VAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL 
T M 8-292 
PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING 
WAR DEPARTMENT 
DECEMBER 19 4 4 
For sale by the Sui>crintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 
United States Government Printing Office 
Washington 1944 WAR DEPARTMENT 
Washington 25, D. C, 20 December 1944 
TM 8-292, Physical Reconditioning, is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. 
[AG 300.7 (16 Oct 44)] 
By order of the Secretary of War; 
Official: 
J. A. ULIO 
Major General 
The Adjutant General 
G. C. MARSHALL 
Chief of Staff 
Distribution: 
AGF (10); ASF (10); AAF (10); T of Opns Attn: Surg (10); Sv C (15); GH (75); T/O 
& E 8-550 (75); 8-560 (55); 8-590 (35). 
For explanation of symbols see FM 21-6 
I3692E CONTENTS 
Paragraph Pagt 
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. 
Section I. Reconditioning 1-2 1 
II. Mission of physical reconditioning 3-7 2 
III. Scope of physical reconditioning 8-9 3 
IV. General principles of physical re- 
conditioning 10-16 4 
CHAPTER 2. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF 
PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING PROGRAM. 
Section I. Classification 17-21 7 
II. Patient orientation 22-24 10 
III. Instructional personnel 25-26 11 
IV. Schedules for competition 27 12 
V. Equipment - 28-30 12 
■Paragraph Page 
CHAPTER 3. PROGRAMS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES 
OF PATIENTS. 
Section I. General 31-32 13 
II. Class 4 program .. 33-34 14 
III. Class 3 program 35-38 15 
IV. Class 1 and 2 programs 39-40 16 
V. Programs for neuropsychiatric pa- 
tients 41-42 18 
CHAPTER 4. CONDITIONING EXERCISES. 
Section I. General 43-46 20 
II. Conditioning exercises for Classes 
4, 3, and 2 47-51 22 
III. Resistance conditioning exercises 52-54 64 
IV. Exercises for cardiac patients 55-57 78 
V. Aquatic conditioning exercises 58 98 Paragraph / Page 
CHAPTER 5. SPORTS AND GAMES 59-65 107 
CHAPTER 6. STUNTS. 
Section I. General 66 116 
II. Stunts of balance 67 116 
III. Stunts of agility 68 116 
IV. Stunts of strength 69-74 121 
V. Stunts of endurance 75-79 132 
CHAPTER 7. ACTIVITIES WITH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT. 
Section I. Exercises with weights 80-84 136 
II. Spring exercisers 85-95 154 
HI, Medicine ball exercises 96-99 163 
Paragraph Page 
IV. Bag punching 100-102 168 
V. Rope skipping 103-107 176 
VI. Stall bar exercises 108-109 178 
VII. Pulley weight exercises 110-111 204 
:HAPTER 8. POSTURE TRAINING. 
Section I. General 112-114 226 
II. Postural exercises 115 228 
:HAPTER 9. REMEDIAL EXERCISES: WITH AND 
WITHOUT APPARATUS 116-127 234 
* 
CHAPTER 10. TESTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS. 
Section I. Performance tests 128-131 278 
II. Cardiovascular tests 132-133 282 CHAPTER 1 
INTRODUCTION 
Section I. RECONDITIONING 
Place in series. This is one of three manuals on reconditioning. 
They are: 
TM 8-290 Educational Reconditioning. 
TM 8-291 Occupational Therapy. 
TM 8-292 Physical Reconditioning. 
1. GENERAL, a. When a man enters the Army, the military 
training program prepares him physically and mentally for his 
duties as a soldier. Military drill, marches, and physical train- 
ing produce good physical condition and develop endurance and 
stamina. Special courses, maneuvers, and field problems provide 
information and knowledge to enable him to perform success- 
fully the duties of a soldier. When his training is completed, 
he should be in good physical condition and possess the mental 
attitudes necessary to the effective soldier. 
b. The soldier who has been wounded or rendered inactive 
because of prolonged illness loses the efficiency that has been 
developed. His physical strength deteriorates. Concern for 
himself, worry over personal affairs, and the anxiety that accom- 
panies long convalescence, contribute to a loss of confidence 
which may result in apathy and indifference. These attitudes 
actually retard recovery, and often produce unfortunate mental 
states which result in ineffectual service and, in some instances, 
maladjustment to military or civil environment. 
c. The critical personnel needs of the Armed Forces and war 
industries demand maximum conservation of manpower. Each 
day that a patient’s recovery is delayed represents a loss of man 
hours in support of the war effort. If the convalescent soldier 
is to realize the greatest benefit from Army medical service, his 
physical, mental, and emotional needs must be considered. 
Therefore, recognizing this responsibility to the soldier and to 
the war effort, the Surgeon General has established recondition- 
ing as a part of professional medical care. 
1 2. MISSION. The purpose of the Reconditioning Program 
is to accelerate the return to military duty of convalescent pa- 
tients in the highest state of physical and mental efficiency con- 
sistent with their capacities and the type of duty to which they 
are being returned. Or, if the soldier is disqualified for further 
military service, the Reconditioning Program must provide for 
his return to civilian life in the highest possible degree of physi- 
cal fitness, well oriented in the responsibilities of citizenship, 
and prepared to adjust successfully to social and vocational pur- 
suits. The mission is accomplished by a coordinated program 
of Educational Reconditioning, Physical Reconditioning, and 
Occupational Therapy. 
Section II. MISSION OF PHYSICAL 
RECONDITIONING 
3. DEFINITION. Physical reconditioning is the process by 
which physical and psychological fitness is maintained and re- 
stored through participation in progressively graded physical 
activities during convalescence. 
4. PURPOSE OF PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING PROGRAM. 
The physical reconditioning program for the treatment of con- 
valescent patients has been designed to— 
a. Allay and prevent deconditioning. 
b. Accelerate physical recovery. 
c. Restore a patient’s physical condition to a level that will 
fit him for return to his assigned duties in the Army or, if he 
is disqualified for military duty, for return to civilian life with 
the highest possible degree of physical fitness consistent with 
his capacities. 
d. Contribute to psychological readjustment and socializa- 
tion by providing enjoyable activities in which patients can 
participate together, and in which they are afforded opportuni- 
ties for self-expression and release from physical and emotional 
tensions. 
e. Teach patients who will be discharged to civilian life, 
activities in which they can engage in the future to maintain 
an adequate level of physical fitness. 
5. PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING FOR RETURN TO DUTY. 
a. Before returning to duty, trainees must be free of illness 
or physical handicap and must have developed sufficient 
strength, cardiovascular and muscular endurance, and agility to 
meet the physical requirements of their military assignments. 
The physical requirements for full duty differ from those for 
limited duty. 
b. Physical reconditioning plays an important part in pre- 
paring men psychologically for return to duty. Increased 
strength and stamina are associated with increased self-confi- 
dence and self-respect. Continued practice of combative sports 
and athletic games increases the ability to respond quickly and 
2 adaptively to changing combat situations. Competitive activi- 
ties develop an aggressive fighting spirit, initiative, resourceful- 
ness, team work, and group morale. 
6. PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING PROGRAM FOR RETURN 
TO CIVILIAN LIFE. a. A high level of physical fitness must 
be developed in patients who will be discharged to civilian 
life, especially because their physical handicaps will make the 
problem of readjustment even harder for these men. They will 
be greatly assisted in reestablishing themselves as civilians if 
they return with a high level of physical fitness. It is also 
important to teach activities by which these men may maintain 
an adequate level of physical fitness after they return home. 
Activities which will provide future recreation as well as exer- 
cise should be stressed. 
b. A well-conceived and well-directed physical recondition- 
ing program provides one of the best means of effecting the 
emotional readjustment and resocialization of battle casualties. 
Because physical activities, particularly sports and games, appeal 
to patients, they elicit whole-hearted participation. This par- 
ticipation brings a feeling of physical well-being and release 
from physical and nervous tensions. Through enjoyable asso- 
ciation with others in athletics, these patients develop healthier 
attitudes toward others as well as toward themselves. When 
their efforts are attended with success, they develop a feeling 
of worthwhileness, a sense of achievement and belonging, and 
their self-confidence is restored. 
7. RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROCESS OF PHYSICAL RECON- 
DITIONING. Health may be said to have three levels. The 
lowest level is that of very poor health; the second is the health 
level of the average man who is free of disease. The second, 
while one of physiological health, is below the third level, that 
of marked fitness for strenuous work. It is the responsibility 
of the medical officer to prevent descent from the health level 
and to accelerate return to it. It is the function of the physical 
reconditioning staff to prevent retrogression from the fitness 
level and to accelerate return to that level representing the peak 
of physical condition. 
Section III. SCOPE OF PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING 
8. MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATIVE PROGRAMS. The 
maintenance program of physical reconditioning is directed 
toward preventing loss of the high condition level which the 
patient had before hospitalization. The restorative program is 
directed at restoring condition that has been lost. Exercise to 
recondition the patient should begin as soon as practicable. The 
maintenance phase of the program is for bed and ward ambula- 
tory patients; the restorative phase of the program is for patients 
in the later stages of convalescence. 
3 9. GENERAL AND REMEDIAL PROGRAMS, a. The 
major part of physical reconditioning is the general exercise 
program, the purpose of which is to build up the general 
physical condition of patients. This program includes the 
conditioning exercises, running, games, athletics, and a large 
portion of the gymnasium activities. 
b. The remedial exercise program, which consists of individ- 
ual exercises, with and without apparatus, is designed to pro- 
mote the recovery of the injured or diseased tissues and to re- 
store function to the atrophied muscles of those parts of the 
body that have suffered as a result of injury or disease. 
Section IV. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF 
PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING 
10. MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF PROGRAM. Since recon- 
ditioning is an integral part of the convalescent treatment of the 
patient, medical judgment must prescribe the character of physi- 
cal exercise and the time for beginning it. It is therefore essen- 
tial that the medical officer understand the purposes of the 
program, its activities and what they can accomplish, and his 
relationship to them. Various methods have been formulated 
which permit the medical officer to exercise this supervision 
with a minimum expenditure of extra time yet a maximum of 
effective control. 
11. GRADUAL PROGRESSION. The physical recondition- 
ing program should begin with light exercises which are in- 
creased gradually and progressively in relation to the patient’s 
rate of recovery. A sudden and marked increase in the amount 
and intensity of exercise may he dangerous for convalescent pa- 
tients and must he avoided. To obtain a gradual progression 
the activities administered should be such that the dosage can 
be readily measured and controlled. 
12. OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE. If a man is to improve his 
physical fitness as rapidly as possible, he must exercise to the 
limit of his tolerance and train for tasks of greater severity than 
those normally to be faced. This means a progressive increase 
in either the cadence or the load borne, or both. He must 
progressively run faster, lift or carry heavier loads, or speed 
up the tempo of the conditioning drills. In the early stages of 
training a moderate exercise program is usually enough to "over- 
load” the existing performance ability, even in cases of Class 
4 and 3 programs. 
13. INDIVIDUALIZATION OF PROGRAM. There will be 
great individual variations in physical condition among con- 
valescents. Some soldiers will have been in very good condition 
before they were hospitalized; others will not have attained 
satisfactory condition. Some will have been injured severely; 
others will have relatively minor injuries or illnesses. All such 
4 types may be located in the same hospital ward and may have 
to be exercised at the same time. Because of these varying con- 
ditions, the reconditioning staff must adapt the exercise program 
to the needs of each patient, in accordance with the prescription 
of the medical officer. The tendency to exercise everyone in the 
same manner must be carefully guarded against. 
14. PATIENT ORIENTATION. Full cooperation of the pa- 
tients must be enlisted, for the reconditioning program will fail 
unless the desire to improve is instilled in all patients. They 
must be convinced that they serve their own interests by par- 
ticipating wholeheartedly in the program. Better results are 
always obtained if patients are told why they perform the re- 
conditioning activities. 
15. INTEGRATION OF RECONDITIONING ACTIVITIES. 
The medical officer must be aware of all the resources available 
for convalescent medical care. It is the responsibility of the 
officer in charge of a reconditioning service to integrate and 
coordinate all phases—physical reconditioning, educational re- 
conditioning, occupational therapy, and Red Cross and special 
service activities. Each phase makes its contribution to the re- 
conditioning program, and they should be correlated to the end 
that the most effective service is rendered each patient. 
16. PRINCIPLE FACTORS IN PHYSIOLOGY OF FITNESS. 
a. Deterioration from the fitness level follows periods of physi- 
cal inactivity. Even mild exercise will retard this deterioration. 
A well individual may rest in bed several days and lose relatively 
little in condition. This is because he twists and turns, stretches, 
and-*, moves around in bed. Even in sleep, the normal man 
changes position about every 10 minutes. When a man is ill 
or in pain, he lies almost motionless and relaxed, and his 
muscles atrophy rapidly from disuse. This is demonstrated in 
individuals who have undergone a knee operation. The normal 
leg which the patient moves around remains fairly strong, while 
the muscular tissue of the operated leg atrophies rapidly. It is 
imperative that as soon as the ward officer determines that a 
saisfactory health level has been established, exercise should 
begin, and as much exercise as can be taken with benefit to the 
patient should be continued throughout convalescence. 
b. Beneficial effects of exercise are produced only when ac- 
tivities of the right type and the proper dosage are used. Too 
much exercise produces muscular soreness and overirritability. 
A well-planned conditioning program will produce the follow- 
ing improvements in function in the trained person, as con- 
trasted with the untrained person: 
(1 ) The heart and blood vessels operate more efficiently. 
The heart is able to pump more blood per contraction, thus do- 
ing more work with less effort; it beats fewer times per minute 
and returns more rapidly to normal speed after hard work. 
5 When called on for additional work, the heart and blood ves- 
sels have greater powers of adjustment to various grades of 
physical work. The number of functioning capillaries is in- 
creased, which means a corresponding increase in the circula- 
tion of the blood to the muscle cells. Because of improved 
circulation, the muscular system receives a better fuel supply 
and is better able to eliminate the biochemical waste products. 
(2) The respiratory system functions more efficiently. Fewer 
inhalations per minute are required; exchange of carbon dioxide 
and oxygen takes place more rapidly and more completely, and 
vital capacity is increased. 
(3) The work capacity of the muscular system is increased, 
the muscles increase in size and power and the trained indi- 
vidual becomes more efficient in their use. When the muscular 
system is operated with a high degree of efficiency, greater en- 
durance is assured. 
(4) The central nervous system is trained to coordinate the 
other systems effectively. There is an improvement in general 
health. 
c. Proper exercise increases the individual’s zeal, enthusiasm, 
and alertness, making him a more efficient organism. Physical 
conditioning produces an improved cardiovascular system and a 
better muscular system coordinated through a better functioning 
central nervous system. 
6 CHAPTER 2 
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING PROGRAM 
Section i. CLASSIFICATION 
17. CLASSES OF PATIENTS. a. Patients in the Recondi- 
tioning Program are divided into four classes: 
(1) Class 4. Patients confined to bed or chair, or required 
to take all organized exercises in bed. 
(2) Class 5. Patients in the hospital ward who still re- 
quire medical or surgical treatment, are ambulatory, and may 
exercise in a standing position, 
(3) Class 2. Patients no longer subject to medical treat- 
ment. These men are now spoken of as trainees, but considered 
as patients under medical supervision. Class 2 trainees lack 
considerably in physical condition or have disabilities which 
hinder or interfere with their efficient physical performance. 
The Class 2 trainee progresses to Class 1 as his physical condi- 
tion warrants and the medical officer prescribes. Some trainees 
will not be able to progress beyond the Class 2 stage. 
(4) Class 1. Trainees who are nearly ready for duty. 
A soldier who completes the conditioning in Class 1 is dis- 
charged to full active duty. Soldiers not qualified for other 
than limited assignment may be discharged directly from Class 
2, rarely from Class 3. 
b. It is frequently desirable to make a finer classification, 
hence Class 3 and 4 patients are frequently divided into sub- 
classes of a, b, and c, respectively. The c patient is in the 
poorest physical condition, the a patient is in the best physi- 
cal condition. Occasionally a Class Aa patient might be in 
better physical condition than a Class 3c patient. For example: 
The Class Aa patient, who has recently had his appendix re- 
moved but is otherwise in good condition, still must remain in 
bed and is classified as Aa. He is in much better condition phys- 
ically than the patient who has recently recovered from atypical 
pneumonia and classified as a 3c patient. The Classes 1 and 2 
may likewise be subdivided into subclasses a and b. 
c. It is the ward officer’s responsibility to classify all his pa- 
tients and to prescribe the exercises to be performed. To this 
7 end the exercises used with Classes 3 and 4 should be carefully 
demonstrated and explained to all chiefs of service and ward 
officers, and their staffs. A chart or card upon which all ex- 
ercises are illustrated will prove helpful in further acquainting 
medical officers with the exercises. Such a card for each patient 
will assist the ward surgeon in making his prescription merely 
by checking the exercises which are contraindicated. 
18. ADMISSION TO PHYSICAL RECONDITIONING PRO- 
GRAM. a. Surgical patients. No precise measure for de- 
termining the onset of convalescence exists. The medical offi- 
cer in charge will indicate when convalescence has begun, and 
when physical reconditioning activities may be started. 
b. Medical patients. Although it may be safe to be- 
gin exercise for medical patients on the first afebrile day, medi- 
cal opinion indicates that most patients may begin gentle ex- 
ercise after 2 to 3 days of normal temperature; begin moderate 
exercise 1 or 2 days later, and relatively severe exercise 5 days 
later, unless the medical ward officer prescribes otherwise. It 
is medical opinion that— 
(1) Asa general rule patients recovered from the following 
diseases may begin exercise relatively promptly after they have 
become afebrile, and progress rather rapidly: acute infectious 
diseases without complications, acute infectious hepatitis, acute 
sinusitis, acute upper respiratory diseases, chicken pox, dengue, 
dysentery (both bacillary and amoebic), hay fever, malaria, 
meningitis (both epidemic and bacteria), measles, mumps, 
pharyngitis, pneumonia (both bacterial and atypical), rat bite 
fever, scarlet fever, severe skin infections and infestations, and 
tonsilitis. 
(2) Patients recovering from one of the following condi- 
tions should be treated with more caution; asthma, heat stroke, 
plague, pleurisy, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, smallpox, tick 
fever, tularemia, typhoid fever, and typhus fever. 
(3) Patients recovered from one of the following diseases 
must be treated with much greater caution: acute nephritis, ar- 
thritis, diphtheria, encephalitis, phlebitis, poliomyelitis, and 
rheumatic fever. A much longer time should intervene between 
the time when the individual is afebrile and the time when he 
may start his exercise. 
(4) In the following diseases the soldier is usually dis- 
charged, and no exercise program should be instituted in the 
Army hospital; coronary disease, endocarditis, myocarditis, and 
pulmonary tuberculosis unless arrested or healed. 
19. DISABILITY CLASSIFICATION, a. A further subdivi- 
sion is made according to disability, if any. In general, patients 
subject to medical treatment, as distinguished from surgical 
treatment, may perform any kind of activities in which the dos- 
age is not too excessive. They may be considered as a "whole- 
8 body group.” This group will be further subdivided according 
to the classifications and subclassifications described in para- 
graph lib. The general medical patients and neuropsychiatric 
patients are preferably placed in this group if the ward officer 
so prescribes. Surgical patients, if in sufficient number, should 
be further subdivided into groups according to the location of 
the surgical operation; for example; A, arm and shoulder 
group; B, hip and leg group; C, abdominal group; and D, back 
group. In small institutions, where it is necessary to combine 
groups, the instructor must take account of the individual’s 
disability when prescribing or leading exercise. 
b. Patients who are to be discharged from the service should, 
if possible, be segregated from those to be returned to duty. 
For these men the emphasis will be on activities that can be 
used in civilian life. 
20. PATIENT IDENTIFICATION. To facilitate classification 
by the medical officer and to aid the physical training instructor, 
a color system is used to designate the subclasses. A triangle 
of colored cardboard should be placed in the card holder at the 
foot of the bed of Class 3 and 4 patients. A red card indicates 
that the patient is not to engage in any exercise, and that he is 
not yet a convalescent. An orange card indicates that he is to 
proceed with caution and may take a minimum of exercise. A 
blue card indicates that he may engage in a moderate degree of 
exercise. A green slip permits him to engage in relatively 
strenuous exercise. The medical officer will need primarily to 
indicate five things: (1) class, (2) subclass, a (green), b 
(blue), c (orange), or no exercise (red); (3) type of disability, 
knee, abdominal, etc.; (4) type and dosage of remedial exer- 
cise, and (5) any special instructions. (For further informa- 
tion concerning this identification, see paragraph 47c.) 
21. EXAMINATION AND RECLASSIFICATION OF PA- 
TIENTS. a. The patients or trainees must be examined at least 
once a week by the responsible medical officer to determine if 
they can progress to the next higher classification. Data from 
the physical tests and the impressions of the physical training 
instructors should be available to supplement the results of his 
clinical and functional examination. 
b. The officer responsible for the reconditioning program, 
the trainee company commander, and the physical instructor 
should make rounds with the medical officer in Classes 1 and 
2. In this manner they are able to coordinate their observations 
of each trainee with those of the medical officer. As it is im- 
practical for the reconditioning personnel to accompany every 
ward officer in the evaluation of Class 3 and 4 patients, the 
nurse, or ward attendant, accompanying the ward officer con- 
veys the necessary information to the reconditioning personnel. 
c, If at any time any apparent deviation from the expected 
9 physical response of any patient or trainee is noted by the re- 
conditioning staff, it is to be reported to the responsible medical 
officer. 
d. It is not necessary, nor always desirable, that every patient 
or trainee shall go through each class and subclass successively. 
He should be routed through the various classifications to gradu- 
ation from the reconditioning program as rapidly as is con- 
sistent with his physical and mental welfare. For example, a 
patient who has been in Class Aa may proceed from 4a to 3a 
and, upon completion of his medical treatment, may be trans- 
ferred first to 2a, and later to la, spending only 3 or 4 days or 
a week in each of the latter classifications. On the other hand, 
a medical patient may start with Ac, graduate to 3c, and pass 
successively through 3c, 3b, 3a, and thence through the Classes 
2 and 1, spending a week in each of the subclassifications. 
Progress depends entirely upon the rate of healing and gain in 
physical strength of the individual patient. . 
e. Trainees should be transferred to Classes 2 and 1 once 
each week. If new trainees graduate into these classes daily, 
the instructors are constantly teaching the exercises to the new- 
comers. This disturbs the progression and continuity of the 
program. If the daily admittance of trainees to the Advanced 
Reconditioning Section is unavoidable, a special section or pla- 
toon should be provided for those who are admitted between 
classification periods. This special group can be given general 
exercises until they can be assigned to the 2b group. 
Section II. PATIENT ORIENTATION 
22. RESPONSIBILITY, a. The success of the reconditioning 
program is directly proportional to the manner in which patients 
respond to the activities. It is the task of all hospital personnel 
to interpret the program to patients so as to secure their com- 
plete understanding and cooperation. 
b. The individual who can most effectively secure the coop- 
eration of the patient is the ward surgeon. The best way to 
bring about a patient’s whole-hearted participation in the physi- 
cal reconditioning activities is for his medical officer to recom- 
mend them. Nurses and ward attendants must understand the 
purposes of the program and give constant support to it. 
c. Much of the orientation will be done by the educational 
reconditioning staff, but the physical reconditioning instructors, 
whether regular staff members or patient instructors, must con- 
stantly interpret the program to the patients. 
23. METHODS. A definite procedure should be followed in 
orienting patients to the reconditioning activities. This should 
begin at the earliest practicable moment. Material explaining 
the reconditioning activities should be made available to all pa- 
tients. Movies are excellent media for interpreting the pro- 
10 gram. Finally, the program should be explained to the patient 
by all who come into contact with him. 
24. DISCIPLINE. The patient should be informed that during 
the execution of the program appropriate discipline must be 
maintained. Proper officer-enlisted man relationships should 
be maintained at all times, with the officers showing a high 
degree of interest in the welfare of the men. Where breaches 
of discipline occur, they should be dealt with promptly and in 
the same manner as in any military establishment. This applies 
especially to the Class 1 and 2 trainees. 
25. LEADERSHIP FOR CLASS 1 AND 2 PROGRAMS. For 
Classes 1 and 2, instruction is carried on by trained noncom- 
missioned officers assisted by qualified duty sergeants. Class 1 
and 2 programs are supervised by the physical training or re- 
conditioning officer. 
Section III. INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL 
26. LEADERSHIP FOR CLASS 3 AND 4 PROGRAMS, a. 
The Class 3 and 4 programs should be conducted to the extent 
possible by physical reconditioning noncommissioned officers 
who have been trained for this purpose. To make the fullest 
use of this personnel, the program should be staggered through- 
out the day so that each instructor may teach from 6 to 8 hours, 
rotating from ward to ward. 
b. The regular personnel may be supplemented by officer or 
noncommissioned officer patients. The patients assigned this 
responsibility must be carefully selected and trained. The 
training course should be thorough and no patient should be 
permitted to take over the leadership of a ward until he is ade- 
quately prepared. It is possible for a patient to care for several 
wards if the activity periods are staggered. Because of the in- 
definite status of this personnel, it is recommended that two 
patients be assigned to each ward,, so that one can serve as the 
apprentice and take over the ward when the other leaves. 
c. A final source of personnel is ward attendants. Because 
many ward attendants are not well suited by temperament and 
personality to this type of work, they must be carefully selected 
and thoroughly trained before they are used. One advantage 
of using trained ward attendants is that the man who can most 
closely observe the patient is responsible for his exercise. 
d. When patients and ward attendants are used as instructors 
their work must be closely supervised by the physical recondi- 
tioning staff members. A rating chart which covers all impor- 
tant aspects should be used in this supervision. This chart will 
serve as a basis for improving the instruction. 
e. In some hospitals the Class 4 exercises are broadcast over 
the intercommunication system. Such a practice is satisfactory 
11 just so long as there is adequate supervision of the exercises on 
the ward. 
Section IV. SCHEDULES FOR COMPETITION 
27. TOURNAMENTS, a. T durnaments will stimulate in 
terest in the physical reconditioning program and should be ex- 
tensively used, particularly for Class 1 and 2 trainees. The 
constantly changing patient population makes essential the use 
of tournaments which can be quickly terminated. Where the 
number of competitors is not large this can be done without 
difficulty. With many competitors it is best to use an elimina- 
tion tournament or several short round-robin tournaments with 
four to six teams each. The final winner of the round-robin 
tournaments can be determined either by an elimination tourna- 
ment of the winners or by another short round-robin tourna- 
ment of the winners of the first competition. 
b. Some activities of a more informal nature, such as bad- 
minton, tennis, horseshoes, handball, etc., may be conducted 
outside the regular daily schedule, on either an elimination or 
a ladder tournament basis. The rules and methods of conduct- 
ing tournaments are found in TM 21-205. 
c. An effective method of increasing interest and participa- 
tion in the athletic program is to utilize a scoring plan which 
will determine the organization with the best record in a variety 
of sports. Such scoring plans are described in TM 21-205. 
Section V. EQUIPMENT 
28. TYPES. A wide variety of equipment is required for the 
physical reconditioning program. The athletic equipment in- 
cludes that necessary for volleyball, softball, soccer, touch foot- 
ball, basketball, track and field, badminton, handball, 
horseshoes, table tennis, boxing, wrestling, and other sports. 
The gymnastic equipment includes horizontal and parallel bars, 
flying rings, horizontal ladder, stall bars, pulley weights, mats, 
medicine balls, Indian clubs, and climbing ropes. In addition, 
remedial equipment is necessary. (See ch. 9.) 
29. CARE. It is important that the equipment be maintained 
in good condition. All hanging or suspended apparatus should 
be tested at least once a week. Loose equipment should be in- 
spected as it is returned and repairs made immediately where 
indicated. Loose equipment should be locked up and issued 
only to patients and trainees authorized to use it. 
30. UNIFORM. Where feasible, uniforms and rubber-soled 
shoes should be made available for trainees. Salvage fatigue 
trousers may be cut off and made into shorts. * 
12 CHAPTER 3 
PROGRAMS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PATIENTS 
Section I. GENERAL 
31. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAM, a. The physical 
reconditioning program must start within the physiological tol- 
erance of the patient and should become progressively more 
strenuous as the patient’s tolerance increases. The program 
should never be pushed to the stage of exhaustion of the pa- 
tient, even in Class 1. 
b. A good physical exercise program alternates strenuous 
and less strenuous activities. The patient must have some strenu- 
ous activity (tjiat is, strenuous relative to his condition at the 
time) in order to provide enough "overload” to insure progress 
in the development of strength and endurance. Strenuous ac- 
tivity cannot be continued over a long period, hence, periods 
of less vigorous activities should alternate with periods of more 
intense activity. As much as possible of this submaximal type 
of exercise should be in the form of sports and games which 
will be enjoyable as well as beneficial. 
32. PLANNING PROGRAM, a. The first step in program 
planning is to outline the activities by classes and subclasses. 
