Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem of the State of Colorado State of Colorado BOARD OF HEALTH Denver, Colorado 1939 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Summary 2 Conclusions 4 Discussion 5 Acknowledgments 6 Scope and Plan of Survey 7 Methods Used in the Study 8 Results of the Study 8 Type of Industries Surveyed 8 Size of Plants 9 Industrial Health Provisions 10 Safety Provisions 10 Medical Provisions 11 Control of Venereal and other Communicable Diseases 11 Disability Benefits and Records 13 Comparison of Health Services in Small and Large Plants 13 Sanitary Facilities 14 Occupational Exposure to Specified Materials 16 Extraction of Minerals 17 Chemical and Allied Industries 18 Clay, Glass and Stone Industry.... 18 Clothing Industry 19 Food and Allied Industries 19 Iron and Steel Industry 19 Metal Industries, Except Iron and Steel 19 Leather Industries 20 Lumber and Furniture Industries 20 Paper, Printing and Allied Industries 20 Textile Industries 20 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 21 Transportation and Communication 21 Domestic and Personal Service Industries 21 Summary of Material Exposures 22 Application of Control Methods 23 Appendix A. Material Classification Groups 24 Appendix B. Definitions of Control Measures 31 References 32 TABLES Table No. Number of plants and employees surveyed in Colorado mining, indus- trial and service groups 1 Number and percentage of workers surveyed by industry or service group 2 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) safety services 3 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) medical services 4 Number of plants in each industrial group giving specified venereal disease service 5 Number and percentage of plants and workers having venereal disease service in plants with 100 or more workers as compared with plants having less than 100 workers 6 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) disability benefits and records 7 Health services in plants with 100 or more workers compared with plants with less than 100 workers 8 Comparison of the industrial health services in Colorado industries with similar data from other states and areas 9 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) sanitation facilities 10 Distribution of sanitary facilities according to size of plant 11 Number of workers in each industry or service group exposed to speci- fied materials 12 Percentage of total number of workers in each industry or service group exposed to specified materials 13 Percentage of total exposures to specified materials occurring in each of the industrial groups studied 14 Extraction of minerals: Number of workers exposed to specified ma- terials 15 Extraction of minerals: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 16 Chemical and allied industries; Number of workers exposed to speci- fied materials 17 Chemical and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 18 Clay, glass and stone industries: Number of workers exposed to speci- fied materials 19 Clay, glass and stone industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 20 Clothing industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materi- als 21 Clothing industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified ma- terials 22 Food and allied industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 23 T ABLES—Continued Table No. Food and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 24 Iron and steel industries; Number of workers exposed to specified ma- terials 25 Iron and steel industries; Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 26 Metal industries, except iron and steel: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 27 Metal industries, except iron and steel: Percentage of workers ex- posed to specified materials 28 Leather industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 29 Leather industries: Percentage of w’orkers exposed to specified mate- rials 30 Lumber and furniture industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 31 Lumber and furniture industries; Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 32 Paper, printing and allied industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 33 Paper, printing and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 34 Textile industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials.. 35 Textile industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified mate- rials 36 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 37 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Percentage of workers ex- posed to specified materials 38 Transportation and communication: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 39 Transportation and communication: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials 40 Personal service industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 41 Personal service industries: Percentage of workers exposed to speci- fied materials 42 Materials in each industry or service group to which 10 percent or more of the persons were exposed 43 Number and percentage of persons, in the sample studied, exposed to some of the important materials 44 Expected number of persons in the industries studied exposed to some of the important materials 45 Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials having indicated type of hazard control 46 EVALUATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROBLEM OF THE STATE OF COLORADO INTRODUCTION Industrial Hygiene Service may be defined as the application of public health methods to the protection and improvement of the health of industrial workers. The elimination or control of industrial health hazards is the ultimate goal of all persons inter- ested in the subject, since the worker is more interested in the maintenance of his health than in compensation for injuries 1o that health, and the employer knows that the cost of prevention of occupational disease injuries is far less than the cost of com- pensating for such injuries. The State Board of Health has a natural interest and concern in the problem since its primary func- tion is the conservation and improvement of health among all classes of people in the state. The first step toward solution of this problem is the evalua- tion of the problem. In order to determine the nature and extent of occupational diseases in the State of Colorado it would be neces- sary to conduct a study of the health of an adequate sample of the industrial population of the state. Such a study Avould include a complete medical examination of the workers involved, an engineering study of the working environment in order to deter- mine the exact degree of exposure to certain materials and con- ditions of health significance, and a statistical study to determine if any relationship exists between the working environment and the health of the employees. In addition, all existing records concerning occupational disease prevalence and morbidity and mortality among workers would be analyzed. The magnitude of such an undertaking becomes apparent when we realize that the State of Colorado has approximately 402,894 gainful workers, of whom about 170,981 are employed in the mining, manufacturing, mechanical, transportation, and domestic and personal service in- dustries. It is evident that, in order to conduct a comprehensive study in a representative sample of the above population, con- siderable time, funds, and trained personnel would be needed to achieve the desired objectives. In the absence of these necessary requisites and upon the advice of the United States Public Health Service, the problem was approached by means of a preliminary survey to secure information on the potential problems in indus- trial hygiene in Colorado. Similar surveys have been found to be of value in other states not only as a guide to constructive legislation but also as the basis for an applied program for the control of industrial health hazards. 1 This report, based on data which were secured during such a preliminary survey, furnishes information on industrial health service facilities and sanitary provisions in the various industries surveyed, shows the number of persons potentially exposed to various materials and environmental conditions in the different industry groups, and shows the relationship between the use of recognized control measures and potential exposures. It is desired to call attention to the limitations of the data which are presented here. Since no quantitative evaluations of the working environ- ment or medical examinations of workers were made, the informa- tion obtained disclosed only the potentialities involved and does not necessarily indicate actual injury. Likewise, the reported presence of a control measure associated with a potential exposure merely indicates that such a control measure was available, but does not imply either that it was necessary, or that it was adequate or properly employed. SUMMARY As the first step toward evaluating the industrial health prob- lem in Colorado the State Board of Health made a survey to determine the availability of health services and sanitary facilities in Colorado industrial establishments and to determine the extent to which workers were exposed to specified types of potentially hazardous materials. In all, 526 plants and mines, employing a total of 31,130 workers, Avere surveyed. This report is based on an analysis of the data which were collected during these plant surveys. According to the 1930 census,1 Colorado had 402,894 workers gainfully employed, and of this number 170,981 (42.5 per cent) were employed in the industrial and service groups from which the sample for study was selected. The industrial groups repre- sented in the sample were: (1) extraction of minerals, (2) manu- facturing and mechanical industries, (3) transportation and com- munication, and (4) domestic and personal services. Only limited sections of the last two groups were selected, and certain indus- tries in the other groups as well as the remaining census classifi- cation groups such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, trade, etc., were omitted from the present survey due to time limitations and the realization that the application of the survey technique to these industries would give little information not elsewhere avail- able. Moreover, experience has shown that workers engaged in the majority of the omitted occupations are not exposed to specific occupational disease hazards. The industrial establishments surveyed were selected at ran- dom from a complete industrial index, but the sampling method insured a representative distribution according to size of plant, type of industry and geographical distribution by county. Of the 526 plants surveyed, 92.4 per cent employed less than 500 workers, and 78 per cent of the total number of workers surveyed were employed in these smaller plants. Since the survey was representative of the size distribution of all industrial plants in Colorado, and since the American College of Surgeons4 has shown that establishments employing less than 500 persons could not carry on as economical a medical service as the larger plants, it is obvious that consideration should be given by a governmental agency to an industrial hygiene program which will take care of the workers in these smaller plants. Data obtained regarding industrial health provisions in Colo- rado are presented for all industrial plants surveyed and also for plants employing 100 or more Avorkers as compared with plants employing less than 100 workers. This comparison was made to emphasize the difference in facilities offered by small and large plants. This study showed that only 30.8 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time safety director although nearly 92 per cent received some type of safety service from insurance com- panies. Only 24 per cent of the employees had the services of a full-time medical practitioner and 9 per cent the services of a part- time physician; and while 89 per cent had a first-aid kit available, only 47 per cent were employed in plants having a trained first-aid worker. Sick benefit associations were available to 44.5 per cent of the workers but less than 40 per cent of the workers were employed in plants keeping sickness records. Approximately 90 per cent of the workers were employed in plants keeping accident records in accordance with the provisions of the Colorado Compen- sation Law. Approximately 80 per cent of the plants studied re- ceived their drinking water supply from municipal systems, but the provisions for supplying safe drinking water to mine workers were inadequate. Moreover, while about 80 per cent of the Avork- ers Avere reported as having fountains for drinking purposes, 11 per cent Avere permitted to use common drinking cups. Fifteen per cent of the plants employing 9 per cent of the Avorkers sur- veyed provided no laAmtory facilities and more than 20 per cent of the workers used common toAvels AAdiile an additional 25 per cent had no toAvels provided. It appears that those safety, medi- cal, and sanitary services which are knoAvn to have such an im- portant influence on the health of industrial workers need to be improved in this state. An important phase of the investigation Avas the recording of the number of persons exposed to specified materials and condi- tions Avhich might be injurious to health. The numerous materials and conditions encountered in industry Avere classified under fifty- one headings. The data presented show the number and per cent of Avorkers in each industrial group Avho are exposed to the various materials. An estimate Avas made of the total number of exposed Avorkers in the industrial groups from Avhich the surveyed sample Avas selected. This estimate shows that in these Colorado indus- tries one might expect to find more than 20,000 Avorkers exposed to silica dust, more than 17,500 Avorkers exposed to silicate dust and 3 over 10,500 exposed to bituminous coal dust. Over 7,600 workers were exposed to lead or lead compounds and nearly 27,000 ex- posures to other metal dusts or fumes were recorded. More than 26,000 workers had potential exposures to carbon monoxide gas, over 2,000 to sulphur dioxide gas, and over 27,000 were credited with exposures to gases not otherwise classified. Exposures to substances which may produce dermatitis or allergic reactions, to organic solvents, and to other toxic chemicals are also important industrial hygiene problems in Colorado. Information' was recorded regarding the methods used for controlling occupational exposures to toxic materials, i.e., meth- ods for protecting potentially exposed workers. Since no scientific determinations of the efficiency of these control measures were made, the provision of such measures merely indicates that the hazard had been recognized and an attempt had been made to control it. The percentage of exposed workers receiving any one type of protection was extremely small. While the data on control measures must be considered with respect to individual material classifications to be interpreted correctly, it is interesting to note that of the 89,000 exposures recorded only 6.3 per cent were con- trolled by local exhaust ventilation, only 6.3 per cent by enclosure of process, and less than 1.3 per cent by some type of personal respiratory protection. While 12.4 per rent of the exposures were controlled by general pressure ventilation, 12.1 per cent by gen- eral exhaust ventilation, 4.1 per cent by wet methods and 12.9 per cent by use of protective clothing, it must be remembered that many exposures were provided with more than one control meas- ure and that the majority of the exposures were not controlled in any way. CONCLUSION This survey has indicated that: 1. The information obtained regarding the various materials and conditions to which workers are exposed in Colorado indus- tries shows a potential problem of sufficient magnitude to be of public health significance. Although it was not possible to deter- mine the degree of exposure nor the effects of such exposure on health, it is felt that these data will be found useful as a guide in the consideration of occupational disease legislation. 2. The study discloses the fact that health services in Colo- rado industries are far from adequate when viewed in the light of present day standards. This is partly due to the fact that the majority of the plants are small and hence find it impractical and uneconomical for them to provide such services to their employees. Since over 75 per cent of the gainful workers are employed in plants employing 500 or less persons, the need for some practical method of furnishing industrial services to the majority of the gainful workers in Colorado is evident. One method now exten- sively employed in this country to meet this need is through gov- 4 ernmental agencies. It is of interest to note that other states have recognized this need for industrial hygiene services and today there are twenty-six state industrial hygiene units actively en- gaged in this work. Twenty-four of these units are in state departments of health, while two are in departments of labor. 