-pan with 
handle. 
3. 2 tablespoons. 
4. 1 measuring cup. 
5. As many nursing bottles, 
nipples, and corks as are 
needed for twenty-four 
hour feeding. 
6. 1 wire rack for holding 
bottles. 
7. 1 bottle brush. 
8. 1 two-quart fruit jar for 
cooled, boiled water. 
9. 1 fruit jar for utility pur- 
poses. 
10. 1 jar for malt sugar, milk 
sugar or cane sugar, as 
ordered by the physician. 
11. 1 glass or enamel funnel. 
12. 1 box of baking soda or 
borax. 
Bottles—Select bottles with smooth, round sides and marked for the 
different quantities of food. There should be one more bottle than 
there are feedings in twenty-four hours. The bottle should be cleaned 
26 immediately after feeding by rinsing in clear, 
cold water, then by soaking in suds, borax or 
soapy water. Bottles should be scrubbed with 
a clean brush in warm soapsuds, rinsed and 
boiled. Then they should be filled with boiled 
water until ready for use. The corks should be 
boiled each day and kept in a tightly covered 
receptacle. 
Nipples—Use only non-collapsible nipples 
that can be slipped over the neck of the bottle. After each feeding, 
cleanse the nipple inside and outside, scrubbing it with a brush in warm 
soapy water. Rinse with clear water. Wrap the nipples in a clean cloth 
and boil them once a day. Drop them into a sterile jelly glass and 
put the lid on tight. Never touch with your fingers that part of the 
nipple which must go into the baby’s mouth. The hole in the nipple 
should be only large enough to allow the drops to fall about one and 
one-half inches apart when the bottle is inverted. 
27 CARE OF THE PREMATURE INFANT 
A premature baby is one that has not devel- 
oped fully before birth. These babies may be 
born before the expected time, or may be born 
at the expected time but have not grown as 
rapidly as they usually do in the mother’s womb. 
Babies are considered premature when their birth 
weight is less than 51/2 lbs. 
Any baby weighing less than 51/2 lbs. at birth 
needs special care from the moment of birth, 
and arrangements should be made for this care immediately. These 
babies have to be fed carefully, they need to be kept warm, and by all 
means, kept away from all individuals, because these babies are very 
apt to contract disease and it is frequently fatal. 
Premature babies very often develop diarrhea because of infection 
or improper feeding. This is a dangerous sign, and a physician should 
be summoned at once. If possible, an experienced nurse should be 
secured, because good nursing care usually determines the baby’s chance 
for survival. 
Most premature babies develop into strong healthy children in later 
years, if they survive the first few hazardous months. It is to be 
expected that they develop more slowly and the parent should not 
expect them to progress as rapidly as fully developed babies. In a 
short time premature babies will catch up with the full term babies 
in all respects. 
What the Premature Baby Needs 
1. Give the baby breast milk, if possible. If too small to nurse at 
the breast, pump breast and feed with medicine dropper, a small piece 
of catheter being attached to the end of medicine dropper to prevent 
injury to child’s mouth. Breast milk may be stripped into the baby’s 
mouth but must be done slowly. Babies weighing less than 4 lbs. 
usually don’t nurse well and should be kept in a warm bed continu- 
ously. 
2. Keep the baby warm. Do not expose to cold for a second. Use 
warm covering. Secure an incubator, if possible. Wrap baby in warm 
clothing immediately following birth, even before oiling the skin. To 
know if baby is kept warm, it is necessary to take its temperature by 
rectum at frequent intervals during the first few days. The premature 
baby should not be removed from its bed for any cause during the 
first few days, except for breast feeding. 
3. The premature baby should be handled as little as possible. 
Allow no visitors in its room for any reason. Handle the baby only 
when necessary, as for changing diaper, feeding, giving water, or 
bathing. 
28 4. Do not bathe the baby until its color remains good, blue spells 
have ceased, and its temperature remains normal. 
5. Make sure that you wash your hands thoroughly each time before 
handling the baby. Wear a clean gown if possible. 
6. Blueness is a danger sign, and it often requires prompt treatment. 
Blueness is more common during the first few days. Constant attention 
is necessary if these attacks are to be overcome. Do not swing baby in 
the air or put in cold water. Stimulate the child by gentle slapping or 
thumping the soles of its feet until it cries. If oxygen is available, it will 
often prove to be very useful. 
Feeding the Premature Baby 
Do not offer milk or water during the first twelve hours, but instead 
try to keep the baby warm. After the first twelve hours, one teaspoonful 
of breast milk every two hours, for babies weighing less than three 
pounds, is advised, and increase the milk by a half teaspoonful daily. 
If baby weighs three to four pounds, feed every two hours during the 
day, and every three hours during the night. Babies weighing four 
pounds or more should be fed every three hours day and night. Usually 
babies weighing less than four pounds, those having blue spells, and 
those whose temperature is inconsistent, should be fed in their crib. 
Keep the baby warm while nursing. A small nipple will often enable 
the baby to nurse from a bottle. Be sure milk does not flow too rapidly. 
If breast milk is not available, evaporated milk is suggested. Cow’s 
milk, if boiled, is often satisfactory. Be sure a physician decides what 
milk is to be used, and how to make the formula. 
Clothing the Premature Baby 
Clothing must be sufficient to keep the baby warm, and will vary 
with the time of year and how the home is heated. Stockings are advised 
for feet and legs. Sleeves may be sewed so as to keep out cold air. 
Shirts with sleeves should be made of cotton. Warm blankets are neces- 
sary. Abdominal binders help keep the baby’s abdomen warm. Cotton 
is useful, if clean. Cotton is placed in the crib or box and another 
layer placed around the baby. 
Notify your local health department. In this way you may be able 
to secure an incubator free, and a public health nurse can visit the 
home to instruct the person who is caring for the baby. 
29 INCUBATOR FOR PREMATURE BABY 
The cut below is a picture of an incubator 
which has been developed by the Georgia Depart- 
ment of Public Health. This incubator can be 
used with or without electricity. A number of 
these units have been constructed, and at least 
one has been placed in the custody of the local 
health department in counties operating under 
the Ellis Health Law. In counties where there is 
no health department or full-time nurse, the 
incubator is placed with the regional medical director and is at the 
disposal of all local physicians. 
The incubator should be operated by an individual who is thor- 
oughly familiar with its use. The unit is heated by electricity, provided 
electricity is available. It is necessary to adjust the thermostat to the 
temperature desired. Some babies will require 
a higher temperature and some a lower tem- 
perature. A trained person must be present 
to teach the nurse-maid, or member of 
the family, the details for adjusting 
the air, humidity, 
and temperature 
of the incubator. 
The top light 
of the incubator 
should always be 
kept cut out, ex- 
cept when render- 
ing nursing serv- 
ice to the baby. 
The lights in the 
bottom, which 
furnish the heat, 
are controlled by 
the thermostat. 
If electricity is 
available, the unit 
can be heated by 
means of the tank 
in the bottom of the incubator. Hot water should be placed in this tank 
as often as necessary to obtain the desired heat. If electricity is used, 
the tank should be kept full of water so as to provide sufficient moisture. 
No mattress is supplied with the incubator. It is suggested that a 
light weight blanket be folded and placed in a pillow slip. The blanket 
can be easily removed, washed, and kept in good condition. 
When the incubator is no longer needed, it must be returned in good 
condition to the custodian. 
30 FEEDING THE SECOND YEAR 
The change from the bottle or breast to table 
food must be made intelligently if baby is to 
continue to grow properly. 
No greater mistake can be made than to bring 
the second year child to the table and to feed 
him a taste of this or that as happens to strike 
the fancy or please the whim of his elders. It 
is this way that baby’s digestion becomes dis- 
turbed and the way opened to serious illness. 
It is also unfair to a very young child to expect him to sit quietly 
throughout the time the elders take for their meal. Neither does it add 
to the pleasure and comfort of the occasion to have ever to be on the 
alert to keep forbidden articles out of reach of the busy arms and fin- 
gers and to prevent baby from pushing himself over backward or 
falling from his chair. 
A simple and convenient solution of feeding a young child, also a 
practical and safe substitute for the always dangerous high chair, is the 
separate small chair and table. Where the dining-room space is limited, 
this small table may be fastened on hinges to the wall so it may be 
dropped out of the way when not in use. 
While the mother is preparing the meal for the family the baby may 
be served at his own table. In this way he may be given just what he 
needs. Not seeing other foods, he will not ask for them, and having 
finished his meal, he will be content to play or sleep while the family 
enjoys theirs. 
DIET 12 TO 17 MONTHS 
For the Normal Baby 
If you have a sick baby consult your doctor 
Four meals a day. Milk from the cup. No bottles ordinarily after 
the twelfth month. Milk should be boiled three minutes. Offer water 
frequently between meals. All food for the baby must be thoroughly 
cooked or indigestion will result. 
First Meal 6 A. M.—Milk 8 ounces (1 cup) and thick barley water 
or oatmeal jelly (4 teaspoons), 1 or 2 pieces of dry toast or zwieback. 
9 A. M.—The juice of one-half and later one whole orange (strained) 
should be given (tomato juice may be substituted). 
Second Meal 10 A. M.—Milk with toast or zwieback, or well cooked 
cereal (oatmeal, cracked wheat) with milk. 
Third Meal 2 P. M.—Chicken, beef or mutton broth with boiled rice 
or toast. Vegetable (thoroughly cooked and mashed through a sieve), 
31 peas, carrots, turnip greens, spinach, asparagus, 
or baked or mashed potato, sweet or Irish, or 
cooked tomatoes. Junket or baked custard (made 
with egg yolk ), 
Fourth Meal 6 P. M.—Milk with toast or 
zwieback. Well cooked cereal with milk. Stewed 
fruit thoroughly cooked and mashed through a 
sieve. The baby should have 1 teaspoonful of 
pure cod liver or halibut oil twice daily unless 
he is getting sun baths regularly. 
In order to make the preparation of meals for the baby easier for 
the mother and to train the young child to eat at hours which are more 
nearly those of the older child, it is advised by some that the following 
schedule be carried out: 
7:30 A. M.—Orange juice 
8:00 A. M.—Breakfast 
12:00 M. —Dinner 
3:00 P. M.—Milk and crackers 
6:00 P. M,—Supper 
Another convenient arrangement is: 
7:30 A. M.—Breakfast 
10:30 A. M.—Glass of milk 
1:30 P. M.—Dinner 
6:00 P. M.—Supper 
BABY SHOULD BE WEIGHED AND EXAMINED BY 
A DOCTOR ONCE A MONTH 
DIET 17 TO 24 MONTHS 
For the Normal Healthy Baby 
If you have a sick baby consult your doctor 
Four meals a day. Give from three to four cups of sweet milk 
daily. Milk should be boiled three minutes. No food between meals. 
Water offered frequently. All food for the baby must be thoroughly 
cooked. 
Breakfast 7 A. M.—Juice of one whole sweet orange (strained), or 
pulp of four or five stewed prunes. Cereal cooked at least three hours, 
with milk. Bacon, or one coddled egg if baby digests it well. Glass of 
milk with toast or zwieback with a little butter. 
Dinner 12:00 M.—Cup of broth or soup made of beef, vegetables, 
chicken or mutton and thickened with farina, peas or rice. Beef juice 
32 2 ounces, or scraped beef or white meat of 
chicken. And vegetables same as from 12 to 17 
months to which may be added any other well 
cooked vegetable mashed through a sieve. 
Desserts: Apple sauce, baked apple, blanc 
mange, corn starch pudding, custard, junket, 
stewed prunes, prune whip, plain rice pudding, 
home-made ice cream, or gelatine. Sweets should 
be given only as dessert after dinner. The child 
should be put to bed and have his nap. 
Lunch 2:30 P. M.—Milk or fruit juice; toast. 
Supper 6:30 P. M.—Well cooked cereal with milk. Glass of milk 
with toast or zwieback and a little butter. Stewed fruit, mashed 
through a sieve. 
Absolutely nothing between meals 
33 DIET 2 TO 3 YEARS 
FOR THE NORMAL HEALTHY BABY 
If you have a sick baby consult your doctor 
Three meals a day. No food between meals. 
Water frequently. Milk should be boiled three 
minutes. All food for the baby must be thor- 
oughly cooked. 
Breakfast 7:30 A. MJuice of one sweet 
orange, or pulp of six medium sized stewed 
prunes, or stewed or baked apple. Well cooked 
cereal with milk and a little sugar. Soft boiled or 
coddled egg with toast. Glass of milk. 
Dinner 12 to 1 P. M.-—Broth or soup made of vegetable, chicken, 
beef or mutton, and thickened with peas or rice. White meat of 
chicken, smothered liver, lamb chop, rare roast beef or steak, boiled 
fish. (Meat should be cut into small pieces for a baby does not chew 
his food well.) Vegetables, thoroughly cooked and mashed through a 
sieve. Glass of milk, bread and butter. 
Desserts: Simple dessert same as diet for child 17 to 24 months. 
The physician may deem it advisable for the child to have additional 
food, either in the morning or in the afternoon, of milk, bread and 
butter, or crackers. 
Supper 5:30 P. M.- Milk with toast and butter. Well cooked cereal. 
Stewed fruit. 
Desserts; Apple sauce or baked apple, cup custard, junket, orange 
juice, stewed prunes, rice pudding, tapioca, ripe bananas, or home-made 
ice cream. 
Children are better off without candy, but one piece of strictly pure 
candy may be given a child of three after midday meal, provided he has 
eaten his meal. 
Harmful Foods to be Avoided—Meats: All fried meats, corned beef, 
dried beef, brains, kidney, sweetbreads, duck, game, goose, ham, pork, 
sausage, meat stews, and dressings from roasted meats. 
Vegetables; Fried vegetables of all varieties. Green corn, cucum- 
bers, pickles, and all rawr articles such as raw celery, raw onions and 
olives. 
Bread and Cake: Griddle cakes, hot bread, rolls, sweet cakes, also 
bread or cake with dried fruits or sweet frosting. 
Desserts: Store candy, nuts, pastry, pie, preserves, salads, tarts. 
Cereals; The ready-to-serve or dry cereals should not be given any 
child under 5, unless ordered by his physician. 
34 DIET 3 TO 6 YEARS 
FOR THE NORMAL HEALTHY BABY 
If you have a sick baby consult your doctor 
Three meals a day at 7:30 to 9 A. M., 12:30 to 2 P. M. and 5 to 6 
P. M. No food between meals. Water frequently. Correct feeding is one 
of the most important factors in keeping your child well. 
You should discuss this matter with your physician. 
Milk—Three cups should be given daily. 
Cereals—Must be cooked three or more hours. Oatmeal should be 
given several times a week. 
Bread—Toast with small amount of butter, corn bread. 
Soups—Beef broth, chicken soup with rice, milk soups and vegetable 
soups. 
Meats Beef should be generally rare and should be given not more 
than once a day. Roast beef, lamb chops, white meat of chicken well 
cooked and minced, boiled or broiled fresh fish, or crisp bacon. Eggs, 
soft boiled or poached. 
Vegetables—All vegetables should be thoroughly cooked and mashed. 
Asparagus tips, string beans, carrots, tomatoes, stewed celery, steamed 
rice, onions stewed soft with milk, peas, baked or mashed potatoes, 
turnip greens and spinach. 
Desserts—Of the simpler kind such as stewed fruits and custards. 
35 CARE AND PREPARATION OF FOODS 
BUTTERMILK 
Home-made buttermilk, freshly churned, is 
quite often advised by physicians, and by many 
individuals it is relished. 
In the process of churning, the milk has been 
deprived of its butter fat and the physician some- 
times thinks it best to return this fat to make 
the milk of the right food value. This is easily 
done by putting hack the right amount of sweet 
cream. 
Buttermilk is a good food for older children but we should always 
know that it is clean and properly cared for. 
CLABBER 
This is another form of milk that is sometimes used for children. It 
is an acid milk and at least offers a variety to the milk diet that might 
be of service where the child tires of sweet milk. 
CEREALS 
Cereal Water 
Thin gruel or cereal water is usually made of prepared barley or 
wheat flour. Take from 1 to 2 level tablespoonfuls of flour, rub to a 
smooth paste with a little cold water, then stir into a pint of briskly 
boiling water. Stir constantly. After the mixture has boiled, place it 
in a double boiler and cook at least one-half hour. Cereal water made 
in this way should not need straining. If it has lumped, strain through 
a fine wire sieve. 
The amount of flour used may be increased from 1 to 5 level table- 
spoonfuls to a pint of water, according to the age of the child. If the 
cereal water cooks away, the contents may be made up to 1 pint by 
adding boiled water. If oatmeal or any other cut or whole grain is 
used to make cereal water for young infants, it should be cooked slowly 
at least one hour and strained before using. 
Gruels 
Thick cereal water is often called gruel. Grains, such as pearl 
barley or oat flakes, in the proportion of from 2 to 4 tablespoonfuls 
to the pint of water, may be used instead of flour, but require much 
longer cooking. Gruels made of grains should be strained for infants 
under 1 year of age. Gruel thick enough to jelly when cold is often 
called cereal jelly. 
Oatmeal Gruel 
One-fourth cup coarse oatmeal, teaspoonful salt, iy2 cups boil- 
ing water, or hot milk. Add the oatmeal and salt to the boiling water, 
boil ten minutes and cook from three to four hours in a double boiler. 
36 Strain and dilute with hot milk to the desired 
consistency either of thin paste or jelly. 
Corn-Meal Gruel 
One tablespoonful corn meal, y2 tablespoon- 
ful flour, % teaspoonful salt, 2 tablespoonfuls 
cold water, iy2 cups boiling water. Make a 
smooth paste of the meal, flour, and salt with 
the cold water and add the boiling water. Boil 
ten minutes, then cook in a double boiler one 
and one-half hours. Dilute with hot milk to the desired consistency of 
thin paste or jelly. 
