qTVIaternity 
fffie Care of'tfie MA TERNITY 
and the 
Care of the Babe 
A Book 
of Valuable Information 
for Prospective Mothers 
First Edition1909 
Second Edition 1920 
Third Edition 1921 
Fourth Edition 1922 
Published by 
H. N. OLIPHANT, M. D. 
Director of Palmer Hospital, 
Chief Surgeon Toledo, St. Louis & Western R. R. 
Frankfort, Ind. 
Copyright 1923 
by 
H. N. OLIPHANT 
Frankfort, Ind. TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Foreword. 
Frontispiece. 
Introduction. 
PART I 
(Prenatal Care.) 
Sign of Pregnancy Etc. 
PART IT. 
Lying-in-State and Care of Mother and Babe. 
PART TIT. 
Tables, Weights and Measures. 
Lists of Articles Needed in Lal>or and Other 
Information. 
Formulae, Recipes, Obstetrical, Calenders and 
Charts. 
PART TV. 
Author’s Note. 
Supplementary Tables. 
First Aid, Poisons, Antidotes, Etc. DEFINITION OF A NEW BORN BABE: 
“ A tiny feather dropped from Heaven into the lap 
of Motherhood. ” BREAST FED 
Age 5 months, Weight 29 1-2 pounds. FOREWORD 
“Every child has the inalienable right to be 
born free from disease, free from deformity, and 
with pure blood in its veins and arteries. Every 
child has the inalienable right to be loved; to have 
its individuality respected; to be trained wisely in 
mind, in body, and in soul; to be protected from dis- 
ease, from evil influences and evil persons, and to 
have a fair chance in life. In a word, to be brought 
up in the fear and admiration of the Lord. 
“That state is delinquent which does not cease- 
lessly strive to secure these inalienable rights.” 
( Copy of Indiana’s Child Creed INTRODUCTION 
The purpose intended in writing this book is to 
impart as much information as is possible to the 
expectant mother, providing her with a safe and re- 
liable guide through the various stages of preg- 
nancy, her confinement and the lying-in state, and 
also to instruct her in such a manner that she may 
be able to avoid so many unnecessary dangers— 
which may be considered of little importance, but 
might result disastrously. It is the sincere desire of 
the author to reassure the patient and assist her, not 
only in preserving her health through this ex- 
perience, but also in equipping herself with the 
knowledge essential in the care of her infant. To 
paraphrase the old adage, “It is bliss to be wise and 
folly to be ignorant.” 
Your physician will be better enabled to render 
you more efficient service and perform his whole 
duty to you, if you will familiarize yourself with 
these truths. In so doing you will find it much 
easier to follow his instructions. Nothing is more 
pleasing to the busy and conscientious physician than 
to serve patients who intelligently co-operate with 
him. 
Don’t hesitate to ask your physician for in- 
formation and advice. Better ask him many, many 
unnecessary or apparently foolish questions than to 
overlook one important or vital one. Therefore, when in doubt seek professional advice, avoiding the 
false modesty that leaves you with questions un- 
answered or doubts unsolved. “Anything that is 
important or necessary is modest.” 
It is impossible to cover, in so few pages and 
with limited time, the entire field of all these sub- 
jects, and no doubt much information herein is al- 
ready known by the reader. But it will serve as a 
reference and guide. Points that you may be famil- 
iar with may be new to some one else, or forgotten 
at the time. Too much consideration and assistance 
to the woman who “shelters a Soul” is not likely to 
be offered. 
If I shall have succeeded in placing before her 
in a concise and lucid form the things she should 
know and the information her good doctor would 
have her possess—then the purpose of this volume 
will be well served. 
Much advancement has been made in the past 
few years in the practice of obstetrics. The mid- 
wife and old Granny are an institution of the past— 
from a medical viewpoint at least, they may be both 
dangerous and unclean. Being unable to combat 
any abnormal condition, they are of questionable 
benefit to a woman during this ordeal. Through 
their ignorance and uncleanliness they are frequent- 
ly a fruitful source of infection, and when they at- 
tempt to manage the case alone, without the super- 
vision of a competent physician, they may become 
a menace to any woman in labor. If it is not practi- cable to have a competent trained nurse, an experi- 
enced woman who is clean and honest will be of 
value in rendering service to the physician in charge. 
There is no time in a woman’s life when she will 
have greater need for a conscientious and educated 
physician than at this time. Prevention counts here 
indeed, for many diseases peculiar to women, which 
result from an improper management of her case, 
can be entirely avoided. While child birth is a 
natural process, many women become chronically 
afflicted after the birth of one or more children, and 
usually owe their unfortunate condition of invalid- 
ism to carelessness and uncleanliness. The old 
maxim, “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound 
of cure” is more true today than ever before, and 
most emphatically is it true in child-birth. PART 1 
SIGNS OF PREGNANCY 
The signs of pregnancy are divided into prob- 
able and positive. The former are noted by the 
patient and are listed below, while the positive signs 
are only recognized by a skilled physician and may 
not be apparent until several weeks after concep- 
tion. 
Probable signs of pregnancy— 
1. Suppression of menses. 
2. Changes in the breasts. 
3. Morning sickness. 
4. Morbid longings and dyspepsia. 
5. Changes in size and shape of abdomen. 
The time for a pregnant woman to place her- 
self under the care of her physician is as soon as she 
becomes aware of her condition. She should see 
him frequently and at regular intervals as he may 
direct. Changes in disposition, high blood pressure, 
tiring easily, mentally and physically, marked swell- 
ings of the ankles, nausea, vomiting, head-ache (top 
of head), pain in the pit of stomach, are symptoms 
of an overcharging of the blood with poisons, due to 
pressure, improper diet, lack of fresh air and rest, 
poor elimination, etc., and should be accorded a phy- 
15 sician’s immediate attention. To discover any un- 
toward symptoms early, he should see her whenever 
and as often as he desires. 
Hygiene of 
Pregnancy 
So many women are prone to neglect the phy- 
sical exercise to which they have been accustomed; 
some are sensitive to their appearance and for this 
reason try to escape observation. Fears—inspired 
by false ideas—are more prominent at this time. 
This is all baseless, the result of an abnormally sensi- 
tive condition, and should be discouraged. 
The whole muscular system will be subjected 
to a severe strain during labor, and regular, system- 
atic muscular exercise will develop a muscular 
strength equal to this task. But exercise must not 
be carried to the point of extreme fatigue or over- 
exertion and anything in the way of exercise which 
increases congestion or undue pressure of the organs 
involved in pregnancy should be avoided. These 
simple rules will make the accouchement ordeal 
shorter and easier. Out-door exercise, such as zvalk- 
ing, is beneficial; too intense exercise, such as lift- 
ing, tennis, operating a sewing machine, may be re- 
sponsible for much trouble. A suitable form of ex- 
ercise not too prolonged but regularly engaged in 
will prove helpful to both the mother and her off- 
spring. Carriage riding is suitable, and, with a care- 
ful driver in an easy riding automobile, the preg- 
16 nant woman will find it not only a pleasure but also 
a benefit whenever the weather and her health will 
permit. When at all possible, get out in the open at 
least once daily. 
In an uncomplicated case of pregnancy a fixed, 
rigid diet is not necessary. However, if serious 
vomiting occurs in the early months the diet should 
receive special attention. See your physician. When 
vomiting occurs, if it is due to ordinary causes and is 
of slight severity, often a method such as a light 
breakfast in bed, followed by sleep for an hour or 
two before arising, will work wonders. A gener- 
ous and wholesome diet is demanded by the patient. 
It is well during the later weeks of pregnancy that 
the patient eat oftener—and that smaller quantities 
of food be ingested at a time. This will offset—to 
an extent—the discomfort occasioned by the stomach 
encroaching upon the womb. If albuminuria de- 
velops, such foods as meat and other nitrogenous 
substances should be either limited or entirely avoid- 
ed. 
Diet 
17 Albuminuria 
The conditions of the kidneys during preg- 
nancy is so important that it seems well to digress 
for a moment at this point and see what the condition 
just described as albuminuria means and why it is 
watched for so closely by the physician. An under- 
standing of this matter will impress upon the ex- 
pectant mother the importance of her co-operation 
with her doctor in his efforts to check up on the con- 
dition of the kidneys by repeated and regular analy- 
sis of the urine. The kidneys act as a filter of the 
blood stream. They extract from the blood its 
waste material which is poisonous. During preg- 
nancy they are loaded with an extra amount of this 
filtering work to do. If they are too greatly burden- 
ed, they fail to perform this function properly with 
two results. In the first place they fail to take out 
of the blood stream as much poisonous waste matter 
as they should with resulting danger to the health 
of the mother and child. In the second place they 
allow nourishment in the blood to slip out into the 
urine and thus to leave the body. This failing of the 
kidneys properly to function is detected by an analy- 
sis of the urine to see if it contains food matter 
which should not have been allowed by the kidneys 
to pass out of the blood stream. Regular examina- 
tions of the urine will show the quantity of waste 
material eliminated daily. While it is true that only 
a small percentage of pregnant women develope 
albuminuria, and the subsequent complications, it is 
nevertheless important that in every case this early 
18 symptom of a serious trouble pending should be dis- 
covered and treatment begun at once. The rule is 
that where active measures are instituted early in 
the disease, very few cases fail to respond to treat- 
ment. If only one out of every 200 cases of preg- 
nancy shows albumen by analysis, and it requires a 
series of two hundred tested cases or analyses to save 
one life or prevent one death, the time and effort are 
justified. Therefore, when your physician requests 
you to submit a sample of urine for examination, 
do it, and remember, that he is, because of these 
facts, taking every known precaution against a pos- 
sible source of danger, and has at heart your interests 
and welfare, as well as the welfare of your off- 
spring. 
Co-operate with him. 
When pregnant women have a longing for such 
articles as pickles, chalk and unusual things, this is 
a condition of nervousness rather than a peculiarity 
of the period of pregnancy. They should avoid much 
sweets, pastries, fried food, rich sauces, spiced dishes, 
condiments and over-heated drinks. When consti- 
pation exists, oat meal, cereals and fruits should be 
of service. Patients should avoid over-filling the 
stomach at night. To avoid dyspepsia, heart-burn, 
colic, etc., the above rich foods should be shunned. 
At one time the idea prevailed that in order to form 
19 bones in the embryo it was necessary to imbibe phos- 
phates, lime, and other elements from which bones 
are made. These salts are sufficiently contained in 
the ordinary mixed diet such as any pregnant woman 
may eat if plainly cooked. Meats, fruits and vege- 
tables are appropriate. An old theory that the diet 
during pregnancy affected the severity of labor is 
erroneous and has no scientific basis of reason. 
Drinks that are permissible are water, milk or 
chocolate. Tea and coffee may be taken in modera- 
tion, if not too strong. Alcoholic beverages should 
be strictly forbidden and taken only when they are 
prescribed by the physician in charge. 
Fresh Air 
Fresh air is essential at all times, but particu- 
larly at this time when an increased amount of car- 
bonic acid is being eliminated. 
The expectant mother is breathing for two, 
eating for two, eliminating for two—in short she is 
living for two! 
The living room, as well as the bed room, should 
be thoroughly ventilated day and night. Crowded 
apartments, rooms, churches, theatres, etc., with im- 
pure air, should be sedulously avoided throughout 
the whole period of pregnancy. 
20 If properly cared for this organ will aid the 
kidneys materially in eliminating impurities from the 
system, and in this way relieve them of some of the 
extra amount of work which is thrown upon them 
during the later months of pregnancy. This is true 
as regards deep breathing. Warm baths should be 
taken frequently. Gentle massage or the rubbing of 
the body with rough towels will stimulate the excre- 
tory functions of the glands of the skin. Extreme 
temperatures of the bath water must be avoided, ow- 
ing to nervous shock that might result. 
Skin 
DOUCHE 
Vaginal douches given occasionally are to be 
recommended for hygienic effects as well as for the 
comfort they afford. Tepid, sterile water may be 
used, or perhaps a saline or normal salt solution 
made by adding a teaspoonful of clean table salt to 
a pint of sterile water will serve as a pleasant and 
useful douche at this time. 
It is a prevalent and wide-spread impression 
among some physicians and a few of the laity that 
pregnancy predisposes to decay of the teeth—hence 
the proverb, “For every child a tooth.” Acidity of 
the saliva has been held to be a cause as has dyspep- 
Dental Care 
21 sia also. More likely decay of teeth is caused by 
mal-nutrition of the teeth and gums due to certain 
constituents of their composition being appropriated 
to the nutrition of the Embryo. So many times one 
encounters objections to allowing any dental work 
during pregnancy, the supposition being that dental 
operative procedures are at this time dangerous. 
However common this belief, the teeth should be 
cared for by all means, the amount of dental inter- 
ference being guaged by the degree of nervousness, 
emotional susceptibility of the patient, and the se- 
verity of the required operation. The physician 
should decide these matters. For the relief of the 
patient and in the interest of oral hygiene, regular 
examination and thorough cleaning at least should 
be practiced. 
Bowels 
There is no subject discussed in this book that 
is of greater importance than that of the bowels—a 
daily evacuation or two is imperative if health is to 
be maintained. Constipation must be prevented. No 
impediment to elimination through this important 
channel—the intestinal tract—should be tolerated. 