After the program has been planned for Classes 4, 3, 2, and 1 
successively, the adaptations for the subclasses within each of 
the classifications must be made. The final step is to formulate 
the seasonal, weekly, and daily programs. 
b. The daily schedule of physical activities must be inte- 
grated with ward rounds and general professional care. Con- 
sideration must also be given to scheduling physiotherapy, occu- 
pational therapy, and other clinical appointments. Scheduling 
educational activities during the first 2 hours of the day will 
provide an adequate interval of time between breakfast and the 
exercise period. 
c. At the beginning of the program, in each of the four 
classes, emphasis is placed upon the development of good form 
in the execution of the exercises. This allows more rest between 
activities and reduces the possibility of patients and trainees 
overextending themselves. As the activities are mastered and 
13 the patients and trainees demonstrate greater capacity for work, 
the load should be steadily increased. This is done by increas- 
ing the amount of exercise and reducing the rest periods between 
activities. 
d. The length of time any patient or trainee devotes to 
physical training activities should be subject to his medical offi- 
cer’s approval. In general, the minimal time for Class 4 pa- 
tients to exercise is two 20- to 30-minute periods daily; Class 3 
patients, 1 to 11/2 hours; Class 2 trainees, 2 hours; and Class 1 
trainees, 3. hours. This time is devoted to physical training 
activities and is exclusive of work therapy and military training 
activities such as dismounted drill. 
Section II. CLASS 4 PROGRAM 
33. USE OF BED EXERCISES: a. Exercise tolerance. 
The Class 4 patient is able to take more severe exercise than 
is ordinarily thought to be possible as he is recumbent and the 
scheduled exercises use relatively limited muscle groups. Since 
he is reclining, the blood supply to his brain and medulla is 
completely adequate, so that he has little tendency to untoward 
sympathetic responses which might cause him to become nause- 
ated or faint if he were standing. It is important that the Class 4 
patient be given exercise to the point of tolerance within the 
limitation of his medical or surgical condition as this will pre- 
vent or retard his deterioration while in bed. 
b. Contraindications. Many patients in Class 4 will be 
unable to participate in the complete exercise program and 
must be excluded from certain types of exercises. For example, 
an individual who has undergone an abdominal operation must 
avoid all exercises of the abdominal muscles. A man who has 
experienced an arthrotomy of the knee must not exercise the 
affected leg unless such exercise is prescribed by his ward officer. 
All other unaffected parts of the body, however, should be ex- 
ercised to a considerable degree. Therefore alternative exercises 
have been provided in the Class 4 drill for such cases. The 
ward officer may prescribe physical conditioning by simply in- 
dicating the type of disability and the subclass; such as "Class 
4c (blue), knee disability group of exercises.” Exercises will 
then be conducted as described in paragraph 123. 
34. CONTENT OF CLASS 4 PROGRAM, a. Conditioning 
exercises. Conditioning exercises are the best physical recon- 
ditioning activities available for bed patients and should com- 
pose the bulk of the program. These exercises have the ad- 
vantage of being adaptable to the varying levels of condition 
and the different disabilities encountered. A set of conditioning 
exercises is recommended. (See par. 48.) 
b. Resistance exercises. Resistance exercises in which a 
man resists the movement of one part of his body with another, 
or has another man resisting him, are excellent activities for 
14 Class 4 patients. The resistance increases the dosage of the 
activity and thus increases its value. (See par. 53.) 
c. Remedial exercises. In addition to the general exer- 
cises, the ward officer may give more specific prescriptions of 
exercises for affected parts. Such prescribed exercises should 
not be administered by personnel other than the physical therapy 
department unless so ordered. Remedial exercises should be 
taken frequently—they are often given once an hour from 9:00 
A.M. to 11:00 A.M. and from 1:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. 
Remedial exercises are found in chapter 9. 
d. Exercises with apparatus. Apparatus for physical 
training may be brought to the wards on a specially equipped 
cart. The Class 4 patient will then be able to undertake exer- 
cises with iron dumbbells, spring exercisers, or the spring-grip 
machine. Spring exercisers may be fastened to the bed in such 
a way that certain muscle groups can be put to heavier work. 
e. Games. Very few games which involve active physical 
effort are available to the Class 4 patient. Darts, quoits, and 
bean bag throwing are examples of games that may be played 
by bed patients. Most suitable for Class 4 are the bedside 
games provided by the Red Cross. 
Section III. CLASS 3 PROGRAM 
35. CONTENT OF PROGRAM, a. Conditioning exer- 
cises. The mainstay of the Class 3 program is conditioning 
exercises. A set of these exercises which is more strenuous than 
the Class 4 drill is recommended. (See par. 49.) 
b. Resistance exercises. Class 3 patients can, in addition 
to individual resistance exercises, undertake exercises in which 
they resist each other. This provides more dosage and added 
interest in the program. (See par. 54.) 
c. Remedial exercises. Remedial exercises should form 
a prominent part of the program for Class 3 patients who 
require them. Many more remedial activities may now be 
prescribed as the patient has access to the remedial apparatus 
in the physical therapy department and the gymnasium. (See 
ch. 9.) 
d. Apparatus activities on ward. Where it is impos- 
sible to go to the gymnasium but where apparatus is available, 
the apparatus may be brought to the wards in carts. The appa- 
ratus will include volley balls, heavy dumbbells, bar bells rang- 
ing up to 50 or 60 pounds, skipping ropes, spring exercisers, 
medicine balls, abdominal boards, Indian clubs, and light dumb- 
bells. This cart should remain in the ward not more than a half 
hour. The patient engages in the various activities, as pre- 
scribed by the ward officer. The general principles of these 
types of activities will be discussed with the small group rotat- 
ing activities in Classes 1 and 2. 
e. Games for use on wards. Patients restricted to the 
wards may enjoy the games described in paragraphs 60 and 61. 
15 36. CONDUCT OF CLASS 3 PROGRAM. As the Class 3 
patient is ambulatory, he may leave the ward for his activity 
period. If suitable gymnasium or outdoor facilities are avail- 
able, the Class 3 program should be conducted off the ward 
because a wider variety of activities is available. When neces- 
sary to carry on the activities on the ward, they may be conducted 
either separately or in conjunction with Class 4 activities. The 
drills for the Class 3 and 4 patients are integrated so that both 
groups may exercise at the same time. This conserves time and 
instructor personnel. Better results, however, are obtained if 
the two programs are conducted separately. 
37. POSTURE TRAINING. When a patient becomes ambula- 
tory, posture training should begin. Good posture is not simply 
a matter of standing erect. The patient should be taught to 
walk properly, to hold his feet in the proper position, particu- 
larly to avoid foot pronation. Foot strengthening exercises 
are indicated and should be included as part of the regular 
conditioning exercise program. (See pars. 124, 125.) 
38. INTEGRATION WITH CLASS 2 EXERCISES. Many qf 
the Class 3a patients are in as good condition as those of Class 
2b but they are retained in the hospital wards because they are 
still under active treatment. Therefore it is desirable to com- 
bine some of the work of the Class 3a and even Class 5b pa- 
tients with that of some of the Class 2b trainees. Decisions 
as to the feasibility of this should be made jointly by the ward 
officer, the physical reconditioning officer, and the physical 
training instructor. 
Section IV. CLASS 1 AND 2 PROGRAMS 
39. GENERAL, a. The Class 2 trainee is still subnormal as 
to strength, endurance, and agility. The Class 1 trainee is 
almost fit for duty. There should be no fixed amount of time 
to progress through these classes and trainees will be sent to 
duty by the medical officer as soon as they demonstrate the 
required fitness. 
b. It may be desirable to group these trainees according to 
their physical capacities. For example, those whose cardio- 
vascular respiratory endurance is poor may be in one group 
practicing running, while those whose endurance is better will 
be in another group. 
40. CONTENT OF PROGRAM. The type of activities en- 
gaged in by Class 2 and 1 trainees consist of the following; 
a. Large group activities. (1) Conditioning exercises. 
Set drills are recommended for Class 2 and 1 trainees. (See 
16 par. 51.) The drill for Class 2 trainees is progressively more 
strenuous than that for Class 3 patients. The drill for Class 1 
trainees is that used for normal troops. (See FM 21-20.) 
(2) Guerrilla exercises, grass drills, and log exercises. 
These are excellent conditioning activities and can be used to 
advantage to supplement the conditioning exercises. (See FM 
21-20.) 
(3) Marching and running. These activities assume in- 
creasing importance as the trainee approaches the time to return 
to duty. The running activities include obstacle course run- 
ning in addition to wind sprints and cross-country running. 
The obstacle course is not a necessary adjunct to the recondi- 
tioning program but can be of value if it is properly constructed 
and administered. (See FM 21-20.) Two parallel courses 
should be constructed if feasible: one a "primary course" for 
Class 1 b trainees; the other, a "standard course" for Class la 
trainees. The primary course is much less strenuous and diffi- 
cult than the standard course. The wall to be scaled is 5 feet 
high on the primary course, but 7I/2 feet on the standard course. 
Special care should be taken to see that there is no racing over 
the course. 
(4) Sports and games * A large part of the physical re- 
conditioning program should be devoted to sports and games. 
The interest of the trainees in these activities will motivate 
their participation in the entire program. Tournament com- 
petition should be arranged in touch football, soccer, speedball, 
basketball, volleyball, cage ball, field handball, handball, bad- 
minton, bowling, and similar sports. Track and field, cross- 
country, and swimming meets are also popular. 
(5) Comhatives. See FM 21-20 and TM 21-221. 
(6) Relays. See TM 21-221. 
(7) Swim\mng. See FM 21-20, 
b. Small group activities. (1) These activities are con- 
ducted in an indoor or outdoor gymnasium. The activities 
include rope skipping, rope climbing, light and heavy bag 
punching, Indian club swinging, medicine ball throwing, hand- 
to-hand contests, spring exercises, tumbling, weight lifting, and 
exercises on the horizontal ladder, horizontal bars, parallel bars, 
stall bars, pulley weights, abdominal boards, rowing machines, 
and exercise on the mat. 
(2 ) Many of these activities may be going on simultaneously 
with the trainees rotating so that each man engages from 10 to 
15 minutes in each of four or five activities. The activities 
of each trainee are prescribed by the reconditioning officer or 
instructor. There should be not more than four men on one 
type of activity. This requires careful planning and schedul- 
ing. For example, there may be schedules for men with 
• For rules and regulations of these activities see FM 21-20, TM 21-220, and 
TM 21-221. 
17 shoulder injuries—others for men with upper back injuries, 
with elbow injuries, with wrist injuries, hand injuries, etc. 
If 4 men work in one group and there are to be four different 
activities, there will be 16 men working simultaneously on all 
of these activities. 
(3) The benefits of this type of rotating small group activi- 
ties usually will be in direct proportion to the amount of intel- 
ligent planning and routing of the men that is put into it. 
Lack of careful planning will cause confusion and loss of patient 
interest. 
c. Remedial exercises. There may be some Class 2 
trainees who need to continue physiotherapy. The type of ex- 
ercise which simply requires knee rockers, ankle discs, foot 
inversion treads, and similar apparatus is prescribed by the 
medical officer and carried out under the direction of the in- 
structor by groups arranged according to disability. 
d. Work projects. The work projects may well form a 
small part of the remedial program. 
e. Competitive activities. (1) To add interest to the 
program the instructor should introduce competitive activities 
such as "Crows and Cranes,” or a "monkey drill.” The latter 
is a marching drill in which the men are to obey any command 
that is proper, but not to obey a command which cannot be 
properly executed according to military procedures. Whenever 
a man commits an error he is eliminated. The last man left 
becomes the winner. 
(2) Another type of "drill down” is used with conditioning 
exercises, where the instructor tries to confuse the men by doing 
an incorrect movement while giving a command to do another 
movement. For example, the instructor commands, "Arms 
sideward; MOVE,” and at the same time, swings his arms 
sideward and upward to the overhead position. Any man who 
does not stop at the sideward position goes to the rear rank. 
This type of drill can be used for Class 3, 2, and 1 patients. 
Section V. PROGRAMS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRIC 
PATIENTS 
41. OPEN WARD PATIENTS. The physical reconditioning 
program for the open ward neuropsychiatric patient is some- 
what similar to that recommended for the ordinary Class 2 
trainee. The major differences are— 
a. Somewhat less emphasis is placed on the strictly condition- 
ing exercises. These patients will generally not be returned 
to combat duty and will not require a high degree of con- 
ditioning. There should, however, be some conditioning ex- 
ercises given and these activities must be well motivated. 
Selected patients, after some training and experience, can lead 
the conditioning exercises under the supervision of the in- 
structor. 
18 b. Greater emphasis is placed on competitive sports and 
games organized into tournaments and meets than is usual for 
Clais 2 trainees. 
c. Emphasis should be decreased on running and long 
marches. 
d. The tolerance for exercise will be low, and the progres- 
sion in general will be slower than with the usual Class 2 
trainee. 
42. CLOSED WARD PATIENTS. Many closed ward patients 
will be unable to participate in the physical training program. 
Where the closed ward patient has been assigned to the pro- 
gram by the psychiatrist, the program is much the same as 
that for the open ward case, except that— 
a. The games program must be simple because the closed 
ward patient seldom plays the more complicated games satis- 
factorily. Simple group games like volley ball, quoit tennis, 
and goal-hi, and individual games such as rope quoits, badmin- 
ton, twenty-one, etc., are preferable. Careful supervision of the 
games played by these patients is mandatory. 
b. Body contact sports are contraindicated. 
c. As these patients have very little activity, they should be 
given conditioning exercises about 10 minutes twice a day. 
d. Where the patient is completely noncooperative, it may 
be well, if he can be released from his room, to have him sit 
and watch the games. Some patients will frequently want to 
participate after several days of observation. 
19 CHAPTER 4 
CONDITIONING EXERCISES 
Section I. GENERAL 
43. TYPES OF CONDITIONING EXERCISES. The term 
conditioning exercises as used in this manual refers to setting 
up exercises conducted without apparatus. They include—- 
a. Set drills for Class 2, 3, and 4 patients.* 
b. Resistance conditioning exercises for Class 3 and 4 pa- 
tients. 
c. Conditioning exercises for cardiac patients. 
d. Water conditioning exercises. 
44. VALUE OF CONDITIONING EXERCISES: Selected con- 
ditioning exercises are used for all classes of patients. They 
are employed primarily for developing strength and endurance 
and secondarily for increasing the range of motion in injured 
muscles or joints after the disability has healed. 
45. LEADERSHIP IN CONDITIONING EXERCISES.** a. 
With the exception of the water exercises, all the conditioning 
exercises are arranged in "set” drills. A "set” drill is one 
which exercises all important muscle groups of the body, and 
is to be repeated many times. A good exercise is a good 
exercise whether performed for the first time or for the hun- 
dredth time. The use of set drills eliminates the great waste 
of time associated with continually presenting and teaching new 
exercises. The instructor should require the patient to memo- 
rize the drills so that the conduct of the program may be facili- 
tated. Each exercise of the set drills has a short name. After 
the exercises are learned they should follow one another very 
rapidly. The instructor calls out the next exercise by its name, 
puts the group in the proper starting position, and proceeds. If 
•• Before beginning preparation for teaching conditioning exercises, the in- 
structor should read FM 21-20. That manual gives full directions for presenting 
conditioning exercises as well as the terminology used. The conditioning exercises 
given in this chapter will be conducted according to directions outlined in 
FM 21-20. 
* The drill for Class 1 trainees will be found in FM 21-20, when revised. 
20 necessary, the instructor may demonstrate the exercise quickly 
to help the patients recall it. 
b. During the first few meetings in Classes 1 and 2, the in- 
structor stands in front of the group and besides directing the 
work, performs the exercises with the patients. After the ex- 
ercises have been partially learned by the group, a patient may 
be substituted to set an example, to call out the name of the 
exercise, and to cadence. The instructor is thus free 
to move about as he pleases, give commands, make suggestions, 
and otherwise direct the group in an efficient manner. 
c. In the beginning, each exercise is repeated only a specified 
number of times, especially for Classes 3 and 4. A short pause, 
not over 10 seconds, might be given after each exercise or after 
every two exercises for Class I. For Classes 2, 3, and 4, this 
pause should be longer. After three or four exercise periods the 
number of repetitions is gradually increased and the rest periods 
gradually reduced in number and length. In Classes 3 and 4 
there should not be too many repetitions of any one exercise, 
usually not over 12. Among Class 1 and 2 trainees, however, 
the repetitions should increase to a considerably larger number 
and usually the number will increase every 2 or 3 days. If the 
overload principle (par. 12) is applied, these drills will provide 
strenuous, progressive developmental exercise. 
d. The counts for the various exercises should be given so 
that the last count is the number of the repetition. Thus, the 
count would be, "1-2-3-/; 1-2-3-2; 1-2-3-3; 1-2-3-4; 1-2-3-5; 
etc. All movements are four-count movements. 
This is an excellent method of keeping check on the progres- 
sion. 
e. All exercises should be executed in good form and with 
vigor. The instructor must set a good example, and he must 
insist upon the enthusiastic and accurate participation of the 
patients. This is accomplished more effectively by encourage- 
ment and good leadership than by reprimand. 
f. In the beginning, exercises that are difficult to perform 
correctly, such as exercises for the correction of bad posture 
and exercises involving backward bending, must be taught until 
they are executed correctly. 
g. When conducting resistance exercises, or partner pull- 
ups, pair patients according to height. 
46. PROGRESSION IN CONDITIONING EXERCISES. Exer- 
cises may be made progressively more severe as follows: 
a. Adding to number of repetitions. An exercise given 
30 times is much more exacting than one repeated only 10 times. 
b. By increasing leverage of bending exercises. This 
is generally accomplished by raising thc'position of the hands 
and arms. For example, if the man is to bend forward, the 
easiest position would be with the arms at the sides at the 
position of attention, or with the hands on the hips. The 
next more difficult position would be to bend with the arms in 
21 a thrust position. The next more difficult position would be 
with the hands behind the head; next with the arms folded 
over the crown of the head, and the most difficult position 
would be with the arms overhead. With each successive move- 
ment of the arms upward, the center of gravity of trunk and 
arms is raised and the dosage of the exercise is increased. 
c. Increasing amplitude of movement. This requires 
swinging the arms further, squatting further down, or bending 
further. The severity may be increased in bending exercises 
by adding several "bounces” in the bent position. In this 
position when the man comes to the end of the bend, he 
relaxes slightly, then bobs downward one or more times ac- 
cording to the directions. 
d. Altering cadence. (1) The more rapid the cadence, 
other things being equal, the greater will be the dosage. As 
the limbs, trunk, or body as a whole move, they overcome not 
only the pull of gravity, but the inertia of the part. Doubling 
the rapidity of the movement increases the dosage approxi- 
mately eight times. • , 
(2) Occasionally, however, full, fast movements are easier 
than slower ones because the limbs or body bounce at the end 
of the movement, being stopped by the resistance of another 
part of the body. For example, it is easier to do fast, full 
knee bends than it is to do a knee bend first going down to a 
half knee bend position, then a full knee bend position, and 
Dn the upward movement, stopping at the half knee position. 
Section II. CONDITIONING EXERCISES 
FOR CLASSES 4, 3, AND 2 
47. GENERAL, a. The drills for Class 3 and 4 patients con- 
sist of 7 exercises. After being executed once, all 7 are repeated 
Immediately, making a drill of 14 exercises. (See pars. 48 to 
49.) The exercises selected cover the principal muscle groups 
of the body but unless they are repeated the dosage of activity 
is insufficient for strengthening the various muscle groups. 
b. Since patients with specific surgical disabilities may not 
engage in certain of these exercises, alternative exercises arc 
provided. One or the other of the two exercises can be exe- 
cuted unless the patient suffers multiple injuries. The patient 
should not be permitted to be inactive because of a disability; 
he should perform the alternative exercise if at all possible. 
Exercises that are alternates to the regular exercises are given 
under the same number, with the addition of "A” (for alter- 
nate). Thus, exercise 4A is the alternate for exercise 4 when 
the latter exercise cannot be done because of some disability. 
An alternate for exercises 4 and 4A would be numbered 4B. 
c. Patients in subclass c (orange) should stop on each exer- 
cise after 4 repetitions (of 4 counts each). Patients in subclass 
b (blue) should stop after 8 repetitions. Patients in subclass a 
(green) should do 12 repetitions. 
22 CUSS 4 
Starting Position 
48. CONDITIONING DRILL FOR CLASS 4. See table I. 
EXERCISE 1: RAISE AND PUSH 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Lying on back, hands grasping the sides 
of the head of the bed about 8 inches above the level of the 
mattress. 
Movement. 
(1) Push down toward the floor with the hands, pushing hard 
enough to lift head and shoulders slightly from the bed. Do 
not assist this movement with the abdominal or thigh flexor 
muscles. Do not bend the head forward, 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Push with both hands overhead in a direction away from 
the feet, and at the same time pull the hands together inward 
toward the middle line of the bed. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are the shoulder 
muscles and those of the upper back which adduct the upper 
part of the shoulder blades (upper and middle trapezius and 
rhomboids). The other muscles of the arms and forearms are 
used secondarily. 
23 CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 1 A: ALTERNATE LEG RAISER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, feet together. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg upward to the vertical. 
(2) Lower left leg and at the same time raise right leg to the 
vertical. Knees should not. be bent. 
(3) Lower right leg and at same time raise left leg to vertical. 
(4) Lower left leg and at same time raise right leg to vertical. 
(On last repetition finish with both legs on bed.) 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those of the 
thigh flexors (ilio-psoas, rectus-femoris, and tensor fascia 
femoris). Secondarily, the abdominal muscles are used to fix 
the pelvis. 
Starting Position 
24 CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 2; LEG STRETCHER 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back with pillow doubled and placed 
under the knees, arms by side. Feet together. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten knees and point toes downward, forcibly rest- 
ing knees on pillow; grip hands hard. 
(2) Recover to starting position, opening hands hard. 
(3) Straighten knees hard and raise toes, pushing forward 
hard with heels and gripping hands hard. 
(4) Recover to starting position, opening hands hard. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those which 
extend the knees, and those which extend and flex the foot and 
hand. If disability to one foot or leg exists, this exercise should 
not be executed on that side. 
Starting Position 
25 CLASS 4 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 3: SHOULDER BLADE SQUEEZER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, arms forward (towards ceiling). 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms sideward and backward, and press arms hard 
against the bed. 
(2) Relax slightly, and press again. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Return to original position. 
26 CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 3A: CHEST RAISER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms by sides. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise chest forcibly and inhale deeply, press backward 
against bed with head and arms. At the same time, contract 
all of the back muscles and extend toes downward hard. 
(2) Recover to original position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
27 CLASS 4 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 4: CURL AND TWIST 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms by side, feet separated 
about 2 feet. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head and shoulders from bed, raising right shoulder 
the higher. Touch left knee with right hand, and at the same 
time raise left leg about 6 inches off bed. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to other side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those of the 
abdomen and those which flex the thigh. 
28 CLASS 4 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 4A: FOOT SUPINATOR 
Cadence. . Slow. 
Starting position. On back, arms by sides, toes pointed down- 
ward. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend ankles inward until soles of feet are together and 
knees are very slightly bent; press soles together hard. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those which 
supinatc the feet, the muscles of the soles of the feet, and the 
adductors of the thighs. If the patient has undergone a recent 
abdominal operation, he should press his heels hard against 
the bed. 
683249 0 - 46 -2 
29 CLASS 4 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 5: BRIDGE RAISER 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back with knees drawn up and feet 
about 2 feet apart. Fists are pressed on pillow at either side 
of head, elbows are elevated, and forearms are alongside of 
head. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise trunk from bed, resting weight solely on head, fists, 
and feet. Hips should be raised until the body is approximately 
straight from shoulders to knees. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1).’ 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are the extensors 
of the whole body, neck, back, hips, and hamstrings. The 
extensor muscles of the back of the shoulders are also exercised 
vigorously. If properly executed, this exercise does not con- 
tract the muscles of the 'abdomen. 
30 CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 5A: SPLIT AND CROSS 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, legs raised from the bed and 
separated widely, knees straight. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing legs together and cross them as far as possible, left 
leg above right leg. 
(2) Recover to starting position with legs widely separated. 
(3) Swing legs together and cross them, right leg over left leg. 
(4) Recover to starting position. On last movement of last 
repetition, recover to position with legs extended on the bed. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those of the 
abdomen and the flexors, abductors, and adductors of the thighs. 
Starting Position 
31 CLASS 4 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6: HIP SHRUGGER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, hands behind head, knees fully 
bent, and feet about 18 inches apart. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left hip from the bed and "shrug” it up towards the 
armpit on that side as though trying to bring top of hip bone 
under the armpit. (The hip movement is like raising one foot 
from the ground while standing with both knees straight.) 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) "Shrug" the right hip upwards toward the right armpit 
in a similar manner. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are the muscles 
of the sides of the abdomen (quadratus lumborum, external 
and internal obliques, and the erector spinae muscles on the 
side upon which the shrugging movement is made). 
32 CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 6A: KNEE DIP 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. Prone on bed; arms at thrust, with fists 
resting on bed on either side of chest just below the line of the 
shoulders; and knees flexed. 
Movement. 
(1) Push downward with fists, raising the body in the ordinary 
push-up movement, but rest on knees rather than on feet. Body 
is straight from shoulders to knees. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are the thigh 
flexors; the muscles of the abdomen; those on the backs of the 
arms (triceps), the anterior shoulders .(anterior deltoid) and 
the anterior chest (pectoralis major); and those which pull the 
scapulae forward (serratus anterior). 
Starting Position 
33 GLASS 4 
EXERCISE 7: FOUR-COUNT BREATHER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(1-2-3-4) Inhale on four counts, taking a deeper breath on 
each count. Usually the patient will have inhaled fully by the 
third count, but he should try to inhale further on the fourth 
count. 
(5-6-7-S) Exhale in "waves” in four counts. Try to blow 
all of the air out on the seventh and eighth counts. 
Starting Position 
34 CLASS 3 
Starting 
Position 
49. CONDITIONING DRILL FOR CLASS 3. These exercises 
are to be repeated as the Class 4 exercises were, but the sixth 
exercise will differ when given the second time. That given 
the first time is 6(1), the one given the second time is 6(2). 
(See table II.) 
EXERCISE 1: NECK FIRM AND ON TOES 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Standing, fingers laced behind head. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull head and neck backward, raising chest high, straight- 
ening upper back, and resisting forcibly with hands. Pull 
elbows backward, and rise high on toes. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used are those of the arms and 
shoulders, neck and upper back, and the calf. Men with arm 
or shoulder disabilities use the good arm. If both their arms 
are incapacitated, they execute the head, back, and on-toes 
movement without using their hands. A man with a neck 
disability will do as much of the movement as is prescribed. 
35 CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 2: SQUAT AND UP 
% 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(1) Squat fully, placing hands on ground. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used are the extensors of the knees, the 
muscles of the buttocks, and secondarily, the extensors of the 
back. Men with any knee or hip disabilities should modify 
the movement as much as necessary by separating the feet and 
squatting principally on one leg, or by going only to a half 
squat position. 
Starting 
Position 
36 CUSS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: SHOULDER BLADE SQUEEZER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, arms for- 
ward. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms sideward and backward as far as possible, 
palms up. 
(2) Relax slightly and swing arms backward again. 
(3) Repeat count (2). 
(4) Return to original position. 
37 CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 4: CURL AND TWIST 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms by side, feet separated 
about 2 feet.- 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head and shoulders from floor, raising right shoulder 
the higher and touching left knee with right hand. At the 
same time, raise left leg off floor about 6 inches. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to other side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise are those of the 
abdomen and those which flex the thigh. If it is impracticable 
to lie on the floor or ground, substitute the following: 
Starting Position 
38 CLASS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 4A: FRONT KICK 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect, arms sideward, palms up, feet to- 
gether. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg forward, with knee straight, until foot is 
approximately the height of the shoulder. At the same time, 
swing arms forward touching foot with hands. The right knee 
may be somewhat bent. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with right foot. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
abdomen and shoulders, and the thigh flexors. The muscles 
of the standing leg are also exercised. Those men who are 
unable to perform either exercise 4 or 4A, substitute the follow- 
ing; 
39 CLASS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 4B: STAIR CLIMBER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect. 
Movement. 
1) Lift left knee to height of hips and swing right arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Inhale. 
(2) Lift right knee to height of hips and swing left arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Continue inhaling. 
(3) Repeat count (1). Exhale. 
(4) Repeat count (2). Continue exhaling. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
legs, hips, and arms. 
40 IASS 3 
EXERCISE 5; HIP RAISER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Back leaning rest, with buttocks on the 
ground. 
Movement. 
( 1) Raise hips with knees straight until hips are slightly above 
a line drawn from shoulders to heels. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count ( I ). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The principal muscles used in this exercise arc those of the 
hips, the extensors of the back, and the hamstrings on the back 
of the legs. 
Starting 
Position 
41 CLASS 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 5A: BOBBER (This exercise is used by men 
who have an arm or shoulder disability which prevents their 
resting on their hands in a back leaning rest.) 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Side-straddle. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend forward with knees straight and touch ground be- 
tween feet. 
(2) Relax slightly and "bob” downward again, touching 
ground from 6 to 8 inches farther forward. 
(3) Repeat count (2), touching ground still farther forward. 
#(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are principally those of the 
back, the backs of the hips, and the hamstrings of the legs. In 
addition to strengthening these muscles, this exercise tends to 
stretch and slightly lengthen the hamstrings and to make a man 
more flexible. Patients with hack disabilities should restrict the 
amplitude of the movements. 
42 CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 6(1): SIDE BEND 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Side-straddle, fingers laced behind head, 
chest high. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend sideward left, keeping knees straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to opposite side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those on the 
sides of the waist (oblique muscles of the abdomen, quadratus 
lumborum) and those on the convex side of the back. The 
thigh abductor muscles on the sides of the hips are also exer- 
cised strenuously. 
