Representative ty Elementary School Buildings of Illinois The Law Governing the Sanitation of School Buildings FRANCIS G. BLAIR, Superintendent of Public Instruction. CIRCULAR NO. 182 [Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.] Representative City Elementary School Buildings of Illinois The Law Governing the Sanitation of School Buildings FRANCIS G. BLAIR, Superintendent of Public Instruction. W. S. BOOTH, Supervisor of City Elementary Schools. CIRCULAR NO. 182 JEFFERSONS PRINTING COMPANY Springfield, Illinois 309-311 S. Fifth. Phone Main 51 1O573-1OM-3 1 1924 CONTENTS Page Foreword 5 School Buildings arranged alphabetically by counties: Adams 7-8-9-10-11 Brown 12 Bureau 13-14-15-16-17-18-19 Cass 20 Champaign 21-22-23 Christian 24-25-26 Clark 28 Clay 27 Coles 28-29-30 Cook 31-32-33-34-35-36 DeKalb 36 DeWitt 37-38 Douglas 39 Edwards 40 Effingham 41 Ford 43 Franklin 44 Fulton .41-42 Gallatin 46 Grundy 45 Hardin 48 Henry 46-47 Jackson 49-50 Jefferson . . 51 Kane 52-53-54 Knox 54-55-56 Lake 57-58-59-60-61-62 LaSalle 63-64-65-66 Lawrence 67 Lee 68 Livingston 69 Logan 70 McDonough 71 McLean 72-73-74-75 Macon 76-77-7S Macoupin 79 Madison 79-80-81-82-83 Marion 83 Massac 84-85-86 Menard 87 Mercer 88 Montgomery 89 Morgan 90 Peoria 91 Pike 92 Pulaski 93 Richland 94 Rock Island 95 St. Clair 96-97-98 Sangamon 99-100-101 Scott 102 Stephenson . 103 Tazewell 104 Union 105 Vermilion 105-106-107-108 Washington 112 Whiteside 109 Will 110-111 Williamson 112 Winnebago 113 Woodford 121-122 Plans for Elementary and High School building: Front Elevation 123 Basement plan 124 First Floor plan 125 Second Floor plan 126 Brief Statement 127 Law Governing Sanitation of School Buildings for Boards of Education of City Elementary Schools and High Schools: Duty of Superintendent of Public Instruction 129 Duty of County Superintendent of Schools 129 Duty of Boards of Trustees 130 Duty of Boards of Education 130 Requirements for Steam Heating and Ventilation 131 Requirements for Lighting 132 Requirements for Seating 132 Requirements for Water Supply 133 Requirements for Toilets 133 Requirements for Safety Against Fire 134 Minimum Requirements 134 Foreword The unprecedented growth in high school enrollment and material equipment within the last fifteen years have eclipsed and somewhat obscured the material development of elementary schools. This bulletin, prepared by W. S. Booth, Supervisor of City Elementary Schools, is to bring more directly before those in charge of the first eight grades of our common school system what has been achieved and what needs to be done in order to give our elementary schools an equal standing, with the high schools of Illinois. Neither in this bulletin, nor in any other one published by this office, is the assumption made that the excellence of a school depends wholly upon the excellence of its buildings. The fallacy of such an assumption is so clear as to make unnecessary the mention of it. It is, however, assumed that the growth in quantity and quality of physical equipment is a crude index of educational growth and that all investigation aroused by this pamphlet will lead to the conclusion that every enlargement in secondary education has opened, rather than blocked, the way for corresponding en- largements in the elementary schools. The same districts which have built and furnished the best high school buildings have built and equipped the best elementary school buildings. The same intelligent sentiment which makes possible the one, makes possible the other. Some of the best thought and service applied to public education in Illinois is being directed towards an enlargement of the physical equipment as well as the educational organi- zation and instruction of the elementary schools. But our enthusiasm for what has been accomplished can not be unbounded so long as there remains so many elementary schools inadequate or unfit to house the children of the elementary grades. It is hoped that this bulletin will appeal to the pride and arouse the energies of such districts as have not exhausted their resources in providing proper elementary school buildings and equipment. Superintendent. 7 Adams County. Quincy. Washington School. Built 1923. Cost $225,000. Eleven classrooms. Auditorium Gymnasium. 8 Adams County. Quincy. Jackson School, Built 1914. Cost $73,895. Eight classrooms. Auditorium- Gymnasium, 9 Adams County. Quincy. Franklin School. Built 1903. Cost $75,000. Thirteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 10 Adams County. Quincy. Lincoln School, Built 1910. Cost $36,000. Six classrooms. Auditorium. 11 Adams County. Quincy. Dewey School. Built 1918 Cost $94,785. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. Adams County. Quincy. Irving School. Built 1920. Cost $148,850. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 12 Brown County. Mt. Sterling. Elementary School. Built 1913. Cost $30,000. Eight classrooms. 13 Bureau County. Mineral Consolidated School. Elementary and High. Built 1921-22. Cost $70,000. Eight classrooms Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 14 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Elementary and High. Built 1920-21. Cost $125,000. Sixteen classrooms Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 15 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Home Economics Classroom. 16 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Manual Training Room. 17 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School, Auditorium and Stage. 18 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Classroom. 19 Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Showing Children Loading for Homeward Journey. Bureau County. Sheffield Community Consolidated School. Showing Playground Activities. 