Remember, again, that the care of the elimination 
of poisonous matter when pregnancy exists must be 
carried on for two people instead of for one. Drink 
plenty of water—especially a glass of cold water be 
fore breakfast, daily. Watch the diet as laid down 
22 in another chapter—an orange in the morning, oth 
er fruit, vegetables, cereals, ginger snaps. Rectal 
douches or mild laxatives may be used, but natural 
methods are greatly to be preferred. Regularity of 
habit is a valuable factor. Go to stool each day at 
the same hour; allow nothing to cause you to break 
this rule. Persist in this until you are successful. No 
one thing or remedy will relieve constipation as a 
cure. But a number of methods and substances pos- 
sessing laxative qualities when persistently and dili- 
gently enforced and used will repay one with suc- 
cess. 
After delivery a woman has very little desire 
for solid food, until after the milk secretion is estab- 
lished, when the appetite becomes somewhat keener. 
Digestion is feeble for a few days and care in feed- 
ing for a while should be observed, as there is danger 
of indigestion. It is usual for the patient to complain 
of thirst and plenty of water in small quantities and 
at short intervals is to be encouraged. An early 
natural movement of the bowels should not be ex- 
pected after labor because the abdominal organs 
must readjust themselves and the intra abdom- 
inal pressure is considerably reduced, moreover, per- 
istalsis or the muscular wave ever present in the 
normal bowel is not active, especially since the 
woman is in the recumbent position. The fact that 
respiration rate is increased, that the kidneys become 
more active, that the lacteal discharge is imminent 
and that perspiration is abundant are all fac- 
23 tors making a spontaneous bowel movement unlike- 
ly and its absence a matter of no serious concern. 
It is to be remembered that the bowels were washed 
out just before labor, and that following labor the 
patient should be allowed to rest without being an- 
noyed by efforts to produce a movement of the 
bowels. 
Clothing 
As to clothing, comfort is the first considera- 
tion. Corsets are not welcome here. In the selec- 
tion of shoes those with low heels are preferable, and 
that there may be no unduely constricting bands 
about the body, skirts may be suspended from the 
shoulders. In cold weather drawers should be 
worn when the abdomen becomes so large as to hold 
the skirts from the thighs. A suitable binder, which 
lifts the abdomen upward and supports it, should 
be worn—no pressure downward should be allowed. 
The abdominal supporter is especially good in 
selected cases. 
The Breasts 
Too little attention is usually given to the care 
of the breasts until irregularities command consid- 
eration. Many complications of these glands can be 
prevented by intelligent care and by the observation 
of a few simple principles of hygiene. Soon after 
24 conception the mammary glands become larger, firm- 
er and are more movable. There develops a sensation 
of weight and a stinging, or a prickling feeling which 
is quickly perceptible to the patient. The nipples 
become more prominent, they seem to stand out, and 
a fluid, which dries presently, may issue from them. 
The Areolo—or dark ring which surrounds the nip- 
ples—appears darker. The complexion of the patient 
will, of course, determine the extent or shade of this 
discoloration. Later on small follicles, an eighth of 
an inch in diameter, numbering from ten to twelve, 
appear on the surface of the areola. However, these 
projections vary both as to size and number, but are 
constant enough in pregnancy to be considered a 
probable sign, especially when their presence is taken 
in conjunction with other indications. 
The physiology of the breasts is of course to 
secrete milk for the sustenance of the child after 
birth. This function is known as lactation. It is 
important to care for them in a way that will insure 
this function, as well as save annoyance caused by 
“sore nipples”, “caked breasts”, etc. Keep the nip- 
ples scrupulously clean. When they are retracted 
or of poor shape, gently draw them out, daily. This 
will accustom them to slight irritation and tend to 
make them more prominent. Good, sound and 
prominent nipples are to be desired. Have your 
physician examine them, being on the alert for abra- 
sions, that is, raw places. Such abrasions, if discov- 
ered early,, are healed by a few. mild treatments, and 
25 proper care will result in the epithetial covering be- 
coming toughened and less tender. A simple and 
helpful treatment is to expose them to the air daily. 
This will harden them. At other times keep them 
warmly covered and free from pressure or tight 
garments . 
The milk secretion is usually established on the 
third day after labor. At this time painful distention 
owing to excessive accumulation of milk may occur. 
If relief is not afforded by letting the infant nurse, 
it is well to gently massage the breast, thus induc- 
ing. through a piece of hot flannel, a flow sufficient 
to relieve the pressure. The flannel cloth will read- 
ily absorb the milk. Breast pumps are to be used 
cautiously, they should be sterile, and when employed 
they should be assisted by massaging or gently com- 
pressing the breasts with the tips of clean fingers. 
Stroke toward the nipples. No rough handling is 
necessary. If advised by the attending physician, a 
saline laxative can be given and all fluids, including 
milk, thereby inhibited for a time. Thus by elimina- 
tion of fluids and by a reduction of the amount con- 
sumed, the secretion can be reduced sufficiently to 
relieve the patient. 
Now, the average time for the appearance of 
milk is the beginning of the third day, but this may 
vary. There is an uncomfortable feeling of pressure 
earlier than the third day, due to venous engorge- 
ment and not to the true first milk. The first secre- 
tion from the breasts is composed of a sero-lacteal 
26 fluid laden with fat globules. This is called the 
colostrum—present in the nipples at the time of 
labor. It is of small quantity, and serves as a laxa- 
tive to the child. 
Infection of the breasts with pus is almost al- 
ways caused by infection entering through a crack 
or fissure in a nipple. Don’t permit the baby to 
sleep with the nipple in its mouth. There should be 
no possibility of infection where the foregoing in- 
structions are carefully followed. As a further pre- 
caution, before nursing wash the nipples with sterile 
water, and afterwards with a saturated solution of 
boracic acid. (See Table VII, P. 81). Lactation is 
an important function and its favorable influence up- 
on the contraction of the womb and possible subse- 
quent diseases of the female organs should not be 
ignored. In the event that the child dies soon after 
birth, or should it be still-born, your physician will 
give you instructions as to the proper care of the 
breasts. 
Of all the times when a woman requires assur- 
ance, kindness and encouragement, it is when she is 
pregnant. She should receive the greatest considera- 
tion possible. Anxiety and excitement should be 
avoided. Guard against mental depression, shock and 
worry. Usually the things we worry most about 
never happen but turn out most happily. The unex- 
Nervousness 
27 pected thing may disturb us. Therefore, why worry ? 
She should be surrounded by cheerful companions 
and agreeable associates, and furnished with whole- 
some amusement. Her mind should be occupied 
with some pleasant and congenial occupation. The 
moral, mental and physical influence that possesses 
and surrounds the expectant mother is a subject so 
vast and complex that its depths have never been 
sounded. Environment can be governed largely 
now. Hereditary influences are past the point of con- 
trol. Ohving to the complex nervous mechanism, the 
mother’s nerves are easily excited. Things that 
would not ordinarily effect her may now arouse con- 
tractions of the womb. The effect of mental and 
nervous irritation on the unborn child may be serious 
and should be carefully guarded against. These un- 
toward symptoms are to be found in patients with a 
highly developed nervous organization, and can be 
minimized by the observance of the hygiene outlined 
above;—fresh air, diet, entertainment and the like. 
Martial 
Intercourse 
Opinion differs so widely in reference to the 
various effects sexual intercourse has on pregnancy. 
To most women it is distasteful and may cause much 
discomfort, or even pain. It is probably most harm- 
ful during the first and last weeks of pregnancy.' It 
should be entirely forbidden during the times cor- 
responding to the menstrual periods, as pelvic con- 
28 gestion is more or less present and a resulting tend- 
ency to abortion exists at this time. Sexual rela- 
tions should not be practiced for several weeks after 
labor, depending on the previous health of the patient 
and the time required for the generative organs to 
return to the normal position and tone. 
The period after impregnation at which time 
labor or termination of pregnancy takes place is 
about 280 days. The average duration of pregnancy 
is ten lunar, not calendar months; forty weeks or two 
hundred and eighty days from the beginning of the 
last menstrual period, or two hundred and seventy- 
two days from the date of conception. When the 
date of a single cohabitation is known, add two hun- 
dred and eighty days, or count back three months 
from the appearance of last menstruation and add 
ten days, i. e., three for menstruation and seven for 
impregnation. 
It is easier to remember the date of first day 
of the last menstrual period than that of the last (or 
the cessation of the flow) day, and this is the best 
time from which to count. When the exact date of 
the last menstruation is not known, as when the 
woman is not menstruating because of nursing, or 
when the exact date of conception cannot be ascer- 
tained, the best method of determining the time to 
expect labor is to count four and one-half months 
Date of 
Labor 
29 from the date of quickening which appears about the 
17th week. 
Children may be born alive earlier than the 
above averages; cases have gone on as long as eleven 
or twelve months, but they are rare exceptions. 
There are numerous methods employed to as- 
certain the date to expect labor. The most popular 
one, and the one which seems to be the most accur- 
ate, is the following: 
Bearing in mind that the first child is usually a 
few days later, notwithstanding the impression to 
the contrary, count back three months from date of 
last menstruation and in the case of the first child, 
add seven days. Where there have been previous 
full terms, i. e., for the second child, add but five 
davs. 
Confinement 
Pull term requires ten lunar months, not nine 
calendar months; from 270 to 280 days, or approx- 
imately 40 weeks. 
Example: Last menstruation Dec. 17th. 
Labor expected Sept. 22nd to 24th. 
(See Pages 96 and 97). 
30 The bed should be so placed in the room as to 
be out of all draughts, and easily accessible from 
both sides. It should not lie too low. The bed should 
be strong and solid, so that it will not be easily moved 
or shaken. Soft mattresses should be avoided if 
possible. The bed and all bedding should be per- 
fectly clean. Where methods of sterilization are not 
practicable, passing a hot iron over the laundried 
linen, and allowing only clean hands to handle them 
subsequently, will serve. A large piece of rubber 
sheeting or oil cloth a yard or more in breadth should 
be placed over the middle third of the mattress and 
secured with large safety pins to the edges of the 
mattress . Over this place a clean sheet and secure it 
at the corners. This forms the permanent bed. 
For the temporary bed, place another piece of 
oil cloth or rubber sheeting the same size over the 
site of the permanent sheeting and firmly anchor with 
safety pins as before. Over this may be placed any 
sterilized absorbent material that may be easily 
changed if needed. When labor is complete, the 
temporary bed is removed, leaving the patient on 
the permanent bed which has not been disturbed or 
soiled. 
Have the bed free from uneven folds, smooth, 
dry and clean. Some protection for the floor in the 
vicinity of the bed should be provided. The above is 
important and of great help to the attendants in get- 
ting the patient comfortable as promptly as possible 
after delivery is accomplished. 
Preparing 
the Bed 
31 When to Call 
the Doctor 
The initial symptoms of approaching labor are 
the gradual descent of the child into the pelvis of 
the mother. This produces an irritation of the blad- 
der and rectum, as well as irregular contractions of 
the uterus, often causing considerable pains. These 
may be “false” pains. To be able to differentiate 
“true” from “false” pains is very important in order 
that the physician may be called in due time. The 
longest “true” pain ever recorded was 90 seconds. 
“True” pains are caused by irritability of the muscu- 
lar wall of the uterus, reflex excitability of the spine 
— (back ache, cramps low down), etc. “True” pains 
penetrate to the back and are followed by intervals 
of complete relief. “False” pains are more of a 
continuous ache, do not radiate to the back and are 
not separated by intervals of relief. When the pains 
grow more severe in character, are of longer dura- 
tion and the intervals of relief decrease to from 20 
to 30 minutes as a rule, the doctor should be called. 
First labors are slower in the majority of cases. 
Other signs of approaching labor are: The grow- 
ing smaller of the abdomen, notable by reason of the 
greater looseness of the clothing; a slight swelling 
of the feet and legs; restlessness; derangement of 
sleep, and often a vaginal discharge of a whitish 
muous. This secretion is known as the “show”, and 
varies in the time of its appearance previous to the 
termination of pregnancy from a few hours to sev- 
eral days. 
32 It is well to give the patient a bath at the ap- 
proach of labor, as well as to wash out her bowels 
with an enema of soap-suds and warm water, even if 
the bowels have recently evacuated. The importance 
of these measures is obvious. To cleanse the lower 
bowels, first, makes labor easier; second, avoids the 
necessity of a laxative for three or four days after 
labor, and third, prevents the embarrassment of a 
bowel movement during hard pains. The bath like- 
wise has many advantages. 
Preparation 
for Labor 
33 PART II 
Women with their first child usually are not an- 
noyed with after-pains. They are caused from mus- 
cular contraction of the womb, from retention of 
blood clots, or from some particular types of labor, as 
the delivery of a very large child or from the deliv- 
ery of twins. After-pains, therefore, are of fre- 
quent occurrence, especially in multipara (2nd or 
later labors), and are often quite distressing to the 
patient for a few days. They may occurr spontan- 
eously or only at the time the child is put to the 
breast. They are more troublesome during the first 
24 hours and gradually subside, but frequently the 
patient requires something for relief. Keep the head 
of the bed elevated so any possible clots present can 
pass off freely. 
Aft er pa ins 
Should the mother wear an abdominal binder? 
Yes. However, if improperly applied, it is harm- 
ful. But when of good material and scientifically 
made and arranged, it constitutes one of the greatest 
boons to womanhood. Have it wide enough to ex- 
tend from the lower end of the breast bone to three 
inches below the groins, snugly and uniformly pin- 
ned, especially over the hip bones. In weight and 
Binder 
35 size it should be no less than equal to one-half of a 
sheet, folded. Get your doctor’s permission to wear 
it, since in certain cases they are not to be used. He 
will, of course, decide this matter. 
