This volume contains remarks upon some Products, Extracts etc. Index Names Page Scammony 1 Gamboge 5 Elaterium 7 Castor Oil 11 Croton Oil 19 Oleum Euphorbia 23 Copaiba 25 Turpentine 29 Ammoniae 41 Galbanum 43 Sagapenum 43 Myrrh 43 Guaiac 47 Balsam of Peru 49 Tolu 49 Benzoin 51 [Stora?] 51 Gum Arabic 51 Tragacanth 53 Tapioca 53 Sago 55 Arrow Root 55 Salep 57 Catechu 57 Kino 59 Camphor 61 Opium 65 Narcotin Morphia Sulphate of Morphia Acetate of Morphia Application of Opium Contra-indications Opium Laudanum Paregoric Black Drop Salts of Morphia Effects of Overdoses of opium upon the system 1 Dr Wood. Forty First Lecture Feb. 22 1834 Scammonium. The product of the Convolvueus [Scammoni??]. This has a perennial, long, tapering root, with numerous twining stems, leaves alternate, on long footstalks, sagittate, pointed & triangular. Flowers stand on long peduncles at the axils of the leaves, in pairs. Corolla is bellshaped. Belongs to the Class Pentandria, Order Monogynia. Is a native of Syria, near Aleppo. Scammony is obtained by cutting off obliquely the stems & upper part of the root, so that the juice may run down, then it is received in proper vessels & hardened in the sun, but more commonly before concreting it is mixed with impurities. It comes to us in drums weighing from 75 to 125 lbs of about 6 in. in diameter. & 8 in. high, irregular pieces or circular cakes, dark grey externally, lighter when fresh broken, & fracture has a waxen gloss, not very porous, nor very compact full of minute cells, this constitutes the Aleppo Scam. Another variety is called Smyrna Scam. Its origin is not exactly known, & it is not brought into this country. It is in flat cakes, about 1 in. thick dark or Cynanchum Montpeliacum Scammony was known to the Romans & Greeks, & Boer haave thought it very valuable, (Chapman) 3 more compact, harder & more brittle shining fracture than Aleppo. Aleppo gives a light grey powder, with water, forms a green milky appearance, has a bitter taste. Smyrna forms a dirty white emulsion, but that in our market under this name is a fictitious article. The Montpelier Scammony is obtained from a plant growing in the S. of France, it resembles the Smyrna more than Aleppo, of a dark colour, unctuous feel, but is not seen in our market. It is considered a Bum-Resin, its chief constituents being resin & Gum & Ext. matter, hence it is dissolved partly by Water, partly by Alcohol, & wholly by Dil. Alcohol. With Water it forms an opaque, greenish imperfect solution Small portion of Gum-Resin 2/3 It is a drastic Cathartic, operating with severity & pain, & there is danger of its producing Inflammation. It is never prescribed alone, unless in ‘ the torpor of the bowels which may occur in nervous diseases. [illegible] Mania etc. It enters into the composition of the Ext. Colocynth. Comp. Dose of it from 5 to 10 grs. Confect. Scammon. dose zfs to zi 5 Gambogia. It is uncertain from what plant this is derived; some have considered it the product of the Stalagmites Cambogioides, while others refer it to the Garcinia Cambogia. These are said to grow in Ceylon. It comes from Siam & Coctin China IT is procured by breaking off the leaves and shoots from which the juice issues in drops, then it I s collected, hardened & rolled, or permitted to concrete in the hollow of the Bamboo. From Siam, it is taken to Canton & Calcutta, whence we receive it in different packages. It is usually in cylindrical rolls, 1 or 2 in. in diameter, often curved, coalesced, or sometimes in masses; striated ext. of a dirty colour from the cane. It is of a reddish orange colour, sometimes covered with a yellow powder, brittle, inodorous, little taste & inflammable. IT is a Gum-Resin, latter predominates 2 Gum 8 prts Resin. With Water, it forms an opaque yellow colution, with Alc., a clear, golden yellow, which becomes turbid by adding water. Dissolved by Alk. Sol & dil. Alc. It is precipitated from an Alkaline solution by In large doses vomits, useful in Dropsy, [Fenics] For Dropsy with Cr. Tart It has lately acquired some celebrity in Dysentery, where it is supposed to prove beneficial by causing the exhalents to pour out serum. Clutterbuck’s Elaterium, when properly obtained, is most efficient, it is the deposit from the juice. 7 acids, & from strong acids, by Water. It is a powerful, drastic Cathartic, producing copious watery discharges, & acting upon the upper part of the bowels. It is not often given alone but frequently in combination Dose from 2 to 6 grs. Best plan is to give it in small doses of gri every ½ hour or hour till it operates. Generally given in Pill or Emulsion or Alkaline Solution. Elaterium. Product of the Momordica Elaterium called the wild or squirting cucumber. It is a perennial plant, sending up several stems like the common cucumber, full of hairs, without tendrils; leaves triangular & cordate, on long footstalks. Flowers small & yellow. Belongs to Class Monaecia Order Monadelphia. Fruit is like common cucumber covered with prickles, & when ripe, falls & throws out its juice & seeds thro’ the place by which it was attached to the footstalk. The proper Elaterium is a pulverulent substance deposited from the juice. It is native of the South of Europe, & is cultivated in England, where it is more used. As found Rather excites febrile, than prostrates. Dose of Clutterbuck’s 1/6 to 1/8 gr. 9 in the shops, it appears in thin, flat cakes, of a light greyish green colour on the outer surface, with marks of the muslin upon which it has been dried, bitter, acrid taste, light, pulverulent, inflammable Elatin, obtained by Paris is not the active principle. Elaterin, obtained by Morris of Edin. & [Hannell] of London is more probably the purgative principle, it is white, crystallisable, bitter, insoluble in Water & Alkali, soluble in Alcohol, Ether & hot Olive Oil, fusible at 3 to 400 [degrees] decomposed by hither heat & giving off an Ammoniacae odour, & is neutral. It is obtained by forming an Alcoholic tinct. filtering, evaporating & precipitating while warm, throw it in W. with Water. To purify this, repeat the process. It is very seldom used, on acct of its dangerous effects. It is a powerful drastic hydrogogue Cathartic, apt to inflame the stomach & bowels, & sometimes producing vomiting. It is an ancient medicine & was used by the Greeks. It is at present sometimes employed in combination in dropsical affections. Dose ½ to 2 gr. Give ½ gr. & repeat every half hour or hour till it operates. Dose Elaterin 1/12 to 1/16 gr. 11 Oleum Ricini. Castor Oil. Product of the Ricinus Communis. In its native country, it is a perennial plant, sometimes attaining a considerable sise. It is cultivated in the U. States, where it is an annual plant, but in E. Indies, S. of Africa, etc., it is perennial & like a tree. The annual plant sends up stems, which are round, smooth, glossy & hollow, from 4 to 6 or 8 feet high, glancous colour, bearing leaves, peltate, palmate, on long footstalks, with 7 or 9 lobes, serrate, oblong & pointed. The flowers are in racemes on the top of the stem, & succeeded by a spike of Capsules. Belongs to Class Monacia, Order Monadelphia. The male flowers are lower on the stem than the female. Calyhx has 5 divisions; no Corolla. The female flowers are at the top of the stem, & each calyx has 3 divisions; no corolla. Fruit is a capsule, roundish with 3 sides, covered with stiff prickles, 3 celled, & each cell containing one seed. It is a native of the tropical region of Africa & Asia, cultivated largely in E & W Indies, & also in Europe & N. America. Especially in Egg Harbour N. Jersey, North Seeds when kept become rancid. By Decoction, by Alcohol etc. cold pressed method 13 Carolina & on the banks of the Ohio. The flowers appear in July ^ the seeds ripen in August & September. The oil from the seeds is the part used. Forty-second Lecture Feb. 25 1834 The seeds of the Ricinus Com. are in 3 celled capsules, each about the sise of a grain of coffee, oval, compressed, with a tuber at one end, from which runs a long ridge to the other end. Its shape resembles that of a tick, whence its name. Colour externally is ash with reddish brown veins, within this layer it is black, & internally is a kernel, soft, fleshy, whitish & abounding in oil. Taste at first sweetish, afterwards acrid. They contain about 46 pr. ct. of oil, together with gum, albumen, Starch etc. Taken internally, they act as a powerful irritant to the stomach & bowels. 3 or 4 as a dose, both vomit & purge. This acrimony depends upon an active principle of a volatile nature, which they contain. The Oil is obtained from the seeds in various ways, but generally by expression. They should be first when thus treated, it is less liable to become rancid. By Alc. more exposure & apt to be rancid The less odour & taste in Oil, the more pure is it 15 moderately heated, so as they will not burn when touched, then put in a screw press, & by pressure, the oil flows out, carrying with it also the acrimony of the seeds. The oil thus obtained, must be purified & rendered milder before it is fit for u se. To do this, put it in iron boilers, add Water & apply heat sufficient to boil. The water dissolves the gum & starch; & the Albumen coagulates by the heat. After decanting the oil carefully, return it to another boiler, mix again with Water, boil till it ceases, & the Water has evaporated, then the process must be stopped, or the oil will assume a reddish colour & become acrid. Another process is to bruise the seeds, & boil them in Water, but this is not so eligible or convenient. Another also, by hot expression, but by this, the oil is apt to be more acrid & purgative. It is sometimes adulterated, but very seldom. It can be tested by its solubility, if wholly soluble in Pure Alcohol it is pure. When pure, Castor Oil is thick, viscid, colourless, with little odour, & a The oil should always be obtained pure as possible, because it is intended to be used only where a mild purgative required, when a more active Catharsis is needed another purgative can be substituted, so that it is not necessary or proper to use the acrid, dark coloured oil as some have asserted. 17 mild taste, followed by slight acrimony. When of a reddish colour, it has an unpleasant smell & a nauseous & acrid taste, showing that it has been injured in its preparation. If it be full of a whitish, insoluble substance, it has been improperly clarified. If too acrid, its acrimony can be driven off by a water-bath. It is injured by exposure to air & light It is not readily congealed, heavier than most of the fixed oils, & soluble in pure Alcohol. It is a gentle & certain Cathartic, operating without much uneasiness, & speedily, though sometimes it has been known to remain on the stomach & be discharged from the mouth in 24 hrs. afterwards. It is given simply to evacuate the bowels, in irritation of the lining membrane, in dysentery, diarrhea, cholic, constipation in convalescence, from acute diseases, pregnant or puerperal women etc., but in every obstinate constipation, it does not act so efficiently as some of the more active Cathartics. It is peculiarly adapted to infantile complaints, The oleaginous mixture with the addition of a little Laudanum, is an excellent remedy for Diar. Dysentery etc. 19 there being no danger in its administration Dose for an adult zi, for a child, teaspoonful. The manner of administering it should be attended to, because it is generally difficult for a patient to swallow & retain it. A common method is to moisten the sides of a wineglass with Mint Water to prevent its sticking & put a little also on top. It is improper to give it in Stimulants. A good way is to stir it up in a cup of good Hot Coffee, or hot Milk. It is sometimes given in the form of emulsion, as in the oleaginous mixture consisting of s Ol. Ricini zi Gum Arab. zii in form of mucilage rubbed together with the Yok of one Egg & zi of Sugar, then add gradually f ii aq. Menth. stirring constantly, to make a good mixture. Oleum Tiglii. Croton Oil. Product of the Croton Tiglium; a small tree, bearing alternate, petiolate leaves Flowers are in terminal racemes, Fruit a 3 celled 21 capsule, each cell containing a seed. it is a native of E. Indies, Bengal, Hindoostan etc. The seeds were formerly known under the name of Grana Tiglii, but they passed out of the use, until attention was again called to them, for the oil which they afford They are oblong, somewhat compressed, obtuse, with longitudinal ridges so as to form 4 irregular surfaces, of a brownish red colour externally, but in the market their ext. coating is apt to be rubbed off & they present a black shell, beneath which is a brown oleaginous kernel. The oil is obtained by expression, after first roasting the seeds. The oil is usually of an orange red colour, with a faint odour, hot, acrid & permanent taste, soluble in Sulphuric Ether, & ol. Turpentine, & partially in Alcohol. It consists of 2 portions, one, soluble in Alc. Ether, fixed & vol. oils, while the other is a mild oil, destitute of Cathartic properties, & only slightly soluble in Alcohol. Croton Oil is distinguished from the other fixed oils, by being about half soluble in Alc. while others are not. I first used this oil in America, in the case of a young lady, labouring under Hydrothorax & General Dropsy. Dr Burroughs brought me a vial of it from India, of which I gave her one drop in the morning. This produced profuse watery discharges, & at night, “she was as lank as a Grey-hound.” (Chapman) *It should at first be mixed with about 4 times as much Olive Oil, then increase the strength if no pustules are produced. Apply it at intervals of 6 or 8 hours for 2 or 3 days. 23 It is the most active purgative known. In moderate doses, it operates easily & certainly, in large doses, it occasions vomiting, pain etc. sometimes terminating fatally. It is very speedy in its operation, hence it is excellent in constipation, & in cases of children, since it operates in so small doses, that it may be given to them in their food, about from 1/6 to 1/12 of a drop. Externally applied,* it is apt to produce a pustular eruption. Dose for an adult, 1 or 2 drops, better given in doses of ½ drop every hour till it operates. It is best given in pills of crumbs of bread. It may be also given in Emulsion & Tincture. Oleum Euphorbiae. Obtained by expression from the seeds of the Euphorbia Lathryns or Mole-plant, which grows wild & is cultivated in this country. It is not officinal, is obtained like Castor Oil, is of a reddish-brown colour, more fluid than Castor Oil, & soon becomes rancid & acrid. Purgative dose from 5 to 10 drops, but it is rather uncertain in its operation & apt to vomit. Recent Copaiba contains about 40 pr. ct. of Oil, the old contains a smaller proportion. 25 Copaiba. Product of different plants of the Genus Copaifera. They are trees growing in S. America & W. Indies of considerable sise, with pinnate leaves, flowers in compound spikes, fruit oval, one-seeded capsules. Belongs to Class Decandria, Order, Monogynia. The juice is obtained by incisions; it then flows out, clear, thin, colourless, transparent, & thickens by exposure & age. Our supply comes from Para in Brasil on the Amazon. IT is at first pure, but when kept, it becomes darker, thicker, & even solid if spread out, has a peculiar odour, bitter, hot & nauseous taste, is insoluble in Water, soluble in Alc. Ether Alk. Solutions vol. & fixed oils. With Alkalies, it forms saponaceous compounds. IT consists of a resin and a volatile oil, also some acid, & may be ranked among the Turpentines. IT is not properly a Balsam, because it contains no Benzoic Acid. The vol. oil is in the proportion of about 1/3 or ½ its weight. It is separated by distillation, colourless [boils] at 128 [degrees] lighter than Water, supposed to consist of Hydrogen & Carbon, & no Oxygen, hence it has been employed to preserve Potassium & Sodium. The Magnesia combines with the Resin, & they then absorb the Oil. It acts upon the mucous memb. of the Urinary & Respiratory organs. In large doses prevent this by Laud. it sometimes purges. Sometimes it produces an eruption upon the skin, something like measles. 27 The resin is hard, brittle, transparent, brown colour Copaib. triturated with about 1/16 its weight of Magnesia, solidifies so as to be made into Pills. They must be rolled before the mass becomes too hard, the oldest solidifies in the shortest time. Copaiba is not often adulterated with the fixed oils or Turpentines. The fixed oils are detected by being insoluble in Alc. Castor oil may be detected by taking a teaspoonful, putting it in Water & evaporating to dryness; if the remainder be dry & brittle, it was pure. Or add Aq. [Ammon] & if there be no adulteration, it will first become turbid, but afterwards clear. It is pretty stimulant, diuretic & laxative, in large doses producing heat & nausea. It imparts its odour to the urine, & may excite strangury. It is given in affections of the mucous membranes. Dose 20 or 30 drops 3 or 4 times a day, or 10 drops more frequently repeated. It may be given in pills or Emulsion, or dropped on Sugar. Dose of the volatile oil, 10 drops. 