Starting 
Position 
43 CLASS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6(2); STATIONARY RUN 
Cadence. First slow, then fast, then slow. 
Starting position. Erect, arms at thrust. Fists lightly 
clenched. 
Movement. 
Begin slowly, speed up somewhat raising knees to the height 
of the hips. Run for a while at full speed raising knees forcibly. 
Then slow down. The total time spent should be from 30 
seconds to . 1 minute. 
If it is impracticable to do the stationary run because of a 
leg disability, substitute hopping on the unaffected leg. The 
principal muscles used will be the same as in the stationary 
run. except that they will be confined to the active leg. 
44 CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 7: FOUR-COUNT BREATHER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Standing erect, hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(I-2-3-4) Inhale on four counts, taking a deeper breath 
on each count. Usually the patient will have inhaled fully 
by the third count, but he should try to inhale further on 
the fourth count. 
(3-6-7-8) Exhale in Waves" in four counts. Try to blow 
all of the air out on the seventh and eighth counts. 
50. ADAPTATION OF CLASSES 3 AND 4 DRILLS TO 
DIFFERENT DISABILITIES. The exercises described above 
for Classes 3 and 4 can, with their alternates, be adapted 
to varying physical conditions. Table I (Class 4) and table 
II (Class 3), which follow, apply the individual exercises 
to specific disabilities, showing which exercises are most 
beneficial, which are recommended, and which are contrain- 
dicated. 
Starting 
Position 
45 TABLE I 
ADAPTATION OF 
CLASS 4 
DRILL TO DIFFERENT DISABILITIES 
KEY 
IB — Contraindicated 
Most beneficial 
y'— May replace original exercise 
DISABILITY 
Upper 
Extremity 
Lower 
Extremity 
Abdominal 
Back 
Disc 
Pilonidal Cyst 
Must be done in 
prone position 
1. RAISE AND PUSH 
// 
// 
// 
1 A. ALTERNATE leg raiser 
// 
/ 
2. LEG STRETCHER 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
3. SHOULDER BLADE SQUEEZER 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
3A. CHEST RAISER 
// 
✓ 
/ 
/ 
/ 
REPEAT 4A 
4. CURL AND TWIST 
// 
// 
4A. FOOT SUPINATOR 
/ 
// 
// 
// 
5. BRIDGE RAISER 
// 
// 
5A. SPLIT AND CROSS 
// 
// 
/ 
// 
6. HIP SHRUGGER 
// 
✓ ✓ 
// 
// 
6A. KNEE DIP 
/ 
// 
// 
7. FOUR COUNT BREATHER 
// 
/V 
// 
// 
// 
// 
46 TABLE il 
ADAPTATION 0 
CLASS 3 DRILL T 
0 DIFFERENT DISABILITIES 
KEY 
■■ — Contraindicated 
— Most beneficial 
V— May replace original exercise 
DISABILITY 
Upper 
Extremity 
Lower 
Extremity 
Abdominal 
Back 
Disc 
Pilonidal Cyst 
1. NECK FIRM AND ON TOES 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
2. SQUAT AND UP 
✓V 
Modified 
// 
// 
// 
REPEAT 1 
3. SHOULDER BLADE SQUEEZER 
One Arm 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
4. CURL AND TWIST 
// 
// 
// 
4A. FRONT KICK 
/ 
/ 
/ 
4B. STAIR CLIMBER 
// 
/ 
// 
// 
5. HIP RAISER 
// 
// 
// 
// 
★ 
5A. THE BOBBER 
// 
/ 
• 
6(1). SIDE BEND 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
6(2). STATIONARY RUN 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
7. FOUR COUNT BREATHER 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
// 
* Substitute exercise 4, Elbow Extension Press-up, paragraph 70. Placing of elbows forward or backward determines severity of dosage. 
47 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
51. CONDITIONING DRILL FOR CLASS 2. Five repetitions 
of each of these exercises will be given the first day. There- 
after the number of repetitions are gradually increased each 
day until a maximum of 16 is reached. 
EXERCISE 1; MODIFIED HIGH JUMPER 
Cadence. Moderate to fast. 
Starting position. Trunk leaning forward, knees slightly 
bent, feet separated about 12 inches, and arms raised backward. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms forward and upward executing a small jump 
upward. Arms are raised to the height of the shoulders. 
(2) Swing arms downward and backward and make a small 
jump upward. 
(3) Repeat count (I). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
The jump in this exercise is a very low jump, more like a 
"crow hop." If the trainee is in good condition and has no 
back or leg disabilities, on count (3) he may make a short jump 
upward as in the High Jumper in Class 1 exercises. (See FM 
21-20.) The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those 
of the legs and back, and secondarily those of the shoulders. 
48 CLASS 2 
EXERCISE 2; TURN AND PUNCH 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. Feet in wide side-straddle position, arms 
to thrust. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to left and bend forward over left leg, bending 
left knee. Make a punching or striking movement with the 
right fist outside of the left foot. 
(2) Turn trunk to right without straightening up, and punch 
outside of right foot with left hand, returning right arm to 
thrust position, straightening left knee, and bending right knee. 
(3) Turn trunk to left without raising up, and repeat punch 
with right hand outside of left foot. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat, starting on opposite side. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of legs, 
back, and the sides of the abdomen. Patients with back injuries 
or leg injuries of a nature which niay make it difficult for them 
to execute this exercise vigorously. should restrict the amplitude 
of the movement as much as necessary. 
Starting 
Position 
49 CLASS S 
EXERCISE 3: REACH AND TWIST 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, feet separated about 2 feet, 
hands on tops of thighs. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up, reaching across with right hand and touching toes 
on left foot. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1), touching left hand to right foot. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
abdomen and thigh flexors. If it is impracticable to lie on the 
ground for this exercise, substitute the following: 
Starting Position 
50 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3A: REACHER-UPPER 
Cadence. Very slow. 
Starting position. Arms overhead, feet together. 
Movement. 
(1) Reach as high as possible upward and backward, raising 
the chest high, looking upward with head back, tightening the 
muscles of the abdomen, and rising high on the toes. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
upper back, the abdomen, and the calves of the legs; and sec- 
ondarily, those of the shoulders. 
51 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 4: BREAKING CHAINS 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Erect, elbows out horizontally at side, 
hands in front of shoulders, palms down, and fists clenched. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull elbows back hard as though trying to break a chain 
held between the two hands. 
(2) Relax tension slightly and then pull arms backward again 
without returning to original position. 
(3) Repeat count (2). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those which 
retract the shoulders backward. 
52 CLASS 2 
EXERCISE 5: ROWING EXERCISE 
Starting Position 
Cadence. Slow to moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms extended over head, feet 
together. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up and at the same time bend knees sharply; lean for- 
ward, thrusting or swinging arms forward to a rowing position. 
Knees are together and against the chest, feet are flat on ground, 
and heels close to the buttocks. Arms are extended forward. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
The muscles primarily used in this exercise are the abdominal 
and thigh flexors. Those secondarily used are the hamstrings, 
quadriceps of the legs, and the shoulder muscles. Patients not 
able to bend as far forward as described must restrict the ampli- 
tude of the movement as much as necessary. If it is imprac- 
ticable to lie on the ground for this exercise, substitute the one 
following: 
53 CLASS 2' 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 5A: FRONT KICK 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect, arms sideward, palms up, feet to- 
gether. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg forward with knee straight until foot is 
approximately the height of the shoulder. At the same time, 
swing arms forward touching foot with hands. The right 
knee may be somewhat bent. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with right foot. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
abdomen and shoulders, and the thigh flexors. The muscles 
of the standing leg are also exercised. 
54 CLASS 2 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 6: PUSH-UPS 
Cadence. Moderate or at will. 
Starting position. Front leaning rest. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend elbows and touch chest to ground, keeping body 
straight. 
(2) Straighten elbows, raising body to straight line. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those which 
extend the elbows and which move the upper arms forward, 
namely, the triceps and the anterior deltoid. The abdominal 
muscles are also strongly exercised, as are the extensor muscles 
of the knee. The muscles which pull the shoulder blades 
forward are also exercised. If, because of an upper extremity 
injury or other disability, the trainee cannot do this exercise, 
the following may be substituted: 
55 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6A: PUSH-DOWNS 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Erect. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn arms outward forcibly until back of hands are back- 
ward and upward behind the hips. Keeping elbows straight. 
push heels of hands downward as hard as possible toward the 
medial line. 
(2) Relax and recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles exercised are the shoulder retractors, the ex- 
ternal shoulder rotators, and the elbow extensors. 
56 CLASS 2 
of the arms, accompanied by a very forcible chest lift. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are the extensors of the 
thighs and hips and secondarily, the back muscles and the 
posterior muscles of the shoulders. 
If, because of a disability of a lower limb, it is difficult for 
the patient to execute this exercise correctly, he should be 
instructed to separate his legs farther and squat only part way 
EXERCISE 7: SQUAT SWING-UP 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect, arms overhead, feet apart about 
1 foot. 
Movement. 
(1) Drop to a full squatting position with fingers on ground 
between feet. 
(2) Return to original position with a forward upward swing 
Starting 
Position 
57 CLASS 2 
EXERCISE 8: V-UPS 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Resting on back on ground. Arms are 
at an angle of about 45 to 60 degrees from sides and palms 
are down. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up and at the same time raise legs with knees straight 
until trunk and legs form a V. Hands remain on the ground. 
(2) Relax slightly, then contract abdominal muscles and exe- 
cute the V movement again. 
(3) Repeat count (2). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
abdomen and the thigh flexors. This is a strenuous exercise. 
If lying on the ground is impracticable or the exercise is too 
strenuous, substitute the following: 
Starting Position 
58 ? CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8A: “HOW” (Indian greeting) 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. Erect. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing left arm diagonally forward and sideward to over- 
head position. At the same time, looking upward and raising 
chest high, bend trunk backward diagonally to the right and 
backward, and slide right hand down the back of the right 
thigh. Stretch high and backward with left hand. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat to opposite side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the upper 
back, the back of the shoulders, and those of the abdomen. 
59 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 9: SIDE BEND 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position* Side-straddle, fingers laced behind head, 
chest high. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend sideward left, keeping knees straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to opposite side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those on the 
sides of the waist (oblique muscles of the abdomen, quadratus 
lumborum) and those on the convex side of the back. The 
thigh abductor muscles on the sides of the hips are also exer- 
cised strenuously. 
60 CLASS 2 
EXERCISE 10: THE BOBBER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Side-straddle. 
Movement. 
(!) Bend forward with knees straight and touch ground be- 
tween feet. 
(2) Relax slightly and "bob” downward again, touching 
ground from 6 to 8 inches farther forward. 
(3) Repeat count (2), touching ground still farther forward. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
The muscles used in this exercise are principally those of the 
back, the backs of the hips, and the hamstrings of the legs. 
In addition to strengthening these muscles, this exercise tends 
to stretch and slightly lengthen the hamstrings and to make 
a man more flexible. Patients with back disabilities should 
restrict the amplitude of the movements. 
Starting 
Position 
61 
683249 0 - 46 -3 CLASS 2 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 11; STATIONARY RUN 
Cadence. First slow, then fast, then slow. 
Starting position. Erect, arms at thrust. Fists lightly 
clenched. 
Movement. 
Begin slowly, speed up somewhat raising knees to the height 
of the hips, run for awhile at full speed raising knees forcibly, 
then slow down. The total time spent should be from 30 
seconds to 1 minute. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of legs, 
hips, and arms, though the muscles of the whole body are used 
secondarily. 
62 CLASS 2 
EXERCISE 12: STAIR CUMBER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift left knee to height of hips and swing right arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Inhale. 
(2) Lift right knee to height of hips and swing left arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Continue inhaling. 
(3) Repeat count (1). Exhale. 
(4) Repeat count (2). Continue exhaling. 
The muscles used in this exercise are primarily those of the 
legs, hips, and arms. 
Starting 
Position 
63 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
Section III. RESISTANCE CONDITIONING EXERCISES 
52. GENERAL, a. In most of the exercises below, one 
man resists the movements of the other, thus both get con- 
siderable exercise. Because each man gets exercise, the 
repetitions should be from one-half to two-thirds as many 
as ordinarily given in a conditioning drill. If 16 repetitions 
were used where the man exercised by himself, 8 or 10 are 
given in this type of drill. 
b. Pair the Class 3 men, first according to height, sec- 
ondly according to subclasses (a Class 3c man is paired 
with another Class 3c). One man stands behind the other. 
The one doing the exercise first is called A; the one who 
resists is B. After A finishes, they reverse positions. 
c. This type of drill can be substituted for the regular 
exercises from time to time, ordinarily not more than twice 
a week. However, it may be used more often if preferred 
by a group. The difficulty is that Classes 4 and 3 resistance 
drills are not geared so that they can be given at the same 
time. Besides, Class 4 men cannot assist each other since 
they are lying in bed and will have to be exercised by Class 3 
men. 
d. Resistance exercises may be done individually or in 
a group. If in a group they may be done in cadence or at 
will. 
53. RESISTANCE DRILL FOR CLASS 4. This drill may 
be given either by a ward master to one patient at a time or 
by Class 3 patients to Class 4 patients. Not all exercises 
are partner resistance exercises. 
EXERCISE 1: PULL IN ABDOMEN 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(1-2-3) Pull abdomen in and at the same time raise chest. 
Hold this position for about three slow counts. 
(4) Return to starting position. 
Starting Position 
64 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 2: ARMS SEPARATED AND INWARD 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. A on back, arms forward in relation to 
his chest. B grasps the outside of A’s wrists. 
Movement. 
(1) A spreads arms, trying to swing them horizontally to the 
side so that his upper arms are against the bed. B resists this 
movement enough to make it difficult. 
(2) B grasps inside of A's wrists and resists his efforts to 
return to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
65 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 3: ARMS THRUSTING FORWARD 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. A on back, hands by shoulders, elbows 
flexed, palms up. B places palms upon A’s hands. 
Movement. 
(1) A thrusts arms forward. B resists. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
66 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 4: FLEXING ELBOWS 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. A on back, arms by side. B grasps A’s 
wrists. 
Movement. 
(1) A flexes elbows, B resists. 
(2) A returns to starting position as B resists. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Starting Position 
67 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
EXERCISE 5: LEG-QUARTER NELSON 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. A lies on hack with left leg hanging over 
side of bed. B’s right forearm is under A’s left knee and his 
left hand is on A’s left ankle. 
Movement. 
(1) A extends left knee from hanging position to straight 
B resists enough to make it difficult. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions with each leg. 
Starting 
Position 
68 RESISTANCE: CLASS 4 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 7: FOUR-COUNT BREATHER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(1-2-3-4) Inhale on four counts, taking a deeper breath 
on each count. Usually the patient will have inhaled fully 
by the third count, but he should try to inhale further on 
the fourth count. 
(5-6-7-8) Exhale in "waves” in four counts. Try to blow 
all of the air out on the seventh and eighth counts. 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 6: WRESTLER’S BRIDGE (This is not a re 
sistance exercise.) 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, feet drawn up about a foot 
below hips, knees bent slightly farther than a right angle, 
fists clenched and placed on pillow by side of head, elbows 
forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise hips from bed, resting weight on fists, head, and 
feet. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
69 Z SSV1D :3DNViSIS3H 
Starting 
Position 
54. RESISTANCE DRILL FOR CLASS 3. a. This Class 3 
drill, like drills without resistance, is made up of a small num- 
ber of exercises. The whole drill should be repeated after 
being given once. 
b. Not all of the exercises in this drill are resistance exer- 
cises. Whenever an individual exercise occurs, both men 
execute it simultaneously. This is true of the first, fourth, and 
eighth exercises. 
EXERCISE 1: FORE-UP, SIDE-UP (Not a resistance exercise.) 
Cadence. Moderate to fast. 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet parallel and 1 foot 
apart. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms fore-upward and rise high on toes. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Swing arms side-upward and rise high on toes. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
70 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 2: A SQUAT, B STAND 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. A and B standing face to face, A erect 
with hands on hips, B erect with one foot advanced. B’s hands 
are on A’s shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) B bends forward and presses down on A's shoulders as 
A squats down with feet separated and heels on floor. 
(2) A straightens up while B presses hard on his shoulders 
to resist. B straightens up at the same time but continues 
pressure until they both recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Starting 
Position 
71 RESISTANCE: CUSS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: SIDE BEND 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. A standing in side-straddle position with 
fingers laced behind head. B standing in side-straddle position 
behind A with left hand on A’s left arm and right hand on 
A’s right arm, just above his elbows. 
Movement. 
(1) A bends sideward left and B resists with his left hand 
co make it more difficult. 
(2) A returns to starting position and B resists with right 
hand. 
(3) A bends sideward right and B resists with right hand to 
make it more difficult. 
(4) A returns to starting position and B resists with left hand. 
72 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 4: CURL AND TWIST (Not a resistance exercise.) 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms by side, feet separated 
about 2 feet. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head and shoulders from bed, raising right shoulder 
the higher. Touch left knee with right hand, and at the same 
time raise left leg about 6 inches off bed. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to the other side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
73 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 5: BREAKING CHAIN AGAINST RESISTANCE 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. A’s elbows raised horizontally to side and 
fully flexed in front of upper arm, fists clenched and in front 
of upper arms. B'.s hands placed on back of A’s elbows. 
A leans back from 1 to 2 feet. B stands with one foot braced 
behind the other. 
Movement. 
(1) A moves elbows backward hard against resistance, making 
a pulling motion with fists as though breaking a chain. The 
position is held about 2 or 3 seconds. 
(2) A relaxes arms and repeats count (1). 
(3) Repeat count (2). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
74 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 6: PARTNER ROWING 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. A and B sit on floor facing each other 
with legs apart and soles of feet touching. They are clasping 
hands. 
Movement. 
(1) A bends trunk backward, B resists but bends his trunk 
forward. 
(2) B bends trunk backward, A resists but bends his trunk 
forward. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Starting 
Position 
75 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
Starting 
Portion 
EXERCISE 7: STATIONARY RUN 
Cadence. First slow, then fast, then slow. 
Starting position. Erect, arms at thrust. Fists lightly 
clenched. 
Movement. Begin slowly, speed up somewhat raising knees 
to the height of the hips. Run for awhile at full speed raising 
knees forcibly, then slow down. The total time spent should 
be from 30 seconds to 1 minute. 
Repeat above drill (exercises 1 to 7), substituting exercise 8 
beloiv for exercise 7. 
76 RESISTANCE: CLASS 3 
EXERCISE 8: STAIR CLIMBER (Not a resistance exercise.) 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Erect. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift left knee to height of hips and swing right arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Inhale. 
(2) Lift right knee to height of hips and swing left arm for- 
ward, then return to starting position. Continue inhaling. 
(3) Repeat count (1). Exhale. 
(4) Repeat count (2). Continue exhaling. 
Starting 
Position 
77 CARDIAC; CLASS 3b 
Section IV. EXERCISES FOR CARDIAC PATIENTS 
55. GENERAL, a. The patient with heart disease may not 
be exercised unless his ward surgeon so prescribes. When 
classified as being ready for exercise these patients are started 
with the Class 3c cardiac drill. When they have progressed 
sufficiently the Class 3h drill may be substituted. The medical 
officer in all cases, prescribes the number of repetitions of each 
exercise. Both the Class 3c and Class 3b drills should be ad- 
ministered twice a day. 
b. As the condition of the patient improves, slow walking 
should be added. The distance must be prescribed by the medi- 
cal officer. Later, these patients may participate in games which 
are appropriate for Class 4 and Class 3 patients, and which have 
been approved by the medical officer. 
c. When patients are sufficiently recovered to be classified as 
Class 3rf they are included in the regular 3a program. The 
games should be restricted to Class 3 games. 
d. Patients who have recovered from diseases such as rheu- 
matic fever or severe diphtheria in which there is a presumption 
of damage even though there are no signs or symptoms of 
cardiac impairment, when ready for exercise, should be started 
with the cardiac group and transferred to the normal group 
only when it is clear that this is indicated. 
e. It is important that medical officers acquaint themselves 
with the various levels of programs to the end that they will 
prescribe such programs in accord with the increasing tolerance 
of the patient. 
56. CONDITIONING EXERCISE FOR CLASS 3b CARDIAC 
PATIENTS. 
EXERCISE 1: BREATHE AND CONTRACT 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Standing, hands on abdomen. 
Movement. 
(1-2-3-4) Exhale in four counts, drawing out more each time. 
(5-6-7-8) Inhale on four counts, attempting to inhale more 
on each count. 
Repeat 10 times. 
Starting 
Position 
78 CARDIAC: CLASS 3b 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 2: GRIP AND STRETCH 
Cadence. Moderate to fast. 
Starting position. Attention. 
Movement. 
(1) With arms downward, clench fist tightly and rise high on 
toes. 
(2) While extending fingers, lower heels to the floor. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Same, arms forward, arms sideward, and arms upward. Four 
to eight repetitions in each position. Cadence is counted in 
each position. 
79 CARDIAC: CLASS 3b> 
EXERCISE 3: KNEE PULLER 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, at attention. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left knee up towards the chest, grasping the leg be- 
low the knee with both hands and pulling knee hard up to 
chest, at the same time exhaling deeply. 
(2) Recover to starting position and inhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with opposite leg. 
(4) Recover to starting position and inhale. 
From 10 to 15 repetitions. 
Starting Position 
80 CARDIAC; CLASS 3b 
Starting 
Position 
of hands, keeping elbows back, bending upper back backward 
slightly, inhaling. 
(2) Recover to starting position and exhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
From 10 to 15 repetitions. 
EXERCISE 4: NECK FIRM 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. Erect, fingers laced behind head. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise chest high, pulling head backward against resistance 
81 CARDIAC: CLASS 3 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 5: CURL AND TWIST 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, arms by side, feet separated 
about 2 feet. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head and shoulders from bed, raising right shoul- 
der the higher. Touch left knee with right hand. At the 
same time, raise left leg off bed about 6 inches. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to other side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
From 6 to 10 repetitions. 
82 CARDIAC; CLASS 3b 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6: KNEE BEND AND CURL 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Attention. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend knees to full knee bend position and at the same 
time flex elbows forward. Hands are just in front of shoulders. 
Exhale on downward movement. 
(2) Recover to starting position and inhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
From 6 to 10 repetitions. 
83 CARDIAC: CLASS 3b 
EXERCISE 7: PRONE LEG RAISING 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. Prone, head supported on hands, and el 
bows flexed. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg backward with knee straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Raise right leg backward. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
From 8 to 10 repetitions. 
Starting Position 
84 CARDIAC: CLASS 3b 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8: TURN AND BEND 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. Side-straddle, arms sideward. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to left, lowering both hands to ground beside 
left foot, and exhale. 
(2) Recover to original position, and inhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to opposite side. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Three to four repetitions on each side. 
85 CARDIAC: CLASS 3b 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 9: STAIR CLIMBER 
Cadence. Moderate to fast. 
Starting position. Attention. 
Movement. 
For the first few days, patient does stationary walk only. 
He later works into a slow stationary jog and by the end 
of the first week he will be jogging for about 30 seconds. By 
the end of the third week the patient should be able to do a 
slow jog of not more than 1 minute. The patient will do well 
to inhale on two steps and exhale on two steps. 
86 CARDIAC CLASS 3b 
EXERCISE 10: AIR PUSH 
Cadence. Very slow. 
Starting position. Feet apart, knees slightly bent, arms 
flexed forward and palms up as though holding a heavy weight 
on the hands. 
Movement. 
(1) Extending knees, go through the motion of pushing a 
heavy weight above the head. Inhale at the same time. 
(2) Reverse position of palms and do an imaginary pull-up 
finishing with fists clenched in front of chest. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
From 6 to 10 repetitions. 
Starting 
Position 
87 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
57. CONDITIONING EXERCISES FOR CLASS 3c CARDIAC 
PATIENTS. All exercises for this group will be done on the 
bed or mat. 
EXERCISE 1: EXHALE AND CONTRACT ABDOMEN 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, knees partially drawn up, arms 
by side. 
Movement. 
(1) Exhale slowly and fully and draw the abdomen inward as 
far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Inhale slowly raising chest as high as possible pressing 
downward slightly with the arms against the mat. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Four to six repetitions. 
Starting 
Position 
88 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 2: ARMS FORWARD TO SIDEWARD 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, arms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Move arms sideward to side shoulder level position, at 
the same time inhale deeply. 
(2) Recover to original position and exhale deeply. 
( 3 ) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Four to six repetitions. 
89 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: HIP SWINGER 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, fingers laced behind head, feet 
about 1 foot apart and drawn up near hips. 
Movement. 
(I) Lift hips clear of bed and swing them as far as possible 
to the left. 
(2) Lift hips again and swing them as far as possible to the 
right. 
( 3 ) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Four to six repetitions. 
90 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
EXERCISE 4: CAT STRETCH 
Cadence. Moderate. 
Starting position. On back, palms down on mat. 
Movement. 
(1) Stretch the legs, tightening muscles on both sides of the 
leg (quadriceps and hamstrings), and stretch toes downward 
hard. Learn to make muscles hard like trying to "make a 
muscle’’ on upper arm. Inhale with this count. 
(2) Relax the leg muscles generally but raise the toes upward 
hard, and exhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Four to six repetitions. 
Starting Position 
91 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
EXERCISE 5: KNEE PULLER 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. On back, at attention. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left knee up towards the chest, grasping the leg 
below the knee with both hands and pulling knee hard up to 
chest. At the same time exhale deeply. 
(2) Recover to starting position and inhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with opposite leg. 
(4) Recover to starting position and inhale. 
From 6 to 10 repetitions. 
Starting Position 
92 CARDIAC CLASS 3c 
Starting 
Position / 
EXERCISE 6: FLAP WINGS 
Cadence. Moderate to fast. 
Starting position. On back, at attention. 
Movement. 
(1) With arms down extend wrists as far and as hard as 
possible. 
(2) Flex wrists as far as possible. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Same, arms forward, and arms sideward, four to six times 
in each position. 
883249 0 - 46 -4 
93 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
EXERCISE 7: SIT-UP 
Cadence. Slow. » 
Starting position. On back, hands on thighs, feet under 
covers, if in bed. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up, moving forward until fingers can touch lower leg 
between knees and feet, and exhale. 
(2) Recover to starting position, and inhale. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Six to eight four-count repetitions. 
Starting Position 
94 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8: BREAKING CHAINS 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, elbows raised sideward, slightly 
off the mat, fists clenched in front of shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull elbows back hard as if trying to break a chain held 
in the two hands. Press elbows hard against the bed, then 
relax. 
(2) Pull again, then relax. 
(3) Repeat count (2). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Four to six repetitions. 
95 CARDIAC; CLASS 3c 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 9: SWING AND KICK 
Cadence. Moderate to slow. 
Starting position. Lying on left side with left side of head 
resting upon left forearm. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing right leg straight forward along the mat and at the 
same time swing right arm directly to the rear. Exhale with 
this movement. 
(2) Swing right leg downward and backward behind left leg, 
and swing arm forward and up above head in line with body. 
Inhale with this movement. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Do three to four repetitions lying on left side, then turn 
over and repeat on opposite side. 
96 CARDIAC: CLASS 3c 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 10: RIB STRETCHER 
Cadence. Slow. 
Starting position. On back, knees fully bent, hands about 
1 foot from side of the body. 
Movement. (Do each movement three to six times before 
proceeding to the next. This is not a four-count exercise.) 
(1) Lift chest and stretch to left as far as possible, then re- 
turn to position. 
(2) Repeat movement (1) to right. 
(3) Arch back and raise chest as high as possible. 
(4) Combine the first three movements. Do first repetition 
left, upward, right; do second repetition, right, upward, left; 
continue reversing the direction for each repetition. 
Progression in the drill for Class 3c cardiac patients should 
be about one repetition each day up to the time when the 
individual can take approximately 20 minutes of exercise. As 
the patient progresses in strength there should be fewer rests 
between each exercise movement and between each different 
97 AQUATIC 
Section V. AQUATIC CONDITIONING EXERCISES 
58. CONDUCT OF AQUATIC EXERCISES, a. If condition- 
ing exercises are conducted during swimming activities, the 
men are arranged at the shallow end of the pool. The shorter 
patients should be in the front line and the taller in the rear 
line. The instructor stands on the shallow end. The men 
move backward in the water to about shoulder depth. They 
should not do aquatic exercises until they have learned the 
technique of water breathing. Some exercises require that 
the men hold to the edge of the pool for balance. 
b. When water resistance exercise is used for remedial exer- 
cise, water buoyancy is used to counteract the normal effect 
of gravity. Such exercise must be individualized in small 
groups and given only on the prescription of the medical 
officer. 
c. In all of the exercises given below, the movements should 
be done about 16 times each. Water resistance makes the 
work load greater, so that cadence and number of repetitions 
should be carefully regulated to tolerance. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Leaning forward in water with chin at 
surface. Arms extended forward at surface, palms down. 
Movement. 
(1) Fling arms downward and backward to surface. 
(2) Reverse palms; pull arms forward to starting position. 
(3) Reverse palms and repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Swing arms vigorously throughout exercise. 
Starting Position 
98 AQUATIC 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing erect in water. 
Movement. 
(1) Jump as high as possible and recover to starting po- 
sition. 
(2) Repeat count (1). 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (1). 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing in water with knees slightly 
bent so that water is about level with chin. Arms are ex- 
tended forward, palms outward. 
