DISCOURSES 
O N 
TEA, 
SUGAR, 
MILK, 
MADE-WINES, 
SPIRITS, 
PUISfCH, 
TOBACCO,^. 
WITH 
Plain and Usef 
FOR 
GOUTY PEOPLE. 
THO MAS' S HO RT, M. D. 
LONDON; 
Printed for T.Longman, in Pater-nofter-row j 
and A. M i l la r, in the Strand, 
M DCC Lo {Juft publijhed, by the fame Author, the two 
following Books, 
I. 
A General Chronological 
HISTORY 
OF THE 
AIR, 
WE AT HE R, 
SEASONS, 
METEORS, &c. 
In fundry Places and different Times; more parti- 
cularly for the Space of 250 Years: 
Together with fome of their moft remarkable Effe&s on 
Animal (efpecially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables. 
In Two Volumes. 
NEW 
11. 
OBSERVATIONS 
NATURAL, 
MORAL, 
CIVIL, 
POLITICAL, 
and 
MEDICAL, 
O N 
CITY, TOWN, and COUNTRY 
BILLS of MORTALITY 
To which are added. 
Large and clear Abftradts of the beft Authors 
who have wrote on that Subjedl. 
With an Appendix on the 
WEATHER and METEORS. 
Printed for T. Longman, in Pater-nofter-row j and A. Millar, 
in the Strand. PREFACE 
II Af a Man write well, foT the Be- 
nefit and Information oj the Publick, it 
is requifite that the Subject be of his own 
Option, and not by Compulfion; and that he 
he as far acquainted with what he treats of, 
as his Situation and Opportunities can enable 
him, 
fhus, in the vegetable Kingdom, many 
learned Men, in feveral Ages, have applied 
themfelves to the Study of the JSfature, Prin- 
ciples, Virtues, and Ufes of fome particular 
Plants, defpairing of a fuccefsful Undertak- 
ing °f the Whole, But if fever al Authors 
treat of the fame Vegetable, they Jhould he 
fure> cither that each is able to caft fome PREFACE. 
new Light upon it, properly to promote its 
good, or prevent its bad Effedt: When, or 
why, and how it produces one or the other, 
or its more general life, requires a more JiriSl 
and particular Confideration j to prevent its 
Abufe j or to Jet the Ufers right when if has 
good or bad Qualities faljly ajcribed to it 
by prejudiced Perfons; or its Ufe becomes a 
confiderakk Branch both of the Revenue and 
'Trade, 
'Though there have been feveral European 
Tradls written on this Indian Plant, yet their 
Authors have too often implicitly taken their 
Materials upon Truft, either from Travellers, 
who have only given its 7iatural Hiftory, and 
Ufe among the Orientals; or from the Im~ 
porters and Venders ; or fuch as have given 
it random Virtues. And though fome have 
afcribed to it far greater medicinal Qualities 
than it ever pojfefed, yet have they neither 
afforded us the leafi Light into its Principles, 
nor any rational Account how, or why, we are 
to cxpedi fuch wonderful Eft'edls from it 5 7ior 
adapted its Ufe to different 
Ages, Climates, he. Tet we find very few PREFACE 
'Things, either in Diet or Medicine, that are 
equally beneficial to all. We may daily oh~ 
ferve, that Tea throws fome info the Vapours, 
affetits their Completion, Spirits, Nerves, 
See. In others, it Jlniggles againft Reten- 
tion, gives them the Colic or Gripes; and af- 
fets not a few with Tremors, See. Mofe Au- 
thors have omitted to proportion its Strength, 
Quantity, life, and Kind, for the medicinal 
Purpofe intended. Which Confederations are 
neither fujfecient with refepet to the Plant 
itfelf, nor to the People of different Nations, 
Confutations, Sexes, Conditions, and Ages, 
that ufe it. Since it is fo general a Tipple, 
we might reafonably expcui a Knowledge of 
its Nature and Properties fhould be fo too. 
To this Difcourfe on Tea is added, a floort 
one on Milk j and fome jmall Hints on Su- 
gar 5 and, to compleat the Repaft, we have 
ferve d up a Salver of Made-Wines. And, 
that Gentlemen may not think themfelves ill 
ufed or neglected, whilfe the Ladies are re- 
galing themfelves, we have entertained them 
with a Bowl of Punch, and Pipe of right 
Virginia Tobacco: And, that they may be PREFACE. 
happy in cne another's frequent Converfa* 
tion, another Hand has been fo generous as 
to prefcribe fome ufeful Rules to prevent their 
Danger, alleviate and Jhorten their gouty 
Fains and Difeafes, CONTENTS. 
discourse I. 
On E A, 
C hap. I, yfDefcription of the Tea Shrub, Leaf, 
Flowers, and Seeds, Page 1, * 
Chap. 11. Of the Culture, Growth, Gathering* 
and Sorting <?/Tea, 6 
Chap. 111. Of the Preparation of the gathered 
Tea-Leaf, 11 
Chap. IV. Promtfcuous Ohfervations on the above 
Chapters, 15 
Chap. V. The Commercial Wfiory of Tea, 20 
Chap. VI. Of the Principles of Tea, 33 
Chap. VII. How Tea is ufed 5 and of the other 
Ingredients, 39 
Chap. VIII. Who, how to ufe Tea, 43 
C hap. IX. Of the Effefis and Virtues of Tea, 46 
Chap. X. Of the ill or had Effetts <?/Tea, 73 
DISCOURSE 11. 
O/' Sugar, Milk, and Made Wines. 
Chap. I. Of Sugar, 77 
Chap. 11. Of Milk, 84 
Chap. 111. Of Made-Wines, 123 
Of Mead, Metheglin, and Hydromel, ibid. 
Chap. IV. Of Birch Wine, Goofberry Wine, 
Cowllip and Orange Wines, 130 
Chap. V. Of Rafberry Wine, 157 CONTENTS. 
DISCOURSE 111. 
Chap. I. Of Brandy, 160 
Chap. 11. Cyßum, 173 
Chap. 111. Of Arrack, 183 
Chap. IV. Of Punch, 188 
Chap. V. Of Cyder, 202 
Chap. VI. Of Tobacco, 227 
Chap. VII. Vinum Britannicum, iAc. 258 
Of the Antiquity of Malt-Liquor, ibid, 
of the Effects of fermented Liquors in general, 
and the Manner how they are produced, 261 
Of the Nature of Malt-Liquors in general, 266 
Of the Choice and Vfefulnefs of Malt-Liquors in 
general, 272 
At what Limes of Life, and Seafons of the Year\ 
Malt-Liquor is the fafeji and mofi proper, 
r 281 
Of the Differences of Malt- Liquors, 288 
To what Conjiitutions, and in what Cafes, par- 
ticular Malt-Liquors are agreeable, or difa~ 
greeahle *, with the Reafons thereof 294 
Malt-Liquors compared to IVine, in refpebi of 
Englifh Conjiitutions, 308 
Cha?. VIII. Of Cold Bathing, 519 
A Table of the Temperature of fever al Baths and 
'' Springs, ' 35'2 
Of warm and tepid Bathing, 569 
Of bathing in Mineral Waters hot or coldy 383 
Chap. IX. Plain and neceffary Directions for 
Gouty Ferfons, 405, &feq. THE 
NATURAL, 
EXPERIMENTAL, 
COMMERCIAL, 
And DIETETIC 
HISTORY 
O F 
TEA; 
WITH 
Its Growth, Culture, Preparation ; 
Kinds, and Quantities imported; 
Laws about it, and Duties laid on it $ 
the feveral Ways of ufing it) 
Its good and bad Qu al ities or Effects 
on the U S E R S, £sV. DISCOURSE 
O N 
TEA. 
CHAP. I. 
A Defcription of the Tea Shrub, Leaf, 
Flowers, and Seeds. 
EMP FE R in his Amcenitates 
Exotica, and in the Appendix to 
the fecond Volume of his Hiftory of* 
feipan, gives the fulleft and trueft Account 
of this Shrub and its Leaf, that I have yet 
found; which I fhall therefore borrow here. 
The Tea-tree is a Shrub that grows but 
flowly ; it rifes to fix Foot and higher, has 
a black, woody, irregular branched Root. 
Its Bark is dry, thin, weak, chefnut co- 
loured, greyifh on the Stem, and fornewhat 
inclined to green on the Extremities of the 
Twigs; it is firm, and adheres clofely to the Wood, and is covered with a very thin Skin, 
which fometimes loofens of itfelf, as the 
Bark grows dry. This being removed, the 
Bark appears of a greenifh Colour, and fmells 
fomewhat like the Hazle~tree Leaves, but 
more difagreeable and offenfive, and of a 
bitter, naufeous, and afiringent Tajle. 
The Wood is hard and fibrous, of a greenifh 
Colour, inclining to white, of a very offen- 
five Smell when green; the Pith, which is 
very fmall, flicks clofe to the Wood. 
The Branches and Twigs are many in 
Number, growing without any Order, dea- 
der, of different Sizes, tho’ fhort in the 
main, wanting thofe Rings which in Trees 
and Shrubs denote their yearly Growth • 
very thick befet with Leaves, without any 
Order, on fliort, fat, green, foot Stalks, 
roundifh, and fmooth on the Back, but 
hollow, and fomewhat compreffed. On 
the oppofite Side fiand the Leaves: Thefe 
are of a foft Subfiance, between membra- 
neous and flefhy; in Subfiance, Shape, 
Colour, and Size, when full grown, like the 
Morelia Cherry-tree j but when young and 
tender, they refemble (except in Colour) 
the Sfijidle-tree, with red Berries, called Euonymus. The larger Leaves are two 
Inches long, and one broad, or near it; 
from a fmall Beginning they become 
roundifh and broader, and then taper into a 
fharp Point. Some are of an oval Shape, 
Somewhat bent, and irregularly undulated 
lengthways, depreffed in the Middle, with 
the Extremities rolled backward; they are 
fmooth on both Sides, of a dirty green Co- 
lour, fomewhat lighter on the Back; where 
the Nerves being raifed pretty much, leave 
fo many Hollows or Furrrows on the oppo- 
fite Side; they are ferrated or indented, the 
Teeth being a little bent, hard, obtufe, and 
fet clofe together, but of different Sizes; 
they have one very confpicuous Nerve in 
the Middle, to which anfwers a deep Fur- 
row on the other Side. It is branched on 
each Side into five, fix, or feven thin tranf- 
verfe Ribs, of different Lengths, and bent 
backward near the Edges of the Leaves; 
fome fmaller Veins run between the tranf- 
verfe Ribs. 
The Leaves, when frefh, are deflitute of 
Smell, and are not as the Bark, ungrateful 
to theTafte, being indeed aflringent and bit- 
terifh, but not naufeous. They differ in Sub- fiance, Size, and Shape, according to the 
different Age, Situation, and Nature of the 
Soil wherein they grow. Were they in- 
filled, and drank when they are frcfh and 
green, they would much affedl the Body, 
efpeeially the Hands for being Narcotic, 
they would occadon a trembling and con- 
vulfive Motion in the Nerves; but they lofe 
this bad Quality in the drying and rolling, 
which expreffes that plammy, yellowijh, acid 
Juice, which caufes thefe Tremors 5 yea, f0 
corrofive fometimes is this Juice, that it ex- 
coriates the Hands of the Roafters and ROU 
iers. 
The Branches are thick befet with Flowers 
one or two together, much like our wild 
Rofes, an Inch or better in Diameter, having 
little Smell, compofed of fix round, hollow 
'Petala, or Leaves, Handing on a Foot Stalk 
of an Inch long, which from a Fender Be- 
ginning, infenfibly grow larger, and end in 
an uncertain Number, commonly five or fix, 
of fmall, round Squame, or Leaves, which 
ferve inftead of the Calix. Thefe Flowers 
continue growing till late in the Winter • 
one or two whereof are generally fick, 
fhrunk, and fall (hort of the Largenefs, and Beauty of the reft; they have a very dis- 
agreeable, bitterlfh ft afte, which chiefly af- 
feds the Bajls of die Tongue. 
Within the Flower are many white Sta- 
mina, exceeding finall, as in Roles, with 
yellow Heads draped like a Heart; in one 
Flower, there are fometimes an hundred and 
thirty of thefe Stamina. The Flowers are 
fucceeded by great Plenty of Fruit, which is 
bicapj'uk}\ but more commonly 
tricapfular, like the Seed Telle Is of the 
Ricimus, or Pulma Chrijii, compofed of three 
round Capful a, of the Bignefs of wild Plu?nbsi 
grown together to one common Foot Stalk, 
as to a Center, but diftinguifhcd by three 
pretty deep Partitions; each Capjula con- 
tains a Hujk, Nuf, and Seeds. The Nut is 
•almoft round on one Side only, where the 
three Capjula grow together, fomewhat com- 
prefled, covered with a thin, hardifb, Aim- 
ing, chefnut-coloured Shell, which being 
-crack’d, difeovers a reddifli Kernel, of a firm 
Subftance like Filberds, at firft of a fweetifh, 
but not very agreeable Tafte, which loon 
grows rougher and bitter, like that of the 
'Cherry Seeds, making People fpit very plen- 
tifully, and very naufeous when they fall 6 
down into the Throat 5 but this ill Tafte 
quickly goes off. Thefe Kernels contain a 
great Quantity of Oil, and often turn rancid, 
which is the Reafon why fcarce two of a 
Dozen will germinate when fown 5 this 
probably may have fruftrated our Attempts 
in Europe to raife this Shrub. 
CHAP. 11. 
Of the Culture, Growth, Gathering, and 
Sorting c/Tea. 
THE Natives of Japan do not allow 
the T?a Shrub any particular Gardens 
or Fields, but plant it round the Hedges and 
Borders of their other Fields, with regard 
to the Soil; nor do they lay their Seeds in 
Rows, which would make it grow up into 
Hedges, but at fome Diftance from each 
other, that when the Shrub comes to fpread, 
the growing too clofe together may not hin- 
der the plucking off the Leaves. They put at, 
leaft fix, but moffly twelve Seeds, as they are 
contained in their Seed Veffels, into one 
Hole, made five Inches deep, becaufe few 
are found to germinate out of that Number - 
fometimes two or three Shrubs come up to- gether fo clofely joined, that the ignorant or 
lefs attentive would readily take them for 
one Stem. 
As the Tea Bujhes rife, the more induf- 
trious People fatten the Soil where they grow, 
once a Year, with proper Manure, mixt with 
Earth. The Shrub muft be at lead; three 
Years old before the Leaves are pluckt, and 
then it bears Plenty of very good ones; in 
feven Years time, or thereabout, the Shrub 
rifes to a Man’s Height; but then it grows 
but flowly, and bears few Leaves j but 
if cut down to the Stem, new Sets ot 
Branches and Twigs (boot out thicker, and 
much more numerous than before, and all 
nourifhed by the fame Root. The young 
Shoots, as they come up the firft Year from 
the Stem, are always fewer in Number, but 
fatter and larger than thofe which fucceed 
them ; in procefs of Time they become 
branched. 
The Leaves are gathered at three different 
Times; the firft is gathered at the Middle 
of the firff Moon preceding the Vernal Equi- 
nox, which is the firft Month of the yapanefe 
Year. The Leaves then are very few, but 
very tender and young, being only of two or three Days Growth, and fcarce fully 
opened. Thefe are accounted heft, and 
fold deareft of all, viz, from fifty-fix to 
two hundred and forty Crowns per Pound. 
This grows chiefly about TJdJi, a fmall Town 
fituated between the Sea and Miaco, the 
capital City, and imperial Seat of the Eccle- 
fiaftical Hereditary Emperor of Japan, where 
they are fent to Court under a good Guard 
of one or two hundred Men, prepared and 
put up in paper Bags, and thefe into large Per- 
celane Pots, called Matfubos. Thefe Leaves 
are not gathered by Handfuls, but one by 
one, that they be not torn, being tender, and 
not above two or three Days old. Yet one 
Perfon that is accufiomed to it, will gather 
ten or twelve Pound a Day; but others not 
above two or three Pound. This is called 
pieki Tsjaa, or Ground Tea, becaufe it is 
ground to Powder, and fipped in hot Water j 
a Difli of it is fometimes valued at twelve 
Shillings. This Sort is alfo called Udji Psjaa, 
and Packe Sacks Tsjaa, from JJdJiy the Place 
where it grows, whofe Soil is very good, 
and becaufe it’s gathered off Shrubs of three 
Years old, which are then at their greatefl: 
Perfection, This is the Tipple of the Im- perial Family. Its Shrubs are planted as it 
were in pleafant Walks on a Mountain, in- 
doled with Hedges for their Security, and 
frequently cleanfed, that no Dirt may be 
found on their Leaves. Two or three Weeks 
before the Labourers begin to gather them, 
they muft abftain from eating Flefh, or any 
unclean Food, left the Impurity of their 
Breath ftain the Leaves, or injure their Good- 
nefs; and when they are gathering they 
muft bathe themfelves twice or thrice a 
Day, either in a Hot Bath, or River. T hey 
muft not touch the Leaves with their naked 
Hands, but gather them with Gloves. This 
is alfo called Voui Bui, or Bohea \'Tea, of 
the Chinefe. 
The fecund Gathering is called Tootspau, 
or Chinefe Tea, being prepared after the Chi- 
nefe Manner. This is often fold for the 
firft; therefore the fmaller are carefully 
picked and feparated from the larger or 
coarfer Sort of Leaves. The Tea Merchants 
and Shop-keepers of Japan divide this into 
four others, which differ in Goodnefs and 
Price. The firft Sort of it is gathered when 
the Leaves juft appear, and are unopened; 
then every young Branch bears not above two or three. This fold from 
to thirty Dutch Stivers per Dutch Pound 
and Quarter. The Leaves of the fecond 
Sort of this are older and more grown, and 
tho’ gathered but a little after the firft, the 
fame Quantity of this is fold at forty or forty- 
five Stivers. The Leaves of the third Sort 
are ftill older and larger, and worth about 
from twenty-three to thirty-five Stivers. The 
greateft Quantity of the Tea imported into Eu- 
rope is of this Sort, and fold by the Dutch at 
fix or feven Gilders per Pound. Thofe who 
cry it about the Streets in yapart fell it for a- 
bout twenty-four Stivers per Pound and Quar- 
ter: The Vulgar there drink this. 
The third and lafi: Sort is gathered in our 
yune j this is moft plentiful, the Leaves be- 
ing come to their full Growth, both as to 
their Number and Largenefs. Many omit 
the two former, and depend wholly on this 
Gathering ; the Leaves whereof are all forted 
into their different Clalfes of Size and Good- 
nefs, called the firft, fecond, and third Sort; 
the lafi: whereof is coarfefi; of all, being be- 
tween two and three Months grown, and 
falls to the Share of the lowefi; Rank. It’s 
of this Sort the Labourers gather ten or twelve 
Pound a Day. This Gathering is called Ban Tsjaa, and is often too coarfe to be dried in 
Pans over the Fire, after the Chinefe Man- 
ner ; but being for the Vulgar, they prepare 
it any how. The longer this is kept, the 
better it is j its Virtues being fixt in the grofs 
Leaves, are not fo ealily loft, either by 
being expofed to the Air, infilled, or boiled; 
but the other Sorts fuffer greatly by any of 
the three. 
C H AP. 111. 
Of the Preparation of the gathered 
Tea-Leaf. 
WHEN the Leaves are gathered, they 
are brought to the Work-houfe to be 
roafted, the fame Day, over a Fire in an 
iron Pan; for if they lie long, or be laid 
on large Heaps, or be kept over Night, they 
would heat, turn black, and lofe much of 
their Virtue; and if they do heat at any 
Time, they prefently fan them, and fpread 
them thin on the Ground to cool them. 
The Roafl ers put feveral Pounds of the Leaves 
into the Pan at once, which is heated, that 
the Leaves, tho’ turgid and juicy, when 
put in, yet foon crack at the Edges of the 
Pan : And that they may be throughly and •equally dried, the Roajier cdnftantly Hirs 
them with his Hsfhds, till they are as hot as he 
can poffibly bear them ; then he takes them 
out with a Shovel like a Fan, and pours 
them on a Mat; then the Rollers roll them 
with the Palms of their Hands, in fmall 
Parcels, till they are equally curled ; and 
fuch a fharp, yellow, and greenHh Juice 
fweats out of the Leaves upon this rolling, 
as burns their Hands almoft to an intolerable 
degree: But ffcill they muff continue their 
Work $ for if the Leaves are quite cold be- 
fore they are rolled, they will either not 
curl, or not keep it long; but after they are 
rolled, the fooner they cool the better, for 
they keep their Curl the longer; therefore 
they have one to fan while another is rolling 
them. When they are cold, the Roajier 
(who is the chief Mafter of the Work-houfe) 
puts them a fecond time into the Pans, and 
roafts them again, till they have loft all their 
Juice. He ftirs them more llowly now than 
before, left he put them out of their Curls j 
tho’ fome Leaves will fpread in fpite of all 
his Care. After this roafting, they are care- 
fully rolled again the fame way. If they 
are fully dry after this, they have done sif not, they are delivered a third Time to the 
Roafter. Now his utmoft Care and Skill is 
neceflary, left he burn or blacken them. 
Some curious Perfons roaft and roll them fix 
or feven times j but ufe a flower Fire, that 
the Leaves may preferve their Greennefs 
becaufe of that lharp Juice which fweats 
out of them, the Pan is clean wafhed after 
every roafling. The Chinefe, before they 
roaft their Leaves of the firft Gathering, put 
them into hot Water about half a Minute, 
that they may fooner, and more fully fweat 
out that noxious Juice. 
When they have done roafting and rolling 
them, they pour them out on a Mat, and 
fort them a fecond time into different Sorts, 
according to their Goodnefs, and feparate 
thofe which are lefs curled, or too much 
burnt, from the reft. Country People roaft 
their Leaves in earthen Kettles; and as they 
are at lefs Expence this Way, fo they can 
afford them cheaper, tho’ very little, if any 
worfe. The Tea muft be all roafted in the 
Night, being gathered in the Day; which 
makes the Preparers of it complain heartily 
of their bad Fate. When the Leaves have 
been kept fome Months after thefe Roaftings, they turn them all out, and road them again, 
to take out any remaining Moidure, or what 
they may fince have imbibed. 
As foon as the Tea is cooled, after this 
lad Roading and Curling, the Chinefe put it 
up in Boxes of coarfe Tin, which are inclofed 
in wooden Cheds or Cafes of Fir, all the 
Chinks whereof are carefully dopt with Pa- 
per, that the Air of thofe Climates may not 
diflipate its extream fubtile and volatile Parts; 
and in this Manner it is imported to us. Thefe 
Tubs or Cheds, one with another, contain 
about a hundred and twelve Pounds of Tea 
a-piece. The common People of Japan 
keep their own Tea in large earthen Pots, 
with narrow Mouths. But the Emperor 
has his kept in Matfubos, which is a fine 
kind of Porcelane Pots or Veflels, wrecked 
up from among the Sea Rocks, near the 
Ifland Formofa, where once the rich and 
flourishing Ifland Mauri dood, which was 
long ago fwallowed up by an Earthquake; 
here was the bed Earth, and the mod in- 
genious People of the World, for making 
the fined and riched Porcelane. Thefe Vef- 
fels thus fifhed up, are the Emperor’s Pro- 
perty, and fold at mod extravagant Rates, viz. three, four, or five thoufand Thails, 
each Thail being near equal to five Shillings 
and ten Pence. 
Befides the Japanefe and Chinefe Tea, there 
grows alfo a rough coarfe Sort of Green Tea 
in the Northern Province of Xenji, which 
the hardy Cannibal Tartars, the prefent 
Matters of China ufe, after their delicate 
Difli of raw Horfe-flefh, when their Dinner 
fits uneafy on their Stomach. The Infufion 
of this drunk helps their Digettion, and foon 
rettores their flagg’d Appetite. But as this 
Leaf is their own, fo I believe no body en- 
vies them their Tipple, no more than their 
Jufcious Repatt; fori do not find that is 
exported. 
CHAP. IV. 
Promifcuous Obfer vat ions on the above 
Chapters. 
IB E G Leave to make thefe few follow- 
ing Obfervations on the three preceding 
Chapters. 
Obf. I. The Clamminefs of both Leaf and 
Flower of Tea, is the Reafon I. That the 
Shrub is an Evergreen, and Hands the coldefl Winters even in L’artary itfelf. 2. The 
fame is the Reafon the Leaf and Flower 
afford little or no Smell before they are 
roafted; for the volatile effential Oil or Salts, 
being wrapped up or entangled in this Juice, 
are prevented flying off, as in odoriferous 
Plants and Flowers. 3. The Exudation or 
Difcharge of this Juice by repeated Roaft- 
ings, leaves the Leaf porous, fo that if not 
clofe kept in clean Veffels, it would not 
only lofe its own fine Flavour and odoriferous 
Parts, but imbibe others in their room. 
Hence Run -Tea wrapped up in Paper is gene- 
rally naught (if ever it was tolerable) having 
not only loft its own pleafant Flavour, but 
got a bad one from its being carelefly put 
up. But even this has its Advantage, as it 
helps to conceal a double Cheat; for moft 
of what Smugglers import to us from the 
Dutch, is either their damaged Lea, which 
they could neither fell nor ufe, or it has been 
flightly infufed and drawn in the Coffee-houfes 
in Fto!la?id, and roafted and rolled again. 
4. Tho’ the roafting does expel a great Part 
of the clammy Juice, yet it is not fo fully ex- 
uded, but that thofe of exquifitely fenfible 
Nerves find ftill enough of it left to give them Uneafinefs enough, either by Tremors, 
Pains, Lownefs of Spirits, or diminiflied 
Agility of fome Parts. 
Obf 11. This Juice affecting the Hands 
of the Workers, and Nerves of the Drinkers, 
is far from being narcotic or Jiupifying, like 
Opiates, but rather contains an acrid kind 
of Salt, like that in the Mezereon Berries, 
or Cantharides, with this Difference, that 
as the Salts of Cantharides adl chiefly on the 
urinary Paffages j fo thofe of Pea affedt the 
whole Habit, but chiefly in the Parts where 
they are moll fenfible, as in the Hands> 
Sto?nachy &c. Nor does it affedt as over 
Dofes of Opiates, by ratifying and encrea- 
flng the Blood’s Quantity, and relaxing the 
Solids, but by a kind of cauftic Quality fti- 
mulating the Organs of Senfation. Juice of 
Hemlock indeed flupifies, by its Grofsnefs 
and Coldnefs, but is neither corrofive nor 
excoriating. 
Obf. 111. The hurtful and deletirious Na- 
ture of this Juice before it is roafted, need be 
no Objection to the Ufe of it in general, for 
what is of a more pernicious Nature than 
Cafavia Roofy when taken out of the Earth; 
yet, when its boiled, dried, and ground to Meal, what affords a finer and wholfomer 
Bread ? We have many other Pittances of 
the like kind. 