29 Turpentine, is a name applied to a peculiar vegetable juice consisting of resin dissolved in a volatile oil, & generally procured from some species of Pine. Several varieties of Turpentine are found in the shops, called White, Venice, Canadian, Chian, & Strasbery, White Turpentine, Terebinthina (U.S) is obtained from the Genus Palustris, a large tree growing in N. Carolina & Georgia, & called Pitch Pine. It supplies nearly all the Turpentine in the U.S. & besides some which is exported. About the middle of March, an excavation is dug around the foot of a tree to the dept of 4 or 4 in. into which the juice flows during the season. From these it is dipped out & put into casks, where it thickens. That which is used by the English & French is from the P. Sylvestris or Scotch Fir. & P. [Ma?it???ra]. Turpentine has a peculiar aromatic odour, a warm, pungent, slightly bitterish taste, is of a whitish yellow colour, & its consistence varies with the temperature of the weather. If it be long kept, & exposed to the air, it becomes hard, solid & brittle. This, hardened on the trees, forms Frankincense, Thus 31 Canadian Turpentine, formerly called Canada Balsam, or Balsam of Fir, is not a Balsam, because it contains no Benzoic Acid. It is the product of the Pinus Balsamia, or Abies Balsamifera, a straight, elegant tree, growing in the Northern parts of our Continent, in Canada, N. of Maine, N. Brunswick etc. It is collected by breaking the blisters which form on the tree, & allowing the fluid to run into a bottle. It is transparent, of whitish or yellow colour, of the consistence of Copaiba, has a bitter, terebinthinate taste, an aromatic odour, & contains more vol. oil than the former variety. Venice Turpentine, is procured from the Pinus Larix a tree growing on the continent of Europe, abundantly in Switzerland & Western part of France. It derives its name from the port whence it is shipped. It is procured by boring a hole in the tree, & conducting the juice thence by wooden troughs into tubs. It is yellow, of the consistence of Honey, has a less disagreeable taste than the former. It is, however, very seldom found in the shops That which is sold under this name, is a factitious article 33 composed of Pitch, oil of Turpentine, & White Turpentine. Strasburg Turpentine, comes from Hamburg, & along the borders of the Rhine. Chian or Cyprus Turpentine is seldom brough t here, it is the product of the Pistacia Terebinthus, growing in the island of Scio. It is a thick tenacious liquid, of a pale yellow colour. The Turpentines are inflammable, burning with a white flame & much smoke, they impart a slight flavour to Water, but are insol. in it, soluble in Alcohol, & consist of an Oil, Resin & Succinic Acid They are stimulant Diuretics & in large doses, Cathartic but for internal use, they have been supserseded by the Oil. They are useful in complaints of the kidneys & urinary passages, & by some physicians have been highly esteemed as a remedy for Sciatica, Lumbago, & Chronic Catarrhal affections. Dose is from grs X to zi, given in Pill or Emulsion Externally they are used as stimulants to Chronic Ulcers. Tar is Turpentine partly decomposed by heat in its preparation. It is obtained from the Pinus Palustris. The method of preparing it is, to cut the old dead trees into 35 billets, & heap these together in a conical pile, covered with earth, except an opening on top, & having a ditch dug around the base, with which the upper opening communicates. There set fire to the heap on the top, & the Tar runs down into the ditch, whence it is dipped out & put into barrels. It has a peculiar odour, black colour, an acrid bitter taste, & is composed of Resin, Acetic Acid, Kreosote, & some other less important constituents coloured with Charcoal. Kreosote is always produced when wood is burnt, it is the preservative power in smoke, also in Tar & Soot. It is obtained by a long process, has a peculiar odour & is slightly soluble in water. Tar yields its constituents to Water forming Tar Water (Aq. Res Liquida) which is used in Chronic Coughs, etc. Tar Ointment is composed of equal parts of Tar & Suet. This mixed with an equal portion of Sulphur found an excellent remedy for Scald Head, Milk Blotch etc. Pitch is Turpentine deprived of its ess. oil by Evap. It is impure, & not used much here in practice. 37 Resin remains after the Oil has been distilled from the Turpentine. There are two kinds, White & Yellow, of which the White is nothing more than the yellow mixed with water while liquid & then allowed to concrete The Yellow is [solid], brittle, semitransparent, softens at a moderate heat, has slight odour & taste. It is used in Ointments & plasters: it is the basis of the Basilicon Ointment, (Cerate Resina), of Adhesive Plaster. Its fumes are sometimes used for Catarrh, by throwing some Resin on a heated shovel & allowing the patient to inhale the fumes. Vapours of Tar may also be similarly applied for the same purpose The Oil of Turpentine is by far the most important. It is obtained by Distillation, first adding Water to prevent injury from heat. It is limpid, colourless, is lighter than water, has a peculiar odour & acrid tate, is sparingly soluble in Cold Alcohol, but readily by boiling, & contains some small portion of Succinic Acid If a stream of Muriatic Acid be passed through while the oil is kept in a frigorific mixture, a product will result resembling Camphor. Ol. Terebinth. is also an excellent Anthelmintic see [illegible] p.85 39 The oil has a strong determination to the Urinary organs, giving a violet odour to the urine, producing some irritation, & even bloody urine. It is useful in Dropsy only when stimulants are needed, in Chronic Nephritic Affections, Leucorrhea, Gleet, & Chronic Debility of the Urinary Organs. By some it has been highly esteemed in Sciatica, Lumbago, & Chronic Rheumatism. It has also proved very beneficial in Ulceration of the Intestines, accompanied with great Debility. Dose is 10, 15, or 20 drops given on Sugar or in Emulsion. If the case be Chronic it may be given 2 or 3 times a day, if acute, give it every 2 or 3 hours. In dose of zfs to zi, it purges. When long kept, & exposed to the air, it absorbs Oxygen, & forms a Resin, from which it can be purified by Cold Alcohol, because will dissolve the oil very sparingly, & will take up the Resin. It is said by some to have received its name from a country in Africa called Ammonia, by others from its having grown in the centre of the Temple of Jupiter Ammon. It consists of a Resin, Gum & Volatile Oil. 41 Forty-Third Lecture March 1 1834 Ammoniacum. Ammoniae. The plant which yields this gum has been much disputed. It was first thought to be a species of Ferula, afterwards Willdenon supposed to be derived from Heracleum Gummiferum, but it is now said to be the product of Dorema Ammo. The ammoniae plant grows in the interior of Persia, S. of [Ipahan], etc. is herbaceous, it is punctured by an insect, & thro’ these punctures, the juice exudes, & concretes. It comes from London or East Indies to our market, in two forms, either in tears or masses. Tears are of a yellow colour externally, almost white internally, glossy, smooth, brittle & hard. The masses are composed of tears agglutinated together with a darker substance, & less pure than the tears. The odour of Aur. is peculiar, taste, warm & bitter. The tears are the best for medical use, but for Plasters the mass is sufficiently good. It is partly soluble in Water, forming a milky emulsion, called Lac Ammon. With Alc. it forms a clear solution, but is not wholly dissolved, because it is a [gum resin] When heated, it softens, but does not melt. It is used in Chronic Pulmonary Affections etc. when the patient is unable to expectorate. A mixture highly recommended for the later stages of Consumption consists of Gum Ammoniae zii Acid, Nitricum f zii Aqua Pura f zviii 43 Ammoniae is stimulant & expectorant, & in large doses cathartic. Dose from 5 to 15 to 20 grs. It is also sometimes applied in the form of Plaster as a [discutient]. Galbanum. comes from the Levant, and is the concrete juice of a plant growing in Arabia. It is usually in masses of whitish, red or yellow tears agglutinated together. It is hard & brittle in cold but soft in hot weather, & can be fused by heat, sufficiently to be strained. Odour, alliaceous, taste, bitterish & warm. It is partly soluble in water, partly in Alcohol. It contains Gum Resin & a volatile oil. It is seldom given internally, but externally is sometimes applied in the form of the Emplas. Galb. Comp. Dose intern. 10 to 20 grs. Sagapenum, comes from Alexandria, Smyrna & other ports on the Levant, but is an inferior article & at present, not used. Myrrha. Myrrh. The source of this was for a long time unknown. It was thought recently to be the product of the Amyris Kataf, growing in Arabia, but it is now From the Amynis Myrrha or Balsamodendron Myrrha. It contains a Resin & a Gummy matter, so that it is properly speaking a Gum Resin. also vol. oil. It is given in Chronic Catarrh, Consumption, [Hu???] asthma, Amenorrhea, & the complaints connected with it Selcom alone, but with Aloes & Chalybeates & Tonics. 45 thought to be derived from Balasmodendron Myrrha which grows in the S. E. part or Arabia. The juice exudes & concretes on the bark. Some of it is sent to Calcutta & E. Indies, & others to the Levant Ports, & thence we get 2 varieties in our market, the India & Turkey Myrrh, the former of which is inferior to the latter, & in small irregular fragments. Turkey myrrh is lighter than India, in small masses, of a reddish colour, & almost translucent transparent. India is darker, less translucent, mixed often with impurities; Myrrh has a strong, peculiar odour, bitter, aromatic taste, brittle & inflammable, infusible, heavier than Water, soluble in Dil. Alc. watery solution is milky, alcoholic, clear. It is a stimulant tonic, expectorant & emmenagogue. Generally given in combination. Dose is from 10 to 30 grs. The Tinct. is made with Rect. Spirit, because this dissolves the active matter. It is generally used as an external application; for spongy gums, sore mouth etc. Generally dilute it; then it is turbid. Guaiacum Wood is called also Lignum Vitae & Lig Sanctum. Guaiac appears particularly applicable to cases of [?men] or [sysmen] connected with Neuralgia Dr Dewees considers it a specific remedy in amenorrhea, & says he has never known it to fail in cases proper for its use. His Tinct. is no better than the off. Tinct. Dose in teaspoonful 3 times a day. Vol. Tinct. more efficient when there is no arterial excitement. Dewees recommends it also in Dysmenorrhea, & it has been used with success. In Chronic Rheumatism, Guaiac should not be given without previous depletion. Useful also in Gouty Certain Emp. Affections Given principally for its alterative influence. 47 Guaiacum. Guaiac. The concrete juice of the G. officinale, obtained, wither by spontaneous exudation, by cutting the wood in billets, boring a hole thro’ & placing one in in the fire, while the gum flows from the other, or by rasping the wood, boiling it & skimming off the matter which rises. Hence, we received it in various forms, from the W. Indies & S. America. The pieces generally are of a dark, brown colour, in masses, intermixed with fragments of raspings. or in tears Odour is feeble, taste, first weak, afterwards acrid, with a brittle shining red fracture, Inflam. pulverisable, softens by heat, yielding a powder, at first gray, becoming green on exposure, heavier than Water & melts at a moderate heat. It was formerly considered a Gum Resin, but is not now; is sol. in 95 pr. ct. Alc. is analogous, but different from resin, & appears sui genera, Guaiacin. It is stimulant, diaphoretic & alterative; & has been found very beneficial in Chronic Rheumatism. Dose from 10 to 20 grs. with alkalies it forms Soap Dose of Tinct. & vol. Tinct. f zi to f zii, 3 or 4 times a day. Balsam of Peru is liquid. Balsam of Tolu is solid 49 The Balsams have the general properties of stimulating the secretions. Myroxylon. Balsam of Peru. The juice of the Myrox. Peruiferum, a tall & beautiful tree, growing in S. America, Peru & Colombia. The tree is ‘ wounded, & a juice exudes, which is at first liquid, but afterwards becomes dry. This is properly the Balsam of Tolu. The Balsam of Peru of our shops, is obtained by boiling the twigs, bark etc. is a dark, viscid, semifluid substance, with a pleasant odour, bitter, slightly pungent taste. It contains resin, vol. oil of Bensoic Acid, & these properly are the constituents of true Balsams. It is heavier than Water, inflammable, sol. in Alcohol. It is a warm stimulating tonic & expectorant, but little used at present. Dose f zfs in emulsion. Tolutanum. Tolu. It is doubtful from what plant this is derived, but probably from the Myrox, Peruif. and Myrox. Toluiferum. It is brought from Carthagena in calibashes. At first, it is soft, & tenacious, but afterwards becomes solid & brittle. It is of a light reddish The [sweet] Gum Arabic may be readily distinguished by the number of small fissures contained in it. It is insoluble in Alcohol, Ether & the vol. oils. It is much used as a demulcent drink, in the proportion of zi to oi water. As a mild [Nutriment] 51 brown colour, fragrant odour & balsamic taste. Its chemical constituents are resin, vol. oil & bensoic acid. It is a stimulant tonic. Dose from 10 to 30 grs. Tinct is feeble. Syrup is almost inactive. Bensoinum. Bensoin. comes from the East Indies. It is in reddish-brown masses, or sometimes in small white masses. It is a balsam, & is used in Pharmacy for obtaining Bensoic Acid, either by sublimation, or by extracting with an alkali, & precipitating by an Acid. Bens. Acid is in small flocculent crystals, & has an acrid taste. Styrax. Storax. comes to us in 2 forms. The liquid is a dark, viscid, tarlike substance from Levant. The other is coarse saw-dust mixed with the liquid & necessarily a very impure article. Seldom used. Acacia Gummi. Gum Arabic. is derived from several species of Acacia, growing in upper Egypt, in Barbary & in Senegal, by spontaneous exudation. It is sent here from various ports. Part of it comes from the Levant, is called Turkey Gum, & is the proper & purest Gum Arabic. Coarser is called India Gum. from Calcutta. in low forms of disease, it is excellent to prevent the absorbent from feeding upon the body itself. It is usually an ingredient in Cough Mixtures, in the proportion of fs to zvi Mixture. Gum Arabic & Simple Syrup are the best ingredients for forming a pillular mass. Trag. is only partially soluble in Water, but [illegible] very much when Water is added to it & becomes soft & pasty. This is probably owing to Basserin. Proportion for mucilage is zii to f zvii Water. There are 2 kinds of Jatropha, which have the same botanical characters, but the root of one of them is poisonous & must be heated to render it inert. 53 Turkey Gum is light, of a yellowish colour, sol. in Water India, is part like the Turkey & part more red, & should be sorted for the sake of pourity. That from Senegal, is in fragments, rather redder, & inferior to the Turkey variety. Gum forms a mucilage with Water. This becomes sour if exposed for 3 or 4 days. Forty-Fourth Lecture. March 4 1834 Tragacantha. Tragacanth. is derived from several species of Astragalus, growing in Syria, Arabia N. of Persia etc. & is brought to us from the Levant. It exudes spontaneously & hardens on the bark. It is in pieces of various sises & shapes, of a dirty white colour, translucent but dim. It is used as Gum Arabic, but is less convenient because it is insoluble in Water. It is employed in Pharmacy, chiefly for Troches. Tapioca. is obtained from the root of Jatropha Manihot, or Cassava plant, growing in W. Indies and S. America. The root when raw is poisonous, but when heated it becomes good for food. The juice is expressed from the root, & upon standing, deposites a sediment, which, when washed & dried, is Tapioca. Sage makes an excellent diet in Typhus Fever, Care in preparing is necessary, to see that it be boiled a long time, so that all the grains may be dissolved zi to oi Plants yielding [Maranta] grow in S. America, E. & W. Indies & in Georgia & S. Carolina It makes an excellent diet in the Summer Complaints of Children, & should be prepared by first making a paste 55 It is partially soluble in cold Water, & wholly so in boiling Water, making an excellent diet. It is found in masses of various sises. Pearl Tapioca, is in small round spherical grains, is obtained from Germany, & probably not the product of the Tap. Tree. It has, however, similar properties. Sage, is obtained from the pith of plants growing in the E. Indies, more especially of the Sago Palm, which grows there in abundance. The trunk is cut into billets & the pith scraped out, then mixed with water & agitated. The water is then drawn off, & a sediment is deposited, which is Sago; this is then worked into round masses for Commerce. Pearl Sago is more pure, it is made in China, Isl. of Sumatra, perhaps by the application of heat, but uncertain. Its chief constituent is Starch, as in Tapioca. Maranta. Arrow-root, is a pure Starch, & is prepared M. Arundinacea from plants growing in the W. Indies Bermuda. The root are bruised, subjected to Water, agitated etc. It is also prepared from other plants in E. Indies, South Sea Islands etc. In this country, prepared Potatoe Starch is too often substituted paste of it, then stirring this in boiling Water until we make a clear solution. Lemon juice & sugar may be added to make it more palatable. It may also be ‘ given in milk. 57 for it. When imported from abroad, it is apt to be musty, consequently we must guard against it. Jalep, is the root of the Orchis mascula, growing in Europe, a bulbous plant. The bulb is introduced into boiling water & dried. It has an irregular shape, is of a light brown colour, translucent, hard, and brittle. Constituents are something like Tragacanth. We now come to the astringent substances. Catechu. The source of this was long unknown, & it was once called Terra Japonica, but it is now known to be the product obtained from the Acacia Catechu, which grows in Hindostan. The wood is chipped & boiled, & the decoction strained & evaporated. It is obtained also from other sources, as from the [Betelmet], which is of a conico-spheroidal shape, dark reddish brown internally with whitish veins. Contains much Tannin, & is used for Tooth powder, by first reducing it to Charcoal then powdering. Catechu is in various shapes, of a dull reddish brown colour externally, brighter internally, with a shining fracture, some lighter colour than others. The best Equal parts of Catechu & Peruvian Bark with ¼ quantity of Myrrh, have been recommended for Tooth Powder. An infusion of it is a useful Astringent in Gonorrhea, Leucorrhea etc. In powder, it may be sprinkled on [illegible] Ulcers with benefit. There are 4 kinds of Kino. The African, a product of the Pterocarpus Erinacea; E. India or Amboyna Kino, which is usually kept in our shops, product of [Nanclea] Gambir; Botany Bay Kino from the Eucalyptus resiniflora of N. Holland. & W. India or Jamaica Kino, from the Coecoloba Uvifera. It is employed similarly to Catechu & by some preferred Alkalies destroy its astringency, as do the Min. Salts Mineral Acids. 