Breakfast Cereals 
A double boiler or fireless cooker should be used. Have salted 
boiling water in the upper section of the double boiler and place 
directly on the fire. Sift the dry ingredients into the water and stir 
constantly to avoid lumping. Boil ten minutes, then place the upper 
part of the double boiler over the lower part. Cover closely and simmer 
for the time required (see table on time for cooking cereals), or put 
into a fireless cooker from 10 to 12 hours, or overnight. Graham mush 
must be prepared like cereal water by first mixing it in cold water. 
Corn meal is best put directly into cold water in a double boiler and 
cooked without stirring. 
Proportions and Time for Cooking Cereals 
1 cup oatmeal 4 cups water 3 hours at least. 
1 cup rolled oats 2 cups water 1 to 2 hours. 
1 cup farina 4 cups wateu 1/2 to 1 hour. 
1 cup cracked wheat 6 cups water _ __ 3 hours at least. 
1 cup graham flour _3 cups water y2 to 1 hour. 
1 cup corn-meal 4 cups water ... 3 hours. 
1 cup rice 3 cups water 50 minutes if steamed; 
30 minutes if boiled after 
soaking overnight; other- 
wise % of an hour. 
Cereals are much more appetizing if cooked with salt. About 1 level 
teaspoonful of salt should be allowed to 1 cupful of dry cereal. 
All cereals used for children need long cooking. If package cereals 
are used, they should be cooked for at least twice the time given in the 
directions on the wrapper. Even those cereals which are advertised as 
being partially cooked should be cooked for one hour if they are to be 
served to young children. 
Milk may be substituted for half of the water used in cooking cereals 
and is best added when the cereal is partially or nearly done. The food 
value of the cereal is greatly increased by this procedure, and the cereal 
is made more appetizing. 
37 BKEADSTUFFS 
Dried Bread 
Cut thin slices of stale bread and place sep- 
arately on an oven rack or on a toaster. Heat 
slowly, so as to dry without browning. 
Twice-Baked Bread (zwieback) 
Cut or tear bread into small pieces and dry 
in a slow oven until thoroughly but delicately 
browned. The warming oven of a coal stove may 
be used; if a gas stove is used, the door should be left slightly open. 
Use unsweetened zwieback. Twice-baked bread may be used in place 
of cereal, either in slices or crushed. 
Wafers (plain) 
One cup flour, 1 teaspoonful salt, 1 tablespoonful butter, milk. Sift 
flour and salt together, mix in the butter, and add enough milk to 
make a very stiff dough; mix thoroughly, knead until smooth. Make 
into small balls and roll each one into thin wafer. Place in shallow, 
greased and floured pans and bake in a hot oven until the balls puff 
and are brown. 
Bran Muffins 
One cup bran, l/g cup flour, y2 teaspoonful soda, 2 tablespoonfuls 
butter, iy2 tablespoonfuls molasses, % cup sour milk. Stir well and 
bake in a moderate oven in gem pans. 
VEGETABLES 
Green Vegetables 
The most suitable ones for the use of infants and young children aie 
spinach, turnip greens, chard, lettuce, beet greens, beets, carrots, tur- 
nips, onions, string beans, celery and asparagus. Wash and prepare 
these vegetables for cooking. Divide them into small pieces; boil 
slowly until tender in soup stock or in as little water as possible. Cook 
uncovered to retain color and allow escape of volatile oils. The water 
in which vegetables are cooked contains certain valuable minerals and 
should either be served with the vegetable or used in soup. 
For infants these vegetables should be used first as strained soups 
without pepper, then as puree, and later mashed or finely divided. 
Butter or white sauce may be added to boiled vegetables in the second 
year, if desired. 
Starchy Vegetables 
White potato, rice, macaroni and spaghetti are usually classed as 
starchy vegetables. 
Potato—Baked potato is best for infants. Boiled or mashed potato 
may be given to older children. 
Rice—When used as a vegetable, rice should be washed thoroughly 
38 and cooked uncovered in considerable water. 
One-half cup rice, 4 cups water, 1/9 teaspoonful 
salt. Do not let water stop boiling when rice is 
added. Boil 45 minutes, or until the grains are 
tender. Turn into a strainer, drain, and set in 
an oven a few minutes to dry. The water drained 
from rice prepared in this way may be used as 
a cereal water or in the preparation of vegetable 
soup. 
Macaroni and Spaghetti—One-half cup macaroni or spaghetti, 6 
cups water, 1 teaspoonful salt. Break macaroni into inch pieces and 
cook in boiling salted water from 20 to 30 minutes, until the tubes begin 
to split open. Strain, serve in soup or with butter or white sauce. 
Vegetable Soup 
One cup carrots, 1 cup turnips, handful of spinach (other vegetables 
may be substituted), 1 teaspoonful salt, water to cover. Water drained 
from rice makes a more nourishing soup than plain water. Add 1 soup 
bone or one-half cup scraped or chopped beef if desired. Chop vege- 
tables until fine or put through a meat grinder. Cover with water, 
using as little as possible, and boil slowly until very soft. For young 
infants, strain, pressing the vegetables with the back of a large spoon. 
The liquid will be cloudy. For older infants press the vegetables 
through a sieve, adding 1 or more teaspoonfuls of pulp to a small cup of 
liquid. 
When thus prepared, and kept cold this soup may be kept from 
three to four days, provided the entire quantity is heated to the boiling 
point every day before using. 
Well cooked rice, barley, or bread crumbs may be added for infants. 
MEATS 
Mutton Broth 
Two pounds mutton cut from forequarter, 1 quart cold water, 1 
teaspoonful salt. Wipe the meat, remove the skin and fat and cut into 
small pieces. Put in a kettle with bones that have been well broken. 
Add cold water and let it stand one-half hour to extract juices. Heat 
gradually, uncovered, to the boiling point and skim. Simmer four 
hours or until the meat is tender. Do not allow it to boil. Add salt 
when partly cooked. Strain, cool thoroughly, and remove all fat. Reheat 
the jelly as needed. 
To increase the energy value of the food, rice, macaroni, barley, egg 
yolk, or whole egg may be added. 
Beef broth or chicken broth is prepared in the same way. 
Scraped Beef 
Have a piece of lean steak from to 1 inch thick. Lay it on a 
tneat board, and with a large, heavy mixing spoon scrape the soft part 
off either side, leaving the tough fibers. Season the pulp with a little 
salt and shape into small flat round cakes inch thick. Boil or cook in 
39 a hot, dry skillet, never in grease. This scraped 
meat may also be served with the addition of a 
little butter. 
Beef Juice 
Select a piece of meat from the rump or 
upper part of the round. Broil or warm slightly 
from one to two minutes to set free the juices. 
Cut in small pieces. Squeeze out the juice by 
means of a meat press or potato ricer. Feed the 
juice warm. One-half pound of steak should furnish about 2 ounces of 
beef juice. 
EGGS 
Soft Cooked Egg 
In a cup or a small saucepan boil 1 cupful of water to I egg. 
Remove pan from fire and put in egg. Cover closely and allow to 
stand 6 to 10 minutes, when the whites should be jellied and the yolks 
should be soft. 
Scrambled Egg 
One egg, 1/4 cup milk, 1/2 teaspoonful butter, few grains of salt. 
Beat the egg in the top of a double boiler until light. Add the milk 
and other ingredients. Stir over boiling water until it thickens. 
FRUITS 
Stewed Prunes 
Wash and look over the prunes, cover with clear, cold water and let 
them stand overnight. In the morning put the saucepan on the back of 
the stove where the prunes will cook slowly for four hours. No sugar 
is needed, as prunes are 18 per cent sugar and are made very sweet by 
this manner of cooking. This simmering process renders them rich and 
juicy. For infants, the prunes should be pressed through a fine wire 
sieve. 
Apple Sauce 
Pare apples, cut into small pieces, and add to every cup of apples 
1/4 cup of cold water. Cover and cook the apples until tender; strain. 
Add 2 tablespoonfuls of sugar to every cup of strained apples. 
Baked Apples 
Wash and core apples. Put in a shallow dish with 1 tablespoonful 
water to each apple; more may be added during cooking if necessary. 
Put 2 teaspoonfuls of sugar into the center of each apple. Bake in a hot 
oven from 20 to 30 minutes, or until soft; baste with the syrup every 10 
minutes. For infants apples may be pared before baking, or the skin 
may be removed after cooking. 
DESSERTS 
Junkets 
Plain—One cup fresh milk, 1/4 junket tablet, 1 teaspoonful cold 
40 water. Heat milk until lukewarm. Dissolve the tablet in cold water and 
stir into the milk. Pour at once into glasses and allow to stand one-half 
hour in a warm room. When firm set in a cool place until served. 
Custard—One-half cup hot milk, 1 egg, 2 tablespoonfuls sugar, % 
cup lukewarm milk, 1/4 teaspoonful vanilla, 1/2 junket tablet, 2 teaspoon- 
fuls cold water. Beat the egg, add sugar, pour the hot milk on gradually. 
Cook in top of double boiler, stirring constantly until it thickens. Take at 
once from fire and cool. Dissolve crushed tablet in cold water; add to 
lukewarm milk; and add to custard when it is lukewarm, and blend 
thoroughly. Add vanilla. Pour into cups. Allow it to grow firm and chill. 
Boiled Custard 
Two cups hot milk, 3 egg yolks, 1/4 CUP sugar, pinch of salt, flavor- 
ing. Beat the yolks slightly and add the sugar and salt. Pour the hot 
milk over this mixture, stirring constantly. Cook in a double boiler, 
stirring until the mixture thickens and will form a coating on the spoon. 
Cool and flavor. If the custard curdles, beat with an egg beater. 
If the whites of the eggs are to be used, beat them very stiff and add 
3 tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar. Place by spoonfuls on water 
which is hot but not boiling. Cover the dish. Test occasionally by 
putting a knife into it; when it is done nothing will stick to the knife. 
Remove from the water with a wire egg beater or split spoon and place 
on top of the custard. 
Gelatin 
A plain gelatin made with fresh strained fruit juice (orange) may 
be given to children. Artificially colored gelatins are not desirable. 
A snow pudding made of gelatin to which beaten white of egg has 
been added may be used. 
Puddings 
Cornstarch—One cup milk, iy2 tablespoonfuls cornstarch, fl/b 
tablespoonfuls sugar, pinch of salt, white of one egg, vanilla. Scald 
the milk. Mix cornstarch, sugar, and salt thoroughly; add slowly the 
scalded milk, stirring constantly. Boil three minutes and cook in double 
boiler 20 minutes. Remove from fire and while very hot fold in lightly 
but thoroughly the well-beaten white of egg. When partially cooled 
add flavoring to taste; put into wet cups or molds and let stand for 
several hours on ice. Remove from molds. May be served with a soft 
custard. Vary the pudding by adding a little melted chocolate. 
Rice—One pint of milk, 1 cup cooked rice, 1/4 cup sugar, y2 tea- 
spoonful of salt; flavoring. Mix the ingredients and bake in moderate 
oven until firm. 
41 Cornstarch Fruit Jelly 
One pint fruit juice, 4 tablespoonfuls sugar, 
3 tablespoonfuls cornstarch. Sweeten the juice 
to taste and heat to boiling. Make a smooth 
paste of the cornstarch and a little cold water, 
add slowly to the juice and boil five minutes, 
ihen cook in double boiler 20 minutes, stirring 
constantly at first. Pour into cold, wet molds. 
Serve cold. 
Prune Whip 
One-third pound prunes, whites of 5 eggs, Yi CUP sugar? Yz table- 
spoonful lemon juice. Pick over and wash prunes, then soak several 
hours in cold water to cover; cook in same water until soft; remove 
stones and rub prunes through a strainer, add sugar, and cook 5 min- 
utes; the mixture should be of the consistency of marmalade. Beat 
whites of eggs until stiff, add prune mixture gradually when cold, and 
lemon juice. Pile lightly on buttered pudding dish, bake 20 minutes 
in slow oven. Serve cold. 
42 BUILDING AND SAVING BABY TEETH 
At birth, each deciduous (baby) tooth lies partly embedded in a 
cavity in the jaw bone, surrounded with and covered hy the soft tissues 
of the gum. As baby grows, the teeth grow also and if baby is healthy 
they are ready to come through the gums at the sixth to ninth month. 
There are twenty of these deciduous (baby) teeth, ten in each jaw. 
As a help in remembering the baby teeth, recall that there are as many 
teeth in the upper jaw as there are fingers on two hands; and that a 
baby has as many teeth on the lower jaw as he has toes. 
THE NORMAL TIME OF TEETHING 
8-12 Months 
—four upper incisors, 
or cutting teeth. 
6-9 Months 
—two lower central in- 
cisors, or cutting teeth. 
12-15 Months 
—two lower lateral in- 
cisors, or cutting teeth. 
14-15 Months 
—four first molars, or 
double teeth. 
18-24 Months 
jour canines, or eye 
teeth. 
24-34 Months 
—four second molars, 
or double teeth. 
The time of cutting teeth varies so in different children that it is 
difficult to lay down rules for their appearance. However, a child one 
year of age has, as a rule, six or eight teeth; at sixteen months there 
should be twelve teeth and at two and one-half years, the child should 
have the full twenty. 
Teething is a normal process and seldom makes the baby ill. If 
baby is sick, or has fever or loose bowels, do not always attribute it to 
teething but go to a doctor and find out what is wrong. The gums are 
often swollen and red while baby is teething and he may be irritable 
and cross. 
Aids in Teething: 
A clean, smooth, silver teaspoon makes a good toy and at the same 
43 time is safe for the baby to bite. Do not give him a rubber ring or a 
pacifier on which to cut bis teeth for they are seldom clean. Keep the fin- 
gers and any unclean articles out of baby’s mouth. 
Good Baby Teeth Are the Result of: 
1. Prenatal care. As the baby teeth are formed before birth, the mother 
is the child’s only source of nourishment while these teeth are being 
built. 
2. Proper nursing and feeding of the baby. Diet is of great importance 
in building and protecting the teeth. 
3. Protection of general health of the baby. The structure of the teeth 
may he influenced by the child’s health during the years in-which 
they are forming, especially the first three or four years. Prevent 
and avoid infectious and contagious diseases of childhood. 
4. Home care. As soon as the first teeth have come through they 
should be brushed with a small and very soft brush dipped in cool 
salt water (one-half teaspoonful of salt to a glass of water) or in 
plain boiled water. Brush downward when cleaning the upper teeth, 
upward when cleaning the lower, brushing both the inside and the 
outside of all teeth and chewing surfaces. Rinse the mouth thor- 
oughly after each brushing. 
5. Dental care. Every child at two years of age should be taken to 
the dentist for thorough inspection and cleaning of the teeth. Every 
six months the visit should be repeated. The dentist will repair the 
small pits and fissures found in the baby teeth at this time thereby- 
preventing tooth ache, abscessed teeth and the loss of baby teeth at 
the most important time of his life. The quality of the second teeth 
depends to a great extent upon the care given the first set. 
Sound and well built teeth and healthy gums in a clean mouth 
mean much to the child’s health, appearance, happiness and success 
in life. 
44 SLEEP AND THE BABY’S ROOM 
The child's body develops faster during the 
first year of his life than at any other period. 
For that reason a baby needs a large amount of 
sleep, with the best sleeping accommodations, so 
that the hours of sleep may be of the greatest 
value to him. 
Baby should sleep alone. Babies may be 
smothered to death while in bed with an older 
person, some part of whose body may be thrown 
over baby’s face while asleep. The young baby should sleep eighteen 
or twenty hours out of the twenty-four. He should have sixteen hours 
from a month to the age of one year. From the first to the second year 
he should sleep twelve hours. There can be no hard and fast rule as 
to the number of hours the baby should sleep. The need for sleep 
varies with each child. Some children require less sleep while others 
require more. A baby should have the longest period of unbroken sleep 
at night and should not be permitted to turn night into day. 
The daytime naps or rest periods should be continued until the 
school age, and after this if the child is not vigorous, or is nervous or 
undernourished. The baby should never take a nap in all his clothes. 
The shoes of older children especially should be removed. In hot 
weather remove all but the shirt and diaper from the baby. 
The sleeping room should be darkened and well ventilated. The 
baby should be fed and made comfortable in every way, put in his crib and let alone to go to sleep. He should never be rocked to sleep, jolted 
or bounced. 
OUT-OF-DOORS 
Sleeping out-of-doors in summer, both by day and by night, is good 
for the baby after he is a month old. He must be protected from flies, 
mosquitos, and other insects, as well as shielded from the wind and sun, 
and covered if there is a sudden drop in temperature. The sleeping porch 
must be protected properly by canvas curtains and in cold weather a 
hot water bottle should be placed in baby’s bed. 
OUTING 
The baby must have an abundant supply of fresh air day and night. 
He should be kept out of doors as much as possible, avoiding the hot 
sun and days when the thermometer drops below 32 degrees F. because 
of the danger of the face being frostbitten. In the summer time, a new- 
born baby may be taken out of doors the first week. Begin with a daily 
outing of fifteen minutes about noon and gradually lengthen the time 
in the forenoon and afternoon until the baby is out from ten o’clock 
until two o’clock. He must be clothed properly according to the weather 
and his eyes protected from the sun, or any strong direct light. At all 
ages, the baby carriage must be one in which the child can lie comfort- 
ably at full length and stretch his arms and legs. When sitting up, his 
spine and feet must be supported properly. 
PLAYING 
A young baby needs rest and quiet. However strong he may he, too 
much playing is bad, as it is likely to result in a restless night. 
Rocking the baby, jumping him up and down on the knees, tossing 
him, shaking bed or carriage or keeping him in constant motion is bad 
for him. These things disturb baby’s nerves and make him more and 
more dependent upon these attentions. When the young baby is awake, 
he should be taken up frequently and held quietly in the arms in 
various positions, so that no one set of muscles may become tired. An 
older child should be taught to sit on the floor or in his pen or crib and 
amuse himself during a part of his waking hours. 
BABY’S ROOM 
If the house is small, it is better to do without parlor which is not 
often used and give one room to the little folks who will use it every 
day. 
Sunshine is as necessary for babies as for plants. A baby not given 
sunshine will droop and pine just as the plant does. Therefore, choose 
a sunny room for the baby's room and one which has windows and 
doors on opposite sides so that a continual abundant supply of fresh air 
may be obtained. 