20 Cass County. Beardstown. Beard School. Built 1914. Cost $30,000. Eight classrooms. Gymnasium. Cass County. Virginia High and Elementary School. Built 1912. Cost $35,000. Twelve classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 21 Champaign County. Rantoul. Elementary School. Built 1919. Cost $65,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. Champaign County. Rantoul. Elementary School. A pushball contest. 22 Champaign County. Rantoul. Elementary School. Showing homemade playground apparatus. 23 Champaign County. Rantoul. Elementary School. Another view showing homemade playground apparatus. 24 Christian County. Pana. Washington School. Built 1922. Cost $100,000. Fifteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium to be completed later. 25 Christian County. Pana. I Lincoln School. Built 1923. Cost $135,000. Seventeen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium unfinished. 26 Christian County. Taylorville. Junior High School Built 1922-23. Cost $123,000. Nineteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 27 Clay County. Flora. Elementary School. Built 1917. Cost $30,000. Eight classrooms. Gymnasium. 28 Clark County. Martinsville. North Side School. Built 1912. Cost $12,000. Five classrooms. Coles County. Charleston. Lincoln School Built 1917. Cost $46,000. Eight classrooms. 29 Coles County. Charleston. Elementary School. Built 1922. Cost $74,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 30 Coles County. Mattoon. Lowell School. Built 1921. Cost $145,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium used also for gymnasium. 31 Cook County. La Grange. Cossitt Ave. Elementary School. Built . Cost $330,000. Nineteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 32 Cook County. Winnetka. New Skokie School. Built 1922. Cost $329,000. Fifteen classrooms. Gymnasium. Auditorium. 33 The Jane Kuppenheimer Memorial Hall in the Skokie School, Winnetka, with gymnasium-stage in the background. 34 Cook County. Winnetka. Hubbard Woods School. Built 1914-17-23. Cost $149,000. Thirteen classrooms. Auditorium. Cook County Winnetka. Hubbard Woods School. Classroom. 35 Cook County. Cicero. Columbus School. Built 1923. Cost $257,000. Twenty-one classrooms. Auditorium. 36 Cook County. Winnetka. Greeley School. First Grade classroom. De Kalb County. Shabbona. Community H. S. and Consolidated Elementary. Built 1922-23. Cost $100,000 Twelve classrooms. Gymnasium and auditorium combined. 37 DeWitt County. Clinton. Washington School. Built 1916. Cost $50,000. Eight classrooms. Gymnasium. 38 DeWitt County. Farmer City. Franklin School. Built 1911. Cost $25,000. Nine Classrooms, 39 Douglas County. Tuscola. South Ward Building. Built 1922. Cost $150,000. Seventeen classrooms. Assembly. Gymnasium. 40 Edwards County. Bone Gap. Elementary and High School. Built 1916. Cost $50,000. Three classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 41 Effingham County. Effingham. South Side School. Built 1917. Cost $35,000. Four classrooms. Gymnasium. Fulton County. Astoria. Elementary and High School. Built 1915. Cost $75,000. Twelve classrooms. Gymnasium. Auditorium. 42 Fulton County. Canton. Central School. Built 1916. Cost $59,000. Seventeen classrooms. Gymnasium. Two large study halls used for auditorium. 43 Ford County. Gibson City. Elementary School. Built 1912. Cost $52,000. Fourteen classrooms. Gymnasium. 44 Franklin County. Benton. New Grant School. Built 1922. Cost $65,000. Thirteen classrooms. 45 Grundy County. Morris. Center School. Puilt 1923. Cost $205,000. Fourteen classrooms. Large combined auditorium and gymnasium. 46 Gallatin County. Ridgway. Elementary and High School. Built 1916. Cost $16,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. Henry County. Kewanee. Franklin School. Built 1922-23. Cost $120,000. Ten classrooms. Gymnasium and auditorium combined. 47 Henry County. Kewanee. Interior Franklin Elementary School 48 Hardin County. Rosiclare Consolidated Elementary School. Built 1921. Cost $43,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. 49 Jackson County. Carbo ndale. Brush School. Built 1913. Cost $27,000. Eight classrooms. 50 Jackson County. Murphysboro. Douglas School. Built 1918. Cost $30,000. Eight classrooms. Jackson County. Murphysboro. Lincoln School. Built 1917. Cost $35,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 51 Jefferson County. Mt. Vernon. Horace Mann School. Built 1914. Cost $20,000. Eight classrooms. Jefferson County. Mt. Vernon. Lincoln School. Built 1914. Cost $20,000. Eight classrooms. 52 Kane County. Big Rock Consolidated Elementary and High School. Built 1921-22. Cost $90,000. Twenty-six classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. Colors for the Walls and Ceiling. The color of this sheet is a good tint for the 'walls. The color of the ceiling should be a very light cream. 53 Kane County. Maple Park. Elementary and High School. Built 1921. Cost $90,000. Four classrooms. Gymnasium. 54 Kane County. East Aurora. W. S. Beaupre School. Built 1916 Cost $62,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. Knox County. Victoria Consolidated School. Built 1922. Cost $55,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 55 Knox County. Galesburg. Mary Allen West School. Built 1923. Cost $60,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. 56 Knox County. Rio Consolidated School. Built 1922 Cost $25,000. Four classrooms. Gymnasium. Lake County. Lake Bluff. Elementary School. Built 1922. Cost $80,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 58 Lake County. North Chicago. Elementary School. Built 1922 Cost $60,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 59 Lake County. Lake Bluff. Auditorium. Lake County. North Chicago. Auditorium and stage. 