59 is heavy compact, brittle, breaking with a smooth fracture. It is often mixed with impurities It has a moderately astringent, with a bitter taste. Its chief constituent is Tannin. It is almost entirely soluble in Water, and its solution is incompatible with the incompatibles of Tannin. as metallic salts, animal jelly etc. It is tonic & very astringent, used in Diarrhea, [illegible] Dysentery, Hemorrhage, For Relaxed Uvula, let a piece be held in the mouth, spongy gums, & & slowly dissolved etc. Dose from 10 grs. to zfs. Its best form is in solution. Dose of Tincture f zfs to f zii. Kino. Different substances have been sold under this name in the shops. That now used is procured from E. Indies, where it is prepared by boiling the leaves & twigs, & evaporating the decoction. It is called Amboyna Kino, & is in pieces of various sises, shining, reddish brown colour externally, brittle, & when powdered, the colour becomes more red. Tannin is the chief constituent also some extractive matter. Its properties are similar to Catechu. Tinct. loses by age its astringent properties It is often applied locally in form of powder to arrest hemorrhage etc. 61 The concrete substance which we shall last notice, may be considered as a Narcotic. Camphora. Camphor, is not confined to any one peculiar vegetable product, but comes from several different sources. Our commercial Camphor is derived from the Laurus Camphora, a tree growing in China & Japan. The wood is chipped, exposed to heat, & the Camphor sublimes. This is picked and imported, then refined for the apothecary. It is then in concavo-convex cakes with a hole in the centre, which are broken up. It has a peculiar odour, with a taste, bitter, pungent, & followed by a sense of coolness. When recent it is almost transparent, but becomes whitish when kept, is brittle, friable, with an unctuous feel, tenacious, hence it is necessary to drop a little Alc. upon it to reduce it to powder. It has a shining fracture, is lighter than Water, & when thrown on water, swims about on the surface. Exposed to the air for a long time, it evaporates. It fuses at 218 [degrees] boils at 400 [degrees] is inflammable, & when triturated with water, it Camphor was introduced into medicine by the Arabians as a refrigerant, but this power is now doubted. In a medical dose, it produces mental exhilaration increases the heat of the skin, diaphoresis, & also has a tendency to the [urinary] organs, exciting libidinous dreams etc. Given in large doses, it causes vomiting, vertigo, delirium, convulsions & Death. It is useful in diseases of a Typhoid form, with feebleness of system, irritable pulse etc. Also in Remittents, Rheumatic Affections etc. but not without previous depletion [& even] then it should be combined with Diaphoretics Sp. & Tart. Em. In spasmodic & nervous diseases, in [Dysen??orrhea], Puerperal convulsions, Mania a Potu, Nymphomania etc. & in these cases, is often combined with opium strangury In Cholera, it allays nervous irritability. Externally, it is used as a local anodyne, as in Rheumat. as an injection for Ardor Urina, Clyster for Tenesmus in Ascarides or Dysentery, in a Poultice (zi or zfs) to the [Peri????] for Chordee. Aq. Camph. is often beneficially presented ‘in Bowel affections, is an ingredient in Hope’s Mixture Rx Nitrous Acid gtt in Aq. Camph f ziv Tinct. op. gtt LX [illegible] every 2 hours. 63 gives it an odour & taste, but a larger portion of it is dissolved by adding Carb. Magnesia. It is soluble in Alc. & this is precipitated by Water, sol. in Ether, volatile & fixed oils, & dilute Acids. Its ultimate constituents are Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen. It is somewhat stimulant and narcotic, with a tendency to the head. In an overdose, it is a narcotic poison. Dose varies from 1 to 20 to 30 grs. Giving it in substance, in form of pill is objectionable, because it is so slowly dissolved. It may be given in Emulsion, but the best plan is to [imate] it with a little Myrrh & Water. It is used externally, dissolved in Alcohol Tinct. Also Aq. Camphora containing grs iii to f zi Dose of f zi to f zii. Here we may notice the distinction between two names, which may be confounded. Opodeldoc is termed Linimentum Sap. Camph. & not Tinct. Sap. Camphorata. Tr. Sap. Camp. is commonly called Soap Liniment. Lin. Sap. Camp. is the proper Soap Liniment. Lin. Camp. composed of Camphor & olive oil, is an excellent application to gouty affections. 65 Twenty-Fifth Lecture March 6 1834 Opium, is the concrete juice of the Papaver Somniferum, probably other species might also yield it. It is an annual plant with a round, smooth, irregular, erect stem, from 2 to 6 ft. high, leaves alternate embracing the stem, ovate, incised, & the upper part of the stem [illegible] At first, the flower hangs down enclosed in 2 leaves of the Calyx, which are deciduous, & after them the four petals spread out, which are white, violet colour at the base. It has a number of stamens attached to the receptacle, hence belongs to the Class Polyandria, Order, Monogynia. The [illegible] gradually enlarges to a capsule, which is green, spherical, & surrounded by a persistent stigma, which diverges like a crown. Internally it has a number of partial septa, each of which is a prolongation of the rays of the [Stigmas], & on the sides of them are a [number] of whitish seeds. It is a native of India, & western parts of Asia, but is now cultivated in Persia, Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, & in the gardens of our own country. Smyrna Opium is covered with leaves & reddish seeds like those of some species of Dock (Rumex) is soft & irregularly shaped. 67 The Capsules are of various sises, egg-shaped, of a dirty white colour, or dull purple. The seeds possess none of the narcotic properties of Opium. The taste o f the capsules is slightly bitter, [illegible] inodorous, & contain a little Morphia. They are used in Decoct. & sometimes Syrup. The juice is obtained by making long incisions in the capsules at sunset, through which the juice exudes, & is removed before sunrise, kneaded into cakes, covered over with leaves, & sent to market. Ours is obtained from Asiatic Turkey, Persia & Egypt. There are 2 varieties in commerce, the Turkey & E. India op. but the latter commands a higher price in China & more of it is brought to this country. We receive 3 varieties of Turkey Opium from the Mediterranean, Smyrna, Constantinople & Egyptian, of which the Smyrna is the best. This is in large irregular masses, of various shapes, covered with leaves and capsules. The Constant. comes in smaller masses, flattened, shining fracture, more circular & regularly shaped. The Egyptian is in small, circular, flat cakes, less covered with leaves and capsules than the other varieties, glossy fract. The absence of the envelope of leaves and capsules is an evidence of its spurious character. A sweet taste, or its forming a viscid solution with Water, would indicate a saccharine or gummy impurity. Codia has been recently discovered by Robiquet. 1836 Morphia is not, or very slightly sol. in Ether. 69 Opium is liable to be adulterated. To judge of its purity, always break it & if it has a [shining] fracture, it is impure. Good Turkey Opium should be of a compact uniform texture of a reddish brown colour, tenacious when soft, but if exposed, becomes dry & pulverisable, taste, bitter & acrid. It softens by heat, & inflames. It is inferior, when it is soft, greasy, black, mixed internally with impurities has a weak or smoky odour. Opium has a strong, narcotic odour, taste, bitter & acrid, sp. gr. 1.336, powder, yellowish brown, adheres when heated. It is partly sol. in Water, Alcohol, Ether Wine & Lemon juice. Its principal constituents are Resin, Gum, Bitter Extractive, oily volatile matter, Gluteus or [Ca??lctious], Narcotin, Morphia combination with Meconic Acid, Meconium, [Narctin] & some salts. Narcotin. is composed of Hyd. Ox. Carbon & Nitrogen. It is a solid, in white small crystals, fusible, inodorous, insipid, almost insol. in Water & cold Alcohol, sol. in boiling Alc. & in Ether, & in the vol. & fixed oils. Generally it is not pure & has a bitter taste. It is distinguished The salts of Morphia are decomposed by small portions of an Alkali, but if the Alkali be added in excess the precipitate will be redissolved. Sulph. Acid must be gradually added until the Morphia is dissolved, then evaporate & chrystallise. 71 from Morphia aby adding Nitric Acid, [narcotin] is turned yellow, while Morphia becomes red. Its influence upon the system is very uncertain, & it is said that 40, 50 or 60 grs. have been given without producing any effect. Morphia, is the narcotic principle of Opium. It is sparingly sol. in Cold Ether, [partly] in hot, but precipitates on cooling, & is sol. also in boiling Alcohol. It is crystalline colourless, bitter, neutralises acids, is inodorous, inflammable, becomes opaque at a moderate heat, [?uses] & found a yellow fluid. The Meconic Acid is useful as by it we have a Test for detecting Opium. Dr Hare says, first add a solution of Acid of Lead, then the Meconate of Lead is precipitated; to this add Sulph. Acid, which will set free the meconic & then by adding a sol. of [Persalt] of Iron, we get a red coloured precipitate. [illegible] merely adds the Sulph. Acid & sol of Persalt of Iron. Sulphate of Morphia, formed by stirring (make [illegible]) Morphia in Water & gradually adding Sulph. Acid. It is in beautiful white, minute crystals, light, sol. in Water, containing Muriate of Morphia is made either directly from the opium or by saturation as the other salts. It is used in Edinburgh. 2. It is useful in Neuralgic Paroxysm, & in the secondary stages of Inf. (except of Brain) combined with Tart. Em. or Ipecac When the disease is relieved by a secretion, of course opium is not applicable, (except of the Skin). 73 75 pr. ct. Morph. 10 pr. ct. Acid & 15 pr. ct. Water of Chrystallisation, which at 212 [degrees] is almost all drive off Acetate is similarly made with dilute Acetic Acid. & evaporate to dryness. They both possess properties similar to Opium, dose 1/8 to 1/6 gr. medium about 1/5 gr. equal to 1 gr. opium. The Sulphate is soluble in Water, but the Acet. is not, unless Vinegar be added, because some of the Acet. Acid is driven off by the continuance of evap. to dryness, leaving Morph. insoluble. Opium [and] its preparations are very extensively applicable in the cure of disease. The general medications for the use of Narcotics, will call for the use of Opium. It acts in several different ways. 1. It is an excitant in its primary action, hence in low states of disease, in moderate doses, it supports the nervous and arterial system. Typhus without Inf. of Brain 2. It relieves pain better than any other Narcotic, hence it is useful in Cancer & many other painful incurable [diseases] 3. It produces sleep. This it does in 2 ways. 1. By its direct [action] upon the brain & 2. by allaying morbid nervous action upon which wakefulness depends. For this latter purpose it may be advantageously continued with Camphor of Hoffman’s Anodyne. 75 4. It relaxes spasms, & allays irregular action of the nervous system, as in Tetanus, Gravel, Cough, Sick stomach, latter stages of Catarrh etc. 5. It suppresses morbid discharges, by diminishing the nervous energy to the parts, as in Diarrhea, depending upon an increased peristaltic action, with morbid organic derangement, in consumption, chronic Catarrh, Uterine Hemorrhage etc. 6. Produces Perspiration, especially if combined with an Emetic, as with Ipecac. Thus in Rheumatic and Gouty Affections, affections of the Bowels etc. Pneumo Since then it operates in so many different ways, it is often given in combination, to meet several indications in the same disease. From what has been said, we might suppose that frequently its use would be improper, & we find it contra indicated. 1. By a high state of inflammatory excitement. This must first be reduced, or if it cannot be sufficiently reduced, combine the op. with Tartar Emetic or Ipecac, so as to produce a tendency to the skin. To allay nervous irritation, give about `1/4 gr. As a stimulant, ½ gr. every 3 or 4 hours. For sleep 1 gr. To relieve Spasm 2 to 4 grs. repeated every 2 or 3 hours. 77 Pain is often the principal criterion of the disease, & hance if we relieve this by op. we remove the means by which we judge of the extent of the disease. This must be borne in mind in administering opium. IN decided cases of Inflammation of the Brain, great care is requisite in administering opium, because this has a tendency directly to excite an organ already diseased. In other deranged states of this organ, however, it is that upon which we may chiefly rely. Another contra-indication is Constipation of the Bowels, & hence if then given, it should be with Laxatives. The quantity for a dose varies much with the disease & desired affect. Thus in Tetanus, there are scarcely any limits to its u se; for stimulation merely, or for the suppression of morbid discharges, it should be given in small doses, frequently repeated. It is often applied in a Cataplasm. When given in substance, the pills should be made of powdered opium, varying the dose according to the habit of the patient. Medicine is about one grain. A teaspoonful of Laudanum contains 120 drops. Tinct. operates more speedily, but sometimes it irritates the stomach, composed of zx to oi Alcohol. Tinct. Op. Camph. contains about grs ii to f zi It is more stimulant than the former, when mixed with Water, it renders it turbid, from the Camphor & Vol. Oil. Tinct. Op. Acet is often advantageous where Laud produces sick stomach, headache etc. Less stimulating et. 79 Tinct. Opii, Laudanum or [Theb??ic] Tincture, is the form more generally used. 25 drops mXIII about equals 1 gr. opium. IT may here be proper to remark that a drachm contains 120 drops, instead of 60 as in Water. If permitted to stand, portions of the opium may be precipitated on account of the evaporation of Alc. hence the danger of administering Laud. from old bottles. Tinct. Opii Camphorata. Paregoric Elixir. f zfs of it is equivalent to [one] gr opium. It is usually given to adults in doses of f zi or f zii, to allay cough, correct disease, & check Diarrhea. Tinct. Op. Acetata, is used as a substitute for the Black Drop, which was very uncertain in its dose. Dose of this is from 15to 20 drops mX Morphia & its salts we have already noticed. They are less stimulating than opium, less apt to affect the head, & if not given in sufficient quantities to produce sleep, they excite the brain & produce dreams of a pleasant or unpleasant nature, fantastic visions etc. They are preferable to opium in Mania a Potu They are less constipating & hence used in Dysentery etc. Liq. Morph. Sulph. contains 1 gr. to f zi When taken in small quantities, the first observable effects are those of a general diffusible stimulant, with an increase of pulse, of heat of surface, of the cerebral and nervous functions, also exhilaration of spirits etc. After a lapse of from 20 to 60 minutes, there is a general calmness ensues, & the patient feels free from all trouble, so that even if it do not produce sleep, he feels happy & contented. Sometimes however the thoughts are very unpleasant. Opium arrests the secretions (except from the skin) by diminishing the nervous energy, or directing it elsewhere. If large doses have been taken, the patient may be aroused by agitation, but immediately relapses, begging most earnestly for Sleep. Long intervals of Respiration are good Diagnostics. 81 They are also less apt to [effect] the stomach, as not so dangerous in their narcotic effects, & after their use, not much prostration or sickness of stomach occurs. Dose 1/6 to ¼ gr. given in Pill or solution. As an External remedy, they may be applied to blistered surfaces in Mania, neuralgia, obstinate vomiting etc. ½ gr. may be sprinkled over at once. When opium is taken in overdoses, all the secretions except those of the skin are suspended, & the peristaltic motion of the Intestines, ceases. First, there is an exhilaration felt, secondly a soporific effect, & thirdly, consequent debility or prostration of the vital powers. In very large quantities taken, very little excitement appears, we find a dark, suffused countenance, a slow, laborious apoplectic pulse, confused intellect, very strong disposition to slumber etc. The results of its immediate action upon the brain. In 2 hours after taking the Dose, the debility ensues, & in 6 or 8 hours after so allowing it, the pulse becomes feeble, skin cool, & there is a deathlike insensibility, so that no remedy can be expected to be of any avail. The stomach pump is applicable where Laud. has been taken, but not when opium in the solid state. The patient should be kept walking about. 83 If called to such a case, always endeavour to evacuate the stomach, for which emetics & large quantities of warm water are better than the stomach-pump, apply cold water to the head & neck, & after having evacuated the stomach, the system must be aroused by mustard plaster to the stomach, wine whey nutriment etc. Idiosyncrasies Opium, in small quantities sometimes produces sickness, in large doses, it sometimes produces wakefulness, tremors, want of appetite, & itching which ends in a miliary eruption. When applied by the rectum, it has been said to be less stimulating. It may be advantageously given as an Enema, when the stomach is irritable, & cannot retain it. It is sometimes applied to the skin, as Lotion, ointment, poultice etc. Sometimes it is used in Opthalmia, Leucorrhea Gonorrhea, with Astringents 84 There are some medicines which cannot be properly classed under any particular head, but produce upon the system, actions peculiar to themselves, & hence require to be treated of separately. Among these we may enumerate Ergot, (see book B, p. 179) Nux Vomica (B. p.171) & next Arsenic, which in the metallic state produces no effect upon the system, but becomes exceedingly active when chemically combined. In small doses, it at first produces no visible effect, but in larger doses, excites a general warmth. Edema of the Face & Eyes, which my gradually extend over the whole body, Nausea, Muscular Weakness, & in fact appears to combine irritation of the mucous membrane of the stomach & bowels, with a peculiar Arsenical disease, as it may be called. In large quantities, we know that it acts as a virulent poison, producing Inf. of the mucous memb. if the patients live long enough, & extreme gen. prostration We find a burning pain at the stomach, obstinate vomiting, great prostration, cold & clammy surface etc. 85 The object should be to evacuate it from the stomach by demulcent drinks, & the only Antidote which has stood the test of experiment is the Hydrated Peroxide of Iron, which must be freshly prepared by making a hot solution of Sulph. Iron & precipitating it by Nitric Acid. As a medicine, Arsenic, is not applicable in an irritable condition of the stomach or bowels, or in general debility of the system, or in Scrofula, Phthisis, etc. But it is applicable in Intermittent diseases. Also in Cutaneous diseases, after the febrile stage. In Secondary Syphilis, accompanied with Nodes. The Arsenious Acid may be given in the dose of 1/12 gr. made into a pill with bread. Fowler’s Solution, (Liq. Pot. Arsenit.) contains 64 grs. to oi, & may begiven in the dose of 10 drops 2 or 3 times a day In the administration of Arsen. Preparations, they should not be continued for more than one, or at most, two weeks, without intermission. 86 Hydrargyrum. Mercury. When the preparations of this medicine are given in very small doses, the first effects are such as may be classed under the general term, alterative, next, that train of phenomena comprehended under the term Ptyalism or Salivation. This is attended with a peculiar jerking, quick pulse such as will enable an experienced physician to determine its commencement, even before the gums give much evidence of it, there is also some general excitement of the nervous system. It also produces an increase of the secretions, excites the action of the absorbents & in fact produces in the system what might be termed a Mercurial disease. From its operation upon the exhalents, it is applicable in Typhoid Fevers, with dry tongue, suppressed secretions etc. Besides this, it produces in the whole capillary system a new action, a disease which naturally tends towards health, hence it is useful in ‘ Chronic Inflammations, Chronic Pleurisy, Pneumo. Dysentery, Rheumatism, Typhoid Pneumonia etc. Often combined with Op. & Ipecac. 