46 The baby’s room should be kept comfortably 
warm in winter. Furnace heat is better than 
stoves. Have air moist. If stove or hot air fur- 
nace is used, have water on stove or in furnace. 
Never allow temperature in winter to get over 
72 degrees F. Oil and gas stoves exhaust the air in 
a short time. An open grate, while dangerous 
uidess properly screened, is a great convenience 
both for the additional heat and because it helps 
to keep the air of the room in circulation. The floor should be hare so 
that it can be kept clean by wiping it with a damp cloth or dust-mop. 
A few washable rugs may be added. Plain white sash-curtains should 
be provided at the windows, as they can be laundered frequently. 
FRESH AIR 
Fresh air is essential for the healthy baby. To obtain the best air 
without drafts put baby’s bed in the middle of room. The windows 
may be opened from the top. They should be screened against flies and 
disease-carrying insects. Windows facing the hot sun should be pro- 
vided with awnings. In the winter time, a plentiful supply of fresh 
air without drafts may be obtained by tacking thin muslin or cheese- 
cloth over the open windows or on the window screen. This also keeps 
out particles of coal, soot, dirt and dust. 
OUTDOOR SUN BATHS 
On the first sunny day in early spring the baby may be given an 
outdoor sun bath for a few minutes held in the mother’s lap or in the 
carriage with the hood pushed well back. Each day thereafter the time 
of the sun bath should be increased by 2 to 3 minutes for a fair-skinned 
baby and 4 to 5 minutes for a darker-skinned baby. Every few days 
the amount of body surface exposed may be increased, at first slowly, 
but as the days grow warmer, more rapidly. Eater the shirt may be 
taken off and the sun hath given with the baby wearing only a diaper. 
Care must be taken not to burn the skin. The little baby should not be 
given a sun bath longer than 15 minutes on the front and 15 minutes 
on the back, and then only if the sun baths have been increased very 
gradually. Older babies may be given longer sun baths, but not more 
than half an hour twice a day. 
If the baby has been getting direct sunlight through an open window 
and is used to the sun, the first outdoor sun bath may last longer than 
the 3 to 5 minutes that are allowed for a baby unused to exposure, and 
the time for later sun baths can be increased accordingly. Sun baths 
may be given by putting the baby in the sun twice a day, at first using 
half the required time at each period, later the full time. 
In the winter sun baths should be given between 12 noon and 2 
P. M., when the sun is warmest. In summer, on the hottest days, early 
in the morning and late in the afternoon are the best times. On the 
hottest days the time of exposure should be shortened. 
47 FURNITURE 
All the furnishings for the baby’s room 
should be of the simplest kind and such as can be 
wiped readily with a damp cloth or laundered 
and so kept free from dust. The equipment may 
include a screen to protect baby from drafts, a 
low chair without arms for the mother, baby 
scales, bath tub, basket for toilet articles and 
plain table. A chest of drawers or bureau is a 
welcome convenience. 
BED 
Baby’s first bed may be made in an ordinary clothes basket, lined 
with a sheet. This can be picked up and carried about easily, which is 
an advantage. It should be placed on a chair or a box, never on the 
floor. 
A feather pillow is not suitable for a mattress or for the baby’s 
head. Use an old, soft folded blanket or ordinary mattress of hair, felt 
or cotton, protected by rubber sheeting, light oil cloth or paper blanket. 
Since rubber or oil cloth is hard and uncomfortable, a soft washable 
pad should be used directly underneath the sheet. Table felting makes 
an excellent pad for this purpose. 
The young baby will breathe more easily and take a larger supply 
of air into his lungs if no pillow is used. A clean soft folded napkin 
may be placed under his head. Toward the end of the second year, 
a thin hair pillow may be used. 
TOILET TRAY 
The tray for the baby’s toilet is best of white enamel. 
The supplies for this tray should be of the best quality. It is better 
to have a few good things than a lot of material of poor quality which 
will seldom be used. 
The tray should contain: 
Olive oil or tube of vaseline Pure white castile soap 
Boric acid, powder or solution Unscented talcum powder 
Four dozen safety pins of different sizes Absorbent cotton 
A small cake of soap makes the best pincushion for safety pins. It 
keeps the points well, can be easily cleaned, and is convenient to use. 
48 DRYING RACK 
It is often necessary 
for some place to be pro- 
vided for warming or dry- 
ing the baby’s clothes, 
wash rag, or towel. An 
inexpensive rack can be 
made by anyone in a few 
minutes. Take a good 
stiff piece of galvanized 
wire about five feet long, 
bend it in the shape of a 
1 I and turn down the 
ends about an inch. Put 
two screw-eyes in the edge 
of the mantel-piece about 
eight inches apart just above the level of the top of the grate or fire- 
place. These act as receptacles for the turned down portion of the wire, 
and when put in position this can be swung in front of the fire or back 
out of the way or removed from the screw-eyes and put out of sight. 
On cold, wet days you will find such a rack convenient. 
WARM WATER 
The mother should have a constant supply of warm boiled water for 
the baby. The mother who does not have the convenience of running 
water in her home will find an ordinary earthen-ware jug the best and 
most convenient container. It should be at least a half gallon in 
capacity. Such a jug, setting on the corner of the hearth near an open 
fireplace will keep warm all the time and will boil if it is necessary. It 
should not be closed by a cork or other tightstopper as it would burst 
or blow the stopper from accumulated steam. A clean cloth or a piece 
of cotton makes a good stopper. Have a jug for the baby. 
49 BABY’S FIRST CARRIAGE 
A large-sized stout market basket makes the very best sort of a 
carriage for the new baby. This kind of carriage is equally useful either 
for the street or in a buggy or automobile. The average-sized baby can 
be carried in one comfortably until he is six months old. The basket 
shown in the illustration is 27 inches long, 12 inches wide and 8 inches 
deep. Such a one may be purchased at almost any general merchandise 
or department store at moderate price. 
The outside of the basket may be draped or given one or two coats 
of white paint. To drape the inside of the basket requires a small roll 
of cotton batting and one and one-half yards of yard-wide material. 
Wash silk, light-weight cretonne, silkaline or any pretty soft material 
in light or delicate coloring is suitable. 
50 BATHING 
Baby must be bathed at least once a 
day. During the hot weather one or two 
extra sponge baths may be given. For the 
first few months the temperature of the 
bath should be 90 degrees to 95 degrees F. 
By the end of the first year, it may be low- 
ered to 80 or 85 degrees. The temperature 
of baby’s bath may be tested with the bare 
elbow, never with the hand. The water 
should feel comfortably warm to the elbow. 
EQUIPMENT 
Baby’s own tub, soap, towels and washrag, bath thermometer, 
powder, clean clothes, chair, and table; all these and his full set of 
clean clothing should be arranged beforehand. 
FACE 
Before undressing baby, wash the face, head 
and ears, being careful not to get soap into his 
eyes and mouth. Very little soap is needed for 
baby’s skin. It is most important that the skin 
should be rinsed thoroughly. Pat the skin dry 
with a soft towel, taking care to dry well back of 
the ears and in the soft folds of the neck. Do not 
rub. Be gentle or you will injure the baby’s skin. 
UNDRESSING AND DRESSING 
Di ess and undress baby with care, otherwise 
child may be injured, particularly during the first 
few weeks. If held on the lap, a large bath towel 
should be placed across the lap to prevent his tender 
skin coming in contact with a rough or worsted 
dress, and to receive him when he is lifted out of the 
tub. A more convenient way of bathing the baby is 
to undress him on a table instead of the lap. 
After the bath dress him as rapidly as pos- 
sible. If the weather is cold, take care not to 
expose him unnecessarily. If he turns slightly 
blue, discontinue bath at once and wrap in a 
warm blanket, 
THE BATH 
Care should be taken never to plunge the 
baby into water that is too hot or too cold, nor 
to let him fall and strike the tub or in any 
51 way to get frightened at his daily bath. If the 
bathing is done properly baby will enjoy his 
bath so thoroughly that giving it will be a 
pleasure. 
Soap the entire body thoroughly, then 
place him in the bath, holding him with the 
left forearm under the neck and shoulders, the 
left hand under his left arm, and lifting the 
feet and legs with right hand. Support the 
baby while in the tub with the left hand and 
arm. Sponge the entire body with the right 
hand, then lift the baby out and wrap him in a bath towel. Dry care- 
fully with the soft towel patting the skin gently. Never rub the baby’s 
tender skin with anything less smooth than the palm of the hand. 
BRAN BATHS 
When there is any irritation of the skin, such as chafing or prickly 
heat, oil rubs may be given, or bran may be substituted for soap. Make 
a cotton bag of cheesecloth or other thin material 
and fill loosely with bran. Soak the bag in the 
bath water, squeezing it until it becomes milky. 
OLIVE OIL RUB 
For the normal healthy skin fresh olive oil, 
especially in winter, applied each day after 
bathing, in the creases under arms, between legs, 
around neck, and to the buttocks after bathing 
and after cleaning following bowel movements, 
will prevent chafing and irritation. It will keep 
the skin soft and in excellent condition. For the normal skin the olive 
oil should always be used instead of talcum or any other powder for 
the baby. 
POWDER 
Talcum or any powder for the baby is not recommended, but under 
certain conditions the physician may prescribe powder. Powder should 
never be applied to the damp skin. Never use enough to cake or harden. CLOTHING 
In dressing the baby, he should be handled as 
little as possible. A young baby’s body is very 
tender and if handled roughly or too much, he 
will be made very uncomfortable. All the cloth- 
ing should be drawn on and off over the feel 
instead of over the head. Baby should be dressed 
to suit weather. 
When he is dressed completely, baby has on 
a shirt, diaper, slip, dress, stockings and bootees. 
None of this clothing should be heavy or stiff. It is better to dress a 
baby lightly and slip on a short jacket for cool mornings and evenings. 
When baby is a few months old, it is a good plan on a hot summer day 
to take off all his clothing for a few minutes in the middle of the day 
and allow him to roll and play. 
Elaborate or fancy-trimmed garments have no place in a baby’s 
wardrobe. Both mother and baby are better off without them, especially 
if the mother must care for the garments herself. Lace about the neck 
of a baby’s dress is liable to irritate the tender skin and cause the child 
a great deal of discomfort, as will starched garments. Sometimes these 
irritations are difficult to heal. 
For the first few weeks of life, the new baby does little but eat, 
sleep and grow. He needs many clean clothes, and these should be of 
the simplest and most comfortable kind. The following are all that 
are necessary: 
SLEEPING GARMENTS 
Baby needs 4 nightgowns or sleeping bags of white outing flannel 
or knitted material. For winter wear, the sleeves and hem of the night- 
gown may be made 2 inches longer than the baby’s hands and feet to 
protect them from the cold. 
Sleeping bags are made thirty-three inches long and twenty-seven 
inches wide, open down the front. The baby is laid in and the bag 
buttoned up. He can be changed without taking him out of the hag. 
53 BANDS 
Three Hannel abdominal bands made of soft, 
white, unhemmed flannel, five or six inches wide 
and from fourteen to eighteen inches long. They 
should be wide enough to protect the abdomen 
and not wide enough to wrinkle. They should go 
once and a half around the baby’s abdomen, lap 
across the front and pin at the side. After the 
cord is healed bands should be discontinued. 
SHIRTS 
Three shirts, wool and cotton, or wool and silk, never all wool. 
Many specialists prefer all cotton. For the very hottest weather shirts 
may be omitted. The shirts should be fitted smoothly. They may either 
lap or button in front. 
STOCKINGS 
Three pairs of bootees and 3 pairs of merino or cashmere stockings, 
if the weather is cold. 
BLANKETS 
Three blankets of closely knitted or crocheted wool, or made from 
an old soft woolen blanket. 
DIAPERS 
Four dozen diapers, 2 dozen 24-inch, 2 dozen 30-inch are convenient. 
For the first few weeks, provided it is not hot weather, diapers eighteen 
inches square of old, soft knitted wear are very convenient. Several 
dozen pieces of old sheeting torn into pieces ten inches square may be 
put inside the diapers and burned when soiled. 
When diapers are removed, they should be put into a covered pail 
of cold water to which borax has been added. Later they should be 
washed clean with a pure soap, boiled, rinsed thoroughly, but not 
blued, then hung in the sun to dry. Soap and blueing are very irritating 
to a baby’s skin. Diapers should be folded, pressed with a hot iron 
and put away. A soiled or wet diaper should never be used a second 
time without washing. The urine contains substances which are very 
irritating to the skin of a baby. 
DRESSES 
For every-day wear, there should be 6 plain white dresses. These 
should be cut by the kimono sleeve pattern and a tape run through a 
facing around the neck and sleeves. If they are made twenty-one 
inches long from shoulder to hem, they will not need shortening. They 
should never be made longer than twenty-seven inches. Two Sunday 
dresses may be made with bishop sleeves and a little embroidery on 
the front. Set-in sleeves are more difficult to put on a baby. 
54 JACKETS 
For cool mornings, baby needs 3 short jack- 
ets. These are made of white flannel by the 
kimono sleeve pattern, or they may be knitted 
or crocheted with close stitches. There should 
be no loose stitches or scallops or other trim- 
ming to catch on buttons or the baby’s fingers. 
OUT-OF-DOOR GARMENTS 
The healthy baby is taken out of doors, so 
he must have a wrap and hood. This wrap is made like the sleeping 
bag except it is of white eiderdown or flannel. It may be sewed together 
or bound around with ribbon. At four months, the upper corners may 
be opened so as to allow the baby to get its hands out freely. When 
baby begins to walk, a very comfortable coat may be made from the 
bag. Open it and hem at the bottom, shape the top loosely by a kimono 
slip pattern. 
For winter, the hood may be made of the same material as the wrap, 
or it may be knitted or crocheted. For summer, a silk or cotton knitted 
or crocheted hood of an open lace pattern and lined with the very 
thinnest white silk is comfortable. Wash-hoods may be made of soft 
white embroidered lawn and laundered without starch. The ties on the 
hood should be such as can be laundered easily. A little chin strap 
fastened at one side of the hood with a snap or hook and eye is very 
convenient and does away with the bow under the baby’s chin. 
WASHING WOOLEN GARMENTS 
All woolen or part woolen garments must be washed very carefully. 
They should be washed by hand in tepid soap-suds (mild soap), rinsed 
in tepid clear water and hung in the shade to dry. When dry, thev 
should be pulled or patted into shape or smoothed with a warm iron 
before being put away. Always before putting garments on a baby, 
they should be held to the cheek to be sure they are dry and warm. 
55 KEEPING THE BABY WELL 
To keep a baby well is much easier than to 
cure him once he becomes sick. 
In a room crowded with people there may 
be some one who is suffering from a communi- 
cable disease, or who may have come from a 
home where one exists. For that reason, a baby 
should he kept away from crowds and from 
crowded places in order to protect him from 
exposure to disease. 
A healthy grown person always carries disease germs in his mouth. 
They do an adult no harm. But in kissing a baby on the mouth, 
or hand, these germs may be transferred to the baby’s tender mouth 
and make him ill or even kill him. Kissing the baby on the mouth or 
hand, even by his own mother, should not be permitted. 
A little cold in a big person is likely to mean a big cold in a little 
baby. Any one suffering from a cold, cough or sore throat should 
remain away from a young child. If the nursing mother contracts a 
cold she should wear a mask while nursing or handling the baby and 
take every precaution against infecting her child. 
56 PREVENTABLE DISEASES 
There are several diseases of children that are 
brought on by the need of certain foods that con- 
tain elements which are necessary to maintain 
proper balance; two will be mentioned. 
RICKETS 
This is not an uncommon disease. It is a 
softening of the bones, and can easily be pre- 
vented by giving the baby proper food and 
plenty of direct sunshine, not through a glass 
window, as the glass filters out the essential rays. Sun baths should be 
begun when the baby is about four weeks old and be given on every 
sunny day through babyhood. The sun bath may be begun indoors, in 
the sunlight from the open, unscreened window. First expose the face 
(with the eyes turned away from the sun) and the arms, then the legs 
and gradually increase the area exposed until the whole body becomes 
tanned. The duration of the sun bath should be gradually increased 
from three to thirty minutes, taking care that the skin is only slightly 
reddened, not burned. During spring, summer and early fall the sun 
bath should be given outdoors. In very hot weather give them before 
ten or after four o’clock. Rickets is due to a deficiency of lime and 
phosphorus in the bones; this is not deposited properly without sun- 
shine. In these cases you should consult your physician, who would 
most likely prescribe pure cod liver or halibut oil, which has been 
referred to as “bottled sunshine”. Other foods are necessary that have 
in them a substance known as vitamins. A baby to grow and develop 
properly must have them supplied in its food or that of the mother. 
Cod liver, halibut oil or viosterol should be given to all babies to prevent 
or cure rickets. 
SCURVY 
This is due to a lack of a vitamin which is found plentifully in 
orange or tomato juice. Scurvy causes swelling and reddening of the 
gums; the gums bleed easily. Sometimes blood appears under the 
skin, with fever. To prevent scurvy the mother should have plenty of 
fruits and fresh vegetables. Baby should have orange juice or other 
fruit juices. 
IMMUNIZATION 
Today it is possible to stamp out diphtheria and smallpox by vacci- 
nation, and quite likely typhoid fever. If these diseases occur it is 
due to ignorance or negligence on the part of those intrusted with the 
care of children. It is the duty of every parent to learn about the pre- 
vention of these diseases and to give his or her child the benefit of such 
knowledge. It may mean the life of the child. 
57 DIPHTHERIA 
Diphtheria, the dread disease of childhood, 
has taken a tremendous toll in the past and con- 
tinues to destroy the health and lives of a far 
greater number than is necessary. 
