STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA Red River of the North t Research Investigation A REPORT Prepared by THE NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Covering the JOINT INVESTIGATION by THE NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH THE MINNESOTA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH in collaboration with THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 1938 — 1941 Issued by NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF SANITARY ENGINEERING STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA Red River of the North Research Investigation A REPORT Prepared by THE NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Covering the JOINT INVESTIGATION by THE NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH THE MINNESOTA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH in collaboration with THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 1938 — 1941 Issued by NORTH DAKOTA STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF SANITARY ENGINEERING Buy “Dakota Maid” Flour. 2 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful Acknowledgment is Made: To the Work Projects Administration for assistance rendered in collection of samples, measurement of flows of industrial wastes, routine laboratory work, etc. The services of three men during the major portion of a year were granted under a W.P.A. project. Also, some chemicals and glassware were furnished. To the National Youth Administration for three to four labora- tory assistants who helped with laboratory routine, tabulation of data, checking computations, etc. To the U. S. Geological Survey and Office of the State Engineer in furnishing hydrometric data, including stream flows and stream velocities. To Dean E. F. Chandler, University of North Dakota, for drain- age area and long-range stream flow data. To Dean L. C. Harrington and the Board of Administration of the University of North Dakota for furnishing laboratory space, janitor service, lights, heat, water, etc. *• I'd*. tW municipalities, the officials of which aided in securing 'and records of waste discharges. RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 3 CONTENTS Page PREFACE . 7 INTRODUCTION 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 10 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RED RIVER BASIN .... 11 Geology 11 Topography 12 Tributaries 12 Hydrology ; 13 Climatology 13 ECONOMIC TRENDS 13 Population 13 Agriculture „ 14 Industry 14 STREAM DEVELOPMENT AND WATER PROBLEMS 15 Subsurface Water Supplies 16 Storage 16 Sewage Treatment 17 Flood Control 17 Diversion 17 THE SURVEY PROPER 18 Sampling Stations 18 Collection of Samples 20 Laboratory Procedure 20 Ice Coverage 1 21 Classification of Seasons 22 ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS AND INTERPRETATION .... 23 Chemical and Physical Determinations 23 Dissolved Oxygen 23 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 26 Other Determinations 26 Bacteriological Examinations 27 Biological Data 28 STREAM LOADINGS AND OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 29 Stream Loadings 29 Oxygen Requirements under Ice Coverage 34 SUMMARY 36 4 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION TABLES Table Page I - 1 Biological Data—Plankton 42 1-2 Biological Data—Plankton 43 1-3 Biological Data—Plankton 44 II - 1 Biological Data—Bottom Fauna Composite 45 II - 2 Biological Data—Bottom Fauna Composite 46 II - 3 Biological Data—Bottom Fauna Composite 47 III - 1 Biological Data—Bottom Fauna Summary 47 IV & V Dissolved Oxygen—Monthly Average—P.P.M 48 VI & VII Dissolved Oxygen—Monthly Average—Percent Saturation 49 VIII & IX Biochemical Oxygen Demand—Monthly Average .. 50 X & XI Nitrite Nitrogen—Monthly Average 51 XII & XIII Temperature—Monthly Average 52 XIV & XV Turbidity—Monthly Average 53 XVI & XVII pH—Monthly Average : 54 XVIII Chemical Analysis Before and After Ice Coverage .. 55 XIX Colifofm Organisms—Monthly Average 56 XX Coliform Organisms—Monthly Average 57 XXI - 12 to 1 Base Data—River Stations 58 to 69 XXII - L, K, J, H Base Data—Tributary Stations 76 to 79 XXIII - 1 to 10 Oxygen Requirements Under Ice Coverage for time of flow to Grand Forks or Lake Winnipeg for the 1938-39 winter season 80 to 84 XXIV - 1 to 4 Oxygen Requirements Under Ice Coverage for time of flow to Grand Forks for the 1939-40 winter season (Sta. 12 to 7) 90-91 XXV - 1 to 10 Oxygen and Flow Requirements for 1938-39 winter season 92 to 96 XXVI - 1 to 3 Oxygen and Flow Requirements for 1939-40 winter season 97 to 98 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 5 FIGURES Figure 1 Biological Data Bottom Fauna Between 46 & 47 2 Graphs of Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen De- mand at Stations 1 to 12 inc Between 50 & 51 3 Graphs of Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen De- mand at Tributary Stations Between 50 & 51 4, 5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen Plotted against River Miles (2 sheets) Between 50 & 51 6 Photographs Between 50 & 51 7 Season A—D.O. and 5-Day, 20°C. B.O.D 70 8 Season B—D.O. and 5-Day, 20°C. B.O.D 71 9 Season C—D.O. and 5-Day, 20°C. B.O.D 72 10 Season A—Stream Loadings in Pounds Daily....Between 72 & 73 11 Season C—Stream Loadings in Pounds Daily.-.-Between 72 & 73 12 Season A—M.P.N.—Coli-Aerogenes in Quantity Units 73 13 Season B—M.P.N.—Coli-Aerogenes in Quantity Units 74 14 Season C—M.P.N.—Coli-Aerogenes in Quantity Units 75 15 November 1938—Pounds D.O. and 0°C. B.O.D. to Station 6 or Lake Winnipeg 85 16 December 1938—Pounds D.O. and 0°C. B.O.D. to Station 6 or Lake Winnipeg 86 17 January 1939—Pounds D.O. and 0°C. B.O.D. to Station 6 or Lake Winnipeg 87 18 February 1939—Pounds D.O. and 0°C. B.O.D. to Station 6 or Lake Winnipeg 88 19 March 1939 — Pounds D.O. and 0°C. B.O.D. to Station 6 or Lake Winnipeg 89 20 Stream Velocity—Grand Forks to Emerson 102 21 Stream Velocity—Fargo to Grand Forks 104 22 First Stage B.O.D.—Station 6A, 7-10-40 121 23 Second Stage B.O.D. for Values of La 123 Page 6 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION APPENDICES Page APPENDIX I—HYDROMETRIC DATA 99 Velocities in Red River and Times of Flow 100 Table I —Rate of Travel—Grand Forks to Emerson 101 Table II —Rate of Travel—Fargo to Grand Forks 103 Table III —Stream Gaging Stations 105 Table IV —Mean Monthly Discharges at Sampling Stations....!05 Table V —Average Stream Gradients 10G Table VI —Average Runoff 106 Table VII —Discharge Records at Grand Forks 107 Table VIII—Summary of Discharge Records at Grand Forks....108 Table IX —Discharge Records at Fargo 108 APPENDIX II—SOURCES OF POLLUTION 109 Table I —Tributaries in North Dakota 110 Table II —Tributaries in Minnesota 110 Table III —North Dakota Sources on Red River Ill Table IV —Minnesota Sources on Red River Ill Table V —Industrial and Muncipal Wastes Discharged Di- rectly into Red River 112 APPENDIX III—Theoretical B.O.D. Calculations 113 Mathematical Formulation of the rate of B.O.D 114 Application of Mathematical Formulation 117 Thomas Slope Method of Analysis 118 Conversion Table—5-Day, 20°C., B.O.D. to 0°C 122 Long Range B.O.D. Data 124 APPENDIX IV—STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS 125 Stream Flow Requirements 126 Table I —Flow Requirements 129 APPENDIX V—POPULATION DATA 135 Table I —Total Population of Basin by Watersheds 136 Table II —Rural Farm and Non-Farm Population Outside Incorporated Places 136 Table III —Population of Inc. Places (less than 2500) 136 Table IV —Urban Population (over 2500) 137 APPENDIX VI—DILLUTION WATER SOURCES 139 Suitability of Relatively Unpolluted Streams for Dilution Purposes 140 SANITARY SURVEY OF RED RIVER OF THE NORTH 143 Report of Joint Investigation—North Dakota and Minnesota Departments of Health, February 1938. RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 7 PREFACE No extensive information dealing with the effect of ice coverage on the oxygen relationships in a stream was available prior to the undertaking of this study. Repeated requests for such information were received from various agencies concerned with the formulation of a comprehensive water plan for the Red River of the North drainage basin. Specific recommendations in regard to the minimum stream flows necessary for the maintenance of satisfactory standards of stream sanitation were requested. Accordingly, the North Dakota State Department of Health sought the allocation of Social Security funds for conducting field and laboratory studies necessary to obtain this information. The State Health Officer, Maysil M. Williams, M.D., and the former Director of the Division of Sanitary Engineering, M. D. Hollis, re- quested and obtained the cooperation of the United States Public Health Service. As a result, Social Security funds were allocated to the State to conduct a research investigation for a period of eight months. Although the original allotment of funds expired by June 30, 1939, it was found necessary to continue the investigation until March 1940. Mr. J. K. Hoskins, Senior Sanitary Engineer; H. R. Crohurst, Senior Sanitary Engineer; and Frank R. Shaw, Senior Sanitary Engi- neer, all of the U. S. Public Health Service, assisted in the organi- zation and direction of the study. Mr. C. C. Ruchhoft, Principal Chemist, U. S. Public Health Service, made a field trip covering sampling stations on the Red River south of the International Boun- dary. He also visited the laboratories in Grand Forks and furnished consultation service on field and laboratory procedures during the course of the study. The Minnesota Department of Health, A. J. Chesley, M.D., Ex- ecutive Officer, upon request collected and examined all biological samples. They made special studies of the beet sugar plant wastes and sewage discharged from East Grand Forks, Minnesota. Also, all information on sewage and waste discharge and treatment in Minnesota was furnished. This work was carried out by the Division of Sanitation, Mr. H. A. Whittaker, Director. Mr. H. G. Rogers, Sanitary Engineer, was in responsible charge with Engineers James Drake and Lloyde Kempe obtaining the samples and field informa- tion. Theodore Olson, biologist, identified and enumerated the bio- logical organisms. The study was under the immediate direction of the North Dakota State Department of Health, Maysil M. Williams, M.D., State Health Officer; through the Division of Sanitary Engineering. Harry G. Hanson, Assistant Sanitary Engineer, was in charge of general supervision. Jerome H. Svore was field engineer in charge at Grand Forks, and Gilbert Groff, Chemical Engineer, was responsible for the 8 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION chemical laboratory work. K. C. Lauster, Assistant Sanitary Engi- neer, replaced Mr. Svore during his absence after September 1939. Bacteriological examinations were made under the direction of M. E. Koons, Director, Division of Laboratories. During the course of the study, four meetings were held to review the progress of the work and to outline future activities. These meetings were attended by representatives of all participating agencies. This report has been prepared by the Division of Sanitary Engi- neering of the North Dakota State Department of Health. Jerome H. Svore, Assistant Sanitary Engineer, has been responsible for com- pilation of data, preparation of graphs and tables, and mathematical and narrative detail. A tentative draft of the report was reviewed by all participating agencies; a comprehensive written review was prepared by a special board of engineers from the United States Public Health Service comprised of H. W. Streeter, Senior Sanitary Engineer; H. R. Crohurst, Senior Sanitary Engineer; C. C. Ruchhoft, Principal Chemist; and M. D. Hollis, Assistant Public Health Engi- neer. It is hoped that this report provides the basic information essen- tial to the satisfactory completion of the sanitary phases of a com- prehensive water plan for the Red River of the North. LLOYD K. CLARK, Director Division of Sanitary Engineering North Dakota State Department of Health RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 9 INTRODUCTION Two studies have been made on the Red River previous lo the present study. In 1931, 1932, and 1933 a joint investigation was made by the Minnesota State Board of Health and the North Dakota State Board of Health in collaboration with the Division of Game and Fish, Minnesota Department of Conservation. It was concluded from the results obtained during this investigation “that in order to improve the existing polluted conditions of the Red River and to promote the best interests of those concerned, it will be necessary to provide treatment for the sewage and industrial wastes from all of the municipalities from Breckenridge to Grand Forks and East Grand Forks inclusive, and for all of the major industrial wastes which are discharged separately into the section of the river under consideration.” In February 1938 a joint investigation was made by the North Dakota State Department of Health and the Minnesota State Board of Health. The “conclusions and requirements” of the report on this survey confirmed the findings of the previous investigation. In addi- tion it was recommended that a more extensive research investiga- tion of the river be made in order to determine the full effects of ice coverage on the oxygen relationships. The present study was made by the North Dakota State De- partment of Health in conjunction with the Minnesota State Board of Health with the United States Public Health Service acting in an advisory capacity. The field and laboratory work was performed by personnel of the North Dakota State Department of Health. The biological data were collected and analyzed by the Minnesota De- partment of Health. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information which would serve: 1. To determine the oxygen relationships in the stream before and during ice coverage. 2. To determine the rate of oxygen depletion in the stream during ice coverage. 3. To determine the suitability of relatively unpolluted streams for dilution purposes. , 4. To determine characteristics and quantities of the various wastes entering the river. The above information makes possible the computation of mini- mum stream flows required for the maintenance of a satisfactory standard of stream sanitation. See Appendix IV. During the course of the study considerable research data were obtained on low temperature B.O.D.’s of Flour Mill, Packing Plant, and Beet Sugar Plant wastes. Time and space do not allow for the interpretation and inclusion of these results in detail in this report. 10 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Some addition to the conclusions reached as a result of previous studies may be made on the basis of information obtained in this study. General agreement with the conclusions reached as a result of previous studies was observed. From the information collected during this and previous investi- gations, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1. Under ice coverage dissolved oxygen content of the River was depleted to zero in a few weeks except where aeration provided by dams exerted appreciable influence. 2. With flows of 200 c.f.s. very unsatisfactory conditions pre- vailed below Grand Forks during the winter critical period. 3. The quantity and nature of the wastes entering the river is such that without additional treatment, the amount of dilution water which reasonably could be provided would not solve the pollution problem. 4. High stream flows were accompanied by less septic condi- tions than were low flows. The less septic condition resulted not only from increased dilution but also from increased stream velocity. 5. During the winter critical period and summer critical period, flows from tributaries (except the Red Lake, Ottertail, Sheyenne, Buffalo, and the Minnesota Wild Rice Rivers) were insignificant from the standpoint of pollution contributed and dilution provided. 6. Overflow dams (less than 12 feet high) of the type in the Red and Red Lake Rivers, appear capable of providing sufficient aeration to increase the dissolved oxygen content of low temperature oxygen-deficient water to approximately 6 p.p.m. Since dissolved oxygen values during summer periods were not observed to be below about 6 p.p.m. at these dams, no information was collected on aeration by dams during summer months. Undoubtedly, the effec- tiveness of such dams as aerating devices could be improved if they were designed with this end in view- 7. It has been observed that, due to natural pollution* alone, the oxygen content of waters stored in reservoirs or river channels is likely to be diminished seriously or depleted entirely. Therefore, to be of greatest value for dilution purposes during the winter criti- cal season, impounded waters should be aerated upon release from reservoirs. 8. Sludge deposits appear to exert an appreciable effect on the River. During periods of higher flow, organic material deposited at lower flows is dislodged and increases the pollution loading on the stream. However, at flows less than those required to dislodge sludge particles, the pollution load also may be increased. This latter effect is attributed to the direct solution of deposited organic *Not receiving discharges of municipal or industrial wastes. The extent of rural pollution from barnyard drainage, dumped manure, and refuse such as has been observed is not known. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 11 matter and of oxygen-requiring decomposition products of anaero- bic sludge digestion. Entrainment of material floated by gas from digestion processes was observed. 9. Relatively unpolluted streams may, due to natural pollution alone, become completely devoid of dissolved oxygen during the ice coverage period. 10. Research information obtained in this study indicates that the rate and extent of oxygen utilization by industrial wastes de- pends upon several variable factors including nature of the waste, temperature, extent of dilution and the type of dilution water. It is essential to determine not only the basic behavior of each industrial waste separately but also to determine its effect in combination with other wastes under specific stream conditions. Since the behavior of an industrial waste may be quite different than that of domestic sewage, the fallacy of forecasting the effect of industrial wastes on the basis of the behavior of domestic sewage is evident. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS The Red River of the North, located almost at the geographic center of the North American continent, is one of the few rivers that follows a course practically due north. Starting at Wahpeton, North Dakota and discharging into Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, it forms most of the boundary between North Dakota and Minnesota. The river is formed by the confluence of the Ottertail and Bois-de-Sioux Rivers, the latter forming the remainder of the North-Dakota-Min- nesota boundary and headwatering in Lake Traverse. GEOLOGY During the glacial period Lake Agassiz was formed covering the area which is now known as the Red River Valley. Originally this lake drained toward the south through Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake, but when the ice receded lower outlets toward the north were opened from time to time, eventually lowering the elevation of the lake below the southern outlet of Lake Traverse. This receding occurred in stages. The shore line elevations were well marked and may be seen today in the form of a series of gravel ridges formed by the action of the waves. The tributaries of Lake Agassiz carried considerable silt, the heavier particles being deposited at the mouth forming a delta and the finer particles being carried out into the lake. With the receding of the lake these delta formations caused a partial damming effect at the mouth of the tributaries causing some to change their courses. The North Dakota Wild Rice River at one time joined the Red River near Wahpeton, but now enters a few miles south of Fargo. The deposition of the finer particles over the lake bottom formed the excellent agricultural land that is found in the valley today. The central portion of the drainage area, originally the lake bottom, has a flat topography. The entire drainage system 12 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION of the Red River gives the impression of a very old river. Geologi- cally it is considered youthful, its winding course resulting from the cutting of the channel in the very level surface of the lake bottom. TOPOGRAPHY The river distance from Wahpeton to the International Boun- dary is 394 miles, or practically twice the airline distance between the two points. The slope, in general, is slight and diminishes toward the north. The surface altitudes above mean sea level are: 980 feet at Lake Traverse; 963 feet at Wahpeton; 900 feet at Fargo; 830 feet at Grand Forks; 789 feet at the International Boundary; and 755 feet at Winnipeg. The flat gradient of the river (approximately one-half foot drop per mile) produces a very sluggish condition, and considerable pooling occurs during periods of low flow. A heavy growth of aquatic vegetation flourishes during periods of low water in the summer as a result of the rich organic bottom and the shallow littoral margins. Transpiration and evaporation losses are large, and in some stretches of the river, notably between Wahpeton and Fargo, appai'ent losses have ranged from small percentages during high flows to nearly 100 per cent during very low flows. The drainage area of the River above the International Boundary is 35,895 square miles. Of this, 670 square miles are in South Dakota, 16,065 square miles in North Dakota, 17,165 square miles in Minne- sota, and 1995 square miles in Canada along the upper Pembina River. Portions of the valley are flat marshy lands which seldom if ever contribute to the annual runoff of the basin. However, the above figures assume all lands to drain into some river or tributary. TRIBUTARIES The main tributaries of the Red River below the point of con- fluence of the Ottertail and Bois-de-Sioux rivers are: the Wild Rice, Sheyenne, Elm, Goose, Turtle, Forrest, Park, and Pembina Rivers on the North Dakota side; the Buffalo, Wild Rice, Red Lake, Snake, Tamarack, and Two Rivers on the Minnesota side; the Roseau, Rat, LaSalle, and Assiniboine in Canada. The headwaters of the Roseau River are in Minnesota. Following is a list of the principal tributaries of the River in the United States with their drainage areas in square miles: Pembina (N.D.-Man.)..3530 sq.mi. Goose (N.D.) 1260 sq.mi. Two Rivers (Minn.).... 776 sq. mi. Wild Rice (Minn.) 1440 sq.mi. Tamarack (Minn.) 580 sq.mi. Elm (N.D.) 460 sq.mi. Park (N.D.) 1130 sq.mi. Buffalo (Minn.) 1400 sq.mi. Forrest (N.D.) 1000 sq.mi. Sheyenne (N.D.) 7380 sq.mi. Snake (Minn.) 1040sq.ini. Wild Rice (N.D.-S.D,)..2210 sq.mi. Turtle (N.D.) 700 sq.mi. Ottertail (Minn.) 1840 sq.mi. Red Lake (Minn.) 5760 sq.mi. Bois-de-Sioux (N.D.- Minn.) 1860 sq.mi. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 13 NOTE; The difference between the total of the above and the total drainage area of 35,895 square miles at the border represents the drainage area of smaller tributaries not listed. HYDROLOGY The records indicate that many floods occurred throughout the valley during the time of its early settlement. Considerable river traffic was carried on and the flow was seldom inadequate. During 1913, 1916, and 1919 serious floods occurred, probably caused in part by the newly built drainage ditches and other man-made changes in the natural drainage of the valley. During the period of record prior to 1920, the basin experienced a relatively wet cycle, after which a drouth cycle began to appear. Ground water levels receded until many underground supplies were no longer adequate. With one or two exceptions, the situation became more critical until 1930 when serious drouth conditions began. Stream flows decreased steadily during this serious drouth period. In 1934 zero flows were recorded during the four months, July to October inclusive, at the Fargo gaging station. From 1929 to 1935 there were five periods aggregating 14 months when the flow at Fargo was zero. CLIMATOLOGY The climate of the basin is characterized by long cold winters and relatively short warm summers. Temperatures vary from -30 in the winter to 95 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer. Extreme temperatures of -50 and 110 degrees have been recorded. The mean annual temperature of the basin, based on the mean annual tem- peratures at recording stations in the area, is 38.7 degrees Fahren- heit. There is a geographical uniformity of climate because of the small altitude variation throughout the whole valley. Prevailing winds are from a northwesterly direction. Rising to great heights in crossing the Rocky Mountains, they are mostly dry winds. The southeasterly winds coming from the Gulf of Mexico bring most of the rain. Fortunately the south winds prevail during the growing season which varies from 103 to 139 days. Throughout the valley the mean annual rainfall from available records of all stations is 20.11 inches; variation is from 16 to 34 inches. Average annual evaporation from water surfaces is approximately 36 inches. Annual runoff varies from 0.54 inches to 3.55 inches; the average for the basin is 1.25 inches. POPULATION ECONOMIC TRENDS From 1890 to 1910 the population of the entire valley increased rapidly. It very nearly doubled, being 228,000 in 1890 and 443,000 in 1910. Since 1910 the increase has been slow; the 1930 population *Hydrometric data are given in Appendix I. 14 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION was 489,000. The rural population has been declining since 1920; this decline has been but slightly more than compensated for by the increase in urban population. A decline is also noted in towns of less than 2500. Urbanism in this area is advancing much slower than in other parts of the country. During the decade ending 1930, the urban population increased at a rate which was only two per cent greater than the total urban and rural rate for the United States as a whole. The rural, urban, and total populations of the Red River basin by watersheds are given in Appendix IV, tables I to IV, inclusive. AGRICULTURE The primary industry in the Red River basin is agriculture. Grain farming is the most common type of enterprise despite recent trends toward diversification. Dairy and poultry products have undergone a marked increase in production during the last decade although grain crops, of which dark northern spring wheat is the most important, still have by far the largest monetary value. At the turn of the century 61 per cent of the entire land area of the basin was in farms and 72 per cent of this was such that it could be cropped. By 1930, 77 per cent of the entire land area was in farms and of this 92 per cent was improved. The remaining 23 per cent of unfarmed land is largely composed of swamp, muskeg, and peat lands which are not adaptable to farming; it includes also lake shore property used for recreational purposes. INDUSTRY Industries within the basin are composed of service industries and those industries necessary to the processing of various agricul- tural products. In 1930 there were 150 creameries serving the growing dairy industry, with an annual output of creamery products valued at $21,694,029. In addition, there were in operation one large and several small flour mills, one large and a few small meat pack- ing plants, and one beet sugar plant. Service industries consist of machine shops, bakeries, foundries, print shops, etc. There are no industries within the basin besides the agricultural industries men- tioned above that are producing to any extent for inter-territorial trade. Regarding industrial employment, 38 per cent of the total Min- nesota population were gainfully employed in 1930; 20 per cent were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries. In that por- tion of Minnesota which lies in the Red River basin, 36 per cent of the population were gainfully employed in 1930 of which only ten per cent were engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries. An important enterprise of the Ottertail Basin is the tourist trade. The wild life and recreation facilities of the Minnesota lake regions have been developed to a great extent within recent years. STREAM DEVELOPMENT AND WATER PROBLEMS 15 During the early years of development in the Red River basin, the natural marshy land afforded relatively satisfactory flood con- trol and stabilization of dry weather flow. The spring runoff and occasional summer storms were retarded in the upper reaches of the drainage basin and caused a continuance of flow during normal drouth periods of the summer and fall. With the expansion of agri- culture and the cultivation of lands artificial methods of drainage were provided. Canals and ditches were constructed for drainage alone with little thought to control; this together with cultivation and deforestation resulted in increased flood flows and decreased low flows. The dry weather flows at present result largely from the issuance of ground water at the headwaters of the various tributaries. Beginning in 1929 there followed several years of exceedingly low rainfall. This was accompanied by serious depletion of shallower ground water resources. The deeper ground waters, which were affected less, are highly mineralized and in most cases unsatisfac- tory for domestic use. With the receding of useable ground waters during the drouth period some cities turned to the river for additional supplies. This made necessary the construction of water treatment plants and stor- age reservoirs. Until very recent years practically all sewered cities on the river and tributaries discharged raw sewage. Most of the major cities now have provided some type of sewage treatment; however, treatment of many important industrial wastes remains to be ac- complished. Very unsatisfactory pollutional conditions have existed for the past several years, especially during low flow periods. Use- fulness of the river to both municipal and rural riparians has been greatly impaired by the combination of low flow and pollutional discharge. The bacterial and other organic loadings upon water treatment plants have at times exceeded the reasonable capabilities of modern purification processes. All but one of the larger cities depend upon the river as the source of public water supply. Rural riparians have been affected acutely by the impairment to the quality of river water. Especially below Grand Forks, the farmers on and near the river are dependent on the stream for stock watering, irrigation, general household uses such as laundering and cooking, and even for drinking water. During the February 1938 study meetings were held at points below Grand Forks to hear com- plaints and gather information on the extent of dependence on the river as a source of water supply. Eighty-nine farmers and residents were interviewed and detailed information