87 It is more strongly directed to the Capillaries of the Hepatic system than to others, & hence is peculiarly applicable to all Hepatic Affections. It stimulates the absorbents, & hence is appropriate for the removal of Chronic Tumours, when not encysted. It may act in some measure as a Revulsive by the irritation it excites in the Fauces etc. In some diseases, it is though to subvert them by substituting its own action, as in Syphilis, & although it has lately become fashionable to decry its use here, yet most probably the reason it has so often failed, & so often produced injurious consequence, has been the careless & indiscreet manner in which it has been applied. The greatest danger we have to apprehend from it is Excessive Salivation. It operates in the same way in subduing Colic. Pict. Tubercular predispositions are injured by it. Physicians generally employ it as a last resort in all diseases, after other remedies have failed, this is tried with the hope of revolutionising the whole system & establishing a tendency to health. 88 It acts by being absorbed & entering the circulation. When we desire to produce Ptyalism, give about ½ gr. or 1 gr. Calomel, or from 3 to 5 grs Blue Pill, 3 times a day, & if it purges add a little opium. If the stomach be irritable, diminish the dose & repeat it more frequently. Sometimes it may be applied externally in the form of Merc. Ointment, or if a more speedy impression be desirable, by fumigations with the Red Sulphur etc. Different persons present very different susceptibilities, & hence caution is requisite. When the use of Merc. is to be long continued, it is sufficient merely to affect the gums, in order to show that it is acting. The first symptoms of this are a coppery taste, then slight soreness, white streak around the gums, increased flow of Saliva, fetid breath etc. & if the medicine be continued, swelling, ulcerations, adhesions, Hemorrhage etc. The patient is more susceptible to the influence of cold, but still it is not necessary to confine him strictly. Excessive Salivation must be palliated by Ast. [Gargl??] as Sol. of Alum. Sulph. Tinc., [illegible] astring. Green Tea, 89 Tar Water or Creosote Water etc. Sometimes V.S. may be necessary, or leeching. In very bad cases, Blisters & opium Sometimes, from Idiosyncrasy, or peculiar condition of the patient, Mercury does not produce its normal effect, but prostration, fever etc. come on, & require caution. Mercury sometimes acts merely as an Alterative, especially upon the Digestive Organs & the Liver, & hence is applicable in cases where the appearance of the Stools indicate an irregular or unhealthy secretion of Bile. To produce this effect, there are two modes of applying it, either, give 1 gr. Cal. or 2 to 5 grs Blue Pill at night (or every other night) & follow it next morning with some mild aperient, as Seidlitz Powder, etc. or give 1/6 vr. every 1, 2 or 3 hours. Thus a very common prescription in Cholera Morbus, Diarrhea etc. is Calomel grs. ii Opium gr. 1 m ft. Pill no XII S. Give one every 2 or 3 hrs. There are 5 forms in which Merc. may be admin. 1. Those preparations in which the metal is minutely divided & partially oxidised. 2. Oxides. 3. Chlorides 4. Salts. 5. Sulphurets. Under the first of these heads, we may include Mercurial Ointment, which 90 is made by triturating Mercury with Lard. IT is at first blue & becomes darker by age, probably from the continuance of the oxidation of the metal, & hence is better. Emplastrum Hydrarg. made by rubbing the Mercury with Resin & Oil, & adding it to Lead Plaster. It is used principally as an application to the side in Chronic Hepat. Affect. Pillulae Hydrarg. Blue Pill. made by rubbing Merc. with Confect. Ros. Each pill (offic) contains 3 grs, in which is 1 gr. of the Mercury. Dose 1 pill 3 times a day. Hydrarg. cum Cal. Carb. is applicable to cases connected with acidity of the stomach, but is rather uncertain. Under the 2nd Class, are 2 oxides, Black & Red. Hydrarg. Ox. Nig. by reaction between Cal. & Sol. of Potas. Its effect is similar to Calomel. Dose 1 gr 3 times a day. Hydrarg. Ox. Rub. made by exposing Nit. Merc. to heat, called Red Precipitate. It is very slightly sol. in Water. Is used ext. as a Escharotic & Stimulant. Ointment zi to zi Simple cerate. applic. to specific ulcers, Inf. of Conjuctiva etc. Under the 3d head are 2 Chlorides, mile & Corrosive. Hyd. Chlor. Mite. Calomel. is obtained by sublimination then washed, chrystallised etc. 91 Hyd. Chlor. Corrosivum. is obtained by sublimation. It is in Chrystalline masses, which are heavy, sol. in Water very sol. in Alc. acrid, durable taste, decomposed by the Alkaline Earths, Albumen, Gluten etc. It is poisonous. Is less apt to salivate than Cal. Dose 1/8 to ¼ gr. Under the 4th head are the Sulphate, Ammo. & Nitrate. Hyd. Sulphas, Flavus. Turpeth. Mineral. [E???nae] Hyd. Aromaticum. consists of Mer. Ammo. & Perox. Merc. Nitrate of Merc. is used in the form of an ointment Unguent. Hyd. Nit. Citrus Ointment, applicable to cutaneous affections, & much used. Under the 5th head, are 2 Sulphurets, Red & Black. Hyd. Sulph. Rub. is made by melting Sulphur & Merc. is called Cinnabar, or in powder Vermilion, & is employed chiefly for fumigation, by throwing it on hot iron. Hyd. Sulph. Nig. Ethiops Mineral is made by triturating Merc. with Lard. It is never used. IT is not chemically the Black Sulphuret. 145 its odour produces headache & giddiness. It unites readily with Alcohol & Water. When very concentrated, it is prone to become decomposed. It exists in the Cherry Laurel, Bitter Almonds, Peach Leaves & Kernels etc. It consists of 1 Eq. Hyd. & Keg Cy. not condensed 26 1 27 It was discovered by Scheele in 1780, but the combination of its constituents was determined by Gay Lussac It is well known to be a most deadly poison, 1 drop of it proving fatal. Dose of the medicinal acid is from 1 to 6 drops, given with caution. Its smell characterises it, but a good test for it is Sulp. Copper, with which it forms a white cloud. 143 Prussic Acid is off. in Dub. & U.S. Pharmacop. Acidum Prussicum Dub. Acidum Hydrocyanicum U.S. The Cub Process is to decompose 1 Eq. Bicyanuret of Merc. with 2 Eq. Muriatic Acid, & thus we get 2 Equiv. Prussic Acid & 1 Eq. Deutochloride of Merc. or Corrosive Sublimate. By U.S. Pass a stream of Sulphuretted Hyd. thro a solution of Bicyanuret of Merc. Thus the 2 Eq. Cyanogen combine with 2 Eq. Hyd. & form 2 Eq. Hydrocyanic Acid & there remains Bisulphuret of Merc. or Cinnabar. Then is also another process, by fusing Ferrcyanate of Pot. without contact with the air etc. etc. Hydrocyanic or Prussic Acid exists in 2 forms, the Medicinal & the Anhydrous or Pure. The Medicinal Prussic Acid is a transparent colourless, volatile liquid, decomposed by light, weak, containing only 2 or 3 pr. ct. of rea Acid. The Anhydrous is much stronger, is colourless, very volatile, sp. gr. 69. Taste first cooling & then burning & 141 of 1 Eq. Cyanuret of Iron 1 Eq. of Water 2 Eq. Hydrocyanic Acid 2 Eq. Protoxide of Iron, & the precipitated Sulphate of Potassa. But we have already shown (p. 135) 2 Eq. Hydrocyanic Acid & 1 Eq. Cyanuret of Iron, make 1 Eq. Ferrocyanic Acid which combines in 2 Eq of Protox. of Iron hence we have 1 Eq. Ferrocyanate of Protox. of Iron & 1 Eq. of Water. Then by frequent washing according to the latter part of the formula, the Protox. becomes Perox. & we have the Ferrocyanate of the Peroxide of Iron or Prussian Blue. It is insipid, inodorous, of a rich deep blue colour, bronze fracture, insol. in Water & Alcohol, & in the acids except the Sulphuric. It is decomposed by Nitric & Muriatic. In medicine, it is sometimes used as a Tonic & Alterative. In Pharmacy, it is used to form Bicyanuret of Mercury. This was formerly used in medicine, but is now introduced, merely because from it we obtain Prussic Acid. Dr B. [Coates] says, that Prussian Blue will cure Intermittents in the dose of grs V. every two hours. Dec 10 1834 [Hospital] 139 into Water gradually, lixiviate, then precipitate the solution with a mixture of 2 parts Alum & 1 parr Protosulphate of Iron. Then again wash the precipitate & dry it & cut it into oblong masses. The rationale is complicated & difficult. By igniting the c am. matter & Pearl Ash. the An. Mat. and part of the Pearl Ash are decomposed, & the result is a Cyanuret of Pot which bec. a hydrate in water. A solution of this, precip. by the sol of mixture of Alum etc. gives us a precip. of a Hydrocyanate of Pot. & Carb. of Pot. The Carb.’ goes to thrown down the Alumina. Then we have 3 Equiv. Sulphate of Potassa and 3 Equiv. Hydrocyanate of Protox. Iron – now these 3 last Equiv. will make 1 Eq. Cyanuret of Iron, 1 Eq. Water and yet remains 2 Eq. Hydrocyte Protox. Iron. These 2 Eq. then may be resolved into 2 Eq. Hydrocyanic Acid & 2 Eq. Protox of Iron, which will make the whole compound solution consist 137 It is a neutral salt, crystallises in 4 sided prisms of a lemon yellow colour, permanent in the air, sol. in its own weight of Water. It is a delicate test for several of the metals. With Iron it forms a blue precip. which is Ferrocyte of a Perox. of Iron, & with Copper, a brown, Ferrocyte of Perox. of Copper When heated to 212 [degrees] each Equiv. parts with 3 Eq. of Water & becomes Ferrocyanuret of Potassium. Expose Ferrcyte Pot. to a long heat, we shall get a black substance, & it will be changed toa Cyanuret of Potassium. This is at first a black mass, mixed with Carburet of Iron, from which it must be purified for use. Ferrocyte Pot. is used to obtain the Sulphocyanate by heating it with Sulphur. This is a good test for Perox. Iron, forming a blood-red precip. Ferrocyanate of Perox. of Iron. or Prussian Blue may be prepared by precipitation, but when prep. on a large scale it contains Alumina, & is then obtained by calcining dried blood or other an. matter with Pearl Ash till it becomes pasty, then throw it 135 equiv. of Water instead of 3, & that the remaining 2 Equiv. converted the Cyanuret Potm into 2 Eq. Hydrocyanate of Potassa, & express the composition thus. 2 Equiv. Hydrocyanate of Potassa 1 Eq Cyanuret of Iron 1 Eq Water. Now these 3 Eq. of Cyanogen (contained in 2 Hydrarg. & 1 Cyt) united with the Iron, & with the Hydrogar of the Hydrocyte composed the old Ferruretted C(arbon) Hy(drogen) As(ote)ic Acid, or what is now called Ferrocyanic Acid, consisting of 2 Eq. Hydrocyanic Acid = (27 x 2)= 54 and 1 Eq. Cyanuret of Iron = (26 + 28) = 54 making 108. Hence we learn from the constituents of Ferrocyanic Acid to be 1 Equiv. of Iron 3 Equiv of Cyanogen 2 Equiv. of Hydrogen of which these 2 form Ferrocyanogen, hence it appears that Ferrocyanic Acid consists of Ferrocyanogen & Hydrogen. Now by referring to the upper formula, we perceive that this Parent compound is a Ferrocyanate of Pot. consisting of 1 Eq. Ferrocyanic Acid & 2 Eq. of Potassa. 133 Twenty Sixth Lecture March 6th 1834 In this Lecture we shall notice the Prussia Compounds. They all contain Cyanogen, which, it will be recollected, consists (p. ) of 2 Eq. Carb = 12 & 1 Eq. Nit. = 14 = 26, as seen by the annexed diagram. 6 6 14 = 26 & then this is united with one equiv. of Hyd. it forms Hydrocyanic or Prussic Acid. All the preparations of Prussic Acid are derived either directly or indirectly from animal matter, because this contains Nitrogen, which is essential to produce Cyanogen. The Parent Compound of all the Prussic Compounds is prepared by igniting Animal Matter with some Pearl Ash & Iron. Cyanogen is generated & combines with Pot. & Iron, forming 2 Eq. Cyanuret of Potassium & 1 Eq. Cyanuret of Iron, or a double Cyanuret. Next dissolve this in Water to extract whatever may be soluble, & this solution will consist of crystals of a Double Cyanuret & 3 Equiv. of Water, as follows. 2 Eq. cyanuret Potassium 1 Eq cyanuret Iron 3 Eq Water some however conceive that there is only one 131 carb. of Pot. vegetable juices & infusions etc. etc. Hydrosulp. acid precip. the Sulphuret of Ant. & Carb. of Pot. precip. a Protoxide. Its composition may be shown as follows: 2 Equiv of Tartaric Acid (66 x 2) 132 Cream of Tartar 1 Equiv of Potassa (48) 48 3 Equiv of [illegible] Ant. (44 + 8) x (3) 156 x 1533 2 Equiv of Water (when crystallised) (9 x 2) 18 Antimonii et Potassae Tartras 354 x Berzelius has 2 Eq. of Protox. Ant. because he considers Ant. = 64.6 & its Protox. 76.6 hence 2 Eq. of this = 153.2 which is almost the same as the above 156. This is our most valuable Antimonial. In doses of from 1 to 3 grs. it is Emetic & Cathartic, but in smaller doses from 1/8 to ¼ gr. it is diaphoretic & alterative. It is usually given in the form of Ant. Wine, off. in all Phar. Liq. Tart. Emet. (Dub) 2 grs to f zi = 480 grs [Illegible] Tart. Ant. (ed) 2 grs to zi or 455 grs Vin. Ant. Tart. (Lon) 2 grs to f zi = 480 grs Vin. Antimonii (U.S.) 2 grs to f zi = 480 grs Hence Ed. is rather stronger. 129 much more pure the Nitre mur. oxide is, than either the [Crocus] or Glass, we perceive that there is no such excess of [???inox] Tartar Emetic, then, is a double salt, consisting of Tartrate of Ant. & Tartrate of Pot. combined. With regard to the relative eligibility of the different processes, we think the D. & U.S. preferable. The objection to the use of Glass of Ant. of Lon. College is, that even when finely [levigated], it is not very sol. in water, & besides this contains about 5 pr. ct. Silica. The objection to the Crocus of Ed. is that it is generally impure, & not easily acted upon by Bitart. Pot. unless levigated & elutriated. Ordinarily it will take up about 6 pr ct. if levigated, about 16 pr. ct. & if elutriated, about 75 pr. ct. The U.S. use a purer [illegible] taking also a medium quantity of W. & a medium length of boiling. Tartar Emetic is a white, crystallised salt, having a nauseous, metalline, styptic taste, is sol. in 15 parts of Cold & 3 parts of boiling water. By exposure to the ari, the crystals become white & opaque, from slight effervescence. Its solution reddens litmus, and is decomposed by acids, alkalies, hydrosulphuric Acid & hydrosulphates. 127 the different proportions etc. necessary to obtain Tartar Emetic by the different Pharmacopeias. Pharma L E D & US [Illegible] Proportion of [???toxide] 4 Glass of Ant. 4 Crocus 4 Nitromur. Oxice U.S. 2 Prop: of Bitartrate 4 4 5 2 ½ Prop. of Water 40 32 34 z17 or [illegible] Length of Boiling ¼ hour 1 hour ½ hour filter when cold & evap. to chryst. filter while hot & evap to cryst. Filter while hot & set aside to cryst. Besides these 3 forms of Protos. used by these Phar. there is yet a 4th form of [illegible] Protox. recommended by Mr Phillips of London, called the Subsulphate of Ant. It is a protox containing a small portion, less than one equiv. of Sul. Acid. It is formed by boiling powdered metallic Ant. with twice its wt of Sul. Acid to dryness in an iron’ vessel, & then wash away the Sul. Acid by Water. By the above table, we see that the Dub. & U.S from are virtually the same, altho’ the U.S. directs but half the quantity, the ratio is the same. The new ed. of D. gives the process somewhat modified but not essentially different. There is apparently a greater prop. of [illegible] used in D. & U.S. than in the others, because the ratio is 4 to 5 instead of 4 to 4, but when we recollect how Nitromur. oxide is the oxy-chloride, or what was formerly called the Powder of Algaroth. 125 & evaporate to dryness. Dub. has 4 parts Bitart Pot. U.S. directs to boil 1 part Carb. Iron with 3 parts Bitart Pot. then filter & evaporate, but this is not a good process. It is of an olive green colour, deliquesces, has a sweetish not disagreeable taste. It is probably a double salt. It is a useful tonic & chalybeate. Dose 10 grs to zfs. Protartrate of Iron has been proposed by Dr Ure as a substitute for the former as a chalybeate. It is a whitish substance, easily pulverised. Forty Fifth Lecture March 4th 1834 Tartar Emetic. is officinal in all the Pharmacopeias. Antimonium Tartarisatum (Lon) Tartarised Ant. Tartras Antomonii (Ed) Tartrate of Antimony. Antimonii et Potassae Tartras. (D. & U.S) The general principle upon which it is formed is to unite some form of [illegible] of Ant. with a Bitart. o f Potassa, and in this all the Colleges agree, but the diversity of formulae arises principally from the different forms of the sesqui protoxide employed. The following table will show what form Sesqui protox. Sesquioxide must be substituted for Protoxide through the whole of this lecture 123 is officinal in all the Pharm. Tart. Pot (Ed.) Pot. Tart. of other Phar. It is chrystalline, bitterish, sol. in its own weight of cold, & less boiling water. Composed of 1 Equiv of Tart. Acid 66, & 1 Eq. Pot 48 = 114 Dose as a Laxative is zi to zii. Purgative dose zi. Tartrate of Potassa & Soda or Rochelle Salt, is formed by saturating a hot solution of Carb. Soda with Bitart. Potas. It is a double salt, off. in all Phar. Tart. Sod. et Pot. (Ed). Soda Tartarisata (Lon) Sod: et Pot. Tart (U.S) It is in beautiful crystals, slightly effloresces on exposure, has a slightly bitter taste, is sol. in 2 ½ times its wt of Cold, much less of boiling water. It was discovered at Rochelle by Seignette. It consists of 2 Equiv. Tart. Acid = 132 1 Eq. Pot. = 48 & 1 Eq. Soc = 32. or of 1 Eq. Tart. Pot. & 1 Eq. Tart. Soda, & when crystallised contains 8 Equiv. of Water. Purgative dose is zi or zifs. Is an ingred. in Seidlits Powder. Tartrate of Pot. & Iron. Ferrum Tartarisatum (Lon) Tartras Pot. et Ferri (Ed) Ferri Tartarum (Dub) Ferri et Potassae Tartras (U.S) Formed (Lon & Ed) by triturating Carb. Iron with 2 parts Bitart. Pot. & exposing the mixture constantly moistened for several days, then boil, filter 121 colouring matter, & the clear solution upon cooling deposits white crystals, which are exposed to the air for a few days to become still whiter. It is off. in all Phar. Pot. Bitart. (Dub,.) Supertart. Pot. (Ed) & Pot. Supertart (L & U.S) It is placed in the Mat. Med. of all the Colleges. It is a white, cyrstalline salt, slightly acid, very sparingly soluble in W. requiring [60] times its wt of cold, & 15 times of hot Water, in sol. in Alc. When combined with Borate of Soda it becomes much more soluble & is called Soluble Cream of Tartar. Cream of Tartar generally contains 5 or 6 pr. ct, sometimes more of Tart. of Lime, as an impurity. It is composed of 2 Equiv. of Tart. Acid [132], & 1 Equiv of Potass 48 & when crystallised it contains also 1 Equiv. of Water = 9 making 189. It is a Cathartic, Diuretic & Refrigerant. In large doses is a Hydrogogue Cathartic. In dropsy, it is a favorite remedy combined with Jalap. Dose as an aperient is zi or zii. as Cathartic zfs to zi. Neutral Tartrate of Potassa or Soluble Tartar, is formed by saturating a hot solution of Carb. Pot. with Bitart. Pot. thus converting the Bitart into a neutral Tartrate. It 119 