3. A large percentage of the gainfully employed persons in Colorado is handling materials in the course of employment, which may be a health hazard. The study also showed that in most instances there has been little recognition of the need for con- trolling these potentially hazardous exposures. All of these data clearly lead to the conclusion that there is a need for a preventive program with regard to the protection of the health of the workers in Colorado industries. DISCUSSION The improvement of the general health of the industrial worker is an important phase of industrial hygiene. The control of occupational diseases is an important part of an industrial hygiene program, but only a part, and the field of industrial hygiene is important enough to justify its consideration as an integral portion of any public health program. Sufficient data have been published to indicate that morbidity and mortality rates are high in the industrial population and that excessive sickness and mortality are experienced by certain occupational groups. Information is available concerning specific occupational diseases caused by various toxic materials and environmental conditions and, what is more important, our knowledge of the methods for the control of these diseases has reached a point where it may be applied successfully. The prevention of industrial health hazards, as indicated in the introductory remarks, should be the ultimate goal of all those interested in and concerned with this problem. The facts set forth in this report indicate clearly that industrial hygiene is pri- marily a program of health conservation and occupational disease prevention and that as such it is definitely a public health function. This fact is recognized by most students of the problem and the present trend is to bring public health programs to our adult population by using industrial groups as a point of approach. One of the first steps in any program is to define the problem involved. This has been accomplished in Colorado, since this survey shows definitely the various health hazards associated with certain occupations, the methods now used for their control, and the health service facilities now provided in some of the industries in the state. This information is available for each industrial group, by plant, and by occupation, and should form the basis for a future program, when such a program is made possible. The program should involve a systematic study of various industrial health hazards in order not only to evaluate these, but also to perform the more important function of devising methods for their control. This program can best be accomplished with properly trained medical and engineering personnel working in close cooperation with the other public health services. To supplement these epidemiological studies in industy, a complete and effective system of reporting absenteeism from vari- ous types of disabilities should be established. A knowledge of absenteeism with respect to frequency, duration, and cause in each numerically important occupational group would reveal to those responsible for the industrial health program the type of action which should be taken to obtain the maximum reduction in the amount of time lost from work because of disability. Fur- thermore, such data are necessary to enable one to judge the effectiveness of control methods applied to diseases occurring with excessive frequency. The industrial hygiene program should also provide for ren- dering consulting services to various state governmental agencies, and industrial, labor, medical or other organizations interested in industrial hygiene. Any program designed for the improvement of the health of a group of individuals will not become effective until the group under consideration has been convinced of the value and benefits of the plan. Consequently, an educational program designed to acquaint all those concerned with the importance and value of industrial hygiene should be of paramount consideration. The promotion of activities which will result in general health im- provement reaching all the people in the state through the adult industrial population should be one of the objectives in a program of this type. These fundamental activities in industrial hygiene are ac- cepted today as the minimum requirements for an effective pro- gram of industrial health promotion. In spite of the fact that Colorado may not be classified as a highly industrialized state, one must not lose sight of the fact that the state has approximately 403,000 gainful workers, and, if we consider industrial hygiene as adult hygiene, it is evident that a program striving to bring public health to this group of workers is certainly warranted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This survey was made possible by Dr. Roy L. Cleere, Secretary and Executive Officer of the Colorado State Board of Health, who obtained the necessary funds and the assistance of the U. S. Public Health Service. It was directed and supervised by Mr. B. V. Howe, Colorado State Sanitary Engineer, and conducted by personnel of the Colorado State Division of Public Health and per- sonnel from the following county and city health units who made surveys within their districts: Weld County Health Department, Otero County Health Department, Health Department of the 6 City and County of Denver, City Health Department of Colorado Springs, and City Health Department of Pueblo. The United States Public Health Service detailed personnel from the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the National Institute of Health to assist and advise in planning and organizing the survey, training the personnel, analyzing the data and preparing the final report. We are also indebted to the Unemployment Compensation Commission of Colorado for supplying information on the type, location, and population of industrial establishments, and to the State Coal Mine Engineer, the State Metal Mining Department, and the Denver Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines for furnishing information as to type and location of metal and coal mines in the State of Colorado. The officials of all the establishments covered by this survey cooperated wholeheartedly in furnishing the information re- quested and in opening the plants to the surveyors. The State Board of Health wishes to express its appreciation to all these agencies and to all others who cooperated in this survey. SCOPE AND PLAN OF SURVEY This survey was performed to secure information regarding health conservation measures and sanitary facilities afforded Colo- rado workers in their industrial environment, the number of work- ers employed in each occupation in each industrial plant, the various materials potentially hazardous to health to which these workers might be exposed, and the control measures available for potentially hazardous exposures. Due to the limited time, funds, and personnel available for the conduct of the study, it was neces- sary to resort to a sampling procedure in selected industrial groups. According to the 1930 U. S. census1 there were 402.894 gainful workers in the State of Colorado. Of this number, there were omitted from this study the following census classifications including a total of 231,913 persons: Agriculture (106.234), For- estry and Fishing (1,366), Trade (67,139), Public Service (8.716). Professional Service (36,238), and certain unspecified industries (12,220). It was felt that these industries or service groups could be eliminated from this study since experience indicated that the majority of the occupations connected with them are not exposed to specific occupational disease hazards. The remaining 170,981 workers were classified according to industrial and service groups and sub-groups (Bureau of Census Classification). The building industry (16,661 workers), independent hand trades (3,369 work- ers), all of the transportation and communication industry group except street railways, garages and automobile service stations (36,217 workers), and all domestic and -personal services except laundries and dry cleaning shops (35,066 workers) were omitted 7 from the survey since few data, not elsewhere available, could have been secured by the application of this survey technique to these industries. From the remaining 79,668 workers, a representative sample of 31,130 workers (39.1%) was surveyed. The method of classi- fying industries and service groups, and the technique used in the selection of a representative sample are discussed in Appendix A of Public Health Bulletin No. 2362. METHODS USED IN THE STUDY The organization of the survey is shown graphically in Figure I. The methods employed in similar surveys have been described in detail in other publications2. Before starting the survey, the surveyors were given a series of lectures on industrial hygiene by J. J. Bloomfield of the XL S. Public Health Service, and in- structed in securing information and filling out survey forms. Copies of the three forms used in making plant surveys (See forms 3, 3-A, and 4) show that form 3 dealt with health service data and form 3-A dealt with venereal disease data and data on sanitary facilities pertaining to the plant as a whole, while form 4 dealt specifically with the different occupations in an individual work room. Much of the information was supplied by the plant management but the surveyors inspected the plant, located each occupation and checked the iuformation supplied by the person interviewed. A personal letter signed by the Executive Secretary of the State Board of Health was sent to each establishment prior to the appearance of the surveyor, informing the management of the purpose of the survey and enlisting its cooperation. Completed plant surveys were sent to a central office where they were checked, classified according to industrial groups, and edited to determine potential exposures associated with each occupation. The data on the edited surveys were transposed to special tabulation forms and the results of an analysis of these data form the basis for this report. KESULTS OF THE STUDY Type of Industries Surveyed Table 1 shows the number of establishments in each industry or service sub-group, and gives the number of male and female workers in these establishments. It may be seen from this table that 50 establishments, employing 4,606 workers, were included under the Extraction of Minerals; 377 of the 526 establishments surveyed were in the Manufacturing and Mechanical group, and 22,972 of the 31,130 persons included in the survey were in this industrial group. The largest manufacturing groups studied were the Pood and Allied Industries, consisting of 136 plants with 8 8,911 workers, and the Metal Industries including 55 plants Avith 6,878 workers—of which 41 plants with 6,272 Avorkers were in the Iron and Steel Industries and 12 plants \Adth 606 workers Avere in the Non-ferrous Metal Industries. The manufacturing and mechanical industries surveyed Avere divided into 11 broad classi- fications. The service groups Avere represented in this survey by a sample of 60 establishments Avith 2,020 workers in the Transpor- tation and Communication group and 39 establishments Avith 1,532 workers in the Personal Seiwice Classification. The surveys in this group were limited to the sub-groups specified in Table I, since experience lias sIioavu that these are the most important diAdsions from the viewpoint of occupational exposure to specific health hazards. The data presented in Table I is summarized and compared with 1930 census data in Table IT This table sIioavs that the sample included 39 per cent of the total number of workers in the industrial sub-groups surveyed, although it included only 18 per cent of the workers in the census classification groups sur- veyed and slightly less than 8 per cent of the total number of gainful Avorkers in the state. Size OF PLANTS Of the 526 plants surveyed, 92.4 per cent (522 plants) em- ployed less than 500 persons, and 78% of the total number of workers surveyed were employed in these smaller plants. As shown in figure 2, the size distribution of plants in this sample approximately represents the size distribution of industrial plants in Colorado. The reason for selecting a plant of 500 workers as the dividing line in this discussion is based on the fact shown by the National Industrial Conference Board3 and substantiated by the American College of Surgeons4, that establishments employ- ing less than 500 persons could not carry on as economical a medical service as the larger plants. It is obvious that in order to take care of the workers in these smaller plants, which in Colo- rado predominate not only in numbers but also employ over three- fourths of the total working population, consideration should be given by a governmental agency to an industrial hygiene program. Since accurate size distribution data were not available ex- cept for manufacturing and mechanical industries, and since plants employing less than five Avorkers had been intentionally omitted from the sample, insofar as possible, the comparison be- tween census and survey data shown in Figure 2 is based on manufacturing and mechanical plants employing 5 or more Avork- ers. The Census Bureau also lists 844 Colorado manufacturing and mechanical plants employing less than 5 Avorkers and 20 of these plants were included in the survey. Figure 2 shows the distribution of Avorkers Avith respect to size of plant, and the dis- tribution of plants with respect to the number of workers em- ployed for the manufacturing and mechanical industries only. 9 The distribution of plants and workers in the various counties of the State of Colorado are shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Data on total number of plants and workers in each county were supplied by the Unemployment Compensation Division of the Industrial Commission. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROVISIONS In view of the far-reaching and favorable influence which industrial health programs have exerted in industry, and since such programs are a very important industrial hygiene service, information was obtained on the extent of industrial health pro- visions in the plants under consideration. This information has been classified under the headings of safety provisions, medical provisions, benefits and records, and sanitary facilities. In addi- tion to the general information regarding medical provisions specific information was recorded regarding the methods used by Colorado industries to control the venereal disease and other com- municable disease problems. SAFETY PROVISIONS—The services of a full-time safety director, one who devoted more than half his time to safety work, were available to 30.8 per cent of the workers, while 21.1 per cent had the services of a safety director who devoted at least part of his time to such work. Approximately 40 per cent of the workers had the benefit of some type of shop organization engaged in promoting safety. Safety service from an insurance company was reported for 91.6 per cent of the workers and some type of safety service from organizations other than insurance companies, such as the National Safety Council, etc., were reported for 35.3 per cent of the workers. Unfortunately, while reporting on in- surance service was supposed to be limited to cases where the workers benefited from an organized safety program sponsored by an insurance company, the reports included all plants where any type of accident insurance, no matter how limited in scope, was available. Consequently we cannot assume that 90 per cent of the workers actually receive such a safety service. Analysis of these data for individual industrial groups (see Table 3) shows a wide range in the availability of safety provisions. However, in most instances, those industries known to have the highest accident hazards were found to have the best safety organizations. Since it was not possible to interpret the significance of these data in terms of the number of lost-time accidents, no direct con- clusion can be drawn as to the effect on accident rates of the safety services disclosed in this survey. However, students of this problem realize that adequate safety supervision during the past 20 years has more than paid for itself, especially due to the reduction in injuries and deaths. In fact, accident rates com- puted by the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics5, for a group of steel companies which had followed the best practice and had 10 achieved the most pronounced success in accident prevention, showed that the accident frequency rate for this group of com- panies was 8.1 industrial accidents per million man hours worked against 18.1 for the industry as a whole. It is obvious that ade- quate accident prevention programs enable the attainment of minimum accident rates. MEDICAL PROVISIONS—A company hospital was available to nearly 23 per cent of the workers in the sample studied, while 11.3 per cent were employed by companies having a definite service contract with some hospital which was not operated by the company (see Table 4). However, since in several cases the companies operating their own hospitals also had contracted serv- ice from general hospitals, only about 25 per cent of the workers had definite hospital services available. Of course this does not mean that the other 75 per cent would not receive necessary hos- pital service, but it does mean that no preparatory provision had been made for such service. A first-aid room was available to 36 per cent of the employees and nearly 90 per cent had the use of a first-aid kit. The services of a trained first-aid worker were available to less than half of the employees. However, due credit should be given to the mining, mineral processing and transpor- tation industries for their extensive first-aid programs. This study showed that 24 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time plant physician and 9 per cent had the services of a part-time plant physician. A physician on call was reported for 65 per cent of the workers. However, this last group includes the plants having a part-time physician who is also on call at all times, as well as all plants where some provision was made to call a special physician in case of accidental injury. Nearly 30 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time nurse and an addi- tional one per cent had the services of a part-time nurse. In practically all cases the service was rendered by a registered nurse. CONTROL OF VENEREAL AND OTHER COMMUNI- CABLE DISEASES—Syphilis is a contagious and communicable disease and unless treated as such, it will continue to be second only to gonorrhea in prevalence in the United States. It attacks four times as many Americans as the next most common disease, scarlet fever; ten times as many as diphtheria, and one hundred times as many as infantile paralysis. In fact, we now have reason- able evidence to show that over 500,000 Americans contract syphilis each year. Every year in the United States there are 40,000 deaths from syphilitic heart disease, 4,500 deaths due to general paralysis, and another 1,100 deaths due to locomotor ataxia, all caused by syphilis. It is conservatively estimated that at least 25,000 babies are born dead each year due to the activity of this treacherous spirochete. Because syphilis is such a major public health problem, the Colorado State Division of Public Health has attempted to deter- 11 mine how much interest industry has taken in this problem. Thus, in making the Industrial Hygiene Survey, plant owners or super- intendents were asked the following questions pertaining to syphilis control: 1. Were serological (blood) tests made on all applicants for employment? As noted in Table No. 6, out of a total of 526 plants surveyed, 41, or 7 per cent of the total number of plants require blood tests on applicants at the present time. 2. Were serological tests made on employees annually, every 6 months, or at other times? (“Other times” generally meaning whenever the industry deemed it advisable for the employee to take such an examina- tion.) It was found that 36 of the 526 plants, or 6.8 per cent an- swered this question in the affirmative. Of the 36 plants which required serological (blood) tests on employees, 7 plants require blood tests annually, 19 plants require blood tests every 6 mouths, and 8 plants require blood tests at other times. 3. What disposition was made of recognized cases? Seven plants stated that infected employees were treated at the plant; 16 plants stated that infected employees were referred to family physicians; 7 plants stated that their employees were treated at clinics; only 3 plants stated that employees were dis- charged if found to be infected. In no instance were known in- fected employees ignored. 