During the past fifteen years certain vaccines 
have been devised which produce active immu- 
nity that is more or less permanent. The first of 
these vaccines to be developed was called toxin 
antitoxin, which when injected in three small doses under the skin at 
weekly intervals will produce actual immunity in about seventy-five per 
cent of those receiving it. A few years later another vaccine known as 
toxoid came into use. T his proved to be much more efficient than the 
toxin antitoxin. Two doses of toxoid will immunize about ninety per 
cent of those who receive it. Toxoid has recently been improved so 
that even one dose is more efficient than two doses of the first toxoid 
used. This latest vaccine is called alum precipitated or A. P. toxoid. 
Two doses of this vaccine, given a month apart, quite likely will give 
immunity against diphtheria. 
Immunity can be proven by means of a skin reaction known as the 
Schick test. The test consists in the injection of a very minute amount 
of diphtheria poison into the skin. If the person is susceptible, an area 
about the site of the injection the size of a dime or nickel becomes 
reddened within twenty-four or forty-eight hours, the color persists for 
five or seven days, gradually changing to a brownish tint. Later the 
scales form on the skin and come off. This we call a positive test and 
indicates the absence of immunity to the disease. If there is only a 
slight reddening which disappears after two or three days, this means 
that the person is immune and is called a negative Schick test. 
Babies during the first five or six months of life usually possess an 
immunity to diphtheria and will therefore give a negative Schick test. 
Beyond this age immunity is rapidly lost and the great majority 
of children from this age to six give a positive Schick test. After about 
six years the body begins building up its own natural immunity. It is 
therefore important that all children from six months to six years be 
given toxoid, there being practically no need for the Schick test. 
Finally, while toxoid is very efficient, occasionally a single dose is 
not enough. Hence it is important to confirm the immunity by having 
the Schick test applied six to twelve months after the toxoid is given. 
Occasionally the immunity produced by toxoid loses strength after a 
few years. For this reason the Schick test should be repeated every three 
or four years or as often as direct exposure to diphtheria is suspected. 
TYPHOID FEVER 
Although typhoid is less frequent in children than in young adults, 
and for this reason the necessity for vaccination has been minimized, 
still it frequently occurs and is a source of great danger. It is equally 
important that the child as well as the adult should receive the benefit 
58 of this treatment. No child should be permitted 
in a public swimming or wading pool without 
immunization. It must be remembered that every 
case of typhoid fever must come from the typhoid 
carrier. The carrier should not be permitted in 
wading or swimming pools. Tests should be made 
of suspected carriers. 
SCARLET FEVER 
Scarlet fever is easily carried. The infective 
germs are generally found in the discharges from the patient’s nose and 
mouth, also from any suppurating glands, ears, etc. 
The public fears scarlet fever, and rightly so; it is a disease to be 
greatly feared. Many children have died from it and possibly more 
from its after effects. Many who survive go through life handicapped. 
Immunization has been tried but on account of the reaction and short 
period of immunity conferred has not been universally advised. 
SMALLPOX VACCINATION 
The baby should be vaccinated before it is one year of age, prefer- 
ably from three to six months. 
If he is vaccinated before he begins to creep about, he will be much 
less likely to injure and infect the scar. 
Since the introduction of vaccination, smallpox has been greatly 
reduced. Nevertheless, it is a constant danger, occurring in scattered 
cases in Georgia among people who are not vaccinated. It is only 
among large numbers of unvaccinated that smallpox can become a 
dangerous epidemic. The trouble and expense of vaccination is slight, 
practically nothing. The danger of smallpox is permanent disfigure- 
ment or death. We cannot urge too strongly the vaccination of the 
baby, certainly by one year of age. 
WHOOPING COUGH 
Whooping cough demands serious consideration. The disease causes 
as many deaths as diphtheria, and as many as scarlet fever and measles 
combined. About 300,000 cases of whooping cough are reported 
annually in the United States. We feel sure, however, that this is far 
below the correct number of cases for so many children with whooping 
cough never see a doctor. 
A disease that is so common and one that causes deaths in fifteen 
per cent of infants having it should be controlled if possible. There 
is now sufficient evidence to advocate the immunization against whoop- 
ing cough in babies and children up to four years. Be guided by the 
advice of your doctor. 
TUBERCULOSIS 
Tuberculosis is a disease that is due to a germ known as the tubercle 
bacillus. Babies are not born with the germ in their bodies; therefore, 
it can be said that no one is born with tuberculosis. This disease, then, 
is not inherited. 
59 The introduction or entrance of tubercle 
bacilli into the tissues of the body is called tuber- 
culosis infection. Children are particularly sus- 
ceptible to infection. If an individual has suffi- 
cient natural resistance, is not infected with too 
many germs at one time, or too many times, the 
germs will be walled off in the lungs, glands, or 
other tissues so that no injury to them is pro- 
duced. On the other hand, inflammatory reaction 
in whatever tissue or organ the germs lodge in may result and then we 
have tuberculosis or tuberculous disease. This occurs when resistance 
is overcome by too many infections, because of inadequate and im- 
proper diet, lack of fresh air and sunshine, unhygienic and insanitary 
conditions, or anything that will lower normal resistance to disease. 
Even when the germs have been walled off or imprisoned, this protective 
wall may be broken down through violation of the laws of health and 
right living and the germs, which may live for years in the body, will 
be liberated and they will multiply and spread so rapidly that tuber- 
culosis finally develops. 
It should always be remembered that a case of tuberculosis means 
that some one neglected to do his duty in the prevention of the spread 
of the disease. 
Curing of Tuberculosis 
Many cases of tuberculosis, if discovered before too far advanced, 
can be arrested and even cured when proper treatment is instituted, 
but it is nearly always a long and discouraging process. Instead of 
being considered a curable disease, it should be thought of and fought 
as a preventable disease. It is much cheaper from the standpoint of 
time and money, and far more sure to prevent than to cure. 
Prevention of Tuberculosis 
The prevention of tuberculosis should start with the parents. It has 
just been said that tuberculosis is not inherited, so what can this mean? 
The father should be healthy so that no physical or mental weakness 
can be transmitted to the child. The mother should also be healthy, but 
in addition she should have constant care during her pregnancy so that 
nothing will happen to her that will so lower her strength that the 
tuberculous germs may be released and active tuberculosis develop. 
Should the mother by chance acquire the disease, either before or after 
delivery, the child must be removed from the source of infection at 
once. Should the germ be permitted to enter the delicate structure of 
the infant, disease may devlop quickly and life cut short. The baby 
should not be permitted to come in contact with the mother, nor should 
she be allowed to nurse it. 
No woman with active tuberculosis should become pregnant. 
60 Protect Children From Infection 
Precaution should be taken to protect all 
children, but especially the newly born, from 
contact with anyone who may by chance have 
active tuberculosis. The spray in coughing and 
the sputum from active cases of tuberculosis and 
the feeding of uncooked milk from cows that 
have tuberculosis is the most frequent way tuber- 
culosis is spread. So, have the milk pasteurized, 
or boiled three minutes, unless you know the milk is from cows that 
are free from tuberculosis (this can be determined by having the cows 
tuberculin tested) and the family and all personal contacts of the child 
carefully observed to know that no active tuberculosis can approach 
the growing child. 
He should not be taken into crowds and especially into homes, 
uidess absolutely assured that there is no illness or chance of tubercu- 
lous contact. 
Sun baths as given for rickets (see page 57) exposing the body to 
the direct rays of the sun and producing tanning of the body are thought 
by some physicians to be beneficial in the prevention of tuberculosis. 
Never give sun baths to a sick child except as the physician orders. 
Know the Truth 
A physician trained to detect abnormalities can determine trouble 
long before symptoms develop, and of far greater importance and value 
is the physician’s advice on how to keep well. Therefore, systematic 
routine examination of the child will disclose impairment of health 
and the mother may then be taught how to care for her child so that 
he may be made well and strong, and being trained to proper health 
habits will remain strong and healthy throughout life. This applies 
especially to the rapidly growing child, who is so often improperly 
fed and not given sufficient rest. 
The early discovery of tuberculous infection is important for two 
reasons: One is that its source may be found and removed, and the 
other that if symptoms of disease are present they may be the more 
quickly relieved by appropriate treatment. Proof of infection can be 
shown by the tuberculin test earlier than by any other method. This 
is a harmless test when administered by those who understand its use. 
This test should be given to all babies and at regular intervals of about 
every six months so that the approximate time of infection may be 
learned. When a tuberculin reaction occurs x-ray pictures should be 
made to determine whether disease is present and the extent of it. 
Treatment of Tuberculosis 
The treatment of tuberculosis depends greatly upon the degree or 
activity present and upon the extent and nature of the lesions. Rest 
in bed in active tuberculosis is the foundation of the modern treatment 
61 of tuberculosis. Of equal importance is good nourishing food, properly 
balanced, and an abundance of fresh air night and day. Sunshine, while 
of immense value in building up resistance and by that means prevent- 
ing tuberculosis, may be a dangerous agent in active disease. 
Sunshine should not be employed as a means of treating tuberculosis 
unless prescribed by the physician. There are positively no drugs known 
which cure tuberculosis. Drugs are given only to relieve certain symp- 
toms. Never take drugs or give them to people with active disease 
unless ordered by the physician. In certain suitable cases, even in chil- 
dren, compression of the diseased lung by surgical means, such as arti- 
ficial pneumothorax and phrenic nerve interruption, is of benefit and 
these methods are now being used quite commonly. 
Solve the tuberculosis problem for your family and yourself by 
living right, eating properly, sleeping enough, resting sufficiently, and 
taking advantage of your physician's physical examination and advice 
at definite intervals. It will pay you well. 
VENEREAL DISEASES 
Congenital Syphilis 
Syphilis in a baby is usually the result of the disease having been 
contracted from the mother before the child was born. The child will 
be free of syphilis if the mother takes sufficient treatment during preg- 
nancy, but she must start by the fourth month of pregnancy and take 
treatment regularly until the child is born. 
Several thousand expectant mothers with syphilis give birth to 
children in Georgia each year. The physician can determine by a 
physical examination and a blood test if the expectant mother needs 
treatment. All babies born of syphilitic mothers should be examined to 
determine if the baby needs treatment. Usually good results can be 
obtained if treatment is begun in the first months of the baby’s life. 
Many babies with spyhilis appear in perfect health, and a diagnosis 
can only be made by a physician. If the mother and the baby have 
syphilis, there is no reason why the mother should not nurse her baby. 
However, if the mother has open lesions, and the baby does not have 
syphilis, the child should not be breast fed. 
Gonorrheal Infection of Baby’s Eyes 
Infection of the baby’s eyes, due to the germs that cause gonorrhea, 
can be prevented if drops are put in the baby’s eyes immediately after 
birth. This protects against those germs that might have entered the 
eyes during birth. Gonorrheal germs may get into baby’s eyes any time 
after birth. Be sure that if any sign of inflammation in baby’s eyes 
occurs, you consult a physician immediately because blindness is often 
a result of a few hours delay. 
62 DISEASE 
HOW SPREAD 
HOW LONG FROM 
EXPOSURE TO 
ONSET 
COMMON EARLY 
SYMPTOMS 
SPECIAL METHODS FOR 
TREATMENT OR PRE- 
VENTION OR MODI- 
FICATION 
HOW LONG 
COMMUNICABLE 
HOW SERIOUS 
COMPLICATIONS 
CHICKEN POX. 
Material from skin erup- 
tions or from lesions 
in mouth or nose of 
infected person. 
2 to 3 weeks. 
Skin eruption with 
fever. 
Until skin and mucous 
membranes are free from 
scabs. 
Not serious. Easily 
confused with 
smallpox. 
Very rare. 
DIPHTHERIA. 
Discharges from nose, 
throat, conjunctiva, 
vagina, or wound sur- 
faces of infected per- 
son or of carrier. In- 
fected milk. 
2 to 5 days; occa- 
sionally longer. 
Sore throat, croup, 
hoarseness, or 
fever. 
Prevention with toxin- 
antitoxin or toxoid. 
Treatment with anti- 
toxin. 
Until organisms disappear 
from secretions or le- 
sions of patient (or 
from nose and throat of 
carrier). 
Very serious if not 
treated early. 
Common, if treat- 
ment is delayed: 
Heart trouble. 
Paralysis. 
Respiratory 
obstruction. 
DYSENTERY, 
AMOEBIC. 
Stools of infected per- 
son, Milk or water or 
food contaminated by 
discharges from in- 
fected person or car- 
rier. Flies. 
Not known. 
Blood in stools. 
Until organisms no longer 
found in stools by mi- 
croscopic examination. 
Serious. 
Abscess of liver. 
DYSENTERY, 
BACILLARY. 
Stools of infected per- 
son. Milk or water or 
food contaminated by 
discharges from in- 
fected person or car- 
rier. Flies. 
2 to 7 days. 
Fever, diarrhea, 
blood in stools. 
Treatment with polyva- 
lent serum recommend- 
ed by some authorities. 
During disease and until 
stools are negative for 
organisms. 
Sometimes very 
serious. 
Rare. 
ENCEPHALITIS, 
EPIDEMIC. 
Probably discharges from 
nose and throat of in- 
fected person or of 
carrier. 
Uncertain. Believed 
to be about 10 
days. 
Fever, drowsiness, 
paralysis of eye 
muscles (double 
vision). 
Probably during fever stage 
of the disease. 
Very serious. 
Common: 
Tremors. 
Paralysis of va- 
rious parts at 
body. Mental 
disturbances. 
GERMAN 
MEASLES. 
Discharges from mouth 
and possibly nose of 
infected person. 
14 to 21 days. 
Rash, slight swell- 
ing of glands at 
back of neck. 
8 days from onset. 
Not serious. 
Very rare. 
GONOCOCCUS 
INFECTION. 
Discharges from lesions 
of infected person. 
1 to 8 days; usu- 
ally 3 to 5 days. 
Discharges from 
eyes or vagina. 
Certain medicines. 
As long as discharge per- 
sists. 
Very serious. 
Not common. 
HOOKWORM, 
DISEASE. 
Ground contaminated with 
stools of infected per- 
son. Infected water. 
7 to 10 weeks. 
Lassitude, malnu- 
trition. 
Treatment with tetro- 
chlor-ethylene. 
Until stools from infected 
person no longer contain 
worms or their ova (eggs). 
Serious. 
Common; 
Anemia. 
INFANTILE 
PARALYSIS 
(POLIOMYELITIS) 
Discharges from nose, 
throat, and bowels of 
infected person or of 
carrier. Infected milk 
(probably). 
Uncertain. Believed 
to be 3 to 10 
days; commonly 
6 days. 
Fever, fretful ness, 
vomiting, pain 
or stiffness of 
neck or extrem- 
ities; weakness. 
Early orthopedic care. 
About 3 weeks after onset 
of disease. 
Very serious. 
Common: 
Paralysis of va- 
rious parts af 
body. 
PREVENTABLE DISEASES PREVENTABLE DISEASES (Continued) 
DISEASE 
HOW SPREAD 
HOW LONG FROM 
EXPOSURE TO 
ONSET 
COMMON EARLY 
SYMPTOMS 
SPECIAL METHODS FOR 
TREATMENT OR PRE- 
VENTION OR MODI- 
FICATION 
HOW LONG 
COMMUNICABLE 
HOW SERIOUS 
COMPLICATIONS 
INFLUENZA. 
Discharges from mouth 
and nose of infected 
person. 
1 to 3 days. 
Fever, headache, 
prostration, 
cough. 
Unknown. Probably while 
fever lasts or at least 7 
days from onset. 
Serious. 
Common: 
Ear infections. 
Pneumonia. 
MALARIA. 
Bite of Anopheles mos- 
quito that has bitten 
an infected person. 
Varies with type of 
infecting organ- 
ism and amount 
of infection; 14 
days in common 
variety. 
High fever, chills, 
headache, vomit- 
ing. Sometimes 
convulsions. 
Treatment as prescribed 
by physician. 
As long as malaria organ- 
isms exist in blood. 
Serious. 
Common: 
Anemia (If treat- 
ment is inade- 
quate). 
MEASLES. 
Discharges from mouth 
and nose of infected 
person. 
8 to 15 days. 
Fever, cough, wa- 
tery eyes, run- 
ning nose, rash. 
Prevention or modification 
with serum or whole 
blood from anyone who 
is recovering from dis- 
ease or who has had it 
at any time. 
Until abnormal secretions 
(catarrhal symptoms) 
cease. Minimum period 9 
days from onset (4 days 
before to 5 days after 
appearance of rash). 
Serious, especially 
in children un- 
der 3 years. 
Common: 
Ear infections. 
Pneumonia. 
MENINGITIS 
(MENINGO- 
COCCUS), 
EPIDEMIC. 
Discharges from nose 
and throat of infected 
person or of carrier. 
2 to 10 days; 
commonly 7. 
Headache, fever, 
vomiting, pain 
or stiffness on 
bending neck or 
back forward. 
Treatment with serum. 
Variable. While symptoms 
last and until organisms 
disappear from mouth or 
nasal secretions. 
Very serious. 
Common, if treat- 
ment is delayed: 
Deafness. 
Eye disorders. 
MUMPS. 
Discharges from mouth 
and possibly nose of 
infected person. 
12 to 26 days; 
usually 18 days. 
Swelling under jaw 
or in front of 
ear. 
Until parotid gland is nor- 
mal in size (until swell- 
ing has entirely disap- 
peared). 
Not serious in 
young children. 
Rather rare in 
young children. 
PNEUMONIA, 
BRONCHO 
(SECONDARY TO 
SOME OTHER 
DISEASE). 
Discharges from mouth 
and possibly nose of 
infected person or of 
carrier. 
Indefinite. 
Fever, rapid 
breathing, cough, 
vomiting. 
Unknown. Presumably until 
mouth and nose dis- 
charges no longer con- 
tain the specific germs 
in abundance or in a 
virulent form. 
Serious. 
Occasional: 
Pleurisy. 
Ear infections. 
PNEUMONIA, 
LOBAR. 
Discharges from mouth 
and nose of infected 
person or of carrier. 
Short; usually 2 
to 3 days. 
Chilliness (in older 
children), fever, 
cough, rapid 
breathing, vom- 
iting. 
Treatment as directed by 
your physician. 