Baby's Name 
Name your baby early. You have had ample 
time to decide upon a name and it is the experience 
of physicians that the longer this matter is postponed 
the less satisfactory the name is likely to be and the 
more difficulty is encountered in agreeing on a name. 
Another thing too frequently overlooked is the 
doctor’s pay. Nine months have elapsed, sufficient 
time to select a name and to arrange to meet the 
expense involved. Your doctor has served you faith- 
fully and skillfully at a critical time; show your ap- 
preciation by treating him with equal consideration. 
General 
Care 
This is a subject of very vital importance—the 
care and training of the new-born. Much space 
might well be used in impressing upon the reader 
the many facts set forth and the great depth of 
truths contained in this little book. It has been the 
desire to give these facts in as few words as possi- 
ble in order to make it more convenient; so please 
do not underestimate the great value of this informa- 
tion to you. It is your duty as a mother not only to 
36 utilize your knowledge, but also to gain as much 
more information as possible for the benefit of your 
child. This makes you worthy of the name Mother. 
While you are capable of knowing when you are 
thirsty, hungry, too hot or too cold, tired or ill. can 
you tell as much about your child? You can if 
you will devote as much time and attention to the 
subject as you should. 
There is nothing in life more dependent than 
a newly born babe, and it is entirely dependent 
upon you. Do you realize this, fully? Its future 
life, its happiness will largely depend on its care 
in your hands during its early existence. 
The Illinois State Board of Health reports 
that “The death rate of infants is exceedingly 
high. One-fifth to one-third of all children born, 
die before reaching the second year.” Hot weather 
does not kill babies in itself. Neither does “teeth- 
ing”. Deaths are chiefly due to the effects of hot 
weather upon the food. The first and second sum- 
mers are the most trying. An exceedingly large 
number of infants, even those born under the 
most favorable conditions and afforded the nat- 
ural food of the mother’s milk, fail to survive the 
trials of their first and second summers. 
The death rate among the poor and especially 
among those infants deprived of Mother’s milk, 
assumes shocking proportions. The death rate is 
not so high now as formerly, however. This is 
because mothers have learned to observe those sirrn 
37 pie rules and precautions governing the hygiene of 
their babies and their surroundings, and have ac- 
quired a knowledge of Prevention of diseases com- 
mon to children. 
Let s Save 
the Baby 
Many definitions for health as well as for dis- 
ease are to be found in medical and health literature. 
Disease is more difficult to define in words than is 
health. A definition that covers both intelligibly and 
simply is the following: “One is considered in good 
health when one can boast of a normal circulation of 
pure blood in a healthy organism. Any departure 
from this condition constitutes disease.” 
Don’t treat a diarrhoea of your infant as a 
trivial matter, being misled by the false advice that 
your baby is “teething”. Confer with your physi- 
cian; it is cheaper and safer in the end. Teething 
may complicate an already existing infection, but to 
consider it a cause for diarrhoea, is as ridiculous as 
to consider “hairing” such a cause. The rapid growth 
of hair to cover its tiny bald head is natural and wel- 
come. So, too, is teething. 
Czerny and Keller in their wonderful work 
were the first to place the nourishment of the in- 
fant upon a truly scientific basis. This book was 
published in 1905. When one considers facts and 
remembers that about 25 per cent of all deaths occur 
before the child has reached its first birthday and 
38 that 50 per cent of these can be traced to diseases 
of the digestive tract, then the realization of the im- 
portance of consulting an authority on the subject 
of infant feeding is manifest. Do not treat appar- 
antly trivial symptoms as unimportant, due to teeth- 
ing, “growing pains”, or other normal developments. 
Take no advice from a layman seriously until you 
have consulted your family physician and found it 
sound. His judgment is based on the observation 
and experience of thousands of cases. No two cases 
are alike. They differ in the matter of feeding both 
as regards quantity and quality. If Mrs. Jones tells 
you that her baby thrived on “so and so’s” artificial 
food, remember that your baby is different, because 
each infant is a law unto itself. Mrs. Jones does 
not tell you of the hundreds of little ones who died 
from improper feeding, because she doesn’t know. 
She is a good woman, kind, loving, a true neighbor, 
but she has not studied medicine, and therefore could 
not qualify as an expert on any medical subject. A 
dear, sweet friend, but not authorized to prescribe, 
let alone sign a death certificate, which later might 
be called for if the child should die as the result of 
her well-intended but fatal advice. 
In selecting the baby’s clothing it is well to give 
preference to plain material and simple pattern as 
this facilitates, and will stand more frequent wash- 
Baby's 
Layette 
39 ing. The newly born cannot tolerate too low a tem- 
perature and subsequent chilling. Long sleeves and 
a high neck will insure warmth and comfort. Clothes 
should be made loose and light in weight, so as not 
to impede free motion of the body, or impinge any 
organ by being too tight. The baby’s wardrobe 
should include: 
(1) Soft flannel undershirt, with high neck 
and long sleeves, open in front so as to be easily re- 
moved or adjusted. 
(2) Wide, soft flannel binder to go around 
the body and lap one-third. This should not be 
hemmed, but stitched over, and should be secured 
to the child with adhesive tape or sewed {not 
pinned). 
(3) Diapers of cotton linen or of other non- 
irritating material, which is sufficently absorbent. 
Diapers made of rubberized material are not to be 
recommended because they produce irritation by 
confining to the child’s tender body fumes and secre- 
tions which might cause serious inflammation. When 
folded once the diaper is one-half yard square. This 
may be fastened with good safety pins. A second 
napkin is sometimes necessary. 
(4) A slip made of flannel to act as both pet- 
ticoat and dress, opened and secured in front, this 
to be heavy or light (according to season). 
(5) Knit woolen socks that reach nearly to 
the knees. Cold feet are responsible for much dis- 
comfort and fretting and may induce colic. 
40 A white muslin slip may be worn over the flan- 
nel slip if desired. If the hair is thin or the room 
chilly, a plain cambric or light flannel cap may pre- 
vent acute nasal catarrh. Do not put woolen flannel 
next to the body. 
Unless the baby requires special attention other 
than to make it comfortable, the mother should be 
attended to first. Thereafter the nurse is usually 
able to leave the mother and turn her attention to 
the baby. The best method of removing the vernix 
Caseosa (the whitish, oily lubricant which covers 
the body) is to anoint the surface of the body with 
olive oil, and then to wash it off with mild soap and 
warm water. Only a small portion of the body is 
bathed at a time, thus preventing unnecessary ex- 
posure. The bath should be administered in a very 
warm room. Gentle handling is to be practiced and 
no undue manipulation allowed. If the little one be 
feeble or premature, the bath should be omitted at 
this time . Simply use the olive oil. Great care 
must be taken to avoid chilling. Remember the 
temperature it has been accustomed to is about 100 
degrees F, and it has been free from draughts. A 
tub bath, as a rule, should be avoided until after the 
10th day, as it tends to too great a shock, and may 
prevent healing of the cord, or possibly result in in- 
fection. When children die a few hours after birth 
The First 
Bath 
41 without apparent cause, it may be due to too much 
washing, handling and similar unwise treatment. 
During the first week or ten days the child should 
be cared for as described above. Soap may be used 
sparingly, chiefly in and around the folds in the 
skin, under the arms and about the genitals. Jf fine 
castile soap is not at hand, a clean {white} cake of 
Ivory is good. Talcum powder (non-irritating) can 
be used in the folds of the skin, arm pits and where 
friction is likely. This will prevent chafing which is 
very annoying and frequently a source of great dis- 
comfort. 
A word here oh the care of the hands of the at- 
tendants. Physicians and nurses make a rigid dis- 
tinction between ordinary cleanliness and surgical 
cleanliness. The former may mean that the hands 
and articles being used are clean; i. e., free from 
stains, dust, etc. {Important} Brit—are they free 
from germs and their toxins? In caring for the 
mother and the baby, first wash the hands and nails 
thoroughly, using a brush zvith hot zvater and soap. 
Then when you feel quite sure they are clean, zvash 
them again. Make them surgically clean. In no 
other way can one feel even fairly certain that the 
hands are sterile and safe to care for the patients 
where infection is to be guarded against. 
42 “An old custom, still prevailing in some sections 
of the country, was to draw the stump of the cord 
through a ‘burnt hole’ made in the center of a 
greased cloth (clean?), then, folding the borders 
of the rag over and after laying it upon the abdomen, 
to secure the whole mass with two or three belly 
bands. An abominable practice.” 
The modern way is to dust on freely some good 
antiseptic powder (recommended, of course, by your 
physician) and to cover this with medicated absorb- 
ent cotton. Some prefer gauze. A hole can be made 
in the material used, so the stump can project 
through, and the former folded in such a way as to 
prevent the stump resting on the skin of the abdomen 
and to hold the antiseptic powder in contact with the 
cord. 
Never use oily preparations, as they, like old 
butter, encouraged by the heat of the body, become 
rancid and make a happy medium for the growth of 
many kinds of bacteria. 
With the more modern—or dry—method of 
dealing with the baby’s cord, infection is almost un- 
heard of, and the cord drops off usually from the 3rd 
to the 5th day. The small ulcer remaining can be 
bathed with the rest of the body—rinsed off with so- 
lution of boracic acid. See P. 81 for formula cov- 
ering preparation of boracic acid. It should be dried 
carefully, a small quantity of the same antiseptic 
powder applied, and covered with either sterile 
gauze or cotton. (See Table XIII, Page 95 for a 
good dusting powder). 
Dressing the 
Cord 
43 Baby’s Eyes 
A large percentage of the tragedy of blindness 
is now being avoided by doctors making no excep- 
tions to the rule of treating the eyes of all newly 
born babies, especially for this purpose. Their doing 
so, however, does not eliminate the necessity for the 
regular washing of the eyes with boric acid solution, 
elsewhere advised. When no physician is present 
place two drops of 10 per cent argyrol solution in 
each eye. 
Baby’s Band 
Too often bands are applied too tightly, or are 
allowed to roll up, producing uneven pressure. When 
there is no defective development of the abdominal 
wall, the infant rarely needs an artificial support. 
When used, the true function of a baby’s band 
should be borne in mind; i. e., to protect the cord and 
keep the body warm—and not to prevent rupture, as 
is erroneously supposed by many. Therefore, the 
rule is, smoothly applied and not too tight. When 
can it be discarded? When it has served its pur- 
pose as stated above, is the answer to this frequent 
question. 
NURSING 
For a few hours after the child arrives, when 
the mother is first made comfortable, she should have absolute rest and quiet. The room should be 
shaded and “company” excluded. Limit the num- 
ber of calls by visitors at all times until both mother 
and child are safely out of danger, but more especial- 
ly during the first three days. Neglect of this pre- 
caution has been the cause of much unnecessary 
strain on mothers and has resulted in verv serious 
post partum trouble. After the mother’s first good 
rest, the child may be put to the breast . This se- 
cures better contraction of the empty womb. The 
first milk is a laxative in its action, putting the 
stomach and bowels of the child in a better condi- 
tion for digestion. 
Except when directed otherwise by the attend- 
ing physician, (remember that every case is a law 
unto itself and must be cared for according to exist- 
ing conditions), nothing should be given the baby 
in the way of nourishment the first few hours. It is 
a mistake to give artificial food, “sugar-water” and 
so forth, during this period. If proper milk secretion 
is not established by the third day, it may be neces- 
sary to give artificial food at least temporarily. Your 
physician will know and give proper attention to this. 
But do not ignore him by assuming that you know 
intuitively what is right . Put the child to the breast 
every four hours during the first day or two. Every 
child should be taught to nurse at regular intervals, 
and must not be put to the breast because it cries. 
45 Frequency of 
Nursing 
All agree that a regular schedule for nursing 
should be established and adhered to, but there is a 
difference of opinion as to what is the most desir- 
able period of the time between feedings. The inter- 
vals will, of course, vary with the age of the infant, 
but for the same age expert opinion is not agreed. 
Many physicians recommend feeding every two or 
two and one-half hours (up to the age of six weeks) 
between six in the morning and ten at night with at 
least one feeding between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. On 
the other hand, other authorities advocate feedings 
at intervals of four hours. Dr. Eugene Cary of Chi- 
cago, says: “The sooner a new baby is given a regu- 
lar schedule the less trouble will be encountered, and 
moreover it will always know when to expect nour- 
ishment. For this reason inaugurate a four (4) 
hour schedule, beginning with the nearest 6 o’clock 
and continue, skipping the 2 a. m. feeding, until 
after the flow of milk is established.” Thereafter Dr. 
Cary puts the child upon a schedule suited to the 
condition of the particular case. 
As a rule, the intervals between nursing times 
vary according to the age. Up to the age of six 
weeks, every 2 to 2 1-2 hours between six in the 
morning and ten at night, and at least one feeding 
between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. is a desirable sched- 
ule. Regular and not too frequent nursing is im- 
portant for many reasons, one of which is that it 
gives the mother an opportunity to get an interval of 
unbroken rest, insuring a better quality of milk. 
46 From six weeks to four months, nurse the baby every 
two and one-half hours with one feeding between 
10 p. m. and 6 a. m.; from four months to nine or 
ten months, every three hours to three and one-half 
hours, without any feeding from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. 
Water may be given between feedings. 
Alternate regularly by letting the child nurse 
first one and then the other breast, that each may get 
its share of use. Fifteen or twenty minutes should 
be allowed for the child to nurse, but no longer. 
Many cases of colic and indigestion can be traced to 
irregularity in feeding. 
The Nursing Mather: Regular habits as to her 
rest and sleep, regular meals, daily systematic exer- 
cise, preferably in the open air, are most important 
in insuring a good supply of wholesome breast milk. 