60 Lake County. Highland Park. Elm Place Intermediate School. Built 1922. Cost $170,000. Fourteen classrooms. Auditorium being constructed at a cost of $90,000. 61 Lake County. Highland Park. Elm Place Intermediate School. Upper Corridor known as the "Hall of Pictures." Lake County. Highland Park. Elm Place Intermediate School. The 7-A Literature Class in their "Home Room." 62 Lake County. Highland Park. Elm Place Intermediate School. A seventh grade class in its "home room," a top lighted room with side windows just for the pleasing vista. Lake County. Highland Park. Elm, Place Intermediate School. 7-A room where books and reading are the main theme. 63 LaSalle County. LaSalle. Jefferson School. Built 1912. Cost $66,000. Twelve classrooms. Small auditorium and gymnasium combined. 64 LaSalle County. Peru. McKinley School. Built 1921. Cost $36,000. Four classrooms. 65 LaSalle County. Ottawa. Shabbona School. Built 1911-12. Cost $45,000 Ten classrooms. Auditorium. 66 LaSalle County. Streator. Sherman School. Built 1917. Cost $70,000. Twelve classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. LaSalle County. Peru. Central School. Built 1903. Cost $32,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. Specially designed for departmental work. 67 Lawrence County. Lawrenceville. New Central School. Built 1914. Cost $25,000. Eight classrooms. Gymnasium. Lawrence County. St. Francisville. Elementary and High School. Built 1908. Cost $45,000. Eleven classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 68 Lee County. Dixon. Elementary and High School. Built 1908. Cost $90,000. Eighteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 69 Livingston County. Dwight. West School. Built 1914. Cost $11,000. Four classrooms. Livingston County. Pontiac. Ladd School. Built 1911. Cost $22,000. Four classrooms. 70 Logan County. Lincoln. Central School. Built 1915. Cost $70,000. Sixteen classrooms. Gymnasium. 71 McDonough County. Macomb. Elementary and High School. Built 1914. Cost $120,000. Twenty-six classrooms. Study Hall used for auditorium. Gymnasium. 72 McLean County. Bloomington. Horatio G. Bent School. Built 1923. Cost $270,000. Seventeen classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 73 McLean County. Bloomington Horatio G. Bent School. Kindergarten Room. 74 McLean County. Bloomington. Ralph Waldo Emerson School. Built 1906. Cost $85,000. Seventeen classrooms. Gymnasium and auditorium combined. 75 McLean County. Bloomington. Richard Edwards School. Built 1904. Cost $80,000. Nineteen classrooms. Gymnasium and auditorium combined. 76 Macon County. Decatur. Lincoln School. Built 1917. Cost $98,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. Macon County. Decatur. Mary W. French School. Built 1913. Cost $64,000. Seven classrooms. 77 Macon County. Decatur. Roach School. Built, Old Building, 1907. Addition, 1920. Cost $192,000. Fourteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 78 Macon County. Decatur. Dennis School. Built 1910. Cost $50,000 Six classrooms. Macon County. Maroa. Elementary School. Built 1914. Cost $36,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 79 Macoupin County. Benld. East Elementary School. Built 1918-19. Cost $26,000. Eleven classrooms. Madison County. Madison. Louis Baer School. Built 1921-22. Cost $50,000. Eight classrooms. 80 Madison County. Wood River. Lincoln School. Built 1921. Cost $65,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. Madison County. Wood River. Washington School. Built 1916. Cost $38,000. Eight classrooms. Gymnasium. 81 Madison County. Wood River. Wood River School. Built 1910. Cost $50,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 82 Madison County. Alton. Clara Barton School. Built 1920. Cost $200,000. Eleven classrooms. Two small gymnasiums. 83 Madison County. Wood River. Woodrow Wilson School. Built 1918-21. Cost $27,000. Four classrooms. Gymnasium. Marion County. Centralia. Franklin School. Built 1915-16. Cost $15,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 84 Massac County. Metropolis. Clark School. Built 1910-1920. Cost $50,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. Massac County. Metropolis. Dunbar School. Built 1921. Cost $49,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 85 Massac County. Metropolis. Central Building. Built 1922. Cost $87,500. Twelve classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 86 Massac County. Brookport. Elementary and High School. Built 1919. Cost $32,000. Ten classrooms. Auditorium. 87 Menard County. Petersburg. First Ward Built 1913-14. Cost $25,000. Six classrooms. Menard County. Petersburg. North Side. Remodelled 1922. Cost $10,000. Six classrooms. 88 Mercer County. Aledo. Elementary and High School Built 1921-22. Cost $160,000. Eighteen classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 89 Montgomery County. Hillsboro. Burbank School. Built 1915. Cost $36,000. Eight classrooms. 90 Morgan County. Jacksonville. David Prince Junior High School. Built 1913. Cost $60,000. Sixteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 91 Peoria County. Peoria. Tyng School. Built 1914. Cost $77,142. Eleven classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 92 Pike County. Griggsville. Elementary School. Built 1922. Cost $45,000. Four classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 93 Pulaski County. Mounds. Thistlewood Elementary and High Schoo] Built 1919. Cost $55,000. Sixteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 94 Richland County. Olney. Central School. Built 1914. Cost $40,000. Fourteen Classrooms. Auditorium. 