Unknown. Presumably until 
mouth and nose dis- 
charges no longer con- 
tain the specific germs 
in abundance or in a 
virulent form. 
Serious. 
Occasionally: 
Pleurisy. 
Ear infections. 
SCARLET FEVER. 
Discharges from nose, 
throat, ears, abscesses, 
wounds of infected 
persons or of carrier. 
Infected milk. 
2 to 7 days; usu- 
ally 3 to 4 days. 
Vomiting, fever, 
sore throat, and 
rash. 
Treatment with serum in 
selected cases. Toxin 
recommended for immu- 
nization by some au- 
thorities. 
At least 3 weeks from on- 
set and thereafter until 
child is free from any 
abnormal discharge or 
open sores. 
May be serious. 
Common; 
Swollen glands. 
Ear infections. 
Nephritis. SEPTIC SORE 
THROAT. 
Milk from cow with in- 
fected udder or milk 
that has been contami- 
nated by infected per- 
son. 
1 to 3 days. 
Sore throat, fever, 
prostration. 
Probably during disease and 
during carrier stage. 
Serious. 
Occasional: 
Varied septic 
complications. 
SMALLPOX. 
Material from skin and 
mucous-membrane le- 
sions of infected per- 
son. 
8 to 16 days; oc- 
casionally as long 
as 21 days. 
Fever, headache, 
backache, skin 
eruption. 
Prevention by vaccination. 
From first symptoms to 
disappearance of all 
scabs. 
May be very se- 
rious. 
Bronchitis. 
Pneumonia. 
Ear infections. 
SYPHILIS, CON- 
GENITAL. 
Acquired before birth. 
Snuffles, skin erup- 
tions occurring 
usually in in- 
fancy. 
Certain medicines for both 
prevention and cure. 
As long as open lesion ex- 
ists on skin or mucous 
membrane. 
Serious. 
Not common if 
treated early. 
TETANUS (LOCK- 
JAW). 
Animal manure, soil, or 
street dirt in wound. 
4 days to 3 
weeks; common- 
ly 8 to 10 days. 
Rigidity of jaws, 
stiffness, convul- 
sive movements 
of body. 
Prevention and treatment 
by tetanus antitoxin. 
Very occasionally commu- 
nicable from wound dis- 
charges. 
Serious. 
Uncommon. 
TUBERCULOSIS, 
PULMONARY. 
Discharges from throat 
or lungs (spray or 
sputum) of infected 
person. 
Variable. 
Fever, cough, fa- 
tigue, failure to 
gain weight, or 
loss of weight. 
Until lesions are closed. 
Very serious. 
Other forms of tu- 
berculosis. 
TUBERCULOSIS, 
OTHER FORMS. 
Discharges from mouth, 
nose, bowels, bones or 
glands, or genito-uri- 
nary tract of infected 
person. Milk from in- 
fected cattle. 
Variable. 
Very varied, de- 
pending on site 
of lesion. 
Until lesions are closed. 
Serious. 
Other forms of tu- 
berculosis. 
TYPHOID FEVER. 
Stool or urine of in- 
fected person or car- 
rier. Contaminated 
milk, water, shellfish, 
flies. 
7 to 23 days; usu- 
ally 10 to 14 
days. 
Fever, headache, 
listlessness. 
Prevention with vaccine. 
During disease and until 
stools and urine are neg- 
ative for organism twice 
in succession. 
Serious. 
Occasional in young 
children. 
UNDULANT 
(MALTA) FEVER. 
Contact with infected 
animals or animal 
products, particularly 
milk. 
6 to 16 days. 
Periodic character 
of fever, gradu- 
al increase in 
fever, pains in 
back and limbs, 
headache. 
From onset of disease un- 
til organism is no long- 
er found in urine; usu- 
ally about 90 days but 
may be longer. 
Not dangerous, but 
course is long. 
Occasionally: 
Nosebleed. 
Genito-urinary 
complications. 
Pneumonia. 
WHOOPING 
COUGH. 
Discharges from laryn- 
geal and bronchial 
mucous membranes of 
infected persons. 
Commonly 7 days; 
usually within 
10 days. 
Cold, cough. Typi- 
cal whoop be- 
gins about 10 to 
14 days after ' 
onset of disease. 
Inoculation for prevention 
or modification recom- 
mended by some au- 
thorities. Not effective 
in all cases. 
About 4 to 5 weeks from 
onset. Most communi- 
cable in early catarrhal 
stage—7 to 14 days. 
In infants and 
young children 
serious. 
Common: 
Pneumonia and 
nutritional dis- 
turbances. THE SICK BABY 
CONSTIPATION 
Constipation may occur in both breast and 
bottle-fed babies. It is due to a variety of 
causes, but can usually be overcome by training 
and change in diet without the use of drugs. 
(The correction of this condition often requires 
the treatment of constipation in the mother.) 
Training to establish the habit of a regular 
daily bowel movement cannot be begun too earl) 
in infancy. Many mothers have this regulated after the second month, 
and it is a most important measure in the prevention of constipation. 
Constipation is also helped by plenty of water. The older the baby, the 
more important it is that he should drink water, or take it from a 
nursing bottle. Water should be offered to a young infant at least once 
or twice a day, a few spoonfuls at a time; a year-old baby should take 
% to 1 cup a day. Drinking water should be boiled and cooled. 
Fruit juices, such as orange and prune, will help very much in 
making a soft movement. Cereals, especially oatmeal and graham gruel, 
vegetables and fruit pulp are also laxative. 
If an infant does not have a movement for 48 hours, it may be 
necessary to resort to temporary measures for relief. 
Soap and other suppositories may be used instead of an enema. 
Neither enemas nor suppositories should be used over long periods of 
time, as irritation of the rectum may result. 
An enema or injection may be given. For this purpose prepare 
warm water, and a bulb syringe holding from 1 to 3 ounces. To fill, 
squeeze the bulb, while holding the nozzle under water; when the bulb 
is released it will fill with water by suction. Let the baby lie on bis 
back across the mother’s lap, or on a table, having the buttocks some- 
what elevated by means of a folded towel placed under the hips. This 
position will cause the water to run up into the bowel more readily and 
the towel will serve to catch any drip. Grease the nozzle of the syringe 
with vaseline. Squeeze bulb gently to expel air from nozzle. Lift the 
baby’s legs with the left hand and with the right gently introduce the 
nozzle into the rectum for about 1 inch, directing it toward the back, 
and slowly expel the water from the bulb. This causes the baby little or 
no suffering if gently and slowly done, although if he is badh consti- 
pated the starting of the movement may be somewhat painful. When 
the liquid has been injected, remove the nozzle and press the towel 
against the rectum to retain the w ater until the baby can be placed over 
the chamber. As the water sometimes comes away as the nozzle is 
withdrawn, the mother’s clothing should be well protected. Use 2 to 3 
ounces of soapy water, and repeat it if necessary. 
66 If the constipation is especially severe, 1 to 
2 tablespoonfuls of warm olive or sweet oil may 
be used instead of the soapsuds. This may be 
given at night and retained. 
Mineral oil, which is not absorbed but which 
acts as a lubricant of the bowel, may be given 
safely to young infants in a teaspoonful dosage 
once or twice a day. Milk of magnesia, one-half 
to 2 teaspoonfuls, may be given if preferred until 
the constipation is regulated. The magnesia may be put in the bottle 
feeding or given from a teaspoon just before the breast or bottle feed- 
ing. Castor oil should not be used as a laxative, as its after effect is 
constipating. 
DIARRHEA 
There is one disease of early life that, from its frequency and high 
fatality rate, deserves special mention. 
Diarrhea, sometimes called summer complaint, is due to a specific 
germ in many cases. Diarrhea is a symptom and not itself a disease. 
It may occur any time of the year, but is more common in the summer 
time. It does not occur as often in the breast fed baby as in the bottle 
fed baby. It is much more fatal in young babies than it is in older 
children and in adults. It is more dangerous in the young child than 
is pneumonia. 
There is belief, among some, that teething is a cause of diarrhea. 
This is not true. The germs of diarrhea enter the body through the 
mouth from unclean food, playthings, and dirty hands. Also, flies, and 
perhaps other insects, convey the germ of diarrhea. The young child 
is prone to put everything he handles in his mouth. The mother, or 
nurse, should have clean hands so that germs will not be transferred to 
the baby. 
The disease is sudden of onset. Vomiting may occur often. Watery 
bowel movements, sometimes mucous and greenish in color, are frequent. 
When the symptoms develop, do not delay calling your physician. In 
the early stages the disease is more easily controlled. Delay is exceed- 
ingly dangerous. Do not try to treat the child yourself. Give your 
physician a fair chance by calling him early. 
A Few General Suggestions. 
1. Boil all cooking utensils. Feed the baby clean food. Always wash 
your hands before caring for the child. 
2. Always boil cow’s milk before giving it to the baby. 
3. Always boil water before giving it to the baby. 
4. Feed the baby freshly cooked foods. Keep foods away from flies. 
Keep baby’s food in a cool, clean place. Always boil baby’s 
bottles, nipples, plates, spoons, and cups before each feeding unless 
they are kept in a clean place and protected against dust, flies, and 
67 5. Fix baby’s food yourself. Do not let strangers feed the baby. Do not 
leave the baby with people who will not care for it as you do at 
home. 
6. Keep playthings clean. Do not let other children play with the 
baby’s toys. Buy toys that can be boiled. Clean them with soap and 
water each day. If soiled, clean them at once. 
7. Put the baby in a clean place when he is playing or sleeping. 
8. Keep flies away from the baby. Screen the house. Swat the flies. 
Cover the baby’s bed with mosquito-netting if necessary to accom- 
plish this. 
9. Keep the baby, even when well, under a physician’s care. For 
those who have no physician, clinics are available in some sections 
of Georgia. 
10. Protect yourself and your family by making sure that drinking 
water is safe, and by having a sanitary toilet. 
11, Keep children away from sick people. “Keep the baby at home’ is 
a safe rule. Do not expose the baby to any catching disease. All 
persons, any person, whether sick or well, may give the baby dan- 
gerous germs. 
Should the baby develop symptoms of diarrhea, the doctor should 
be called. If no doctor is available, keep the baby in bed in a cool, 
quiet place. Stop all food for 24 hours. Give the baby about two or 
three tablespoonfuls of boiled water every hour. Do not offer foods if 
baby is vomiting. Give baby orange juice mixed with water. Baby 
should take all the fluids he can. When food can be taken, begin with 
boiled skimmed milk with an equal amount of water, about every four 
hours. Start with a small amount of milk at first and increase a little 
each feeding. 
Eczema 
Cleanse affected parts with olive oil, avoiding water, soap or other 
irritating substances. In eczema the diet may be at fault. 
Sore Throat 
Indicated in infant by difficulty and pain on swallowing. Sore 
throat may be diphtheria, an infectious and dangerous disease. Don’t 
try to treat sore throat yourself. Call your doctor and let him determine 
the cause of this condition. To prevent diphtheria, see that your baby 
is given alum precipitated toxoid at six months of age. 
An older child may gargle the throat or have it sprayed with a mild 
antiseptic solution, such as one-fourth teaspoonful of baking soda and 
table salt to one cup of warm water. Sterilize drinking cup, tableware 
and everything that comes in contact with the secretions of the nose 
and mouth. All discharge coming from a child with sore throat, to 
prevent spreading of infection, should be burned or otherwise destroyed. 
68 Vomiting Acute 
May be due to acute indigestion, infectious 
diarrhea, or general infectious disease, scarlet 
fever, or other acute eruptive diseases. Stop 
giving food and water. Habitual vomiting may 
be caused by too rapid feeeding, feeding in a 
reclining position or not holding the baby and 
bottle properly; laying the baby down too soon; 
rough handling of the baby too soon after feed- 
ing; wrong kind of food, particularly too much fat, sugar or curd in 
raw milk; too large a total quantity at a feeding; too short intervals 
between feedings. Regulate faults of feeding. If vomiting is persistent 
consult a physician. 
69 FIRST AID 
First-Aid Cabinet 
A properly equipped first-aid cabinet is a necessity in every home and 
imperative where there are small children. First aid remedies should be 
placed in a small cabinet out of reach of children’s fingers. Supplies 
should be replaced as often as necessary. The following list will contain 
everything that is needed for ordinary emergencies: 
Two-ounce bottle of glycerine 
One-ounce bottle each of tincture of iodine and peppermint 
Quarter pound boric acid 
One tube each of zinc ointment and vaseline 
One-half pint each of olive oil, milk of magnesia, and mineral oil 
One medicine dropper 
One clinical thermometer 
Bicarbonate soda 
One hot-water bag 
One fountain syringe with rectal tip 
One bulb syringe 
One small-size roll surgeon’s adhesive plaster 
One small-size package antiseptic gauze 
One small-size package sterile absorbent cotton 
One-half dozen assorted sizes sterile bandages 
One card safety pins 
One package needles 
One package toothpicks 
One nail or hand brush 
One small pair scissors 
One bottle green soap 
In addition to the above supplies, the first-aid cabinet should con- 
tain a First-Aid Manual—(see Red Cross text book or any standard 
manual). Every woman, especially one having the care of small chil- 
dren, should learn the use of the clinical thermometer and bed-pan, to 
give an enema, to massage or to bathe and dress a patient in bed, to 
bandage and to give first aid in emergencies. 
Sick Room 
Every house should contain one sunny bedroom with plain or wash- 
able walls and furniture, without carpets or draperies, that can be used 
as an isolation sick room in case of illness or emergency. 
70 FIRST AID REMEDIES 
(arranged alphabetically) 
Burns or Scalds 
For other than small and light burns, send 
for a physician. The child may die from shock. 
Remove clothing by cutting where necessary. 
Avoid dirty ointments or oils because of the dan- 
ger of infection. Apply to burn as quickly as 
possible several layers of soft cloth wet with 
strong solution of baking soda or strong tea. Keep air away from 
burns. As soon as pain is allayed, apply zinc oxide ointment and 
bandage. 
Colds 
Rest in bed so long as there is fever. Give less food and more water. 
Open the bowels freely with a laxative. Drop few drops mineral oil up 
nostrils every few hours. For older children, spray nose and throat 
freely with oil spray or one-fourth teaspoonful each baking soda and 
common salt in one cup of warm water. For complicated, persistent 
or repeated colds, improve hygiene to build up child’s resistance, and 
apply to physician for treatment. 
Constipation 
The diet or habits are at fault. There may be too much fat in the 
diet, too much or too little sugar, or not enough fruit and green vege- 
tables. Do not give laxatives habitually; they cause constipation. Send 
the child to stool at a regular time each morning. In case of persistent 
constipation a physician should be called. Begin early to form proper 
habits of regular bowel movements (See pages 66 and 67). 
Convulsions 
Call a physician. Undress and place child in tub bath, tempera- 
ture 98 degrees F., (body temperature), for ten minutes. Always test 
water with your bare elbow. Keep cold cloth around child’s head and 
neck. If convulsions are caused by eating improper food, give prompt 
enema followed by laxative. Keep child in bed until he recovers from 
shock. 
Cough 
Avoid cough syrups, which are dangerous for children. Plain honey 
or stewed fig juice is soothing. Apply vaseline in nose at night and 
cold compress or mild mustard to throat and chest. Ask physician to 
find cause and follow his prescription. 
Croup 
A child subject to repeated attacks of croup should be examined by 
a nose and throat specialist and necessary treatment given to improve 
his general health. Do not take any chances but be sure that the croup 
is not diphtheria. A physician should be called at once. Treatment for 
diphtheria should never be delayed for the reason that early treatment 
with antitoxin is most effective in the early stages, and the dose can be 
71 much smaller than if neglected. If breathing is 
difficult, give warm salt or soda water emetic to 
induce vomiting. Apply heat to the chest for ten 
minutes, followed by cold compress. Ice collar 
or ice cold compresses to the neck will often 
relieve simple croup. If severe, prepare a kettle 
or some vessel from which the steam can be con- 
veyed to the covering or tent over the baby’s 
head. (Two teaspoonfuls of compound tincture 
of benzoin to one quart of water is sufficient amount to obtain relief. 
Increase proportionately if larger amount is needed.) Add to the boil- 
ing water two tablespoonfuls of compound tincture of benzoin. A very 
good way to have continuous steam is to place the kettle on a one 
burner oil stove, gas stove, portable electric hot plate, or some portable 
method of heating the water by the bed side. An extension spout 
should be put on the kettle. Where an open fire is convenient the kettle 
can be placed on the fire with an extension spout of tin or iron. Elec- 
trical contrivances for this purpose can he bought from stores that deal 
in articles of this sort. 
Croup which develops suddenly in a child previously well is not 
likely to be a serious matter. On the other hand, croup which develops 
slowly in a child previously ailing, may be due to the formation of a 
diphtheritic membrane in the wind-pipe. No time should be lost in 
calling a doctor. 
Cuts and Abrasions 
A break in the skin should be cleaned thoroughly with boiled 
water, mild soap, and a piece of freshly boiled cotton or linen cloth. 
The injured place may be painted with fresh tincture of iodine. After 
a few minutes, wash the iodine off with alcohol and apply sterile 
bandage. Never seal a scrape or a cut with collodion nor with adhesive 
plaster. 
A severe cut that enters the deeper tissues or a bone or one of the 
larger blood vessels should always be treated by a doctor. 
Moderate bleeding can usually be stopped by pressure directly over 
the injury. If bleeding is profuse, apply pressure by means of the 
fingers or a tight bandage (tourniquet) above the injury, thus com- 
pressing the large blood vessels. Pressure must never be applied so 
tightly or so continuously that the child’s hand or foot will turn blue 
or become cold and numb. 
Deep wounds with small openings, such as those made by nails or 
splinters of wood, are specially dangerous because of dirt or germs that 
are carried deep into the tissues and can not be washed out. This 
is also true of wounds from firecrackers or cap pistols. Many cases of 
tetanus (lockjaw) are the results of such injuries. They should always 
be treated by a doctor, who will give tetanus antitoxin, if necessary. 
