Sanitary Survey 
of the 
Village of Peekekill 
Submitted by eLg,Wolff 
To,..Dept* of Preventive Medicine, 
Harvard Medical School, 
Boaton,Mas8. Introduction 
A. General 
B. Geography 
C. Topography 
D. Geology 
E. River Bank Introduction 
General.....peekek.il! is a village situated in the northern part 
of Westchester county in the state of New York.The village site 
is on the Hudson River about 41 miles from the City of New York 
in a direction that ie almost due North from the metropolis. 
It has a population of about 16,000 persons and is characterized 
by its slow or gradual growth. 
It forms a part of a larger township and amy be said to 
be the largest constituent of this organization.This can be 
said to be one of the interesting features of the village. 
Without doubt,the village is the largest in the State of New York, 
although it is claimed by enthusiastic natives that Peekskill 
h<xs a the privilege of being the largest village in the 
United States, In realization of the fact that government 
organization of a community plays a large role in the actual 
sanitary measures established by that unit,Peekskill becomes 
an instructive study. 
The village is old,and why the original site was chosen 
rather than another is difficult to determine.The combination 
of the Annsville creek and the large harbor,may have been an 
inducement to the indians.lt is known that the Indians had a 
village at this point.Whether trade with this tribe eventually 
encouraged a number of whites to reside here is impossible to 
say. As a matter of fact the first town site was some distance 
to the north of the present location,and it is only in later 2 
days that we find the village at its place in the harbor, 
e. 
In the days of small craft,the harbor may have been servicable 
for commercial purposes,but cannot function in this capacity 
at present. 
Geographically,the village is located as followssthe 
longtitudinal line 75-55 runs directly thru the village almost 
at its center,whereas,the lines of latitude,41-15 and 41-20 
find tie village about midway between them. It is bounded on 
the north by the Annsville Creek,on the south by the flat lands of 
the Verplanck district,on the east by the gradually slopping 
lands which have become large fa*ms,and to the west by the 
Hudson River,Verplanck,because of its good water front has 
become the shipping entrance for tie village. 
General Outlay of the Village 
Very roughly,the city is builty in the shape of an irregular 
n 
letter The poit where the two bars of the letter intersect, 
is where the main portion of the village is in contact with the 
river,The upright part of the letter runs back towards the east, 
and the top part of the letter runs north and south,The north 
portion of the letter is shorter than the south.The streets more 
or less parallel the course of the bars of the letter and thus there 
Jfc an intersection of the main streets where the parts of the 
letter meet,Quite obviously the outlay is not as simple as the 
above sketch would indicate,As the village grows,the parts of 
the letter come in closer approximaty,making the comparison 
less and less sound. 
The basis of this peculiar form is the general contour 
of the land,To the north of the village is an elevated stretch 3 
with a sharp decline into the Annsville Creek.Building here is 
restricted.At the edge of the water there are a number of 
dwellings of the summer bungaloo type.The natural route of 
expansion would seem to be to the east and the south. Up to 
the present this has been true. Whether the building of a 
bridge to span the Hudson River at a point just north of 
Peekskill(of which there is much discussion) will encourage 
growth in this direction,is impossible to determine. 
Topofaraphy 
The village is built on a gradual slope that runs into the 
river.Actually the city is spread over two grades. One permits 
a valley that runs east and west and thru which a small breok 
forms 
finds its way to the river,The other the valley occupied by 
the Hudson River,This permits of two types of drainage(surface)* 
one leading to the river and one leading to the brook. 
n 
The highest poit is about 400 feet above sea level and 
a mile and a hfcif from shore.From this point the land grades 
towards the river descending 200 feet within a mile.A level or 
flat portion running to within one half mile of the bank,forms the 
table upon which the major portion of the village is built. 
From this one half mile mark to the river bank there is another 
drop of about 200 feet.The expansion as a whole has been along 
the valleys.The north and south growth has been along the 
flat lands and the east growth along the outlet of the Penelopa 
pond (the brook above referred to).This helps to give the MT" 
shape abo'Je described. 
The shore line is in general smooth,A line running north 4 
and south , passing thru Roas Hook (A projection into the river 
on the north shore of the Annsville Creek)would form with the 
shores to the east a rough sort of equilateral triangle. The 
south shore of this triangle is less regular# than the 
north,being broken in several places by projections or small 
peninsulars.The Annsville creek to the north fsems a definate 
boundary line of expansion in that direction,unless there is assorted 
into the village further property bordering on the creek, 
and the opposite shore. 
Geology 
The geology of the district is heterogeneous.In a general way 
there are three types of formation. To the north and about 
the creek there is limestone,To the south east there is granite 
and to the south west there is sand.This latter portion is quite flat 
seldom attaining a height of over 100 feet.The former areas are 
elevated on the whole.In the various sections in and about the 
above described parts,there is a mixtire of materials,but generally 
showing a predominance of one formation. 
In the granite sections,there are areas of poor peculation 
of surik ce waters.Here the rain water may collect and there remain 
until evaporated t>y the sun's heat.This is not true where the 
incline is well marked,but is those few spo^s,where,due to small 
surfi ce fluctaations or artificial valleys,there has been inter- 
ference with the surface flow.The rain collects at such points. 
This is not a menace,but merely a factor to be considered in the 
drainage of those parts that happen to be built over granite. 5 
Drainage in the limestone and sand areas is of course rqpid and 
effecient. 
Along the shore to the south of the village, there are 
swamps that drain into the river,Prom a sanitary viewpoint,with the 
exception of a possible mosquito menace,(which does not seem 
to exist) these might be waived from further discussion. 
The Hudson River takes a sharp bend at Peekekill.This 
bend in the river forms the so called Peekskill Harbor(The 
word kink is a better one than bend,because the river continues 
on the same course above the village,) On the west shore is 
the Dunderberg ,a rocky projection into the river ,paralleling 
the indentation in the opposite shore.lt attains a height of 
865 feet,The river is approximately 1,4 miles wide,but in 
a general way only the western half is of service to craft using a 
a draft of more than 10 feet.Midway between the two shores passes 
the boundary between the Rockland and Westchester Counties, 
River Bank in Relation to the Village 
With the exception of the summer houses on the north shore 
ofl the river,aid coal and railroad yards near the centaal 
portion 41/141 ,the greater part of the expansion along the 
shore has been to the south.The reason is clear.To the north, 
the Highlands run almost to the water edge,whereas,to the 
south there is room for expansion backward as well as along 
the river edge.Another reason for this expansion,is that there 
is deeper water in the river as one goes further south.At 
Verplanck,it is possible for deep water craft to land.This is 
a factor in hauling,etc.,etc.The developement here has been 6 
of an industrial nature.The residential expansion,roughly 
speaking,has been in an easterly direction.In length the 
growth along the shore is approximately equal to the 
eastward expansion. 
References 
1, Geological Survey Maps, 
New York Quadrangle 
a, West Point 
b. Poughkeepsie 
Tarrytown. 
2. Election District Map,Town of Cortlandt,Westchester County. 
5.Map of Village of Peekskill (Peekskill Directory) History of Peekskill. 
A. Expansion 
B. Industrial Life 
C. Revolutionary History 
D. Prominent Names Etc. 7 
Brief History of Peekskill 
As mentioxied previously the village was once the site of 
an Indian community .This w:1s named Sachoes.During the period 
of the Dutch settlement of New York,Jan Peek,a dutch navigator, 
while on a sail in his yacht was apparently wrecked at the 
outlet of the Annsvelle Creek.He mistaok the creek for the 
proper passage thru the rtRacen,so called (a name given to 
the water passage between Iona Island and the east shore). 
As the story goes, he built a house at the place where his boat was 
i 
grounded and remained there thru one winter.This pont 
m/m 
was about one mile north of the present village of peekakill. 
In I76O the name Peekakill was first used legally in a land deal. 
The store that may be said to have started the commercial life 
of the settlement,was that of one Danial Birdsall.The family 
still persists in the village.In 1775 the first sloop sailed 
from the site,in all probability on a commercial errand. 
The growth at all times has been gradual.In 1870 the 
population was 6J6Q,In 1881 it was 'J9000,lr\ 1827 the fire de- 
partment was started!in 18J9 the village was incorporated 
and then became known as the "Corporation of the Village 
8f Peekakill," The streets first became lighted with gas in 1856. 
Even at an early date the pride of the tvwn was its water. 
About 1870 the present water reservoir was built (with later 
modifications).The site of the reservoir is Campfield,so called 
from the fact that during the War of the Revolution,this land 
was fcsed as a camping Ate for the continental troops.The description 
from the old history is so quaint that I quote directly. 8 
"The wokka are situated in the romantic ravine about two miles 
north of the village from whence by ponderous pumps worked by 
power of water on turbine wheels,the supply is forced to a 
reservoir of 26,000,000 gallons capacity at an elevation of 
576 feet above tide water. The water furnished by these works 
for all practical purposes is absolutely pure,the microscope 
having failed to detect impurities in any portions submitted to 
its tests,while it possesses the peculiar property of cleansing 
steam boilers from rust and leaves no deposit on evaporation. 
The pressure varies in different parts of the town from 100 to 
175 pounds to the square inch, and forces water thru a one 
inch nozzle thirty feet higher than the tallest steeple. In 
case of fire new the danger now is doing more damage with 
water than will be accomplished by the flames." 
Manufacturing 
Iron working as in industry was started in that 
time on main street there was built a foundry with several 
crucibles and plow castings were manufactured.This marked the 
birth of Peekskill'e chief industry which lived until a comparitive- 
ly recent dsbte.In 1881 there were six foundaries engaged in the 
manufacture of stoves,castings,and general foundary work,employ- 
ing four to six hundred men,Besides the stove and iron works, 
there were several smaller factories.The brick yards also 
had a share in the village industry. 
Banks 
In the Westchester Bank was founded with a capitol of 
200,000 dollars. 
Churches 
Apparently the firBt church to be built was the Church of 9 
an 
Saint Peter.This was^Episcopal organization founded in *767 
built near the historic residence of the Van Cortlandt's. 
In 1826 the Presbyterian Church was founded.Since that time 
various other creeds and denominations have established them- 
selves in the community. 
Revolutionary History 
The village was an outmost of the Continental 
Army and several small engagements were fought between the 
American and British scouting parties in its vicinity. 
The following story is of local significance. Lieu.Palmer,a 
young British officer of American origen was caught as a spy in 
the Continental Army.The case was brought before General Putnam, 
and with the customary austerity of this gentleman,the prison- 
er was sentenced to be hung on a hill near the village.On a rude 
gallows here constructs d,the unfortunate youth was executed. 
Since that time,the site of his death has been called Gallows Hill, 
(see map) 
Pauling, a young american farmer ,who was one of tie three who 
succeeded in arresting the British spy Andee,had his residence 
in the village. 
In 1796,a silver mine was in operation in what was than 
near the ferry landing.Besides Silver,epidote,garnet,quartz, 
sulphates of Berites have been found in this locality. 
Prominent Names Associated with the Village 
Van Cortlandt,Putnam,Husted, and Henry Ward Beecher belong 
in the realm of national fame and incidently to Peekskill. 
Chauncy Depew,a national figure also claims Peekskill as his 
birth place. 10 
Roads.Railroads,steamship Lines etc. 
The village is 41 miles from New York City on the Hudson 
River division of the New York Central,By means of this route, 
there are some 20 trains to New York, and from New York to 
Peekski11,there are some 22 trains,At Harmon,anear by express 
stop,allthru trains can be boarded.The village is 8 miles from the 
Yorktown Heights station,a stop on the Putnam Valley Division of 
the same railroad. 
The Morton Line of freight boats connect the town with New York 
by water. Trolly lines to Montrose in Westchester,Oregon in 
Putnam County, and Mohegan Lake in Westchester county are available. 
Seven roads for automobiles or horse vehicles enter the village 
from three points of the compass. 
References 
I. Bolton,Robert History of Westchester County 1881. 
2,Shannard and Spooner History of Westchester County 1900 
J. History of Westchester County 1886 
4. Field Book of the Revolution I860 
5. Advertisers Directory Issued by New York Central R.R. 1922 Organization and Government_ 
of the 
Village of Peekskill. 
A*Appointive Officers 
3.Compensation 
C. Organization of the Board of Health. 
D. Sanitary Regulationa. 11 
Organization and Government 
Since the community is established as a village a few 
words of explanation regarding administration in general may 
be necessary. The elective officers of the village are three; 
the president,three assessors and a treasurer,who sliall be elected 
tjy the electors of the village,Also,for each of the two districts, 
there are elected three trustees,"who shall be residents of 
and elected by,the electors of their respective districts," 
Appointive Officers 
The board of trustees may appoint a poundmaster,street 
commissioner,surveyor,police constable?,chief of Police, etc,, 
"who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of said board". 
More recently the board of trustees has appointed a Health 
Officer, The village clerk,who handles the clerical aspects 
of tie community life is appointed and holds office for $wo yrs. 
The term of office of the president is two years;of the treasurer 
,one year;and of the trustees and assessors,three years. 
Compensation 
" The president and trustees shall not receive any compensation 
for service,nor shall they,or either of them,,be interested direct- 
ly or indirectly,in any contract,promise,engagement,wages,or in 
any other matter or thing in which the corporation shall be a party. 
The compensation of all other villge officers shall be such reason- 
d)le sum as the board of trustees shall deem proper," 
Organization of the Board of Health 
The president of the village selects two men from the Board of 
Trustees to act as a board of health.The men are chosen without 
regard to training,experience or vocation,The senior member of 
this small body becomes the chairman automatically,The chairman 12 
or president of the Bkard of Trustees in conjunction with the board 
of health,appoints a health officer,This officer receives a salary 
of $75° P®r year. 
The health officer meets informally with the Board of Health 
whenever occasion demands and makes suggestions as to the policy 4 
of the board.At fortnightly intervals the board of trustees, 
including the Health Board,plus the Health Officer meets to 
determine and act on suggested pol$cies.The Health Officer has no 
vote in trie Board of Trustees and merely acts in an advisory 
capacity. At these meetings the Health Officer submits a formal 
written report indicating his activites since the last meeting. 
Ordinarily the health officer is not permitted to make 
expenditures beyond those authorized by the Board of Trustees. 
In an emergency,however,he in conjunction with theHealth 
Board may make necessary expenditures in advance of the approval 
of the trustees. 
The organization as described above is comparitively recent. 
•Within the last ten years,the Board of Health consisted of persons 
drawn from the general public and not from the Board of trustees. 
The body at this time was much larger. It was felt by this 
Board that a centaklization of power in its body would increase 
the effeciency of the organization. The men who happen to be 
on the Board of Health may also function as the members of many 
other boards,Thus the administration of the village is kept 
well within the hands of the six trustees and the president, 
all other persons acting in an advisory capacity. 13 
Sanitary Regulations 
At present the village adheres to the New York State sanitary 
code,established by the Public Health Council,This has taken 
the place of a code that was preciously used by the village alone, 
(for further discussion see under infectious diseases,) 
References 
1.Charter of the Village of Peekskill,N.Y. 
"Being chapter 117 of the Laws of the State of New York,for the 
year 188},as amended to January 1,1905*” 
2« The Sanitary Code 
Established by the Public Health Council of the State 
of New York, Chapters 1-1X 
Issudd by the State Bept, <f Health, Albany,N.Y. Comment. 
It would seem that the community had long outgrown the 
Village type of government.That the Village of Peekskill, jpay 
claim the right to call itself the largest village in the 
country,is not in itself a great privilege.lt may merely indicate 
municipal inertia.There are posaibly two factors that explain 
partially,at least,the persistence of the village form. 
Fir8t,the age of the community,with its consequent 
tradition makes it more probable that a general feeling exist 
for the established order.The gradual growth makes the 
inadequacy less evident,because no sudden new developements 
are thrust upon the administration.The slow expansion has permitted 
of adaptation on the part of the government. 
Secondly, there have never been clianges in the activities 
of the community.Thus there was on no occasion a sudden introduction 
o 
of large quantities of money,prperty or peoples demanding the 
careful attention or full time of a governmental administrative or. 
With the exceptions of a alow developement,matters to-day, 
rest largely as they did when the village was smaller.Thus 
the need* for another type of administartion do not become apparent. 
Therefore,what is apparently,an obsloete form,is still 
a very useful one,The administration is effccient for the 
community as it exists and in view of its past.Should it,however 
decide upon a great industrial expanion,a more guarded statement 
as to the effeciency would become necessary. 
The low funds permitted for the salary of the health officer, 
is however a different matter.There is no excuse for this shortcoming The present salary is not euffecient to permit of any large 
service on the part of a physician. 
With the present size of the village in mind,and in view of 
preventive work 
the community *uch as is now being statted in the Welfare Station, 
I recommend either the employment of a full time expert in 
Public Health(not of necessity a Physician)or the very material 
increase in the salary of the position of Health Officer as now 
instituted. 
Such a person{if the Public Health Officer idea be chosen) 
would be of further use in the inspection and regulation of» shaops 
industrial hazards,tenements etc.etc. as well as the expansion of 
the existing work. Budget, of the Village 
of 
Peekskill. 
Commercial Activities. 14. 
Budget of the Village df Peekakill 
The valuation of all the real property within the Village of Peekskill, is 
as follows: 
Real Estate $13,738,833.70 
Special Franchises 546,889.00 
$14,285,722.70 
The amount to be raised by tax for 1922, upon the entire property of 
the village, is as follows: 
Fire Department $13,000.00 
Office and Contingent fund 7,000.00 
Street Lighting Department 13,300.00 
Police Department 17,700.00 
Jail Maintenance fund ■ 1,800.00 
Depew Park 2,500.00 
Health Department—General $1,700.00 
Rent of rooms in Welfare Station.. 500.00 
Public Nurse 1,500.00 
Registrar 300.00 4,000.00 
Building Department 500.00 
Water Board Sinking fund 1,000.00 
Elecion Department 910.00 
Sewer, General 1,500.00 
Library Purposes 2,500.00 
Bonds:— 
Sewer Bonds, Nos. 23 and 66 $2,600.00 
Street Opening Bond No. 6 500.00 
Four Street Paving Bonds (Highway) 4,000.00 
Washington St. Paving Bonds Nos. 7 and 8 2,000.00 
Motor Engine'Bonds Nos. 3, 4, 5, 10 2,000.00 
Jail Bonds Nos. 4 and 6 2,200.00 
South St. Bank Improvement Bond No. 5 (Highway).. 500.00 
Fire Dept. Bond No. 3, (1919 series) 500.00> 
Street Opening and Widening No. 1 (1921 series) 1,000.00 
Street Paving No. 1, (1921 series) 500.00 
15,700.00 
Interest:— 
Sewer Bonds $6,425.85 
Street Paving (Highway) 1,880.72 
Washington Street Paving 2,402.58 
Highland Ave.-Park St. Paving 1,372.75 
Washington St. ?Welcher Ave. Paving 2,599.38 
Washington St. Improvement 1,860.00 
Motor Engine Bonds 1,270.00 
Jail Bonds 2,652.50 
South St. Bank Improvement (Highway) 131.65 
Fire Department, (1919 series) 490.00 
Street Openings and Widening 1,262.50 
Street Paving (1921 series) 516.38 
Se'wer Certificates 5,218.85 
Certificates of Indebtedness 2,500.00 
30,583.16 
Highway Department 49,435.50 
$161,428.66 
Tax rate on $1,000.00 of valuation,—$11.30. 
The total appropriation permits of 2.47% (approx) 
for the Health Department. 15. 
Comparative Study of the Budget 
In the village of Peekskill,approximately $.25 per capita 
is expended on Health Conservation excluding sewers,water, 
streets and school nursing. 16 
Commercial Activitiea 
Without discussing in detail at this point,the industrial 
life in the tran,it might be well t4 indicate in a general 
way the number of competitors in each branch of business. 
This serves ,superficially, to typify the population,and to show 
what might be expected from the community health program. 
For example,to have $6 grocdrs for a given population ,is far 
better for the community &(&11 things being equal) than to 
have 25.The fact that the public are not forced to deal with 
a servor because of lack of competition,makes each of the men 
in that branch of business more keen about those esthetic 
and sanitary features that attract the buying public,and hence 
thru commercial pressure elevatSig the standard for shops. 
1. Antique shops.... 1 
2. Artificial Pearls...1 
5.Art Metal Works...,1 
Automobiles.., 
5. Automobile Batteries..,4 
6. n Body Builders,.,1 
7. H Painters,.... 1 
8. H Repairs,....6 
9* 9 Supplie8..,4 
10. H Tires and Repairs...3 
11. ....7 
12. Banks..., ,2 
13. Barbers 14 
14. and repairs...1 17 
15•Blacksmiths.,, 2 
16. Bottling Works....,2 
17. Cafes. 9 
16,Charcoal Mfrs....1 
19. Chiropractors..,,5 
20. Cider Mill.,1 
Cigar Stores...J 
22.Cigar Manufacturers..,5 
25. Cleaning and Dyeing.,.1 
24.Clinical Laboratory..,1 
25«Cloaks and Suits,...2 
26. Clothing..... 12 
27* " Manufacturers.7 
26« Coal,,,5 
29.Confectioners..9 
JO,Contractors and Builders.12 
51•Dairies.,.2 
52•Decorators,,. 1 
55. Delicatessen,,,2 
54,Dentists....14 
55•Department Store s...4 
56. Doll Ho8pital.,,1 
57. Dressmakers. . ,2 
56.Druggists... 6 
59*Dry Goods.,,6 
40. Contractor.,.2 
41. ,.2 18 
42,Feed Dealers...^ 
4j,Fire Brick Mfr.,,1 
44. Fish,...1 
45. 5 and 10 Cent stores..2 
46. Florists,,..4 
47. . ,2 
48. Fruits.«,.9 
49. Furniture,...7 
50. " Moving...2 
51. .. 1 
52. Garages.,. 12 
55. Granite Works... 2 
54. Grocers 56 
55*Hair Dressere...2 
56. Hardware.,, ,5 
57. Harness.,, ,2 
58. Hat Manufacturers... 1 
59. Hotels 4 
60. Human Hair Works...1 
61.Ice.,2 
62.Infants Wear,,.2 
65.Insurance.,,,9 
64,Investment Securities.,.2 
65. Jewelry.. .4 
66. w Mfr. ..2 
67. Ladies Clothing...6 
68. " Tailor..1 
69. Landscape Artist..,1 19 
7Q.Laundry....4 
71. . * 18 
72. Livery... 1 
73. Lunch Room.., .3 
" Wagon.. .4 
75. ., .2 
76. Shops...3 
77•Meats.... 17 
78. Milliners.. ,2 
79. Goods... 3 
80. Musical Instruction.♦.8 
81. .. 1 
82. Newspapers....3 
83.Optometrist,.,.4 
84 * 0 steopaths 1 
85*Painter8 and Decorators.,.2 
86. Paint Stores..,.4 
87. Photographers.., ,3 
88. Physicians 12 
89. Pianos.,.3 
90. Piano Tuner..1 
91. Planing Mills... 1 
92. Plumbera.,..9 
93. a...3 
94. Real Estate...14 
95. Restaur ant a., ,.f) 
96. Roofing,..2 
97.Schools and Academies...4 (other than Public) 20 
98.Sewing Machines...1 
99•Shoe Makers.... 15. 
100,Shoe Shining Parlos8,..1 
IOI. Shoe Stores...7 
102.Signs..,.2 
IOJ. Stationers.,.5 
104,Steamboat Lines.,,1 
105,Storage Warehouses..,2 
106.Stove Manufactuters...2. 
107. Tailors...7. 
108. Machines...5 
lC9,Taxi Service.,,J 
110. Theatre..,1 
111. Trucking,..,7 
112. Undertakers,,.6 
115.Upholsterer.,1 
114,Yeast Mfr.... 1 
(For further discussion see "Industry and Industrial Hygiene." 
References 
1.Business and Residence Directory for Peekskill,N.Y. 1921. Comment. 
The obvioua comment on the expenditure was indicated previously, 
when the recommendation of a permanent full time Health Officer 
was made.More money could very conveniently be expended by the 
village and still be far from the point of extravagence, 
( No comparative figures for the communities of the size of the 
one in question were available.For cities of and 100,000 
such comparative figures can be obtained.) Yonkers,for example 
spends some ninty seven cents per capifefc on health conservation 
and many communities spend more. Water Supply 
of the 
Village of Peekskiil. 
A. Water Shed 
B. Rainfall 
C. Reservoir 
D. Dan 
E. Rules etc. for Water Shed. 
F. Filter Beds 
G. Pressure 
H. Outlay 
I. Observations Made on Water Shed. 
J. Water Analysis 
K. Consumption,welfcs, etc. 21 
Water 
The village,even since its younger days,has taken considerable 
pride about its water supply*There are few publications about 
the community that do not mention the fact that the village 
has a large and good supply of water* Even the history quoted 
previously gives a greater amount of space to the description 
of the water than to the conventional historic facts* So called 
"Boom"pamphlets make this their "Piece de Resistance". 
In 1872, the board of water commissioners was founded* 
This board made plans for the reservoir and pumping station* 
In 1877 this board made its firfet written report of the progress 
made by its body. In 1897,a second report was compiled. This 
latter contains the "acts" of the water board,a descrpprtion 
of the water shed,rules and regulations for the protection 
of the water shed, descriptions of the pumping station,the 
reservoir and the distribution,and a financial summary* 
Water Shed 
The area covered or drained,making the shed is about 
50,00 acres.The Peekskill Hollow Brook forms the main stream 
into which the smaller tributaries enter.lt is approximately 
18 miles long.The Oscawana Brsok,the outlet of the lake, 
is one of the larger branches and feeders.The lake is about 9 
miles from the village,in Putnam County,and is elevated about 
545 feet above mean tide water.The brook enters the Peekskill 
Hollow Brook about 2 miles above the pumping station,after * 
having run 4.5 miles cross country. Oscawana Lake is about 
a square mile in size. 
Lake Mohegan,another source,is 80 acres in area* Record of Rainfall and Water Pumped 
since 1876. 
GASKILL ENGINE FROM JUNE 28. 1893. 
Year. 
Rain Fall 
in inches 
t % 
Water Pump. 
Gaskill Engine. 
Total Amount. 