95 Rock Island County. Rock Island. Washington School. Built 1920. Cost $175,000. Eighteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 96 St. Clair County. East St. Louis. Cannady School. Built 1917-18. Addition 1922. Cost $136,391. Sixteen classrooms. 97 St. Clair County. East St. Louis. Hawthorne School. Built 1922-23. Cost $269,244. Twenty-three classrooms. Small auditorium. 98 St. Clair County. East St. Louis. Jefferson School. Built 1906-1915. Cost $93,141. Sixteen classrooms. Auditorium. 99 Sangamon County. Springfield. Butler School. Built 1921-1922. Cost $99,842. Nine classrooms. 100 Sangamon County. Springfield. Douglas School. Built 1917. Cost $83,857. Twelve classrooms Auditorium used for gymnasium. 101 Sangamon County. Springfield. Feitshans School. Built 1921-1922. Cost $185,857. Twenty classrooms. Auditorium used also for gymnasium. 102 Scott County. Bluffs. Elementary School. Built 1914. Cost $21,000. Ten classrooms. Gymnasium. Scott County. Winchester. Elementary School. Built 1900. Cost $27,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. 103 Stephenson County. Freeport. Harlem School. Built 1912. Cost $60,000. Eleven classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 104 Tazewell County. East Peoria. Central School. Built 1915. Cost $30,000. Eight classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. Tazewell County. Pekin. Jefferson School. Built 1904. Cost $22,000. Six classrooms. 105 Union County. Anna. Davie School. Built 1910. Cost $20,000. Eight classrooms. Vermilion County. Danville. Cannon School. Built 1923. Cost $175,831. Twelve classrooms. Auditorium. (Under construction.) 106 Vermilion County. Danville. Garfield School. Built 1902-1918. Cost $33,765. Twelve classrooms. 107 Vermilion County. Danville. Roselawn School. Built 1914. Cost $24,452. Six classrooms. Auditorium. 108 Vermilion County. Danville. Douglas School. Built 1914. Cost $86,969. Sixteen classrooms. Auditorium. 109 Whiteside County. Sterling. Central School. Built 1923. Cost $160,000. Twenty-one classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 110 Will County. Joliet. Eliza Kelly School. Built 1919. Cost $140,000. Fourteen classrooms. Auditorium and gymnasium combined. 111 Will County. Joliet. Washington School. Built 1921. Cost $430,000. Twenty-eight classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. 112 Washington County. Ashley. Elementary and High School. Built 1913 Cost $39,000. Nine classrooms. Auditorium. Williamson County. Marion. McKinley School. Built 1916. Cost $25,000. Seven classrooms. Small auditorium. 113 Winnebago County. Rockford. New Kishwaukee School. Built 1921. Cost $303,706. Fifteen classrooms. Auditorium. Gymnasium. The New Kishwaukee School In building the new Kishwaukee School, the board of education has not attempted to take care of the needs of the Kishwaukee District for all time to come, but they have built a building that can be expanded in size at any time without destroying its architectural unity. In all the new schools in Rockford this unit principle is being followed. The first contracts awarded for the new Kishwaukee School Building were as follows: General Contract (Security Bldg. Co.) $229,541.00 Heating and Ventilating (Swords Bros.) 45,107.00 Plumbing (Edward Young) 19,876.00 Electrical (National Contracting Co.) 9,182.00 Total $303,706.00 The plans for this building were completed and the contracts as above awarded in June, 1921 On the above contract price, the cost per cubic foot is $.317. The building measures 221 feet by 96 feet over all, and the site on which it is located has a frontage of 417 feet with a depth of 304 feet. It is prac- tically fireproof in construction. The exterior walls are solid brick, faced with a good quality of rough texture brick. The floor construction is re-inforced concrete with finished floors of maple and corridor floors of 6 inch by 6 inch red tile. The trim is plain-sawed oak, stained silver gray. All the equipment is finished to match the trim. The building has been purposely planned so that the boiler and fuel rooms are located outside of the main structure but attached to the north side. The fuel room, with a capacity of 150 tons, is entirely below grade so that the fuel is dumped in from the top. The heating and ventilating system is known as the "split" system. The ventilation is accomplished by a fan equipped with an air washer. Direct radiation is provided and automatically controlled. The school has been planned for a platoon system similar to the Detroit platoon plan. In accordance with this plan it was found advisable to install lockers in the corridor walls, but separate wardrobes were provided for rooms housing the grades one to three inclusive. Folding iron gates on each floor make it possible to cut off the classrooms when out of school hours it is desired to use the auditorium only for community work. 114 115 GROUND OR FIRST FLOOR. The ground floor contains a gymnasium 55 feet by 75 feet, divided by a movable partition into separate boys' and girls' gymnasiums, complete with shower, lockers, and toilet rooms for each sex. A balcony 19 feet by 55 feet is built at one end over the locker room and is accessible from the second floor corridor. A sewing room, cooking room, lunch room, library, literature room, kindergarten, printing and manual training rooms are also on the ground floor. Separate entrances to the gymnasium, library, sewing and domestic science rooms make it possible to conduct evening classes and other forms of community work apart from the remainder of the school. The library can be opened to the public when the school is not in session. 