The secretion of milk will be greatly affected by 
factors that can be governed by the mother. Worry 
and excitement have a detrimental effect on the 
quality of the milk, due to a sensitive, nervous sys- 
tem, being influenced by these causes. Too prolonged 
nursing, i. e., after baby reaches the age when it 
should be weaned, weakens the nursing mother and 
disturbs the nutritive value of her milk, and the 
child as well must suffer. Prolonged nursing to pre- 
vent subsequent conception is a method that has not 
been proved. A return of the menses often times 
makes it imperative to wean the child. Milk is men- 
tioned as a very valuable food for the mother. This, 
of course, means whole cow’s milk, fresh and pure. ADDITIONAL SAFEGUARDS 
Baby’s mouth and eyes, as well as the mother’s 
nipples, should be washed with boracic acid solution, 
(crystals) See Table VII, Page 81. 
RULE 1. Wash baby’s mouth and mother’s 
nipples before each nursing with sterile water. 
RULE 2. Wash baby’s mouth and mother’s 
nipples with the boracic acid solution after each 
nursing. 
RULE 3. Wash baby’s eyes daily with this 
solution. 
These precautions will prevent “sore nipples” 
and inflammation of the baby’s mouth and eyes. 
These are troublesome complications and “an ounce 
of prevention is worth a pound of cure” here, surely. 
ADVANTAGE OF NATURAL 
FEEDING 
The nutriment that is supplied by mother’s milk 
is by far the most suitable as nature would have it. 
It is natural and wholesome, especially in the early 
period of the baby’s life. Moreover, it has been 
stated by authorities on this subect, who base their 
conclusion on years of experience, that “the mother 
who nurses her own child not only recovers more 
rapidly but her recovery is more complete”. 
Unfortunately it is not always possible for a 
mother to supply the milk for her child for a variety 
48 of reasons. Sometimes this is impracticable because 
of improper environment; at other times, because of 
deformity or disease in the mother of the child. The 
milk secretion is usually established during the sec- 
ond twenty-four hours after labor, and, as a rule, 
it is not necessary to supply any form of nourish- 
ment until this period, except what it gets from the 
breast. Warm water may be given freely. The 
above rule should be followed, just as closely as all 
other suggestions embodied in this book. 
When the child shows any inclination to nurse 
longer than twenty minutes it indicates that there is 
a deficient supply of milk in the breasts, and besides 
being a great annoyance to the mother, this may in- 
jure the nipples. Especially is this true if the child 
“works” at the breast rapidly for a few moments 
and suddenly lets go, crying. Unsatisfactory nurs- 
ing may be caused from an improper position of 
the child; that is to say it may be so placed that it 
cannot secure a proper hold on the breast and has 
to seize the nipples obliquely; or the child’s nose may 
be pressed against the breast so closely that it can- 
not breathe comfortably. Also a condition of 
“tongue tie” may prevent its being able to grasp the 
nipple. These difficulties are easily discovered and 
likewise easily corrected. Any more serious trou- 
ble than those mentioned, your physician will have 
noted and controlled. 
As stated, the mortality of infants is very high 
and digestive disorders play the more important 
49 role in their causation. It must be remembered too 
that the mortality among artificially fed babes is far 
greater than among those deriving their sustenance 
from mother’s milk. Deaths caused by improper 
food, with inability on the part of the infant to as- 
similate or digest properly account for the large 
mortality of children in their first year. The chances 
of life and health are materially lessened when the 
infant is deprived of the mother’s milk, and where 
any artificial food is substituted. When the mother is 
capable of nursing her babe, she not only incurs 
dangers to the child, but commits almost a criminal 
offense if she fails to do so. Therefore any substi- 
tution for mother’s milk can be justified only when 
an absolute necessity exists, and your physician has 
sanctioned such a course. 
Feeding 
When it becomes necessary to substitute other 
food for mother’s milk the substitute should be a 
food which is as much like normal mother’s milk as 
possible. A healthy mother whose baby is able to 
nurse properly need ordinarily to have little concern 
as to substitutes for several months. However, the 
breast milk in some cases may be ever so plentiful 
and apparently of a good quality, yet it may fail to 
satisfy or nourish the baby. 
50 When an increase in the baby’s weight is not 
noticed within ten days of birth, the cause is most 
likely to be found with either the quantity or the 
quality of the breast milk. Then the diet and habits 
of the mother should be studied carefully. If the 
mother will take plenty of milk, eggs, and animal 
broths, the richness of her milk may be increased. 
As an adjunct to the mother’s diet, a reliable malted 
food may be added. Plenty of pure water should be 
taken at all times. Foods which may be eaten by 
some nursing mothers without affecting their babies 
will prove harmful to others. Many cannot eat 
strawberries, lettuce or tomatoes. For most moth- 
ers fresh fruit and good vegetables are of great value 
and should be eaten freely. 
In selecting a diet for the nursing mother, it 
should be so regulated as to prevent noxious sub- 
stances from being absorbed by the breasts and elim- 
inated with the milk. A diet should be observed 
that will keep her in good health; one that will pre- 
vent constipation, indigestion or anaemia. Unless 
milk is interdicted either by causing constipation or 
where the patient has the peculiar untoward tendency 
to it, she should take milk freely and at frequent in- 
tervals. Plenty of fluids should be allowed as well as 
simple nourishing food, such as meat, eggs, vegeta- 
bles and fruit; the last mentioned sometimes acts as a 
laxative to the child. The drinking of much tea and 
coffee should be avoided. Beer and wine should 
never be touched, unless prescribed in special cases 
Mother’s Diet 
51 by the physician. The fluid part of the diet may be 
in the form of effervescent water, plain water, milk, 
soup and similar liquid foods. It is not good for 
the nursing mother to become over-fatigued, emo- 
tional, or to dwell on things that cause worry or ex- 
citement. There are a number of articles of food 
that are particularly productive of an increased flow 
of milk. Mentioned in their order of importance 
are sweet beets without vinegar, apricots and car- 
rots; but, as stated above, fluids in plenty should not 
be overlooked as a factor. 
Drugs in 
Human 
Milk 
There are a few drugs which pass without 
change into the milk stream, and might produce 
poisoning to the nursing child, such as morphine, 
iodine, belladonna, opium, salts of mercury and sali- 
cylic acid. Therefore, self-prescribing is dangerous, 
and no drugs should be administered to a nursing 
mother except on the directions of the physician in 
charge. 
Fright, exhaustion, great fatigue, excitement, 
grief, anger or passion of the nursing mother may 
cause serious, if not fatal illness to the babe. The 
mother should appreciate that the comfort of her in- 
fant will depend greatly upon the intelligence dis- 
played in nursing and the care of her own health. 
52 In selecting a food for the baby, to take the 
place of mother’s milk, many important matters are 
to be well considered. Never make any change in 
your baby’s feeding until such change has been sanc- 
tioned by your doctor. Many substitutes resemble 
breast milk analytically—few that are available and 
practicable resemble it as much as is supposed. Cow’s 
milk, when properly diluted and modified, probably 
most nearly resembles breast milk in composition. 
When undiluted and unmodified cow’s milk is ut- 
terly unfit for an infant food. It it necessary to di- 
lute cow’s milk, on account of its richness in curds. 
When diluted only, it contains too little fats and 
sugars. Hence after dilution the addition of cream 
and sugar is needed. This preparation is one of the 
most nearly adequate substitutes possible. The 
method of obtaining it constitutes what is commonly 
known as “Milk Modification”. (See Tables VI and 
VI-A, P. 80-81). Milk so treated is called “Modi- 
fied-Milk”, and is recognized by authorities on the 
subject as the best food for infants, when good moth- 
er’s milk is not to be had. (Note—When “Modi- 
fied-Milk” is used cream is not required.) 
The butter fat of the average good cow’s milk 
amounts to about four per cent by analysis A sam- 
ple from such milk is designated as “four per cent 
milk”. Note—Mixed feeding—that is, both breast 
milk and artificial feeding—is not always advisable 
or safe. Consult your physician. Milk from a 
healthy herd is preferable to that which comes from 
Artificial 
Feeding 
53 one cozv, even “a young heifer". The contrary no- 
tion is an erroneous idea, but one that is persisted in 
by the laity. In detail this erroneous notion is that 
“milk which comes from a healthy young heifer 
with a nursing calf, the latter of an age correspond- 
ing with that of the infant, is to be preferred to milk 
from a herd as a source for baby’s food’’. Tests for 
tuberculosis, etc., in the herd will not be discussed 
here. Suffice it to say, that it is imperative that the 
milk to be used especially for infants, should be pure 
and from T. B. inspected herds. 
After standing until the cream rises to the top, 
the upper third of a bottle of good milk contains ten 
per cent of butter fat, and this upper third is called 
“ten per cent milk’’. The upper half is seven per 
cent butter fat and is known as “seven per cent 
milk’’. 
Don’t cheat the infant. By using the upper- 
most portion of cream from a bottle of milk for the 
table is to rob it of one of the most important ingredi- 
ents, namely, fat vitamines. 
The value of milk for the proper development 
of a growing child is due to the following ingredi- 
ents : Fat, proteids, carbohydrates, ash, water and 
vitamines. 
The skimmed milk also contains vitamines. 
Cow’s milk is acid, primarily due to acid phosphate 
and carbonic acid; and secondarily to decomposi- 
tion of the milk sugar by action of bacteria. 
54 Water is the principal constituent of milk. 
Normal specific gravity of cow’s milk is 1.027 to 
1.035. To pasteurize, heat for thirty minutes at a 
temperature of 140 degrees F. to 150 degrees F. 
Do not allow the milk to boil. Use whole milk and 
mix thoroughly. Immediately cool to 50 degrees F. 
(See Tables VI and VI-A, P. 80 and 81). 
Water. Only absolutely pure water should be 
used. It should be boiled before being added to the 
milk. (Of course, allow it to cool.) 
Lime Water. Mother’s milk is alkaline, while 
cow’s milk is acid in reaction. Therefore something 
must be used to overcome the acidity of cow’s milk. 
Lime water is best for this purpose as it accom- 
plishes its object and lessens the consistency of the 
curd. It does not agree with all infants and if used 
too freely may provoke constipation. One can ob- 
tain either the lime water or tablets with which to 
make it at any good drug store. Patronize only 
reliable druggists; do not risk your infant’s health 
by depending on other than the best pharmacists. 
When lime water disagrees, use either vichy water 
or a “pinch” of soda to each feeding. 
Sugar. Cow’s milk is deficient (for babies) in 
sugar. 
Milk Sugar is the best to use; if you cannot get 
good milk sugar, use half as much of cane sugar. 
To Modify 
Cows Milk 
55 Barley IVater. Often barley water is used to 
dilute the milk, especially where digestion is feeble 
or where the infant is convalescing from illness. 
Barley Water 
Make a thin paste (using enough cold water 
from one quart) of two tablespoonfuls of barley 
meal, add this paste to the remainder of the quart of 
cold water. Stir and boil for fifteen or twenty min- 
utes. To be good, barley water should be made 
fresh every day. 
Oat Meal Water. When a laxative effect is de- 
sired oat meal water may be used. It is made by 
stirring two tablespoonfuls of oat meal to a quart of 
boiling water. Cover and let simmer for two hours; 
replace water that has evaporated with boiled water. 
Then strain. 
This should be made daily to be fresh. 
Most drug stores carry reliable malted food and 
other milk modifiers. If your physician so directs, 
these may be used and are simple to prepare. 
A good milk tablet used to modify cow’s milk is 
the following: 
For Milk-Fed 
Sugar Milk, 15 grs., Calcium Lacto Phos., 1-6 
gr., Sodium Phosphate, 1-10 grs., Calcium Carbon- 
ate, 1 1-2 grs., Sodium Bicarb, 1-2 gr., Sodium 
56 Chloride, 1-6 gr., Potassium Bicarb, 1-12 gr. Dose: 
Dissolve one to three tablets in each milk feeding. 
Remember the vast difference between mother’s 
milk and any other food, and be sure to consult your 
doctor before making any radical change that might 
effect your baby’s health, or even cost its life. 
On page 80 (T. VI) is given a table of form- 
ulae suitable for milk modification according to the 
age of the infant. A quantity is prepared to last 24 
hours. Prepare a 24-hour quantity, place it in clean 
milk bottles and keep it near ice. Warm it to the 
temperature of the body (98.5 degrees F.) before 
using. When ice is not available make in smaller 
quantities and keep it in a cool place. Keep bottles 
and nipples perfectly clean. After using them wash 
the bottles with a brush, using hot water, and fill 
them with soda water. Clean and wash the nipples 
and place them in soda water. Boiling the bottles 
for ten minutes before refilling is recommended. 
Cleanliness here is most important. If the infant 
gets clean milk, both bottles and nipples must of 
course be kept clean and free from impurities. Pre- 
pare the food with clean hands. 
The strength and amount of food given should 
be increased gradually. Overfeeding causes more 
illness among babies than underfeeding. Food too 
hot must be avoided; food too cold, as well. When 
the baby fails to take all of its bottle throw the re- 
mainder out. Everything to insure its good health 
and normal growth should be practiced. 
57 Should the temperature of the room be low and 
the milk likely to become chilled during the period 
of nursing—either wrap the bottle with a warm flan- 
nel, electric pad or place a hot water bottle of proper 
warmth, so as to prevent the milk from getting too 
cold, before the baby completes his nursing. 