ingredient of what is termed Soda Powders. Its ultimate composition is 2 Equiv Hyd = 2 4 Equiv. Carb = 24 & 5 Equiv Ox. = 66 & when crystals of one eq. of W. = 9 making it = 75. There are a number of Tartrates, but we shall notice those only, which are used in medicines, viz 2 Tartrates of Potassa, Tart. of Pot. & Soda or Rochelle Salt, Tartrate of Pot. & Iron & Tartar Emetic. The 2 Tart. of Pot. are Neutral & Bitartrate of Pot. We shall first consider the Bitartrate, or as it is frequently called, Chrystals of Tartar & Cream of Tartar. This has been already mentioned (p. 115) as the source of Tartaric Acid. In its crude state termed Argol. This is purified on a large scale in Montepelier in France, by a process founded upon the property of Cr. of Tart. being more sol. in hot than in Cold Water. The Bitart. Pot. is pulverised, & boiled with water in copper vessels till it is saturated; it is then transferred to earthen pans, where it cools & deposites a crystalline layer. This is mixed with argillaceous earth after being redissolved, & the mixture is evaporated to a pellicle. The clay precip with the 117 Boil one part of Bitart Pot. in about 10 parts of Water, then add Carb. Lime sufficient for saturation, & we produce a precip. of Tartrate of Lime. Carb. Acid is given off & there remains in solution a neutral Tartrate of Potas. To this add Mur. Lime & by double decomp. we have Mur. Pot. & Tart. Lime. Wash the Tart. Lime & act upon with Sulp. Acid diluted with 10 or 15 parts Water, & then we have an insol. Sulp. Lime, while Tart. Acid remains in solution; this must be evaporated & crystallised. It is off. in Ed. Dub. & U.S. Phar. By U.S. placed [illegible] By Dub. Process twice as much Tart. Acid is obtained as by the Ed. It is a solid crystalline matter, sol. in Water, & to a certain extent in Alcohol, has a strong acid taste. In shops is usually in the form of powder, when exposed to heat, is charred & decomposed & by distillation affords Pyrotartaric Acid. A solution of it discriminates between the Alkalies, Sod. & Potas. with a solution of Soda it forms no precip. while with a sol. of Pot. it forms a precip. of Biatart. Pot. Tartaric Acid is used in medicine for forming refrigerant drinks & effervescing draughts. It is an 115 may be prepared also as Carb. Lime is, & then becomes Cup. Acet. Praepar. (U.S) It is used externally as a gentle detergent & escharotic. The second Act. is off. in Dub. Col. Formed by dissolving Verdigris in Acet. Acid. It is in dark green crystals Acetate of Mercury, is off. Ed. & Dub. Phar. formed by adding a sol. of Act. Pot. to a sol. of Protonitrate of Merc. chrystal, brilliant, & is the preparation of merc. present in Keyser’s Pill’s. Forty-Fourth Lecture march 1st 1834 Tartaric Acid is derived from a peculiar vegetable substance called Tartar, which is properly a compound of Tartaric Acid & Potassa. It exists in the grape, & other fruits, & hence is apt to be deposited from new made wine & concreets on the inside of the casks, whence it is obtained for commerce. That form Red Wine is called Red Tartar, from White Wine, White Tartar, Crude Tartar is called Argol. When purified it becomes Cream or Cyrstals of Tartar, named by chemists Bitartrate of Potas. This then is the source of Tartaric Acid, & in order to liberate it from the Bitatrate, proceed as follows. 113 this solution as it will take up at a boiling temperature it forms Goulard’s Extract, Liquor [Plum.] Subacet. (US) Lead Water, Liq. Plum. Subacet. dilutus (U.S.) is formed by adding f zi Goulard’s Ext. to 1 pt. Dist. Water. This however makes a very weak solution. Acetate of Zinc, is off. in U.S. Tinci Acetas. formed by double decomposition between solutions of Sulphate of Zinc & Acet. lead. It is crystal. sol. in W. & the solution is off. in Ed. Phar. Tinct. is off, in Dub. Phar. It is generally employed externally as an astringent Volyrium and Injection. There are 2 Acetates of Copper used in medicine 1. Impure Peracetate of Copper or verdigris. 2. Pure Biperacetate of Copper or Chrystals of Venus. The first is prepared extensively for commerce in France, by stratifying plates of Copper with the refuse of the grape & allowing them to remain for several weeks, then it is scraped off, packed in bags, dried in the sun & exported. When pure & good, it should have a bluish green colour, free from black or white spots, should not deliquesce, or have a saline taste. It is off. Cupri Acet (U.S.) It 111 Acetate of Iron, is off. only in Dub. Phar. Ferri Acetum. Formed by adding Carb. Iron to 6 times its weight of Acet. Acid. It is tonic, dose 10 to 25 drops. That College has also 2 off. Tinctures of this Acetate. Tinct. Ferri Acet. made by rubbing up Acet. Pot. with Sulphate of Iron & adding some Rectified Spirit. & Tinct. Ferri Acet. cum Alc. made by rubbing the former with Alc instead of proof spirit. They are both used as Chalybeates. Dose 20 m. to f zi. Acetate of Lead. Plumbi Acet. (U.S) is placed in the Mat. Med of U.S. The British Colleges form it by dissolving Carb. Lead in distilled Vinegar. On a large scale it is made by dissolving Litharge in Pyroligneous Acid. It is a white salt, crystallisable, has a sweet styptic taste, effloresces slightly when exposed to the air, sol. in pure W. & Alc. but with common W. forms an opaque solution on account of the Carb. Lead formed with Carb. Acid. It is used internally & externally as a Sedative. Internally a Dose is from ½ gr. to 2 grs every 2 or 3 hours. Externally applied, a solution is made of zi to zviii or f zx of water. When as much Litharge is added to 109 We next proceed to the Acetates with the preliminary remark, that all the acetates yield a smell resembling that of vinegar when Sulp. Acid is poured on them. Acetate of Potassa, is off. in all the Pharm. Pot. Acet. (U.S) is formed by dissolving Carb. Pot. in distilled Vinegar. It is a very deliquescent salt, with a sharp, pungent taste, is soluble in ½ its weight of Water. It is a diuretic & Cathartic. Dose of 10 grs to zi or zii. Acetate of Soda, is off. in Dub. & U.S. Phar. Sod. Acet. formed (by Dub.) by saturating distilled vinegar with Carb Soda A better method is from the double decomposition of Sulp. Soda & Acet. Lime. It is a white salt, has a sharp, bitter taste, is not deliquescent like the former. It is used as preceding. Dose [?i] to [?iv]. Acetate of Ammonia. Liquor Ammo. Acet. (U.S) By adding Carb. Am. to dil. Acet. Acid. Is a transparent colourless liquid, has a saline taste, was formerly called Spirit of Mindererus. Is sudorific & diaphoretic, used in febrile diseases etc. Dose zfs every 3 or 4 hours. Acetate of Lime is not off. formed by saturating Pyroligneous Acid with Chalk. 107 mixing Acet. Soda with ½ its weight of Sulphuric Acid. Other Pharma. have different methods, & names Acidum Aceticum (U.S) is a transparent, colourless liquid, has a pungent taste & smell, & if pure (i.e. anhydrous) when applied to the skin, will blister & even excoriate; sp. gr. at maximum is 107, & then it contains about ½ its wt of water, it is very vol, its vapour takes fire & burns, congeals at 40 when concentrated, & is sometimes called Radical Vinegar. Diluted with about 10 times its weight of water it forms Acidum Acet. Dilutum (U.S) Diluted Acetic Acid. Acid Acet. Empyreumaticum (U.S) Pyroligneous Acid. is obtained by distilling wood in an iron cylinder. It contains tar & other impurities, from which it may be freed by adding Carb. Lime, then to purify it from the Lime, it must be distilled with Sulphuric Acid. Vinegar is a gentle stimulant & refrigerant, properly diluted it makes a very pleasant drink in fevers etc. Acetic Acid consists of 3 Equiv. of Hyd = 3 4 Eq. of Carb = 24 3 Eq. of Ox = 24 = 51 Acet. Acid 103 represented by a diagram, by which we perceive that it consists of 4 eq. of Olefiant Gas & 1 eq. of Water, i.e. Ether contains twice as much Olef. Ga or ½ as much Water as Alcohol. Hence we perceive the rationale of the formation of Sulp. Ether by adding to Alc. a certain quantity of Sulp. Acid, which abstracts ½ the Water from it. If however we use an excess of Sulp. Acid, the whole of the water will be abstracted, & we shall form Olefiant Gas. Hyd Carb Ox 1 1 6 1 6 = 37 1 6 1 6 8 Forty Third Lecture Feby 25th 1834 Vegetable Acids. In this lecture we shall consider the Acetic & the Acetates. Acetic Acid is a peculiar acid of Vinegar, hence it is proper to make some observations respecting the formation of Vinegar. When vinous liquors are subjected to a heat of 80 [degrees] or 85 [degrees], & exposed to the air, a fermentation takes place producing vinegar, which is therefore called the Acetous Fermentation. The rationale is not well understood. The vinous liquors contain Alcohol, & when the changes which take place are observed, we find that Carb. Acid is given off, & that there is much more Ox. 101 with some substances called Alcoates, which are analogous to Hydrates. Hyd Carb Ox 1 1 6 =23 1 6 8 or It is composed, as by the annexed diagram of 3 eq. Hyd, 2 of Carb. & 1 of oxygen making its equivalent 23. Ol. G. Water 14 9 = 23 or, it may be said to consist of 2 eq. of Olefiant Gas (1 Carb & 1 Hyd.) & 1 eq. Water condensed into one vol. Alc = 23. 6 1 = 7 ol. gas. We have already stated (page 97) that the quantity of Sugar which disappeared in the Vinous Fermentation is just equal in weight to the Carb. acid & Alc. formed. To prove this we must recollect that Sugar consists of Hyd, Carb, & Ox. each 1 eq. consequently if we take 3 eq. of Sugar as the matter of investigation, they will be represented as follows H C. Ox 1 6 8 1 6 8 1 6 8 Then if by drawing a line so that all above it shall form Carbonic Acid, we perceive that the remainder is just equal to the diagram above representing the formation of Alc. hence the assertion becomes manifestly true. There are several kinds of Ether, but the only one we shall notice is Sulphuric Ether. The composition is easily Several salts give different colours to flame [illegible] Alc. Copper, green, Strontia, Red, Boracic Acid, light green, etc. 99 but all of them may be said to be diluted Alcohol, variously flavored & coloured. When redistilled it forms Rectified Spirits, which yet contains Water, & to purify it from this, dry & warm Carb. Pot. or Chloride of Calcium must be used, it then becomes Absolute Alc. It is a fluid, has an agreeable odour, strong, burning taste. When strongest its sp. gr. is 791. In the state of vapour, sp. gr. is 1.613; It has never been congealed, is very volatile, when its sp. gr. is 820 it boils at 176 [degrees]. It burns with a blue lambent flame, producing W. & Carbonic Acid, will also undergo a slow combustion forming the “Lamp without Flame.” Aphlogistic IT is off, in all Phar. Alcohol (a) & Alc. dilutum (b) (U.S.) It is used chiefly as a menstruum, for Tinctures etc. It will dissolve Ammo. & thereby forms Ammoniated Alcohol, & with this we form Ammoniated, improperly called Volatile Tinctures. Alc. will dissolve the Hydrates of Pot. & Soda & hence is employed to purify these from their Carbonates. It is decomposed by Sul & Nit. Acids, but all other Acids except Phosphoric & the metallic are soluble in it. It dissolves almost all the salts & combines In [illegible], Alc. boils at 66 [degrees] Alcohol 810 to 815 sp. gr. Spt. (a) Rect. 830 to 840 and Spt. [Lennior] (b) 919 to 917 (Lon & Dub.) Alc. Fortius (a) 825 Alc. [Dilutius] (b) 935 (Ed.) Spt Ammon (Lon & Dub) Alc. Ammon. (U.S) 97 Gum, is a solid, unchrystallisable, tasteless, inodorous substance, forms mucilage with Water. Lignin is unimportant. It is the fibrous part of plants. There are others of this class, of minor importance, which we omit & pass to the Hydrogenated Substances, as Oils, Resins, Balsam Caoutchouc, Wax, Camphor, Alc, Ether etc. of which the two latter are the most worth our attention Alcohol is the product of fermentation, of which there are three kinds, Vinous, Acetous & Putrefactive. In the vinous, Alcoholic or Spiritous fermentation, as is variously called, the prerequisites are Sugar, Ferment, & Water at a certain temperature. Dissolve the Sugar & Ferment & expose them to a heat of about 90 Alc. is formed & Carb. Acid is given off. The quantity of Sugar which disappears is just equal in weight to the quantity of Alc. & Carb. Acid formed. Certain natural veg. matters are susceptible of the vinous fermentation, because they are solutions of Sugar & Water, containing mucilage & extractive matter as the Ferment. Alcohol differs according to the veg. matter fermented, forming Brandy Rum, Gin etc. Alcohol is an [illegible] of vegetation 95 3. Contains those in which the Oxygen present is more than sufficient to form Water with the Hyd. & such as contain no Nit. Called Vegetable Acids. 4. Contain Nitrogen & neutral acids, an are remarkable for their power of operating on the Animal Economy, called Veg. Alkalies, or Org. Veg. Alk. To these 4, may also be added at 5th or miscellaneous Class, which will receive the Anomalous Bodies, as certain vol. principles, tannin, veg. albumen etc. Of the first Class or Neutervegetable substances. Sugar is white, has a grateful taste, crystallisable, sol. in W. & Alc. solution in Water forms Syrup. In the process for making Sugar, the unchrystallisable residue in a liquid form, having an empyreumatic flavour is termed Molasses Syrupus Empyreumaticus (Ed & Dub) Sugar is composed of Hyd. Carb. & Ox. 1 eq. of each. It is off. in all the Phar. Saccharum (U.S) Purified Sugar. Gluten & Starch are the prox. constituents of Flour. They are separated from each other by subjecting flour to a stream of Water, which washes away the Starch, while the Gluten remains behind. Sacch non Purif. or Brown Sugar (British) Sacch. Purif. White Sugar (British) 93 these three substances are principally the Ultimate Constit. of veg. matter, sometimes however it contains, besides those, Nitrogen. Small portions of Phosp. Sulp. & the [some] metals also are present in some veg. matter. Proximate Constituents are peculiar compounds generated from the vitality of the plants, or derived immediately from veg. matter, as Alcohol, which is called an eddux. Various plans have been devised for classifying the prox. constit. but the best is that o f Thenard, by which distinguished chemist, the classifications founded upon the relative proportions, contained, of those Ultimate Constit. on which the chemical & sensible qualities of veg. substance depend. There are 4 Classes. 1. Contains those veg. substances in which Hyd & Ox. are present in the exact proportion for forming Water, as Sugar, Gluten, Starch, Gum, Lignin etc. These are called Neutervegetable substances, a name expressing their inactivity, or equality of Composition. 2. Contains those in which the Hyd. is more than sufficient to form water with the ox. present, as Oils, Resins etc. these are called Hydrogenated Substances. 91 Forty Second Lecture Feb. 22nd 1834 Having disposed of the metallic & non metallic bodies we next take the subject of Organic Chemistry; by which we mean the chemistry of substances derived from Organic bodies. There are 2 Classes of Org. bodies, derived from the vegetable & animal kingdom, hence Org. Chemistry is divided into Vegetable & Animal Chem. Animal Chem. is comparatively unimportant & would occupy time which might be better employed in this Course of Lectures, consequently we shall omit it. Vegetable Chemistry may be considered in 2 points of view, as to the matter contained in it. 1st What Elements are present in it & 2nd What compound principles may be present in it, for there are some principles which are the products of vital action. The 1st are called Ultimate Constituents, while the 2nd are called Proximate Constituents. When veg. matter, as starch for inst. is disposed to destructive distillation, the products are Charcoal, Mater, Carb. Hyd. Carb. Oxide & acid etc. hence from the result we find that it consists of Hyd. Carbon, & oxygen: and 89 There are 2 Classes of Salts of this metal; those which contain the protex. called Salts of Chromium, & those which contain Chromic Acid called Chromates. The most important of these salts are the 2 Chromates of Pot. Chromate & Bichromate of Pot. Chromate of Pot. is formed by heating Nit. of Pot. with Chromate of Iron. The Nitric Acid is decomposed & furnishes Ox. to the Chromium of the Chromate to convert it into Chromic Acid, & this combines with the Pot. as a Chromate Pot. which falls in precip. while there remains a sol. of the Perox. of Iron to be evaporated. It is a yellow salt, sol. in W. insol. in Alc. precipitates all metallic solutions, & when combined with other salts forms a variety of colours. Bichromate is formed by making a precipitate of the Chromate & adding Sulp. Acid, which abstracts ½ the base. As for inst. in Chromate Pot. it abstracts ½ the Pot. & becomes red col. IT is less sol. than Chromate. Chromate of Lead is formed by mixing Chrom Pot. & the Nit. of Lead, when a precip. forms so generally known as Chrome Yellow or Chrome. Sol of Corr. Sub: precip. chromate of Merc. light red. Sol. of Nitrate of silver, precip. chromate of Silver, dark red. Chrystals of an orange red colour. 87 A Solution of Arsenite of Pot. or Fowler’s Solution is formed by boiling 64 grs. of Arsenious Acid with an equal weight of Pure Carb. Pot. in a pt. of Water until it is dissolved. Then add f zfs of sp. Lav. Comp. & water sufficient to make one pint of the whole picture. It is of a light wine colour. Medium dose of it about 10 drops 2 or 3 times a day, 10 minims about equals 1/12 gr. of Arsenous Acid. Chromium, from X [illegible] colour, indicative of its tendency to form coloured compounds. It is found in a mineral called Chromate of Iron, (which is not, as it imparts, a comp. of Chromic acid & Ox. of Iron) & in Chromate of Lead It was discovered by Vangelin in 1797. It is brittle, of a greyish white colour, very infusible, attacked with difficulty by acid, even the nitro-muriatic. sp. gr. 6. It forms 2 compounds with Ox. Protox. & Chromic Acid. Protox. of Chromium is of a green colour, insol. in Water, & in sol. in acids, unless in the state of a hydrate. Chromic Acid is of a dark reddish purple colour, solid when perfectly pure, soluble in Water & the solution very much resembles the Tincture of Iron. It forms Chromates. Arsenic forms 3 compounds with Sulphur, Proto [Rialgar] [Lasqui] [Orpi???] & Persulphuret Sol. Arsenicalis (Ed) Liquor Arsenicalis (L & Dub) Liquor Pot. Arsenit. (U.S) Solution of Arsenite of Potassa. Chromate of Iron is a compound of Ox. of Chrominum & Ox. of Iron 85 there is the Ammoniacal Sulphate of Copper, producing a green precip. which is the Arsenite of Copper or Scheele’s Green, while Sulphate of Ammo. remains in sol. The Am. furnishes a base for the acid, with which it combines & forms Arsenit of Ammo. & then double decomp. takes place between this & Sulp. of Copper. Another test is Ammoniacal Nitrate of Silver, throwing down a yellow precip. of Arsenit of Silver while the Nit. Ammo. remains in sol. Rationale as before. The most delicate test is Sulphuretted Hydrogen, which produces a deep yellow precip. of the sulphuret of Ars. & from this the metal is easily procured by subjecting it to heat with Charcoal and Carb. Pot. Arsenic Acid is obtained by dissolving Arsenious Acid in strong Muriatic Acid, to which some Nitric Acid is added, & distilling to dryness. The Nit. Acid is decomposed & gives up its ox. to the Arsenious to form the Arsenic Acid. It is a white, deliquescent salt, has an acrid, metallic taste, & with alkalies forms Arseniates, salts which in solution always give red precip. Arsenite of Silver with Nit. of Silver. Arsenuretted Hydrogen is unimportant in medicine. 