4. Were plants willing to cooperate with the State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Prevention Program? In answer to this question, 483 out of 526 plants, or 93 per cent, signified that they would cooperate with the State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Control Program. In conclusion, it is apparent that very little is being done by industry at the present time to discover and treat cases of syphilis. However, as has been pointed out already, the majority of plants surveyed indicated their willingness to cooperate with the State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Control Program. Before starting a cooperative program of Venereal Disease Control be- tween industry and the State Board of Health, it is deemed neces- sary to sound a voice of warning. Because an individual has a positive blood test does not mean that he or she is a public health menace. Even an early infectious case that has received five or six injections of arsphenamine and continues under treatment is not a public health menace. Only the person who refuses treat- ment for early syphilis or whose treatment is irregular, should be considered a public health menace to the community. At present, some employers are requesting blood tests on their employees 12 and then immediately dismissing all with positives, regardless of the duration of the infection or the amount of treatment which the individual has received. This practice is ill-advised enthusi- asm, not based on scientific grounds. The patient who is being treated, or a late case of syphilis, is safe to employ as far as the spread of syphilis is concerned. Therefore, if the patient is taking- proper treatment, for a sufficient length of time, and is not physi- cally handicapped by the complications of late syphilis, the in- fected individual is as good a risk to the employer as the non- infected. Unless this attitude is assumed by the health worker, and instilled into the administrative personnel of industry, not only will any venereal disease control program in industry fail, but a grave injustice will also be done to the able worker. Medical Science knows the cause of syphilis, how to discover cases, and how to adequately treat it. With this knowledge, it is possible through the cooperation of all agencies—professional, public and private, to eventually eradicate this devastating disease. An attempt was also made by means of the Industrial Hygiene Survey to determine what was being done about the immunization of employees against contagious diseases. This phase of public health in industry has also received little attention, as there were only 13 plants out of a total of 526 that conducted any type of an immunization program against contagious diseases. The data summarized in this discussion have been presented for individual industrial and service groups (see Table 5) and with respect to size of plant for all groups (see Table 6). Of the 31,130 workers and 526 plants surveyed, 37 per cent of the workers were employed in the 86.5 per cent of the plants employing less than a total of 100 workers per plant. DISABILITY BENEFITS AND RECORDS —The value of keeping accident and sickness records is well recognized. Such records serve to indicate the extent of the problem and at times have been the means of initiating studies designed for the correc- tion of those conditions revealed by an analysis of the records. A typical example of such a case is the study of the pneumonia problem in the steel industry, undertaken by the United States Public Health Service as the result of the information disclosed by an analysis of records furnished by a group of steel companies6. The existence of accident records was reported for only 90 per cent of the workers despite the fact that the compensation law for accidental injuries in Colorado requires the keeping of such records in all plants employing five or more workers (see Table 7). The existence of sickness records was reported for 39 per cent of the workers surveyed. Sick benefit organizations were found in plants employing 44.5 per cent of the surveyed workers. COMPARISON OF HEALTH SERVICES IN SMALL AND LARGE PLANTS—The data on health services in plants employ- 13 ing 100 or more persons have been compared with those for plants with less than 100 workers (see Table 8). The choice of plants employing 100 workers as the dividing line in this comparison is based upon the precedent established in reports on state-wide industrial hygiene surveys conducted in other states. It has been shown that the per capita cost for health services increases as the size of plant decreases below 500 employees, but since only four of the 526 establishments included in this study employed more than 500 persons, the comparison presented gives a more representative picture of Colorado conditions. The plants employing less than 100 workers comprised 86.5 per cent of the establishment surveyed and included 37 per cent of the workers surveyed. For practically all the listed industrial health facilities previ- ously discussed, the larger plants had the greater percentage of workers furnished with such provisions. However, even some of the larger plants are deficient in providing these services. In Colorado, as well as in the United States as a whole, the majority of the plants employ less than 100 workers; and it is the so-called small plant which is most noticeably lacking in those provisions which play an important role in a constructive program of indus- trial hygiene. The industrial health services recorded in the present survey have been compared with similar records from five previous studies made by or in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service2 7 8 !l 10 (see Table 9). While in most instances the services for workers in Colorado compare favorably with those reported in these other studies, it is evident that there are still many workers in this State who are not provided with adequate medical care or safety services. SANITARY FACILITIES—With the cooperation of the Sani- tary Engineering Division of the State Board of Health, informa- tion was obtained relative to water supply, sewerage systems, and general sanitation. Specific information was obtained regarding drinking, washing and toilet facilities; the type of sewerage sys- tem in use; the methods of disposal of such discharge into a stream, lake, or lagoon; and whether separate lunch rooms and individual lockers were provided for employees. This informa- tion is presented in tabular form for industrial and service groups (see Table 10) and on the basis of plant size (see Table 11). Approximately 80 per cent of all the plants studied received their water supply from municipal systems. Practically all the municipal water supplies in Colorado are safe for domestic uses. Workers listed as having a chlorinated water supply include only those using water for human consumption other than that coming from a municipal water system, in other words, workers in plants that maintain their own water supply and see to it that it is chlor- inated. With one exception, there were no provisions for supply- ing safe drinking water to mine workers, and while individual bottles of water are generally carried, miners often drink water 14 directly from the mine tunnels, and these tunnels are subject to contamination with human excreta. Approximately 80 per cent of the workers were reported as having fountains for drinking purposes, 8 per cent were provided with individual cups, and over 11 per cent were permitted to use common cups. Other drinking facilities, such as the use of a hose or hydrant were reported for 4 per cent of the workers. Many plants, particularly the larger ones, were found to have all of the first three types of drinking facilities, namely, fountain, individual cups and common cups. It is almost unnecessary to state that the use of the common cup contributes to the spread of various dis- eases and infections. Approximately 9 per cent of the workers were without lava- tory facilities. In fact, no lavatory facilities for the employees were provided in 15 per cent of the plants surveyed. Moreover, more than 20 per cent of the workers used common towels and 25 per cent more had no towels provided—only 56 per cent of the workers having individual or sanitary towels provided at the plant. The use of towels in common by several workers is a poten- tial method for spreading infection. The majority of the plants were found to have flush toilets, more than 82 per cent of the workers being so provided. The establishments using pit privies or other means of disposal were mainly mining; clay, glass and stone; or lumber industries. How- ever, 34 per cent of the workers in the metal industries other than iron and steel were reported as having pit privies as well as flush toilets available. While pit privies were available to many of the mining camps, the majority of these camps did not even have this type of disposal. In some of the mines no means of disposing of sewage was provided, and it was found that excreta was deposited at any convenient place in the mines, which contributed a very definite health hazard. It was determined whether plants had municipal sewerage systems, their own treatment plants, or discharged sewage directly to streams, lakes, lagoons or other places. Over 64 per cent of the workers were. employed in plants connected to municipal sewerage systems, but all of these systems cannot be classed as proper disposal methods since all municipalities have not con- formed to the Colorado State Health Department’s requirements as to sewage disposal. Those plants that discharge raw sewage into streams, etc., create a definite hazard to community health since people working in these industries may be carriers of typhoid or other intestinal diseases. This type of sewage disposal may affect not only people near the plant but also people farther down the stream at points where the same water is used for drinking purposes. Of the plants employing 100 or more workers, 37 per cent had separate lunch rooms, while only 9.9 per cent of the plants employ- 15 ing less than 100 workers had this service. Of all workers sur- veyed, only 30.5 per cent had this facility. 68,2 percent of the plants employing 100 or more workers had individual lockers, while only 26.7 per cent of the plants employing less than 100 workers provided such lockers. How- ever, 65.4 per cent of all workers surveyed were reported as hav- ing individual lockers and these workers included 79.7 per cent of the workers in the larger plants and 37.3 per cent of the workers in the smaller plants. When interpreting the data shown in Tables 10 and 11, it will be necessary to remember that some plants had more than one type of facility under each division. Consequently, the per cent or number of workers receiving any type of service under each main heading will in practically all cases, be less than the sum for those receiving each individual type of service. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Numerous materials incidental to industrial processes are at times causative factors in the production of occupational diseases. In view of the possible influence of these materials on the health of workers, one of the important objectives of this survey was the recording of processes, raw materials and by-products and en- vironment associated with each occupation, in the plants studied. In order to simplify the tabulation the numerous materials and environmental conditions encountered in industry were classified under 51 main groups. For further information on the grouping of materials the reader is referred to Appendix A. In the following tables (Tables 12-45) the data are presented for industrial or service subdivisions in sufficient detail to give a broad perspective of the entire problem. The listed material ex- posures are based upon observation of possible contact between the worker and these materials. Since no engineering determina- tions of exposure or medical studies of actual damage were pos- sible at this time, these findings are presented only as an indication of the location and extent of potential hazards. In other words, a material exposure as recorded in this survey indicates a possible source of danger, but an engineering study of each potential hazard would be necessary to show whether or not the exposure was of sufficient concentration and duration to be an actual hazard; and a medical examination of each worker would be neces- sary to show whether or not the hazardous exposure had caused actual injury. Although exposures to materials have been tabulated in de- creasing order of the number of workers exposed, it must be re- membered that the different groups of materials vary in toxicity, and the material causing the greatest number of exposures is not necessarily the greatest potential industrial health hazard. More- 16 over, certain materials have been given separate specific grouping- while other similar materials are listed under one general heading. For example, we have listed specific exposures to “sulphur dioxide gas,” “chlorine gas,” “hydrogen sulphide” and “carbon mon- oxide,” while other toxic gases have been grouped under the heading of “other gases.” Table 12 presents, by industrial or service group classification, the number of workers exposed to the 51 classes of materials and conditions encountered in this study. Potential exposure to only 47 of these classes of materials were recorded, since no exposures to “amines,” “Selenium and its compounds” or “anthracite coal dust” were reported, and exposures to “accelerators” used in the rubber industry were tabulated under more specific classifications. High percentages of workers surveyed were found to be poten- tially exposed to certain mineral dusts such as silica dust—20.5 per cent; silicate dust—17.1 per cent, nonsilieeous dust 9.4 per cent; ore dust—7.9 per cent; metal dusts such as lead—8.9 per cent, metals not otherwise specified—28.5 per cent, and dermatitis producers such as petroleum products—15.2 per cent, organic dust 18.5 per cent, and dermatitis producers not otherwise specified— 22.0 per cent, but a sufficient number of workers were found to be in contact with the other classes of materials to show the need of consideration of these materials as an industrial hygiene problem. The percentage of persons in each industrial group exposed to each specified material is shown in Table 13, and the percentage distribution of the exposures to each specified material among the various industrial groups is shown in Table 14. For example, 2,546 of the 6,374 workers exposed to silica dust were employed in the extraction of minerals industry (Table 12) ; and this was equivalent to an exposure rate of 55.3 per cent in the extraction of minerals industry (Table 13), although this industry con- tributed only 39.9 per cent of the total number of observed ex- posures to this dust (Table 14). (The material contained in Table 14 is, obviously, merely applicable to the distribution of exposures observed in this survey, since the ratio of workers surveyed to workers employed varied for each industrial group—see Table 2.) The following tables (Tables 15 to 42 inclusive) present in more detail the problems pertaining to each industry investigated. Since many individual workers had potential exposures to several materials, the total number of “exposures” is considerably greater than the total number of workers in several instances, and in all cases the total number of exposures is greater than the total number of workers having one or more exposures. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS—The number of workers exposed to various materials in the different subdivisions of the mining and quarrying industry is shown in Table 15. For this industry, four subdivisions are presented. The classification “other mines” includes a zinc mine, a molybdenum mine, and a 17 vanadium mine and vanadium concentrating mill. These estab- lishments were included under one heading to avoid revealing statistics for an individual plant. The establishments classified under the heading of 4 ‘ Petroleum ” were primarily oil refineries which could have been as readily included in the Chemical and Allied Industry group. In these industries, 86 types of exposure, of a possible 51, were observed. The principal exposures were to mineral dusts, gases, and dermatitis producers. Of special in- terest are the 76 workers exposed to radioactive substances, which in this case refers to radium and allied compounds. Colorado is almost unique in these United States in being a prime producer of the radioactive elements. The percentage of workers in each industrial subdivision ex- posed to the specified materials is shown in Table 16. In this group, as well as in the other groups considered, indus- trial establishments have been classified according to their chief product. Consequently, all the operations in an industry will not be common to that industry alone. Coal mines include not only underground workers but also outside workers in machine shops and offices. Moreover, while we have considered most of the ore refining plants under the metal industry classifications, several crushing and flotation mills were operated in such close connec- tion with the mines that they were necessarily included as an integral part of the mine survey. No attempt has been made to subdivide industries into departmental divisions, or to present information on individual occupational exposures in this report, since the consideration of the exposures peculiar to each industry as a whole is of primary importance at this time. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—The findings on exposure to specified materials for the chemical and allied indus- tries show that over 60 per cent of the surveyed workers were included under the classification of ‘‘Other Chemical Factories.” These other chemical factories included a soap factory, three plants preparing compressed gases, three plants manufacturing drugs and patent medicines, a wood preserving plant, a plant making roofing and coal tar products, a plastics manufacturing plant, a cinema production company, and plants manufacturing chemicals for fire extinguishers, sheep dip, vinegar, tree spray, insecticides, ammonia and mineral acids. Potential exposures to 41 of the 51 specified material groups were recorded. While organic dust exposures (23.0 per cent), dermatitis producers not otherwise specified (16.8 per cent), and organic solvents (16.2 per cent) were the most prevalent, the wide variety of exposures observed is of primary importance. (See Tables 17 and 18.) CLAY, GLASS AND STONE TNDUSTRY—Exposures to 22 classes of materials were reported for the Clay, Glass and Stone Industry. Exposures to silica, silicate, and nonsiliceous inorganic 18 dusts are the major considerations in this industry. (See Tables 19 and 20.) It is also of interest to note that 18.3 per cent of the surveyed workers had a potential exposure to carbon monoxide gas, and 17.1 per cent to other gases (not otherwise classified). CLOTHING INDUSTRY—Organic dusts were recorded as an exposure for 39 per cent of the 367 workers surveyed in this industry, and 7.9 per cent were found to be exposed to occupa- tional sources of infection. (See Tables 21 and 22.) Other ex- posures, of special importance due to the toxicity of the material more than due to the number of workers exposed, are to arsenic, organic solvents and coal tar products. FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES — The importance of these industries in Colorado was realized and a sample consisting of 8,911 workers was surveyed. This industry was divided into 11 subdivisions to facilitate presentation of the data. (See Tables 23 and 24.) Exposures to 30 different classes of materials were recorded. A majority of the workers were found to be exposed to dermatitis producers (20.6 per cent to organic dust and 60.3 per cent to dermatitis producers not otherwise classified, and 20.4 per cent to possible sources of infection—presumably skin infec- tions in most cases). Fruit and vegetable canning plants, sugar refineries, bakeries and slaughter and packing houses included the greatest number of workers and contributed the majority of the exposures. The first two of these subdivisions included plants which are in operation only during part of the year. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY—The survey of 6,272 work- ers in the Iron and Steel Industries has been analyzed on the basis of four subdivisions, of which the miscellaneous group consists of 5,364 workers. (See Tables 25 and 26.) This “Other Iron and Steel Industries” group included a blast furnace, employing nearly 4,000 workers, as well as steel fabrication plants, machine shops, foundries, plants manufacturing light machinery and tools, and plants manufacturing heavy machinery. While a breakdown of this group was desired, it could not have been presented with- out revealing information on individual plants. While 75 per cent of the workers were recorded as exposed to “other metals” it is realized that many of these exposures were to comparatively nontoxic substances. However, exposures to carbon monoxide gas (47.0 per cent), other gases (50.6 per cent) and silica dust (34.6 per cent) show a very high exposure rate. Moreover, one- third of the workers were subject to extreme temperature changes, and the importance of this environmental factor in relation to the high pneumonia rate in this industry is recognized.6 METAL INDUSTRIES EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL—This industrial classification includes brass mills, lead and zinc fac- tories and a sub-group of miscellaneous metal industries including two electroplating shops; plants manufacturing precision instru- ments, gunsights, telescope mountings, jewelry, hose clamps and 19 a lead, cadmium and thallium refinery. (See Tables 27 and 28.) Extremely high percentages of workers were exposed to other metals (64.5 per cent) and lead (57.6 per cent), but half of the surveyed workers in this group were employed in lead and zinc factories. Exposures to 32 groups of materials were recorded, the most important being to toxic metals, gases, mineral dusts, and adverse environmental conditions. LEATHER INDUSTRIES—This is a minor industry in Colo- rado. It includes manufacturing of saddlery and harness, leather goods and belts, and trunks and suitcases. Only 163 of the sur- veyed workers were in this group. Organic dust exposures were recorded for 53.4 per cent of the workers, while 25.8 per cent were exposed to sources of infection, primarily in handling untreated hides. (See Tables 29 and 30.) LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES — The lumber and furniture industries were divided into furniture factories, sawing and planing mills, and other woodworking factories. A reanalysis of the industries included in the last classification shows that most of these were plants which contained both sawing and planing mills and woodworking shops. Among the products manufactured were caskets, incubators, skis, barrels, crates, baskets and saddle trees. As was naturally expected, the most prevalent exposure was to organic dust (68.4 per cent), but, due to sanding and finishing operations 17.9 per cent of the workers had potential exposures to silica dust. (See Tables 31 and 32.) PAPER, PRINTING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES—This in- dustry was divided into three subdivisions, of which printing, publishing and engraving contributed nearly 70 per cent of the workers and most of the exposures. (See Tables 33 and 34.) Metals, including lead and antimony; dermatitis producers such as organic dusts and ink; and organic solvents are the most impor- tant potential hazards. Less than 1.0 per cent of the workers surveyed in the paper, printing and allied industries were re- ported to have a potential exposure to carbon monoxide gas. It is possible that the reporting of potential exposures to carbon monoxide in this Colorado industry was incomplete in view of surveys in other States.2 This gas, even when originally absent in natural gas, can be produced by the incomplete combustion of such natural gas, especially if the gas flame strikes cold metal. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES—Organic dust was the most pre- valent of the 19 materials to which exposures were reported in this industry. (See Tables 35 and 36.) While exposure to or- ganic dust is almost universal, it is believed that exposures to high concentration of dust from animal and vegetable fibers may cause respiratory irritation and predispose to respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Under the “other textile mills” classification were included mattress manufacturing, up- holstering and bedding manufacturing. 20 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES — This group includes electrical machinery and supply factories, plants manufacturing signs, makers of optical equipment, a heterogeneous group called “other miscellaneous industries,” and a group of 684 workers in Electric Light and Power Companies. While this last group is obviously a public utility, and it has been stated that public utilities were omitted from the survey, an ex- ception was made in this ease. The “other miscellaneous indus- tries” group included dental supply factories, broom and brush factories, plants manufacturing fishing tackle, a “Celotex” plant, plants salvaging paper and junk, a plant making hand-woven cravats, and a rubber factory. (This rubber factory, a large estab- lishment, was included here to avoid separate classification.) Exposures were recorded for 36 of the material classifications. (See Tables 37 and 38.) TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION—Surveys in this industry were limited to automobile garages and service sta- tions and to street railway companies, (See Tables 39 and 40.) A total of 2,020 workers were surveyed in this industry. Petro- leum products not otherwise specified (mainly dermatitis pro- ducers) were a potential hazard to 34.3 per cent of the workers, while carbon monoxide gas is an important problem (32.3 per cent exposed) and organic solvents (21.1 per cent exposed) must also be considered. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES — Two subdivisions of this industry, Laundries and Dry Cleaning plants, were surveyed. Limited exposures to a wide variety of substances were recorded. (See Tables 41 and 42.) The potential hazards from exposure to organic solvents (including benzene and the halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride), alka- line compounds, organic dusts, and dermatitis producers such as soaps and inks must be considered in this industry, and the possi- bility of contracting infectious diseases from handling soiled clothes should not be overlooked. Exposure to “ink” took numer- ical precedence, presumably due to the ease with which this sub- stance is detected, but available data do not justify its consider- ation as the most important dermatitis producer encountered in this industry. Tables 12 to 42, inclusive, present in detail the exposures to various materials by industrial or service classifications. Table 43 shows the materials in each industry or service group to which 10 per cent or more of the persons in that industry were poten- tially exposed. Table 44 shows the number and percentage of persons sur- veyed who were exposed to the important materials, irrespective of the industry in which the exposure occurred. It is evident that a large number of persons are exposed to mineral dusts; such as silica dust (20.5 per cent), silicate dusts (17.1 per cent), bitumi- nous coal dust (10.1 per cent), nonsiliceous dust (9.4 per cent). 21 Exposures to metal dusts and vapors are an important problem. Potential exposures to noxious gases occur frequently, nearly 28 per cent of the workers being exposed to carbon monoxide and 28.3 per cent to gases not otherwise specified. Several of the remaining items and also some of the metals are important sources of dermatitis. Experience has shown that dermatitis is the most frequent occupational malady, and we have no reason to assume that Colorado industries are exceptions to this rule. In each industrial subdivision, the number of workers to be surveyed was determined after considering the diversity of occu- pations in that subdivision and the estimated importance of the health hazards in the industry. It is believed that the sample for each group was adequate in size and representative of that industry in Colorado. However, an estimate of the total number of Colorado workers potentially exposed to the various materials requires an accurate knowledge of the total number of workers employed in each industry. In the absence of such data, and with the knowledge that such figures, if accurate at the time of collec- tion, are subject to constant change, we based the estimate of the total number of workers exposed to each material, as shown in Table 45, on the 1930 United States Population Census, corrected according to the industrial classification used in this survey. The choice of the 1930 census figures instead of those of a more recent biennial census was due to the greater accuracy of the decennial census, and to the belief that the 1930 census figures most closely approached the actual employment at the time of the survey. Table 45 shows the number of persons, in the industries studied, who are expected to have potential exposure to some of the important materials. These estimates of expected exposures are based on the total working population in those industries sampled, but since those industries omitted from the survey will contribute some exposures, it is probable that the expected num- ber of potential exposures for all gainful workers in Colorado will be slightly higher than the values shown in Table 45. From Table 45, it appears that, in the State of Colorado, one might expect to find more than 20,000 workers exposed to silica dust, more than 17,500 workers exposed to silicate dust and over 10,500 exposed to bituminous coal dust. We also find that ex- posure to metal dust and fumes is very common in Colorado industries. Over 7,600 workers were exposed to lead or lead com- pounds and over 24,000 workers were recorded as having a poten- tial exposure to metals not otherwise classified in the material classification. The other two general groups of classified material which were numerically important were exposures to gases and exposures to dermatitis-producing substances. More than 26,000 workers had potential exposures to carbon monoxide gas, over 2,000 had exnosures to sulphur dioxide gas, and over 27,000 work- ers were credited with exposures to gases not otherwise classified. 22 While practically all substances will produce dermatitis in sus- ceptible individuals, exposures were credited only to materials which are known to frequently cause industrial dermatitis. The most important listings were to organic dust (over 13,600 ex- posures). Other dermatitis producers not elsewhere classified were credited with over 10,000 exposures. It is obvious from a study of these data that silica and other non-metallic dusts, dermatitis producers, carbon monoxide and other gases, certain metallic dusts and vapors, and organic sol- vents and other hazardous chemicals comprise the most important industrial hygiene problems in Colorado. Any preventive pro- gram which may be instituted in the future should give serious consideration to the handling of these substances in a manner to eliminate the possibility of injury to health. APPLICATION OF CONTROL METHODS—As stated previ- ously, while association with hazardous materials has been classi- fied as a potential exposure, it is impossible to determine the number of persons actually exposed to hazardous concentrations of any material unless accurate engineering studies are made of the workers and their environment. Likewise, the data which were collected on the use of methods for controlling occupational exposures, i. e., protection of workers who were potentially ex- posed, can only be interpreted as meaning that the hazard had been recognized and some attempt had been made to control it. While, in many cases, the worker may have been receiving ade- quate protection it must be remembered that even the most efficient control method can be incorrectly applied, and no scientific determinations of the efficiency of these provisions were made. Table 46 shows the total number of workers surveyed who were exposed to each specified material, and the percentage of these workers having each of the indicated types of protection against exposure. It is obvious that the per cent of exposed workers receiving any one type of protection is extremely small. In tabulating these data, credit for control was given where a control method was available, whether or not the surveyor con- sidered it adequate or properly applied. Likewise, single ex- posures were frequently credited with more than one type of control. No attempt has been made to analyze these data in such a manner as to show the actual extent of control available to exposed workers, irrespective of the number of potential exposures of any individual worker or the number and type of control methods at his disposal, but it is reasonable to assume that such an analysis would have shown conditions similar to those found in a neighboring state where 87 per cent of the surveyed workers were potentially exposed to one or more of the specified materials, and only 44 per cent of these exposed workers had any one of the specified control methods available.8 23 There is obvious need for an administrative unit in the State of Colorado not only to determine the magnitude and importance of industrial health hazards, but also to advise and assist both employers and employees in the protection of the health of indus- trial workers. APPENDIX A Materials and physical conditions of a potentially hazardous nature, encountered by workers in the occupations surveyed, were grouped under the following class designations: 1. Accelerators 2. Alcohols, esters and ethers 3. Aldehydes 4. Alkaline compounds 5. Amines 6. Aniline 7. Antimony 8. Arsenic 9. Asbestos dust 10. Benzene 11. Cadmium 12. Carbon monoxide 13. Chemicals 14. Chlorine 15. Chromium 16. Coal dust, anthracite 17. Coal dust, bituminous 18. Coal tar products 19. Cyanides 20. Dyes 21. Fluorine 22. Halogenated hydrocarbons 23. Hydrogen sulphide 24. Infections 25. Inks 26. Lacquer and varnish 27. Lead 28. Manganese 29. Medicines 30. Mercury 31. Mineral acids 32. Nonsiliceous dust 33. Oils, fats and waxes 34. Ore dust 35. Organic acids 36. Organic dusts 37. Organic solvents 38. Other dermatitis producers 39. Other gases 40. Other metals 41. Paint and enamel 42. Petroleum products 43. Phosphorus 44. Radioactive substances 45. Salts, inorganic 46. Selenium 47. Silica dust 48. Silicate dust 49. Sulphur 50. Sulphur dioxide 51. Temperature change The following are examples of materials included under each specific or general classification: 1. Accelerators: In some other surveys, there have been classified under this heading those chemical compounds used in the rubber industry to promote chemical reactions. Since all materials of this type encountered in this survey could be readily classified in other more specific groups, no exposures Avere re- corded under the classification of “accelerators.” 24 2. Alcohols, Esters and Ethers: Alcohols: Amyl, Butyl, Ethyl, Methyl Ethers: Ethyl, Methyl, etc. Esters: Amylacetate, Butyl acetates, Ethyl acetate 3. Aldehydes: Acrolein Formaldehyde 4. Alkaline Compounds: Ammonium hydroxide Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Calcium hydroxide Caustic soda Cleaning compounds (alkaline) Lime (calcium oxide) Potash Potassium carbonate Potassium hydroxide Sal soda Soda ash Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Stripping compounds (alkaline) Trisodium phosphate and washing powders and commercial cleaners, such as Oakite or Wyandotte Avhen they contain caustic alkalies. 5. Amines: No exposures were recorded under this heading. 6. Aniline: (Aniline and its compounds) Aniline Acetanilide Dimethylaniline Paranitroaniline 7. Antimony: (Antimony and its compounds) 8. Arsenic: (Arsenic and its compounds) 9. Asbestos Dust: Asbestos fiber Asbestos roofing and insulation dust 10. Benzene: (Benzene and similar compounds) Benzene (benzol) Toluene (toluol) Xylene (xylol) 11. Cadmium: (Cadmium, its compounds and alloys) 12. Carbon Monoxide 13. Chemicals: (Chemicals not otherwise specified, or an ex- posure to a wide variety of chemical compounds) 25 14. Chlorine: (Chlorine gas only) 15. Chromium: (Chromium and its compounds) Chrome ore Chromic acid Chrome alum Potassium dichromate Other chromates 16. Coal Dust, Anthracite: (No exposure recorded in Colo- rado Survey) 17. Coal Dust, Bituminous: Bituminous coal, coke 18. Coal Tar Products: (When not covered by other specific groups) Coal tar Coal tar products, not otherwise specified Creosote Cumar resin Hydroquinone Naphthalene Phenol and Phenol resins Pyridine 19. Cyanides: Cyanogen Hydrocyanic acid Potassium cyanide Sodium cyanide Zinc cyanide 20. Dyes: All dyes except aniline or coal tar products classified elsewhere Stains 21. Fluorine: (Fluorine and its compounds) Fluorine gas Hydrofluoric acid Calcium fluoride Cryolite Fluorspar 22. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachlorethane Dichlorethylene Chlorinated waxes 23. Hydrogen Sulphide 24. Infections : Anthrax Tetanus Tularemia All eases where the occupation caused a definite risk of contracting a specific disease 25. Inks: Printers’ inks Stencil inks 26. Lacquer and Varnish: Duco Shellac Other lacquers and varnish 27. Lead: (Lead and its compounds) Lead Babbitt metal Litharge Type metal White lead Tetraethyl lead Other lead alloys and compounds 28. Manganese: (Manganese and its compounds) 29. Medicines: Drugs and pharmaceuticals, not otherwise specified 30. Mercury: (Mercury and its compounds) 31. Mineral Acids: Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Phosphoric acid Other inorganic acids, not elsewhere classified 32. Nonsiliceous Dust: (Nonsiliceous inorganic dust) Under this heading were listed minerals, metal oxides and mineral salts not elsewhere classified. Aluminum oxide Emery Alundun Corundun Aloxite Fuller’s earth Calcium carbonate Limestone Marble Magnesite Plaster of Paris (Gypsum) Polishers’ rouge 27 33. Oils, Fats and Waxes: Vegetable and animal oils, etc. Lard Tallow Cottonseed oil 34. Ore Dust: Recording of this exposure shows presence of dust from mining or mineral concentrating opera- tions. Its only significance is in showing need for study of the composition of atmospheric dusts in rela- tion to these operations, since the proportion of the various mineral constituents of the dust may be quite different from that in the ore. 35. Organic Acids: Acetic Formic Oxalic Picric Tannic 36. Organic Dust: Dust from all organic substances not elsewhere classified, as cotton, dextrin, felt, fiber, fur, grain, gums, Ka- pox, leather, paper, rags, rayon, resin, rosin, rub- ber, sawdust, sisal, spices, straw, starch, wool. 37. Organic Solvents: Acetone Cleaners’ liquids not elsewhere classified Gasoline Kerosene Naphtha Ethylene glycol Turpentine 38. Other Dermatitis Producers: Under this heading were classified a group of substances important in industrial hygiene because they may produce dermatitis. Many of the other materials may produce dermatitis but were classified under different headings because they also have other hygienic significance. Examples of materials in- cluded under this heading are : Animal products Chocolate Organic cutting compounds Dough Sugar Vanilla Vegetable products 28 39. Other Gases: Gases not elsewhere classified, as: Acetylene Ammonia Carbon dioxide Oxides of nitrogen Ozone Phosgene 40. Other Metals: Metals, not elsewhere classified Toxic metallic oxides, not elsewhere classified 41. Paint and Enamel: Zinc paint Japan compounds Lithopone 42. Petroleum Products: (Not elsewhere classified) Asphalt Lubricating greases and oils Mineral oils Paraffin Petroleum tar and pitch 43. Phosphorus: Red phosphorus White phosphorus Phosphorus sesquisulphide 44. Radioactive Substances: While this group should include only the radioactive elements and their compounds, such as radium, uranium, etc., extensive exposures to Roentgen rays (X-rays) were classified under this heading, since these exposures occurred only in the Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industry Group. 