*1876 
I7,4IO,925 
17,410,925 
M 
OC 
—4 
45-59 
59,659,7 3° 
59,659,730 
1878 
56.02 
69,004,290 
69,004, 290 
1879 
45- 84 
64,989,74° 
64,989,740 
1880 
40.51 
65,869,905 
65,869,905 
1881 
49-65 
95,480,075 
95,480,075 
1882 
48.81 
108,070,210 
108,070,210 
1883 
42.15 
92,593,°99 
92,593,090 
1884 
49-°3 
137,416,665 
137,416,665 
1885 
45-56 
J5°,275,415 
150,275,415 
1886 
50.46 
154,248,155 
154,248,155 
1887 
58- 89 
189,438,225 
189,438,225 
1888 
62.45 
247,9I3,745 
247,9I3,745 
1889 
60.18 
196,068,255 
196,068,255 
1890 
51 - 7 5 
235,631,141 
235,63!,T40 
1891 
47.28 
273,374,409 
273,374,400 
1892 
46.09 
307,549,110 
3°7,549,110 
i893 
53-°5 
230,83!,4°c 
I 24,690,920 
355,522,320 
1894 
44-63 
225,674,885 
206,820,430 
432,495,3r5 
i895 
45-3° 
130,949,405 
262,642,890 
393,592,295 
1896 
52.°S 
135,628,675 
201,852,390 
337,481,065 
i897 
55- 7 8 
215,527,825 
108,479,740 
324,007,565 
♦Seven months. 
tPresented through the courtesy of Alban Anderson, Esq., who kept the 
rrecord at his residence on Washington Street, in the Village of Peekskill. 
tMean annual average for 21 years, 50.05 inches. Topographical Map Showing the Water Shed 
for the Village ©f Peekekill. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
JOHN BART OH PAYEE, SE CEETARY 
U. S. GE OLO GICAE SURVEY 
GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 
TOPOGRAPHY 
REPRESENTED BY THE 
NEW YORK 
WEST POINT QUADRANGLE 
N 74"00' 
Henry Gannett,Chief Topographer. q 
H.M.WiI son,Geographer in charge. k 
Triangulation by U-S.Coast and Geodetic Survey. b 
Topography by U.S.C.& G.S.and N.Y.Aqueduct Com mission | 
and by Frank Sutton, and Robert Muldrow. 
Surveyed I890-9I in cooperation with the State of New York. THE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF THE UNITED STATES 
The United States Geological Survey is making a standard 
topographic atlas of the United States. This work has been in 
progress since 1882, and its results consist of published maps of 
more than 40 per cent of the country, exclusive of outlying 
possessions. 
This topographic atlas is published in the form of maps or 
itlas sheets measuring about by 20 inches. Under the 
general plan adopted the country is divided into quadrangles 
bounded by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude, 
rhese quadrangles are mapped on different scales, the scale 
selected for any quadrangle depending on its nature and its 
probable future development, and consequently though the 
standard atlas sheets are of nearly uniform size they represent 
ireas of different sizes. On the lower margin of each sheet are 
printed graphic scales showing distances in feet, meters, and 
miles. In addition, the scale of the map is shown by a repre- 
sentative fraction expressing a fixed ratio between linear 
neasurements on the map and corresponding distances on the 
ground. For example, the scale means that 1 unit on 
he map (such as 1 inch, 1 foot, or 1 meter) represents 62,500 
similar units on the earth’s surface. 
The standard scales used on these maps are multiples of 
he fraction Quadrangles in thickly settled or indus- 
;rially important regions are mapped on a scale of “5, or 
ibout 1 mile to an inch, and cover areas measuring 15' in 
atitude and longitude. Quadrangles in less thickly settled or 
ndustrially less important districts are mapped on a scale 
)f gjjjofc or about 2 miles to an inch, and cover areas measur- 
ng 30' in latitude and longitude. Reconnaissance maps of 
lesert or sparsely inhabited regions have been made on a scale 
)f jj-ao, or about 4 miles to an inch, covering areas measuring 
i° in latitude and longitude. Maps for special purposes are 
nade on scales larger than 
A topographic survey of Alaska has been in progress since 
L898, and nearly 35 per cent of its area has now been mapped. 
Ibout 10 per cent of the Territory has been covered by recon- 
laissance maps on a scale of ,3— or about 10 miles to an 
neb. Most of the remaining area surveyed in Alaska has 
been mapped on a scale of but about 3,500 square miles 
:ias been mapped on a scale of 
A large part of the Hawaiian Islands has been surveyed, 
tnd the resulting maps are published on a scale of sAs. 
The features shown ou these maps may be arranged in three 
groups—-(1) water, including seas, lakes, rivers, canals, swamps, 
tnd other bodies of water; (2) relief, including mountains, 
dlls, valleys, and other features of the land surface; (3) culture 
works of man), such as towns, cities, roads, railroads, and 
boundaries. The conventional signs used to represent these 
features are shown arid explained below. Variations appear on 
some earlier maps, and additional features are represented on 
some special maps. 
All the water features are Represented in blue, the smaller 
streams and canals by single blue lines and the larger streams, 
the lakes, and the sea by blue water lining or blue tint. Inter- 
mittent streams—those whose beds are dry for a large part of 
the year—are shown by lines c:I blue dots and dashes. 
Relief is shown by contour lines in brown. A contour line 
represents an imaginary line oa the ground (a contour) every 
part of which is at the same a titude above sea level. Such a 
line could be drawn at any al |tude, but in mapping only the 
contours at certain regular intervals of altitude are shown. 
The line of the seacoast itself is a contour, the datum or zero 
of altitude being mean sea level. The 20-foot contour, for 
example, would be the shore line if the sea should rise 20 feet. 
Contour lines show the shapes of the hills, mountains, and 
valleys, as well as their altitudek .Successive contour lines that 
gradually away and forms an inclined table-land that Is tra- 
versed by a few shallow gullies. Ori the map each of thes< 
features is represented, directly beneath its position in the 
sketch, by contour lines. 
The contour interval, or the vertical distance in feet between 
one contour and the next, is stated at the bottom of each map. 
This interval differs according to the topography of the area 
mapped; in a flat country it may be as small as 1 foot; in a 
mountainous region it may be as great as 250 feet. Certain 
contour lines, every fourth or fifth one, are made heavier than 
the others and are accompanied by figures showing altitude. 
The heights of many points—such as road corners, summits, 
surfaces of lakes, and bench marks—are also given on the map 
in figures, which show altitudes to the nearest foot only. More 
6Mt3LSfclJitiyd§S'“ tlmse of bench marks—as well as the geodetic 22 
It is located in Westchester County,about 4 miles from Peekskill, 
It is about 447 feet above the tides. 
Still another means of supply is the Lake Oseola,a 
lesser body of water about 8 miles east of the village.lt is 
422 feet high,and its outlet forms a brook that runs the 
community of Shrub Oak. 
Besides these larger bodies there are endless smaller 
streams that help to make up the total. 
According to calculations made in 1874, the quantity 
of rain water (taken as the minimum of 42 inches ,with about 
40# reaching the stream.)would be equal to 2,480.8 cubic feet 
per minute for the entire year.This has probably altered with 
changing forestry conditions,The following observations would 
prove it.In 1895-6 after some dry weather, the pumps at the 
station* had supply enough for but a comparatively short time 
of pumping,for several days,in spite of the fact that ken 
the above calculations had been made there was more than enough 
for 24 hours pumping. This later resulted in the construction 
of the Wicopee Dam. 
This is a large concrete dam built in I9l2.(eee illustration] 
v 
By means of two vales the amount of water leaving this reservoir 
can be easily determined and controlled. Thus whenever the 
water reaching the pumping station becomes less in amount than 
experience has taught will be necessary,the water from the 
dam is permitted to join the Peekskill Hollow Brook near its 
origin.By this means the amount of water arriving at the 
pumping station can be kept at a rough constant, (see Map for 
location of Wicopee Dam.) THE RESERVOIR. 23 
In 1897,the water board had the state draw up a set of rules and re- 
gulations for the protection of the water shed,A copy of the 
rules and regulations now being used is included herewith. 
When the wateroarrives at a p&int near the outskirts of 
the village,it is pumped to a reservoir some 576 feet above 
tide water,This is a body of water about 8,5 acres in area 
and having a volume of gallons.When full it As 
about 18 feet 4 inches deep.It has a Hrip-rap8 bottom and is 
supplied by two pipes,one having a diameter of 12 inches and the 
other being 20 inches in diameter. Although a water tubbine 
8 
pump was originally ued to elevate the water to the reservoir, 
this has now been augmented by a large steam pump.The spacity 
of water glowing over the gates at the power house during the dry 
season was the cause of the change. 
If the reports of the persons in charge of the water 
consumption be founded on fact,the following water reserve 
is available! 
Wicopee,.......,70-80 million gallons 
Reservoir,......56 " H 
Total 106-116 8 8 
The amount of water used daily averages about 
gallons.Occasionly this amount rises as high as 
4,000,000 in summer,but this is very infrequent. 
The reservoir is very infrequently drained,The last 
time was some 11-12 years ago (1922 present date).The growth never 
becomes excessive enough to cause any inconvenience, the water 
is surrounded by 27 acres of land which are free from contaminating 
influences. RULES AND REGULATIONS 
FOR 
THE PROTECTION FROM CONTAM- 
INATION OF THE PUBLIC 
WATER SUPPLY 
OF 
THE VILLAGE OF PEEKSKILL 
IN WESTCHESTER COUNTY 
FROM 
THE PEEKSKILL HOLLOW CREEK 
Enacted by the New York State Com- 
missioner of Health 
under 
Chapter 49 of the Laws of 1909 
Constituting Chapter 45 of the Consoli- 
dated Laws as finally amended by 
Chapter 665 of the Laws of 1915. 
(Public Health Law.) 
RULES AND REGULATIONS 
In accordance with the provisions of 
the Public Health Law, constituting 
chapter 45 of the Consolidated Laws, the 
rules and regulations for the protection 
of the public water supply of the vil- 
lage of Peekskill enacted on August 19th, 
1897, and amended on April 6, 1912, are 
hereby rescinded and the rules and reg- 
ulations, hereinafter given, duly made 
and enacted, shall be substituted there- 
for. 
The following rules and regulations 
shall apply to all natural and artificial 
reservoirs on the Peekskill Hollow Creek 
and all watercourses tributary thereto 
or ultimately discharging into said res- 
ervoirs, those bodies of water being 
sources of the public water supply of 
the village of Peekskill in Westchester 
County, New York. The term “reser- 
voir” wherever used in these rules is 
intended to mean and refer to all stor- 
age and impounding reservoirs on the 
Peekskill Hollow Creek which are trib- 
utary to or which serve as sources of 
this public water supply or to any ad- 
ditional reservoir which may be con- 
structed or used for the purpose of this 
public water supply. The term “water- 
course” wherever used in these rules is 
intended to mean and include every 
spring, pond (other than the artificial 
reservoirs and filter basins) stream, 
ditch, gutter or other channel of every 
kind, the waters of which when running 
whether continuously or occasionally, 
eventually flow, or may flow, into the 
public water supply of the village of 
Peekskill. 
Wherever a linear distance of a struc- 
ture or object from a reservoir or from 
a watercourse is mentioned in these 
rules, it is intended to mean the shortest 
horizontal distance from the nearest 
point of the structure or object to the 
high water mark of a‘reservoir, or to 
the edge, margin or precipitous bank 
forming the ordinary high water mark 
of such watercourse. 
Privies adjacent to any Reservoir or 
Watercourse 
(1) No privy, privy vault, pit, cesspool 
or any other receptacle of any kind used 
for either the temporary storage or the 
permanent deposit of human excreta 
shall be constructed, placed, maintained, 
or allowed to remain within fifty (50) 
feet of any reservoir or watercourse at 
any point within two (2) miles up- 
stream from the intake of the Peekskill 
water works; nor shall any such privy, 
privy vault, pit, cesspool or other re- 
ceptacle for the deposit of human ex- 
creta be constructed, placed, located, 
maintained or allowed to remain within 
twenty-five (25) feet of any reservoir 
or any watercourse at points distant 
more than two (2) miles upstream from 
the intake of the Peekskill water works. 
(2) No privy, privy vault, pit, cess- 
pool or any other receptacle used for 
the permanent deposit or human ex- 
creta, shall be constructed, located, 
placed, maintained or allowed to remain 
within one hundred (100) feet of any 
reservoir or any watercourse tributary 
to the public water supply of the village 
of Peekskill. 
(3) No cesspool, pit or other recep- 
tacle of any kind used for the tem- 
porary storage of human excreta or 
sewage shall be constructed, located, 
maintained or allowed to remain be- 
tween the limiting distances prescribed 
by rule (1) and the limiting distances 
prescribed by rule (2) unless said cess- 
pool, pit or other receptacle is so ar- 
ranged and equipped that the said ex- 
creta or sewage are at once removed by 
pump or other satisfactory means 
through watertight pipes or conduits to 
some proper place of ultimate disposal, 
as hereinafter provided, or unless suit- 
able removable vessels or receptacles 
for the temporary storage of said human 
excreta and sewage are provided and at 
all times maintained in an absolutely 
watertight condition and in such man- 
ner as to permit of convenient removal 
of said excreta or sewage to some place 
of ultimate disposal as hereinafter set 
forth. 
(4) The excreta collected in the afore- 
said removable receptacles permitted 
under Rule (3) shall be removed and 
the receptacles thoroughly cleaned and 
deodorized as often as may be found 
necessary to maintain the privy in 
proper sanitary condition and to effect- 
ually prevent any overflow upon the soil 
or upon the foundations or floor of the 
privy. In effecting this removal the 
utmost care shall be exercised that none 
of the contents be allowed to escape 
while being transferred from the privy 
to the place of disposal hereinafter speci- 
fied, and that the contents, while being 
transferred from the privy to the place 
of disposal, shall be thoroughly covered 
and that the least possible anoyance and 
inconvenience be caused to occupants 
of the premises and the adjacent prem- 
ises. 
(5) Unless otherwise specially ordered 
or permitted by the State Department of 
Health, the excreta collected in the 
aforesaid temporary receptable permit- 
ted under Rule (3) shall, when removed, 
be disposed of by burying in trenches or 
pits at a depth of not less than 18 
inches below the surface and at a dis- 
tance not less than five hundred (500) 
feet from any reservoir or any water- 
course tributary to the public water 
supply of the village of Peekskill. 
(6) Whenever, owing to the character 
of the soil or of the surface of the 
ground, or owing to the height or flow 
of sub-soil or surface water, or other 
special local conditions, it is consid- 
ered by the State Commissioner of 
Health that excremental matter from 
any privy or aforesaid receptacles, or 
from any trench or place of disposal, or 
the garbage or wastes from any dump, 
may be washed over the surface or 
through the soil in an imperfectly puri- 
fied condition into any reservoir or wat- 
ercourse, then the said privy or recep- 
tacles for excreta or the trench or place 
of disposal or the said garbage or waste 
dump, shall, after due notice to the 
owner thereof, be removed to such great- 
er distance or to such place as shall be 
considered safe and proper by the State 
Commissioner of Health. 
Sewage, House Slops, Sink Wastes, Etc. 
(7) No house slops, bath water, wash- 
ings from the bodies of human being 
or animals, sewage or other excretal 
matter from any water closet, privy, 
cesspool or other source, except the puri- 
fied effluent from a properly constructed 
sewage disposal plant approved by the 
State Department of Health, as required 
by law, shall be thrown, placed, led, 
conducted, discharged or allowed to es- 
cape or flow in any manner either di- 
rectly or indirectly into any reservoir 
or any watercourse tributay to the pub- 
lic water supply of the village of Peeks- 
kill, nor shall any such matters be 
thrown, placed, led, discharged or al- 
lowed to escape or flow onto the surface 
of the ground or into the ground be- 
neath the surface, except into water- 
tight receptacles, the contents of which 
are to be removed as provided by rule 4, 
within one hundred (100) feet of any 
reservoir or any watercourse tributary 
to the public water supply of the village 
of Peekskill. 
(8) No garbage, putreseible matter, 
kitchen or sink wastes, refuse or waste 
water, from any creamery, cheese fac- 
tory, laundry, nor water in which milk 
cans, utensils, clothing, bedding, carpets 
or harnesses have been washed, or 
rinsed, nor any polluted water or liquid 
of any kind shall be thrown or dis- 
charged directly or indirectly into any 
reservoir or watercourse, nor shall any 
such liquid or solid refuse or waste be 
thrown, discharged or allowed to escape 
or remain upon the surface of the 
ground or to percolate into the ground 
or through the ground below the sur- 
face in any manner whereby the same 
may flow into any reservoir or water- 
course within a distance of fifty (5<» 
feet from any reservoir or any water- 
course tributary to the public water 
supoly of the village of Peekskill. 
(9) No clothing, bedding, carpets, har- 
ness, vehicle, receptacles, utensils, nor 
anything that pollutes water, shall be 
washed rinsed, or placed in any reser- 
voir or waercourse. 
Bathing, Animals, Manure, Compost, Etc. 
(10) No person shall be allowed to 
bathe in any of the streams, lakes, ponds 
or reservoirs tributary to the water 
supply of the village of Peekskill ex- 
cept in Oscawana Lake, Mohegan Lake, 
Osceola Lake, Brant Lake, Clear Lake, 
Mud Lake, Barger Pond and tributaries 
thereof, nor shall any person be allowed 
to bathe in Oscawana Lake, Mohegan 
Lake, Osceola Lake, Brant Lake and 
Barger Pond within 500 feet of the out- 
lets thereof. No animal or poultry shall 
be allowed to stand, wallow, wade or 
swim in any stream, lake, pond or res- 
ervoir tributary to said water supply, 
nor allowed to be washed therein. No 
watering place shall be maintained in 
such a way as to pollute by muddy 
leachings or excretal matters any 
streams tributary to the public water 
supply of the village of Peekskill. 
(11) No stable for cattle or horses, 
barnyard, hog-yard, pig-pen, poultry 
house or yard, hitching place or stand- 
ing place for horses or other animals, 
manure pile or compost heap, shall be 
constructed, placed, maintained, or al- 
lowed to remain with its nearest point 
less than one hundred (100) feet of any 
reservoir or fifty (50) feet of any water- 
course at any point within two (2) miles 
upstream from the intake of the Peeks- 
kill water works; nor shall any such 
structures or places be constructed, 
placed, maintained or allowed to remain 
within fifty (50) feet of any reservoir 
or any watercourse at points distant 
more than two (2) miles upstream from 
the intake of the Peekskill water works; 
except in the case of islands in Osca- 
wana Lake where no such structures or 
places shall be constructed, placed, 
maintained or allowed to remain within 
twenty-five (25) feet of the highwater 
mark in the lake. None of the above 
named objects or sources of pollution 
shall be so constructed, placed, main- 
tained or allowed to remain where or 
in such a manner that the drainings, 
leachings or washings from the same 
may enter any such reservoir or water- 
course without first having been passed 
over or through such an extent of soil 
as to have been properly purified, and in 
no case shall it be demed that proper 
purification has been secured unless the 
above drainage, leachings or washings 
shall have percolated over or through 
the soil in a scattered, dissipated form, 
and not concentrated in perceptible lines 
of drainage for distances not less than 
those specified in the foregoing part of 
this rule. 
(12) No human excreta and no com- 
post or other matter containing human 
excreta shall be thrown, placed, or al- 
lowed to escape into any reservoir or 
watercourse, nor to be placed, piled, or 
spread upon the ground at any point on 
any watershed tributary to the public 
water supply of the village of Peekskill; 
nor shall human excreta, compost, or 
other matter containing human excreta 
he dug or buried in the soil at a less 
depth than 18 inches below surface nor 
within a distance of one hundred (100) 
feet from any reservoir or any water- 
course tributary to the public water 
supply of the village of Peekskill, and 
no manure or compost of any kind shall 
be placed, piled or spread upon the 
ground within a distance %of twenty-five 
(25) feet from any reservoir or any 
watercourse tributary to the public 
water supply of the village of Peekskill. 
(13) No decayed or fermented fruit or 
vegetables> cider mill wastes, roots, 
grain or other vegetables refuse of any 
kind shall be thrown, placed, discharged 
or allowed to escape or pass into any 
reservoir or watercourse, nor shall they 
be thrown, placed, piled, maintained or 
allowed to remain in such places that 
the drainage, leachings, or washings 
therefrom may flow by open, blind or 
covered drains or channels of any kind 
into any reservoir or watercourse with- 
out first having passed over or through 
such an extent of soil as to have been 
orooerly purified, and in no case shall it 
be deemed that sufficient purification has 
been secured unless the above mentioned 
drainings, leachings or washings shall 
have percolated over or through the soil 
in a scattered, dissipated form, and not 
concentrated in perceptible lines of 
d-ainave. for a distance of not less than 
fifty (50) feet before entering any res- 
ervoir or any watercourse tributary to 
the public water supply of the village 
of Peekskill. 
Dead Animals, Offal, Manufacturing 
Waste, Etc. 
(14) No dead animals, bird, fish, or 
any part thereof, nor any offal or waste 
matter of any kind, shall be thrown, 
placed, discharged or allowed to escape 
or to pass into any reservoir, or water- 
conrse. Nor shall any such material or 
refuse be so located, placed, maintained 
r>r allowed to remain that the drainage, 
leachings. or washings therefrom may 
reach anv such reservoir or watercourse 
without having first percolated over or 
through the soil in a scattered, dissi- 
pated form and not concentrated in per- 
ceptible lines of drainage, for a distance 
of one hundred (100) feet from any res- 
ervoir or any watercourse tributary to 
the public water supply of the village 
of Peekskill. 
Fishing, Boating and Ice Cutting 
(15) No boating of any kind, no fishing 
from boats or through the ice, nor any 
trespassing whatever, shall be allowed 
in or upon the waters or ice of any 
reservoir of the village of Peekskill or 
of Oscawana Lake. Mohegan Lake, Os- 
ceola Lake, Brant Lake or Barger Pond 
within 500 feet of the outlets thereof 
nor shall any fishing, boating or ice 
cutting be done in any manner that 
may pollute the waters of this public 
water supply. 
(16) No temporary camp, tent, build- 
ing or other structure for housing lab- 
orers engaged on construction work or 
for other purposes shall be located, 
placed or maintained within a distance 
of five hundred (500) feet from any res- 
ervoir or watercourse tributary to the 
public water supply of the village of 
Peekskill. 
Cemeteries 
(17) No interment of a human body 
shall be made within a distance of two 
hundred and fifty (250) feet from any 
reservoir or from any watercourse trib- 
utary to the public water supply of the 
village of Peekskill. 
(18) The Board of Water Commis- 
sioners of the village of Peekskill shall 
make regular and thorough inspection 
of the reservoirs, streams and drainage 
areas tributary thereto for the purpose 
of ascertaining whether the above rules 
and regulations are being complied with, 
and it shall be the duty of said Board of 
Water Commissioners to cause copies of 
any rules and regulations violated to be 
served upon the persons violating the 
same with notices of such violations; 
and if such persons served do not im- 
mediately comply with the rules and 
regulations, it shall be the further duty 
of the Board of Water Commissioners 
to promptly notify the State Commis- 
sioner of Health of such violations. The 
Board of Water Commissioners shall re- 
port in writing annually on the first 
of January, the results of the regular 
inspections made during the preceding 
year, stating the number of inspections 
which have been made, the number of 
violations found, the number of notices 
served, and the general condition of the 
watershed at the time of the last inspec- 
tion. 
Penalty 
(19) In accordance with Section 70 of 
Chapter 45 of the Consolidated Laws 
(Public Health Law), the penalty for 
each and every violation of or non-com- 
pliance with, any of these rules ana 
regulations which relate to a permanent 
source or act of contamination, is hereby 
fixed at one hundred ($100) dollars. 
The foregoing rules and regulations 
for the protection from contamination 
of the public water supply of the village 
of Peekskill in Westchester County, are 
hereby duly made, ordained and estab- 
lished on this fourteenth dav of Septem- 
ber, 1920. pursuant to Chapter 45 of the 
Consolidated Laws (Public Health Law_ 
of the State of New York, as amended 
by Chapter 695 of the Laws of 1911. 
M. NICOLL, JR., 
Deputy State Commissioner of Health. 
Albany, N. Y. 
By Order of 
BOARD OP WATER COMMISSIONERS 
WM. H. H. MAC KELLAR, 
President 
ALFRED J. MASON, 
Secretary 
CHARLES E. TWEEDY, 
Treasurer 
RICHARD H. RIXON 
GEORGE P. WOOD 
PANNING G. ROAKE, 
Superintendent rorn at /c <S'frc.£ct? of F’/tcr J3ccL 
4 s Jr / // /V.^4 24 
Filter Bede 
In the year 1908,some JO citizens in the village died of 
typhoid fever.Up until this time,the village had beean using 
the water directly from the Peekskill Hollow Creek,after it 
had been pumped into the reservoir.According to analysis made 
on this water,some time before the epidemic,all was quite 
satisfactory.Shortly before the onset,the Catskill aqua- 
duct on its way thru the water shed of the village was 
in the process of being repaired.Many men were thus employed 
in the vicinity and because of what is thought to have been 
faulty sanitation,the water supply became contaminated. 
As far as I can determine,proof certain against the water does 
not exist,but it was felt by all those in authority at the time, 
that the circumstantial evidence was enough to justify the 
construction of a filtration system. 
In the latter part of the same year,plans were drawn for 
a water filtration sytem that would supply the village with 
an adequate supply of pure water.A sand(slow) filter bed 
* 
arrangement was constructed which can be seen in the rough 
by a study of the diagram. Briefly,they are built of concrete, 
with tile bottoms, and a concrete cover with manholds tro permit 
of entrance for deeming the chambers, and resadding.Each bed is 
h 
.281 acres in area and each bed holds 875,000 gallons. 
Each bed is l4j by 65 feet. The beds are cleaned about once in 
six weeks.The cleaning consists of the removal of the upper 
6 inches of sand and any organic matter that may exist thereon, 
by means of an aspirating pump,The soiled sand is then washed 
above the beds on a sand washing machine,and placed in the aim to 25 
dry,in which process the remaining organic matter that was not 
removed in the washing process,is destroyed. Each bed is resand, 
ed about 4 times each year.According to the operators of 
th& bed the best results are attained after the bed has been 
in op ration for one week. In the cleaning process, the bed is 
inactive three days. According to the specifications of the engineeera 
fche plant is construed to filter 5-4,^{>0,000 aa«e gallons per 
day. (Hazen and Whipple,New York City.) 
Pressure When the water leaves the clear well,theelectric pump 
carries it to a height <f 227 feet to the standpipe,at which 
240 
place of exit it has a pressure of 46$ pounds. The standpipe 
is 50 by 75 feet and has a capacity of 596,000 gallons. 
By means of two pipes the water leaves the clear well for the 
town,one a 16 inch pipe thru Rusted Avenue,and the other a 12 
inch pipe thru Frost Lane .The pressure here is 160 pounds. 
These figures are theoretic and do not give an accurate conception 
of the actual pressure thruout the village.The fact remains 
highest 
however, that the ta44e*t part of the town is adequately supplied. 
for 
Clear Well This is a large reservoir «£ water that has been 
clarified in the filter beds and is ready for pumping to the 
stand pipe or delivery to the town.It is in area about one 
acre,and is built slightly below the sand beds so that by gravity 
the water may flow into the basia. The area is 12,292 Sq.feet. 