Obf. IV. Since this noxious, tenacious, 
clammy Juice, exudes out of the Leaf by 
roatting, but not its finer, pleafanter, and 
ufeful Parts, we fuppofe that the firft lies 
chiefly, cither in the Interfaces of the Fi- 
bres and Veflels of the Leaf, or in its larger 
Juice bearing Veflels; or laftly, is its per- 
fpired Matter, the grofler Part whereof ad- 
heres to the upper and lower Side of the 
Leaf, like that clammy Juice on Oak Leaves 
in a hot dry Summer; and that this clam- 
my Juice being gone, the other Parts are 
difentangled and fet at liberty, expand and 
fpread themfelves over the whole Subflance 
of the Leaf, and are eafily feparated from 
it; or being fet at liberty, they take another 
and new Form, which they had not before. 
Obf. V. The Coarfenefs and Compacted- 
nefs of tiiis whole Shrub, ttiew it to be no 
tender delicate Plant, but a very hardy one, 
fit to endure the cold as well as hot Cli- 
mates, where there is a proper Soil. Tho 
like is hinted to us from its being an Ever- 
green; Obf VI. Here we have the Rcafon why 
it cannot be railed here from the Seed im- 
ported to us. i. Becaufe the Oil of the 
frelh Kernel turns fo quickly rancid in the 
greateft part of them. 2. Becaufe of the 
double wafting. 3. Becaufe of the long 
Voyages between us and Japan, Siam, or 
China, which may greatly contribute to the 
Seeds turning rancider. 
Obf. VII. The fattening the Soil where 
the Shrub grows, is not eflentially neceftary 
to the Railing or Growth of the Tree, but 
to the enriching, tendering, bettering, and 
encreafing the Number, and haftening the 
early Produd of the Leaf, which if gathered 
before the Plant is three Years old, might 
mar the Growth of the Shrub, and the 
tender juicy Leaf fhrink up to be not worth 
Labour. 
Obf. VIII. If the Shrub was let ftand till 
it was too old, not only would the Leaves 
be fewer, but more hard, woody, tough, 
earthy, have their Flavour impaired, but 
be heavier to little Purpofe. 
Obf IX. The monftrous extravagant Price 
of the firft Sort of Tea, gathered in March, 
arifes not from the intrinftc Value of it above the reft, but chiefly from the Labour of its 
Manuring, theFewnefs and Smallnefs of the 
Leaves got then, the Ceremony and For- 
mality with which its gathered and prepa- 
red, and put up, the Grandeur with which 
its fent to Court, &c. Therefore the fird 
of the fecond Sort is as good, except to fuch 
as value Things from their Scarcity and 
cxceflive high Price. 
CHAP. V 
‘The Commercial Hijlory of TE A, 
TH E Indians have ufed the Infufion 
of this Leaf above 1200 Years at 
lead, as appears from the Table of their 
eminent Pagan Saint Darma, who flourifhed 
about the 519 th Year of Chrift. He was 
the third Son of Kafinwo, an Indian King, 
and a kind of Pope, being the twenty- 
eighth SuccefTor of the Holy See of St aka, 
the Founder of their Paganifm, who was a 
Negro, born 1023 Years before Chriji. This 
Darma was a mod audere Man, who from 
an Aim at perfedl Holinefs, refolved to 
deny himfelf all Red, Sleep, and Relaxa- 
tion of Body, and confecrate his Mind, Day and Night, without Intermidion, to 
God. After he had watched many Years, 
being one Day weary, and over-faded, he 
unluckily dropt afleepj awaking next Day 
full of Sorrow for breaking his folemn Vow, 
he cut off both his Eye-brows, thefe In- 
ftruments of his Crime, and with Indigna- 
tion threw them on the Ground. Return- 
ing next Day to the fame Place, behold out 
of his Eye-brows were grown two beautiful 
Tea Shrubs. Darma eating fome of the 
Leaves, was prefently filled with holy Joy 
and Strength to purfue his divine Medita- 
tions, He prefently communicated to his 
Difciples what great Benefit he had found 
from Tea, which they publifhed to Man- 
kind. Thus, fay the Japanefe, were the 
Virtues of Tea difcovered. The Fable, 
however ridiculous it feems, fhews us, i. 
Their long Ufe and great Edeem of Tea. 
O O 
2. Its Serviceablenefs in fome Diforders of 
the Eyes. 3. Its great Efficacy againd Dull- 
nefs, Drowfinefs, and Wearinefs. 
But its Ufe in Europe is of much later 
Date, for it is only about 140 Years dnce the 
Dutch Eafl-India Company (who fird im- 
ported it, and raifed its Reputation with us) was founded in 1602, upon a Contribu- 
tion at their firft Settlement of 6,459,840 
Florins. The Englijh Eaft-India Company 
was formed near the latter End of Queen 
Elizabeth's Reign, their Charter bearing 
Date in 1599, and their Fleet fet out in 
1600 ; but they made no Figure till King 
‘James I. beftowed his Favours on them. 
The French Eaji-India Company was efta- 
blifhed in 1664. 
The Dutch in their fecond Voyage to 
China carried thither good Store of dried 
Sage, and exchanged every Pound of it for 
three or four Pound of Tea, and extolled 
our 'wonderful European Herb, and endued 
it with far more and greater Virtues, than 
the Leaf of their Chinefe Shrub could pofli- 
bly be poffefled of; but not exporting fo 
large a Cargo of Sage as they imported of 
Tea, they bought a great deal of it in China 
at Bd. or iod. per Pound. When they 
firft brought it to Paris, they fold it at 30 
Livres per Pound, though it was not of the 
bed: kind, that being brought from Japan, 
and has often been fold at 100 Livres per 
Pound. About thirty Years ago, the Cki~ 
nefe fold it at 3 d. and never above 9d. per Pound, and often mix’d other Herbs with 
it to encreafe its Weight. 
Though it feems.to have been brought 
into England during the Reign of King 
James L yet we find little Notice of it be- 
fore the Usurpation, when it was imported 
in fuch large Quantities, that it came under 
the Cognizance of that Government, for in 
1660 a Duty of -8 d. per Gallon was laid on 
the Liquor made and fold in all Coffee- 
houfes (but cannot fay whether this was 
the firfh Duty laid on it, or only a Renewal 
of it, in the fame, or fome other Shape) 
■which was no fmall Prejudice to the Li- 
quor, and Inconvenience to its Drinkers; 
for the Excife Officer was to furvey it be- 
fore any could be fold, and was not to fur- 
vey it above once or twice a Day. Ever 
fmce that Time, the Duty on Tea has been 
made one of the hereditary Cuffoms to the 
Crown, though the Parliajnent has, at fun- 
dry times, by different Adb, fix’d divers 
Duties on it, as in thofe Adis made in the 
12th Year of King Charles 11. and in the 
6th of King William 111. and in the 3d and 
7th of Queen Anne, and in the 10th of 
King George I. which laft, though not the 
moff equitable, yet then thought the mod commodious. Herein an Inland Duty of 
4s. per Pound, was laid on all forts of it, 
befides all other Cufloms, Subfidies and 
Duties payable to his Majefly for the fame, 
upon Importation. But this heavy In- 
land Duty (befides all other Duties and 
Subfidies) being laid on, not according to 
Value but the Weight, and paid by the firft 
Buyers at the EajUlndia Houfe; this, X 
fay, was followed by two Inconveniencies, 
for the coarfefl Tea paying the fame Duty 
as the finefl, gave fuch an Exci>fe for rum 
ning it in from other Places, and Importers, 
that no Severity of Law, nor Diligence of 
the King’s Officers, was able wholly to hin- 
der it 3 whereby the Revenue was greatly 
diminifhed, and the fair Trader injured. 
For what was then run in from other Pla- 
ces, was chiefly the coarfefi or damaged, or 
flightly drawn, dried, and curled again 3 
which being bought abroad at a low Price, 
and fold cheap here, fatisfied not only the 
lower, but middling fort of People. It alfo 
produced another Mifchief, which was. Tea 
becoming fo general and fafhionable a Li- 
quor, even by People that knew it not; 
and the Inland Duty, and other Cufloms 
?dded to the Price of the Tea, made it come at a high Price to ignorant People, 
that it gave Rife to fophiflicating and coun- 
terfeiting, as well as Raining, dying, and 
colouring ot Tea ; till an A<st of Parliament 
w.is made in 1731 againft thefe Frauds. 
However, in fpite of Law, Order, and Go- 
vernment, thefe Methods fo prevailed, that 
the Sale of Tea by the Eaj}~Lidia Company 
from 1,793,400 lh. in 1731, fell to 584,100 
in 1735, till 1739 that they again imported 
1,974,600 Jb. Thefe growing Inconveni- 
encies calling for Redrefs, in 1745 another 
Adi was made (repealing the former) where- 
by, befides the former {landing Sublidy or 
Cuftom of 13/. 18 5. 7d.i: of Importation 
Duty on every 100 /. worth of Tea imported 
by the Eaji-lndia Company, inftead of the 
former 4s, per Pound Weight of Inland 
Duty, paid by the Buyers at the Sale in the 
Eaji-lndia Houfe, they were to pay 1 s. per 
Pound Duty, and 25/. beildes for every 
100/. Sterling worth fold there. And fur- 
ther, to prevent running, the Eafl~lndia 
Company were impowered to import what 
Quantity of Tea they pleafed to fupply the 
Nation; but all Drawbacks formerly al- 
lowed, for Encouragement of Exportation, 
were taken offj for many Frauds had been committed that way, by exporting at one 
Place, and receiving back the Duties in 
Drawback, and then running it at fome 
other Place of the Kingdom. And in 
cafe the Company have not imported Tea 
enough, they, and they only, are ordered 
and impowered to buy of our Neighbours, 
and fell at the Eafi-India Houfe, paying the 
fame Subfidy and Duty as for that imported 
from India. Neither has all this Circum- 
fpedtion prevented the running or fmuggling 
of Tea, to the great Lofs of the Revenue, 
and the Injury of both the Company and 
fair Trader: But whereas Smugglers dealt 
chiefly before in coarfe Teas, now they 
have of late imported from France abun* 
dance of fine Tea, and during the War 
have been fo many Friers into all our Mea- 
fures, Spies upon us, and Intelligencers to 
the Enemy, whereby many of our Defigns 
have proved abortive. All which, and their 
Confequences taken together, it may be 
doubted whether an Encourager of, and 
Dealer with Smugglers, deferves the Cha- 
racter of an honefl; Man; for a good Sub- 
ject, and a Friend to his Country he is not, 
who is an Enemy to its Conftitution, tram- 
ples upon its laudable and necefiary Laws, unavoidably cncreafes or continues heavy 
Taxes on its Poor, cramps its Manufactures 
by leflening their Exports; fending abroad 
its flaple Commodity, by which it muft 
chiefly fubfift; being Spies againfl her for 
the Enemy in time of War ; exporting Coin 
for Bawbles, and Inflruments of Luxury; 
promoting a Civil War, fhedding the Blood 
of the Defenders of her Laws, defrauding 
fair Traders, 
All Teas come from the Eaft-Indies, from 
Japan, China, and Siam chiefly; but the 
flrfl; is moil valued, being ordinarily of a 
fine clear green Colour, having a fmaller 
Leaf, and more delicious Smell and Tafte than 
the other, which raifed its Price in France 
to 200 Livres per Pound, till a more gene- 
ral Ufe of Coffee and Chocolate reduced both 
its Price, Ufe, and their Efteem of it. Teas 
are imported by the Eaji~lndia Company 
only; no private Merchants can import any. 
It is fold by Audlion at a puhhck Sale made 
by the Company’s Eire Hors, called a Sale 
by Candle, which is their Form of Sale. A 
Candle is lighted up, and for each Lot the 
highefl Bidder is the Buyer. The Captains 
of the Eafi-lndia Company import yearly 
60000 Pound Weight, which is alfo fold at the fame Candle. The Confumers know- 
very little of the Tea that they drink. The 
Words Green and Bohea comprehend all the 
low-priced Sorts. The ufual Way is to mix 
one Sort with another, and fo bring it to any 
Price that the Country Trader or Confumer 
pleafes to give. Such as buy it at the India- 
Houfe, and have Judgment and Art enough 
to fell it to the Confumers in Quantities, 
get handfome Profit by it, as may be feen 
by comparing the Prices it fold at in the 
Eajl~lndia Houfe (adding 4 s.per Pound Duty 
to the Price it was bought at, for the Buyer 
pay’d the Inland Duty) with the Price it was 
fold at to Country Chaps, which is at leafl 
15 per Cent, befides which they have a fe- 
cond Profit by mixing different Sorts to any 
Price ; and by the Smuggling Trade they 
reap a third Profit, for the run condemned 
T?as they purchafe at a low Price, and mix 
(if needful) with others; fo that fhould they 
fell Sugars at, or under prime Cofi, to get 
off their Tea, a fober induftrious Man may 
raife a very handfome Fortune in no very 
long time. All the Sorts of Tea that have 
been in ufe for fourteen Years, with their 
Names and Quantities yearly imported, you 
have in the Table. Teas imported 
Years 
by the Eajt- 
1729 
30 
* 731 
32 
33 
17 34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
1740 
4* 
1742 
India Company 
ft. 
Bohea 
839200 
691000 
429700 
668100 
679000595500138000 
145700 
448600 
1949001461000 
552000 
633700, 
932800 
Bing 
42500 
64000 
91600 
19400 
1 
20500 
40700 
75700 
30100 
5oooj 
19100 
7500 
9000 
Congo 
35700 
191700 
40600 
39700 
35900 
179700 
8000 
42000 
188700 
16700 
23000 
jChulang 
35° 
1900 
600 
Hifibon 
4100 
20000 
'Hyfon 
11200 
47700 
45900 
48600 
40100 
85900 
191000 
179300 
142000 
79300 
125800 
106200 
73100 
iCouchang 
18 too 
'Hue 
400 
[Linchifing 
600 
[Ouchain 
29800 
8900 
16 zoo 
Tekoe 
26400 
80c 
26000 
22600 
48000 
75co 
14100 
jPowkae 
1 
19300 
Powtozan 
1900 
3400 
1900 91800 
165300 
82600 
224500 
417000712700 
504500 
7027C0 
|Singlo 
492400 
952000 
1030000 
790800 
26400 
370c 
13860 
1730c 
22200 
9500 
20000 
jSouchong 
| 
Queen 
Yearly Totals 
144815c 
1708900 179340c 
1364800 
823100 
I720900 584100 
63430084710c 
>777860 
197460c 
514670c 
1126140c 
1760600' 
Duty 
28963c 
341780 
35868c 
2729601164620J14418041682c 
1 26860', 169 22c 
>155572 
394920,292940! 23228c 
34112Q 
But the Duty at the Eaji-India Houle now varies with the prefent Value of the Tea, and fo may turn out more when 
the Commodity is 1'carcer, 
and e contra. 
1 N. B. Add to this Table, the 60000 lb. 
Weight imported yearly by the Captains, 
the Duty whereof was 120001. Sterling. 
Befides the Duty of 4*. per Pound fixed by 
Parliament, all Teas brought into England 
pay Cuftom 13/. 1S s, 7 \ for every 100 /. 
Sterling Value, which is near i-yth Part • 
but this fluctuates according to the Price of 
‘Teas, which is different at different Times. 
Not only does the Prices and Sorts of 
Tea vary, but the Indians are dextrous in 
fluffing its Colour, Smell, Tafte, and Size 
of the Leaf; they colour Green like Bobea, 
and make the lafl mimick the firft. Some- 
times the fine Green Teas fhall have a molt 
fragrant, cordial, reviving Smell and Tafte ; 
at other times (as is the prefent Mode) all 
good Tea fhall fmell fo rank of Soap, that 
it would make any delicate Perfon’s Sto- 
mach peuk that was not fond of Mrs. Ste- 
Medicine. Neither Smell nor Co- 
lour can be altered without fome Addition, 
and for this you muft truft both the Huma- 
nity and Judgment of the poor Indians with 
your Health and Life, The Size of the 
Leaf varies, as it is fooner or later gathered, 
or more or lefs curled when dried, as we 
3° fee in the Difference between Bing and fine 
Hyfons; a Canifter that contains 2 lb. of the 
laft, which is young and curled up fo clofe, 
will fcarce hold 1 18. of the firft, which is 
gathered when the Leaf is old or half dead. 
Some have imagined that the Eaftern Princes 
and Nobility preferred the Flower of Tea 
to all others, but on better Enquiry, it was 
found that the Flowers, was the fmall firft 
pluck’d Flowers of the Leaves of the earlieff 
Tea, not above two or three Days old; 
which being moft valued and excellent, was 
therefore called the Prince or Flower of Tea, 
fold then from 45 to 140 Crowns a Pound, 
or dearer. So that from the different Times 
of gathering, Degrees of roafling and curl- 
ing, Ways of its flavouring, the Preparers, 
Sellers, and Buyers, are determined not to 
be behind-hand with the City Taylors, Man- 
tua-makerSy and Milliners, in often fhifting 
Fafhions, fuited to the Whim and Humour 
of the Confumers. Ex. gr. What more 
wretched fainty Stuff, and miferable Tipple, 
even to the flrong and healthy, far more 
by ft eric and hipo’d than Bing Tea? What 
more nafty and naufeous Smell than Soap 
Sudds at your Nofe ? What more comfort- able and cordial, than the natural Smell of 
the hneft Green "Teas ? 
Omitting the dietetic Ufesr of Tea, it’s 
of great Ufe confidered even in a commercial 
and focial Life, we fee what an important 
Article it is in theTrafiick of the Eajl-India 
Company, what a great Revenue the Cu- 
flora and Duty on this feemingly defpicable 
and crumbled Leaf returns to the Crown, 
which lefiens the general Taxes to the Poor. 
It alfo occafions a Confumption of our 
Home Manufadories in Exchange for it- 
it varioufiy advances the other Branches and 
Occafions of Trade, its handfome Equipage 
and all its Concomitants. Then confider 
the many fober Companies it afiembles both 
in Coffee-houfes (which in London only are 
about fix hundred) and private Houfes. 
Obferve we further the Bufinefs, Converfa- 
lion, and Intelligence it promotes, the Ex- 
pence and Debauchery it prevents. Nor is 
its Confumption of Sugar, which is a great 
Encouragement to our American Colonies to 
be forgot. I fay, whoever confiders this, 
and much more that might be faid, muft 
conclude, that we are to regard this Leaf, 
not according to its fimple Appearance, nor fcantling of medicinal, or dietetic Virtues/ 
but the Confequences which flow from it. 
CHAP* VI. 
Of the Principles of TEA* 
THE dried Leaf, as imported to us* 
contains, i. Flegm, which it had ei- 
ther retained in the roafting, or imbibed 
from the Air afterward $ for by drying a 
Dram of Green} and a Dram of Bohea, on 
different Saucers, before a clear Fire, the 
firft loft 1-30 th Part, the laft i-ioth Part 
in a quarter of an Hour, or twenty Minutes ; 
fo that all kinds of Bohea naturally have 
more of this than the Green, becaufe its 
gathered while this Principle exceeds its due 
Proportion, viz, before the Salt, Oil, and 
Earth have been fufficiently diffolved and 
rarefied by the fubterranean and asreal Heat, 
and fitted to rife up into the Plant, in due 
Quantity with the Flegm. As the Leaf 
grows, this watery Principle lefiens, and the 
others encreafe. 2. An 0/7, which has fun- 
dry Attachments to the Leaf, which lofes 
one Part by being expofed to the open Air% 
or put up in Paper, or any fpongy Body, therefore it is fent to us in Tin Canifters4 
Another Part is drawn off by Infujion in 
cold Water, for two Drams of Green Tea, 
as much Imperial, and the like Quantity of 
Bohea} each infufed in a Pint of cold Wa- 
ter flowly before a fmall Fire, the firft and 
laft had loft above I.4th Part, and the mid- 
dlemoft an exaft 4th. Another Part of this 
Oil is extracted by boiling Water 3 for the 
two Drams of Trnperial Tea that had been 
infufed in cold Water, and dried, infufed 
again in three fundry boiling Waters, and 
then dried, it had loft 3 Grains more, i, e. 
34 in all, out of 120 Grains* Tht Green 
Tea that had been infufed before in cold 
Water, and dried, being now infufed in 
boiling Water an Hour, and dried again, 
had loft 16 Grains more; i. e. 48 Grains 
in all out of 120. But frefli Green Tea that 
had not been ufed before, infufed in feveral 
boiling Waters, loft 46 Grains3 two Drama 
of Bohea Tea treated in the fame Manner, 
mid dried again, had loft 48 Grains 3 112 
Grains of Hyfon Tea thus infufed and dried, 
loft 42 Grains; Ix 2 Grains of all thofe 
Teas that had been thus infufed and dried, 
had a Point of boiling Water poured on them* and let ftand 24 Hours; then poured 
off, and frefh put on, and drifted again, till 
green Copperas would no longer change the 
Colour of the Waters, then the Leaves ta- 
ken out and dried flowly, had loft only 9 
Grains, i. e. near i-i2th Part, and 103 
Grains were left. Another Part is drawn 
out by boiling in Water over an open Fire; 
thus the lad: 103 Grains boiled in a Pint 
and an half of Water to half a Pint, and 
the Operation was repeated fix or feven 
times ; then the Leaf was taken out and 
dried, and it had loft fome Grains. There 
is ftill another Sort that cannot be extracted 
by watery Vehicles, but muft have rectified 
Spirits. Thus 22 Grains of dried Pekoe 
\Tea, that had been infufed and boiled in 
fundry Waters* infufed in reßijied Spirits, 
and then dried, had loft 2 Grains; 112 
Grains of Bchea cleas that had been ufed 
before, loft 7 Grains in Spirits. There is 
ftill another Part, which is only feparable by 
an open Fire; for 2 Drams of the above 
'Teas (that had been infufed in cold Water, 
boiling Water, boiled and infufed in Spirits) 
being put in a Crucible, fet in a clear Fire, 
and llightly covered with an Iron Plate; the Tea fir ft fent out a very thick blue 
Smoak, and then a clear Flame j a deal of 
black tough Oil hung on the Underfide of 
the Plate; it tailed exceeding rough and 
bitter: So that the Oil of Tea conlifts of 
light fep arable Earth and Oil, which con- 
ftitute a Gum. Eighty Grains of Hyfon T 
as much Green, and as much Pekoe, put 
into different Phial Glajfes, and two Ounces 
of Spirit of Wine poured on each, and all 
fet fome Hours before the Fire, then re- 
moved into a cold Place, and let Hand feven 
Days more. The like Weight of thefe Teas 
put into three Phials, and the fame Quan- 
tity of Spirits poured on each of them 3 then 
removed quickly into a cold Place, and let 
ftand as many Days as the firft had done, 
both in the Heat and Cold j then the Spi- 
rits poured out of all the fix Glades, and 
the Leaves taken out and dried. The 
Hyfon, in the firft, had loft 26 Grains, the 
Pekoe 24 Grains, the Green Tea 27 Grains, 
The Spirits left to exhale flowly in a fmall 
Heat, left very near the fame Weight. Of 
thefe, in the cold Infufon, the Green loft 
14 Grams, the Hyfon 14 Grains, of a very 
bitter, aftringent, delicate tailed Green Gum; the Pekoe 12 Grains. The Spirits exhaled 
left the fame Weights again : So that warm 
Infufion draws out near double of the cold, 
but both Tindure and Gum of the laft is 
infinitely pleafanter and beautifuller than the 
firfl j and the dried Leaves were clear and 
Iparkled, as tho’ covered with fome Vernice. 
Thefe infufed in feveral boiling Waters, 
till Copperas would tindure the Liquor no 
longer, then dried and weighed, Hyfon 
weighed 38 Grains, the Pekoe 37 Grains, 
the Green 38. This Gum is partly diflbl- 
vable in Water, and partly inflammable by 
the Fire; for a little of that extraded by 
Spirits, put into cold Water, and fet before 
the Fire, a great part of it diflblved quick- 
ly, and tindured the Water green, turning 
it exceeding bitter and aftringent. Six 
Grains of it laid on a hot Fire-fhovel, it 
quickly flow’d, burnt in a Flame, and left 
a little white Afh. 
'Tea contains a Salt, but it is chiefly fixed 
when it comes to us; for two Drams of 
Tea that had been fully infufed and boiled, 
was burnt, and the white Allies put into 
its Infufions and Decodions, and all evapo- 
rated llowly to Drynefs. Water poured on the Refiduum, and filtered twice, then the 
Earth well dried weighed 36 Grains. The 
filtered Liquor being fiowly exhaled, left 
8 Grains of an exceeding brackifh Salt, 
which would not ferment with Acids. 
So that we fee the Parts of Tea are fepa- 
rable into, 1. A peculiar yellow, noxious 
Juice, which evaporates in roafting. 2. A 
thin Oil, which is difiipated, either by lying 
long in the open Air, or by Infufion in cold 
Water. 3. A Semi haljamick Liquor, fome- 
what grofier than the laid. 4. A thick and 
black rejlncus Oil. 5. A little Refm, fria- 
able in the Cold, and inflammable by Fire, 
but not difiblvable by Water. 6. A Gum 
confifiing of more Mucus than Oil, there- 
fore difiblvable in Water, or combufiible in 
the Fire. Thefe are the different Sortments 
of the Oil of the Leaf 3 for the Flowers and 
Seeds wre have had no Opportunity to exa- 
mine them, nor are they in ufe. 7. A fix'd 
Salt. 8. Earth.—The different Proporti- 
ons of thefe Parts, as near as I could com- 
pute, are, Bohea Tea contains 1-1 oth Phlegm, 
or other volatile Parts; Green Tea i-3oth 
Part. Fix’d Earth is about of both, 
only Green Tea has a little more than Bohea, Green Tea has a 15th Part Salt, Bohea Tea 
I-15-4-th. The Oil and lighter Earth, loft 
by Deco&ion and Evaporation of the fil- 
tered Liquor, are 8-i3ths of the whole. 
But in making of Tea, the Parts obtained 
from the Leaf is different in different Wa- 
ters for two Drams of Green Tea infufed 
two Hours in boiling PJver Water, then 
the Water poured off, and more put on, 
and repeated a third time; then the Leaves 
carefully and ftowly dried, had loft a-yths. 
Rain Water left it lighter, &c. 
C H A P, VII. 