Stools 
Learn to recognize abnormality in the bowel 
movement of your child. The normal breast fed 
baby evacuates its bowels twice a day. The color is 
orange. It has a pungent odor and is soft and 
stringy in appearance. As a rule an artificially fed 
baby has but one operation a day. The color is from 
lemon-yellow to a (dark or light) brown, depending 
on the food used. Modified cow’s milk feeding re- 
sults in stools most like that of breast babies. The 
odor of stools from artificially fed babies is more or 
less offensive. The consistency is salve-like and less 
formed than breast stools. The character of these 
stools is an important guide in infant care. A study 
of this subject plus observation will result in your 
being able to recognize at once any abnormality, as 
to consistency, odor, color, amount, etc., and in your 
being able not only to give your physician an in- 
telligent report, but to notify him in due time in 
case your child should become ill. By this is meant 
the ability to interpret forerunner symptoms, and 
prevent illness and possible loss of life. 
58 Do not drug your child. Many indispositions 
can be readily corrected by simply correcting either 
its food or the method of feeding . Many babies have 
been killed by parents, or thoughtless friends feed- 
ing them potato, pickles, etc., at the table. This is 
ignorance, pure and simple, and is inexcusable. 
Until about the age of six or eight weeks, the 
newly born requires not less than twenty-one hours 
sleep out of the twenty-four, and, except when awake 
for food, bath and change of clothing, it sleeps most 
of the time. When it is wakeful and gets much less 
than this amount of good sleep, it is probably not 
well. It requires less and less sleep after the eighth 
week according to its age, and by the time it reaches 
the first year will average fourteen hours sleep daily. 
At the age of eighteen months, about twelve hours 
sleep will suffice. Normal development will depend 
upon a proper amount of sleep. 
Poor ventilation, damp, uneven, or soiled bed, 
lack of cover, heat of summer, cold feet, rough seams 
or pins irritating its body, sore or tender gums, 
colic, hunger, thirst, fear, actual illness, are some of 
the reasons that may explain wakefulness in the 
young child. Don’t train your baby to be “rocked to 
sleep”. 
Sleep 
59 DO NOT DRUG YOUR BABY 
When your child is sick enough to require medi- 
cation call your physician. What “helped” your 
friend’s infant may kill yours. When it cries, ascer- 
tain the cause. Crying is the principal way it has of 
announcing its complaints, discomforts or suffering. 
Crying may be the result of hunger, temper, pain, 
thirst, illness, or maybe habit. A certain amount of 
crying expands the lungs and chest as well as other 
muscles. Avoid all soothing syrups. Give a dose 
of castor oil for constipation if it is indicated. In- 
vestigate its little body; see that it is not hungry, 
thirsty, cold or too warm. Soothing syrups may 
contain some drug that is not safe for your child. Let 
your doctor determine this as well as every other 
vital problem that concerns the life and health of 
your little one. Think what it has cost you. DON’T 
DRUG YOUR BABY. 
Nursery 
The room serving as the nursery room should 
be sunny, easily heated and well ventilated. No direct 
draughts should be tolerated, especially on the crib. 
The average temperature should be sixty-five to 
seventy-two degrees Fahrenheit. Keep as nearly as 
possible an even temperature both day and night. 
During the time that the baby is out in the daytime 
change the air of the nursery room thoroughly. The 
60 fewer fixtures, such as curtains, rugs, furniture, the 
better. Permit no accumulation of soiled dishes, 
bottles, linen and such articles in the nursery. A 
room removed from noises is to be preferred. 
CLOTHING FOR THE CHILD 
A duty of importance rests upon the nurse or 
mother, and the selection of the baby’s clothing 
should be made carefully. Consideration of age, 
season, weather, temperature of the room, and the 
temperament of the child, is essential. Feeble or 
sickly and delicate children require heavier clothing 
than those who are robust and healthy. Dress them 
to suit their environment. In the summer the baby’s 
wearing apparel should be light in weight, while 
winter calls for much heavier materials. The gar- 
ments should fit snugly but not tightly. The abdomen 
and chest particularly should be covered only by loose 
clothing. No tight bands should be permitted. Test 
them by inserting the fingers between the seams and 
the child’s body. Clothing is to protect the body 
from chilling and should be constructed with this 
purpose in mind. Avoid obstruction to the circula- 
tion of the blood. Keep the feet comfortably warm, 
regardless of the prevailing weather, and place a 
cover over the baby when it sleeps. The difference 
in the weight of indoor and outdoor garments will 
61 depend on the normal temperature of the house to 
which it is accustomed, and on a knowledge of the 
temperature reading out-of-doors. Young children 
are easily affected by any break in their accustomed 
habits. This applies to its whole living regime. 
Even omitting a band that it has been accustomed 
to may provoke a “cold”, ear-ache or some other ail- 
ment. 
Fresh Air 
In the winter months the baby should be no less 
than three months old when taken out of doors, 
while in the summer season a healthy baby may be 
kept in the open after one month. Never cover the 
child’s face with a veil in warm weather. Protect 
its face from the rays of the sun by a parasol or 
shade of some kind. Wet or rainy days are best 
spent in the house. If dressed according to existing 
conditions, the more time a child is allowed in the 
open air, the better for its health. Fresh air in the 
nursery means fresh air all day for your baby. 
Walking 
It is impossible to set a fast rule as to when a 
baby should begin to walk. When its legs are strong 
enough should of course help determine this question. 
One year would be a safe average. To force a baby 
to walk for the amusement of friends and relatives 
62 or in order to make it possible to boast, is unwise. 
Far better to manage matters so that the health 
and looks of your babe are such that it will excite 
admiration; then boasting will be unnecessary. 
Weigh the baby at least once a week and keep 
a careful record of its weight at different ages. 
At birth after full term an average baby weighs 
about seven and one-third pounds. Males are usu- 
ally about a pound heavier than females. Numerous 
influences affect the weight of a child and the rate 
of its increase. The size of the parents often times 
influences the size of their progeny. Children born 
of large parents are usually larger than those born 
of small parents. The health and age of parents are 
also factors that govern the size of the new-born. 
The first child born of any union weighs less than 
later children, usually. Frequency of child births is 
another factor. Rapid pregnancies are followed by 
smaller children. A baby’s weight at birth does not 
necessarily indicate its weight as it grows older. An 
undersized child at birth may develope to an over- 
sized one at a later age and vice versa. 
There is usually a loss of weight during the 
first three days or so. This can be easily accounted 
for. The discharges from the rectum, skin, lungs 
and kidneys are set up before practically any nour- 
ishment is given. In this way tissue waste exceeds 
Weight 
63 tissue construction. By the tenth day this early loss 
is replaced and continued increase in weight should 
be gradual and should average about one ounce per 
day—or one quarter pound per week for the first 
month and a half. From then on the gain will be 
less but should be gradual. If seven pounds is 
taken as the average weight at birth, the child will 
be expected to weigh fourteen pounds at the end of 
the first year. 
A regular feeding schedule will remove one of 
the causes of loss of weight during the first few days 
of the infant’s career. 
Height 
The average length of the infant when born is 
sixteen to twenty inches. When blessed with good 
nourishment and proper and efficient care it should 
reach a heighth of from twenty-one to twenty-three 
inches at the end of the first year. At the end of 
each succeeding year its height should increase at the 
average rate of one and a half to two and a half 
inches. (See Table VIII.) 
ENVIRONMENT 
A quiet, calm and pleasant environment should 
surround the very young. It is wise to avoid too 
64 much entertainment, especially rough handling, 
noisy music or shouting. A judicious amount of ne- 
glect is to be preferred to too much attention; teach 
them to amuse themselves with play, wholesome in 
character. This will insure better babies, both as to 
health and temperament. 
To see that your baby is registered at the health 
office is a matter of great importance. Most states 
require a legal record of births, and such records are 
carefully preserved. Not infrequently the time comes 
when it is necessary to produce a legal record of birth 
which should be available. It may prevent suffering 
and much unhappiness in the life of yourself or your 
loved ones. Therefore make special inquiry of your 
physician that the birth of your baby has been reg- 
istered and furnish the name to him promptly, so as 
not to cause delay and possible neglect of this im- 
portant duty. 
Birth 
Registration 
WHEN TO WEAN 
The average infant should be weaned between 
the ninth and fourteenth month of age. Conditions 
may arise demanding that it be weaned earlier. For 
example, the return of menstruation, pregnancy or 
a deficiency in the quantity of milk may make wean- 
65 ing imperative. Weaning is best and easiest when 
done gradually. Weaning or the beginning of mixed 
feeding in hot weather is to be avoided if possible. 
The teeth may suggest when to begin. A delicate 
baby may require some delay. While a little cereal, 
cracker or similar food may be given at intervals to 
assist in weaning a child, do not fail to remember 
the baby cannot digest starchy food properly until 
after the eighteenth or twentieth month. Therefore, 
avoid potatoes, beans and such foods. Ask your 
doctor for a diet list. The suggestions following 
may be helpful to you if they meet his approval. He 
knows best your babv’s condition. 
YOUNG CHILDREN’S DIET 
It is frequently a source of doubt and uncer- 
tainties for the mother to switch from breast or 
bottle feeding to a regular diet, and a few sugges- 
tions would probably be welcome. 
The main point to be borne in mind is that a 
child under twenty months of age cannot convert 
starches into sugar in the alimentary tract; there- 
fore allow no potato or beans in its diet. Tea, coffee 
and alcohol should be withheld. Fried foods of all 
kinds, raw vegetables, tomatoes in any form, too 
much sweets, such as confectionery or preserves, 
bananas, grapes with the skin and seeds are not good for babies. The fact that they will eat or apparently 
crave a food is no criterion as to what is good for 
baby. They will and frequently do eat dirt with 
seeming relish. 
Regularity in feeding as to time and amount is 
essential, as well as attention to the proper amount 
of sleep. A nap immediately after its most substan- 
tial meal would be best. Piecing between meals 
should not be over-indulged. See that the food is 
thoroughly masticated. 
Do not force a child to eat against its will. If 
it refuses to eat, examine the teeth and gums or test 
the food which may not be properly prepared .or 
flavored. If no reasonable excuse can be found for 
the child’s not eating, remove the food from its sight 
until such time as it will probably welcome it. 
When a child becomes ill, reduce its diet and 
dilute its food at once. The food should be reduced 
at least one-fourth during the hot weather; more 
water should be allowed in its place. 
7 A. M.—Stale bread soaked in a cun of new 
milk. 
10 A. M.— Milk, six ounces, and soda biscuit 
or a thin slice of buttered bread. 
2 P. M.—Beef tea, six ounces, bread and a ta- 
blespoonful of rice and milk pudding. 
6 P. M.—Sarne as the first meal. 
From 12th to 
18th Month 
67 10 P. M.—A tablespoonful of prepared or malt- 
ed food in eight ounces of milk. 
In alternation, a lightly boiled egg with bread 
crumbs, and six ounces of milk at seven a. m. At 
2 p. m. four tablespoonsful of beef tea with two 
tablespoonsful of junket. 
The following is the sample diet given by Holt 
for a child eighteen months old: 
“First Meal—A tablespoonful of some cereal 
with salt and one tablespoonful of cream, one-half 
pint of milk. 
“Second Meal—One-half pint of milk. 
“Third Meal—One tablespoonful of scraped 
meat, two small pieces of dried bread, half pint of 
milk. 
“Fourth Meal—One-half pint of milk. 
“Fifth Mfcal—Milk with farina or arrowroot. 
“Instead of scraped meat, beef juice or a soft 
cooked egg may be substituted occasionally. Of 
the beef juice from one to three tablespoonsful may 
be given at a time. 
“The quantity of milk allowed at a single feed- 
ing for a child during the second year should be 
from eight to ten ounces during the first half of the 
year, and twelve ounces during the latter half of the 
year.” (Holt. 
68 7 A. M.—New milk, eight ounces; the yolk of 
one egg, lightly boiled, two thin slices of bread and 
butter; or else milk and two tablespoonsful of well- 
cooked oat meal, or wheaten grits, with sugar and 
cream. 
11 A. M.—Milk, six ounces, with a soda bis- 
cuit or bread and butter. 
2 P. M.—One tablespoonful of rare mutton 
pounded to a paste, bread and butter, or mashed po- 
tatoes with a good dish gravy, or a saucer of junket; 
or else a breakfast of a cupful of beef tea, mutton or 
chicken broth; a thin slice of stale bread, a saucer 
of rice and milk pudding. 
6:30 P. M.—A breakfast consisting of a cup- 
ful of milk with bread and butter, or soft milk toast, 
sweetened. 
From 18th to 
30th Month 
A whole book would not cover the subject of 
colic. It can be a symptom due to serious causes or 
one of a very common or trivial nature. Colds, in- 
digestion or allowing the body to become chilled may 
excite it in a young infant. The so-called “three 
months colic” is misleading and this expression sim- 
ply alludes to the fact that the cause is usually not 
properly ascertained and removed for about three 
months. It may be due to errors in feeding, either 
in the quantity or quality of its food. It may be 
caused by irregular hours of nursing, or by inter- 
Colic 
69 ference with digestion by handling the baby too 
much or too soon after nursing. Bathing the child 
immediately after it leaves the breast is bad practice. 
Remember “a good rule is to bathe, nurse and give 
it its nap”. 
To relieve colic see that the band or other gar- 
ments are not too tight, that the child’s feet and 
hands are warm. A small quantity of warm water 
may be given. Place a hot water bottle on its ab- 
domen. If simple measures fail, consult your phy- 
sician and let him help you find out the cause. Do 
not treat colic as a “necessary evil"; it is not a nor- 
mal condition, and might be a forerunner of a more 
serious illness. 