116 THE SECOND FLOOR. The second floor contains eight class rooms, and in addition, the principal's room, the nurse's room, the book room, the store room, the school bank, and one waiting room. There is a large corridor running through the building, east and west. The lockers in the corridor are set flush with the wall and the whole presents a very pleasing appearance. 117 THE THIRD FLOOR. The third floor contains seven classrooms, and in addition, the music room, the art room, the teachers' room, and an auditorium seating six hundred. The auditorium is divided by a collapsible partition into two study rooms and is lighted from overhead. The auditorium also has a large stage with dressing rooms at either side, one of them connecting directly with the music room. There is also a long hall extending east and west through the building. There are separate toilets on each floor. 118 The Auditorium Seats About 600. Library and Literature Rooms. Art Room. 119 Gymnasium Looking Toward East Gallery. Auditorium Stage. 120 Showing North Corridor with Lockers Recessed into the Walls. A Corner of the Cooking Laboratory. 121 Woodford County. Eureka. Davenport School. Built 1910. Cost $24,000. Eight classrooms. 122 Woodford County. Minonk. West Side Elementary School. Built 1912-13. Cost $15,000. Three classrooms. Woodford County. Roanoke. Elementary School. Built 1910. Cost $20,000. Eleven classrooms. 123 ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING. "fi20.NT° £l£.UAT10N» 124 125 126 -OncoND ° n_oou« Plajvo 127 BRIEF STATEMENT. The pictures used in this circular are for the most part pictures of city- elementary schools. Schools having boards of education are called city ele- mentary schools. There are a few community consolidated schools. Since these schools have boards of education, it was thought best to include a few representative schools of this type. This circular is intended to feature elementary schools under boards of education. In all cases the pictures show elementary schools except where high school is mentioned in con- nection with elementary school. It is to be hoped that the pictures displayed in this circular may serve as an incentive to all communities of Illinois. The brief outline of the sanita- tion law will furnish suggestions to boards of education in their building pro- grams. It is highly important that every city or community should have a building program where the housing problem has not been worked out. When the buildings are not modern the boards of education under the leadership of their superintendents, should plan to modernize all old build- ings, or supplant the old with new modern buildings. It is poor economy to build cheap school houses. For Boards of Education of City Elementary Schools and High Schools THE LAW GOVERNING THE SANITATION OF SCHOOLROOMS. Specifications of Minimum Requirements Made by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1923, Superseding Those Previously Made The State requires under penalty, that every child of school age shall attend school every day that schools are in session To require such attend- ance in school rooms which endanger their health and safety, would be a great injustice to the children of the state. To avoid such injustice as well as to make school attendance of greatest benefit to the children, the Legis- lature of 1915 amended the school law providing that every school room must be constructed, furnished and conditioned to conserve the health and safety of its occupants. The things which affect the physical well-being of the children as well as the work of the school are: Heating, Ventilation, Lighting, Seating, Water supply, Toilets, Safety against fire. The statute does not specify in detail how these conditions shall be met. Specific directions are left to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. These specifications have the force of law. The enforcement of the law devolves upon the county superintendent of schools, the board of township trustees and the boards of directors and boards of education. The duty of the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be to prepare, with the advice of the State Board of Health, the State Architect and the State Fire Marshal, for school directors and boards of education specifications for the minimum requirements for heating, ventilation, lighting, seating, water supply, toilets and safety against fire which will conserve the health and safety of the children attending the public schools. Section 3, paragraph 13. Duty of the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Duty of the County Superintendent of Schools. Approve Plans.-The duty of the county superintendent of schools shall be to inspect the plans and specifications for heating, ventilation, lighting, seating, water supply, toilets and safety against fire for public schoolrooms and buildings submitted to him by boards of education or boards of directors, and to approve all those which comply substantially with the specifications prepared and published by the Superintendent of Public Instruction. Sec- tion 15, paragraph 20. Inspect Buildings.-To inspect all public schools under his supervision and notify in writing before the first day of April the board of school trus- 129 130 tees or other boards exercising similar functions, whether the several schools in their jurisdiction have or have not been kept as required by law. Section 15, paragraph 21. Condemn Buildings.