Aerator This consists of a small well,into which the water from 
the reservoir flows,4a* There is no fine subdivision of the 
water aa it enters the well,The water merely flows in thru an UfOJ ram cdt/c i5h+£ch of TuS<l£ tr Jr£c.m 
y~c.c,^^/*///, 26 
upright pipe rising to a height of 6-10 inches above the inlet. 
The Chlorination process takes place as the water passes from 
the reaervoir to the well above mentioned.About 2.5 pounds 
of chlorine are used for every million gallens of water that 
pass into the beds. 
The temperature of the village water is 65 degress F.in summer. 
Water Pumped Two week Periods 
Feb. 56*557,000 gal, 
Jan. 42,000,0Q0 " 
June 1-45,840,000 H 
" 29 45,518,000 H 
Outline The water is obtained from a large water shed and brought 
to the pumping station by means of the Peakskill Hollow Creek. 
From here hy means ofl steam and water pumps the water is elevated 
to the reservoir and there remains or is p rmitted to flow out 
according to the requirements of the beds.It first enters the 
aerator and the chlorination apparatus,From here |t progresses to 
the filter beds,from here to the clear well,and finally to 
the stand pipe or the villge for immediate consumption.This permits 
of 171 gallons per day per individual which of course is an absurd 
amount.When one realizes that one firm such as the Fleishman Yeast 
uses about 22,500,000 gallons monthly,it can readily be seen where 
the water goes,There are no figures available for the actual 
individual consumption in the town.There is apparently plenty of 
water. 
Water Shed. 
The watershed was traveled over on foot so that a fair conception OSCAWANA LAKE 27 
of the sanitation ef-the could be ascertained,The entire shed was 
not examined,but-a (on foot although the greater part was passed 
over by automobile) but 4 typical and large contributor was examined 
from source to reservoir,Lake Oscawana and its outlet for a short 
distance were observed,This stream was then abandoned and 
the Dam at Wicopee examined,The water from Wicopee was followed from 
the outlet to the point where it joined the Peekskill Hollow Creek 
and from there the creek was followed to the pumping station, 
Briefi Outline of Observations along the Water Shed, 
1, Oscawana.,,The lake itself was generally viewed.On the water 
were several boats,power sail and canoe,At the time of observation 
there were no bathers,The surface of the 1* ke was slightly agitated, 
by a mild breeze then blowing, but as far as could be determine d, 
the water was clear and had little or no surface accumulation 
or refuse de or debrie other than that which might come from vega- 
tatsbon about the bank,There was no evidence of oil such as might 
come from excess us© of gasoline or motor oil from the small 
craft on the lake,5Che~b Along the bansk were the usual fresh water 
plants and algae,There was no obnoxious odor, 
2, The area approximating the outlet,of the Oscawana brook was 
then surveyed,As can be seen on the map,the outlet is protected 
by a swamp that extends some distance in front of the brook and 
is not navigatible,and not passible except in a shallow draft 
craft .There is a bridge spanning the swamp from the mainland 
to a small island that has a hotel of fair size,The exact 
distance of this hotel from the water(outlet) could not be determined, 
Hencd little can be said of tie actual obedience of the village NEW WICOPEE DAM 28 
laws on the subject,but this much is clear,the swamp that forms 
the portal,so to speak,of the brook, adequately protect the 
brook from any sippage that may result from the approximity 
of the hotel to the outlet.Were the swamp to be absent, it 
would most obviously, be initoo close approximation to the 
brook mouth. 
5.Examination ofthe area surrounding the Hotel in 2....The house 
has a cesspool under the front porch.The distance from the 
bank,according to the proprietor,is 100 feet.Although no actual 
observations were made,it would appear to the examinor, that the 
distance more nearly approached that of 85 feet.In back of the hotel 
and within a few feet of the swamp that leads into the Oscawana 
Brook,was a dump of tin care .Also in back of the hotel,was a privy 
that had a pail as a receptacle for human excrement.This was very 
untidy and was inadequately protected from flies. 
Ja.The Oscawana Brook for several hundred feet from its outlet 
was examined .Superficially,ittfwas fair enough.lt was clear and 
quite cool and ran at a rapid pace from the outlet,down the valley. 
There were no breeche s of sanitary law at this part of its flow. 
The brook was adequately protected from the roadside by shrubbery 
and bog. 
4.The Wicopee Dam was examined.... At its outlet were two pipes 
about 18 inches in dfameter.finly one of these was being used. 
The water was coming out off this one in a rather small 
quantity.Becaase of the height of the water head over the outlet, 
the pressure was considerable and shot the droplets of water someT 
20 or more feet down the valley.The outstanding feature of this 
examination,was the oder of the water as it came out of the pipe, 
P '/>C. 
Marsh gas was very obvious, and strong.About the map were drippings 
of a silvery-black color and slimy consistency.lt is probable THE OUTLET, LAKE MOHEGAN 29 
that the strong oder cf marsh gas is due to the aeration that 
takes place from the subdivision resulting from the force 
at which the water is projected. 
5. Examination of the Water in the Dam ••••..It is quite impossible 
to see maiy feet below the surface.The water is black in color, 
and is quite free from gross oders of an objectionable nature. 
At one end ofthe dam was an overflow with just a small quantity 
cf water going over.There were no fa-m lands ajoining the reservoir 
formed by the dam.The latter was built in I9I5. 
6. The water course takes quite a drop from the height of the outlet 
to the valley below.There are no farm lands untilt the water 
is fairly well down 200 feet.At this point there is a farm house 
with a privy in questionable(???) app* oximity to the stream. 
7. The stream then runs close by a series of farm houses.At the fam 
of one Lincoln Travis, between the dam and Tompkins Comers, there 
were two cows and a horse within ten feet of the stream.All of 
these animals had easy access to the water. 
8. At the Brookside farm some small distance from the Tompkins Comers 
there were some poultry swimming in the stream.Two children were 
also wading in the water,and a cow was in wasy access of the course. 
9. From this point mere mention of a few observations without partic- 
ular refemece to the site (until within two mile limit) will 
be made. 
A pasture land with 16 cows (between the inlet cf Brant Lake and the 
road from Lake Oacawana) ajoin the stream.All of these cows 
could get into the stream.Although none of the cattle were in the 
water at the time of observation,there were on the bank ofthe 
stream two deposits of manure that were quite fresh. 30 
The ground about the edge ofthe stream in oneplace, was well 
beated and trampled,indicating that this might be a favorite 
watering place for tie animals* 
10,At the next fa: m there were 4 sheep and some chickens on the bank. 
were 
II, It the next farm there 8 cows in approximity to the stream, 
and the latter was readiltj accessible to them. 
l2.Where the stae road crosses the stream,a slight distance below 
the entrance of tie road from Lake Oscawana, there were about one 
half dozen poultry swimming. 
IJ. About a mile from the pumping ststion,the New York City 
aqueduct passes under the stream.An eximination of the conditions 
about the stream were made.The water course had been lifted over 
its original bed,and a&rried thru an artificial bed made of wood, 
which conveyed the water over the pipe and construction tohat was 
going on in the 1* d of the stream.There was a crane at 
this point lifting large quantities of mud and stone from the 
stream ted and dumping it on the pile near the stream.For the 
accomadatiori of the workers on the stfceam, there was a closed 
container privy was quite satisfactory,Much of the water was 
being lost from the wooden stream bed, and a pump was keep going 
constantly to keep the bed in a working condition.The water 
was very dirty (muddy) andwas pumped to a small reservoir 
that had been made near the stream, and from here it was permitted 
to flow back into the stream.The water as it left the reservoir 
was muddy,The ordinary engineering conditions existed at the site 
and need not be commented upon.The water although,considerably 
agitated by this digging and pumping and shunting,plus the 
unsanitary conditions arising from the walking about and spitting 
into the stream,could not toe considered to be seriously impaired 31 
by this interference© in its course, 
14,About 200 yards from the aqueduct towrds the pumping station the 
foliowing was observed....2 manure piles,One had recently been 
dumped upon, and tie other was quite old,The larger pile was 
about JO feet in diameter andabout 5-4 feet high,This pile had 
at the end nearer the stream recently been increased,The pile when 
it was first built,may have been JQ feet from the stream,but 
at the time of observi tion, the stream and pile at their closest points 
were fess than JQ feet,Some few yds from the larger pile,was a smaller 
pile that had not teen buil# very recently,This was within 25 
feet of the edge of the stream,The larger of the two piles was 
ewamming with margots.lt might be said that the course had taken 
an inraod into the shore at the point near the smaller pile, 
because of an obstruction on the opposite shore,yet the inroad 
was probably not 25 feet. 
15,One half mile from the pumping station,five cows were seen 
eating dong the shore,One of the animals steppd into the stream, 
during the time of observation,and drank. No manure from these 
cows was seen on the bank,There was nothing to prevent the animals 
o 
from defecating into the course,The fliage along the bank 
indicated that the animals had been active there for some time, 
16, Further down the stream and nearer the pumping station,there 
was along the bank and in recesses inthe shore,a considerable 
quantity of lumber and chips from the construction at the 
aquaduct, 
17, For the last two miles,there was evidence of lack of care along 
the course,Large trees had fallen into the stream and cased obstruction 32 
in the passage of the water,to such an extent,that inroads into 
the bank at either side resulted.This caused large pieces of 
earth to fall into the stream and excess debrie resulted. 
18.At the pumping stst ion,although the water was clear on 
examination thru a test tube,none the less,the water in its appear- 
ance in the stream was not clear and was brownish refl in color. 
There was no objectionable oder. 33 
Water Analysis 
Every three months,according to plan,(under observation 
was 4 months Apr.10-Aug.14.) the water is collected and analysed. 
At such times the water is taken from seven points; 
1. Water (before entering pumping station) 
2. Filter #1. 
? ■ #». 
4. " #5 
5. " #4 
6. Clear W#ter Reservoir 
7. Tap Water Municipal Building. 
Sample a 1 and 6 have a complete chemical and Bacterilogical 
examination made on them,whereas, all the rest have merely bact* 
eriological examinations made. 
The following is a copy of the summary of the report made by the 
analyst from the samples of April 10,1922. 
"These results indicate that the samples of filtered water 
sanitary. 
as well as that of raw water are in excellent condition. 
The raw water itself is so good at the present time, that a com- 
parison of the results obtained upon it,at-thi*-time is not 
a relieable indication of the effeciency of the filtration pro* 
cess.We have no reason to believe however,that everything is not 
working in an effecient manner.w 
The following charts compare the results obtained from 
an examination held on the above date, and one made on Aug. 14,1922. 34 
Sample #1.Raw water. Apr.10. Aug.14. 
Phyeicai Examination 
Appearance Very faint turbidity SL.Turbid. 
Sediment M alight slight 
Color None none 
Oder Heated to 100..faint grasay earthy 
Chemical Examination 
Iron 0.2. trace 
Chlorine 5»°00 5*9 
Nitrites .002 «0®5 
Nitrates ,6 1*4 
Free Ammonia ,059 *042 
Albuminate NH5 .097 
Hardness equiv, 
of carbonate of lime 
Before Boiling 11.5 
" h 4,5 45. 
Organic 5®* 
loss on igiition 12. 
Mineral 
non volatile 46. 
Total solids 
by evaporation 58, *'4* 
Oxygen Cimsum. 2.2 5*1 
B.Coli(communis)..Not present in Occasional 
10cc inoculations 
Bact.per cc in gel.plates 
at 20 deg.C for 48hrs *2 
In agar pi.at 40 deg. 
for 24 hrs is 12 
Filter #1. 
Bact.per cc agar *1 
h h n gel , y 
" of B.Coli type not pre.in lOcc inocul. 0 
Filter #2. 
Bact.per cc agar*2 
" " H gel *1 10 
B.Coli -0 0 
Filter #J 
Bact. per cc agar*5 
" " gel. -1 l 
B.Coli *0 
Filter #4 
Bact. per cc agar*1 
» " " gel -10 
B.Coli -0 0 
Tap in Muncipal Building 
Bact.per CC agar-2 
" ■ ■ gel -4 4 
B.Coli -0 0 35 
Clear Water Reservoir Apr.10 ®ug.44. 
Physical Examination 
Appearance Clear si.turbidity 
Sediment very slight none 
Color None " 
Odor Heated to 100 DEGF " " 
Chemical Examination 
Iroito . 1 trace 
Chlorine 5* 5*9 
Nitrites .004 .001 
Nitrates 1.2 
Free Ammonia .057 .059 
Albuminate NH5 .067 .055 
Hardness equiv 
of carb.of lime 
Before boiling 22.6 5°« 
After " 6.1 45. 
Organic 
loss on igiition 16. 26 
Mineral matter 
non-volatile 62. 46. 
Total solids 
by evaporation 7®. 72. 
Oxygen Consumed 1.5 2.5 
B.Coli (Communis type)..Not present in 10cc inoculaions (same) 
Bact. per cc in gel 20. 27. 
M » h n agaj- 24 9» 
Interpretation 
On the basis of the following scale,some facts may be pointed 
out! Good Water may have; 
Free Ammonia .015 - .05 
Alb. " .07 4 *55 
Nitrites .0001 
Nitrates .5 1*6 
With the exception of the nitrites which are definately high, 
and which indicates more or less recent pollution,and the fluctuating 
chlorides,which would indiaate urine pollution,the water might 
be considered quite safe and good water for drinking purposes. 
Absent organisms make this doubly safe. The work on the aquaduct 
has left its mark on the water as seen on the raw water analysis. 
The total solids by evaaporation is just twice what it was before 
their activites started.The cattle on the water shed would account 
for the above nitrites etc etc. 36 
Water Consumption 
The average water by a property owner in 
(on a- to**'*) 
six to eight dollars per year.That is,on the 
basis of the following rates.? 
I.The minmum charge for each dwelling is one dollar per 
quarter. 
For rent of Meter ■ $.25 
First... 00 ft. « $.15 
Second 00 " " $.12 
Remainder. $.10 
Sanitary Patrol 
The board of water commissioners hires a man whose 
duty it is to patrol the water shed constantly anda and 
report or remove all sanitary nuisances.He has the power to 
arrest although he use6 such power in flagrant cases only. 
In cases o f bathing in the water course,for example his 
badge is really the most effective weapon that he has.No 
justice or judge would fine or imprison a person for such an 
offence,yet by means of an official "bluff",so to speak, 
the stream may be kept free of minor nuisances by exactly 
such measures, so that courts may be used for punishable 
crimes.A few dismissals for such minor offences would soon cast 
the water board the loss of all respect and offences against 
the village would become common anddan and thus possibly 
endanger the community health.Hence until the civil law 
can catch up to the community health requirements,less 
impressive not to say unethical measures must be used. 38 
Wells 
There is no official record of the number or the places 
where wells are to be found.The Chairman of the board of health 
informs the examiner that whenever a given well is suspected 
an examination is made and if the water is founfl to be guilty 
of an5*sanitary offence, the well is closed by the village. 
No regular inspection or registration of any kind is kept. 
On inspection,a number of wells were found.This is particularly 
true in the northern part of the village.The bank of the 
Annsville Creek with its bungaloos has several wells.As far as 
could be determined there was no flagrant breech of sanitary 
law although,in the case of one spring,for example;there were 
a number of smallpieces of paper wrapper on the bottom of the 
well.There were no evidences of gross pollution on the bank 
of the well.spring. 39 
References 
1. "preventive Medicine”, 
2. Report of 3oard of Water Commissionera ,Peekskill,N.Y. 
1877 -1897. 
3*Report of Peaae Laboratories..submitted by John H.Wright, 
Director of Dept, of Chem. and Bact.(for water analyse) 
4,Public Health Survey,,.Horwood, 
5* Maps of City Engineer. 40 
Comment. 
1. water shed as mentioned above was examined for the purpose 
of ascertaining how carefully the public is protected.As seen 
from the observations made on the field,the offences were many, 
but with the exception of the manure piles,they could be waived 
without fear of endangering the Public Health.The manure pile 
episode was a flagrant offence and should not have been permitted. 
2. The establishment of a sanitary patrolman office,was indicative 
of the care with which the awater is prepared for consumption. 
Offences,to be sure do exist,but when a community takes measures 
such as this to minimize them,it is to applauded. 
3. The reserve afforded by the building of the TCicopee dam,is further 
indicative of the prospectus possessed by the water 
commission. 
4,.In the Rules and Regulations included in the report,under 
’’Privies adjacent to any Reservoir or water course”,there are 
two rulings,1 and 2.which to the examiner are not distinguishable 
as to content.They apparently both refer to the same subject 
yet give differnt distances as the minimum requirements.(Please read) 
These placards have been posted in many places and are the’ 
means of information for the public as to the rules that are 
to be obeyed,yet thru some error of diction or printing,they 
are confusing.Such an error can readily be prevented and would 
tend to make any thoughtful citizen feel as though the rules were 
oar desire for 
made to look official without any furtte r value orAapplication. 41 
p.The water analysis should be repeated more frequently. 
6.Closer observation and registration should be made of the wells 
and private water supplies of the Village,Inspsction of privies 
in relation to water supply(private)should be made.) 
7.In spite of the fact that the raw water is quite good,there is no 
evidencethat the water is being "rushed” thru the filter beds. 
The rate that is safe for such a filter bed is about two and 
one half to five million gallons per acre per day.The rate 
actually being exhibited by the beds at present falls within this 
margin. 
8,In general,it may be considered conservative to state,that the 
water supply is a good one &hd that measures are constantly being 
taken to maintain and improve the high standard existing. 42 
Milk Supply 
of the 
Village of Peekakill. 
A. Retail Milk Dealers 
B. Regulations etc, 
0,Scores 
D, Report of a village Dairy 
E. Consumption, 43 
Retail Milk Dealers 
To gain a conception of the milk bejjng soldin the village, 
a census of the dealers waB made.The following list is a 
fairly complete one and indicates the amount of milk sold daily 
and the grade. 
Name 8f dealer 
Grade 
Quantity 
Producers 
Joe Chick 
C 
185 
5 
Van Cortland 
James Hill 
B 
50 
5 
Andrew Molnar 
C 
80 
1 
Alvie Crawford 
B 
100-150 
1 
Willis Kniffer 
B 
540 
5 
Arthur Balaley 
B 
50 
1 
Henry Lounsbury 
B 
160 
1 
John McDonald 
B 
520 
2 
Herbert James 
B 
150 
1 
John Nelson 
C 
60 
1 
Chas.Sherwood 
B 
160 
2 
Lewi3 Kuritzky 
B 
l5O02Oqts 
cream) 5 
E.C.Hoirton 
B 
70 
5 
Snowden Gilbert 
B 
180 
2 
Clifford Booth 
B 
510 
2 
Fred Brown 
B 
% 25 
1 
Carrie H.Dalton 
B 
90 
1 
Lewis Papp 
C 
100 
1 
Geo. and M.Ladue 
B 
500 
2 f orm No. 
NEW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY 
4-8-18-au-Ju v21-15343> 
APPLICATION FOR MILK DEALER’S PERMIT 
(Form prescribed by State Commissioner of Health according to the provisions of 
Regulation 2, Chapter III, Sanitary Code) 
City 
Village 
Town 
.County- 
District No,. 
To the Health Officer: 
I (we) hereby apply to the Health Officer of said municipality for a permit to sell milk or cream at retail 
therein. 
I (we) desire to operate this business at. 
The name and address of each producer from whom I (we) receive or expect to receive milk or cream for 
sale in said municipality together with the proposed grade and approximate daily amount of milk or cream 
to be furnished me (us) by each said producer as well as the amount of milk or cream and proposed grade 
or grades thereof which I (we) expect to supply myself (ourselves) are as set forth by me (us) on the back 
of this application. 
; I (we) hereby agree that upon change in the source or amount of such supply I (we) will promptly notify 
the Health Officer of said municipality. 
I (we) further agree that I (we) will allow the said Health Officer, the State Commissioner of Health and 
their representatives to inspect my (our) said premises and that I (we) will offer for sale milk or cream only 
from dairies that allow inspection by the Health Officer of any municipality, the State Commissioner of Health 
and their representatives. 
I (we) further agree in case a permit is issued to me (us) to observe at all times the regulations of the 
Sanitarv Code and of the local health authorities. 
(Name of individual, firm or corporation) 
(Name of Applicant) 
Date 
(Address) 
STATE OF NEW YORK, 
County of. 
ss.: 
the above named applicant being duly sworn 
deposes and says that he has read the foregoing application and knows the contents thereof and that the same 
are true to the best of his knowledge and belief. 
Sworn to before me this. 
day of. 
19 
STATE OF NEW YORK, 
County of 
55.: 
being duly sworn, deposes and says that he 
is the of the Company, 
the above named applicant; that he has read the foregoing application and knows the contents thereof and 
that the same are true to the best of his knowledge and belief. 
Sworn to before me this day of , 19 
STATE OF NEW YORK, 
County of 
ss.: 
being duly sworn, deposes and says that he 
is a member of the firm of the above named applicant; that 
he has read the foregoing application and knows the contents thereof and that the same are true to the best 
of his knowledge and belief. 
Sworn to before me this. 
.day of. 
19- (Notice: Where it is impossible for applicant to state proposed grade of milk or cream owing to the 
farm not having been scored or bacterial count not made, write “ no score ” or “no count ” in the proper 
space.) 
NAME AND ADDRESS OF PRODUCER 
PROPOSED 
GRADE OF 
MILK 
AMOUNT 
PROPOSED 
GRADE OF 
CREAM 
AMOUNT 44 
This makes a total of 15 dealers selling grade B, and 4 selling 
grade C.Up until arecent data, the Van Cortland Dairy sold 
grade A milk,but they haveceaaed this practice,at least 
during the time that the examinors were on the field.Thus 
there is no grade a A milk being sold in Peekakill,and about 
20$ of the total is grade C. 
All the milk listed on the previous page is raw milk. 
With the exceptionnof the Van Cortland Dairy,there is pasteurized 
milk sold in the village.The amount of thi3 sold will be discussed 
in detail when that particular dairy is mentioned. 
Regulations under which Milk is Sold 
For its milk regulations the village once more returns to 
the Sanitary Code of the State of New York.These,briefly,are as 
follows: 
1, person or organization may sell milk without a permit from 
the health officer. 
2. A written application for the privilege of selling is required. 
5.This application shall inform the health officer of the amount 
of milk produced.(any change of amount must be recorded and the 
nature of the change sent to the H.O.) 
4. Each dairy farm must be inspected and scored by the Health Ofifiicer 
or his representative. 
5. Permits are issued only when the above conditions have been 
fulfilled. 
6. Renewal of permits shall not take place unless the dairy farm 
h aB been inspected within the proceeding six months by an authorized 
person. 
7. There is to be a public display of the permit issued, 
8. The milk and Cream are to be kept only under sanitary conditions. 4-8-18-3000 (21-15342) 
Permit No— 
NEW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY 
MILK DEALER’S PERMIT 
[Sanitary Code, Chapter III] 
City 
Village- 
Town 
...County of—. 
Dist. No.. 
I hereby certify that an application for milk dealer’s permit in the form prescribed by the State 
Commissioner of Health, sworn to by the applicant on the day of , 
19 , has been duly filed with me by 
(Name and address of applicant) 
I further certify that I or my representative has inspected the premises where the applicant states 
he proposes to handle the milk or cream for sale in this municipality and that the same have in my opinion been 
rendered clean and sanitary. I further certify that I or my representative, or the health officer or his repre- 
sentative of another municipality, or a sanitary supervisor of the State Department of Health, has inspected 
each farm or dairy where such milk or cream is produced and that I or my representative, or the health officer 
or his representative of another municipality, or a sanitary supervisor of the State Department of Health 
has scored each such farm or dairy at least forty per cent on the scorecard prescribed by the State Com- 
missioner of Health, a copy of which scorecard has been duly filed by me with my records as health officer. 
I hereby issue Milk Dealer’s Permit No to said.. 
to sell milk and cream at retail in this municipality, until March 31, 19 (not longer than one year), 
unless another date in said year is designated by the local authorities. 
Health Officer 
Village 
City 
Town 
Date.. 45 
9.Bottling shall take place under clean and sanitary conditions. 
tQ.Receptacles are to be kept clean,and " When emptied and be£See 
being returned by the person to whom it was last delivered full 
or partly fullevery such can or other vessel iffHi/H 
shall be effectively cleaned."Receptacles found to be uncleansable 
are to be condemned by the H.O. 
H.Utinaels are to be cleaned. 
12.Pasteurization.The official time (after Sept. for the 
process is JO minutes at a temperature of 142 to 14J degress 
F.After pasteurization the milk or cream is to be cooled at once. 
No milk or cream is to pasteurized more than once. 
1J.Certified.., 
a,Must have a permit from H.O. 
b#All cows in herd must have been tuberculin tested within past year. 
c. must not at any time contain more than 10,000 organisms 
per cc.,and such cream not more than JO,000 per cc. 
d. Farms producing such milk must have rated a Bcored of at least 
JJ for equipment and JJ for methods. 
e. milk and cream must be deliveddd within J6 hours of milking. 
f. must be properly labeled.etc. 
g. Every employee must be examined by a licensed physician. 
h. Employees must wear washable suits while milking.They must be 
fresh weekly.Hands must be washed with soap and hot water and well 
dried with a clean towel before milking. 
Grade A Raw 
a. Dealer must hold a permit. 
b. must have Tuberculin tested within the last year. 
c. must before delivery not contain more than 60,000 bacteria* 
per cc.,and Cream not more than J00,000. OFFICE OF THE 
Health Officer of the Village of Peekskill. 
To the Producers, Retailers and Peddlers of milk: 
Please take notice that permits to sell milk within the Village of Peekskill, expire on March 31st of 
each year, and they should be renewed on or before that date. Application blanks for such permits may 
be obtained at the office of the Health Officer, Dr. Fred A. Snowden, No. 108 Depew Street, Peekskill, 
N. Y. 
In addition to the former requirements to sell grades “A” and “B” milk, an amendment to the Pub- 
lic Plealth Law was made on November 18, 1919, as follows: 
“All tuberculin tests and physical examinations of cows herein provided for, shall be made by a 
licensed Veterinarian approved by the State Department of Agriculture.” 
The above law would apply to grades “A” and “B” milk, both raw and pasteurized. 
Grade “A” raw requires the tuberculin test of the herd to have been made during the year past by 
a veterinarian. Grade “A” pasteurized requires an annual physical examination of the herd by a veter- 
inarian. 
Grade “B” raw and pasteurized require an annual physical examination of the herd by a veterinarian. 