obtained. Altogether, forty persons stated that they used melted ice from the river for cooking; of eighteen farmers who used the river as a source of drinking water, ten used it in the form of melted ice. Seventy-one farmers stated that they watered STREAM DEVELOPMENT AND WATER PROBLEMS 16 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION from the river a total of 4296 head of stock, mostly cattle. Many farmers who were dependent on river water for stock watering stated that during winter months their cattle drank very little water; that normally heavy fed dairy cattle would bloat and become very sick, some of them dying. More detailed information on complaints and rural use of river water is contained in the 1938 report. A complete and detailed investigation of the river and contributed wastes was essential before a satisfactory and practical corrective program could be worked out. SUBSURFACE WATER SUPPLIES As pointed out above the loss of usable shallower ground water supplies created a serious problem. In order to obtain the greatest value from remaining usable shallow ground water supplies, relo- cation or readjustment of existing wells may be necessary in many cases. Through geological investigation additional subsurface sup- plies may be located. Further, the location and mode of occurrence of both satisfactory and unsatisfactory supplies may be determined and the best method of obtaining the desirable supplies forecast. Water strata of unsatisfactory mineral characteristics may have to be cased out in some localities. With the exception of the larger cities in the valley practically all communities and rural settlements obtain water for domestic purposes from subsurface sources. STORAGE The National Resources Committee in their report on the Red River dated August 1937 discussed the necessity of flood flow stor- age. It was brought out that the detailed solutions which go to make up a comprehensive plan must of necessity be closely coordinated because of the scarcity of water for municipal and industrial use. The headwaters of the streams, it was stated, afford the best oppor- tunities for storage but in addition thereto an extensive channel clearing and channel straightening program must be incorporated to convey the water from storage to the towns below with minimum loss. The main proposed storage projects consist of control works on the Red Lakes and several small control dams in the Ottertail Basin. For the Sheyenne River there is the proposed Bald Hill Reservoir above Valley City, North Dakota and many small projects throughout the remaining part of the valley. No additional storage reservoirs are recommended for the Red River proper as losses due to evapora- tion are likely to be greater than the benefits derived from storage. Larger types of dams, although beneficial from a standpoint of oxy- gen replenishment by aeration, are not in accord with the general plan. The existing structures may even be lowered or removed entirely except where needed as water intakes. Other features of the program which must be taken into consideration are subsurface STREAM DEVELOPMENT AND WATER PROBLEMS 17 water supplies, sewage treatment, flood control, wild life conserva- tion, and diversion from other water sheds. SEWAGE TREATMENT Sewage treatment by larger municipalities came about first as a result of an injunction by affected riparians. Later, lawsuits re- sulted in the installation of sewage and waste treatment facilities. All but a few of the larger municipalities and many of the smaller ones have installed some form of sewage treatment. Extensive in- dustrial waste treatment facilities have been installed at West Fargo. Some important industrial and municipal wastes are being dis- charged untreated at present. One of the most important economic problems to be solved is that of securing a practical balance between the cost of constructing or improving and operating sewage treatment works and the cost of constructing and operating storage or diversion works to supply dilution water. The problem of attaining this balance depends to a great extent on the degree of stream cleanliness that is to be achieved. FLOOD CONTROL Flood control will be effected to a great extent by the comple- tion of storage projects. Peak floods, however, may be controlled to a great extent only by projects similar to the one under construc- tion at Lake Traverse. Wild life conservation projects may accom- pany a large percentage of all these undertakings as they are essen- tially storage at the head waters. DIVERSION In recent years considerable attention has been focused on the diversion of water from the Missouri River to the Red River Basin and other watersheds. From a water supply and sewage disposal standpoint there is little doubt of the great value which would re- sult from this project. In a report prepared by the North Dakota State Department of Health and the Office of the State Engineer in 1939 the yearly benefits to water and sewage capitalized at five per cent were estimated at approximately fifteen million dollars. Other benefits computed by the Commission and capitalized at five per cent, exclusive of recreation, water power, and general increase in land values, raised this figure to thirty-eight million dollars. The entire cost of the project was calculated to be approximately thirty-nine million dollars, and provided for the diversion of about 600 c.f.s. A 996,000 acre foot storage reservoir would be constructed at the head- waters of the Sheyenne River with approximately one-third of its capacity available for diversion to Devils Lake or to the James River, the remainder supplementing the flows of the Sheyenne. Ac- cording to the plan, a portion of this flow would be diverted to the Red River above Fargo. A detailed report by the U. S. Army Engi- neers on the proposed diversion is now nearing completion. 18 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION SURVEY PROPER The climatic conditions of the Red River basin necessitated the careful selection of sampling stations. During the winter months considerable difficulty was anticipated because of the impassability of snow blocked roads by automobile. As a result stations were located at strategic points that were near main traveled high- ways. Red River sampling stations selected in previous surveys were utilized with one exception (Station 5 added) in this study. Twelve sampling stations were maintained on the Red River proper. Eleven sampling stations were maintained at the mouths of the tributaries and one station was maintained at the East Grand Forks Beet Sugar Factory effluent ditch just above its point of dis- charge into the Red River. All tributaries were sampled whenever they were flowing. The following tabulation shows the location of the sampling sta- tions in their order upstream from the International Boundary. All river stations were designated by numbers running in order from the International Boundary south and the stations on the tributaries were designated alphabetically starting at the International Boun- dary. (See map at beginning of report.) SAMPLING STATIONS Riverside Park Dam at Station 6 in Grand Forks. A typical Low Overflow Dam. SAMPLING STATIONS 19 Station Mile No. Location Remarks A 2.8 Mouth of Pembina River. Highway bridge in City of Pembina Receives Cavalier (40 mi.) and Walhalla (60 mi.) sewage. I 3 Highway bridge at Pembina B 20 Two Rivers Receives Hallock (12 mi.) and Lancaster (30 mi.) sewage. 2 53 Highway bridge at Drayton C 65 Tamarack River D 67 Park River Receives Grafton (24 mi.) and Park River (50 mi.) sewage. E 75 Snake River Receives Warren sewage. (30 mi.) 3 77 Directly East of Grafton F 88 Mouth of Forrest River 4 116 Highway bridge at Oslo 5 129 Directly East of Manvel 6a 138 Below Grand Forks Includes all wastes discharged at Grand Forks—East Grand Forks 6 141 Above West End of Riverside Park Dam in Grand Forks Receives East Grand Forks sewage and Sugar Beet wastes. Dam 10 Feet High. G 141.2 East Grand Forks Beet Sugar Plant Outfall H 143 Red Lake River Receives Crookston (45 mi.) Thief River Falls (117 mi.). Red Lake Falls (83 mi.), Fosston (123 mi.) sewage. Overflow Dam (3 Feet) between sampling Station and mouth. 7 145.7 Above Grand Forks At ski slide in Lincoln Park. 8 180 Highway bridge at Climax I 203 Goose River Receives Hillsboro (15 mi.) and Mayville (50 mi.) sewage. 9 220.4 Highway bridge at Halstad Halstad sewage outfall less than one mile above station. J 225 Minnesota Wild Rice River Twin Valley sewage (82 mi.), Mahnomen sewage (118 mi.) 10 261.4 Highway bridge at Georgetown K 262.5 Buffalo River Hawley sewage (36 mi.), Barnesville sewage (45 mi.) L 273 Sheyenne River Armour’s Packing Plant at West Fargo (20 mi.). Also other cities at con- siderable distance. 11 286 Highway bridge below Fargo sewage treatment plant Fargo sewage—A mile above; Moorhead sewage—6 miles above. 6' over- flow dam—7 miles above. 12 298 Fargo Water Works intake A mile above 7-foot dam. 303 3-Ft. overflow dam 329 9-Ft. overflow dam 341 9-Ft. overflow dam 394 Wahpeton & Breckenridge sewage. Red River and tributary sampling stations showing location, miles south of International Boundary, etc. (Mileages taken from U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1017—Report on Drainage, Etc. by Simons & King.) Tributary sampling stations are all on highway bridges within a few miles of the mouths of the streams. Distances given are from mouths of tributaries to International Boundary. RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 20 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES Samples were collected weekly on Red River stations south of the International Boundary from November 1, 1938 to July 1, 1939 and from September 1939 to December 14, 1939. One complete sampling trip was made in August 1939, two in January, one in Feb- ruary, and one in March 1940. Samples collected from tributaries were obtained regularly during periods of perceptible flow. In order to balance laboratory work with field work and pro- vide for reasonable hours, the area normally was sampled in three stages making one trip every other day as follows: 1. All stations north of Grand Forks, starting with Station 5. 2. Stations in Grand Forks area (6, 7, and H) and beet sugar plant wastes, Grand Forks sewage treatment plant, State Mill, Packing Plant, etc. 3. Stations from Grand Forks south, starting with Station 8. (Sampling was staggered to avoid sampling the same point on the same day of each week.) Chemical and bacteriological samples were taken m a sampler so designed that a bacteriological (125 cc), a dissolved oxygen (250 cc), and a biochemical oxygen demand sample (2 liters) could be taken at one time; enough was left over from the B.O.D. sample to make the other necessary chemical and physical determinations. One sample was taken at a point in the channel at mid-depth. Samples were taken from bridges in most cases. During winter, holes were chiseled through the ice and the sampler lowered into the stream from the ice surface. In the fall and spring when it was unsafe to walk on the ice, skiis were used. A light boat carried on top of the car was used in spring and fall and during open water periods where samples could not be obtained from bridges, docks, etc. Occasionally, samples were obtained by casting the sampler out into the flowing stream. Several trips were made by boat down- stream from Grand Forks in an effort to trace the oxygen sag curve. No appreciable sag was observed between Grand Forks and Oslo (Station 4) during the spring and early summer higher flow periods. Algal activity was believed to be an important influence. Later, when the flow decreased, portions of the stream were too shallow to permit use of a boat and outboard motor for such work. All samples were transported by automobile and brought to the laboratory for examination on the same day they were collected. LABORATORY PROCEDURE Routine laboratory procedure consisted of determining the ni- trites, turbidity, pH, initial dissolved oxygen, and the 5-day bio- chemical oxygen demand at 20 °C. Bacteriological examination consisted of making an estimate of coliform organisms by planting triplicate portions of each of four geometric dilutions in standard lactose broth and incubating for 48 LABORATORY PROCEDURE 21 hours at 37°C. The highest dilution showing gas formation was then transferred to standard brilliant green bile broth and incubated at 37°C. for 48 hours. Gas production in brilliant green bile would then be considered a positive confirmation of the coli-aerogenes group; otherwise the next lowest dilution would be taken for posi- tive. However, in the event only one or two lactose broth tubes of the highest dilution were positive, the next lowest dilution was also transferred to standard brilliant green bile broth for confirma- tion. This procedure is a slight variation from that recommended in Standard Methods of Water Analysis, Eighth Edition, but seems entirely satisfactory when it is considered that confirmation was obtained in all but a few cases during the course of the survey. The most probable number was then determined by referring to a table.1 All other determinations were made in accordance with Stand- ard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage, Eighth Edi- tion, except that in the presence of nitrites the Sodium-Azide modi- fication' of the Winkler method for the determination of dissolved oxygen was used after February 1939. Samples for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand were brought to room temperature and saturated with oxygen by shaking in a half full bottle. This same procedure was used for both unsaturated and supersaturated samples. Whenever dilution of the river water samples was neces- sary, seeded bicarbonate dilution water was used. Several long-time B.O.D. determinations were made on river water from most of the Red River stations at both 0°C. and 20°C. At first, the 0°C. incubations were kept under the ice in a creek near the laboratory. Later, 0°C. incubation temperatures were obtained by pumping water from the presedimentation tank of a water plant through a water bath incubator to waste. Constant temperatures of (TC. were maintained without difficulty. Bicarbonate dilution water was used in all B.O.D. determinations on industrial wastes except on the sugar beet wastes. Several types of dilution water were used in the B.O.D. determinations of this waste; formula “C”3 phosphate dilution water gave the most satis- factory results and was adopted for this determination. Examination of samples from representative river and tribu- tary stations for mineral content and organic nitrogen content was made during ice coverage in 1939. ICE COVERAGE In the fall of 1938 the River was completely ice covered on the twenty-third of November excepting at Station 6 (just above Riverside Dam at Grand Forks) and Station 11 at Fargo, which stations stayed open all winter. Most of the river was ice covered 1 M.P.N. table compiled from McCrady’s Formula and Tables. 2 Altzburg Modification Recommended by C. C. Ruchhoft. 3 Volume 48, No. 24, Public Health Reports, Page 683, Footnote 1. 22 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION about a week before this. From January to spring break-up the ice had a thickness of about 24 to 26 inches; the thickest ice appeared at northerly stations. The break-up occurred between the twenty- second and twenty-seventh of March on the stations above Grand Forks. The time of ice coverage above Grand Forks varied from 120 to 134 days and below Grand Forks from 132 to 139 days. Because of the unusually warm weather in the fall of 1939, com- plete ice coverage occurred from 15 to 41 days later than it did in the fall of 1938. Complete ice coverage occurred on about the tenth of December on the portion of the river below Grand Forks and on the twenty-sixth of December on the portion of the river above Grand Forks. The river was still ice covered on the twenty-third of March 1940 and no samples were collected after that date. However, some water had flowed over the ice at that time at some of the stations. The following is a tabulation of the observed dates of ice coverage and break-up at the various stations. DATES OF ICE FORMATION AND SPRING BREAK-UP 1938-1939 1939-1940 Station1 Ice First Appeared Complete Ice Coverage Spring Breakup Days of Ice Coverage Ice First Appeared Complete Ice Coverage Spring Breakup 12 Nov. 14 Nov. 22 Mar. 22 to 27 120 Nov. 28 Dec. 20 After Mar. 23 11 Open all winter Open all winter L Nov. 14 Nov. 30 Mar. 22 to 27 112 Nov. 28 Dec. 26 K Nov. 14 Dec. 14 Mar. 22 to 27 98 Nov. 28 Dec. 20 10 Nov. 14 Nov. 15 Mar. 22 to 27 127 Nov. 28 Dec. 26 J Nov. 14 Dec. 14 Mar. 22 to 27 98 Nov. 28 Dec. 26 9 Nov. 14 Nov. 15 Mar. 22 to 27 127 Nov. 28 Dec. 26 CO CN 8 Nov. 14 Nov. 22 Mar. 22 to 27 120 Nov. 28 Dec. 20 o u c3 7 Nov. 10 Nov. 15 Mar. 29 to Apr. 3 134 Nov. 29 Dec. 13 IS h H Nov. 15 Nov. 15 Apr. 10 to Apr. 20 144 Nov. 28 Dec. 20 < 6 Nov. 29 Mar. 29 to Apr. 3 120 Dec. 9 Dec. 20 5 Nov. 16 Nov. 23 Apr. 6 132 Nov. 1 Dec. 10 4 Nov. 9 Nov. 16 Apr. 6 139 Nov. 1 Dec. 10 3 Nov. 9 Nov. 16 Apr. 6 139 Nov. 1 Dec. 10 2 Nov. 9 Nov. 16 Apr. 6 139 Nov. 1 Dec. 10 1 Nov. 9 Nov. 16 Apr. 6 139 Nov. 1 Dec. 1 tributary stations not listed had no flow during ice coverage period. CLASSIFICATION OF SEASONS In portions of this report data and interpretations have been presented on both a monthly and a seasonal basis. The purpose of seasonal classification is to show trends over longer periods of time CLASSIFICATION OF SEASONS 23 under conditions which remain essentially the same. Three seasons have been chosen and are defined as follows; A. Winter Critical Season (Dec. 1, 1938 to April 1, 1939) was taken to include that portion of the winter from the time the dissolved oxygen content approached zero to spring break-up. Since these conditions do not occur at the same time at all stations on the river a single winter critical season boundary cannot be taken which will be entirely accurate for each station. B. Spring High Flow Season (Apr. 1, 1939 to July 1, 1939) was taken to include the high water season occurring during and after spring break-up until the time the river approached the usual summer stage. C. Summer Critical Season (Aug. 1, 1939 to Oct. 1, 1939) was taken to include the period of low flows at summer temper- atures. ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS and INTERPRETATION I. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS 1. Dissolved Oxygen. (D.O.) Regular weekly determinations of dissolved oxygen were made at all Red River and tributary stations south of the International Boundary, except when frozen to the bottom or when not flowing, during the eight months from November 1, 1938 to July 1, 1939, the period of time for which the investigation was originally set up. Sampling was continued on the Red River and some tributaries at irregular intervals from July 1, 1939 to March 21, 1940 in order to obtain additional necessary data. In Figures 2 and 3, the results of all dissolved oxygen determina- tions on the Red River and tributaries have been plotted by sta- tions; every dissolved oxygen determination made at these stations during the 17-month period from November 1939 to March 1940, is shown. Biochemical oxygen demand is shown similarly in these graphs. Figures 4 and 5 show the dissolved oxygen trend as monthly averages expressed in terms of per cent saturation. Monthly aver- ages of 5-day 20°C. B.O.D.’s are also plotted on the graph in order to present a relative picture of the amount of oxygen required and the amount available. Monthly averages of dissolved oxygen, expressed as p.p.m. and as per cent saturation, are shown for Red River and tributary sta- tions in Tables IV, V, VI, and VII. In interpreting dissolved oxygen values observed, it should be remembered that samples were col- lected during the day and that the effect of algal activity may be considerable. Supersaturation to the extent of 60 per cent was 24 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION observed repeatedly during the early winter open water period of 1939-40. Discussion of Dissolved Oxygen Observations in Chronological Order. Referring to Figures 2 and 3, it may be seen that the dissolved oxygen content at most stations approached the saturation value of approximately 14 parts per million just prior to ice coverage in 1938. The oxygen sag is evident below Fargo-Moorhead, and very pronounced below Grand Forks-East Grand Forks. With the onset of ice coverage, a rapid drop in dissolved oxygen and failure to recover is noted below Fargo and below Grand Forks. Dissolved oxygen content dropped to zero or near zero in the fol- lowing approximate time intervals after ice cover formed. Below Fargo: Station 10 — 6 weeks 9 — 6 weeks 8 — 4 weeks Below Grand Forks: Station 4 — 3 weeks 3 — 2 weeks 2 — 2 weeks 1 — 3 weeks Following this December critical period, a slight increase in dissolved oxygen was noted at Stations 10, 9, and 8 below Fargo. This may be attributed to a four-fold increase in stream flow at Fargo during January and February. At Station 12 above Fargo the lowest dissolved oxygen content observed throughout the winter of 1938-39 was approximately 6 p.p.m. The reoxygenation pro- vided by three dams above Station 12 is the most probable ex- planation. Likewise, the dams in Fargo and the open water from the Fargo sewage treatment plant outfall to a point below Station 11, account for the appreciable dissolved oxygen observed at Sta- tion 11 throughout the winter. A low overflow dam on the Red Lake River just prior to its confluence with the Red River and a higher overflow dam on the Red River a short distance downstream from the confluence, pro- vided considerable aeration at these points. These dams, together with the open water stretches in and below Grand Forks, pro- vided sufficient aeration to maintain some dissolved oxygen con- tinuously as far below Grand Forks as Station 5. Subsequent to the termination of operations at the beet sugar plant in late December, reappearance of one or two p.p.m. of dis- solved oxygen at Stations 4, 3, 2, and 1 was observed. Stream flow during the most critical winter period (January, February, and part of March, 1939) averaged approximately 100 c.f.s. at Fargo and 235 c.f.s. below Grand Forks- Evidence of septic conditions in the river was much less pronounced than during the previous winter critical period when stream flows were from one- third to one-half of these values.1 The point of significance is that 1 Joint investigation by North Dakota and Minnesota Departments of Health February 1938. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS 25 even with winter stream flows of reasonable magnitude, very un- satisfactory conditions existed under ice coverage because of exces- sive organic pollution. Following spring breakup, high stream flows and open water conditions brought about an immediate improvement in dissolved oxygen content of the river. Reasonably satisfactory dissolved oxygen conditions existed during the high flow period of spring and summer. The 1939 summer critical period appeared somewhat later than normal; average monthly stream flows dropped from 85 to 15 c.f.s. at Fargo and from 460 to 144 c.f.s. at Grand Forks in August. Flows decreased further to 3 c.f.s. at Fargo in September and increased from 144 to 216 c.f.s. at Grand Forks. At all points except immedi- ately below Fargo and Grand Forks, dissolved oxygen was well in excess of oxygen demand during the critical summer months of August* and September. Dissolved oxygen content fell to nearly zero at Station 11 below Fargo the first week in September. In the winter of 1939-40 complete ice coverage was delayed until the latter half of December. This condition permitted a longer period of observation under low-temperature open-water conditions. Stream flows at Fargo in November and December were slightly less than in the same months of the previous year. Dissolved oxy- gen content in p.p.m. was slightly higher because of open water conditions. Also, during these same two months the stream flow at Grand Forks was 300 c.f.s. or about 50 per cent greater than the 1938 flow of 200 c.f.s. This higher flow may have been respon- sible in part for the observed increase of about 50 per cent in p.p.m. B.O.D. That is, an increase in stream velocity may cause suspended material which would settle out at the lower velocity to be carried in suspension. The velocity difference is approximately 20%. At no point during these two months was the dissolved oxygen content observed to be zero in the entire stretch of river from Fargo to Pembina. The ability of the stream to maintain satisfactory dis- solved oxygen conditions under open water and low temperature conditions, even with heavy organic loadings, is indicated especially below Grand Forks. Supersaturation existing at Stations 7 and 8 in November and December indicated appreciable algal activity at low temperatures, with open water. It is not known whether the supersaturation persisting at Station 7 for approximately one month after ice coverage was a result of algal activity before or after ice coverage or whether it resulted from a combination of both. Fol- lowing ice coverage, depletion to zero of dissolved oxygen resources was observed at Stations 10, 9, 8, 3, 2, and 1 within approximately one month after ice cover. Sampling was terminated prior to the 1940 spring breakup. Only one sampling trip made in August 1939. RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 26 Samples for B.O.D. determination were taken at the same time as dissolved oxygen samples; results of determinations are shown in Figures 2 to 6 inclusive. Separate tabulations of monthly averages are shown in Tables VIII and IX. The points of heaviest pollution and the variation in loading are indicated by the graphs and tables. The surplus or deficit of dissolved oxygen over 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. is shown by stations in Figures 2, 3, and 4. With the exception of the winter critical period and the late summer critical period, the dissolved oxygen is generally in excess of the B.O.D. A more detailed presentation of the oxygen rela- tionships is included in the section on Stream Loadings and Oxygen Requirements. Sludge deposits appear to exert an appreciable de- mand; this is most noticeable under ice coverage conditions. 2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3. Other Determinations Nitrites, temperature, turbidity, and pH were determined rou- tinely at the same time as dissolved oxygen and B.O.D. Tabulations of monthly averages are included in the report as Tables X to XVII inclusive. Nitrites.—This determination was made on regular river sam- ples primarily to indicate the dissolved oxygen procedure necessary. Nitrite concentrations were greatest below Fargo-Moorhead; the sew- age treatment plants at both of these municipalities include trickling filters. Nitrites persisted greater distances downstream from Fargo-Moorhead during the ice coverage period than at any other time of the year. Below Grand Forks nitrites were observed in sig- nificant amounts only under low temperature conditions. A tabu- lation of monthly averages of nitrite determinations is included as Tables X and XL Temperature.—Monthly averages of water temperatures for all Red River stations are shown in the tables XII and XIII. At least four full months of 0°C. water temperature is indicated at most stations. Maximum monthly summer temperature averages are slight- ly above 20°C. Turbidity.—The purpose of making turbidity determinations was to provide an approximation of the suspended solids content. High- est turbidities were coincident with highest flows (following spring break-up); lowest turbidities occurred in the late fall and winter months, the minimum being reached just prior to spring breakup. Sufficient correlation was observed between turbidity and oxygen demand to be of value in determining B.O.D. dilutions during per- iods of high turbidity. A direct relation between stream flow and turbidity over the entire year is not apparent; lower turbidities were observed in winter than in summer for the same stream flow. The average monthly turbidities for each river station are shown in Tables XIV and XV. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DETERMINATIONS 27 pH. —A distinct variation between open water and ice coverage conditions was evident at most stations on both the main river and its tributaries. Highest pH values (8.5) were associated with high dissolved oxygen and low B.O.D. The pH during ice coverage aver- aged from 0.2 to 0.7 units lower than during the open water period. Maximum monthly average variation was 1.0 pH unit. See Tables XVII and XVIII. Chemical Analyses.—Two series of chemical analyses were made at some of the representative stations. Tabulations of results are made in Table XVIII and are arranged to show contrast between ice coverage and open water conditions. No particular significance can be attached with only two samples from each point, but the general quality of the water at the time samples were taken is in- dicated. Since some oxygen was present at most stations when the set of samples was obtained under ice coverage conditions, varia- tions in organic constituents are likely to be as much a result of flow changes as a result of ice coverage. II. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Samples for coliform organism determinations were taken at regular sampling stations at the same time other samples were ob- tained. Examinations were made in the Public Health Laboratory in Grand Forks by the regular laboratory personnel. Standard Methods’ procedures were followed except as previously noted. Estimates of most probable numbers were made from the results of confirmation tests on triplicate tubes in a geometric series of four, using McCrady’s Formula and Tables. The figures entered in Tables XIX and XX inclusive are monthly arithmetic averages of individual sample results. In the early part of the study, some dilutions set up were too low; this accounts for the large number of indeterminate results. The numbers following the asterisks in the Tables indicate the number of indeterminate results of magnitude shown by footnotes. Points along the main stream where pollution is received are clearly indicated. Principal among these are the Fargo-Moorhead area (Sta. 11), and the Grand Forks-East Grand Forks area (Sta. 6). The effect of the beet sugar plant at East Grand Forks is clearly evident during its operation. Results at Station G (beet plant out- fall) indicate the tremendous pollutional effect of this industrial waste, which becomes progressively stronger as the operating season proceeds. The effect on the stream is most detrimental because the strongest waste is discharged during ice coverage. Extremely high coliform organism concentrations at and below points of pollution were noted; the concentration decreased pro- gressively downstream. Average concentrations at water works in- takes (Fargo — Sta. 12 and Grand Forks — Sta. 7) were not in 28 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION excess of the treatment plants’ capabilities with respect to coliform organism loadings.1 (See Figures 12, 13, and 14.) III. BIOLOGICAL DATA (by Minnesota State Board of Health) Samples of bottom sediment were collected at regular sampling points along the Red River from a point immediately above Fargo and Moorhead to the Canadian Boundary.2 In the field, collections of the sediment were made through the ice. The sample was obtained by using a Petersen dredge and the material collected was immedi- ately concentrated by sifting through a No. 30 U. S. standard sieve. Formalin was used as preservative and the concentrated material sent to the laboratory for examination. The procedure followed in the laboratory was that described in the eighth edition of Standard Methods of Water Analysis.3 The summarized results obtained in the laboratory examination appear in Tables I — 1 to III — 2, a graphical representation of the data in Fig. 1. The study of the bottom fauna showed that clean-water forms were scarce in that portion of the Red River included in this sur- vey. This is in accordance with earlier observations made in 1931- 1933 and in 1939. With minor exceptions, conditions were so simi- lar that many of the statements made in the earlier reports apply in all essentials to *the present survey. As indicated in the 1933 report, pollutional forms were predomi- nant at most points with a limited number of clean-water forms present in some of the samples at Georgetown (Sta. 10), Halstad (Sta. 9), Oslo (Sta. 4), and Drayton (Sta. 2). At Olso the clean- water forms were partially decayed, indicating that they had suc- cumbed to the adverse winter conditions which existed there. Their presence in this sample, therefore, is merely evidence that this sec- tion of the stream is suitable for less tolerant forms during the warmer months when an ice cover does not exist. The same condi- tion existed last year (1938) during the winter period and remnants of clean-water organisms were also found at that time. The marked predominance of pollutional forms in slack water areas above dams, referred to in the 1938 report, was again apparent in samples taken above the dams at Fargo and at Grand Forks. The tendency for large quantities of organic matter to settle in the quiet water behind these dams is largely responsible for this condition. Samples obtained north of Oslo during the 1938 survey contained a number of clean-water organisms which up to that time had sur- vived unfavorable conditions. This year collections of the sediment were made about a month later than last year, a fact which prob- ably accounts for the absence of clean-water forms in all but one 1 Studies of the Effect of Water Purification Processes, H. W. Streeter, Public Health Bulletin. 2 The field work, including collection and concentration of samples was done from March 16 to 23. 3 S. M. W. A. Am. P. H. Association 1936. BIOLOGICAL DATA 29 of the samples taken in this area. (See Fig. 1.) As indicated in the 1938 report, delay in sampling may allow certain soft-bodied organ- isms which have died earlier in the season to completely disappear by disintegration. For this reason, and because the total winter effect upon the bottom-dwelling fauna is most evident just before the final spring “break-up”, it is believed that the samples taken this season are most representative of the winter condition of the stream. Apparently clean-water forms are established in this part of the stream each year only to be eliminated during the ensuing winter when the zone of active decomposition extends downstream. The Red Lake River, as the largest tributary in this section, is of considerable interest. Samples taken from this stream are almost identical with those taken last year and a considerable degree of upstream pollution, artificial and natural, is indicated. Nannoplankton organisms were more numerous than observed to be last year but only reached a maximum of 447,000 as compared to a maximum of 12 Vz million organisms observed during the winter period of 1933. The maximum this season occurred immediately below Moorhead and Fargo and below Grand Forks. Increases in organic pollution are especially favorable to the growth of certain species of Nannoplankton, such as Oscillatoria and other bluegreen algae. In this connection it is interesting to note that Oscillatoria geminata was especially abundant below the larger mu- nicipalities where a marked fertilizing effect might be expected. Pro- tozoa, which are also abundant where a polluted condition obtains, were abundant at almost all stations. This is quite in line with the general evidence of pollution through the whole area. In general the biological data, including both plankton and bot- tom fauna, indicate that pollution is extensive during the period of the winter when ice covers the stream, and that it is evident throughout the entire portion of the stream included in the survey. STREAM LOADINGS AND OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS STREAM LOADINGS The two major points where pollution is discharged into the section of the Red River under observation are the Fargo area (between Stations 11 and 12) and the Grand Forks area (between Stations 7 and 5) the latter receiving the larger portion. Since there is such a great difference in flow in the two sections of the stream above and below Grand Forks, no direct comparison of the stream loadings Can be made from the B.O-D. expressed in parts per million. A tabulation of 20°C. 5-day B.O.D. in pounds per day is included in the Base Data tables XXI, and XXII. These values do not represent the actual oxygen requirements of the stream because the time of flow and the rates of deoxygenation at the pre- vailing temperature have not been taken into consideration. How- 30 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION ever, these values are included because they represent base data expressed in standard terms; they are monthly averages of actual determinations. Temperature, time of flow and rate of deoxygenation are taken into account in Table XXIII for the 1938-39 winter ice coverage period and in Table XXIV for the 1939-40 winter ice coverage period. For stations below Grand Forks, five-day 20°C. B.O.D. values have been converted to 0°C. B.O.D. values using an incubation period equal to the time of flow from each of these stations to Lake Winni- peg. For stations above Grand Forks, the 0°C. B.O.D. incubation period is taken as the time of flow from each of the stations to Sta- tion 6 because at this point the pollution, dilution and aeration change the oxygen relationship entirely. A comparison of the 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. with the dissolved oxy- gen, both expressed in pounds daily (Quantity Units), is shown graphically by station and season in Figures 7, 8 and 9. These same quantity unit values of B.O.D.’s for the winter critical season (A) and the summer critical season (C) are shown in Figures 10 and 11 together with the principal sources of pollution. In Figures 10 and 11, the major tributaries, municipalities, and industries are plotted to show their average seasonal contribution in pounds of 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. daily. It should be noted that the increase, or decrease in B.O.D., as the case may be, between any two stations should approximate the B.O-D. of the entering wastes minus the natural reduction of all wastes effected between these stations. A relative picture is therefore shown, although further explanation is necessary for such apparent discrepancies as are in- dicated on Figure 10 in the Fargo-Moorhead area. Fargo-Moorhead Area Little correlation between the observed B.O.D. of wastes enter- ing in this area (above Station 11) and that found in the stream can be noted. For example, the oxygen demand of the wastes from Fargo and Moorhead as measured and according to treatment plant records is approximately 1400 pounds per day. (See Table V, Ap- pendix II). Therefore, it would be expected that the observed B.O.D. at Station 11 would be approximately 1400 pounds greater than that at Station 12 (above Fargo) since no other drainage or waste of sig- nificance enters between these two points. However, the observed increase at times exceeded this amount and at other times was less. The table following shows the monthly variation together with the corresponding stream flow. STREAM LOADINGS 31 Net Increase in Five-day 20°C. B.O.D. in Pounds Daily Between Stations 12 and 11 Month 1938 Nov. Dec. 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Sta. 11 1627 1661 6033 2644 23270 19965 5415 4155 679 385 Sta. 12 559 446 1152 936 10031 8253 2957 3062 496 135 Gain 1068 1215 4881 1708 13239 11712 2458 1093 183 250 c.f.s. Flow 23 25 97 102 743 710 219 135 18 5 From the above tabulation, it is noted that for low stream flows a much lower increase in B.O.D. than the value of 1400 pounds was observed and that during high stream flows a much higher increase was found. Possible reasons may be the extreme variation in quan- tity and velocity of flows, the effect of sedimentation during lower flows and subsequent scouring of sludge banks during higher flows, and the difficulty of obtaining a representative sample at Station 11 due to the proximity of the Fargo sewage outfall. Various other- indeterminate or non-apparent factors may also be involved in this discrepancy. Excluding March and April, the average increase in B.O.D. for the remaining months probably would approximate the value of the entering wastes, if the low flow months of July and October were taken into consideration. (No samples were taken during these months.) The B.O.D. in p.p.m. of the river above Fargo was found to be relatively constant. It would seem improbable that the high values of March and April were, in any measure, a result of land surface drainage from the relatively small area between the two stations. However, the by-pass arrangement of the combined storm and sanitary sewers of Fargo, may exert an appreciable effect dur- ing spring runoff. Fargo to Grand Forks Area The Sheyenne (Station L) and Buffalo (Station K) Rivers join the Red River between Stations 10 and 11 which are 25 miles apart. The pollution load of the river at Station 10 should, therefore, ap- proximate the total of that found at Stations 11, L and K. The fol- lowing table compares the combined pounds of five-day, 20°C. B.O.D. for Stations 11, L and K with that at Station 10. Stream flows are also shown. Comparison of Combined B.O.D. of Stations 11, L and K with that Found at Station 10 Month 1938 Nov. Dec. 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Total Lbs. B.O.D. Sta. 11, L, & K. 2024 1806 6303 2912 28774 35436 6884 5703 1045 595 Total Lbs. B.O.D. Sta. 10 .. 778 328 1436 3774 20315 42174 4666 6444 1283 321 Flow at Sta. 11 23 25 98 102 743 711 218 135 17 5.2 Flow at Sta. 10 45 38 95 102 855 1420 320 234 25 9 32 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Excepting for August, when only one sample was taken, and Jan- uary, the months with flows of 90 second feet or more showed a smaller per cent of difference than those months with flows below 90 second feet. During the high flow period from April to June, the pounds of 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. in the river increased progressively downstream from Station 10 to Station 8, but dropped between Stations 8 and 7. The influence of the reservoir created by the dam at Grand Forks should be taken into consideration in this latter case. During the summer critical months, some drop in the B.O.D. was noticed progressively downstream. Except during months of very low flow, the B.O.D. added by the tributaries is relatively small. During times of low flow in the Red River, the Sheyenne River contributes a fairly high per cent of the total B.O.D. in the river. The flow in the Sheyenne during such times may be as great or greater than that found in the Red River. Grand Forks Area and the Portion of River Between Grand Forks and the International Boundary. In the section of the river below the confluence of the Red River and the Red Lake River, the quantity of B.O.D. is considerably greater than that in the portion of river between Fargo and Grand Forks because of the greater quantity of contributed wastes and the increased flow. The percentage difference in loading between these two portions of the River is most pronounced during the fall and winter season when the beet sugar plant is in operation. The effect of the beet sugar plant wastes, and their settling character- istics are indicated in the table following: Comparison of Combined B.O.D. of Stations 7 Plus H with the B.O.D. at Station 6 and at Station 5. Mo. 1938 Nov. Dec. 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sta. H & 7 2579 2246 1804 1643 3973 73841 15124 11150 2634 6132 8023 9238 2921 6 19494* 18699* 3495 2844 4806 102970 15267 8162 3059 4495 22725* 36383* 365711 5 10157 9302 6853 4385 7500 87890 13865 8595 2548 4120 13707 22810 20360 6-5 9337 9278 15080 1402 511 375 9018 13573 16211 Flow at 7 59 59 78 99 274 2450 458 336 38 16 24 41 28 Flow at 6 190 199 237 229 455 3126 912 687 118 225 334 332 314 MONTHLY AVERAGE POUNDS— 5 DAY, 20°C. B.O.D. The above tabulation shows that during the months of Novem- ber and December 1938 and October, November and December 1939, the water gained about 16,000 to 33,000 pounds of B.O.D. per day between the point of confluence of the Red Lake and Red Rivers (Sta. H and 7) and Station 6. During these months the principal sources of pollution in this section of the river were the beet sugar *Beet Sugar Plant operating. STREAM LOADINGS 33 plant and the City of East Grand Forks. The actual average oxygen demand of these wastes expressed as 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. was about 24,400 pounds for the beet sugar plant and about 690 pounds for East Grand Forks. The tabulation also shows that during the months referred to above there was a decrease in pounds of B.O.D. from Station 6 to Station 5 of 9,000 to 16,000 pounds. Approximately 1,750 pounds of B.O.D. (City of Grand Forks—1340, Packing Plant—335, and Flour Mill—73) are discharged daily into the river just below Station 6; thus, an actual total reduction of 11,000 to 18,000 pounds of B.O.D. occurred between Stations 6 and 5. During the three months fol- lowing the close of the beet sugar plant, there was an increase in pounds of B.O.D. from Stations 6 to 5 in excess of the 1750 pounds added by industrial and municipal wastes. Analysis of the foregoing data seems to indicate that the fol- lowing deductions offer at least a partial explanation of the ob- served phenomena with respect to stream loadings and oxygen requirements: 1. Sludge deposits may decompose anaerobically even though aerobic conditions exist in the water above. The escaping gases may cause incompletely oxidized products of anaerobic decomposition to go into suspension, resulting in a higher B.O.D. of the liquid. Also the gases themselves and other soluble organic matter may go into solution and increase the B.O.D. 2. A reservoir and dam act as a settling basin and aerating de- vice respectively. 3. Suspended matter settles out in the stream at lower flows. At higher flows much suspended matter is retained; in addi- tion, material previously deposited is dislodged and carried downstream. The following table gives the monthly averages of B.O.D. in pounds per day at all stations between Grand Forks and the Inter- national Boundary. Mo. 1938 Nov. Dec. 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sta. 5 10157 9302 6853 4385 7500 87890 13865 8595 2548 4120 13707 22810 20368 4 12442 9574 10852 2401 5045 104420 16947 9772 3055 4330 11508 16878 26169 3 5511 9936 9579 2493 3674 115506 20365 9575 1555 2799 4830 9739 9934 2 2579 9149 9564 2657 2446 118201 20218 5148 2713 3091 4186 10098 7217 1 2683 7568 9730 2203 2387 137489 19753 5930 3858 2608 3833 5023 4447 POUNDS OF 20° — 5-DAY B.O.D. AT STATIONS BELOW GRAND FORKS One significant fact that can be observed from the above tabula- tion is that the open water months of high pollution, except for spring runoff, show a progressive decrease in B.O.D. from Station 4 to Station 1 and the months of ice coverage, Dec. 1938, Jan. and Feb. 1939, show no significant change in B.O.D. 34 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE In order to present a picture of the oxygen balance in the stream under existing ice coverage conditions, the oxygen required and the oxygen available have been computed for each station by months. (See tables XXIII and XXIV.) A summary of the 1938-39 winter critical season oxygen relationships at stations 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 has also been prepared and included in these tables. The net daily oxygen surplus or deficit in pounds for each station is shown in the tables. Oxygen requirement computations cover only the amount of oxygen that would be utilized by the biochemical stabili- zation of the wastes in the stream and do not take into account the surplus of oxygen required for the maintenance of fish life and the maintenance of other essential standards of stream sanitation. Calculations are based on observed stream flow, observed dis- solved oxygen and 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. Lake Winnipeg has been taken as the point of final disposal of all wastes. However, for each station between Fargo and Grand Forks, the oxygen requirement has been computed for an incubation period equal to the time of flow from the station to Grand Forks. This procedure was followed because aeration, dilution and pollution at Grand Forks change the oxygen relationships entirely. For each station below Grand Forks the oxygen requirement is computed for an incubation period equal to the time of flow to Lake Winnipeg. In Tables XXIII and XXIV only the oxygen requirement in pounds daily under ice coverage has been calculated. Oxygen requirements during ice coverage in terms of stream flow and for existing conditions are shown in Tables XXV and XXVI. Under ice coverage no pollution of significance is discharged into the river except at Fargo and Grand Forks. If there were no dis- turbing influences, the stream flow necessary between Fargo and Grand Forks (to be supplied at Fargo) could be calculated on the basis of the observed stream loading at Fargo. Similarly, the flow to be supplied at Grand Forks could be calculated on the basis of the observed stream loading at Grand Forks. In computing stream flows required under existing ice coverage conditions the effect of such influences as sedimentation, scouring of sludge, and solution of sludge and sludge digestion products made necessary a slightly different procedure. This procedure consisted of calculating, for example, for the stations from Fargo to Grand Forks, the oxygen requirement from Fargo to each station and from each station to Grand Forks. The largest oxygen requirement was considered the determining one. Stream flows required on the basis of one, two, three, and four p.p.m. available oxygen are shown in the tables. Additional data on stream flow requirements are contained in Appendix IV. These data in- clude minimum required stream flows during both ice coverage and OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE 35 open water conditions with existing treatment and with 85 per cent treatment of all wastes. The method of converting 5-day 20°C. B.O.D.’s to 0°C. B.O.D.’s is outlined in Appendix III. It is recognized that the method is somewhat arbitrary. In converting 5-day 20°C. B.O.D.’s to 0°C. B.O.D.’s the method used is basically accurate only at the point of discharge of wastes. It is known that the ultimate first stage B.O.D. at 20°C. is higher than the ultimate first stage B.O.D. at 0°C. In other words, some organic matter that will not be oxidized at 0°C. is oxidized at 20°C. For example, at a Station X 20 days in time of flow below the point of discharge of wastes, 79 per cent of the first stage 0°C. B.O.D. of the wastes discharged will be satisfied. (See Conversion Table in Appendix III.) The ultimate first stage 20°C. B. O. D. of a sample taken at Station X, however, will be in excess of the 21 per cent remaining to be satisfied at 0°C. It is not strictly correct, therefore, to say that the first stage 0°C. B.O.D. for any specific period of incubation at this Station X is the same percentage of .the 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. that it would be for the same period of incubation at the point of discharge of wastes. In the above graph 21 per cent of the ultimate first stage 0°C. B.O.D. remains to be oxidized at the end of 20 days. A sample taken at Station X should give a continuation of the lower curve (A) if incubated at 0°C. However, 20°C. incubations were actually 36 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION made resulting in the oxidation of substances not acted upon at 0°C. (Curve C.) Converting the 20°C. results to 0°C. gives a curve (B) which is greater than an actual 0°C. incubation would have given. The method as employed, while theoretically not entirely correct, appeared to be a practical approach to the problem. The oxygen requirements obtained by this method would tend to be slightly higher than required rather than lower. SUMMARY Under ice coverage the dissolved oxygen content depleted to zero in from two to six weeks in the Red River as well as in some of its tributaries. Exceptions to this were stations located immedi- ately below dams or stretches of open water. The effect of aera- tion resulting from a dam was noticed continuously throughout the winter sbason at Station 5, located 12 miles below the Riverside Park (Grand Forks) Dam. At no time was a zero dissolved oxygen content recorded at this station despite the fact that during October, November, and December strong sugar refinery wastes were being discharged a short distance above the dam. However, at Station 4, located 25 miles below this dam, zero dissolved oxygen conditions were found three weeks after ice coverage. A series of dams in the Fargo area and the open stretch of water below the Fargo sewage treatment plant outfall provided oxygen at Station 11 during the entire winter season. At Station 10, located 25 miles below Station 11, the effect of aeration was still observed; zei’o dissolved oxygen conditions were not found until six weeks after ice coverage. The dissolved oxygen was depleted more rapidly below Grand Forks because of the greater stream loading. In addition to the 2437 pounds of B.O.D. from other industrial and municipal wastes at Grand Forks, approximately 24,000 pounds of B.O.D. were con- tributed daily by the beet sugar plant during its period of opera- tion. About 1400 pounds of B.O.D. per day were contributed by Fargo and Moorhead. The stream flow at Grand Forks was not more than three or four times that at Fargo on an average. In order to maintain a satisfactory condition in the river, it is necessary that the oxygen content shall at no time be entirely de- pleted. It is assumed that in order to sustain fish life the dissolved oxygen should be approximately three parts per million minimum. With a dissolved oxygen content of six p.p.m. below the dam at Grand Forks there would be three p.p.m. available to oxidize the treated sewage and other wastes. With a flow of 200 c.f.s. the re- sulting available oxygen would be 3240 pounds per day. The 24,000 pounds of B.O.D. mentioned above as contributed daily from the beet sugar plant is the 5-day 20°C. value, which approximates the 30-day 0°C. B.O.D. The 3240 pounds of available oxygen is obviously inadequate and would be utilized in approximately two days at 0°C. SUMMARY 37 (See Conversion Table, page 122.) In order to provide sufficient oxygen to accommodate the 0°C. demand to Lake Winnipeg, the flow would have to be seven or eight times the 200 c.f.s. mentioned above or approximately 1500 c.f.s. and this does not take into consideration the daily load of about 2400 pounds of B.O.D. from other indus- trial and municipal wastes discharged at Grand Forks. From these calculations the need for additional treatment is obvious, since pro- viding supplemental flows of this magnitude is not economically feasible. In general, higher flows were attended by less objectionable conditions than lower flows. Higher flows, in addition to providing greater dilution, result in higher velocities, thereby carrying the demand farther downstream in a shorter length of time. (Unfor- tunately, below Grand Forks the critical fall and winter conditions of low flow are coincident with the operation of the beet sugar plant.) Determination of the re-aeration provided by dams was not included as a regular sampling procedure. However, sufficient sam- ples were collected and data obtained to indicate that low tempera- ture oxygen-deficient waters would contain at least 6 p.p.m. dis- solved oxygen after passing over a dam of the type most commonly encountered in the River. The information obtained was for flows up to approximately 200 c.f.s. Normally, high flows do not occur during winter critical periods and it would be only during a time of relatively complete submergence of the dam that a total oxygen content of 6 p.p.m. could not be obtained. In order to regulate the flow in the Red River from within the Basin, water must be stored in lakes, reservoirs, or river chan- nels. It is known that the oxygen content of water in shallow lakes (less than 20-30 feet) may, due to natural pollution alone, be de- pleted seriously, and even completely, during ice coverage.1 As the period of ice coverage increases the oxygen depletion becomes great- er. Also, water stored in artificial reservoirs has been observed to be devoid of oxygen, during ice coverage, due to natural pollution (See Appendix V). If such impounded waters are to be used for the dilution and oxidation of sewage and other wastes, the quantity of water necessary will depend on the oxygen content of such water. Therefore, to be of greatest value for dilution and oxidation of wastes, such waters should be aerated upon release from storage reservoirs. A low overflow or spilling dam, designed for this pur- pose, could accomplish aeration to the extent of increasing the dis- solved oxygen content to at least 6. parts per million. This statement is based on actual observations at low overflow dams in the Red River. The suitability of relatively unpolluted streams for dilution pur- poses was investigated during the course of the study. A detailed 1 Regional Planning. Part V—Red River of the North, 1937, National Resources Committee. 