If feeding bottles and nipples were kept scrupu- 
lously clean, less infection of the stomach and bowels 
would occur. 
Keep flies away from the baby and from its 
food. 
Dogs and cats are sources of infection in known 
cases. 
A daily bath for the baby after the tenth day— 
in hot weather oftener—is wholesome. 
The baths should be followed by feeding, and 
then the nap. Feed the baby before taking it out of 
doors. 
Avoid exciting games and riotous playing, 
especially just at bed time. These may keep the baby 
awake, especially if it is nervous. Exciting stories 
frequently have a similar effect. 
70 Mouth breathing or difficult respiration sug- 
gest adenoids. Let the physician investigate the 
difficulty. If the child is a boy and nervousness 
developes with no visible cause, circumcision may be 
necessary. Here, as so often, the phyisician can help, 
and relieve one of responsibility. Be loyal to him. 
The purpose of this took as has already been 
stated is to provide a part of the information neces- 
sary to the inexperienced mother and is intended to 
be only supplementary to the instructions given in 
every case by the physician. No fixed rules can be 
drawn up to apply to all cases. Therefore, as a 
guide, presented in a plain and simple way, it is sin- 
cerely hoped that it may do a great deal of good. 
CONSTIPATION OF INFANT 
While reference has been made in the pages far- 
ther back in this book to the subject of the baby’s 
bowels, the characteristics of stools and other facts, 
this subject is so important that a special chapter 
should be allotted to it. Especially is the condition of 
constipation deserving of special discussion, being a 
symptom which usually finds its cause in improper 
nourishment i. e., either in the quantity, in the 
quality or in the method of feeding. When consti- 
pation is constant it usually indicates a fault in the 
proportion of the food elements entering into its 
71 feeding, and a retardation of its systematic progress 
as regards health and development is to be expected. 
When the protein substance is not properly digested' 
constipation results. Some infants do not tolerate 
fats well and too much cream (or fats) will aggra- 
vate an irregularity of the bowel movements. 
Starchy foods in excess, or when baby is under 18 
months of age, will cause constipation. Avoid too 
much barley water and food mixtures which con- 
tain much insoluble carbohydrates. An insufficient 
amount of water given the baby will favor costive 
stools. It is readily noted that breast fed ’infants 
rarely are subject to constipation, and when it does 
exist as a symptom with them, as a rule, it is easily 
controlled by regulating the mother’s habits or diet. 
It is where babies are dependent upon artificial food 
that young infants often suffer with constipation. 
Therefore, the importance of careful modification of 
its diet and the persistant regularity of feeding can- 
not be too strongly urged. When protein indigestion 
is the cause, and this is the most common cause, it 
is readily recognized by observing the character of 
the stools. They are dry, have a very bad odor, 
and are often very hard in consistency. Gas is usu- 
ally present, causing much distention of the abdo- 
men and fretfulness. When the cause of constipa- 
tion is due to imperfect fat digestion, the stools are 
gray in color and rather greasy or soapy in appear- 
ance. The odor is sour and not particularly offen- 
sive. The urine may become strong and smell more 
72 or less like ammonia. These changes can be easily 
noted, and will suggest the treatment namely a cor- 
rection of the diet and not by the use of drugs. When 
a deficiency of the total solids intake is to blame, the 
bowels soon become sluggish and a loss of weight 
will be noted. Weigh your baby at least once a 
week and keep a careful record of its various weights 
and its age at the time of weighing. 
In conditions such as rickets or poorly nourish- 
ed babies, there may be an existing tendency to con- 
stipation due to a lack of energy or muscular inactiv- 
ity, owing to a weakened condition. The muscular 
wave of the intestinal tract is retarded and a slowing 
up of the normal bowel stream causes stasis and 
the bowel content becomes hardened and the liquid 
portion becomes absorbed, leaving a dry mass, which 
is usually found in the lower large bowels and if 
severe may result in an impaction. A glycerine sup- 
pository will give temporary relief. Give the little 
one more water during the day and a proper cor- 
rection of its food will remove the primary cause 
by restoring the normal muscular tone of the bowel 
wall. Learn to observe your baby closely and where 
causes can be found, in many cases, a slight correc- 
tion of some faulty irregularities, either its feeding 
or environment may relieve a condition which if al- 
lowed to go on and on unheeded, would cause serious 
trouble. 
73 Reminders 
Soothing syrups are not good for babies. 
If your physician wants it to have medicine, he 
will so direct. 
Don’t urge the child to walk when it is too 
young. 
Rocking is not good for baby’s nerves, and when 
persisted in, the habit grows and becomes a nuis- 
ance. 
Milk free from all possible contamination when 
properly modified is the ideal cow’s milk. 
Wake baby gradually—keep the little feet 
warm. 
Change diapers promptly when wet or soiled. 
Wash them before using again. 
A persistent diarrhoea or fever should excite 
the mother. Your physician will tell you what to 
do. 
Vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation may be 
due to errors in feeding. Do not let these symptoms 
remain long until you have relieved yourself of seri- 
ous responsibility by calling the doctor, in time. 
Water should be given freely—have it fresh 
and pure; give it in both winter and summer. 
When nursing is difficult for the baby, find out 
if it is “tongue-tied”. 
If the child can utter a few words at one year of 
age, it is up to standard as determined by averages. 
Neither pasteurization nor sterilization aids the 
digestibility of milk. See that it is suitable in com- 
position for your child. 
74 PART III 
'fables and General Information: 
1. Articles needed in labor. 
2. Weights and measures. 
(a) Long measure. 
(b) Dry measure. 
(c) Liquid measure. 
(d) Avoirdupois weight. 
(e) Troy weight. 
(f) Apothecaries weight. 
(g) Approximate measures. 
3. Pulse at different ages. 
4. Respiration at different ages. 
5. Composition of breast milk. 
6. Modified cow’s milk—preparation of, and 
method of feeding. 
7. Capacity of the infant’s stomach. 
8. Height and weight table, according to age. 
9. Things to be avoided in interest of baby’s 
welfare. 
10 Dental tables. 
11. Receipts for invalid food. 
12 Boracic acid. 
13. Dusting powder. 
14. Obstetric table and calendar. 
75 TABLE I. 
ARTICLES NEEDED FOR LABOR: 
One bottle Synol soap. 
One box stearated zinc powder. 
One bottle lysol. 
One can olive oil—sterile. 
One pound medicated cotton. 
Five yards gauze. 
One tube white vaseline. 
One short gown. 
Sterilized linens. 
Four sheets. 
Four wash cloths. 
Four to six towels. 
One pair white stockings. 
Four nightgowns. 
Abundance of sterilized cloths. 
Leggins. 
TABLE II. 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
LONG MEASURE. 
Long measure used in measuring lines or dis- 
tances, when length only is considered. 
3 barley corns 1 inch 
12 lines 1 inch 
12 inches 1 foot 
3 feet 1 yard 
16 1-2 ft. or 5 1-2 yds 1 rod, perch or pole 
76 DRY MEASURE. 
2 pints 1 quart 
8 quarts 1 peck 
4 pecks 1 bushel 
LIQUID MEASURE. 
4 gills 1 pint 
2 pints 1 quart 
4 quarts 1 gallon 
31 1-2 gallons 1 barrel 
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 
16 drams 1 ounce 
16 ounces 1 pound 
25 pounds 1 quarter 
4 quarters 1 hundredweight 
20 hundredweights 1 ton 
TROY WEIGHT. 
24 grains 1 pennyweight 
20 pennyweights 1 ounce 
240 pennyweights 12 ounces (1 pound) 
1 pound (troy) 5.706 grains 
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT. 
Used in compounding medicines. Drugs are 
bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. 
20 grains 1 scruple 
3 scruples .1 dram 
8 drams 1 ounce 
12 ounces 1 pound 
77 APPROXIMATE MEASURES. 
A Teaspoonful 1 fluid dram. (4.c.c.) 
A Dessertspoonful 2 fluid drams. (8.c.c.) 
A Tablespoonful 1-2 fluid ounce (15.c.c.) 
A Wineglassful 2 ounces (6O.c.c.) 
A Teacupful 4 fluid ounces (120 c.c.) 
A Tumblerful 8 fluid ounces f237.c.c.) 
TABLE HI. 
PULSE AT DIFFERENT AGES. 
Per Min. 
In Utero 150-170 
New Born 140-130 
During 1st year 130-115 
During 2nd year 115-100 
During 3rd year 100- 95 
During 8th to 14th year average 84 
Adult average 72 
Old Age average 76 
TABLE IV. 
RESPIRATION AT DIFFERENT AGES. 
During first year—per min 35 
During second year—per min 25 
At Puberty 20 
Adult Age 18 
Usually the ratio of pulse to respiration is 1—4. 
Example—Pulse, 72. Respiration, 18. 
The normal temperature ranges from 98.3 de- 
grees F. to 99 degrees F. 
78 TABLE IV-A 
CAPACITY OF THE INFANT’S STOMACH 
(Holt gives the following table as a practical 
guide) : 
At Birth 1 1-2 to 2 oz. 
At 3 Months 4 1-2 oz. 
At 6 Months 6 oz. 
At 1 Year 9 oz. 
TABLE V. 
COMPOSITION OF BREAST MILK 
Breast milk has somewhat of a bluish tint, and 
is thinner than cow’s milk, the specific gravity is 
about the same as that of cow’s milk, averaging from 
10.28 to 10.35. The variation in specific gravity is 
due to the amount of fat and concentration. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 
Protein content—1 to 2 per cent. 
Fat content—3 to 4.5 per cent. 
Milk sugar—6 to 7 per cent. 
Ash. 
Water. 
Vitamines. 
The amount of carbohycnates in milk sugar 
varies less than any of the other organic constitu- 
ents. 
The fats are increased as thi period of nursing 
advances i. e., less at the time of a birth and gradu- 
ally increasing until the end of the nursing period 
or near weaning time. 
79 TABLE VI. 
MODIFIED COW’S MILK, PREPARATION OF AND METHOD OF FEEDING 
FORMULAE 
L qt. 
Hrs. 
Milk Sugar 
Lime Water 
Filtered Water 
Quantity for Each 
Feeding 
Upper Milk From : 
After Standing 16 
1. 
1st, 2nd and 3rd days 
1 
oz. 
3 
teaspoonfuls 
IV2 oz. 
9 
oz. 
y2 
oz. 
2 
4th to 7th days 
1% 
oz. 
4 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
teaspoonfuls 
2 
oz. 
10% 
oz. 
1 
oz. 
3. 
2nd week 
2% 
6 
oz. 
4 
2 
oz. 
10 
oz. 
1% 
oz. 
4. 
3rd week 
oz. 
5% 
8 
4 
oz. 
18 
oz. 
2 
oz. 
5. 
4th to 8th week 
9 
oz. 
4 
oz. 
2% 
oz. 
6. 
9th to 12th week 
11 
oz. 
7% 
4 
oz. 
3 
oz. 
7. 
4th month _ 
13 
oz. 
7 
4 
oz. 
1enougn 
>to make 
(1 quart 
3 to 4 
oz. 
8. 
5th and 6th months 
15 
oz. 
6 2-3 
4 
oz. 
5 to 6 
oz. 
9. 
7th to 9th months 
17 
oz. 
5% 
teaspoonfuls 
4 
oz. 
10. 
10th and 11th months 
21 
oz. 
41-3 
teaspoonfuls 
4 
oz. TABLE VI-A. 
FORMULAS AND TABLES 
Tablet used to modify cow’s milk or add to oth- 
er artificial food: 
Milk Sugar 15 grs. 
Calcium Lactophosphate 1-6 gr. 
Sodium Phosphate 1-10 gr. 
Calcium Carbonate , . 1 1-2 gr. 
Sodium Bicarbonate 1-2 gr. 
Potassium Bicarbonate 1-12 gr. 
Sodium Chloride 1-6 gr. 
Directions for Use—Dissolve one to three in 
milk feeding. 
TABLE VII. 
HOW TO MAKE SATURATED SOLUTION OF 
BORACIC ACID 
One small teaspoonful (one drachin) to one 
pint of sterile water. To be used for baby’s eyes, 
baby’s mouth and mother’s nipples, as directed. TABLE VIII. 
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT ACCORDING TO AGE 
AND SEX 
BOYS 
GIRLS 
AGE 
Height 
Weight 
Height 
Weight 
Inches 
Lbs. 
Inches 
Lbs. 
1' 7%" 
7% 
Birth 
r 7%" 
7% 
2' 1%" 
16 
6 months 
2' O%" 
15% 
2' 5V2" 
18% 
1 year 
2' 3%" 
18 
2' 8%" 
32% 
2 years 
2' 7" 
25% 
2' 11" 
34 
3 years 
2' 10" 
31% 
3' 1" 
34 
4 years 
3' 0" 
36 
3' 4" 
40 
5 years 
3' 3" 
39 
3' 7" 
44% 
6 years 
3' 6" 
41% 
3' 10" 
49% 
7 years 
3' 8" 
47% 
3' 11" 
55 
8 years 
3' 10%" 
52 
4' 1%" 
60% 
9 years 
4' 0%" 
55% 
4' 3%" 
67% 
10 years 
4' 3" 
62 
4' 5%" 
72 
11 years 
4' 5" 
68 
4' 7" 
76% 
12 years 
4' 7%" 
76% 
4' 9" 
82% 
13 years 
4' 9%" 
87 
82 TABLE IX. 
THINGS TO AVOID IN THE INTEREST OF 
BABY’S WELFARE 
Sucking the Thumb. 