72 Dog or Cat Bite 
Send for a doctor. Do not kill animal but confine and observe for 
symptoms of rabies. Apply iodine at once; notify your city or county 
commissioner of health, or if you have no health department in your 
county, have your physician report the circumstances to the Georgia 
Department of Health. Full directions will be sent you. If dog is un- 
doubtedly mad, wound should be mopped out with a 40 per cent solu- 
tion of formaline or formaldehyde; do not allow this medicine to touch 
the skin, but apply to raw surface only. Have physician wire or write 
Georgia Department of Public Health Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, at 
once for vaccine treatment. 
Drowning 
Get a doctor as quickly as possible. Immediately suspend the child’s 
head downward. Pull the tongue forward so that the water can run out 
of windpipe. Lay the child on his stomach and gently lift him by 
placing the hands under the abdomen, lift and lower the body regularly 
about 18 times per minute. The tongue must be kept drawn forward. 
After you are sure the water is out of windpipe, body can be turned on 
its back. Keep up the artificial respiration. Do not get excited. Keep 
working for hours if necessary. Wrap the child in warm blankets. Rub 
the limbs firmly but gently from the extremities toward the body. Do 
not be rough. The thing you must do is to get air into and out of the 
lungs. Compressing the lower ribs is a good method. Slowly raising 
the arms from the sides over the head and bringing them against the 
sides again will cause air to go into the lungs and is preferred by some. 
Keep trying. 
After respiration has been established, put to bed with warm blank- 
ets and as soon as patient can swallow, give aromatic spirits of ammo- 
nia, fresh air, warm drinks, quiet and rest. 
Earache 
Symptoms of earache in infants: crying, turning head from side to 
side, trying to put hand on aching side. Earache very frequently 
accompanies or follows a severe cold or an attack of tonsilitis or other 
infectious diseases, and is caused by an extension of the inflammation 
to the middle ear. This may result in deafness or mastoid abscess. 
Apply heat, hot water bottle, or dry salt heated and placed in a sack 
or sock. Warm and drop into the ear a solution made with glycerine 
and water, half and half. To this add three or four drops of 2 per cent 
solution of carbolic acid. (To make a 2 per cent solution, add nine 
drops of carbolic acid to two tablespoonfuls of sterile water.) Never 
neglect earache. Have the child examined by a doctor, and if necessary 
by an ear specialist. 
Eyes (Sore or Inflamed) 
Sore eyes in a new-born baby are reportable by law. Call your 
doctor. While he is coming bathe eyes hourly with a saturated solution 
73 of boric acid. Never use the same cotton or cloth for both eyes; use 
a fresh swab for each eye. 
Sore eyes of new-born babies have been found responsible for such 
large percentage of blindness that the Georgia Legislature in 1918 
passed a law requiring any person in attendance at childbirth to apply 
1 per cent solution silver nitrate to the eyes of the new-born. It is the 
parents’ duty to see that this is put in the baby’s eyes as soon as possible 
after the baby is born. 
Fainting 
Place child with head lower than rest of body. Give fresh air. Wipe 
face with cool water. Rub extremities toward heart. If fainting occurs 
frequently consult physician. 
Fever 
Fever is not a disease but a symptom. Undress and put child to bed. 
Reduce diet and give plenty of drinking water, fruit juices and ices if 
desired. Flush out lower bowels with enema of soap and warm water. 
Apply cool cloths to head and neck or give cool or tepid sponge baths. 
Foreign Body in Ear 
Do not attempt to remove by poking. Put in a few drops of warm 
alcohol to kill if it is a live insect. If a bean, pea or anything of like 
character, do not put anything in the ear at all. Lay the head with 
the affected ear down and wait for the doctor, or take the child to the 
physician. 
Foreign Body in Eye 
Tears may wash it out. Do not rub the eye. If visible, remove with 
corner of clean handkerchief. Wash eye with saturated boric acid solu- 
tion. For injury apply cold cloths wet in saturated solution of boric 
acid or normal salt solution (made by adding one level teaspoonful to 
one pint of water) and consult your physician or eye specialist. One or 
two drops of castor oil into the eye will very quickly relieve the pain. 
Foreign Body in Nose 
Do not attempt to remove by poking. Let the child blow the nose 
while holding the opposite nostril shut. If it fails call the doctor or 
take the child to his office. 
Foreign Body in Throat 
Do not get excited. Do not push farther in throat by trying to 
extract with the finger. Hold the child up by the ankles, head down- 
ward, and slap on the back. Then try reaching the obstruction again, if 
necessary. If the article has been swallowed give child a quantity of 
soft bread. Do not give laxative. Watch the stools for a few days. In 
most cases a foreign body will be passed without trouble. 
Frostbite 
Keep child away from heat. Removal to warm room should be made 
with great care. For severe frostbite or freezing call a physician. 
74 Headache 
Find out and treat cause. May be due to constipation, indigestion, 
eye strain, excitement, fatigue, or overheating. Apply cold cloths to 
forehead and back of neck. Inhale camphor, menthol, ammonia or 
smelling salts. Avoid headache remedies. They are exceedingly danger- 
ous for children. 
Holding the Breath 
Occurs after great excitement, crying or exposure to cold air. Dash 
cold water in face. If frequent, consult physician. 
Irritated Buttocks 
The best remedy is Carron oil applied to the buttocks when chang- 
ing napkins. Parched flour may be used or zinc oxide ointment. 
Night Terrors 
Probably caused by indigestion and constipation. Give the child a 
careful diet, light evening meals, healthy outdoor life, avoid excite- 
ment, especially just before bed time. If continued or frequent consult 
physician. Examine for enlarged tonsils, adenoids, decayed teeth, geni- 
tal adhesions, tuberculosis or worms. 
Poisoning 
People are often careless in leaving medicines containing powerful 
drugs on a table or in a drawer within easy reach of children. Tincture 
of iodine, mercurochrome, bichloride of mercury, and many other sub- 
stances used as disinfectants are poisonous if swallowed. Children have 
been known to swallow fatal doses of such drugs. 
Perhaps even more common are accidents that happen with poisons 
not used as medicines. Lye causes a type of burn in the mouth and 
throat that may result fatally. It is shocking to find how frequently a 
can of lye is left on the floor in the bathroom or kitchen and how 
frequently children try the experiment of tasting it. Wintergreen flavor- 
ing extract, alcohol (both grain and wood alcohol) and kerosene have 
been swallowed by children in fatal quantities. Children seem espe- 
cially tempted to taste poisonous powders such as insect powder or rat 
powder. They will chew matches and bits of fireworks which contain 
a dangerous amount of phosphorus. Many children chew the paint on 
toys, play pens, and cribs, and chronic lead poisoning may result 
from such habits. 
Stearate of zinc or powder containing it is often used in the homes 
of otherwise careful parents, who do not realize that if a child breathes 
this powder into his lungs he will probably develop a very serious 
form of pneumonia. If such a powder is advised by the doctor, buy it 
75 only in cans that have a self-closing cover and keep it out of the reach 
of children. 
Gas from leaky fixtures and from automobile exhausts causes many 
unnecessary deaths. Never neglect a poorly fitting gas fixture. Never 
let a motor run in a closed garage. 
Avoid the use of poisons if possible. Never leave poisons within 
reach of young children. Teach children not to put things into their 
mouths. 
If a child accidently swallows a pill or anything else that might 
possibly be poison, a doctor should be called at once or the child should 
be taken to a hospital. While waiting for the doctor try to make the 
baby vomit. Warm water may make him vomit, or warm water with 
common salt or mustard dissolved in it—a teaspoonful of the salt or 
mustard to a glass of water. Give him as much as he will drink. Tick- 
ling of the hack of his throat may make him vomit. 
Poison Wounds 
Insect stings or mosquito bites. Remove sting and apply spirits of 
camphor, ammonia or wet baking soda. 
Snake Bites 
Wound must be made to bleed freely and poison pressed out. If 
venomous snake, tie a handkerchief or bandage above wound to stop 
progress of the blood and keep poison out of general circulation. The 
handkerchief should be loosely tied, giving room to insert a pencil, 
stick, pocket knife, or anything of like character to serve as a handle 
to twist and slacken the constriction. The circulation of the blood 
should not be cut off too long at the time but allowed to flow for a few 
seconds every few minutes. Care should be taken not to injure the 
flesh by making the tourniquet too tight. Send for a doctor. Incise 
deeply and freely with penknife or corner of a razor. 
Sunburn 
Prevent as much as possible by shade and by protecting the skin 
with cold cream before taking the child into the sun or wind. Avoid 
use of water on a sunburn. Apply sweet cream, almond lotion or cold 
cream. 
Sun Prostration 
Characterized by prostration, flushed face and vomiting. Requires 
rest in cool place and lukewarm sponging. Apply ice cap or cold cloth 
to the head. 
Toothache 
Pack decayed tooth with a bit of absorbent cotton with oil of cloves. 
Consult dentist always. No tooth should be permitted to advance to 
the point of aching. Early and regular attention should be given the 
teeth. 
76 HABITS AND TRAINING 
Habits are the result of doing the same things 
a great many times in the same way at the same 
time. If a small action is repeated often enough, 
the person does it without thinking, and it be- 
comes a habit. If the habit continues for a long 
time, it may become very difficult to break. 
It is best that a baby should have only good 
habits. Sometimes he learns or some one teaches 
him a bad habit. These bad habits should be 
corrected as soon as possible, or before they become difficult to correct. 
One of the bad habits which is taught the baby is that of sucking a 
pacifier or other object. The haby does not teach himself this disgust- 
ing practice, and he should not have to suffer for it. The pacifier is 
never really clean and may carry germs of disease to the baby’s mouth. 
All pacifiers should be destroyed immediately and no such object ever 
should be put into the baby’s mouth under any circumstances. 
Thumb sucking is probably not of great importance. Usually can 
be prevented if child has proper bed cover from infancy on. 
CONTROL OF BLADDER AND STOOL 
Some babies may be taught to control the bladder and stool during 
the day by the end of the first year. To do this, it is necessary to put 
the child on the chamber at regular intervals and immediately after 
each meal, and on arising and going to bed. 
BED WETTING 
To punish a child for persistent bed wetting is cruel. A child 
should not wet the bed after 2 years of age. If he does, a physician 
should be consulted. Many a young person has had his childhood 
spoiled by being a victim of this habit which, if not cured while he is 
young, may persist even to his old age. 
To cure bed wetting, first ask a physician to make a thorough exam- 
ination of the genitals and the urine to determine whether there is some 
condition which needs to be corrected; also to examine for adenoids, 
enlarged tonsils, decayed teeth or other source of nerve irritation. Any 
physical defects discovered should be corrected. 
Limit the liquids taken at the last meal at night. Take away the 
pillow and raise the foot of the child’s bed several inches. Provide an 
alarm clock and set it twice each night, once at about 10 P. M. and 
again at about 2 A. M. Get child thoroughly awake and have him get 
up and empty the bladder. This treatment should be continued every 
night for a month or longer until the habit of voluntary control is sub- 
stituted for the involuntary action. A small reward for success is a 
great aid in the cure. Much of the treatment is psychological. 
77 CRYING 
A child needs a short period of crying every 
day to develop his lungs, but the habit of crying 
to be rocked, or whenever denied anything, 
should be corrected promptly. A baby can be 
broken successfully of this habit by letting him 
cry it out. Once or twice will suffice. 
LEARNING TO WALK 
The average child begins to want to stand at 
about the tenth month and to walk from the twelfth to the fourteenth. 
Earlier efforts at standing and walking should be discouraged. A child 
never should be urged to stand and walk, especially if he is heavy. He 
will want to stand and walk of his own accord as soon as the little legs 
are strong enough to bear his weight; neither encourage nor restrain. 
LEARNING TO TALK 
A child learns to talk by hearing older people and other children 
speaking. At first, speech to him is but a jumble of sounds as a foreign 
language is to us. Later, he begins to learn that certain sounds mean 
certain people or things or movements. 
It is very necessary that he should hear these words and sounds cor- 
rectly spoken and that when he begins to talk he should hear correct 
English. Do not use the so-called “baby talk” in speaking to a child; 
otherwise he will learn it and other improper methods of speech, only 
to have to unlearn them later with much effort. 
TOYS 
Since a baby wants to put everything into his mouth, his toys must 
be those that can be used safely in this way. They should be washable 
and should have no sharp points or corners to hurt the eyes. Painted 
articles, or hairy and wooly toys, also toys having loose parts such as 
balls or objects small enough to be swallowed, are unsafe and should 
never be given a small child. 
A baby should never have too many toys at one time. A handful of 
clothespins, or a silver teaspoon or tin cup, will please just as much as 
an expensive doll or other toy. It is a good plan to have a box or 
basket in which to keep empty spools and other household objects with 
which the baby may play. 
MORAL TRAINING 
A little child does not know right from wrong until he is taught by 
older persons. He follows his own fancy and lets his little hands and 
feet do mischief, not knowing that he is doing anything which will 
cause others or himself to come to grief. For this reason, older persons 
must be ready to guide the baby and teach him the right method of 
behavior. 
But that does not mean that he should be forbidden continually to 
do this or that or the other. A child should have from very early 
infancy the opportunity of choosing to do things himself. If he is not 
78 allowed to do this, he won’t know how to reason 
and choose for himself when he grows older and 
is obliged to do it. 
On the other hand, it is necessary for a child 
to learn obedience, and a wise mother will train 
her child to obey; not, however, to obey the com- 
mand “because I told you to do it” but to obey 
because it is right and therefore a pleasure to 
do so. 
Harsh treatment or punishment has no place in the proper upbring- 
ing of the baby. If a baby’s inclinations lead him in the wrong direc- 
tion, some one must be at hand to guide him into another and better 
one and to turn his eager interest and his energy toward something that 
will amuse but not harm him. This is the golden rule for the training 
of babies and one which applies to the training of children of all ages. 
This does not mean that type of indiscreet indulgence which often pro- 
duces an unhappy child. 
Usually there is some reason for the naughtiness of babies. The 
babies who are fussy, restless and fretful are usually either uncomfort- 
able in some way because they have not been fed properly and taken 
care of, are sick, ailing, or have been indulged too much. On the other 
hand, babies who are fed properly, who are kept clean and have plenty 
of sleep and fresh air, and who have been trained in regular habits of 
life have no cause for being “bad” and therefore are “good”. 
79 MENTAL HYGIENE 
What a child sees and hears during the first few years is one of the 
strongest influences of his mental life. The earliest impressions are the 
strongest. Long before the baby speaks or gives conscious evidence that 
these are registering lasting impressions upon him, they are impressed 
indelibly on his extremely sensitive brain, and permanently color and 
influence his subsequent thoughts and actions. 
The baby is extremely susceptible to and is strongly influenced by 
his environment. His nervous system reacts in no uncertain way to 
emotional storms and other forms of disharmony. He responds to 
peace, quiet and harmony. It is this latter environment which gives 
him the very best chance for the development of a strong physical and 
mental personality. 
The mother or the nurse, as the case may be, is the one to whom the 
young child is most closely attached and it is the mother or nurse whose 
personality, character, habits of thought and action are most strongly 
impressed upon the child in her care. From her he not only gets his 
vocabulary, but his social, religious and moral ideas. These ideas form 
the basis of his opinions, prejudices and habits of thought. The mother 
who intrusts her child to a nurse cannot exercise too much care to 
obtain an intelligent, cultured woman of desirable character and per- 
sonality. The present practice of employing a skilled worker to care 
for the automobile, or to look after the father’s business, and to engage 
a convenient, immature and ignorant girl to “mind the baby” will be 
revised when the importance of this is fully understood. 
Mental hygiene is inseparable from physical hygiene. Unhealthy 
mental habits will react unfavorably on the physical health, as a faulty 
diet and lack of regular systematic care will result in unfavorable 
mental and nervous reactions. A good mind in a sound body can only 
result from intelligent attention to both. 
THE FIRST BIRTHDAY 
As the first birthday approaches, the mother will realize that she 
no longer has a little baby. Instead she will face a very different situa- 
tion from the care of a helpless infant, and problems which are much 
more complicated. Yet if the foundation of regular and proper habits 
has been laid during the first year of life, she can continue to watch 
and safeguard the baby’s development unhindered by previous errors in 
body and character building. If regular habits have not been estab- 
lished the mother can do nothing better than to begin at once, for the 
longer proper training of a baby is delayed the more difficult the task 
becomes for both parent and child. 
80 If it should happen that regular habits are 
never established during babyhood and child- 
hood, the individual will have to suffer that 
handicap throughout his entire life. 
New Functions 
During the second year the child develops 
many new functions. With each new function 
there is possibility of physical defect or error 
appearing. A most excellent safeguard against 
preventable defects is to have the child thoroughly examined, at least 
once a year, by a physician and remediable defects corrected while this 
may still be done cheaply and easily. 
First of Senses 
Touch—The sense of touch is one of the first of the senses to develop 
and remains the strongest throughout life. Adults learn most easily 
about those things which they can touch and handle. At this age a 
baby can learn in no other way. He is just beginning to find himself 
in the strange wonder world about him. For this reason he anxiously 
attempts to touch and to experiment with everything which is within 
reach of his busy little fingers. To forbid him to learn and to punish 
him for following his natural instincts in the search for knowledge is a 
great injustice to him. Breakable articles and things not for babies 
should be kept out of reach. 
Development of Muscles 
For the development of the smaller groups of muscles he should 
play with small simple toys. By handling them, experimenting with 
them, trying to “do as mother does" he obtains control of the untrained 
little hands and fingers. Unpainted building blocks, clothespins, spools, 
spoons and tin cups make ideal playthings for him. 
The baby develops the larger muscles by pushing, climbing, pulling 
and lifting. If left free to play unhampered by clothing and restrained 
only from harm he will get sufficient exercise of his own accord. By 
experimenting with things he can touch he becomes familiar with 
nearby objects. As yet he has no sense of distance and will hold out 
his hands for the moon. 
By experimenting with everything which he can touch and handle 
a baby begins to develop reason, but as yet cannot make himself 
remember. Each new experience, like finding his great toe or the back 
of his head, adds to the joy of life, and he experiences disappointment 
when the joy is withdrawn. It is this desire for pleasure which causes 
him to strive to assert his will power. 