45. Salts, Inorganic: Industrial exposures to technical and analytical grades of chemical salts, such as: Alum Ammonium chloride Brine Calcium chloride Nitrecakc Sodium bisulphite Sodium hypochlorite Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate, etc. 29 46. Selenium: (Selenium and its compounds) No exposures to this extremely toxic material were re- corded, although its nonindustrial significance is well recognized in Colorado. Although not re- corded in this survey, industrial exposures to this material are increasing in the United States. 47. Silica Dust: Exposure to dust of the various forms of silicon dioxide or mineral dusts containing this compound, as: Agate Chalcedony Cristobalite Diatomaceous earth Flint Gannister Granite Infusiorial earth Jasper Onyx Opal Quartz Sand Triehymite Tripoli 48. Silica Dusts: (Silicate dusts and other silicon com- pounds, such as carborundum), not elsewhere class- ified Ashes Carborundum Clay Feldspar Ferrosilicon Fireclay Glass Nl ica Portland cement Pumice Slate Soapstone Talc 49. Sulphur: (Sulphur and alkaline sulphides) Sulphur Barium sulphide Calcium sulphide Sodium sulphide Potassium sulphide 50. Sulphur Dioxide 51. Temperature change: Exposure to extreme temperature change or extremely high or low temperatures. APPENDIX B CONTROL MKASCR KS The following definitions of control measures are presented to explain the column headings given in Table 46. Positive Ventilation: This applied to general ventilation of a workroom where air was supplied under positive pressure (blown in by a fan-blower). Negative Ventilation: This applied to general ventilation of a workroom where air was removed under negative pressure (drawn out by an exhaust fan). Local Exhaust Ventilation: This referred to provisions for ventilating a particular section of the workroom through air suc- tion ducts, for example, an exhaust system attached to a grinding wheel. Enclosure: This referred to physical enclosure of an opera- tion, machine, or process so that the operator could not come in contact with the materials used or produced by the process. For example, use of a sealed chamber for the mechanical mixing of chemical compounds. Wet Methods: This referred to the use of water or other liquids, as in rock drilling or hydraulic knock-outs for the purpose of allaying dusts in the process. Respirators: This referred to the provision of filter type dust masks. Gas Masks: This referred to the provision of chemical car- tridge type face masks for protection against gases, fumes .and vapors. Air Line Respirators: This referred to the provision of pro- tective masks to which fresh air is supplied through a hose or tube from a source outside the workroom. Protective Clothing: This referred to the use of goggles, aprons, gloves, rubber boots, etc. Other Protective Measures: This refers to any type of con- trol measure not listed above, such as protective salves or oint- ments, prophylactic treatment for infections, etc. 31 REFERENCES 1, Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930. Population Re- ports by States. Vol. Ill, Part I, Table 10, p. 299. 2. Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problems of a State. Bloomfield, J. J., and Peyton, M. F. Public Health Bulletin No. 236, Washington, June, 1937. 3. Medical Supervision and Service in Industry. National Indus- trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, 1931. 4. Medical Service in Industry. Newquist, M. N. American Col- lege of Surgeons, Chicago, 1938. 5. Accident Experience in the Iron and Steel Industry. Monthly Labor Review. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Vol. 37, No. 3, September, 1933. 6. The Pneumonia Problem in the Steel Industry. Brundage, D. K., and Bloomfield, J. J. Journal of Industrial Hygiene, Vol. 14, No. 10, December, 1932. 7. The Potential Problems of Industrial Hygiene in a Typical In- dustrial Area. Bloomfield, J. J., Johnson, W. S., and Sayers, R. R. Public Health Bulletin No. 216, Washington, December, 1934. 8. Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem of the State of Utah. Page, R. T., and Bloomfield, J. J. U. S, Public Health Service, Washington, 1938, 9. Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems of Virginia. Tillson, W. D., Homewood, R. T., and Worsham, H. I. Virginia Bureau of Indus- trial Hygiene, 1938. 10. An Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem in South Carolina. Wilson, H. F., and Brown, R. M. South Carolina Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, 1938. 32 DENVER CITY & COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT TWO SURVEYORS COUNTY HEALTH UNITS OFFICERS & SANITARIANS COLORADO INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY ORGANIZATION TWO SURVEYORS FIGURE 1 STATE HEALTH DEPT. SECRETARY & EXECUTIVE OFFICER CHIEF SURVEY SUPERVISOR STATE SANITARY ENGINEER EDITOR AND OFFICE SUPERVISOR FIELD SUPERVISOR THREE SURVEYORS U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DIVISION OF Industrial hygiene ADVISORY & TECHNICAL SERVICE TABULATOR & TWO CLERK STENOGRAPHERS BENEFITS AND RECORDS Sick Benefit Yes.... Organization; No .... Sickness Yes.... Records: No..... Waiting period.......... Accident Yes.... Records; No • • • • * • • t • :■§ : • *H • • U • : a : .. 60 ’■ H C • O »rl • s -S ; o o • OT U • rJ <0 • • • 02 • • 2 • <1) T3 • *P d • o m • o • J * M • 15 • e • • £ : ac2 ♦ • • TD • • CO • • *3 <4 C • • H O • • *iH • • H Q -P • • O cd • • >4 O • • tu M--I O • • > 3 »-5 ai • • • si tD • • HCO ■ • • >» ni • • & e~* rs CO c • • rCi rs o a O Qi • • >5 *25 • • O M • • > S • • L So * • n 5 s • • °* 3 i : : 8 : : : • • * • • • • • * • • • 9 • • • • • • • • • • I a ■p • .j s : H P to ■U d P ® d J 3 s'* e p a C (t d q U E o, v* c Bad tx 3 Q 1^ ■ f Material Code Colorado State Board of Health. Division of Industrial Hygiene « a S 53 ci c s rH o u p c o a |Local Exhaust :Enclosure L_ r I ii'>t me Uxod .; Qaa Mcsis iRespirator iAir.Mjifi,,, fasa. 1 Prot.Clot aing "TOther General Ventilation Positive . . Negative 1 kiw Materials and By-Products Nature of Job Fuat er of Persons M F T -1 Occupation Totsd Table I. NUMBER OF PaaNTb aND EMPLOYEES SURVEYED IN COLORADO MINING, INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICE GROUPS Industry or Service Group Number of Plants Number of Workers Total Male Female MINING Extraction of Minerals Coal Mines 18 1525 1525 0 Gold and Silver Mines 20 1202 1198 4 Other Mines 3 1568 1540 28 Quarri es 7 235 231 4 Petroleum Refineries 2 76 75 1 Total (50) (4606) (4569) (57) MANUFACTURING k MECHANICAL INDUSTRI ES Chemical and Allied Industries Explosives, Ammunition, Fireworks 2 141 131 10 Fertilizer Factory 4 56 56 0 Paint and Varnish 4 102 79 23 Other Chemical Factories 18 462 343 119 Total (28) (761) (609) (152) Clay, Glass and Stone Industries Brick, Tile and Stone Industries 11 545 539 6 Glass 3 35 34 1 Lime, Cement and Artificial Stone 2 133 131 2 Marble and Stone Yards 2 39 39 0 Pottery 2 192 103 89 Total (20) (944) (846) - (98) ... Clothing Industries Coats, Suits k Overalls 5 227 57 170 Furs 3 80 36 44 Other Clothing Factories 3 60 13 47 Total (U) (367) (106) (261) Food & Allied Industries Bakeries 20 1185 350 335 Dairy Products 27 886 706 180 Candy Factories 6 309 123 186 Flour and Grain Mills 21 387 367 20 Fruit and Vegetable Canning 19 2243 1193 1050 Slaughter k Packing Houses 8 1026 824 202 Sugar Factories k Refineries 11 1979 1963 16 Ice Manufacturing 5 254 248 6 Spices, Coffee, etc. 3 63 41 22 Other Food Factories 5 186 95 91 Liquor k Beverage Industries 11 393 373 20 Total (136) (8911) (6783) (2128). Iron and St*el Industries Auto Repair Shops 3 34 32 2 Automobile Factories 4 135 132 .3 Car and Railroad Shops 6 739 731 _ 8 Other Iron, Steel k Machinery 28 5364 5245 119 Total (41) (6272) (Aim- (132) (continued] TABLE I. HUMBER OF PLiNTS ANS MPLOYEES SURVEYED IN COLORADO MINING, INDUSTRIAL AND (Con’t) SERVICE GROUPS. Industry or Service Group [Number 1 of (Plant s Number of Workers Total Male I Female Metals other than iron and steel Brass mills 2 17 16 1 Lead and zinc r 4 303 299 4 Other metal products 8 286 267 19 Total U14) (606) (582) (24) Leather Industries Saddlery « Harness Goods [ 3 40 2 38 Leather belts & Leather Goods I 2 46 11 35 Tanneries 3 54 47 .P .. Trunks and Bags 2 23 21 Total lil?) ... (153) (81) (82) Lumber and Furniture Factories Furniture Factories 6 97 86 11 Saw and Planing Mills 8 400 393 7 Other Woodworking Factories 17 380 328 52 Total (31) (877) (807) (70) Pauer. Printing & allied Industries Blank Books, Envelopes 5 321 211 110 Paper Box Factories 3 70 59 11 Printing, Publishing & Engraving 37 890 708 182 Total (45) (1281) (978) (303) Textile Industries Tents and Awnings 3 64 43 21 Other Textile Mills 7 212 113 99 Total (10) (276) (156) (120) Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industri1 es Electric Light fit Power 7 584 663 21 Electrical Machinery 5 57 50 7 Miscellaneous Industries 14 1637 1122 515 Signs 2 66 58 8 Optical 3 70 51 19 Total (31) (2514) (1944) (570) Total Manufacturing & Mechanical I Industries (377 ) (22972) (19032) (3940) TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION Garage, Auto laundries, and 1 Greasing Stations 58 1149 1047 102 Street Railroads 2 871 818 53 Total (60) (2020) (1865) (155) personal, service Cleaning, Dyeing & Pressing Shoos 15 543 238 305 Laundries 24 989 308 681 Total 130) (1532) (546) (986) GRAND 'TOTAL (526) _ (31130) (26012) (5118) [ Table No. 2. - Number and percentage of Workers surveyed by industry or service group, (Percentage based on comparison .«ith data from the 1930 U. 6. Population Census for Colorado). Industry or Service Group Gainful Workers 1930 Census Number Surveyed Percent Surveyed Total No. of Gainful Workers 402.894 31 130 7.7 Total No. of Workers in the Industrial Groups Listed 170,981 31,130 18.2 Total No. of Workers in the Industrial Sub-groups Surveyed (1) 79.668 (1) 31,130 39.1 Extraction of Minerals 20,045 * 4,606 23.0 Manufacturing and Mechanical 68,785 22,972 33.4 Building Industry 16,661 None — Chemical and Allied Inds. 2,120 * 761 35.9 Clay, Glass and Stone Inds. 2,070 * 944 45.6 Clothing industries 2,527 * 367 14.5 Food and Allied Inds. 10,236 * 8,911 87.1 Iron and Steel Inds. 16,411 * 6,272 38.2 Metals, other than Iron & Steel 913 * 606 66.4 Leather Industries 559 * 163 29.1 Limber and Furniture Mfg. 2,109 * 877 41.6 Paper, Printing and Allied Inds. 4,116 * 1,281 31.1 Textile Industries 342 * 276 80.7 Independent Hand Trades 3,369 None — Miscellaneous Mfg. Ind. 7,352 * 2,514 34.2 Transportation and Communication 42,859 2,020 4.7 Street Railways, Garages, and Automobile Service Stations 6,642 * 2,020 30.4 Other Trans. & Com. Ind. 36,217 None — Domestic and Personal Service 39,292 1,542 3.9 Laundries, and Cleaning, Dying and Pressing Shops 4,226 * 1,532 36.3 Other Domestic and Personal Services 35,066 None j — (1) Total working population in industrial groups or sub-groups from which survey sample was selects d. {*) Population in industrial group or sub-group from which survey sample was selected. FIGURE 2 Percentage Distribution of Plants and Workers in Manufacturing Industries According to tnsNumber Plants Workers CENSUS' SURVEY ■ US. Bureau of the Census -1929 Mfg. Census* State Series:Colorado] Census data based or? wage earners only whi/e survey data is based op both sahr/ed employees and wage, earners ► I a o. r-4 3 FIGURE 3. UEOGHrtPhXOau LIoPhlBUTION Of AiOPKEKo IN vOuDhttlX) XSi>U8lKl£S 1'otal number .1' Worker--- in als. Industrial Plants Percent of V.'orxers covered in preliminary survey 1938 124 LjoTrCiiil. ri/iilii.NE EUkVEY Number of Industries employing 5 or more woricers In Industrial Groupe Percent of Plants Surveyed. UEOCRaPR!CAL DISTRIBUTION Oi INDUSTRIES IN COLORADO 1938 INDUSTRIAL RYuIENE oUrVEY £0— £9 30-59 60-99 100 and over Colorado State Board of Health 0 1- 4 5- 9 10-19 FIGURE 5 HEALTH SERVICE IN PLANTS WITH 100 OR MORE WORKERS AS COMPARED WITH PLANTS WITH LESS THAN 100 WORKERS. Percent of Workers to Whom Specified Service Is Available in Plants With 100 or More Workers Less Than 100 Workers Safety Services; Full Time Safety Director Part Time Safety Director Shop Committees Insurance Service Other Safety Service Medical Provisions: Hospital - Company Hospital - Contract First Aid Room First Aid Kit Trained First Aid Worker Full Time Plant Physician Part Time Plant Physician Physician on Call Full Time Plant Nurse Part Time Plant Nurse Disability Benefits & Records; Sick Benefit Association Sickness Records — Accident Records i 1 i ; Industry or Service Group Humber of Plants Number of Workers Percent of Workers to Whom Service is Available Safety Director Shop Committees Insurance Other Safety Service 1 Fullj } Part Time . Time Ail Industries Studied 526 31.130 30.8 21.1 40.3 91.6 35.3 Extraction of Minerals 50 4,606 34.a 25.5 37.6 100.0 37.6 Chemical and Allied Industries 23 761 5.0 73.2 17.7 87.0 59.1 Clay, Glass and Stone 20 944 0 46.4 o 98.3 20.2 Clothing 11 367 • 0 0 0 90.2 0 Food and Allied Industries 136 8,911 4.0 30.3 35.4 96.5 21.9 Iron and Steel Industries a 6,272 74.4 13.2 82.0 74.3 68.3 Metal Ind. exceot Iron and Steel u 606 34.3 40.3 50.5 99.3 16.2 Leather 10 163 0 8.0 o 82.2 0 Lumber and Furniture 31 377 0 2.9 14.5 85.2 21.3 Paper and Printing 45 1,231 0 9.3 0 ■ 92.6 5.0 Textile 10 276 0 19.9 0 80.1 0 Misc. Manufacturing Industries 31 2,5 U 76.3 2.2 77.2 98.0 76.9 Transportation 60 2,020 39.5 3.1 0 96.1 4.2 Personal Service 39 1,532 0 15.3 - — 0 94.2 0 TABLE 3. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE PROVISIONS (ALL PLANTS) - SAFETY SERVICES Industry or Service Group • t * Number of Plants Number of Workers L Percent of Workers to Whom Service is Ava liable Hospital First Aid Room First Aid Kit Trained First Aid Worker Physicia n Nut se E? 3 a a o o Contract Full Time Part Time On Call Full Time Part Time All Industries Stft-veved 526 31,130 22.5 11.3 36.2 89.2 46.7 23.8 9.1 64.8 29.5 1.3 Extraction of Minerals 50 4,606 34.0 13.4 24.4 98.3 85.1 42.2 0 57.3 34.0 4.9 Chemical and Allied Industries 23 761 6 29.0 51.2 93.7 22.7 15.9 28.1 50.9 28.1 0 Clay, Glass and Stone 20 944 0 0 12.3 88.9 21.1 0 12.3 69.8 0 0 Clothing 11. 367 0 0 35.1 45.5 0 0 0 96.5 0 0 Food and Allied Industries 136 8,911 0.3 0 23.9 88.3 28.1 0.1 8.4 90.8 14.1 1.4 Iron and Steel Industries 41 6,272 65.0 6.3 71.4 96.5 83.7 60.2 0.2 36.9 63.8 0.8 Metal Ind. except Iron and Steel U 606 0 16.2 52.3 90.1 57.6 0 63.3 34.8 0 0 Leather 10 163 0 0 0 71.3 0 0 0 85.9 0 0 Lumber and furniture 31 877 0 0 30.4 65.5 5.4 26.5 0 72.3 0 0 Paper and Printing 45 1,281 0.9 0 0 66.7 0 0 0 95.6 0 0 Textile ■ ID 276 0 0 0 62.7 8.3 0 0 LOO.O 0 0 Misc. Manufacturing Industries 31 2,514 52.8 52.8 52.3 92.8 73.9 52.3 22.9 25.2 52.8 0 Transoortation 60 2^020 0 43.1 39.5 80.7, 4.2 0 39.5 55.4 (39.5 0 Personal Service 39 1,532 0 0 11.4 87.1 0 0 . 0 96.1 o 0 TABLE 4. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE PROVISIONS (ALL PLANTS) - MEDICAL SERVICES FIGURE 6 ViNEklAL DISEASE SERVICE IN WITH 100 OR MORE COMPARED " WITH PWtfTS WITH sEoS THAN 100 WORKERS Percent of Workers Having Listed Service Available, in Plants with Type of Service 100 or More Workers Less than 100 Workers Serological Tests on Applicant Yes — No Serological Tests on Hnployee Yes annually 6 Months __ Other Dl apositlon (a) Treated at Plant (b) Referred to Pamixy Physician.. Clinic (c) Discharge (d) Ignored No Willing to cooperate with State Board of health Yes. - - No Unknown , Immunization against Contagious Diseases Yes No ♦Less than 1.0# TThHLE 5-a ven-lruo. LiSE,iSE NiMdER Oil PaANTl WITHIN SPECIEI SI I iv IxJ oT £. Industry Mo. of Pi .-in t s No. of Viorkers No. of Plants No* of Workers No. of Plants No. of Workers Extraction of Minerals 50 4606 I 475 49 4151 Chemicaj. dt Allied Industries 18 76i 1 i: 14 17 547 Clay, Glass & Stone Industries L0 944 x 116 19 813 Clothing Industries ll 357 - - 11 267 Pood do Ai_iod Industries 136 89il 1548 110 6563 Iron and Steel, Mchy., Vehicle Industries 41 6373 5 750 36 bb&U Metals other than Iron and Steel 14 506 ± 78 12 528 Leather Industries 10 163 - - lO 163 Lumber & EUmiture Industrie-; 31 877 - - 51 877 Paper, Printing & Allied Industries 4b iiSi - - 45 1131 Textile Industries 10 176 - - 10 176 Miscellaneous Mfg. Industries 3i 1 514 . 1891 19 SkZk Transportation and Communication 60 JcOliO 1 7.: 59 1947 Lomestic & Personal Service 39 1551 - ' - 59 1552 TOT.iL- .nxju 1N Lli oT al iL> 0l6 51130 58 . 5946 488 15i84 OlvliW llulAuj. oLi-dvlb- T.'BLE 5-B. Serol oriC! 1 Testa on “m n, nveea lies No Annually Six Jonths Qth,< i£. Mo. of Pi ants No. of Workers No. of Plants No. of Workers No.of Plants No . of Workers No. of Plants No. of Worker No. of Plants No. of Work err. Extraction of Minerals 3 1568 47 ■ 3038 - 1568 Chemical & Allied Industries Z 355 i £6 4£6 k 335 - - - - Clay, Glass & Stone Industries 1 116 19 B£8 j - - - - 1 116 Clothing Industries - - ■ 11 367 - - - - - - Food & Allied Industries £5 £057 ill 6854 4 581 kO 1446 1 30 Iron x Steel, Mchy., Vehicle Industries z 4350 38 ' 1941 2 - - i 339 C 3991 Metals other then Iron and Steel 1 78 13 5L8 1 78 - - - - Leather Industries - - 10 ■i 163 - > - - - - Lumber &. furniture Industries - i 31 : 877 - - - - - - Paper, Printing 4c Allied Industries - - 45 1£81 S - - - - - Textile Industries - - 10 £76 - i- - - . - - Miscellaneous Mfg. Industries 1 13£7 30 118'!’ - -■ - - 1 13£7 Transportation and Communicatioi 1 73 59 1947 - - - - 1 73 Domestic and Personal Service . _ 59 15££ - - - - - - TOT/'L - iiLu INDUSTRIES 37 aaai ,482 - i SPECIFIED GitOUPo GIVING VENr-i-.K.a. Tests on FhmlnvPBg rloEj-.oL caLtiVICE — Hef arret Industry Treated No. of Plants at No. of WoTiers ■Family No. of Plants Phy ;ician No .of Workers Clinic No.of No.of Plants Workers Discha No.of 7ged No. of Extraction of Minerals 5673 L4 351£ 7 699 NOMBilh Oil r'LruVi'o rvl'i'liXIS ii'JLUoTi\iv'Ju ulVli'Ju diitVlGA Table, 5-L. Plants •.*• to Cooper jte v it;. The State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Prevention Program Yes Ho No, of No. of Industry No,of Pi .imts No. of Workers No. of Plant;; No. of Workers Plants Unknown , Workers Unknown Extraction of Minerals 44 4287 - - 6 219 Chemicals & allied Industrie;? L4 695 - - 4 66 Clay, Glass ac. Stone Industries 19 912 - - 1 21 Clothing Industries 9 22 7 1 7 1 Food i, ,ilaietl Industrie. i25 8460 1 14 9 427 Iron & Steel, Mchy., Vehicle Industries 28 5922 - - b 240 Metals other than Iron and Steer 14 606 - - - - Leather Industries 9 146 - - 1 17 Lumber & furniture Industries 28 862 - - 2 15 Paper, Printing & Allied Industries 29 1129 1 25 5 117 Textile Industries 9 269 - - 1 7 Miscellaneous Mfg* Industries 29 2488 tL 26 - - Transportation ana Communication 52 1902 4 52 b 65 Dome.tic & Personal Service 27 1427 c:. 