These tests or examinations.are to be made at the expense of the producer, and the report of the 
examination by the veterinary to be submitted to the Health Officer of the Village of Peekskill. 
Any cow found unfit shall be excluded from the herd, for proper disposal. 
Very truly yours, 
FRED A. SNOWDEN, VI. D., 
Health Officer of the Village of Peekskill. 46 
d. must be deliveried within $6 hours of milking,(cream also) 
e. Bottles must be properly labeled. 
Grade A Pasteurized 
a.Dealer must have a permit. 
B.Herd must be healthy as disclosed by annual physical eaamination. 
c. milk before pasteurization must no$ contain more than 
200,000 bacteria per cc. (or cream) 
d. milk must not at any time after pasteurization and before 
delivery contain more than 50,000 bact. percc. and such cre&m not, 
more than bact. per CC, 
e. farms producing the above grade must be scored not less than 
25# for equipment and not less than45$ for methods, 
f. such milk must be delivered within 36 hours of pasteurization, 
(same for cream) 
g. Bottles must be properly labeled. 
Grade B raw, 
a. Dealer must have a permit. 
b. cows in herd must have passed a physical examination within 
past year. 
c. before delivery must not contain more than 200,000 bact, 
per cc,and cream not more than 750,000. 
d. Scores attained must be not less than 25$ for wquipment and 
not less than 57$ for methods. 
e. must be delivered within 56 hours of milking. 
f. Bottles must be properly labeled. 47 
Copy of the Veterinarian’s Report of the Cattle Examination. 
Peekskill,N.Y... ..1922. 
Dept, of Health, 
Bureau of Veterinary Inspection, 
This is to certify that I have this day made a physical 
examination of the dairy of Mr . 
Located at 
The dairy consists of 
Quantity of Milk sold Daily 
Grade of milk sold. 
I find them free from Tuberculosis,and all other 
contagious or infectious diseases,except these herein specified.,.. 
Vet.Surgeon 
Approved by Federal and 
8tate Government. 48 
Grade B Pasteurized . 
a. The dealer must have a permit. 
b. cows in the herd must have passed an annual physical examination. 
c. milk or cream before past, must not contain more than 1,500*000 
bact. ]* r cc. 
d. milk after past, and before delivery must not contain 
more than 100,000 bact. per cc, and such cream not 
more than 500,000 bact.per cc. 
e. Farms producing such milk or cream must hatoe attained a score of 
not less than for wquipraent,and not less than 55$ for 
methods. 
red past. 
f. milk must be delivejf within $6 hours of 
between April first and November first and within 48 hours 
at other times,and such cream within 48 hours after past. 
g. Bottles must be properly labeled. 
Grade C Raw. 
a. Dealer must have a permit. 
b. farms producing the above grade must haveattained a score 
of not less than 40# total. 
c. milk or cream must be delivered withon 48 hours after milking. 
d. Bottles not used but contanors must be properly labeled. 
Grade C Pasteurized. 
ADealer must have a prmit* 
b. farms producing the above grade must attain a score of 
not less than total. 
c. milk or cream must be delivered within 48 hours of past. 
d. Bottles not necessary,ibut labels must be on containers. 49 
General Regulations. 
I.Thft? bacterial counts above mentioned must be done at a county or 
municipal laboratory, or such others as may be approved by the state 
commissioner of health. 
2.In those municipalities where it is felt by the local H.O. 
thatthe bacterial count is impracticable,grading in such cases 
may be made upon the basis of scores attained,but such milk 
shall not be considered or labeled as "certified","grade ft A 
raw",or"Grade A Pasteurized". 
5.Local authorities may increase the stringence of the above regulation. 
4. Milk or cream may be kept in cold storage for a period not ex- 
ceeding 12 months,providing the milk or cream is placed in cold storage 
within 48 hours of milking or pasteurization. 
5. All above regulations go into affect Nov.16,1914. Chas. E. Houghtaling, Publisher, Albany, N. Y. 
New Form Dairy Score Card 
334 a 
Form No... 
NEW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY 
DAIRY INSPECTOR’S REPORT 
Score Card for Market Milk 
Dist. No.. 
Inspection No... 
...Time. 
.A. M.. 
,P. M. 
Date. 
19. 
Dairyman. 
Address. 
Owner.. 
Address 
Party interviewed.. 
Creamery. 
Operated by. 
No. cows.. 
..No. milking. 
.Quails milk produced daily. 
Cows examined physically 011. 
All persons in households of those engaged in producing or handling milk are 
..By licensed veterinarian.. 
..free from listed diseases 
(tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, septic sore throat, diphtheria, infantile paralysis and dysentery). 
Date and nature of last case. 
Water supply for utensils is from a. 
is. 
..pure and wholesome. 
., located.. 
...feet deep and apparently 
State any possible contamination located within 200 feet of source of water supply or if water supply is not 
protected against surface drainage 
EQUIPMENT 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
METHODS 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
COWS (2) 
Cows apparently healthy and in good condition..,. 
2 
COWS (12) 
Belly, flanks, udder and teats clean at time of 
milking • 
8 
COW STABLE (8; 
Udders, teats and flanks wiped with clean damp 
cloth before milking 
4 
Cow stable adequately lighted (2 sq. ft. of windows 
fnr parti 600 on. ft. of air space') 
2 
COW STABLE (4) 
2 
Cleanliness of stable (a) floors 
2 
I 
(b) walls and ceiling 
I 
Drops constructed of concrete or some nonabsorb- 
i 2 
Manure removed daily to at least 50 feet from 
stable and not accessible to cows 
I 
(Constructed of wood and watertight, 1.) 
Walls arid 'reilinvs tight 
I 
UTENSILS (12) 
UTENSILS (20) 
Milk pails of metal, smooth, in good repair; seams 
Utensils rinsed with clean, cold water promptly 
after using .• : 
2 
2 
Utensils scrubbed with brush and solution of alka- 
line washing powder and rinsed with clean water 
Utensils scalded with boiling water or live steam 
immediately before use • 
2 
Milk cans and lids of metal, smooth, in good repair; 
5 
Strainers in good repair (cotton or cheese-cloth 
2 
(Sterilized with boiling water or live steam and 
kept in clean place until used, 2.) 
Utensils used for no other purpose than the care 
and handling of milk 
Racks provided in a clean, light place to hold cans, 
3 
pails and strainers when not in use 
3 ‘ 
................. 
MILKING (11). 
Milkers’ hands clean aAd kept dry during milking. 
(If milking machine used 5) 
Milk strained in milk house or other clean place 
removed from cows 
Milking pails of small mouth design, top opening 
5 
6 
(If milking machine is used, 6.) 
Cooling tanks of cement, metal or wood, with 
capacity for all milk cans and depth to bring 
water to neck of cans . 
2 
Milkers wear clean clothing 
2 
3 
2 
MILK HOUSE (7) 
1 
COOLING (17) 
Ice supply sufficient for entire season 
5 
1 
Night’s milk cooled with ice immediately after 
(c) properly screened to exclude flies. 
(d) no direct opening into cow barn.. 
(e) floor properly graded and water- 
3 
milking and maintained at a temperature of 50 
degrees P 
8 
1 
(With running water and .maintained at a 
temperature of 60 degrees F., 4.) 
Morning’s milk cooled to a temperature of 60 
degrees. F 
4 
2 
MILK HOUSE (2) 
Cl1pan 
Privy screened and not located in or drained to 
2 
1 
COW YARD (2) 
1 
1 
Total 
40 
.....40- 
Total 
60 50 
With the above method of regulating the milk and its quality, 
three farms were visited.Out of the list of dealers,three 
were chosen becuase by this method a conception of a good, 
fair and poor dairy could be ascertained. 
1. farm of S.Fish is a so cal fcd» "model" farm.All the details 
for careful milk production were on hand. No great space need be 
given to a discussion of this farm,for it is the only farm of 
its type supplying milk or cream to the village.Needless to say 
more farms of this type would be highly desirable ,but at present 
are non- exist an t|» (see Score card.) 
2. The farm of Philip Travis was selected because it is typical 
of the type of farm that* supplies the village with the larger 
quantity of its milk.The farm is situated at Furnace woods, 
about 2 miles south of the village.(date of inspection Aug.22,1922) 
At the time of observation (4*50)there were 19 cows on thefarm, 
1 6 of which were milking.The total milk production was about 
150 quarts per day.Nearly the whole of this supply was taken by 
the St.Joseph1s home in Peekskill.A few quarts daily were used by 
neighbors. 
The score card made t>y Mr. Borden,the milk inspector for 
the village ,dated Junefirst is appended.The cows were examined 
by the veterinarian appointed by the State Health department,and 
appti ared to be in good condition.The general hygienic conditions 
were more or less typical of the unmodernized farm of to-day. 
Up to date equipment and sanitary precaustions did not seem to 
be in force.The total score of 69 given by the dairy inspector 
when compared with the model farm just discussed,seems too high 
and according to the examinot* many of the points on the card flew Form Dairy Score Card 
334 a 
Chas. E. Houghtaling, Publisher, Albany, N. Y. 
form No. 
NEW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY 
DAIRY INSPECTOR’S REPORT 
Score Card for Market Milk 
Dist. No.. 
Inspection No.. 
.Time- 
A. M.. 
P. M. 
Date. 
, 19« 
Dairyman. 
Address. 
Owner.. 
Party interviewed. 
Address 
Creamery. 
Operated by. 
No. cows. 
...No, milking.. 
..Quarts milk produced daily. 
Cows examined physically on. 
All persons in households of those engaged in producing or handling milk are. 
..By licensed veterinarian. 
..free from listed diseases 
(tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, septic sore throat, diphtheria, infantile paralysis and dysentery). 
Date and nature of last case. 
Water supply for utensils is from a.. 
...pure and wholesome. 
located.. 
..feet deep and apparently 
State any possible contamination located within 200 feet of source of water supply or if water supply is not 
is. 
protected against surface drainage 
EQUIPMENT 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
METHODS 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
COWS (2) 
Cows apparently healthy and in good condition 
2 
2 
COWS (12) 
Belly, flanks, udder and teats clean at time of 
milking • 
8 
6 
COW STABLE (8) 
Udders, teats and flanks wiped with clean damp 
cloth before milking 
4 
2 
Cow stable adequately lighted (2 sq. ft. of windows 
for each 600 cu. ft. of air space) 
2 
1 
COW STABLE (4) 
- - ... m «« 
1- 
Cow stable adequately ventilated 
2 
t 
Cleanliness of stable (a) floors 
2 
Floors sound and capable of being kept clean 
I 
(b) walls and ceiling 
I 
•7 
Drops constructed of concrete or some nonabsorb- 
ent material -.... 
1 
1 2 
Manure removed daily to at least 50 feet from 
stable and not accessible to cows 
I 
(Constructed of wood and watertight, 1.) 
Walls and 'ceilings tight 
I 
...O- 
UTENSILS (12) 
UTENSILS (20) 
Milk pails of metal, smooth, in good repair; seams 
Utensils rinsed with clean, cold water promptly 
after using .• ; 
2 
2 
2 
2 
Utensils scrubbed with brush and solution of alka- 
line washing powder and rinsed with clean water 
Utensils scalded with boiling water or live steam 
immediately before use • 
2 
2 
Milk cans and lids of metal, smooth, in good repair; 
2 
5 
1... 
Strainers in good repair (cotton or cheese-cloth 
preferred) 
2 
2 
(Sterilized with boiling water or live steam and 
kept in clean place until used, 2.) 
Utensils used for no other purpose than the care 
and handling of milk 
Racks provided in a clean, light place to hold cans, 
3 
? 
pails and strainers when not in use 
3' 
MILKING (11). 
Milkers’ hands clean aAd kept dry during milking. 
(If milking machine used 5) 
Milk strained in milk house or other clean place 
removed from cows 
Milking pails of small mouth design, top opening 
5 
5 
nnt exreedinp' 8 inches in diameter 
6 
(If milking machine is used, 6.) 
Cooling tanks of cement, metal or wood, with 
2 
2 
capacity for all milk cans and depth to bring 
Milkers wear clean clothing ' 
2 
—- 
water to neck of cans . 
3 
2 
3 
MILK HOUSE (7) 
1 
COOLING (17) 
Ice supply sufficient for entire season 
5 
1 
Night’s milk cooled with ice immediately after 
(c) properly screened to exclude flies. 
(d) no direct opening into cow barn.. 
(e) floor properly graded and water- 
3 
milking and maintained at a temperature of 50 
degrees F 
8 
1 
(With running water and .maintained at a 
temperature of 60 degrees F., 4.) 
Morning’s milk cooled to a temperature of 60 
degrees. F 
COW YARD (3) 
4 
2 
MILK HOUSE (2) 
Clean 
Privy screened and not located in or drained to 
i_ 
2 
1 
14, 
1 COW YARD (2) 
1 
1 
1 
T 
Total 
40 
Total 
60 
Jfe! New Form Dairy Score Card 
Chas. E. Houghtaling, Publisher, Albany, N. Y. 
334 a 
Form No.. 
NEW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY 
DAIRY INSPECTOR’S REPORT 
Score Card for Market Milk 
Dist. No.. 
Inspection No.. 
...Time. 
A. M.. 
.P. M. 
Date.. 
19. 
Dairyman.. 
Address. 
Owner... 
Address 
Party interviewed. 
Creamery 
Operated by. 
No. cows. 
Cows examined physically on. 
.No. milking. 
.By licensed veterinarian. 
..Quails milk produced daily... 
All persons in households of those engaged in producing or handling milk are.. 
...free from listed diseases 
(tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, septic sore throat, diphtheria, infantile paralysis and dysentery). 
Date and nature of last case. 
..feet deep and apparently 
Water supply for utensils is from a. 
is. 
.pure and wholesome. 
., located.. 
State any possible contamination located within 200 feet of source of water supply or if water supply is not 
protected against surface drainage. 
EQUIPMENT 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
METHODS 
Perfect 
Score 
Allowed 
Score 
COWS (2) 
Cows apparently healthy and in good condition.... 
2 
COWS (12) 
Belly, flanks, udder and teats clean at time of 
milking • 
8 
/* 
COW STABLE (8) 
Udders, teats and flanks wiped with clean damp 
cloth before milking 
4 
A 
Cow stable adequately lighted (2 sq. ft. of windows 
for par'll 600 cu. ft. of air spacel 
2 
1 
COW STABLE (4) 
2 
Cleanliness of stable (a) floors 
2 
111- 
I 
(b) walls and ceiling 
I 
Drops constructed of concrete or some nonabsorb- 
1 
1 2 
Manure removed daily to at least 50" feet from 
stable and not accessible to cows 
I 
1... 
(Constructed of wood and watertight, 1.) 
Walls and 'ceilings tipht 
1 
UTENSILS (12) 
UTENSILS (20) 
Milk pails of metal, smooth, in good repair; seams 
Utensils rinsed with clean, cold water promptly 
after using .• ; 
2 
2 
Utensils scrubbed with brush and solution of alka- 
line washing powder and rinsed with clean water 
Utensils scalded with boiling water or live steam 
immediately before use 
2 
Sr- 
iat.„ 
Milk cans and lids of metal, smooth, in good repair; 
2 
2 
5 
Strainers in good repair (cotton or cheese-cloth 
2L 
(Sterilized with boiling water or live steam and 
kept in clean place until used, 2.) 
Utensils used for no other purpose than the care 
and handling of milk 
Racks provided in a clean, light place to hold cans, 
3 
pails and strainers when not in use 
3 ■ 
g— 
MILKING (11). 
Milkers’ hands clean aAd kept dry during milking. 
(If milking machine used 5) 
Milk strained in milk house or other clean place 
removed from cows 
Milking pails of small mouth design, top opening 
5 
£... 
6 
V 
(If milking machine is used, 6.) 
Cooling tanks of cement, metal or wood, with 
capacity for all milk cans and depth to bring 
water to neck of cans . 
2 
1. 
Milkers wear clean clothing 
2 
3 
ii... 
2 
a* 
MILK HOUSE (7) 
1 
COOLING (17) 
Ice supply sufficient for entire season 
5 
—-J.— 
1 
Night’s milk cooled with ice immediately after 
(c) properly screened to exclude flies. 
(d) no direct opening into cow barn.. 
(e) floor properly graded and water- 
3 
milking and maintained at a temperature of 50 
degrees F r 
8 
4 
1 
(With running water and .maintained at a 
temperature of 60 degrees F., 4.) 
Morning’s milk cooled to a temperature of 60 
4 
2 
11 
...X 
MILK HOUSE (2) 
Privy screened and not located in or drained to 
Clean 
2 
1 
COW YARD (2) 
1 
1 
Total 
40 
Total ys.*i 
60 51 
are graded high.Nevertheless,when compared to other farms in the 
* 
coraminity,and judged by these standards,the general appearance, 
cleanliness,and procedures do not fall below the average.There 
would be nothing gained by condemming this milk supply unless 
the standards of the whole community can be raised, 
5.The score card of a typical poorly conducted dairy farm is also 
appended.Geo.Wakeley redeived the lowest rating of any dealer in 
the vicinity supplying Peekokill, In order to avoid the atypical, 
the farm of Joe Chick, was examined.The cattle were in the field 
at the time.There was no cow house,that is the animals were kejkin 
the field all during the summer,whereas, during the v/inter , 
they were housed in a single large room without stalls or 
other stable conveniences.This room was in a small bam,amd was 
at the time being occupied by a horse.There was no milking house 
and certainly no modern sanitary apparatus for cleansing the barn 
etc etc,All milking was done out of doors during the warmermonths. 
The dwelling of the dairyman was near the barn and that too was 
unclean and poorly kept.The general impression would be a very 
poor onefrom an esthetic viewpoint and from a sanitary angle 
one can gain a meager conception from the score card. 
With this back ground for comparison a complete list 
(as obtained from the Health Officer) is appended.This gives 
the totals cf each score card,the first number being the equipment, 
and the second,the methods.HV” stands for veterinarian inspection 
passed satisfactorily.The underlined name indicates that this 
person is a dealer and the names under hie supply him with milk for 
retailing. 52 
Name 
Milk Scores 
Grade 
Herbert James 
n h 
40.9 V 
B. 
John Nelson 
H W 
25 4o.5 
C. 
Geo.Nelson 
H II 
Charles Sherwood 
B. 
n it 
Thad. Tompkins 
29 41.5 V. 
Louis Kuritzky 
B. 
James M.Stang 
26 44.5 v 
Geo.Meigel 
23 41 V. 
S.Pish 
40 60 V 
Leander Curry 
54*5 41 V. 
' 
Edward C.Horton 
B. 
Geo.H.Haight 
2?.5 45 V. 
FR.Tompkins 
25 59 v. 
Chaa,Dickerman 
24 46 V. 
Jacob H.Dalton 
26.J 40.5 
Josephus L.Horton 
29.5 42.5 V. 
Arthur G.Smith 
n it n 
25.5 59 V. 
B. 
James Hill 
B. 
Chas.Dickerman 
24 46 V. 
Geo.Shipley 
25.5 4J.5 V. 
James Hill 
24.5 59.5 V. 
Geo.Wakeley 
14.5 29.5 
(grade and V uncertain..possibly 
supplies Hill) 
Snowden Gilbert 
B. 
Harry Mosier 
50.5 42.5 t. 
Andersen Gilbert 
27.5 57.5 V. 
Joe Chick 
C. 
n n 
19 55.5 v. 
Thos.Rotella 
24.5 40.5 
Vito Sabato 
25 46.5 V. 
A&W.Todd 
O.K.Scoreand 
V. 
Geo.Wakeley 
19.5 29.5 
Andrew Molnar 
16.5 56 V. 
C. 
Alvie Crawford 
?2.5 43 V. 
B. 
Willis H.Kniffen 
B. 
Trank C,Travis 
23.5 4o.5 V. 
Wilbur Travis 
25 57.5 V. 
Henry G.Sieleck 
50 44 V. 
William H.Wilken 
25.5 40.5 V. 
William Crcft 
23 38.5 V. 53 
Arthur Baieley 
25.5 55 V. 
B. 
J.D.Cummins 
54.5 42.5v. 
B. 
Emerson Pierce 
26 46.5V. 
B. 
Philip Travis 
28 41 V. 
B. 
H# C.Lounsbury 
51 51 V. 
B. 
John F.McDonald 
A&W. Todd 
50.5 43 v. 
B. 
J.S.Ferguson 
55 47.5V. 
B. 
Clifford H.Booth 
J.D*Cummins 
42.5V. 
B. 
Thed,Austin 
52 42 V. 
Fred.Browi 
29.5 59.5V. 
B. 
Thaddeus D.Tompkins 
William Chase 
25.5 41. V. 
B. 
Weintraub 
29 53.5V. 
F.Tuceling 
26 41.5V. 
L.Orlande 
25 40.5V. 
E, B. Perry 
55.5 45 V. 
William Plaut 
51.5 41.5V. 
E.H.Horton 
50 57.5V. 
Thad Tompkins 
50.5 4o.5V. 
Carrie Dalton 
28.5 40 t. 
B. 
Geo.&Mar.Ladue 
Leander curry 
O.K. 
Odell and Dykeman 
0.K, 
Louis Papp 
20 55.5 
C. 
* 
Fred.P.Chase 
24.5 57.5V. 
Isaac Tompkins sells to $44/ Leander Curry,and Curry to La Due (v) 
Jesse Varian,Adams Corner,sells to leander Curry and the latter 
to La Due (V) 
The above lists contain the major part of the persons dealing 
in or producing milk,There are a small number of lesser dealers 
that have not been listed because of lack of information as to 
the rating and the quality of their product. 54 
Report of a village dairy. 
Dairy....Van CortAandt Dairy 
Amount of milk Pasteurized Daily.... .Resins (40Qt.cans) 
Method of Pasteurization 
The apparatus used iB manufactured by the "Creamery Package 
Manufacturing Company".The milk after being placed in this apparatus 
is raised to a temperature of 140 - 145 degrees Fahrenheit and then 
left at this temperature for the period of one half hour. 
At the end of this time the milk is permitted to flow 
over pipes which are at first(that is,the upper part of the cooler) 
cooled to the temperature of tap water and lower down the pipes 
the water is the temperature of freezing brine.The milk is cooled 
to 40 degrees F, and bottled. 
Cleansing of Pasteurized (not observed).When emptied,the machine 
is filled with water and washing compound and heated to 200 degrees 
F.Here it is permitted to remain for some time(?) and the inside 
is then scrubbed out with brushes and finally cold clear water 
is permitted to run thru . 
Comments on general methods and equipment. 
1. The edge of the milk receiving tank(receptacle of pasteurized 
milk) was soiled. 
2.In the bottle washing department there were many flies and no 
screens. 
5.The cans (in many cases) are nht cleaned before being returned to 
the farmer.(information obtained from one of the work man) 
4. Bottling 
The caps of theb bottles are put on by hand.Improperly filled 
botfles are held under the common vat tap and the milk allowwed 
to run into the bottle.When it fills,it overflows,running the milk 
over the soiled hand of the worker. 55 
Particles of dirt are removed by the fingers.The same hands that 
cap the bottles,also remove the cases to the icehouse where there 
is much dirt and plenty of opportunity for grossly soiling the hands. 
In the room where the bottling is done,the windows are screened, 
but the large door entering the room -kas-ne stands widely open 
and the roof is open so that flies may enter thru here.There jC// were 
a considerable number of flies about while the bottling is going on, 
although none were seen to rest on any sterile parts of the machinery. 
The floor of the bottling room was built of cement. 
Comment One gets the impression* that the whole process is carelessly 
done and not well understood.The timing of the pastuerizer is very 
haphazard.On one occasion while being observed,the worker turned % 
the stream of milk to a greater speed in order to hurry the process 
of bottling.The whole overflowed so that much of the coagulum 
that had collected on the surface,flowed over and went into 
the bottles.This does not take away from the the value of the milk 
but does detract from the esthetic side ,as well as being an index 
of faulty technic.*** 
On smother occasion the worker put his soiled hand on the 
edge of the milk vat .All of these small errors greatly remove 
from the final value of the product and could easily be avoided if 
a little more understanding of the preocess were used, 
IceinR Room 
Ice obtained from a natural source (Wallace Pond) is thrown over 
the bottles as they syand in their cases.There was a considerable 
amount of dirt on this ice.The milk is left in this cooling room 
from 12 - 16 hours. 56 
On one occasion,during observation,one of the bottles was 
observed to be soiled,A worker took the bottle to the sink and wash 
ed it fcy hand.This was done by aid of a brush in what appeared 
to be old soapy water.At any rate it was not fresh.He then re- 
turned to fill the bottle with milk. 
Amount of Milk Sold in Pe^kakill 
60 dozen bottles are sold in retail in Beekski11,(Grade 3 Past.) 
50 ” n n « wholesale M w n n n 
No grade A milk is sold at present. 
References 
1.Sanitary Code..Established by the Public Health Council,of 
the Stae of New York. 
2.Reports of the Health Officer 
Milk census 
Score Cards 
etc. 57 
Comment. 
The weakest link in the sanitary chain of defence is to be 
found in the Milk supply. Keeping always in raidd that the Village 
of Peekskill is construed as it is,(namely the type of population 
education,social standing etc.) the milk supply of the community 
stands out as a blot upon the health record of a municipality 
that has foresight enough on the one hand to have evolved such 
an effecient water supply as the village may rightfully claim, 
and which has concern enough, 021 the other hand ,to maintain 
such a healthy young clinic. To be sure the milk supply 
stands out in contrast.The following suggestions indicate some 
of the more important changes that it is necessary to make. 
1.There is no question, to be sure, that the milk as obtained from 
a healthy cow is the poduct of preference at all times? Quite 
obviously to obtain the milk fresh from the udder is impossible 
in a community of this sizw.The next beat ne thod is to colte ct and 
keep the milk in such a condition of esthetic and sanitary 
perfection that the transportaion and storage will impair but to 
a minor degree.This is possible in a community the size 
of Peekskill,This also has been neglected and we find that a 
large percentage of the milk actually consumed is of a poorer 
grade (Grade C). Thus keeping in mind what is ideal and what is 
now being used,the author believes that an immediate solution 
is at hand in the form of Pasteurization.But a very small percentage 
of the milk now being daily condumed in the village is thus treated. 
This method of treating milk need not be used as a screen behind which 
to hide poorly collected milk,but rather to further insure 58 
projt rly collected and handled food. More pasteurized milk is 
a crying need of the Village of Peekskill. 
2,Some twenty percent of the total milk sold in Peekskill is of 
Grade C value,Keeping in mind that this is not restricted to 
cooking and further treatment on the part of the consumor,we 
are face to face with \he fact that this material may be used 
by infants and young children,This is not compatible with 
the highest and safest in community administration. 