Obedience Easily Taught 
During this year the baby is shy with strangers, but very affectionate 
with those in the home. It is through a desire to please them and to 
win their approval that he can easily be taught obedience, provided he 
81 is required to learn a few simple regulations and 
to follow these without exception. It is a serious 
mistake to require obedience to a multitude of 
small details of conduct, but the few simple 
requirements like going to bed on the minute or 
remaining within the yard enclosure should be 
stated clearly and adhered to closely. For the 
parent to be moved by entreaty or tears to devi- 
ate from these fundamental requirements of reg- 
ular and safe habits is to encourage the child in coaxing and teasing, 
also in willfulness and temper. 
Fundamental Trait 
Failure to require obedience also makes it more difficult for the 
child to learn self-control. From lack of this fundamental trait of 
character, self-control, may spring fear, jealousy, temper, nervousness, 
mannerisms and a number of bad habits. For that reason a child should 
never be permitted to persist in sucking his thumb or finger, to indulge 
in fits of screaming or outbursts of temper, or other bad habits. 
How to Govern Your Child 
The child may best be taught gentleness by soft speaking and by 
calmness of manner; politeness by never failing courtesy to him as well 
as to adults; sympathy by expressions of interest and pity, avoiding 
emotional excitement; unselfishness by always accepting his offer to 
share a treat, and by example; orderliness by having a box or drawer 
for his toys and encouraging him always to put them away; obedience 
by gentle firmness, and never by impatient demand or catching him up 
and “putting him into his place" or by jerking him or striking him in 
anger. The latter is a very successful way of teaching him how to 
display temper. 
An Imitator 
It is useless to try to teach a very young child by telling him to “do 
as I say’ . At this stage he has very little memory, still less of reason, 
and no power to understand a moral precept and to express it ip his 
conduct. He is a creature almost wholly of imitation. He learns to 
do by imitating what he sees and hears about him. Thus the language 
he uses, his treatment of others and his manner will reflect his home 
environment as a mirror reflects what is held before it. 
The child’s mind, however, is more than a mirror—it is more like 
a sensitive photo film or a stone tablet upon which a record is being 
engraved. The record may not always be what the parents would have 
it, but it will faithfully portray the child’s training and experience. 
Have your child given a physical examination on his birthday and 
see that remedial defects are corrected. 
82 THE SECOND BIRTHDAY 
At the second birthday a child ordinarily is 
running about; he can repeat a number of 
words; he can obey simple commands and imi- 
tate movements. But he is still in need of the 
same care in regard to his food, sleep, exercise 
and habits that he has been having up to this 
time. 
Correction of Evil Impressions 
During this year he will greatly increase his vocabulary so that by 
the third birthday he can talk with ease and distinctness. If a language 
other than English is spoken in the home, this is the best time for him 
to acquire it. During this year it is most essential that he hear only 
good English and that errors of speech, “baby talk" and slang expres- 
sions be corrected. Profane and vulgar words are certain to be heard 
and repeated even by the most carefully reared child. To punish a child 
for using them or to describe to him how “very bad" they are is sure to 
impress them so firmly on his mind that they will never be forgotten 
and they will be remembered for use on future occasions. The simplest 
method of dealing with vulgar expressions is to pretend not to hear 
them. In a few days at most they will be forgotten for the present. 
To Cure Naughtiness 
In the same manner, ignoring the so-called little tricks or naughti- 
ness of children is one of the best methods of curing them. The child’s 
desire for affection and approbation is very strong. His knowledge of 
right and wrong is not yet developed. It rests mainly in the approval 
of others. His desire for approval is the strongest incentive the child 
has for obedience and for good behavior. Sometimes during the second 
year his very strong concentration on self leads him to indulge in con- 
trariness. If left alone he will soon outgrow it. 
Imagination Begins 
In this year the play instinct begins to be associated with imagina- 
tion. Blocks are no longer blocks; they are houses, and dolls are babies. 
Self-directed play, where the child evolves his own games, affords a 
wonderful stimulus to the imagination which has been called appropri- 
ately “the fairest gift of the gods”. The child at this age loves to hear 
tales qf himself woven into fairy tales, and seemingly never tires of the 
same stories over and over again. These fairies of the imagination are 
real to the child who cannot as yet distinguish between truth and fiction. 
Stories which inspire fear or other undesirable emotions are to be 
avoided for children. 
Care of Teeth 
About this time a child can be taught regular use of the tooth brush 
as a part of his morning toilet. The condition, usefulness and beauty 
of the permanent teeth depend largely on the care that is given the 
baby ones. 
83 Proper care of baby teeth is very important. 
The child should be taken to the dentist before 
decay appears. Much future trouble can be pre- 
vented if the dentist repairs the small pits and 
fissures found in baby teeth. Visits to the dentist 
should be repeated at least every six months. 
Does Not Know Truth From Falsehood 
The power to know truth from falsehood is 
something which is acquired. It is something 
which the child must learn. At this age he frequently tells an untruth 
when he is asked questions, particularly the kind that might be embar- 
rassing, because he feels that he must say something. If he is punished 
he doesn’t know what for, which is manifestly unfair. 
Property Rights 
During this year the child also develops a strong sense of property 
rights which need be respected. At the same time he must be taught to 
respect the property rights of others. He will not learn this of his own 
accord, nor until he has been told a great many times. 
Memorizing Songs and Poetry 
Children who are particularly mentally alert will pick up snatches 
of songs and verses of poetry and prose which they love to repeat, 
charmed no doubt by the rhythm. It is well enough to let them learn 
what they will of their own accord, but it is a serious mistake to teach 
such young children to memorize long verses or to encourage them to 
“show off” by reciting and singing to admiring friends and relatives. 
Apparently at the time, it does the child no harm. But the foundation 
for nervousness later on is laid in this manner. 
THE THIRD BIRTHDAY 
The third birthday will make a greater change in the child than 
either of the other two. While still needing the same careful oversight 
as to regularity of habits and care, he now begins to recognize himself, 
not only as a person, but he can appreciate himself in relation to 
others. The strictly “myself" stage is passing and the social age is 
beginning. Through his recognition of himself in relation to others, and 
the respecting of others’ rights as he would have them respect his, the 
three-year-old can be taught the little social acts of courtesy. 
The Social Age 
The normal child of three talks distinctly, knows his own name and 
the names of members of the family, recognizes himself in a mirror, 
enumerates objects in a complex picture and attempts to describe them. 
It is well for him to know his street and house number, his father’s 
occupation and other means of identification, should he stray away or 
get lost. 
Obedience Emphasized 
The same desire for affection and approbation still exists, impelling 
84 him to obedience. He obeys now from choice 
and motive, and also because he wants to do the 
thing asked. Obedience needs to be emphasized 
strongly this year for the sake of safety, but 
obedience through fear is sure to result, sooner 
or later, in a revolt against authority. Also a 
child frequently is made to become a liar through 
fear of punishment. The independence of boys 
and girls and the wildness of some youths who 
cannot be restrained by their parents are as likely to be caused by 
insisting upon a strict obedience through fear of punishment as by 
foolish indulgence and little or no restraint. The most fortunate child 
is the one who is taught obedience through his trust in his parents, and 
most fortunate are the parents whose children are loyal to them through 
love. The child may be made to obey, but he cannot learn obedience 
and loyalty through fear. 
Differences of Sex Appear 
The child of three learns caution by an explanation of the lessons of 
experience, such as accidental hurts. He develops courage by overcom- 
ing timidity and fear. There are fundamental differences of sex which 
are apparent even at this early age, but they are not such as need to 
interfere with the training in the fundamental human virtues of gentle- 
ness, loyalty and courage. A boy is trained to be a little man. In the 
same way a little girl needs to be a little woman, and not because she 
is a girl allowed to become a selfish, willful little “cry baby”. The 
boisterous boy needs the feminine grace of gentleness and the timid girl 
the manly virtues of courage if both are to develop to the fullest possi- 
bilities of their manhood and womanhood. 
Curiosity Awakens 
By the third year the curiosity is aroused and the child is stimulated 
to ask endless questions. The appearance of the curiosity is the sign of 
the awakening of another faculty to aid in the endless search for knowl- 
edge. The three-year-old still learns by imitating, especially by watch- 
ing and helping mother. In this way he should learn partly to undress 
and dress himself, to feed himself correctly, to put things away, and to 
become handv with the use of blunt scissors and other tools. 
Regular Habits Manifest 
The child of three frequently goes to the toilet by himself. If he 
always has had regular habits probably he will go about the same time 
each day, usually after the morning meal. It is necessary, however, to 
observe closely and to know whether or not his bowels have moved each 
day and whether the stool is normal. Any difficulty or distress in void- 
ing the urine should have prompt attention. Bed-wetting after the age 
of three needs to be treated by a physician. 
85 Importance of Cleanliness 
The same watchful care that was given them when they were babies 
needs to be given the private organs of boys and girls as they grow 
older. The presence of secretions which are not thoroughly removed at 
the bath quickly sets up an irritation in girls. Secretions and moisture 
caused by voiding the urine will also cause an irritation for a boy if the 
foreskin is not drawn back and cleaned thoroughly. When this cannot 
be done, or whenever any inflammation develops in either boys or girls, 
they should be taken at once to a physician. A neglect of these organs 
may cause serious nervous disorders, and irritation may lead to the 
habit of self-abuse. The child should never be shamed nor be told that 
there is anything that is not clean about his body. Instead he should be 
taught to be proud of it and always to keep it clean and to care for it. 
THE FOURTH BIRTHDAY 
Before the fifth birthday a child is likely to awaken to the fact that 
there are babies in the world; they were not here before, and conse- 
quently they must have come from somewhere. Why the asking of such 
a simple question should throw the household into a panic, or why 
parents and friends should feel called upon to invent lies, is one of the 
unanswerable riddles. 
Answer Questions Truthfully 
So before a child asks these questions the mother needs to prepare 
herself with the proper answer, and she needs also to be thankful that 
he comes to her instead of going to others. If his child mind is once 
allowed to become polluted with false or vulgar ideas of sex the im- 
pressions never will be eradicated. On the other hand, a child who has 
always been told the truth, and who knows that he can always go to 
mother or father for anything he wants to know, will be safeguarded 
from having his unsatisfied curiosity lead him to strange and maybe 
unfit sources for information. 
Some More Mature Than Others 
Some children at four are more mature than others, so that whatever 
is explained to them must be based on the child’s ability to understand. 
But most children of four know about eggs and the hatching of chick- 
ens and birds. The simple statement that he came from an egg (ovum) 
will be sufficient for the time being. Later he will want to know where 
the egg came from. Then the beautiful story of the nest in mother’s 
body, where he lay until he was strong enough to come out, will fill 
his soul with wonder and admiration. Mother will be the most wonder- 
ful person in the world, and the child’s love and admiration for her 
scarcely will be exceeded by her own love for her child. 
86 Nature Study 
A child may have his curiosity aroused by the appearance of young 
pets. Either way, this year is an excellent time for some home nature 
study, using the simplest material at hand. There are the many kinds of 
plant babies to be studied, or the bird babies or puppies or kittens. 
From a study of these specific babies the child eventually grasps the 
general concept of the plan of reproduction—“that everything has 
babies”. Having babies then is no mystery to him. He knows all about 
it, and older children or impure minded adults cannot shake his faith in 
his own knowledge or fill his mind with vulgar falsehoods. He will not 
seek nor accept from such sources of information, for he already knows 
the truth. 
No Conception of Love of Men and Women 
As yet the child has no conception of the love of men and women, 
and to try to explain it to him would only confuse him. In his mind 
the father’s function is to watch over and protect the mother and her 
babies. But in a few years he will be ready to understand it, especially 
a child having pets, or living where he can observe closely domestic 
animals. The knowledge of the father’s function in creating life may 
be taught him easily through the same nature-study methods. There are 
many good books written on this subject both for parents and for 
children. If you will write the State Department of Public Health, it 
will be glad to send you one. 
Knows His or Her Sex 
The child of four knows his or her sex, and now, if not before, he 
needs to learn the necessity for the care of his genitals, to keep them 
clean and to protect them, never to handle them unnecessarily, and to 
respect them as a proper part of his beautiful body. If a child never is 
given any vulgar ideas associated with sex he will not invent nastiness 
for himself. 
“Help Mother” Age 
Apart from nature-study lessons, the child of four may learn to 
count, to dress and undress himself, to put away his toys and clothes 
properly and to care for pets. He should not yet be given the full 
responsibility for live pets, as the animals likely will suffer. He will 
do also many little chores about the house if he is approached in the 
right manner; never driven nor commanded, but permitted to “help 
mother”. 
Twelve Hours Sleep 
The diet of a child of four is practically the same as for a child of 
three, except that he may demand a larger quantity. He still needs 
twelve hours sleep at night and a nap in the afternoon. The afternoon 
nap can be continued with very good advantage up until the sixth year. 
87 No Excitement 
The child is still too young to be taken out 
at night. He may begin now to go to Sunday 
school and occasionally to visit little folks his 
own age. But if he is to remain a perfectly 
healthy child with a good body and sound nerv- 
ous system, he needs to go to his own little bed 
shortly after the evening meal. A child who 
never is taken out to “movies” or kept up until 
all hours will go to bed of his own accord at his usual sleepy time. 
THE FIFTH BIRTHDAY 
With the passing of the fifth birthday and entering upon the sixth 
year the child again passes into another stage of development. He needs 
this year to be guarded against over-fatigue. If allowed to go to kinder- 
garten he must be protected from too long hours in confinement, insani- 
tary school surroundings, bad ventilation or heating, improper seating, 
and from exposure to contagious diseases. If confined closely for any 
length of time in insanitary quarters his resistance to disease is lessened 
and the chances of his contracting diseases increased, as is shown by the 
repeated epidemics among young school children. A child of five should 
not be permitted to attend school. One who is not strong is better out 
of school altogether until he is seven or eight. The additional strength 
gained will more than compensate for the loss of school time, and the 
child will make up grades easily. 
Examination by Competent Physician Important 
For this and other reasons it is a wise precaution to have the child 
thoroughly examined again by your physician and ascertain that his 
bodily resistance is up to normal before allowing him to enter school 
at six. It is especially important to note the condition of eyes, ears, 
nose, throat and teeth, and to correct any irregularities. It is also a duty 
resting on the parents to know that the schoolhouse has been put in 
good sanitary condition before the opening of school; that the sanitary 
regulations of the state have been complied with in regard to private 
drinking cups, good water supply and proper toilets. An additional 
safeguard is the school nurse to exclude from school those children 
suffering from communicable diseases and to give all school children 
the advantage of skillful oversight as to conditions affecting their 
health. 
Proper Teacher Important 
During the first few years at school the child is easily influenced. 
His will is not strong, and it is hard for him to decide things for him- 
self. As a result the mother will need to be on guard as to who are his 
playmates, with whom he goes to and from school, and to counteract 
unfortunate influences on his will, ideals and conduct. She will need 
88 to talk over with him and refute superstitions 
and foolish notions of fear of which he will hear 
tales. She can do this by becoming his compan- 
ion in his school interests and by making him 
realize that father and mother are his very best 
friends. The child will need also the same watch- 
ful attention to diet, sleep and play that has been 
given up to this time. 
Sheds Baby Teeth 
About the sixth year the child begins to lose the baby teeth and 
the permanent teeth make their appearance. If the first teeth are in 
good condition and cared for the second probably will come through 
without any special trouble, hut it is well to take him to the dentist 
several times this year to guard against any irregularities. 
The most important teeth in childhood are the six-year molars. 
These two pairs of permanent teeth which come in between six to seven 
years of age do not take the place of baby teeth but erupt behind the 
last baby jaw teeth. These molar teeth, which begin their formation 
before the birth of the child and have been forming during all child- 
hood, will very often have defects in their chewing surfaces when they 
erupt. Since the six-year molars are the first permanent ones to come 
through, they act as anchors to which the others tie. If they are lost 
the others are likely to come in crooked and the dental arch will be 
poorly formed. As soon as the chewing surface has erupted it should be 
examined for defects by the dentist. 
Graduates From Home 
At the end of this year the child graduates from the pre-school age 
to the school age. While he becomes very much more self-reliant, he 
is still greatly dependent on mother for supervision, especially in all 
matters relating to hygiene. The strain of school needs to be guarded 
against as well as exposure to communicable disease and other evils 
attendant upon bringing together large numbers of children from all 
conditions of home life. Check up on the immunizations given him in 
childhood to see that he is protected against typhoid, diphtheria, and 
smallpox. A careful weighing and inspection once each year or oftener 
by a physician will do much to avoid serious illness or complications 
and toward keeping the child always in excellent health. 
The Georgia Department of Health will be glad to give advice on 
request on any subject pertaining to prenatal, natal or child care. 
89 TABLE OF WEIGHTS 
This table of weights and measures represents the average 
baby. A baby may weigh more or less and still be entirely 
normal. The regular increase in weight is of more importance 
than conforming to a table. It is not reasonable to expect all 
babies to weigh exactly the same. 
At 1 week the normal baby should weigh 7 lbs. 
At 2 weeks the normal baby should weigh 7 lbs. 6 oz. 
At 3 weeks the normal baby should weigh 7 lbs. 14 oz. 
At 4 weeks the normal baby should weigh 8 lbs. 6 oz. 
At 5 weeks the normal baby should weigh 8 lbs. to 8 lbs. 
14 oz. 
At 6 weeks the normal baby should weigh 9 lbs. to 9 lbs. 
6 oz. 
At 7 weeks the normal baby should weigh 9 lbs. 8 oz. to 
9 lbs. 14 oz. 
At 8 weeks the normal baby should weigh 9 lbs. 14 oz. to 
10 lbs. 
At 9 weeks the normal baby should weigh 10 lbs. to 10 lbs. 
8 oz. 
At 10 weeks the normal baby should weigh 10 lbs. 6 oz. to 
10 lbs, 14 oz. 
At 11 weeks the normal baby should weigh 10 lbs. 10 oz. 
to 11 lbs. 4 oz. 