How TEA is ufed, and of the other 
Ingredients, 
'npHERE are fundry Ways of making 
1 T:V7, the Tartars boil it in Milk, which 
fee ms to be ill judged : For, 1. Milk either 
blunts, or fheaths up the more minute, oily, 
or faline Particles of the Tea, therefore ca- 
che Stic and leucophlegmati c Perfons fhould 
neither boll it in Milk, nor ufe Cream, to it 1 
for all Stimulation from the Liquor is here- 
by prevented, inftead whereof it foftens 
and lubricates. 2. The boiling of Milk- carries off its more watery, fmall, and bal- 
famick Parts, and leaves the more grofs, 
earthy, and naufeous behind, to fluff ob- 
flrudted Veffels more. 3. The thinner Parts 
of the Milk being lofl, the Vehicle is more 
unlit to inlinuate itfelf into the Leaves, and 
diffolve and fetch out thefe delicate Princi- 
ples, many whereof lie flill wrapt up in 
the fixed Parts.—The Japanefe powder the 
Leaves of their firft, or fineft early Teay 
and pour boiling Water on them, and fo 
flp up both together 5 by this means they 
have a thick, muddy, inflead of a clear 
Liquor: Befides, the Subftance of the Leaf 
being aftringent, if drunk by Perfons of too 
fliff Veffels, this may add to the Rigidity. 
The Tafle mufl alfo be more rough, harfh, 
earthy, and difagreeable.—The Chinefe make 
their Tea as we do, by infuling it in boiling 
Water ; but when they have drunk the Li- 
quor, they often prepare the Leaves for an 
Evening Sallad with Sugar, Oil, and Vi- 
71cgar.—Formerly, in England, when they 
had breakfafled on Tea, they boiled the 
Leaves, drained the Liquor, and drunk it 
to their Afternoon drinking. Some now 
infufe their Tea in boiled Milk inflead of Water, which is exceeding nourifhing (es- 
pecially if ’tis Bohea) and well adopted for 
confumptive, thin, and hedlic Perfons, or 
that have Coughs, or profufe draining Ul- 
cers, or an acrid Humour in their Blood; 
if it goes off their Stomach as well.—Some, 
when they make Tea, pour all the firff Li- 
quor out of the Pot, before they pour on 
more, which is a very bad way 3 for thus all 
the delicate Flavour of the Leaf goes off in 
the firff Pot, and what follows has the 
Roughnefs without the Flavour: But it 
were better to pour out a little Tea into each 
Cup (where there is a Company) then fill 
up the Pot with Water, and fill up the 
Diffies 3 never pour out above half the Li- 
quor in the Pot till it is fill’d again 3 fo fome 
of the Flavour will remain to the laff.— 
But a better way ffill, and which will make 
the whole Tea to be drank equally fine and 
pleafant tailed, is to put the Tea into a 
large Pot at firff, fill it up with Water when 
it has flood a little 3 fill every Cup a third 
part, or half full, out of the Pot 5 thei 
them up out of the Tea-Kettle of Watt 3 
thus will the laff Cup of the T?a have th . 
fame Flavour with the firff, only rou? ‘ , having drawn out more of the earthy Farts 
by handing longer.—The Sort of Tea made 
is alfo to be considered, for the fmalleft and 
hardeh curled requires double time to hand, 
than the lefs curled, fpongy, large Leaves 
do, after the Water is poured on, till its 
put out into the Cups. Hence Hyfon Tea 
will bear double the time for the Water to 
hand on, and double the Infufions of Wa- 
ter that Imperial Tea would.—The Choice 
of proper Water is a great Article in making 
good Tea; the fofteff and pureff is always 
beff, which is thus known; it gives the 
Tea the fineft Tin dure and Flavour, taftes 
not rough, hard, and difagreeable, but foft 
and pleafant: Hence foft Water and a coarfe 
Tea, will make a finer Liquor than hard 
Water and a fine Tea. From many Expe- 
riments I find, that different Waters make 
very great Difference in both Quantity and 
Parts of the Tea extraded by Infufion. 
Water being that wherewith Tea is com- 
monly made, it behoves us to fee that it 
be good, not only becaufe bad Water both 
fpoils and waftes good Tea, but becaufe we 
ought to regard our own Health in feeking 
for good ; for if bad, it will neceffarily oc- cadon and leave fome Taint in our Juices 
and Veifels. Befides, we often exped ag 
much from the Water as from the Tea; 
and I think it has been fufficiently proven, 
that good Water in general, of all other 
Liquors, quenches the third; of healthy Peo- 
ple heft. 2. That good Water, of all other 
Liquors, promotes a true nutritious and 
healthy Digeftion bed: in general. 3. That 
of all other Liquors it bed; compenfates the 
Lofs we continually fuftain of the moid 
and watery part of our Blood, and necedaiy 
Juices, whild in Health. 4. That the or- 
dinary ufe of this in the Youth and Man- 
hood of healthy Perfons, is the likelieffc and 
mod; proven Tipple to attain a long, ufe- 
ful, and comfortable Life, Water conlidered 
in a dietetick Light. 
CHAP. VIIL 
Who, wheni and how to ufe TE A. 
WE confider not Tea in a medicinal 
but a dietetick Light, in this Dif- 
courfe ; therefore we judge it an improper 
Diet for Infants; for if drank fmall, the 
warm Water will relax their Habits quite too much; If drank firong, it may affeft 
their tender Nerves, which differ fo little 
Jrom a Fluid; it will pall their Stomach 
and Digefiion. It muff alfo either be drank 
without Sugar, or with it; if the firft, it 
both relaxes and rakes their delicate Bodies. 
if the laft. Sugar, if fine, is a Salt, and may 
dry too much, wear their Veffels, heat and 
caufe Thirfi:; if coarfe, fuch Quantities 
taken fo often, of an oily Subfiance, may 
leave fome Lentor on the Veffels, and caufe 
fome Sizinefs or Toughnefs in the glandu- 
lar Juices elpecially, and leave Obfiruddons; 
or its Oil may occafion Sharpnefs in the 
Blood, or Lymph.—Nor do I think it ad- 
vifeable for the more grown up, either to 
drink it too often, or in great Quantities at 
a time; for though it may feem to agree 
well for fome Years, yet it may produce its 
Effects afterwards, more rivited in the Con- 
ffitution, and harder to be extirpated. Hence 
we often fee the bad Effects of it in the Fair 
Sex efpecially, who ufe but little Exercife, 
and deny themfelves a frequent Glafs of 
Red Wine, how faint, pale, relaxed, low- 
jpirited, and leucophlegmatic they often are, 
and how many Complaints we hear of Tre- mors and Pains in the other Sex, from ati 
indifcreet Ufe of it: For if the beft and 
fafeft Things are abufed, they not only 
may, but often do harm. Grofs corpulent 
People, and the Flegmatic, and fuch whole 
Blood is too thin and watery, ought either 
not to drink it at all, or in fmall Quantity 
and ftrong.—Such as ufeExercife, or a chear- 
ful Glafs at Night, nlay beneficially drink 
more of it than others, if it agree witl* 
them ; i, e, leaves no fenfible bad Effeds 
on them. A moift, thick, cloudy, foggy 
Air, a marlhy Situation, require both Green 
Tea, and to be drank llronger and Iparing- 
ly; the fame do Pot Companions and Ale 
Tipplers, to open the Ureters, and help off 
with their daily Load. But luch as are 
much weakened and emaciated, and juft 
recovering from fore acute Difeafes, have 
nothing to do with it; they require more 
nourishing things.—Such as ufe little Exer- 
cife, and live temperately, Ihould not drink 
it above once a Day, either to Breakfaft, 
or Afternoon ; the Intemperate may have it 
oftener and llronger.—-Nor is it a Liquor 
fitted for the ufe of a very hot Seafon, to be 
ufed too liberally, as it relaxes the Stomach. hhd whole Habit moie, and promotes the 
Difcharge of the thinner Parts of the Blood* 
often fufliciently drained off by the Heat 
of the Weather.-—And what Hill tends to 
make its Ufe injurious, where it really 
would not, is the Cuftom of drinking it 
with Drams, volatile Spirits, and Cordial 
\Tinßures ; for as thefe are often called in 
upon the immoderate ufe of it, fo they 
haften on the Ruin of the unhappy Tipplers, 
Who either thereby get into a Habit of 
Dramming, or are fo dejedled and difpß 
rited, that they muft every now and then 
be obliged to repeat their favourite Cordial 
£)rops. But more of this afterward. 
CHAP. IX. 
Of the Efeels and Virtues oj FR A, 
This Leaf ii ke all other Things, has 
met with various Treatment, accord- 
ing to the different Taftes, Humours, and 
Prejudices of Mankind, Some have aferi- 
bed to it fuch fovereign healing Virtues, as 
tho’ it were not only capable to extirpate 
and prevent the Caufe of all Difeafes, but 
even almoft to raife up, and reflore thofe that are come to their lull agonizing Mo- 
ments j and extol it to a Degree that ren- 
ders their Panegyrick too near a-kin to a 
Satyr. Others are no lefs fevere in their 
Cenfures and Declamations, and impute the 
moft pernicious Confequences to it, account- 
ing it no better than a flow, but efficacious 
Poifon, and a Seminary of Difeafes. And 
tho’ its good Effects in fome Difeafes are 
too glaring to be denied, yet fuch roundly 
affirm thefe to be the Effebl of the warm 
Water, without ever trying whether warm 
Water alone will have that Efficacy, with- 
out caufing Naufea, Vomiting, palling of 
die Appetite, and Faintnefs, or even with 
thefe Inconveniencies. They are fo hurried 
by their Prejudices, that they will not in- 
dulge themfelves the Liberty they would 
ufe in other Cafes, viz. to confider the 
Difference between the moderate, feafona- 
ble, and difereet ufe of a proper Tea, and 
the exceffive and unfeafonable ufe of an 
unfuitable Sort. Or whether the Mifchiefs 
alledged, come from ‘l’ea drank in the com- 
mon Way, or from Freedom with Drams % 
Spirits, and Cordials, or Negledt of necef- 
fary Exercife and Labour, or indulging a 100 plentiful, nice Diet; or of Intempe- 
rance, Raking, or Intriguing: Whereas if 
thefe were narrowly fcann’d into, there 
would be juft as much Reafon to blame 
the Bread and Cheefe they eat when Chil- 
dren, or their drefling Mifs Dolly. Or if 
they are pinched in the Argument, that it 
has, and may ftill do Service, they then 
fay, we run the Hazard of an Infedion 
with foreign and worfe Difeafes, which lie 
fecret and hid in the imported Leaf j as tho’, 
the fame Objection did not lie againft the 
Sugar ufed with it, and all other Things 
imported either for Food or Phyfick, and 
with a great deal more Juftice, for feveral 
Reafons. And to ftrengthen their Caufe, 
they hale all in for Votaries on their Side, 
who give us but neceffary Cautions againft 
an exceffive, unfeafonable, and improper 
Ufe of it; than which nothing can be more 
unfair, and a greater Sign of a defperate 
forlorn Caufe. But not venting themfelves 
againft the Plant, they bafely turn their 
virulent Pen againft the Importers, treating 
them in a manner that deferves Contempt, 
Others go more flily to work, and will 
have the Virtues of Tea to be induftrioufly magnified for the Intereft of the hnportei's. 
But what Profit can private Perfons have, 
by attempting to put a Cheat upon the 
World, that if it takes, they can be no 
Gainers by the Bargain ; if it does not, they 
mu ft expedt to be laughed at and flighted. 
Nor is it fuppofable, that Gentlemen of 
Learning and Ingenuity, do recommend it 
from any other Motive, but that of Benevo- 
lence and Love for their fellow Creatures.— 
The other Extream is alfo blameable, when 
Tea is extolled fo immoderately and imme- 
ritedly, as if all the other whole Clafles of 
alterative Vegetables had either been made 
in vain, or to recommend the fuperior Ex- 
cellency of Tea; for indeed all the other 
Clafles viewed in a medical Light, afford 
better Afiiftances from Vegetables than Tea, 
I own there is one Advantage got, by the 
late common Ufe of it, which is, that the 
Vulgar have learned a more eafy and ex- 
peditious way of drawing Infufions from 
other proper Plants in a great many Cafes, 
as Stomachics, Etnenagcgues, Peflorals. Fe- 
brifuges, which they were obliged to the 
Apothecaries Care for before : For the Eu- 
ropean World was far from1 being created deftitute of Plants, more proper than this, 
to cafe and aid the Complaints and Difeafes 
of its Inhabitants, if their Virtues were well 
and generally known3 and I heartily wifti 
that this may prove a happy Prelude and 
Incitement to the further Examination and 
Study of our own Simples 3 an Enquiry 
that would promife the greateft Service to 
Mankind 3 for what we have of this Kind, 
is purely owing to the Ancients 3 and in- 
ftead of improving and extending it, we 
have in a great meafure negle<fted it 3 and 
inftead of finding out their Ufes, we ftudy 
to run them out into curious, endlefs, un- 
profitable Divifions. 
But allowing all the Virtues afcribed to 
*Tea to be juft, yet we may be cafily difap*. 
pointed of its expected Efficacy feveral 
Ways, as 1. When we are not proper Judges 
of it, and fo have that which is damaged\ 
drawn, or adulterated palmed upon us,, for 
that which is good and genuine. 2. By ig- 
norantly prefering that Sort which may be 
improper in our Cafe or Conftitution 3- as 
drinking Green, which is diuretiok and 
cleanfing, inftead of Bohea, which is more 
foftening, fmoothing, healing, and balfa- tnick ♦ or ufmg Imperial for Hyfon * or the 
laft for common, &c. 3. By infufing or 
drinking it in an improper Liquor, as faline 
or fpirituous, inftead of Water, 4. Or bv 
ufing an unfuitable Liquor of the fame kind, 
as Snow, lee, earthy, jlagnant, or metallick 
Waters, inftead of loft, fmooth, pure Wa- 
ter. 5. By drinking to Excels, and at un- 
feafonableTimes, or of an improper Strength, 
as ftrong when it ftiould be fmali, and fmall 
for ftrong. 6» When by long, unneceftary 
and too frequent Ufe, we have familiarized 
it to us, that it will not anfwer our Inten- 
tion to that Degree. 7. When we take not 
care to keep it clofe, clean, and pure. 8. 
When the Water is either boiled too much, 
or in an unfit Veftel, or over a fmoakv, or 
other bad Fire. Nor, laftly, can we reafon- 
ably expect that either the fiime Medicine 
or Diet ftiould always have the fame Eftedt, 
in all Ages, Sexes, Conftitutions, Seafons, 
and Ways of Life, efpecially when long Ufe 
has inured it to us. Nor are we to ima- 
gine it to be of fo powerful a Nature, as, 
like a Charm, to cure in the Height of a 
Diftemper, or root out that which is be- 
come habitual by long Continuance. It is 5* 
no wonder that we meet with fo nVany 
Complaints, but it is wonderful we find no 
more from the prefent excellive ufe of Tea, 
as the drinking it three or four times a day, 
fix, feven, or eight Dilhes at a time, as is 
too often the Cuftom of fome, who yet 
ufe little Exercife after it. This mu ft be 
fo far from preventing or curing Difeafes, 
that it is no Surprize to fee fuch look pale, 
and hear them complain of Low-fpirited- 
nefs, the true Effects of a lax Fibre, and 
poor watery Blood, occafioned by fwilling 
down fo much warm watery Liquor; and this 
is as great a Recommendation of the Afiatic 
Leafy as any modeft Man will venture to 
rive it; for let them drink but half as much 
C> ' 
warm Water without the Teay and we 
(hould fee the fhocking Effects of it. Elerc 
Gentlemen have no room to find fault with 
the Ladies y when they at prefent too often 
Twill down far greater Quantities of more 
injurious Liquors, viz. warm Negas and 
hot Punchy which would far fooner bring 
greater Evils on them, did not more Exer- 
cife, now and then the ufe of Red Wine, 
&c. prevent it. Probably one Reafon that has occafioned 
fuch different Sentiments concerning Pea, 
is, that tho’ feveral Authors have wrote on 
it, yet they have neither enquired into its 
Principles, nor applied thefe to the Blood, 
Juices, and Solids of the human Body, 
but taken both upon Truft, to favc them- 
felves the Trouble of Examination, without 
which they were to expedl no Certainty as 
to its Virtues and Properties. To prevent 
therefore our implicitly following fuch 
Guides, we took the above feparated Prin- 
ciples of Pea, and found that all its Infu- 
sions, of a moderate Strength, were reftrin- 
gent 5 and that the greater or leffer Degree 
of their Reftringency, is in proportion to 
the Strength or Weaknefs of the Liquor 
drunk, and the Springinefs or Laxnefs of 
the Drinkers Fibres. But tho' the Infufions 
of all the Peas have an Aftringency, yet 
fome have it in a more eminent Degree 
than others, for the Boheas have it in a 
lower than the Greens ; common Green has 
it more than Hyfon •, which is the Reafon 
that where bracing and cleaning (Deter- 
gents) are wanting, common Green is heft; 
where more fmooth and lubricating, Bohea challenges the Preference. Where a deli- 
cate Flavour, and moderate Degree of bra- 
cing is wanted, Hyfon and fine Green Tea 
are fitted;. The Salt of Tea difiblves the 
Blood i its Earth neither attenuates nor thick- 
ens it; its Oil thickens a little ; its Gum 
very much, whether extracted in a watery, 
or a fpirituous Liquor; its Oil and Earth 
united, extremely contract our Fibres, All 
thcfe Properties fome affirm to be local, 
and do not hold when brought out of Afia 
a monflrous Affertion ! We find other Ve- 
getables, when exported from their native 
Soil, anfwer the fame Purpofes here; and 
what fhould hinder this, it were to be 
wifhed they had explained, if they could. 
Now for fome of the more particular Ufes 
of Tea. It is of Service in Diforders of the 
Head, from cold and fluggifh Caufes, which 
fo alter the Mafs of Blood and Lymph, that 
they have not a free Courfe through the 
Yeflels of the Brain, but adhering to their 
Infides, either ffiorten or hut up their Dia- 
meters ; fuch is fizy, thick, flegmatic Dif- 
pofition of the whole Mafs of Blood, which 
when it arrives at the fmall and tender 
yeffels of the Brain, their inherent Force not being equal to the Strength neceflary to 
propel vifcid Fluids along their Canals, its 
Motion is therefore flow; but the quickeft 
Motion being always in the Axis of the 
Veflels, from the repulfive Collifion or Re- 
liftance of the Sides, and the mod fluid 
Parts of the Blood being fufceptible of the 
greatefl Motion, thefe mufl therefore be 
chiefly propelled3 while the vifcider Parts 
lefs fit for Motion, as they confifl of groficr, 
lefs prepared, and more attractive, or ad- 
heflve Particles, give the greatefl: Refiftance 
to the ACtion of the Solids and Veflels, and 
lie neareft their Sides, which being weak- 
ened, foak’d in Moiflure, and become over 
flippery, have not Force to fliake them off* 
and throw them into the middle of the 
Veflel3 therefore they firft move flowly, 
then lie ftill and flick to the Sides of the 
Veflels, where they attract other Particles 
of the like Nature, till they fliut up the 
Veflel, and prevent the Motion of the Blood 
or Lymph.—ln this cafe Green cTea> of a 
proper Strength, is a good Diluter, for the 
Water thins j the Salts feparate the fluggifli 
Lymph, ftimulate and invigorate the Vef- 
fels, encreafe the Blood’s Motion 3 its Earth and Oil, brace up the lax unfpringy Veffels, 
and difpofe the Slimy Matter to be thrown 
back into the circulating Mai's, thereby wi- 
den the narrow’d, and open the half fhut 
up Cells of the Brain. The Fluids thus 
difpofed for Motion, and the Vefiels for 
Adtion, the Cohefions of the firfl will be 
broken and expelled by proper Outlets. 
The Blood being thus thinned, it is fitter 
to pafs all the Turnings and Windings of 
the Brain, and have its nervous Juice drained 
off in greater Plenty, to invigorate the 
whole Velfels of the Body; fo will they 
and the Mufcles do their Office more effec- 
tually, with more Eafe and Speed, for a 
longer time j and a beginning Heavinefs, 
Dulnefs, Drowfinefs, Lethargy or Coma 
prevented, or fet further off. This Liquor 
is alfo a proper Diet in a threatened Apo- 
plexy, from thefe Caufes, when a Perfon of 
a hidden becomes uncommonly dull, idle, 
lazy, fleepy, averfe to Exercife or Motion, 
belches up Phlegm at times j have pale, 
moift, dim, full Eyes; their Head fwims; 
they breath uneafily after flirring ; they have 
often Tremors, Snortings, and are hag-- 
ridden, \AII thefe Fremonitors of a Le- thargy, come either from a lax Fibre and 
fluggifh Blood, or by too great Freedom 
with unripe Fruits, mealy Foods, Neglect 
of neceffary Motion, or a great Wafte of 
the thinner Parts of the Blood, or want of 
good Blood, or Bile 3 or a Retention of the 
thick Parts of the Blood and Humours, or 
their cleaving to the Infldes of the weak 
and lax Veflels.—Green Tea is no bad Tip- 
ple in the above Difeafes, viz. Lethargies, 
Apoplexies, Head-achs, &c, from the Rick- 
ing of the thicker Parts of the grumous 
Blood to the Infides of the Veflels; for 
Riould thefe Parts Rick long to the Veflels, 
they might produce polypous Concretions, 
either in the Head, Heart, or great Arteries. 
for Tea dißblves thefe grumous Adhefions, 
hinder their Concretions, cleanfes the Vef- 
fels, encreafes their Force and Action, and 
reßores a due Commixture of the different 
Parts of the Blood 3 but Exercife muR ne- 
ceflarily attend the ufe of this Diet. 
I would alfo recommend it in inflamma- 
tory Thickneifes of the Blood, difcoverable 
by a fharp, conßant Feverifhnefs, an obßi- 
jiate great inflammatory Pain of the Head, with Rednefs, Fulnefs, and Inflammation 
of the Eyes. Here fmall Green 'Tea drank 
freely, after plentiful Bleeding, thins the 
Blood, leflens its Reliftance againfl: the 
Veflels, caufes it to move more eafily, mix 
better, afford more animal Juices, and dif- 
pofes it for Nourishment and Evacuation, 
i. e. it brings the mutual Refiftance of So- 
lids and Fluids nearer to a Balance, as all 
thefe Symptoms arife from an encreafed 
Circulation of the Blood, in proportion to 
its Confidence, which is too thick. But 
the fluggifh, or rather overpowered Veflels, 
being rouzed and flrengthened by this Li- 
quor, and the Blood thin’d, and better fitted 
for Circulation ; Secretions and Evacuations, 
the Balance of Nature, is brought nearer, 
and the Body relieved.—ln a Vertigo, or 
'Swimming of the Head, Green "Tea drank 
(not too ftrong) once or twice a Day, after 
bleeding and vomiting, (if indicated) will 
be ufeful in relieving the Perfon, becaufe it 
is of a thining, cleanfing, roufing, and bra- 
cing Nature, as we fliew’d from the Effects 
of its Principles and Compofition. 
What fhould mightily recommend the 
ufe of Tea to Gentlemen of a fprightly Genius, who would preferve the Continue 
ance of their lively and diftinCl Ideas, is its 
eminent and unequalled Power to take off, 
or prevent Drowfmefs and Dulnefs, Damps 
and Clouds on the Brain, and intellectual 
Faculties. It begets a watchful Brilknefs, 
difpels Heavinefs 3 it keeps the Eyes wake- 
ful, the Plead clear, animates the intellec- 
tual Powers, maintains or raifes lively Ideas, 
excites and fharpeneth the Thoughts, gives 
frefh Vigour and Force to Invention, awa- 
kens the Senfes, and clears the Mind; 
perhaps becaufe by its thinning the Blood, 
cleaning and clearing the Glands of the 
Brain, it encreafes the Secretion and Dis- 
tribution of animal Juices, which compen- 
fate the preceding Lofs of Spirits, whether 
fpent before on the bodily or intellectual 
Organs. It invigorates the Fibres and Vef- 
fels afrefh, takes off that Laxnefs and Slug- 
gifhnefs which called to Sleep. Evacua- 
tions by the Skin and Kidneys are duly and 
regularly carried on at the fame time 5 fo 
that the Body is foon freed from thofe fu- 
perfluous Juices which made it dull and 
indifpofed. And as it thus promotes a free 
Circulation, gently cjeanfes and comforts the Brain; that there is no Load, flow Cir- 
culation or Stoppage in any of its Veflels 
and Glands; therefore it frees from fright- 
ful Dreams, Incubus, or Hag-riding, ex- 
cept the Stomach is loaded with animal, or 
other Food of hard Digeftion, at going to 
Bed, which may comprefs the descending 
Trunk of the great Artery, whereby the 
Blood is fent up to the Head in greater 
Surges, fills the Veflels, and diflurbs Cir- 
culation. And as Pains of the Head and 
Megrim owe their Rife either to a Fulncfs 
of the Veffels with grofs fizy Blood, or to 
a Diflention with an inflammatory Liquor; 
fo that which thins the flrft, and promotes 
the Preparation and Secretion of both, is 
ferviceable in thefe Cafes; and the ufe of 
Green "Tea once or twice a Day, will con- 
tribute to this, if not too flrong, to caufe a 
Stimulation. But to prevent both this and 
terrifying Dreams at once, it is properefl; in 
the Afternoon, but not too late, left it hin- 
der Sleep.—Tea is alfo ufeful in feveral Dis- 
orders of the Eyes, as Weaknefs, Dimnefs 
of Sight, Rednefs, involuntary Tears, &c. 
from a Fulnefs of the Glands, firetching of 
the Veflels, and fqueezing forth of the Hu- Xnours, or from an Increafe and Thickening 
of the Coats and Humours, or a lodging of 
Ibme Sizinefs in the fmall VelTels, and their 
dillending and prefling on the Nerves of 
Sight, and leflening or hindering their Com- 
munication with the Brain, whereby they 
pine and clofe; or from a meer Fulnefs of 
the VelTels, wherein the thinner Parts arc 
drained oil', and the thicker left behind. 
In all thefe a Diet of Tea is proper, for it 
moillens the diff, rouzes the lax and dretch- 
ed VelTels, thins the Blood, correds the 
fharp Humours, and braces the Nerves and 
Mufcles, fo as they lhake off their almoft 
flagnant Juices. But for a Laxnefs and 
Stretching of the Glands and Coats, it fhould 
be drank ffrong j in the other Cafes fmall. 
It has alfo been found of ufe in Deafnefs, 
from a Relaxation of the Drum of the Ear, 
from an Afflux of pituitous Humours on 
the VelTels or their Membranes. 
It is of good Ufe in Rheums or Catarrhs, 
whether of the Nofe, Throat, or Bread:. 