Movement. 
(1) Fling arms sideward and backward. 
(2) Reverse palms; recover to starting position as rapidly 
as possible. 
(3) Repeat count (I). 
(4) Repeat counjt (2). 
Starting 
Position 
99 AQUATIC 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 4: 
/ # 
Starting position. Standing on right leg with left leg for- 
ward and arms slightly out to the side for balance. 
Movement. 
(1) Kick left leg backward vigorously. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Execute half the total repetitions on each foot 
100 AQUATIC 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Standing erect in water with arms slightly 
out to side for balance. 
Movement. 
(1) Kick left leg sideward and upward as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Kick right leg sideward and upward as far as possible. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
101 AQUATIC 
Starting 
Position 
EXERC4SE 6: 
Starting position. Standing erect in water at shoulder 
depth, with arms extended forward and palms down. 
Movement. 
(1) Do full knee bend, breathing out through mouth and 
nose while going down. 
(2) Return to starting position, breathe through mouth after 
coming to surface. Reverse palms. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
102 AQUATIC 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Standing and leaning forward at hips so 
that water is at shoulder level. Feet in side-straddle position. 
Left arm extended forward, palm down; right arm extended 
backward, palm down. 
Movement. 
(1) Sweep left arm downward and backward and right arm 
downward and forward until position of arms is reversed. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Starting 
Position 
103 AQUATIC 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Standing and leaning forward at the hips. 
Arms sideward, palms down. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms vigorously down to sides. 
(2) Swing arms vigorously back to starting position.. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
104 AQUATIC 
EXERCISE 9: 
Starting position. Feet in side-straddle position with 
trunk turned to left. Arms are sideward. Chin is at water 
level. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right as far as possible. 
(2) Turn trunk to left. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Resist water as much as possible with arms. 
This exercise also done with arms at thrust. 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 10: 
Starting position. Standing erect with water at height of 
chest. Arms are at .thrust. 
Movement. Execute a vigorous stationary run, raising knees 
high and swinging arms forward and backward. 
105 AQUATIC 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 11: 
Starting position. Standing in side-straddle position in 
water at chest height. Anns are forward on surface of water. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend forward, keeping knees straight. Exhale. 
(2) Recover to starting position. Inhale when face comes to 
surface. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
106 CHAPTER 5 
SPORTS AND GAMES 
59. GENERAL, a. The games selected for the physical re- 
conditioning program are classified in this manual according 
to the classes of the patients or trainees for which they are 
adapted. A large number of sports and games are recom- 
mended for Class 1 and 2 trainees to provide for varying 
facilities, climatic conditions, and different situations encoun- 
tered in hospitals. Nbne of these activities are recommended 
for Class 4 patients, and only a few for Class 3 patients. 
However, the Red Cross hospital program provides recrea- 
tional games for Class 4 and 3 patients. Leadership and 
equipment for these activities are provided by the Red Cross. 
b. The personnel responsible for the reconditioning pro- 
gram must study the games carefully, keeping in mind the 
purposes of the program. Since the exercise should become 
progressively strenuous, there must be progression in the games 
selected. The temptation to continue such mild but interesting 
games as softball or volleyball as conditioning activities must be 
resisted. These games may, of course, be engaged in by trainees 
in their free time for recreational purposes. Only those games 
approved by the ward officer should be used for Class 3 patients. 
c. Many of the games suggested are described in TM 21- 
220, Sports and Games, and TM 21-221, Informal Games for 
Soldiers. The games not included in those manuals arc 
described in paragraph 65 in alphabetical order. 
60. WARD GAMES FOR CLASS 3b PATIENTS. 
Badminton (Played with- 
out a net. The bird is vol- 
leyed and kept in the air.) 
Box hockey 
Darts 
Quoit tennis 
Rope quoits 
Shuffle board 
Table tennis 
107 SPORTS AND GAMES 
61. OUTDOOR OR GYMNASIUM GAMES FOR CLASSES 
3a AND 3b. 
Hand hockey 
Keep-away 
Line soccer 
Mass soccer 
Sideline soccer 
Soft- ball (slow ball pitch 
ing) 
Soft ball work-up 
Archery ♦ 
Badminton doubles 
Bowling (May be played 
with soft ball, croquet ball, 
or soccer ball if no alleys are 
available. The floor of a va- 
cant ward may be used if the 
ground outdoors is not suit- 
able.) 
Crows and cranes 
Goal-hi (no dribbling or 
contact guarding) 
Horseshoes 
Indian ball 
Miniature golf 
Nine man volley ball (no 
spiking) 
One basket basketball (no 
dribbling or contact guard- 
ing) 
Pepper ball 
Pitching golf balls into 
baskets or buckets 
Pitching golf ball for tar- 
gets on the ground 
Punting or drop kicking 
for distance or accuracy 
Quoit tennis 
Short-hole golf—pitch and 
put 
Shower ball 
Table tennis 
Twenty-one 
63. GAMES FOR CLASS 1. 
Basketball 
Box basketball 
Broncho busting 
Cage ball 
Goal-hi 
Going our way 
Hand hockey 
Keep-away 
Kick ball 
Mass soccer 
Pull-away 
Side line soccer 
Speed ball 
Touch football 
Tug of war 
64. MISCELLANEOUS GAMES FOR FREE PERIODS. 
Archery 
Badminton 
Box hockey 
Foul shooting (basketball) 
Four-man volley ball 
Handball—one or four 
wall 
Horseshoes 
Quoit tennis 
Six-man soccer 
Soft ball 
Table tennis 
Twenty-one 
Volley ball 
Work-up softball 
62. GAMES FOR CLASS 2. 
Dodge ball 
Goal-hi 
Going our way 
One basket basketball 
Pull-away 
Shower ball 
108 SPORTS AND GAMES 
65. RULES OF GAMES. 
ARCHERY (See TM 21-220.) In addition to the meth- 
ods outlined in TM 21-220, another method of sighting is 
preferred for soldiers. A strip of adhesive tape 1 inch wide 
is pasted on the back of the bow (the side away from the 
shooter). It should extend about 8 inches upward from the 
position of the arrow. A pin, preferably somewhat longer 
than an ordinary pin, should be stuck part way through under- 
neath this adhesive on the side of the hand holding the bow 
(on the left side of the bow for right-handed shooters). 
The tip of this pin is used like a gun sight. The archer sights 
with his right eye and holds it on the center of the gold 
(bull’s eye). Each shooter should determine by a little ex- 
perimentation the height and distance from the bow the head 
of the pin needs to be for any given range on any given day.* 
He can then shoot without a "point of aim” exactly as he 
would shoot a gun. This method is used by some of the best 
archery experts. 
The usual archery target is made of straw with a face, upon 
which the target is painted, fixed to the front. The target 
is placed upon a tripod. Arrows that miss the target entirely 
travel quite a distance. Often they bury themselves in the 
grass and are hard to find. For use in the reconditioning 
programs, a more satisfactory target may be made by fasten- 
ing the target face to a bale of hay or straw. Several bales 
piled up to form a front of about 8 feet square will stop most 
of the arrows. This type of background makes a very satis- 
factory target. 
BADMINTON. (See TM 21-220.) Because of the diffi- 
culty of getting birds and rackets, this game may be played 
with paddles slightly larger than a ping-pong paddle and a 
fleece ball. A form of badminton may also be played on the 
ward or outdoors by Class 3 patients who volley the bird 
back and forth, attempting to make as many consecutive hits 
as possible. 
BASKETBALL. See TM 21-220. 
BOWLING. See TM 21-220 and TM 21-221. 
BOX BASKETBALL. See TM 21-221. 
BOX HOCKEY. See TM 21-221. 
BRONCHO BUSTING. The players called bronchos and 
riders are divided into teams of equal numbers. Opponents of 
approximately equal weight are paired. The broncho bends 
down, placing his hands on his knees. The rider sits on the 
back of the broncho with his thighs clamped behind the 
* The casting strength of the host will differ from day to day with the 
temperature, and it will, of course, differ from man to man with the length of 
the pull. Allowance must be made for windage. 
109 SPORTS AND GAMES 
broncho’s hips (not around the body) and with his hands on 
the broncho’s shoulders. Each broncho then tries to buck the 
rider off and wins if he succeeds within the time limit. The 
broncho may not remove his hands from his knees; he also 
loses if he falls to the ground. The teams alternate as bronchos 
and riders. Three 1-minute innings are held. The team that 
retains the greatest number of riders on the bronchos is the 
winner. 
BRONCHO TAG. See TM 21-221. 
BUCKING BRONCHO. See TM 21-221. 
CROWS AND CRANES. See TM 21-221. 
DODGE BALL. See TM 21-221. 
FOUL SHOOTING. The competitors shoot an agreed 
number of basketball foul shots. The one making the largest 
number of baskets wins. (Only for Class 3b.) 
FOUR-MAN VOLLEY BALL. See TM 21-221. 
GOAL-HI. See TM 21-221. 
GOING OUR WAY. Arrange three parallel lines 5 yards 
apart and at least 17 yards long. The men are arranged side 
by side on the middle line. They arc counted off by two’s, 
those with even numbers do an about face. The men are now 
in formation on the middle line, alternate men facing in the 
opposite direction. The men link elbows. The object is for 
each team to go in the direction it is facing and take the op- 
posing team across the line 5 yards away. Teams may num- 
ber 25 to 50. 
HAND HOCKEY. The playing area is about the size of a 
football field; if the number of players is not too great, 
it can be smaller. The group is separated into two teams with 
from 20 to 50 on a side. One soccer ball should be used for 
approximately each 10 men on a side. Half the players, who 
are guards, are stationed behind the goal line and are permitted 
to take only one step into the playing field. The other half of 
each team gathers in the center of the field. The balls are on the 
center line of the field. When the whistle blows, all the men 
rush for the balls. A ball must be rolled on the ground with 
the hands only and cannot be picked up, dribbled, or kicked. 
When a ball goes out of bounds, it is thrown in at a right angle 
from where it went out. After 10 minutes of play the players 
and guards exchange places. If more than one ball is used, each 
player should follow his own ball. There should be a referee 
for each ball. A goal is scored whenever a ball is rolled over 
the goal line, and the goal counts one point. 
HORSESHOES. See TM 21-220. 
KEEP-AWAY. See TM 21-221. 
110 SPORTS AND GAMES 
KICK BALL. See TM 21-221. 
LINE SOCCER. See TM 21-221. 
MASS SOCCER. See TM 21-221. 
MINIATURE GOLF. This game may either be practiced 
on a series of level putting strips—in which case only a putter 
is used—or on a miniature pitch-and-putt golf course which 
may be constructed. In this latter type, of course the holes 
are surrounded by small greens, usually not over 15 feet in 
diameter, and the pin is located from 20 to 50 yards from the 
tee. The player uses a pitching iron and a putter. Otherwise, 
rules are as in golf. 
NINE-MAN VOLLEY BALL. This is played in the same 
way as ordinary volley ball (TM 21-220) except that there are 
nine men on a side. It may also be played with 12 men on a 
side. This is a rather gentle game and should be scheduled 
only for Class 3b patients. 
ONE-BASKET BASKETBALL. See TM 21-221. 
ONE-WALL HANDBALL. See TM 21-220. 
PEPPER BALL. This game is frequently played by base- 
ball players warming up before the game. Several players line 
up opposite one batter, who is usually about 30 to 40 feet away. 
These players throw the ball to the batter, attempting to throw 
a good strike. As the batter hits the ball gently back to the 
throwers, the men fielding the ball may throw to the batter or 
to one of the other players. A man frequently fakes a throw to 
one and tosses to another. This is a good game for develop- 
ing alertness and for general warming up. It is recommended 
for Class 3 patients. 
PITCH GOLF. A golf ball is struck with some pitching 
iron, usually a No. 5, a No. 7, or a No. 8. It may be pitched in 
several ways. It may be pitched against a wall so that it will 
rebound into a basket, or it may be pitched directly into a basket. 
Another method is to put a ring, usually of rope, on the ground 
and pitch the ball so that it stops in the ring. The ring should 
be about 3 feet in diameter. The pitching may start«from any 
desired distance; however, the distance is not usually over 20 
or 30 feet. For distances of 50 to 70 feet, the ring should be 
6 to 10 feet in diameter. 
PULL-AWAY. See TM 21-221. 
PUNTING A FOOTBALL. When punting for accuracy, 
draw a target about 6 feet in diameter on the ground. The 
kicker tries to punt direct to a man standing within the target. 
That man must touch*or catch the ball with at least 1 foot 
within the target area; or the two men may punt back and 
forth. Another method is to play a game on a football field 
in which one team punts from the 25-yard line and the other 
111 SPORTS AND GAMES 
team punts from behind the spot where the ball is caught. 
If the ball is caught on the fly, it is punted from that spot. 
If the ball is lost and picked up on the bounce or after it stops, 
it is punted from that spot. The team first kicking the ball 
over the opponent’s end line scores. 
QUOIT TENNIS (deck tennis). A court 18 by 34 feet 
is divided in the middle by a net 4% feet high. Cross- 
lines, known as foul lines, are drawn 3 feet from the net on 
either side. Players may not step beyond these lines when 
throwing the quoit. For singles play, 2 additional side lines 
3 feet inside the original side lines are drawn, making the court 
12 feet wide. There are 2 lengthwise center lines on either side 
of the net running the length of the court, which divide the 
court into service courts for doubles. The game is played with 
a quoit or rope ring 6 inches in diameter (which is made by 
splicing the ends of some y2-inch rope). The server stands 
behind the rear line and tosses the ring with an underhand 
motion into the opposing court. The receiver must catch the 
ring and return it without delay. Only one hand may be used. 
The toss must always be underhanded and from the spot from 
where the ring was caught. The game consists of 15 points 
and is scored the same as volley ball; that is, the server con- 
tinues to serve until he loses, when the opponent begins to 
serve. In doubles, only one partner serves in the first serving. 
After that the two partners serve one after the other, each 
serving until he is put out. 
ROPE QUOITS. Rope rings from 6 to 8 inches in diame- 
ter are made of l/2-inch rope by splicing the ends or by taping 
them together. These quoits may be thrown over a peg fast- 
ened to a quilted board. They may also be tossed over the 
legs of a chair placed with the back of the chair and the front 
edge of the seat on the floor. They may be tossed into a circle 
2 feet in diameter drawn on the floor or ground. The score 
is usually one point for each quoit that sticks on the peg or 
other objective. The game may be fitted to any number. 
ROPE SPINNING. The rope used should be a 20-foot 
length of y8-inch cotton sash cord. This is commonly known 
as No. 12 sash cord. One end is doubled back and fastened 
with wire or adhesive to form a loop or honda %-inch long. 
The rope is opened up into a large loop about 13 or 14 feet in 
circumference. The part of the rope outside of this large 
loop is not doubled back after passing through the honda, but 
continues on. The rope spinner grasps the rope about 3 
feet from the honda. He then swings his right arm outward 
to the right and swings the rope in a counterclockwise circle 
in front of him. After he throws it, he lets go of the loop 
with his left hand, but not with his right. As the rope spins, 
the part in the hands will twist; hence the spinner must keep 
112 SPORTS AND GAMES 
untwisting the rope all the time he is spinning it. The spin- 
ning should be a gentle maneuver. After learning to spin a 
loop above the floor in front, the player may practice other 
more complicated maneuvers. For example, instead of spin- 
ning it on the ground, he may toss the rope up by the right 
hand around to the front and to the left over his head. He 
holds his spinning hand above his head and spins the rope 
around his waist. When spinning the rope close to the 
ground, the spinner can learn to jump into the loop. In this 
case he must transfer his rope from the left hand to right, and 
back and forth. He may then jump out, or he may jump into 
the loop and out again immediately. It is also possible for 
him to spin the loop so that it will be vertical at his side or in 
front of him. 
SHORT-HOLE GOLF. The same as golf, except that the 
holes are quite close together and are frequently laid out be- 
tween two wards. 
SHOWER BALL. See TM 21-221. 
SIDE LINE SOCCER. See TM 21-221. 
• 
SIX-MAN SOCCER. This game is played like soccer foot- 
ball (TM 21-220), except that there are only six men on a 
side—three forwards, two half-backs and one full-back—and 
there is no goal keeper. It is usually played crosswise of the 
football field with jumping standards, or simply with two piles 
of sweat shirts for goals. 
SOFTBALL. See TM 21-220. In general, with patients 
the 16-inch ball is preferable to the small ball, and the so- 
called slow ball pitching is preferable to unlimited fast ball 
pitching. In slow ball pitching the ball must be arched high 
enough so that the top of its flight is above the line tangent 
to the tops of the heads of the pitcher and batter. When a 
small number of players are available, it may be played as 
"scrub” baseball. 
SPEED BALL. See TM 21-220. 
SWIMMING. Where swimming pools are available for 
the reconditioning program, swimming should be actively 
promoted. It is excellent exercise and one of the most useful 
activities for the trainee. His mastery of swimming may be 
the means of saving his own and other lives. It is well to 
test all trainees as to their swimming ability on their first 
appearance in the pool. The tests to be used are those in 
FM 21-20. 
The methods used and strokes to be taught will be found 
in FM 21-20. As the trainee is in the advanced recondition- 
ing section of the hospital for only a few weeks, it will be 
well for him to concentrate on the basic strokes, particularly 
113 SPORTS AND GAMES 
the elementary dog paddle, the elementary back stroke, the 
breast stroke, and the underarm side stroke. The side stroke 
should be learned with both the ordinary scissors kick (upper 
leg kicking forward) and with the inverted scissors kick (lower 
leg kicking forward), as the latter is excellent for use in life 
saving. 
There is a great tendency simply to play around in the 
water. To prevent this, the instructor should organize the 
swimming instruction so that the patients will systematically 
practice the various strokes and other techniques which it is 
desired they should learn. This is best accomplished with 
beginning swimmers by lining up half of the class on each 
side of the pool, or later, when the better swimmers are prac- 
ticing, by lining up half on each end of the pool. Each half 
then successively engages in practice, swimming long enough 
to tax both strength and endurance. 
TABLE TENNIS OR PING PONG. See TM 21-220. 
TUG OF WAR. A rope, preferably 150 feet in length and 
iy2 inches in diameter, is stretched so that the midpoint rests 
halfway between 2 lines which have been marked on the 
ground 5 yards apart and at right angles to the rope. A 2-inch 
band of tape is placed at the midpoint of the rope. Each side 
lines up with its strongest man nearest the tape. All the men 
grasp the rope. Each team faces the tape. At the signal each 
team pulls. The winner is the team which pulls the tape mark 
on the rope over its own (nearer) line. A contest equals three 
out of five pulls. 
TWENTY-ONE. This is a basketball throwing game in 
which basketball goals or goal-hi goals are used. A number 
of spots are located on the floor, and the men in turn shoot 
from those spots, beginning from the first. Each man shoots 
as long as he makes baskets. As soon as he fails the next 
man begins. This continues until someone makes 21 baskets. 
Each man, however, should shoot an equal number of turns. 
The spots on the floor should vary from 6 to 30 feet from 
the basket. The usual arrangement of spots is illustrated at 
the right. 
VOLLEY BALL. See TM 21-220. 
114 SPORTS AND GAMES 
TWENTY-ONE 
115 CHAPTER 6 
STUNTS 
EXERCISE 1: RUNNING HIGH KICK 
Run a few steps, jump from one foot, then kick as high as 
possible with the other foot. Land on take-off foot. 
Section I. GENERAL 
66. DEFINITION, a. Stunts are feats of skill, strength, or 
endurance properly presented in competitive spirit. Many 
stunts are exceedingly strenuous and are good exercise. They 
may be injected into the rotating group exercises on a par 
with tumbling and apparatus stunts. There are types which 
develop balance, .agility, strength, and endurance. 
b. Stunts are used primarily with Class 1 and 2 trainees, 
but may also be used with the stronger Class 3 patients where 
the medical officer prescribes. 
Section II. STUNTS OF BALANCE 
67. INDIVIDUAL TUMBLING STUNTS. Many of the stunts 
in individual tumbling may be used as stunts of balance. These 
include the squat stand, headstand, forearm headstand, elbow 
stand, backward roll to headstand, and the handstand. (Sec 
FM 21-20.) 
Section III. STUNTS OF AGILITY 
68. FOR DEVELOPING FLEXIBILITY. 
116 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 3: JUMP STICK 
Hold a wand or broomstick, at least 2 feet long, in both 
hands, keeping the arms parallel. Jump high in the air and 
swing stick backward underneath the feet. On the second 
jump, swing stick forward to the original position. 
EXERCISE 2: HITCH KICK 
Jump from one foot, kick with the same foot, then land 
upon the same foot. After alighting, hop on that foot three 
times before placing the other foot upon the mat. 
117 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 4: UNDER STICK 
Grasp a baseball bat or wand with the right hand 6 inches 
from one end and the left hand about 24 inches above the 
right hand. Place right end of the bat on the ground in ver- 
tical position. Putting weight on bat, twist body downward 
to the right underneath the right arm and return to the orig- 
inal position. This stunt may be done continuously for as 
many times as possible. 
118 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 5: JUMP FOOT 
Grasp the toes of one foot with the opposite hand and 
jump over this foot with the other foot. It is necessary to 
jump high with the jumping leg, pull the foot up high, 
and sweep the other hand and foot backwards past the 
jumping foot. Then jump back to original position. 
EXERCISE 6: RUSSIAN DANCE 
Squat down on both heels with arms forward. Then 
extend one leg forward until the knee is straight and the heel 
rests on the floor. Alternate feet rapidly and rhythmically. 
Not to be used with knee cases. 
119 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 8; PIKE JUMP 
jump upward and with knees straight, swing legs for- 
ward; reaching forward with hands, touch toes. Repeat as 
many times as possible. 
EXERCISE 7: MULE KICK 
Swing up to a temporary handstand. Bend knees and 
swing feet over back; then pushing hard with the hands, 
snap feet down to the ground and come up to a semi- 
stand position. Again jump to the handstand position and 
continue to snap back and forward. 
120 STUNTS 
Section IV. STUNTS OF STRENGTH 
69. FOR DEVELOPING ARMS AND SHOULDER GIRDLE, 
a. Horizontal bars. 
K 
EXERCISE 1: ALTERNATE ARM BREAST UP 
Hang on a horizontal bar and puli up as high as possible; 
raise one elbow above the bar, then the other; then push up 
to a rest with straight arms. 
121 STUNTS 
b. Parallel bars. 
EXERCISE 3: HAND JUMPS 
With hands at ends of bars, and facing the far end, 
progress by a series of jumps made on the hands. These 
may be short jumps made without swing or longer jumps 
made at the end of a swing. 
EXERCISE 2: HAND WALK 
From a position of resting on the bars on the hands, walk 
from one end of the parallel bars to the other end with the 
hands. Keep arms straight. Performer may also make a 
turn at the far end and walk back. 
122 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 4: PULL-UPS 
Grasp the rope at arm’s length above head and pull up 
until chin is above top hand. Repeat as many times as pos- 
sible. 
c. Vertical ropes. The best rope for rope climbing is 
3-strand manila, 11/2 inches in diameter. The top should 
be at least 20 feet from the floor. All soldiers should prac- 
tice climbing enough to be thoroughly at home on the rope; 
to know how to climb with hands and feet, and with hands 
alone; and to know how to descend the rope without per- 
mitting it to slide through the hands. Since the soldier may 
need to ascend or descend a rope in wet clothing and with 
wet hands he should be given some practice in climbing the 
ropes in heavy clothing after mastering rope climbing. The 
exercises listed below are roughly in order of the difficulty 
of performance. Unless otherwise indicated, exercise be- 
gins with performer standing. 
123 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 6: CLIMB WITH HANDS AND FEET 
Grasp rope with hands as far as possible overhead and 
between feet. Bend knees and draw feet up toward hips. 
Then straighten legs downward and pull up at same time 
with hands. Holding rope between feet, reach upward with 
hands and repeat performance. Climb about 10 feet, then 
come down the rope in like manner. 
EXERCISE 5: GRASPS WITH HANDS AND FEET 
Jump upward, grasping rope overhead at arm’s length 
with both hands. Pull up until chin is about even with top 
hand, then grasp rope with legs. This is done by having 
rope pass between thighs and across in front of left instep. 
The outside of the right ankle is placed in front of rope, 
and rope is pressed between left instep and right ankle. To 
hold position, tightly clamp thighs, as well as feet, on rope. 
124 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 8: 
REST FOOT AND ARMPIT 
Same as exercise 7 above, except 
that when holding rope with feet, 
lean forward and to the left, keep- 
ing right, arm in front of rope, then 
clamp rope to the side. Rope is 
held by feet and in armpit, leaving 
hands free. 
EXERCISE 7: REST ON FOOT 
Climb about 10 feet, using arms 
and legs, then rest on rope by draw- 
ing rope under right foot with left 
toe and resting right foot in the 
loop. 
EXERCISE 9: HAND OVER HAND 
Climb 10 feet, hand over hand, 
without help of feet. 
683249 0 - 46 -5 
125 STUNTS 
70. FOR DEVELOPING LEGS 
EXERCISE 2: ONE LEG SQUAT 
Raise one leg forward and raise both arms forward for 
balance. Squat on the other foot (which is flat on the floor) 
until the hip is resting just above the heel. The opposite 
leg is completely raised from the floor. Then rise to a 
stand. 
EXERCISE 1: ONE KNEE DIP 
Grasp the toes of the right foot with the left hand, hold- 
ing the hand and foot behind the standing leg. Bend the 
knee of the standing leg until the right knee touches the 
floor. Then rise to the erect position again. This may be 
done only once, or there may be competition to see how 
many times each individual can do it. 
126 STUNTS 
71. FOR DEVELOPING BACK. 
72. FOR DEVELOPING ARMS AND ANTERIOR TRUNK, 
a. Horizontal bars. 
EXERCISE 1: “SKIN THE CAT.” 
Hang with ordinary grasp from the horizontal bar. Raise 
legs with the knees bent and thrust the legs between the 
arms. Then lower the legs and trunk back through the 
arms until body hangs downward as far as possible. Return 
in reverse order. 
EXERCISE 1: BRIDGE ON HEAD AND HEELS 
Lie full length on back, folding arms across chest. Then 
rise from the mat by pressing down with head and heels. 
The knees must be straight. The fists may be placed along- 
side the head with elbows up when this stunt is learned. 
683249 0 - 46 -6 
127 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 2: SWING ON HORIZONTAL BAR. 
Pull up on the horizontal bar and raise legs close to the 
bar. Thrust legs out forward and upward with a push 
backward of the arms. Then swing backward and forward. 
128 STUNTS 
EXERCISE 3: BACK CIRCLE TO FRONT REST 
Hang from a horizontal bar, pull up and thrust legs 
backward above the bar, then turn over to a rest on the bar, 
supporting body with the hands. 
129 STUNTS 
b. Mat. 
EXERCISE 5: HAND EXTENSION PRESS-UP 
Lie face down on the mat with legs stretched straight out 
behind and arms straight out as far as possible in front. 
Press up on toes and hands. Keep elbows straight. (This 
can be made into a competition by seeing how long each 
individual can hold the position with waist line 6 inches 
from the floor.) 
EXERCISE 4: ELBOW EXTENSION PRESS-UP 
Lie face down on the mat with legs stretched straight out 
behind and arms straight out as far as possible in front. 
Resting on toes and elbows, press all other parts of the body 
up away from the mat. 
130 STUNTS 
73. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ARMS AND POSTERIOR 
TRUNK. 
EXERCISE 2: ELBOW LEVER 
Hang from the horizontal bar and do a back circle to 
front rest (see exercise 3, par. 72a). Change to a reverse 
(palms forward) grasp. Then bring hands closer together 
until they are from 9 to 12 inches apart. Propping elbows 
against sides just above the hips, lean forward until body 
is almost parallel to the floor and above the bar. Only 
the hands touch the bar. Hold this position for 5 seconds 
before dropping to floor. (A variation of this stunt can 
also be executed on the floor.) 
EXERCISE 1: BACK LEVER 
Hang from the horizontal bar, then raise legs and thrust 
them under the bar between arms. Straighten the body 
upward behind the bar so that it is in a straight line from 
shoulders to heels. Then lower the body until it is almost 
horizontal or parallel with the floor. Hold this position 
for 5 seconds before dropping to floor. 
131 STUNTS 
74. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ARMS AND TRUNK 
76. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ARMS. 
EXERCISE 1: STILL DIPS 
From a position of a cross rest on the parallel bars, lower 
the body by bending the elbows fully. Then push up again 
to the cross rest. Repeat as many times as possible. 
EXERCISE 1: SWINGING ON PARALLEL BARS 
Swing forward and backward from a position of a cross 
rest (resting on hands, one hand on each bar, arms straight). 
As legs swing backward, head and shoulders should move 
forward, and vice versa. 
Section V 
STUNTS OF ENDURANCE 
75. GENERAL. The exercises used in the physical fitness 
tests may also be used as competition endurance tests. These 
are the pull-ups, push-ups, squat thrust, sit-ups, and squat 
jumps. (See FM 21-20.) These can be varied by com- 
peting in the number that can be accomplished in 10 sec- 
onds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds (pull-ups, push-ups) ; or in 
30 seconds, 1 minute, or 2 minutes (squat thrust, sit-ups). 
132 STUNTS 
77. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LEGS. 