At 12 weeks the normal baby should weigh 11 lbs. to 12 lbs. 
After the twelfth week the baby should gain on an average 
of four ounces a week. Keep a record of baby’s weight. {See 
Page 91) 
90 RECORD OF BABY’S WEIGHT 
Baby’s name 
Date of birth 
Pounds 
Ounces 
Weight at birth 
Second day 
Third day 
Fourth day . 
Fifth day 
Sixth day ... ___ 
Seventh day . 
End second week 
End third week 
End fourth week 
End fifth week _ 
End sixth week 
End seventh week __ . 
End eighth week _____ 
End ninth week 
End tenth week _ 
End eleventh week _ 
End twelfth week 
End thirteenth week 
End fourteenth week 
End fifteenth week 
End sixteenth week 
End seventeenth week 
End eighteenth week 
End nineteenth week 
End twentieth week _____ 
End twenty-first week_ ___ _ 
End twenty-second week 
End twenty-third week 
End twenty-fourth week _ __ _ . 
End seventh month __ .. _ 
End eighth month _ 
End ninth month 
End tenth month 
End eleventh month 
End first year _ _ _____ 
End eighteenth month 
End second year 
— 
— 
After the twelfth week the baby should gain on an average of four ounces 
a week. 
91 AVERAGE HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS 
OF CHILDREN UNDER SIX YEARS OF AGE 
COMPILED BY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR- 
CHILDREN’S BUREAU 
Table 1.—Average heights and weights of white children from birth to 3 years 
of age.* 
Age 
White boys 
White girls 
Average 
Height 
(inches) 
Average 
Weight 
(pounds)f 
Average 
Height 
(inches) 
Average 
Weight 
(pounds)f 
Under 1 month 
21 % 
9% 
20% 
8% 
1 month, under 2 
221/a 
10% 
21% 
10% 
2 months, under 3 
23% 
12% 
23% 
11% 
3 months, under 4 
241/2 
14% 
24 
13 
4 months, under 5 
25% 
15% 
24% 
14% 
5 months, under 6 
261/s 
16% 
25% 
15% 
6 months, under 7 
26% 
17% 
26% 
16% 
7 months, under 8 
27% 
18% 
26% 
17% 
8 months, under 9 
27% 
19 
27% 
17% 
9 months, under 10 
28% 
19% 
27% 
18% 
10 months, under 11 
28% 
20% 
28% 
19 
11 months, under 12 
29 
20% 
28% 
19% 
12 months, under 13 
291/2 
21% 
28% 
20 
13 months, under 14 
29% 
21% 
29% 
20% 
14 months, under 15 
30% 
22% 
29% 
21 
15 months, under 16 
30% 
22% 
30% 
21% 
16 months, under 17 
31 
23% 
30% 
21% 
17 months, under 18 
31% 
23% 
30% 
22% 
18 months, under 19 
31% 
24% 
31% 
22% 
19 months, under 20 
32% 
24% 
31% 
23% 
20 months, under 21 
321/2 
25 
31% 
23% 
21 months, under 22 
32% 
25% 
32% 
24% 
22 months, under 23 . 
33 
25% 
32% 
24% 
23 months, under 24 
33% 
26% 
32% 
24% 
24 months, under 25 
33% 
26% 
33% 
25% 
25 months, under 26 
33% 
27 
33% 
25% 
26 months, under 27 
34% 
27% 
33% 
25% 
27 months, under 28 
34% 
27% 
34 
26% 
28 months, under 29 
34% 
28 
34% 
26% 
29 months, under 30 
35 
28% 
34% 
27% 
30 months, under 31 
35% 
28% 
34% 
27% 
31 months, under 32 
35% 
29% 
35% 
27% 
32 months, under 33 
35% 
29% 
35% 
28% 
33 months, under 34 
36 
29% 
35% 
28% 
34 months, under 35 
36% 
30% 
35% 
28% 
35 months, under 36 
361/2 
30% 
36 
29% 
* These figures are based upon measurements of 167,024 white boys and girls for 
whom no serious defects were reported. The averages as calculated have been 
smoothed and corrected to allow for the basic figures of children with adenoids, 
diseased or enlarged tonsils or carious teeth, and they represent, therefore, so far 
as the material permits, average heights and weights of children without defects, 
f Weights do not include clothing. 
92 AVERAGE HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS 
OF CHILDREN UNDER SIX YEARS OF AGE 
COMPILED BY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR- 
CHILDREN’S BUREAU 
Table 1.—Average heights and weights of white children from 3 to 6 years of age.* 
Age 
White boys 
White girls 
Average 
Height 
(inches) 
Average 
Weight 
(pounds) f 
Average 
Height 
(inches) 
Average 
Weight 
(pounds) f 
36 months, under 37.. 
36% 
30% 
36% 
29% 
37 months, under 38 
36% 
31 
36% 
29% 
38 months, under 39 
37% 
31% 
36% 
30% 
39 months, under 40 
37% 
31% 
37 
30% 
40 months, under 41 
37% 
32 
37% 
30% 
41 months, under 42 
37% 
32% 
37% 
31% 
42 months, under 43 
38% 
32% 
37% 
31% 
43 months, under 44 :— 
38% 
33% 
38 
31% 
44 months, under 45 
38% 
33% 
38% 
32% 
45 months, under 46 
38% 
33% 
38% 
32% 
46 months, under 47 
39 
34 
38% 
32% 
47 months, under 48 
39% 
34% 
38% 
32% 
48 months, under 49 
39% 
34% 
38% 
33% 
49 months, under 50 
39% 
34% 
39% 
33% 
50 months, under 51 
39% 
35 
39% 
33% 
51 months, under 52 
39% 
35% 
39% 
34 
52 months, under 53 
40 
35% 
39% 
34% 
53 months, under 54 
40% 
35% 
40 
34% 
54 months, under 55 
40% 
36% 
40% 
35 
55 months, under 56 
40% 
36% 
40% 
35% 
56 months, under 57 
40% 
36% 
40% 
35% 
57 months, under 58 
41% 
37% 
40% 
36 
58 months, under 59 
41% 
37% 
41 
36% 
59 months, under 60 
41% 
37% 
41% 
36% 
60 months, under 61 
41% 
38% 
41% 
36% 
61 months, under 62 
41% 
38% 
41% 
37% 
62 months, under 63 
42 
38% 
41% 
37% 
63 months, under 64 
42% 
39 
41% 
37% 
64 months, under 65 
42% 
39% 
42% 
38 
65 months, under 66 
42% 
39% 
42% 
38% 
66 months, under 67 
42% 
39% 
42% 
38% 
67 months, under 68 
43 
40% 
42% 
39 
68 months, under 69 
43% 
40% 
42% 
39% 
69 months, under 70 
43% 
40% 
43% 
39% 
70 months, under 71 
43% 
41% 
43% 
40% 
71 months, under 72 
43% 
41% 
43% 
40% 
* These figures are based upon measurements of 167,024 white boys and girls for 
whom no serious defects were reported. The averages as calculated have been 
smoothed and corrected to allow for the basic figures of children with adenoids, 
diseased or enlarged tonsils or carious teeth, and they represent, therefore, so far 
as the material permits, average heights and weights of children without defects, 
f Weights do not include clothing. 
93 BABY’S RECORD 
Baby’s name . 
Born at on the 
19 at. M., unto Mr. and 
Mrs. a 
Baby was weighed this day of 19 
pounds ounces. Height inches 
Baby’s First Toy First Tooth 
First Laugh First Shoes 
First Crept First Stood Alone 
First Steps First Words 
94 INDEX 
A. 
Abercrombie 2 
Abrasions and Cuts 72 
Accidents 70 
Acute Vomiting 69 
Air, Fresh 47 
Alphabetical List, First Aid 70 
Amount of Milk to Give 25 
Antitoxin 57 
Artificial Feeding 20 
Average Height and Weight 92 
Average Increase in Diet 20 
Average Weight 11 
Avoid Upsets in Summer 69 
B. 
Baby’s Bed Room 45 
Baby’s Clothes 53, 54, 55 
Baby’s Jug 49 
Baby’s Record 94 
Baby, The Sick 66 
Baby Should Weigh 90 
Baby’s Teeth 43, 44 
Baby’s Weight 92 
Bands 54 
Basket Carriage 50 
Bathing Baby 51 
Bed for Baby ... 48 
Bed Wetting 77 
Begin Orange Juice 13 
Birth Certificate 5 
Birthdays 80, 83, 84, 86, 88 
Birth Registration 4 
Blankets „• 54 
Boil Milk 23 
Boiled Custard 41 
Bottles and Nipples 26 
Bottle Feeding 23 
Boy’s Weight Chart 92 
Bran Baths 52 
Bread 38 
Breakfast Cereals 37 
Breathing 6 
Breast Feeding 13 
Breast Milk 13 
Breast Milk, Expression of 18 
Broth 39 
Building Teeth 43 
Burns and Scalds 71 
Butter Milk 36 
Buttocks, Irritated 75 
By The Clock, Feeding 22 
c. 
Cabinet, First Aid Remedies 70 
Care of Baby 9 
Care of Bottles 26 
Care of Nipples 26 
Care of Nursing Mother 15 
Care and Preparation of Food .. 36 
Carriage for Baby 50 
Cat or Dog Bite 73 
Cereals 36 
Certificate of Birth 5 
Childhood Tuberculosis 59 
Child’s Bill of Rights 3 
Clabber 36 
Clean Milk Essential 23 
Clothes Rack 49 
Clothing 53 
Cod Liver or 
Halibut Oil 13, 21, 24, 32, 57 
Colds 71 
Communicable Diseases 57 
Communicable Disease Chart 63, 64,65 
Condensed Milk 24 
Constipation 66, 71 
Control of Bladder and Bowels 77 
Convulsions 71 
Cornstarch Fruit Jelly 42 
Cough 71 
Cow’s Milk 23 
Croup 71 
Crying to Develop Lungs 77 
Crying: 
Colic 7 
Fretful 7 
Hungry 7 
Pain 7 
Sick 7 
Cuts and Abrasions 72 
“Cutting Teeth” 43 
D. 
Daily Program, Baby 12 
Dangerous Diseases 57, 62 
Daytime Sleep 45 
Definition of Prepared Milk 23 
Desserts 40 
Development of Baby.. 10 
Development, Mental 80 
Diapers 54 
Diarrhea 67 
Diet for Infant 20 
Diet for Mother 15 
Diet, Preparation of 36 
95 INDEX 
Diet, 12 to 17 Months 31 
Diet, 17 to 24 Months 32 
Diet, 2-3 Years 34 
Diet, 3-6 Years 35 
Dilution, Cow’s Milk 27 
Diphtheria 58 
Diphtheria Antitoxin 55 
Diseases, How to Prevent 63 
Diseases, How Spread 63 
Dog or Cat Bite 73 
Do Not 9 
Do Not Wean Baby- 13 
Drowning 73 
Dresses 54 
Dressing Baby 51 
Drying Rack 49 
Drugs Needed 70 
E. 
Ear, Something in 74 
Earache 73 
Eczema 68 
Eggs 40 
Emergency Remedies 71 
Equipment for Baby’s Bath 51 
Equipment for Preparation 
of Food 26 
Evaporated Milk 24 
Expression, Breast Milk 18 
Eye, Something in 74 
Eyes, Sore 73 
F. 
Fainting 74 
Feeding Between Meals 14 
Feeding Delicate Baby 28 
Feeding by the Clock 22 
Feeding Different Ages 20, 21, 22 
Feeding Formulas 20 
Feeding Healthy Baby 13, 14, 15, 20 
Feeding, Increases in 20 
Feeding Premature Baby 28 
Feeding Outfit 26 
Feeding, First Year 13 
Feeding, Second Year 31 
Feeding, 2-3 Years 34 
Feeding, 3-6 Years 35 
Feeding Young Baby 13 
Fever, Typhoid 58 
First Aid 70 
First Aid Remedies 71 
First Birthday 80 
First Year Feeding 13 
Fish Oil 13, 21, 24, 32, 57 
Foods, How to Prepare 36 
Foods, Patent 24 
Foreign Body in Ear, Eye, 
Nose, Throat 74 
Formative Period 77 
Formulas for Feeding 20 
Foreword 2 
Fifth Birthday 88 
Fourth Birthday 86 
Fresh Air — 47 
Fresh Clean Milk 23 
Frost Bite 74 
Fruits 40 
Furniture, Baby’s Room 48 
G. 
Gaining Weight 11 
Gelatin 41 
General Formulas 20 
Girl’s Weight Chart 92 
Give Your Baby a Chance 14 
Giving the Bottle 22 
Giving Water 15 
Good Baby Teeth 44 
Growing Baby 10 
Gruel 36 
H. 
Habit Formation 80 
Habits and Training 77 
Halibut or 
Cod Liver Oil 13, 21, 24, 32, 57 
Headache 75 
Hears and Sees 80 
Heat Prostration 76 
Holding Breath 75 
Hours for Feeding 15 
How to Bathe Baby 51 
How to Dress Baby 53 
How to Feed Baby 36 
How to Handle Baby 9 
How to Hold, Feeding Baby 22 
How to Prepare Food 36 
How to Train Baby 82 
Hygiene 56 
Hygiene, Mental 80 
I. 
Immunization 57 
Immunization, Diphtheria 58 
Immunization, Scarlet Fever 59 
Immunization, Smallpox 57 
96 INDEX 
Immunization, Typhoid 58 
Important for Parents 80 
Incubator, Premature Baby 30 
fnfant Foods 23 
Ingredients for Formula 25 
Irritated Buttocks 75 
J. 
Jackets 55 
K. 
Keeping the Baby Well 56 
Know Your Baby 6 
L. 
Learning to Talk 78 
Learning to Walk 78 
Losing Weight 10 
M. 
Meats, How to Cook ... 39 
Medicine Cabinet 70 
Mental Hygiene 80 
Method of Obtaining Breast Milk.. 18 
Milk: 
Average Increase in Diet. 20 
Breast Milk 13 
Butter Milk 36 
Clean Milk Essential 23 
Condensed Milk 24 
Cow’s Milk 23 
Definition of Prepared Milk 23 
General Formulas 20 
Modification of Milk 25 
Evaporated Milk 24 
Preparation of Milk 23 
Safe Milk 23 
Moral Training 78 
Mosquito Bites 74 
Mother’s Care 15 
Mother’s Diet 16 
N. 
Nature’s Food 13 
Nausea 69 
Night Terrors 75 
Nipples 27 
Normal Healthy Baby, Feeding 34 
Nose, Something in 74 
Nurse Maid 8 
Nursing Mother’s Diet 16 
o. 
Observe Your Baby 6 
Olive Oil Rub ! 52 
One Year Old 80 
Orange, Tomato Juice. 13 
Outdoor Sun Baths 47 
Out-of-doors 46 
Out-of-door Garments 55 
P. 
Pacifier , 77 
Personal History of Baby 94 
Playing with Baby 46 
Poisoning 75 
Poison Swallowed 75 
Poison Wounds 76 
Position of Baby While Feeding.... 22 
Powder for Baby 52 
Powdered Milk 23 
Premature Infant 28 
Preparation of Food 36 
Preparation of Formula 25 
Preparation of Milk 23 
Preventable Diseases 57 
Preventable Disease Chart 63 
Prevention of Tuberculosis .... 60 
Program for Baby 12 
Program for Feeding 31 
Prostration from Heat 76 
Prune Whip... 42 
Pudding 41 
Q. 
Quarantine, Length of 63 
R. 
Recipes _. 36 
Record, Baby’s Weight 91 
Register Your Baby 4 
Regularity Important . 12 
Remedies 71 
Rickets 57 
Room Temperature 47 
S. 
Safe Milk 23 
Saving Baby Teeth 43 
Scalds and Burns 71 
Scarlet Fever 59 
Schedules for Feeding 21 
Schick Test 58 
97 INDEX 
Scurvy _ 57 
Second Birthday 83 
Second Year Feeding 31 
Sees and Hears 80 
Selection of Nurse 8 
Senses, Development of 10 
Shirts 54 
Sick Baby 66 
Sick Room 70 
Signs of Illness 66 
Signs and Symptoms 6 
Skin Irritation ... 75 
Sleep 45 
Sleeping Garments 53 
Smallpox 59 
Snake Bite 76 
Some Causes of Vomiting 69 
Sore Eyes 73 
Sore Throat, Symptoms 68 
Sterilization, Before Making 
Formula 25 
Stings of Insects 76 
Stockings .... 54 
Stomach and Bowel Disorders 67 
Summer Complaint 67 
Sun Baths 32, 47, 57, 61 
Sunburn 76 
Sunlight 57 
Sun Prostration 76 
Suggestions for Emergencies 70 
Supplies for Baby’s Room 48 
T. 
Table of Preventable Diseases 63, 65 
Table of Weights 90 
Talking 78 
Tantrums, Holding Breath 75 
Teeth, Care of 83 
Teething 43 
Teething Aids 43 
Temperature of Bath 51 
Third Birthday 84 
Throat, Something in 74 
Time Chart Cooking Food 37 
Toilet Tray 48 
Tomato, Orange Juice 21 
Toothache 76 
Toxoid 58 
Toys for Children 78 
Training 78 
Transmission Infectious Diseases 63 
Tray, Supplies for .: 48 
Treatment of Constipation 66 
Treatment of Tuberculosis 61 
Tuberculosis 59 
Two Years Old 83 
Typhoid Fever 58 
U. 
Undressing and Dressing Baby 51 
V. 
Vaccination, Smallpox 59 
Vegetables 38 
Venereal Diseases 62 
Vomiting, Acute 69 
W. 
Walking 78 
Warm Water Jug 49 
Washing the Baby 51 
Washing Woolen Garments 55 
Water for Baby 20 
Weaning Baby 15 
Weight of Baby : 11 
Well Baby, How to Keep 56 
Wetting Bed 77 
What to Observe ... .... 6 
Whooping Cough 59 
Whooping Cough Vaccine 59 
Y. 
Your Responsibility ... 80 
98