95 - - TOTAL-ALL INLUHTEIfiS 478 29572 ii 220 27 1227 NUMBER OF PLANTS WITHIN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIAL GROUPS GIVING-VENEREAL DISEASE SERVICE TnhT e S—TS. Immunization Program against Contagious rilaflHsa.q at present time Yea No Industry No. of Plants No. of Workers No. of Plants No. of 'Workers Extraction of Minerals 6 1225 44 3381 Chemical & Allied Industries 1 121 27 640 Clay, Glass & Stone Industries 1 116 19 828 Clothing Industries - 367 Food & Allied Industries 1 30 135 8881 Iron & Steel, Mchy., Vehicle Industries 2 3826 39 2446 Metals other than Iron and Steel - - 14 606 Leather Industries - - 10 163 Lumber & Furniture Industries 1 232 30 645 Paper, Printing & Allied Industries - - 45 1281 Textile Industries - - 10 276 Miscellaneous Mfg. Industries 1 1327 30 1187 Transportation & Communication - - 60 2020 Domestic &. Personal Service _ 39 1532 TOTAL - ATT. TNTJTSTOTES 1? 6877 STS 24253 PO WORKms NO. Plants No.Plants $ Plants Plants No. in Pits No. in Pits % of Pits % of Pits No with more with less % with more with less No. in with more with less % having more having less All than 100 than 100 All than 100 than 100 All than 100 than 100 All than 100 than 100 Hants Worker s Workers Plants Serological Test on Applicant Yea 36 14 24 7.2 2.6 4.6 5946 5125 821 19.1 16.5 2.6 No 488 53 435 92.8 10.1 82,7 25184 14461 10723 80.9 46.5 34.4 Serological Teats on Employee Yea 37 16 21 7.0 3.0 4.0 9884 9177 707 31.8 29.5 2.3 Annually 7 4 3 1,3 0.8 0.5 994 807 187 3,2 2.6 0.6 6 months 22 6 16 4.2 1.1 3.1 3112 2695 417 10.0 8.7 1.3 Other 8 6 2 1.5 1.1 0.4 5778 5675 103 18.6 18.3 0.3 Disposition (a) Treated at Plant 6 6 0 1.1 1.1 0.0 5673 5673 0 18.2 18.2 0.0 (b) Referred to Family Physician 24 8 16 4.6 1.5 3.1 3512 2949 563 11.3 9.5 1.8 Clinic 7 2 5 1.3 0.3 1.0 699 555 144 2.2 1.8 0.4 (o) Discharged 5 0 5 1.0 0.0 1.0 204 0 204 0.7 0.0 0.7 (d) Ignored 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No Willing to cooperate 489 51 438 93.0 9.7 83.3 21246 10401 10845 68.2 33.4 34.8 with State Board of Health Yea 479 65 414 91.1 12.4 78.7 29580 19219 10361 95.0 61,7 33.3 NO 14 0 14 2.7 0.0 2.7 235 0 235 0.8 0.0 0.8 Unknown 33 2 31 6.3 0.4 5.9 1315 367 948 4.2 1.2 3.0 Immunization against Contagious Diseases Yes 13 10 3 2.5 14.7 0.7 6877 6745 132 22.1 34.4 1.1 No 513 58 455 97.5 85.3 99.3 . 24253 12841 11412 77.9 65.6 98.9 TOTAL NO. & % OF PLANTS AND WORKERS 526 68 458 100.0 12.9 87.1 31130 _ 19586 11544 .100.0 62-7 37.1 f iflAMS ACT) PERCENTAGES OT WORKZBS HAVTKG VEtUSHEAL DISEASE 3BR7ICZ IK ALL PTAKTR FLAWS Vg IH 100 OR MORE WORKERS and FLAMS WITH LESS THAW 100 WORKERS AVAILABILITY- OF US TED SERVICE Xabia .6. Industry or Service Group Number of Plants Number of Yi’orkers Percent of Workers With Listed Facility Sick Benefit Association Sickness Records Accident Records All Industries Studied 526 31.130 LLil 38.9 39.9 Extraction of Minerals 53 4,606 51.9 55.6 99.1 Chemical and allied Industries 28 761 69.0 61.1 90.5 Clay, Glass and Stone 20 944 20.2 12.3 93.6 Clothing 11 367 0 0 96.5 Food and Allied Industries 136 3,911 26.6 16.9 37.1 Iron and Steel Industries 41 6,272 70.4 70.2 97.8 1 Metal Ind. exceot Iron and Steel u 606 0 34.3 90.3 Leather 10 163 14.1 17.3 92.0 Lumber and Furniture 31 877 32.3 32.8 95.3 Peoer and ?rintin.' 45 1,231 45.7 60,6 • 38.4 Textile » 10 276 0 0 79.0 Fisc. Manufacturing Industries 31 2,514 76.1 55.6 96.3 Transportation 60 2,020 43.7 4.2 46.0 Personal Service 39 1,532 17.7 18.3 87.2 TABLE 7. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVICE .PROVISIONS (ALL PLANTS) - DISABILITY BENEFITS AMD RECORDS TABLE 8. HEALTH HERVlUrb li'i FLANTU WITH 100 OR MORE i OhKEF.S COHFAKKU WITH PLANTS i.ITH LESS THAN 100 VsORKEKO. J Tyoe of Service Percent of Workers Having Listed 1 Service Available, in Plants With; I 100 or More Workers * Less Than 100 Workers ** ' Safety Services: ! • Full Time Safety Director 47.9 1.9 j j Part Time Safety Director 21.8 20.5 Shoo Committees 61.9 6.5 I Insurance Service 100.0 89.6 | Other Safety Service 47.4 11.5 Medical Provisions: I riosoital - Comoany 37.3 0.8 Hosoital - Contract 16.6 4.7 First Aid Room 54.4 5.3 First Aid Kit' 99.4 72.5 Trained First Aid Worker 62.7 19.5 Full Time Plant Physician 37.6 0.4 ) Part Time Plant Physician 11.6 2.0 | Physician on Call 47.0 39.4 ) Full Time Plant Nurse 46.6 0.3 | Part Time Plant Nurse 2.4 - Disability Benefits & Records: Sick Benefit association 62.2 13.7 Sickness Records 52.4 11.8 Accident Records 96.4 73.5 * Plants Employing 100 or More Workers Employed 19,575 Workers or 62.9 Percent of the Surveyed Population. ** Plants Employing Less Than 100 Workers Employed 11,555 Workers or 37.1 Percent of the Surveyed Population. Table 9. Comparison of the Industrial Health Services in Colorado Industries, With Similar Data Prom Other State or Areas Percent of Worke rs with Listed Facility _ _ 1 ! 1 Kind of Service Mary- land Typical Indus- trial Arei Utah Virginia So. Car. Colorado' Safety organization Safety director- Part time 20.8 21.0 17.4 27.6 4.1 21.1 Safety director Full time 37.6 23.8 38.8 17.8 0 30.8 Shop committees 59.3 33.6 46.3 61.5 55.7 40.3 Medical provisions Hospital (Co.) 25.8 (a) 25.5 (a) (a) 22.5 First aid room 55.8 48.5 62.2 50.0 35.0 36.2 First aid kit 97.7 (a) 90.6 (a) 67.3 89.2 Trained first aid worker 65.4 (a) 72.5 (a) (a) 46.7 Physician-part time 42.4 17.3 19.0 25.6 24.2 9.1 Physician-full time 30.7 15.3 30.5 21.0 0 23.3 Plant nurse-part time 0 2.7 4.9 1.9 3.7 1.3 Plant nurse-full time 40.3 34.1 25.2 30.6 23.3 29.5 Disability Benefits & Statistics Sick benefit ass'n 47.8 29.4 64.6 35.1 (a) 44.5 Sickness records 54.5 40.0 65.3 34.1 26.8 38.9 Accident records 96.9 98.1 98.9 98.5 98.2 39.9 (a) Data not available 1 s I Sf 1 s ff II uuiuilllt 1 If II !| g I c e •> £•- m s • a|Sb? si £E * |l ts m §E r I « tr EEe* & I, s. *s -s* s. g a ■|JC,£ Bg |« i S| J 1 ftl f 1 1 J E" , JS J ft ft ft 8S ft' 8 if Egg * H S * 1 8 &» ! f I E r J s 5 11* a is. s i •» a y | E I f-3 1 ? 1 0 • § i 8 V** 0 9 1 0 •>9 * 3 1 K M 5 I 0 1 a > < P s a M i a M! S 1 a |s v s « if! sk ft £ ft s £ fe f3 1 P i % Ih ro ro h* on oo b Vn ro To oo H* o» N vo u» va -a fo H* -a cd -o S O' i * II p~—T3 p p H ' P “ O o o 8 H* OO vo k 8 88 k 88 3 i 8 S S S (is [? s fi ns istunieipal I 1 •5* Sk s • > s i • i s ■ £! e ee Wall ii i LO M O O -a 1 i, IS i. 1 ! ! ! I C-i 1 OV OO S ll£ S*r«ui H* O ro jo j£> |CT III 1 II Cg IS 1 b • & • (g P Chlorinated P« Cn I O H 1 1 1 > 1 W 1 |V« U H H* vo Va* M fe i E Settled li! r r* i r r ; s i ?* s P y> K » g s « K O' ro 1 b ■0 W Filtered “ 1 ft 1 co oo -oh* ov m va va NaoaVnoo -a co co vn M ov —a OvnH*o » u* vn V vn cn vn ch vn vn vo a> —3 oo Vn CTN ON UI -H U> ON O H 00 V\ V3 If* b lb Fountain ■ E 1 M 7 M H* % 1 Va* M M o co vn -H h* H r o> ® r b Co |vo h* vo i V —a ro b> vo SoO co O O co ro -a cr- co >■ |oo b |H 1*0 00 f*. irr Individual Cup s -■ m ro m >■ vn H* -**■ m o H* co vo va cr- Vn o va co m H* 1H* 1 H* Coonon Cup M loo I M ro M Co H* H* Vn >1 o I Vn CTN oo II b .09 1 O' co >* a- > co > Vn h* on r )? IF Ov I OV 1 ro ON |m Other H H* H* vo no vo ova co Q vo vooovva ov J —a vn o -o —a vn o vo vn o va vn ro V ben b co Q H* b g h* vn H J —a u Ocv O vo o —» to O —a Va* Vfi 1-tA s k H* | OO i 00 lAvatoriee g S' E 7 M H* r*- H* s M 1 H* ovIh oh* £ H* 1 ro 1*. h ' * s i * h ft i h cs 1 i £ i« k F Other is co vn h* -o ro ro a* M a- H* vn m oo -•» co vn cr r vi o fo O cp co O —a no p oo on vn ro o *• H* co co ro coVnVnr-* M |o | b vo vn 1 vn Va* Jon Coon on Towel n |ff> cr- Vn ro m ov oo va* ro rv> OOJH* V\ £ U* —» Va* Jo tO On J SO Va* O Ov •»*• MOV vO ro O 03 ro 4 H* Ov Vn 00 0^ X* Other Towel M | vnoo H* ov Op -H Co OV O O crv -a Va* O Vn M Ov - -b 03 H* I H* C* ro b 1 ov CO O h* oo o »-*avNavn —3 00 8 s Vn Ov Showers H* 8 8 H* H* H* H* M 8 S § S « 8 8 » j! 8 S p b h» 0 ov 00 00 va O' 0 00 0 0 00 oh* —» 00 va vnoH*ov ff 11 Flush M O M H* M H* M S- a I Is ? is ? . r r f; . ? Iv* ' S 4 ■ W 8 G • t£ S Is I Pit Privy 1 1 5 1 I f « 1 1 1 1 1 1 H* H OO 111 Other |H* Is -• H* M M D vo O vn O va Va* CD Q va 3 -O |° 0 00 ON Vno-HH* 5 S? 8 3 8 » S « 8 4 i! H* lo fe ? Municipal ) 3 e» 9 V? a 8 1 ro OH* N> H |! f, 1 « s II 1 ft I i i nri E Treatment Plant Va* M M • rv) OH* O CD (nj M III Vn I Vn b I Co b ro I ro vo 1 M Vn O ro >■ o va —a ff s i Stream 3 1 W • : . 1 . ' ' > 5 ' > 1 1 I1 IS 0 X Lake H* O |! || 1 II 1 II 1 s 1 1 fe ? III? £ | Lagoon 1* s ? i s .M 1 r r* 1 ? ■? t S S 4 £ » g I V Other im -a H ,ro yj H . ro oo po cjn vn >■ i i ro vn vn i ov 1 ov to IV b V Vn 1 H* vo b M 1 Co Ko M M M Co Va* vo o vo Vn CO 1 fO ft 10 Separate Lunch Rood nn «5?a5S ,3 15 S: | ii J vskies'sss it On Co £ jf Va* — Individual Locker INLUSTRIAL HEaLTH SERVICE PROVISIONS (all Plants) SANITATION FACILITIES TABLE 11. DISTRIBUTION OF SANITATION FACILITIES ACCORDING TO SIZE OF PLANT Kind of Service i Percentage of Plants and Workers With Listed Service in Plants Employing 100 or More Workers as Compared to Plants Employing Less Than 100 Workers i | Plants Employing Workers in Plants Emoloying 100 or More ! Less Than 100 100 or More (Less Than 100 Total No. cf Plants ck Workers 66 1 1 s -s: — 19,575 1 | H,555 Percentage Total Plants & j | Workers 12.5 37.5 62.9 37.1 Water Supply; * T Municipal 73.3 90.2 82.0 39.5 Well 25.3 10.2 23.1 13.6 Stream 10.6 2.6 7.9 3.2 Chlorinated 3.0 2.2 *•3 1.9 Settled 3.0 2.3 5.3 1.9 Filtered 10.6 4.6 10.5 3.9 Drinking Water: j Fountain 84.8 53.9 90.1 69.3 | Individual Cuo 10.6 13.3 5.1 12.6 Common Cup 9.1 27.4 4.3 2*. ,4 Other 7.6 7.4 3.3 5.3 Washing Facilities: Lavatories 89.4 31.7 92.9 35.1 Other 3.0 5.0 1.7 3.6 Common Towel 13.6 40.7 11.5 35.7 Other Towel 56,1 54.3 69.6 39.0 Scorers 43.5 19.6 67.0 23.0 Toilet Facilities: . Flush 87.9 87.8 91.6 95.7 Pit Privy 16.7 10.2 9.0 9.3 Other 12.1 3.7 12.5 4.6 1 Sewerage System: ) Municioal 59.1 33.7 52.2 82.1 S Treatment Plant 1.5 2.6 0.6 1.9 Discharge - Stream 15.2 3.5 11.9 3.3 Lake - 0.2 ; 0.6 Lagoon - 0.4 - 0.9 Other 24.2 3.7 35.3 3.3 Separate Lunch Loom 31.8 5.9 37.4 10.6 Individual Lockers 68.2 26.7 79.7 j 37.4 SANITARY FACILITIES IN PLANTS WITH 100 OR MORE WORKERS AS COMPARED WITH PLANTS WITH LESS THAN 100 WORKERS Percent of Workers to Whom Specified Service is Available in Plants with Water Supply: Municipal Well Stream Chlorinated Settled Filtered Drinking Water: Fountain Individual Cup Common Cup Other Washing Facilities: _Lavatories Other Common Towel Other Towel Showers Toilet Facilities: Flush - Pit Privy Other Sewerage System: Municipal Treatment Plant — Discharge - Stream Lake Lagoon Other Separate Lunch Room. Individual Lockers_ Materials Number of Workers in dach Industry or S ervice Gi -oup Expc sed to 9 pecified Material s — All Sxtrac- Chemical) Clay 1 Clothing Food d 1 Iron Metals, Leather I Lumber Paper ! Textile: Miscel- Trans- Industrie tion of Sc Allied! Glass <5c y.anufao tuning Allied i <3c Other Than Indus- ! laneous) porta- Service Surveyed Minerals, Indus tris Stone Industries Steel Iron d tries pUrnitu® ■i allied tuning Maiiufao-i tion | Steel Industrie taring Number of Workers in Surveyed Plants: 31130 4606 761 | 944 j 367 8911 6272 606 163 377 1281 276 ~ ~ i 2514 2020 1532 Total Number of Hbcposures: 89119 18501 1799 1935 293 17542 25055 2862 333 1355 2418 265 10413 3836 1307 Other Metals 887b 979 80 90 « 822 4705 391 _ 41 442 9 876 439 2 Other oases 8795 2943 105 161 1 831 3175 231 11 18 95 1 964 226 33 Carbon Monoxide 8581 2348 68 173 3 856 2947 168 . 20 7 2 797 653 39 Other Dermatitis Producers 8863 97 128 12 5377 838 13 17 1 6 - 347 3 24 Silica Dust 6374 2546 22 301 - 433 2171 144 9 157 8 3 407 112 11 Organic Dust 5750 298 175 66 143 1840 197 83 87 600 151 202 1443 69 86 Silicate Dust 5312 2232 50 619 10 45 1650 147 - 31 3 2 320 157 36 Petroleum Products 4728 529 86 62 2 521 1914 79 1 81 97 1 621 692 42 Coal Dust, Bituminous 3154 1712 38 36 1 399 669 91 - 26 5 1 20 72 34 Temperature Change 2923 52 - - - 217 2077 136 - 2 - 373 16 Non Siliceous Dust 2916 276 19 199 2 438 1280 99 - 70 1 2 164 306 10 Lead 2767 227 47 38 4 So 821 349 6 26 436 1 587 137 2 Alkaline Compounds 2485 522 75 4 - 889 393 56 12 22 12 7 213 122 153 Ore Dust 2451 2188 3 * - - 79 181 - - - - - - - Organic Solvents 2415 64 123 4 14 70 276 18 16 49 292 6 921 426 137 Infection 2170 40 51 - 29 1815 - - 42 9 - 7 5 5 167 Salts, Inorganic 1638 87 106 6 - 1204 3 3 15 4 12 1 210 2 35 Mineral Acids 1307 102 50 11 - 380 194 92 4 10 44 1 323 91 5 Oils, Pats ac W,axes 1031 156 o3 12 10 486 22 14 26 25 16 156 31 14 Inks 870 - 24 - 1 110 6 3 - 7 414 1 131 4 170 Sulphur Dioxide 795 80 30 5 - 33 456 132 - 2 58 - Paints c* Snamels 753 2 91 18 14 53 268 4 19 54 16 10 49 142 3 Sulphur 619 3 91 - - 101 • 2 9 2 17 - 378 - 16 Other Chemicals 610 34 33 8 - 150 45 14 4 1 2 - 318 - 1 Coal Tar Products 492 123 56 - 10 6 204 - 7 14 10 - 27 31 4 Organic Acids 446 30 7 - - 237 31 - 5 4 19 - 46 4 63 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 390 - 25 - 2 - 2 - - - 3 - 281 6 71 Lacquer u Varnish 356 - 21 8 13 6 84 17 19 36 18 5 35 93 1 Dyes 282 12 12 - 5 59 - - 24 31 - 3 82 - 54 Cyanides 264 159 5 - - - 51 31 - 1 8 - 5 2 2 Cadmium 208 - - - - . - 80 - - - - 128 . - Hydrogen Sulphide 176 44 20 - - - 42 70 - . - • • - - Antimony 172 6 - - - - 4 - - 146 - 17 - - Arsenic 157 - 4 - 17 - _ 136 _ Manganese 137 - 3 30 2 Radioactive Substances 126 75 13 _ _ 37 Benzene 106 - 21 3 - _ 1 60 Chlorine 103 15 - 1 . 49 _ Asbestos Dust 98 8 5 - _ _ 31 Chromium 89 ! 5 30 . 24 6 1 23 Phosphorus 63 5b _ _ 7 Aniline 45 12 13 _ _ “ itodicines Fluorine 44 42 9 23 6 - - - - - 8 - 21 - - 5ftS8H$es » 17 I - - i 1 - - - . il I 4 16 Alcohols, asters, ithers 19 : - : r : : - - - i TuBLO 12. aUMBSK OF WORKS33 Ij S.aCH INDUSTRY OR 3SHVIC3 UROUP EXPOSED TO SPECiKi X) MATERI \LS Material Percentage of Total Number of Workers in than 0.1, shown by (*1/ Each Industry or Service Group Exposed to Specified Material^Peroentage, where less All hdustries Surveysc Extrac- tion of Minerals liemical P Allied Lndu stria Clay Glass & Stone Clothing Manufac- ture Food & Allied Industries Iron & Steel Metals DtherThan Iron & Steel Leather Lumber Paper & Printing Textile fenufac ture Miscel- laneous Manufac- turing Trans- porta- tion Personal Service Number of Workers in Surveyed Plants: 31130 4606 761 . 944 367 3911 6272 606 153 877 1281 276 2514 2020 1532 Other Metals 28.5 21.3 10.5 9.5 9»2 75.0 64.5 _ 4.7 34.5 3.3 34.8 21.7 .1 Other Gases 28.3 63.9 13.8 17.1 .3 9.3 50.6 38.1 6.7 2.1 7.4 .4 38.3 11.2 2.2 Carbon Monoxide 27.6 61.8 8.9 18.3 .8 9.6 47.0 27.7 - 2.3 .5 .7 31.7 32.3 2.5 Other Dermatitis Producas 22.0 2.1 16.8 - 3.3 60.3 13.4 2.1 10.4 .1 .5 - 13.8 .1 1.6 Silica Dust 20.5 55.3 2.9 31.9 - 5.4 34.6 23.8 5.5 17.9 .6 1.1 16.2 5.5 .7 Organic Dust 18.5 6.5 23.C 7.0 39.0 20.5 7.9 14.5 53.4 68.4 11.8 73.2 57.6 3.4 6.6 17.1 48.5 7.'9 65.6 2.7 .5 26.3 24.3 - 3.5 .2 .7 12.7 7.8 2.3 Petroleum Products 15.2 11.5 11.3 6.6 .5 5.8 30.5 13.0 .6 9.2 7.6 .4 24.7 34.3 2.7 Coal Dust, Bituminous 10.1 37.2 5.0 9.1 ,3 4.5 10.7 15.0 - 3.0 .4 .4 .8 3.6 2.2 Temperature Change 9.4 1.1 - - - 2.4 33.1 30.7 - .2 14.8 “ l.C 9.4 6.C 2.5 21.1 .5 5.5 20.4 16 • 3 - 8.0 .1 .7 6.5 15.1 8.9 4.9 6.2 4.0 i.i l.C 13.1 57.6 3.7 3.C 34.0 .4 23.4 6.8 • 1 Alkaline Compounds 8.0 11.3 9.9 .4 - 10.C 6.3 9.2 7.4 2.5 .9 2.6 8.5 6.0 10.0 7.9 47.5 .4 — - - 1.3 29.9 - - - - “ “ Organic Solvents 7.8 1.4 16.2 .4 3.8 .8 4.4 3.0 9.2 5.6 22.8 2.2 36.6 21.1 8.9 Infections 7.C .9 6.7 - 7.9 20.4 - - 25.8 1.0 2.5 .2 .2 10.9 Salts, Inorganic 5.4 1.9 13.9 .6 - 13.5 ♦ .5 9.2 .5 .9 .4 8.4 • 1 2.3 4.2 2.2 6.6 1.2 - 4.3 3.1 15.2 2.6 1.1 3.4 .4 12. 8 4.6 • 3 3.3 3.4 8.3 1.3 2.7 5.5 .4 2.3 16.0 2.9 1.2 - 6.2 1.5 .9 2.8 - 3.2 - .3 1.2 .1 .5 - .8 32.3 .4 5.2 • 2 11.1 Sulphur Dioxide 2.6 1.7 3.9 .5 - .4 7.3 21.3 - .2 - 2. 3 “ • 2.4 ♦ 12.0 1.9 3.3 .6 4.3 .7 11.7 7.3 1.2 3.6 1.9 7.0 .2 2.0 . 1 12.0 - - i.i - .3 5.5 .2 1.3 15.0 - 1.0 Other Chemicals 2.0 .7 4.3 .3 - 1.7 .7 2.3 2.5 .1 12.7 - .1 Coal Tar Products 1.6 2.7 7.4 - 2.7 .1 3.3 - 4.3 1.6 .8 1.1 1.5 .3 Organic Acids 1.4 .7 .9 - - 2.7 .5 - 3.1 .5 1.5 1.8 •2 _4.1 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 1.3 - 3.3 - .5 - * - “ “ • 3 Lacquer & Varnishes 1.1 - 2.8 .8 3.5 .1 1.3 2.8 11.7 4.1 1.4 .9 .3 1.6 - 1.4 .7 - - 14.7 3.5 - 1.1 3.3 - 3.5 Cyanides .8 3.5 .7 - - - ,3 5.1 - .1 .6 “ .1 .1 Cadmium .7 - - - - “ - 13.2 “ - ” " Hydrogen Sulphide .6 1.0 2.6 .7 11.6 * 7 * " “ Antimony .6 .3 - “ ” “ “ Arsenic .5 - .5 - 4.6 - “ 22.4 “ - “ Manganese .4 - .4 3.2 - - 1.5 1.0 - * “ - ** Radioactive Substances .4 1.7 1.7 - - “ " _ n Benzene .3 - 2.3 .3 - “ “ or Chlorine .3 .3 - .1 • 5 - 2.0 Asbestos Dust .3 .2 .7 - - - • 5 “ “ “ Chromium .3 - .7 3.2 - - .4 1.0 .6 Phosphorus .2 1.2 - 1.2 “ “ * Aniline .1 .3 1.7 “ • Medicines .1 • 2 .8 - " • * .3 Fluorine .1 .5 - “ “ * • - Mercury .1 .4 .4 - * " “ 7 Aldehydes .1 .3 “ ~ * “ “ Alcohols, Esters, Ethers .1 TABLa 13. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF WORKERS IN EACH INDUSTRY OR SERVICE GROUP EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIAL Materials Number of Exposures to Specified Materials in All Industries Surveyed Percen less t tage of Iran 0.1, [total Exp shown by o sure s t< CJ/ the Sp€ cifled M aterial Occurring in Each Indus tr ial Grout tage, whi rre Extrac- tion of Minerals Chemical Sc Allied Industries Clay Glass & Stone Clothing Manu. ■tood & Allied Industries Iron & Steel Metals Otha- Han hm Sc Star rather Lumber Paper & Printing Textile Manufac- turing Miscel- laneous Manu. Transpor tation (S Conm. Peracna] Surveyed Plants: 31130 4606 761 944 367 8911 6272 606 163 877 1281 276 2514 2020 1532 Percentage of '.'.'orkers In Surveyed Plants: 100.0 14.8 2.4 3.0 1.2 28.6 20.2 2.0 0.5 2.8 4.1 0.9 8.1 6.6 4.9 Other Metals 8876 11.0 .9 1.0 9*3 53.0 4.4 .5 5.0 .1 9.9 4.9 • Other Gases 8795 33.6 1.2 1.8 ♦ 9.4 36.1 2.6 .1 .2 1.1 ♦ 11.0 2.6 .4 Carbon Monoxide 8581 33.2 .8 2.0 * 10.0 34.3 2.0 - .2 .1 ♦ 9.3 7.6 .6 Other Dermatitis Friduom 6863 1.4 1.9 - .2 78.4 12.2 .2 .2 * .1 - 5.1 « .3 Silica Dust 6374 39.9 • 3 4.7 - 7.6 34.1 2.3 .1 2.5 .1 ♦ 6.4 1.8 .2 Organic Dust 5750 5.2 3.0 1.2 2.5 32.0 8.7 1.5 1.5 10.4 2.6 3.5 25.2 1.2 1.6 Silicate Dust 5312 42.0 1.1 11.6 .2 .8 31.1 2.8 - .6 .1 ♦ 6.0 3.0 .7 Petroleum Prdhucts 4728 11.2 1.8 1.3 ♦ 11.0 40.5 1.7 * 1.7 2.1 ♦ 13.1 14.7 .9 Coal Dust, Bituminous 3154 54.3 1.2 2,7 * 12.7 21.2 2.9 - .8 .2 ♦ .6 2.3 1.1 Temperature Change 2923 1.8 - - - 7.4 71.0 6.4 - .1 - - 12.8 - .6 Non Siliceous Dust 2916 9.5 .7 6.8 .1 16.7 43.9 3.4 • 2.4 * .1 5.6 10.5 .3 Lead 2767 8.2 1.7 1.4 • 1 3.1 29.7 12.6 .2 .9 15.8 ♦ 21.2 5.0 .1 Alkaline Compounds 2485 21. C 3.0 .2 - 35.8 16.0 2.2 .5 .9 .6 .3 8.6 4.9 6.1 Ore Dust 2451 89.3 .1 - - - 3.2 7.4 - - - • - - • Organic Solvents 2415 2.7 5.1 .2 • 6 2.9 11.4 .8 .6 2.0 12.1 .2 38.1 17.6 5.7 Infection 2170 1.9 2.4 . 1.3 83.7 - - 1.9 .4 - .3 .2 .2 7.7 Salts, Inorganic 1688 5.1 6.3 .4 - 71.3 .2 .2 .9 .2 .7 .1 12.4 .1 2.1 Mineral Acids 1307 7.8 3.8 • 8 - 29.1 14.8 7.0 .3 .8 3.4 .1 24.7 7.0 .4 Oils, Fats & '.'/axes 1031 15.1 6.1 1.2 1.0 47.1 2.1 1.4 2.5 2.4 1.6 - 15.1 3.0 1.4 Inks 870 - 2.8 - .1 12.6 .6 .3 - .8 47.6 .1 16.1 .5 19.6 Sulphur Dioxide 796 10.0 3.8 .6 - 4.1 67.3 16.6 - #3 • - 7.3 - • Faints <4 Enamels 753 .3 12.1 2.4 1.9 7.0 35.6 .5 2.5 8.5 2.1 1.3 6.6 18.9 .4 Sulphur 619 .5 14.7 - - 16.3 - .3 1.6 .3 2.7 - 61.1 - 2.6 Other Chemicals 610 5.6 5.4 1.3 - 24.6 7.4 2.3 .6 .2 .3 - 52.1 • .2 Coal Tar Products 492 25.0 11.4 - 2.0 1.2 41.6 - 1.4 2.9 2.0 - 5.5 6.3 .8 Organic Acids 446 6.7 1.6 - - 53.1 7.0 - 1.1 .9 4.3 - 10.3 .9 14.1 Halogenated Hydrocarbon i 390 - 6.4 - .5 - .5 • - - .8 - 72.1 1.5 IB.2 Lacquer & Varnishes 356 - 5.9 2.2 3.7 1.7 23.6 4.8 5.3 10.1 5.1 1.4 9.8 26.1 .3 Dyes 282 4.2 4.2 - 1.8 20.9 • - 8.5 11.0 - 1.1 29.1 - 19.2 Cyanides 264 60,2 1.9 - - - 19.3 11.7 - .4 3.0 - 1.9 .8 .8 Cadmium 208 - « - - - - 38.5 - - - • 61.5 - • hydrogen Sulphide 176 25.0 11.4 - • - 23.8 39.8 - - - - - - - Antimony 172 - 3.5 - - - - 2.3 - - 34.3 • 9.9 - - Arsenic 157 - 2.6 - 10.8 . - 86.6 • - • - • - - Manganese 137 - 2.2 21.9 .. . 