83 metal which is found sublimed. This however requires to be sublimed in an iron vessel. It is white, semitransparent when recently prepared, but becomes opaque by keeping, has a vitreous fracture, sp. gr. 3.7 sublimes at 380 [degrees] & its taste is sweet, followed with a slight degree of acidity. When taken internally, it produces great inflammation of the stomach & bowels; & it is remarkable that this inflammation will take place even when it is applied externally to wounds. It is soluble in 66 parts Col & 12 prts boiling Water, & in order to obtain a strong cold solution, it is best to dissolve it in boiling Water & permit the solution to cool afterwards, because much more Arsenious Acid is thus taken up than by infusing it in Cold Water. It is off. in all the Phar. & placed in the Mt. Med. Acidum Arseniousum (U.S) With acids it unites & forms Arsenitas. The method in which it is officinally used most frequently is in the form of Fowler’s Solution, or Sol. of Arsenite of Pot. It is used sometimes in substance as an Alterative & Febrifuge. Dose 1/8 gr. powder. As this poison is so frequently used both accidentally & intentionally to destroy life, it becomes necessary to recollect some tests by which it may be detected. One of Arsenic. Alb. (Lond.) alk has Ars. Alb. Sublimat. Ox. Arsenici (Ed.) Arsenici Ox. Alb. (Dub) also has Ars. Ox. Alb. Sublime This is important in a medico-legal point of view hence notice these tests. 81 Forty-First Lecture Feby 20th 1834 Arsenic occurs in the Earth 1. Native alloyed with Iron. 2. as a Sulphuret, 3. as Sulphuret combined with Iron & 4. Oxidised. Its ores are very prone to accompany those of Cobalt hence it is usually obtained in the process of smelting Cobalt Ore, which, when heated, gives off Arsenic, tho’ very impure, & is deposited in the chimney of the furnace, in the form of a black mass Arsenic of commerce. To purify this, put it in a glass tube within an iron gunbarrel, subject it to a red heat, & Pure Arsenic sublimes over. It is a brittle metal, of a steel grey colour, recent fracture appears brilliant, but tarnishes by exposure to the air. Has a peculiar odour when rubbed, no taste, sp gr 5.8 Equiv 38 [illegible] 37.7 Its preparations are most virulent poisons. AT 180 [degrees] it sublimes slowly, when burnt, produces an alliaceous odour, is fused at 356 [degrees] if acted upon by pressure to prevent [sublima??] 1733 by Brands first discovered as a distinct metal It forms 2 Combinations with Oxygen, Arsenious & Arsenic Acid, of which the former is usually termed Arsenic or, White Arsenic in Commerce. Arsenious Acid is obtained during the process of roasting Cobalt Ore, when it is deposited in the Chimney above the 79 chloride by containing 1 eq. Chlor. to 2 of Ant.). The Proto-Chloride is the only one of importance. It is formed by burning Ant. in Chlorine Gas. Also by dissolving the Sulphuret of Ant. in Mr. Acid with about 100the part Nit. Acid. Rat. The Hyd. of the Mur. Acid combines with the Sulphur & forms Sulphuretted Hyd. which escapes, while the chlorine combines with the metallic ant. & forms the Chloride of Ant. It must be boiled for an hour, & when cooled, filtered into a gallon of W, washed, until freed from Acid. The small portion of Nit. Acid is used merely to decompose any Sulphuretted Hyd. which might remain, & thus give a whiter product. It was formerly called the Powder of Algaroth or Butter of Ant: is a soft, semitransparent substance, of a yellowish white col. crystallisable, fusible, & volatile at a gentle heat. When added to Water it produces Antimonii Oxidum Nitromuriaticum of Dub. Col. a white powder, formed in minute, acidular crystals, used to obtain Tart. Emetic. Protochlor eq. is 44 & 36 Thus we see, that to produce Tart. Emetic. Lon. employes [Gla??] Ed. Crocus – Dub & U.S. Powder of Algaroth by formula Proto-Chloride is properly an Oxy Chloride 77 with a hole in the bottom, & having another crucible [??ted] over the top, and subject it to a white heat for 2 hours. Rationale. By roasting we convert almost the whole of the Sulp. Ant. in to the Protox. Ant. The [hour] is composed of Phosp. Lime, mixed with some carbonaceous matter, this latter is drive off by heat, & we then have the Ox. of Ant. & the Phosp. Lime remaining together. The Lon. & Dub. Colleges differ from the above by taking 2 parts of [Ho??] to 1 of Sulp. Lon. also pursues a different course. It is an opaque, white powder, tasteless inodorous, insol. in W. partially sol. in acids. It was intended as a substitute for James’s Powders, which according to Dr [Prarsons] contain 43 pr. ct. Phosp. Lime & 57 pr. ct. Ox. of Ant. It is diuretic in the dose of from 3 to 8 grs. every 3 or 4 hours. In large doses, purgative & emetic Used in febrile diseases, but it has been ascertained to be so different in its effects & so uncertain in its state of oxidation, that it should not be used in regular practice. Chlorine forms three combinations with Antimony the Proto. Deuto. & Dichloride (which differs from Bi 75 Acid. The Sulp. Acid combines with the Pot. forming Sulphate of Pot. & the Protox. of Ant. combines with the undecomposed Sulphuret of Ant. & forms Crocus. It is of a liver-brown col. opaque & vitrifiable. When of a steel grey col. it is inferior, showing an excess or bad economy in the use of nitre Proust considers this about ¾ protox. & ¼ Sulp. Berselius says it contains a compound of Protox of Ant & Pot. It was formerly used in medicine, but is now laid aside, & employed only for the formation of Tart. Emetic. The Glass is used to form Tartar Emetic by the London College, in which it is off. under name of Ant. Vitrum. The Crocus is used by the Ed. tho’ they havbe no name for it, but the first part of their process for Tart. Emetic forms the Crocus of Antimony. Antimonial Powder, is Antimony oxidised & mixed with a certain portion of Phosphate of Lime. Formed according to Ed. formula by mixing equal parts of Sulp. Ant. & shavings of [Hom] in a red-hot shallow, iron vessel, heating & stirring, until it assumes an ash-gray colour. Powder it & put it in another crucible. [Brust] says 1 part seqsuisulphuret & Sprts. Sequioxide 73 Thus a part of the Sulphuret yet undecomposed remains together with the Protex. & when fused they form the Glass. It has been termed an Oxysulphuret, but its composition is not known. It is of a metallic grey colour, & the thin pieces, by transmitted light, produce a garnet red colour, which is said to be a test of its good quality. It is hard & brittle, insol. in Water, sol. in weak acids & cream of Tart. According to Proust, it contains 5 pr. ct. Silica, 3 pr. ct. of Perox. of Iron making it about 8/9 protox. & 1/9 sulp. The Glass of Lead is sometimes fraudulently substituted for it, but this is detected by its greater sp. gr. The Glass of Ant. is an active preparation, but produces very unequal effects. It is seldom used. When roasted with Wax, it forms the Cerated Glass of Antimony. The Crocus of Ant. is prepared by deflagrating equal parts of Nit. Pot & Sulphuret of Ant. in a red-hot crucible. This produces a reddish matter covered with a white crust, which must be washed etc. and dried [illegible] Rat. The Nit. Acid of the Nitrate & part of the Sulphuret are mutually decomposed. The Ox. of the Nit. Acid converts the Ant. into the Protox, & the Sulphur into Sulphuric 71 is a Diaphoretic & Emetic. Dr Duncan says he has found it altogether inefficient dose 10 grs 3 times a day, but this is not probably the case. It is however very uncertain. We may add a general remark that a true deutoxide & a protosulphuret are always expressed by the Same equivalent numbers, because the equiv. of Sulphur is just twice that of ox. hence 2 of ox. or the Deutox. just equals one of Sulphur or the Protosulphuret. Fortieth Lecture Feby 19. 1834. The Sulphuret is used in 2 Preparations in Pharmacy, called the Glass and the Crocus of Antimony. The Glass of Ant. formed by strewing Sulphur, upon a shallow, unglased, earthen vessel, heating & stirring it, & gradually increasing the heat to redness, when no more of the Sulphurous Acid vapour will continue to escape. Then continue the heat, until it appears like melted glass, then pour it out on a heated brass plate. Rationale is that by roasting, a great part of the Sulphur of the Sulphuret is driven off, & takes Ox. from the air to form Sulphurous Acid, which escapes, while that portion which loses Sulphur gains ox. & is converted into Sesqui of Antimony. The Equivalent for Antimony now adopted by the best authorities is Ox. 6 69 Sulphur & forms Hydrosulphuric Acid, which combines with the Potassa & forms Hydrosulphate of Pot. Oxygen of the Water combines with the Ant. & forms Protox. of Ant. which unites with the undecomposed Sulphuret, & forms an Oxysulphuret of Ant. Now, this boiling solution of the Hydrosulphate will dissolve the Oxysulphuret, till it is saturated, & then permitting it to cool, a certain portion is precipitated, called Kermes. It was formerly used in medicine, & was a secret preparation employed by a French Surgeon, from whom it was purchased by the Government. 1730 Golden Sulphur is obtained by adding some weak mineral acid to the liquid from which the Kermes was obtained. Another precipitate falls, of an orange yellow colour; supposed to b a sulphuretted Oxysulphuret of Ant. Precipitated Sulphuret of Antimony is officinal; Ant. Sulp. Precip. (U.S L. Ed.) is formed by what may be called a union of two preceding methods for Kermes & Golden Sulphur, & is somewhat intermediate between them. It is made by dissolving Sulp. Ant. in Sol of Caustic Pot. then filtering, & adding dilute Sulp. Acid, instead of cooling as before. In medicine It is now believed that Kermes, Golden Sulphur, & Precip. Sulphuret are essential Sesquisulphurets, with but slight modifications. [1835] Sulp. Antimo. Fuscum (Dub) Brown Antimoniated Sulphur 67 Nitric Acid, & heating it to about 500 [degrees]. It is a yellow powder, insoluble in Water, & when heated to redness becomes [Deutoxide]. The Hydrate is white & reddens inf. of litmus. The Sesquisulphuret is not formed artificially, but is found in Commerce, after it has been fused, & purified from sand etc. and when in unbroken masses, they are called loaves of Ant. It is used either directly or indirectly in all the medicinal prep. of this metal. When finely levigated it forms the Prepared Sulphuret of Ant. Ant. Sulp. Praepar. (U.S). It is a black powder, used as an alterative, given in scrofula, glandular obstructions cutaneous affections etc. in the dose of from 10 to 30 grs. Equiv 44 + 16 Kermes mineral is procured by saturating a boiling sol. of Potassa with powdered Sulp. of Ant. straining it & allowing it to cool. A powder is deposited of a deep, purple brown colour. The rationale is one of the most difficult in Chemistry, because the composition is not exactly known. By some it is supposed to be an Oxysulphuret, & upon this supposition we conceive the rationale to be, that by the action of the boiling solution on the Sulphuret, water is decomposed. Hydrogen goes over to the The highest & the lowest [??oxide] are by a red heat converted into Deutoxide. Antimony is capable of forming a Sulphuret for each of its oxides. We shall notice but one. Ant. Sulphuretum ([illegible]) when purified. 65 It is of a dirty-white or grayish colour, & when fused forms a yellow liquid, which crystallises on cooling. This Protox is present in all the medicinal prep. of Antimony, & there are 5 combinations of it, employed. 1. Sulphuretted Ant. including Commercial or Common Ant. Prepared Ant. & Precipitated An. 2. Sulp. combined with the Protox. Glass or Crocus of Ant. 3. Oxidised & mixed with Phosphate of Lime, forms Antimonial Powder. 4. Protox. mixed with Tartaric Acid & Pot. forming Nitromuriate of Ox. of Ant. 5. Protox. mixed with Tartaric Acid & Pot. forming Tartrate of Ant. & Potassa or what is commonly called Tartar Emetic. It forms 3 combinations with Ox. one oxide & 2 Acids. The Sesquiprotoxide of Ant. Equiv. is 44 + 8 or 64.6 + 12 Berselius Deutoxide, or Antimonious Acid = 44 + 12 or 64.6 + 16 & Teroxide [Protox] or Antimonic Acid = 44 + 16 or 64.6 + 20 The Protox. mentioned before is of a lead colour etc. [?63] as above The Deutoxide or Antominous Acid is formed by digesting Ant. in Nit. Acid, drying & heating to redness. It is of a snow-white colour, when pure. The heating reduces it from a maximum degree of oxidation to a Deutox. Teroxide or Antimonic Acid, is formed by dissolving Ant. in Nitromuriatic Acid & drying it, then adding concentrated Protox. fuses at red heat, & when cooled looks like asbestos This is the only Ox. present in med. prep. as the other 2 compounds are considered as inert. The prefix “[Irito]” is now made to represent 3 Equiv. of the base. while “Ter” represents 3 equiv of Oxygen. 1835. Deutox. slightly sol. in acids, form Antimonites with Salt 63 broken & roasted in a reverberatory furnace, & thus reduced to an oxide & Sulphuret, which must be heated with ½ its wt of Crude Tartar. The rationale is that the Crude Tartar consists of Tartaric Acid & Pot. and during the heating, Tart.* Acid is decomposed, the Carbon takes up the Ox. while the Pot. combines with the Sulp. & forms a fusible compound. Sometimes it is heated with iron filings instead of Tartar, & the prod. then is Sulphuret of Iron & Antimony is given off, but not so pure as by the other process It is of a bluish white colour, has a lanceolated structure is somewhat brilliant, & easily pulverisable, & emits a Sensible odour when rubbed, sp. gr. 6.7. Equiv. 44 or 64.6 Berselius. Fuses under red heat, & globules take fire in passing thro’ the air. It is called Regulus of Antimony or Crude Antimony. When heated, it combines with Ox. & forms Protoxides. The Protox. may also be formed by oxidising the metal with Nit. Acid & afterwards washing it frequently with Water, to purify it from Nit. Acid, or by calcining the metal and forming what was formerly termed Argentine Flowers of Ant. *Tart. Acid being veg. is converted into carbonaceous matter. This is now called Sesquioxide. 61 with Oxygen 5 of which are oxides & 2 Acids [illegible] [illegible] Protoxide = 28 + 8 = 36 The two acids are Deutoxide = 28 + 12 = 40 Manganesious Acid = 28 + 24 = 52 Peroxide Black = 28 + 16 = 44 & Manganesic Acid = 28 + 32 = 60 Red oxide = 28 + 10.66 = 38.66 The only one of Varvicite = 28 + 14 = 42 these compounds of any importance is the Perox. or Black Oxide, because it is from this, by heating we obtain Oxygen. It is a black powder, & when exposed to a violent heat, it gives off Ox. & becomes Red Oxide. Thirty Ninth Lecture Feby 15th 1834. The Acidifiable Metals are ten in number. The most important & the first we shall notice is Antimony. This occurs in the earth 1. native. 2. as a Sulphuret. 3. as an Oxide, or 4. as a Sulphuretted Oxide. It is found in Sweden, Norway, France, Germany & Great Britain. It is most abundant in the form of Sulphuret, from which Antimony of Commerce is obtained. It is found in masses called [Gangs], which are purified by melting them in earthen pots, perforated at the bottom, thro’ which when fused the metal runs down into a crucible below. This is taken up Perox. used by Dub. College for preparing Aq. [illegible] 59 It occurs in S. America, in the province of N. Granada; was discovered in 1741 by Mr Wood. To obtain pure Platinum, dissolve the Platinum in Nitri-mur. Acid, & precip. by Mur. Ammo. Then dry it & heat it to whiteness, & we have pure Platinum Sponge, of a slate colour, becoming red hot by a stream of Hydrogen flowing upon it. Platinum is a white metal, not so bright as Silver, very malleable & ductile, & so soft, that it may be scratched with the nail. Aq. Regia is its only solvent. sp. gr. 20.98 when not forged, 21.5 when forged, & is the heaviest body known. Equiv. 99. It resists the highest heat of a furnace, & is fusible only by Hare’s Blow Pipe, & by Galvanism. A solution of it in Nitro-mur. Acid is employed as a test to distinguish between the Alkaline solutions. Plat. Precip. Potassa. Manganese is generally found in the form of the Black Oxide, from this it is extracted by means of Carbonaceous matter etc. It was discovered in 1774. It is a hard brittle metal, of a greyish white colour, sp. gr. 8.013 Equiv 28. It is a little affected by air at common temperature, but is oxidised when exposed to a high heat. It is very infusible. It forms 7 combinations Platinum used for crucibles etc. One exhibited cost $30. Used also for touch-[holes] etc. 57 when it is not desirable to use Nit Acid. Eq. 118 + 4- = 158 Gold is generally found in the Earth in an uncombined state. It is found in all parts of the Globe, but in largest quantities in America; It has been estimated that Am. yields about 32,000 lbs per an. to commerce, while the rest of the world yields about 9000 lbs. It is generally found in sand or rivulets, etc. & is extracted by Amalgamation. First wash away the gravel & sand as much as possible, then work it up with Merc. & pass this Amalgam through Chamois Leather, & subject the remainder to dist. to drive off the merc. Pure Gold is procured by dissolving Gold Coin in Nitromur. Acid, & precipitate by a sol. of Protosulphate of Iron, then wash, dry, again dissolve & precipitate. It is a deep yellow metal, unalterable in the air or by a high heat. sp. gr. 19.3. Eq. 200. Its best solvent is Aqua Regia. A good test for it is Protomuriate of Tin, forming a purple precip, which is the “purple powder of Cassius,” used for painting Porcelain, pink col. Platinum occurs generally in the form of Platinum Grains, which contain some lead, Iron & Copper, besides 4 very rare metals in Iridium, Rhodium, [illegible] & Palladium. Hungary, Siberia & diff parts of Africa. Brasil Chile & Peru, Mexico & U. States. Humboldt made the estimate many years since. More malleable & ductile than any other metal, when fused becomes of a green colour Another test is Protosulphate of Iron, very delicate. 