The Health Officer when questioned concerning this matter, 
stated that he personally believed that the above mentioned 
grade was quite as good as the better grades,assuming that fene 
knew from wte t tk« source the milk came. To demonstate hie 
faith in this concept,he stated that his family used grade 
C milk and were quite satisfied with its quality etc. 
With such feeling on the part of the leader in matters of 
Public Health, a change in the milk situation in the village 
will come but very slowly,if at all,There is no doubt in the mind 
to 
of the author as the ability and sagacity of the above mentioned 
officer,His service as a private physician and a public servant has 
been of the highest type.the success of the Welfare station is 
largely dependent upon his efforts,Notwithstanding,even if the 
gentleman in question is capable of ascertaining whether the 
farmer that supplies his milk is giving good clean milk,all 
of the citizens of the village whose health depends upon his 
decisions and efforts,are not in such a position and must of 
necessity be the recipients of a type of milk that,although 
probably not inherently poisonous,is far from that which they 
might have. 59 
2.In further consideraticn of the above problem a few words on 
the standard of marking on the score cards are in order.The 
scores on the whole are high.This is not due to the ineffeciencey 
of the inspecter,but rather the low grade of material that he 
must g*ad« score.The dairy of Joe Chick,to be sure one of the 
poorest in the community,is not a fit dairy to supply milk for 
Seekskill.Yetv he is scored grade C and is the agent for a 
considerable amount of milk to be sold in the village. 
Thus thruout there is much to be said about the standard. 
A popular demand for a higher standard should be developed by 
the local health authorities. 
Some 
4. the dairies do quite well on an official milk 
inspection.More frequent unexpected milk inspections would 
be of use. 
5. The comments on the Van Cortlandt Dairy are self explanatory. 
The remedy is easily applied and within reach. 
6. At the time of inspection, there was no grade A milk sold in the 
village,Certified* milk was of course not to be found. 
An effort on the part of such an organization as the Welfare 
station with the authority and respect which it demands,would 
create an demand and subsequently a supply of this essential 
to formular fed babies. 
7. The author would recommend a campaign for better milk.A 
"Better Milk Week" or something of the sort is of use.All organizations 
interested in the Public Health in the village should act as 
centers of propraganda and activity.The Health Officer should 
" head up11 the drive.The public interest aroused thru the press etc, 
would stimulate the producers to sell a better good. 60 
Garbage and Refuse 
of the 
Village of Peekakill. 
A. Collection 
B. Method of Disposal 
C. Dumps etc. 61 
Organization of the Village as Regard the Collection of Garbage etc. 
Two man from the Board of Trustees are selected by the Pres- 
ident to act' as a highway committee.A commissioner of highways 
is selected by the president in conjunction with these men to take 
care of the actual workings of the department.Besides the care 
of the highways,there is included in the work of the commissioner 
the collection of refuse,garbage and ashes. 
Equipment and Repairs.and Budget 
5 wagons (2 horses on each) 
1 Cart (one &orae) 
Salaries and wages.$8826 
Equipment andrepaira..,$857*05 
Materials and Supplies.,2545.24 
Total .....112059.27 
(including care of Highways) 
Collection 
Ashes are collected once per week. 
Garbage twice per week. 
Merchants have their refuse collected each day. 
divided 
The collection of garbage is roughly dived into two parts. 
One half of the town is colkcted on the first half of the week 
and the other half on the second half of the week.The collection 
for the greater part is regular and systemic,so that a housewife 
may know in a fairly accurate way when to place her refuse can 
on the sidewalk. Each of the vehicleeabove mentioned,with 
the exception of the cart,has two men.The cart has but one man. 62 
Method of Disposal 
The village has two dumps,One islarger than the other,and 
and is used to a greater extent.The larger dump has a man on it 
at all times to rake and spread the collected other 
dump has no«* such person. 
In the wints r, the refuse is occasionally used to fill in 
streets.Franklyn street was thus filled in last winter. 
Capacity 
Each of the wagons carries to the dump about 5 loads per day, 
( refers to the larger dump)and the smaller dump receives about 
5 loads per week.It is estimated that the larger dump receives 
on the average of 49 cubic yards of material per day. 
Contents of Refuse 
In thecollection all the material is mixed.As might be suspected, 
in the summer the greater quantity of the material is garbage and 
in the winter time the larger quantity if ashes. 
Observations Mad? on the Dump 
1.The dump is located on the outskirts of the village,just south 
of the Annsville Greek.lt is situated on a height overlooking 
the creek.In area it covers about 2 acres. 
2.In a very rough way the material has been has 
been merely for the convenience of passing a wagon over the 
refuse,rather than from any attempt to place the decayable material 
in one site and the solid non volatile matter in bother. Thus, 
parts of old boilers,beds,automobile bodies,barrels,tubs,boxes and 
larger refuseaie in one part,fairly near the entaance to the dump,, 
(apparently dumped from the wagons at this point because there is 
an incline that the material could roll down and thus leave the 
road uncovered for further travel.) 63 
In another place there is a great of ashes.^hia was 
apparently the place that was used last winter for the depasit 
of refuse, 
5,The larger part of the field iraacovered with material that 
had been collected during the summer,This consisted of garbage 
in various stages o f wagons as they en$er attempt 
to go well over toward the end of the field and then by means of 
dropping the bottom the fresh material is deposited over the 
the already collected refuse,The man mentioned above then 
spreads the debrie. 
4.In several places there are fires that give a most pungent 
oder to the whole area.How these fires have their origin is 
not clearly understood by the keeper of the dump.Possibly 
by boys,but probably by materials such as hot ashes collected 
by the Magona,ia the opinion of the writer. 
5.The decaying garbage gives a definate oder to the area,which 
though far from pleasant,is not very strong,or highly obnoxious. 
One is not greeted by the oder a great distance from the site, 
although it is perfectly evident at the actual site .Our observations 
may be at fault here,or made invalid by prevailing winds or climatic 
conditions that were not observed at the time. 
<5,Plies are in greA evidence on the garbage.Although there are 
many house flies,the majo r number seem to be of a larger variety, 
more cloely resembling,if not actually,Blue Bottles.These hover 
over the decaying refuse and adhere to all objects that pass thru 
the dump. 
7.While the observations were being made,there were teen on the 
dump,several children who were engaged in playing with the refuse, 
such as building houses out of old bed springs,etc,etc,and when 64 
a fresh load of garbage would arrive,they would all run to the spot 
where the load was expected to be dumpedand after the contents 
of the wagon had been spilled,they would glean the 
pile for any materials that might be of use to them either for 
play,or the m ore serious business of life.They had no scruples about 
standing in the freshly deposited material,and on one occasion a cm 
a child of about eight years was seen to actually comb the garbage 
with her hahds for the above mentioned purposes.Eight children 
were thus counted,although there were more not visible at the 
time.One boy about fifteen years old,was gleaning the pile for 
the purpose of retrieving old bread,This was probably used for 
chickens. 
8.The automobile of the examinors was stationed about 200 yard s 
from the dump.Upon returning to the car there were observed upon 
the hood about 50 flies. 65 
Comment, 
l.The collected material should be classifed at the householders 
kitchen.Garbage a&d useless organic matter in one receptacle, 
and ashes and metallic refuse etc,in another.The latter 
can then be used for filling in and for deposition on dumps. 
The garbage should be separately collected and carried to a 
public incinerator.The initial cost and maintenace would 
be offset by the gain in sanitary efeciency. 
Again the village has outgrown itself.The author recommends 
a Public Incinerator. 
2. "Whether the village decides to construct such a 
means of disposal or not,a matter of immediate importance 
is the use of the dump as a playground for a number of children. 
The place can at least be policed to such an extent during the 
stammer months when the children are not at school and when the 
menace is greater.During the colder months when the children 
are at school the problem does not become so outstanding. 
This is a simple matter and were the above facts actually 
known to the health authorities,no such comment would be 
necessary. 66 
Streets and Street Cleaning 
of the 
Village of Peekskill. 
A. Organization 
B. 
C. Parks etc. 67 
Streets 
The village is paved with a good looking and apparently 
effecient type of road building material on the type of Macadamized 
road bed8.In several of the important streets red brick is used. 
On the whole the streets are clean and well kept.Withb- few exceptions 
the garbage and refuse is confined to the pails or boxes in front 
of the dwelling*.On Sohhh,Hudson,and West Streets,considerable 
rubbish had collected about the barrels that had overflowed. 
On Water and West Streets,infront of some poorly looking houses 
several barrels and boxes were deposited with refuse flowing 
out of all of them and causing a condiderable amount to be on the 
ground about the receptacles. 
Organization 
The commissioner of Highways, as previously mentioned, 
receives his power from the board of Trustees,His duties are 
as followss 
1. of ashes and garbage. 
2. Cleaning of Streets. 
5.Repair and Maintenance of Sewers and Additions. 
b,Building and maintenance of Roads and Streets. 
The present commissioner has held his position for the lasjs 
20 years(with a few years exception).He lost his position on 
two occasions when the Democrats came into power.The town is nominally 
Republican.An index of the stability and apparent effeciency of 
the village government can be obtained from the above statements. 
Removal of Snow. 
When snow has fallen, the following system of clearing 
iB used.The village is divided into five sections and a crew sent 68 
is sent to each one to remove the enow from all of the 
cross walks,This is usually done on the first day after the 
snow haB fallen.Each individual land owner must clear away the 
snow in front of his own property.If this is not done on the second 
day after the snow falls,oron such time as the crew from the 
street cleaning have finished,this gand spend their time therafter 
clearing the streets of those individuals whose names have been 
given to them by the police as offenders of the street cleaning 
regulation.The village then charges these individuals for the 
clearing away of the snow.The charge is nominal and often parsons 
permit the village to clear away the snow in front of their estates, 
finding this a cheaper method than hiring private individuals so 
to function. 
Parka 
Mr.Chauncey Depew has presented the village with an estate that 
was once the farm of his father.This is about 80 acres in size and 
is located in the south side of the village. 
The park is fairly well planed.There are in it,baseball 
grounds and places for children to play in sand etc etc.The 
local social institutions have presented the village with 
various appliances that can be used by the children for playing 
and various athkfctic activities.(Y.M.C.A.) 
But a small part of the estate is now used.The remainder 
is still in the rough and although excellent for tramping and picnic- 
ing,has no automobile roads cut thru it.That part that has been 
developed is well kept.About once per week the community band gives 
a concert at the park. 69 
In view of the fact that the village spends but 2 - 2J0Q 
dollars on the upkeep,of the playground and park,the result is 
quite commendable. 
Street Cleaning 
This department employs some J2 employees.This number is 
not constant and the size of the foree depends upon the amount 
of work to be done.The department has as property,one large automobile 
cleaner and sweeper.This wets the street and sweeps at the tame 
time.Every morning at 4: JO this machine passes thru the main 
thoroughfares of the village and performs its work.Rarely 
the street is flushed. 
There is no snow removed from the streets by the village. 
It is the opinion of the commissioner,that during the next winter, 
the State Road where it passes thru the village will be 
kept open. 
There are on the streets times a number of men 
with brooms and shovels for the purpose of cleaning. 
Sewerage in Relation to Streets 
At the entrance to each drain from the street(that is 
where the surface and rain water flows into the sewer)there 
are sand pits to permit ofi a depositing out of sand and 
pebbles etc etc.This aids in prevdnting a stoppage of the sewerage 
system.There has never been any trouble from this score in the 
experience of the commissioner.Occasional blacks occur in the 
less used sewers because of lack of suffecient flow,but with these 
exceptions the streets are not in danger of sewage back-ups. 70 
Comment. 
The village on the whole is clean in appearance and 
apparently well kept.It is quite poosible that the exceptions 
to this rule mentioned previously were caused by the carelessness 
of the individuals residing near the nuisance.At any rate 
there is a general cleanliness,and further efforts in this 
direction should be encouraged.Persons who deliberately neglect 
such care as is necessary for the community good might 
by induced better behavior by the police. 
The Park is a very desirable asset. 71 
Health and Welfare Organizations 
of the 
Village of Peekakill. 
A. Peekakill Hospital 
B. Welfare Station 
Organization 
Nurses etc. 72 
Report of the Peekskill Hospital for the Year 
Fndlng June 30, 1981. 
Pekskil Hospital Incorporated April 1889 as the Helping Hand 
Association. 
Medical Board: resident, a Vice presentent, secretary : nd 
Medical staff. 
Medical Jtaff: Htantoa Curry 
J. Bussell Foshay 
F. Hart 
B Demotte Lyon 
j?* W* O’Brien 
Fred A. Snowdon 
Consulting surgeons 
Oeorge looisey, Mew York 
John Rogers, Hew York 
Wiii. M. Garh&rt, thalmologist and Oral 
R. W* Moe# Baragologist 
Oswald 8* housliry, Uroligist 
frank 8. Lent, Path. D. Path 5b Beat 
A. ] . rhin, B.P.8 Dental Surg 
Frank 8* McOoirael* Masseur e 
Kec ipts 40,411 dol ars 
disbursements 39,989 
Balance 482.51. 
s tatistics. Motel ITo. of patients treated 1*115 i 
Patient-' admitted (-* 
Out patient dressings 485 
Total no. days nursing 6,714 
Hospital patients 
Mole 294 
Female 333 
Infants 63 
Classifioa ion of patients 
Medical 153 
Surgical 289 
ye ear Hose % throat 125 (90? surg.) 
Maternity 66 
Contagious 8 
Deaths 36 
Death a few hours after admis* 7 
remature births • 9 
Infants—a few hours aftrr hir 3 
Medical and surgical 17 
Ho atients treated, increase 
over previous year.....100 
Horses training school 
dipils 8 
Probationer 1 
Graduates — 2 73 
Hospital—Z 
Kguip-lent Main hospital, consisting of a wing to what will 
be one day the main building* Present capacity approximately 
fifty beds. Contagious building consisting of three 
independent units were all but tbc. and venereal disease are 
tre ted* A nurses home. Hew buildings arc in the course 
of construction which when com leted will give the hospital 
a totel capacity of 75 beds. ith ihe exception of 3,000 
dollars which is given by the town of Cortlandt, the hospital 
is dependent upon contributions and the fees of the patients. 
Any patient may be admitted to the hospital, rivate floor or 
ward at any time on written re uest of a member of the medical 
board or of the hospital staff, or any physician or Surgeon 
qualified to ractioie residing in the town of of Gortland 
or Y >rktown in Testchester county, and utnam Telly and 
Hhilippstown, in Putnam county in the Stat of New York. 
Fm rgency oases my be admitted imraelately by the superinctentend. 
Patients may be admitted as town or charity cases on written 
re uest of the overs or of the ppor, together ’with an order 
from a physioIan or surgeon. Non-residence may be admitted 
upon such terms us the borad ofdirectors may make* 
No patient suffering from a contagious disease shall be 
a&mitt A to the hosp tal without three hours notice to the 
superintendent, together v ith a statement of the n ture of 
th4 disease. 
Training lohools No student admitted under 19 or over 36. 
C ours e of Tec ture s extending over several months. Students 
must pass the examination at the end of this time. Student 
nurses shall be kept in ho'pitl traing for the first to 
years of service, the toel course taking two years and six 
months, during which she shall have attended two full courses 
of lectures. 
There is an ambulence rmrvice, for which a modern e fee is 
charged, depending on distance of patient from hospital. 
At present there are no resident internes but with the new 
equipment it is hoped that it may b possible to have one. 74 
Welfare Clinmc. 
Inf int Welfare department opened on July 27,19&&* 
First Report of the welfare station...July 27-Aug.15,191 
In operation 2 weeks and 4 days, 
Toyal number of babies enrolled has been....... 45 
" n " others (over 2 yrs ) 25 
” ” " visits by babies. 95 
" " " " " others .41 
" it n n v mothers .....175 
” h n " & children.. ..511 
H ” tt tt n visitors .......42. 
First Meeting in mental Hygiene held on Nov. 25,1916* 
Re£>ort Jan. 27, Ipl6. 
Length of time that station was in operation. ...One yr. 
Total number of babies cared for during yr 19$ carried forward! Ipnev// 
M ” ” breast fed cases...............94 
n M ” bottle fed cases ,*........48 
M " " mixed feedings..., 5^ 
rt ” ” nursing visits 1511 
H w N mothers instruct d 22 prenatal..with babies 14<6 
h « « gts of milk despensed or sold..0 
Visiting nurse association, No. 
Number of P.H.nurses. 1. Relief nurse 4 weens 
assistant 5 mo. 
Institutions devoted to welfare of children.... Day Nursey opened on Nov.1,1915 
In ant Mortality 122 
« " " 1914 152 
« » " 1015 . io4 75 
Infantality Mortality Rate 1916 34 
" " " 1017 86 
" " " 19 IS 8 
n " H 1019 86 
" it n 
" " 1021 71 
Report for the Yr. Ending....FeB 1,1917. 
Number of babies visited........ 565 
” " Nursing visits...... 14^7 
Treatments given at homes and at stations..125 
Number of visits to school children........ 106 
" prenatal and postnatal visits..... 
Number of visits to Midwives 28 
" H clinics held 95 
Total attendance at clinic... 1619 
Number of clinics held under direction of state...4 
Anti T.B. 
Number of patients attending clinics 5*5 
Number of clinics held. .55 
Numbber of Home visits 401 
" spedimans of sputum c llected.,.\6 
M ” patients receiving extra diet....7 
Public Health Work 
Number of calls answered 1QQ 
w ” complaints filed,.... 106 
M n visitsmade in refernece to Polio...Children 1J68 ..Adults..1107 
" ” visits made in refernece to typhoid fever 99 76 
Number of persons immunized with typhoid vaccine. 26 
B ? Widals taken 10 
Visite made in reference to ch.cken pox...186 
" " " " H " " Whooping c ugh...160 
” pr raises inspected 26o 
" " " Fumigated 1g 
” Complaints refered to other officers 7 
Re port for Yr. ending Oct, 19 20« 
Visits made to homes to children... 7^5 
” of mothers and babies to stationsMMM 99* 
treatments given ...........221 
Prenatal calls $6 
Visits to the ay nursey 69 
Operations attended. 2 
Visits to Midwives,.. 12 
patients sent to hospitals....7 
Anti Y.B. 
Visits made to clinics by patients .,196 
New patients admitted 46 
Total number of visits 242 
Bottles of medicine despens d 98 
Visits made to homes by nurses...,J6Q 
Special work. 
Cases given ted side care ...........^0 
Visits to communicable diseases .......1J9 
Dress ings. 7^ 
Visits made relative to the blind....... 18 77 
Social and Health Organizations. 
1. Charities. 
This organization has a membership of 600 individuals. 
It has as its purpose,the relief and aid for the poor, 
2, Welfare Aasociation 
As a product of,and partly included in the Associated 
Charities,we have the welfare aasociation,This organization 
conducts a welfare association in which are held daily clinics, 
from 9- 10 A.M.In addition there are infant clinics held twice 
per week,from 1*5° to 5 P.M.Further,one afternoon per week, 
there is conducted an anti tuberculosis clinic.There is ia 
residence at all times a full time Public Health nurse,and one 
part time nurse inaddition to volunteer workers. 
There are also held at the station monthly Psychopathic 
clinics by the state department of health,The station is dependent 
upon the services of the various physicians in the community 
for its medical staff.There is a succession whereby,each of 
the men on the staff take charge for a specified length of time. 
The Anti-Tuberculosis clinic is conducted by a physician 
on salary.(very small)The infant clinic is conducted by the 
Public Health Officer, 
Nurses 
1, Cross .Paid by special contributions. 
2. Public Health Nurse.receiving a salary from the village. 
J.One part time nurse.....,( " )" 
4,Two school nurses.... Paid from the School Budget. 78 
5 Day Nursery 
This instituion has a maximum capacity of 18 babies.The 
age limits are from 2 weeks to 5 years. 
The babies are taken care of , bya matron who devotes 
her full time to the work,The Health Officer visits the institution 
once per week.All infants entering are given a physical examination 
It is run by subscriptions,most of the supplies being provided 
without charge,by public spirited merchants and citizens.In 
addition to supplies thus received,the monthly expenditure is 
approximately $70-80,A charge of ten cents per day is made 
for each infant.The public health nurse also visits the nursery 
at regular intervals. 
Other Organizations. 
1.Salvation Army 
2.Gospel Missions 
5.Y.W.C.A. (with several paid workers) with recreation rooms 
and gymnasium and room registry. 79 
Work of the Welfare Station, 
In Charge.,.. Miss Elizabeth Platt.(Full time Public Health Nurse.) 
Assisted by Drum HillmDistrict School Nurse 
Plan of Clinic. 
Tie clinic sonsists of three rooms on the ground floor of 
a well lighted wooden building,on the comer of Washington 
and South Streets.One room is uedd as a baby clinic,one room 
for the T.B. clinic,and the third for instruction for mothers 
with young babies.The rooms are clean and apparently well equipped. 
The le ad nurse is in attendance daily from A.M. 
Baby Clinic 
As previously mentioned the clinic is held on two days per e 
week.Babies up to school age are permitted in the clinic.On the 
average there are 40 babies per week that enter for treatment or 
diagnosis.All babies registered come to be weighed once par week. 
Instruction is given to the mothers in the care andfeeding 
of infants. 
Anti&Tuberculosis Clinic 
The clinic is held weekly on Wednesday from 2 -6.Dr.Loewy is 
in charge,This gentlemen receives a small salary from the 
Associated Charities.In the clinic at present there are J8 patients. 
Diagnosis are made and the patient followed regule.rly,Public 
Health literature is distributed.Beginning next September (I92S) 
a Tuberculosis specialist will visit the clinic once per week. 
He will be a county employee.Besides the actual i#dical services 
thus offered to the needy, food is also given in those cases ih ere 
special diet is desired and is* not obtainable by the patient. 
Advance cases are sent to Grassland incipient cases 
are sent to Raybrook. 80 
Psychopathic Clinic 
Clinics are held every three monhhs.Seven to eight children 
attend each clinic.There arexalao registered about twelve adults. 
The staff of this clinic is made up of Hudson Pdver State 
Hospital Docters. 
Day Nuraery(see above) 
In conjunction with the welfare station,the nurse visits 
the nursery several times per week,except in cases of epidemics 
when she attends every day.Last year therewere completed 209 
babie days(that is,there was in attendance at the nursery, 
an equivalent of 209 babies for a full day. 
Charges 
All clinics are free,with the exception of a charge of ten c enfc, 
fo those that can afford it. 
The red Cross Nurse does bed side nursing only.A charge of fifty cents 
is made for those that can pay. 
Other Nurses offering their time at the station (Occasionally) 
1.Metropolitan Nurse...Does Metropolitan work only. 
2.Oak Side School District Nurse,,.Does full time but on school 
work only. 
Veneral Clinic 
The establishment of a veneral clinic has been considered,but 
has been waived on accout ofthe small size of the town.Free 
treatment may be obtained in needy cases thru the health officer, 
or may be sent to the City of Yonkers clinic.There are several 
Docters specializing inG.U. work(Uro genital) in the town. 81 
Comment, 
Nothing but praise can be offered to those who have 
been factors in the creation of the Welfare stationand its 
branches,To be sure it iB still embryonic,but with the evolution 
of its clinics will evolve the future sanitary condition of the 
village. 
Much the same may be said for the Peekskill Hospital. 
Tith the completion of its new buildings its professional standing 
irll be higher and the service rendered the village even greater* 
The objection to a Venereal clinic mentioned in the report,** 
is a fairly valid one,It would seem,however that the day when 
were 
diseases of the above type strictly private matters 
is gone. At least from a Public Health view point such diseases 
must be treated as all other infectious processes.To wa|ve the 
possibility of a future clinic on the basis given would be 
a mistake. 
The difficulty mentioned might be overcome by having 
the Venereal clinic at a time when several other clinics are 
being held.Thus segregation is less well marked than if on 
certain days a Venereal clinic only takes place.A further aid 
would be the use of a name which is less familiar or less 
pointed than Venereal,such as,"The Tuesday Night Clinic", 
or"Cenito-urinary Clinic",or"Dermatological Clinic",or 
"treatment Clinic" etc , 
** 
The objection is,that due to the small Bize of the community, 
a person visiting such a clinic will immediately become known 
to all other members of the envirement in a light that nay • 
interfere with hia future happiness and success in the community, 82 
Vital Statistics 
of the 
Village of Peekskill. 
A. Method of Keeping Records 
B. Tables 
C. Infant Mortality 
D. 83 
Method of Keeping Records 
The village employs a registrar,who according to the budget 
redeivea for the department over which she is head (a women) the 
anount of three hundred dollars. 
The duties are ,to record the births and the deaths of the 
village.other than this she is anot concerned with the records 
of the community.She does not record incidence or specefic rates. 
The communicable diseases are reported to the health officer 
on cards that the state has given him for that The 
Health 0 fficer then submits these reports to the State Department 
of Health.There are no available records in the village of 
any matters pertaining to the disease incidence, with the exception 
of the Welfare Station tore cp. ite recently there has been statrted 
a systemic record of the measles incidence.This has been done so 
that a better conception of whether a child has actually had 
an attack of the abov e mentioned malady can be ascertained. 
(in connedtion with school hygiene) 
Source of Records 
All the material that has been obtained for this report as 
regards the Vital Statistics,has been obtained from the Mortality 
Statistics for the various years listed. 
Explanation of Tables 
For comparison with the village of Peekskill, the community 
of North Tona»wanda has been chosen. This is a newer center but 
it has approximately-bthe population of the village and from this 
regard offers a fair comparison. 84 
Vital Statistics 
Mortality 
Tcwn 
Peekskill North Tonawanda 
P. 
N.T, 
P. N*T* 
Year 
1900 
1900 
1904 
1904 
I9O8 
1908 
Colored 
4 
n 
10 
White 
1Q0 
244 
Foreign Bom 
55 
46 
Total 
20^ 
194 
254 
149 
Rate 
• 
16.0 
12.5 
Basis 
Sta. 
Sta. 
Sta. 
Sta. 
Typhoid 
Number 
1 
1 
50 
6 
Rate 
195. 
49.8 
T»B, 
Number 
16&5 
51&4 
1Q&2 
Rate 
227.5 
99.6 
Measles 
Number 
7 
2 
4 
0 
Rate 
26. 
Scaalet Fever 
Number 
0 
0 
0 
1 
Rate 
8.5 
Puerperal 
Number 
infect* 
0 
2 
1 
Rate 
15. 
8.* 
Pneumonia 
Number 
*5 
19 
15 
17 
Rate 
* 
97.5 
141.1 
Malaria 
Number 
Rate 
0 
2 
1 
<5.5 
0 
Population 
P. in 1890*9,676. 
1900*10,558 
N.T.in " < 
■4,795 
" • 9,069 85 
Vital Statist!os 
Mortality 
Town Peekskill 
Nor th Tonawanda P, 
N.T. 