38 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION discussion of the findings is contained in Appendix V. From the data collected it has been concluded that the biochemical oxygen demand of surface runoff, bottom sediment and decaying vegetation is generally sufficient to cause serious oxygen depletion. With the exception of the Missouri River, none of the streams studied were found to be of appreciable value as sources of oxygen—containing dilution water during the critical winter period. In most cases these tributaries would be of value if they were aerated just prior to their confluence with the Red River. The dissolved oxygen content of the Missouri River did not fall below 9.8 p.p.m. during the winter of 1938-39. In a sluggish stream such as the Red River, the formation of sludge deposits is likely to occur wherever raw or partially treated wastes are discharged. Extensive sludge deposits were observed in and below Grand Forks. As pointed out under “Stream Loadings”, higher flows apparently dislodge large quantities of accumulated sludge from behind dams and from other sections of the River below points of pollution. The progressive increase in B.O.D. from Grand Forks to the International Boundary as observed in the February 1938 study indicates the presence of oxygen-requiring sludge de- posits throughout this entire stretch of river. From this it would appear that sludge deposits may be picked up, carried downstream and redeposited, at least in part. Large variations in stream loadings may occur because of sludge deposits. As pointed out previously in this report, the difference in stream loading between two stations may be greater or less than the pollution loading discharged into the River between these two stations depending on whether settling or scouring is taking place. When neither settling nor scouring is taking place, the B.O.D. of the stream may be increased as it flows over sludge deposits. Di- rect solution of deposited organic matter and of oxygen-requiring decomposition products of sludge digestion, as well as entrainment of organic particles floated by gas evolved during sludge digestion, may be responsible for an increase in the B.O.D. of the stream. This phenomena is evident especially during ice coverage. ■ The determination of required stream flows under open water conditions is complicated both by sludge deposits and algal ac- tivity. Since the exact effect of these two influences cannot prac- tically be determined, and since they tend to offset each other, they have not been taken into consideration in calculating minimum required stream flows. With effective treatment of all wastes the effect of sludge deposits should be of diminishing importance. Algal activity is extremely variable and more or less unpredictable. Dis- solved oxygen supersaturation to the extent of 60 per cent has been observed in the Red River. Channel clearance and the elimination of marshy and heavily vegetated areas should tend to decrease the importance of algae in relation to oxygen balance in the stream since such areas favor the growth of many micro-organisms in- SUMMARY 39 eluding algae. It would be expected that other taste and odor pro- ducing organisms also would be less abundant as a result of channel clearance. Industrial waste discharges into the Red River were of signifi- cant importance in this investigation. It was necessary to study the processes from which the wastes result, and to determine the quantity, characteristics, and behavior of the wastes. This phase of the study was almost entirely of a strict research nature since little of the necessary type of information was available prior to this study. Long range incubations of waste samples and river samples containing the wastes were carried out at 0°C. and 20°C. The research information obtained indicates that the rate and extent of oxygen utilization by industrial wastes is dependent on several factors including nature of the waste, temperature, extent of dilution and type of dilution water. It has long been known that the rate of oxygen utilization becomes less as the temperature is lowered, but the definite rate of use at specific temperatures, including 0°C., had to be determined for each waste and for specific mixtures of wastes and river water. Results indicated that these rates of oxygen use were not the same as the rates generally ac- cepted for domestic sewage dilutions and that a mixture of domes- tic sewage, wastes and river water did not react at the same rate as domestic sewage dilutions. At temperatures near 0°C. the mixture reacted at a slower rate than that generally accepted for sewage dilutions. On the basis of limited data, the mixture is believed to react at a faster rate than generally accepted for sewage dilution during summer months at temperatures near 20°C. The rate and extent of oxygen use by samples of wastes diluted with synthetic dilution waters was found to be affected profoundly by the nature of the dilution water and the extent of dilution. Samples of wastes diluted with river water did not react the same as samples diluted with prepared (synthetic) dilution waters. Samples of mixed wastes and river water did not react the same as dilutions of the waste preponderant in the mix- ture of wastes and river water. The difference in behavior was of varying magnitude. It is essential to determine, therefore, not only the basic behavior of each industrial waste separately but also in combination with other wastes under specific stream conditions. Since the behavior of an industrial waste may be quite different than that of domestic sewage, it is not correct to forecast the effect of industrial wastes on the basis of the behavior of domestic sewage. A detailed presentation of the research data on industrial wastes and domestic sewage has not been made in this report. A separate report on this phase is contemplated by the North Dakota State De- partment of Health. The use of raw Red River water or ice for household purposes, except after boiling, must be considered dangerous from a public health standpoint. In general, no surface water should be used 40 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION for drinking and similar purposes unless properly treated. Heavy sewage pollution in the Red River makes the use of this water un- treated a very hazardous procedure. Some danger to public health arises also out of the use of the River for swimming, boating, and fishing. Improvements in the condition of the River can be brought about by sewage and waste treatment, increased stream flow, aeration, and channel clearance. All of the important wastes discharged into the River are considered amenable to effective treatment. Some regulation of flow may be provided within the basin; supplemental flows may be provided from other watersheds. Overflow or spill- way dams, designed as aerating devices appear to be a practical means of replenishing the oxygen content of oxygen deficient wa- ters, and may be used in the main stream, at the outlet to natural and artificial reservoirs, or on tributaries or diversion channels just prior to their confluence with the main stream; any combination of these also may be used. The practice by individuals and villages of dumping garbage, rubbish, potatoes, manure, and the like on the ice during winter months should be prevented. Much of this material, instead of being carried to the mouth of the River, merely settles to the bot- tom and exerts an additional oxygen demand on the River. Barn- yard drainage should be so diverted that it will not discharge di- rectly into the River. In working out a corrective program, the cost of providing de- sired treatment must be balanced against the cost of constructing and operating storage, aerating and diversion works. Public con- venience must be balanced against reasonable standards of stream sanitation. The entire corrective program should be a coordinated composite of solutions to the individual problems. TABLES AND FIGURES 42 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Sta. No. 1 Sta. No. 2 Sta. No. 3 Sta. No. 4 Sta. No. 4 Sta. No. 6 Sta. No. 7 Pembina Drayton Grafton Oslo Oslo G. Fks. G. Fks. Composite Composite Composite Minn. Side N.D. Side Composite Composite Blue-Green Algae 2,592 15,480 6,120 16,200 7,920 1,440 1,440 | 2,592 15,480 6,120 16,200 7,920 Green Algae | 288 288 360 360 1,080 1,080 576 360 360 1,080 1,080 Diatoms 360 2,880 13,680 1,440 7,776 Cyclotella sp 13,536 18,000 4,680 418,300 39,960 Cymatopleura solea 7,488 3,960 3,744 Diatoma vulgare 1,080 360 Diatoma sp 720 360 Gomphonema acuminatum 1,728 720 360 1,800 Gyrosigma sp 864 360 Melosira granulata 288 720 Melosira Roeseana 50 3,456 2,592 288 1,440 720 1,152 720 6,120 3,240 4,680 1,080 1,440 1,080 1,440 360 2,160 2,160 9,000 7,200 2,016 31,968 27,720 14,400 21,240 11,930 428,380 61,920 Protozoa 2,304 576 360 360 576 720 1,800 38 120 1,675 50 360 864 360 3,240 * 3,744 398 700 3,960 1,675 1,130 1,800 Miscellaneous 360 50 TOTAL 35,700 29,560 18,260 41,040 | 20,085 447,200 72,720 RED RIVER SURVEY—1939 Table I—1 BIOLOGICAL DATA—PLANKTON BIOLOGICAL DATA 43 Sta. H Red. L.R. Composite Sta. 8 Climax Composite Sta. 9 Halstad Composite Sta. 10 Georgetown Sta. 11 Moorhead Composite Sta. 12 Moorhead Ab. Intake Sta. 12 Moorhead Below In. Blue-Green Algae Oscillatoria geminata 2,160 9,720 69,480 67,935 647 6,840 2,880 2,880 2,160 9,720 69,480 720 Present 68,582 • 6,840 Green Algae Present 360 2,880 647 720 2,880 360 720 720 647 720 Diatoms 374 13,500 , 17,950 360 720 360 51,120 18,720 360 12,600 19,080 1,080 360 29,115 23,292 8.640 1 .440 374 1,294 1,941 4,529 360 360 360 50 1,080 360 360 2,244 360 1,080 4,320 720 26,640 2,880 4,529 1,294 23,292 1,800 374 3,600 5,760 5,760 10,800 4,488 , 748 360 1,800 1 ,080 36,720 1,941 647 12,940 720 27,000 10,440 13,090 43,760 2,880 7,760 1,800 Subtotal 27,720 65,880 96,900 93,600 104,800 13,320 70,250 Continued on next page RED RIVER SURVEY—1939 Table I—2 UOLOG1CAL DATA—PLANKTON 44 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Sta. H Red L. R. Composite Sta. 8 Climax Composite Sta. 9 Halstad Composite Sta. 10 i Georgetown Sta. 11 Moorhead Composite Sta. 12 Moorhead Above In. Sta. 12 Moorhead Below In. Rotifers Diurella porcellus 50 Keratella quadrata 50 Rotifer sp 25 Subtotal 50 25 113 50 Protozoa • Epistylis sp 360 360 374 2,620 2,160 720 Cblamydomonas sp 360 4,320 360 647 Euglena sp 1,122 25 Frontonia sp 50 150 Vorticella sp 748 850 38 150 Phacus sp Subtotal 5,040 920 4,860 1,164 2,680 647 23 • 2,880 Miscellaneous Nematode Immature Copepods TOTAL 38,520 69,370 111,500 165,000 178,044 16,200 78,730 RED RIVER SURVEY—1939 Table 1—3 BIOLOGICAL DATA—PLANKTON (Continued) BIOLOGICAL DATA 45 • Average number of organisms per sq. yd. (Divide all by 2) Sta. 1 Pembina Sta. 2 Drayton Sta. 3 Grafton Sta. 4 Oslo Sta. 6 Gr. Fks. Sta. 7 Gr. Fks. Sta. H Gr. Fks. Nemathelminthes 12 Annelida 293 235 1,527 1,463 40(1 6 129 205 517 35 6 35 94 29 6 17 18 Mollusca 120 59 6 Arthropoda 24 30 Insecta 399 12 6 64 6 70 59 59 247 17 70 59 106 458 42 65 200 23 41 29 47 24 6 24 12 141 Mayfly—dead, disintegrated 6 17 Corixa sp 6 6 TOTAL 506 300 333 1,273 312 2,732 2,138 — RED RIVER OF THE NORTH March 1939. Table II—1 BIOLOGICAL DATA—BOTTOM FAUNA Composite Tabulation 46 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Average number of organisms per sq. yd. (Divide all by 2) Sta. 8 Climax Sta. 9 Halstad Sta. 10 Georgetown Sta. 11 | Moorhead Sta. 12 Moorhead Nemathelminthes Nematoda Annelida 53 76 382 22,472 523 12 217 1,093 88 6 6 6 Mollusca 6 12 Arthropoda | 29 Insecta 12 587 6 6 53 6 6 100 Pentaneura carnea 12 76 370 6 TOTAL 83 246 653 23,941 1,298 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH March 1939 Table II—2 BIOLOGICAL DAT A—BOTTOM FAUNA Composite Tabulation BIOLOGICAL DATA BOTTOM FAUNA RELATION OF POL LOTIONAL TO FACULTATIVE AND CLEAN WATER ORGANISMS FIGURE t MARCH-1959 POLLUTZONAL FACULTATIVE POLLUT IOHAL CLEAN WATER LEGEND BIOLOGICAL DATA 47 Average number of organisms per sq. yd. (Divide all by 2) Sta. 8 Climax Sta. 9 Halstad Sta. 10 Georgetown Sta. 11 Moorhead Sta. 12 Moorhead Insecta 17 17 17 53 17 29 35 676 117 6 6 82 18 • 18 6 41 6 12 6 6 TOTAL 747 275 105 58 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH March 1939 Table II—3 Location of Samples Pollutional Forms Facultative Pollutional Forms Clean-Water Forms Total Number per sq. yard Number of Species Average No/sq/yd , Percent of total Average No/sq/yd Percent of total Average No/sq/yd Percent of total Pembina Drayton Grafton Oslo Sta. 1 406 80.2 100 19.8 0.0 506 5 59 19.6 153 51.1 88 29.3 300 9 Sta. 3 182 570 54.8 44.7 150 700 45.2 54.8 6 0.0 0.5 332 1,276 12 StB fi 235 75.3 77 24.7 0.0 312 3 2,444 89.4 288 10.6 0.0 2,732 7 1,610 75.2 388 18.2 i4i 6.6 2,139 11 Climax Halstad Georgetown Moorhead Moorhead Sta. 8 ’ 78.3 18 21.7 0.0 83 4 112 11.3 829 83.3 54 5.4 995 12 Sta. 10 611 65.8 206 22.1 112 12.1 929 16 Sta 11 23,671 98.4 376 1.6 0.0 24,047 7 Sta. 12 1,198 88.3 159 11.7 0.0 1,357 7 RED RIVER OF March 16-22, 1939 THE NORTH Table III—1 BIOLOGICAL DATA—BOTTOM FAUNA Summary and Classification as Index Organisms BIOLOGICAL DATA BOTTOM FAUNA Composite Tabulation 48 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. 12 9.3 10.7 11.36 12.96 13.2 10.95 6.11 4.11 7.3 9.1 12.66 Dec. 9.2 6.5 1.7 2.2 2.4 9.9 7.9 3.4 .2 0.0 0.0 .4 1939 Jan. 8.9 8.7 4.2 1.9 . 5 1.1 3.7 2.9 1.5 .7 0.0 0.0 Feb. 10.4 9.8 6.7 3.3 1.7 .9 2.5 3.8 2.6 .8 .7 0.0 Mar. 9.7 9.8 6.8 4.1 2.8 1.1 2.1 5.0 3.3 1.4 1.1 1.1 Apr. 11.5 11.2 11.2 11.2 10.8 10.1 9.5 10.5 10.0 9.0 9.0 9.1 May 8.4 8.6 8.3 10.1 8.8 8.3 7.3 7.6 7.7 9.8 9.7 9.2 June 7.8 7.7 8.0 8.3 7.9 6.0 5.0 5.6 5.4 8.8 9.0 8.0 Aug. 8.8 4.9 10.2 6.2 7.5 6.5 5.5 3.1 6.1 8.0 7.3 8.6 Sept. 6.5 2.5 9.4 8.6 8.2 7.6 6.7 5.6 7.1 7.8 7.9 8.8 Oct. 8.6 8.4 8.6 10.5 10.2 8.6 9.0 6.5 6.7 10.5 11.2 11.0 Nov. 12.8 8.8 12.0 15.0 15.3 10.9 11.5 9.5 9.0 11.0 11.8 12.2 Dec. 12.6 8.8 9.3 15.1 15.5 19.9 11.5 7.3 ‘ 4.5 3.3 5.5 9.6 1940 Jan. 9.2 3.2 .9 3.7 5.6 18.6 10.1 7.3 1.9 .3 .3 1.2 Feb. 5.3 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 6.75 6.8 4.5 .85 1.1 .2 Mar. 1.14 0.0 0.0 5.4 1.2 .6 Station A B C D E F H I J K L 1938 • 11.4 3.1 6.5 4.9 12.5 11.6 9.1 Dec. .1 .1 .1 7.6 7.0 .3 7.6 1939 0 0 Jan. Feb. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9 1.3 2.1 1.7 5.3 3.7 1.5 .7 .9 1 .2 3.2 1.4 4.0 Apr. 10.4 8.3 10.6 7.9 8.8 15.3 8.5 12.7 11.5 11.1 10.7 May 7.5 8.8 8.9 10.3 8.5 9.4 7.1 9.2 8.4 8.7 9.0 5.9 6.4 8.7 8.8 6.8 7.6 7.7 7.3 S. 2 6.7 8.8 7.5 10.4 7.3 7.5 7.9 6.9 8.7 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.3 7.5 6.6 9.8 10.5 8.0 10.6 9.7 8.3 6.7 8.2 11 .4 12.7 11.8 11 .0 11.6 Dec. 11.4 8.7 8.4 11.4 1940 Jan. 8.9 4.4 Feb. 5.2 Mar. 4.7 DISSOLVED OXYGEN—MONTHLY AVERAGES—P.P.M. Table V DISSOLVED OXYGEN—MONTHLY AVERAGES—P.P.M. Table IV DISSOLVED OXYGEN 49 Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 88.2 Nov. 91. 72.8 78.1 83.4 93 94.9 80.8 45 29.7 51.5 63.8 Dec. 64 46.2 11.6 15.0 16.4 67.7 54. 23.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 2.7 1939 0.0 Jan. 60.8 60.4 28.7 13.0 3.4 7.52 25.3 19.8 10.3 4.8 0.0 Feb. 71. 67. 45.8 22.6 11.6 6.17 17.1 26.0 17.8 5.5 4.8 0.0 Mar. 66.3 67. 46.6 28.1 19.2 7.5 14.4 34.2 22.6 9.6 7.5 7.5 Apr. 88. 85.3 84. 84. 81. 75.4 70.1 77.4 73.7 66.8 67.1 67.2 May 84.4 86.5 82.7 101. 88. 85.7 74.7 78. 78.7 97.6 95.5 90.0 June 87.4 85.6 87.3 91.8 87.4 67.4 56.1 62.8 60.6 98.7 100.1 86.4 Aug. 100. 54.5 111. 67.7 81.8 74.8 63.4 33.2 69.1 85.6 78.1 92.0 Sept. 72.6 27.3 96.5 88.3 84.2 79.6 68.1 57.1 71.3 78.4 79.4 89.4 Oct. 76. 74.1 72.9 88.9 86.4 70.7 75.9 54.6 54.8 85.5 87.9 87.4 Nov. 91.8 66.3 86.2 107.4 109.6 78.6 83.6 67.6 64.6 76.2 81.7 86.2 Dec. 86.1 67. 63.6 103.0 106. 136. 78.6 49.9 30.S 22.6 37.6 65.7 1940 Jan. 62.9 21.9 6.1 25.3 38.3 127. 69.0 49.9 13. 2.0 2.0 8.2 Feb. 36.2 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 82.1 46.2 46.5 30.8 5.8 7.5 1.4 Mar. 16.7 0.0 0.0 ... 36.9 ... 8.2 4.1 Station A B C D E F H I J K L 1938 Nov. 21.8 46.3 34.4 87.8 81.4 65.7 82.7 Dec. 0.7 0.7 0.7 52.0 47.8 2.0 52.0 3939 ■at Jan. 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.8 14.4 0.0 36.2 Feb. 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.9 11.6 0.0 25.3 21.9 4.8 6.2 8.2 21.9 9.6 27.3 rbApr. 79.1 59.9 76.5 58.6 63.6 110.4 63.0 94.2 85.4 84.4 79.4 73.8 84.8 87.7 106.0 83.8 92.6 74.4 98.7 77.3 83.8 86.8 Shine 63.2 68.5 92.2 97.9 75.7 78.0 84.0 78.1 89.4 r-Aug. 74.5 92.2 78.6 120.0 84.1 78.6 84.4 75.2 rJtept,. 83.8 82.9 70.0 81 .4 81.2 75.4 67.8 Sv> ct. 78.6 81.9 67.4 84.2 79.7 83.5 57.0 69.1 Sfftov. 77.9 91.7 99.4 79.4 81.4 . * Dec. 77.9 62.8 57.4 82.3 1940 / Jan. 60.8 30.1 Feb. 35.5 Mar. 32.1 DISSOLVED OXYGEN—MONTHLY AVERAGES—PER CENT SATURATION Table VI DISSOLVED OXYGEN—MONTHLY AVERAGES—PERCENT SATURATION Table VII 50 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. 4.5 13.1 3.2 1.3 1.7 3.2 19.0 9.9 12.0 5.4 2.4 2.4 Dec. 3.3 12.3 1 .6 1.7 1.4 2.7 17.3 8.7 9.0 9.2 8.6 7.7 1939 Jan. 2.2 11.4 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.7 5.4 8.7 8.1 8.2 9.1 Feb. 1.7 4.8 3.7 1.8 1.4 1 .3 2.3 3.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.6 Mar. 2.5 5.8 4.4 3.4 1.8 1.8 2.0 3.2 2.7 1.8 1.5 1.7 Apr. 4.5 5.2 5.5 5.5 6.2 5.0 6.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 5.9 6.9 May 2.5 4.6 2.7 3.4 3.4 2.7 3.1 2.8 ' 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.1 June 4.2 5.7 5.1 3.6 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.6 1 .4 1.7 Aug. 5.1 7.4 9.5 2.7 2.8 4.0 4.8 3.9 4.6 2.0 3.2 3.8 Sept. 4.8 13.7 6.6 3.2 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.8 2.4 2.7 2.1 Oct. 3.6 16.4 7.5 6.7 4.3 4.1 12.6 7.6 6.4 2.6 2.3 2.1 Nov. 4.2 15.4 3.7 5.1 10.1 3.2 20.4 12.8 9.5 5.4 3.8 Deo. 1940 Jan. 2.8 20.7 6.1 3.1 4.2 3.9 21.5 12.7 16.1 6.3 4.5 2.9 3.3 26.0 7.5 7.7 6.4 3.0 17.5 9.5 6.9 8.4 7.8 4.0 Feb. 2.6 24.7 11.0 12.6 22.4 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.9 Mar. 13.2 12.0 21.3 4.2 1.2 1.7 Station A B C D E F G H I J K L 1938 Nov. Dry 3.01 Dry 6.43 3.36 Dry 2.77 Dry 2.15 2.75 2.89 Dec. Dry 6.25 Dry 9.60 4.90 Dry 1.82 Dry 1.00 1.00 1.58 1939 Jan. Dry 11.2 Dry 31.7 10.7 Dry 1.07 Dry 0.72 4.38 2.15 Feb. Dry Dry Dry Dry 21.35 Dry 1.35 Dry 1.80 4.72 3.08 Mar. Dry Dry Dry Dry 5.30 Dry 1 .34 Dry 2.67 4.05 3.74 Apr. 3.80 4.21 4.59 3.78 4.55 7.18 2.11 4.64 2.86 4.11 5.88 May 1.64 2.92 6.25 9.46 4.50 5.27 3.43 5.64 1.41 1.73 3.25 June 1.60 1.70 Dry 10.51 5.73 Dry 3.25 5.35 1.59 1.54 4.86 Aug. 4.16 8.97 Dry 2.35 14.28 Dry 4.20 Dry 1.20 1.63 1.86 Sept. 6.62 Dry 22.26 8.65 + 1.77 5.11 Dry 1.95 2.69 3.74 Oct. 6.08 8.84 6.00 3.32 4.64 4.63 6.71 5.47 Nov. 8.42 •3.9 6.27 6.41 1.45 1.92 4.15 Dec. 5.22 1.66 1.58 1.25 2.42 1940 Jan. 1 .44 2.08 1.17 1.94 Feb. 1.73 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND—S-DAY, 20°C. MONTHLY AVERAGES—P.P.M. Table VIII BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND—5-DAY, 20°C MONTHLY AVERAGES—P.P.M. Table IX Bismarck Laboratory U. S. G. S. Wire Weight Gauge at Sta. 9 Water Bath Incubator—20° C. Making Dissolved Oxygen Determinations in Grand Forks Laboratory Figure 6 Sampling by Boat and Outboard Motor Below Grand Forks. Above and Lower Right. About to Lower Sampler From Home - made Dissolved Oxygen Bridge. Field Kit. Figure 6 ; : R. BtocmwcAL QMG£N^DEMAND eZMaftgn 4- \STA.6 '-i—r-T GRAND FORKS ST A. iyoj ' ■ GEORGETOWN PsS^:t4 REMBlNA dIayton f: ST4. 4 oslo n; [sta.'s \ GRAND. FORKS - STA. a rrr :: c,UMAXvn 'STA.- A1-.-;- j HALSTAD ST A. N N. PAftGO 1 i ST A. !2 A FARGO J i.^s Mill 3f?5> & i pi M pi Wi m •Ttfig t: im Si p If J ; STAIfOM G -TA VAMC KwtgMi '' iBMai^SSliililll \mmwmmm StfAfrok'J f/V||5f “ SfAim a 4j|W£i 7' LAKi *1 i \Moi m ipi STAV0wS* -'Wr/at* *7^?$ 5f4r Sj:“Mri iTi/p iv& F# ' W/itf ro pT sr*r v* £ ? «m mr i /w f iiiiiililiiii .vVZTRtrATJONAL . _jl ..JkSQimAE^ iiinMi mwrtitY AWfiAMs ttcrno AtAitnr • ■*** :: AUG. J 93 9 : stpr.ww M M: ; Nov. psj: NITRITE NITROGEN 51 Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. .00 .21 .033 .027 .013 .00 Trace .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 Dec. Trace .14 .07 .045 .02 .01 .01 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1939 Jan. Trace .10 .055 .062 .04 .044 .02 .025 .03 .01 .007 .00 Feb. .02 .06 .04 .014 .01 — .017 .02 .03 .02 .02 .025 .02 Mar. .01— .04 .018 Trace .01 .01 .01— .02 .013 .02 + .01 + .01 + Apr. .013 .02— .012 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 + .01 — .01 — Trace May .00 .01 + .0075 Trace .00 .00 .00 Trace .006 .00 .00 .00 June Trace .05 .03 Trace .00 .005 Trace .015 .023 .016 .016 .02 Aug. .00 .09 .05 .00 .00 .01 Trace .02 .00 .00 .00 .00 Sept. .01— .81 .03 Trace Trace .00 .01— .01 + .01 + .01 + .00 .00 Oct. .01 + .97 .075 Trace Trace .00 .004 .01— .01— .01— .01— .01— Nov. Trace .53 .068 .032 .018— Trace Trace .01— .01 — Trace 1 race Dec. .00 .30 .05 .04 .03 .02 Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Trace Jan. .00 .25 .05 .02 .03 .01 .03 .02 .00 ..00 .00 Station L K J I H G F E D c B A 1938 0 00 0 005 0.00 0.014 0.00 0.01 o!oo 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1939 0 on 0 01 f» 0 012 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 003 0.00 0.005 Apr. 0.005 0.01 Trace 0.015 Trace 0.005 0.023 0.025 0.02 0.023 o.oi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.005 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0 002 0.015 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 "An"6 0 00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sept. 0T)6 0.00 0.00 T race 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Oct. 0.255 Trace 0.00 0.00 0.266 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.012 0 05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 1940 Jan. 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 NITRITE NITROGEN MONTHLY AVERAGES PARTS PER MILLION (N) Table X NITRITE NITROGEN—MONTHLY AVERAGES—PARTS PER MILLION (N) Table XI 52 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. 3.8 5.1 2.4 2.6 1.80 1.83 2.83 2.67 2.07 1.10 .9 .75 Dec. 0.75 1.4 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 1939 Jan. 0.00 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 Feb. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 Mar. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 Apr. 4.0 3.75 3.5 3.5 3.25 3.7 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.25 2.8 May 16 16.2 15.6 15.75 17.5 17.2 16.8 17 16.8 15.5 14.9 14.75 June 21.4 21 20 20.7 20.2 21.5 21.5 21.5 21,5 21.5 21 19.5 Aug. 22 21 20 20 19 23 19 22 19 19 19 19 Sept. 21.3 20 17 17 17.5 18 16.5 16.67 16 16 16 16 Oct. 10.1 9.9 8.25 8.25 7.0 7.0 8.0 7.88 6.85 6.58 5.25 5.68 Nov. 1.8 3.6 1.8 1.7 .8 2.0 2.25 1 .5 1.8 .5 0.50 1.25 Dec. 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.00 0,00 0.0 0 0.0 0,00 0.00 0.00 0 1940 Jan. 0.0 0.00 0.0 o.oc 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 Feb 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 1938 Nov. Dec. 1939 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1940 Jan. Feb. Mar. Station A Mmh • • ■ • h-* co Cn o o o • • • • h- o £*• oo c to • ■ • • h-* ... • oooooooo-O OO 1 + a o + 1 o OH ... • i-* tn 00 00 •"! CO . . . . • O o. 0 tO lO ooo o (X 00 CO h- O' tO • • • • oooo-oooOO O ° 1 + + H • • • oooooo- • cdto ++r°" + a • • • . MMM tO • • • • GCOOO O' • • • ° o Oi o °+ o OOO O >— ooo o • • • • • • . H- OOO O o o o o ©OOO O o a ++ • OO ooo o • • • tO 00 O 00 O CO • • ■ • H- . OO oooooo 0 0OOO 0,0 +++ 1 1 •OO O I-* H-H- h- OOO o • • • • • • • h* •OO O oooooo ©OOO O 1 ++ + W • OO 8—* to to m ooo o • • . • • • to . OO oooooo 00OOO O +++ 1++ a MONTHLY TEMPERATURE—AVERAGE—°C. Table XII MONTHLY TEMPERATURE—AVERAGES—°C Table XIII Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. 17 22 10 8 12 7 15 38 45 70 60 45 Dec. 10 37 10 19 20 10 87 15 20 25 24 26 1939 Jan. 7 17 14 16 20 13 17 8 12 12 22 21 Feb. 9 10 9 12 13 11 10 15 8 15 10 10 Mar. 54 63 58 59 13 9 12 7 5 6 6 7 Apr. 72 116 165 304 421 322 321 282 340 337 410 470 May 85 104 154 154 140 76 97 80 81 85 110 187 June 66 61 125 144 160 77 102 120 107 23 50 124 Aug. 30 90 100 100 100 70 40 90 100 15 60 70 Sept. 37 60 258 113 222 43 60 153 270 135 167 140 Oct. 42 75 137 90 97 35 44 32 62 55 67 82 Nov. 25 40 37 62 78 16 57 42 45 57 86 72 Dec. 20 20 30 40 60 30 60 60 25 20 50 50 1940 Jan. Feb. TURBIDITY 53 Station A B C D E F G H I J K L 1938 Nov. 55 60 60 5 17 13 17 Dec. 37 29 48 2,337 12 10 16 15 1939 Jan. 72 60 70 17 12 35 11 Feb. 50 12 11 22 11 Mar. 65 15 18 37 58 Apr. 75 184 88 192 125 65 62 92 106 97 143 May 22 55 117 70 77 64 98 79 75 20 62 June 8 ii 128 47 109 90 64 16 65 Aug. 40 90 15 90 40 70 90 100 Sept. 137 243 16 240 47 63 40 70 Oct. 55 105 25 150 42 40 32 31 Nov. 50 80 111 1 ,525 20 20 25 16 Dec. 50 1,100 60 15 30 20 1940 Jan. Feb. TURBIDITY—MONTHLY AVERAGES—P.P.M. Table XIV TURBIDITY—MONTHLY AVERAGES P.P.M. Table XV 54 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov. 8.4 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.5 8.1 8.2 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.2 Dec. 7.9 7.75 7.6 7.7 7.7 8.15 7.9 7.8 7.5 7.8 7.75 7.7 1939 Jan. 7.7 7.9 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.6 Feb. 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.6 Mar. 7.54 7.56 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.45 7.55 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.6 Apr. 7.9 7.75 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.8 May 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.45 8.35 June 8.4 8.1 8.4 8.36 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.4 8.5 8.5 Aug. 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.2 7.7 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.5 Sept. 8.5 7.7 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.26 8.4 8.4 8.4 Oct. 8.35 7.95 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.85 8.25 8.4 8.3 Nov. 8.46 8.1 8.3 8.46 8.5 8.45 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.3 Dec. 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.6 8.6 8.4 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 1940 Jan. Feb. 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.4 8.0 Station A B C D E F G H I J K L 1938 Nov. 7.6 + 8.0— 7.7 7.2 8.3 + 8.1 8.0 + 8.1— Dec. 7.4 7.7 + 7.6 7.4— 7.75 7.8— 7.65 7.7 1939 Jan. 7.3 + 7.5 + 7.4 7.6— 7.5 7.4 7.5+ Feb. 7.4 7.55 7.5— 7.5— 7.55 Mar. 7.3 7.45 7.5 7.4— 7.5 Apr. 7.8 7.5 7.5— 8.6 7.6— 8.5 7.8 7.8— 7.9 + 7.8 + 7.8— May 8.2— 8.3— 8.4 8.5 + 8.2 + 8.5— 8.3— 8.45 8.4 8.4 + 8.35 June 8.0 + 8.2— 8.5 + 8.4 8.4— 8.1 8.4 8.4 + 8.3 + Aug. 7.9 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.4 Sept. 8.4 + 8.5— 8.4 8.4 7.2 8,4 8.4 + 8.5— 8.4 Oct. 8.3 8.5 8.3 + 8.3— 6.7 8.3— 8.0 7.95 8.05 Nov. 7.8 8.4 8.4 6.8— 8.3 8.2 + 8.2 8.4 + Dec. 7.9 7.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.4 1940 Jan. Feb. 8.2 ... 7.7 7.7 7.6 MONTHLY AVERAGE—pH Table XVI MONTHLY AVERAGE—pH Table XVII CHEMICAL ANALYSES 55 Station Date Free Ammonia Albumi- noid Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Total Solids Ignited Solids Sus- pended Solids Alka- linity as CaCOa Bicarb. Cal- cium Mag- nesium Sod- ium Chlor- ide Sul- phate Total Hard- ness as CaCO a 12 3-22-39 0.512 0.413 0.001 0.622 351 292 5 274 334 38 47 30 7 75 288 6-12-39 0.300 0.240 0.000 0.147 290 251 19 234 286 49 42 13 7 79 295 11 3-22-39 1.568 0.420 0.01 0.565 375 324 41 248 302 44 47 21 10 78 315 6-12-39 1.440 0.480 0.025 0.316 328 290 23 230 281 55 43 7 17 74 314 L 3-22-39 1.355 0.365 0.006 0.367 697 658 5 314 383 95 33 97 89 140 372 6-12-39 0.240 0.620 0.010 0.226 583 540 43 265 324 78 42 61 67 135 368 K 3-22-39 0.397 0.245 0.001 0.423 650 568 54 402 490 124 69 None 8 169 595 6-12-39 0.100 0.200 0.000 0.169 572 536 14 273 333 89 64 16 13 220 485 J 3-22-39 0.190 0.545 0.001 0.621 594 467 46 440 537 107 66 21 17 116 540 6-12-39 0.100 0.200 0.000 0.158 310 288 0 224 274 57 41 None 5 47 311 9 3-22-39 1.500 0.590 0.001 0.678 448 383 19 315 384 61 51 16 20 52 361 6-12-39 0.080 0.340 0.000 0.124 396 255 30 225 275 56 46 17 20 60 329 7 3-23-39 1.265 0.410 0.005 0.395 444 317 28 297 365 62 55 None 8 64 380 6-16-39 0.200 0.360 0.005 0.194 301 294 17 136 166 41 15 36 17 80 164 H 3-23-39 0.423 0.400 0.001 0.452 342 254 22 340 293 65 40 None 4 63 326 6-16-39 0.120 0.420 0.000 0.147 327 267 50 175 214 59 26 None 8 45 254 4 3-23-39 1.140 0.495 0.003 0.482 392 274 19 275 336 68 43 None 8 59 288 6-16-39 0.220 0.300 0.005 0.180 311 275 41 154 188 50 18 92 23 52 199 1 6-15-39 0.080 0.360 0.010 0.282 325 266 85 202 246 63 30 33 37 100 286 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER IN RED RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES BEFORE AND AFTER SPRING BREAKUP Table XVIII 56 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Date 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1938 Nov 68 ♦3 Ind. 960 888 533 3.6 ♦2 24,000 24,000 24,000 ♦1 8,620 461 12.7 Dec 110.2 *4 Ind. 4,143 632 324.8 13.7 ♦3 24,000 ♦3 19,150 ♦3 18,600 ♦2 13,257 ♦2 17,500 3.866 1939 Jan 127 *4 Ind. ♦1 14,250 1,320 963 785.7 8,000 10,007 7,800 2,735 5,577.5 ♦1 12,726 Feb 827 *4 Ind. 20,750 4,612 776.5 17.2 ♦1 11,050 24,000 + 3,376.8 240 80.1 84 Mar 1,193 25,460 16,740 3,746 1,104 511 ♦1 13,675 13.200 2,483.3 240 299 35 Apr 341 L 72,075 23,075 4,600 2,032 415 16,100 8,750 5,407.5 4,840 1,461 5,025 May 423 114,250 5,075 667 43.5 988.8 49,342 189,866 8,926 827.5 182 120.5 June 528.6 1,737,860 18,600 1,113 1,475 289.7 15,500 38,966 6,822.5 113.8 136.4 153.2 Aug 240 Ind. 2,400 93 150 240 2,400 210 150 240 240 93 Sept 1,863 1,680,000 1,080 693 9,513 1,087 ♦2 30,333 350,200 3,910 273.3 473.3 317.7 Oct 299 1,822,500 963 330 341 9,565 3,024,000 893,250 460,000 ♦1 6,940 548.2 505 Nov 45 1,041,000,000 ♦I 5,810 114 656.5 7,756 927,500 347,500 1,313,333 4,232.5 3,068 ♦1 8.750 Dec 9.1 330,000,000 7,300 23 91 Ind. 2,000,000 3,600 Ind. 930 330 109.5 ♦Indeterminate samples; ♦♦Indeterminate samples: ♦♦♦Indeterminate samples: More than 24,000 per 100 cc. Less than 360 per 100 cc. More than 240,00(1 per 100 cc. MOST PROBABLE NUMBERS OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS PER 100 cc. MONTHLY AVERAGES Table XIX COLIFORM ORGANISMS 57 Month A B C D E F G H I J K L 1938 ♦2 Nov 625 316 12.3 24,000 + 261 421 109 955 ♦1 *4 ♦3 Dec 1,945 12,100 21 24,000 + 20,750+ 321.5 199 17,600 1939 Jan 902.5 307 28.7 2,848 76 275 1,907 Feb 3 4,775 305.5 1,032.5 3,422 Mar 3.6 5,550 372.6 2,782.6 5,108 Apr 304 462.5 421 885 2,530 121.8 2,266 767.5 214 325 8,210 May 420 555 6,392 80 641 413 286.5 2,006 1,386 240 875 June 152 111 627 238 195 4,300 1,858 448 3,606 Aug 930 23 75 430 200 200 430 Sept 680 1,081 2,400 240 24,000 + 8,151 1,263 4,060 1,177 Oct 52.5 87 62— 1,253 62,680,000 + 15,106 242.5 2,725 1,320 Nov 750 23 2,792 616,100,000 5,765 144.4 840 5,681 Dec 3.6 21,000,000,000 + 91 73 1,500 indeterminate samples; more than 24,000 per 100 co. ♦indeterminate samples; less than 360 per 100 cc. ♦♦indeterminate samples: more than 240,000 per 100 cc. MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS PER 100 cc. MONTHLY AVERAGES Table XX 58 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (i) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Ave. Daily No. )of Ave. NO2-N Ave. Temp. Ave. Turb. Ave. Ave. BOD 20° 5 Day Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Pounds per Day — M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 12 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 23 5 0.00 3.8 17 8.4 4.5 12 91 1,490 559 931 7.5 68 2 Dec. 1939 25 4 Trace 0.75 10 7.9 3.3 9.2 64 1,242 446 796 5.9 110.2 3 Jan. 97 4 Trace 0.0 7 7.7 2.2 8.9 60.8 4,662 1,152 3,510 6.7 127 12 Feb. 102 4 0.02 0.0 9 7.7 1.7 10,4 71 5,728 936 4,792 8.7 827 84 Mar. 743 5 0.01— 0.0 54 7.54 2.5 9.7 66.3 38,918 10,031 28,887 7.2 1,193 886 Apr. 710 4 0.013 4.0 72 7.9 4.5 11.5 88 21,091 8,253 12,838 7.0 341 242 May 219 4 0.00 16 85 8.4 2.5 8.4 84.4 9,933 2,957 6,976 5.9 423 93 June 135 4 Trace 21.4 66 8.4 4.2 7.8 87.4 5,686 3,062 2,624 3.6 528.6 71 Aug. 18 1 0.00 22 30 8.6 5.1 8.8 100 855 496 359 3.7 240 4 Sept. 5.2 3 0.01— 21.3 37 8.5 4.8 6.5 72.6 183 135 48 1.7 1,863 10 Oct. 13 4 0.01— 10.1 42 8.35 3.6 8.6 76 604 253 351 5.0 299 6 Nov. 21 5 Trace 1.8 25 8.46 4.2 12.8 91.8 1,451 476 975 8.6 45 0.9 Dec. 1940 17 i 0.00 0.0 20 8.0 2.8 12.6 86.1 1,157 257 900 9.8 9.1 0.1 Jan. 4.5 2 0.00 0.0 8.0 3.3 9.2 62.9 224 80 144 5.9 Feb. 11 1 0.0 2.6 5.3 36.2 315 154 161 2.7 Mar. 40 1 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 .008 .19 20 7.71 2.43 9.55 65.53 12,637 3,141 9,498 7.15 564.3 248 B ... 12 .004 13.8 74 8.18 3.80 9.23 86.60 12,237 4,757 7,479 5.50 430.9 135 C 4 .005 21.7 34 8.55 4.95 7.65 86.30 519 315 204 2.70 1,051.5 7 BASE DATA—Table XXI—12 BASE DATA—STATION 11 59 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (H) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO-.-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 11 C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 , Ind. 23 5 0.21 5.1 22 7.8 13.1 9.3 72.8 1,155 1,627 — 572 — 3.8 24,000 + 552 Ind. 25 4 0.14 1.4 37 7.75 12.3 6.5 46.2 878 1,661 — 783 — 5.8 24,000 + 600 1939 Ind. 98 4 0.10 0.6 17 7.9 11.4 8.7 60.4 4,604 6,033 —1,429 — 2.7k 24,000 + 2,352 Ind. Feb. 102 4 0.06 0.0 10 7.8 4.8 9.8 67 5,398 2,644 2,754 5.0 24,000 + 2,448 743 5 0.04 0.0 63 7.56 5.8 9.8 67 39,320 23,270 16,050 4.0 25,460 18,917 711 4 0.02 + 3.75 116 7.75 5.2 11.2 85.3 43,001 19,965 23,036 6.0 72,075 51,245 218 4 0.01 + 16.2 104 8.3 4.6 8.6 86.5 10,124 5,415 4,709 4.0 114,250 24,907 June 135 4 0.05 21 61 8.1 5.7 7.7 85.6 5,613 4,155 1,438 2.7 1,737,860 234,611 17 1 0.09 21 90 8.6 7,4 4.9 54.5 450 679 — 229 — 2.5 24,000 + 408 5.2 3 0.18 20 60 7.7 13.7 2.5 27.3 70 385 — 315 —11.2 1,680,000 8,736 15 4 0.97 9.9 75 7.95 16.4 8.4 74.1 680 1,328 — 648 — 8.0 1,822,500 27,338 22 5 0.53 3.6 40 8.1 15.4 8.8 66.3 1,045 1,830 1,785 — 6.6 1,041x10s 229x10' Dec. 19 1 0.30 4.0 20 7.8 20.7 8.8 67.0 903 2,124 —1,221 —11.9 330x10' 627xl04 1940 5.6 2 0.25 0.0 7.8 26.0 3.2 21.9 97 786 — 689 —22.8 Feb. 12 1 0.0 24.7 2.6 17.8 168 1,601 —1,533 —22.1 Mar. 41 1 SEASONAL AVERAGES Ind. A 17 .085 .04 31.8 7.75 8.58 8.70 60.15 12,550 8,402 4,148 .12 24,385 6,079 B 12 .027 13.65 73.7 8.05 5.17 9.17 85.80 19,579 9,845 9,727 4.23 641,395 103,588 C 4 .450 20.50 75.5 8.15 1 10.55 3.70 40.90 260 532 — 272 — 6.85 85+000 4,072 BASE DATA—Table XXI—II 60 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms No Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen 1 i M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. | per Quant. 10 C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (lO)-(ll) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 45 5 0.033 2.4 10 8.0 3.2 10.7 78.1 2,600 778 1 ,922 7.5 960 43 Dec. 38 4 0.07 0.0 10 7.6 1 .6 1 .7 11.6 349 328 21 0.1 4,143 157 1939 Jan. 95 4 0.055 0.0 14 7.7 2.8 4.2 28.7 2,100 1 ,436 719 1 .4 14,250 1,354 Feb. 102 4 0.04 0.0 9 7,7 3.7 6.7 45.8 6,834 3,774 3,060 3.0 20,750 2,117 Mar. 855 5 0.018 0.0 58 7.6 4.4 6.8 46.6 31,396 20,315 11,081 2.4 16,740 14,313 Apr. 1,420 4 0.012 3.5 165 7.8 0.0 11.2 84.0 85,881 42,174 43,707 5.7 23,075 32,767 May 320 4 0.0075 15.6 154 8.4 2.7 8.3 82.7 14,342 4,666 9,676 5.6 5,075 1,624 June 234 4 0.03 20 125 8.4 5.1 8.0 87.3 10,108 6,444 3,664 2.9 18,600 4,352 Aug. 25 1 0.05 20 100 8.6 9.5 10.2 111.0 1,377 1,283 94 0.7 2,400 60 Sept. 9 3 0.03 17 258 8.5 6.6 9.4 96.5 457 321 136 2.8 1,080 10 Oct. 22 4 0.075 8.25 137 8.3 7.5 8.6 72.9 1 ,022 891 131 1.1* 963 21 Nov. 38 5 0.068 1.8 37 8.3 3.7 12.0 86.2 2,462 759 1,703 8.3 5,810 221 Dec. 34 i 0.05 0.0 30 8.0 6.1 9.3 63.6 1 ,707 1,120 587 3.2 7,300 248 1940 Jan. 5 2 0.05 0.0 7.6 7.5 .9 6.1 24 203 — 179 — 6.6 Feb. 11 I 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 653 — 653 —11.0 Mar. 59 1 1 •• 1 13.2 | 1.14 | 16.7 | 363 4,206 —3,843 —12.06 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.046 0.0 23 7.65 i 3.12 | 4.85 33.2 10,184 6,463 3,745 + 1.73 13,971 4,485 B 12 0.016 13.0 148 8.20 4.43 9.17 84,7 36,777 17,761 19,015 + 4.47 15,583 12,914 C 4 0.04 18.5 179 8.55 8.05 9.80 103.7 912 802 115 + 1.75 1,740 35 BASE DATA—Table XXI -10 BASE DATA—STATION 9 61 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day M.P.N. M.P.N. Quant. Daily of N02-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen Pounds P.P.M. Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. per 9 C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (lO)-(ll) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 62 5 0.027 2.6 8 8.1 1.3 11.36 83.4 3,803 435 3,368 10.06 888 55 Dec. 57 4 0.045 0.0 19 7.7 1.7 2.2 15.0 677 523 154 .5 632 36 1939 _ 129 98 4 0.062 0.0 16 7.8 2.0 1.9 130 1,005 1,058 — 8 — .1 1,320 Feb. 114 4 0.014 0.0 12 7.6 1.8 3.3 22.6 2,031 1,108 923 1.5 4,612 526 723 5 Trace 0.0 59 7.6 3.4 4.1 28. 1 16,007 13,274 2,733 .7 3,746 2,708 Apr. 1,830 4 0.01 3.5 304 7.7 5.5 11.2 84.0 110,678 54,351 56,327 5.7 4,600 8,418 429 4 Trace 15.75 154 8.5 3.4 10.1 101.0 23,398 7,876 15,522 6.7 667 286 June 318 5 Trace 20.7 144 8.36 3.6 8.3 91.8 14,253 6,182 8,071 4.7 1,113 354 Aug. 42 1 0.00 20 100 8.4 2.7 6.2 67.7 1 ,408 612 794 3.5 93 4 Sept. 21 3 Trace 17 113 8,5 3.2 8.6 88.3 975 363 612 5.4 693 15 Oct. 33 4 Trace 8.25 90 8.5 6.7 10.5 88.9 1,871 1,194 677 3.8 330 11 Nov. 49 5 0.032 1 .7 62 8.46 5.1 15.0 107.4 3,969 1,349 2,620 9.9 114 6 Dec. 47 1 0.04 0.0 40 8.6 3.1 15.1 103.0 3,832 787 3,045 12.0 23 1 11 2 0.02 0.0 8.7 7.7 3.7 25.3 220 457 — 237 — 4.0 Feb. 14 1 0.0 12.6 0.0 0.0 000 953 — 953 —12.6 Mar. 77 1 .... ... 12.0 0.0 0.0 000 4,990 —4,990 —12.0 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.035 0.0 26.5 7.67 2.22 2.87 19.67 4,930 3,991 950 + 0.65 2,527 850 B 13 0.006 13.32 201 8.20 4.17 9.87 92.3 49,442 22,803 26,640 + 5.70 2,127 3,017 C 4 Trace 18.5 106 8.45 2.95 7.40 78.0 1,190 488 703 +4.45 393 9.5 BASE DATA Table XXI-9 62 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per . Quant. 8 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (lO)-(H) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 62 4 0.013 1.80 12 8.1 1.7 12.96 93.0 4,339 569 3,770 11.26 533 33 Dec. 56 4 0.02 0.0 20 7.7 1.4 2.4 16.4 791 461 330 1.0 324.8 18 1939 Jan. 85 4 0.04 0.0 20 7.6 2.3 .0 3.4 229 1,056 — 827 — 1.8 963 82 Feb. 106 4 0.01— 0.0 13 7.6 1.4 1.7 11.6 973 801 172 .3 776.5 82 Mar. 626 5 0.01 0.0 13 7.5 1.8 2.8 19.2 9,464 6,084 3,380 1.0 1,104 991 Apr. 2,020 4 0.01 3.5 421 7.7 6.2 10.8 81 .0 117,806 67,630 50,176 4.6 2,032 4,105 May 451 4 0.00 17.5 140 8.4 3.4 8.8 88,0 21,431 8,280 13,151 5.4 43.5 20 June 344 5 0.00 20.2 160 8.4 3.3 7.9 87.4 14,675 6,130 8,545 4.6 1,475 507 Aug. 41 i 0.00 19 100 8.4 2.8 7.5 81 .8 1,661 619 1,042 4.7 150 6 Sept. 17 3 Trace 17.5 222 8.5 3.7 8.2 84.2 753 340 413 4.5 9,513 162 Oct. 26 4 Trace 7.0 97 8.4 4.3 10.2 86,4 1 ,432 604 828 341 9 Nov. 46 5 0.018 .8 78 8.5 10.1 15.3 109.6 3,801 2,509 1,292 5.2 656.5 30 Dec. 38 i 0.03 0.0 60 8.6 4.2 15.5 106 3,181 862 2,319 11.3 91 3 1940 / Jan. 14 2 0.03 0.0 7.8 6.4 5.6 38.3 423 484 — 61 — .8 Feb. 8 1 0.0 ... 22.4 0.0 0.0 0.00 968 — 968 —22.4 Mar. 80 1 ... ... 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.00 9,202 —9,202 —21.3 SEASONAL AVERAGES • A 17 0.02 0.0 16.5 7*6 1.72 1.85 12.67 2,864 2,100 9,945 + 0.13 792 293 B 13 0.003 13.73 240 8.17 4.30 9.17 85.47 51,304 27,345 23,957 + 4.87 1,183 1,158 C 4 Trace 18.25 161 8.45 3.25 7.85 83.0 1,207 479 728 + 4,60 4,831 84 BASE DATA—Table XXI—8 BASE DATA—STATION 7 63 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (H) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxvgen Balance Cohform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Dav Daily of no2-n Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 7 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 59 3 0.00 1.83 7 8.5 3.2 13.2 94.9 4,206 1 ,019 3,187 10 3.6 .2 Dec. 59 4 0.01 0.0 10 8.15 2.7 9.9 67.7 3,154 860 2,294 7.2 13.7 .8 1939 Jan. 78 5 0.044 0.0 13 7.7 2.1 1.1 7.52 463 885 — 422 — 1.0 785.7 61 Feb. 99 4 0.017 0.0 11 7.7 1.3 .9 6.17 481 695 — 214 — 0,4 17.2 1.7 Mar. 274 4 0.01 0.0 9 7.5 1.8 1,1 7.5 1,627 2,663 —1,036 — 0.7 511 140 Apr. 2,450 4 0.01 3.25 322 7.9 5.0 10.1 75.4 133,623 66,150 67,473 5.1 415 1,017 May 458 5 0.00 17.2 76 8.4 2.7 8.3 85.7 20,528 6,678 13,850 5.6 988.8 453 June 366 4 0.005 21.5 77 8.2 2.8 6.0 67.4 11,858 5,534 6,324 3.2 289.7 106 Aug. 38 1 0.01 23 70 8.4 4.0 6.5 74.8 1,334 820 514 2.5 240 9 Sept. 16 3 0.00 18 43 8.5 3.9 7.6 79.6 657 337 320 3.7 1,087 17 Oct. 24 4 0.00 7.0 35 8.3 4.1 8.6 70.7 1,115 531 584 4.5 9,565 230 Nov. 41 4 2.0 16 8.45 3.2 10.9 78.6 2,413 708 1,705 7.7 7,756 318 Dec. 28 2 0.02 0.0 30 8.4 3.9 19.9 136 3,009 590 2,419 16.0 Ind. 1940 8.4 3.0 IS fi 127 904 146 758 Fph 1 0.0 12!o ... 82 1 194 Mar. 73 ... SEASONAL AVERAGES A 127 • 17 0.021 0.0 11 7.76 1.97 3.25 22.22 1,431 1,276 622 1.28 332 51 B 1,091 13 0,005 13.98 158 8.17 3.5 8.13 76.17 55,336 26,121 9,739 4.63 564 394 C 27 4 0.005 20.5 56 8.45 3.95 7.05 77.2 996 579 578 3.10 663 13 BASE DATA—Table XXI—7 64 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Daily of no2-n Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °c. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per 6 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 190 5,3* Trace 2.83 15 8.1 19.0 10.95 80.8 11,240 19,494 — 8,254 — 8.05 24,000 4,560 Dec. 199 3 0.01 0.0 87 7.9 17.3 7.9 54 8,490 18,600 —10,110 — 9.4 24,000 4,776 1939 Jan. 237 5 0.02 0.0 17 7.6 2.7 3.7 25.3 4,739 3,459 1,280 1.0 8,000 1 ,896 Feb. 229 4 0.02 0.0 10 7.8 2.3 2.5 17.1 3,091 2,844 147 0.2 11,050 2,530 Mar. 455 4 0.01— 0.0 12 7.45 2.0 2.1 14.4 5,046 4,806 240 0.1 13,675 6,222 Apr. 3,126 4 0.01 3.7 321 7.9 6.1 9.5 70.1 160,363 102,970 57,393 3.4 16,100 50,329 May 912 5 0.00 16.8 97 8.3 3.1 7.3 74.7 35,951 15,267 20,684 4.2 49,342 45,000 June 687 4 Trace 21.5 102 8.2 2.2 5.0 56.1 18,549 8,162 10,387 2.8 15,400 10,580 Aug. 118 1 Trace 23. 40 8.2 4.8 5.5 63.4 3,505 3,059 446 0.7 2,400 283 Sept. 225 3 0.01— 16.5 60 8.3 3.7 6.7 68.1 8,140 4,495 3,645 3.0 30,333 6,825 Oct. 334 5 0.004 8.0 44 8.1 12.6 9.0 75.9 16,232 22,725 — 6,493 — 3.6 3,024,000 1,010,016 Nov. 333 4 Trace 2.25 57 8.0 20.4 11.5 83.6 20,679 36,383 —15,704 — 8.9 927,500 308,857 Dec. 315 1 Trace 0.0 60 7.8 21.5 11.5 78.6 19,561 36,571 —17,010 —10.0 2,000,000 630,000 1940 Jan. 175 2 0.01 0.0 8.0 17 10.1 69.0 9,544.5 1,606.5 7,938.0 — 6.9 Feb. 186 1 0.0 6.75 46.2 6,780 Mar. ... ... ... ... .... SEASONAL AVERAGES A 280 16 0.015 0.0 31 7.69 6.1 4.05 27.7 5,341 7,427 — 2,086 — 2.05 14,181 3,856 B 1,575 13 0.004 14 173 8.13 3.8 7.27 66.97 71,621 42,133 29,488 3.47 26,947 35,303 C 171 4 0.005 19.75 50 8.25 4.25 6.1 65.75 5,822 3,777 2,045 1.85 16.366 3,554 ♦Number of B. 0. D. samples when the number of D. O. samples is greater than number of B. O. D. samples. BASE DATA—Table XXI—6 BASE DATA—STATION 5 65 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Daily of NO-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen * ’ *'v,‘ M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 5 C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 190 6, 3* 0.00 2.7 38 8.2 9.9 6.11 44.9 6,269 10,157 — 3,888 — 3.79 24,000 4,560 Dec. 198 4 0.00 0.0 15 7.8 8.7 3.4 23.2 3,635 9,302 — 5,667 — 5.3 19,150 3,792 1939 Jan. 235 * 4 0.025 0.0 8 7.6 5.4 2.9 19.8 3,680 6,853 — 3,173 — 2.5 10,007 2,352 Feb. 232 3 0.03 0.0 15 7.5 3.5 3.8 26.0 4,761 4,385 376 0.3 24,000 + 5,568 Mar. 434 2 0.02 0.0 7 7.5 3.2 5.0 34.2 11,718 7,500 4,218 1.8 13,200 5,729 Apr. 3,130 5, 4* 0.01 2.7 282 7.7 5.2 10.5 77.4 177,471 87,890 89,581 5.3 8,750 27,388 May 917 5 Trace 17. 80 8.4 2.8 7.6 78. 37,634 13,865 23,769 4.8 189,866 174,107 June 692 3 0.015 21.5 120 8.1 2.3 5.6 62.8 20,926 8,595 12,331 3.3 39,966 27,656 Aug. 121 1 0.02 19 90 7.7 3.9 3.1 33.2 2,026 2,548 — 522 — 0.8 210 25 Sept. 218 3 0.01 + 17 153 8.2 3.5 5.6 57.1 6,592 4,120 2,472 2.1 350,200 76,344 Oct. 334 4 0.01— 8 32 7.8 7.6 6.5 54.6 11,723 13,707 — 1,981 — 1.1 893,250 298,345 Nov. 330 4 Trace 1.5 42 8.0 12.8 9.5 67.6 16,929 22,810 — 5,881 — 3.3 347,500 114,675 Dec. 297 2 Trace 0.0 60 7.7 12.7 7.3 49.9 11,708 20,368 — 8,660 — 5.4 3,600 1,069 1940 Jan. 171 2 0.03 0.0 9.5 7.3 49.9 6,741 8,772 — 2,031 — 2.2 Feb. 184 1 0.0 2.0 6.8 46.5 6,756 1,987 4,769 4.8 Mar. 230 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 275 13 0.019 0.0 11 7.6 5.2 3.8 25.8 5,948 7,010 — 1,062 — 1.4 16,589 4,360 B 1,580 13 0.009 13.7 161 8.07 3.43 7.90 72.67 78,677 36,783 41,894 4.47 79,527 76,384 C 170 4 0.015 18 121 7.95 3.7 4.35 45.1 4,309 3,334 975 0.65 175,205 38,184 ♦Number of B. 0. D. samples when the number of D. O. samples is greater than number of B. O. D. samples. BASE DATA—Table XXI—S RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 66 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Daily Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 4 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 192 7, 3* 0.00 2.07 45 7.9 12.0 4,11 29.7 4,261 12,442 — 8,181 — 7.89 24,000 4,608 Dec. 197 4 0.00 0.0 20 7.6 9.0 0.2 1.4 213 9,574 — 9,361 8.8 18,600 3,664 1939 231 4 0.03 0.0 12 7.6 8.7 1.5 10.3 1,871 10,852 — 8,981 — 7.2 7,800 1,802 Feb. 234 3 0.02 0.0 8 7.6 1.9 2.6 17.8 3,285 2,401 884 0.7 3,376.6 790 346 3 0.013 0.0 5 7.6 2.7 3.3 22.6 6,166 5,045 1,121 0.6 2,483.3 859 Apr. 3,170 4 0.01 + 2.7 340 7.7 6.1 10.0 73.7 171.180 104,420 66,760 3.9 5,407.5 17,142 951 6 0.006 16.8 81 8.3 3.3 7.7 78.7 39,543 16,947 22,596 4.4 8,926 8,489 June 696 4 0.023 21.5 107 8.0 2.6 5.4 60.6 20,295 9,772 10,523 2.8 6,882.5 47,902 Aug. 123 1 0.00 22. 100 7.7 4.6 6.1 69, 1 4,052 3,055 997 1.5 150 18 211 3 0.01 + 16. 270 8.3 3.8 7.1 71.3 8,090 4,330 3,760 3.3 3,910 825 333 4 0.01— 6.8 62 7.8 6.4 6,7 54.8 12,048 11,508 540 0.3 460,000 153,180 329 4 0.01— 1.8 45 8.0 9.5 9.0 64.6 15,989 16,875 — 886 — 0.5 1,313,333 432,087 Dec. 301 2 Trace 0.0 25 7.7 16.1 4.5 30.8 7,314 26,169 18,855 —11.6 Ind. 1940 Jan. 173 2 0.02 0.0 6.9 1.9 13.0 1 ,775 6,446 — 4,671 — 5.0 Feb. 184 1 0.0 2.0 4.5 30.8 4,471 1,987 2,484 2.5 Mar. 225 1 0.0 4.2 5.4 36.9 6,561 5,103 1,458 1.2 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 252 14 0.016 0.0 11 7.6 5.6 1.9 13.0 2,884 6,968 — 4,084 — 3.7 8,065 1,779 B 1,606 14 0.013 13.7 176 8.0 4.0 7.70 71.0 77,006 43,713 33,293 3.7 27,719 24,511 C 167 4 0.006 19 185 8.0 4.2 6.6 70.2 6,071 3,692 2,379 2.4 2,030 421 *Number of B.O.D. samples when the number of D.O. samples is greater than the number of B.O.D. samples. BASE DATA—Table XXI—4 BASE DATA—STATION 3 67 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen K - J M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 3 C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 189 6, 3* 0.00 1.1 70 7.9 5.4 7.3 51.5 7,450 5,511 1,939 1.9 8,620 1,629 Dec. 200 4 0.00 0.0 25 7.8 9.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,936 — 9,936.0 — 9.2 13,257 2,651 1939 Jan. 219 4 0.01 0.0 12 7.6 8.1 0.7 4.8 828 9,579 —. 8,751 — 7.4 2,735 599 Feb. 243 1 0.02 0.0 15 7.5 1.9 0.8 5.5 1,050 2,493 — 1,443 — 1.1 240 58 Mar. 378 3 0.02 + 0.0 6 7.5 1.8 1 .4 9.6 2,858 3,674 — 816 — 0.4 240 91 Apr. 3,450 4 0.01— 3.0 377 7.9 6.2 9.0 66.8 167,670 115,506 52,164 2.8 4,840 16,698 May 992 4 0.00 15.5 85 8.4 3.8 9.8 97.6 52,497 20,356 32,141 6.0 827.5 821 June 682 5 0.016 21.5 23 8.4 2.6 8.8 98.7 32,409 9,575 22,834 6.2 113.8 78 Aug. 144 1 0.00 19. 15 8.3 2.0 8.0 85.6 6,221 1 ,555 4,666 6.0 240. 35 Sept. 216 3 0.01 + 1.6 135 8.4 2.4 7.8 78.4 9,098 2,799 6,299 5.4 273.3 59 Oct. 344 4 0.01— 6.6 55 8.25 2.6 10.5 85.5 19,505 4,830 14,675 7.9 6,940 3,387 Nov. 334 4 0.01— 0.5 57 8.2 5.4 11.0 76.2 19,840 9,739 10,101 5.6 4,232.5 1,414 Dec. 292 2 Trace 0.0 20 7.7 6.3 3.3 22.6 5,203 9,934 — 4,731 — 3.0 930 272 1940 Jan. 163 2 0.00 0.0 8.4 0.3 2.0 264 7,394 — 7,130 — 8.1 Feb. 178 I 0.0 2.5 0.85 5,8 817 2,403 — 1,586 — 1.65 Mar. 225 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 1 260 12 0,012 0.0 14 7.6 5.25 0.72 4.92 1,184 6,420 — 5,236 — 4.2 4,118 850 B [1,708 I 13 0.009 13.3 162 8.23 4.2 9.2 87.7 84,192 48,479 35.713 5.0 1,927 5,866 C 180 4 0.006 17.5 75 8.35 2.20 7.9 82.0 7,659 2,177 5,482 5.70 257 47 ♦Number of B.O.D. samples when the number of D.O. samples is greater than the number of B.O.D. samples. BASE DATA—Table XXI—3 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 68 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Dailv Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 2 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 199 6, 3* 0.00 0.9 60 8.0 2.4 9.1 63.8 9,779 2,597 7,200 6.7 461 92 Dec. 197 4 0.00 0.0 24 7.75 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,149 — 9,149 —8.6 17,500 3,448 1939 Jan. 216 4 0.007 0.0 22 7.5 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,564 — 9,564 —8.2 5,577.5 1,205 Feb. 246 3 0.025 0.0 10 7.5 2.0 0.7 4.8 930 2,657 — 1,727 —1.3 80.1 20 Mar. 302 4 0.01 + 0.0 6 7.5 1.5 1.1 7.5 1,794 2,446 — 652 —0.4 299 90 Apr. 3,710 4 0.01— 3.25 410 7.9 5.9 9.0 67.1 180,306 118,201 62,105 3.1 1,461 5,420 May 1,040 4 0.00 14.9 110 8.45 3.6 9.7 95.5 54,475 20,218 34,257 6.1 182 189 June 681 5 0.016 21. 50 8.5 1.4 9.0 100.1 33,097 5,148 27,849 7.6 136.4 93 Aug. 157 1 C.00 19. 60 8.4 3.2 7.3 78.1 6,189 2,713 3,476 4.1 240 38 Sept. 212 3 0.00 16. 167 8.4 2.7 7.9 79.4 9,044 3,091 5,953 5.2 473.3 100 Oct. 337 4 0.01— 5.25 67 8.4 2.3 11.2 87.9 20,382 4,186 16,196 8.9 548.2 185 Nov. 340 4 Trace 0.5 86 8.2 5.5 11.8 81.7 21,665 10,098 11,567 6.3 3,068 1,043 Dec. 297 2 Trace 0.0 50 7.8 4.5 5.5 37.6 8,821 7,217 1,604 1.0 330 98 1940 Jan. 161 2 0.00 0.0 7.8 .3 2.0 261 6,681 — 6,520 —7.5 Feb. 175 1 0.0 1.5 1.1 7.5 1,040 1,418 — 378 —0.4 Mar. 218 1 0.0 1.2 1.2 8.2 1,413 1,413 0.000 0.0 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 240 15 0.01 0.0 15 7.56 5.06 0.45 3.08 681 5,954 — 5,273 —4.61 5,864 1,191 B 1,810 13 0.009 13.05 190 8.28 3.63 9.23 87.6 89,293 47,856 41,437 5.6 593 1,901 C 184 4 0.00 17.5 113 8.4 2.95 7.6 78.75 7,616 2,902 4,714 4.65 357 69 *Number of B.O.D. samples when the number of D.O. samples is greater than the number of B.O.D. samples. BASE DATA—Table XXI—2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. 1 C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc.’ Units 1938 Nov. 207 6,3* 0.00 0.75 45 8.2 2.4 12.66 88.2 14,151 2,683 11,468 10.26 12.7 3 Dec. 182 4 0.00 0.0 26 7.7 7.7 0.4 2.73 393 7,568 — 7,175 —7.3 3,866 104 1939 Jan. 198 4 0.00 0.0 21 7.6 9.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 9,730 — 9,730 —9.1 12,726 2,520 Feb. 255 2 0.02 0.0 10 7.6 1.6 0.0 0,0 0.0 2,203 — 2,203 —1.6 84 21 Mar. 260 4 0.01 + 0.0 7 7.6 1 .7 1.1 7.5 1,544 2,387 — 843 —0.6 35 9 Apr. 3,690 4 Trace 2.8 470 7.8 6.9 9.1 67.2 181,327 137,489 181,327 2.2 5,025 18,542 May 1,180 4 0.00 14.75 187 8.35 3.1 9.2 90.0 58,622 19,753 38,869 6.1 120.5 142 June 646 5 0.02 19.5 124 8.5 1.7 8.0 86.4 27,907 5,930 21,977 6.3 153.2 99 Aug. 188 1 0.00 19. 70 8.5 3.8 8.6 92.0 8,731 3,858 4,873 4.8 93 17 Sept. 230 3 0.00 16. 140 8,4 2.1 8.8 89.4 10,930 2,608 8,322 6.7 317.7 73 Oct. 338 4 0.01 5.68 82 8.3 2.1 11.0 87.4 20,077 3,833 16,244 8.9 505 171 Nov. 391 4 Trace 1 .25 72 8.3 3.8 12.2 86.2 25,759 8,023 17,736 8.4 8,750 3,421 Dec. 284 2 Trace 0.00 50 8.0 2.9 9.6 65.7 14,723 4,447 10,276 6.7 109.5 31 1940 Jan. 139 2 0.00 0.00 4.0 1 .2 8.2 901 3,002 — 2,101 —2.8 Feb. 149 1 0.00 1 .9 .2 1.4 161 1,529 — 1,368 —1.7 Mar. 225 1 0.00 1.7 .6 4.1 729 2,066 — 1,337 —1.1 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 226 14 0.008 0.0 16 7.62 5.02 0.38 2.56 484 5,472 — 4,988 —4.64 4,178 663 B 1,839 13 0.008 12.35 [ 260 8.22 3.9 8.77 81 .2 89,285 54,391 34,894 4.87 1,766 6,261 C 209 4 0.00 17.5 105 8.45 2.95 8.7 90.7 9,830 3,233 6,597 5.75 205 45 *Number of B.O.D. samples when the number of D.O. samples is greater than the number of B.O.D. samples. BASE DATA—STATION 1 69 BASE DATA—Table XXI—1 70 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION - —-F- zfzFR— VINTER CRfJmLttRiOD pagfliMA 1 _ ; 5 DA Y eoy. &.Q.&E IIESili SPRING FLOW PERIOD 71 I~rr: - rrrrTrir:.^^: mm mmi Wb A¥£i :\A NL ill I ; . . jr J~i A Y O O ✓> A tN pouHoy pAtvr.} H s':;:!: 72 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION ■> SEA SON \ \ t.N ,'OUNl'S: PMU -LLp j L2 TrTT 43411 X TREATMENT NO TREATMENT STREAM LOADINGS RED RIVER OF THE NORTH 5 DAY - 20° C. B. 0. D. POUNDS DAILY (DEC. I, 1938- APR ! 1939) WINTER CRITICAL PERIOD SEASON NO. A FIGURE 10 TREATMENT NO TREATMENT STREAM LOADINGS RED RIVER OF THE NORTH 5 DAY - 20°C. B.O.D. POUNDS DAIL Y (AUG./. 1939 - OCT. /. 1939) SllMMER CRITICAL PERIOD SEASON NO. c FIGURE // M.P.N. OF COLI-AEROGENES IN QUANTITY UNITS 73 : : . : : j SEA$OnWm&AsIIe f aei•. /, /« « tyg /, - mj/ :. %SRQUPM HL TOTAL P£f' PAY*Q:0*i M5± ~i~.VUR£ IS 74 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION --TOfflfl P&1 DAY• OU»945k!5 T*j -=+-=- /^zrrSi=E=B M.P.N. OF COLI-AEROGENES IN QUANTITY UNITS 75 - — i f-f—[— -±t±jz 1 Ti r i 1 " . f-4: : :.::: ;.:r 76 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Conform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. L C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 15 5 0.021 2 17 8.1— 2.89 11.4 82.7 923 234 789 8.51 955 14 Dec. 12 4 0.01 0.0 15 7.7 1.58 7.6 52.0 492 102 390 6.02 17,600 211 1939 Jan. 11 4 Trace 0.0 11 7.5 + 2.15 5.3 36.2 315 182 187 3.15 1,907 21 Feb. 10 4 0.005 0.0 11 7.55 3.08 3.7 25.3 200 166 34 .62 3,422 34 Mar. 96 0.012 0.0 58 7.5 3;74 4.0 27.3 2,074 1,939 135 .26 5,108 490 Apr. 265 4 0.005 3 + 143 7.8 5.88 11.7 79.4 16.742 8.414 8,328 5.82 8,210 2,176 May 64 4 0.00 14 + 62 8.35 3.25 9.0 86,8 3,110 1,123 1,987 5.75 875 56 June 55 4 0.01 20— 65 8.3 4.68 8.2 89.4 2,435 1,390 1,045 3.52 3,606 198 Aug. 11 1 0.10 20 100 8.4 5,86 6.9 75.2 410 348 62 1.04 430 5 Sept. 9 3 0.06 17 + 70 8.4 3.74 6.6 67.8 320 181 139 2.86 1,177 11 Oct. 13 4 0.255 8 + 31 8.05 5.47 8.2 69.1 576 384 192 2.73 1,320 17 Nov. 17 0.03 1 + 16 8.4 4.15 11.6 81.4 1,065 381 684 7.45 5,681 97 Dec. 18 1 0.02 2 20 8.4 2.42 11.4 82.3 1,108 235 873 8.98 1,500 ii 1940 73 0.0 Mar. 7 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.007 0.0 24 7.56 2.66 5.15 35.20 770 584 186 + 2.49 7,009 189 B 12 0.005 12.3 90 8.15 4.60 9.30 85.20 7,429 3,642 3,787 + 4.70 4,230 810 C 4 0.08 18.5 85 8.4 4.80 6.75 71.50 365 265 100 + 1.95 1,248 8 BASE DATA—Table XXII^L BASE DATA—STATION K 77 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Ave. Daily No. of Ave. NOo-N Ave. Temp. Ave. Turb. Ave. BOD 20° 5 Day Dissolved Oxygen Ave. Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. K C.F.S. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. n 5 0.00 1 13 8.0 + 2.75 9.1 65.7 541 163 378 8.35 109 1 Dec. 8 4 0.005 0.0 16 7.65 1.00 0.3 2.0 13 43 — 30 — .70 199 2 1939 6 4 0.00 0.0 35 7.4 4.38 0 0.0 0 142 — 142 —4.38 275 2 Feb. 4 4 0.00 0.0 22 7.5— 4.72 0 0.0 0 102 — 102 —4.72 1,032.5 4 Mar. 163 5 0.004 0.0 37 7.4— 4.05 1.4 9.6 1,232 3,565 — 2,333 —2.65 2,782.6 454 Apr. 318 4 0.01 4— 97 7.8 + 4.11 11.1 84.4 19,060 7,057 12,003 6.99 325 103 May 37 4 0.00 14 20 8.4 + 1.73 8.7 83.8 1,738 346 1,392 6.97 240 9 June 19 4 0.00 19 16 8.4 + 1.54 7.3 78.1 749 158 591 5.76 448 9 Aug. 2 1 0.00 19 90 8.5 1.63 7.9 84.4 85 18 67 6.27 200 0.4 Sept. 2 3 0.00 16 + 40 8.5— 2.69 7.5 75.4 81 29 52 4.81 4,060 8 Oct. 5 4 Trace 8 + 32 7.95 6.71 6.7 57.0 181 181 00 — .01 2,725 14 8 5 0.00 2— 25 8.2 1.92 11.0 79,4 475 83 392 9.08 840 7 Dec. 9 i 0.00 0.0 30 8.0 1.25 8.4 57.4 408 61 347 7.15 73 0.7 1940 13 Jan. Feb. Mar. 2 0.01 0 0 7.7 1.17 1 0.0 3 • • • . . . SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.002 0.0 27.5 7.49 1.04 0.42 2.90 311 963 — 652 —0.62 1,072 141 B 12 0.003 12.3 44 8.20 2.46 9.03 82.10 7,182 2,520 4,662 + 6.57 338 40 C 4 0.00 17.5 65 8.5 2.16 7.7 79.90 83 24 59 + 5.54 2,130 4.2 BASE DATA—Table XXII—K 78 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ID (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms No Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. J C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 17 5 0.00 l + 17 8.1 2.15 11.6 81.4 1,065 197 868 9.45 421 7 Dec. 21 4 0.00 0.0 10 7.8— 1.00 7.0 47.8 793 113 680 6.00 321.5 7 1939 Jan. 18 4 0.015 0.0 12 7.5 0.72 2.1 14.4 204 70 134 1.38 76 1 Feb. 18 4 0.005 0.0 11 7.5— 1.80 1.7 11.6 165 175 — 10 — .10 305.5 5 Mar. 48 5 Trace 0.0 18 7.5 2.67 3.2 21.9 829 692 137 0.53 372.6 18 Apr. 262 4 Trafte 3 106 7.9 + 2.86 11.5 85.4 16,270 4,046 12,224 8.64 214 May 100 4 0.00 14 + 75 8.4 1.41 8.4 77.3 4,536 761 3,775 6.99 1,386 14 June 72 4 0.002 20 64 8.4 1.59 7.7 84.0 2,994 618 5,376 6.11 1,858 134 Aug. 16 1 0.00 18 70 8.5 1.20 7.5 78.6 648 103 545 6.30 200 3 Sept. 14 3 0.00 21 . 63 8.4 + 1.95 7.3 81.2 552 147 405 5.35 1,263 18 Oct. 16 4 0.00 16 + 40 8.0 4.63 8.3 83.5 717 400 317 3.67 242.5 4 Nov. 17 5 0.005 8 + 20 8.2 + 1.45 11.8 99.4 1,083 133 950 10.35 144.4 2 Dec. 1940 20 1 0.00 2— 15 8.2 1.58 8.7 62.8 940 171 769 7.12 91 2 Jan. 9 0.00 0.0 7.7 2.08 4.4 30.1 214 101 113 2.32 Feb. 7 0.0 1.73 65 Mar. 11 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.005 0.0 13 7.57 1.55 3.50 23.92 498 263 235 + 1.95 269 7.8 B 12 Trace 12.3 82 8.23 1.95 9.20 82.23 7,900 1,808 6,125 + 7.25 1.153 68.0 C ... 4 0.00 19.5 66 8.45 1.57 7.4 79.90 600 125 475 + 5.83 731 10.5 BASE DATA—Table XXII—J BASE DATA—STATION H 79 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) Station Daily Average Oxygen Balance Coliform Organisms Ave. No. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. BOD Dissolved Dissolved Pounds per Day Daily of NO2-N Temp. Turb. Ave. 20° 5 Day Oxygen Oxygen M.P.N. M.P.N. Flow Samples P.P.M. °C. P.P.M. pH P.P.M. P.P.M. % Sat. Pounds P.P.M. per Quant. H C.F.8. D.O. B.O.D. (10)-(11) (8)-(7) 100 cc. Units 1938 Nov. 131 3 0.00 1 5 8.3 + 2.77 12.5 87.8 8,843 1,560 7,283 9.73 261 34 Dec. 141 4 0.01 0.0 12 7.75 1.82 7.6 52.0 5,787 1,386 4,401 5.78 20,750 2,926 1939 Jan. 159 5 0.012 0.0 17 7.6 + 1.07 2.9 19.8 2,489 919 1 ,570 ,1.83 2,848 453 Feb. 130 4 0.003 0.0 12 7.55 1.35 1.3 8.9 913 948 — 35 — .05 4,775 621 Mar. 181 4 Trace 0.0 15 7.45 1.34 1.2 8.2 1,173 1,310 — 143 — .14 5,550 1,005 Apr. 675 4 Trace 3 62 7.8 2.11 8.5 63.0 30,982 7,691 23,291 6.39 2,266 1,530 May 456 5 0.00 18— 98 8.3— 3.43 7.1 74,4 17,483 8,446 9,037 3.67 286.5 131 June 320 4 0.00 21— 109 8.4— 3.25 6.8 75.7 11,750 5,616 6,134 3.55 195 62 Aug. 80 1 Trace 23 40 8.4 4.20 7.3 84.1 3,154 1,814 1 ,340 3.10 430 34 Sept. 210 3 Trace 17 47 8.4 5.11 8.1 81 .4 9,185 5,795 3,390 2.99 8,151 1,712 Oct. 299 4 0.00 7 + 42 8.3— 4.64 9.7 79.7 15,662 7,492 8,170 5.06 15,106 4,517 Nov. 292 4 0.00 2— 20 8.3 5.41 12.7 91.7 20,025 8,530 11,495 7.29 5,765 1,683 260 2 0.0 60 8 0 1.66 11 .4 77.9 16,006 2,331 13,675 9.74 1940 161 2 0 00 0.0 8.2 1 .44 8.9 60.8 7,738 1,252 6,586 7.46 Feb 182 1 0.0 5.2 35.5 5,111 Mar. 160 1 0.0 4.7 32.1 4,061 SEASONAL AVERAGES A 17 0.006 1 0.0 14 7.59 1.39 3.25 22.45 2,590 1,141 1,448 + 1.86 8,481 1,251 B 13 Trace i 14 90 8.16 2.93 1 7.47 71.3 20,072 7,251 12,754 + 4.54 916 574 C 4 Trace ( 19.5 43 8.4 4.65 7.7 82.75 6,169 3,805 2,365 +3.05 4,290 873 BASE DATA—Table XXII—H 80 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Time of 0°C B.O.D. Oxygen OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Flow Five For Time Demand at Dissolved Dissolved Station Flow to Day of Flow 0°C for Oxvgen Oxygen Deficit Due Deficit Due Grand 20°C to Grand Time of Flow Available Available Surplus Over to Demand Surplus Over to Demand Forks B.O.D. Forks To Grand Forks Demand Only Only Demand Only Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 23 24.4 4.5 3.83 476 12.0 1,490 1,014 8.17 11 23 22.0 13.1 10.75 1,335 9.3 1,155 180 1.45 10 45 17.0 3.2 2.32 10.7 2,600 2,036 8.38 9 62 10.7 1.3 .74 248 11.36 3,803 3,555 10.62 8 62 5.2 1.7 .57 191 12.96 4,339 4,148 12.39 7 59 0.6 3.2 .14 45 13.2 4,205 4,128 13.1 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 25 25.6 3.3 3.8 378 9.2 1,242 864 6.4 11 25 23.2 12.3 10.2 1,377 6.5 877 500 3.7 10 38 18.3 1.6 1.2 246 1.7 349 103 0.5 0 57 11.5 1,7 1 .0 308 2.2 677 369 1.2 8 5.7 1.4 0 5 151 2 4 726 575 1 9 7 59 0.7 2.7 0.2 64 9.9 3,154 3,090 9.7 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) November 1938 Table XXIII—1 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) December 1938 Table XXI11—2 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 81 Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg . OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Station Flow Oxygen Available Oxygen Available Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. P.P.M. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. P.P.M. P.P.M. 6 5 4 3 199 198 197 200 28.8 27.6 26.4 22.6 17.3 8.7 9.0 9.2 15.5 8.20 7.86 7.64 16.656 8,767 8,361 8,251 7.9 3.4 0.20 0.00 8,490 3,635 213 0.00 8,166 5,132 8,148 8,251 7.60 4.80 7.66 7.64 2 197 20.2 8.6 6.84 7,276 0.00 0.00 7,276 6.84 1 182 15.6 7.7 5.43 5,337 0.40 393 4,944 5.03 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 97 18.3 2.2 1.7 890 8.9 4,662 3,772 7.2 11 98 16.9 11.4 8.8 4,657 •8.7 4,604 53 0.1 10 95 14.1 2.8 1.9 975 4.2 2,155 1,180 2.3 9 98 9.4 2.0 1.0 529 1 .9 1,005 476 0.9 8 85 4.8 2.3 0.7 321 0.5 229 92 0.2 7 78 0.6 2.1 0.1 42 1.1 463 421 1.0 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Lake Winnipeg) December 1938 Table XXI11—3 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From THe Station Specified To Grand Forks) January 1939 Table XXIII—4 82 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station Flow Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. P.P.M. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. P.P.M. P.P.M. 6 237 26.7 2.7 2.36 3,020 3.7 4,739 1,719 1.34 5 235 25.6 5.4 4.67 5,926 2.9 3,680 2,246 i .77 4 231 24.4 8.7 7.40 9,231 1.5 1,871 7,360 5.90 3 219 21.7 8.1 6.62 7,829 0.7 828 7,001 5.92 2 216 19.4 8.2 6.48 7,558 0.0 0.0 7,558 6.48 1 198 15.3 9.1 6.36 6,800 0.0 0.0 6,800 6.36 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 102 17.3 1.7 1.2 661 10.4 5,728 5,067 9.2 11 102 16.0 4.8 3.4 1,873 9.8 5,399 3,526 6.4 10 102 13.3 3.7 2.4 1,322 6.7 3,690 2,368 4.3 9 114 8.7 1.8 0.9 554 3.3 2,031 1,477 2.4 8 106 4.4 1 .4 0.3 172 1.7 973 801 1.4 7 99 .5 1.3 0.1 53 0.9 481 428 0.8 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Lake Winnipeg) January 1939 Table XXIII—5 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) February 1939 Table XXIII—6 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 83 Station Flow Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. P.P.M. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. P.P.M. P.P.M. 6 229 27.0 2.3 2.02 2,498 2.5 3,091 593 .48 5 232 25.9 3.5 3.04 3,809 3.8 4,761 952 .76 4 234 24.7 1.9 1 .62 2,047 2.6 3,285 1,238 .98 3 243 20.7 1 .9 1.53 2,008 0.8 1,050 958 .73 2 246 18.6 2.0 1.53 2,032 0.7 930 1,102 .83 1 255 13.7 1.6 1,05 1,446 0.00 0.00 1,446 1.05 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 743 6.3 2.5 1.0 4,012 9.7 38,918 34,906 8.7 11 743 5.8 5.8 2.1 8,426 9.8 39,320 30,894 7.7 10 855 4.8 4.4 1 .4 6,464 6.8 31,396 24,932 5.4 9 723 3.4 3.4 0.8 3,123 4.1 16,007 12,884 3.3 8 626 1.8 1.8 0.2 679 2.8 9,465 8,786 2.6 7 274 0.3 1.8 0.1 148 1.1 1,628 1,480 1.0 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Lake Winnipeg) February 1939 Table XXIII—7 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) March 1939 Table XXI11-8 84 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Station Flow Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. P.P.M. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. P.P.M. P.P.M. 6 455 19.6 2.0 1.57 3,857 2.1 5,046 1,189 .53 5 434 19.2 3.2 2.49 5,836 5.0 11,718 5.882 2.51 4 346 20.5 2.7 2.16 4,036 3.3 6.166 3,130 1.14 3 378 16.8 1.8 1.13 2,307 1.4 2,858 551 .27 2 302 16.7 1.5 1.09 1.778 1.1 1,794 16 .01 1 260 13.6 1.7 1.11 1,558 1.1 1,544 14 o.oi Note: Same time of flow monthly average. as February is used because same flow existed during most of month. The rapid rise in the last week of March accounts for high Station Flow Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow to Lake Winnipeg Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. P.P.M. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. P.P.M. P.P.M. 6 280 24.7 6.07 5.20 7,862 4.05 5,341 2,521 1.15 5 275 23.9 5.2 4.40 6,534 3.78 6,948 586 .62 4 252 23.8 5.58 4.80 6,532 1.90 2,884 3,648 2.90 3 260 20.0 5.25 4.15 5,827 0.72 1,184 4,643 3.43 2 240 18.7 5.08 3.91 5,067 0.45 681 4,386 3.46 1 224 14.6 5.02 3.42 4,137 0.37 484 3,653 3.05 Note; Values shown here are averages of monthly averages for which reason figures from column to column do not check mathematically. OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Lake Winnipeg) March 1939 Table XXIII—9 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Lake Winnipeg) Critical Winter Season Averages—Dec. 1, 1938 To April 1, 1939 Table XXIII—10 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 85 ■ wy r& 3 8 \ \ lAV£._POUA D.5 OF: .. - fcipvf N-D. h3 r CU.AN D rri:M£\ OF r L frjf tq-sja.&or _ -.l.wjftNifitd ! ■ : I II# —FIGURE iS \.. 86 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION ave i*vofi6s = 0.70. -v# *r _ f?*g- :4:,vg: 7 t U f -Ofr-L to S TA. 6 ~-:~ \qB.LAKE. WINNIPEG. M L I i i • i Ml : \FlGUff£ JB OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 87 Bill FIGURFiY 88 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION mn _ a *. ig. iy g r/.Ai/r :a/r z ESimgpEEE - Off ± AK€ fc/Pff TMMtLl. OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 89 MARUM- \1f.Z'9 A V.E. P.O.U VPS OF 0,0. AND 9. 0, D. AT - 0 *0. -AND T-f M £ Of FL CIV TO ST A. 6 08 LAKE WINNIPEG.. FIGURE 19~ 90 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 1 Flow Time of Flow to Five Day 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Dissolved Oxvgen Dissolved Oxvgen 0 XYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Deficit Due 1 Deficit Due 1 Grand Forks 20°C B.O.D. to-Grand Forks Time of Flow To Grand Forks Available Available Surplus Over Demand Only to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 17 28.8 2.8 2.5 229 12.6 1,157 928 10.1 11 19 25.8 20.7 18.7 1,918 8.8 903 1,015 9.9 10 34 20.2 6.1 4.8 881 9.3 1,707 626 4.5 9 47 12.9 3.1 2,0 510 15.1 3.847 3,337 13.1 8 38 6.8 4.2 1.7 349 15.5 3,181 2,832 13.8 7 28 .9 3.9 0.3 45 19.9 3,009 2,964 19.6 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 4.5 64 3.3 5.6 136 9.2 224 88 3.6 11 5.6 57.9 26.0 27.0 816 3.2 97 816 23.8 10 5 45.6 7.5 8.3 224 0.9 24 200 7.4 9 11 25.6 7.7 6.6 392 3.7 220 172 2.9 8 14 12.1 6.4 3.9 294 5.6 423 129 1.7 7 9 2.1 3.0 0.5 24 18.6 904 880 18.1 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) December 1939 Table XXIV—1 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) January 1940 Table XXIV—2 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 91 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand . Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 11 53.3 2.6 4.5 267 5.3 315 48 0.8 11 12 49.3 24.7 25.1 1 ,626 2.6 168 1,456 22.5 10 11 41.1 11.0 11.3 671 0.0 0 671 11.3 9 14 27.5 12.6 11.1 839 0.0 0 839 11.1 8 8 16 22.4 16.0 691 0.0 0 691 16.0 7 5 2 12.0 324 Station Flow Time of Flow to Grand Forks Five Day 20°C B.O.D. 0°C B.O.D. For Time of Flow to Grand Forks Oxygen Demand at 0°C for Time of Flow To Grand Forks Dissolved Oxygen Available Dissolved Oxygen Available OXYGEN RELATIONSHIPS Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only Surplus Over Demand Only Deficit Due to Demand Only C.F.S. Days P.P.M. P.P.M. Lbs. Daily P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily P.P.M. P.P.M. 12 40 21.4 11 41 19.5 10 59 16.6 is.2 9.2 2,931 i.i4 363 2,568 8.06 9 77 10.0 12.0 6.4 2,661 0.0 0 2,661 6.4 8 80 4.9 21.3 6.9 2,980 0.0 0 2,980 6.9 * 7 73 0.6 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) February 1940 Table XXIV-3 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS UNDER ICE COVERAGE (Based On Oxygen Demand From The Station Specified To Grand Forks) March 1940 Table XXIV 4 92 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGA riON Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.r.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow ■ 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 25 12.3 11 0 0 0 1,377 1,377 10 5.0 4.0 540 246 786 9 11.8 7.4 1.000 308 1 ,308 8 17.6 9.1 1 ,228 151 1,379 7 22.5 10.1 1,362 64 1,426* 264 i32 88 66 6 23.2 10.2 1,377 0 1,377 *Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. **Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.f.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta.- 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 . 2 3 4 23 13.1 11 0 0 0 1,335 1,335 10 5 4.25 528 664 1,092 9 11.3 7.70 957 248 1,205 8 16.8 9.60 1,192 191 1,383* 256 i28 85 64 7 21.4 10.66 1,325 45 1 ,370 6 22 10.75 1,335 0 1,335 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. **AvailabIe for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) November 1938 Table XXV—1 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) December 1938 Table XXV—2 OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS 93 Station 6 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 6 to Lake Winnipeg Flow in c.r.s. Required at Grand Forks for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to L. Winnipeg C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 199 17.3 6 0 0 0 16,656 16,656 5 1.2 1.55 1,666 8,767 10,433 4 2.4 2.94 3,159 8,361 11,520 3 6.2 6.66 7,157 8,251 15,408 2 8.6 8.49 9,123 7,276 16,399 1 13.5 11.28 12,121 5,337 17,458* 3,233 1,617 1,078 808 lv. VV. 28.8 15.50 16,656 0 16,656 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other reauire- ments of stream sanitation. Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.r.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. . Shown to Grand Forks C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 98 11.4 11 0 0 0 4,657 4,657 10 2.8 2.3 1,220 975 2,195 9 7.5 5,0 2,650 529 3,179 8 12.1 7.1 3,760 321 4,081 7 16.3 8.4 4,450 42 4,492 6 16.9 8.8 4,657 0 4,657* 862 43 i 287 2is *Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. * Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Grand Forks (Sta. 6) To Lake Winnipeg December 1938 Table XXV—3 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) January 1939 Table XXV—4 Station 6 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 6 to Lake Winnipeg Flow in c.f.s. Required at Grand Forks for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to L. Winnipeg C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 235 2.7 6 0 0 0 3,020 3,020 5 1.1 .22 279 5,926 6,205 4 2.3 .45 571 9,231 9,802* 1,815 908 605 454 3 5.8 .98 1,244 7,829 9,073 2 8.0 1.26 1,599 7,558 9.157 1 12.5 1.68 2,132 6,800 8,932 L.W. 26.7 2.36 3,020 0 3,020 • •* ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta; Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.f.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 102 4.8 11 0 0 0 1,873 1,873 10 2.7 0.90 496 1,322 1,818 9 7.3 2.00 1,100 554 1,654 8 11.6 2.84 1,565 172 1,737 7 15.5 3.36 1,850 53 1,903* 363 182 i2i 9i 6 16.0 3.40 1,873 0 1,873 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Grand Forks and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. ♦♦Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Grand Forks (Sta. 6) To Lake Winnipeg January 1939 Table XXV—5 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) February 1939 Table XXV 6 FLOW REQUIREMENTS 95 Station 6 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day . Sta. 6 to Lake Winnipeg Flow in c.F.s. Required at Grand Forks for Indicated p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 6-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to L. Winnipeg C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 229 2.3 6 0 0 0 2,498 2,498 5 1.1 .19 235 3,809 4,044^ 749 375 250 187 4 2.4 .39 482 2,047 2,529 3 6.2 .89 1,100 2,008 3,108 2 8.5 1.12 1,384 2,032 3,416 1 13.3 1.49 1,843 1,446 3,289 L.W. 27.0 2.02 2,498 0 2,498 ♦Critical noint. This amount must be furnished at Grand Forks and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. ♦♦Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. Station 11 Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. Station From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 743 5.8 11 0 0 0 8,426 8,426* 1,560 780 530 390 10 1 .44 1,765 6,464 8,229 9 2.4 1.00 4,020 3,123 7,143 8 4.0 1.56 6,260 679 6,939 7 5.5 2.03 8,150 148 8,298 6 5.8 2.10 8,426 0 8,426 . . . ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Grand Forks and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. **Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Grand Forks (Sta. 6) To Lake Winnipeg February 1939 Table XXV—7 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) March 1939 Table XXV—8 96 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 6 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 6 to Lake Winnipeg Flow in c.r.s. Required at Grand Forks for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to L. Winnipeg C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 455 2.0 6 5 4 3 2 1 L.W. 0 0.5 1.1 2.8 3.8 6.0 19.6 0 .08 .16 .40 .51 .75 1.57 0 197 393 983 1,253 1,843 3,857 3,857 5,836 4,036 2,307 1,778 1,558 0 3.857 6,033* 4,429 3,290 3,031 3,401 3.857 1,117 559 372 279 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Grand Forks and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. ♦♦Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. Station 6 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 6 to Lake Winnipeg Flow in c.f.s. Required at Grand Forks for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 6 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to L. Winnipeg C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 280 6.07 6 0 0 0 7,862 7,862 5 1.0 .46 696 6,534 7,230 4 2.1 .92 1,391 6,532 7,923 3 5.4 2.09 3,160 5,827 8,987 2 7.4 2.67 4,037 5,067 9,104 1 11.6 3.62 5,473 4,137 9,610# 1,780 890 593 445 L.W. 24.7 5.20 7,862 0 7,862 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Grand Forks and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. ♦♦Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Grand Forks (Sta. 6) To Lake Winnipeg March 1939 Table XXV—9 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Grand Forks (Sta. 6) To Lake Winnipeg Critical Winter Season Averages Dec. 1, 1938 to April 1, 1939 Table FLOW REQUIREMENTS 97 Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.f.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 19 20.7 11 0 0 0 1,918 1,918 10 5.6 7.35 755 881 1,636 9 12.9 13.17 1,350 510 1,860 8 19.0 16.05 1,647 349 1,996* 370 i85 i23 93 7 24,9 17.70 1,815 45 1,860 6 25.8 18.70 1,920 0 1,920 ♦Critical point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. **Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.f.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.S. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 5.6 26.0 11 0 0 0 816 816 10 12.3 16.1 487 224 711 9 32.3 23.9 724 392 1,116* 206 103 67 52 8 45.8 26.0 786 294 1,080 7 55.8 26.8 810 24 834 . . f 6 57.9 27.0 816 0 816 *Critioal point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. ♦♦Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) December 1939 Table XXVI—1 OXYGEN AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS Fargo (Sta. 11) To Grand Forks (Sta. 6) January 1940 Table XXVI— 2 98 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Station 11 Station Time of Flow From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown Oxygen Demand at 0°C. for Time of Flow Total Lbs. Per Day Sta. 11 to Grand Forks Flow in c.p.s. Required at Fargo for Indicated Available** p.p.m. of Oxygen Flow 5-Day 20°C. B.O.D. From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. 11 To Sta. Shown From Sta. Shown to Grand Forks C.F.8. P.P.M. Days P.P.M. Lbs. Daily Lbs. Daily 1 2 3 4 12 24.7 11 10 9 8 6 0 8.2 21.8 33.3 49.3 0 11.7 20.2 23.0 • 25.2 0 760 1,310 1,490 1,626 1,626 671 839 691 0 1,626 1,431 2,149 2,181* 1 ,626 404 202 135 ioi *CriticaI point. This amount must be furnished at Fargo and flow requirements are calculated on the basis of this value. **Available for the oxidation of untreated or treated sewage and other wastes only. Does not include amount necessary to sustain fish life or other require- ments of stream sanitation. h“ U 5 SS u gJS 5 o C/iJ-o? U j £ >>x o° Sx J 0 ? 4) H-HiJ Q~U.C 2r <« 2tn Id — 0 p >- ? x,« CU- APPENDIX I Hydrometric Data 100 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION VELOCITIES IN RED RIVER AND TIMES OF FLOW Stream gaging and flow computations are functions of the U. S. Geological Survey, which agency works in cooperation with the State Engineer. Unfortunately, sufficient stream measurements, with particular respect to determining more definitely the time required for passage of a given mass of water from point to point, were not made during the period of the field investigations because it was assumed that sufficiently accurate estimates could be made from available records. It would no doubt have been better to have re- quested the desired flow data at the inception of the investigation, thus allowing time for making accurate measurements for the dura- tion of the study, especially during ice coverage periods. As a result of a conference with Mr. Paul R. Speer, District En- gineer, U. S. Geological Survey, a man was detailed to study the flow characteristics of the Red River and tributaries with the end in view of estimating (1) the mean flows at the sampling stations and (2) the time interval between occurrence of specific discharges at the various points in the stream. Computations were checked by the office of the North Dakota State Engineer, E. J. Thomas. Gaging stations on the Red River are maintained at Emerson, Manitoba, (computed by Department of Interior, Dominion Water Power and Hydrometric Bureau); Grand Forks, North Dakota; and Fargo, North Dakota. Inflow from tributaries was estimated from gaging-station rec- ords, by transposing the figures downstream on the basis of the estimated time required for the movement through the stream distance. “It should be understood that the discharge figures, except at gaging stations, do not represent actual stream-flow records. They are estimates based on such actual gaging-station records as are available. There is a good possibility that erroneous assumptions may have been made in arriving at the time intervals between oc- currence of specific discharges at the various points in estimating unmeasured inflow, losses, etc.” * RED RIVER Time Interval Between Occurrence of Specific Discharges in Reach from Grand Forks, North Dakota to Emerson, Manitoba (Approximate River Mileage—146 miles) “The following table gives an approximation of the time inter- val between occurrence of specific discharges between Grand Forks, North Dakota and Emerson, Manitoba. These values were arrived at through a study of discharge hydrographs for the gaging stations at Grand Forks and Emerson. As the cross-sectional area of the channel varies considerably from point to point along the reach, *Paul R. Speer, District Engineer. U.S.G.S. STREAM VELOCITIES 101 these values cannot be applied to any selected place along the river. They represent only the approximate mean through a considerable length of the river. The time interval for a given discharge will also vary considerably, as the conditions vary from one of rapidly increasing rate of discharge through a constant rate to a rapidly decreasing rate. Another factor affecting the interval is the vary- ing amount of aquatic growth in the channel.” * Table 1 TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN OCCURRENCE OF SPECIFIC DISCHARGES (by U.S.G.S.) Discharge in second-feet Approximate time of travel in days Grand Forks to Emerson Approximate rate of travel Miles per day Rapidly rising stage Constant to falling stage Rapidly rising stage Constant to falling stage 6,000 3 4 49 36 3,000 3 4 49 36 1,000 4 5 36 29 500 5 8 29 18 300 6 11 24 13 200 7 15 21 10 100 10 16 15 9 NOTE: The above values are for open-water conditions. The general trend under conditions of ice cover is toward lower mean velocities in the channel, undoubtedly, resulting in longer time intervals between ob- servation points. The amount of decrease in mean velocity varies greatly under varying conditions of ice cover. The average mean velocity under ice cover is probably about 2/3 of that for the same open-water discharge. This figure cannot be applied for short in- dividual periods, however, with any assurance of reasonable accuracy. *P. R. Speer, Dist. Engr. U.S.G.S. 102 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Ip ye& m:y£LC citjes.. jR£L' \ RIVER ViQE THE. ] NORTH g ran v ranks, to emenson \ STREAM VELOCITIES 103 RED RIVER Rate of Travel of Specific Discharges in Reach from Fargo, North Dakota to Grand Forks, North Dakota (Approximate River Mileage—156 miles) by U.S.G.S. The following table gives an approximation of the rate of travel of specific discharges between Fargo and Grand Forks, North Dakota. These values were arrived at through a study of discharge hydrographs for the gaging stations at Fargo and Grand Forks, and for the discontinued station at Halstad, Minnesota, and also from discharge measurements at these stations. As the cross-sectional area varies considerably from point to point along the river, these values do not apply to selected points, but represent an approxima- tion of the average rate through a long reach of the river. The rate of travel of a given discharge will also vary considerably as the channel becomes more or less choked with aquatic growth. Still another factor entering into the computations is that of rate of change of rate of discharge, the rate of travel being greater during conditions of rapidly rising stage. Table II RATE OF TRAVEL OF SPECIFIC DISCHARGE Discharge Second-feet Approximate Rate of Travel Miles Per Day Rapidly Rising Constant to Stage Falling Stage 50 12 8 150 20 12 250 26 15 500 32 20 1,000 39 32 4,000 40 33 NOTE: See note under table I concerning rate of travel under ice cover 104 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 4tk9ASl' VELOCITIES \ fime.fi. of \ rui ff.a uM f A D Q 0 TO S if AMD FQflks —1---■(-• ; H- : : ; : : ; ! : ; t- fl/u S. B. 3 } : FiemE. si \ DISCHARGE RECORDS 105 RED RIVER TRIBUTARIES ♦Distance Location Type Location from Mouth Stream Type Emerson, Manitoba Chain Gage Neche 25 Pembina Recording Grand Forks, N. Dak. below Sta. 6 Recording Gage Cavalier 40 Tongue (Pembina) Wire weight Fargo, N. Dak. Between Sta. 11 & 12 Staff Gage Grafton 24 Park Chain Crookston 45 Red Lake Recording Twin Valley 55 Wild Rice (Minn.) Recording Hillsboro 14 Goose Chain Dilworth 28 Buffalo Recording West Fargo 16 Sheyenne Recording ♦Distances approximately estimated. The above gaging stations in the United States are maintained by The U. S. Geological Survey. Estimates obtained from that agency are based on records from these stations Tributaries not listed above are of little or no significance with respect to the pollution problem of the Red River. Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 10 ■ 11 12 A D H I J K L 1938 Nov. 207 199 189 192 190 190 59 62 62 45 23 23 . . . 131 17 11 15 Dec. 182 197 200 197 198 199 59 56 57 38 25 25 141 21 8 12 1939 Jan. 198 216 219 231 235 237 78 85 98 95 98 97 159 18 6 11 Start Start Feb. 255 246 243 234 232 229 99 106 114 102 102 102 3-29 130 3-23 18 4 10 Start Mar. 260 302 378 346 434 455 274 626 723 855 743 743 4-4 3.7 181 85 48 163 96 Apr. 3,690 3,710 3,452 3,170 3,130 3,126 2,450 2,020 1,830 1,420 711 710 34.4 29.4 675 45 262 318 265 May 1,180 1,040 992 951 917 912 458 451 429 320 218 219 18.1 3.3 456 1.2 100 37 64 June 646 681 682 696 692 687 366 344 318 234 135 135 12.4 2.7 320 8.9 72 19 oo July 564 492 461 411 397 388 203 202 190 131 90 92 1.7 .3 185 .2 53 10 28 Stop Stop Stop Aug. 188 157 144 123 121 118 38 41 42 25 17 18 7-14 7-16 80 7-15 16 2 11 Sept. 230 212 216 211 218 225 16 17 21 9 5.2 5.2 210 14 2 9 Oct. 338 337 344 333 334 334 24 26 33 33 15 13 299 16 5 13 Nov. 391 340 334 329 330 332 41 46 49 38 22 21 292 17 8 17 Dec. 384 297 292 301 297 314 28 38 47 34 19 17 260 20 9 18 1940 Jan. 139 161 163 173 171 175 9 14 11 5 5. 6 4.5 161 9 2 7 Feb. 149 175 178 184 184 186 3 8 14 ii 12 11 282 7 1 8 Mar. 225 218 225 225 230 ... 73 80 77 59 41 40 160 11 3 7 ♦Not actual gaging station records. (Except Station 6) Estimates only of flows based on available records. By U.S.G.S. Table IV *MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGES AT SAMPLING STATIONS—C.F.S. Table III STREAM GAGING STATIONS RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Table V AVERAGE STREAM GRADIENTS FOR VARIOUS REACHES OF THE RIVER Elevation Ordinary Stage Drop— feet. Miles Drop— ft/mile Bank Elevation Lake Traverse 973 990 17 Wahpeton 956 963 86 97 .887 Fargo 870 900 86 154 .558 Grand Forks 784 828 36 143 .252 International Boundary 748 780 15 110 . 136 Winnipeg 733 758 Elevation from Simons and King’s Report Table VI AVERAGE ANNUAL RUN-OFF OF THE RED RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN River Years of Record . Drainage Area Average Annual Run-Off Average Flow Acre Ft. Per Sq. Mi. Sq. Mi. Acre Ft. Sec. Ft. Red River Grand Forks 53 25,500 1,700,000 2,350 67.9 Red River Fargo 32 6,420 375,000 518 59.2 5,760 3,530 768.000 158.000 1,060 218 135.8 Pembina River 26 45.8 Ottertail River 19 1,840 268,000 370 149.3 Bois-de-Sioux River 15 1,860 20,000 27 10.9 Wild Rice River Minnesota 12 1,440 145,000 200 103.3 Sheyenne River 10 7,380 164,000 227 22.8 Two Rivers 9 1,020 103,000 143 103.3 Estimates assisted by records for two or three years: Park River 1,130 48,000 66 43.4 Red River International Boundary 35,895 2,320,000 3,200 66.2 Forest River 1,000 54,000 74 53.3 Buffalo River 1,400 96,000 133 70.5 Estimates based on records of adjoin- ing streams: Tamarac 580 46,000 64 79.4 Snake River 1,040 83,000 115 80.0 Turtle River 700 30,000 41 43.0 Sand Hill 530 28,000 39 52.8 Unless otherwise stated the above figures are at the mouth of the River All drainage areas shown in table VI were figured by Dean E. F. Chandler, and were carefully measured in square miles from the best available maps. If the location of the station was not at the mouth of the river the run-off was figured in acre feet per square mile of drainage area for that portion and a modification was made by Dean Chandler based upon differences in topography toward the mouth. The records of run-off at regular stations are entirely from the published records of the U. S. Geological Survey. The complete fifty-three year record at Grand Forks, North Dakota was used as a control. By proportionment. depending on the percentage of flow of the control station, E. F. Chandler calculated the run-off data for the shorter record periods so as to give an assumed fifty-three year average for all tributaries. For rivers with no records at all, the run-off figures were merely based on estimates from adjoining streams and topography. DISCHARGE RECORDS 107 Table VII ANNUAL DISCHARGES OF THE RED RIVER Grand Forks, North Dakota Drainage Area 25,500 Square Miles Year Mean Discharge In Sec. Ft. Run Off Acre Ft. Days Record 1882 7,181 3,917,300 275 1883 4,302 3,029,100 365 1884 2,936 2,131,100 366 1885 3,158 2,286,600 365 1886 1,858 1,345,200 365 1887 1,007 729,300 365 1888 2,752 1,998,000 366 1889 761 551,200 365 1890 782 565,900 365 1891 1,205 872,500 365 1892 ■ 3,782 2,745,200 366 1893 3,499 2,533,400 365 1894 2,086 1,510,000 365 1895 786 569,100 365 1896 3,452 2,505,800 366 1897 5,616 4,065,800 365 1898 1 ,670 1,209,200 365 1899 2,141 1,549,800 365 1900 1,871 1,354,600 365 1901 3,287 2,379,600 365 1902 1,957 353,369 91 1903 2,997 2,169,535 365 1904 6,152 2,781,920 228 1905 4,790 2,232,900 235 1906 4,619 3,344,300 365 1907 3,557 2,575,100 365 1908 3,081 2,230,600 365 1909 2,666 1,930,400 365 1910 2,362 1,710,000 365 1911 737 533,400 365 1912 870 472,740 274 1912-1913 1,350 977,535 365 1913-1914 1,694 1,226,253 365 1914-1915 2,897 2,096,900 365 1915-1916 5,579 4,051,000 365 1916-1917 2,706 1,959,200 365 1917-1918 966 699,300 365 1918-1919 2,101 1,521,000 365 1919-1920 3,079 2,235,500 366 1920-1921 1,602 1,160,000 365 1921-1922 2,151 1,557,100 365 1922-1923 1,333 965,300 365 1923-1924 731 530,900 366 1924-1925 1,248 902,670 365 1925-1926 1,216 880,500 365 1926-1927 2,603 1,884,800 365 1927-1928 1 ,796 1,304,000 366 1928-1929 1 ,728 1,250,800 365 1929-1930 1,226 887,280 365 1930-1931 351 254,000 365 1931-1932 623 451,920 366 1932-1933 401 290,140 365 1933-1934 244 176,430 365 1934-1935 439 317,850 365 1937-1938 894 647,410 365 108 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Table VIII MONTHLY SUMMARY OF DISCHARGE RECORDS Grand Forks, North Dakota Month Length of Record Days Total Recorded Runoff Acre Ft. Average Mean Discharges Sec. Ft. Maximum Mean Discharge Minimum Mean Discharge Sec. Ft. Year Sec. Ft. Year October 1,643 4,123,954 1,265 5,690 1900 31.7 1933 November 1,585 3,675,565 1,169 4,590 1900 73.0 1934 December 1,550 2,613,016 850 2,430 1909 40.7 1934 January 1,550 1,983,841 645 1,830 1901 27.7 1935 February........ 1,410 1,606,883 575 1,630 1883 31.8 1935 March 1,550 4,956,888 1,612 8,420 1910 234. 1888 April 1 ,570 24,000,956 7,707 30,500 1897 1,090 1931 May 1,643 14,635,405 4,491 16,240 1893 373 1934 June 1,590 10,457,698 3,316 12,000 1896 151 1934 July 1 .643 8,741,897 2,683 11,300 1916 116 1933 August 1,643 5,044,775 1 ,548 6,640 1897 30.6 1934 September 1,620 3,922,464 1,221 4,507 1905 20.7 1934 Table IX ANNUAL DISCHARGES OF THE RED RIVER Fargo, North Dakota Year Mean Discharge In Sec. Ft. Run Off Acre Ft. Days Record 1002 540 300,971 231 1903 530.5 257,786 245 1904 1,061.4 513, 660 244 1905 944.6 455,300 243 1906 1,393.1 674,200 244 1907 1,160.8 665,400 289 1908 666.8 484,100 366 1909 782 406,400 262 1910 609.9 332,650 275 1911 226.1 109,890 245 1912 466.3 174,790 189 1912-1913 357.0 177,745 251 1913-1914 593.5 429,706 365 1914-1915 791.3 572,900 365 1915-1916 2,679.5 1,264,900 238 1916-1917 1,069.9 502,930 237 1917-1918 246.8 127,740 261 1918-1919 239.6 173,470 365 1919-1920 629 456,630 366 1920-1921 380.6 275,530 365 1921-1922 589.2 426,550 365 1922-1923 292.8 211,990 365 1923-1924 151.5 84,150 280 1924-1925 185.6 134,370 365 1925-1926 150.4 108,880 365 1926-1927 334.4 242,110 365 1927-1928 272.7 198,000 366 1928-1929 264.1 191,220 365 1929-1930 211.1 152,834 365 1930-1931 72.7 52,628 365 1931-1932 52.5 38,077 366 1932-1933 41.8 30,241 365 1933-1934 17.5 12,662 365 1934-1935 82.0 59,374 365 1937-1938 126.0 90,886 365 Drainage Area 6,420 Square Miles APPENDIX II SOURCES OF POLLUTION RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION SOURCES OF POLLUTION Table I Red River tributaries in North Dakota showing distance of mouth above International Boundary, distance of municipalities discharging sewage above mouth of tributaries, population, and type of treatment, are shown in the following table. Distances of cities above mouths of tributaries are roughly estimated. Many other cities with sewerage systems, located in the water shed, discharge sewage into dry-run coulees, sloughs, etc., which rarely, if ever, reaches any watercourse. Among these are Langdon (1,221), Larimore (979), Casselton (1,253), McVille (513), Hankinson (1,400), Lidgerwood (1,029), Finley, Coopers- town, Northwood, Milnor. Except for the Sheyenne, tributaries in North Dakota are inter- mittent, flowing only during spring and early summer. Miles Type System* Miles Municipality Above Treatment Tributary Above (1930 Pop.) Mouth of Date of Boundary Tributary Installation Pembina 2.8 Cavalier (850) 40 Comb. Septic tank Pembina 2.8 Walhalla (700) 60 Comb. None Park 67 Grafton (3,136) 24 Comb. P.C., S.S.D., Tr. Filt., Sl.B., 1936 Park 67 Park River (1,131) 50 Comb. Septic tank, 1916 Goose 203 Hillsboro (1,317) 15 Comb., None Goose .. 203 Mayville (1,199) Enderlin (1,839) 50 Comb. Imhoflf Sheyenne 273 95 Comb. Septic tank, 1929 Sheyenne 273 Harvey (2,200) 520 Comb., None Sheyenne 273 Lisbon (1,650) 150 Comb. Sc., Imh. T. Tr.F., Sl.B., 1936 Sheyenne 273 Valley City (5,268) 230 Comb., Sc., Pr.S., Act. SI.. Sec.S.,S.S.D„ S.B., 1934 Sheyenne 273 West Fargo Packing Plant 20 Sc., Pr.S., Tr.F., Sec.S., Tr.F., Fin.S., Grease Sep. Table II Red River tributaries in Minnesota showing distance of mouth above the International Boundary, distance of municipalities dis- charging sewage above mouth of tributaries, population, and types of treatment. Data submitted by Minnesota Department of Health. Miles Municipality Miles Above Tributary Above Boundary (1930 Pop.) Mouth of Tributary Treatment Two Rivers 25 Hallock (869) 12 None Two Rivers . . 25 Lancaster (456) 30 Imhoff Tank Snake River.... 70 Warren (1472) 30 Imhoff Tank Middle River. . . 76 Argyle (700) 12 Septic Tank Red Lake River 143 Crookston (6,321) 45 None Red Lake River.. 143 Red Lake Falls (1,386) 83 None—Plant Under Con- struction Red Lake River.. 143 Thief River Falls (4,368) 117 Primary settling trick- ling filter secondary set- tling sep.Sl.D. Chi. Red Lake River. 143 Fosston (978) 123 None Sand Hill River. . 187 Fertile (800) 30 None Sand Hill River. . 187 Climax (239) 3 None Marsh River.. . . 195 Ada (1,285) 26 Septic Tank Wild Rice River. 205 Mahnomen (989) 118 None—Plant Under Con- struction Wild Rice River. 205 Twin Valley (657) 82 None Buffalo River.. . . 250 Hawley (958) 36 None Buffalo River. . .. 250 Barnesville (1,279) 45 Primary Settl. T., Act. SI., Reset.T., Chi. Ottertail River.. . 395 Fergus Falls (9,389) 56 Settl.T., Sep.Sl. D„ Chi. Ottertail River.. . 395 Frazee (1,041) 141 None—Plant Under Construction Ottertail River.. . . . 395 New York Mills (667) 135 Imh.T., Tr.F., Reset.T. Ottertail River.. . 395 Perham (1,411) 129 Settl.T., Tr.F., Reset.T. Mustinka River. . 435 Wheaton (1,279) 7 None Mustinka River. . 435 Graceville (969) 20 Imhoff Tank Mustinka River. . 435 Elbow Lake (903) 40 Imh.T., Sept.T. Mustinka River. . 435 Herman (515) 30 None Mustinka River. . 435 Donnelly (309) 40 None Pelican River. . . . 451 • Detroit Lakes (3,675) 46 Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, resettling tanks Pelican River.... . . 451 Pelican Rapids (1,365) 25 Imhoff tank, trickling filter, resettling tank *Key Follows Table VI SOURCES OF POLLUTION 111 Table III Municipalities in North Dakota with Sewerage Systems Discharging into the Red River of the North Municipality Population 1930 Miles above International Boundary Treatment Units Fairmount (Bois de Sioux). 611 430 Comb. Septic tank Abercrombie 242 367 None Wahpeton 3,136 395 Comb.,Pri.C., Tr.Filt.Scr., S.S.D., Sl.B., Sec.C. (None prior to Sept. ’39) Fargo 28,619 286.5 Comb., G.C., Det., P.C., Tr.F., S.S.D.. Sl.B., 1936 State Mill & Elevator 140.8 None Northern Packing Co 140.7 None Grand Forks 17,112 140.5 Comb., Sc., P.C., Ch.P., Sec.C., Cl., 1936 Table IV Municipalities in Minnesota with Sewerage Systems Discharging into the Red River of the North Miles above Municipality Population International Treatment Units 1930 Boundary Breckenridge 2,264 395 None Wolverton 206 323 Imhoff tank Moorhead 7,651 292 Settling tank, trickling filter, reset- tling tanks Halstad 535 220 None East Grand Forks 2,922 142 None East Grand Forks American Crystal Sugar Company 142,000* 141.2 Lagoons ♦Estimated population equivalent of wastes. Report 1931-32-33. Plant operates two and one-half to three months starting in September. Key for Sewage Treatment Comb. — Combined storm and sanitary sewerage systems. Sc. — Screen. P.C. — Primary Clarification. Pr. S. — Primary Settling. S.S.D. — Separate Sludge Digestion. Tr.F. — Trickling Filter. SI. B. — Sludge Beds. Imh. T. — Imhoff Tank. Act. SI. — Activated Sludge. Sec. S. — Secondary Settling. Fin. S. — Final Settling. Chi. — Chlorination. Reset. T. — Resettling Tank. Ch. P. — Chemical Precipitation. 112 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Source Miles Above | Average 5-day Average 5-day International Population Quantity Per Cent B.O.D. B.O.D. Boundary Equivalent Gal./Day Treatment 20°C. P.P.M. Lbs./Day Moorhead, Minnesota 292 12,500w 85 306* Fargo, North Dakota 286 yi 33,109 1,960,000 77.45 69 1,126.6 Halstad, Minnesota 220 535 None 62*** East Grand Forks, Minnesota 142 2,922 138,609 None 595.5 687.6 American Crystal Sugar Co., 14114 5,706,963^^ in Lagoon 513.5 25,412 North Dakota State Mill Grand Forks, North Dakota 140 H 42,871**** .None 237 72.7 Grand Forks, North Dakota 140)4 19,878 830,000 38.3 194.1 1,342 Northern Packing Co., Grand Forks, North Dakota 140)4 62,119**** None 656.2* 335* ♦Calculated from equivalent population using . 163 lb. per capita or 68% of .24. (Combined sewer) ** Taken from 1931, 32, 33 Report on Red River of the North Pollution Survey. ♦♦♦Calculated from equivalent population using .115 lbs. per day per capita or 68% of .17. (Separate sewer) ****Average calculated from sampling data. Table V INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES DISCHARGED DIRECTLY INTO THE RED RIVER APPENDIX III Theoretical B.O.D. Calculations 114 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION APPENDIX III MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE RATE OF B.O.D. One of the most important problems of this study was the deter- mination of oxygen demands under conditions of ice coverage. Sev- eral samples, taken from the river at different stations, were incu- bated at 0° and 2°C. over long periods of time in order to provide data for the formulation of the rate constants at these temperatures. It was found after several tests that the carbonaceous, or first stage B.O.D., was practically completed after about 30 days. For this Reason the first stage unimolecular curves developed were assumed to hold only for the first 30 days. The first stage B.O.D. is repre- sented by the well-known oxidation formula, log-— = kt Lt where La = the first stage B.O.D. Xt = amount reacted at time t. Lt = La — Xt = amount left to react at time t. k ~ reaction velocity constant, t = time in days. The Thomas Slope Method* of analysis was used in determining the values of k and L and the following results were obtained: 1 j Sta. k i L 2 .0387 7.52 3 .0431 7.31 4 .0381 13.81 i 5 .0180 39.59 I Ave. .0340 Jan. 5, 1940 0°C. Sta. 1 k 1 L | 1 .0334 4.81 1 2 .0491 8.03 3 .0321 12.97 1 4 .0357 5.55 5 .0288 5.77 1 6A .0416 4.14 Ave. .0368 Jan. 11, 1940 2°C. Feb. 6, 1940 0°C. Sta. 1 k 1 L I 6A .0338 7.65 It was found by this method that samples taken at stations below Grand Forks gave an average value of k of .034 at 0°C. and a value of .037 for 2°C. Insufficient data were available to make an accu- rate determination of k at 20°C. Since the 20°C. value of k was necessary in converting 20 °C. data to 0°C. data, an attempt was made to determine k at 20°C. empirically from the data, by cut and try methods. A value of .08 was found to give the best general fit to the data and has been used in the computations. This value is lower than the generally accepted figure of 0.1 for sewage dilutions at 20°C. *S.W.J. May 1937, Vol. IX, No. 3, page 425. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 115 Since the calculated values of k at 0° and 2°C. were slightly lower than what is commonly experienced with domestic sewage, it would seem likely, therefore, that the 20° value would also be lower. Values ranging from .062 to .08 were obtained at 20°C. from packing plant wastes and Grand Forks sewage during the months of January, Feb- ruary and March 1939. The rate constant of a contributing waste should influence to some degree the rate constant of the stream. As a result a uniformity of k for different rivers or for different reaches of the same river should not be anticipated. The Thomas Slope method* of analysis was used in determin- ing the value of k on one sample taken in July 1940 from a point below Grand Forks. No definite conclusions may be drawn from the results of one analysis but if the value of .132 which was found for k at 20°C. is any indication of summer conditions it may be expected that quite different types of wastes and organisms were being encountered. The following formula is an accepted relationship between rate constants at different temperatures; kT = ko @>y — Vy' = o I 5a + 19.15b — 3.810 = 0 + — 0 II 19.15a + 77.482b — 12.697 = 0 19.15 19.15+) 3.810 x 19.15 I x = III = 19.15a + = 0 5 5 5 II — III (77.482 — I9-15.' )b = 12.697 — 3 810 x 19,15 5 5 _ 12.697 — 14.592 1.895 b ~ 77.482 — 73.345 4.137 —b = .458 = K .458 k ~ 2.3026 “ ,1989 a = ——- [ —b S y + 2 y' ] = % [.458x 19.15 + 381 ] = % (8.77 + 3.81) = 2.516 a 2.516 L = 5 493 P P-m. 120 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Data for Plotting Unimolecular Curves First Stage Oxidation L General Formula: Log = kt Log 5.493 — Log Lt = ,1989t .73981 — Log (5.493 — B.O.D.) = .19891 Log (5.493 — B.O.D.) = .7398 — .1989t Days kt L Lt Lt Xt | r .1989 1.581 3.474 2.019 j 2 .3978 2.499 2.198 3.295 3 .5967 3.952 1.390 4.103 4 .7956 6.246 .879 4.614 i 1 5 .9945 9.874 .556 4.937 6 1.1934 15.610 .352 5.141 7 1.3923 24.682 .223 5.270 1 1 8 1.5912 39.012 .141 5.352 To Obtain k @ 20°C: k20 = k„ Q26 •1989 .034 — — 5,85 0 =5.85 0377 = 1.070 k2„ = .034 x 1.07020 = .132 UNIMOLECULAR CURVE 121 /*r STAGQB&& rsTATim eA - :;-r~ro\-'4o: v —— f jjsxmk" a. 122 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION CONVERSION TABLE L* Log — = -kt L k = 0.034 Temperature = 0°C. Lt Lt B.O.D.—0°C. B.O.D. at 0°C. for 5-day Days -log % of Total 20°C. B.O.D. L L First Stage of 1.0 p.p.m. 2 .068 .855 . 145 .145 4 .136 .731 . 269 .269 5 .170 .676 .324 .324 .204 .625 .375 .375 8 .272 .535 .465 . 465 10 .340 .457 .543 .543 12 .408 .391 .609 .609 14 .476 .334 .666 .666 16 . 544 .286 .714 .714 18 .612 .244 . 756 .756 20 .680 .209 .791 .791 22 .748 .178 .822 .822 24 .816 .153 .847 .847 26 .884 .131 .869 .869 28 .952 . 112 .888 .888 30 1.020 .095 .905 .905 35 1.190 .065 .935 .935 40 1.360 ,044 .956 .956 45 1.530 .030 .970 .970 50 1 .700 .020 .980 .980 60 2,040 .009 .991 .991 70 2.380 .004 .996 .996 For converting 5-day 20°C. B.O.D. to 0°C. B.O.D. for any stated number of days. SECOND STAGE CURVES 123 xth- (4.1 fff-i 8 L QV L Ji7 --17 **! cu iAT I -on msr st Jott (j S; a £ % -ffffTWM IUf-■flflHlliiiiii'ri 124 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Sample From Station 20°C. Days of Incubation 2°C. Days of Incubation 5 10 16 20 31 5 10 16 20 31 41 51 60 1 4 84 10 44 1 .59 2.38 4.26 3.89 4.66 5.82 ■ 6.75 2 9.52 13.98 20.32 22.20 - 3.77 5.20 6.48 7.09 8.03 8.93 9.56 3 11.18 11.12 24.38 25.96 6.06 7.55 10.61 10.86 12.85 13.74 4 5.34 8.20 12.00 15.04 16.80 1.99 2.95 4.31 4.56 5.19 5.68 6.52 5 4.34 11.80 12.15 15.20 1.85 2.73 3.81 4.65 4.44 5.15 5.83 6 A 5.20 4.30 7.20 10.25 12.95 1.78 2.44 3.20 4.98 3.99 4.90 6.01 8 2 80 7 14 14.98 .90 1.29 1.92 1.84 2.22 2.99 3.83 4.71 9 6 75 21 53 29.87 1 .48 1.99 3.20 3.82 4.85 7.10 9.38 10 a 85 15 36 39.03 2.09 3.41 3.22 3.72 4.79 6.30 8.22 11 28 90 68 67 115.52 10.46 19.68 24.56 26.41 30.16 12 3.58 6.12 10.00 1.11 1.93 2.75 2.99 3.48 4.65 4.94 Sample From Station Date of Coll. 5-day B.O.D. at 20°C. Days of Incubation at 0°C. 5 10 15 20 30 39 44 59 1 2-6-40 2.13 .09 1.63 .87 1.50 2.98 2 2-6-40 1.87 .14 .59 .89 1.80 1 .86 2.48 3 2-6-40 1.40 .05 .30 .60 1 .91 2.53 4 2-6-40 1.68 .10 .57 .72 1.36 1 .80 5 2-6-40 1.84 .27 .92 1.15 1 .85 2.38 6A 2-6-40 5.70 | 2.51 4.14 5.07 5.98 6.86 8 2-7-40 22.68 + 1.89 8.80 + 17.47 + 9 2-7-40 12.45 2.80 4.32 6.32 7.65 10.03 10 2-7-40 10.51 1.34 3.42 5.56 6.84 8.96 9.72 11 2-7-40 24.49 4.80 10.96 16.56 20.22 25.36 12 2-7-40 2.14 .45 1.25 1 .71 3.05 2.93 4.70 J 2-7-40 1 .73 .21 .56 2.02 1 .48 1.65 2.02 1 1-5-40 2.95 .38 1,34 2.70 2.20 2 1-5-40 6.89 2.50 4.33 5.58 5.66 6,85 7.75 9.35 3 1-5-40 7.23 2.58 4.55 7.21 5.95 6.84 4 1-5-40 13.76 4.20 8.21 9.91 11 .02 14.06 5 1-5-40 23.85 6.88 13.00 18.02 22.02 LONG RANGE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND DATA Samples Collected January 11, 12, 1940 LONG RANGE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND DATA APPENDIX IV STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS 126 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION APPENDIX IV During open water periods the oxygen content of the stream is dependent upon the rate of oxygen use (kO, the rate of reaeration (k2), and the ultimate first stage B.O.D. (La) of the river immediately below the point of pollution. Assuming that the dilution water or the stream above the point of pollution has a B.O.D. of zero, it follows that the ultimate B.O.D. of the stream (La) times the total stream flow is equal to the ultimate B.O.D. of the sewage times the sewage flow. For example, during the summer months the Fargo-Moorhead area discharges 2.7 m.g.d. of sewage containing 1400 lbs. of 5 day 20°C. B.O.D. per day. This results in a 5 day 20°C. B.O.D. of 62.1 p.p.m. or an ultimate first stage B.O.D. of 91.3 p.p.m.* A flow of 2.7 m.g.d. equals 4.18 c.f.s. Therefore, where c equals the required stream flow for dilution purposes and La equals the ultimate first stage B.O.D. of the stream, immediately below the point of pollution, La (c + 4.18) = 4.18 x 91.3 4.18 x 91.3 381.6 or La = = t (1) (c + 4.18) (c + 4.18) Immediately below the point of pollution the dissolved oxygen deficit (Da) is equal to the ratio of the sewage flow to the total flow, times the saturation value, assuming the dilution water is saturated and the sewage is entirely depleted of dissolved oxygen. For the conditions mentioned above n 418 JJ» = x 9.17 c + 4.18 _ 38.33 Da = : (2) (c + 4.18) From equations (1) and (2) Da _ 38.33 S' 381.6 La Dc = — (10 V.) (4) f or La = Dc x f x 10 V* (4a) Where ki = B.O.D. rate of constant. tc = time in days of miximum dissolved oxygen deficit. f = k2ki = self-purification constant, taken as 1.3 for sluggish streams at 20°C. D„ = allowable deficit = 9.17 — 3.00 = 6.17 at 20°C. Continuing the analysis of the example taken above and apply- ing equation (3): kite = -1— log { 1.3 f 1 _ (1.3—1) 0.10 I } 1.3-1 ( 1 1 ’ = 3.33 log 1.261 = 0.338 Substituting in equation (4a) La = 6.7 x 1.3 x 10 °-388 = 17.48 p.p.m. Substituting in equation (1) _ 381.6 17,48 — c x 4.18 c =" i?1^—418 = 17 63 cXs- Applying the same analysis to the wastes from the West Fargo Packing Plant, on the basis of 98% treatment the required flow was 2.12 c.f.s., giving a total of 19.75 c.f.s. An arbitrary value of 20% has been added to all calculated summer flows to compensate for the assumptions that all dilution water has a B.O.D. of zero and that no pollution enters between major points of pollution. It is known that waters carried in a natural channel will pick up some material which will exert a demand, the magnitude of which is difficult to estimate. Adding 20% to the flow of 19.75 c.f.s. the resulting re- quired flow for dilution purposes at Fargo and West Fargo is 23.7 c.f.s. The water consumption of the Packing Plant and the Fargo area, 1.0 and 9.0 c.f.s. respectively, must be added to the above re- quirement giving a total of 33.7 c.f.s. during summer months. The allowable critical deficit is dependent upon the oxygen saturation value and will vary inversely with respect to tempera- ture. The self-purification constant (f) will also change with tem- perature according to the following relationship: fT =f» x 0.970 ♦S.W.J.—May, 1939, Vol. II, No. 3, p. 451. 128 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION The foregoing analysis is based on relationships developed in connection with other studies, in the absence of algal activity and sludge deposits. As both of these interfering factors exist in the Red River, it was impossible to determine accurately the self-puri- fication constants. It is believed that the calculated flow, as shown, is ample for sewage dilution purposes during average existing sum- mer conditions below Fargo. Similar analyses were made for other portions of the River for various seasons and the results are shown in Table I. The average summer water temperature was taken as 20 °C. which closely approximates the water temperatures observed dur- ing the months of June to September inclusive. During the month of October, the average temperature was taken as 7°C. The in- creased flow requirement at Grand Forks for this month is a result of beet sugar plant operations. The magnitude of this increase, however, is not exactly proportional to the increased pollution load as the rate of oxidation is slower and the dissolved oxygen satura- tion value of the water is greater at lower temperatures. Flows as shown in Table I are for existing summer and winter conditions and also for summer and winter conditions in the event of 85 per cent treatment of all municipal and industrial wastes. Under ice coverage conditions no natural pollution was assumed to enter the stream between major sources of pollution. The flow at a municipality was calculated to satisfy the demand of 15 per cent of the untreated waste to the next source of pollution. For example, during the winter critical period, the B.O.D. of 15 per cent of the untreated wastes at Lisbon plus the B.O.D. remaining in the stream from upper sources must be satisfied for the time of travel to Fargo. That portion of the B.O.D. which did not have time to oxidize was then added to 15 per cent of the untreated contribu- tion from the Fargo area and the demand for the time of travel to Grand Forks calculated. The same method was followed for the Grand Forks area: the remaining unoxidized portion of the wastes from Fargo and Crook7 ston were added to 15 per cent of the untreated contribution at Grand Forks. The oxygen requirement of this total was then cal- culated for the time of flow to Lake Winnipeg. A trial and error method of analysis was employed as the time of flow between two points varies with the magnitude of flow. For this reason the cor- rect flow had to be assumed before an accurate oxygen demand between two points could be determined. All winter calculations were made on a basis of 3 p.p.m. of oxygen available in the dilution water for the oxidation of wastes. The dissolved oxygen content necessary for the maintenance of nor- mal fish life was considered as approximately 3 p.p.m. and this value has been set as the allowable minimum residual. The total mini- mum oxygen requirement at a point of dilution is, therefore, 6 p.p.m. STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS 129 The winter “Existing Conditions” in Table I were derived from average observed conditions in the River, while the summer “Exist- ing Conditions” and the 85 per cent treatment values were based on the measured amount of wastes discharged into the stream dur- ing the time of the survey. The average monthly flow require- ments for these winter and summer conditions are shown on the attached graphs. No attempt was made to forecast industrial ex- pansion and future population. Because of open water conditions, flow requirements during the summer are not accumulative. No supplemental flow from the Red Lake River or other tributaries was assumed since the flow in these streams have approached zero and dependable flow is therefore not assured. For this reason all flow requirements must be provided at Fargo. The flow requirements for the section of the River from Fargo to Lake Winnipeg were based on the maxi- mum demand whether it was incurred at Fargo or Grand Forks. Stream flows for other standards of stream sanitation based on oxygen content may be determined by the same procedure as out- lined above. A summary of stream flow requirements is presented in Table I following: Table I FLOW REQUIREMENTS — C.F.S. (Cumulative Flows At Locations Shown) Conditions with Existing Treatment of Wastes Conditions with 85% Treatment of Wastes LOCATION Summer October Winter Summer October Winter Fargo 33.7 12.2 129. 47.6* 17.8* 145* Grand Forks Without beet sugar wastes 46.5 253. 12.9 112 Grand Forks With beet sugar wastes 177 1081. 23.4 305 In the foregoing discussion the flow necessary for the formation of ice has not been considered. For the stretch of river from Fargo to Lake Winnipeg, at least 160 c.f.s. for a period of one month would be necessary to form an ice cover 2 feet thick. This requirement may coincide with the highest winter requirement (during opera- tion of beet sugar plant). During the process of freezing a large portion of the impurities are expelled from the ice, leaving them in solution or suspension *Larger demand than with existing treatment of wastes because of the 98% treatment provided at present by West Fargo Packing Plant. 130 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION in the water below. This seems true for dissolved oxygen. If an original dissolved oxygen content of 6 p.p.m. is assumed, at least 8 p.p.m. additional could be absorbed before saturation is obtained. During operation of the Beet Sugar Plant and with 85% treatment of all wastes 305 c.f.s. are necessary for dilution purposes at Grand Forks under ice coverage. If 160 c.f.s. are used to form ice, the resulting flow at Lake Winnipeg may decrease to 145 c.f.s. Ac- cording to the above theory the total oxygen content of the stream in pounds would still be the same along the entire stretch of the river as it would be if 305 c.f.s. were flowing. On a basis of 3 p.p.m. of oxygen remaining at Lake Winnipeg 305 c.f.s. would con- tain 4941 pounds per day. This same amount of oxygen contained in 145 c.f.s. would represent 6.3 p.p.m. which is actually more than necessary at Lake Winnipeg. It would be difficult to calculate the requirements on the basis of the analysis just preceding because of other interfering factors. Bubbles are frequently noticed in the ice; an abundance of these result in “frosty” ice. Considerable oxygen must be entrained in this manner. Also the stream frequently flows over the ice and freezes to form a layer of ice over the original ice cover. The volume of water actually contained on a certain stretch of river is also an important factor. The ice formed may not be a large percentage of the volume of a slowly moving mass of water although the number of cubic feet of ice formed per second may be a large percentage of the flow. It is doubtful, therefore, wheth- er continued freezing for only one month is ample to decrease the flow at Lake Winnipeg in an amount equal to the average rate of freezing. The entrainment of oxygen in the ice may necessitate an increase rather than a decrease in the flow requirements. If ice formation begins during a flow of 305 c.f.s. the channel capacity under 2 feet of ice will be considerably less. It has been shown above that the oxygen concentration of the water may be increased during the freezing process although the following month with no additional freezing 305 c.f.s. are again necessary. It may, therefore, be neces- sary to supply a large quantity of flow prior to freeze-up to insure channel capacity during the later winter months. The frequency with which streams have been observed to flow over previously formed ice indicates that consideration should be given to the es- tablishment of adequate channel capacity, and to the influence of ice formation on the establishment of such channel capacity. Because of the complications attending the calculation of stream flow requirements for the formation of ice, the effect of ice cover has not been taken into consideration except insofar as it precludes reaeration of the stream. STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS 131 NOTE' FLOW. REQUIREMENTS ARE BASES Sfcji DISSOLVE# OXYGEN CONTENT OF $ PPM DURING I CE ; COVERAGE, AND TH || 5A T UR AT TON : VAi ME: DURfNi OPEN WAtER PERU OS. 0 tWMOi t | \ C IS SOL VEO OXYGEN lljI~i I HiIj . J... ill.1--U-4-C.. J.-LiuIiU-i-LID PFGmiiAA-X-U l r AT J P AM SrPT OCT NOV DFC FLOW REtiUtRL ’MtAtSl FAt'G&i DAKOTA r-rf-/ ok SECTto, t: OF 4 —rrr FUVER BETWEEN 75 /4/V0 GRAND FORKS 132 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION MOTEL JFJLQi LREOUJREUEN.TS. .ARE . BASE. 7. “ on a vsso West fxroi WTWc nter Fjw T 6 P.PU. ODR/Afe 'OVERAGE, Am THE | SATt/t ?A non VAH/E DU! ?/m I REN-fATER _ :“jif- fi£$fC UAL / ? SET AT 3 RfiM. “'f 5EFI OCT. NOV, .DEC, FL 0 (£ mouth EMEU TS GRAftp for $ tenon of ■ ■ ■■[ ri vit? between g rand : ttWAS ,4M7 LAKE W/m/PEG _fX_L xl. IE Ji-XE jrrr _j r r. lii m TT 11 T i n M l STREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS 133 _ NOTE\FLQW REQUIREMENTS ARE RASELt Oft A .7ISSOlVED OX T6EN i-ONTEftT Ol ■ 6 RAM. DURING ICE COVER A GE, AND THE SATURATION VALVE DURING OPEN WAt.it' -PERIODS. MINIMUM DISSOLVED 0XY6EH ~~\r ' residual /> set at -+H4-TF-HTfHL-rn M 1 11 I ,xf- -I j _MM- ! j I j 4-|— ~ FARS O, NORTH DAKt>TI VcrweT* %Tm APPENDIX V Population Data 136 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Table I TOTAL POPULATION OF THE RED RIVER BASIN BY WATERSHEDS State Sub-basin 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Minnesota—Bois de Sioux 10,917 17,070 16,898 17,155 18,199 Buffalo-Wild Rice. . . . 39,000 66,070 60,549 70,594 71,677 Ottertail 26,085 37,056 40,913 45,182 46,614 Red Lake 21,304 39,690 52,882 62,640 58,448 Snake-Roseau 16,631 31,866 36,190 40,497 37,625 Minnesota Total 113,937 181,952 207,430 236,068 232,563 North Dakota—Sheyenne 29,373 57,706 86,279 89,210 88,032 Wild Rice 13,379 19,854 24,711 25,452 24,989 Other 70,453 108,890 116,695 125,786 135,486 North Dakota Total 113,205 186,450 227,685 240,448 248,507 South Dakota Total 950 7,075 7,891 8,688 8,021 Red River Basin Total 228,092 375,277 443,006 485,204 489,091 Table II RURAL FARM AND NON FARM POPULATION OUTSIDE INCORPORATED PLACES Red River of the North Drainage Basin State Sub-basin 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Minnesota—Bois de Sioux Buffalo-Wild Rice.... Ottertail Snake-Roseau .... Red Lake 9,279 33,526 18,624 15,110 15,894 12,977 45,098 23,818 27,564 26,737 11,736 43,831 23,005 29,081 32,971 12,275 50,333 24,854 31,324 40,703 13,011 49,424 24,609 28,962 37,071 Minnesota Total 92,433 136,194 140,624 159,489 153,077 North Dakota—Sheyenne Wild Rice 25,365 12,922 50,787 50,140 17,977 69,182 66,832 19,073 63,380 66,708 19,551 60,828 64,702 19,247 59,177 North Dakota Total 89,074 950 137,299 6,869 149,285 7,304 146,887 7,426 143,126 6,854 Red River Basin Total 182,457 280,362 297,213 313,802 303,057 Table III POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES (Less Than 2,500) Red River of the North Drainage Basin State Sub-basin 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 No. Vill. Minnesota—Bois de Sioux . , . 1,638 4,093 5,160 4,880 5,188 12 Buffalo-Wild Rice 3,386 7,242 11,878 14,541 14,602 33 Ottertail 2,435 5,456 8,214 9,321 8,941 14 Red Lake 967 3,698 6,105 7,937 7,866 21 Snake-Roseau.... 1,521 4,302 7,109 9,173 8,663 21 Minnesota Total 9,947 24,791 38,466 45,852 45,260 101 North Dakota—Sheyenne. . .. 2,919 5,120 14,841 17,816 16,062 40 Wild Rice.... 457 1,877 5,638 6,101 5,742 13 Other 10,112 24,913 26,506 23,406 24,266 54 North Dakota Total 13,488 31,910 46,985 47,323 48,070 107 South Dakota Total 206 587 1,262 1,167 6 Red River Basin Total 23,435 56,907 86,038 94,437 94,497 214 POPULATION DATA 137 Table IV URBAN POPULATION (Over 2,500) Red River of the North Drainage Basin State Sub-basin 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 No. Cities Minnesota—Bois de Sioux.. . . Buffalo-Wild Rice 2,088 3,730 4,840 5,720 7,651 i Ottertail 5,026 7,782 9,694 11,007 13,064 2 Red Lake 4,443 9,255 13,806 14,000 13,511 3 Minnesota Total 11,557 20,767 28,340 30,727 34,226 6 North Dakota—Sheyenne. . . . 1,089 2,446 4,606 4,686 5,268 1 Other 9,554 14,795 26,809 41,552 52,043 4 North Dakota Total 10,643 17,241 31,415 46,238 57,311 5 Red River Basin Total 22,200 38,008 59,755 76,965 91,537 11 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION 138 Stream Pollution Other Than Sewage or Industrial Wastes. Gar- bage, Trash and Rotten Potatoes Dumped on Red River. APPENDIX VI Dilution Water Sources 140 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION THE SUITABILITY OF RELATIVELY UNPOLLUTED STREAMS FOR DILUTION PURPOSES Investigations were made as to the suitability of relatively un- polluted streams under ice coverage for dilution purposes. Three tributaries of the Red River, namely the Wild Rice, Buffalo, and Sheyenne, as well as the Missouri River, were studied in order to formulate some conclusions. Sheyenne River at Valley City Above Valley City the only municipal sewage discharged into the Sheyenne River is from Harvey (population 2,200—no treat- ment—distance approximately 290 miles). Flow in the Sheyenne at Valley City ceased about July 10-15, 1939, and did not resume again until spring breakup. The Faust dam, approximately 12 feet high, located about six miles above Valley City, and the Mill dam, approximately 10 feet high, located in Valley City, provide channel storage. Sampling stations were established in the reservoir a few yards above the Faust dam and approximately one mile above the Mill dam, the latter at a point above sources of pollution from residential areas in the city. The reservoirs froze over about De- cember 25, 1939. The first sample taken at Faust dam on January 27, 1940, showed only 0.2 p.p.m. dissolved oxygen. About eight weeks after ice coverage, no dissolved oxygen could be detected at either station. On February 16, the gate in Faust dam was opened and the reservoir lowered to such an extent that no further samples could be obtained. A stretch of open water extending about 200 feet below the dam resulted from the flow through the gate. Sampling was continued at the Mill dam station, several miles below Faust dam, but no recovery was perceptible at this station. From the above, it appears that even in relatively unpolluted streams the B.O.D. from natural sources such as surface runoff, bot- tom sediment, and decaying vegetation, is sufficient to cause serious oxygen depletion. It is agreed that storage is not great in these channel reservoirs. However, the results may point to the con- clusion that, even in relatively large storage reservoirs, aeration upon release is necessary to provide dissolved oxygen for dilution purposes. Detailed data is presented in the table following. Wild Rice River (Minnesota) (Station J) The Wild Rice River, because of its low B.O.D. at the mouth, may be considered relatively unpolluted. However, the dissolved oxygen decreased to 9.8 per cent saturation on February 15, 1939, approximately three months after ice formation. This may be due partially to sewage from Twin Valley (population 657—82 miles —no treatment) and Mahnomen (population 989—118 miles—no treatment). An overflow dam at Twin Valley provides aeration. Flows during February 1939 averaged 17 c.f.s. Without aeration DILUTION WATER SOURCES 141 provided either prior to or after its confluence with the Red River, this stream is considered of little value for dilution purposes. Witn a minimum flow of 7 c.f.s. during February 1940, zero dissolved oxygen was observed approximately six weeks after ice coverage. Buffalo River (Minnesota) (Station K) Samples from the Buffalo River during the 1938-39 winter season indicated B.O.D. values over 6 p.p.m. due probably to the discharge of raw sewage from Hawley (population 958—36 miles above sta- tion) and Barnesville (population 1,279—45 miles above station.) The dissolved oxygen in this case dropped to practically zero within two weeks after ice coverage and remained at zero for the following 3V2 months. The following year, freeze-up occurred at approximately the first of January and no extensive sampling was carried on thereafter. Red River above Fargo The Red River above Fargo illustrates the capacity of a stream to satisfy oxygen demand during ice coverage where aeration is provided. Breckenridge (population 2,264) and Wahpeton (popula- tion 3,136) were discharging raw sewage into the Red River during the winter of 1938-1939. (Wahpeton has since installed a treatment plant). Flows averaged approximately 100 c.f.s. during January and February 1939. The dissolved oxygen at Fargo (Station 12) during this time averaged about 10 p.p.m.; one sample showed 6 p.p.m. Undoubtedly, aeration provided by the overflow dams in the stream account for the satisfactory condition. One dam is lo- cated in Breckenridge and one in Wahpeton (97 and 96 river miles from Fargo); two 9-foot dams are located 43 miles and 32 miles above Fargo, respectively, and a 3-foot dam is located 5 miles above Fargo. In view of the fact that observations showed a maximum of about 6 p.p.m. dissolved oxygen picked up by an oxygen-deficient water in flowing over these types of dams, the condition at Fargo is probably a result of the progressive effect of each dam. It should be noted, however, that these dams were not constructed primarily for aeration purposes and their efficiency as aerating devices could most likely be greatly improved. Missouri River at Bismarck Dissolved oxygen in the Missouri River at Bismarck was de- termined frequently during the winter of 1938-1939. In North Dakota, the only municipalities discharging sewage into this stream are Washburn (population 800—60 miles) and Williston (population 5,000—300 miles). No treatment is provided at either of these mu- nicipalities. A beet suger refinery at Sidney, Montana, probably discharges considerable waste into the Yellowstone River, principal tributary of the Missouri River. There are no dams in the stream to provide aeration during winter months in North Dakota. How- ever, portions of the River remain open during moderately severe 142 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION sub-zero weather because of the swift currents. Flows were in excess of 5,000 second feet during the entire winter. The fact that dissolved oxygen decreased to 9.8 p.p.m. during the latter part of the ice coverage period (see following table) indicates that consid- erable oxygen demand is satisfied in this relatively unpolluted stream and that critical dissolved oxygen conditions may occur if pollution is increased at the same time that flows are markedly below normal. The rich organic bottom deposits occurring in streams in the Red River Valley are not generally present in the Missouri River because of the high stream velocities. A tabulation of dis- solved oxygen determinations on the Missouri River is included. SHEYENNE RIVER AT VALLEY CITY FAUST DAM+ MILL DAM« Date Dissolved Dissolved 1 Temp. Oxygen Remarks Temp. Oxygen 1 Remarks 1-27-40 2°C. 0.2 p.p.m. 2- 3-40 2°C. 0.0 Odor 3°C. i.4 2- 9-40 ... .... 3°C. 0.6 2-17-40 2°C. 0.0 Odor 3°C. 0.0 I Odor 3- 1-40 2°C. 0.0 Odor 3-12-40 ... 2°C. 0.0 Odor 4- 1-40 ... 3°C. 0.0 i Odor Freeze-up about December 25, 1939. The gate in Faust Dam was opened Feb. 16, 1940. The river opened up about April 5, 1940. NOTE: Temperatures above 0°C. observed under ice coverage are believed to result from ap- preciable infiltration from springs and other ground water sources. Thermometers used were checked to eliminate the possibility of thermometer error. ♦Located about six miles above Valley City. Dam about 12 feet high. ♦.♦Located just above Valley City about one-fourth mile above residential area. Channel reservoir created by 10-foot dam in Valley City approximately one mile below sampling station. DISSOLVED OXYGEN—MISSOURI RIVER At Bismarck, North Dakota Date Station Temp. pH Dissolved Oxygen Remarks 11 -7-38 River* 2°C. 8.2 12.9* 11-16-38 PlantJ River* 2°C. 0°C. 12.8! 12.7* ' Plant! 0°C. 12.7! Ice floating in River 11-22-38 River* 0°C. 12.6* Plant! 0°C. 12.6! Ice floating in River 11-28-38 Plant 0°C. 8.1 13.1 R. ice covered for about 4-5 days 12 -6-38 Plant 0°C. 8.1 12.9 River ice covered 12-13-38 Plant 0°.C. 8.1 12.7 12-20-38 River o°c. 8.1 12.8 Hole in ice—13 yi' water 12-30-38 Plant o°c. 8.1 12.9 1-12-39 River* o°c. 11.7 *600' above R.R. bridge—ice 1-16-39 Plant River* o°c. o°c. 8.1 8.0 11.7 11.7 harvesting, 10' water. Few small open stretches Plant! o°c. 11.7 *600' above R.R. bridge—20" 2-11-39 Plant o°c. 8.0 10.8 ice 6' of water 2-18-39 Plant o°c. 8.0 10.3 2-25-39 Plant o°c. 7.9 9.8 3- 6-39 Plant o°c. 8.0 10.9 3-17-39 Plant o°c. 8.0 10.8 4- 6-39 Plant 3.5°C. 7.9 11.2 4-22-39 River 10°C. 11.3 5 -5-39 River 17°C. 8.4 5-31-39 Plant 18.5°C. 7.65 6-15-39 River 17°C. 8.13 6-15-39 Plant 17°C. 8.18 Note: *Sample taken directly from river. iSample taken at inlet well, Bismarck water treatment plant. SANITARY SURVEY OF THE RED RIVER * OF THE NORTH REPORT OF JOINT INVESTIGATION by the North Dakota State Department of Health and the Minnesota State Department of Health February, 1938 144 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION SANITARY SURVEY OF THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH FROM GRAND FORKS TO PEMBINA, NORTH DAKOTA February, 1938 This survey was made by the Minnesota and the North Da- kota departments of health to follow up a previous investigation which extended from 1931 through 1933, and covered the river from Breckenridge, Minnesota to the International boundary.