EXERCISE 1: FULL SQUATS WITH WEIGHT BEHIND 
SHOULDERS 
Hold a bar bell weighing half own body weight to with- 
in the nearest 5 pounds. (For example, a 152-pound man 
would use a 75-pound bar bell.) Bell rests on the back 
of the shoulders and is held with the hands. Stand with feet 
apart about shoulder width, with toes turned slightly out- 
ward. Then squat completely down, keeping the feet flat 
on the floor. Repeat as many times as possible. 
EXERCISE 2: ROPE SKIPPING (See par. 107.) 
Number of the following stunts which can be done suc- 
cessfully; front crosses, back crosses, front doubles, and 
back doubles. 
EXERCISE 2; SWINGING DIPS 
Swing from a position of cross rest on the ends of the 
parallel bars. On the end of the back swing, while starting 
to swing forward, lower the body by bending the elbows, 
and push up again at the end of the front swing. Repeat 
on each swing. 
133 STUNTS 
78. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES OF ARMS, 
THIGH FLEXORS, AND ABDOMEN. 
EXERCISE 2: THIGH CURLS 
Hang from horizontal bar with ordinary grasp keeping 
knees completely straight. Raise feet to bar so that the 
insteps touch bar then return to the hang as many times as 
possible. Do not start the upward motion with a swing, but 
from a dead hang. If unable to do this, begin by swinging 
legs up with knees doubled up. 
EXERCISE 1: HALF LEVER, SPREAD LEGS 
From a position of cross rest on the parallel bars, raise 
thighs with knees straight, to a position higher than the bars. 
Then separate the legs and bring them together again as 
many times as possible before > fatigue forces lowering of 
the legs. 
134 STUNTS 
79. FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES OF BACK 
EXERCISE 1: BACK LIFTS 
This may be done in two ways: (a) without regard to 
time or (b) doing as many as possible in 2 minutes. 
Performers are grouped in threes according to height. 
One man lies face downward on the floor and clasps hands 
behind head. The second man holds the first man’s feet 
down. The third man lies face downward on the floor in 
line with and facing the first man. The third man places 
one elbow on the floor in front of himself. His forearm 
is vertical and his fist is clenched with the top parallel to 
the floor. His fist should be against his nose and level with 
his eyes. In this position his forearm is about 6 inches 
from the head of the first man. The first man, whose feet 
are being held, raises his head and trunk from the floor 
until his eyes are level with those of the third man. Then 
he returns to prone position. He continues this movement 
as many times as possible. The third man counts one for 
every time he sees the eyes of the first man. 
EXERCISE 3: BELLY GRINDS 
Hang with ordinary grasp from horizontal bar. Then 
pull up, make a back circle over the bar, and return to a 
hang. Do this continuously for as many times as possible 
without pausing. 
135 CHAPTER 7 
ACTIVITIES WITH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT 
Section I. EXERCISES WITH WEIGHTS 
80. GENERAL, a. Muscular strength is developed most 
rapidly through progressive weight training. The usual equip- 
ment is an adjustable bar bell, or several bar bells graded in 
weight, and dumbbells of graded weights. Fixed-weight bar 
bells are preferred in this program, for they eliminate delays 
for adjustment. If regulation bar bells are not available, make 
substitutes by casting concrete on the ends of a pipe. Grade 
bar bells in 10-pound units from 30 to 120 pounds. Grade 
dumbbells in 5-pound units from 10 to 30 pounds. 
b. Weight training may be used for all classes. Class 4 
patients use only dumbbells, 3 to 15 pounds in weight. Class 
3 patients use either bar bells or dumbbells, doing any exercise 
that does not interfere with their disabilities. Weight exer- 
cises are prohibited to Class 3 patients with post-operative 
conditions where muscles involved in the incisions would be 
used. When the medical officer approves weight training, the 
instructor will see that the trainee does not use a weight too 
heavy for his condition. The trainee should use a weight which 
he can lift while maintaining normal breathing. Where the 
weight is no greater than half those used by the Class 1 
trainee, and guarded limited movements are supervised, weight 
exercises can be carried out. The Class 2 and Class 1 trainee 
may progress rapidly. 
c. Weight training should not be practiced more than three 
or four times a week. More frequent practice is likely to pro- 
duce too much muscular soreness. Weight training should be 
alternated with other activities. Patients and trainees who are 
not in good condition should begin easily and not try to force 
development too rapidly. They should not try to lift a heavy 
weight for at least 2 weeks after beginning the activity. At 
first, they should be content with increasing the number of 
times they lift a submaximal weight. They should start with 
a weight that they can lift about 20 times. After becoming 
accustomed to the activity, they should progress to a- weight 
136 WEIGHT TRAINING 
that they can lift only 6 or 8 times, and continue ivith that 
weight until they can lift it 20 times in succession. They may 
then progress to the next heavier weight and repeat the 
process. 
81. CONDUCTING WEIGHT EXERCISES. a. Arrange 
trainees in the rotating gymnasium program so that men of 
about the same strength are together. This saves time, 
especially if bells of adjustable weights are used, for* there is 
less need for weight changing. 
b. There should be about four patients to a squad working 
with one bar bell or with two dumbbells. This type of ac- 
tivity is sufficiently strenuous so that there should usually be 
some rest between each two or three exercises. With four men 
working, there is a proper balance between work and rest. 
c. In the exercises below, the movements are planned so 
that there are only two changes of weights with bar bells and 
one with dumbbells. A man starts with a weight that he 
can handle without too much strain. The initial weight of 
the bar bell should be from 20 to 50 pounds, according to the 
strength of the man. The initial weight of dumbbells should 
be from 5 to 20 pounds. With the bar bells approximately 
50 percent is added to the weights after the third exercise, 
and another 50 percent after the seventh exercise. A man 
starting with a bar bell of 20 pounds, would change to 30 
and 45 pounds, respectively. With the dumbbells, the weight 
should be doubled after the sixth exercise. If bells with ad- 
justable weights are used, the smaller disks should be towards 
the inside, as the changes are usually large ones, and can easily 
be made by adding one of the larger disks to the outside on 
each side. 
d. Where two exercises (2 and 2A) are given below, under 
one number, the second exercise is slightly more difficult than 
the first. In some instances, the coordination of the second is 
more difficult. Frequently the man will progress from the 
first of the two exercises to the second after the second or 
third week of weight training. 
82. TECHNIQUE, a. The bell is grasped so that when it is 
held in front of the thighs, the palms are toward the thighs. 
This is called the "ordinary grasp." If the other, or "reverse 
grasp,” is called for it will be so $£ated. 
b. In almost all bar bell and dumbbell exercises, the feet 
are separated to about shoulder width. 
c. In weight training there should be no closing off of the 
breathing. The individual should usually inhale as the weights 
are lifted upwards, and exhale on the downward movement. 
It is important that this free breathing movement be main- 
tained, so that the exercise will not interfere with the circu- 
lation. 
137 WEIGHT TRAINING 
83. BAR BELL EXERCISES. 
Initial weight of bells is front 20 to 30 pounds 
EXERCISE 2: HIGH PULL-UP 
Starting position. Bending down, with feet separated 
about shoulder width. Bell is held on the floor with ordi- 
nary grasp. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift bell rapidly to just above the height of the head. 
(2) Return bell till it nearly touches the floor. 
Keep back straight. Repeat appropriate number of times. 
(See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 1: CURL 
Starting position. Holding bell in front of thighs with 
reverse grasp (palms forward). 
Movement. 
(1) Flex elbows slowly until bell is close to the upper 
chest. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Flex elbows fully on count (1) and straighten them 
fully on count (2). Do not move elbows back or jerk or 
sway body to aid movement. Repeat appropriate number 
of times. (See par 80c.) 
Starting Position 
138 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 2A: ALTERNATE LIFT AND PRESS 
Starting position. Bell on floor as in exercise 2 
Movement. 
(I) Lift bell rapidly to the chest. 
(2) Without a jump, press bell upward to the full overhead 
position. 
(3) Lower bell rapidly to the chest. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Keep back straight throughout. Repeat appropriate number 
of times. (See par. 80c.) 
139 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting 
Position 
Movement. 
(1) Bend to left. 
(2) Recover starting position. 
(3) Bend to right. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat from 10 to 15 movements each way. 
EXERCISE 3: SIDE BEND 
Starting position. Bell resting behind neck. Feet are 
separated 2 feet. 
140 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3A: TURN AND BEND 
Starting position. Holding bell in front of thighs. Feet 
are separated about 2 to 21/2 feet. 
Movement. 
(!) Turn body to left, lowering bell to side of left ankle. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) for other side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Keep back as flat as possible. Repeat appropriate number 
of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Weight of bell should now be increased 50 percent 
141 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 4: MILITARY PRESS 
Starting position. Holding bell just in front of chest, keep- 
ing palms forward. 
Movement, 
(1) Thrust bell slowly upward to a position above the head. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) (This 
exercise may also be started holding the bell behind the neck.) 
EXERCISE 5: STIFF LEG DEAD LIFT 
Starting position. Grasping bell in front of feet, keep- 
ing knees straight. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift bell until body is vertical and bell is in front of 
thighs. 
(2) Lower bell as far as possible, keeping knees straight. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
(This exercise may be more advantageously performed while 
standing on a bench or platform.) 
142 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 5A: TWO-HAND REPETITION SNATCH 
Starting position. Standing close to the bell with feet 
slightly apart. Grasping bell with hands wide apart. 
Movement. 
(1) With a long and continuous pull, raise bell close to the 
chest. As the bell passes the face, "split”—one foot going for- 
ward with knee bent, and the other backward with the knee 
straight. At the same time extend arms fully over head. 
(2) Straighten up, bringing feet together. 
(3) Return bell to floor. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. 
(See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6; SHOULDER SHRUG 
Starting position. Holding bell in front of thighs, keep- 
ing palms toward body. 
* 
Movement. 
(1) Without bending elbows, lift bell as high as possible 
by raising shoulders. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
143 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 7: HALF-BEND ROWING MOTION 
Starting position. Bell raised from the floor. Knees and 
back are straight, but hips are bent so the trunk is inclined 
forward almost horizontally. 
Movement. 
(1) Flex arms pulling bell upward until bar touches-the 
chest. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Weight of bell should note be increased 30 percent 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8; ON TOES 
Starting position. Bell resting behind neck. 
Movement. 
(1) Rise on toes as high as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Rise 10 times with toes turned in, 10 times with toes 
straight, and 10 times with toes turned slightly outward. 
outward 
144 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 9: FULL SQUAT 
Starting position. Bell resting behind neck. Feet are 
12 to 15 inches apart, toes are turned out. 
Movement. 
(1) Squat completely down, keeping soles of feet flat on 
floor, and knees separated. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 10: HIGH RAPID DEAD LIFT 
Starting position. Bending down, with feet separated 
about shoulder width. Bell is held on floor with ordinary 
grasp. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift bell very rapidly to height of chest. 
(2) Without pausing return bell till it nearly touches the 
floor. 
Repeat appropriate number of times (par. 80c) without 
pausing between movements. 
Starting 
Positionk 
145 
683249 0 - 46 -7 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting 
Position 
84. DUMBBELL EXERCISES. 
Initial weight of bells is 3 to 20 pounds 
EXERCISE 1: BELLS SIDEWARD AND FORWARD-UP- 
WARD 
Starting position. Feet are shoulder-width apart. Bells are 
held at sides (palms are inward). 
Movement. 
(1) Raise bells sideward to level of shoulders. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Swing bells forward and upward to the vertical. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Continuing alternating counts (1) and (2) with counts (3) 
and (4) for the appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
146 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 2: CURL AND PRESS UPWARD 
Starting position. Holding bells at side in ordinary grasp. 
Movement. 
(1) Flex elbows, raising bells in front of shoulders. 
(2) Extend bells upward to the vertical. 
(3) Flex elbows, lowering bells in front of shoulders. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
683249 0 - 46 -8 
147 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 4: LEANING SIDE SWING 
Starting position. Trunk bent forward, knees straight, 
back flat, and arms hanging naturally from the shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing bells sideward to shoulder level. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Keep head in line with trunk. Pull chin in. Repeat 
appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: STATIONARY RUN 
Starting position. Standing erect, arms at thrust. 
Movement. Execute a stationary run, bringing knees up 
to level with the hips. Swing arms vigorously in the usual 
motions of running. 
Continue for from 30 seconds to a minute. 
Starting 
Position 
148 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 5: TURN AND BEND 
Starting position. Feet apart, elbows flexed sideward and 
close to ribs. Bells are held by the sides of the shoulders. 
Movement. 
(I) Turn trunk to left, thrusting bells down to the floor just 
outside the left ankle. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to opposite side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
149 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 7: ON TOES 
Starting position. Holding bells at sides. 
Movement. 
(1) Rise on toes as high as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
As strength increases, rise on the toes of one foot at a 
time. Continue co rise on one foot until that leg is tired, 
then change to the other foot. 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 6: ROWING 
Starting position. Trunk bent forward, knees straight, 
back flat. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull bells to the shoulders in a rowing movement. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Weight of the bells should now be doubled 
150 WEIGHT TRAINING 
EXERCISE 9: FULL SQUAT AND THRUST 
Starting position. Feet about 1 foot apart, bells extended 
overhead. 
Movement. 
(1) Assume a full squat position. At the same time lower 
bells to a position at the shoulders. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Until legs are strong enough, this exercise is best done 
with feet flat on the floor and toes turned out. After legs 
become stronger, it can be done in the usual way, raising 
the heels and squatting down on the toes. Repeat appro- 
priate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8: SWING BETWEEN LEGS 
Starting position. Feet apart, bells extended overhead. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend forward swinging bells between legs and back- 
ward. Knees straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
151 WtlbHT TRAINING 
EXERtlSE 11: CONTINUOUS SNATCH 
Starting position. Bending forward, grasping bells on 
floor in front of feet which are about shoulder width apart. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten up, pulling bells rapidly past the front of 
the body and up to a position of arms vertical. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
This exercise can be combined with a split,” as illus- 
trated. Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 
80c.) 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 10: UPRIGHT ROWING MOTION 
Starting position. Standing erect, holding bells by side 
of thighs. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull bells upward to front of shoulders, bringing el- 
bows out. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
152 WEIGHT TRAINING 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 12: FORWARD AND UP 
Starting position. Lying on back, arms out at the sides 
at right angles to the body. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing bells overhead, above the chest. 
(2) Bring arms down alongside of head. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat appropriate number of times. (See par. 80c.) 
153 SPRING EXERCISERS 
Section II. SPRING EXERCISERS 
85. TYPES. A spring exerciser has two handles connected 
with strong steel springs about 16 inches long. It may be used 
with a handle in each hand, or with one handle (or a stirrup) 
held down by one or both feet and the other handle pulled by 
a hand. If a double stirrup is used, springs will run from the 
stirrup to each handle. The feet are placed in the stirrups and 
both handles may be pulled by the hands. From one to six 
springs may be used. There is also a small spring grip exerciser 
made of small handles connected with a spring. 
86. VALUE. Spring exercisers are used for strengthening the 
muscles of the arms, shoulder girdle, back, and some muscles 
of the thighs. They may be used to advantage by all classes of 
patients. Spring exercisers are particularly suited to the small- 
group program in the gymnasium or the ward. 
87. METHOD OF USING. The instructors should prescribe 
the movements to be used by each man assigned to the spring 
exercisers. First the patient experiments to determine the num- 
ber of springs he can profitably use for each prescribed exercise. 
Then he should arrange the exercises successively so that differ- 
ent muscle groups are called upon. Exercises using the same 
number of springs will be grouped together; for example, if 
he can pull only one spring in two of the exercises, these two 
should come together. Springs should be added until the pa- 
tient can do the exercises not over 10 to 15 times before he 
fatigues. Even after he has become strong, adding another 
spring frequently makes it difficult for him to pull more than 
once or twice. This is satisfactory, for the added effort 
strengthens muscles as well as, or better than, more movements 
with less resistance. The exercise should be repeated after a 
short rest. In the beginning, the regular exercises of a muscle 
group may be supplemented by returning to exercises with a 
smaller number of springs. The movement should not be too 
fast and the return movement should be slow enough to obtain 
resistance from the springs. Breathing should be regular. 
There should usually be an inhalation on each pulling move- 
ment and an exhalation on the return movement; that is, there 
should be no holding of the breath. Because of the varying 
needs and capacities of patients, the exercises below should not 
be administered in cadence to a whole group. Specific instruc- 
tions for the exercises follow. 
88. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR MUSCLES RETRACTING 
SHOULDER GIRDLE. 
154 SPRING EXERCISERS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Holding exerciser with stronger arm 
extended horizontally to the side and weaker arm extended 
horizontally to front. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend weaker arm horizontally to side. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Holding exerciser in front of body, 
with palms facing each other and arms forward and slightly 
outward. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing steadily, but not too rapidly, horizontally to the 
side until the springs touch the chest. Do not raise 
shoulders. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
155 SPRING EXERCISERS 
89. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR FRONTS OF SHOUL- 
DERS (anterior deltoid, coraco-brachialis). 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing with the left foot in one 
handle, and with palm of left hand down on the other 
handle. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull to the front horizontally or somewhat higher, 
using left hand. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat exercise for the other side. If stirrups are used, 
both hands pull at the same time. 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing like an archer about to shoot, 
with one arm extended horizontally to the side, and with 
the other arm, elbow flexed, out to the side, hand in front 
of shoulder. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten bent arm horizontally to the side as in ex- 
ercise 2 above. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
This exercise should be done on each side. It is a strong 
exercise for the triceps muscles of the pulling side. 
Starting 
Position 
156 SPRING EXERCISERS 
90. EXERCISE FOR BICEPS MUSCLE. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing with a foot in one handle 
and the palm of the hand on the same side in the other 
handle. Palm is forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull forward, keeping elbow by the side until it is 
completely flexed and the hand is in front of the shoulder. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
If stirrups are used, pull with both hands at once. Repeat 
exercise on the other side. 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing with the left foot in one 
handle of two lengths of springs hooked together end to 
end. Left arm extended forward shoulder high. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing left arm forward and upward to the vertical. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat exercise on the other side. 
Starting 
Position 
157 SPRING EXERCISERS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Holding exerciser behind hips, with 
palms facing. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms horizontally to the side, or nearly to that 
position. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
91. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR SIDES OF SHOUL- 
DERS (deltoid). 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Holding exerciser behind hips, with 
palms facing. 
Movement. 
(1) Hold left hand behind and against the left hip. Raise 
right arm to the right side horizontally or higher. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat exercise on the other side. 
158 SPRING EXERCISERS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Standing with both feet in stirrups 
and hands in handles of exerciser. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull hands in front of chest and shoulders, flexing 
elbows and raising them to the side. The pull is vertical, 
but the upper arms are raised outward in the middle position 
of the movement. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing with one foot in one handle 
(or both feet in stirrups). Hand on same side in other 
handle. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise other handle horizontally to side (if stirrups 
are used, raise handles horizontally to side with both hands). 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Repeat exercise on other side. 
159 SPRING EXERCISERS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing in stirrups and leaning for- 
ward with toes turned out to permit springs to clear the legs. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull handles backwards and upwards as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
92. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR LATISSIMUS DORS! 
GROUP OF MUSCLES. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Arms upward and diagonally out 
ward. Palms inward or outward. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms downward horizontally to the side until the 
springs touch the front of the chest. 
(2) Recover to starting position. « 
Starting 
Position 
160 SPRING EXERCISERS 
Starting 
Position 
94. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR LEGS. In general, 
other devices are more effective for leg development; hence 
spring exercisers should be used for leg exercises only on 
remedial cases, and then usually only for the weak leg. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Lying face downward on the mat, 
holding one handle behind the neck with both hands* and 
hooking the toes of the weak leg through the other handle. 
The knee of the weak leg is flexed backward. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend lower leg. 
(2) Return lower leg to starting position. 
93. EXERCISES PRIMARILY FOR TORSO. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing in stirrups and leaning for- 
ward with elbows flexed fully and handles immediately in 
front of shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten upward as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
If elbows are flexed just to a right angle and handles 
are held out about 1 foot in front of shoulders, this move- 
ment is just as efficacious for the back, and also for the 
front of the shoulders. 
Starting Position 
161 SPRING EXERCISERS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing erect on the strong leg and 
holding to some object for balance. The weak leg which 
is abducted from the body is in one handle of the exerciser. 
The other handle of the exerciser is attached near the floor. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull weak leg next to strong leg against resistance of 
spring. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. One handle of the exerciser is attached 
near the floor. The patient is lying on his back with his 
strong leg the closer to the attached handle, and the toes 
of his weak leg hooked through the other handle of the 
exerciser. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull weak leg to the outside as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
95. SPRING GRIP EXERCISES. Hold grip exercisers in 
hands, and grip as many times as possible before halting 
because of fatigue. 
162 MEDICINE BALL 
Section III. MEDICINE BALL EXERCISES 
96. VALUE. The medicine ball is a leather ball varying from 
10 to 14 inches in diameter and varying from 3 to 12 pounds 
in weight. The lighter balls should be used for Class 3 
patients, the heavier balls for Class 1 and 2 trainees. Medicine 
ball exercises are very popular with patients and are used to 
strengthen the muscles of the arms and trunk. The exercises 
in paragraph 99 can be used by all patients of Classes 1, 2, 
and 3 providing they have no injuries (such as injured backs, 
wrists, elbows, or shoulders) which would contraindicate their 
use. Patients with recently healed abdominal wounds should 
not perform sitting exercises with the medicine ball. 
97. METHOD OF USING, a. For many medicine ball ex- 
ercises the most convenient formation is two lines of men 
facing each other. The two lines should be placed from 10 
to 20 feet apart, depending on the particular throw to be 
practiced. The men in each line should be placed 6 or 8 feet 
apart. One ball should be assigned to each 2 or 4 or 6 men 
(1 or 2 or 3 men in each line). The ball is tossed back and 
forth between the lines. 
b. For other activities the men are arranged 6 to 8 feet apart 
in a circle. For still other activities, the men are placed in two 
concentric circles, about 10 to 20 feet apart, with the men 
in the outer circle about 10 feet apart. Class 3 patients using 
the medicine ball in the wards may stand between the beds, 
but may not throw over a bed patient. 
98. TECHNIQUE OF CATCHING BALL. a. It is usually 
considered that exercise is obtained with the medicine ball by 
throwing it. However, receiving or catching the ball is equally 
significant and entails just as much exercise. The activity may 
be varied in many ways at the catching end. Some of the more 
common waps of catching the ball are\ listed below. It is 
assumed, of course, that the thrower tosses the ball to the 
indicated position: 
In front of knees. 
In front of waist. 
In front of face. 
Overhead. 
Right (or left) side, waist high. 
Right (or left) side, knee high. 
Right (or left) side, head high. 
The thrower must cooperate by throwing the ball to the posi- 
tion designated for the catch. 
b. The activity may be further varied by throwing the ball 
at various speeds; slow, moderate, fast. The speed of the 
throw, of course, affects the dosage of exercise obtained by 
both the thrower and the receiver. 
163 MEDICINE BALL 
99. MEDICINE BALL EXERCISES 
(standing exercises). 
EXERCISE 1: CHEST PUSH 
Bali is held in both hands at 
waist, raised <- to chest by flexing 
elbows, then pushed forward. 
EXERCISE 2: FORWARD 
THROW FROM BETWEEN LEGS 
Ball is held in both hands in 
front of waist, swung down be- 
tween legs, and then hurled for- 
ward. 
164 MEDICINE BALL 
EXERCISE 3: 
OVERHEAD FORWARD THROW 
Ball is held in both hands in 
front of waist, swung upward over- 
head, and then hurled forward. 
EXERCISE 4: 
OVERHEAD SIDEWARD THROW 
Ball is held in both hands at 
waist, swung sideward and upward 
to the right (left arm is across face 
and on top of ball), and then 
thrown forward by both hands. 
683249 0 - 46 -9 
165 MEDICINE BALL 
EXERCISE 5: 
SIDEWARD THROW 
Ball is held in both hands in 
front of waist, swung to the right 
side, and then thrown forward by 
both hands. 
EXERCISE 6: 
ONE ARM THROW 
Ball is held in both hands at 
waist. Then it is shifted to right 
hand, swung to the right side, and 
hurled forward. 
166 MEDICINE BALL 
EXERCISE 7: OVERHEAD 
THROW BACKWARD 
Ball is held in both hands at 
waist (thrower’s back toward re- 
ceiver). Then it is swung down- 
ward between legs and hurled back- 
ward over head. 
EXERCISE 8: 
PUT WITH ONE ARM 
Ball is held in right hand at 
shoulder, and then pushed forward. 
167 MEDICINE BALL 
BAG PUNCHING 
Section IV. BAG PUNCHING 
100. USE OF BAG PUNCHING, a. Value. Bag punch- 
ing is a popular activity with patients. It is an excellent exer- 
cise for developing strength and speed of movement of the 
muscles of the anterior trunk, arms, and shoulder girdle. 
b. Classes of patients. Bag punching may be used for 
Classes 1, 2, and 3. Application of these exercises to specific 
classes is given in c below. 
c. Instructions. A man should use appropriate gloves to 
protect his hands when punching the bag. If he wishes to 
punch the heavy bag violently, he should, in addition, wrap 
his hands with several yards of Ace-type bandages. After they 
have learned a few exercises, the patients should be encouraged 
to punch the bag by rounds. Class 2 trainees should punch 
the bag 2 minutes, rest 2 minutes, then punch another round. 
Class 1 trainees should punch the bag for 3 minutes, rest y2 
minute, skip the rope 2 minutes, rest another ]/2 minute, and 
then punch the bag for 3 minutes. Patients should practice 
a new routine of exercises every 2 or 3 days in order to learn 
new skills. Specific instructions for exercises on the light 
and heavy bags follow. 
101. LIGHT BAG. a. The height of the bag should be such 
that the bulge of the bag is about level with the jaw. If the 
heights of the bags are fixed, there should be three platforms: 
one fixed at 6 feet, 5 inches for tall men; one at 6 feet, 1 inch 
for men of average size; and one at 5 feet, 9 inches for 
shorter men. In addition, there should be two platforms about 
4 feet square and 3 inches high for men to stand on when 
punching a bag that is a bit too high for them. 
b. The bag should be the larger and heavier type of the 
inflated punching bags. The heavy bag is easier to master 
than the light and provides just as satisfactory, or better, ex- 
ercise. 
c. The hands should be held as recommended for boxing. 
(See TM 21-220.) The bag is hit on the largest part of its 
bulge. The man should be told to "hit it in the equator,” and 
hit straight through it, not up or down. 
d. The foot position in straight-away hitting is the same as 
for boxing. When elbows and sideward hooks are used, the 
feet are in side-straddle position. 
e. The following exercises are arranged in, order of the 
difficulty of learning: 
168 BAG PUNCHING 
EXERCISE 2: DIAGONAL HOOK 
Hit bag with a left hook blow about 45° to the opposite 
side. In other ways, this is the same as exercise 1 above. 
.310 5 BOUNCES 
.3 TO5 BOUNCES 
EXERCISE 1: STRAIGHT LEAD 
Stand in front of the bag and hit straight through the 
bag with the left hand. Let the bag bounce three to five 
times before the next hit. Repeat with right hand when 
left hand becomes fatigued. The hands may also be al- 
ternated. 
169 BAG PUNCHING 
EXERCISE 4: ELBOW TO SIDE 
Strike bag to the left with the left elbow. Let bag bounce 
three times, continue with same elbow. Repeat exercise for 
other elbow. Repeat with alternate elbows, allowing two 
bounces between each blow. 
.3 BOUNCES 
EXERCISE 3: SIDE HOOK 
Hit bag with a left hook blow direct to the right. Let 
bag bounce three to- five times before next hit with left 
hand. Repeat with other hand to opposite side. Alternate 
hands allowing two to four bounces between blows. 
170 BAG PUNCHING 
1 BOUNCES 
2 BOUNCES 
EXERCISE 5: FIST AND ELBOW 
Strike bag to right with left fist. Let bag bounce twice. 
Hit bag to the l§ft with the left elbow. Let bag bounce 
twice, then repeat sequence. Repeat with right arm. 
EXERCISE 6: DOUBLE FIST AND ELBOW 
First strike bag to right with left fist. Let it bounce 
twice. Strike it to the left with the left elbow. Let it 
bounce once. Strike to the left with the right fist. Let it 
bounce twice. Strike to the right with the right elbow. 
Let it bounce once. Then strike to the right with the left 
fist. Continue the action. 
1 BOUNCES. 
.1 BOUNCE.. 
2 BOUNCES 
.1 BOUNCE 
.2 BOUNCES. 
171 BAG PUNCHING 
EXERCISE 8: ONE HAND TATOO 
Same as exercise 7 above, except that the striking is done 
with one hand only and the exercise is more violent. Strike 
about 16 blows with one hand; change hands. Continue 
alternating hands after every 16 blows. 
EXERCISE 9: ALTERNATE ELBOWS TO SIDE 
Strike bag to right with left fist and let bag bounce twice. 
After that, keep hitting the bag exclusively to the left with 
the left elbow, letting the bag bounce once between blows. 
Repeat exercise for right elbow. Then alternate elbows 
allowing two bounces between blows. This is excellent ex- 
ercise for the trunk. 
.1 BOUNCE 
.1 BOUNCE. 
1 BOUNCES. 
.1 BOUNCE. 
EXERCISE 7: FRONT ROLL 
Hit bag forward with alternate hands, with only one 
bounce between hits. Hands are usually a bit beyond a 
perpendicular line below the swivel of the platform. Gen- 
erally the hands roll one over the other in a sort of circular 
movement. 