Patent Medicines. 
Moving Pictures. 
Unclean Playthings. 
Rough Handling. 
Exercising too soon after feeding. 
Kissing on the mouth. 
Sleeping with nipple in mouth. 
Sleeping with others. 
Over-feeding. 
Handling by persons with infections. 
Playing with pet dogs and cats. 
Elies around it or on its food. 
Poorly ventilated quarters. 
Unchanged soiled linen. 
Tea, coffee, wine, soda water and candy. 
Never use hushers or pacifiers. TABLE X. 
Temporary Teeth: 
The temporary teeth appear successively, those 
of the lower jaw usually a little earlier than the cor- 
responding teeth above. Subject to certain excep- 
tional variations, the usual order of their appear- 
ance-according to Sappey—is as follows: 
The four central incisors appear from six to 
eight months after birth. 
The four lateral incisors appear from seven to 
twelve months after birth. 
The four anterior molars appear from twelve to 
eighteen months after birth. 
The four canines appear sixteen to twenty-four 
months after birth. 
The four posterior molars appear from twenty- 
four to thirty-six months after birth. 
As a rule a child has all its temporary teeth— 
twenty in number—by the time it reaches two and a 
half or three years of age. 
Permanent Teeth: 
There are thirty-two of these and the order of 
their eruption is as follows: 
The two central incisors of the lower jaw ap- 
pear from the sixth to the eighth year. 
The two central incisors of the upper jaw ap- 
pear from the seventh to the eighth year. 
The four lateral incisors appear from the eighth 
to the ninth year. 
DENTAL TABLES The four first bicuspids appear from the ninth 
to the tenth year. 
The four canines appear from the tenth to the 
eleventh year. 
The four second bicuspids appear from the 
twelfth to the thirteenth year. 
The above are the permanent teeth which re- 
place the temporary teeth. 
The permanent teeth which are developed (L’ 
novo appear as follows: 
The first molars appear from the sixth to the 
seventh year. 
The second molars appear from the twelfth to 
the thirteenth year. 
The third molars appear from the seventeenth 
to the twenty-first year. 
TABLE XL 
RECIPES FOR INVALID FOOD AND BEVERAGES 
SUITABLE FOR FEVERS AND CONVALESCENCE 
FROM ACUTE ILLNESS 
Beverages 
DEMULCENT AND NUTRITIVE 
Barley water (Pavy)—Take two ounces of 
pearl barley and wash well with cold water, rejecting 
the washings. Afterwards boil with a pint and a 
half of water for twenty minutes in a covered ves- 
85 sei, and strain. The product may be sweetened and 
flavored with lemon peel, or lemon peel may be in- 
troduced while boiling is in progress. Lemon juice 
is also sometimes added to flavor. A bland, demul- 
cent and mild nutritive beverage. 
Barley Water (Bartolow)—Wash two ounces 
of pearl barley with cold water. Then boil it for 
five minutes in some fresh water and throw both 
waters away. Then pour on two quarts of boiling 
water and boil it down to a quart. (Stir and skim 
occasionally). Flavor with thinly cut lemon rind; 
add sugar to taste but do not strain unless at patient’s 
request. 
Rice water or Mucilage of Rice (Pavy) — 
Thoroughly wash one ounce of rice with cold water. 
Then macerate for three hours in a quart of water 
kept at a tepid heat and afterwards boil slowly for 
an hour; then strain. A useful drink in dysentary, 
diarrhoea and irritable states of the alimentary 
canal. It may be sweetened and flavored in the same 
way as barley water. 
Diuretic and Refrigerant. 
Lemonade (Pavy)—Pare the rind from a lem- 
on thinly and cut the lemon into slices. Put the peel 
and sliced lemon into a pitcher with one ounce of 
white sugar and pour over them one pint of boiling 
water. Cover the pitcher closely and let stand un- 
til cold. Strain and pour off the liquid. 
86 Lemonade (Ringer)—Pare the rind of three 
lemons as thin as possible, add one quart of boiling 
water and a quarter of an ounce of isinglass. Let 
this stand, covered, until next day, then squeeze the 
juice of three lemons upon half a pound of lump 
sugar; when the sugar is dissolved, pour the lemon 
and water upon them, mix all well together, strain 
and it is ready for use. 
Orangeade (U. S. Army Hospitals)—One 
orange. One teaspoonful of sugar. Three-fourths 
of a coffee cup of water (six ounces). Wash and 
wipe the orange. Squeeze the juice into the sugar. 
Add the cold water, previously boiled. Strain and 
serve. 
Cream of tarter Whey (Pavy)— Stir a quarter 
of an ounce of cream of tarter (a large teaspoonful 
piled up) into a pint of boiling milk and strain. A 
refrigerant and diuretic drink which is rendered 
more agreeable by the addition of sugar. 
Cream-of-tarter Drink. Potus Imperials (Im- 
perial Drink) — (Pavy)—Dissolve a drachm and a 
half of cream of tarter in a pint of boiling water and 
flavor with lemon peel and sugar. When cold, strain 
and take ad libitum as refrigerant drink and diuretic. 
White Wine Whey or Fossett (Pavy)—To a 
half pint of milk while boiling in a saucepan, add one 
wineglassful of sherry; afterwards strain through a 
muslin cloth. Sweeten with pounded sugar to taste. 
A useful diuretic drink in colds and mild febrile 
87 disorders. For a child, give a tablespoonful every 
two or three hours. 
Beef Juice (Bartholow)—Broil quickly some 
pieces of round or sirloin of a size to fit in the cavity 
of a lemon squeezer previously heated by being dip- 
ped in hot water. The juice, as it flows away, should 
be received into a hot wineglass, and after being sea- 
soned to the taste with salt and a little Cayenne pep- 
per, taken while hot. 
Beef Essence (Yeo)—Cut the lean of beef into 
small pieces and place them in a wide-mouthed bot- 
tle securely corked, and then allow it to stand for 
several hours in a vessel of boiling water. This may 
be given to infants who cannot take milk, in tea- 
spoonful doses, and in larger quantities to adults. 
Beef Tea (Germain See)—Meat cut into small 
pieces, cold water added, and then gradually heated 
to 140 degrees or 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Press, 
strain and flavor with salt and pepper. This is much 
inferior to the preparations made with hydrochloric 
acid. 
Beef Tea (Pavy)—Put a pound of finely minc- 
ed beef into a suitable vessel with a pint of cold 
water. Let it stand for an hour, stirring it occasion- 
ally. Place the vessel containing the beef into a 
saucepan of water, place over the fire, and allow the 
water to boil gently for an hour (or the vessel con- 
taining the beef may be put into an ordinary oven 
for an hour). Pass the beef tea through a strainer. 
It contains a quantity of fine sediment, which should 
88 be drunk with the liquid. Flavor with salt. In this 
process, the beef extract should not be exposed to a 
temperature above 170 degrees Fahrenheit. 
Beef Tea (Bartolov)—Chop fine a pound of 
lean beef free from fat, tendons, etc., and digest with 
a pint of cold water for two hours. Let it simmer on 
the stove for three hours, at a temperature never 
over 160 degrees F. Make up the water lost in 
evaporation by adding cold water so that a pint of 
beef tea shall represent a pound of beef. Strain and 
carefully express all fluid from beef. 
Beef Tea (U. S. Army Hospital Receipe for 
Twelve Men)—Beef, twelve pounds; salt, one ounce. 
Directions—The beef should be lean and juicy 
and cut into small pieces. Put it into one gallon and 
a half of cold water with the salt. Let it boil gently 
three hours. If it should boil away too fast, add the 
requisite quantity of boiling water and let it boil 
fifteen minutes longer. When done it should meas- 
ure twelve pints. Set it aside to cool. Remove ev- 
ery particle of grease and heat when required. In 
case of a deficiency of fresh beef, use beef extract. 
Beef Tea (U. S. Army Hospital Receipe for 
Twelve Men)—Directions—Infuse a third of a 
pound of fresh beef finely minced in fourteen ounces 
of cold soft water, to which a few drops (four or 
five) of muriatic acid and a little salt (from ten to 
eighteen grains) have been added. After digesting 
for an hour or an hour and a quarter, strain it 
through a sieve and wash the residue with five 
89 ounces of cold water, pressing it to remove all solu- 
ble matter. Tne mixed liquid will contain the whole 
of the soluble constituents of the meat (albumen, 
creatin, etc.) and it may be drunk cold or slightly 
warmed. The temperature should not be raised 
above 100 degrees F., as at the temperature of 113 
degrees F. a considerable portion of the albumin— 
a very important constituent—will be coagulated. 
BROTHS AND SOUPS 
Chicken Broth (U. S. Army Hospital Receipe 
foi Twelve Men)—One chicken, two ounces of salt, 
two ounces of flour. 
Directions—Cut the chicken into pieces. Put 
it with the salt into the kettle with twelve pints of 
cold water. Let it simmer gently two or three 
hours, carefully and frequently skimming off the 
grease. Make a paste of the flour with some cold 
water, stir in and boil ten minutes longer. It should 
measure ten pints when done. 
Mutton Broth (U. S. Army Hospital Recipe 
for Twelve Men) Mutton, six pounds; salt, two 
ounces; rice, two ounces. 
Directions: Break the bones without separating 
the meat. Put it into twelve pints of cold water with 
the salt and rice or barley. Boil gently two hours and 
a half, carefully removing all the scum and fat. If 
the broth should boil away too much, add the requis- 
90 ite quantity of boiling wate* to make twelve pints 
and let it boil fifteen minutes longer. 
Invalid Broths—To one pound of chopped lean 
meat, either chicken, mutton or beef, add one pint of 
cold water (or one pint and a half on ice for a young 
infant) let stand in a covered glass fruit jar for four 
to six hours, cook for three hours in a closed jar 
over a slow fire; strain, cool, skim off the fat, clear 
with an egg; season and feed warm or cold. 
Buillon (Broth) as used in the hospitals of 
Paris (Yeo)—Raw meat, without bone, one kilo- 
gramme (ten pounds) ; fresh vegetables, four hun- 
dred grammes (about one pound) ; salt, ten 
grammes (about one hundred and fifty grains). Boil 
very slowly over a low fire. 
Nourishing Soup (Ringer)—Stew two ounces 
of the best well-washed sage in a pint of water till 
it is quite tender and very thick; then mix it with a 
half pint of good boiling cream and the yolks of two 
fresh eggs. Blend the whole carefully with one 
quart of essence of beef. The beef essence must be 
heated separately and mixed while both mixtures are 
hot. A little of this may be warmed at a time. 
Consomme—Consomme may be flavored with 
vegetable extracts or expressed juice of vegetables 
boiled in it. Thicken soups with arrowroot, ground 
rice or cornflour. 
Beef Tea with Oatmeal (Anderson)—This 
forms a very nutritious food. Take two tablespoon- 
fuls of oatmeal and two of cold water, and mix them 
91 thoroughly then add a pint of good beef tea which 
has just been brought to the boiling point. Boil to- 
gether for five minutes, stirring it well all the time, 
and strain through a hair sieve. 
SOLID MEAT PREPARATIONS 
Scraped Beef (U. S. Army Hospitals)—Cut 
a piece of steak from the round, about half a pound 
in weight and about an inch thick. Lay it on a clean 
meat board and with a dull knife scrape out the pulp 
until there is nothing left but stringy fibre. Season 
the scraped pulp with salt and make into small cakes. 
Broil for two minutes either by direct heat or over a 
clear fire, or by heating a clean pan or plate, and 
when hot place the meat on it. Have both sides 
cooked sufficiently. This is a safe food for a patient 
beginning to take solid nourishment. Scraped beef 
may be prepared very easily over an alcohol lamp. 
Meat Biscuits (Parkes)—Mix together, cook 
and bake one pound of flour, one pound of meat, one 
quarter of a pound of suet, one-half pound of pota- 
toes with a little sugar, onion, salt and pepper and 
spices. A palatable meat biscuit, weighing about 
one pound and a quarter, containing from 10 to 12 
per cent of water, is thus obtained, which keeps 
quite unchanged for four months. 
MILK PREPARATIONS 
Milk-and-Cinnamon Drink (Ringer)—Boil in 
one pint of new milk sufficient cinnamon to flavor it 
92 pleasantly and sweeten with white sugar. This may 
be taken cold with a teaspoonful of brandy, and is 
very good in cases of diarrhoea. Children may take 
it warm without brandy. 
Albuminized Milk (U. S. Army Hospitals) — 
Beat up the white of an egg until light. Add a good- 
sized pinch of salt, and four ounces of fresh, cool 
milk which has been sterilized. A little sugar may 
be added if desired. 
Home-Made Lime Water—Pour two quarts of 
hot water over fresh unslacked lime (size of a wal- 
nut). Stir till slacked, let stand till clear and bottle. 
Often ordered with milk to neutralize acidity of the 
stomach. 
Eggnog (Bartholow)—Scald some new milk 
by putting it, contained in a jug, into a saucepan of 
boiling water, but it must not be allowed to boil. 
When quite cold beat up an egg with a fork in a 
tumber with some sugar; beat quite to a froth; add 
a dessertspoonful of brandy and fill up the tumbler 
with scalded milk. A nutritive drink in acute dis- 
ease. 
Lemonade with Eggs (Ringer)—The juice of 
four lemons, the rinds of two, half a pint of sherry, 
four eggs, six ounces of loaf sugar, one pint and a 
half of boiling water. 
Pare the lemon rind thinly, put it into a pitcher 
with the sugar, and pour the boiling water on it. 