For thefe Difeafes being a Defluxion of 
/harp Serum from the Glands about the 
Head and Throat, are often the Effeds of a 
Cold catched ; for then what fhould go off the Skin, being retained, falls upon 
thefe Glands, and irritating them, caufes a 
Sneezing* running of the Nofe, or a Cough* 
C?r. or a Catarrh may be from too much 
Serum either in the whole Body, or in 
thefe Parts 5 or from a natural Laxnefs of 
the Coats of the Glands* or a greater Flux 
of Humours to, or a flower Motion of the 
Blood about the Heads for the Glands 
there, and of the Throat, are the moll fuf- 
ceptible of this encreafed Quantity of Serum, 
becaufe they are provided with the lead 
Helps either to refill or throw it off. For 
this Reafon fuch as have this Serum much 
encreafed, are dull and inactive 3 for the 
Veflels of the Brain being weak and dilata- 
ble, will fuftain a great Share of the Load 
which flretches the Blood-Veflels, and com- 
prefles the Roots of the Nerves; hence lefs 
nervous Juice, and the Influx of that into 
the Nerves is alfo diminiflied, the Mufcles 
become refty, fluggifh and inaddve: But 
the Spirits being detained in the Brain, 
caufe Anxiety, Reftlefsnefs, (horter diflur- 
bed Sleep; and being feat oflf into the 
Nerves of involuntary Motion* the Heart is 
invigorated, the Action of its Mufcles is en- created ; hence a quick Pulfe and Heat* 
But Green Tea drank Imall and freely, with 
How and then a little Spirit of Hartfhom* 
and keeping warm, anfwers all the Inten- 
tions neceflary in a Catarrh, after Evacua* 
tions, if needful. 
Where Perfpiration is too great, the Fore® 
of the Fibres and Veflels too terong, the 
Circulation rapid, the Blood ground down* 
and the Body always lean and thin, Robed 
Tea is very beneficial, for it furnifhes a 
fmoothing, foftening, and relaxing Princi- 
ple to the Fibres and Velfeis, prevents or 
diminifhes their too great Springinefs, Dri- 
nefs, and Hardinefs; kittens the immode- 
rate Expence of the Juices by the Skin; the 
Solids adl not with fuch Force and Celerity. 
Hence the Blood moves more evenly and 
eafily, is not fo ground down, and nourishes 
the Body better. In fpitting of Blood, ei- 
ther from the Delicacy or Tendernefs of the 
Veffels of the Lungs, or the Force, quick 
Motion, or Sharpnefs of the Humours. 
Here, after due Bleeding, and Endeavours 
to reunite the ruptured Yeltels, the Rapid- 
nefs. Heat, and Sharpnefs of the Humours 
are to be corrected by Emollients and Balfa- micks. Here the dietetic Ufe of Bohea Ted 
is advifeable, as it anfwers all the above In- 
tentions, if drank with Cream, coarfe Su~ 
gar, 6cc.—ln Abfcefles of the Lungs, with 
Difficulty of Breathing, a dry thick Cough, 
after eating, or Motion efpecially; frequent 
Hedic Fits, great Anxiety toward the Even- 
ing, and Night Sweats; Bohea Tea, ufed as 
above, may prevent the Increafe of the Ab- 
feefs or Ulcer, defend the Blood from the 
Injury of the purulent Matter mixing with 
it. Its vulnerary and balfamick Parts 
corred and foften the fharp Humours, 
and hinder their Putrefaction fo fpeedily, 
and helps to determine them to the Kid- 
neys, and makes Spitting eafler. In 
Obftrudions of the Lungs from Sizinefs 
of the Humours, from too great Heat 
and Motion, or ufe of fpirituous Liquors, 
profufe Sweats, Colds, or finking in of 
Eruptions of the Skin; all which encreafe 
the Heat, Quantity, Motion, and Sharpnefs of 
the Humours, that are prefled together, ad- 
here with a larger Surface, and have too 
large Globules to pafs the fmall Veflels. 
Here, after Bleeding and Laxatives, Bohea 
Tea of a middling Strength, drank as above. is ferviceable ; as it is alfo in a violent 
laborious Cough, which tears at leaft the 
Mucus from the Infides of the Wind-pipe* 
whereby it is foon irritated by the Cold, or 
by the Sharpnefs of the glandular Liquor 
feparated there. In Inflammations of the 
Sides or Lungs, from a Fulnefs of the Vef- 
fels of thofe Parts, with a fizy Blood, fuch 
as cannot ufe Linfeed, or Mallow clea, may 
profitably fubftitute Bohea. Thus 1 have 
thrown feveral of the chief Ufes of Bohea 
‘Tea together; to which might be added 
other internal Ulcers, as of the Stomach, 
Kidnies, Bladder, &c. 
Having in thefe few” preceding Inflances 
fhewn the Effects of lea both on Solids 
and Fluids, I fhall avoid Repetitions in 
what follows. It is alfo good in Obllruc- 
tions of the Lungs, arifing from the VifcF 
dity of the Humours from their too flow 
Motion, known from a fott, flaccid Habit 
of Body, weak, flow Pulfe, a languid Cir- 
culation, pale Urine, and no Third. HciO 
pretty ftrong Green Tea is bed; as it is alio 
in want of Appetite and Digeftion, from 
much Slime lying in the Stomach, or a lan- 
guid Aftlon of its mufcular Coats, or want of proper Juice to invigorate the Nerves, or 
from loading it with Food of hard Digef- 
tion j or from melancholy Sharpnefs lodged 
in it. Many chronic Difeafes arife from 
a Diminution of Digeflion in the firft, fe- 
eond, and third rate Powers ; how many 
Difeafes then may not a moderate Ufe of 
Green "Tea exempt us from. In Surfeits, 
whether from Wine or Mait Liquors, which 
have left much Slime on the Stomach, or 
acrimonious Particles in it, or the Bowels, 
or Brain ; or too great a Quantity has been 
poured down hence Pain, or Smimming 
of the Head, Dulnefs, Heavinefs, Belch- 
ing, and Oppreflion of the Body, Fulnefs, 
and Loathing of Food, In all thefe Difor- 
ders from Surfeits, the good Effects of 
Green 'Tea is no lefs fenlible than viflble. 
In tender Stomachs, which either from 
Thinnefs, or the Lofs of the mucous Coat 
of the Stomach, by Spirituous Liquors, &c. 
for the exquifite Senfibility of the nervous 
Coat, can bear no other Vomit but Green 
Tea drank freely, quickly, and pretty ftrong 
without Sugar, and yet anfwers well, as in 
Infants, Women with Child, &c. In fla- 
tulent Cholicks, from a Laxnefs, or dimi- niftied Tone of the mufcular Coats of the 
Guts, whereby fome of the more grofs and 
tenacious Parts of the perfpirable Matter lies 
rarihed in the Bowels, diftends their Coats, 
turns fharp, and pricks the Inteftines, the 
Ufe of Green Tea, drank pretty ftrong, is 
advifeable; as is fmall Tea in bilious Cho- 
licks j though Chicken Broth is better. It 
is alio good drank with Honey, in gravelly 
Pains, from fmall Stones, Sand, or muci- 
laginous Matter collected in the urinary 
Paflages. Nor is Tea ufelefs in feveral forts 
of Obftrudions in the Liver, Spleen, Pan- 
creas, &c, for it thins the Blood, refolves 
the clofe compacted, and wedged in ob- 
Ilrudled Matter; loofens and opens its Co- 
hefions, encreafes the decayed Tone of the 
Veffels, opens their narrowed Mouths to 
the circulating Mafs. In Hippo and Hyf- 
terics. Tea is good, if it agree with t£e 
Conftitution, and not drank too late to pre- 
vent Sleep, the chief thing wanted in the 
firft. And to abundance of People we fee 
it a good Cordial, cheers, and raifes 
their Spirits, makes the Body light and 
lively, difpels thofe Clouds and Drowfmefs 
which generally attend a lax Fibre, a lan- guid Circulation, and loaded, Veflels of the 
Brain. This makes it proper againfl chro- 
nic Fear, wherein the Solids are relaxed, 
the Blood’s Motion languid, the Juices ill 
prepared, unfit to pafs the Strainers of the 
Body, or afford wholfome Nourifhment. 
In beginning Dropfies before the Veffels 
are either didended beyond their Tone, or 
broken, only the watery Parts of the Blood 
pafs not fully through the Veins, but be- 
gins to flagnate in the didendcd Veffels, or 
fhut up fuch as return the Lymph plenti- 
fully from the Cavities, and the Liquids al- 
ready depofited in them, are but exhaled 
or re-abforbed by the Veins in part, then 
are the Veffels didended. Here Green Tea 
drank drong and fparingly, with much 
brifk Exercife, efpecially Riding, is good; 
thefe two revive the Strength, thin the 
Blood, provoke Urine, brace and fcour the 
Veffels, increafe Perfpiration, Circulation, 
and Secretion, move the flagnating Serum, 
call: it back into the larger Veffels to be 
mixed with the red, and evacuated at pro- 
per Places. As to the Gout, the Exemp- 
tion of Chmeje and yapanefe from the tor- 
turing, didrading Pains of the Gout, Stone, Gravel, and Rheumatifm, is Proof enough 
of the Efficacy of this Herb, lince they 
know nothing of thefe Difeafes which fo 
frequently attack us Europeans, though the 
mountainous Parts of Japan are colder than 
our Climate ; yet their conEant fipping of 
this warm Liquor, fecures them from all 
Agonies of this Sort. Nor is this Diet 
ill adapted to the Scurvy, where one part of 
the Blood is too thick, and another too 
thin, ffiarp or fait, wherein Erong Evacua- 
tions never avail, but do Hurt by exafpera- 
ting its Symptoms, if not making it incura- 
ble ; but Green Tea helps to thin the grofs 
Humours, reflore Motion to the Eagnant, 
feparate the Cohelions, foften and blunt the 
Saline, and give a better ConfiEence to the 
too thin. In Intermittents, where there is 
a great Sizinefs and Lentor in the Blood, 
with a lax Fibre and Veffel, Green Tea is 
both pleafant and ufeful, being a Thinner, 
Roufer, and Bracer, and may be a SubEi- 
tute to Wormwood and Camomtl Flower Tea. 
I mentioned its Serviceablenefs before in a 
grofs, moiE, thick, foggy Air, or fenny 
watery Places. As its moderate Ufe and 
Strength contributes to preferve the Vigour of the V eilels of our Bodies, and maintain 
the Ballance between the Blood and them, 
to hinder any Accumulation or Stagnation 
in the Veifels; fo a Diet of Green 'Tea 
feems very proper during a Reign of epide- 
mic Difeafes. 
A moderate Ufe of Tea of a due Strength, 
O * 
feems better adapted to the Fair Sex than 
Men; for they naturally being of a more 
lax and delicate Make, are more liable to a 
Fulnels of Blood and Juices; as alfo be- 
caufe they have lefs Excrcife or hard La- 
bour, than which nothing braces better, or 
gives the Fibres a greater Springinefs; and 
becaufe they are lefs accuftomed to drink 
Wine, whofe Adringency corrugates the 
Fibres, and enables the Veffels to adt with 
greater Brifknefs and Force, fo in fome 
meafure anfwers the End of Labour. And, 
as was hinted above, as to the Seafons of the 
Year, a Diet muft be ufed at all times; 
hut the hot Weather in Summer, with the 
foggy, cloudy, and moid in Winter, being 
1 imes wherein animal Juices are mod lia- 
to a Lentor, and our Bodies to a Ful- 
nels, from the lax State of the Solids, feem 
as lit as any for Green Tea. As to the Stages of Life, Manhood being the Noon 
of our Age, Growth being then finifhed, 
our VefTels at their full Length, and in their 
greatefl Vigour and Force, Digeftions and 
Secretions bed performed, here Tea may be 
drank fafely, though lead wanted j but it 
feems more fuited to Growth, becaufe we 
then are more liable to Plethoras, from the 
Proviiion Nature makes for our Growth; 
and the Decline of Life, when Circulation 
and Digedion are weaker, the Secretions 
grofTer, Evacuations leder, which expofe 
the Body to more grofs and flegmatic Hu- 
mours ; but old Age requires a more warm- 
ing exhilerating Liquor than Tea. The 
phlegmatic and melancholic Conditutions, 
require Tea mod, the Blood of the firft be- 
ing mod liable to Lentors, from the Lax- 
nefs of their Fibres • and that of the lad:, to 
an earthy Thicknefs and Groffnefs, which 
often wants a Diluter and Relaxer. As to 
the Quantity and Strength of this Liquor to 
be drank, all phlegmatic, corpulent, dropfi- 
cal People, and of a bad Habit of Body; 
and all that have lax Fibres, whether here- 
ditary or acquired, fhould drink it in fmall 
Quantities, not above two or three Didies at moll:, and pretty ftrong, as three or four 
Tea Spoonfuls of Tea to the two Cups. 
Sanguine People fhould drink it weaker, 
but not in large Quantities, lince they are 
liable to a Plethora, to which this expofes 
them leaft of any Drink. Melancholy Tem- 
peraments fhould drink it of a moderate 
Strength, and with more Freedom, fince 
their Fibres are fo ftrong, and their Blood 
black and thick. Only Company and Fa- 
shion fhould prevail with the Bilious to 
make ‘Tea a Diet, their Fibres being too 
fpringy, and their Perfpiration too great j 
inch fhould drink it feldom, irnall, and 
with much Milk. But to ail the Perfons 
and Cafes wherein Tea is hitherto recom- 
mended, and we fuppofe it to agree with 
them, and that its ufe produces no fenhble 
or vilible bad Effedls; for where it does, 
it is much more advifeable to refrain it, 
feeing Providence has furnifhed us with 
great Variety of other Food and Drinka- 
bles, that it would be ftupid to run any 
Rifk from nicer Caprice, Humour, and 
Fafhion. C H A P. X. 
Of the ill or bad Effects of T E A. 
AS was faid before, take we Tea in a 
dietetic View, it feems in the gene- 
ral (if drank moderately) not only harm- 
lefs, but very ufeful: But view it in a me- 
dicinal Light, there is fcarce any Difiemper 
for which Nature provides us not with in- 
finitely better and hirer Help from other 
Vegetables. However, even in Diet, daily 
Obfervation fatisfies us, that Tea has its In- 
conveniencies and Mifchiefs that follow its 
habitual Ufe ; whereof I fhall jufi; mention 
a few. Such as have very fenfible and 
fpringy Nerves, after a fhorter or longer 
Ufe of Tea, in greater or leffer Quantity, 
ftronger or weaker, have often a Tremor or 
Shaking. Here T'ea occafions Impediments 
in the Circulation of Humours, and pro- 
duces fundry Defedls •, Bohea ‘Tea elpecially, 
from the little remaining dry peculiar ef- 
fential Juice, as well as Oil and Earth, which 
throw all the Nerves into thofe convulfive 
Vibrations. In fharp watery Difiillations on 
the Wind-pipe or Lungs, caufing frequent. laborious, tickling Coughs, or in convulfive 
Coughs, the Ufe of Green jtea is imprudent 
in the general; for tho’ it thins the Hu- 
mours, yet it pricks the Fibres, whereby 
they are irritated and contracted, the Vef- 
fels made narrower, and more fenfible of 
the Blood’s Sharpnefs ; hence the Cough is 
encreafed. In Coughs, Shortnefs of Breath, 
and ObftruClions of the Lungs, from a Sl- 
zinefs of the Juices, becaufe of the Blood’s 
Lentor, and the Weaknefs and Laxnefs of 
the Veftels, the Ufe of Bchea Tea is wrong 
in general, fmce its Property is to fmooth 
and foften the Fibres j but this Cafe wants 
Cleanfers, Thinners, and Roufers, fuch as 
Green Tea. Cache&ic, cacochymic, leuco- 
phlegmatic, dropfical, and phlegmatic Per- 
fons, have little or no Good to expeCl from 
Tea, efpecially Bohea j fuch want Invigora- 
ters, Cleanfers, and Stimulants, which at 
the fame time promote Evacuations. Nor 
is the Ufe of Bohea Tea advifeable in Ob- 
ftruCtions of the Liver, Spleen, Sweetbread, 
&c, in general, for Reafons above. Nor is 
Green Tea, of any Strength, by any means 
fafe, on Recovery from long and continued 
Fevers, which have wafted the Body, and 75 
(battered the Conflitutions -3 here Reflora- 
tives, nourifhing and balfamic Diet, is want- 
ed. Nor is it good where the Stomach 
is weak, exquilitely fenlible and delicate 
whether from the Thinnefs or Lofs of its 
mucous Coat, the Sharpnefs of fome Hu- 
mours, or the Delicacy and Senhblenefs of 
the Nerves; here Tea gives often great 
I ain, Chohck, or Uneafinefs. Or where 
the laft Caufes lodge in the Inteftines, Tea% 
efpecially Green3 has the like Effeds: Both 
muft alfo be manifeflly hurtful in the dry 
Gripes, where tepid, relaxing, fmoothing 
Things are wanted. Such as lead an idle 
feaentary Life, fhould either drink little, or 
have it pretty flrong and feldom, to com- 
penfate, in fome meafure, their want of 
due Exercife j but hard working laborious 
People have nothing to do with it j they 
want a Liquor that flays longer in the 
Body, elevates and nourifhes more. I 
would likewife diffuade from ufing it, all 
that feel a great Coldnels in the Stomach 
and whole Belly, fo as to caufe Shivering 
after it 5 and when it occafions a Palenefs, 
a faint difcoloured Look, nodurnal Pains* 
Numbnefs of the Hands, Dimnefs of Sight, Lownefs of Spirit, Want of Sleep, Lofs of 
Appetite, Wcaknefs and Leannefs, &c. To 
all thefe may be added, the too common 
pernicious Cudom of drinking it with vola- 
tile Spirits, Drams, &c. The lad Disor- 
ders are no Exceptions to a moderate Ufe 
of 7ea in general; for with how many Per- 
fons do Milk, Ale, Drams, Cheefe, and 
many other Meats and Drinks difagree, yet 
all of them are good, and do well with 
fuch as they agree with. Nor is it poffible 
to fay before-hand, with what healthy Per- 
fons I’ea will difagree, till they have ufed 
it; where it difagrees, it fhould immedi- 
ately be left off; for there is no altering or 
compelling a Confutation. However, where 
it agrees, it excels all other Vegetables fo- 
reign or domedick, for preventing Sleepi- 
nefs, Drowfinefs, or Dulnefs, and taking off 
Wearinefs or Fatigue, railing the Spirits 
fafely, corroborating the Memory, drength** 
cning the Judgment, quickening the Inven- 
tion, &c. but then it diould be drank mo- 
derately, and in the Afternoon chiefly, and 
not made too habitual. DISCOURSE 11. 
Of Sugar, Milk, and Made Wines. 
CHAP. I. 
Of S V G A R. 
AS Tea without Sugar makes but a 
very ordinary Tipple to moft Peo- 
ple ; and as Tafte rather than Health or 
Conftitution, is confuited in the Ufe of it, 
it may not be amifs to conhder it a little 
here, without troubling the Reader with 
any Harangue in a Defcription of the Cane, 
its Culture, or Preparation of its Juice, 
which may be met with in abundance of 
Authors: Nor is it needful to enter into 
the feveral Controvedies about it, as whe- 
ther it was known to the Ancients, or whe- 
ther it is a Native of the Eaji or Wcjl~ 
Indies, &c. 
Lahat has made it pretty plain, that it 
is a Native of both Indiesj but the Spani- 
ards and Portugucfe learning from the Ori~ entah the Art of exprefling, or boiling the 
Juice of the Cane, and refining and bring- 
ing it to Sugar, feems to have given Rife 
to the Difpute; though Salmajius a flu res 
us, that the Arabians had this Art Bco 
Years ago. The Ancients indeed mention 
a Sugar which was much finer and purer 
than ours. It oozed out of the Cane itfelf 
and there hardened in the Sun, like a Gum, 
was friable between the Teeth like Salt* 
and was only the fineft and ripeft Part of 
the Juice, and fo free from Mixture of Al- 
lom. Earths, Afhes, Lees, and other Things 
ufed in the refining of ours. Great is the 
Wafle of the Juice in Boiling, for there is 
fcarce a third part left for the fixth and laft 
Boiler that was in the firft, the reft being 
loft in fcumming. 
Geofrey prefers Cajfonado, or that mads 
from Mufcovado (which is the firft drawn 
from the Juice of the Cane) to all others 
for inward Ufe, as containing more Oil. 
Sugar, like Oil, is wholly inflammable in 
the Fire; like Salt, it totally diflblves and 
mixes in Water, and made into a ftrong 
Lye, it chryftalizes ; yet mixt with Water* 
it ferments and makes a ftrong Wine, and that Wine is convertible into as ftrong a 
Vinegar. Sugar, by rubbing in a Mortar, 
incorporates with Oil. Hence Boerhaave 
well obferves, that perhaps in all Nature 
there is to be found no other Body befides, 
in which all thefe Properties confpire. Hence 
it is plain, that Sugar is a pure Soap, a Com- 
bination of Oil and Salt, or a true effential 
oily Salt, which with Oil makes an extem- 
poraneous Soap. From this foapy Nature 
of Sugar, when it is diluted with the animal 
Juices, they make a kind of foapy Lye, 
which by the Force of Circulation diffolves 
fatty, oily, and vifeous Bodies or Juices; 
and breeds not, but cuts, thins, and diflblves 
Flegm, and increafes not, nor turns to Bile, 
but opens, thins, and dilfolves it; yet by 
diffolving the Fat or Oil of the Body too 
much, it may produce Leannefs; or by 
attenuating too much, it may occalion 
Weaknefs and Relaxation, and therefore in- 
jurious in feveral Difeafes. But Sugar, on 
Diftillation, Boyle long ago obferved, con- 
tains an acid penetrating Spirit, which rots 
the Teeth of its exceflive Confumers, and 
expofes them to bad Fevers. Sugar being 
a kind of Soap, the more refined muff be a ■great Cleanfer of the Lungs, and a gentle 
Stimulator of the Kidnies; therefore grofs, 
cachedlic, and heavy Bodies, Ihould ufe the 
fineft in their Tea ; which being too flrong 
and abrading for thin hedtical Conflitutions, 
fuch fhould prefer the coarfer fort, which 
having more Oil, lubricates and foftens 
more, and Simulates lefs ; and therefore 
will fooner occallon Obftrudlions, and leave 
a Lentor on the Infides of the Veffels; and 
Strainers of lax, unwieldy, cachochymic 
Bodies. The Sweetnefs of Sugar arifes 
from the intimate Union of its Principles. 
Sugar-candy is beft in Colds and Catarrhs, 
for it melts flowly in the Mouth, and gives 
time to the Saliva to mix with it, and fome 
part of it, with the Breath, goes into the 
Lungs, and blunts the Acrimony of the 
Flegm. With the Shimmings of the Juice 
of the Cane in the firfl and fecond Boilers, 
the Sugar-makers feed their Swine and 
Poultry, which from its Oilinefs foon fat- 
tens them, and their Fldh becomes very 
delicate. 
The coarfer the Sugar, the more clofely 
js its elTential Salt united to its Oil and vif- 
cous Parts, which the Lime-water, Lyes, and Eggs, ufed in its Binary Decoctions 
and Clarifications, divide and attenuate, or 
carry down to the Bottom, or raife them 
to the Top in a Scum 5 and the oftcner 
thefe are repeated, the finer it is. This 
courfe Sugar ufed moderately, is a notable 
Balfamic, and ferviceable in fheathing up 
fharp Humours, which irritate the Lungs, 
and excite a troublefome tickling Cough. 
But where grofs Phlegm loads and fluffs 
the Lungs, double or treble-refined Sugar, 
or White Candy, incide, attenuate, break, 
and feparate this Vifcidity, and gently irri- 
tate the Organs of Refpiration to pump it 
up. For this Reafon it is good in a Cold, 
when the retained perfpirable Matter is 
thrown upon the thoracic Contents to be 
from hence difeharged. This fine Sugar is 
no lefs ufeful in feveral Vifcidities of the 
Blood, or too great Serofity of the Juices, 
the Solids being lax and fluggifh; here its 
fine Salts attenuate and prepare the firfl for 
Circulation and Evacuation; it abrades th+e 
flimy Mucus from the Infides of the V efi- 
fels; by the Solidity of its faline Particles, 
and the frefh momentum raifed in the Blood, 
gives it a better Confiflence. It is efpecially beneficial to the Aged, Phlegmatic, and 
Sluggifh; and to grofs-bodied Children, if 
moderately ufed. It agrees well with cold 
Climates, foggy Air, Winter Seafon, and 
rainy Weather. It is alfo of Ufe in gra- 
velly Cafes, being a fine Diuretic: In all 
which Cafes it is well adapted to Green "Tea, 
joins Ilfue with, and makes it anfwer bet- 
ter. Coarfe Sugar, containing much of its 
Oil, and its Salts not being fubtilized, nor 
having their fharp Spicula unfheathed ; but 
being more hid in the coarfe Oil and vif- 
cous Earth; as alfo the Salts of the Lime 
and Lees; therefore, I fay, it affords much 
Oil to the adipofe Veffels • in which, with 
the Adhefion of its fine earthy Parts to the 
Sides of the Vefiels, make it fitter for thin, 
meagre, unhealthy, or hedlically difpofed 
Habits, whereby it is better fuited to Bohea 
Tea than Green. But fine Sugar is the Op- 
pofite to very choleric Conflitutions; for 
being too fiimulating, it encreafes the Mo- 
tion of the Fluids; its Salts wear the Infides 
of the Veffels, and dry the Body : For this 
Reafon fhould meagre Perfons take care 
how they make too free with it, nor fhould 
they indulge themfelves an Excefs of the coarfe • for tho’ its Salts are not fo naked 
and {harp as to wear the VefTels with theirv 
Solidity and Number, yet it is too apt to 
turn acrid, and render the Juices fuch. 
Coarfe Sugar is injurious to phlegmatic and 
bulky Bodies, feeing it encreafes the Oili- 
nefs and Vifcidity of their Juices, over lu- 
bricates and relaxes the Solids, begets many 
and obftinate Obftrudlions, which frequently 
terminate in a Cachexy. The much Salt 
and Lime in fine Sugar, excite Thirft, dry 
the Blood, and encreafe its Motion j there- 
fore fbould it be fparingly ufed in hot, dry 
Weather, hot Countries, and ardent Fevers. 
Several Authors charge the chief Caufe 
of the Prevalency of the Scurvy in the Nor- 
thern Parts of Europe upon it, becaufe the 
Chymifts extradt out of it a moft acid, 
fharp, penetrating, and difiblving Spirit. 
Tho’ I am not to anfwer for the Effedts of 
its Excefs, yet this feems a groundlefs, if 
not ill-natured Refledtion ; for we read of 
the Scurvy in Britain, when it was a Ro- 
man Colony; and we know alfo, that Salt, 
Honey, Salt-petre, Brimftone, &c. afford 
more acid and corrofive Spirits ; and the 
firfi; of thefe is far more frequent and gene- rally ufcd than Sugar. The coarfer Sugar 
is fwcetcr than the finer; for retaining more 
Oil, it continues longer on the Tade; for 
if the Oil be feparated from the Salt, nei- 
ther of them is fweet, but the lad is acid, 
and the other is infipid; but when both are 
mixed, the Salts penetrating the Pores of 
the gudatory Nerves, make way for the 
Oil to follow ; both entering, and gently 
irritating, caufe the Sweetnefs of its Tafle. 