P. N.T, 
Year 1912 
1912 1916 
1916 
1920 
1920 
Colored 8 
8 
4 
White 
211 
222 
m 
Foreign Bom 
55 
61 
55 
Total 190 
156 219 
1?8 
226 
190 
Rate 
11.8 
12.9 
14.2 
12.1 
Baals 
Sta 
. Sta. 
Sta. 
Sta. 
Typhoid 
Number 0 
2 5 
5 
0 
5 
Rate 
16.2 
5<5.5 
18.9 
1*3,. 
Number 7&2 
5 15 
12 
8&1 
15 
Rate 
89.9 
87.2 
56.7 
81 .J 
Measles 
Number 5 
0 0 
8 
0 
0 
Rate 
58.4 
Scaclet Fever 
Number 0 
0 0 
0 
1 
4 
Rate 
6.5 
25.2 
Puerperal infect. 
Number 5 
0 1 
1 
6 
1 
Rate 
5.4 
7.5 
37.8 
6.5 
Rieumonia 
Number 29 
14 15 
11 
17 
16 
Rate 
86.J 
79 #9 
107.2 
100.8 
Malaria 
Number 0 
0 1 
0 
0 
- 
Rate 
5.4 
Population 
P.in 1910*15,245 
$n 1920 
* 15,890 
N.P." "" -11,955 
h , 11 n 
* 15,664 
Explanation 
are 
1J&4 in the table means thatvthere 
15 cases of Pulmonary 
T.3. and 4 cases of all other types of T.B, 
reported in the 
Mortality Statistics. 
In the tables P.stands 
for Peekskill and N.1! 
F. for 
North Tonawanda. 
Sta.in the tables means on the basis of standard methods of calculation. 86 
Note Drop in Rate betwean 1014 
and 1916.(Baby Clinic established 
in 1015) 
Chart Showing Decrease in Infant Mortality. New York State Department of Health, Division of Child Hygiene. 
Nurse’s Report on Inspection of Midwife. 
County 
C. T. V. 
Name (in practice) 
License No. 
Address 
Other names 
Age 
M. 17. or S. 
Nationality or Race 
Reads 
!7r ites 
Speaks 
1 License : : : List of Required Equipment 
_JTame : : : (Articles possessed by midwife are 
o Cleanliness : : : checked) 
Home : : : Rail Brush * 
Person : : : Lboden or Bone nail cleaner* 
Hands : : : Jar of Green or soft castile soap* 
Ila ils : : 
Bag lining : : Tube of vaseline* 
4 No* Births : : : Lysol* 
since Jan. 1 : : : Boric Acid Powder* 
or last visit : : : Silver nitrate outfits* 
Birth Reporting: : : (Furnished free of charge. Obtained 
Birth blanks : : : from local health officer) 
Rules ; ; 
5 Cases of : : : 
Stillbirth : : : Clinical Thermometer 
Sepsis : : : Agate or glass douche reservoir 
Hemorrhage : : : Two rounded vaginal douche nozzles 
Abnormality : : : (Rot to be used except upon 
6 Physician : : : physician's orders) 
called i : Two rectal nozzles, large and small 
7 Health of : : : One soft rubber catheter 
Midwife : : : Blunt scissors for cutting cord* 
8 Self-supporting : : : Narrow tape or soft twine for tying cord* 
or other work : : Sterile absorbent cotton* 
_9 Instruments : : : (prefera bly in 1/4 lb package) 
10 Beds for : : : Sterile gauze for cord dressing* 
delivery : : : (in individual packages) 
Remarks 
Date 
Signed 87 
Midwivea 
In the village there are three midwivea.These are licensed 
by the State Board of Health and are injected by the Public 
Health Nurse two months.The nature of tie inspection 
is indicated by the included report. 88 
Form VS No. 65. 11-29-18-25,000 (21-1132) 
Dist. No 
N EW YORK 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE — REGISTRAR’S REPORT TO HEALTH OFFICER 
To. 
P. O. Address. 
.N.Y. 
Health Officer of.. 
Dear Sir:— As required by law I hereby report to you, a death from. 
(Town, Village, or City) 
County of.. 
Name of Person Who Died 
Address 
Date of Death 
Attending Physician 
Address 
CAUSE OF DEATH AS REPORTED ON MEDICAL CERTIFICATE 
PRirARY 
Contributory 
(secondary) 
-(Duration). 
-yrs. 
mos. 
-d$. 
(Duration). 
- mos.- 
ds. 
Dated.. 
.19. 
(Signed). 
yrs. 
Extract from Public Health Law, Chapter 559, Section 320. Each registrar of vital statistics shall promptly report to the 
health officer the name and address of every person reported to him as having died from tuberculosis. The health officer shall 
ascertain whether such person has been previously reported as having tuberculosis by the physician signing the death certificate, 
and if it appears that such physician has not so reported such person, the health officer shall call the attention of such physician 
to the provisions of this section. In case of repeated violations of the provisions of this section by any physician the health officer 
shall report such repeated violations to the board of health or other local health authorities, who shall cause such steps to be taken 
as may be necessary to enforce the penalty provided for such violation. 
Extract from Sanitary Code, Chapter II, Regulation 42-b. Duties of registrars and health officers when deaths from com- 
municable diseases are reported, r. It shall be the duty of the local registrar of vital statistics whenever a certificate of death 
from a communicable disease has been filed with him to immediately report to the health officer, the name, age and address of 
the deceased together with the disease, and the name of the physician who has filed sucl*certificate. 
This regulation shall take effect June I, 1917. (over) 
Registrar of Vital Statistics 
Copy of Blank aent to Health Officer 
by Registrar upon her Reception of a 
Certificate indicating Death by a 
Communicable Disease. 89 
Physicians are required to report ophthalmia neonatorum (babies’ sore eyes) to local health officer within 24 hours from the time 
when first seen. 'Sanitary Code, Chap. II, Reg. i. A midwife, nurse, or other person having charge, must report immediately to 
health officer or physician inflamed, reddened eyes of infant under 2 weeks:—Penal, Law, §428. 
UNITED STATES STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 
be complete and correct when filed, because no alteration or 
erasures will be permitted after they become a part of the State 
Records. Hence Registrars are instructed to refuse certificates— 
(1) Omitting information required by law; 
(2) Not written throughout “ legibly, in durable black 
ink,” as the law expressly requires; 
(3) Mutilated, grossly soiled or defaced, inaccurate; 
f4) Containing any erasure, interlineation, correction, or 
alteration of anything printed or written upon the certificate. 
Note.—If a mistake is made and observed before the certifi- 
cate is accepted for registration, another blank may be filled out 
correctly and substituted for the erroneous certificate; but no 
certificate of birth or death after its acceptance for registration 
by the registrar, and no other record made in pursuance of this 
article, shall be altered or changed in any respect otherwise than by 
amendments properly dated, signed and witnessed. (See § 387.) 
t3P“ A blank (Form VS No. 33) will be supplied by the 
Local Registrar or State Department of Health for the legal 
correction of an erroneous birth record. 
upon the birth, it shall be the duty of such physician, midwife or 
person acting as midwife, to file said certificate. In each case 
where there was no physician, midwife, or person acting as mid- 
wife, in attendance upon the birth, it shall be the duty of the 
father or mother of the child, the householder or owner of the 
premises where the birth occurred, or the manager or superin- 
tendent of the public or private institution where the birth 
occurred, each in the order named, within five days after the 
date of such birth, to report to the local registrar the fact of 
such birth. In such case and in case the physician, midwife or 
person acting as midwife in attendance upon the birth is unable 
by diligent inquiry, to obtain any item or items of information 
required in this article, it shall then be the duty of the registrar 
to secure from the person so reporting, or from any other person 
having the required knowledge, such information as will enable 
him to prepare the certificate of birth herein required, and it 
shall be the duty of the person reporting the birth or who may 
be interrogated in relation thereto to answer correctly and to 
the best of his knowledge all questions put to him by the registrar 
which may be calculated to elicit any information needed to make 
a complete record of the birth as contemplated by this article, 
and it shall be the duty of the informant as to any statement 
made in accordance herewith to verify such statement by his 
signature, when requested so to do by the local registrar 
CHAPTER 619 OP THE LAWS OF 1913 
All births in the State of New York (exclusive of New York 
City) are to be registered on this blank. This includes not only 
all living births (children born alive) but also all stillbirths 
(children dead when born) provided that the latter (stillborn) 
need not be registered unless advanced to the fifth (5th) month 
of uterogestation. Stillbirths must be registered as births, upon 
this blank, and also as deaths, upon the Standard Death Certifi- 
cate, and a burial permit issued in the regular way. See 
extracts from the law below. 
All birth certificates (including those of stillbirths) must be 
FILED with the Local Registrar of the town, village, or city in 
which the birth occurred within five (5) days thereafter. Note 
that the certificate must be filed; it may be mailed, at the risk 
of the sender, but to mail as late as the fifth day after birth 
does not comply with the law unless the certificate actually 
reaches the Local Registrar within five days from the date of 
birth. 
These certificates form the Legal Records which may be of 
great importance to the children born. It is essential that they 
§ 376. Registration of Stillborn Children. A stillborn 
child shall be registrated as a birth and also as a death, and 
separate certificates of both the birth and the death shall be filed 
with the registrar of vital statistics in the usual form and manner, 
the certificate of birth to contain in place of the name of the 
child, the word “stillbirth”; provided, that a certificate of birth 
and a certificate of death shall not be required for a child that 
has not advanced to the fifth month of uterogestation. The 
medical certificate of the cause of death shall be signed by the 
attending physician, if any, and shall state the cause of death as 
“ stillborn,” with the cause of the stillbirth, if known, whether 
a premature birth, and, if born prematurely, the period of utero- 
gestation, in months, if known; and a burial or removal permit 
of the prescribed form shall be required. Midwives shall not 
sign certificates of death for stillborn children; but such cases, 
and stillbirths occurring without attendance of either physician 
or midwife shall be treated as deaths without medical attendance 
as hereinafter provided in this article. 
§ 382. Registration of Birtbs. The birth of each and 
every child born in this state shall be registered within five days 
after the date of each birth, there shall be filed with the registrar 
of the district in which the birth occurred a certificate of such 
birth which certificate shall be upon the form prescribed therefor 
by the state commissioner of health. In each case where a 
physician, midwife or person acting as midwife, was in attendance 
Birth Certificate Used in the Village 
of Peekakill ..Ward 
If child is not yet named, make 
supplemental report, as directed 
(Year) 
-(Years) 
M., 
Registrar 
This certificate must be FILED with the Local Registrar within FIVE (5) days after birth 
(See instructions, and additional data required for STILLBIRTHS on other side) 
(If birth occurred in a hospital or institution, give its NAME instead of street and number) 
-19- 
(Davj 
(Physician, Midwife, Father, Etc) 
Number of children born to this mother, including present birth 
New York State Department of Health 
. DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS 
Registered No.. 
(Month) 
I 1 7 Age at last birthday— 
CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH 
.St;. 
..at.. 
CERTIFICATE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN OR MIDWIFE* 
7 Date of 
birth — 
MOTHER 
1 5 Residence 
(Usual place of abode) 
If nonresident, give place and State 
Number of children of this mother now living- 
(Bom alive or stillborn) 
18 Birthplace (city or place). 
(State or country) 
6 Legitimate? 
14 Full maiden name 
1 9 Occupation 
Nature of industry 
1 6 Color or race 
.I§. 
, 19 
I hereby certify that I attended the birth of this child, who was. 
on the date above stated. 
, 5 Number, in order of birth. 
(Years) 
(Signature). 
4 Twin, triplet or cther- 
Dated.. 
Address.. 
Filed.. 
(To be inserted by Registrar) 
No- 
20 What preventive for Ophthalmia Neonatorum did you use?- 
Given name added from a supplemental 
Registrar 
11 Age at last birthday- 
*When there was no attending physician or 
midwife, then the father, householder, etc., 
should make this return. A stillborn child is 
one that neither breathes nor shows other 
evidence of life after birth. 
To be answered 
ONLY in event of 
plural births 
FATHER 
(Month, day, year) 
O 
£ 
•*■» 
w 
s 
9 Residence 
(Usual place of abode) 
If nonresident, give place and State 
If none, state the reason therefor- 
2 Full name of child 
1 PLACE OF BIRTH 
1 2 Birthplace (city or place)- 
(State or country) 
1 3 Occupation 
Nature of industry 
County. 
Township. 
or 
Village. 
3 Sex of child 
8 Full name 
1 0 Color or race 
City.. 
report. 
MARGIN RESERVED FOR BINDING 
WRITE PLAINLY, WITH DURABLE BLACK INK—THIS IS A PERMANENT RECORD 
N. B.—In case of more than one child at a birth, a SEPARATE RETURN must be made for 
each, and the number of each, in order of birth, stated 
New York State Department of Health 
What Preventive for Ophthalmia Neonatorum? 
.wd.; 
Bom alive 
Stillborn 
M 
..yrs. 
..yrs. 
BIRTH CERTIFICATE made out and FILED 
with the Local Registrar of above District 
.19, 
jggp’This stub will not be received as a certificate of birth. 
REPORT OF BIRTH 
..Legitimate?. 
.at. 
No. of Children (including present birth). 
.St... 
-Age- 
■19- 
■Age. 
MOTHER: Full Maiden Name. 
PLACE OF BIRTH: County. 
.Twin (No.). 
Occupation (and Industry) 
Occupation (and Industry) 
City, Village, Town of... 
FATHER: Full Name. 
..on. 
Full Name of Child 
Residence (address). 
Residence (address). 
Color or Race. 
Color or Race. 
Now living. 
Date of Birth 
Birthplace. 
Birthplace. 
How filed. 
(No- 
Sex.. #-2e-U-50,000 (21-1327AJ 
THIS IS A MARRIAGE LICENSE, AND NOT A MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE. The Marriage Certificate on 
the reverse side should be filled out and filed promptly by the Clergyman or Magistrate as required by law, with 
the Town or City Clerk who issued the License. See that your marriage is thus recorded. 
Place of Registry 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
Division of Vital Statistics 
County of 
MARRIAGE LICENSE 
Registered No. 
Town or City of. 
KCtttUU all mm luj tl]iS CUrrltfiral?, that any person authorized by law to perform marriage cere- 
monies within the State of New York to whom this may come, he, not knowing any lawful impediment thereto, 
is hereby authorized and empowered to solemnize the rites of matrimony between 
in the county of. 
.and State of New York and 
.of 
.of 
in the county of 
and State of New York and to certify the same to be said 
parties or either of them under his hand and seal in his ministerial or official capacity and thereupon he is 
required to return his certificate in the form hereto annexed. The statements endorsed hereon or annexed 
hereto, by me subscribed, contain a full and true abstract of all the facts concerning such parties disclosed 
by their affidavits or verified statements presented to me upon the application for this license. 
Jitl (UpSltittOitJt iHlji'nhlf, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of said Town or City at 
nineteen hundred and 
..this. 
.day of. 
SEAL 
The following is a full and true abstract of all the facts disclosed by the above-named applicants in their verified 
statements presented to me upon their applications for the above license: 
Clerk 
Full name 
From the Groom: 
From the Bride: 
Full name. 
Color. 
Color. 
Place of Residence 
(street address) 
Place of Residence 
(street address) 
(city, town or village) 
(state) 
(city, town or village) 
(state) 
Occupation 
Age.. 
Age 
Occupation.... 
Place of birth.. 
Place of birth. 
Name of father. 
Name of father 
Country of birth. 
Country of birth... 
Maiden name of mother 
Maiden name of mother.. 
Country of birth 
Number of marriage. 
Country of birth. 
Number of marriage. 
I have not to my knowledge been infected with any 
venereal disease, or if I have been so infected 
within five years I have had a laboratory test 
within that period which shows that I am now 
free from infection from any such disease. 
I have not to my knowledge been infected with any 
venereal disease, or if I have been so infected 
within five years I have had a laboratory test 
within that period which shows that I am now 
free from infection from any such disease. 
Former wife or wives 
living or dead 
Former husband or husbands 
living or dead 
Is applicant a divorced person.. 
Is applicant a divorced person. 
If, so, when and where divorce or divorces were 
granted 
If so, when and where divorce or divorces were 
granted. 
FUTURE ADDRESS (Enter here EXACT FUTURE ADDRESS after marriage if known! 
(el, eet address) 
(city, town or village) 
(state) The written consents of the Parents, Guardians or Persons under whose care and government the Minor 
or Minors may be has been filed in the Town or City Clerk’s office in 
as provided by Section x 5, of Article 3 of the Domestic Relations Law. 
MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE 
TO CLERGYMEN AND MAGISTRATES 
The license and certificate duly signed by the person who shall have solemnized the marriage therein 
authorized shall be returned by him to the office of the town or city clerk who issued the same on or before 
the tenth day of the month next succeeding the date of the solemnizing of the marriage therein authorized 
and any person or persons who shall wilfully neglect tc make such return within the time above required shall 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than 
twenty-five dollars or more than fifty dollars for each and every offense. 
I, 
..a. 
city 
.in the town of. 
village 
residing at. 
(street address) 
.in county of. 
and State of New York, do hereby certify that I did on this... 
.day of. 
...in the year 
A. D. 19. 
...at. 
..in the county of. 
..and State 
of New York, solemnize the rites of matrimony between. 
of. 
.in the county of 
and State of New York, and.. 
of.. 
...in the county of.. 
..and State of New York 
in the presence of. 
..and.. 
as witness, and the license therefor is hereto annexed. 
Wittwflfl my hand at.. 
.in the county of. 
this. 
..day of.. 
.A. D. 19.. 
In presence of 
(Signature of Person Performing Ceremony) 
CSignature of Witness) 
(.Address of Person Performing Ceremony) 10-18-18-100.000 (21-273) 
STATE OF NEW YOKK 
Affidavit for License to Marry 
STATE OF NEW YOKK 
No.. 
County of. 
..of. 
GROOM 
and.. 
applicants for a license for marriage, being severally sworn, depose and say, that to the best of their 
knowledge and belief the following statement respectively signed by them is true, and that no legal 
impediment exists as to the right of the applicants to enter into the marriage state. 
BRIDE 
FKOM THE GROOM: 
FROM THE BRIDE: 
Full name 
Full name 
Color. 
Place of residence. 
Color 
Place of residence.. 
(street address) 
(street address) 
(city, town or village) 
Age 
(state) 
Age 
(city, town or village) 
(state) 
Occupation. 
Occupation.. 
Place of birth 
Place of birth. 
Name of father- 
Name of father. 
Country of birth. 
Country of birth 
Maiden name of mother.. 
Maiden name of mother.. 
Country of birth. 
Country of birth 
Number of marriage. 
Number of marriage- 
I have not to my knowledge been infected with any 
venereal disease, or if I have been so infected 
within five years I have had a laboratory test 
within that period which shows that 1 am now 
free from infection from any such disease. 
I have not to my knowledge been infected with any 
venereal disease, or if I have been so infected 
within five years I have had a laboratory test 
within that period which shows that I am now 
free from infection from any such disease. 
Former wife or wives 
living or dead 
Former husband or husbands 
living or dead 
Is applicant a divorced person 
Is applicant a divorced person. 
If so, when and where divorce or divorces were 
granted 
If so, when and where divorce or divorces were 
granted 
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 
GROOM 
BRIDE 
(Enter here EXACT FUTURE ADDRESS after 
marriage if known) 
FUTURE ADDRESS 
.day of 
19 
(street address) 
Clerk 
(city, town or village) 
(state) 
faf NOTICE TO TOWN OR CITY CLERK. Please have marriage license and certificate fastened SECURELY to 
affidavit for license and consent, before filing with county clerk. CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT 
This is to certify that 
who have hereto subscribed.. 
name, do hereby consent that 
who is 
(Name of Minor) 
(My or our Son, Daughter or Ward) 
and who is under the age of 
..years, shall be united in marriage to 
by any minister of the gospel or other person authorized by law to solemnize marriages. 
Witness my hand this 
A. D. 19. 
day of 
(Signatures of Parents or Guardian) 
CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT 
This is to certify that 
who have hereto subscribed. 
.. name, do hereby consent that 
(Name of Minor) 
who is 
and who is under the age of .. 
..years, shall be united in marriage to 
(My or our Son, Daughter or Ward) 
by any minister of the gospel or other person authorized by law to solemnize marriages. 
Witness my hand this... 
day of 
A. D. 19. 
(Signatures of Parents or Guardian) New York State Department of Health 
l PLACE OF DEATH 
(Dist. No. 
flew state Department ot Dealtb 
DIVISION OF VITAL DTATISTIOD 
County. 
To be inserted by Registrar 
REPORT OF DEATH 
N. B.-WRITE LEGIBLY, WITH DURABLE BLACK INK-THIS ISA PERMANENT RECORD. Every item 
of information should be carefully supplied. AGE should be stated EXACTLY. PHYSICIANS should state 
CAUSE OF DEATH in plain terms, so that it may be properly classified. Exact statement of OCCUPATION 
is very important- See instructions on back of certificate. 
Town... 
or 
Village 
or 
City 
STANDARD CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
STATE OF NEW YORK 
Registered No... 
1 Place of Death,. 
(No- 
St 
Ward) 
2 Full Name of Deceased,. 
2 FULL NAME 
[If death occurred in a hospital or institution, give its NAME instead of street and number] 
3 Sex, 
...4 Color,. 
(18a) Residence No.. 
St., 
Ward. 
o Single, Married, Widowed or Divorced,. 
5a If Married, Widowed or Divorced 
Husband of (or) Wife of, 
Length of residence in city or town where death occurred* 
(Usual place of abode) 
yrs. 
mos. 
ds. 
How long in U. S., if of foreign birth ? 
(If nonresident, give city or town and Stats) 
yrs. 
mos. 
ds. 
Month 
Day 
Year 
PERSONAL AND STATISTICAL PARTICULARS 
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATH 
6 Date of Birth,. 
3 SEX 
4 COLOR OR RACE 
5 SINGLE, MARRIED, WIDOWED, 
or divorced (Write the word) 
16 DATE OF DEATH 
(Month) 
19„ 
Years 
Months 
Days 
5a ip MARRIED, WIDOWED OR DIVORCED 
HUSBAND OF 
(or) WIFE OF 
17 I HEREBY CERTIFY, That I attended deceased from 
(Day) 
(Year) 
7 Age,. 
,19. 
, to. 
,19.. 
8 Occupation, 
6 DATE OF BIRTH 
,1 
that I last saw h 
and that death occurred on the date stated above, at.. 
..alive on 
, 19.. 
,.M. 
8c Name of Employer,. 
7 AGE 
Years 
(Month) 
Months 
(Day) 
Days 
If LESS than 1 
day, how many 
hrs. or min.? 
'(Year)" 
The CAUSE OF DEATH * was as follows: 
9 Birthplace,. 
.(State or Country).. 
10 Father’s Name,. 
8 OCCUPATION 
(a) Trade, profession, or 
particular kind of work 
(b) General nature of industry, 
business, or establishment in 
which employed (or employer). 
(c) Name of employer 
11 Father’s Birthplace,.. 
12 Maiden Name of Mother. 
CONTRIBUTORY 
(secondary) 
..(Duration).. 
yrs.— 
— mos. 
-ds. 
13 Mother’s Birthplace. 
9 BIRTHPLACE (City or Town) 
(State or Country) 
.(Duration) 
yrs.. 
mos... 
ds. 
14 Informant, 
18b Where was disease contracted, 
if not at place of death? 
15 Certificate Filed with Registrar (Date),.. 
10 NAME OF 
FATHER 
Did an operation precede death?.. 
..Date of. 
16 Date of Death 
PARENTS 
11 BIRTHPLACE OF FATHER (City or Town) 
(State or Country) 
Was there an autopsy?. 
17 Chief Cause of Death,... 
12 MAIDEN NAME 
OF MOTHER 
What test confirmed diagnosis?. 
(Signed) 
..., M. D. 
Certified by,.. 
Medical Attendant 
.M.D. 
13 BIRTHPLACE OF MOTHER (City or Town). 
(State or Country) 
-> 19- 
(Address). 
Years 
Months 
Days 
*State the Disease Causing Death, or,in deaths from Violent Causes, state 
(1) Means and Nature of Injury, and (2) whether Accidental, Suicidal, or Homicidal 
18 How long a Resident here,. 
(Informant)... 
14 THE ABOVE IS TRUE TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE 
19 PLACE OF BURIAL,CREMATION OR 
REMOVAL 
DATE OF BURIAL 
18a. Former or Usual Residence, 
(If nonresident of place of death) 
Form VS No. 60b. 
(Address) 
20 UNDERTAKER 
ADDRESS 
. 19 
19 Buried at, 
Date, 
15 Filed 
•i 19 
Registrar 
20 Undertaker, 
j£g'-This stub will not be received as a certificate of death. 
Burial or 
Transit 
Permit issued by.. 
Date of issue.. 
See Instructions on Other Side Certificate of Death Used in the Village 
of Peekskill. 91 
Referencea 
1. Mortality Statistics 
Years- I9OO - 1004,1008,I9I2,I916,1920,. 
2. Report for I9CX), 19^0,1920. (Population) 
5 Census Reports” " ” " (Financial) 
4,Sate Report (infant Mortality and rate) 92 
Comment. 
Vital statistics acawr one of the greatest needs of the village. 
Were complete accurate records of the Health Activities in the 
community readily available many of the other problems would 
dissolve.lt but required the death of some thirty of the citizens 
of the village to impress^that water of unquestionable purity 
was essential.The fact that the number was so great was suffecient 
force to drive to action without any further tabulation. 
Should,however,the infant rates,measles,puerperal and Tuberculosis 
rates be forcibly brought before the public by the press etc., 
similar action would result. In order to do this the records 
must be available and well kept.This is not at present done,The 
duties of the registrar do not include the compilation of 
the above mentioned figures,Thus unless the National Mortality 
Statistics are investigated by a citizen,he can not know the 
condition in the village. 
The Village of Peekskill needs a careful compilation 
of the Vital Statistics of the community. 93 
Infectious Diseases 
A. Designated 
B. Regulations 
C. Disinfections etc. 
D. Exclusion from Schools etc. 94 
Communicable Diseases Designated. 