* Since the 1931-1933 survey, there have been some changes in the factors which affect the pollution of the Red River. The cities of Fargo and Grand Forks in North Dakota, and the cities of Moor- head and Fergus Falls in Minnesota, have installed sewage treatment plants for the treatment of their domestic sewage. The packing plant at West Fargo has provided treatment for its wastes and the beet sugar factory at East Grand Forks passes its waste water through lagoons before discharging it to the river. A new dam has been erected in the Ottertail River above Breck- enridge, Minnesota and Wahpeton, North Dakota to assure these towns of a more dependable source of water supply, and a series of reservoirs has been installed on the Ottertail River basin which should provide a more constant flow of water to the Red River. The following table shows the present status of treatment of municipal and industrial waste on the Red River: *Pollution of the Red River of the North. Report of Joint Investigation by the Minnesota Department of Health and the North Dakota State Board of Health in collaboration with the Division of Game and Fish, Minnesota De- partment of Conservation, 1931, 1932, and 1933. FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 145 Status of Municipal and Industrial Waste Treatment on the Red River Municipality (population 1930) or industry (population equivalent) Year Treatment Completed Wahpeton, N.D. 3,900 None Breckenridge, Minn. 2,264 None Fargo, N.D. 28,619 Bar screen, detrition, primary clarifier, trickling filter, pri- mary and secondary sludge di- gestion, sludge beds 1935 Moorhead, Minn. 7,651 Bar screen, primary clarifier, trickling filter, final settling, separate sludge digestion, sludge beds 1935 Armour Packing Plant, West Fargo, N.D. 46,400* Fine screens, primary settling, primary filters, mechanical clari- fiers, primary and secondary trickling filters, primary and secondary mechanical clarifiers, pre- and post-chlorination 1938 Grand Forks, N.D. 17,112 Bar screen, grit chamber, aera- tion, chemical precipitation, pri- mary clarifier, primary and sec- ondary sludge digestion, sludge beds 1937 East Grand Forks, Minn. 2,922 None American Crystal Sugar Co., East Grand Forks, Minn. 142,000** Settling Lagoons 1934 Northern Packing Co., Grand Forks, N.D. 7,200*** Settling tanks Prior to 1931 Grafton, N.D. 3,136 Bar screen, grit chamber, pri- mary clarifier, trickling filter, primary and secondary sludge digestion, sludge beds *1933 Report. Population equivalent based on average kill of 2,000 animals per day and 27.8 per animal, from Bulletin 171, United States Public Health Service. Figure shown allows for 1 per cent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand by screens. **1933 Report. Population based on oxygen demand data. ***Estimate; oxygen demand data lacking. 146 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Because numerous complaints had been received from farmers in the Red River basin north of Grand Forks, the present survey was confined to that section of the river between Grand Forks and the Canadian border. Meetings were held at Oslo, Drayton, and Joliette, for riparians and residents along both sides of the Red River, and eighty-nine farmers and residents who owned or rented more than 6,800 acres along the river were interviewed. The fol- lowing is a summary of the principal facts obtained: 1. Eighteen persons stated that they used either water or ice from the river for drinking and cooking purposes. Of this number, three farmers said that they boiled the water before using it for drinking. Ten farmers said that they depended upon melted river ice for drinking purposes. 2. Altogether forty persons stated that they used melted ice from the river for cooking. 3. River water or melted ice or both were used for washing and laundry purposes by seventy persons. 4. According to the statement of ten farmers, they used the river water for irrigating small gardens. 5. Seventy-eight persons complained of bad odors and objec- tionable conditions in the river during the season of open water. 6. Seventy-one farmers stated that they water from the river, a total of 4,296 head of stock, mostly cattle. 7. Many farmers who were dependent on river water for stock stated that during winter months their cattle drank very little water; that dairy cattle, due to heavy feeding, would bloat and be- come very sick, some of them dying. The points chosen for sampling the river were the same as those used in the previous investigation, and were located as follows: PRESENT SURVEY Miles below Station Station 11 Description 11 0 Red River at Lincoln Park as it enters Grand Forks. 12 2 Red River at dam in Riverside Park below sewer outlets of East Grand Forks and the beet sugar factory. 14 Red Lake River at water intake. 13 28 Red River at bridge at Oslo, Minn. G 23 Red river at site of old pontoon bridge east of Grafton, N. Dak. D 93 Red River at bridge at Drayton, N. Dak. P 143 Red River at bridge between Pembina, N. Dak., and St. Vincent, Minn. Sources of Pollution: In the section of the stream investigated, the principal sources of pollution were at Grand Forks, N. Dak. and East Grand Forks, Minn. At East Grand Forks, pollution consists of untreated sewage from the municipal sewer system and the waste from the beet sugar factory. FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 147 Nothing has been done regarding the treatment of sewage at East Grand Forks. The beet sugar factory constructed lagoons in 1934 so as to pond their waste water, to allow settling of the sus- pended material and to permit the re-use of some of the water. This form of treatment has been of limited value, however, for the oxygen demand of the waste after it has settled is still high, and the strength of the effluent has been observed to increase as the season progressed. This increase in strength refers particularly to the five-day biochemical oxygen demand and has been discussed in a brief report made by the Minnesota Department of Health in 1935*. Re-use or re-circulation of a part of the waste for utiliza- tion in the plant, physico-chemical changes in the beets brought about by freezing, and the effect of sludge accumulations in the lagoon are factors which contribute to an increase in the strength of wastes as the operating season advances. The plant operates from 85 to 90 days each year, beginning in mid-September. At Grand Forks, polluting materials come from the untreated waste of the Northern Packing Company, from the State Flour Mill, and from the sewage treatment plant which, at the time of the in- vestigation, was utilizing only primary treatment. All of the wastes from Grand Forks enter the stream below the Riverside dam and all from East Grand Forks, above the dam. None of the towns on the Red River north of Grand Forks have a sewerage system. In this area, the hospital at Drayton is, as far as is known, the only establishment that discharges sewage directly to the river. The village of Grafton, which is situated ten miles west of the Red River, discharges treated sewage into the Park River which, in turn, discharges into the Red River, but a sample of the Park River wa- ter showed that this stream, at the time of the investigation, was not a material factor in the pollution of the Red River. Tributaries on the Minnesota side of the river which were investigated for possible pollution were found to be frozen to the bottom. The principal changes as far as pollution is concerned since the previous survey has been the installation of treatment for the sewage of the City of Grand Forks and the discharge of its waste below instead of above the dam. On the Minnesota side, the ponding of the beet sugar factory waste before it is discharged to the river has been the only alteration. Analytical Results: The analytical determinations included dis- solved oxygen, five-day biochemical oxygen demand, coli-aerogenes, solids, plankton, and the examination of bottom sediment. One set of samples only was collected for solids, plankton, and bottom sedi- ment, but for the other determinations three or more samples were collected at each station. Table 1 shows a tabulation of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen and coli-aerogenes results, and Table 2 * Report on the Waste Treatment Plant of the American Beet Sugar Company, East Grand Forks, Minnesota. October and November, 1934. 148 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION gives the maximum, minimum and average results for five-day bio- chemical oxygen demand and coli-aerogenes. The coli-aerogenes results are expressed as the most probable number per 100 cubic centimeters, and were calculated on the basis of using three tubes in each dilution. Table 3 is a summary of results obtained in the determination of hardness, pH and solids. Table 4 is the tabulation of the organisms which occur in the bottom sediment of the river, expressed as numbers of organisms per square yard of bottom area. Table 5 is a summary and con- densation of the preceding table with respect to the occurrence ot pollutional index organisms. The number and kinds of plankton* organisms occurring at each station are presented in Tables 6 and 7. The plankton results are expressed in terms of numbers of or- ganisms per liter in the case of nannoplankton, Table 6, and as num- bers per 100 liters in the case of the net plankton, Table 7. The river was completely ice-locked at the time of the investi- gation except for a small stretch below the Riverside Dam at Grand Forks. The dissolved oxygen test showed no oxygen at any of the stations except Station 14 on the Red Lake River. At all of the stations except 14, the odor of hydrogen sulphide was noticeable. At stations north of Grand Forks, this odor became increasingly pronounced until at Pembina the water was extremely foul. Table 1 and Table 2 show the five-day biochemical oxygen de- mand increasing as the stream flows north. Since, as far as is known, no heavy pollution enters the stream north of Grand Forks, the rise in biochemical oxygen demand in downstream samples may possibly be attributed to the flow of the water over sludge beds which are decomposing under anaerobic conditions. It is possible that the sludge, in undergoing decomposition, liberates soluble or- ganic matter or colloidal material which is picked up by the stream. Furthermore, the character of the sludge may change so that it floats or can be carried along even by a very sluggish stream. Still another explanation is that under anaerobic conditions a “delayed demand” is created which is satisfied when oxygen is again avail- able. One or all of these may be possible factors in accounting for the rise in five-day biochemical oxygen demand as the stream flows northward under septic conditions and over sludge deposits. Table 3 shows the results obtained on the determination of solids on one set of samples. A significant rise in suspended and volatile matter is indicated at Stations G, D, and P. This corresponds closely with the rise in five-day biochemical oxygen demand. The wide variation between maximum and minimum results at Station 12 is attributed to the difference in sampling depths. This station was located at the pool back of the Riverside Dam. Three of the samples were taken near the bottom and show tne high biochemical oxygen demand of the water just above the sludge deposits. This condition is also reflected in the determina- FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 149 tions of solids from this point, which showed the highest total, suspended, and volatile matter of all stations. The fourth sample at Station 12 was taken near the surface and had a biochemical oxygen demand of only fifteen parts per million as compared with 200 or greater at the bottom. The surface sample represented more nearly the water which was going over the dam. Station 14, on the Red Lake River, had the lowest five-day biochemical oxygen demand results and indicated that the oxygen demand established by pollution of this stream at points above had been largely satisfied and that it was not an important factor in the pollution of the Red River, at least during the time of this in- vestigation. This station also has a small amount of dissolved oxygen. Station 11, being above all immediate sources of pollution, was least septic of the stations on the Red River but proved to be slight- ly more polluted than Station 14 on the Red Lake River. Coli-Aerogenes. Results from all stations on the Red River from the Riverside Dam to Pembina showed that the number of coli-aerogenes organisms was of about the same magnitude. The counts ranged from a minimum of 7,500 to a maximum of 46,000 per 100 cubic centimeters. The station at Grafton showed consist- ently slightly lower results than Stations 13, D or P. This might possibly be due to the fact that this station is not in the immediate vicinity of a community. Station 14 on the Red Lake River proved also to be the least polluted with respect to coli-aerogenes. It has a maximum count of 75 coli-aerogenes organisms per 100 cubic centimeters. Comparison of Results with those of Former Survey: In com- paring the five-day biochemical oxygen demand results obtained in this survey with those of the earlier investigation, it becomes evident that the results obtained this year are as high as and in some cases higher than the maximum demands observed previously. The maximum biochemical oxygen demand recorded for the earlier survey occurred in December, 1933, during the early period of ice coverage and at a time when beet sugar wastes were discharged into the stream. Samples collected this winter were also taken during the period of ice coverage but the collections were made later, approximately a month after the close of the operating season of the American Crystal Sugar Company. This winter, as shown in Table 8, the five-day biochemical oxy- gen was much higher at Stations 11 and 12 and at Pembina than formerly. At Grafton and at Drayton, results were similar to those obtained in the prior investigation, while results from Stations 13 and 14 were slightly lower. As intimated earlier, the extremely high demands which occurred at Station 12 this season may be at- tributed to the depth of sampling. The highest demand occurred near the bottom and pointed to the presence of an extensive de- 150 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION posit of sludge, rich in organic matter. In part, at least, this sludge was derived from the deposition of beet sugar wastes behind the dam. Dissolved oxygen was depleted at all points in the Red River and offensive odors prevailed. This condition was very similar to that observed while the stream was under ice coverage during the winter of 1932-33. It is difficult to compare the bacteriological results in this case because the results were reported according to Phelps’ index in the earlier investigations and according to the most probable num- ber in this survey. On the basis of a very general consideration, however, it is permissible to make the observation that in contrast to the very substantial increase in the five-day biochemical oxygen demand that occurred at certain stations there was no proportion- ate increase in the number of coli-aerogenes organisms over that observed earlier. Station 14, located on the Red Lake River, showed some im- provement of conditions as compared to results obtained in 1932 and 1933. Formerly, fairly high five-day biochemical oxygen de- mands and high bacteriological counts occurred at this station at times, but this winter the demand was reasonably low and the bac- teria were few, although the low dissolved oxygen indicated pol- lution. The improvement noted at this station may be attributed to the construction of a dam, which prevents backflow of contam- inated water from the Red River. Oxidation of organic substances from some upstream sources and the inability of the stream to pro- vide re-aeration under ice coverage accounts for the low dissolved oxygen at this point. Biological Results. Samples of bottom sediment were taken at each station and the organisms removed and counted in accordance with the procedure set forth in the Eighth Edition of Standard Methods of Water Analysis.* Because the bottom-dwelling organisms have a much reduced metabolism in winter and respond, therefore, more slowly to changes in the environment, there is also a lag in their response to an in- crease in pollution. It is also true that in winter, when clean- water forms are killed by rather extended periods of oxygen de- pletion, their bodies may, as a result of prevalent low temperatures, remain in the sediment for long periods before they disintegrate. It is, therefore, necessary to interpret winter data with some care especially where summer and winter conditions may be widely variant. This lag in the response of the biological index of pollu- tion is, in a sense, a disadvantage, but it may also be useful inas- much as it is evidence of the past characteristics of the stream. If, for example, under winter conditions, the dissolved oxygen is en- tirely depleted and the biochemical oxygen demand is high, and col- lections of bottom sediment are made early enough to retain recogniz- *Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage, Eighth Edition, American Public Health Association, 1936. FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 151 able remnants of clean-water forms, very definite evidence is offered that conditions have been better. It may be assumed from the evidence of these clean-water forms that during periods of open water the stream was relatively unpolluted at that point and that the zone of pollution had advanced downstream under ice coverage as indicated by the other determinations. Conversely, collections con- taining no clean-water forms indicate that serious pollution exists summer and winter or that the collections of samples took place after the more sensitive forms disappeared through decomposition. In extreme cases even the hardy pollutional types of organisms may be killed off during the later period of ice coverage. If these facts are kept in mind, the interpretation of the results obtained during this survey is simplified. In this case, there was a complete oxygen reduction in the Red River proper, and the pres- ence of hydrogen sulphide was readily detected. This combination is toxic to most forms of life. The presence of partially decayed mayfly nymphs and gaping, blackened mollusk shells with muscle fragments still adhering to the valves, indicated that clean-water forms were disappearing. A number of clean-water forms—which did not yet show any signs of disintegration—occurred in certain downstream samples. These organisms may have been more re- sistant to decay or to the increasing oxygen depletion than the soft-bodied mayflies and mollusks. The final disintegration and disappearance of these forms would have been only a matter of time, however, under the conditions which prevailed. In the pool above the dam at Grand Forks, where oxygen depletion probably occurred first, even hardy pollutional types were found as disin- tegrated fragments. Because remnants of the clean-water forms which occur in summer still remained at certain points, the full effect of winter conditions was not registered on the bottom fauna at the time of this investigation. The data obtained reflected, therefore, late summer and early fall conditions to a large extent. On this basis, it is evident that serious pollution extends only as far as Station 13 at Oslo in summer during periods of open water. Clean-water forms were missing or were few in number at and above Oslo, and pollutional types predominated. North of Station 13, conditions were improved as was evidenced by increasing numbers of clean- water forms and facultative pollutional types. (See Table 5.) Pollutional forms were predominant in the sediment samples taken at Station 14 although the supernatant water had a very low five-day biochemical oxygen demand and thus showed no evidence of pollution other than low dissolved oxygen. The construction of a dam across the Red Lake River a short distance below Station 14 has facilitated the deposition of rich organic sediment. This sedimentation has shifted purification from the supernatant water to the bottom material, and thus the deposit reflects some of the artificial or natural upstream pollution of the river. The bottom 152 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION organisms have responded to the characteristics of this environ- ment and, in this case, indicate pollution although it is not evident in the water flowing above it. Plankton organisms unlike the bottom forms respond rather quickly to changes in the environment even in winter, and may vary rapidly with the supernatant water. At the time of this survey, plankton were relatively scarce at most points in the Red River. The nannoplankton, which in the winter of 1933 ranged from one million to twelve and one-half million organisms per liter, reached a maximum of only 67,000 per liter this winter. This maximum occurred at Station 11 above the sources of pollution at Grand Forks and East Grand Forks; all other samples contained lower con- centrations of nannoplankton. The net plankton representing larger, less abundant forms was collected by straining 100 liters through a standard silk net. Ap- preciable numbers of net plankton forms occurred only at Station 11 and consisted almost entirely of rotifers and immature copepods. Whereas formerly, there had been an increase in rotifers between Station 11 and Station 12, there was now a distinct reduction in numbers. At Station 11 there were 150 rotifers per liter and these were reduced to two per liter at Station 12. Although rotifers feed on bacteria and normally occur in large numbers where pollution exists, they do succumb to extreme conditions. Their sudden dis- appearance in so short a distance may be attributed to definite increase in pollution. Below Station 12 neither rotifers nor Crus- tacea were taken in the plankton collections. With respect to pol- lution, increasingly unfavorable conditions are therefore indicated by the character and concentrations of net plankton and nannoplank- ton in the Red River below Station 11. The following tables show the quantity of water flowing in the Red River during the time of the survey and during the winter of 1937-38, and comparative flows in 1932-34: FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 153 Discharge Records* Discharge in cubic feet per second of the Red River of the North at Grand Forks, North Dakota. Measurements taken downstream from the junction of the Red Lake River and the Red River below Riverside Park Dam. Date Flow in Cu.Ft./Sec. Feb. 1 66 Feb. 2 77 Feb. 3 89 Feb. 4 89 Feb. 5 81 Feb. 6 73 Feb. 7 66 Feb. 8 63 Feb. 9 63 Feb. 10 77 Feb. 11 91 Feb. 12 91 Feb. 13 94 Feb. 14 89 Feb. 15 82 Mean Velocity 0.30 feet per second Discharge Cu.Ft./Sec. 1937-1938 Month Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Velocity Ft./Sec. October 316 484 166 0.85 November ... 214 336 94 0.75 December ... 55.9 95 30 0.42 January 61.3 91 36 0.34 February 82.5 113 63 0.30 Discharge Cu.Ft./Sec. 1933-1934 Month Mean Maximum Minimum October 31.7 60 21 November .... 79.0 135 50 December .... 52.5 61 42 January 39.0 56 18 February 40.7 64 24 Month Mean Maximum Minimum October 36.0 100 13 November ... 82.7 114 64 December ... 57.4 81 33 January 38.6 48 31 February 33.6 76 — Discharge Cu.Ft./Sec. 1932-1933 *From records of the United States Geological Survey, Office of District Engi- neer, St. Paul, Minnesota. 154 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Information collected during this investigation agrees in general with that obtained in the former survey at the same season and on this portion of the river. It is apparent, however, that from the standpoint of oxygen resources the stream showed more marked evidence of pollution this winter than formerly. There was no trace of dissolved oxygen, the five-day biochemical oxygen demand was considerably higher, plankton organisms were seriously reduced and offensive odors were more general. Therefore, in spite of slightly higher stream flow and partial treatment of certain types of wastes, conditions seem to have been aggravated this winter. To minimize these objectionable conditions in the stream, it will be necessary to reduce further the oxygen requirements of the wastes now discharged into the river. This will involve provisions for effective treatment of sewage from East Grand Forks and will necessitate additional treatment of wastes from the American Crystal Sugar Company. Further reduction in the strength of the sewage from Grand Forks is needed and treatment should be provided for the wastes from the flour mill and the packing plant. This investigation confirmed the conclusions and requirements of the previous survey which were as follows: “The Minnesota State Board of Health and the North Dakota State Department of Health are of the opinion, based on the find- ings of this investigation, that in order to improve the existing polluted condition of the Red River and to promote the best inter- ests of those concerned, it will be necessary to provide treatment for the sewage and industrial wastes from all of the municipalities from Breckenridge to Grand Forks and East Grand Forks, inclu- sive, and for all of , the major industrial wastes which are dis- charged separately into the section of the river under consideration.” It can also be logically concluded that this study has shown the desirability of carrying out a more extensive research investigation on the Red River of the North in order to determine the full ef- fects of ice coverage. The period covered in such an investigation should extend from a time before freeze-up in the fall to several months after break-up in the spring. Sampling should include all flowing tributaries. FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 155 Station Determination 2/2/38 2/3/38 2/4/38 2/7/38 2/8/38 2/9/38 11 o-day B.O.D. 6.4 3.9 12 4.6 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 230 150 230 91 12 5-dav B.O.D. 150 15 276 + 235 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 9,300 24,000 4,300 270 14 6-day B.O.D. 2.7 2.9 2.2 2.7 D.O. 1.2 0.7 0.15 Coli-Aerog. 36 73 75 30 13 5-day B.O.D. 12 13 10 8 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 46,000 9,300 21,000 G 5-day B.O.D. 15 17 18 16 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 9,300 7,500 9,300 D 5-day B.O.D. 26 33 16 18 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 15,000 24,000 24,000 P 5-day B.O.D. 93 98 82 80 D.O. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coli-Aerog. 9,300 24,000 15,000 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 1 Tabulation of Dissolved Oxygen, Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and Coli-Aerogenes Results 5-Day B.O.D. and Coli-Aerogenes Numbers Results Expressed as Maximum, Minimum, and Average Station Maximum Minimum Average 11 12 3.9 6.7 12 276 + 15 169 14 2.9 2.2 2.6 13 13 8 11 G 18 15 17 D 33 16 23 P 98 80 88 (A) B.O.D. Station Maximum Minimum Average 11 230 91 164 12 24,000 270 4,020 14 75 30 49 13 46,000 •9,300 20,800 G » 9,300 7,500 8,650 D 24,000 15,000 20,500 P 24,000 9,300 15,000 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 2 (B) Coli-Aerogenes TABULATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Hardness, Alkalinity and Solids as Parts Per Million February 2 and 3, 1938 Determination Sta. 14 Sta.11 Sta. 12 Sta. 13 Sta. G Sta. D Sta. P Total Hardness Alkalinity pH Total Solids Total Suspended Solids Total Volatile Matter Total Suspended Volatile Matter. 790 470 7.5 1,100 2.3 300 2.3 570 560 7.6 760 9 250 5.5 1,000 820 7.1 1,500 54 520 54 740 470 7.4 1,100 7.5 310 6 720 410 7.4 1,100 6 250 3.5 660 440 7.4 1,000 11 270 10 770 490 7.4 1,200 40 330 30 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY Table 3 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Organisms Station No. 14 Station No. 11 Station No. 12 Station No. 13 Station G Station D Station P * West East South North West East South North West East West East West East Limnodrilus 259 1,187 940 564 12 165 329 94 306 12 82 47 188 Tubifex 47 Naididae 24 235 670 94 12 12 Erpobdella punctata 12 12 ... 35 24 59 12 24 Glossiphonia complanata ... ... ... 24 ... Nematodes 12 Ephoron 12 Polycentropidae i2 240 7i 1,340 82 Chaoborus punctipennis 47 24 12 Chironomus sp. No. 1 82 12 24 176 188 Chironomus decorus 24 88i t i2 12 Palpomyia 12 24 71 12 35 35 141 12 200 Pentaneura carnea 200 59 240 2,515 153 24 Pentaneura decolorata 71 tt Procladius culieiformis ?i 223 176 34i 12 12 47 Tanypus species 24 Amnicola 12 12 i4i Sphaerium 59 12 35 24 iis 82 306 J710 U388 35 Ferrissia ... 12 Valvata ... j | ... 12 Hyallela knickerbockeri 12 ... 24 82 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 4 BOTTOM FAUNA Organisms per Square Yard tJaws and heads of decomposed C. decorus present. ttDecayed remains of mayfly mymphs present. jOnly one-third of total number of shells taken—remaining fingernail clams dead. JjVery small, young specimens. ♦Refers to side of river bank. FORMER SANITARY SURVEY 157 BOTTOM FAUNA Summary and Classification as Pollutional Index Organisms Station Pollutional Forms Facultative Pollutional Forms Clean-Water Forms Total No. Per Sq. Yd. No. of Species Average No. Per Sq. Yd. Per Cent Average No. Per Sq. Yd. Per Cent Average No. Per Sq. Yd. Per Cent 14 864 80.7 194 18.2 12 1.1 1,071 9 11 1 ,234 74.5 411 24.8 12 0.7 1,657 9 12 18 75 6 25 0 0.0 24 4 13 646 70.4 223 24.4 47 5.2 918 10 G 283 24.7 670 58.7 190 16.6 1,144 9 D 94 3.7 1 ,727 67.4 740 28.9 2,562 10 P 153 39.4 88 22.7 147 37.9 388 6 RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 5 Organism ORGANISMS PER LITER Sta. 14 Sta. 11 *Sta. 12 Sta. 13 Sta. G Sta. D Sta. P ALGAE Myxophyceae 75 92,800 Present 2,880 \ Bacillarieae 92,875 2,880 Present 29,500 38,800 Present 58,300 Present 50 2,880 2,160 47,500 Present 400 1,300 Present 125 200 i ,350 50 75 150 75 525 150 1,950 250 75 175 Chlorophyceae 39,400 59,825 33,300 3,455 Present 2,385 47,675 Present Present Present Scsnedesmus quadricauda.... PROTOZOA Mastigophora Present 1,440 1,300 Present 2,880 1,600 2,160 . 200 Infusoria Ciliate protozoa MISCELLANEOUS 1,750 475 150 Total No. of organisms Per Liter 2,740 4,480 1,750 475 2,360 150 135,015 67,185 35,050 3,930 4,745 47,825 *Too much sediment—no count could be made. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 6 NANNOPLANKTON 158 RED RIVER RESEARCH INVESTIGATION Organism ORGANISMS PER KM) LITERS *Sta. 14 Sta.11 Sta. 12 | Sta. 13 *Sta. G *Sta. D Sta. P ALGAE Myxophyceae Oscillatoria Bacillarieae Diatoma vulgare Tabellaria fenestrata 75 120 150 1,425 PROTOZOA Infusoria Ciliate protozoa Vorticella 1,600 200 75 120 60 1,575 ROT1FERA Brachionus capsuliflorus Keratella cochlearis Keratella aculeata Polyarthra trigla Soft-bodied rotifers Synchaeta 1,800 2,100 8,900 1,600 1,700 100 400 75 75 75 60 CRUSTACEA Nauplii 14,800 1,100 225 MISCELLANEOUS Rotifer eggs 1,100 11,700 Total No. of organisms per 100 liters 11,700 29,400 300 180 1,575 *No organisms. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY February, 1938 Table 7 NET PLANKTON Comparison of Oxygen Resources and Bacterial Concentrations December 1933 and February 1938* Dissolved Oxygen ♦♦Coli-Aerogenes Station Phelps’ I M.P.N. Dec. 1933 Feb. 1938 Dec. 1933 Feb.1938 Dec. 1933 Feb. 1938 14 10.0 0.15 4.7 2.9 i 1,000 75 11 18.1 0.0 5.5 12 1 10 230 12 1.0 0.0 78 276+ i 100,000 24,000 13 0.0 0.0 23 + 13 1,000 46,000 G 0.0 0.0 21 18 10,000 9,300 D 0.0 0.0 32 33 1 ,000 24,000 P 0.6 0,0 9 98 j 10,000 24,000 ♦Maximum B.O.D. and bacterial count, and minimum D.O ♦♦Number of organisms of coli-aerogenes group per 100 ml. at 37°C. Phelps’ I—Coli-aerogenes recorded according to Phelp’s Index. M.P.N.—Coli-aerogenes recorded as most probable number. B.O.D.—Biochemical oxygen demand, incubated sample, 6 days at 20 C. expressed in parts per million. D.O.—Dissolved oxygen in parts per million. RED RIVER OF THE NORTH SURVEY Table 8