-To request the State Board of Health, (Depart- ment of Health,) the State Fire Marshal, or the State Architect to inspect public school buildings which appear to him to be unsafe, insanitary or unfit for occupancy. It shall be the duty of these officials to inspect such build- ings and to state in writing in what particular they are unsafe, insanitary or unfit for occupancy. Upon the receipt of such statement the county super- intendent of schools shall condemn the building and notify in writing the board of directors or board of education, stating specifically the reasons for such condemnation. He shall also notify in writing the board of school trustees that the school so condemned is not kept as required by law. Sec- tion 15, paragraph 22. Note.-The purpose of this provision of the law is to reinforce the posi- tion taken by the county superintendent of schools by the opinion of experts when he desires such reinforcement. Only in exceptional cases does the county superintendent need to call for assistance from more than one of the officials mentioned. In case of in- sanitary conditions call upon the State Department of Health; in case of dangerous condition due to structional defects, call upon the State Architect; in case of danger from non-compliance with the law' relative to fire hazard, call upon the State Fire Marshal. Sec. 14. Upon receipt of the amount due the county from the State school fund the county superintendent shall apportion same together with other funds held for distribution, to the townships and parts of towmships in his county in which schools have been maintained as provided by law, in the manner prescribed by paragraph (e) of section 211 of this act for the distribu- tion of the State school fund among the counties, and shall pay the distributive share belonging to each township and fractional township to the respective township treasurer or other authorized persons, annually; provided, however, that no part of the State or other school fund shall be paid to any township treasurer or other person authorized to receive it unless such treasurer shall have filed his bond, or if re-elected, shall have renewed his bond and filed the same as required by lawr Funds apportioned for the benefit of a school dis- trict in which the school houses do not comply with the minimum require- ments for the health and safety of the pupils as set forth by the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be withheld by the county superintendent until the board of directors or trustees of schools comply with such requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements within a period of two years shall constitute a forfeiture of all rights to such funds withheld and the part thereof received by the county superintendent from the State for the benefit of such district shall revert to the State school fund. When the Board of Trustees has had notice from the county superintend- ent of schools that a district has not kept school as required by law the part of the distributive funds apportioned to such district shall be withheld until the county superintendent has given notice in writing that the requirements of the law have been complied with. The amount withheld shall then be placed to the credit of such districts. Sec. 35, School Law. (Note:-Since Sec. 14 provides for funds to be withheld by the county superintendent of schools it must be that this paragraph relates to the re- leasing of funds "apportioned but withheld" yet in the hands of the treasurers.) Duty of Boards of Trustees. Submit Plans.-Before erecting or remodeling a public school building the board of directors or the board of education in districts containing fewer than one hundred thousand inhabitants shall submit the plans and specifica- tions respecting heating, ventilation, lighting, seating, water supply, toilets and safety against fire to the county superintendent of schools for his ap- proval. Section 119, School Law. Duty of Boards of Directors and Boards of Education. 131 All classrooms shall have at least 16 square feet of floor space and not less than 200 cubic feet of air space per pupil. The width of corridors should be such as to provide sufficient room for all passing of classes; corridors should be well lighted. Floor Space and Corridors. Requirements for Steam Heating. STEAM HEATING. No. 12. The Fan System.--When the fan system of ventilation is used, the warm air flues shall have a cross-sectional area of not less than eight square inches for each occupant of the room. The ducts bringing warm air from the fan into the warm air flues should be large enough so that when the fan revolves at the desired rate there is delivered in the room at least 30 cubic feet of air per occupant per minute. The vent flues shall have a cross- sectional area of not less than 8 square inches for each occupant of the room. No. 13. The Gravity System.-Where the gravity system of ventilation is used the warm air flues shall have a cross-sectional area of not less than 400 square inches and the vent flues 400 square inches. No. 14. Air Passed Through Radiators.-When fresh air is taken di- rectly into the room and passed through the radiators, the combined cross- sectional area of all the openings shall be not less than nine square inches and that of the vent flue not less than 10 square inches for each occupant of the room. No. 15. When the methods mentioned in Nos. 13 and 14 are used, each foul air flue shall be provided with a radiator of at least 9 square feet of radiating surface. No. 16. Moistening the Air.--In all systems of heating ample provision shall be made to moisten the heated air. Suggestions for Steam Heating. The Fan or Plenum System is of two forms: In one the air is forced through radiating coils into the rooms at such a temperature and quantity as to heat the room. In the other, radiators are placed in the rooms and the purpose is that these shall furnish the heat necessary to warm the air while tempered air is forced into the room for ventilating purposes. This method is preferred in buildings of more than eight rooms. Ventilation is possible in all kinds of weather since cold as well as warm air can be forced into the rooms. The Gravity System.