172 BAG PUNCHING 
EXERCISE 11: TWO FOREARMS DOUBLE TATOO 
The left forearm hits bag to left. After bag bounces 
once, the right forearm hits it, also to the left. Let bag 
bounce twice. Hit it to the right with the right forearm. 
After orte bounce, hit it again to the left with the left fore- 
arm. Continue alternating left and right. 
1 BOUNCES 
.1 BOUNCE. 
1 BOUNCES. 
.1 BOUNCE 
EXERCISE 10: ONE FOREARM, LEFT AND RIGHT 
The left forearm, with elbow straight, strikes the bag 
to the right. After the bag bounces two times, the same 
forearm strikes it to the left. Repeat, using the right fore- 
arm. 
173 BAG PUNCHING 
actly at right angles to the intended direction of the hit. Hit 
the bag with the back of the fist, and not with the wrist. 
EXERCISE 13: FAST CROSS 
Same as exercise 12 above, except that the bag bounces only 
twice wherever it bounced three times in exercise 12. This 
is one of the most difficult exercises in bag punching if the 
action is at all fast. 
EXERCISE 12: SLOW CROSS 
Strike bag 45° to the right with a left hook. Let bag bounce 
three times, and on the return after the third bounce, strike 
it 45<° to the left with the back of the left hand. Let it bounce 
once. Strike it again to the left with the right hand. Let it 
bounce three times. Then strike to the right with the back' 
of the right hand. Follow by a blow to the right with the left 
hand, etc. This is a difficult combination because it is hard 
to time. Try to strike the bag with the back of the hand ex- 
.3 BOUNCES 
.1 BOUNCE. 
.3 BOUNCES 
.1 BOUNCE 
174 BAG PUNCHING 
102. HEAVY BAG. a. The heavy bag should be swung 
from a height of not over 15 feet; 10 or 12 feet is better. In 
punching the heavy bag, hold hands in the proper boxing 
position. If convenient, wrap the hands. Always use gloves. 
Simply practice the fundamental boxing blows on this bag; 
first one blow at a time until the technique has been fairly well 
learned, and then "mix them up.” 
b. In punching the heavy bag, the beginner should fre- 
quently stop the bag with one hand, while he prepares to 
strike with the other. This aids his judgment of distance, 
and helps prevent accidents to the striking hand. Try to hit 
.2 OR 4 BOUNCES. 
EXERCISE 14: ELBOWS BEHIND 
Stand with back to the bag and strike to the right with 
the left elbow behind the back. After bag bounces two or 
four times, follow with a similar blow to the left side with 
the opposite elbow. 
EXERCISE 15: 
After proficiency has been attained, practice fighting the 
bag. In this, try various combinations of blows such as 
exercises 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 above. Continue this 
exercise for a full round. 
175 ROPE SKIPPING 
through or into the bag rather than hitting at the bag. That 
is, the blow should continue to exert strength for from 6 inches 
to 1 foot after it hits the bag. Back up the blow of the fist 
with a lot of body transfer. That is, let the body travel in the 
direction of the blow, and the upper trunk and shoulder snap 
forward into the punch. In punching the heavy bag, learn to 
strike with full force, and to lean into the blow. 
c. After some experience has been acquired, learn to "fight 
the bag” as in shadow boxing; do not stop it with the opposite 
hand. Dance around the bag, advance, retreat, and hit it with 
a variety of blows, continuing for a full round. Give as much 
attention to good footwork as to blows. Rest 1 minute. Repeat 
for two more rounds with 1 minute rest between rounds. If 
it is necessary to alternate with another man, skip rope while 
the alternate is punching the bag. 
Section V. ROPE SKIPPING 
103. USE OF ROPE SKIPPING, a. Value. Rope skipping 
is used to develop strength of the legs and cardio-respiratory 
endurance. It may be used for all ambulant patients who 
have arms and one leg in good condition. 
b. Specifications of rope. Use soft cotton braided rope 
which is 9 feet long and y8 inch in diameter, and has handles. 
104. TECHNIQUE OF ROPE SKIPPING, a. The rope 
should be swung mainly with a wrist motion, even when arms 
are crossed. 
b. The jump should be just high enough for an easy clear- 
ance. As the jumper becomes more expert in his timing and 
accuracy, he will avoid jumping higher than necessary. 
c. In double swings, the rope should be swung very rapidly 
and continuously; that is, the jumper should not slacken the 
speed of the swing at the end of the second swing, and be 
forced to accelerate it again. 
105. TEACHING ROPE SKIPPING. The instructor should 
place the men in open order formation, demonstrate the exer- 
cise, explain any important points to be kept in mind, and 
then let each individual practice at will. The instructor should 
move about to aid the men having difficulties in learning the 
activity. 
106. TYPES OF JUMPS, a. Jumps, both feet. 
b. Hops, one foot. 
c. Running step (like stationary run). 
d. Hop-run. Two hops on each foot, foot is changed after 
the second hop. 
e. Hop-skip. One foot hops, and then hops a second time 
while the other foot is swung forward. Forward foot then 
hops twice while the other foot moves backward on the first 
hop, then forward on the second hop. The exercise is con- 
tinued, with feet alternated. 
176 ROPE SKIPPING 
107. VARIATIONS. Most of the above types of jumps may 
be executed in any of the following ways; 
EXERCISE 1: FORWARD SINGLE SWINGS OF ROPE 
Pass rope forward above head and backward under feet. 
There is one jump, hop, or running step to every swing of 
the rope. 
EXERCISE 2: BACKWARD SINGLE SWINGS OF ROPE 
The reverse of exercise 1 above. 
EXERCISE 3: FORWARD ALTERNATE SWINGS 
Pass rope forward above head and backward under feet. 
There are two foot movements to one swing; for example, 
there are two jumps (hops, running steps) upward, during 
only one of which the rope passes under feet. 
EXERCISE 4: BACKWARD ALTERNATE SWINGS 
The reverse of exercise 3 above. 
HOPS, ONE FOOT 
HOP-SKIP 
CROSSING 
177 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 5: FORWARD DOUBLE SWINGS 
Jump high enough and swing the rope forward above head 
fast enough for it to pass backward under feet twice during 
every jump (usually practiced only with jumps). 
EXERCISE 6: BACKWARD DOUBLE SWINGS: The re- 
verse of exercise 5 above. 
EXERCISE 7: CROSSING: In this type, swing the rope 
(forward or backward) in the regular way on one swing, then 
cross arms in front of chest on the next swing. All alternate 
swings are made with arms crossed. 
Section VI. STALL BAR EXERCISES 
108. USE OF STALL BARS. a. Stall bars provide a means 
of giving rather heavy exercises to specific parts of the body 
and are excellent for correcting certain types of defects. Stall 
bars should be used for patients and trainees in Classes 3, 2, 
and 1. 
b. The exercises should be selected and prescribed for the 
specific disabilities of the patients. They must be practiced in 
as good form as possible. The chest should be kept high, the 
head erect and when possible, the lower back should be kept 
flat or flexed forward, not hyperextended. 
109. STALL BAR EXERCISES. The following exercises are 
arranged according to the parts of the body exercised, and in 
approximate order of severity of dosage: 
a. Exercises primarily for arms and shoulders. 
Flexors 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing on 
bottom rung of stall bar, feet to- 
gether, body straight; grasping rung 
with both hands, palms down, at a 
height of 6 inches above waist. 
Movement. 
(1) Press back from the stall bar 
by extending arms until straight. 
(2) Recover to the original posi- 
tion by pulling with the arms and 
flexing elbows. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
178 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Storting position. Standing 
erect, feet together, at arm’s length 
from stall bar; grasping rung at a 
height of 6 inches above waist. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend forward until head is be- 
tween extended arms. Thrust hips 
backward as far as possible. Keep 
knees straight. 
(2) Recover to the original posi- 
tion by pulling with arms and rais- 
ing trunk. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Squatting on 
bottom rung and grasping the rung 
above the head. 
Movement. 
(1) Retaining grasp with hands, 
straighten legs. Thrust hips back- 
ward as far as possible. 
(2) Bend knees and lower trunk to 
starting position. 
( 3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
179 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Standing 
erect on second rung, grasping rung 
immediately in front of waist. 
Movement. 
(1) Lower the body backward un- 
til arms are straight. At same time 
extend left leg to the rear, touching 
toe to floor as far to rear as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position 
by pulling with arms. 
(3) Repeat count (1) but extend 
right leg to rear. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Standing 
on bottom rung with feet apart, 
grasping rung in front of waist. 
Trunk is extended backward away 
from the bar. 
Movement. 
(1) Lower the body away from the 
stall bar, retaining grasp with left 
hand. At the same time turn the 
trunk to the right and, leaning back- 
ward, touch the right hand lightly 
to the floor. 
(2) Pulling with left arm, recover 
to the starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) on opposite 
side. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
180 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 6: 
Starting position. Hanging 
from top rung of stall bar with back 
to bar, palms facing backward. 
Movement. 
(1) Retaining grasp with hands, 
turn body to the left as far as pos- 
sible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) on opposite 
side. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Facing stall 
bar, grasping top rung, palms fac- 
ing outward. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull body up with arms until 
chin is above top rung. 
(2) Lower body to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
181 STALL BARS 
Extensors 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Standing 
erect at arm’s length from stall bar, 
feet together; hands grasping rung 
about 6 inches above waist. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend arms and lean toward 
stall bar, touching chest to bar. 
Keep body straight. 
(2) Push away with arms and re- 
cover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 9; 
Starting position. Standing 
with left side of body at arm’s 
length from the bar; grasping rung 
at height of shoulder with left 
hand. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend the left arm and lean 
toward stall bar, touching left 
shoulder to bar. 
(2) Push away from the bar and 
recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the number of repe- 
titions on each side. 
182 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 10; 
EXERCISE 11: 
Starting position. The body is 
extended from the stall bar with the 
weight resting on the hands. Toes 
are hooked over the fourth rung of 
the bar. Chest touches the floor 
lightly. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend arms and at the same 
time bend the right knee forward 
under the body. Toe is on floor. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) bending left 
leg forward. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Starting position. The body is 
extended from the stall bar with the 
weight resting on the hands. Toes 
are hooked over the fourth rung of 
the bar. Chest touches the floor 
lightly. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend arms and bend knees, 
at the same time pull body in to- 
ward the stall bar. Back is rounded. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2), 
183 bl ALL UAKb 
EXERCISE 12: 
Starting position. The body is 
extended from the stall bar with the 
weight resting on the hands. Toes 
are hooked over the fourth rung of 
the bar. Chest touches the floor 
lightly. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend arms and at the same 
time extend the right leg upward. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) extending 
left leg upward. 
(4) Repeat count (2) 
EXERCISE 13: 
Starting position. Assuming the 
front-leaning rest position with toes 
hooked over the ninth rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend body upward at the waist 
by flexing the hips. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
184 STALL BARS 
b. Exercise for stretching up- 
per chest and spine. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Facing away 
from the stall bar, reaching back 
over shoulders, and grasping rung 
with palms up. The body is erect 
and feet are together. 
Movement. 
(1) Step forward with left foot, 
arch back, thrust chest forward, 
straighten arms, and stretch neck 
upward and backward. 
(2) Recover to the starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1) stepping 
forward with right foot. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
c. Exercises for extensors of 
legs. 
EXERCISE 1: 
i 
Starting position. Standing on 
the bottom rung and grasping bar 
at height of chest, body leaning 
backward with arms straight. 
Movement. 
(1) Squat down as far as possible 
continuing to lean backward. Hands 
continue to grasp the bar and arms 
are straight. 
(2) Recover to the starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count ( 1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
185 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing 
erect, facing stall bar. Arms are 
straight and hands grasp the bar 
at the height of the waist. 
Movement. 
(1) Squat down on toes, retaining 
grasp on bar. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. One man 
faces stall bar, holding rung about 
6 inches above his waist and keep- 
ing his arms straight. His partner 
stands on his shoulders, holding 
top rung of stall bar. 
Movement. 
(1) Both men execute a quarter 
squat simultaneously. 
(2) Each man straightens legs and 
returns to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
186 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. One man 
faces stall bar, holding rung at 
shoulder height, keeping his arms 
straight. His partner sits on his 
shoulders with hands on hips. 
Movement. 
(1) The bottom man executes a 
quarter squat. 
(2) The bottom man straightens 
legs and returns to starting position. 
( Repeat count ( I ). 
(-1) Repeat count (2). 
d. Exercises for muscles of 
abdomen and thigh flexors. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing 
erect, facing stall bar. Hands grasp 
rung at height of chest. Arms are 
straight. The left toe is hooked 
under fourth or fifth rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Fold arms across chest and 
lean backward as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
% 
After performing half the num- 
ber of repetitions, alternate position 
of legs. 
187 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing on 
bottom rung, holding rung at 
shoulder height, and leaning back- 
ward, keeping body in straight line. 
Movement. 
(1) Arch back and lower head 
backward as far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Facing away 
from stall bar, grasping top rung 
with palms forward. Heels are 
resting on a lower rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg upward until 
thigh is at height of waist. 
(2) Return left leg to starting 
position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with right 
leg. 
(4) Repeat count (2) with right 
leg. 
188 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Facing away 
from stall bar, grasping top rung 
with palms forward. Heels are 
resting on a lower rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise both knees until thighs 
form a right angle to trunk. The 
knees are flexed. 
(2) Lower legs to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Facing away 
from stall bar, grasping top rung 
with palms forward. Heels are 
resting on a lower rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise legs until they form a 
right angle to trunk. Keep knees 
straight. 
(2) Lower legs to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
189 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 6: 
Starting position. Hanging 
from the highest rung of the stall 
bar, facing outward. Palms are 
turned forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Keeping knees straight and 
twisting trunk to left, raise legs up- 
ward until they are perpendicular 
to trunk. Twist legs as far to the 
left as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) on the right 
side. * 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Facing away 
from stall bar, standing erect on one 
of the lower rungs, and holding the 
top rung with palms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise left leg forward to a po- 
sition perpendicular to the body. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) with right 
leg. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
190 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Hanging 
from the top rung of the stall bar, 
facing outward. Palms are turned 
forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise feet perpendicular to 
body and spread legs as wide apart 
as possible. 
(2) Bring legs together and return 
to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 9: 
Starting position. Lying on back, 
grasping bottom rung of stall bar, 
keeping arms straight. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise legs upward and over- 
head until toes touch stall bar. 
(2) Lower legs to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
191 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 10: 
Starting position. Lying on the 
right side, perpendicular to the stall 
bar, with the left hand holding the 
bottom rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing both legs forward to a 
position perpendicular to the trunk. 
(2) Return the legs to the start- 
ing position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on the right side and the other half 
on the left side. 
EXERCISE 11: 
Starting position. Lying on the 
back with toes hooked inside the 
bottom rung of the stall bar. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up and touch toes. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
192 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 12: 
Starting position. Lying on back 
with the toes hooked under the 
fourth rung of the stall bar. Thighs 
are perpendicular to the floor. 
Movement. 
(1) Sit up and, rounding the back, 
touch the stall bar with the hands. 
(2) Lower the trunk to starting 
position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 13: 
Starting position. Two men are 
required for this exercise. One 
kneels parallel with the stall bars, 
the other sits on his back with toes 
hooked in one of the bottom rungs. 
Movement. 
(1 ) The top man lowers his trunk 
backward as far as possible. 
(2) The top man raises his trunk 
and touches the stall bar. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
193 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 14: 
Starting position. Lying on back, 
grasping bottom rung of stall bar, 
keeping arms straight. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise legs overhead and touch 
stall bar as high as possible. • Keep 
knees straight throughout. 
(2) Lower legs to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 15: 
Starting position. Standing on 
third rung, feet together, left side 
to stall bar; left hand holding bar. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend left arm, moving body 
away from bar. Raise right arm 
shoulder height and stretch right 
leg as far to the right as possible. 
(2) Pull back to the starting posi- 
tion with the left arm. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on each side. 
194 STALL BARS 
e. Exercises for muscles of sides of trunk. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Left foot on 
the second rung of the stall bar; left 
hand is grasping a lower rung and 
right hand an upper rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Extend the right leg to the 
rear in line with the trunk and right 
arm. The right foot does not touch 
the floor. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on each side. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Executing a 
side-leaning rest with the left hand 
grasping the bottom rung of the 
stall bar. The right hand is on the 
right hip. 
Movement. 
(1) Lower the left hip as far as 
possible without touching thighs to 
floor. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on each side. 
195 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Sitting on 
right thigh with feet over bottom 
rung. Trunk is leaning backward 
and weight is resting on right arm. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten body to side-lean- 
ing rest position by rotating and 
raising hips and thighs. 
(2) Lower body to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on each side. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Executing a 
side bend to the left, with left side 
facing stall bar and left foot on 
third rung. Arms are extended 
overhead. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend the trunk straight to the 
right side as far as possible. 
(2) Bend the trunk to the left side 
to the starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total repetitions 
on each side. 
196 STALL BARS 
f. Exercises for back muscles. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Facing the 
stall bar and standing on one of the 
lower rungs. Hands grasp the top 
rung with palms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Flex the knees and raise the 
legs backward. 
(2) Return the legs to the starting 
position. • 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Left side fac- 
ing the stall bar; left hand is grasp- 
ing a rung below the waist and 
right hand a rung above the head. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing body off the floor to 
the right, supporting the weight by 
the arms. Keep legs straight and 
together. 
(2) Recover to the starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
683249 0 - 49 - 10 
197 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Facing the 
stall bar and standing on one of the 
lower rungs. Hands grasp top rung 
with palms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Spread the legs as wide apart 
as possible. 
(2) Return legs to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Facing the 
stall bar and standing on one of the 
lower rungs. Hands grasp top rung 
with palms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing both legs to the left as 
far as possible. 
(2) Return legs to starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Swing both legs to right as far 
as possible. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
198 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Facing the 
stall bar in a sitting position with 
toes resting on bottom rung and 
hands resting on floor behind hips. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise to back-leaning rest posi- 
tion by placing weight on hands 
and feet and straightening body. 
At the same time raise left thigh 
upward toward the trunk and bend 
knee. 
(2) Recover to the starting posi- 
tion. 
(3) Repeat count (1) but raise 
right thigh. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Facing stall 
bar in a sitting position with toes 
on bottom rung and hands on floor 
behind hips. 
Movement. 
(1) Placing weight upon hands 
and feet, bend knees forward and 
raise trunk and legs upward as 
high as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
199 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Lying face 
down with toes hooked over bottom 
rung and arms folded behind the 
back. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head and trunk. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 6: 
Starting position. Lying face 
down with toes hooked over bottom 
rung and arms at sides. 
Movement. 
(1) Lift head and trunk as far as 
possible from the floor. Place 
hands on buttocks. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
200 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Lying face 
down with toes hooked over bottom 
rung and arms extended forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise head, trunk, and arms as 
high as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 9: 
Starting position. One man as- 
sumes a kneeling position parallel 
to the stall bar. His partner lies 
across his back, extending arms for- 
ward and hooking toes in stall bar. 
Movement. 
(1) Man on top raises head and 
trunk upward, arching back. Arms 
folded. 
(2) Man on top recovers to start- 
ing position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). • 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
201 STALL BARS 
g. General exercises for trunk. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing on 
bottom rung, grasping rung at 
height of chest, and leaning back- 
ward to full length of arms. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right swinging 
right arm to the right and rear as 
far as possible. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) turning 
trunk to left. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Sitting toward 
stall bar with trunk turned as far 
left as possible. Arms are extended 
sideward, toes are hooked under a 
lower rung. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to front, facing 
stall bar. Bring arms together im- 
mediately in front of chest. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
Execute half the total number of 
repetitions on each side. 
202 STALL BARS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Facing stall 
bar in sitting position, grasping 
rung in front of shoulders. Toes 
are hooked under one of the lower 
rungs. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right, swinging 
right arm to the right and back- 
ward. Retain grasp on stall bar with 
left hand. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to left. 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Lying on floor 
with toes hooked under bottom 
rung, arms extended forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right, swinging 
arms to floor on right side opposite 
right shoulder. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to left side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
203 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
Section VII. PULLEY WEIGHT EXERCISES 
110. USE OF PULLEY WEIGHT EXERCISES. Pulley 
weights provide a means of exercising specific groups of 
muscles. The exercise may be adjusted to the need by add- 
ing to or subtracting from the weight used. Exercises are 
prescribed according to the disability. Pully weights will 
be used largely for patients with healed injuries, or with 
specific weaknesses of muscle groups. This type of exer- 
cise may be used for Classes 3, 2, and 1, but will be used 
principally by patients in Classes 3 and 2. 
111. PULLEY WEIGHT EXERCISES. The following ex- 
ercises are arranged according to the parts of the body exer- 
cised, and in approximate order of severity: 
a. Exercises primarily for upper arms. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Facing apparatus. Arms are extended 
forward at shoulder height. Hands hold upper pulleys with 
palms up. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull weights to shoulders by flexing elbows. 
(2) Extend elbows to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
204 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Facing apparatus. Arms hang at 
sides. Hands grasp lower pulleys with the palms forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull handles to shoulders by swinging arms forward 
to horizontal position and flexing elbows. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Lying on back with heels touching 
apparatus. Arms are at sides. Hands hold lower pulleys 
with palms up. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull handles to shoulders by flexing elbows. 
(2) Recover to starting position.’ 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
205 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Back to apparatus, arms extended 
forward at shoulder height, hands holding upper pulleys. 
Pulley rope extends over the shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Flex the elbows on the upper arms. 
(2) Extend the elbows. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Repeat count (2). 
b. Exercises primarily for chest and front of shoulders. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, with back 
to apparatus. Arms are extended to the sides at shoulder 
height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms forward shoulder height. 
(2) Return arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
206 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, with 
back to apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder 
height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing left arm overhead and lower right arm to side. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Swing right arm overhead and lower left arm to side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, with 
back to apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder 
height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms overhead. 
(2) Pull arms forward to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
207 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, with 
back to apparatus. Arms are hanging at the sides. Hands 
hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms forward to height of shoulders. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, with back 
to apparatus. Arms are hanging at the sides. Hands hold 
lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms to sides, shoulder height. 
(2) Lower arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
208 ruiLtr wtibhib 
c. Exercises primarily for shoulders. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, with right 
side toward apparatus. Right arm is extended to the right 
and the left arm is bent in front of the chest. Hands hold 
upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms to the sides of the body. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Execute half the number of repetitions on each side. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, with right 
side toward apparatus. Right arm is extended to the right 
and the left arm is bent in front of the chest. Hands hold 
upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull right arm overhead and left arm to left side. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Execute half the repetitions with the right side to appara- 
tus and half with the left side to apparatus. 
209 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Lie on back with feet toward appara- 
tus. Arms are parallel to sides. Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms sideward, on line wjth shoulders. 
(2) Return arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Lie on back with feet toward appara- 
tus. Arms are parallel to sides. Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms forward, that is, perpendicular to body. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(5) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
210 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Lie on back with feet toward appara- 
tus. Arms are parallel to sides. Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms forward overhead. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Lower arms to sides of body. 
(2) Raise arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
211 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet shoulder-width 
apart, facing apparatus. Arms are extended forward at 
shoulder height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms sideward, shoulder height. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms overhead. 
(2) Lower arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
212 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 9: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet shoulder-width 
apart, facing apparatus. Arms are extended forward at 
shoulder height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms to the sides, shoulder height. 
(2) Return arms to starting position. 
(3) Raise arms overhead. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
213 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 10: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet shoulder-width 
apart, facing apparatus. Arms are extended forward at 
shoulder height. Hands hold lower pulley. 
Movement. 
(1) Lunge to yght and raise arms overhead. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Lunge to left and raise arms overhead. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
214 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 11: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet shoulder-width 
apart, facing apparatus. Arms are extended forward at 
shoulder height. Hands hold upper pulley. 
Movement. 
(1) Lunge to right and swing arms to sides, shoulder 
height. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Lunge to left and swing arms to sides, shoulder height. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
215 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 12: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms forward, shoulder height. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (I). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 13: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing ap- 
paratus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms to side, shoulder level. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
216 n 
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IS 
EXERCISE 14: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise right arm overhead and lower left arm to side. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Raise left arm overhead and lower right arm to side. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 15: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise arms forward overhead. 
(2) Lower arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
217 rULLtT Wtlbim 
EXERCISE 16: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing ap- 
paratus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right and raise arms forward shoulder 
height. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Turn trunk to left and raise arms forward, shoulder 
height. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 17: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing ap- 
paratus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Lunge to right and raise arms to sides, shoulder height. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Lunge to left and raise arms to sides, shoulder height, 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
218 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
d. Exercises for muscles of chest and upper back. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Lying on back with head toward ap- 
paratus. Arms are extended overhead. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms to side on line with shoulders. 
(2) Return arms to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Lying on back with head toward ap- 
paratus. Arms are extended overhead. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms sideward and downward to sides. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
219 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Lying on back with head toward ap- 
paratus. Arms are extended overhead. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms forward, that is, perpendicular to chest. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Lying on back with head toward 
apparatus. Arms are extended overhead. Hands hold 
lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms forward downward to position along sides 
of the body. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
220 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
e. Exercises for muscles retracting shoulders. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Facing apparatus in a sitting position. 
Feet are together. Arms are extended forward at shoulder 
height. Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms horizontally to side. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Facing the apparatus in a sitting posi- 
tion. Feet are together. Arms are extended forward at 
shoulder height. Hands hold lower pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms overhead. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
221 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
f■ Exercises for abdominal and waist muscles generally 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to right, pulling arms to the right by this 
movement. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Turn trunk to left, pulling arms to the left by this 
movement. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, with all of 
the right side toward the apparatus, except the trunk which 
is facing the pulleys. Arms are extended forward at shoul- 
der height. Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Turn trunk to left, pulling arms to the left by this 
movement. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Execute half the total repetitions on each side. 
222 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend trunk forward swinging arms backward between 
legs. Keep knees straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (I). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Bend trunk forward and swing both hands to right 
toe. Keep knees straight. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Bend trunk forward and swing both hands to left toe. 
Keep knees straight. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
223 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet apart, facing 
apparatus. Arms are extended forward at shoulder height. 
Hands hold upper pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Stepping to right with right foot, turn and bend trunk 
forward. Stretch arms forward and touch hands to floor 
in front of right foot. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1) to left. 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
224 PULLEY WEIGHTS 
g. Exercises for hands and feet. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are raised overhead. Hands hold lower 
pulleys. 
Movement. 
(1) Raise heels as high as possible. 
(2) Lower heels to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Starting position. Standing erect, feet together, facing 
apparatus. Arms are hanging at sides. Hands hold lower 
pulleys, palms down. 
Movement. 
(1) Flex wrists backward. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
(3) Repeat count (1). 
(4) Recover to starting position. 
225 POSTURE 
CHAPTER 8 
POSTURE TRAINING 
113. TEACHING GOOD POSTURE. First train the patient 
to carry weights of from 10 to 30 pounds on his head. Show 
him that as he pushes this weight upward, slightly tightening 
his abdominal muscles and pulling his shoulders back instead 
of holding them forward, he assumes good posture. Then 
teach him to assume this posture without using the weight, by 
noticing how it "feels” to stand in this position. If possible 
let him see himself in a large mirror. 
114. MOTIVATING GOOD POSTURE. Regardless of the 
amount of exercise and instruction they get, men habitually as- 
sume good posture only if they want to. That is why motiva- 
tion is so important. 
a. At the beginning, give a short talk, illustrated if possible, 
on reasons for cultivating good posture: Good posture has 
many values for the convalescent. First, a soldier is often 
judged by his appearance—the man with good posture looks 
Section I. GENERAL 
112. CONCEPT OF GOOD POSTURE. There is no one 
"best posture” for all men because the physical architecture of 
individuals differs according to the bony structure they inherit. 
Nevertheless, there are certain general principles which if 
intelligently applied to a group as a whole, or to its individual 
members, will develop good posture. These principles are to 
teach men what the elements of good posture are, to enable 
them to "feel” or practice good posture, and then to motivate 
them to acquire it as a habit. (See par. 114.) Frequently a 
man feels more natural while maintaining bad posture. Many 
men do not even know what constitutes bad posture and what 
constitutes good. In the mistaken belief of assuming good 
posture, they may arch the lower back and thrust out the chest 
unduly, or perhaps spring their knees backward and throw 
out their feet to an angle of 45°. 
226 POSTURE 
GOOD 
FAIR 
POOR 
VERY POOR 
1. Head, trunk, and thigh 
in straight line. 
2. Chest high and forward. 
3. Abdomen flat. 
4. Back curves normal. 
1. Head forward. 
2. Abdomen prominent. 
3. Exaggerated curve 
in upper back. 
4. Slight hollow back. 
1. Relaxed (fatigue) posture. 
2. Head forward. 
3. Abdomen relaxed. 
4. Shoulder blades prominent. 
5. Hollow back. 
1. Head forward badly. 
2. Very exaggerated curve 
upper back. 
3. Abdomen relaxed. 
4. Chest flat —sloping. 
5. Hollow'back. 
227 POSTURE 
like a soldier, he commands attention. Good posture has 
an economic value for men to be discharged from the Army— 
a man who habitually stands well and walks with a spring in 
his step makes a better impression. Secondly, it is an accepted 
psychological fact that good posture is associated with good 
morale—a man with a good posture feels better and is more 
positive. A man with poor posture cannot feel as well, con- 
sequently he may develop a negative and discouraged attitude. 
b. Demonstrate good posture and methods of attaining it. 