Maderas Sugar was formerly edeemed heft, 
that from the Canaries next; and laftly, that 
from St, Thomas: But now Jamaica and 
Barbadoes are inferior to none. to 
them is the Lijbon, tho’ it is not fo white, 
it is more fat and oily. 
CHAP. 11. 
Of M 1 L K, 
TEA being commonly drunk with 
Milk, which is alfo a conliderable 
Part of Diet in the Country, to Children 
efpecially, it deferves fome Notice, as well 
as an Exotic Leaf, 
It new Milk is fet by a very few Days in 
a warm Air, it firld throws up its Cream, then the whole thickens into a foft Coagti- 
ium, of a fweetifh Take j then it breaks 
and fhivers into many fmall Pieces, and a 
clear tranfparent watery or wheyey Part fills 
up the Spaces between the Curds, and floats 
above them, the whole is now remarkably 
fubacid ; the watery Part encreafes, and the 
Coagulum turns leker and kiker now the 
Milk knells and takes four, and the Whey, 
with new Milk, will quickly make a fine 
Poffet. 
Milk fooneft turns thus four, according 
to the Warmth of the Air, or Food of the 
Cows; for when they pafture on four, tar- 
ti£h, coarfe Grafs, or early in the Spring, 
or very late in Harveft, at Addifli or Fog, 
the Milk will four fooner, than at fweet 
Grafs in Summer, or at Hay in Winter, 
fuppof ng the Air equally warm; and the 
more it is inclined to four, the whiter are the 
Milk, Butter and Cheefe. 
If Cows are hard run, over-driven, much 
heated, tick or feverifh, their Milk is lefs, 
and it, its Batter and Cheefe, will be of a 
lighter or deeper, bilious or yellow Colour, 
if not reddilh; and fometimes it will coa- 
gulate in the Udder, as it now and then happens to Cows pafturing on very four 
Grafs; but in the former Cafe the Curd is 
ragged, foft, fpongy, and yellow, or red- 
difh; in the latter it is white and harder. 
The fame Cows feeding on different Paf- 
tures and Soils, give different kinds of Milk? 
both in Colour, Oilinefs, Tafte, Confidence, 
and Effects on our Bodies; great is the Odds 
of Milk given by Cows on four Grafs, Sum- 
mer Pafture, Fog or Addifh, cool Herbs, 
Aromaticks, Capillaries, and fuch odorife- 
rous Plants as abound with effential volatile 
Oils or Salts, &c. Milk alfo differs accord- 
ing to the Keeping, Strength and Age of 
the Cow; one clean kept both at Stall and 
Pafture, eats frefh good Food, drinks pure 
Water, lies clean, foft and warm, gives 
much better and wholfomer Milk, freer 
from excrementitious Difcharges that ftiould 
be carried off by other Outlets, than one 
that is kept otherwife. A leanifh, weakifh, 
or idle Cow, gives more Milk in propor- 
tion than a fat, ftrong, brifk, flirting, ac- 
tive one ; an old Cow more than a very 
young Beaft, &c. 
Milk drop’d or milked into the Eye, 
gives no Smart nor Pain $ and Boerhaave's Experiments upon it with Acids and Alca- 
lies, Ihew, that it makes no Fermentation 
or Elfervefcence with either, except one be 
put in firft, and the other after; then a much 
greater Ebulition follows, than if they had 
been mix’d alone without it. He has pro- 
ved that Milk-water obtained by Diftilla- 
tion, has no Sign of an ardent Spirit, but is 
inlipid and pleafant 5 nor will it ferment in 
the lead; with Acids or Alcalies; nor is 
there any perceptible faline Matter in it; it 
leaves in the Still a thick, yellowilh, fatty 
Mafs, of a fweet and agreeable Tafte. All 
Acids, from that of the gentle Vegetable to 
the chemical Spirits, curdle Milk, but heigh- 
tens its Whitenefs both in Curd and Whey. 
On the contrary, fix’d alcaline Salts, or 
their deliquated Oils, curdle it; but the 
Curds are raggy, foft, fpongy, yellowilh; 
or if they are drop’d into Milk whilft boil- 
ing, they firffc turn it yellow; or if much 
of them are put in, and the Milk long boil- 
ed, it turns reddilh, thick, and fiiff. 
Which Obfervations afford thefe follow- 
ing Inferences ; i. The white Colour, fweet 
Tafte, Confiftence, and Oilinefs of Milk, 
prove it to be Chyle of Animals, produ- ced by animal Powers from the Vegetables 
they feed on, chew and fwallow down; 
and are by its Adlion digeded in the Sto- 
mach, thrud into the Duodenum, mix- 
ed with the Bile; and further digeded by 
the Adtion and Juices of the Intedines, ela- 
borated again in the Mefentery and 
racic Dudts and Glands, mix’d with their 
Juices, poured into the SubclaVian Vein, 
undergoes the Adlion of the Veins, Heart, 
Arteries, and Lungs, is affimulated to the 
animal Juices; in which lad Courfe its 
thinner Parts are again drained off by the 
Lymphatics, but dill continues leparable 
from the other Juices by the Glands of the 
Bread. 2. Milk and Chyle thus produced, 
are only an Emulfion prepared from Vege- 
tables in the animal Body. This is alfo 
proved from the Refemblance they bear to 
one another, not only in Colour, Tade, 
Confidence, and Oilinefs; but both Milk 
and Emulfions made of native Oil and Wa- 
ter, throw up to the Surface of their Li- 
quors, a white, thick, and oily Cream, and 
if both are kept fome time in a warm 
Air, both turn fird fharp, then quite acid j 
but Emulfions will neither coagulate with Acids nor Alcalies, like Milk. 3. Emulli- 
ons prepared with Grain or Seeds, like 
Milk, turn four, from the mealy Parts in 
themj but Emulfions made with Oil, from 
a want of that Meal, turn rancid. The 
Whitenefs of the Milk, and the Butter it 
yields, fhew Plenty of Oil in it, every 
where divided and mix’d with it, Whey or 
Water, as does the Cheefe its earthy Parts. 
4. However intimately this Oil and Wa- 
ter are mix’d, or united in Milk, yet it con- 
tains alfo abundance of farinaceous and ear- 
thy Parts, and acid Juices in the Herbage, 
which is the Reafon it turns four, not ran- 
cid. 5. Animal Food, containing Grain or 
Seeds, abounds with much Oil, which be- 
ing chewed in the Mouth, fwallowed and 
mix’d with the Saliva of the Mouth, Jaws, 
Gullet, and Stomach, turn white, or whi- 
tifh; yea, if chewed long in the Mouth, and 
well watered with Spittle, it turns white 
there. 6. We fee Oil is a conflituent Prin- 
ciple in Vegetables, and that the Fat in 
Animals derives its Origin from hence, fince 
it can be prepared and extradled from Ve- 
getables by chewing. Rumination, and the 
chilihc Power of the Body. y. The Afcen- flon of Cream-milk, though entangled in 
abundance of earthy and farinaceous Mat- 
ter, as well as the floating of Oil on the 
Surface of Juleps made with Oil and Wa- 
ter, and the Ciearnefs and Inflammability 
of melted Butter, and the foftening, relax- 
ing Nature of Butter, its Aptnefs to turn 
rancid by long keeping, do all prove the 
Oil in Milk ; and the Fat of animal Bodies 
are exadlly of the fame Nature, and that 
both come from the Vegetables fed on, and 
therefore more mediately a vegetable Oil. 
8. Hence we fee why healthy People, in- 
dolent both in Body and Mind, feeding on 
Milk, or on the unfermented Product of 
Grain and Water, may become very, yea 
unweildy fat, flnce fo much Oil is obtained 
from Vegetables fo eafily; thefe are far lefs 
oily than Grain or Seeds. 9. This explains 
the Origin of Oil and Milk, as did Emul- 
flons prepared from Oil and Water; or from 
oily Seeds, affording a Liquor like Chyle 
or Milk, fhew us how the Body adls in 
producing thefe two in itfelf. 10. This ac- 
quaints us with the Nature of thofe Princi- 
ples which conftitute Chyle and Milk, viz. 
the Spittle of the arterial and glandular Dif- charges of the Mouth, Jaws, Gullet, Sto- 
mach, Inteftines, and Mefentery, and the 
watery, foapy, oily, fpirituous Parts in thofe 
feveral Juices, which were brought into the 
Form of Emulfion, and ftrained off from, 
the grofler Parts, by chewing, fwallowing, 
and the Action of the Bowels. 11. Since 
Milk and Chyle are chiefly the Product of 
Vegetables, and both the Animal giving 
the Milk, and that feeding upon or nou- 
rifhed by them, receive Nutrition, Growth, 
and Subfiftence by them, then our Bodies 
moftly confifl; of Vegetable Parts3 for the 
Animal that gave the Milk, and other ali- 
mentary Things made from it, were con- 
flituted of Vegetables and Water 3 and if 
we eat their Flefh, we only feed on a Com- 
pofitum of Grafs, Hay, and Water 3 fo that 
either immediately, or mediately, human 
Bodies confifl: of Vegetables, and all their 
Juices (even the generative Liquor itfelf) 
are derived from them : Then literally, pro- 
perly not metaphorically or figuratively, might 
the Prophet fay, All Flejh is Grafs, j2. Milk 
being only a thicker Chyle (having lefs 
Lymph to dilute it) begun to be afiimula- 
ted to the Juices of the Body, which rc- selves both Nourifhment and Growth from 
it i then all Animals of all Sexes, Ages, and 
Conditions, have Milk, only Males are not 
provided with proper Strainers to feparate 
again the lefs diluted Chyle or Milk from 
the Blood, Providence not intending that 
Sex to give Suck. 13. Thus every Animal 
lives, is nourished, and receives Growth and 
Strength from its own Milk; and thus all 
the Parts (even the mod: folid and hard) of 
its Body, both Solids and Fluids, are formed 
out of Milk, which contains in itfelf all the 
Parts of our Bodies. 14. Since our Bodies 
receive both Nourifhment and Growth from 
Milk, and it contains all the Parts of our 
Body, then it is poffible for a Man to live 
many Years on Milk alone, and performs 
all the Addons of Life. But as it has un- 
dergone all the Digeftions in the Body of 
another Animal before he had it, its nutri- 
tive Parts will fooner be feparated, its ufe- 
lefs expelled, and his Body demand fre- 
quenter Supplies. 15. Since Milk is both 
thick and a nutritive Aliment, then it is 
more of an animal Nature than Chyle, 
which is more of a vegetable kind, and Ml 
more fo, as it approaches nearer its taking into the Body, as in the Inteftines, Sto- 
mach, &c, 16. Since Milk coagulates into 
a hard, white, did* Curd with Acids, and 
a foft fpongy Curd with Alcalies, but (hews 
not the lead Edervefcence or Ebulition with 
either, nor fmarts even the Eye 5 it is of a 
foft, fmooth, balfamick Nature, not imme- 
diately inclined cither to one or the other. 
17. But lince either long Keeping (in warm 
Weather efpecially) or Cows feeding on 
tart four Grafs, turn the Milk four, when 
out of the Body, tho’ it feems at fird to be 
mild, yet it is of an aceffent Difpodtion, 
inclined to turn acid. 18. When Grafs or 
Herbage abounds mod; with Acid, as in the 
latter End of Harved, in time of Fog or 
addifh Failure, or very early in the Spring, 
when Vegetables are mod redundant with 
Phlegm, Milk will fooned four in the fame 
Degree of Heat, keep longer in Summer, 
and longed of all in Winter, when Cattle 
feed on Hay and Water. 19. From the 
Curd of Milk being exceeding white with 
Acids, and the Whey exceeding clear, and 
both Coagulum and Whey, from fitted al- 
caline Salts, or their deliquated Oils, be- 
ing of a bilious yellow, or reddidi. we know which is the wholfomeft limply 
confidered, viz. neither the whited, becauie 
it tends too much to acid 3 nor the yellow, 
for it is difpofed to alcaline 3 but each of 
them is bed; when fuited to different Con- 
ditutions. 20. Hence it appears which, 
why, and when thefe Milks are apteft to 
coagulate in the Breads of Animals, and the 
dangerous Confequence accruing therefrom 
to the Creature. 21. Hence we fee why 
Infants, or other Young, will not fuck, but 
loath a yellow, thin, faltifh, and fanious 
Milk 3 for it being attended with great Heat 
and Fever in the Animal, it is alcaline, if 
not putrified, from the fcorching Heat of 
the Bread:. Hence appears Peoples egre- 
gious Folly and Ignorance in pouring down 
the Creature’s Throat, in this State, alca- 
line, heating, and aromatic Medicines. 22, 
This alfo fhews the Error of giving Alca- 
lies to diffolve coagulated Milk on the Sto- 
mach, feeing Alcalies prevent not its curd- 
ling, but only hinder its running into a 
ftiff, hard, dry, cheefy Curd. 23. Here 
we find the Reafon of the different Colours 
of Cheefe and Butter, fome very white, 
others yellow or yellowifh, as the Milk is* more difpofed to, or removed from an Acid. 
24. Hence we fee why Milk retains its 
Colour longeft in weak Conflitutions, and 
is flowly brought to the natural Rednefs of 
the Blood, which is thin, pale, and watery, 
till the Weaknefs and Coldnefs of the Con- 
rtitution be cured. 25. This Ihews the Im- 
propriety of a Milk Diet in a Cachexy, 
Chlorofis or Green-ficknefs, when the Ha- 
bit of the Body is of a pale, yellowiih, or 
greenilh Colour, or where the Sweat or 
other Difcharges fmells fourifh. But in 
flrong Conflitutions, where there is brifk 
Circulation, and a good Heat, Milk foon 
lofes its Whitenefs, and is converted to the 
Colour of the Blood. 26. Since Milk is 
only Vegetables prepared by the animal 
Powers, however indifferent we are in 
Health, about the Failure, or Bealls that 
give, yet we Ihould be more cautious ei- 
ther in Sicknefs, or in a valetudinary State. 
For an Atrophy or Marafmus, call for a 
thick flrong Milk, as of Goats, who live 
much on Leaves or Boughs of Trees. In a 
Hedlic, thin cooling Milk of Alfes or Mares, 
for Alfes feed much on cooling- Plants, as 
O ' 
Sow-thirties 5 or on Butter-milk, whofe Oil is taken out, and the Milk more afceflent 
and cooling, &c. 27. From lean thin Ani- 
mals, of but a moderate Strength, giving 
more Milk than fat, plump, flrong adlive 
Creatures, we fee a good deal of Strength is 
neceflary to aflimulate, and convert the 
Milk into true Blood j hence weak cold 
Conftitutions are only able to change a part 
of it. The contrary is the Cafe with flrong 
adlive Habits. 28. The Knowledge of the 
Preparation, Nature, and Changes of Milk, 
is of fpecial Ufe in the nurfing of Infants, 
for when they are hot, feverifh, thirdly, 
look florid, and their Urine high coloured, 
their Nurfes fhould diet on vegetable Foods 
and Potables of the afcelfent Kind, as Milk, 
Small-beer, Bread, &c. But when their 
Complexion and Urine look pale, their 
Belchings and Stools fmell four, and their 
Body coldifh, then Broths and animal Food 
fhould be the Nurfes Diet. And flnce rim- 
ing and over-heating the Body by Labour, 
or Exercife, turns the Milk yellowifh or 
alcaline -y and too much Idlenefs or Lazi- 
nefs, or too acid Food, leflen and retard the 
neceflary healthy Secretions, and turn the 
Milk more afccflcnt, Nurfes fhould guard againfl all thefe j nor when hot or feverifh, 
fhould they give the Infant that Milk to 
fuck. 29- Since the lefiening or retarding, 
or too quick accelerating the Secretions of 
Milk, Animals do fenfibly alter or hurt 
their Milk, which is part of our Food, then 
fpecial Care fhould be taken (for the fake 
of our own Health) that fuch Creatures be 
kept, and lie clean and warm, that their 
Perfpiration be not hindered, and the ex- 
crementitious Parts of it be not retained in 
the Milk, for us to take into our Bodies. 
30. Since daily Obfervation allures us, that 
different Kinds of Pafure affedl and alter 
the Milk, we fhould be careful not only to 
pitch on proper Animals to give Milk for 
the Sick, but on Pafture for them, fuited 
to the Cafe or Diforder of the Sick, fince 
we have feen that Chyle and Milk are only 
vegetable Emulfions, which, if improper, 
will do Hurt, as fire as the well chofen 
will be beneficial. 31. Not only the Quan- 
tity, but Confiflence, and fome Part of the 
Goodnefs of Milk, depends on the Age of 
the Animal that gives it; thus old Cows 
give more and thicker Milk than very 
young j i. e. young, hale, ftrong, brillc 9» 
Animals, convert more of their Milk into 
Blood than old ; their Milk is thinner, 
lighter, and eafier of Digeflion. 
Milk, as was hinted before, differs, I. Ac- 
cording to the different Animals from which 
it is taken 5 Womens Milk, of all others, is 
the moft agreeable to onr Confutations, as 
it is the firfk and general Nourifhment which 
Nature has provided for all > it digefls mors 
eafily, and nourifhes much, abounds with 
Serum, and has a middling Quantity of But- 
ter and Cheefe in it. Next to this is Affes 
Milk, which differs little from it. After 
them is Mares Milk, which has little But- 
ter or Cheefe, but very much Serum or 
Water; Camels Milk is much of this Na- 
ture, and is often ufed inflead of Mares 
Milk, where Camels are plenty. Cows 
Milk is harder of Digeflion than any of the 
former, but is more nourifhing to healthy 
Perfons, and very grateful to the Tafte; it 
contains molf Butter of any of them, but 
lefs Cheefe in proportion. Goats Milk is 
thicker, has lefs Serum, and more Cheefe? 
which makes it fo agreeable to moifl Bo- 
dies, who expert orate much, and whofe 
Lungs are a continual Pump to drain the Leaks of the whole Body. Sheeps Milk 
has lefs Serum, but more Butter and Cheefe, 
which makes it thicker, of harder Digeffi- 
on, and apt to produce more and greater 
Obffrudlions in fuch as ufe lefs Labour or 
Exercife, therefore it is rarely ufed, except 
by fome Rufticks. Sows Milk has fcarce 
any Cheefe, but very much Water, there- 
fore it is raw, infipid, difagreeable and ne- 
ver ufed. 
2. It differs according to the Age of the 
Animal that gives it, for the Glands in 
young Animals Udders, have more and 
fmaller Veffels, more compreffed by one an- 
other, lefs dilated, or ufed to ffrain off 
Milk from the Blood, therefore the more 
ferous Parts are fecerned, and lefs of the 
earthy or grofs, which makes it more raw 
and thin. On the contrary, the Udders of 
old Animals have fewer, more dilated, and 
larger Veffels, which have been more ac- 
cuftomed to ffrain off much Milk, where- 
fore the Secretion has been more, and the 
Difcharge from the Blood greater that way 5 
their Milk has more Cheefe and lefs Cream, 
therefore it is more thick, grofs, and heavy. than the Milk of a young Animal of the 
fame Kind. 
3. It differs according to the Nearnefs 
or Diftance of Time flnce the Animal 
brought forth its Young, for that which 
is milked three or four Days after, and for 
feveral Months* is thinner, fofter, and of 
more eafy Digeftion, than that which is 
milked juft after they have brought forth 
their Young nine Months or a Year after, 
which is much thicker, heavier, and has 
more Cheefe in it. 
4. It differs according to the Seafon of 
the Year, for in Spring and Summer, when 
Herbs are more juicy, the Milk is thinner 
and lighter, but has more Acidity in it, 
becaufe the Animal feeds moftly on green 
Herbs. In Winter it is thicker, has more 
Cheefe and left Serum, becaufe the Beaft 
feeds upon Hay or Straw, then the Milk is 
deft acid, coagulates not fo quickly, fo that 
it is not chiefly the Cold which hinders its 
Coagulation, but lefler Degree of Acidity. 
5. It differs according to the Food where- 
on the Animal lives; for fuch Creatures 
who live chiefly upon others, their Milk 
neither fours nor coagulates, but having much alcaline Salt, it putrifies, turns acrid, 
fetid, ferous, and often famous, fmells like 
putrified Urine; but the Animals which 
feed on Vegetables, give a Milk which 
throws up a Cream, coagulates, fours, and 
plainly difcovers its Acidity. 
The bed; Milk for healthy Nouriftiment, 
is that which is newly drawn from a middle- 
aged Animal, healthy, and fed with good 
Food; that which is white, neither too 
thick nor thin, has a good Smell, without 
any harfh, brackilh, bitter or {harp Tafte. 
Milk that has thofe Properties, abounds 
with oily balfamick Parts, which make it 
very fofteningand fit for good Nourifhment, 
without much Labour or Toil to the diges- 
tive Faculty, being a Chyle already prepa- 
red upon the Stomach of another Animal, 
having pafs’d the La&eals, been mixed with 
the Blood, undergone feveral Digeftions and 
Secretions, freed from moft of its grofs ex- 
crementitious Parts, and fitted to pals the 
like animal Tubes it had before gone thro’. 
It is efpecially fuited to thin, wafted, and 
lean Bodies, whofe Juices are thin and acrid, 
or their Solids too ftiff and elaftic; for its 
Abundance of Oil lubricates the Veflels, di- minifies their Force, and fheaths the alca- 
line Salts, which irritated the Fibres, and 
encreafed the Rapidity of the Blood’s Mo- 
tion, and diminifhed its due Confiflence. 
It is a common Error to think to mend 
Milk by boiling it, that deprives it of its 
purefl and fined: Serum, which dilated its 
ramous or fulphureous Parts, and makes it 
thicker, whereby it communicates a Taint 
ofVifcidity to our Juices, which, though 
quickly overcome by the Exercife or hard 
Labour of the Mechanick, yet not fo foon 
conquered in the Vefiels of the Aged, Studi- 
ous, Idle, Valetudinary, orthofe of weak Sto- 
machs, but leaves Huffing Fulnefs at the Sto- 
mach, and Obflrudions in the fmall Vef- 
fels. It is the beft Food in the World to a 
Shattered Confutation by long and danger 
rous Fevers, which have left great Weak- 
nefs, and brought on an Atrophy, with an 
infenfibly wafling Hedic 5 for the Fibres 
and Vefiels being almofl worn out, and in- 
capable of digefling folid Food, without 
finally wafling their fmall Spring which re- 
mains, and kindling a flrong hedic Fever 
after eating, and that fucceeded by colli- 
quative Night Sweats, nothing in this Cafe can challenge the Preference of a Milk Diet 
and good Air (except Viper Wine or Broth) 
as it is a Food ready digeded, fit for Nou- 
ridiment, differs the Velfels to play eafily, 
receives little Force in them to grind it 
down, but only what is neceffary to move 
it flowly on ; and, in its Courfe, as it gently 
glides along, it takes off the Stimulus of the 
Fibres, lubricates, moidens, and repairs 
their wade, refiores the Confidence of a 
too fluid Blood, fills the Tubes with frefli 
lymphatic, arterial, and nervous Juice, 
ready drained off, made and elaborated 
by the healthy drong Veffels of another 
Animal, As it is endued with balfamick 
Qualities, or much Oil intimately mixed 
with its Salt, Phlegm, and Earth, it ex- 
pands, fills, and fupplies plentifully, the 
fmall Tubes of the Body, augments the 
Chyle, increafes the Semen, and excites Ve- 
nery better than Wine or Spices, which adl 
only by Stimulation, and raife Nature above 
itfelf; but Milk, by didending the fperma- 
tick Veffels, encreafing and laying in a large 
Stock of good-conditioned Sperm; hence 
fuch as , live chiefly on Vegetables, Eggs, 
Milk, Shcll-fidi, &c. are far more difpofed to Venery than others 5 neither are they 
made languid by it, for they are not pro- 
voked by Irritation of the Parts, but a Re- 
pletion of them, which Rirs them up; for 
the fame Reafon Cußards boiled. Milk with 
Eggs, Rice-pudding, &c. are Rill greater 
Additions to this Property of Milk. Where 
there is a conßant troublefome tickling 
Cough, without Expectoration of much 
Phlegm, or Ruffing of the Lungs, proceed- 
ing chiefly from acrid Salts irritating and 
pricking the fmall tracheal Veflels, a Milk 
Diet gives great Relief, for its Oil foftens 
and dilates the Veflels, gives a more open 
and free Courfe to the Blood, obtunds and 
Rieaths the Points of the Salts: Or where 
there are any fmall, Rony, or cretaceous 
ObßruCtions beginning in the Lungs, this 
foftening, opening, and enlarging of the 
Veflels, gives fome Hopes of their being 
caR back into the larger Veflels. On this 
account the famous Sydenham, with a great 
deal of Jußice, recommends a Milk Diet 
for the Cure of the Gout, which anfwers 
equally in other arthritick Pains, from a 
contracted State of the Veflels pricked and 
drawn up, and checking the acrid Salts of the Blood, which cannot pals the conic 
Tubes, without their Points being darted 
into, and fixed in the Fibres of the fine and 
delicate Membranes. It is nb lefs fervicea- 
ble in all Fluxes of the Belly, arifing from 
{harp, pricking, alcaline Salts, for it {heaths 
them, takes off the Stimulus from the 
Glands, fmooths the Vefiels, redores a due 
Confidence in the Fluids, encreafes the 
Difcharge by Urine, and compofes the Hur- 
ricane of the Microcofm. It is greatly be- 
neficial in a Strangury, or Sharpnefs and 
Pleat of the Urine, which is occafioned 
from much acrid Salt in the Blood, prick- 
ing and inflaming the urinary Dudts, and 
diftending their Vefiels. After an inward 
indifcreet Ufe of Cantharides, or Applica- 
tion of drong Bliders, or other fharp Me- 
dicines, which inflame, prick, and often 
tare the fmall Vefiels of the urinary Strainers 
or Dudls, and fometimes caufe an Hemor- 
rhage by Urine, large Draughts of new 
Milk cure almod infallibly, efpecially if it 
have Mallows boiled in it. In thin, lean, 
fcorbutick Habits, attended with cuticular 
Irruptions, containing diarp, fait, ichorous, 
famous, or fetid Matter, Milk is very fui- table, as it blunts the reigning Alcali, re- 
moves the conflant uneafy Stimulus of the 
Fibres, covers the Infides of the VelTels with 
a foft oily Litus, checks the Motion of the 
Blood, and makes way for the Apportion 
of the nutritive Juices to the worn Sides of 
the VelTels ; therefore it is alfo good in fcor- 
butic Hedtics, Night Pains and Aches. In 
a Leprofy, or dry Scurffs or Scales on the 
Skin, or moifl Out-breakings, Milk and a 
vegetable Diet, without the Ufe of animal 
Food or fermented Liquors, offer faireft for 
a Cure, if this Method be diligently and 
patiently obferved for Months, or a few 
Years; for thefe Diftempers arifing from 
a long Reign of much acrid Salts in the 
Blood, and thrown out into the fmall Vef- 
fels on the Body’s Surface; whatever hides, 
dilutes, diffolves thofe Salts till they be ex- 
pelled, and the Juices fweetened, will help 
this Difeafe, and thefe will Milk perform, 
if ufed long and much. Animal Food, or 
Broths thereof, generate more alcaline Salts, 
and exafperate the Diforder. In Ulcers of 
the Lungs, Kidneys, urinary Paffages, it is 
exceeding ufeful, and nourifhes much, car- 
ries only ready prepared Materials into the Body, and calls for little Strength to digefi: 
it, takes off Stimulation of the Parts, caufes 
an eafy Undulation of the Juices, affords 
much healing Balfam, and a fine Serum to 
wafh away the Sordes of the Ulcers, con- 
firinges not their Mouths to pent up the 
Matter, but leaves the whole Ulcer to in- 
carn and cicatrife alike. In the Small-pox’, 
Milk and Water boiled, makes the mofl 
agreeable Drink, for it fills the Veffels, re- 
laxes the Fibres, entangles much of the 
fluid Juices otherwife difpofed to a quick 
Exhalation, provides and prepares Matter 
for the Puftules, which this Drink elevates, 
keeps up and full, and flill fupplies new 
Matter for them as the thinner perfpires; 
this Drink taken plentifully, together with 
fit Medicines, raifes and fills them again, 
till the Maturation be at Height, and Dan- 
ger pafi:. And in the Meafles it promotes 
Digeflion, keeps the Veffels full, prevents 
the Return of the feparated Matter into the 
Blood till it be perfpired, and Danger gone. 