-This system depends upon the movement of air of unequal temperature. Steam coils are placed in the flues which lead into the rooms. The out- side air is admitted to these coils and when warmed it rises into the room. Steam coils or aspirators are placed in the vent shafts. These warm the air which then rises and passes to the outside. This system supplies tempered air from the outside while the room is heated by direct radiation within the room. It gives fair satisfaction when properly installed in smaller buildings and when the difference of temperature between the outside air and the room air is at least 40 degrees. Window ventilation is necessary when the outside and inside air are about the same temperature. Direct-Indirect System.-In this system the foul air flue contains a steam coil to cause an upward current. Openings are made into the walls at the lower part of the room radiators. A device is used to prevent the cold air from spreading over the floor and to force it up through the radiators to warm it before it spreads over the room. । This system, usually called the "direct-indirect system," is in use in quite a number of schools in the State. In many installations not enough air is admitted. Radiators which fully meet the requirements can be secured. 132 Whenever any gravity system is in use, county superintendents should insist upon these being supplemented by window frame or window board ventilation. Schoolrooms should never be heated with steam or hot water without making provision for ventilation. Because it is satisfactory in homes occu- pied by few people is not evidence that it will answer for schoolrooms occu- pied by 40 or 50 people. In schoolrooms heated in this way where the defect can not be remedied, superintendents should insist upon unobjectionable window ventilation. To supply the school with moist air is as necessary as to supply it with clean air. In both the fan and the gravity systems a jet of steam should be allowed to escape above the radiating coils in the fresh air room. Warm air systems -should provide ample evaporating pans so placed as to secure rapid and abundant evaporation. A humidifier is made which utilizes the return steam from the radiators to heat water in the fresh air room causing the vapor to mix with the air entering the room. It may, also, be attached to radiators in the room. A noiseless valve attached to the radiator may also be procured. Every system of heating, room heaters, warm air furnace, plenum, gravity, or direct-indirect fails to give satisfactory service in warm or cool weather. The windows must be opened. The problem is how to open windows with- out causing drafts on the children and to keep an even temperature. Window Ventilation. LIGHTING. Requirements for Lighting. No. 17. There shall be no windows in the wall which the seated school children face. The walls shall be a soft light tint, gray or tan. The ceiling shall be a very light tint. No. 18. In school buildings hereafter erected or remodeled the windows shall be at the left of the seated pupils. Windows at the back of the room are permissible, but shall be at least 6 feet from the floor. No. 19. The windows at the left shall be set with the least possible space between them and shall be not less than 3 feet nor more than 4 feet from the floor. No. 20. The glass surface in study rooms shall not be less than one-fifth of the floor space. When the light is from the north only or when trees are near by, it shall be not less than one-fourth of the floor surface. No. 21. All windows shall be provided with good adjustable translucent shades. No. 22. In old buildings windows in the wall which the seated pupils face shall be permanently walled up, so that no light may enter from that direction. No. 23. If there are full length windows on the right toward the front of the seated children, the lower sash shall be covered so as to completely shut out the light from that part. If this makes the light insufficient, ad- ditional windows shall be provided at the left. SEATING. Requirements for Seating. No. 24. Each school room shall be furnished with single desks which are of the proper size and adjusted for the pupils who occupy them. No. 25. If all grades below the high school should be placed in one room, the desks should be of five sizes-Nos. 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. No. 26. If adjustable desks are used, they should be of three sizes- small, intermediate, and large. 133 No. 27. Desks of only one size shall be placed in rows from the front to the back of the room. If it is necessary to place more than one size in the same row, the last of the smaller desks shall be a "rear" and the first of the larger desks shall be a "front" and these shall have no space between them. No. 28. There shall be an aisle between the row of desks and the wall not less than 24 inches wide and between the rows not less than 20 inches wide. No. 29. Graded schools.-If stationary desks are used and one grade occupies the room, there shall be at least two sizes suitable to the size of the children. If more than two grades occupy the room, more sizes of desks suit- able to the children shall be used. No. 30. If adjustable desks are used, they shall be of suitable size and properly adjusted. No. 31. Floors, desks, furniture and walls shall be kept free of dust and cleaned when necessary. Distances Apart of Desks. No. 6 and 5 should be placed nine inches apart from edge of desk to- back of seat. No. 4, ten inches apart. No. 3, eleven inches apart. No. 2, twelve inches apart. In case of children of unusual size, desks should be placed apart so that when sitting erect with back against the back of the seat, the edge of the desks come within two inches of the body. Double desks should not be used. WATER SUPPLY. No. 32. Wells.