70.1 4.4 . 1.4 - . • - Radioactive Substances 126 60.3 10.3 • - - - - - - - 29.4 • • Benzene 106 - 19.8 2.8 - . - - - .9 56.7 - 3.8 .9 15.1 Chlorine 103 14.6 - 1.0 - 47.5 - - . - -> - • - 36.9 Asbestos Dust 98 8.2 5.1 • - - 31.6 - • - - - 45.9 9.2 - Chromium 89 - 5.6 33.7 - - 27.0 6.7 1.1 - 25.9 - - - - Phosphorus 63 88.9 • - - - - 11.1 - - - - - - - Aniline 45 26.7 28.9 - - - - ~ - - 31.1 - — - 13.3 Medicines 44 20.5 13.6 - - - . - - - 18.2 - 47.7 - Fluorine 42 54.8 - - - - - - - - 7.1 - 2.4 35.7 fi 41.5 3 3 3 3 3 37.9 3 9.7 I “ /Alcohols, Esters, Ethers 19 - • - - - • • 94.7 • * **• 5*3 TABLE 14. PERCENTAGE OF TOTaL EXPOSURES TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS OCCURRING IN EACH OF THE INDUSTRIAL GROUPS STUDIED TABLE 15. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to Specified Materials Material All Ex- traction of Minerals Coal Mines Gold and Silver Mines Other Mines Quarries Petroleum To cal Number of Workers Employed! 4606 1525 1202 1568 235 76 Other Gaaes 2943 1285 803 777 23 55 Carbon Monoxide 2848 1285 728 772 18 45 Silica Dust 2546 133 986 1282 144 1 Silicate Dust 2232 4 937 1257 34 - Ore Dust 2188 - 1027 1161 - _ Coal Dust, Bituminous 1712 1498 86 98 21 9 Other Metals 979 35 669 254 17 4 Petroleum Products 529 67 176 176 62 48 Alkaline Compounds 522 4 496 5 8 9 Organic Dust 298 81 135 66 10 6 Non Siliceous Dust 276 4 25 110 136 1 Lead 227 19 97 72 13 26 Cyanides 159 - 101 58 - - Oils, Fats & Waxes 156 - 75 81 - - Coal Tar Products 123 _ 123 - - - Mineral Acids 102 2 69 27 - 4 Other Dermatitis ProducEB 97 9 46 42 - - Salts, Inorganic 87 - 46 29 - 12 Sulphur Dioxide 80 - 67 13 - - Radioactive Substances 76 - - 76 - - Organic Solvents 64 1 5 - 16 42 Phosphorus 56 - 56 - - - Temperature Change 52 - - 13 - 39 Hydrogen Sulphide 44 - - 4 - 40 Infections 40 9 10 13 8 - Chemicals 34 - 10 19 - 5 Organic Acids 30 - 16 - 14 - Fluorine 23 - 23 - - - Mercury 17 - 17 - - - Chlorine 15 - 2 13 - _ Eyes 12 - - _ _ 12 Aniline Compounds 12 - - _ _ 12 Medicines 9 _ _ 9 - - Asbestos Dust 8 - 8 - - Sulphur 3 - - _ - 3 Paint & Enamel 2 2 TABLE 16. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to Specified Materials (Percentage where less than 1.0 shown by (*)) All Ex- traction of Minerals Coal „ L,. 1525 Gold and Silver Mines Other Mines Quarries Petroleum I 1 1 Total Number of Workers Employed! 4.606 1202 1568 235 76 • Other Gases 63.9 84.3 66.3 49.6 9.8 72.4 ; Carbon Monoxide 61.8 34.3 60.6 49.2 7.7 59.2 ! Silica Dust 55.3 8.7 82.0 81.3 61.3 1.3 ! Silicate Dust 48.5 * 78.0 80.2 14.5 Ore Dust 47.5 - 85.4 74.0 - - Coal Dust, Bituminous 37.2 98.2 7.2 6.3 8.9 11.8 Other Metals 21.3 2.3 55.7 16.2 7.2 5.3 Petroleum Products 11.5 4.4 14.6 11.2 26.4 63.2 Alkaline Compounds 11.3 * 41.3 * 3.4 11.8 Organic Dust 6.5 5.3 11.2 4.2 4.3 7.9 : Non Siliceous Dust 6.0 * 2.1 7.0 57.9 1.3 : Lead 4.9 1.2 8.1 4.6 5.5 34.2 ; Cyanides 3.5 - 8.4 3.7 - 1 Oils, Fats & Waxes 3.4 - 6.2 5.2 - 1 Coal Tar Products 2.7 - 10.2 - - — 1 Mineral Acids 2.2 * 5.7 1.7 - 5.3 Other Dermatitis Producers 2.1 * 3.8 2.7 - 1 Salts, Inorganic 1.9 - 3.8 1.8 - 15.8 : Sulphur Dioxide 1.7 - 5.6 ■Jf - 1 Radioactive Substances 1.7 - - 4.8 - i Organic Solvents 1.4 * * - 6.8 55.3 Phosphorus 1.2 - 4.7 - - 1 Extreme Tem peratirs Charge 1.1 - -■ * - 51.3 : Hydrogen Sulphide 1.0 - - * - 52.6 Infections * - * ♦ 3.4 - Chemicals * * *• 1.2 - 6.6 Organic Acids * - 1.3 - 6.0 - Fluorine * - 1.9 - - - Mercury * - 1.4 - - - Chlorine * - * * - - Dyes * - - - - 15.8 Aniline Compounds * - - - - 15.8 Medicines * - - * _ - Asbestos Dust * - * - _ ; Sulphur * - - - - 3.9 : Paint Sc Enamel * TABLE 17. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivisio to Specified Materials. n Exposed Materials . All Chem- ! Explosives, ical St ALLbd! Ammunition Industries ]& FireWorks Fertilizer Factories Paint & Varnish Factories Other Chemical Factories Total Number of Workers Employed: 761 U1 56 102 A62 Organic Dust 175 83 16 15 .... 61 Other DennatitisProducers 128 60 AA 1 23 Organic Solvents 123 - !■ 20 103 Salts, Inorganic 106 53 30 13 5 Other Gases 105 30 5 - 70 i Sulphur 91 57 - 5 29 Paint & Enamel 91 17 - 29 A5 Petroleum Products 86 3A 3 9 AO 1 Other Metals 80 _ __ 18 62 Alkaline Comoounds 75 _ ~ 9 66 ! Carbon Monoxide 68 17 7 2 A2 ! Oils, Fats & Waxes 63 22 7 2A 10 ! Silicate Dust 60 8 18 3A : Coal Tar Products 56 - 3 53 ! Infections 51 39 - 12 ! Mineral Acids 50 13 5 32 Lead A7 — 39 8 Coal Dust, Bituminous 38 8 5 3 22 Chemicals 33 2 2 29 Sulphur Dioxide 30 - 30 Halogenated Ifydrocarbons 25 - 25 Inks 2A 17 - 7 Silica Dust 22 1 1 12 8 Benzene 21 17 - A - Lacquer & Varnish 21 16 5 Hydrogen Sulphide ' 20 - 20 Non Siliceous Dust 19 - - 2 17 Aniline 13 - — 1 12 Radioactive Substances 13 _ 13 Dyes 12 “ 8 A Organic Acids 7 - * — 7 1 Aldehydes 6 1 5 Medicines Antimony 1 “ 1 3 f Cyanides 5 - - 3 2 Asbestos Dust 5 - - 5 - Chromium 5 - - A 1 Arsenic A - - - A Manganese 3 - - 3 - Mercury 3 — — 3 — Ore Dust 3 * - ~ 3 TABLE 18. CHEMICAL & ALLIED INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Materials Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to Specified Materials (Percentage, when less than 1.0. shown by (*) ) All Chem- ical 6c Allied Industries Explosives Ammunitior & Fire Works Fertilizer Factories Paint 6: Varnish Factories Other Chemical Factories Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 761 141 56 102 462 Organic Dust 23.0 58.9 23.6 14.7 13.2 Other Dermatitus Producers 16.8 42.6 78.6 1.0 5.0 Organic Solvents 16.2 - - 19.6 22.3 Salts, Inorganic 13.9 41.1 53.6 12.7 1.1 Other Gases 13.8 21.3 8.9 - 15.2 Sulphur 12.0 40.4 - 4.9 6.3 Paint Enamel 12.0 12.1 - 28.4 9.7 Petroleum Products 11.3 24.1 5.4 3.8 8.7 Other Metals 10.5 - 17.6 13.4 Alkaline Compounds 9.9 - - 8.8 14.3 Carbon Monoxide 8.9 12.1 12.5 2.0 9.1 Oils, Fats esc Waxes 8.3 15.6 12.5 23.5 2.2 Silicate Dust 7.9 5.7 0 17.6 7.4 Coal Tar Products 7.4. - - 2.9 11.5 Infections 6.7 _ 69.6 - 2.6 Mineral Acids 6.6 9.2 - 4.9 6.9 Lead 6.2 - - 38.2 1.7 Coal Dust, Bituminous 5.0 5.7 8.9 2.9 4.8 Chemicals, N.O.S. 4.3 1.4 - 2.0 6.3 Sulphur Dioxide 3.9 - - - 6.5 Halogenated hydrocarbons 3.3 - - - 5.4 Inks 3.2 12.1 - - 1.5 Silica Dust 2.9 * 1.8 11.3 1.7 Benzene 2.8 12.1 - 3.9 - Lacquer & Varnish 2.3 - - 15.7 1.1 1 Hydrogen Sulphide 2.6 - - - 4.3 Non Siliceous Dust 2.5 - - 2.0 3.7 Aniline 1.7 - - 1.0 2.6 Radioactive Substances 1.7 - - - 2.3 Oyes 1.6 - - 7.8 * ! Organic Acids * - - - 1.5 Aldehydes * - - 1.0 1.1 Medicines * * - 1.0 * Antimony * - - 2.9 * 1 Cyanides * - - 2.9 * ! Asbestos Dust * - - 4.9 - Chromium * - - 3.9 * 1 Arsenic * - - - * Manganese * - - 2.9 - Mercury * - - 2.9 - Ore Dust * * TABLE 19. CLAY, GLASS & STONE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials. Materials All Clay, Glass & Stone Industries Brick and Tile Glass Factorie Lime, Ce- ment & Artificial Stone Factories Pottery Plants Marble 8c Stone Yards Total Number of Workers Surveyed; 944 545 35 133 192 39 Silicate Dust 619 405 24 44 123 18 Silica Dust 301 105 16 97 57 26 Non Siliceous Dust 199 34 17 101 10 37 Carbon Monoxide 173 87 - 51 35 - Other Gases 161 75 _ 51 35 _ Other Metals 90 32 19 6 32 1 Coal Dust, Bituminous 86 66 - 17 2 1 Organic Dusts 66 55 - - 11 - Petroleum Products 62 28 - 22 1 11 Lead 38 27 3 6 2 - Manganese 30 1 - _ 29 - Chromium 30 1 - - 29 Paint 8c Enamel 18 14 4 - - Oils, Fats 8c Waxes 12 1 - - 11 Mineral Acids 11 1 10 - _ - Lacquer & Varnish 3 2 6 - - _ Chemicals 8 - - 6 2 - Salts, Inorganic 6 2 2 - 2 - Sulphur Dioxide 5 5 _ _ - - Alkaline Compounds 4 _ 2 - 2 - Organic Solvents 4 1 3 - - Benzene 3 - 3 - _ - Chlorine 1 1 TABLE 20. CLAY, GLASS 6c STONE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Materials Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed I to Specified Materials (Percentage,when less than 1.0 shown ill Clay,' Hass & Stone Industries Erick 6c Tile Glass Factories Lime, Ce- ment & ArtificiaJ Stone Factories Pottery Plants Marble Sc Stone lards Total Number of Workers f* Surveyed: 944 545 35 133 192 39 Silicate Dust 65.6 74.3 68.6 33ll 66.7 46.2 Silica Dust 31.9 19.3 45.7 72.3 29.7 66.7 Non Siliceous Dust 21.1 6.2 43.6 75.9 5.2 94.9 Carbon Monoxide 18.3 16.0 - 38.3 18.2 _ Other Gases 17.1 13.3 _ 33.3 18.2 Other Metals 9.5 5.9 54.3 4.5 16.7 2.6 Coal Dust, Bituminous 9.1 12.] - 12.8 1.0 2.6 Organic Dusts 7.0 10.1 - _ 5.7 - Petroleum Products 6.6 5.1 _ 16.5 * 23.2 .Lead 4.0 5.0 3.6 4.5 1.0 - Manganese 3.2 - - 15.1 - Chromium 3.2 * - _ 15.1 - Paint & Enamel 1.9 2.6 11.4 - _ _ Oils, Fats & Waxes 1.3 * _ - - 28.2 Mineral Acids 1.2 * 28.6 - - - Lacquer & Varnish * * 17.1 - _ _ Chemicals * - - 4.5 1.0 - Salts, Inorganic * * 5.7 - 1.0 - Sulphur Dioxide * - - - - Alkaline Compounds * - 5.7 - 1.0 - Organic Solvents * * 8e6 - - _ Benzene * - 8.6 - _ _ Chlorine * * Material Number of Workers in Specified Materials. Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the j All Clothing Indi^tries Coats, Suits j & Overalls j Furs & Fur Clothing Other Clothing 1 Factories Total Number of Workers Surveyed: — 367 227 i 80 60 1 Organic Dust M3 1 55 i 54 ! 34 ! jInfections 29 i 29 Arsenic 17 | 17 I Organic Solvents U » “ 1 M 1 j Paint & Enamel M ! U : ! Lacquer Sc Varnish 13 - 13 : i Other Dermatitis Producers 12 ~ I 12 1 Coal Tar Products 10 I 10 ! 1 Silicate Dust 10 I 10 j 1 Oils, Fats & Waxes 10 I 10 I — i j Dyes 5 _ • 5 ! i Lead 4 j 4 i Carbon Monoxide 3 2 i Non Siliceous Dust 2 — 1 2 i Halogenated Iftrdrocarbons 2 2 - Petroleum Products 2 — i 1 i Coal Dust, Bituminous 1 i i _ - Other Gases 1 i : - j Ink 1 - i ; .J TABLE 21. CLOTHING INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF V.ORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materiel Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material (Percentage, where less than 1.0 shown by (*) ) All Clothing Industries Coats, Suits & Overalls Furs & Fur Clothing Other Clothing Factories Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 367 227 80 60 Organic Dust 39.0 24.2 67.5 56.7 Infections 7.9 - 36.3 Arsenic 4.6 _ 21.3 Organic Solvents 3.8 - 17.5 Paint 8t Enamel 3.8 - 17.5 Lacquer & Varnish 3.5 - 16.3 Other Dermatitis Producers 3.3 - 15.0 Coal Tar Products 2.7 12.5 Silicate Dust 2.7 12.5 _ Oils, Fats & Waxes 2.7 — 12.5 _ Dyes 1.4 _ 6.3 Lead 1.1 _ 5.0 _ Carbon Monoxide * * 1.7 Non Siliceous Dust * 2.5 _ Halogenated hydrocarbons * - 2.5 Petroleum Products * - 1.3 1.7 Coal Dust, Bituminous * •* Other Gases * * Ink * “ 1.7 TABLE 22. CLOTHING INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Materials Nunfcer 1 £ o rs in Sac h Indust rial Subd ivision Hxposed t o the Spe cified M iteriala All Fbod & Allied Industries Bakeries Dairy Products Confec- tionaries Flour & Grain Mills Fruit & Vegetabl Canning Slaughter & IbcJdng Houses Sugar iho tories c (Other Iron Eailrcad 1 & Steel Shoos (industries Total Number of Workers 1 Surveyed: 6272 | (- - 135 34 739 5364 Other Metals 4705 i 88 14 444 4159 Other Gases 3175 1 24 10 182 2959 Carbon Monoxide 2947 ! 5B 11 204 2674 Silica Dust 2171 ; 18 8 284 1861 j Temperature Change 2077 I _ - - 2077 Petroleum Products • 19U I 49 9 409 1447 Silicate Dust 1650 1 66 14 113 1457 ! Non Siliceous Dust 1280 ! 21 3 212 1044 [ Other Dermatitis Producers 838 ; 20 “ 116 702 Lead 321 ! 18 3 215 535 Coal Dust, Bituminous 669 1 7 1 168 493 Organic Dust 497 : 39 7 166 285 Sulohur Dioxide 456 ; - - 456 Alkaline Compounds 398 : - 38 360 Organic Solvents 276 : 5 6 165 100 Paint & Enamel 268 1 19 8 23 218 Coal Tar Products 204 1 - 10 194 Mineral Acids 194 ! 23 - 21 150 L'anganese 96 : - “ - 96 Lacauer d Varnish • 84 : 4 3 1 76 Ore Dust 79 1 - 79 Cyanide 51 : - - 6 45 Chemicals 45 ‘ - - - 45 Hydrogen Sulphide 42 1 _ - 42 1 Asbestos Dust 3! | - 2 29 Organic Acids 31 1 - 31 1 Chromium 24 ; 2 - - 22 Oils, Fats oc V.'axes 22 ■ - — - 22 Ink 5 ! 2 - 3 Salts, Inorganic 3 | 2 _ - 1 j Halogenated tfydrocarbons J 2 1 1 i ~ L _ L 2 TABLE 26. I ROW u STEEL INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF 'WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS . Material Percenter division /Percent? e of Workers in Each Industrial Sub- Exposed to the Specified Materials ge, where less than 1.0, shown by (*/7 All Iron Sc steel Industries Automobile Factories Automobile Repair Shops Car and Railroad Shops Other Iren Sc Steel Industries Total Number of Workers 6272 135 34 739 5364 Purveyed! Other Metals 75.0 65.2 41.2 60.1 77.5 Other Gases 50.6 17.8 29.4 24.6 55.2 Carbon Monoxide 4,7.0 43.0 32.4 27.6 49.9 Silica Dust 34.6 13.3 23.5 33.4 34.7 Temperature Change 33.1 - - - 38.7 Petroleum Products 30.5 36.3 26.5 55.3 27.0 Silicate Dust 26.3 43.9 41.2 15.3 27.2 Non siliceous Dust 20.4 15.6 3.8 28.7 19.5 Other Dermatitis Producers 13.4 14.8 - 15.7 13.1 Lead 13.1 13.3 8.3 29.1 10.9 Coal Dust, Bituminous 10.7 5.2 2.9 22.7 9.2 Organic Dust 7.9 23.9 20.6 22.5 5.3 Suiohur Dioxide 7.3 - - - 8.5 .Alkaline Compounds 6.3 - - 5.1 6.7 Organic Solvents 4.4 3.7 17.6 22.3 1.9 Paint oc Enamel 4.3 14.1 23*5 3.1 4.1 Coal Tar Products 3.3 - ~ 1.4 3.6 Mineral Acids 3.1 17.0 - 2.8 2.8 Manganese 1.5 - - - 1.8 Lacquer Sc Varnish 1.3 3.0 8.8 ■a 1.4 Ore Dust 1.3 - - - 1.5 Cyanide * - - ■a * Chemicals * - - - * Hydrogen Sulphide * - - - a Asbestos Dust * - - * ■a Organic Acids * - - - * Chromium * 1.5 - - a Oils, Fats, & Waxes •a- - - - * Ink * 1.5 - - * Salts, Inorganic * 1.5 - - * iialogenated hydrocarbons * - - - * TABLE 27. iETAL ILDUSTIilSS EXCEPT IKOii AND STEEL - NIOBEu OF i OBKEBB IMPOSED iV TilE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materials Number of Corkers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exoosed to the Specified Materials. ' all non i | , Ferrous ! Brass j Lead &. Zinc 1 Other Metal ! Mills 1 Factories 1 Metal Industries ■ I Factories Total Humber of orkers Surveyed: 606 i 17 ; 303 ! 236 Other Metals 391 13 : 239 139 Lead 349 11 1 236 102 Other Gases 251 A : 204 23 Temperature Change 136 : 157 29 Ore Dust 181 I 161 20 Carbon Monoxide 163 ii : 134. 23 Silicate Dust U7 1 63 34 Silica Dust 144 U ; 11A 16 Arsenic 136 ; 70 66 Sulohur Dioxide 132 : 132 - Non Siliceous Dust 99 3 S 19 77 Mineral Acids 92 3 ! 15 74 Coal Dust Bituminous 91 3 : 36 2 Organic Dust 83 ii : ii 66 Cadmium 80 1 80 Petroleum Products 79 i : 39 39 Hydrogen Sulphide 70 I 70 alkaline Compounds 56 2 i 46 8 Cyanide 31 3 1 28 Organic Solvents 13 1 1 17 Lacquer & Varnish 17 3 : i 13 Oils, Fats & Waxes U 1 - 4 9 Chemicals U : 10 4 Other Dermatitis Producers 13 I io 3 Phosphorus 7 I 7 Manganese 6 6 Chromium 6 3 1 3 Antimony A ! 4 - Paint & Enamel A ; 4 Salts, Inorganic 3 ! 3 Ink 3 1 3 Sulphur 2 - ! - 2 TABll 23. METiJj IifflUoTi IKo EXCEPT II JJ oc 6TELl» - PEKGEilTi.GE 01' EOPuEEKo I'JLPOGLi;\G x*.E oPECIFIi-D mATEPr ,anic Solvents /.it; .line Cox •curds Other daces 15 12 11 I - 11 4 12 1 j - nhur 9 o oiiica Dupt Cod Tar Products 7 7 9 Lead 6 ; Organic Acids i C i ..liner: 1 Aciuc 1 ! Csonic;' Ls I f. / ! Petrolcimi Products 1 j I enromiur. i I - _ 1 1 j TABxjE ?9. L .I'-TiCJ IITUoTlJj.S - .UfcCKi OF VOFKEI.G EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED KATFEIALS . i.ir teriel i_ Percents, e of T.orkei s_in Each Industrial Subdivision Lx rosed to the Specified .Materials /Percentage, v/’iero less than 1.0, scorn by (*1/ ‘ All Leather Industries Saddlery i aq rnocz Leather Goods o: Boltin; Tanner’os Trim's d Luiteases | Totsi Humber of Workers 46 ; Surveyed: 163 40 54 I Organic Dusts 53.4 32.5 97.3 20.4 71.3 i Infections 25.? - 77.3 j Oils, Fats « taxes 16.0 57.5 5.6 j Dyes U.7 35.0 21.7 _ ! Lacruer 6c Varnish 11,7 15.0 21.7 _ 13.0 I Paint 6c Enamel 11.7 15.0 *1.7 _ 13.0 1 Other Dermatitis Producers 10.A _ _ 31.5 ' j Salts, Inorganic 9.2 12.5 - 13.5 1 1 Organic Solvents 9.2 - 21.7 7.4 4.3 1 Alkaline Compounds 7.4 - _ 22.2 ■ Othei' Gases 6.7 27.5 _ _ ■ 0uluhur 5.5 _ _ 16.7 _ ■ oilicu Dust 5.5 _ _ 59.1 ■ Coal Tar Products 4.3 _ __ 13.0 > | • Lead 3.7 15.0 _ j Organic Acids 3.1 12.5 - . _ ! ; Mineral Acids 2.5 _ « 7.4 _ ‘ • Chemicals 2.5 _ _ 7.4 _ 1 j Petroleum Products -* 2.5 _ • • Chromium * l.Q 1 I lABJji. 30. i.K#'iWj IhbUo'i'Mi.fc - .-'Ej Cui'jti.ut OF ..OftKjJ.o iX:,u£k,D 10 biJEC£i L'i) ;;jtTk JLi.iw TABU-- 31. LUwiBeK ee FUhNITUhE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF .ORKERS EXPOSED TC THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials Materials All Lumber j Other & Furniture Furniture Sawing & | Woodworking ■ Industries j Planing Factories [ Total Number of Workers Surveyed; 877 97 -T 400 ■ ■ t 380 I —1 Organic Dust i - 1 600 61 353 186 Silica Dust 157 23 1 53 31 Petroleum Products 31 6 31 44 Won Siliceous Dust 70 7 1 5 53 j Paint « Enamel 64 11 28 25 J ! Organic Solvents 49 6 23 15 1 1 Other Metals 41 3 1 13 20 1 Lacquer & Varnish 36 10 t 6 20 1 uyes 31 9 22 1 Silicate Dust 31 9 1 22 i Coal Dust, Bituminous 26 2 21 3 1 1 Lead 26 3 i 6 12 • u i — s y i- o. cjc l uxe s 25 1 22 2 1 1 Auualine Compounds 22 - 22 1 1 Carbcn monoxide 20 2 13 5 . Other Oases 13 3 : 15 1 1 CchI Tar Products 14 - ! 14 1 . mineral Acids 10 8 I 2 _ i I Infections 9 - 9 ! I Ink 7 - ; 1 6 j 1 malts, Inorganic 4 - i “ 4 i Organic Acids 4 - ; I 4 > Sulphur Dioxide 2 2 I i - ! i Sulphur I 2 1 2 ; > Temperature Change i 2 _ 2 j - ; < Benzene 1 1 I “ » > Chemicals 1 ; i 1 - | ■ Other Dermatitis Producers 1 - i i - l Cyanide i 1 1 i 1 i | i I i f 1 ! t i i i TABLE 32. LUMBER & FURNITURE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials /Percentage, where | less than 1.0, shown by (*/7 j All Lumber & Furniture Industries Furniture Sawing & Planing 1 Other i Woodworking 1 Factories I > Total Number of Workers F - h - -*-* ”1 Surveyed; 877 u 97 400 380 Organic Dust 68./* 62.9 88.3 43.9 Silica Dust 17.9 23.7 13.3 21.3 retrjleuia Products 9.2 6.2 7.8 11.6 ! Don Siliceous dust 3.0 7.2 1.3 15.3 ! Saint « J-na.ael 7.3 11.3 7.0 6.6 ; Organic solvents 5.6 6.2 7.0 3.9 Other Petals 4.7 3.2 3.3 5.3 1 Lacruer sc Varnish 4.1 10.3 1.5 r o * 5«3 ijyes 3.5 9.3 5.8 Silicate Dust 3.5 9.3 — 5.8 Coal Dust, 1 It’Jninous 3.0 2.1 5.3 * ! Lead 3.0 3.2 1.5 3.2 Oils, i.-its -c taxes 2.9 1.0 5.5 * Alkaline Coracnunds 2.5 - 5.5 - Carbon ...onoxide 2.5 2.1 3.3 1.5 Other ueses 2.1 3.1 3.3 — 1 o '/ii rrcaucts 1.6 - 3.5 - . iiner;-i j-.cids 1.1 3.2 -V. Infections 1.0 - - 2.4 : In’* * - * i.6 ; units, Inorganic K — - i.i i Jr T.i'iic Acids -* - - i.i j uiiionur Dioxide 2.1 “ i uUionur ■/C - * i leaioeruture Change * * i i.e.i3e:ie * 1.0 - j oh.^cmIs * * — t 0tiier Dermatitis Producers - * i i,y r iiiicie * - f j TABLE 33. PAPER, PRINTING it ALLIED INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF IV0RKE1U3 EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materials i NUMBER OF WORKERS IN EACH INDUSTRIAL SUBDIVISION | EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS L - -- ... 1 All Paper, !Printing & | Allied !Industries Blank Book Envelope & Tag Factories Printing Paper Box !Publishing & | Factories , Engraving 1 Total Number of Workers 1281 r d 321 70 i 890 Surveyed: 1 * * 1 ! Other Metals 442 64 7 371 Lead ! 436 57 4 375 Ink 414 46 4 364 Organic Solvents ! 