55 The Nitrite of Silver is formed by dissolving Silver in dil. Nitric Acid. If the Nit Acid contain any Mur. Acid the sol. will be turbid on account of formation of a Chloride If the sol. be of a permanent green col. which cannot be driven off by heat, it contains copper, but if the green col. be only transient & can be expelled, it is owing to Nitric oxide. Supposing the Nit. of Silver to be pure, the rationale is, that the Silver is first oxidised by the ox. from a portion of the Nitric Acid, while the Nitric Oxide escapes, & this oxide of Silver is then dissolved by the remaining Nitric Acid. it is a white salt, chrystallisable in tables has an austere, metallic taste, is sol. in its own wt of W., & blackened by exposure to light. It is a test for Muriatic Acid, the Muriates etc. When fused & cast into stick it forms the Lunar Caustic, Argenti Nitras (U.S) This is employed sometimes internally in cases of Epilepsy etc. in doses of ¼ gr. but chiefly externally as an Escharotic. The Sulphate of Silver is not very important, but noticed 118 + 54 in order to remark that Silver is not acted upon by Sul. Acid, unless aided by heat. It is soluble in 90 times its wt. of W. Used as a test for Mur. Acid & Chlorine in Analysis, If there are black particles, remaining untouched by the Acid, it proves the presence of Gold in the Silver. Dub. has both chrystalline & fused. 53 precipitates, wash it with Ammo. to free it from Copper, & afterwards with pure Water. Dry it & we may fuse the pure powder obtained, into a mass. When precipitated by an Amalgam it forms Arbor Dianae. Silver is a brilliant white metal; very malleable & ductile sp. gr. 10.5 Equiv. 110 fuses at bright red heat, retaining its brilliancy, hence it resists the action of both heat & [illegible] It forms one compound with Ox. Oxide of silver This is a precipitate of a dirty brown colour, formed by adding a sol. of Caustic Pot. to a sol. of Nit. of Silver. Its equivalent is 110 + 8 = 118 It forms one Chloride. Chloride of Silver or Horn Silver about 25 or 30 yrs. ago called Muriate of Silver. This is very readily formed on account of the affinity which these have for one another, so as to make them mutual tests. It is a precip. of Nit. of Silver by Chlor. o f Sodium in Sol. White powder, dense & heavy, becomes purplish by exposure to light. Silver is often obtained from the Chloride by heating it with Carb. Pot. Chloride of Silver is distinguished by being sol. in Aq. Ammo. 110 + 36 146 We have 2 Salts to notice. Nitrate & Sulphate. There is no Muriate of silver, because the Chloride of Sil is insoluble. 51 Calomel is a white, crystalline, ponderous substance, & when scratched, leaves a yellow streak. It is our most valuable mercurial. Dose as a mile Purgative from 5 to 15 grs. In 1 gr. doses produces alterative effect etc. We shall conclude with some tests for Cor. Sublimate. Lime Water produces a yellow precip. afterwards becomes red Sol. of Potassa produces lighter yellow afterwards becomes red Sol. of Carb. Pot. produces orange red Aq. Ammo. very delicate. White or milky precip. Iod. of Pot. very delicate Bright yellow precip. Protomur. of Tin very delicate Dark brown or black precip. Thirty Eight Lecture. Feby 13th 1834 Silver occurs in the Earth 1. Native. 2. As a Sulphuret either pure or combined with the Sulp. of Antimony 3. Chloride of Silver sometimes called Horn Silver. 4. As a Carbonate. The richest mines are in Peru & Mexico. It is extracted from the ores by Amalgamation. Pure Silver is obtaining by taking apiece of Silver Coin & dissolving it in its Nit. Acid, diluted with an equal quantity of Water, then introduce into the neutral solution, a rod of Copper, which will precip. the Silver. Scrape off the It is sometimes of a buff colour, becomes dark by exposure 49 for Cor. Sub. by rubbing this up with the remaining Merc. we reduce it to a Neutral-protosulphate., & the sublimation then is easily explained by the annexed diagram, in which as before, the ingredients are on each side, resolved in their constituents within the lines, & the result formed by the union of what is above the line (a) placed above. Those under the line (a) under the figure. 1 eq. Protocholor or take [3 prt] each merc. 236 1 Eq. Chlor. Sodium 60 1 Eq. Chlor 3 a 1 Eq Sodium 24 1 Eq Merc 200 a 1 Ea S. [illegible] 46 1 Eq Ox. 8 1 Eq. Proto Sulp. Merc. 248 The washing is for the purpose of removing any Cor. Sub. which may have been formed, as this is sol. in hot water. The Lon. Col. wash with Mur. Am. but this is in error, because it has been proved, that this continually forms more Cor. Sub. The Dub. is in effect the same formula with U.S. The Ed. direct the Cor. Sub. to be rubbed up with merc. & then sublimed. Precipitated Calomel is off. in Ed & Dub. and is made by first forming the Protonitrate of Merc. by acting on Merc. with dil. Nitric Acid without heat, & then decomposing this by Chlor. Sodium 1 Equiv. of each & there is formed a Protochlor. Merc. which is precip. from the Nit. of Sod. in Solution. Submur. Hyd. Praecip. (Ed.) Calomelas Praecip. (Dub) 1 Eq. Nit. Soda 1 Eq Chlor. Sodium 1 Eq Sod. 1 Eq Chlor 15 [illegible] [Mur] 1 eq Ox 1 Eq [Nitre] 1 Eq Merc 1 Eq. [Nitrate] Potas. Merc. 47 precipitating by a solution of Carb. Pot. Rationale is that by dissolving, we get the Sal Alembroth; then by adding Pot. it throws down the Perox. Mercury which combines with the Mur. Ammo. It has an acrid, metallic taste, and is used only as an ingredient in ointments for external applications. The Protochloride of Merc. or Calomel is off. under 2 forms. As prepared 1. by Sublimation, or 2. by Precip. We shall first speak of that obtained by Sublimation, which is ordinary Calomel, & is off. in all the Pharm. Hyd. Chlor. [Mi???] (U.S.) This formula is to take of Mercury 4 pounds Sulp. Acid 2 ½ pounds Chlo. Sodium 1 ½ pounds Boil 2 pounds of the merc. to dryness with the Sulp. Acid, rub this up with the remaining 2 lbs, then add the Chlo. So. mix till the globules disappear & sublime. Wash frequently with boiling distilled W. until the water solution passes off without being affected by Aq. Ammo. The rationale is that we first by boiling, form a Bipersulp as in the commencement of the operation It is white, opaque, in lumps, insol. in Water. Calomelas Sublim. (Dub) Submur. Hyd. [mitis] (Ed.) Hyd. Submurias (Lond) 45 Corrosive Sublimate is a white, compact, semitransparent, heavy mass, with an acrid & durable taste. Sol. in 20 prts. Cold W. & 2 its weight of boil w. When dissolved in W. it becomes a bimuriate of the Perox. by the decomp. of 2 Eq. of W. It is also sol. in 4 times its wt. of Alc. Carbonated Alkalies precipitate its solutions. With Muriate of Am. it forms what was formerly called Sal Alembroth, or a muriate of Merc. & Ammo. very sol. Cor. Sub. is a virulent poison, but in small doses is a very efficient medicine. Dose from 1/8 to ¼ gr. The best antidote for its poison is the White of Eggs. Diffuse the whites of 6 Eggs in a pt. of Cold W. & give it copiously to the patient. It acts by means of the Albumen, reducing the Cor. Sub. to Calomel. Liquor Hid. Oxymur. (Lon.) mae by dissolving 8 grs. Cr. Sub. in f zxv dist. w. & f zi Alc. ½ gr to fzi. White Precipitate is prepared by adding Sq. Am. to a sol. of Cor. Sub. It consists of 1 Eq. Mur. Ammo. & 1 Eq. Perox. of Merc. Hyd. Ammoniatum (U.S) by dissolving Mr. Am. & Cor. Sub. in dist. water and Sublimes readily by heat Hydrated Alk. throw down a Hydrated Perox. of Merc. Sol Alembroth, is a Chloro Hydrargyrate of the Chloride of Ammonium 1836 Cor. Sub. generally prescribed in solution, & to assist its solubility, combine it with the Mur. Ammo. Common Wheat Flour etc. is said to act as antidote but it is doubtful. Hydr Praecip. Alb. (Lon) Hydr Submur. Ammo (Dub) 43 The Lon. Ed. & U.S. Colleges give the following formula for making Cor. Sublimate. They direct to be taken of Mercury 2 lbs Sulp. Acid 2 ½ lbs Chlor. Sodium 4 lbs Boil the merc. in the Sulp. Acid to dryness, triturate with the Chlor. So. & sublime Rationale is that by boiling we get a Bipersulphate of merc. then by triturating this with Chlor. So. the decomp. takes place according to the diagram. In this process, it is plain that there is a waste of common Salt, if we judge by equiv. because the ratio is 200 of merc. to 120 Chlo. So. or 2 to 1.2 instead of 2 to 4, hence the excess of Chlo. So. is 4 – 1.2 = 2.8. The Dub. College gives a diff. formula, owing to their having an off. Persulphate merc, which is the same as our Bipersulp. They direct 5 parts Persulp. Merc. & 2 parts Chlor. Sod. to be sublimed. Rationale is the same. In this process, however, we have a deficiency of Salt by equiv. because 120 is more than 2/5 of 296, & they only direct 2/5 of Salt to be used. 41 Thirty-Seventh Lecture Feby 11th 1834 Mercury unites with Chlorine & forms the Chlorides, Deuto Chloride or Corrosive Sublimate & Proto Chloride or Calomel, also with Ammo. White Precipitate. These we shall notice in this lecture, commencing with Cor. Sub. because with a knowledge of this, the others will be better understood afterwards. Deutochloride of Mercury is formed by heating Merc. in an atmosphere of Chlorine, or by dissolving the Peroxide of Merc. Red Precipitate in Mur. Acid, evap to dryness, redissolving in W. & chrystallising. It is off. in all the Pharm. Hyd. Chlor. Corrosivum (U.S). On a large scale it is formed by the double decomposition between 2 equiv. of Chloride of Sodium & 1 equiv. of Bipersulphate of Merc. see p 37 which by sublimation yield Deutochloride of Merc. or Cor. Sub. & Sulphate of Soda, as by the annexed diagram. The ingredients on each side, resolved into their constituents on the inside of the lines, those above the line (a) united & form Cor. Sub. those below Sub. Soda. 1 Eq. Deuto Chlor. merc. 272 2 Eq Chlor. Sodium 120 2 Eq. Chlor 72 a 2 Eq. Sodium 48 1 Eq. Merc 200 a 2 Eq. [illegible] 80 2 Eq of [illegible] 76 1 Eq. Bipersulp. Merc 296 2 Eq. [illegible] S. Soda 144 [Proof] 272 134 416 296 120 416 Hydrarg. Oxymurias (Lond.) Hydrarg. Mur. Corrosiv. ([illegible]) Murias Hyd. Corrosiv. (Ed.) 39 a bright yellow colour, nearly insoluble in Water. It is used in medicine, as an alterative Dose from 1 to 2 grs. from 5 to 8 grs. it is powerfully Emetic & apt to salivate with much violence. Equiv 216 + 40 = 256 The Nitrate, is obtained by dissolving Merc. in Nit. Acid. The solution is of a green colour, & Nitrous Ox. is given off. There are 2 Nitrates. Proto. and Pernitrate. the protonit. is formed by the action of Cold dil. Nitric Acid, and is known by forming a black precip. with an Alk. The pernitrate by the action of strong nitric acid aided by heat, added to water, a yellow powder* falls. It is distinguished in solution from the protonit. by forming an orange coloured precip. with an alkali. The Nit. Mercury enters into the composition of Citrine Ointment, which is formed by dissolving Mercury in Nitric Acid, & mixing it with Oil & Lard previously melted. It is preferable that it should be made with Neats-foot Oil, because when thus prepared, it remains soft and good for a great length of time. The officinal title is Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (L E & U.S) Pernitrate is a Bipernit. *called Nitrous Terpeth. Ol. Bubulum Ung. Nitrat. Hyd. Fort. (Ed) 37 The only salts of Mercury which we shall notice in this Lecture are the Sulphates & Nitrates. There are 2 Sulphates, for Sulp. Acid acts on Mercury only when concentrated & boiled, & according to the excess of either the acid or the mercury, & the length of time during which the process is continued, we have the different results either of a Proto or a Persulphate. There are also 2 Protosulp. a Superproto. & a Neutral protosulphate. The Superprotosul. is formed when the Mercury is boiled with its own weight of Sul. Acid & the process stopped before dryness is produced. Take this result & wash it carefully with Water to get rid of excess [illegible], & we get the Neutral protosulphate. Both are sparingly sol. in W. White Salts. Equiv 200 + 40 + 8 = 248. There are likewise 2 Persulphates. Biper, & reg. Persulp. By adding 3 pts. Sul. Acid to 1 prt. Mercury, & boiling to dryness, we get the Bipersulphate, which is off. in Dub. College. Hyd. Persulphas. 216 + 80 = 296 It is not used in medicine, but in Pharmacy for the purpose of obtaining the Regular Sulphuret or Turpeth Mineral, which is sued in med & off. in all the Phar. Hyd. Sulph. Flavus (U.S) It is of Bipersulp. used also for obtaining Cor. Sub. & Calomel subsulph Hydr. Flavus (Lon.) Hydrarg. Ox. Sulphuricum (Dub.) 35 for internal exhibition than the Red Precip. Dose ½ gr. With Sulphur, Mercury forms 3 Sulphurets. A regular Sulphuret, a Bisulphuret & Aethiops Mineral. The regular Sulphuret is formed by passing a stream of Sulp. Hydrogen, thro’ a dilute solution of the Protonitrate of Merc. It is a black powder. Equiv. is 200 + 16 = 216 The Bisulp. is off. in all Phar. Hyd. Sulp. Rubrum. (all) It is prepared by adding mercury to melted Sulphur, rubbing the mass to powder and subliming. It is a solid, fibrous, dense, ponderous, reddish mass, and is called Factitious or Artificial Cinnabar. Pulverised & it becomes the well known pigment Vermilion. It is employed principally for fumigation. Zfs of it thrown on red hot iron, & the fumes inhaled, produces salivation, Eq. 232 There is a 3rd Sulp. which is off. Hyd. Sul. Nigrum, called Ethiops Mineral, & is of a black colour. It is formed by rubbing together equal weights of Mercury & Sulphur, till the globules disappear. It is an uncertain preparation. Used as an alterative & Anthelmintic. Dose 5 to 30 grs. 2 or 3 times a day. Its equiv. is not known Bicyanuret, formerly Prussiate of Merc. Equiv. is 252. The principal pharm. use is to form Bicyanuret of Merc. 33 The Peroxide is off. in 2 forms, as prepared 1. by heating Mercury per se & 2. by the action of Nitric Acid. The 1st is off. in L. & Dub. Hyd. Ox. Rubrum, & is obtained by exposing merc. to a heat about 600 below boiling point for about 6 weeks. It is in small brilliant scales of a deep red colour. It is acrid, corrosive and poisonous, was formerly called Calcined Mercury or Red Precip. per se. That which is obtained by the action of the Nitric Acid has different names. Hyd. Ox. Rubrum (U.S.) which is the same name with that given by the L. & Dub. Colleges to Calcined Mercury hence there is liability of error, against which we must guard. It is formed by dissolving merc. in Nitric Acid & evaporating to dryness, pulverise & then expose to heat to drive off the Nitric Acid. It is a red powder, with an acrid & metallic taste, poisonous soluble in water very sparingly, black when heated, but becomes red again upon cooling. It is sometimes adulterated with red oxide of Lead, which may be detected by throwing the suspected substance on a red hot iron plate, which should dissipate the whole of it. Its equiv. is 200 + 16 = 216 Both these peroxides are employed as escharotics, or stimulating Ointments. The Calcined Mercury is better adapted Preparations, but probably is partly metallic & partly Protoxidised Ox Hydrarg. Rub. per Acid Nitric. (Ed) Hyd Ox Nitric (Dub) Hyd. Nitrico-oxidum (Lon) 31 in an iron spoon, & if pure, nothing will remain. Another test is Sulphuric Acid, which will oxidise any foreign metal & leave the Mercury untouched. With Oxygen, it forms 2 Oxides. Protox. & Peroxide. The Protoxide is formed by keeping a portion in a vial not full, in constant agitation, hence it was formerly called Aethiops per se. It is off. in all the phar. Hyd. Ox. Nigrum (U.S) & Hyd. Ox. Cinerum (Lon) 2 varieties. The former prepared by the action of a solution of Caustic Pot. on Protochlor. Merc. or Calomel, & the latter by the action of Lime Water on Calomel. Hy. Ox. Nig. is formed also by triturating merc. with some powder or unctuous substance, as for inst. when triturated with manna, washed to remove manna & carb. Magnesia is added to it, it forms Hyd. com Magnesia (Dub.) with Carb. Lime forms Hyd. cum Calcis Carbonate (U.S) Dose of each of these 2 from 5 to 20 grs. Rubbed with Confection Ros. & Pulv. Rad. [Glyc.] it forms the Mass. Hyd. or Blue Pill. Dose as a Cathartic 10 grs alt. 3 to 6 grs 3 grs. of U.S. Phar. contains 1 gr mer. = 4 grs of Ed. Phar. With Lard & Suet, forms Merc. Oint. Ung. Hydrarg ([Dub & U.S.]) Its equiv is 200 + 8 = 208. Ox. Hydrarg. Ciner. (Ed) hence the Grey & the Black Oxide are virtually the same. 1. Chloride of Potas. & Protoxide Black 2. Chloride of Calcium & Protoxide Rationale grey Hydrargeum Creta (L. & Dub.) Ung. Hydrarg. Fortius (Lon.) Dispute in what state the Mercury is in all these 29 Thirty Sixth Lecture. Feby 8. 1834 Mercury is found in the earth, 1. native. 2. combined with Sulphur, as a Sulphuret or native Cinnabar, & 2. Protochloride called Horn Mercury. Its mines are in different parts of the world. In Europe, in Spain, Germany & Hungary. In Asia in Siberia & Japan. In S. America, in Peru & Chili. The most productive mines are those of Italy, Spain & Peru. The Sulphuret is most abundant & from this, the merc. of commerce is principally obtained. It is treated with Lime & the mercury distils over from the retort. It is generally pure, but sometimes contaminated with Lead, Tin, Bismuth etc. It is off. in all the Phar. & placed in the Mat. Med. Hydrargyrum (U.S [illegible]) It is purified for pharm. use either by distillation (Dub) per se, or with iron filings (Ed) It is liquid at ordinary temperature, of a brilliant white col. sp. gr. 13.5 freeses at 39 [degrees] below Zero, boils at 656 Equiv. supposed to be 200. It is unalterable under Water. When it is adulterated with Tin etc. it will not have its due fluidity, & a globule of it can be drawn into a tail with the finger. Another test is to evaporate a portion Almost all in this country is shipped from Cadis. Hydrargyrus (Ed) Purificatus (Ed) Hydrargyrum Purificatum (L. & U.S) Turner says the equivalent is 202 27 undergoes no change under Water, is not so hard as Copper, not malleable or ductile, pulverisible. Sp. gr. 9.8. Equiv. 72, fuses at 476 [degrees], & afterwards chrystallises. This metal was first mentioned by Agricola in 1520. With ox. it forms one oxide called the Oxide of Bismuth, which is obtained by dissolving the metal in Nitric Acid, precipitating by W. & igniting the precip. Also by burning the metal. Chloride is formed by burning the metal in Chloride or evaporating the Muriate. The only Salts worthy of notice are Nit. & Subnitrate. The Nitrate is formed by dissolving Bismuth in Nitric Acid, evaporating & chrystals form. The Subnitrate is off. in all Phar. but Ed. Bis. Subnitrate is made by dissolving zi Bism. in f zifs Nit. Acid with f zvi dist. W. filter & add oiii dist. W. wash & dry It is a white powder, insol. in W. is Tonic & Antispasmodic. Dose 2 to 6 grs 2 or 3 times a day. Pearl White is made by precip. a sol. of Nit. Bis. with sol. Chlor. Sodium. It is used as a paint for the complexion, is blackened by Sulphurated Hydrogen. Bismuth is off in Lon. Dub & U.S Pharmacop. Precipitate is a Subnitrate. Precipitate is in scales, of a beautiful white. Bismuth enters into composition of Soft Solder & of the best Pewter. 