-All dug, bored or drilled wells shall be made absolutely safe from danger of contamination from privies. The walls of dug wells shall be constructed so as to prevent seepage from this source. Where there is any likelihood of sewage entering the well the privy vaults shall be made water-tight. Less than 100 feet distance from a privy is not a safe location for a well. To prevent contamination from other sources the well shall be covered with a concrete platform. This shall rest on a concrete wall sur- rounding the well, sunk at least 2 feet in the ground. A concrete gutter should be provided to carry the waste water at least 10 feet away from the well. The earth shall be so banked about the well as to make natural drain- age and prevent puddles of water near the well. No. 33. Cisterns.-Where cisterns are used they shall be provided with effective filters and shall be completely covered. They shall be thoroughly cleaned and the filtering material renewed at least once a year. No. 34. Water Containers.-Where drinking water is kept in the school- room it shall be kept in a clean container, provided with a cover and a faucet. No. 35. Individual Cups.-The use of the common drinking cup is pro- hibited by law. When cups are necessary each person shall be provided with his own cup. The cups shall be kept clean. No 36. Bubbling Fountains.-Bubbling drinking fountains are strongly recommended. No. 37. Suspicious Water.-If, for any reason, water used in school- rooms appears to be unwholesome, application should be made to the State Department of Health, Springfield, Ill., for an examination of the water. Requirements for Water Supply. TOILETS. No. 38. Indoor Toilets.-When indoor toilets are provided those for the different sexes shall be approached from different directions and if there is a door between the two toilet rooms it shall be kept locked. The toilet Requirements for Toilets. 134 rooms shall be ventilated in such a way as to remove all odors and prevent their spread to other parts of the building. No. 39. Outdoor Toilets.-There shall be at least two toilets, one for each of the sexes. They shall, when possible, be at least 50 feet apart. Under no condition shall they be less than 20 feet apart. When the distance between the toilets is less than 50 feet, there shall be a tight board screen midway between them at least 20 feet long and 7 feet high. The approaches shall be separate all the way. No. 40. The boys' toilet shall have a tight board screen at the front and the side not less than 7 feet high. Behind this shall be substantial zinc lined urinal troughs. The lower one shall be 16 inches from the ground and the higher one 26 inches from the ground at the highest point. When dry closets are used the urinals shall drain into a separate underground receptacle. The girls' toilet shall have screens in front of the door. No. 41. The toilet buildings shall rest on a substantial brick or concrete foundation to which they shall be securely bolted. The buildings shall be well lighted and shall constitute an adequate protection against inclement weather. There shall be at least two seats and not fewer than one seat, for every 20 children using them. Where there is danger of contaminating the well the vault shall be con- crete, so constructed as to prevent leakage of sewage and so that it may be cleaned. Light from the outside shall be completely shut out of the vault. No. 42. All toilets shall be kept clean and the walls free from objec- tionable language or pictures. SAFETY AGAINST FIRE. An Act to regulate the egress from public buildings provides that the doors to the entrance of school buildings shall be so hinged as to open out- ward. An Act relating to fire escapes provides that in school buildings of more than two stories, at least one fire escape shall be provided, and that in halls above the ground floors as many fire escapes shall be provided as the cor- porate authorities may direct. The Law. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS. No. 43. New or Remodeled Buildings.-In school buildings hereafter erected boilers shall be placed in fireproof rooms. No. 44. In buildings more than one story high boilers or furnaces shall not be placed under a stairway or corridor through which the pupils pass in leaving the building. No. 45. All outside doors shall be provided with an appliance which will cause the door or doors to swing outward when pressure is applied. No. 46. Smoke flues shall be lined with a good quality of chimney lining or so constructed that should the mortar between the bricks fall out, fire can not escape through the opening. No. 47. The stairways from the grade level to the first floor should not be less than 6 feet wide. The stairways from the first to the second floor should not be less than six feet wide. No 48. All air ducts or ventilating shafts shall be of metal or fireproof material. Buildings Already in Use.-If the county superintendent of schools finds any hazardous conditions he should call the attention of the school board to them. If, in his judgment, these are decidedly dangerous for the safety of the children, and if the school authorities do not remedy the defect, he shall en- force the law by first calling for an inspection by the State Fire Marshal.