When possible use visual aids. Post a few signs at familiar 
places to remind patients to emphasize good posture. Instruc- 
tors should at all times be excellent examples of good posture. 
They must be enthusiastic about good posture to "sell it” to 
the men. Compliment patients with excellent posture. Re- 
mind them, without nagging, when they exhibit poor posture. 
c. Posture judgments once a week motivate good posture. 
The four posture silhouettes shown are highly valid standards 
to judge by. Using them, it only takes a few minutes to judge 
100 men, especially if the inspection is of small groups during 
the rotation program in the gymnasium. Also judge the men 
occasionally when off guard. Announcing the platoon with 
the best average posture may stimulate friendly rivalry. 
Section II. POSTURAL EXERCISES 
115. GENERAL, a. Certain muscle groups must have spe- 
cial training to maintain good posture without undue fatigue. 
The exercises below will give this training. Many of these 
exercises should be included with the conditioning drills, es- 
pecially for Classes 3 and 2. 
b. All of these exercises have slow cadence and two-count 
movements. 
228 POSTURE 
EXERCISE 2: 
Starting position. Trunk leaning forward about 60°, 
arms hanging downward loosely from shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms sideward and backward vigorously, re- 
tracting chin forcefully and flattening upper back. Hold 
this position momentarily. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE I: 
Starting position. Attention. 
Movement. 
(1) Swing arms forward and upward to full stretch over- 
head and at the same time rise high on toes. 
(2) Swing arms sideward and downward, and press back 
hard. At the same time retract chin and let heels drop to 
the ground. Avoid an exaggerated arch in lower back. 
683249 0 - 46 - 11 
229 POSTURE 
EXERCISE 4: 
Starting position. Kneeling on the mat with trunk bent 
slightly forward and hands behind head. 
Movement. 
(1) Still leaning forward, straighten upper back and press 
elbows and head backward while pulling in chin. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 3: 
Starting position. Lying face down on the floor with 
elbows at sides and fingertips on shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Rotate arms outward and pull elbows in hard to sides. 
At the same time pull in chin and lift head about 6 inches 
from the floor. Hold this position a full second. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
230 POSTURE 
EXERCISE 6: 
Starting position. Standing with fingertips touching 
shoulders, arms in front of chest, and elbows downward. 
Movement. 
(1) Move upper arms outward and backward, with elbows 
hugging sides. Hold the position a full second while trying 
to force arms farther around and back. At same time, 
retract head and attempt to stretch upward. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting Position 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 5: 
Starting position. Sitting on the floor with knees raised, 
trunk bent forward, and arms stretched forward. 
Movement. 
(1) Still leaning forward, swing arms upward and back- 
ward, at the same time pulling in chin. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
231 POSTURE 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 8: 
Starting position. Leaning slightly forward with arms 
horizontally at sides and palms up. 
Movement. 
(1) Make small circles about a foot in diameter with hands 
circling upward and backward. Press arms backward and 
retract head. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 7: 
Starting position. Bending forward about 45° with 
elbows horizontally sideward from shoulders, forearms bent 
forward, palms down, and thumbs just in front of shoul- 
ders. 
Movement. 
(1) Straighten elbows and swing arms slowly but hard 
sideward and backward. At the same time retract head. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
232 POSTURE 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 10: 
Starting position. Arms overhead. 
Movement. 
(1) Pull arms slowly downward until fists are beside 
shoulders, pulling as though chinning. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
Starting 
Position 
EXERCISE 9: 
Starting position. Leaning slightly forward with elbows 
bent and finger tips touching shoulders. 
Movement. 
(1) Make small circles about 1 foot in diameter with 
elbows circling upward and backward. Press arms back- 
ward and retract head. 
(2) Recover to starting position. 
233 REMEDIAL: BACK 
CHAPTER 9 
REMEDIAL EXERCISES: WITH AND WITHOUT 
APPARATUS 
116. CONDUCT OF REMEDIAL EXERCISES, a. The ex- 
ercises in this chapter are used to strengthen weakened muscles 
and increase range of motion. They supplement similar exer- 
cises administered by the Physical Therapy Department. Be- 
cause of their individual nature, the exercises will be prescribed 
by the ward officer and will not be undertaken except at his 
direction. He prescribes when the patient is ready to begin, 
how many repetitions may be performed at a given time, and 
how frequently the exercises may be administered. The exer- 
cises below range in severity from mild ones, which may be 
done soon after an operation, to those of such intensity that 
they should not be prescribed until the injury is completely 
healed. The medical officer’s prescription should be followed. 
b. The instructor should direct the patient not to exercise 
beyond the point of pain. In general, after the patient has 
recovered sufficiently to begin the exercises, it will benefit him 
to exercise once every hour that he is awake. The number 
of repetitions should gradually increase as the affected part 
becomes stronger. The instructor should make every effort 
to get the patient’s cooperation, for only when the patient 
enters wholeheartedly into the exercise will he gain the maxi- 
mum benefit from it. 
117. EXERCISES FOR CONVALESCENT BACK INJURY. 
234 REMEDIAL: BACK 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 1.: 
Lie on back in bed. Hyperextend the back as in an ordinary 
stretch. Move back of head and chin backward. Press back 
of head and buttocks hard on the bed. Try to lift the middle 
of the back. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Lie on back with hands behind head. Raise back from the 
bed and rest on forearms, elbows, head, and buttocks. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Lie on back with hands clasped behind head, knees raised, 
and feet about 2 feet apart. "Bridge” up from the bed and 
rest on head, hands, forearms, and feet. Hyperextend spine 
and raise hips about l]/2 feet from the bed. 
235 REMEDIAL: BACK 
EXERCISE 4: 
Lie face down in bed or on floor. Clasp hands behind hips. 
Raise head upward from the bed. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Lie face down in bed or on floor. Clasp hands behind hips. 
Raise head and shoulders and arch back. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Lie face down in bed or on floor. Clasp hands behind hips. 
Raise legs backward alternately, first one leg and then the other. 
236 REMEDIAL: BACK 
EXERCISE 7: 
Lie face down in bed or on floor. Hold edge of mat or bed. 
Raise both legs at the same time. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Lie on back with knees drawn up, feet about 2 feet apart, 
fists pressed on pillow on either side of head, elbows elevated, 
and forearms alongside of head. Raise trunk from bed and 
rest weight solely on head, fists, and knees. Raise hips until 
body is about straight from shoulders to knees. 
EXERCISE 9: 
Lie face down across the bed with head and chest hanging 
over the edge, hands clasped behind head. Legs are held 
down against the bed by another person. Raise trunk slightly 
above the horizontal. 
237 REMEDIAL: BACK 
The f.allowing exercises are for the abdomen, as well as the back. 
EXERCISE 10: 
Lie on back and raise knees. Pull in abdomen as far as 
possible and at the same time raise the chest. Hold this move- 
ment for about 3 seconds, then relax for about 1 second. 
Exhale while pulling in abdomen. 
EXERCISE 11: 
Lie on back. Raise first one leg, then the other, keeping 
knees and back straight. Hold legs about ll/2 feet off bed 
for 2 or 3 seconds. 
EXERCISE 12: 
Lie on back. Raise both legs at the same time, keeping 
knees and back straight. Hold legs about H/2 feet off bed 
for 2 or 3 seconds. 
238 REMEDIAL: BACK 
EXERCISE 13: 
Lie on back. Feet are about 2 feet apart and held by partner. 
Arms are parallel to sides. Raise trunk, keeping back straight, 
until reaching the erect sitting position. Then return to a 
reclining position, slowly lowering trunk. The hands do not 
assist in this exercise. 
EXERCISE 14: 
Sit erect on chair with feet apart and hands behind head. 
Bend from side to side. Pull elbows back and keep back 
arched. This exercise may also be performed with a pause in 
the erect position between alternate bends. 
239 REMEDIAL; SHOULDER 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 15: ROWING MACHINES. 
Two types of rowing machine devices may be used in the 
treatment program: 
The first is the usual commercial hydraulic rowing machine 
in which the oars meet a hydraulic resistance during the pull, 
but not during the recovery. The machine has a sliding seat, 
so that the exercise is useful for the legs as well as for the 
back and the arms. When the trainee swings forward on the 
recovery, he contracts the abdominal muscles. At the begin- 
ning of the movement he is leaning forward, with knees bent 
and arms extended forward. He extends first the, legs, and 
then the back. The final movement is a pull through of the 
hands. On the recovery the arms and the trunk move simul- 
taneously. The resistance in the oars can be varied to meet 
the needs of the individual. 
Another type of rowing device consists of two wooden bars 
about 21/2 or 3 feet long, connected at the ends with ropes 
from 1 to 21/2 feet long (the better the condition of the trainee, 
the shorter the ropes). Two trainees sit on the floor, facing 
each other, the soles of their feet in opposition. Each trainee 
grasps one of the bars. One man pulls more forcibly than the 
other, pulling him forward against resistance. The other man 
then pulls more forcibly and the movement is reversed. In 
this rowing device, only the back and legs are exercised, for 
in the forward movement, the man is being pulled forward. 
118. EXERCISES FOR SHOULDER. The shoulder exercises 
below may be supplemented by pulley weight exercises and by 
movements with the spring exercisers. The pulley weights 
may be used relatively early in the program if the weights are 
light. The work with the spring exerciser should come later. 
240 REMEDIAL: SHOULDER 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 2: 
This exercise may be done while 
lying, sitting, or standing. Flex 
elbow to a right or more acute angle 
and hold it against the side of the 
chest. Raise shoulders slightly. 
Press elbow hard against the side of 
the chest. This will exercise the 
pectoralis major, the latissimus 
dorsi, and teres major. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Stand with trunk bent forward 
about 80° and arms hanging loosely 
downward towards the floor. Swing 
arms passively backward and for- 
ward in a small conelike movement 
by utilizing the momentum of the 
body. The arms swing or circle 
passively without the shoulder 
muscles being particularly concerned 
in the movement. This exercise 
will first emphasize the forward and 
backward movements, and later the 
sideward and circular movement or 
circumduction. 
EXERCISE 3: 
This exercise may be done while 
lying, sitting, or standing. Flex 
elbow of affected side to about a 
right angle and place fist within the 
palm of the other hand. Press arm 
across in front of the chest, resisting 
the movement mildly with the other 
hand. This resistance may be in- 
creased as the shoulder muscles 
strengthen. 
241 REMEDIAL: SHOULDER 
EXERCISE 5: 
Lie or stand with arms parallel 
to body. Rotate the arms outward, 
then rotate them inward. Increase 
the range of rotation from day to 
day. 
EXERCISE 4: 
This exercise may be done while 
lying, sitting, or standing. Flex 
elbow of affected shoulder to a 
right angle and rest forearm across 
the front of the chest. Hold wrist 
with the other hand. With the 
shoulder slightly raised, try to pull 
the elbow away from the body. 
Since the wrist is held firmly by the 
opposite hand, there is movement 
of not more than 4 to 6 inches. 
The movement is purely abduction, 
not outward rotation. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Stand with arms down. Raise 
arms forward and upward, then 
forward, downward, and backward. 
Continue movement over as large 
range as can be traversed without 
pain. 
242 REMEDIAL: SHOULDER 
EXERCISE 7: 
This exercise can be done either 
sitting or standing. Raise arms 
sideward to horizontal position. 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 9; DUMBBELLS 
Sit or stand, holding dumbbells 
at sides (start with 1-pound dumb- 
bells and increase the weight as the 
strength increases). Raise arms 
sideward to horizontal position. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Stand erect and circumduct the 
arm across and in front of the body, 
upward and outward to the outside. 
The hand circumscribes a large 
circle. This circle becomes larger 
and larger as the shoulder in- 
jury improves. The circumduction 
should be made inward—that is, 
from vertical across in front of face. 
243 REMEDIAL: SHOULDER 
EXERCISE 11: INDIAN CLUBS 
Hold club with the ball in the 
palm of the hand, and the neck be- 
tween the thumb and first finger. 
This exercise has two variations: 
Flex elbow so that hand is in 
front of the shoulder and club is 
extended upward. Extend arm up- 
ward then swing club laterally in a 
large circle, starting outward and 
away from the body, then crossing 
the body up toward the other side. 
Keep arm straight until circle is 
completed, then lower arm to start- 
ing position. 
Swing club backward and up- 
ward, then swing downward but 
cross body to the opposite side. 
Continue swinging backward and 
upward on that side (arm is still 
crossed over body). Swing down- 
ward, crossing body to original 
position. 
EXERCISE 10: 
SHOULDER LADDER 
Move arm upward by climbing 
ladder (or wall), going a little bit 
higher every day. Fingers climb 
up to point of pain, unless the pre- 
scription is Otherwise. If the move- 
ment prescribed is forward, stand 
with injured shoulder directly in 
front of the ladder; if the move- 
ment is sidewards, stand with in- 
jured shoulder sideward toward the 
ladder. Movement sideward and 
upward should not be undertaken 
by a patient with a recent disloca- 
tion. 
244 EXERCISE 13: 
HORIZONTAL BAR 
The pull-up on the horizontal bar 
may be executed in several different 
ways. For the mildest exercise, 
grasp the bar which is about 5 feet 
in height, and with the arms sus- 
pended let the body slant backward 
so that the weight rests on the heels. 
Flex the elbows and pull chin to 
bar. Part of the body weight con- 
tinues to be supported on the feet. 
Keep body straight throughout ex- 
ercise. 
For a more severe exercise, use a 
higher bar and execute pull-ups by 
partially bending the knees and then 
straightening them, thus supporting 
some of the weight on the legs. 
For the most severe exercise, use 
a bar about 8 feet in height and 
pull up the entire weight of the 
body by the arms. 
EXERCISE 12: 
SHOULDER WHEEL 
This wheel is 4 feet in diameter. 
It has an adjustable handle and is 
fastened to an adjustable axle pin 
on the wall. The wheel can be 
tightened so there will be different 
degrees of resistance. 
Hold the adjustable handle and 
stand with either the side or the 
front of the body toward the wheel. 
Turn the wheel throughout its 
range. This exercise is for limber- 
ing and strengthening an injured 
shoulder which has already healed. 
245 i\LiiiLUink. -/» ■ vwkukn 
EXERCISE 14: WEIGHTS 
Lie in supine or prone position 
on a bench which is about iy2 feet 
high, 1 foot wide, and 4 to 5 feet 
long. Using bar bell weights or 
dumbbells of from 5 to 15 pounds, 
execute arm movements, keeping 
the elbows straight. 
119. EXERCISES FOR ELBOW. 
In addition to the exercises beloW 
for the elbow, bag punching and 
exercises on the pulley weights may 
be given. Bag punching should be 
given only to patients nearing com- 
plete recovery. In the beginning, 
pulley weights should be very light. 
Their weight increases with the tol- 
erance of the muscles and joints. 
EXERCISE 15. ROWING 
MACHINE 
Execute ordinary movements of 
rowing. 
246 a. Exercises without apparatus 
EXERCISE 2: 
This exercise can be done either 
sitting or standing. Flex and ex- 
tend the elbow with the arm in 
various positions, thrusting the 
hand upward, sideward, or forward. 
Utilize the full motion of the joint 
to its present limit, but not enough 
to produce pain. 
EXERCISE 1: 
This exercise can be done while 
lying, sitting, or standing. Grasp 
wrist of affected arm. Flex and ex- 
tend elbow up to point of pain, or 
as otherwise prescribed by the ward 
officer. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Sit on a chair or bed. Bend el- 
bow at 90° and rest forearm on top 
of the thigh. Keep palm up. Ro- 
tate the forearm to the limit of pain, 
then place palm down on the other 
thigh. 
247 EXERCISE 4: 
Stand about 2 or 3 feet away from 
the wall and face it. Place hands 
against the wall keeping arms at 
shoulder level. Lean forward, per- 
mitting body weight to bend the 
elbows. Then press against the 
wall and push to erect position. As 
the strength and range of motion 
of the joint improve stand farther 
and farther from the wall. 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 6: DUMBBELLS 
This exercise can be done either 
sitting or standing. Flex and ex- 
tend elbow with the arm in various 
positions, holding a light weight in 
the hand. Begin with a weight of 
one pound and increase it as the tol- 
erance of the joint increases. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Resting on hands and knees, lean 
forward and bend elbows, lowering 
chest towards floor. Then push 
back up. 
248 REMEDIAL: ELBOW 
EXERCISE 8; 
HORIZONTAL BAR 
Grasp bar, which is about 5 feet 
in height, and with arms suspended 
let the body slant backward so that 
the weight rests on the heels. Flex 
the elbows and pull chin to bar. 
Part of the body weight continues 
to be supported on the feet. Keep 
body straight throughout exercise. 
120. EXERCISES FOR WRIST. 
Sitting or standing, with hand open 
or clenched, undertake all normal 
movements of the wrist (flexion, 
extension, abduction, adduction, 
and circumduction). These exer- 
cises may be taken with no weight 
in the hand, or with a light (and 
increasingly heavy) dumbbell. Care 
should be taken not to put too much 
strain on the part of the wrist 
which received the injury. 
EXERCISE 7: INDIAN CLUBS 
Hold club with the ball in the 
palm, and the neck in the crotch of 
the hand between the thumb and 
first finger. Combine small circles 
with large circles. The small circle 
will be above and to the side of the 
shoulder and will alternate with a 
large shoulder circle. 
249 REMEDIAL: WRIST 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 1: 
This exercise can be done while 
lying, sitting, or standing. Hold 
hands in front of chest, placing fin- 
ger tips of both hands together and 
keeping elbows outward. Press 
palms of the hands together, and 
then outward again by pressure on 
the fingers. This pressure on the 
wrist can be made more strenuous 
by raising the elbows and depress- 
ing the wrists. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Stand in front of a low table or 
bench. Place hands on the table 
with fingers pointing away from 
the body. Press downward on the 
table, moving elbows forward in the 
direction of the fingers and obtain- 
ing a forced dorsiflexion. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Stand about 2 or 3- feet from the 
wall and face it. Place hands on 
wall at shoulder height. Lean for- 
ward permitting weight to bend el- 
bows and force wrists backward to 
the limit imposed by pain. Then 
force body backward away from the 
wall by pressure of the fingers. This 
exercise can be made more severe 
by lowering the position of the 
hand on the wall. 
250 REMEDIAL: WRIST 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 4: INDIAN CLUBS 
Hold club so that the ball is in 
the palm of the hand and the neck 
is between the thumb and first fin- 
ger. The movements are primarily 
those of small wrist circles, either 
above the shoulders, in front of the 
body, or in front or behind the hips. 
EXERCISE 5: HAND, WRIST, 
AND FOREARM TABLE 
This arrangement of small finger 
pulleys on a table is designed to flex 
any of the joints of the fingers or 
wrist. Flex both the fingers and the 
wrist. 
251 h* 
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EXERCISE 6: 
WRIST CIRCUMDUCTOR 
This apparatus consists of a 
block and a wheel with a handle 
on it. The wrist is strapped to the 
block. In turning the wheel by the 
handle, the fingers and hand move 
in a circle the circumference of 
which is at a right angle to the fore- 
arm, The size of the circle may be 
changed as the hand and wrist be- 
come more flexible. 
EXERCISE 7: WRIST ROLLER 
This roller resembles a towel 
rack, except that the rod is divided 
into three sections, each with a dif- 
ferent diameter. Move the roller 
forward or backward by bending 
the wrists away from or toward the 
body. The roller has a brake which 
can regulate the amount of resis- 
tance offered this movement. 
Similar exercise may be obtained 
from apparatus improvised from a 
broomstick and a rope. One end of 
the rope is knotted through the 
middle of the broomstick, the other 
end has a weight on it. Rotate the 
broomstick away from the body, 
using the wrists and forearms, to 
wind the rope on the stick. Then 
reverse the action to unwind it. 
252 REMEDIAL: HANDS, FINGERS 
EXERCISE 8: WRIST ROTATOR 
This apparatus consists of two 
handles which the patient twists to 
the right and left so that he supi- 
nates and pronates his forearms. 
The apparatus can be adjusted to 
regulate the amount of resistance 
offered. 
121. EXERCISES FOR HANDS 
AND FINGERS 
Finger exercises can be done 
from almost any starting position: 
sitting, standing, or lying. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Flex and extend fingers to the 
fullest extent possible within the 
limits imposed by pain or undue 
fatigue. This can be done by 
clenching and extending the fingers 
as hard as possible or by resisting 
with the other hand. 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Move the fingers one at a time 
in various directions. Flex and ex- 
tend each finger separately. Pull 
thumb and fingers together one at 
a time. Tcuch base of little finger 
with thumb and base of the thumb 
with the little finger. Touch the 
base of the thumb with each one of 
the other fingers. 
253 REMEDIAL; HANDS, FINGERS 
EXERCISE 3: 
Spread fingers as widely as pos- 
sible and then pull them together 
as tightly as possible. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Hold hands in front of body and 
pronate and supinate the forearm 
to the limit of motion-. The fingers 
and thumb attempt to continue the 
motion after the forearm has been 
fully turned. 
EXERCISE 4: 
With backs of fingers resting on 
top of thigh and elbows forward, 
unroll the fingers, offering some re- 
sistance by pressing downward with 
the arms. When properly executed, 
this exercises the extensors of the 
fingers. 
254 REMEDIAL: HANDS, FINGERS 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
Because of the danger of reinjury 
to the hand and fingers, the pa- 
tient should be prohibited from 
boxing, bag punching, or doing ex- 
ercises that might cause strain until 
the hands and fingers are thor- 
oughly strong again. 
EXERCISE 7: HAND, WRIST, 
AND FOREARM TABLE 
This arrangement of small finger 
pulleys on a table is designed to flex 
any of the joints or the fingers or 
wrist. Flex fingers only. 
EXERCISE 6: BALL 
Squeeze a resisting ball such as 
an old tennis ball or handball. (A 
rolled-up handkerchief, piece of 
newspaper, or a ball of yarn may 
be substituted.) Squeeze it over 
and over again until the forearm 
muscles become fatigued. 
EXERCISE 8: FINGER LADDER 
This is a series of small steps. 
Climb ladder, either flexing or ex- 
tending fingers. Ladder may be 
placed vertically or Horizontally. 
255 REMEDIAL: HIP 
122. EXERCISES FOR HIP 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Stand erect and do a stationary 
walk. This is like marking time, 
except that the knee action is 
higher. Lift the knee higher and 
higher as the hip disability im- 
proves. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Stand on good leg by the side of 
the bed. Circumduct the hip in 
larger and larger circles. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Stand with feet parallel and one 
foot apart. Do a one-fourth to one- 
half knee-bend. 
256 REMEDIAL: HIP 
EXERCISE 4: 
Stand with feet separated from 3 
to 4 feet and toes pointed out. 
Bend first one knee and then the 
other, letting the body sway first 
over one foot and then over the 
other to a position like that of a 
sideward lunge. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Stand with feet separated U/2 
feet and toes pointed out. Execute 
a squat, keeping heels on floor. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Stand with feet separated 
feet. Do a full knee-bend, keeping 
heels off floor. 
257 REMEDIAL; HIP 
EXERCISE 7: 
Lie on back, in bed. Raise knee, sliding heel along the 
lower sheet towards hip. Then extend the knee again. Flex 
the knee more and more and keep the heel off sheet as the 
local hip condition improves. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Lie face down on bed. Raise leg backward as far as pos- 
sible without pain. This may be done either with the knee 
bent or straight. 
EXERCISE 9: 
Lie on side in bed, with injured hip upward. Circum- 
duct the upper leg, making small circles. The circles should 
become larger and larger as the hip disability improves. 
258 REMEDIAL: HIP 
EXERCISE 10: 
Lie on back, in bed, with feet separated about 2 feet. Ro- 
tate the thigh outward as far as possible, then inward as far 
as possible. 
EXERCISE 11: 
Lie on back and flex thigh, raising leg upward as far as 
possible without pain. Keep knee straight. 
b. Exercise with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 12: ROWING MACHINE 
Execute regular movements of rowing. 
259 REMEDIAL: KNEE 
123. EXERCISES FOR KNEE 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Lie on back in bed. Raise the 
whole leg keeping knee straight. 
The leg may be raised to the ver- 
tical. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Lie on back in bed with legs 
straight, or sit in chair with heel of 
leg to be exercised on another' 
chair. Contract the quadriceps ex- 
tensor, pulling the kneecap upward. 
At the same time, further straighten 
the knee. Hold contraction from 
5 to 10 seconds, then relax for an 
equal length of time. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Lie on back in bed. Slide heel 
up the sheet towards the hip. Bend 
the knee as much as possible with- 
out marked discomfort. 
260 REMEDIAL: KNEE 
EXERCISE 5: 
I 
Sit on the side of the bed with 
legs hanging over and knees flexed 
to right angle. Extend legs until 
knees are straight. This may be 
done against some resistance by 
placing a sand bag across the toes. 
EXERCISE 4; 
Lie on back with legs upward at 
right angles to trunk. Cross sound 
leg over the other at the ankles. 
Flex and extend the knees with the 
injured leg lifting the weight of the 
opposite foot. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Sit on side of bed with legs hang- 
ing over. Knees are flexed to right 
angle. Cross the sound leg over 
the injured leg at the ankles. The 
good leg resists the extension of 
the injured leg. 
683249 0 - 48 - 12 
261 REMEDIAL: KNEE 
EXERCISE 7: 
Stand and do a stationary walk. 
This is like marking time, except 
that the knee is moved higher and 
higher each time. 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 9: KNEE ROCKER 
This small segment of a cylinder 
has a flat top which is 14 inches 
long and about 12 inches wide. It 
has a rocker bottom about 5 inches 
deep. 
Stand on top of rocker with one 
foot on either end. Rock from side 
to side, alternately flexing and ex- 
tending the knees. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Lie face down with affected knee 
flexed. Extend knee against resis- 
tance offered by attendant or another 
patient who has been trained to give 
the right amount of resistance. Two 
patients with the same disability 
may work together. 
262 REMEDIAL: KNEE 
EXERCISE 11: STAIRS 
This is a series of steps with a 
hand rail. 
Walk up and over and down. 
Repeat for the prescribed number 
of times. 
EXERCISE 12: HIGH STEPPER 
This ladder has one adjustable 
end that can be raised various dis- 
tances from the floor. Begin by set- 
ting this end at about 6 inches. In- 
crease this height daily: 
Walk the length of the ladder, 
stepping between the rungs. Lift 
the knees higher and higher when 
approaching the high end. 
EXERCISE 10: 
STATIONARY BICYCLE 
This apparatus is built so that 
the resistance it offers may be in- 
creased. It is used for strengthen- 
ing the knees and the thigh muscles. 
263 REMEDIAL: KNEE 
EXERCISE 13: IRON BOOTS 
These are sandals of iron which 
are strapped on the feet. Dumb- 
bells of varying weights can be fas- 
tened to the sandals. These boots, 
may be used for leg or thigh flexor 
and abdominal development. They 
are excellent for exercising the 
quadriceps muscles. 
Thrust leg over the side of the 
bed. Strap boot, with the desired 
weight dumbbell, to the foot. Flex 
and extend the knee repeatedly. To 
exercise the thigh flexors and ab- 
dominal muscles, place boots on 
both feet and, lying on back, do 
various exercises which involve rais- 
ing the legs from the floor. 
EXERCISE 14: 
PULLEY WEIGHTS 
For special strengthening of in- 
dividual muscle groups, attachments 
of various kinds may be fastened to 
one or both handles of a pulley 
weight machine. 
Using the foot attachment, lie 
face down on the floor or massage 
table, with head toward pulley 
weight, and flex and extend knee. 
This is an excellent exercise for 
Class 3 patients who have had knee 
injuries or operations. 
264 REMEDIAL: ANKLE 
EXERCISE 15. QUADRICEPS 
EXTENSOR EXERCISER 
This device consists of two loops 
of webbing fastened to the end of a 
bed or of a massage table, or to the 
wall. These loops—which should 
be padded—should be about 3 
inches wide, and large enough for 
the feet to be thrust through. There 
should be solid footing beneath the 
loops, against which the trainee 
may brace his feet. 
Sit on a chair or stool -in front of 
these loops, place legs in the loops, 
and adjust them so that they will be 
just below the knee. Sit erect, then 
leaning back come to a stand. Re- 
turn to the stool. To make the 
exercise more effective, increase the 
distance leaned back before rising. 
124. EXERCISES FOR ANKLE. 
In addition to the exercises below, 
the exercises for the feet (par. 125) 
may also be used for the ankle. 
These exercises may also be sup- 
plemented by various forms of ward 
fatigue involving walking. 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Lie on back in bed. Extend feet 
as far as possible, pointing toes 
downward. Then flex feet as far as 
possible, pointing toes upward. 
265 REMEDIAL: ANKLE 
EXERCISE 2: 
Lie on back in bed. Turn soles 
of feet inward so that they face each 
other, and then outward. This is 
inversion and eversion of the feet, 
lire inward movement should be 
stronger than the outward move- 
ment. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Lie on back with knees apart and 
bent, soles of feet against each 
other, and outsides of feet against 
the bed. Slide feet up towards the 
hips as close as possible, and then 
down towards the foot of the bed. 