Let it cool, then strain, and add the wine, lemon juice and eggs, previously well beaten and strained. 
Mix all together and it is ready for use. 
Davory Custard (Anderson)—Add the yolks 
of two eggs to a cupful of beef tea, with pepper and 
salt to taste. Butter a cup or jam pot, pour the mix- 
ture into it, and let it stand in a pan of boiling- 
water till the custard is set. 
Rice Soup (Ringer)—Take three ounces of 
rice, the yolks of two eggs, half a pint of cream or 
new milk, one quart kettle. Boil the rice in the ket- 
tle and rub half of it through a strainer; put the ket- 
tle in a stewpan, and the rest of the rice whole, and 
simmer gently for five minutes. Have ready the 
milk or cream, boiled. Beat the yolks of the eggs 
and mix them gradually with the cream. Take the 
soup off the fire, add the cream and egg, stirring 
them well together as you mix them. Heat gradu- 
ally, but do not boil, or the eggs will curdle. 
A Gruel (Ringer)—Beat an egg to a froth, 
add a wineglass of sherry, flavor with a lump of 
sugar, a strip of lemon peel, and a little grated nut- 
meg. Have ready some gruel, very smooth and hot, 
stir in the wine and egg, and serve with crisp toast. 
Arrowroot may be made in the same way. 
FARINACEOUS FOODS 
Oatmeal Gruel-Plain (From Food)—Two ta- 
blespoonfuls of oatmeal, one saltspoonful of salt, one 
scant teaspoonful sugar, one cupful of boiling water, 
94 one cupful of milk. Mix the oatmeal, salt and sugar 
together, and pour on the boiling water. Cook for 
thirty minutes, then strain through a fine wire 
strainer to remove the hulls, place again on the 
stove, add the milk, and heat just to the boiling 
point. Serve hot. 
Rice Milk (Anderson)—Wash two table- 
spoonfuls of good rice and put it into a saucepan 
with a quart of milk. Let it simmer gently till the 
rice is tender, and stir from time to time to prevent 
burning; sweeten to taste. If desirable, serve with 
stewed apples or prunes. Sago, tapioca, etc., are pre- 
pared in the same way. If an egg be added, beat the 
white and yolk separately, and add them to the rice 
after it has been taken from the fire. 
TABLE XIII. 
DUSTING POWDER. 
Pulv. Salicylic acid, 1 part. 
Starch (well powdered), 10 parts. 
95 DURATION OF PREGNANCY. 
For many reasons it is wise to know as closely as possible the date of natural delivery and to have 
this date always in mind. No expectant mother should be alone at this critical time and a' knowledge 
of when the day is approaching will serve to make certain that all s in readiness. The table below la 
one which will prove reasonably accurate. 
PREGNANCY TABLE. 
EXPLANATION: Find in the top line the date of the last menstruation ; the figure below will indicate the 
date when the confinement may be expected. If the date of menstruation is March 10th then the 
date of expected confinement will be December 15th. 
Jan. 
Oct. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31| 
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 
Nov. 
I 
Feb. 
Nov. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 
i 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 | 
Dec. 
Meh. 1 
Dec. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 311 
67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5| 
Jan. 
April 
Jan. 
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 __l 
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 __| 
Feb. 
May 
Feb. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31| 
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7] 
Meh. 
June 
Meh. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 __ 
| 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 __ 
| April 
July 
April 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 311 
| 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
May 
1 
Aug. 
May 
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31| 
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7| 
June 
Sept. 
June 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 _J 
I 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
July 
Oet. 
July 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31| 
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
Aug. 
1 
Nov. | 
Aug. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 __ 
| 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 __| 
| Sept 
1 
Dec. 1 
Sept. 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 311 
| 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
. Oct. MARX’S OBSTETRIC CALENDAR 
Outer circle represents month in which men- 
struation last occurred, numericals beneath represent 
number of days to be added to first day of last men- 
strual period; months in inner circle represent month 
of expected confinement. 
Thus, January 10th, first day of last menstrual 
period, plus 14 equals 24. Therefore the date of 
expected confinement is 24th of the month, which is 
found in the inner circle, namely, October. 
97 PART IV 
AUTHOR’S NOTE. 
The information found on the following pages 
may not be pertinent to the subject of Motherhood, 
nor is its addition to this book inspired by any 
thought other than a desire to be of service. 
It is offered in the belief that in emergencies, 
such as arise in home-life, it is well to have at hand 
a trustworthy guide to prevent suffering or even the 
loss of life. 
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES 
FIRST AID IN CASE OF ACCIDENT 
Painting 
Place patient flat on back. Loosen clothing and 
allow fresh air and sprinkle face with cold water. 
Gas Asphyxiation 
Remove body to fresh air. Loosen clothing and 
start artificial respiration as for drowning or elec- 
trical shock. 
Don’t give up before at least an hour. 
Insects {Venomous} Bites and Stings 
Apply weak ammonia water, salt water or ido- 
dine. 
99 Lightning 
Dash cold water on person struck. 
Mad Dog or Snake Bite 
Tie cord tightly above wound, suck the wound 
and cauterize with caustic or white hot iron at once, 
or cut out margins of wound with clean sharp knife. 
Sunstroke 
Loosen clothing. Place patient in shade. Ap- 
ply ice cold water to the head. 
Poisoning 
First: Send for a physician. 
Second: Induce vomiting by tickling the throat 
with your finger or a feather. Place a large cork or 
something else suitable between patient’s teeth be- 
fore inserting your finger in mouth. Drink warm 
water, mustard and water or swallow sweet oil or 
white of egg. 
Antidotes for Poisons 
Acids are antidotes for alkalines and vice versa. 
Burns and Scalds 
Cover the part with cooking soda and lay wet 
cloths over it. White of egg and olive oil, olive or 
linseed oil (either plain or mixed with chalk or 
whiting) or diluted vinegar are also good. 
Exclude the air. 
Drowning 
Loosen clothing, if any. 
Empty lungs of water by laying body on the 
stomach and lifting the middle so that the head 
hangs down. Jerk the body a few times. 
100 Pull the tongue forward, using a handkerchief, 
or use a pin and string if necessary. 
Induce artificial respiration by compressing and 
expanding the lower ribs alternately about twenty 
times per minute. 
Apply warmth and friction to the extremities. 
Don’t Give Up. People have been saved after 
hours of vigorous and patient effort. 
When respiration is established, place patient in 
a warm and comfortable bed, apply heat, give warm 
drinks, mild stimulants, fresh air and keep quiet. 
Electric Shock 
Release patient from the current. Avoid touch- 
ing the body or the wire with the hands or wet stick 
or metal. Handle body by the clothing. If practi- 
cable, use rubber gloves or shoes. It not, cover 
hands with dry cotton cloth and stand on dry boards. 
Then induce artificial respiration as in the case of 
drowning. 
101 Special Poisons and Antidotes 
Muriatic 
Oxalic 
1 Acetic 
Sulphuric 
Oil of Vitriol 
Nitric (Aqua Fortis) 
Use soapsuds, 
magnesia and 
lime-water. 
Acids 
Carbolic acid : Flour and water, mucilagineous 
drinks. 
Prussic acids: Ammonia in water; dash water 
in the face. 
AIka lines 
Potash 
Lye 
Hartshorn 
Ammonia 
Give vinegar1 or 
lemon juice in 
water. 
Milk, raw eggs, sweet 
oil, lime water or flour 
and water. 
Arsenic 
Rat Poison 
Paris Green, 
Bug Poison 
Lead 
Salt Petre 
Corrosive Sublimate 
Sugar of Lead 
Blue Vitriol 
Whites of eggs or milk 
in large doses. 
Chloroform 
Ether 
Chloral 
Dash cold water on 
head and chest. Artifi- 
cial respiration. Piece 
of ice inserted in the 
rectum. 
Carbonate of Soda 
Copperas 
Soap suds and mucilag- 
inous drinks. 
102 Iodine 
Antimony 
Tartar Emetic 
Starch and water, as- 
tringent infusions of 
strong tea. 
Mercury and its Salts 
Nitrate of Silver Salts 
Lunar Caustic Salts 
Whites of eggs, milk, 
mucilages and water. 
Strychnine 
Tincture Nux Vomica 
Mustard and water, sul- 
phate of zinc. Absolute 
quiet. Plug the ears. 
THE END. 
103 INDEX 
Name Page 
Acids Poison 102 
Additional Safe Guards48 
Adenoids or Mouth Breathing .... 71 
Advantages of Natural Feeding . . . 37-38-48 
After Pains 35 
Albuminuria 18 
Alkalines Poison 102 
Analysis of Urine18-19 
Articles Needed for Labor .... 75-76 
Artificial Feeding50-53 
Author’s Note . . . .... 99 
Baby’s Band44 
Baby’s Bath41 
Baby’s Bottles . . 57 
Baby’s Eyes44 
Baby’s Layette 39-40 
Baby’s Name . . . .... 36 
Barley Water 56, 85-86 
Bath, Mother’s . 21 
Bed, How Prepared . . .... 31 
Binder 24-35 
Birth Registration 65 
Boracic Acid Solution 81 
Breast Milk Composition .... 79 
Breasts, Care of Mother’s .... 24-25 
Breasts, Pumps 26 
Breasts, Painful 25-26 
Breasts, Secretion of . . 23-24-25-26-27 
Broths and Soups 90 
Bowels 22 
Burns and Scalds 100 
Chemical Poison 102 INDEX—Continued 
Clothing for Child 39-40 
Clothing for Mother 24 
Confinement 30 
Colic 40, 47, 69 
Constipation of Child .... 55,. 71 
Constipation of Mother ... 19, 22, 23 
Cord, Care of 43 
Cow’s Milk, Composition of . . . 53-54, 79 
Crying40-60 
Circumcism . . . . . . . 71 
Definition of Health 38 
Demulcent Drinks 85 
Dental Care 21 
Dental Tables 84-85 
Diet of Mother . . . 17-19-20-23-47-51 
Diet in Albuminuria .... 17-18-19 
Drinks . . . . . . . 20, 51 
Drugs in Human Milk 52 
Drugging Baby 60 
Deficient Milk, Diet for 51 
Do Not Drug Your Baby .... 60 
Doctor’s Pay . . . . . . 36 
Douche 21 
Dressing the Cord 43 
Duration of Pregancy Table .... 96 
Dusting Powder . . . . . 43, 95 
Drowning 100 
Electric Shock 101 
Environment 27-28, 52 
Eyes, Care of . . . . . . 44 
Exercise of Mother 16 
Fainting 99 
Feeding 50 
12 to 18 months 67 
18 to 30 months 69 INDEX—Con tinned 
Foreword 9 
Fresh Air 16-20 
Frontispiece 10 
First Bath 41 
First Aid Tablets .... 99-100-101 
First Aid Antidotes 100 
For Milk Feeding 56 
Function of Band 44 
Gas Poisoning 99 
General Care . . . ... 36 
Hands, Attention of . . . . . 4, 2 
Height 64 
High Mortality of Infants . . 36-37-38, 49-50 
Hygiene of Pregnancy 16 
Insects Bites 99 
Introduction . . . . . . . 11 
Invalid’s Broths and Soup Recipes ... 90 
Labor, Signs of Approach .... 32 
Labor, Date of . . . . . . 29 
Let’s Save the Baby 38 
Lemonade 86-93 
Lightning 100 
Lime Water and Tablets, Use of ... 55 
Mad Dog and Snake Bite .... 100 
Mark’s Obstetrical Calendar . . . . 97 
Martial Intercourse 28 
Modifying Cow’s Milk . . . . 55, 80 
Milk Secretion 26 
Milk Tablets, Formula for . . . . 56, 81 
Name Baby36 
Nervousness ... .... 27-28 
Nursery 60 
Nursing 44-45-46-47 
Out-Door Air for Baby 62 
Oatmeal Water 56 INDEX—Co n ti n ued 
Pains “True” and “False” .... 32 
Poisoning 100 
Pregnancy Table 96 
Preparing the Bed . . . . . .31 
Preparation for Labor 33 
Bath, Douche, Enema, Etc ... 33 
Rice Water 86 
Pulse 78 
Recipes for Invalid Food .... 85-95 
Reminders 74 
Registration of Birth 65 
Respiration 78 
Saline Solution, How Made .... 21 
Schedule of Feeding 45-46 
Selecting Substitute for Breast Milk . . .50 
Sleep 59-60 
Sleeping-Room for Pregnancy ... 20 
“Show,” The32 
Skin, The Care of 21 
Sore Nipples 48-49 
Stools 58 
Signs of Pregnancy 15 
Stomach, Infant, Capacity of .... 79 
Sunstroke 100 
Supplementary Tables 99 
Table of Contents 3 
Tea, Coffee and Alcoholic Drinks During Pregnancy 20-51 
Temperature for Room 58 
Tables of General Information . . . .75 
T. B. Tested Cows for Baby’s Milk ... 54 
The Nursing Mother 47 
The First Bath 41 
The Breasts 24 
Things to be Avoided 83 
Training of New-Born .... 36-37 INDEX—Co n tinued 
Urine Submit to Doctor for Analysis . . 19 
Vomiting of Pregnancy . . . . .17 
Vomiting, Treatment of ..... 17 
Visitors or Company 44-45 
Walking of Mother ..... 16 
Walking of Baby ...... 62 
Weight, Average and Gain .... 63 
Weight, Loss of ...... 63 
Weights and Measures .... 76-77-78 
Weaning of Infant ...... 65 
When to Call the Doctor .... 32 
Young Children’s Diet ..... 66