292 45 4 243 Organic Dust : 151 34 21 96 1 1 Antimony U5 - 145 ! Petroleum Products 97 3 3 91 : Other Oases 95 - - 95 : Benzene : 60 14 3 43 Mineral Acids i 44 5 - 39 Chromium 23 5 - 18 Organic Acids 19 1 i3 ; Lacquer & Varnish 13 — - 18 Alcohols, Esters Sc Ethers 13 - - 13 Sulphur 17 5 12 Oils, Fats Sc Waxes 16 8 2 6 Paint 6c Enamel 16 2 - 14 Aniline Compounds 14 - — U Alkaline Comnounds i 12 5 2 5 Salts, Inorganic 1 12 2 10 i Aldehydes 11 5 2 4 j Coal Tar Products 10 5 5 Cyanide 8 8 Silica Dust 8 - - 8 Medicines ! 8 - - 8 Carbon Monoxide 7 _ 7 Other Dermatitis Producers 6 — - 6 Coal Dust, Bituminous | 5 1 i 3 Silicate Dust 3 _ _ 3 | Fluorine i - _ 3 ! Halogenated hydrocarbons 1 3 - - 3 Manganese 2 - - 2 Chemicals 2 - - 2 Non Siliceous Dust 1 - i 1 TABLE 34. PAPifiK, PKIGTIu'u « ALLIED ImiUSTaIEo - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS 1 j 1 Materials ; i Percentage of V.orkers in Each Industrial Subdivision ! Exposed to the Specified Materials /Percentage, where ' less than 1.0, shorn by (-*/7 all Paper, Printing u Allied Industries Blank Book, Envelope G Tag Factories Paoer Box Factories Printing, j Publishing ] it Engraving j f | Total Number of workers Surveyed: r 1281 321 70 U- — .... ! 390 'Other Metals i 34.5 19.9 10.0 I 41.7 i Lead 34.0 17.8 5.7 42.1 j Ink 32.3 14.3 5.7 40.9 j Organic Solvents 22.8 14.0 5.7 27.3 jOrganic Dust 11.8 10.6 30.0 10.3 ■Antimony 11.3 _ - 16.3 Petroleum Products 7.6 * 4.3 10.2 Other Gases 7.4 - 10.7 Benzene 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 [Mineral Acids 3.4 1.6 - 4.4 Chromium 1.8 1.6 2.0 Organic Acids 1.5 * - 2.0 Lacquer dc Varnish 1.4 _ 2.0 Alcohols, Esters it Ethers 1.4 - - 2.0 Sulphur 1.3 1.6 1.3 Oils, Fats Sc baxes 1.2 2.5 2.9 * Paint St Enamel 1.2 * - 1.6 Aniline Compounds 1.1 - - 1.6 j Alkaline Compounds * 1.6 2.9 * Salts, Inorganic * - 2.9 1,1 j Aldeiydes * 1.6 2.9 -* Coal Tar Products * 1.6 - * | Cyanide -* - * ! Silica Dust ■* - - -!f ! medicines * _ _ * ; Carbon Monoxide * _ - * Other Dermatitis Producers -* - - * Coal Dust, Bituminous * * 1.4 Silicate Dust * - _ -if Fluorine * _ - * Halogenated ffydrocarbons ■a- - - * Manganese -* - - Chemicals * - - * Non Siliceous Dust -* - . hJt - material j Number of Workers in | Specified Materials Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the I All Textile Tent Awning Other Textiles | Industries Factories Mills Total Humber of 'Workers Surveyed; 276 212 Organic Dust *”t ' I 1 202 43 154. Paint 1 Enamel 1 io s 2 Other Metals : 9 8 1 Alkaline Compounds ; v - 7 Infections ! 7 - 7 Organic Solvents 1 6 1 5 Lacouer « Varnish 5 — 5 Silica Dust 3 3 Dyes ■ 1 3 - 3 Sillcate Dust i 2 1 1 non Siliceous Dust ! 2 1 1 Carbon Monoxide 1 2 “ 2 Coal Dust, Bituminous 1 - 1 Other Oases : i - 1 Mineral Acids j i 1 - Ink i 1 _ Lead i 1 Petroleum Products I i 1 oalts. Inorganic : i i 1 TABLi 35. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials (percentage, where less than 1.0, shown by (*) ) All Textile Industries Tent and Awning Factories Other Textile Mills Total Number of Workers Surveyed; 276 6-4 212 Organic Dust 73.2 75.0 72.6 Paint & Enamel 3.6 12.5 * Other Metals 3.3 12.5 * Alkaline Compounds 2.5 - 3.3 Infections 2.5 - 3.3 Organic Solvents 2.2 1.6 2.-4 Lacquer & Varnish 1.8 - 2.-4 Silica Dust 1.1 - 1.-4 Dyes 1.1 - 1.-4 Silicate Dust * 1.6 * Non Siliceous Dust * 1.6 * Carbon Monoxide * - * Coal Dust, Bituminous * _ Other Gases * _ * Mineral Acids * 1.6 - Ink * 1.6 - Lead * 1.6 - Petroleum Products * 1.6 - Salts, Inorganic * 1.6 TABLE 36. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF tVOEKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS. TABLE 37. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materials Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials [All Misc. Manufac- turing Industries | Electric j Light & | Power | Companies Electrical Machinery §c Supply Factories Signs r Optical Squipment Other Miscellan- eous ] Industries 1 Total Number of Workers 25 14 684 57 ! 66 70 ' "i 1637 Surveyed: I Organic Dust 144 3 50 4 11 _ 1 1383 •Other Gases 964 259 1 16 2 - 687 •Organic Solvents 921 206 9 16 10 680 •Other Metals 876 510 13 1 - 352 Carbon Monoxide 797 171 13 1 - 612 Petroleum Products 621 426 16 1 2 176 [Lead 587 251 24 2 - 310 jSilica Dust 407 6 2 - 399 j Sulphur 378 - - - 7 371 ]Temperature Change 373 - - - - 373 j Other Dermatitis Producers 347 100 - — 7 240 J Mineral Acids 323 200 17 _ - 106 j Silicate Dust 320 221 6 _ 28 65 J Chemicals 318 - - . - 318 : ! Halogenated Hydrocarbons 281 3 - 273 1 j Alkaline Compounds 213 29 - 8 — 176 ! jSalts, Inorganic 210 - _ - 7 203 j Non Siliceous Dust 164 19 _ 22 123 J Oils, Fats 8t Waxes 156 13 - - - 138 jink 131 30 _ - - 101 j Cadmium 128 - - - - 128 I Dyes 82 - - - - 32 j Sulphur Dioxide 58 58 - - - - j Paint & Enamel 49 3 3 28 - 15 I Organic Acids 46 2 - 7 37 | Asbestos Dust J 45 45 - - - | Radioactive Substances 37 - - _ I - 37 Lacquer 8t Varnish j 35 1 1 12 | !3 - 9 Coal Tar Products 27 16 j 7 4 Medicines j 2! - - j 7 14 ! Coal Dust, Bituminous I 20 j - 4 - 16 Antimony ! 17 j - 17 J - i - - Cyanide ! 5 1 - - - | - 5 Infections I 5 - j _ < - 5 Mercury 4 _ f 3 1 1 I - _ Benzene 4 j 1 -L-i - - | Materials Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials (Percentage, where less than 1.0, shown by (*) ) All Wise. Manufactur- ing Indus- tries Electric Light & Power Companies Electrical Machinery 8c Supply Factories Signs Optical Equipment Other Miscellan- eous Industries Total Number of Workers 684 57 66 70 1637 Surveyed: 25 U Organic Dust 57.6 7.3 7.0 16.7 84.5 Other Gases 38.3 37.9 28.1 3.0 - 42.0 Organic Solvents 36.6 30.1 15.8 24.2 14.3 41.5 Other Metals 34.8 74.6 22.8 1.5 - 21.5 Carbon Monoxide 31.7 25.0 22.8 1.5 - 37.4 Petroleum Products 24.7 62.3 28.1 1.5 2.9 10.8 Lead 23.4 36.7 42.1 3.0 - 18.9 Silica Dust 16.2 * 3.5 - - 24.4 Sulphur 15.0 - - - 10.0 22.7 Temperature Change 14.8 - - - - 22.8 Other EemHtLtis Producers 13.8 14.6 - - 10.0 14.7 Mineral Acids 12.8 29.2 29.8 - - 6.5 Silicate Dust 12.7 32.3 10.5 - 40.0 4.0 Chemicals 12.7 - - - - 19.4 Halogenated Ifydrocarboas 11.2 * - - - 17.0 Alkaline Compounds 3.5 4.2 - 12.1 - 10.8 Salts, Inorganic 3.4 - - - 10.0 12.4 Non Siliceous Dust 6.5 - 33.3 - 31.4 7.5 Oils, Fats 8c Waxes 6.2 2.6 - - - 8.4 Ink 5.2 4.4 - - - 6.2 Cadmium 5.1 - - - - 7.8 Dyes 3.3 - - - - 5.0 Sulphur Dioxide 2.3 8.5 - - - - Paint 8c Enamel 1.9 * 5.3 42.4 - * Organic Acids 1.8 * - - 10.0 2.3 Asbestos Dust 1.3 6.6 - - - - Radioactive Substances 1.5 - - - - 2.3 Lacquer & Varnish 1.4 * 21.1 19.7 - * Coal Tar Products 1.1 2.3 - - 10.0 Medicines * - - - 10.0 * Coal Dust, Bituminous * - 7.0 - - 1.0 Antimony * - 29.8 - - - Cyanide * - - - - * Infections * - - - - * Mercury * - 5.3 1.5 - Benzene * - 7.0 - - TABLE 38. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Materials ' Number of Workers in Specified Materials Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the All Transportation & Communication Industries Garages, Automobile Laundries, & Greasing Stations Street Railway Companies Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 2020 1149 871 Petroleum Products 692 576 116 Carbon Monoxide 653 598 55 Other Metals 439 341 98 ! Organic Solvents 4,26 383 43 Non Siliceous Dust 306 214 92 Other Gases 226 182 44 Silicate Dust 157 154 3 Paint & Enamel 142 127 15 Lead 137 90 47 Alkaline Compounds 122 104 18 Silica Dust 112 81 31 Lacquer it Varnish 93 86 7 Mineral Acids 91 80 11 Coal Dust, Bituminous 72 12 60 Organic Dust 69 55 14 Coal Tar Products 31 3 28 Oils, Fats 4c Waxes 31 31 - Asbestos Dust 9 9 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 6 4 2 Infections 5 4 1 Organic Acids 4 4 - Ink 4 4 - Other Dermatitis Producers 3 - 3 Cyanides 2 - 2 Salts, Inorganic 2 1 1 Benzene 1 1 - Fluorine 1 1 TABLE 39. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS TABLE 4.0. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS i Materials Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials /Percentage, where less than 1,0, shown by (*)_/ j 1 All Transportation & Communication Industries Garages, Automobile Laundries, & Greasing Stations Street Railway Companies Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 2020 1149 871 Petroleum Products 34-3 50.1 13.3 Carbon Monoxide 32.3 52.0 6.3 Other Metals 21.7 29.7 11.3 Organic Solvents 21.1 33.3 4.9 Non Siliceous Dust 15.1 18.6 10.6 Other Gases 11.2 15.3 5.1 Silicate Dust 7.8 13.4 * Paint & Enamel 7.0 11.1 1.7 Lead 6.8 7.8 5.4 Alkaline Compounds 6.0 9.1 2.1 Silica Dust 5.5 7.0 3.6 Lacquer & Varnish 4*6 7.5 * Mineral Acids 4.5 7.0 1.3 Coal Dust, Bituminous 3.6 1.0 6.9 Organic Dust 3.4 4.8 1.6 Coal Tar Products 1.5 * 3.2 Oils, Fats & Waxes 1.5 2.7 Asbestos Dust * - 1,0 Halogenated hydrocarbons * * * Infections * * Organic Acids * * - Ink * 1 * i Other Dermatitis Producers * * Cyanides * * Salts, Inorganic * « * * Benzene 1 -t 1 * Fluorine TABLE U1. PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material All Personal Service Industries Laundries Dry Cleaning Establishments Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 1532 989 543 Ink 170 118 52 Infections 167 154 13 Alkaline Substances 153 73 80 Organic Solvents 137 31 106 Organic Dust 86 79 7 Halogenated hydrocarbons 71 26 45 Organic Acids 63 19 44 Ifres 54 40 14 Petroleum Products 42 24 18 Carbon Monoxide 39 32 7 Chlorine 38 29 9 Silicate Dust 36 33 3 Salts, Inorganic 35 21 14 Coal Dust, Bituminous 34 21 13 Other Gases 33 7 26 Other Dermatitis Producers 24 24 - Benzene 16 16 - Temperature Change 16 16 - Sulphur 16 10 6 Fluorine 15 15 - Oils, Fats St Waxes 14 10 4 Silica Dust 11 6 5 Non Siliceous Dust 10 4 6 Anilines 6 6 Mineral Acids 5 2 3 Coal Tar Products 4 4 Paint Sc Enamel 3 1 2 Cyanides 2 - 2 Lead 2 2 Other Metals 2 2 Alcohols, Esters Sc Ethers 1 1 Lacquer sc Varnish 1 1 Chemicals 1 - 1 TABLE 42.- PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS 1” Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material /Percentage, where less than 1,0, shown by {*X/ All Personal Service Industries Laundries Dry Cleaning Establishments Total Number of Workers 1 Surveyed! ' 9av - —L. 5A3 1 Ink n.i 11.9 9.6 ) Infections 10.9 15.6 2*A j Alkaline Substances 10.0 7.A 1A.7 ! Organic Solvents 8.9 3.1 19.5 | Organic Dust 5.6 8.0 1.3 ! Halogenated Hydrocarbons A. 6 2.6 8.3 Organic Acids A.l 1.9 8.1 1 Dyes 3.5 A.O 2.6 ! Petroleum Products 2.7 2.A 3.3 ! Carbon Monoxide 2.5 3.2 1.3 Chlorine 2.5 2.9 1.7 Silicate Dust 2.3 3.3 * Salts, Inorganic 2.3 2.1 2.6 Coal Dust, Bituninous 2.2 2.1 2.A Other Gases 2.2 * A.8 Other Dermatitis Producers 1.6 2.A Benzene 1.0 1.6 - ! Temperature Change 1.0 1.6 - Sulphur 1.0 1.0 1.1 Fluorine 1.0 1.5 - Oils, Fats & Waxes * 1.0 * Silica Dust * * * Non Siliceous Dust * * 1.1 Anilines * - 1.1 Mineral Acids * * * Coal Tar Products * - * Paint & Enamel * * * Cyanides * - # Lead * * - Other Metals * * - Alcohols, Esters & Ethers * * - Lacquer & Varnish * * - Chemicals * - * TABLE 43. MATERIALS IN EACH INDUSTRY OR SERVICE GROUP TO WHICH 10 PERCENT OR MORE PERSONS WERE EXPOSED Industry or Service Group Material Potentially Exposed Pei-sons Percent Number Extraction of Minerals Other Gases 63.9 2943 Carbon Monoxide 61.8 2848 Silica Dust 55.3 2546 Silicate Dust 48.5 2232 Ore Dust 47.5 2188 Coal Dust, Bituminous 37.2 1712 Other Metals 21.3 979 Petroleum Products 11.5 529 Alkaline Compounds 11.3 522 Chemical & Allied Industries Organic Dust 23.0 175 Other Dermatitis Producers 16.8 128 Organic Solvents 16.2 123 Salts, Inorganic 13.9 106 Other Gases 13.8 105 Paints and Enamel 12.0 91 Sulphur 12.0 91 Petroleum Products 11.3 86 Other Metals 10.5 80 Clay, Glass and Stone Silicate Dust 65.6 619 Silica Dust 31.9 301 Non Siliceous Dust 21.1 199 Carbon Monoxide 18.3 173 Other Gases 17.1 161 Clothing Organic Dust 39.0 143 Food Other Dermatitis Producers 60.3 5377 Organic Dust 20.6 1840 Infection 20.A 1815 Salts, Inorganic 13.5 1204 Alkaline Compounds 10.0 889 Iron and Steel Other Metals 75.0 4705 Other Gases 50.6 3175 Carbon Monoxide 47.0 2947 Silica Dust 34.6 2171 Temperature Change 33.1 2077 Petroleum Products 30.5 1914 Silicate Dust 26.3 1650 Non Siliceous Dust 20.4 1280 Other Dermatitis Producers 13.4 838 Lead 13.1 821 Coal Dust, Bituminous 10.7 669 Metals Other Than Iron and Other Metals 64.5 391 Steel Lead 57.6 349 Other Gases 33.1 231 Temperature Change 30.7 186 Ore Dust 29.9 181 Carbon Monoxide 27.7 168 Silicate Dust 24.3 147 Silica Dust 23.8 144 Arsenic 22.4 136 Sulphur Dioxide 21.8 132 TABLE 43 (Continued). Industry or Service Group Material Potentially Exposed Persons Percent Number Metals Other Than Iron and Non Siliceous Dust 16.3 99 Steel (Cont'd) Mineral Acids 15.2 92 Coal Dust. BituTu.nous 15.0 91 Organic Dust 14.5 88 Cadmium 13.2 80 Petroleum Products 13.0 79 iydrogen Sulphide 11.6 70 Leather Organic Dust 53. A 87 Infection 25.8 4-2 Oils, Fats, Waxes 16.0 26 Ityes U.7 24 Paints and Enamels 11.7 19 Lacquer and Varnish 11.7 19 Other Dermatitis Producers 10.4 17 Lumber Organic Dust 68.4 600 Silica Dust 17.9 157 Paper Other Metals 34.5 442 Lead 34.0 436 Inks 32.3 414 Organic Solvents 22.8 292 Organic Dust 11.3 151 Antimony 11.3 145 Textile Organic Dust 73.2 202 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Organic Dust 57.6 1443 Other Gases 33.3 964 Organic Solvents 36.6 921 Other Metals 34.8 376 Carbon Monoxide 31.7 797 Petroleum Products 24.7 621 Lead 23.4 537 Silica Dust 16.2 407 Sulphur 15.0 378 Temoerature Change 14.3 373 Other Dermatitis Producers 13.8 347 Mineral Acids 12.3 323 Silicate Dust 12.7 320 Other Chemicals 12.7 318 1 Halogenated Ifydrocarbons 11.2 231 Transportation Petroleum Products 34.3 692 Carbon Monoxide 32.3 653 Other Metals 21.7 439 Organic Solvents 21.1 426 Non Siliceous Dust 15.1 306 Other Gases 11.2 226 Personal Service Inks 11.1 170 Infection 10.9 167 Alkaline Compounas 10.0 153 TABLE 44. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS IN THE SAMPLE STUDIED EXPOSED TO SOME OF THE IMPORTANT MATERIALS Materials Number of Persons Exposed Percent of j Persons j Exposed Inorganic nonmetallic dusts: Silica dusts 6374 20.5 Silicate dusts 5312 17.1 Coal dust, bituminous 3154 10.1 Nonsiliceous dust 2916 9.4 Sulphur, and its compounds 619 2.0 Asbestos dust 98 0.3 Metallic dusts and fumes: Other metals 8876 28.5 Lead 2767 8.9 Cadmium 208 0.7 Antimony 172 0.6 Arsenic 157 0.5 Manganese 137 0.4 Chromium 89 0.3 Phosphorus 63 0.2 Mercury 41 0.1 Gases; Other gases 8795 28.3 Carbon monoxide 8581 27.6 Sulphur dioxide 796 2.6 hydrogen Sulphide 176 0.6 Chlorine 103 0.3 Other dermatitis producers 6863 22.0 Organic dust 5750 18.5 Petroleum products 4728 15.2 Temperature change 2923 9.4 Alkaline compounds 2485 8.0 Organic solvents 2415 7.8 Infections 2170 7.0 Mineral acids 1307 4.2 Oils, fats, waxes 1031 3.3 Inks 870 2.8 Paints an'd enamels 753 2.4 Other chemicals 610 2.0 Coal tar products 492 1.6 Organic acids 44-6 1.4 Halogenated hydrocarbons 390 1.3 Dyes 282 0.9 Cyanides 264 0.8 Aniline 45 0.1 Materials Number of Persons Exposed Materials Number of Persons Exposed Iporganlc Non-metallic Dusts. Other Exposures. Silica Dust 20,278 Organic Dust 13,635 Silicate Dust 17,5158 Petroleum Products 13,132 Coal Dust, Bituminous 10,584 Other Dermatitis Producers 10,421 Non-Slliceous Dust 7,452 Temperature Change 7,312 Sulphur and Its Compounds x, 586 Organic Solvents 7,142 Asbestos Dust 296 Alkaline Compounds 6,212 Infections 3,273 Mineral adds 5,124 Metallic Dusts and limes. Inks 2,431 Other Metals 24,062 Oils, Fats and Waxes 2,396 Lead 7,662 Paints and Enamexs 1,995 Antimony 540 Coal Tar Products 1,603 Cadmium 496 Other Chemicals 1,520 Manganese 338 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 1,133 Arsenic 332 Cyanides 948 Phosphorus 251 Organic Acids 921 Chromium 233 Dyes 752 Mercury 123 Aniline 158 Gases: Other Gases 27,108 - Carbon Monoxide 26,577 Sulphur Dioxide 2,045 Hydrogen Sulphide 476 Chlorine 219 NOTE; Expected number of persons in all industries exposed to each material is obtained by adding the expected number of exposures in each industry. The latter were obtained by multiplying the per- cent of surveyed -workers exposed to each material (Table lb) by the totaj. population of that industry as shown in Table 2. *(Totai Population of Industries Studied = 79,658- See Table 2) TABLE 45. EXPECTED NILibEtt Oi PEtwUNS IE Tua XNLUsThlEo oTOeXEL aXPOoEb TO oOiXE 0* fiia XMPOnTaNT MATEkIAlS.* FIGURE 8 EXPECTED NUMBER OF HE30NS IN THE INDUSTRIES STUDIED EXPOSED TO SOIE OF HE IMPORTANT MATERIALS Inorganic Non-Metallic Dusts: Silica Dust Silicate Dust Coal Dust, Bituminous Non-Silioeous Quat Sulphur and its Compounds_ Asbestos Dust Metallic Dusts and Fumes: Other Metals _______ Lead Antimony Cadmium Manganese _______ Arsenic Phosphorus Chromium Mercury Gases: Other Gases Carbon Monoxide Sulphur Dioxide Hydrogen Sulphide Chlorine Other Exposures: Organic Dust Petroleum Products Other Dermatitis Producers. Temperature Change Organic Solvents Alkaline Compounds Infections Mineral Acids Inks Oils, Fats and .Vaxes Paints and Enamels Coal Tar Products Other Chemicals Halogenated Hydrocarbons Cyanides Organic Acids Dyes Aniline Materials Number of Exposures Percents by (M/ ge of Exposed Workers Having Specified Control where less than 0.1, shown /entilatkn Negative Ventilation Local Exhaust Enclosed Process wet Method Gas Mask Respira- tors Air Line Respiratna Protection Clothing Other All Specified Materials 89119 12.4 12.1 6.3 6.3 4.1 .i i.i * 12.9 1.2 Other Metals 8876 6.3 7.2 5.9 1.8 4.1 .7 .1 26.9 .3 Other Gases 8795 24.1 18.6 9.1 17.3 . .6 ♦ 12.7 • 3 Carbon Monoxide 8581 25.4 19.6 8.5 17.2 _ ♦ 13.2 • 3 Other Dermatitis Producers 6863 - - .6 .2 16.2 6.1 Silica Dust 6374 21.4 19.8 8.5 3.0 16.4 - 1.3 8.2 .4 Organic Dust 5750 8.0 12.4 11.8 5.8 1.8 1.1 2.4 1.2 Silicate Dust 5313 20.3 26.2 1.5 1.0 21.1 _ 1.3 9.7 .5 Petroleum Products 4728 .6 1.1 .4 .2 _ ♦ 11.3 Coal Dust, Bituminous 3154 38.2 24.6 2.8 .1 _ 1.7 .1 Temperature Change 2923 6.4 - - - - _ 18.9 Non Siliceous Dust 2916 9.5 10.0 8.9 1.8 6.0 2.6 9.2 .4 Lead 2767 3.8 5.9 16.7 9.2 _ _ 1.7 10.2 3.5 Alkaline Compounds 2485 .5 1.8 5.2 3.5 • 9 4.0 1.3 Ore Dust 2451 38.3 39.1 2.6 2.0 32.8 - 1.6 17.2 1.3 Organic Solvents 2415 9.7 16.9 8.7 6.6 _ ♦ 2.3 .1 8.1 ♦ Infection 2170 . - . .1 _ 30.7 .1 Salts, Inorganic 1688 2.7 3.4 7.7 12.7 . 2.7 23.3 .7 Mineral Acids 1307 . 3.7 - 1.8 . « .1 14.2 3.5 Oils, Fats, Waxes 1031 .1 .1 16.0 14.3 . _ _ 12.4 .9 Inks 870 2.3 2.3 - _ _ .8 Sulphur Dioxide 796 - . 11.7 10.4 . _ 25.4 , Paints & Enamels 753 6.0 23.0 1.6 1.9 • .1 16.9 .3 4.4 .3 Sulphur 619 8.6 16.2 20.8 31.3 . . 9.0 . 21.6 Other Chemicals 610 .5 7.2 27.4 21.3 • _ 21.5 .8 Coal Tar Products 492 1.4 2.8 .6 • • _ 25.6 Organic Acids 446 2.7 9.C 3.8 1.6 • .2 17.0 Halogenated Hydrocarbons 390 10.8 11.8 .8 5.9 . . • m . .3 Lacquer & Varnish 356 1.1 22.8 7.6 7.3 . .3 16.9 1.7 2.8 . Dyes 282 1.1 1.8 1.8 7.8 5.3 - .7 . 2.1 - Cyanides 264 3.8 9.8 14.8 2.7 2.3 - .4 • 11.7 4.2 Cadmium 208 - • 61.5 63.5 - . 13.0 . 61.5 38.6 Hydrogen Sulphide 176 - 2.3 11.4 6.1 - - 15.3 1.7 9.1 37.6 Antimony 172 24.4 33.1 19.8 8.1 - - 2.3 . - 2.9 Arsenic 157 - - 18.5 21.C . - 16.6 • 42.0 Manganese 137 - - 1.5 1.6 - - 30.7 - 10.2 Radioactive Substances 126 - • - - - . . Benzene 106 3.8 34.0 3.8 - - _ 17.0 _ Chlorine 103 23.3 14.6 2.9 38.8 14.6 _ • • 1.9 Asbestos Dust 98 - - - - - - . • i. _ Chromium 89 • 3.4 6.7 - - - - - 25.8 2.2 Phosphorus 63 - - - - - - - - - _ Aniline 45 - 26.7 - - • - - - 6.7 • Medicines 44 - . . • . . _ . » • Fluorine 42 2.4 - - 16.7 16.7 - . • . Mercury 41 - - 7.3 34.1 - - _ - 2.4 - Aldehydes 29 - 6.9 - - - . . • 24.1 . Alcohols, listers, Ethers 19 94.7 94.7 5.3 ' ' ’ | " TABLE 46. PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS HAVING INDICATED TIPE OF HAZARD CONTROL (FOR ALL INDUSTRIES SIBVSVSD)