When the Body is greatly conflipated by 
drinking Claret, Hard-riding, great Heat, 
or any other Diet or Accident, new Milk 
drank warm, or Butter-milk, loofens the Belly, cools the Body, and cleans the In- 
terlines from Bile, and other acrid Humours, 
which caufes Gripes, Cholick, &c. When 
Milk is ufed againfl a Diarrhea or Dyfen- 
tery, it is beft boiled with fome Flint Stones, 
tranfparent Pebbles, Quarry Stone, and then 
poured off and drank; or hot Steel fre- 
quently quenched in it, or the above 
Stones; but what is better than all is, Pow- 
der of Spunge and Cork taken in boiled 
Milk neither is Mallow Leaves, or Marfh- 
inallow Roots boiled in Milk, a contemp- 
tible Medicine, either in a Loofenefs, Gripes, 
or bilious Cholick. In heftic Dilpofitions, 
where Milk is ufed as a Diet, it ought not 
to be given alone, but with fome Sugar, 
Honey, Chalk, Powder of Crabs Eyes, 
Claws, or a little Salt in it. 
But altho’ Milk be endued with all thofe 
and feveral other good Qualities, yet it is 
not fo amicable in all Cafes, and to every 
Conftitution, for phlegmatic Perfons reap 
no fuch Benefit from it, for their Blood be- 
ing over-changed with Phlegm and other 
vifeous Combinations, from a Weaknefs and 
Relaxation of their Veffels, and yet a Bulki- 
nefs of Body, Milk abounding with oily foft fmooth Parts, they give the Velfels no 
Stimulus, nor Invigoration of the Fibres, 
nor Dilution, nor Attenuation of the Juices, 
but render the Solids more lax, gentle, and 
indolent, and the Blood more vifcous and 
unfit for Attrition, Mixture, Separation, Se- 
cretion, and Evacuations: Hence the un- 
weildy Habit encreafes on the Man, and 
the Bulk of his Illnelfes grow, except he 
ufe much Exercife or hard Labour to pre- 
vent it. Aged People alfo require a more 
fubtile, attenuating, and invigorating Food, 
for their Velfels being on the Decreafe and 
Coalition, a vifcous oily Food is not fitted 
to very fmall, ftiff, refilling Tubes, but a 
more fpirituous, thin, and drengthening, 
their Perfpiration alfo being low and fmall; 
whatever Blood is of a vifcous Nature, muft 
clog, obfirud the Glands and excretory 
Dudts of the Skin, and diminilh this Eva- 
cuation, and throw the great Load on the 
other fmall Velfels and whole Habit; and 
Nature having no Succedaneum to fupply 
this fo necelfary a Difcharge but the Lungs, 
a Load of thick Phlegm mull be thrown 
upon them, to be conllantly pumping up 
by Coughing: But even in this Stage Alfes Milk, becaufe it is thinner, of eafler Di- 
geftion, has lefs Cheefe in it, and contains 
fewer Vifcidities, may be ufeful to lean, 
thin, old, hedlic Perfons, though Milk of 
a thicker Body and Confidence will not do. 
Milk having fo much Acidity in it as thick- 
ens and fours it, therefore 'is it not conve- 
nient for them who have much acid Salt in 
their Blood; for whatever encreafes the Aci- 
dity of the Blood, raifes the Stimulus of the 
other Solids higher, and adds to the thick- 
ening of their Juices, and flrengthens the 
Caufe of that Multitude of Difeafes which 
come from Acidity. It is no Ids improper 
where the Stomach is full of fharp Hu- 
mours, for thefe adl the Part of a Rennet 
to it, they coagulate and prevent its cheefy 
Part getting off the Stomach ; hence crude 
Congeftions upon it, attended with Stuffing 
and Fullnefs, &c. The Signs of coagulated 
Milk on the Stomach, are Pains and Strait - 
nefs in the Bread, Difficulty of Breathing, 
Danger of Suffocation, Swoonings and Paint- 
ings, Sournefs at Stomach, Belchings and 
Loathings, Shiverings and Coldnefs of the 
Body, cold Sweats, a fmall trembling weak 
Pulfe, -&c, a Vomit given prefently, is the be ft Cure, and then fome Dofes of teftace- 
ous Powders. Wherever the Glands or 
fmall Veffels are lined, furr’d up, or ob- 
ftrudled with a vifcous {limy Matter, Milk 
muft be refrained j for it containing many 
grofs Parts, indifpofed to Motion, thefe will 
encreafe the prefent, and bring on other 
new Evils, which come from heavy, vif- 
cous, and grofs Humours. Whoever la- 
bour under thick Rheums and Catarrhs in 
the Throat, Lungs, or Nofe, muft abftain 
from Milk 5 for thefe proceed from a Dila- 
tability of the Veftels, and a Vifcidity of the 
Juices of thofe Glands, and Milk encreafes 
both thofe Caufes. In ardent Fevers, its 
Ufe is unallowable, becaufe the rapid Mo- 
tion and Heat of the Blood foon curdle it; 
and as a Fever moftly comes from Obftruc- 
tions in the fmall Veftels, it encreafes thofe, 
and renders the Difeafe more obftinate, ef- 
pecially if we confider that the Blood is ftill 
more rarified; and the more it is rariiied, 
the more it is difpofed to encreafe the Fe- 
ver, by rufhing into the fmall dilated conic 
Tubes, where its grofter Parts are thruft 
forward till they ftop, and its fluider Parts 
are {trained off in the Aftion, or natural Tendency of the Sides of the Vefiels to 
come together, whereby the Remains are 
left ftill thicker, grofier, and lefs difpofed 
for Motion. This grofs Part of the Blood 
that is Hop’d, refills the Contraction of the 
Vefiels, and both refill one another; hence 
the Heat of the Body is encreafed. Now 
whatever adds to the Vifcidity of the Blood, 
adds likewife to the Caufe of the Difeafe, 
and tends to make it more obflinate; but 
the Cheefe and Butter being taken out of 
the Milk, it is an admirable good Drink in 
Fevers. And becaufe the Ufe of Milk does 
not fo well in a ratified State of the Blood, 
when a great Part of it is thrown into the 
fmall Vefiels, it is therefore an improper 
Drink when the Body is exceeding ‘hot at 
Labour, and the Circulation rapid, for then 
it is great odds but it generates ObflruClions 
of dangerous Confequence, either in the 
Lungs, and caufe an Aflhma; or in the 
Liver, and produce Dropfy, Swelling, Schir- 
rus, or Inflammation'or Ulceration, or load 
the fmall Vefiels on the Body’s Surface, and 
caufe a Dropfy, or obflruCl the Ladleals, 
and occafion a Diarrhea; at which time it 
alfo cools and debilitates the Tone of the ihteilinal mufcular Fibres. Becaufe Milk 
abounds with Vifcidities, it is unfit on that 
account to be ufed in intermitting Fevers, 
Dropfy* Cachexy, Pleurify, Quinfey, or 
feverifh Thirfl. All thefe require Thinner?* 
Exciters of mufcular Motion, and Attenua- 
tors 5 but Milk may be fo prepared, as to 
afford the heft of Drink in all thefe Inten- 
tions. In Head-aches, from either a Ple- 
thora or Vifcidity of the Juices, Milk is 
very bad, becaufe it adds both to the Full- 
nefs of Juices and their Toughnefs, and 
thereby encreafes the Pain. In Inflations 
and Diflention of the Hypochonders in acute 
Fevers, it is highly prejudicial, for it adds to 
the Flatulency, Diflention, and Oppreflion 
of the Veffels by its grofier Parts. In Jaun- 
dice, Schirrofity, or Inflammation of the 
Liver, Spleen, Myfentery, or Pancreas, it is 
very hurtful, for by its grofs and tough 
Parts, it makes the obflruding Matter 
thicker, and more tough, hard, and im- 
moveable. Milk that is brown, yellow, 
reddifli, blackifh, or brackifh, it is always 
unwholefome, and fhould never be ufed, 
for it is then acrid, full of alcaline Salts, is 
bilious and famous, whereby it would pu- trify, and turn fetid like Urine, not coagu- 
late' or grow four; fuch is the Milk of all 
Animals in Fevers, therefore do their Young 
loath it; or fhould they fuck it, they would 
be lick, hot, feverifh and thirfly; fuch alfo 
is the Milk of Animals after hard Driving, 
or much Running, which has heated them 
much. All Animals, which live chiefly or 
only on animal Food, and its Preparations, 
give Milk of this Nature ; fuch alfo is the 
Milk of Animals given after they have eaten 
fotne forts of alcaline Herbs, &c. All fuch 
Milk is eafily rellored to its natural Condi- 
tion, by giving the Animal acid Food. Thus 
far of new Milk. 
Blue Milk, or fkimmed Milk, is the for- 
mer, flood till it has parted with, and 
thrown up its Cream or Butter, which is 
its oily Part, and what remains neither fof- 
tens, lubricates, relaxes, nor dilates, being 
only the Clieefe and Serum together. It 
agrees ,pretty well with young People who 
have a good Appetite and Digeflion, and 
generally with fuch as ule hard Labour 
and much Exercife. Its Ule is beft in an 
oily Acrimony of the Blood, therefore it is 
very advifeable where there is a bitter fharp Tafle in the Mouth, like burnt or putrifled 
Oil, attended with great Heat of the Jaws, 
and a Smell of rotten Eggs 3 or where there 
are black Spots and Erofions, fetid, white, 
fit, hot Stools j a high-coloured, fetid, fro- 
thy, fcanty Urine, Drinefs of the Mouth} 
Cslc* But in all Cafes where an Acid pre- 
vails, it is highly injurious 3 and fo it is in 
fcrophulous Conditions, in pale, afh-colour’d 
Bodies, or where the Glands or Lympha- 
ticks are loaded with Vifcidities. It is alfo 
nought for the Idle, Studious, Valetudinary, 
Aged, Nephritic, &c. thefe mud; either 
wholly abllain from it, or be content with 
an exceeding fpare Ufe and Indulgence of 
it. Butter-milk is that out of which the 
Oil is extracted, and the Cheefe and Whey 
left behind 3 this is far more agreeable to 
bilious Conftitutions than new Milk, for 
being ftript of its Oil, it heats and inflames 
lefs, nor will it produce the Effects of an 
oily or nidrous Acrimony in the Blood. 
This is much preferable in all Cafes where 
an alcaline Acrimony prevails, either in the 
iirfc, fecond, or third Digeftions, i, e. where 
the Breath, Body, or Stool, fmell fetid or 
cadaverous 3 the Mouth, Throat, Noflrils, Jaws, and Skin, are dry er rough; where?, 
there is a very great Thirfl for ordinary, 
with Loathing of Food, Lofs of Appetite, 
loofe Belly, dark, brown, or black-coloured 
Stools, with a moil fetid, or mortal Smell, 
I have feen many Instances in this Cafe, 
where Butter-milk alone has made a Cure 
when Medicines have failed. Where the 
Urine is thick, brown, Jfharp, hot, fetid, 
as it were putrified, frothy, and without 
Sediment j Sweat of the fame Nature, and 
fcanty fudden Eruptions of a black, livid, 
reddifli, brown, or dulky Colour, which 
grow and fpread fuddcnly, and are filled 
with a fharp Ichor, and often tend to Mor- 
tification or Sphacelation, from fudden and 
Iharp flight Inflammations, which fpeedily 
arife in Blifters, Where the Blood is too 
fluid and diflblved, very red, and little Co-/ 
agulation y where frequent Buboes and Pur- 
ple Spots break out on the Skin 5 where 
the Mouth of Breath tafle rancid, bitter, 
fat, fharp, or like burnt Oil or Sulphury 
where the Jaws are intolerably hot, and a 
Tafte like rotten Eggs; where there are 
black hot Eruptions, acute, fudden, and 
(babborn Inflammations and Suppurations, Hatred of Food, with Shiverings over the 
Body, hot, fetid, greafy, white Stools, ill 
Savour, and Drinefe of the Mouth, the 
Skin exceeding dry, and little Urine, &V. 
in all thofe Symptoms Butter-milk chal- 
lenges the Preference, becaufe it contains 
much Acid, which is oppofite to both the 
-alcaline and oily Acrimony. In Fevers at- 
tended with great Third:, Heat, Anxiety* 
Toflings, Purples, Inflammations, Erupti- 
ons, &c. it is very allowable, but the Clear 
of a Poflet of it and new Milk, is flill bet- 
ter ; for this cools, dilates, and moiflens 
the Blood, and the Acidity checks the great 
Rarefadion of the Juices, and relaxes the 
Veflels. 
But Butter-milk is highly injurious in the 
following Symptoms, which difeover the 
Reign of an Acidity in the Blood, viz* 
where the Mouth, Breath, and Tafle, fmell 
fourifh ; where there is a moderate Third:, 
great Hunger, and quick Digeflion, a Long- 
ing after earthy Things and Abforbents, the 
Face and Body pale and cold, the Gums, 
Lips, and Jaws, white, pale whitidi, Out- 
Freaks on the Skin, the Guts grip’d, and 
die Skin pale and cold at the fame time; •md white, four, greenifh Stools i white, 
thick, Urine, which lets fall a Sediment; 
Skin white and loofe, Sweat much and 
four • the Blood thick, black, or pale, where 
there are fmall flow Inflammations, feveral 
Swellings, &c. In thofe Cafes all Milk is 
hurtful, but efpecially Butter-milk ; for even 
a moderate Ufe of it may occafion fatal 
Symptoms and Effedls. At whatever Sea- 
fons, or in whatever Climates, the fbrmer 
Symptoms are moft vifible and troublefome, 
it may be ufed. On the contrary, whene- 
ver the lad Signs appear, it mull be refrain- 
ed, at lead till they be gone. 
I fhould now come to treat of Whey, 
which is the mod thin and watery Part of 
the Milk dripp’d of both its Cheefe and 
Oil 5 but on this I could expatiate to a much 
greater Length, than the Bounds of my in- 
tended Brevity will allow; only in fhort, 
raw Whey opens the Belly powerfully, 
purges off all feculent grofs Humours, dif- 
folves the Salts in the Blood, dilutes and 
attenuates a grofs flzy Thicknefs, fweetens 
it, and is therefore very beneficial in Ob- 
drudtions of the Glands, Jaundice, Stuff- 
ings, or beginning Obdructions oftheVeffels, of Liver and Spleen ; does great Service in 
the Hippo, as it thins and diflblves the 
thick and grumous Blood, which diftends, 
loads, pains, and opprefles the Vifcera of 
the Lower Belly. It is well fuited to me- 
lancholly Conftitutions, and Perfons liable 
to frequent and acute inflammatory Difeafes, 
or to them who have Obftrudlions in their 
urinary Pafiages, or very brown, thick, 
fcanty, hot Urine; to them whofc Skins 
are frequently deformed with inflammatory, 
hot, red, weeping, or fpreading Pimples or 
Eruptions, or with Scabs, Scales, and le- 
prous Deformities; or to them who are of- 
ten troubled with Loofenefles of white, bi- 
lious, frothy, fetifli, acrid Stools, or who 
have their Lacteals furred up with Slime, 
or other hard Matter, or who have a per- 
petual Third;. It is a Drink admirably flit- 
ted to Youth, hot Weather, and great 
Eaters of animal Food; it is good for then> 
who drink much Wine, or after a Debauch 
of ftrong Ale or Beer; for them who are 
vexed with red pimply Faces: In a word, 
it incides and attenuates, it dilutes and de- 
terges, it mundifles and clears the Paflages, 
it penetrates and diflblves. Clarified Whey may be made a fuitable Bcifis for the mod 
aperient, abforbing, attenuating, moiften- 
ing, cooling, inciding, and diluting medi- 
cinal Deceptions. It is a vulgar Midake to 
think, that fuch Deceptions prefently fer- 
ment and four ; herein they have only the 
common Fate of mod other Decoctions 
now in Ufe, wherein the Force of Ingre- 
dients is fo inconfiderable, as if the Com- 
pounder was afraid they fhould anfwer any 
valuable Intention; but when we would 
have them anfwer any good Purpofes, they 
fhould be loaded with the Ingredients dried, 
before they be boiled, that they may keep 
fome confiderable time. I have frequently- 
ordered Deceptions in Whey, which have 
kept fome Months without the lead Pre- 
judice, but rather to their Advantage 3 for 
they have not only anfwered the Intent of 
a Medicine, but drank like generous Wine, 
and revive the languid Spirits. 
Neither is Milk ufeful taken inwardly 
only, but it anfwers a great many external 
Purpofes, as in nephritic Pains, colical Dis- 
orders from bilious Salts, indurated Fasces, 
Pains of the Colon, RePlum, or Anus, Fla- 
tulency in the great Guts, &c. Warm Glyl- 
ters given of it do great Service 3 a Waih of it and Rofe-water, beautify the Face and 
Hands, gives them a pleafant natural Co- 
lour. Feet, Legs, and Arms, wafhed with 
warm new Milk, become more foft, lax, 
and better prepared for the Reception and 
Eruption of the Puflles in the Small-pox j 
this difpofes them for the Admifiion of a 
larger Share of the Difeafe, and gives a fig- 
nal Relief to the nobler Parts, as Face, 
Mouth, Throat, Lungs, Pleura, Bowels, 
&c. A Fomentation of warm Milk relaxes 
the diflended and inflamed hemorrhoidal 
Yeffels, diflblves the coagulated or thick 
Blood, promotes Perfpiration in the Parts, 
and eafes Pain. This Fomentation cafes 
the moft racking Pains of the Gout, relaxes 
the contracted and pained Yeffels, haflens 
and encreafes the Swelling, diflblves the im- 
pacted Matter, promotes its Tranfpiration, 
and quickly relieves the Body by a regular 
Fit, efpecially if at the fame time a Fever, 
or other Symptoms, forbid not a free Ufc 
of the moft generous Wines. A warm Se- 
micupium, or half Bath, of warm new 
Milk, eafes the moft violent Fit of Stone 
or Gravel, relaxes the Parts, and makes way 
for the Difchargc of the Matter, A Fomen- tatlon of it eafes pleuritic Pains, Inflamma- 
tions of the Mufcles of the Belly or Throat, 
relieves from flatulent pricking Pains, gives 
great Eafe in arthritic, or other fix’d or 
fcorbutic Pains. New Milk dropp’d into 
the Eyes, and a Linnen Cloth doubled and 
flipp’d in it, and laid on the Part, eafes the 
moft excruciating Pains there, where there 
is an Inflammation, Rednefs, and Pleat 5 
but it will flill be more effectual, if Rote- 
water, and the White of an Egg be added 
to it, and the Cloths often changed, that 
its Acidity trouble not the Eye. A Fo- 
mentation of it is alfo good in Pains of the 
Ear; but thefe being external Applicati- 
ons, not inward Ufes, which I propofed 
to difcourfe of, I pafs them, when I have 
added one word, that the cheefy Part of 
the Milk nourifhes; its oily Part eafes Pain, 
relaxes, digefts, falves and fmooths the In- 
teftines and Veflfels from acrid Humours; 
its ferous Part abilerges and cleanfes. 
122 CHAP. 111. 
Of MADE WINES. 
Of MEAD, MET HEG LIN, and 
HTDRO ME i. 
TH E S E Liquors are much ufed in 
the northern Countries, where great 
Cold hinders the Growth of the Grape and 
Production of Wine; but kind Nature has 
bountifully provided them with Honey, 
which they make into a fpirituous Liquor 
with Water, and efteem it as much, yea 
fome prefer it before Wine. Mead, Me- 
theglin, and Hydromel, are all prepared 
from Honey, which is a fweet Juice exu- 
ding from the Flowers of all forts of Vege- 
tables, bitter as well as fweet, and fucked 
up from them by the Bees, and laid up in 
their Combs; from fome of them alfo do 
Children fuck a Honey. Bees gather this 
Honey after the Sun is up, and exhaled 
the proceeding Night’s Dew. Honcv was 
formerly thought to have different Quali- 
ties, according to the different Plants or 
Flowers it was gathered from; but later 
Difcoveries have proved this to be falfe Honey is a natural Soap, attenuating, ape- 
ritive, loofening, cleanfing, laxative, and 
Simulating, of great ESeem before the Ufe 
of Sugar, and in feveral Cafes exceeds it 
far, as for a Pe&oral, Diuretic, &c. and 
neither heats, dries, nor conftringcs till after 
Fermentation, for before that it is void of 
Spirit; for the Sun’s Heat on that Juice of 
the Plant, produces not that whilft it re- 
mains in the Vegetable. But we mull con- 
fider thefe three Liquors as they are af- 
ter Fermentation, as alfo the other Made 
Wines. All thefe three are made with Ho- 
ney and Water, and fome Aromaticks, as 
Cinnamon, Ginger, Nutmegs, Cloves, &c. 
and fermented with Yeft after boiling; the 
laft is only Honey and Water boiled and 
barrelled clofe up without Fermentation. 
Thefe are the chief Drink of Raffia, Muf- 
covy, Lithuaniar, and Lart ary, and feveral 
good Houfewives in Britain prepare and 
keep them yearly. Fermented Mead hav- 
ing the etfential Oil and Salts of the Flow- 
ers from which it is gathered, broken, mixed 
with the Water, and reduced to fubtile, vo- 
latile Spirit, becomes of the Nature of Wine 
when it is kept to a right Age, /. e, till it be clear, fine, and of a pleafant vinous 
Tafie, which if right made, it muft be, 
confidering that Honey is only the mod 
dfential, fubtile, and fine Parts of Flowers * 
and for this Reafon Mead muft be a very 
wholefome Liquor, becaufe it is a curious- 
and chemical Collection of the be ft Princi- 
ples of aromatic and cordial Flowers, Mead 
muft be an excellent nervous Wine, in- 
creafe the animal Spirits, and inflate the 
delicate Tubes with its volatile and exalted 
Farts, fit them better for vigorous Motion 
and Adtion ; and as it affords Plenty of ner- 
vous Juices that will fupply the Nerves of 
involuntary Motion, ftrengthen the Heart, 
promote Circulation, and prove a great 
Cordial, far beyond Brandy, Aqua ruitc^J 
or Frejich Wine, becaufe their Spirits be- 
ing dripped of their mucous Phlegm, and 
left naked, they foon exhale and leave their 
7 J 
Phlegm to thicken the Blood, load the 
Veil'ds, and weaken the Fibres; but the 
Spirits of Mead and Metheglin, being flilJ 
more wrapt up in the oily Parts, continue 
longer in the Body, invigorate the Solids, 
and keep them longer in Play. French 
Wine indeed has this Advantage, that it abounding with Tartar, that Tartar gives a 
greater Stimulus to the Veffels, and by its 
Roughnefs corrugates and draws up the 
Fibres more, rvhereby they become Wron- 
ger, and keep their Tone longer, even 
when its Spirits are fpent. It alfo abounds 
more with fubtile fine earthy Parts, which 
nourifhes and makes up the Waffe and 
Abrafions of the Veffels. For thefe Rea- 
fous .Mead approaches nearer the Nature of 
Spnnifh and Portugal Wines, only it has 
lefs Earth, and their Earth is too grofs to 
anfwcr the End of true Nutrition. Mead 
is excellent in all Languifhiugs and Decays 
of Nature; ■ it is a Milk for old People, 
a great Strengthens of the Solids of the 
Phlegmatic, an Attenuater of the Blood, an 
Invigorater of the loaded abdominal Veffels, 
and a powerful Reviver of the Spirits of 
melancholy: Perfons. As Cyder is chiefly 
adapted for Summer Service, fo is this for 
Winter Ufes ; as Cyder is to be drunk with 
Meals, and as an Afternoon cheering Glafs, 
fo this anlwerslbeft a Morning Whet. It is 
a powerful Diuretick, cleanfes the Kidneys, 
Fpeters, and Bladder, of all fandy, fabulous, 
mucilaginous,gravelly, and exotic, tardy Bo- dies. As it affords Plenty of animal Spirits 
which invigorates the Nerves and Fibres, 
they attenuate, mix, and prepare the Blood 
for ■ Secretion and Excretion; by this Pro- 
perty, and its Multitude of effential Salts, it 
fcours the Glands and Lymphatics, cleanfes 
away the Vifcidities of the Blood ; it forti- 
fies the Stomach, and promotes Digeffion 
in the Bowels, by its gently ftimulating the 
mufcular Fibres, attenuates the Vifcidities 
lodged in the Glands, and affords nervous 
Juice. But Hydromel, that is, Honey and 
Water boiled, and kept unfermented, with 
Cinnamon, Ginger, and Nutmegs, is a pow- 
erful Cleanfer of the Lungs ; it helps Ex- 
pectoration, and fheaths the fharp prickling 
Salts which tickle the tracheal Glands; for 
it not having undergone Fermentation, 
abounds with many oily Parts and Salts, 
which not being fo minute and fubtile as in 
the other, prick not, nor {Emulate the 
Nerves and Glands; neither are the oily 
Parts fo grofs as to cloy and load the fmall 
Veffels of the Lungs, but foften and fmooth 
them, fheath the fharp irritating Salts, and 
fmooth the Infides of the Veffels with a 
noble balfamic which defends them from Pungency and Irritation, till they re- 
cover Strength and Elaflicity, whereby they 
fhake off and propel any vifcid or faline 
Moiflure which might fluff, load, or tickle 
them. Thus is Honey and Mead of un- 
ipeakable Service to theDifeafes oftheßreall. 