For Convenience of administration they are divided into two 
groups; 
A. Anthrax 
Botulism 
Chicken Pox 
Cholera,Asiatic 
Diphtheria,(menbranous Croup) 
Pysentery,amoebic and Bacillary 
Encephalitis Lethargica 
Epidemic Cerebrospinal meningitis 
Epidemic influenza 
Epidemic or 8treptococcus(spt>tic)sore throat 
German Measles 
Glanders 
Measle a 
Mumps 
Para-Typhoid Fever 
Pkague 
Pneumonia 
a, Acute Lobar 
b. Bronchial or Lobular 
Polirayelitis 
a.Acute Anterior(Infantile Paralysis) 
Puerperal Septicaemia 
Rabieo 
Scarlet Fever 
Small Pox 
Tetanus 
Trachoma 
Tuberculosis 
Typhoid Fever 
Typhus 51 
Whooping Cough 
B. Syphilis 
Gonorrhea 
(Ppthalmia Neonatorum (Suppurative Conjunctivitis of the New Born) 
Chancroid. 95 
Quarantine Regulations 
"When any case of Diphtheria,Encephalitis Leth&rgjca,Epidemic 
cerebrospinal meninigitia,measles,scarlet fever,small pox, 
poliomyelitisjacute anterior( infantile paralysis) or typhus fever, 
is not or can not be properly isolated,on the premises,and cannot 
be removed,to a suitable hospital,it shall bethe duty ofthe local 
health officer, to forbid my member,of the h usehold from 
leaving the premises,except under such conditions as he may 
specify an except as provided by regulation 12 of this chapter 
Reg, 12*» "Adults not to be Quarantined in certain cases 
" When a person afflicted with a communicable disease other than 
small pox is proprly isolated on the pr emisee,adult J'tembe rs of the 
family or household,who do not come in cnntact with the patient 
or with his secretions or exceetions unless forbidden by the 
health officer,may continue their usual vocations,pxcept as provided 
in the above regulations**** and provided further that such 
vocations do not bring them in close contact with children,nor 
require that they shall handle food or food products intended 
for sale. 
Sale of Food Forbidden in eert in Cases** * * 
”When a case of diphtheria ,encephalitis lethargica,epidemic or 
septic sore throat,amoebic or bacillary dysentery,epidemic 
cerebrospinal meningitis,para-typhoid fever,scarlet fever,small 
pox,poliomyelitis,acute anterior(infantile paralysis) or typhoid 
fever,exists an any farm or dairy produe-ving mi k, cream,butter, 
cheese,or other foods likely to be consumed raw,no such foods 96 
ahall be sold or delivered from such fam or di±jry, except under 
the followings conditional 
A. That such foods are not brought-into the hiuse where such case 
exists; 
B. all persons coming in contact with such foods eat,sleep 
and work wholly outside such house; 
C. such prsons do not come in contact in any way with such house 
or its inmates or contents; 
D. said inmates are properly isolated and separated from all ofc 
other parts of said farm or dairy,and effeciently cared for;and 
IT,That a permeit be issued by the Health Officer. 
Handling of Food Forbidden in Certain Oases 
” No person affected with any communicable disease shall handle 
food or food products intended for sale,which are likely to be 
consumed raw or liable to convey infective material. 
"No persons who reside,board, or lodge in the household 
where he comes in contact with any peroon with bacillary dysentery 
diphtheria,encephalitis lethargica epidemic or spptic sore 
throat,paratyphoid fever,scarlet fever,poliomyelitis acute anterior 
(infantile Paralysis) or typhoid fever,shall handle food or 
food products intended for elie, 
"No waiter,waitress,cook,orother employee of a boarding house 
hotel restaurant or other place where food is served,who is affected 
with any communcAble disease shall prepare ,serve,or handle food for 
others in any manner whatsoever. 
"No waiter,waitress,cook,or other employee of a boarding house 
hotel, restaurant,or other place where food is served,who lodges or 
visits in a household where he comes in cintact with ahy person 
affected with bacillary dysenetry,diphtheria, encephalitis lethargica, HERMANN M. BIGGS, M. D., Commissioner 
State Department of Health 
Albany, N. Y. 
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE 
REPORT CARD 
DIVISION 
CF 
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 
FormC. D. 103 . 3-23-22-50,000 (21-2834) 
(See list on back of card) 
(Report tuberculosis on special card) 
Town 
Village 
City 
..County. 
..Dist. No. 
Disease. 
Name of 
Patient- 
.Occupation. 
Patient’s 
address... 
-Age. 
..Sex. 
..Color. 
....♦married; single; widowed 
Date of first symptoms. 
Was diagnosis confirmed 
by bacteriological exam- 
ination (for 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,10, 14, 15, 26).. 
...Where did infection occur, if not in your municipality.. 
Date reported... 
Reported by 
(♦Attending physician, head of household, hospital sup't) 
By blood examination (for 14, 2CI.. 
Address.. 
Date of last successful vaccination (for 22).. 
*Cross out words not applying 
Health Officer 
Card Sent by the kocal Health Officer 
to the State Department of Health 
after having received one of the 
Poet Cards seen an previous page. *List of communicable diseases 
1 Anthrax 
2 Botulism 
3 Chickenpox 
4 Cholera, Asiatic 
5 Diphtheria (membranous croup) 
6 Dysentery, amoebic and bacillary 
7 Encephalitis lethargica 
8 Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis 
9 Epidemic Influenza 
10 Epidemic (septic) sore throat 
11 German measles 
12 Glanders 
13 Malaria 
14 Measles 
15 Mumps 
16 Ophthalmia neonatorum 
17 Paratyphoid fever 
18 Plague 
19 Pneumonia (a) lobar 
20 Pneumonia (b) bronchial or lobular 
21 Poliomyelitis, acute anterior (infantile paralysis) 
22 Puerperal septicemia 
23 Rabies (Person bitten by rabid or supposedly rabid animal) 
24 Scarlet fever 
25 Smallpox 
26 Tetanus 
27 Trachoma 
28 Tuberculosis (report on special card) 
29 Typhoid fever 
30 Typhus fever 
31 Vincent’s angina 
32 Whooping cough 
* Regulation 8, Chapter II, Sanitary Code, applies to diseases set in 
black type. 98 
epidemic or septic sore throat,para-typhoid fever,scarlet fever, 
poliomyelitis,acute anterior infantile paralysis,or typhoid fever, 
shall prepapre, serve or handle food for others in any manner what 
so ever.M 
Methods of Disinfection or Fumigation 
d 
The Sanifcfcry Code gives details as to the proceure and cases 
where the above processes are indicated,but the Health Officer of 
the village states that these are no longer carried out in the village 
unless the persons involved specifically state their desire to have 
this done. 
Exclusion from Schools Etc. 
It is the duty of aiiy person in charge of a school of any 
type to exclude therefrom any child or other person affected 
i 
with a disease presumably communcabfee,until such person can present 
a written statement from a proper authority countersigned by 
the health officer that the person in quest|on is not a menace. 
It is also the duty of a person in charge of a school toalso 
exclude a child or person having any of the diseases listed as 
communicable until such time as the local authorities feel that 
the person is no longer a mencae. 
Venereal Disease 
d e 
All recora concerning veneral disease are considered confidental. 
The persons are not revealed unless thru breech of sanitary law 
it is deemed wise to do sofor protection of the community. 
The procedure in a general way is as follows.The local Physician 99 
THIS SIDE OFCARD IS FOR ADDRESS 
FRED A, SNOWDEN, M. D., 
108 DEPEW STREET, 
PEEKSKILL, N. Y. 
Health Officer, 
Village of Peekskill 
Post Cards used by Local Physicians to be 
sent to Local Health Officer upon diagnosis 
of a communicable disease. 
HERMANN M. BIGGS, M. D., Commissioner 
STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
ALBANY, N. Y. 
DIVISION OF 
TUBERCULOSIS 
TUBERCULOSIS STATEMENT AND REPORT 
Patient’s name. 
Street 
number or 
R. F. D. 
Town 
..in Village of. 
City 
..Sex. 
...Color. 
.Age.. 
Present 
address 
.County of. 
Former address (if any). 
.How long ago?. 
Occupation 
.Place where last employed?.. 
(Give address and name of firm) 
Sputum examined?. 
.Date. 
.Result 
Type of disease. 
Will you enforce the procedures and precautions named on the reverse side of this card? (Answer “Yes” or 
..Stage. 
“No”)- 
*Attending physician.. 
Health Officer to countersign here: 
,M. D. 
Address. 
Address.. 
,N. Y. 
Date.. 
,N. Y. 
Date.. 
*If patient is in an institution, chief officer should sign here. 
8-18-19-100,000 (21-1402) 
fIf possible, give street and number when former address is in a city. 
Card used by the Local Health Ofileer 
to be sent to the State Department of Health. To the Board of Health, Village of Peekskill. 
Date 
192 
I desire to report a case of. 
Name 
Address 
Age. 
Married; Single; Widowed. (Cross out words not applying.) 
Sex 
Color 
Occupation. 
Date of onset 
Probable source of infection 
School attended or place of employment. 
Schools attended by other members of family 
Was bacteriological exam, made or specimen sent?. 
Is patient or any member of the household engaged in production or handling 
of milk? 
(Signed) 
(Please answer each question) 
.M. D. 
PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN ON THE PREMISES OCCUPIED 
BY A PATIENT HAVING TUBERCULOSIS 
(By direction of the State Commissioner of Health) 
Care of sputum 
The patient should spit into a paper sputum cup; burn this cup and its contents daily or oftener; hold a 
handkerchief or cloth before the mouth when coughing or sneezing; use paper napkins or gauze handker- 
chiefs, which can be burned daily; should not swallow sputum; avoid soiling hands with sputum—(if this 
occurs the hands should be thoroughly cleaned with hot water and soap); thoroughly wash with hot water 
and soap any article accidentally soiled with sputum; should not kiss anyone (it is especially dangerous for 
the patient to kiss children); should not handle raw food unless the hands have been thoroughly washed with 
hot water and soap. . ..... 
Dry sweeping and dusting should be avoided; dust from any source should be prevented, if possible; 
patient should, if possible, be provided with a separate bed and room, preferably a room which admits much 
air and light, especially sunlight; patient should have separate dishes, linen and handkerchiefs and other 
articles for personal use, and these should be washed and cleaned separately. 
Care of premises, eating utensils and linen 
Other precautions 
Patient should not associate freely with children and should with very special care observe all precau- 
tions in their presence; all members of the patient’s family and other household associates should be carefully 
examined for tuberculosis. 100 
who makes the diagnosis sends a notification of the fact to the 
health officer.The latter sends a report to the State Board of 
health.Wasserman reports are made both to the local physician 
and to the health officer. 
Many of the regulations concerning the occupation of th individual 
in relation to venereal disease that are mentioned in the code 
are overlooked, but the above mentioned procedure is carried out 
quite well. 
Tuberculosis 
(see Welfare station) Reporting is done as percards 
herewith included 
References 
1,Tte Sanitary Code..Established by the nThe public Health Council 
of the Sta e of New York. w 101 
Inspection of Shops 
in the 
Village of PeekBkill, 
A. 3akery 
B. Creara Store 
C. Restaurant 
D. Market 
Grocery 
F.3arber Shop 102 
Score Card for Food Store 
Name. Date.4US*35»192&ddres8# ... 
Construction of Store*».»••••••* Perfect Allowed 
I. Above side walk level* • •* 1 1 
2*Free from Contaminating surroundings 
5*Store light and well ventilated* •••*•••* ••••• 1 
4, cted by door or hall with living room*••••••*0*5*••*0*5 
5»rMarket not directly connected with toilet* 
6,Plumbing in good condition 1 
7*Floor of store smooth andtight ••••♦•*1 ••••••• 1 
8.Sidewall and ceiling smooth and tight 0.5.....0.5 
9.Doors and other openings well screened ••••*1*P*****1*5 
10#Store provided with basin and running water 1 
II. Cellar clean and well ventilated cement floor and no oder* • • * • *®*5 
Cleanliness of Store 
1. Floor especially near foods........5......5 
2. Walls and ceilings. 1.......1 
5. Windows.........1 .1 
4. Display cases, windows and shelves 2......2 
5. Blocs and counters.........2.......2 
6. and Instruments........5 .5 
Ice Box .......5*.....5 
8. Disposal of waste—covered garbage pails,metal 4.,,, ,2 
9.Sink,hot running water,individual towels 6...,.2 
Exposure of Food Supplies 
1.Nothing displayed outside of store except under glass cover ..4,2 
2.Store freeJS from flies ,.4,..,,,2 
5. All unwrapped foods protected from flies and dust...... .4.,. ,2 
4*Protection in delivery, .wrappd and in clean wagon .....4...,.— 
5.Show windows closed 5 5 
6, Foodstuffs at least 24 inches above the floor ....4,,.,4 
Employees 
1. clean uniforms 4 .5 
2, and wash hands after visiting toilet. 8.....0 
5. Employees examined and free fr m disease........5* ••«—— 
4,Employees moisten fingers with saliva for any purpose.... .8 8 
Bakeries 
I. Material used of good quality. 5****5 
2.Sanitary mechanical appliances used in baking....5.....5 
J. Bread stuffs provided with dust proof wrapper..5.... .^ 
4, Bakery floor hard wood clean. 2.....2 
5. Bakers clean and special uniforms 2 2 
Total* 79 103 
Score Card for Food Store 
Name,¥W&to9.... Kind.ls«.5«ew Date.4vs.S5*192Address#§wtb#§T. 
Construction of Store*..........Perfect Allowed 
1. ve side walk level 
8. from Contaminating eurroundinge 
3. tore light and well ventilated* ••*••••••1 1 
4fUneonnected by door or hall with living room ..0.5....0,5 
pa Market not directly connected with toilet*••*••••* *1 
6. Plumbing In good condition*•••♦•••«1 * * »* 
7. Floor of store smooth andtight ....... ....... 1 
6.Sidewall and eeiling smooth and tight*.......0.5*...».^*5 
9. Doors and other openings well screened 1.5.....1.5 
10,Store provided with basin and running water K... J 
11.Cellar clean and well ventilated cement floor and no odor 
Cleanliness of Store 
1 .Floor especially near foods , ,3...,. ,3 
2. Walls and ceilings 1 1 
Windows.......... 1...... 1 
4. Display cases,windows and shelves ,2.......2 
5. Blocs and counters .2 ..2 
d.Utinsels and Instruments....,. ,3. 3 
Ice Box ...... *3* 5 
8. Disposal of waste—covered garbage paiit,metal .....4 5 
9.Sink,hot running water,individual towels.........6.....2 
Exposure of Food Supplies 
1 .Nothing displayed outside of store except under glass oov»r4..4 
2.Store free* from flies. 4..,,.4 
5. All unwrapped foods protected from files and dust .....4....4 
4.Protection in delivery..wrappd and in clean wagon .....4....4 
5.Show windows closed 5*.....5 
6. Foodstuffs at least 24 inches above the floor 4.....4 
Employees 
t.Wear clean uniforms 4..,..4 not observed 
2,Clean and wash hands after visiting toilet*......6.. •/9t/97t1¥Y'f$ 
J.Eaployees examined and free fr m disease..... *3* * * ” 
4,Employees moisten fingers with saliva for any purpose ....8....8 
Soda Stofce 
I.Soda Fountain and refrig,cleanable 3».».? 
2.All Utin8els washed in running hot water.,,,,3....2 
3.Individual containors used I.....* 
4.All milk and cream of good quality.,.3...3 
5.Ice cream made under sanitary conditions...3.,,2 
6,All unwrappd candies protected from dust and flies...2.,,2 
Total* 92 104 
Score card for Food stores. 
Name Kind Meg.t#¥wfcet. Address.§?9.§99Vh ®t 
Construction of store, ,. -M,low.eiL_ 
1, Above side walk levil.....,1 1 
2. Free from contaminating surroundings 
2*Store 1 ght andwell ventilated 
4,Unconr» cted by door or hall with living room,•••••0*2 ...,.,0,2 
2,Marhet not directly © nre cted wiyh toilet • •....,.,1«..«,,...1 
Plumbing in good condition,•••••••.«•t••••••••••1 
7*Floor of flloor smooth and tight.••••••t 1 
8,Sidewall and ceiling emoooth andtight., 0.2.,.,..,,,Q*2 
9,Doors and other fpsnings well screened *5 
to,Store provfid with basin and running water......... 1........ 1 
1t*Cellar clean andwell ventilated aement fll>erand no^oder..,.••. .0*2*•• 
Cleanliness of store, 
t,Floor especidly near foods 2*** 3 
2,Walls and ceilings............t......0*2 
2.Windows t......... t 
4*Display cases, windows and shelves..2........2 
2*Blocs and counters .....2 2 
6,Utinaela and instruments,••••.•••.2*........2 
7,Ice box 2**»* 2 
6,Disposal of waste&j—covered garbabage pails,metal,..,,..4 2 
9,Sink, hot running wate ,individual towels..,,...,.6 2 
Exposure of food supplies 
t,Nothing displayed outside of store exceptun er glass covers.•...4....2 
2*£oew-£- Store free from flies,....4.,....t 
2,Ml unwrappd food and fruits protected from flies £id dust....4,......4 
4.Protection in deliver&&~Wrraped anc in clean wagon 4,,,...4 
2.Show windos slosed,.......2 5 
6.Foodstuffs at least 24 inches above tie floor.. 4......4 
Employees 
1. clean uniforms......4 .....2 
2, Clean,wash hands after visiting.tciy.at.8.......0 Not observed, but possible; 
2,Bnployees examinaed free from disease...,..2 —— 
4,D employees miatedn fingers with saliva for any purpose....8...,8 
Store meat or fish is sold— 
1. Counters benches and refrig, of hard w od and cleanable......2 ? 
2. temp, 40 F or below.K ..2*****'*2 
2,Ice in separarte icompartmwt.....2......2 
4, All me* s injected aa d fresh... 4,,,,,,(N.Y.; 
2*Is all fish stored and iced Without nuisanc ........(No fish; Total*09.5 
* s 111 105 
Inspection of a Restaurant 
Name,... .Modem Restaurant 
1 .Wash Room (Public) Cement floor;well lighted from a sky lifeht 
not screened;Common towel; a few flies;During the observation the 
cook came in to micturate and after completeing his errand he 
turned the faucet that fetes flushed the urinal and then without 
washing his hands he returned to the kitchen and continued with 
his duties.The floor and walls of the toilet were aot very clean 
and were made of tin. 
2.Dining Room 18 tables;capacity of each fcable was 4;Room clean 
and well lighted;Ventilation good by means of skylight;Electric fans ; 
A few flies;Floor cork linoleum;plate a clean,not greasy,table clothes 
clean;Food in dining room(bread and rolls) not protected;Water for 
drinking iced; 
Waiters ..dressed in conventional black frock which ware 
questionably clean;Shirts soiled but the aprons were clean. 
Kitchen...Can be readily viewed from the dining room.Ho attempt to 
conceal the inner workings of the kitchen from the diners.Dish wash- 
ing done by hand;Floor made of cement;Here and ther covered with 
oilcloth.Walls and ceilings covered by tin;plenty of light and clean; 
ventilation good. 
5*Help...Kitchen boy dirty(probably soiled at work).Cook cleanly 
attifced;Stove clean and black;Heated with coke; Skylight;Kitchen sink 
soiled and unciean;Dishes washed in wooden tubs;Plenty of hot water; 
Suffecient help at rush hour ifco take care of dishes adequately. 
6.Bakery. .Light and well ventilated and on the level with the stret; 
walls and ceilings clean and white;oven white enamel and heated with 
coke;Bread piled in metal frames and shelves;Bakers uniforms clean 
and white,not protected from flies. 106 
Inspection of a Barber Shop 
Name..Barber Shop Eagle Hotel 
Shop very bright;Painted white from the floor to A feet up the 
aide wall on wooden wainscoating,and from here to the ceiling it ia 
it is paintded green.There are metal hooka on the walls that are 
clean and bright;The chairs aade metal and are enameled white.The 
instruments are whi metal and for the most part clean.The shop 
is equipp d with an electric hair clipper;Has also an electric 
The clothes of the barber are clean;he does not wash hie hands after 
having finished with each patron.He uses individual towels.No steam 
sterilizer could be seen;PIot and cold water in the shop;. 
bear 
Women also have theirAclippdd in the shop. 
Floor wooden and clean;ceiling metal;electrically lighted 
The above shop is of the better class in the barber 
is American born and his patrons of the better class. 
There are many shops in the village that are of lower calibre. 
References 
1.Public Health Survey.....Horwood. 107 
Housing and Tenement Inspection. 
in the 
Village of Peekskill. 
A. Report of a tenement. 
B, Average House 108 
House Inspection Card 
Date,...»<§ug,$Q,City.Peekskill. Ward*.... 
Street...Water Number ,.,(&weat)... Stories....4 Families..,8 
Kind of Dwelling 
Sei^# detached # Structure.* .Brick Condition.. .Poor 
Detached,semi-detached or continuous. Wood, brick Good,fair poor. 
Nar e Color..IIilian Number in family(^5,5,8,2,5,2,2,) 
Number ofrooms.,...4 Numbe of bed Rooms... Number of Lodgers..... 
Windows in bed rooms...(1), ,2()..,.(2)....(4) Windows open at night.... 
Lighting of rooms,. .poor or dark, Size Unsatisfactory 
Good poor or dark Satisfactory or unsatisfactory 
Water facilities P.W.S. Water bought from.... Amount 
Sanitary survey of well site 
Doors and wimdows soreened ..NO. 
Disposal of sewerage ....... Sewer Sewer on street...Yes Privy........ 
Yes or no#. 
Disposalo£ garbage 
frequency of removal,by whom,other methods,protected receptacle 
fly nuisance, 
Manus© on premises.. ..No 
frequency of removal,treatment,fly nuisance 
Births for past yr,......« Date .... Name.....Attendant at Birth,.,...,. 
General Nuisanc s 
Pools,cans,animal wastes,.. 
(see note appended) ' 
General Nuiaanc 109 
Housing; 
The average householder in the village keeps his property- 
in a good condition,With the exception ofa few districts where 
the employees of some of the larger factories reside,the 
houses are well built and apparently adequate . This type 
pf house which makes up the greater majority of the houses in the 
village is surrounded by a plot of grass well kept and neatly 
cut. 
The tenements that are found in the village are not in the 
best of sanitary condition,An example of this type of house was 
inspected so that an index of the living conditions of the 
porrer classes in the village could be ascertained,The results 
are revealed on the included score card. 
The house was found on the western front of the village 
very re ar the Railroad yards and near the river edge,This on 
the whole is not a residential district,as mentioned previously 
but the poorer classes find cheap rents here,The inhabitants 
were for the most part Italian,They did not all work for one employer, 
and sever al worked for the railroad. 
The outstanding feature of the house was the unsavory 
appfoach.In a yard in the front of the building,there was a large 
pike of refuse and garbage,This had evidently not been collected 
in some time for the observor saw it on two occasions on 
different days,At any rate it was spilt overseveral feet of ground 
and added neither to the beauty or the sanitation of the house. 
The cellar was entered and. fehe i-jlumbing in this part of the house 
found to be in fair condition. 
The pMmbing in one of the apartments was found to be in poor 
condition,The tenant had complained to the owner that it her 110 
toilet bowel had not flushed properly.After a wait of approximately 
two weeks the toilet had e$ill remained unrepaired.The oder and 
appearance of the damaged toilet bowel w%*every bad. 
The hills were in very poor condition as regards cleaning 
painting. 
The apartments were built in railroad fashion, that is one room 
followed after the other from front to back. The windows to the 
outdoors were in these end rooms. 
The poor condition of the plumbing,the refuse in the yard, 
and the dirty halls are features that lend themselves to ready 
remedy and for which there is no excuse. 
With the above mentioned exceptions(tenement districts) 
the houses are desirable and attarctive. 
There are no regular inspections of tenements made by 
the village.Special complaints may be followed by action on the 
part of the organization. 
References 
1, Public Health Survey...Horwood. 
2, Preventive Medicine.»,Roaneau. 111 
Industrial Hygiene 
in the 
Village of Peekakill. 
A. Factory Inspection 
B. Tables 
C. Industrial Poisoning etc. 112 
Factory Inspection 
The Fleiehman and the Sanitas,Concerns, refused admission to 
their factories.The Union Stove Company gladly offered us their factory 
for a study of sanitary conditions.The company in question is an old 
one and the age of the organization shows itself in the equipment 
and property of the factory and envirement.The establishment stretches 
itself over much ground,showing in a general way the result of gradual 
expansion,In the yards of the factory there are amny bits of equip- 
ment that were once useful,but which have now-served no use.They 
are reserved because of the possibility that in the future 
they may yet be of service. 
The factory itself is built of brick for the greater part. 
There are some structures of wood.The buildings were built 
many years ago,so there is little evidence of fireproofing or 
modern sanitary conveniences. 
Office Building. This is well lighted and ventilated.lt is somewhat 
apart from the remainder of the buildings. 
Factory. This structure is divided into several parts.The main divisions 
h 
are roughly,the wood working shop were the wooden molds for the 
initial iron casts are aade;the molding roomjthe finishing room; 
the assembling room;and the shipping and storage room. 
1. Working Room 
The industrial hazards from moving wheels and belts are amply 
provided for,There is no evidence of the use of artificail ventilation. 
The light was not as good as might have bfeen attained if the wixidows 
had been cleaned, 
2. The Molding Room 
Here industrial hazards would arise if there were to be any. 
There are a series of large rooms about two to three stories in height. 114 
Ventilation takes place thru the top by means of sky light wondows. 
The place is also lighted thru these windows.There was no artificial 
lighting or ventilation in evidence during the time of observation. 
■While the molding is going on,(which is only for a short time each 
day:1-2 hours daily) the room becomes filled with smoke, and fumes 
from the cooling iron from the molds that surround the sand 
casts.There is a littfci dust in the air of the moulding room. 
It would seem as though the fumes are quite harmless,especially 
sincd the air is viciated only a short time each day.The men are 
engaged at work of a hard physical nature,and requires both 
strength and skill. 
3. Rooms . 
Here the iron parts are placed in large revolving drums. 
There are also placed in thedrums small pieces of rough iron and 
tie friction of the smaller pieces on the larger parts,causes the 
latter to besmoothed and alnmst polished.lt appears to the 
observer that here much iron dust could be liberated into the air, 
although this was not outstanding at the time the observation 
depends 
was made,Since the process depends quite obviously upon the 
granulation of the iron particles,that are to be removed, many 
of these fine particles must find their way into the air. 
n 
The tuberculosis hazard in this room is pronouced, 
A 
4. Assembling Room 
In this department the same ppor lighting and other conditions 
that were seen in the wood working room,exist. 
3.Shipping Room 
This room is well lighted. 115 
Health Conservation and Medical Care 
There is neither Docter or Nurse on the grounds.When it is 
necessary,one of the office force,acts in the capacity of a nurse 
to render first aid etc. and the patient is sent to a local 
physician for further treatemnt.Should it bec&me essential to 
have more skilled a Docter is called to the scene 
of the accident. 
Employees 
As far as can be determined the plant employs some three hundred 
men when in full operation.At the time of ef**-** observation,the 
plant was not on its full shedule 
Nuisances etc. 