Keep the soles of the feet together 
as much as possible. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Lie on back in bed, with feet sep- 
arated about 2 feet. Move each foot 
in such a way as to circumscribe a 
small circle, with the ball of the 
foot going first down, then in, then 
up. This circle should be to the 
limit of comfortable motion. 
EXERCISE 4; 
Sit on the side of the bed with 
the feet hanging down. Do move- 
ments for exercises 1, 2, and 3 
above. 
266 REMEDIAL; ANKLE 
EXERCISE 7: 
Stand erect, barefooted or in 
shoes. Walk on the outsides of the 
feet. 
EXERCISE 6: 
Sit on side of bed, or chair, with 
injured ankle resting on opposite 
knee. Using hand, forcibly flex 
and extend the foot to the limit im- 
posed by pain. 
EXERCISE 8: 
Stand with feet 1 foot apart and 
toeing in. Rise on toes as high as 
possible without pain. 
267 REMEDIAL: ANKLE 
EXERCISE 9: 
Stand erect, then rise as high as 
possible on heels. 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 11: ANKLE DISK 
This is a round plank 14 inches 
in diameter which has half a croquet 
ball screwed to the bottom. 
Stand with one foot near each 
edge of the disk. Make the disk 
run around its edge on the floor. 
EXERCISE 10: 
Stand with feet flat on the floor, 
about 11/2 feet apart, and toes for- 
ward. Squat as far as possible with- 
out raising heels from the floor. 
Keep trunk upright. 
268 rcmcuial: rue r. i uw 
125. EXERCISES FOR FEET AND 
TOES. In addition to the exercises 
below, short marches are effective 
in strengthening the feet and toes 
if the men push off hard as their feet 
leave the ground. 
b. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 2: 
Lie on back, or sit on the edge of 
the bed, with the feet hanging over 
the edge of the bed. Turn soles of 
the feet towards each other, then 
outward. Try to make the toes go 
beyond the limit of the feet. Em- 
phasize the inward motion for the 
soles; however, go the limit in each 
direction for the toes. 
) 
EXERCISE 1: 
Lie on back in bed. First extend 
feet and toes towards the foot of 
the bed, then flex them towards the 
head of the bed. In this movement 
emphasize the motion of the toes, 
rather than that ot the ankles. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Stand erect. Walk and "grip 
the floor” with the toes. If a pa- 
tient is at a hospital where he can 
walk in sand, it is excellent therapy 
for him to walk barefooted, grip- 
ping the sand with the toes. 
269 KcmtUiAi: rcci, lun 
b. Exercises with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 5: MARBLES 
Sit on a chair with the bare feet 
resting on a bath towel, about 1 foot 
apart. Hands are on knees. Pick 
up small stones or marbles with the 
toes, and lift them to the hand on 
the opposite knee. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Stand erect. Walk on the out- 
side of the feet with the inside of 
the feet raised. 
EXERCISE 6: BATH TOWEL 
Try to pick up fold of bath towel 
with the toes or to bunch towel be- 
tween feet by everting the feet. 
270 KCmCUIAL: HDUUIVIINAL 
EXERCISE 7: 
FOOT INVERSION TREAD 
This device consists of two 
boards which are built like a broad 
inverted V. Walk length of the 
boards. This exercise strengthens 
the knees and feet that tend to be 
pronated. 
126. EXERCISES FOLLOWING ABDOMINAL OPERA- 
TIONS. After an abdominal operation no exercise should 
be started until permission is received from the surgeon in 
charge. The exercise should be very gentle at first and 
should not cause the area of the operation to contract ap- 
preciably. After healing has progressed to a degree ap- 
proved by the medical officer, more strenuous exercises can 
gradually be introduced. The following exercises may be 
used in this order: 
a. Gentle. 
EXERCISE 1: 
Lie on back. Slide heels up the sheet until they approach 
position of hips. If chest is kept high, there is little strain 
on the abdominal muscles, as most of it comes on the ilio- 
psoas muscle. 
271 KEMEOTAX: ABI/UMWAL 
EXERCISE 2: 
Lie on back. Raise one leg until foot is about 12 inches 
above the sheet, then return. Alternate legs. 
EXERCISE 3: 
Lie on back. Raise the head from the bed, and continue 
lifting until conscious of a stretch of the abdominal opera- 
tion. 
EXERCISE 4: 
Lie on back. Raise both knees from bed, keeping back 
flat on sheet. 
b. Moderate. 
EXERCISE 5: 
Lie on back. Raise first one shoulder from the bed, then 
the other. Raise until there is just a slight strain on the 
abdominal muscles. 
272 REMEDIAL: ABDOMINAL 
EXERCISE 6: 
Lie on back. Raise one leg from the bed and return. 
Then raise the other leg, trying to the vertical. Keep 
knees straight and back flat. 
c. Moderately advanced. 
EXERCISE 7: 
Lie on back. Raise one leg from bed. Then return leg 
and at the same time raise the other leg. Keep knees 
straight and back flat. 
273 REMEDIAL; ABDOMINAL 
d. Advanced. The exercises below are taken while 
lying on an inclined board. This board may be about 8 feet 
long and 2 feet wide and fixed on a framework so as to 
make a 40° angle with the floor. A similar board may be 
used which has two hooks on the upper end for hanging 
over any rung of the stall bars. If it is the latter kind, the 
hooks should be taped. The surface of the board should be 
well padded. The patient lies on his back on the board, 
with his feet up and ankles under the straps. Exercises of 
varying degrees of difficulty may be performed in this posi- 
tion. A number of these follow; 
EXERCISE 8: 
Lie on back with arms at sides and feet separated about 
2 feet. Raise head and shoulders from bed, raising right 
shoulder the higher. Touch left knee with right hand and 
at the same time raise left leg 6 inches off bed. 
EXERCISE 10: 
Raise head and shoulders from the board, keeping hands 
on the fronts of the thighs and lumbar spine in contact with 
the board. 
EXERCISE 9; 
Lie on back with arms at sides. Sit up, getting some help 
from forearms if necessary. 
274 REMEDIAL: ABDOMINAL 
EXERCISE 11: 
Raise the head and shoulders from board, the right shoul- 
der higher than the left. Reach across, touching the left 
knee with the right hand. Repeat for the opposite side. 
Keep lumbar spine in contact with board throughout exer- 
cise. 
EXERCISE 12: 
Sit all the way up and lie back again. 
EXERCISE 13: 
Sit up, keeping hands clasped behind the head. Turn 
the trunk and touch one elbow to the opposite knee. Alter- 
nate sides on each successive sit-up. 
275 REMEDIAL: ABDOMINAL 
EXERCISE 15: 
Do sit-ups while holding a weight behind the neck with 
the hands (weight can be from 5 to 25 pounds). This ex- 
ercise should be attempted only by those who can do 20 
sit-ups with the hands behind the head, without the weight. 
EXERCISE 14: 
Raise trunk to an upright sitting position, keeping body 
vertical and arms horizontally at side. Then rotate the 
trunk from right to left and from left to right. 
276 REMEDIAL: LUNG 
b. Exercise with apparatus. 
EXERCISE 2: BLOW BOTTLES 
Two 2-liter bottles are so fitted with rubber and glass tub- 
ing that blowing into one tube will move the water from one 
bottle into the other bottle. Then blowing through another 
tube will move the water back to the first bottle. Take large 
breaths and blow steadily. This exercise is frequently pre- 
scribed for patients who have had pneumonia, and where 
resolution is not complete. 
127. LUNG VENTILATION EXERCISES, 
a. Exercises without apparatus. 
EXERCISE 1: FOUR-COUNT BREATHER 
Lie on back with hands on hips. Inhale on four counts, 
taking a deeper breath on each count. (Usually patient will 
have inhaled fully by third count, but he should try to inhale 
more fully on the fourth count.) Then exhale in ' waves” 
in four counts, trying to blow all of the air out on the last 
two counts. 
277 CHAPTER 10 
TESTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS 
Section I. PERFORMANCE TESTS 
128. GENERAL. The tests described below consist of six 
events which are designed to test muscular strength, muscular 
endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and agility. These tests 
are used only with Class 1 and 2 trainees. 
129. PURPOSES. The purposes of physical fitness tests are— 
a. To determine the physical fitness of the men at the be- 
ginning of their stay in Class 2. 
b. To follow their progress through Classes 2 and 1 until 
they are discharged for duty. 
c. To motivate the men to make a determined effort to 
improve. 
d. To determine the .effectiveness of the physical fitness pro- 
gram. 
130. ADMINISTRATION, a. All Class 2 and Class 1 patients 
should be tested once a week. It is better to test them near 
the end of the week rather than at the beginning. The test 
should be given in two periods of three tests each, and in the 
following order: 
First day 
Class 1 
Squat thrusts in 60 seconds. 
Pull-ups. 
Squat jumps. 
Class 2 
Squat thrusts in 60 seconds. 
Pull-ups. 
Full squats. 
Push-ups. 
Sit-ups. 
300-yard run. 
Second day 
Push-ups. 
Sit-ups. 
180-yard run. 
278 b. The test elements should be used from day to-day in the 
conditioning exercise period as practice events. Most of these, 
with the exception of the pull-ups, are elements of the calis- 
thenic drill. 
c. Trainees who have a disability which might be aggravated 
by a given test should not be permitted to engage m that test. 
A man who has had a shoulder or an elbow operation should 
not be permitted to pull up or to push up. A man who has 
had a knee operation should not do the squat thrust or squat 
jump without prescription of the medical officer. 
d. Before undertaking any of the tests officially, trainees 
should be given practice in all of the test elements except the 
180- and 300-yard run. A trainee should not exert himself to 
the limit in this practice. Many of the events, however, in- 
volve mastery of form which he must first learn if the test is to 
be satisfactory. 
e. After testing, the judge records the result of each per- 
formance on the trainee’s score card, with the corresponding 
number of points from the scoring table. To obtain the Physi- 
cal Fitness Score, total the number of points made in the six 
events and divide the sum by six. It would not be necessary 
to divide the points by six, were it not for the fact that some 
of the men will be unable to do all events. When a man is 
able to do only four to five events—because of physical dis- 
ability—then divide the total number of points for the events 
he executes by the number of events in which he participates. 
The men should be told what constitutes a .good or poor per- 
formance for their age group and class so that they may be 
motivated to reach superior performance. (See table III.) 
f. The tests should be given according to the instructions 
and rules given in FM 21-20. Since the 180-yard run and the 
full squat are not included in FM 21-20, the rules for these 
two events are given below. Tables IV and V are used to 
score these two events in the same manner as the scoring tables 
for the other events given in FM 21-20. 
(1) 180-yard run. This race is used by the Class 2 trainees. 
The set-up is the same as for the 300-yard run except that the 
men simply run three lengths around two stakes. The starting 
position and the method of running is the same as in the 300- 
yard run. The scoring is done in the same way. 
(2) Full squat. This event is used with the Class 2 train- 
ees. 
(a) Starting position. Performer stands with feet about 9 
inches apart and arms in the thrust position, hands made into 
a fist and held just below the shoulders. 
(b) Movement. Performer bends knees as far as possible, 
squatting clear down and thrusting arm forward in position 
to assist in the balance. 
(c) Scoring. Each time the performer makes a full knee 
bend and comes back to the standing position, he is credited 
279 with one full squat. The movement is not scored if (1) he 
fails to descend to a complete squat, (2) he fails to straighten 
his legs completely when he returns, (3) he assists in the 
movement by pressing down on his knees, or otherwise departs 
from the form described. The movement must be continuous. 
He may not rest between movements. He is not penalized 
however, if the arm position is not correct. 
131. PHYSICAL -FITNESS TEST SCORING TABLES. The 
scoring tables (tables IV and V) are based on the physical 
condition of well-conditioned service men and are so con- 
structed that a score of 30 is average for such a group. Some 
recruits will present scores running from low (0 to 20) to very 
high (80 to 100). After 1 or 2 months of training, scores 
below 30 should generally be considered as unsatisfactory. 
Extra motivation and a supplementary training program 
should be provided for men making such scores. In the recon- 
ditioning program, many men, after an illness, will be far 
down the scale. By the end of 4 weeks, however, after a man 
has entered Class 2, he should perform at the 45-point level 
or above. Scoring tables should be posted on bulletin boards 
in the barracks, so that trainees may follow their progress. In 
reconditioning programs in which the average performance 
drops much below 50 for Class 1 trainees, the program should 
be carefully examined to see whether or not the exercise is suf- 
ficiently strenuous. 
TABLE ill 
PHYSICAL FITNESS SCORE (CLASS 1A)* 
AGE GROUPS 
EXCELLENT 
GOOD 
FAIR 
POOR 
VERY POOR 
Under 25 year* 
Over 74 points 
59-74 
43-58 
26-42 
Under 26 points 
25-29 " 
" 69 " 
54-69 
38-53 
22-37 
" 22 " 
30-34 " 
» 64 " 
49-64 
34-48 
19-33 
" 19 " 
35-39 " 
" 59 " 
45-59 
30-44 
16-29 
" 16 " 
40-44 " 
" 54 " 
41-54 
27-40 
13-26 
" 13 " 
*For Class 1 b, subtract 3 points (fair would be 40-55). For Class 2a 
, subtract 6 points (37-52). For Class 2b, subtract 9 points (34-49). 
280 TABLE IV 
SCORING TABLE- 
180-YARD RUN 
TIME 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
POINTS 
100 
85 
73 
62 
52 
• 42 
32 
24 
16 
8 
1 
TABLE V 
SCORINI 
j TABLE-FULL SQUAT 
S 
SQUATS 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
— 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
POINTS 
1 
3 
5 
7 
9 
11 
13 ' 
14 
16 
17 
19 
20 
22 
23 
25 
26 
27 
SQUATS 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
POINTS 
28 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
37 
38 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
SQUATS 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
POINTS 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
SQUATS 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
POINTS 
62 
63 
64 
65 
65 
66 
66 
67 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
72 
73 
73 
SQUATS 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
POINTS 
74 
74 
75 
75 
76 
76 
77 
77 
78 
78 
80 
80 
81 
81 
82 
82 
83 
SQUATS 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
POINTS 
83 
84 
84 
85 
85 
86 
86 
87 
87 
88 
88 
89 
89 
90 
90 
91 
91 
SQUATS 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
POINTS 
92 
92 
93 
93 
94 
94 
95 
95 
96 
96 
97 
97 
98 
98 
99 
99 
100 
281 Section il. CARDIOVASCULAR TESTS 
132. TEST FOR CLASS 3 PATIENTS. The judgment of 
the medical officer is sufficiently accurate to determine whether 
or not an ordinary medical patient may be assigned to the 
Class 3c exercise program. In the diseases of limited duration, 
it is usually safe to begin exercises on the second day after the 
cessation of fever. Where there is doubt, however, the sur- 
geon may wish to check his judgment with an objective test. 
The cardiovascular tests devised by the Medical Department 
of the Army Air Forces may be used. 
a. These tests are all based on the response of the heart 
rate to stepping up on a box 20 inches high at a rate of 24 
steps per minute. The patient should be rested, and should 
not have climbed stairs or walked any considerable distance im- 
mediately before undergoing the test. The tester should use 
a metronome to set the pace. The patient, upon command, 
places one foot on the box and steps up until the knee is 
straight. The other foot is then placed upon the box on the 
second count. On the third count the- first foot steps off the 
box to the floor, then on the fourth count the other foot steps 
down to the floor again. The procedure is repeated as directed. 
For example, if the patient starts with the left foot, the stepping 
is left, right, left, right. The metronome should be set for 96 
beats a minute, and a step taken on every beat. 
b. It should be emphasized that it is not necessary to test 
all patients. In fact, it is the exceptional patient that needs to 
be tested. cardiovascular tests are to be used only when 
the medical officer is in doubt. Ordinarily, the reactions of 
patients to the exercise would be sufficient to determine when 
he is ready to progress from 3c to progressively more strenuous 
forms of exercise. The nurse or the physical training instruc- 
tor can conduct the test with sufficient accuracy after a very 
brief training. Those tests are not as yet fully standardized, 
and are to be used only as an adjuvant to the evaluation of 
physical fitness. 
133. FORMS OF TEST. The tests are divided into two 
forms. The first is called the "orange test,” because passing 
it indicates that the patient is able to' undergo the work of the 
orange program of Class 3c. The other form of test is more 
strenuous and should be administered only to those who have 
passed the orange test. It is scored as either, "orange,” "blue,” 
or "green” according to the scores made. Passing at either of 
these levels should admit the patient to-the program of that 
level. 
a. “Orange test.” The patient steps up on the 20-inch 
box 12 times in 30 seconds. He then sits down, and his pulse 
is counted for 30 seconds, beginning 1 minute after he stops 
the exercise. If his pulse is less than 100 per minute, he is 
282 TABLE VI 
SCORING TABLE FOR PROGRESSIVE TEST 
Duration of Exercise 
1 Minute Pulse Rate 
Classification 
BELOW T 
ORANGE 
O' O' OO" 
BELOW 100 
BLUE 
A —A AV 
ABOVE 100 
ORANGE 
2' 30"- V 59" 
BELOW 130 
BLUE 
ABOVE 130 
ORANGE 
BELOW 100 
GREEN 
3'—3' 29" 
100-140 
BLUE 
ABOVE 140 
ORANGE 
BELOW 110 
GREEN 
3' 30"- 3' 59" 
110-170 
BLUE 
ABOVE 170 
ORANGE 
4'—4' 29" 
BELOW 130 
GREEN 
ABOVE 130 
BLUE 
4' 30"-4' 59" 
BELOW 140 
GREEN 
ABOVE 140 
BLUE 
BELOW 150 
GREEN 
5' 
ABOVE 150 
BLUE 
considered to have passed the orange test, and to be ready for 
Class 3c program. 
b. “Progressive test.” In this test, to be administered 
a day or two after the patient has entered the Class 3c program, 
the patient steps up to the 20-inch box at the rate of 24 steps a 
minute for not more than 5 minutes. The tester notes the 
reactions of patient. He is stopped if he becomes too distressed, 
or if he falters and can net keep the pace set. If he is stopped, 
or if he sthps on his own accord (which is more usual), the 
time he continued to exercise is noted. His pulse is counted 
for 30 seconds, beginning 1 minute after stopping the exercise. 
The patient is classified according to table VI. 
283 INDEX 
Paragraph Page 
Abdomen, remedial exercises for 126 271 
Activities; 
Combatives 40 17 
Competitive 40 18 
Conditioning drill: 
Class 2 51 48 
Class 3 49 35 
Class 4 48 23 
Conditioning exercises, aquatic 58 98 
Exercises for cardiac patients 55 78 
For Class 'bb 56 78 
For Class 3c 57 88 
For different types of disabilities; 
Classes 3 and 4 50 45 
Grass drills 40 17 
Guerrilla exercises 40 17 
Large group , 40 16 
Log exercises 40 17 
Marching and running 40 17 
Relays 40 17 
Small group 40 * 17 
Paragraph Page 
Resistance conditioning exercises 52 64 
For Class 3 54 70 
For Class 4 53 ' 64 
Sports and gomes 40 17 
Swimming 40 17 
Activities with equipment 80-111 13-6-204 
Bag punching 100-102 168-175 
Bar bells 83 138 
Dumbbells 84 146 
Medicine ball 96-99 163-164 
Pulley weights -110,111 204 
Rope skipping 103-107 176-177 
Spring exercises 85-94 154-161 
Spring grip exercises 95 162 
Stall bars 108, 109 178 
Administration of physical 
fitness tests 129 278 
Admission to physical reconditioning program 18 8 
Agility, stunts of 68 116 
Alternate breast up 69 121 
Ankle, remedial exercises for 124 265 
284 Paragraph Page 
Apparatus, exercises with 34 15 
Aquatic conditioning exercises • 58 » 98 
Archery 65 109 
Back circle to front rest 72 129 
Back lever 73 131 
Back lifts (on floor) 79 135 
Back, remedial exercises for 117 234 
Badminton 65 109 
Bag punching 100-102 168-175 
Bar bell exercises 83 138 
Basketball 65 109 
Box , 55 109 
One basket / 65 111 
Belly grinds 78 135 
Bowling , 65 109 
Box basketball 65 109 
Box hockey 65 109 
Bridge on head and heels 71 127 
Broncho busting 65 109 
Broncho tag 65 110 
Bucking broncho 65 110 
Calisthenics: 
Class 2 51 48 
Class 3 49 35 
Class 4 48 23 
Resistance exercises for 
cardiac patients 55 78 
Paragraph Page 
For Class 3b 56 78 
For Class 3c 57 88 
Cardiovascular tests 132, 133 282 
Care of equipment 29 12 
Characteristics of program 31 13 
Classes of patients 17 . 7 
Classification according to disability 19 8 
Class 1 and 2 programs 39-40 16 
Class 3 program 35-38 15-16 
Class 4 program 33, 34 14 
Combatives 40 17 
Competition, schedules for 27 12 
Competitive activities 40 18 
Conditioning drill: 
Class 2 51 48 
Class 3 49 35 
Class 4 48 23 
Content of program: 
Class 1 and 2 40 16 
Class 3 36 16 
Class 4 34 14 
Contraindications for exefcises 33 14 
Conditioning exercises 43-51 20-48 
Aquatic 58 98 
Leadership in * 45 20 
Methods of conducting 47 22 
Progression in 46 21 
Resistance 52 64 
For Class 3 54 70 
285 Paragraph Page 
For Class 4 53 64 
Types of 43 20 
Value of 44 20 
Crows and cranes 65 110 
Cumulative count 45 21 
pisability classification 19 8 
Discipline 24 11 
Dodgeball 65 110 
Dumbbell exercises 84 146 
Elbow extension press-up 72 130 
Elbow lever 73 131 
Elbow, remedial exercises for 119 246 
Equipment 28 12 
■ Care of 29 ,12 
Examination of patients, medical 21 9 
Examination and reclassification of 
patients 21 9 
Exercise, remedial 34, 35, 40 15, 18 
Exercises for cardiac patients 55 78 
For Class 3b 56 78 
For Class 3c 57 88 
Exercises, resistance 34, 35 14, 15 
Exercise tolerance 33 14 
Exercises with apparatus 34, 35 15 
Exercises with weights 80-84 136-146 
General principles 80 136 
Paragraph Page 
Feet and toes, remedial exercises for 125 269 
Footblll, punting 65 111 
Foul shooting 65 110 
Four-man volley ball 65 110 
Full squats with weights behind shoulders 77 133 
Games 34, 35 15 
Games for— 
Class 1 patients 63 108 
Class 2 patients 62 108 
Class 3 patients 60, 61 107, 108 
Games, miscellaneous, for free periods 64 108 
Games and sports 59, 65 107, 109 
General program 9 4 
Goal-hi 65 110 
Going our way 65 110 
Golf: 
Miniature 65 111 
Pitch 65 111 
Short hole 65 113 
Grass drills 40 17 
Guerrilla exercises 40 17 
Half lever, spread legs (parallel bars) 78 134 
Hands and fingers, remedial exercises for 121 253 
Hand extension press-up 72 130 
Hand hockey 65 HO 
Hand jumps on parallel bars 69 122 
286 Paragraph Page 
Hand walk on parallel bars 69 122 
Handball, one-wall 65 111 
Hip, remedial exercises for 122 256 
Hitch kick 68 117 
Horseshoes 65 110 
Indications for beginning exercise 
for medical patients 18 8 
Individual differences, adaptation to 45, 47 21, 22 
Individualization of program 13 4 
Integration of reconditioning activities 15 5 
Jump foot 68 119 
Jump stick 68 117 
Keep away 65 110 
Kick ball • 65 • 111 
Knee, remedial exercises for 123 260 
Large group activities 40 16 
Leadership in conditioning exercises 45 20 
Leadership for program 25, 26 11 
Line soccer 65 111 
Log exercises 40 17 
Lung ventilation exercises 127 280 
Maintenance program 8 3 
Marching and running 40 17 
Paragraph Page 
Mass soccer 65 111 
Medical examination of patients 21 9 
Medical supervision of program 10 4 
Medicine ball exercises 96-99 163-164 
Methods of orientation 23 10 
Miniature golf 65 111 
Mission of physical reconditioning 3-7 2-3 
iClission of reconditioning 2 2 
Mule kick 68 120 
Neuropsychiatric patients, programs for 41, 42 18, 19 
Nine-man volley ball 65 111 
One-basket basketball i 65 111 
One-knee dip 70 126 
One-leg squat 70 126 
One-wall handball 65 111 
Organization and administration of the 
physical reconditioning program 17-30 7-12 
Orientation, methods of 23 10 
Patient _ 22 10 
Overload principle 12 4 
Patients, classes of 17 7 
Identification, by color cards 20 9 
Orientation 14, 22 5, 10 
Progression through classes 21 10 
Transfer to higher classification 21 10 
287 Paragraph Page 
Pepper ball 65 111 
Performance tests 128-131 278-280 
Physical fitness: 
Tests 128-133 278-282 
Administration . 130 278 
Cardiovascular tests 132, 133 282 
Purposes 129 278 
Scoring tables 130, 131 278, 280 
Standards for Table III 280 
Physical reconditioning 3 2 
Responsibility for process of 7 3 
Scope of 8, 9 3, 4 
Physiology of fitness, principle factors in 16 5 
Pike jump 68 120 
Ping pong 65 114 
Pitch golf 65 111 
Planning program ; ' 32 13 
Posture; 
Concept of good 112 226 
Exercises 115 228 
Teaching of good 113 226 
Training 37,113-115 16,226-228 
Value of good 114 226 
Principle factors in physical fitness 16 5 
Program, characteristics of • 31 13 
Classes 1 and 2 - 39-40 16-18 
Class 3 - 35 15 
Class 4 33 14 
General 9 4 
Paragraph Page 
Individualization of 13 4 
Leadership for 25,26 11 
Maintenance /. 8 3 
Medical supervision of io 4 
Planning 32 13 
Remedial 9 4 
Restorative : 8 3 
Programs for neuropsychiatric patients 4l, 42 18, 19 
Progression 11 4 
Progression in conditioning exercises 46 21 
Progression of patients through classes 21 10 
Pull-away 65 111 
Pulley weights 110, 111 204 
Punting a football 65 111 
Quoits, rope .65 112 
Quoit tennis 65 112 
Reconditioning, mission of 2 2 
Relays s 40 17 
Remedial exercises 34, 35, 40 15, 18 
Abdominal 126 271 
Ankle 124 265 
Back injuries 117 234 
Conduct of 116 234 
Elbow 119 246 
Feet and toes 125 269 
Hands and fingers 121 253 
Hip ... 122 256 
288 Paragraph Page 
Knee 123 260 
Lung ventilation exercises 127 277 
Shoulder 118 240 
With and without apparatus 116-127 234-277 
Wrist 120 249 
Remedial program *. . . . 9 4 
Resistance conditioning exercises 52 64 
For Crass 3 54 70 
For Class 4 53 64 
Resistance exercises • 34, 35 14, 15 
Responsibility for process of physical 
reconditioning 7 3 
Restorative program 8 3 
Rope quoits 65 112 
Rope spinning 65 112 
Rope skipping 103-107 176-177 
Stunts ! 77 133 
Running high kick 68 116 
Russian dance 68 119 
Schedules for competition 27 12 
Scope of physical reconditioning 8, 9 3, 4 
Scoring tables, physical fitness 130, 131 278,280 
Short-hole golf 65 113 
Shoulder, remedial exercises for 118 240 
Shower ball 65 113 
Side line soccer 65 113 
Six-man soccer 65 113 
Paragraph Page 
"Skin the cat" 72 127 
Small group activities 40 17 
Soccer, line .. . . 65 111 
Mass 65 111 
Side line 65 113 
Six-man 65 113 
Softball 65 113 
Speed ball 65 113 
Sports and games 40, 59 17, 107 
Spring exercises 85-94 154-161 
Spring grip exercises 95 j62 
Stall bars 108, 109 178 1 
Standards for physical fitness tests Table III ?80 
Still dips (parallel bars) f 76 132 
Stunts 66-79 116-135 
(Stunts are listed by classification under 
this section) 
A8,Hty 68 116 
Balance 67 116 
Endurance 75,79 132-135 
Strength 69-74 121-132 
Test events as ... 75 132 
TyPes of 66 116 
Swimming .' 40, 65 17, 109 
Swing on horizontal bar 72 128 
Swinging dips (parallel bars) 76 133 
Swinging on parallel bars 74 132 
289 Paragraph Page 
Table tennis 65 114 
Tennis: 
Quoit 65 112 
Table ' 65 114 
Test events as stunts 75 132 
Tests of physical fitness 128-133 278-282 
Thigh curls (horizontal bar) . . 78 134 
Toes and feet, remedial exercises for 125 269 
Tolerance of exercise 33 14 
Tournaments 27 12 
Tug-of-war 65 114 
Twenty-one 65 114 
Types of stunts 66 116 
Under stick 68 118 
Paragrapn Page 
Uniforms 30 12 
Work projects . 40 18 
Wrists, remedial exercises for 120 249 
Value of conditioning exercises 44 20 
Vertical ropes 69 123 
Climb with hands and feet .. 69 124 
Grasp with hands and feet 69 124 
Hand over hand 69 125 
Pull-ups 69 123 
Rest, foot and armpit 69 125 
Rest on foot 69 125 
Volley ball 65 114 
Four-man 65 110 
Nine-man 65 111 
☆U. S. Government Printing Office; 1945—620576 
290 m §=iii 
WAR DEPARTMENT TECHNICAL MANUAL 
PHYSICAL 
RECONDITIONING 
fFAR DEPARTMENT 
DECEMBER