And alfo where the Bowels are fluggifh and 
inactive, and do not anfwer; or where they 
are too dry and fliff, want glandular Moi- 
flure to expedite the Paffage of the Faces t 
this Mead is good, becaufe its grofs Salts 
prick and flir up the Inteftines to their Of- 
fice, or its grofs Oil lubricates and foftem 
them, caufes the Glands to give way to the 
Impulfe of the circulating Blood, and their 
excretory Duels are foftened and widened$ 
Jhence a larger Quantity of inteflinal glandu- 
lar Juice, whereby Stool is provoked. But 
vinous Mead has not this Effect, becaufe 
the Fermentation has fubtilized its Oil and 
Salts fo much, that they readily get through 
the firff Paffages into the Blood, without 
producing that Effect. The OEnomeli (/. e. 
Wine and Honey mixed) of the Antients, 
will ftill make the Wine more pectoral, 
2, c. the Oil and vifcid Parts of the Honey 
Will obtund, or (heath up the Tartar of the Wine, fo as it will not prick nor tickle the 
Glands of the Throat, to excite a trouble- 
fome Cough; the Wine on the other hand 
will make the Honey more cordial, ftoma- 
chic, and of quicker Digedion. 
Mead and all Preparations of Honey are 
mod difagreeable to choleric Conditutions, 
becaufe it foon degenerates into the Nature of 
Bile, caufes terrible Gripes, bilious Cholicks, 
and not feldom Death ; it is alfo hurtful in 
ardent Fevers, becaufe its Spirits will in- 
creafe the violent and impetuous Motion of 
the Humours, and exafperate the Difeafe. 
It is no lefs unfuitable for hot Summer 
Weather, becaufe then the Solids are lax, 
Digedion flow, and it lying on the Stomach, 
meets with the Biles, and turns into an 
Acid, which prefently raifes a violent Cho- 
lick; fo that as Cyder is adapted for Sum- 
mer, fo is this for Winter. Mead drunk 
before it be fine, palls the Stomach, goes 
flowly caufes Belchings, Flatulency, 
Indigedon, Naufea and Vomiting, from the 
Vifcidity it had not yet depofited, wherein 
the contained Air rarifies, expands, and 
caufes an Explofion; and thefe Vifcidities 
meeting with the Bile, eafily turn into the fame, and fo caufe bilious Vomiting, Pain 
in the Bowels, and Loofenefs; and becaufc 
it contains both much Spirit and vifeous 
Parts, it eafily caufes Drunkennefs, hard to 
get off. ■ 
C H AP. IV. 
Of BIRCH WINE, GOOSBERRT 
WINEy COWSLIP and ORANGE 
WINES. 
BIRCH Wine has long time defer- 
vedly obtained and retained its Cha- 
racter in the World, for it is full of a very 
delicate Salt or Tartar mixed with a very 
thin Phlegm, has little of that Vifcidity in 
it which makes ail other Made Wines fo 
flatulent and unwholefome ; it is of the Na- 
ture of Rhentjh Wines, its folid naked Tar- 
tar or Salts make it highly ferviceable in 
feveral obfb'nate Diforders, as in any Load- 
ing, Stuffing, or InfarCtion of the renal ex- 
cretory Veffels, or Lodgments of fmall 
Stones, Gravel, Sand, or Slime, it dilutes 
the lodged Matter, increafes the Quantity 
of Urine, simulates and invigorates the 
Veffels to fhake them off, diflodge and ex- pel them, and fo cleanfes and clears the 
Channels, and trees the Drinker from much 
Pain j becaufe of the Minutenefs and Soli- 
dity of its Salts, and Thinnefs of their Ve- 
hicle, it dilutes a fizy Mafs of Blood, dif- 
folves its vifcid Coagulums, wadies off the 
Slime and Mucus from the Inddes of the 
Veffels, clears off Obflrudions from the 
Glands, opens the obftruded Channels, and 
adds a frefh Momentum to the Blood; and 
becaufe its Salts ftimulate the Veffels, and 
alfo its Spirits afford Juice to the nervous 
Tubes, the Solids are invigorated, fhength- 
ened, and ad with more Force and Brifk- 
nefs over the Fluids, whereby the lad: are 
attenuated, mixed, fitted for Secretion, Ex- 
cretion, Nutrition, and Evacuation. And 
as it both irritates and raifes the Solids, dif- 
folves and mixes the Fluids, fcours the 
Glands, and provokes Urine, it comes in 
good Play againft Dropfies, Cachexies, an 
indolent and bulky Flabit of Body. When 
the Blood is fizy, fluggifh, and inadive, 
and the Lungs unable to repeal its Settle- 
ment, and loading their flender Tubes with 
a thick vifcid Phlegm, either in the tra- 
cheal or pulmonary Veffels; the firft cau- ling a Cough, and difficult Expedoration 
'of a thick tough Phlegm; the fecond a 
Diftention, Dilatation, and invincible Load 
of fizy Blood, difpofing the Lungs to Tu- 
bercles, Hydatides, or Impoftumation ; the 
Tartar of this Wine cuts, feparates, and 
diffolves thefe Vifcofities, excites the Veffels 
to put forth a great Force, Adion, and Elaf- 
ticity, and at the fame time its pure Phlegm 
dilutes the Blood, thins the Humours, and 
■difpofes them to be thrown back into the 
Vcffels and Blood, till they be reduced to a 
fubtile Matter fit for Perforation, or Eva- 
cuation by Urine, and then they are expel- 
led, and the phthifical Perfon reffored $ for 
this Purpofe it excels French Claret (tho* 
the thinned; of all Red Wines) becaufe the 
lad has too great a Reffringency or Stipti- 
city in it, whereby it contrads the Veffels, 
makes them narrower, and fhortens their 
Diameters, as the vifcid Coheflons are ra- 
ther wedg’d in, and the Difeafe made 
worfe. It exceeds White Wine alfo, for 
this has too much and too naked Tartar, 
which (hears, abrades, and waftes the Vef- 
fels, till it bring the Body into a Cachexy. 
But of all Birch Wine, that is beft for this Purpofe, which has a Quart of Honey ad- 
ded to each Gallon of Juice. As Birch 
Wine is a great Diuretick, it is very fer- 
viceable in a Strangury, or partial Obftruc- 
tion of Urine from a Vifcidity of the Blood, 
or Infardion of the Parts, becaufe it clears 
the PafTages, removes the obtruding Can- 
fes, and brings off Urine freely. It is of 
good Ufe in fcorbutick Habits, contracted 
by Intemperance, an unequal Mixture or 
Sizinefs of the Blood for thefe Reafons. It 
is alfo a good Gargle for tumefied Tonfils 
or Glands of the Mouth, caufing Spitting 
and Difcharge of much ropy Phlegm. In 
a word, it is the mod; inoftenfive and truly 
ufeful of all our factitious Wines. 
But feeing it is fo powerful a Diuretick,- 
Thinner of the Blood, and Promoter there- 
by of Perfpiration, it is injurious to very- 
thin, lean, and heCtic Bodies, bccaufe it 
promotes a Wafte and Atrophy too much. 
Neither is it to be ufed in a Strangury, from 
the Saltnefs and Sharpnefs of the Blood 
caufing an Inflammation of the Parts, and 
Heat and Scalding of Urine j for all Diu- 
reticks Simulate thofe Parts, encreafe the 
Afflux of Blood to them, and exafperate the 
in a Diabetes, feeing it is neither reflrin- 
gent, anodyne, nor balfamic, and fo cannot 
thicken the Juices, nor contract the Strain- 
ers, An immoderate Flux of the Menfes 
forbids its Ufe, feeing it fhimulates the 
Parts, thins the Blood, and promotes the 
Evacuation. Too keen an Appetite calls 
for greater Blunters, and not fuch a brifk 
Fortifier of the Stomach. Too great a 
Fluidity or impetuous Motion of the Blood, 
make its Ufe fufpe&ed, as promoting both 
thefe. Too much Labour, Exercife, or 
Evacuations, render its Ufe hurtful, becaufe 
it is too thin and flimulating, and depaupe- 
rates the Body too fpeedily of its nutritive 
Juices. Too low a Diet, except of tena- 
cious Foods, agrees not with this Drink. 
Goofberries contain very much effential Oil 
and fine Salt; befides, their Phlegm there- 
fore affords a good Wine, and the befl 
Brandy our Ifland makes. This Fruit when 
green, abounds with acid Salt and much 
Earth, which give them that four ftiptick 
Tafte, and make them pungent on the 
Tongue, but as they ripen, the Oil abounds 
more, unites with and fheaths their Salts; then are they lefs aftringent, more vifcid, 
have a better Tafte, and turn fweet, Goof- 
berry Wine made of the Berries before they 
be full ripe, well fermented, and kept fe- 
veral Months till it is clear and fine, is a 
mod: delicious, cooling Summer’s Draught, 
adapted efpecially to young Perfons, and 
the bilious (and fanguine) whofe Bodies, 
from the Thinnefs, Equality, and rapid 
Motion of their Blood, and Force of their 
Solids, are eafily over-heated, and too great 
Wafte by Perfpiration promoted. From 
the Abundance of its Salts and Oil, it be- 
comes very fpirituous 3 but its Salts being a 
little acid, it is tart, and thereby pricks the 
Stomachs, promotes Digeftion, helps Nau- 
fea, Belchings and Vomitings: For the fame 
Reafon, it purfes up the pall’d and too 
much relax’d Solids of the Body, invigo- 
rates the Force of the Fibres, keeps the 
Blood in better Play and Mixture, prevents 
its running into vifcid or grumous Cohe- 
fions, or being too profufely perfpired thro* 
the relax’d Skin ; and mix’d with Water, 
it makes a very agreeable fharp Drink in 
ardent Fevers, efpecially where an alcaline 
Acrimony prevails in the Blood. It quenches THrft • and where the Blood is too fluid, 
or rarified, it checks its Rarefactions, and 
gives it a better Confluence; or the Juice 
of the unripe Fruit, mix’d with Water or 
boil’d in Drink, flops a Loofenefs in Fevers, 
and is a great Aftringent in fpitting of 
Blood. It is alfo good in putrid Fevers, or 
where there is a Tendency of the Parts to a 
Mortification. It is no lefs ferviceable a- 
gainfl fuch Poifons as rarify the Blood, re- 
lax, dilate, and diflend the Veflels beyond 
their due Tone, as Poppies, Opium, &c, or 
for fuch Poifons as leave a Vifcidity, or ren- 
der the Juices tenacious, and flupify, as 
Hemlock, Henbane, &c. 
But both Berries, Wine, and Deception, 
are injurious to the Melancholick, becaufe 
of their Acidity and Stipticity, which corru- 
gate their Fibres, and, thicken their Blood. 
They are alfo difagreeable to fuch as have 
a gnawing corroding Pain at their Stomach, 
from an acid Humour too plentifully pour’d 
in, or fkulking there, They are apt to 
raife a fevere Cholick, where they are ufed 
by thofe who have an Acidity of Humours 
in their Bowels; or where the Blood is too 
acid, tjiey thicken it more. Currants have little Oil, but much Salt 
and Phlegm in them 5 they afford a Wine 
that, when it has been bottled two or three 
Months, is of a good Body, delicious Taftc, 
a beautiful ruby Colour, and rich. It is a 
delicious cooling inohlening Drink in Sum- 
mer, and by its Tartnefs its corrugates the 
mufcular Fibres of the Stomach, and helps 
Digeftion. Its Salts make it a good Deter- 
gent, (if not over-loaded with Sugar, or ill 
fermented, or drank before it be fin’d) it 
purfes up the relaxed Fibres in very hot 
Weather, and checks too great a Perfora- 
tion ; or if the excretory Duds of the Skin 
be fo pall’d, that they cannot expel their 
contained Matter, but its Thicknefs, and 
more vifcid Parts, fur up the Channels, it 
Simulates the Fibres, cuts and divides the 
grofs Humours, and promotes a flow Per- 
foration. It is good to check the Redun- 
dancy of the Bile, by its acid Salts, and by 
its Reftringency it contrads the Strainers of 
the Liver, and makes the Veffels narrower, 
fo as lefs Bile is feparated and poured into 
the Inteftines, and more of it difcharsed 
O 
with the other Humours by the Skin. It 
is good alfo againfl an oily Acrimony in the Bowels or Blood, nidrous Stinking, oily 
Belchings and Loathings. It is proper in a 
Fulnefs and Stuffing at Stomach, and a 
Weaknefs and Laxnefs of the Bowels. A 
moderate Glafs of that which is old, flrong, 
and fine, agrees with phlegmatick, unweil- 
dy Bodies, becaufe of its Plenty of Salts. It 
Is no lefs ufeful to the Cholerick, as its 
Fluidity mixes with, and correds the Bile, 
and prevents the too great Acidity and Ra- 
refaction of the Blood ; for the fame Rea- 
fon it is good after Laudanum, Opium, or 
too great a Dofe of Poppy-feeds, or any 
flupifying Poifons. It is a proper Drink in 
foggy, clofe, fultry, hot Weather j and is 
chiefly adapted to Youthhood. 
Melancholy Tempers cannot fo well bear 
it, for the fame Reafon that Goofberry 
Wine difagrees with them; neither is it 
eligible in cold Weather, becaufe it chills 
too much, and as it cools moiftens greatly ; 
old Age fhould not ufe it, for their Circu- 
lation and Heat is languid, and their Per- 
fpiration anfwerable. In Pains of Stomach 
or Bowels from an acid Humour, it is hurt- 
ful, being full of acid Salts; and all Difor- 
ders from Acidity of the Blood are enema*. fed by it j therefore arthritic or rheumatic 
Pains from a Sharpnefs of thp Blood, are 
exafperated from its Ufe; and Difeafes ari- 
fing from a Thicknefs of the Blood, forbid 
its Ufe. 
Cowflip Wine has a grateful enough 
Tade ; it is cooling from the Lemons added 
to it j it is a proper Draught for the Sum- 
mer time ; it is alfo good in great Anxiety, 
Redledhefs, and Toliings, being of a fopo- 
rific Nature, and gently compofes to Sleep. 
It is alfo a little detergent, and promotes Ex- 
pectoration, fomewhat cordial, and a little 
flomachic; the lad is owing only to the 
Lemons: But it is very vifeid, and there- 
fore occalions Flatulency in the Bowels; 
therefore fuch as are liable to datulent 
licks, fhould not meddle with it. If drunk 
too freely, it taints the Blood with a Vifci- 
dity, which fouls the Glands, furs the 
Channels, and begets ObdruClions; the Su- 
gar and Lemon make it a little diuretic; 
phlegmatic, unwieldy, cachcCtic, and hy- 
dropic Perfons, or fuch as are liable to Ob- 
druclions of the Glands, and white Swel- 
lings, fhould not touch it, both becaufe of 
ks Vifcidity and foporific Tendency, which relaxes the Solids, which fhould be drawn 
up, flrengthened, and invigorated. It is 
naught for old People, whofe Juices are al- 
ready too thick, and their Perfpiration too 
flow; a foggy Air, rainy Weather, and 
marfhy or wet Places, forbid its Ufe, becaufe 
it relaxes more, and adds to the Indifpofi- 
tions arifing therefrom. Its Ufe is chiefly 
to pleafe the Palate at the Expence of run- 
ning the Venture of fome bodily Diforder. 
Orange Wine has a pleafant Tafte, is a 
lefler kind of Cordial, and flrengthens the 
Stomach, by ftimulating foftly, and draw- 
ing up its Fibres, and begets a better Ap- 
petite. It is chiefly ufeful in a Morning, to 
wafh off the Slime from the Stomach, raife 
its Tone, and correct the Plenty of Bile; it 
is fomewhat diuretic; but this is alfo liable 
to Vifcidity, and fo may caufe Gripes and 
cholical Complaints, both from its Coolnefs 
and Vifcidity, is therefore no ways fitted 
for a cheering Cup. It is belt in Summer, 
or hot and dry Weather, to bilious young 
People, but not fuitable to the aged, phleg- 
matick, and cachedtic Conftitutions. 
Elder Wine is another excellent factitious 
Wine, which muft not be forgot; for did either my Defign or Time allow, I could 
write a whole Book of different Sorts of 
Wines which might be made from the fun- 
dry Parts of this noble, fimple, and defpifed 
Shrub, which though the moil: hated, and 
moft induftrioufly rooted out of both Gar- 
dens and Fields, is yet the moll ufeful 
and medicinal of all others to human Bo- 
dies 5 bountiful Nature having provided it as 
a Panacea, which affords Relief to the moft 
Difeafes we are liable to, and that with lit- 
tle Labour and Expence, which ftiould 
make us admire it, and value it the more. 
Elder Wine differs in its Properties, accord- 
ing to the Ingredients wherewith it is made. 
That made with Raifins of the Sun is more 
fharp, thinning, cleanfing, moves the Belly, 
and opens Obftru&ions more ; that made 
with Malaga Raifins is more healing, pec- 
toral, foft, fmoothing and fweetening, be- 
caufe they are much fatter, abound with 
Oil and Balfam ; but that made of only the 
Juice of the Berries, boil’d and feumm’d, 
and Sugar put to it and fermented, barrel’d 
up, well fettled, then bottled off, and a 
Spoonful of good Brandy put to each Bottle, 
is the richeft, ftrongeft, and beft Wine I ever drank. It will keep good many Years, 
and has the true Virtue of the Elder in it, 
becaufe it is not chang’d by long and high 
Fermentation and Diflillation ; for thefc fe- 
parate and fubtilize its Spirit, alter its natu- 
ral Properties, and leave it no other Virtue 
but what is common to other fpirituous 
Liquors, however fome may boafl of Ar- 
cana's to bubble the Ignorant out of their 
Money. But feeing this Wine is moflly 
made with Railins, I (ball confider firfl the 
Virtues of them, then of the Berries. Rai- 
fins are both foftening and adhefive, and have 
a fpecial Activity and Difpofition to Mo- 
tion, when joined with a fuitable Configu- 
ration of Parts ; by the firfl of thefe, they 
thicken the too thin and ferous Humours, 
foften the faline, fharp, and tickling, check 
the impetuous Motion of the Blood, from 
a Sharpnefs, Pungency, Nakednefs, and 
Multitude of its Salts, which they fheath, 
blunt, or abforb ; and by their lafl Proper- 
ty they are poffefs’d of fubtile Parts, which 
are proper to mix with, attenuate and carry 
away the Contents of AbfcefTes and Ulcers; 
they alfo abrade, and take along with them 
thofe mucous and vifeid Collections of Hu- mours, which adhere to and obftru& the 
Veffels. The firft of thcfe makes them ex- 
cellent in lharp troublefome tickling Coughs, 
arifing from too great a Serofity and Salt- 
nefs of the Blood, becaufe they (heath up 
and blunt its Acrimony, make it thicker, 
of a more equal Temper, and give it an 
adhefive Quality, whereby it is more nou- 
rifhing, foft, and balfamick, and affords a 
foft, oily Litus, to the naked or abraded 
veffels, induces a more indolent and pacific 
State to them, their Stimulus being check’d 
or remov’d :• For the fame Reafon are they 
no lefs fuitable to fcorbutic Habits, where 
there is much Acrimony in the Blood dis- 
covered by great Itching, cuticular Erup- 
tions and Erofions, Tetters, Erifipelas, &c, 
becaufe they, by (heathing the Salts, remove 
the Stimulus of the Veffels, prevent their 
Abrafion and Confumption, therefore are 
they defervedly reckoned among the Sweet- 
ners of the Blood, and fuited to lean, thin, 
hedlic, fcorbutic Bodies. The Rife of a 
Cough from the Saltnefs, Sharpnefs, and 
Serofity of the Blood, is ealily known from 
the conftant uneafy Tickling of the Throat, 
from the Thinnefs of the Spitting; it is alfo often fharp or fait, from the Quicknefs 
of the Pulfe, from the Livelinefs and Brifk- 
nefs of the Perfon’s Conflitution ; and laftly, 
.from a Roughnefs perceived in the Throat 
and Bread:. By this Difpofition they are 
very ufeful in Catarrhs, which come from 
the Thinnefs and Sharpnefs of the Juices, 
and their pricking of the Veffels, and run- 
ning fpeedily through them; for the Se- 
cretions are diminifhed by an accelerated 
Circulation ; yet as true it is, they are in- 
creafed by the Thinnefs of the Blood, Ex- 
coriation or Abrafion of the Infides of the 
Veffels, and the Brifknefs of Circulation, 
attended with a conflant Irritation of the 
containing Tubes. Hereby they come in 
play ibr rheumatic, or other fix’d or erratic 
Pains, occafioned by the Thinnefs and Salt- 
nefs of the Blood ; for by the fird:, its glo- 
bular Parts being lefs, it enters the fmaller 
Veffels, which being conic, it mud: flop, 
till by their Force it be attenuated. During 
this Delay, its Salts attrad more, and ad 
with a dronger Stimulus upon the Capilla- 
ries, whereby they contrad, drafted, and 
hinder the free and ordinary Circuit of the 
Blood. Hence an Adion of the Blood 
144 againft the Veflels, and of them againft the 
Blood, and of the Parts of the Blood againft 
one another, till the thinner Parts efcape, 
and the thicker are Rop’d, which is the 
Caufe of the Inflammation and Pain of the 
Parts; but the Periojieum and Membranes 
about the Joints, having the fmallefl; Veflels 
moil fenflble, and leaf! dilatable, they will 
be the mofl: fenflble, fitted:, and moil fuf- 
ceptible of this Mifery. Pains from this 
Caufe are difcoverable from the Signs of a 
diflblved, fharp, and fait Blood, and alfo by 
Night Coughs, flow Fevers toward Even- 
ing, and Defluxions on fome Parts 3 becaufe 
of their temperating and fweetening the 
Blood, they are ufeful in Leprofles, Scurff, 
and Dandriff, of Head or Body j their foft- 
ening, Breathing, adheflve, and pacific Qua- 
lity, makes them a fit Ingredient in Vene- 
real Cafes, where the Juices are very fait, 
and the Parts heated, excoriated and pain d j 
for the fame Reafon they are juftly join’d 
to Decoftions, againft hot Rheums falling 
down on the Eyes, or a gnawing Pain of 
the Stomach, from too much acid Saliva 
fpued out by its Glands, or in Cholicks from 
acid Salts,' pricking, ftimulating, and in- flaming the Inteftines ; but in all thefe In- 
tentions, Malaga Raifins mu ft be preferr’d. 
Raifins, by their attenuating and deterging 
Property, are highly neceflary and ufeful in 
promoting Expectoration, and diftodging 
Vifcidities in the Bronchia, and cleanfing 
away the adheflve Mucus which lines and 
loads either tracheal or pulmonary Veflels, 
and as they are ferviceable in attenuating, 
mixing, throwing back into the Veflels, 
and carrying off the fluffing or obftruCting 
.Slime or Mucus in the Lungs, they aft the 
fame kind Part to the Kidneys and urinary 
Paflages, cleanfe them from Sand, Gravel, 
Slime, or fmall Stones, take off alfo that 
adheflve Vifcidity which furs up, ftraitens, 
or obftrudts the renal fecretory Paflages, and 
fo prove diuretick. Hereby they are bene- 
ficial in Stuffings, Straining, or ObftruClions 
of either hepatick, fplenetick, pancreatic, 
or mefenteric Veflels, where a flow and 
weak Circulation, a tenacious Juice, or a 
lax Fibre, has caufed a furring up of the 
Infldes of thefe Veflels. In an Afthma, 
from an Infarction of the Veflels with thick 
or tough Phlegm, they attenuate, cut, and 
prepare it for Expectoration, and gently in- vigorate the Veflels agalnft receiving fuch a 
Load; they are alfo good in great Hoarfe- 
nefs from a Load of fizy Juices upon the 
tracheal Veflels j for thefe Reafons they are 
greatly profitable in hydropic or cacheClic 
Diforders, where from the Thicknefs of 
the Lympha, its Indifpofition to Motion, 
and the Weaknefs, Laxnefs, and Diftention 
of the Veflels, the Lymphaticks are bur- 
den’d ; they are a fitting Ingredient in Meat 
or Medicine, againfl: Collection of Matter, 
Defluxion or Apoftemation in any particular 
Part, or in any great Flux of thick vifcid 
Matter upon any Ulcer or Sore, which pre- 
vents its healing : In antifcrophulous Inten- 
tions, they claim a Right of Afliflance ; in 
the Fluor Alhus they help to fcour and con- 
tract the relaxed Glands and fweeten the 
Blood ; but in all thefe Intentions we muR 
make choice of Raifins of the Sun. Raifins 
are injurious to the Choleric, but agree bet- 
ter with the Aged, Weak, HeCtic, and Thin. 
Elder Berries contain much Oil, fome vo- 
latile Salt, more fixed Phlegm and Earth; 
they are more acid than Dwarf-Elderberries; 
the Juice of the Berries is not only medici- 
nal, but being made into Wine, fermented and kept till it be fined and cleared, is a 
delicious Liquor, whofe Oil and Salts be- 
ing attenuated and ground down from their 
grofs Molecules by its intefline Motion of 
Fermentation, afford much nervous Juice 
and animal Spirits; its fine terreftrious Parts 
at the fame time help to fupply the Wafte 
of our Bodies fuftained by Labour, Exer* 
cife, Watching, or Fading j its grofs Oil 
lubricates the Springs of the Fibres, fupply 
fuch as are dry’d and parch’d, or too much 
contracted, corrugated, or convulfed. It 
fheaths or blunts alfo the Salts of our Blood, 
when they are too fharp, naked, or much; 
or if the Blood be too vifeid, fizy, or grofs, 
the Salts in the depurated Wine incide, at- 
tenuate and feparate its Cohefions, fit it for 
a brifker, fuller, and more equal and uni- 
yerfal Circulation, whereby its nutritive 
Principles arc feparated and fet at Liberty 
from the grofs and ufelefs Parts wherein it 
was entangled, and helps to expel the ex- 
crementitious Juices; not only do the Salts 
cut and divide the groffer Parts of the Blood, 
but they add a aStimulus to its containing 
Tubes, whereby they exert and aft with 
greater Force, fwifter Motion and Elafbcity, which not only adds to the Ballance of the 
Solids againff the Fluids, but to the better 
Mixture of the Blood, and prevents that 
Attraction of its groffer Parts, which it al- 
ways difcovers in a flow Circulation; and 
to all thcfe Advantages of the Earth, Oil, 
and Salts, the Phlegm adds its Afliftance, 
being a Vehicle to carry them into the 
Blood, and promote their Ufefulnefs there. 