The envirement showed evidence of the dust from the factory. 
A white hat left in front of the building during the time of the 
observation,was well covered with dust of a black sooty nature. 
Industrial Diseases 
It is the opinion of the Health Officer of the village, 
although he has no figures to substantiate such an opinion, that 
there does exist in the industry a definate industrial* hazard 
in the form of Tuberculoii*. 
During the inspection, but a few wash basin** were seen.These, 
were of an inadequate nature because of 3ize and number.There werd 
no pgper towels in evidence,The above basins were unclean* 116 
Summary and Description of the Process. 
The plana for the stove being complete,they are given to the 
wood working department, where models of the stove are prepared 
in wood.The completed wooden models are placed in sand and an 
exact reproduction is made in sand.By means of various dusting 
powders, the sand is given a very smooth surface,. The fineness 
of texture and the dampness of the sand, cause the sand to retain 
the form given to it by the wooden model,The molten metal is then 
poured into the casts and allowed to congeal.The sand is then removed 
and the iron permitted to cool.After cooling,it has the useless 
edges from the molding process knocked off, and £he roughness due 
to the adherence of the sand etc,,removed by the finishing process. 
It is finally assembled,shipped or stored. 
With the exception of the inspections made by the State 
Department of Labor,there are no investigations of the industrial 
conditions in the village routinely made. 117 
Industrial Activities of the Village, 
The village supports three News papers: 
The Evening Star..... A daily 
The Highland Democrat...... A weekly 
The Daily Union....... A daily 
The main products of the village are artificial pearls, 
yeast,vinegar,oil cloth,artificial leather,sanitary wall coverings, 
hats,womens clothing,childrens suits,underwear,charcoal,shoves, 
and heavy castings. 
The industrial records available at the present time are 
inadequate because of their age and the nature of their contents. 
The last industrial record of the stateB industrial activities 
waw published by the New York Stae Department of Labor in l^tj, 
I have been able to correct this material approximately up thru the 
year I9I6,but for data after that date I am at a loss. 
Industrial Foisoning and Hazards in record form are not 
available at the State offices.Thus as far as I am able to 
determine after inteevie"'ing several men at the offices of the 
Department of Labor,there are no figures on the disease incidence 
in any one industry in any one village or community in the state. 
The included lists give a fair conception of the 
productivity of the village at the present time.Although-ftany- 
Bome of the industries are non existant(chief one being the 
Peekskill Hat Company) on the whole the distribution of labor is a- 
bout the same. 118 
Industrial Pofesoninp, and Disease incidence. 
The local Health Officer states that he has had come to his 
attention about two cases of mercurial palsy from the hat industry 
in the village.These observations hie former statement 
of the possibility of high Tuberculosis incidence in the stove 
and iron industry form my only picture of the problem of 
industrial poisoning in the village.The poverty of this material 
is evident. 
Explanation of Table A. 
The numeral 19*8 has listed under it the total number of 
employees in a given industry (as far as can be determined)thru 
the year l9IS.Cn the oppsite edge of the paper is the numeral 10*3 
having under it a list of the totals for that year.The address’ 
of the firms in question have been omitted because they were 
not considered important by the investigator. 
Explanation of Table B 
This table forms a summary and outline of the entire 
industrial activities for the year 19**.It i® believed(with the 
possible exception of typographical errors in copying)that these 
fables give a fair conception of the problem. 119 
Men 
women 
Child. 
Office 
1915 
Total 
1918 Peekakill Product 
in shop 
in shop 
fora^ 
281 Baker Underwaer MualinU 
23 
505 
8 
505 
506 Fleishman Yeast 
194 
8 
207 
" Vinigar and Y 20J 
m 
5 
206 
57 Goodnight Robe CO, Pajamas and night robes 5 
56 
2 
2 
65 
11 Highland Democrat Printing 
9 
5 
14 
1 fs 
joiiiiB Hou6i u and CO* Cigars 
iO 
«u 
K&B Raincoat Co* Rubber coat 
6 
20 
2 
26 
22 Martin,james F* Cigars 
25 
1 
26 
64 Maxwell,T*F.Co. Night robes and pajamas 
5 
40 
0 
4 
49 
Mohegan Stove co. Stoves 
51 
1 
1 
55 
115 Naylor Bros* Machinery 
96 
12 
108 
N.Y.C.&HRR CO, Car Repairing 
12 
1 
15 
51 Peekskill City Laundry Laundering 
9 
10 
5 
22 
54 Peekskill Fird brick Fire brick 
ip 
2 
21 
* TJq+ Fivp i’-ftlt «a+.o 
p 70 
81 
•5 
5 65 
J/ ilttv Mgiywt P tli “A v 
s 
10 " Nickel plat* ad Japanning, 
11 
1 
12 
ff Stone Co,, Concrete Stone 
12 
12 
105 Southard Robertson Co, Stoves 
126 
5 
129 
Steinback Engineering Co*Gasoline eng. 
12 
1 
2 
15 
297 Union Stove Works Stoves 
255 
4 
259 
JSSmall Factories 
144 
5 
2 
5 
154 
**** : 11 
Peekakill Daily Union 
10 
Economic Feed Co* 
50 
Fish and Freimar Button Works 
59 
Fredericks Inc, Co, Jewelery 
21 
Hudson Clothing Co,, 
River Novelty Co,* Cabinet Works 
55 
<»A. 
National Petticoat Mgr. 
eV 
Peekskill Evening News 
10 
♦♦♦♦Included since I9I8 
• • • • 
• • • • 
Table A. Ace As At //. 
/?0- of 
y ac. £■ or>e*s 
<5~ &> 
G ren oL 
Act a/ 
Z/of 
§ t 
•iS; s 
vS/?(D/3 
i. o/a/ 
2 0 37 
/1 Wei 
/Go roocf' 
/S’ 0 6 
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3 
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/6 orooar 
S’2/ 
Ac nta/o i 
✓y - /o 
7 
\S~ / or/e ts. 
/ B 3 
S’2 - vT7 
/// 7 7 
3-Q, - G3 
2 0/ 
C3 + 
/70 . 
Coo 0/>^ 
(2c>/ /■' fa A fort (?y>/Xim/v*. 
yyy 
3 
2/ 2 G 
<73S 
/ 
2/ 3 C> 
to00/ as>0 /e/t As. 
/ 
3 G S' 
cT 
3 Go 
2 73 
&/ 
3 G> 0 
tConfrns C*jt)iA<s t~j04 (As 
/. 
3 3$ 
a 
33/ 
23 
3 0S- 
3 
3 
-3 2 &, 
2JAc Cc/" (C.S. 
/ 
2o7 
s 
/SB 
/34 
V7 
2 y 
<S~C 
73. 
tC/c/ar, O £?/” 
Or) (t \7a/C c . 
/. 
2 o£> 
3 
2 0 3 
2 o3 
3/ 
/ s 
6 S' 
& B 
/A?ons <SA/r As , Co/Arm 
a h qL Co Aftc. 
4. 
//* 
t 
/O &> 
/o 
v96 
3. 
vP e 
/o 
/ 
/o 3 
/2 
3C 
3C. 
<SAop oucc fi/y 4oor~i of a £or. 
7*0 6/e. -3. 121 
References 
I. Industrial Directory of New York. 
New York State department of Labor. 
2.Derectory of the Village of Pee kskill....1921 
J. ’’Preventive Medicine”.  122 
Commen t. 
There should be kept in the village a careful record of the 
health hazards inyithe various industries of the village and 
in the surrounding country or where ever citizens of the village 
are employed.There is no such record kept anywhere.The correlation 
between industry and tuberculosis inthe village should be 
ascertained. 
The material collected by the State of Labor 
should at least be familair matter to the Municipal authorities. 
This work might also fall ip the office of statistician. 
The inspection of those places where persons live,work,shop 
and eat,is important to the village and the results of such 
inspections should be known to all.This matter has been hinted 
at previously under discussion of Health Officer etc.,and would 
become one of his chief duties. 123 
Schoolb of the Village 
of 
Peekakill 
A. Attendance 
B. Inspection of a school 
Constitutions. 124 
Attendance and Districts 
There are in the village two districta(see Board of Trustees). 
Each of these districts has a schoii with branches .The larger 
district with the more modern school is the Drum Hill District. 
The attendance with its branches is : 
Drum Hill (total) 10^0 
Franklyn....••...•••••••.240 (Plus or minus) 
Park Street. 1^0 
Attendence at the Oak Side District ( the other of the two 
town districts): 
The shhools in this district have approximately the same 
number of pupils(possibly 100 less).There are however but two schools 
to take care of the above number. *** 
Staff in the Schools 
There are forty six teachers in the Drum Hill School. 
There are a few less in the Oakside School.(refers to districts) 
Classes.Size.Number Etc. 
Usually ther are about forty pupils in each class room. 
Occasionally,thi3 number may increase to forty-five or fifty. 
Because of the great number of pupil3,and the inadequate room, 
it has been necessary in the lower grades,to hold two sessions. 
In addition to the regular grades there is held in the Drum* Hill 
School,a sub-primary elass for children of febout five yeafcs. 
The figures as above listed include all the persona of school 
age in the districts. Some of these go to the " Guardi Jin”, a 
parachial school. 125 
In addition to the grammar school,ther is on the top floor of 
the building,a high school.The attendance is between two and three 
hundred.The total attending in this district is then about 
Because of the crowded conditions in the school(Drum Hill),it 
was necessayy to hold some classes in the halls and in the 
Auditoriums, 
There is held a part time school once per week for pupils 
?ho have left school before the age of seventeen.Here they meet 
once per week and continue their instruction,until they have 
attained the legal age.The registration is thirty two pupils. 
There is also a Night School that meets twice per week 
for Italians and Hungarians. 
Observations made at the Drum Hill School. 
Cloak Room...It is located at the entrance of the building.lt 
contains nothing but hooks and is meant for nothing but the coats 
and hats of the pupils. 
Basement ...... Here there are wooden lockers for the clothes of those 
individuals who use the gymnasium.These lockers are well ventilated 
and adequate in sizw.The room where these clothes are kept 
contains a battery of showers.There is no window in this room 
and it depends for its ventilation upon the artificial system. 
A paper incinerator is in the basement,Just constructed,are a 
series of lockers that are to be used for the storage of the 
rubber "sneakers” of the children.Also being constructed are some 
lockers to be used for the storing of athletic clothes of the 
school teams. 126 
Toilet Rooms 
First Grade ....This is the only grade in the school having individual 
toilets f|j§ leading from the class room.These are equipped with 
wooden seats not U shaped. 
Boys Toilet..No engravings(one exception) were seen .There z 
are ten urinals that are automatically flushed at frequent intervals, 
and fourteen toilet seats.The seats are made as parts of theentire 
flush bowel and are not removable.The bowels are made of white 
ed 
enamel earthernware. There are no doors in front of each toilet. 
There is an adequate paper supply.There ares two wash basins 
and paper towels.This toilet room is meant to be used by all the 
male pupils with the exception of the first grade and the high schools 
Girls Toilet There are no U seats and the type of flush 
bowel is much the same as that of the boys.There are twenty seats 
and three basins.The remainder is as above. 
~i/t rc c 
High School Toilets for Males .....This has ggsar seats and two 
urinals.lt is alsoa provided with one basin.Paper etc as above. 
High School Toilets for Females.....This has four seats and one basin. 
Drinking Fountains 
The drinking facilities are good,The type used sends a 
current from ft small holes in the circumference of a metal circle, 
towards the center;there a geyser ill formed that elevates the 
water a few inches and permits of drinking without the necessity 
of touching any metal with the lips. 127 
Temperature 
In the rooms a fairly constant temperature between 68-70 
degrees Fahrenheit is maintained.There is in each room a thermostat 
that regulates the temperature of that particular room.In some 
of the rooms there radiators, but in the major part of theb 
building,heating is taken care of by means of air duets that 
convey hot air from the basement t« the various parts of the 
building.Each room is equipped witha inlet duct that supplies 
it with an adequate quantity of warm fresh air, and which is 
near the ceiling.Another duct near the floor removes the cool 
used air .This system also provides for proper ventilation. 
The effeciency of the system depends upon the cooperation of 
all the teachers of the building.Schould anyone open a window 
in any of the rooms,the entire system becomes ineffecient. 
Thus it is evidently weak in the same respect that all of its type 
are. (The Powers Heat Regulator is used as thermostat in the rooms.) 
Stairs and Fire Escapes 
There are no fire escapes,since all the stairways are fireproof. 
A fire drill is given once per week. 
The treads of the stairs are of a suitable height and are 
made of stone.The railings are also of a suitable height,nevertheless 
the wood does not appear to» be very dirty and is not engraved. 
Class Rooms 
All the seats are new in appearance and are not engraved. 
There are no adjustable seats with the exception of the last row. 
This p rmits of about six adjustable seats in the class.The seats 128 
are somewhat taller as one progresses from front to back.Each 
desk has an individual ink well, and is of a suitable type. 
There is installed in each room a telephone which at present is not 
used. 
There is plenty of light in each room.(Both natural and electric) 
The floors are made of wood and are oiled to keep down the dust. 
There is no* regulation about the number of times per week that 
the Black Board raus$, be cleaned.This is left to the descretion 
of the teacher.The ordinary erasers are used (method of cleaning 
unknown to inspector).The Black Boards are made of synthetic slate 
(glass preparation). 
There are twenty eight classes,a study hall and an auditorium. 
The Manual training and domestic science rooms are in the basement, 
and are very adequately equipped,from every angle.They are 
lighted by raenas of blue Nitrogen Bulbs, 
The drawing room has adjustable tables. 
The commercial department of the high school has tables, 
which are non-adjustable. 
Study Hall.....This room is equipped with seatB and is lighted 
with top lights as well as drop lights,and is apparently adequate. 
The following laboratories,are well equipped:(from sanitary viewpoint) 
chemical,physical,biological,, 
The library is also well equipped. 
The auditorium is a large room with a capacity of 824.This also 
is well lighted and ventilated. 129 
Esthetic Effects 
In the class rooms the walls are painted with a flat white 
or very light gray.Th ey are clean.The walls in the halls are painted 
with a flat green. The Skylights in the center of the roof, 
light the entire building,since the latter is so constructed 
that the rooms are arranged as though a balcony existed about the 
open center.The skylight is made of glasB stained in a light 
yellow with some darker trimmings.The wood work is done,in general , 
in a weathered oak.An attempt to carry this thru the furniture has 
been made.(Piano,chairs etc.) 
Summary 
Construction...I9O9,Terra Cotta. Stories....2 
Buildings Fireproof....yes Fires escapes.....Thru stairs indoord 
Humber of classrooms..,.28 plus Adjustable seats...Back row of 
each class room. Method of Haeting..... Forced Hot air. 
Drinking Facilities Sanitary fountains.. Toilet facilities, 
,,,,excellent and connected with sewer. Washing facilities....Good, 
Paper Towels,,.., Yes. 
It must be realized,that the above school i3 the test in 
the village(public) and that the other schools have shortinmings 
well marked as compared with the above.Keeping in mind that the 
Drum Hill School is the best and that the others are poorer,a fair 
conception of the condition in the village can be obtained. 130 
Other Educational Institutions. 
Besii e the village schools above mentioned, there are a 
number of private schoolB.The parochial school has been mentioned. 
A business college also functions in the community.The Peekekill 
Military Academy,a school founded in by public subscription 
from the inhabitants of the village,has a large campus and 
a student body from many parts of the country. 
There are also in the village,the Saint Mary(P*E.) School 
for Girls,the Westchester Military Academy,and the Moheganlake School. 
References 
1. Business Directory (issued by N.Y.Central R.R.1922) 
2. Public Health Survey..... Honvood. 
2.History of 'Westchester County...Boulton 131 
Comment, 
As gar as can be determined from an inspection of the 
best school in the village,and this only in the absence of the 
pupils,no seriaas problem presents itself,The buildings inspected 
were excellent in many ways and the question of overcrowiing 
(of which the author lias no first hand information) i3 the only 
feature about the entire question which the latter would desire 
to further investigate before passing by this imp$«rtant problem, 
I regret greatly my inability to see the school while in operation. 
The absence of wUn shaped seats in the schools is to be 
regretted(Toilet seats). 132 
Sewage System 
of the 
Village of Peekskill. 
A. History 
B. Construction 
C. Distribution 
D. Sedimentation Basins 
S.Outlets 
F. Industrial Sewage 
G. Relation to Health 
H. Private Sewers etc. MAP OF 
VILLAGE OF PEEKSKILL 
/?o uj / s 
Z)o£tcd Ores /nd,ca£e, 
£fovj4/y area c/(-a,,ietl 
£ A C Scorer, £ ouf/e£ 
s£./t. Cc/tAc~ oj Ct/roc S'? %I C r~ * A e 
Cc /) 1Co r- a ri d. /y>0 "■> . sfo £ //? C /v (/1 a 
Co nt JO /c v rSj Qj’d G/3/J''**- 133 
History 
As might be suppose id from the general evolution of the 
village,the sewage system was not the result of speculations as 
to future dev elopements or city planning,but rather the outcome 
of the demands of expansion.The first sewer,the present Center 
Street sewer was built sometime in the seventies (ninteenth century). 
This was gradually extended and with the grwing needs of disposal 
there were gtowly appended five other systems.All of these sewers 
were built to empty into the Hudson or the Annsville Creek. 
The earlier ones were construed acooding to the prevailing sanitary 
customs, with separate surface water drains.The later ones have 
no such separate compartments. 
Construction 
The pipes in the swwer are made of vitrified tile and 
vary in sizi in different parts of the town. 
The mainoutlets are those at Center street,Main street and 
Hudson Avenue. The diaaater of the pipes at Main street and Hudson 
avenue is twelee inches.The diameter of the one at Center street 
is sixteen inches.The diameter of the pipes in the underdrain 
(intended for sellar drain etc.)is four inches. This is placed 
depth 
to the side of4 the sewer and a little below it.The average of the 
pipes is about six feet.(distance from the surface) 
Distribution 
The general arrangement is indicated on the map.This is 
a rough sketch of the various pipe lines and uh© courses pursued 
as they leave the village. 
The northern portion of the village is cared for by the 
sewer running along Highland Avenue.This empties in the Annsville 
Crrek at a point where the state road crosses the water.Here 
is a bridge,and it is under this bridge that the outlet is to be 134 
to be found.This point is about one half mile from the outlet 
of the Annsville Creek into the Hud® n River. 
The center of the village is drained by means of three sewer.fi 
which run more or less parallel thru the main street of the village 
towards the Hudson where they empty within several hundred feet 
of each other.These are the Miin,Center Streets and Hudson Avenue 
sewers. 
The southern portion of the village is cared for by 
two sewers,the Louisa Street 8ewer and the Sherman and Welcher 
Avenue sewer.The former empties into the Hudson at a point just 
north of the projection into the river(Chariespoint) whereon the 
Fleishman Yeast Company ha3 its factory,The latter sewer empties 
just south of the same point. 
This makes a total of six sewer outlet for the public sewerage 
system of the village.There are besides those mentioned several 
small private sewers owned and operated by private industrial 
organization.Examples of such are seen in a small outlet into 
the Annsvill Creek about one quarter of a mile north of the 
outlet at Highland Avenue.This drains the refuse ffom the 
Peekskill Hat Company.The Fleishman Yeasy Company also is 
equipped with a private sewage system which empties into the 
Hudson at a point near the factory. 
Sedimentation Basins 
As far as can 8e determined,the Louisa Street sewer is the 
only outlet that is provided with a sedimentation bed near the 
point where the sewer finally empties into the Hudson. 135 
The amount of sewage going into this bed is comparitively little 
and the 3ludge is removed but very infrequently. 
Outlets 
An attempt was made to be present at the outlets at both 
high and low tides,These were inspected with fche purpose of 
determineing whether there was any menace existing in the 
w 
form of a seage stasis at any of these points. As far as 
could be ascertained,there was no such menace,The water in front 
of the outlets was unclear and evidently quite rich with organic 
matter,but there was no foul oder,no trace* of human eicreta 
visible to the naked eye,and no great discoloration of the water. 
At the Louisa Street outlet,within several hundred feet from 
point of exit,there were a number of boys in swimming. 
Industrial Sewage 
As far as can be determined,the Hudson is in no serious 
way polluted with the poisonous by-products of an industrial 
process. 
Relation to Health of Peekakill and other towns 
The nearest town using the river water for drinking 
purposes is more than thirty miles away, upstream,The 
water at Peekskill(river) has a decided taste of salt,and thus 
no towns south of the village can use it for driiiking purposes. 
It seems to me a conservative statement to maketthat the 
sewage system is satisfactory both gor the village and 
all neighboring towns,As evidenced by the experience of the village 
in the past twenty years,there has been no serious stoppage or 
overflow in the past. 136 
Privies emptying into Hudson. 
Along the Annaville Creek,near the point where it enters the 
Hudson,there are a number of summer houses.These have privies that 
empty directly into the water under the houses or nearby. 
Comment 
In <5> nsideration of the present size of the village and 
rapid 
the improbable expansion in the future,the existing system is 
quite satisfactory and needs no further comment. 
References 
Preventive Medicine..Rosneau. 
Maps of the City Engineer*- 137 
Sanitary Nuisances 
of the 
Village of Peekskill 
A. Sources of Oders 
B. Dust 
C. Rubbish etc, 
D. Wharves 
E. Plies and Mosquitoes 
F. Piggeries, 
G. etc. 
H. Smoke and Unnecessary noises. 138 
Sources of Odera. 
About the Fleishman Yeast Company there is in oder that haw 
its origen in the fermentation procesa.lt is not unlike that 
usuually present about breweries and not an obnoxious oder. 
It is in no way a menace and with the exception of the fact that 
it might be considered esthetically unpalatable,can be waived. 
In the vicinity of the Linoleum manufactory,there is a 
strong oder of linseed oil.This again is not pungent or irritating 
and probably of little significance. 
The dump that was peviously described is another source of 
oder.This too, as far as can be determined does not penetrate 
into the village. 
Duet 
The iron works mentioned previously supply a good deal of dust 
for the village.lt so happens that the greater part of the community 
is built on a higher level(the factory being near the water) and thus 
is not sprinkled with the dust as might otherwise happen.There are 
no preventive measures taken to prevent the dust from spreading • 
The railroad which runs thru the village at the water front also 
affords some dust,but all things considered this whole problem is 
not a serious one. 
Rubbish and General Cleanliness, 
Observations t.Some 299 feets north of the station near 
the river edge,is a small creek.Here garbage and refuse had been dumped. 
The pile was not very large.The stream was alow moving (about 85 feet 
from river)There were a number of flies on the pile and some margois. 139 
2.About 200 feet along the railroad tarct from the station due 
north, (beside Armstrong Coal a similar pile. 
5.Back of the stables of the Armstrong Coal Company there: was 
was did 
a manure pile. It is apparently fresh and do-ea not contain many 
flies or their eggs. 
Wharves 
At the river edge at Hudson Street,there ways dumped on the 
shore some old boxes,bundles of paper, bits of old iron and an 
automobile tire thit had served its funvtion.This was strewn 
many feet along the shore. 
The sewer has its exit under or a*t the edgg of the pier 
of the abonre mentioned street. There was no nuisance from this. 
Flies and Mosquitoes 
With the exception of the public dumps,the investigators 
saw no further evidence of breeding places (possibly in a few 
scattered manure piles) for flies. 
The Mosquitoes had ample ground of a suitable nature to 
breed,but during the days of observation either due to the coolness 
of the weather or the fact that mosquitoes did not exist,none 
were observed.Persons living along the marshy spots south of the 
village were questioned,but all declared that they were not especially 
annoyed thru this means. 
Pineries 
As far as can be determined from both the chairman and the 
acting Health Officer of the village board,piggeries at the 
present time do not exist.(it was stated that there might have 
been one exception to this in the estate of a church on the 
outskirts of the village.) 140 
Rats and Vermin. 
No observations were made, but questions concerning this matter 
revealed nothing of improtance. 
Smoke and Unnecessary Noises 
As far as could fee ascertained by question and observation, 
with the exception of the iron workd mentioned above,the above 
factors do not present themselves as serious problems. 
Legal Definition of "Nuisance". 
Note.,When asked concerning flies,the Public Health declared 
that she is not aware of the existance of a menace anywhere in 
the village,even near the dumps. 142 
Miscellaneous. 143 
Miscellaneous. 
1. Unless special complaints are aade,no meat inspection is 
carried on,At any rate no routine inspection of this kind i3 made. 
Much of the meat comes from New York City,so that this shortcom- 
ing does not seriously affect the village health, 
2, The same statements about inspection can be made concerning the 
food and drug inspection and administration. 
3. The village thru its clinical work is enable to make it 
profitable for a clinical pathologist to conduct a steadily 
growing laboratory,Here milk examinations for private organizations 
may be carried on,No wasserman or complement fixation tests are 
at present being done.The person in charge has obtained the 
permission from the state to examine and diagnose such 
clinical materials as might arise from a general practice,as 
Diphtheria,Tuberculosis,Gonorrhea, etc etc. That a village 
with about one dozen 121011 in practice can thus supply 
a laboratory with enough to do, is a very good sign of the state 
of medicine in the village. 
4, As far as can be determined from the Village Clerk, a man in 
contact with the pulse of the village, there are no plans for the 
a 
future expansion of the community.The chirman of the Board of 
Commerce,indicated that he would like to sep the village become a 
residential one,drawing its population from the workers af 
New York.It is his opinion that about 600 to a 1000 persons commute 
to the large metroploia daily.He sees in this the future of Peekskill. 144 
In concluding,I should like to express my graditude to the following 
persons for their interest and cooperation, which made this survey 
possible. 
Mr. Lanning G.Roake Superintendent of Water Works. 
Mr. Cruger Village Glerk. 
Dr. Fred.A.Snowden Health Officer. 
Mr. Reynolds City Engineer. 
Mr.Mansfield Engineer of the Pumping Station* 
Mr, McCoy Operator of the Filter Plant. 
Mr. Franklyn Couch Lawyer 
Major Lane Board of Commerce. 
Mr. Mead Town Clerk. 
Mrs. H.M.Mace Vital Statistician 
Mr. Hill Union Stove Works 
Mrs. McIntyre Pres, jib Civic League. 
Miss Platt Nurse in Charge of Welfare Station. 
My purpose in this survey has not been to critisize from the 
angle of a theorist who sneers at the practical difficulties of 
community sanitation,but when ray remarks have been pointed,it is 
for the purposes of and construction.I have assumed from the 
first, on the basis ofthe spirit that the village has shown in the progress 
of my work,that it was interested in knowing where improvement was 
necessary,and with this in mind,I have proceeded to the best of my 
ability. 
H.G.Wolff.