25 by digesting the Perox. and Copper in Mur. Acid. These when exposed to heat become Chlorides. Carbonate, is obtained by precipitating a solution of Sul. Cop. with Carb. Pot. It is called Verditin & in the arts is obt. from Nit. Cop. & Carb. Lime. Copper alloyed with Tinc forms Brass, with Tin forms Bronze and Bell metal. The best test for Copper is Ferrocyanate of Pot. which produces a reddish brown precipitate [illegible] of Protox of Copper Bismuth occurs as Native Bismuth, 2. Alloy with Arsenic & Cobalt. 3. Sulphuret. 4. Oxide called Bismuth Ochre. The native & the Alloy furnish the Bismuth of Commerce. It is a rare metal, found in Sweden, France, England, U.S. & Africa, & is most abundant in Saxony. It is extracted from nat. Bism. by fusion, from the alloy, by distillation from an iron tube & kept in a state of fusion until the Ars. & Sulphur are given off. By dissolving Bism. in Nitric Acid & precipitating with Water, then drying & exposing it to heat with a black flux for about 20 minutes, we obtain pure Bismuth. It is a whitish metal, tinged with yellow or pink, tarnishes in the air, Precipitate is a Sub-nitrate. 23 The Salts which we shall notice, are, Nit. Sulp Mur. & Carb. The Nitrate is obtained by the action of Nitric Acid, diluted with 3 times its weight of Water upon Copper. It is caustic & deliquescent, of a blue col. a solution of it is precip. by a small portion of Aq. Am. but a larger quantity dissolves it. The Sulphate is obtained by dissolving Copper in Sulp. Acid at a boiling heat, & evaporating the solution. It is called Blue Vitriol, has a strong styptic taste, reddens vegetable blues, is sol. in 4 parts of Cold & 1 ½ of boiling W. effloresce’s slightly in the air. It is a powerful & prompt emetic, in the dose of grs V Externally it is employed as an escharotic, stimulant etc. Cuprium Ammoniatum (U.S) is made by mixing zfs Sul. Copper with zvi Carb. Am. is of a blue col. has a hot, styptic [illegible] taste, becomes green by exposure to air. Dose about [?fs] 2 a day is Tonic & Anthelmintic, Antispasmodic. There are two Muriates, Proto & Permuriate. Muriatic Acid acts with difficulty upon metallic copper, unless aided by heat, but readily on a Perox. & forms a Permuriate. The Protomuriate is formed Sulphas Cupri (Ed) Cupri Sulphas (other) Made by exposing Sulphuret to moisture. Sol. Sulp. Cup. Comp. (Ed) made of Alum & Copper. Ammoniaretum Cupri (Ed) 21 immerse in it a clear plate of Iron. Scrape off what is precipitated on the Iron, & act upon it with dilute Sul. Acid then wash it & we have a powder which is pure Copper. It is a metal of a fine red colour brilliant, has a disagreeable colour when rubbed, is malleable & ductile, next to iron in tenacity, fuses at 27 [degree] Wedgewood. Sp. gr. 8.9 Eq. 64. It is combustible, burning with a green flame. With Ox. Copper forms 2 oxides, Prot & Peroxide. Protoxide is formed by dissolving the Perox. & the metal in mur. acid & precipitating with Caustic Pot. It is of a red colour, & in the state of Hydrate, of an orange col. It is dissolved by none of the Acids, except the Muriatic, by the others it is converted into Perox. & metallic cop. The Perox. is obtained by precipitating a sol. of Sul Perox. Cop. with Carb. Pot. & igniting the precipitate, or by igniting the Nitrate of Prot Copper. It is a black powder, sol. in Ammonia, & if a solution of it be evaporated, we get blue chrystals of a fine silky appearance which are called the Ammoniaret of Copper. The Sulphuret & Bisulphuret Copper Pyrites both occur native. The Chloride will be noticed under the Permuriate. No other metal has a red colour except Titanium. Protox. attracts Oxygen & becomes Peroxide. hence there is but one Protsalt, viz. the Protomuriate 19 Carbonate is formed by adding an Alkaline Carb. to a Sol. of Nit. Lead It is white, called White Lead. The 2 Best tests for Lead are Sulp. Hyd. which forms a black precip. & the Sol. of Hydriod. Pot. which produces a yellow precipitate. Tin is unimportant in a medical point of view. It is a white metal & forms 2 oxides. Equiv. is 58. Pulvis Stanni is said to be Anthelmintic. Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Stromeyer. Its equiv. is 56. Thirty Fifth Lecture. Feby 6. 1834. Copper is found native in 4 different states. 1. Native Cop. 2. Sulphuret. 3. Oxide. 4. In saline combination. The yellow Sulphuret is the most common & from this the Copper of Commerce is principally obtained. It is extracted from it, by breaking it, & heating it in a reverberatory furnace to drive off the Sulphur & Arsenic which may be present. Again subject it to the heat, & the copper will run out into Water in small globules these must be collected & fused into the Pigs of Commerce. This however is not absolutely pure, but to obtain the pure Copper, we must dissolve some in Mur. Acid, dilute the solution & An opaque powder, almost insol. in Water. Carb. Plumb (Ed) Plumb. Subcarb (Lond) Plum. Carb (U.S.) It is formed by exposing Lead to vapours of vinegar. Ung. Plumb. Carb (U.S.) Emp. Plumb. Carb (U.S) is the same with May’s Plaster. This mixed with oil forms Cerat. Plumb. Carb (U.S) These globules are called Granulations. It is regranulated several times. 17 of Argentiferous Galena. It is in scales which are partly yellow, & partly of an orange red, contains a little Carb. Acid. It is used in the arts for painting, & for making flint Glass. In Phar. for Lead Plaster Emp. [Pl???] The Perox. is formed by treating Red Lead with Nitric Acid. It is a tasteless powder, of a brown colour, & when heated becomes Protoxide. Red Lead or Minium is a variety of the Perox, and is obtained by exposing Massicot in something like an oven to heat and air. It is very heavy, of a deep red colour, tasteless, and when heated, fuses & is converted into dark brown glass. Sulphuret occurs native. Galena Chloride of Lead is formed by the precipitation of a sol. Salt of Lead with Chlor. Sodium It is a white powder, slightly sol. in W. when fused resembles Horn. The salts to be noticed all salts of Protox. are Nit. Sulp. & Carbonate. The Nitrate is formed by dissolving the metal in dilute Nitric Acid. It is in form of white crystals, styptic taste. Sulphate is formed by dissolving the metal in boiling Sulp. Acid, also by double decomp. of solution of per Nit. lead & Sulp. Soda. It is white, almost [in] dilute the sol. in W Cupillation, is a subjection of melted Lead to heat & a blast of air, to separate the small portion of Silver contained Emp. Ox. Plumb. Semirit (Lon.) Emp. Litharg. (Dub) Perox. called Fusse Oxide, from odour of Flea. Used as a pigment, & as a flux for Glass. Paint called Patent Yellow is a Subchloride Sulp. Lead is present in commercial Sulp. Acid. 15 Carbonate of Zinc or Calamine occurs native. It is off. Native, prepared & as well as ointment made from it called Turner’s Cerate. Carb. Zinc may be obt. artifically by precip. a sol. of Sul. Zinc with Carb. Pot. It is used as an external application to the eyes, exconatious etc. Lead occurs in the Earth in 3 states. 1. as a Sulphuret called Galena, 2. oxide. 3. in Saline Combination The lead of commerce is obtained from the Sulphuret by roasting it & then reducing it by Charcoal. It is a well-known metal, of a bluish-white colour, tarnishes when exposed to air, & oxidises by the combined action of air & water, has a peculiar taste & small, melts at 600 [degrees], has a sp. gr. of 11 ½ Equiv 104. With Ox. it forms 2 oxides, Proto. & Per. and there are also 2 varieties of these Ox. Litharge & Red Lead or Minium Protoxide of Lead, is obtained by igniting the precip. of Nit. Lead by Carb. Pot. It is an insoluble tasteless yellow powder, present in the Salts of Lead, while the Perox. is not salifiable. In commerce, it is called Massicot. Litharge is a variety of the Protox. It is an impure vitrified Protox. of Lead. It is obtained during the cupillation Calaminium (Lon) Zin. Carb (U.S) Native Cal Prep (Lond) Zin Carb Praep (U.S) Prepared Cerat. Calam (Lon) Cerat. Zin. Carb (U.S) Ointment Exposed to stream of Ox. & Charcoal, burns with blue flame & gives off a dense yellow vapour Protox. or Massicot, & Perox, or Massicot of commerce is the Dross slightly treated. Ox. Plumb. [S??ivit] (Ed.) Plumb. Ox [S??vit] ([Lon]) 13 There is an Impure Native Ox. of Zinc which occurs native, & is called Tutty This is used as an ext. [application] Sulphuret of Zinc or Blende occurs native. Chloride of Zinc to be noticed under Muriate Iodide of Zinc is made by digesting Zinc in Water, in which Iodine has been diffused. It is deliquescent Astring The Salts to be noticed are Sulphate, Muriate& Carbonate The Sulphate is prepared on a large scale by roasting & [??viating] the native Blende. It is called in commerce White Vitriol. It is off. Zinci Sulphas (U.S) is obtained by dissolving Zinc in Sul. Acid. It is purified by exposing a solution to the air, & then suspending a [pure] plat in the solution. It is a white, crystalline salt, sol. in W. has a strong, styptic taste. It is used internally in doses of 1 to 5 grs as a tonic, from 10 to 30 grs. is a prompt emetic for poison. Externally it is employed as a sedative and astringent application. zfs of it, with an equal quantity of Alum, dissolved in oii of boiling water forms Bates’ Alum Water. Liq. Alum. Comp. (Lon) Muriate of Zinc, is formed by the action of dil., Mur. Acid or metallic Zinc. It is not chrystalline. When fused & sublimed, it loses Hyd. & Ox. & becomes a Chloride or Butter of Zinc Tutty is off. in Ed. Phar. used only for ointment. Sulphas Zinci (Ed) Zinci Sulphas (L. D. & U.S) It is sol in 2 ½ times wt of water. Chryst. from cold solution contains 7 pr ct. water, but from warm, only 3. 11 The two best tests for Iron are the Ferrocyanate of Pot. which forms a blue precip. & the Tinct. Galls, which produces a black precipitate. Thirty Fourth Lecture. Feby 4. 1834 Zinc occurs in the Earth as a Sulphuret called Blende or as a Carbonate called Calamine. The Sulphuret is most abundant & from this the Zinc of Commerce of Spelter is procured. Pure Zinc is obtained by dissolving Spelter in dil. Sulp. Acid, & suspending in the solution a plate of pure Zinc,* then precip. by Carb. Pot. & treat the precipitated Carb. Zinc with Charcoal etc. It is a metal of a bluish white colour, sp. gr. 7. is not very malleable, but at 300 [degrees] can be rolled into thin plates. It fuses at 680 [degrees]. Tarnishes in the ari. Its equivalent in 34. It combines with Ox. & forms an Oxide of Zinc, which is prepared by burning the metal (Ed & Dub.) or by precip (Lon & U.S.) It is a white powder, & flocculent when obtained by combustion. It is employed as a tonic & antispasmodic. Dose from 1 to 8 grs. An Ointment is made with Lard or Simple Cerate. Ung. Zin. Ox. (U.S) By roasting, an oxide is formed, then, wash, grind, mix with 1/8 charcoal, becomes Spelter This precipitates the foreign metals present Difficult to file on account of clogging, texture in layers with little tenacity, & peculiar taste & smell Ox. Zinci (Ed) Zinci Oxidum (others) Sulph. Zinc & Aq. Ammo. (Lon & U.S) Formerly called Flowers of Zinc, or Lana Philosophic 9 Ferri Carb. Praeparatus (U.S.) Fer. Rubigo (Dub) is formed by exposing small pieces of Iron to the air with moisture. It is a disputed point whether this is a Carbonate. There are 2 Muriates. Proto & Permuriates, & these when violently heated lose the elements of W. & form [Ch?brates] Protomur. is formed by dissolving the Protosulphuret in dil. Mur. Acid. It is of a pale green, crystallisable, sol. in W. insol. in Alc. Unimportant in med. Ez. 37 + 36 The Permuriate is employed in medicine, and is formed by dissolving the Peroxide in Mur. Acid & evaporating to dryness. It has a very astringent taste, & is sol. in W. & Alc. Equiv is 1 ½ of Acid & 1 of Iron. An alcoholic solution of it is off. made by dissolving [illegible] precip. Carb. Iron in oi mur. acid & adding 3 times the weight of Alc (U.S Phar) It is of a dark red colour, has a strong styptic taste, smell like Ether. It is used as a Chalybeate. Dose 10 to 20 drops, 2 or 3 times a day. Ferrum Ammoniatum (U.S.) is obtained by subliming a mixture of the red ox. of Iron and Mur. ammonia. It is a deliquescent salt, of a deep orange col. It is an aperient & attenuant. Dose 2 to 10 grs. Tinct. Fer. Am. (Lon) Tinct Ferri Muriat Floris Martialis of [Udent??s] 7 on a small scale according to the Pharmacopeia It is soluble in 2 parts of Cold W. & less than its own weight of boil. W. It is decomposed by those alkalies & Earths which precipitates the oxides & Carbonates. Sulp. Iron is tonic & Anthelmintic & astringent. Dose from 1 to 5 grs 3 times a day. Persul. unimportant Phosphate of Iron. Ferri Phosphas (U.S) is formed by mixing solutions of Sul. Iron & Phos. Soda. Double decomposition takes place & Phos. of Iron is precipitated. It is a bluish gray powder. Used as a Chalybeate. Dose from 5 to 10 grs. several times a day. Equiv. is 28 + 36 = 64 Carbonate of Iron, is formed by double decomposition between Protosul. Iron & Carbonated Alkali. Eq. 22 + 36 = [58] Fer. Carb. Praecipitatus (U.S) is made by taking zviii of Sulphate Iron & zvi Carb. Soda & dissolving in oiiii W. each, & mixing the solutions. Sulp. [Sod]. remains in solution while the Carb. Iron is precipitated. When well prepared it is of a reddish brown col. readily sol in acids contains about 15 pr. ct. Carb. Acid. not well prep. is darker & has less colour. It is a chalybeate. Dose from 5 to 60 grs. It colours the stools black Ferri Sulphas (U.S) It contains 7 equiv. of Water. 5 With Sulphur, Iron forms two compounds, both of which are found native, but the Proto Sulphuret may be prepared artificially according to U.S. Phar. by heating Sulphur to a dull redness in a crucible with twice its weight of Iron. It is of a dull black col. Used to obtain Sulp. [Hydrog???] Iron forms two Chlorides, noticed under Muriate. With Carbon, Iron forms Plumbago, Cast Iron, & Steel, but these are unimportant in a medical point of view. The 2 oxides of Iron are Salifiable Bases. Hence we have 2 sets of Salts The Protosalts & Per or [Sesqui] Salts. A general characteristic distinction between these classes, is, that the Protosalts are usually green, chrystalline, become reddish brown when exposed to the air, & insol. in Alc. while the Per or Sesqui salts are generally brown, uncrystallisable & soluble in Alcohol. The Salts which we shall notice at present are Sulphates, Phosphate, Carb. & Muriate There are 2 Sulphates. Proto & Sesqui Per. The Protosul. is very common & known under the name of Copperas, Green vitriol. It is chrystalline, of a light green colour, and is prepared by the spontaneous oxidation of the native Sulphuret. For medicine use however it should be made Ferri Sulphuretum (U.S.) 3 a Protoxide which is Blue, a Peroxide which is Red, and an intermediate, of a Black Colour. The Protoxide is obtained by passing a stream of Hyd. over the Peroxide while heated. Also in the form of a Hydrate by precipitation which if pure is white, as when we add a Hyd. of Pot. to a solution of the Protosulphate of Iron. It is a dark blue powder, attracted by the magnet. combustible, & when burnt takes up ox & becomes a Perox. Its equiv is 28 + 8 = 36 The Perox. is made by dissolving Iron in Nitric Acid; and adding an alkali as Ammonia. It is of a brownish red colour, not attracted by the magnet, and is called Saffron of Mar. Crocus or Polishing Rouge. Equiv. is 40. The Intermediate Ox. is of a Black Colour, & was formerly considered a Protox. It is formed when iron is heated to redness in the open air, also by passing steam over Red Hot Iron. It is a powder, attracted by the magnet. The Red and Black ox. are off. Ferri Oxidum Rubrum (U.S) is obt. by exposing Sulphate of Protox Iron to a red heat. Black ox. is off.in Ed & Dub. & is prepared from the scales at the blacksmith’s anvil, by, washing & using the magnet. Peroxide is more properly a Sesquioxide. A German Chemist has announced this pure Sesqui or Peroxide, hydrate, in a fresh state, is an antidote to arsenious acid. 1 Thirty Third Lecture Feby 1. 1834. In this lecture, we shall take up the third Sub Class of metals, i.e. those which form ordinary oxides. They are 20 in number. The first we shall notice is Iron. This occurs in nature in several states. 1. Native. 2. Oxidised as the Black Oxide or Magnetic & Specular Iron ore, & Peroxide or Red & [illegible] Haematite. 3. Oxidised Argillaceous Iron Ore & mixed with Clay 4. Carburetted as Plumbago. 5. Sulphuretted in 2 forms. Reg. Sulp. called Magnetic Pyrites, & a Bisulphuret called Cubic Pyrites. 6. Carbonated as Sparry Iron ore & 7. as Chromate of Iron. The oxides are reduced by the use of Carbon with heat. The 3. or Argillaceous ores are reduced by the use of Carbon and something which will forma flux the most convenient substance is Lime. Iron is a bluish-white metal, fuses at a white heat is malleable & ductile most tenacious of metals. sp. gr. 7.7 Equiv. is 28. Exp. to air it rusts or oxidises. Burns at a high temp. in air & very vividly in ox. gas, forming the Black Oxide. It is off. in all Pharm. In 2 forms in U.S. as Ferri Filum. Wire of Iron. and Ferri Ramenta, Filings of Iron. It combines with Ox. in 3 different proportions, forming Index to this volume. p. Acetic Acid & compounds 103 Alcohol 97 Antimony & compounds 61 to 79 Arsenic & comp. 81 Bismuth & Comp. 25 Chromium & comp. 87 Copper & comp. 19 Crocus of Antimony 73 Ether 101 Ferrocyanate of Pot. 133 Fowler’s Solution of Ars. 87 Glass of Antimony 71 Gluten 95 Gold 57 Golden Sulphur 69 Gum 97 Hydrocyanic Acid 143 Iron & compounds 1 Kermes Mineral 67 Lead & comp. 15 Lignin 97 Manganese 59 Mercury & comp. 29 Pearl White 27 Platinum 57 Prussian Blue 137 Prussic Acid 143 Prussic Compounds 133 Rochelle Salt 123 Sal Alembroth 45 Silver & Comp. 51 Soluble Tartar 121 Spirit of Mindererus 109 Starch 95 Sugar 95 Tartaric acid & comp. 115 Tartar Emetic 125 Zinc & compounds 11 105 present in the Act. Acid formed, than in Alcohol. Now from the composition of the two, it appears that Carbon & Hyd. must both be taken from the Alc. to form Act. Acid; the Carbon may escape in the form of Carbonic Acid, but it yet remains a mystery in what manner the Hyd. is diminished. Vinegar is a dilute solution of Acet. Acid, containing also some Alcohol, Tartar, & other impurities, is of a reddish yellow colour, an acid taste & smell, sp. gr. variable but seldom exceeds 1.009. It is off. Acetum & Acetum distillatum (US) The latter is formed by distilling a gallon of Vinegar, during which process the first pint is rejected, the next 5 retained, & the remaining 2 left in the retort. When pure it is colourless, having an acid taste & smell, sp. gr. 1.007 to 1.009, is weaker & less impure than common Vinegar. It is weaker, because W. boils at a lower temperature than strong Vinegar hence a larger proportion of Water will come over than of the Vinegar, & of course render it weaker. Strong acetic acid, is obtained from an Acetate by the action of Sulp. Acid. The U.S. formula is by [Sulp?] [Nit] Chlorate Pot for Fireworks (red) Mur [illegible] [Sulp?] Nit Chlorate Pot for Fireworks (red) [illegible] [illegible]