Elder Wine fuits the thin, lean, hedtic, 
hyp’d, aged, corpulent, cachedtic heft, es- 
pecially in Winter, cold Weather, or tem- 
terate Air; it is lefs agreeable to the Cho- 
leric, efpecially in very hot Weather, left it 
encreafe the Quantity of Bile, and procure 
Gripes or bilious Cholicks. 
But let us confider it a little in a medici- 
nal Light, and that only as it is a Drinka- 
ble ; becaufe fhould I confider the fundry 
preparations afforded by the Elder-Tree, 
both for internal and external Intentions, 1 
fhould wander from my Purpofe, and enter 
a large Field. This Juice abounding with 
fixed Salt, is admirably fitted to cleanfe and 
pals off by the renal Glands, which gives 
them a Stimulus, encreafes the Motion of 
she Blood in them, and at the fame time accompanied with a foftening anodyne Oil, 
which lubricates the Veffels, prevents any 
fenfible Irritation from the Salts, therefore 
will it be a notable Diuretick, provoke much 
Urine, and cleanfe the Ureters, Kidneys, 
and Bladder, from fabulous Matter, frnall 
Stones, Sand and Gravel; becaufe whatfo- 
ever irritates the urinary Palfages, calls a 
greater Afflux of Blood to them and the 
circumjacent Parts; not only this, but the 
Momentum which the fixed Salts add to the 
Blood, and the Rarefaction thereof by the 
volatile Salts; therefore does this Wine pro- 
voke the Menfes, when obfiruCted either by a 
Toughnefs of the Juices, or great Scarcity 
in the uterine Veffels, or the Refifiibility, 
ContraCtednefs, or Flaccidity of the Tubes 
themfelves. As it encreafes the Aflux of 
Blood thither, and fills the Veffels, there- 
fore is it a fit Draught where the Lochia 
are fuppreffed, or the Secundine retained, 
as alfo in weak or flow Labour. As it ir- 
ritates the Kidneys and urinary Channels, it 
is good in any partial or total ObftruCfion 
of Urine. Its powerful Operation upon the 
urinary Paffages was carefully obferved and 
admired long fince by Forejius, Petraus Nofolog. Mathiolus, Muller us, &c. Its em- 
menagogic Virtue is proved and applauded 
by Q'uercetan, Gabel Shaver, Diofcorides, 6cc. 
who alfo found the Succefs of iundry Pre- 
parations of the fame Shrub in curing the 
Menfes nimios. This Juice having Plenty 
of Salts and Oil, the firft makes it a great 
Opener of Obdrudions in the Liver, Spleen, 
Mefentery, Pancreas, and other Parts, and 
fo a great Cure of the Jaundice, Dropdes of 
all forts. Cachexies, Leucophlegmatia’s, 
and Scurvy; for which Intentions it comes 
to us recommended by Mindererus, £>uer~ 
cetan, Diofcorides, Forejius, Crollius, Bloch~ 
*,wich, Nicholas, Muller us y Benedict, Vero- 
nen/is, &c. as it cuts and thins grofs, thick, 
earthy Humours, Simulates their Vedfels, 
and gently eliminates the atrabiliary Matter 
by Stool, and at the fame time refreshes the 
Perfon, elevates his Spirits, and invigorates 
him 3 it mud be highly ferviceable to me- 
lancholy Tempers. Not only is this Juice 
an Alterative, but a gentle Purgative and 
Provoker of Sweat j by the fird it carries off 
the Colluvies of Water from the Belly, pur- 
ges Phlegm, Clioier, and Serum, cafes the 
burdened Lymphaticks of their Load, by its firfl attenuating the fizy Serum, and 
then purging it old*. As it is a Sudorific 
(which is owing to its volatile Salts) it is 
good in obfirufled Pcrfpirations, or in Colds 
therefrom, or in intermitting Fevers after a 
Vomit, becaufe it encourages Sweating, at- 
tenuates and breaks the grofs Humours, dif- 
pofes the Urine to depofite its Sediment, 
prepares the Body fooner and with greater 
Safety for the Bark. In time of the Plague 
or other epidemic Difeafes, a Giafs of this 
Wine is good before Dinner or Supper; 
A/junus fays the /Egyptians ufe the Oil of 
Elder thus 5 they dip a Sheet in it, then 
fqueeze it out and wrap up the inftdted Per- 
fon in it, and fo lay him in bed to fweat, 
whereby they cure Multitudes 3 they pro- 
mote and ripen the Buboes with a Cata- 
plafm of Elder Flowers and Honey, or a 
Liniment of their Oil, Honey, and Sal Ar- 
menia/. With Powder of Elder Flowers 
and Leaves, or with roafted Onions and 
Rob of Elder; or of Elder and Borrage 
o 
Leaves, Muflard-Seed, and rancid Nut- 
Kernels. When the Ulcers are broke, they 
drefs the Ulcer with juice of hlder Leaves 
and Honey, or Oil of Elder Kernels and Turpentine. In pedilential Fevers the Juice 
is no lefs ufeful, as it promotes a Diapho- 
nyfr, fortifies Nature, refreflies the Spirits, 
and is an Antidote againd Infection 5 for 
its Vinegar is a Prefervative in Health, and 
dedroys the Exhalations of difeafed Bodies. 
In burning Fevers this Vinegar, with a lit- 
tle Sugar, and mixed with Water, cools 
much, cuts the grofs and tough Humours, 
opens Obdrudlions, quenches Third, re- 
frefhes, and cleanfes off much Humours. 
Aljunus fays that Elder-flower Water or 
Wine, is the mod excellent and familiar 
Medicine ufed by the /Egyptians in the 
Small-pox. The Oil of the Berries is ex- 
ceeding foftening and anodyne, therefore is 
a Fomentation of its Flowers admirable in 
pain’d, fwell’d, or inflamed Haemorrhoids, 
This Wine cures Fits in Children, by eva- 
cuating that black, yellow, putrid, or acid 
Matter which laid in the Belly, pricked and 
pained the Bowels. It is alfo proper Drink 
for the Nurfc, in this Cafe, to take off the 
Sharpnefs, Saltnefs, or Seroflty of her Milk. 
Thofc come to Age, will find their Advan- 
tage in ufing it, to fweeten the Blood, pro- 
voke Sweat, open the Belly, afford nervous Juices, and check the irregular Incurlions 
of the Spirits into fome Nerves and Mufcles. 
Its volatile Salt and Spirit, and fudorihc 
Property, make it ferviceable in Apoplexies 
and Palfies. As it provokes Sweat, actuates 
the Blood, cleanfes the Glands, and affords 
nervous Juice, it is good in Dulnefs of 
Hearing, or Deafnefs from grofs Humours, 
relaxing the Drum of the Ear, or loading 
the auditory Nerves with grofs fizy Juice, 
as it thins the Blood, fcours the Glands, and 
purges off ferous Humours j for the fame 
Reafon it is proper for Rheums on the Eyes. 
It cleanfes, dries, and heals Inflammations, 
Tumours, or Ulcers of Nofe, Mouth, or 
Throat, becaufe it fheaths the Salts, deter- 
ges the Veffels, fweetens the Blood, and 
caufes a DiaphoreJiSy therefore it is good in 
Scurvy, Leprofy, Scales, or Dandriff. In 
Blood Spitting it thickens the thin Blood, 
fweetens the Salts, and affords Balfam to 
the Veffels. In an Aflhma, or Difficulty of 
Breathing, from a Stuffing of the Lungs 
with vifcid Phlegm, or from the Sharpnefs 
of the Blood contracting, ffimulafing, and 
convulflng the Veffels, it cuts, attenuates, 
and thins in the firfl: Cafe, and blunts. flieaths, relaxes, and pacifies in the laft 
For the fame Reafon it is good in a Cough, 
caufed either from the Groffnefs of the Hu- 
mours, Sharpnefs of the Salts, or Thinnefs 
of the Blood j or in a Hoarfenefs from the 
Stuffing of the tracheal Veffiels with a fizy 
Slime, or from a Drinefs of the Parts 5 ef. 
pecially in that Hoarfenefs which attends 
ardent Fevers, it is good if mixed with Sy- 
rup of Violets and Water. In a Baflard 
Pleurify, or Confumption, it is very bene- 
ficial ; for in the firfl it attenuates and wafies 
the grofs and flatulent Humours by Sweat, 
in the laid it cleanfes the Ulcers, fweetens 
the Blood, blunts its Salts, lines the Veflels 
with a- balfamic Litus, and helps to heal 
them. In Syncopes and Fainting it revives 
the Spirits, takes off Swooning and low Spi- 
ritednefs. The Spirit of Elder-Berries (like 
Brandy) or Wine made of the dried Berries, 
ffrengthens a weak, and cures a flatulent Sto- 
mach, carries off the Phlegm, and helps 
Digeftion, flops the Belchings and Vomit- 
ings of a lax and cold Stomach. This 
Wine cures and prevents flatulent Cholicks, 
by helping downward pituitous, vitrious, 
and flatulent Humours • therefore it is alfo good in Worms, efpecially if Bitters be in- 
filled in it. In all Fluxes of the Belly, 
Crollius, Quercetan, and JVolJius pretend a 
great Secret of the Juice of the Berries, e. g% 
Flower made into a Palfe and baked, then 
pounded and baked again with frefh Juice, 
and fo a third time ; one Dram of this, 
with a little Nutmeg in a foft roafted Egg, 
they fay, cures the mofl obflinate Loofe- 
ncfs \ but it is fo aflringent, that they gave 
two or three Purges of the Syrup of Elder- 
Flower made with Elder-Flower Water. In 
a great Conffipation, Hippocrates and 
net a recommend Juice of Elder Leaves, or 
their Water with the Syrup of the Flowers. 
There is alfo an hyflerick Spirit made of 
Elder, which cures Vapours, brings down 
the Menfes, expells Birth and After-birth, 
Hippocrates cured mofl: uterine Diforders by 
Things prepared out of this Shrub, as 
drops Uterinus, fupprefled Lochia, Inflam- 
mations or Ulcers of the Uterus, &c. Ar- 
thritick and rheumatick Pains receive great 
Relief by attenuating and fweetening the 
Blood by gentle Purgation and Sweating; 
thefe the Elder afford. Thus I have given 
a fhort Detail of the Benefits the Elder Tree affords us, by a Wine either of the Flowers 
(which tho’ fetid, yet its Ufefulnefs fully 
compenfates its dilagreeable Tafte) or Juice 
of the Berries, or of the dried Berries, or 
Juice or Syrup of Leaves or Flowers; I 
might have enumerated feveral others war- 
ranted and recommended by inconteftible 
Authority, fhould I not be too tedious; 1 
have omitted its external Ufes, which are 
as numerous as its internal. The bad Ef- 
fects of this Wine may be gathered from 
what is faid in the firft Paragraph. 
CHAP. V. 
Of RAS B ERR T-IVIN E. 
OF all our Made Wines, thofe of Straw- 
berries and Rafberries are moft deli- 
cious to the Tafte; they lightly and plea- 
fantly ftimulate the Nerves of the Mouth 
and Nofe with a moft agreeable Smell and 
Tafte, which proceeds from a Mixture of 
their effential Salt and fine Oil, for the Prin- 
ciples of both thofe Berries are very near 
the fame, only Rafberries contain more fine 
Oil, and the other more Phlegm ; therefore 
I fhall briefly confider them promifcuoufly. Thefe Wines are very proper and reviving 
in Syncopes, Paintings, or Swoonings, be- 
caufe they gently and pleafantly tickle the 
Nerves; their mature and attenuated Oil 
and effential Salt, being by Fermentation 
reduced to a fubtile Spirit, pierce the Inter- 
faces of the Veffels, raife the Spirits, afford 
fpeedy Supply of fome nervous Juice which 
invigorates their Springs. In fcorbutic Di£. 
orders, the Ufe of thofe purify and fweeten 
the Blood, dilute or obtund its Salts, give 
the Fibres a better Tenfion to promote a due 
Mixture of the Juices. In nephritick Pains, 
they fweetly flimulate the fecretory Duels of 
the renal Glands, lightly prick the Mem- 
branes of the fmall renal Bafons, whereby 
they being excited and invigorated, fhake 
off their flagnating, attracting, and coher- 
ing Load, and free the Parts from Pain 3 
the Phlegm of the Wine at the fame time, 
lias no fmall Share in diluting and attenua- 
ting the Slime or Sand in the Kidneys. Ia 
Rawnefs, Weaknefs, and Indigeflion of the 
Stomach, the agreeable Titillation of thefe 
Wines gives its Coats a better Tenfion, ele- 
vates their Spring, and fortifies it. Their 
fight Aftringency, together with their fweetly warming Spirit, make them proper 
in Loofneffes, and too great Difcharge of 
the Menfes ; their Plenty of make them 
more cooling and moiftening than other 
Wines, therefore are they preferable in 
Thirft. As they are cordial and cooling, 
they and Water mixed make a good revi- 
ving Draught in ardent Fevers 5 as they 
cool and moiften, they are very proper for 
warm Weather, young People, bilious Con- 
Aitutions, in too fharp or fluid a State of 
the Blood, or where the animal Juices are 
too much agitated (I know of no bad Ef- 
fects they have, except they be drank to 
Excefs, which is rarely the Cafe in drink- 
ing of Made Wines) but here we would be 
underftood as fpeaking only of fmall Wines 
of this fort. DISCOURSE 111. 
CHAP. I. 
Of BRANDT. 
ALT HO’ neither Englijh Malt nor 
Moloffos Spirits come up to the 
Goodnefs of Brandy, yet the Fault is not 
in the Grain or Fruit from which they are 
extra&ed or made, but from the different 
Manner of their Preparation, Prefervation, 
or Fermentation; for both Grape and Grain 
confifl of, and afford the like Principles, 
viz. Oil, Salt, Phlegm, and Earth, only 
they differ as to the Quantity and Connec- 
tion of thofe Principles; for the Grain has 
them more clofely and firmly united; hence 
the Necefiity of a double Fermentation to 
fwell the compact earthy Parts, make them 
more fpongy and porous, and fo difengage., 
break, and fubtilize the oily and faline 
Parts that they may be feparated and ex- 
tracted from the more grofs and earthy. 
Thefe Spirits differ alfo in refped; of their Separability, Rarefadion, and Volatility* 
Thus feme Wines that are Wronger bodied, 
abound more with Sulphur and Salt, afford 
lefs Spirit than others that are thinner and 
appear weaker ; for the fpirituous Particles 
of the laft are much fmaller, lighter, and 
liner, and are lefs entangled in a Vifcus; 
i. e. their Spirits are more difpofed to Mo- 
tion, rife more readily and fully off the 
Earth and Phlegm wherewith they were 
mixed. 
Spirits of the Grape or Grain, are the 
whole Oil or Salt of thefe Vegetables, bro- 
ken and reduced into fine fubtile and volatile 
Particles, fmaller and lighter than the Phlegm 
wherewith they are mixed. Thefe Spirits 
are neither acid nor alcaline, but of an in- 
different Nature as to both, which Boer~ 
haave has fufficiently proved by feveral Ex- 
periments. 
That there is no other Difference betwixt 
Brandy, Moloffos, and Malt Spirits, let us 
take a View of the chemical Principles 
which each contain, and wherewith they 
abound; for all Spirits being obtained by 
it is impoffible the Fire fhould 
make fo great a Difference as is generally believed. Wine diftilled yields much Spi- 
rit, which is only its Oil and Salts fubtili- 
zed. Proceed you Diflilling, after this Spi- 
rit you have much Phlegm ; after that come 
over acid Spirits mixed with a fharp, white, 
naufeous, aftringent Phlegm; continue the 
Diftillation on, and there rifes a black, 
thick, burnt, flanking Oil, which may be 
feparated from the acid Spirits by brown 
Paper; after all, in the Bottom of the Still 
remains a Mafs of Salt and Earth, which 
may be feparated with Water. This Salt is 
a true, flxed, vegetable, alcaline Salt. Diftfl 
Ale or Beer, an inflammable Spirit rifes firfl 
then after it a white, fharp, aflringent, nau- 
feous tafted Phlegm, mixed with an acid 
Spirit; encreafe the Fire more, and you 
raife a burnt, thick, black, flinking Oil, 
which may alfo be feparated from the iacid 
Spirits by brown Paper, the acid Spirit is 
only the acid Salt diflblved in the Phlegm, 
After all you have in the bottom of the 
Vdfel a Mals like to black Pitch, which is 
only Earth and a flxed vegetable alcaline 
Salt. Moloflbs fermented with Water, and 
cafl into a Still, yield the fame. Grapes 
contain much Oil, Salt, and a great deal of Phlegm. Barley has very much Oil, and 
but a little eflential Salt. Sugar has in it 
much effential Salt, and not a little Oil. 
As all thefe Spirits are in daily Ufe with us, 
I fhall confider their Ufe and Effects pro- 
mifcuoufly. For as the better fort ufe only 
what is called Brandy, fo the poorer muft 
be content with Malt-Spirits, which are 
cheaper, and whofc Faults are, i. Want of 
Age, which gives it an intolerable empy- 
reumatic and fiery Tafte, tho’ fome pretend 
to take it off by putting into it dulcified 
Spirit of Nitre. 2. It is of a lower Stan- 
dard than true French Brandy, for this has 
about feven Parts of Phlegm to nine of Spi- 
rits 3 that has nine Parts Phlegm to lefs 
than five of Spirits, and very often much 
lefs 3 for I caufed twenty Quarts of it to be 
cafi: into a Still, and we only got two Quarts 
of Spirit, which would all burn away 5 i. e, 
nine Parts Phlegm to one of Spirit. 3. It 
wants that delicious vinous Flavour of true 
Brandy 3 this fome attempt to give by put- 
ting dulcified Spirit of Nitre, or young Buds 
of black Currant Berries into it, but the re- 
markable Tafie of the firft, and the abomi- nable calified Flavour of the fecond, difco- 
ver the Cheat. 
Good Brandy is clear (its yellowifh, brown' 
ifh, or other Colours, if not fictitious, are 
borrowed from the Calk, wherein it has 
flood long 3 others tinCture it with Mololfos, 
Saffron, or other Ingredients, but the De- 
ceit is detected by its fiery Tafte) not too 
hot, nor fharp, of a pleafant vinous Smell, 
of a flrong Body, good Age, and eafily fired. 
The befl way to difcover Brandy from Spi- 
rits, is, not to tafle it, but to pour a little 
of it into the Hollow of the Hand, and ruh 
it between the Hands, then fmell it 3 and 
if it have a flagrant vinous Smell at fidt, 
and retain it a confiderable time, it is good 5 
but if it flrike the olfaClory Nerves at firlf 
with a flrong, hot, pungent Smell, then 
with a fourilh Smell, like Water that has 
flood upon Meal till it four 3 and laflly, if 
that Smell be fucceeded by a faint one, it 
plain you are impofed upon with common 
Spirits. To try the Standard or Strength of 
Brandy or Spirits, pour out into a Wine 
Glafs, better than a third Part of the Glafs 
full j take it up in one Pland, and coyer the 
Glafs well with the~other Hand, then (hake it till the Bubbles rife, and fo fet it down 3 
if the Bubbles continue a-top feveral Mi- 
nutes after it is fet down, it is of a right 
Body 5 but if they inllantly fall, and the 
Liquor look whitifh, it is too low and weak. 
This is a furer Way than looking whether 
it leaves Streaks like Oil hanging on the 
Glafs. Burying Cafks of Brandy in the 
Earth, or putting it to lie on the Sea fome 
Months, takes off its hot empyreumatic 
Taftc, makes it mild in the Mouth, and 
warm upon the Stomach 3 it is by the laft 
of thofe Stratagems, that the Dutch impofc 
upon us with Moloffos Spirits inflead of right 
French Brandy3 tho’ if we refled: upon the 
Principles of both, I cannot fee any Harm 
in the Cheat. 
Brandy fhould be drank very moderately, 
rather from Neceffity than Pleafure 3 fo will 
it be of Service to us, and contribute to our 
Health. WThen the Stomach is raw, weak, 
and lax, a moderate Dram raifes a pleafant 
Warmth, a gentle Tenfion, and better Di- 
geftion, by rarefying the vifcid Phlegm 
which loaded it, invigorating its Fibres, 
and making its Coats play with more Agi- 
lity and Force. When Flatulency or Wind abounds in the Intcflines, a Dram rarefies 
the retained grofs perfpirable Matter, and 
prepares it for an Explofion upwards or 
downwards, or fends it off by Perforation; 
it revives the languid nervous Filaments, 
affords them new Spirit and Strength for 
Adtion, whereby their periftaltick Motion 
Is promoted. If Cholicks proceeding from 
the fame Caufe, grieve the Perfon, and 
gripe the Bowels, by defending their mem- 
branous Coats, or Acrimony of the perfpi- 
rable Matter pricking their Nerves, a Dram 
relieves him after the fame manner. When 
the Body is faint and languid, from a Wafte 
or Difiipation of the Animal Spirits, from 
too much Exercife, too long Watching, 
' O O* 
Faffing, or too low and abflemious a Diet, 
whereby the nervous Juice is exhaufled, 
and the Solids cannot play nor adl with their 
former Vigour, a Dram is fo fubtile and 
fine in all its Parts before it is drunk, that 
in its very fwallowing, and as foon as it en- 
ters the Stomach, it penetrates and foaks 
into the Nerves as foon as it touches them, 
adds to the Elafficity and Force of the Fi- 
bres, invigorates their Vibrations, and takes 
off all Scnfe of Languor or Faintnefs. For the fame Reafons, when the Circulation of 
the Blood is languid from the decreafed 
Tone of the Veffels, a Dram excites their 
Vigour, and caufes a brilker Circulation. 
After a recent Cold, when the Body is de- 
preffed, and the natural Evacuation of Per- 
foration obftruded, whereby the Confti- 
tution is loaded, but the Strength dimi- 
nifhed, a Dram invigorates the Vibrations 
of the Solids, accelerates the Motion of the 
Fluids, promotes their Attenuation, pre- 
pares them for Secretions, and paffing off 
by the Skin and Kidneys, efpecially if the 
Dram be mixed with warm Gruel and a 
little Honey, it caufes a profufe Sweat, and 
relieves the fmall Veffefs and excretory 
Duds of that fizy Matter which loaded 
them, and flraiten’d or fhut up their Paf- 
fages. A Dram given in a Decodion of 
Mallows and Althaea Root, with a little 
Honey, cleanfes the Kidneys, Ureters, and 
Bladder powerfully, forces away Sand, fmall 
Stones, gravelly and llimy Matter with the 
Urine. A moderate Dram ufed in drop- 
lical and cachedic Cafes, where the Body 
is difpofed to be over-bulky, and in danger 
Leucophlegmatia, €r any other general or particular Tumours, from a Laxnefs, 
Weaknefs, or Languor of the nervous Syf- 
tem, or a Thicknefs and Toughnefs of the 
Blood, efpecially of the lymphatic Juices, 
infuperable by the wearied, refty, and weak 
Fibres. In thefe Cafes a Dram refrefbes 
and invigorates the Fibres, rarifies the Fluids 
(tho’ a too frequent or exceffive Ufe of Spi- 
rits has the quite contrary EffeCl) Simulates 
the Veffels and fecretory Contractions, caufes 
the Blood to flow to the Reins in lamer 
O 
Quantity, and with greater Velocity ; hence 
the Secretion of Urine is increafed, and at 
the fame time Perfpiration encouraged. Le- 
thargic and paralytic People find an Advan- 
tage from a moderate Dram, for its Spirits 
being fubtile and volatile, break and difeufs 
the grofs Humours which loaded and laid 
by the Nerves from ACtion ; it invigorates 
the Solids, and rarefies the Fluids. A Dram 
fpeedily revives the languid Spirits of the 
weary Traveller j but herein it comes fhort 
of the Cold Bath, and even of walking the 
Feet and Legs in tepid Water, or cold Wa- 
ter in Summer. Let a thirfly Perfon that’s 
very warm, firft take a Dram before he 
drink Wafer, Small Beer, or Milk, fo will 
168 he prevent the Inconveniencies or fatal Ef- 
feds which twilling down cold fpiritlefs Li- 
quors produce in fuch a Cate, as an Aflhma, 
Stuffing of the Lungs, Obllrudions, Inflam- 
mations, Impoftumations of the Bowels* 
&c. It is ufeful in a cold Morning before a 
Man fets out on a Journey, for it raifes a 
pleafant Circulation and Warmth in the 
Body. When the Stomach is jaded and 
weaken’d by a Surfeit of tenacious Food the 
proceeding Day, which have left much 
Phlegm in the excretory Duds of its Glands, 
or exhaufted its Spirits, a Dram is good be- 
fore Dinner. A good Dram given to a Sol- 
dier when he is entering the Field of Battle, 
encreafes the Motion of his Blood and Spi- 
rits, raifes Strength and Courage, makes him 
regardlefs of Danger, and fcorn Fear and 
Cowardice; but this Alacrity is only a fpeedy 
Flaffi, quickly fucceeded by a greater Flat- 
nefs and Low-fpiritednefs. Drams are 
chiefly ufeful to flegmatic Conftitutions, 
bulky Bodies, or old Age, and fuch as have 
weak and lax Stamina, expofing them to 
Difeafes of the Head, and nervous Diforders 
or Dropfles, &c. They are bell ia cold Weather, foggy Air, wet Seafons, or after 
too folid or tenacious Foods. 
But all thefe good Effects will not coun- 
tcrballance the Mifchiefs done by the indif- 
creet and immoderate Uie of Spirits. All 
melancholy Tempers are injured by them ; 
for tho’ a fmall Dram rarefies the Blood at 
firft, yet the more thin and fpirituous Parts 
exhale fooner, and carry off fome of the 
fineft Serum with them, whereby the Blood 
becomes thicker, and the Solids more dry 
and flifF. Cholerick Difpolitions have their 
Fibres too much Simulated by its Ufe, the 
Acrimony of the Blood and its Motion, and 
Agitation, are increafed by it. The repeat- 
ed Ufe of unnecefiary Drams in fanguine 
Confutations, rarefies the Blood at firft, 
makes it diflend the Vefiels, and fome un- 
prepared Parts rufh into the Canals of co- 
nic Tubes, where they cannot readily pafs ; 
hence Fevers and other Diforders. A too 
free Ufe of them in any Confutation, puts 
the Humours into a violent Agitation, 
whereby their nutritious Parts are unfit to 
anfwer their Defign, for this great Rarefac- 
tion is often fuccecded by a Thinnefs and 
Watrincfs of the Blood; hence an ill Habit of Body, a pale Look, and Decay of the 
natural Actions. When the Blood is be- 
come watery, its earthy Particles attract one 
another, and form a vifeous Slime, which 
furs up the Infides of the VefTels, and ffcill 
diminilhes the ACtion of the Solids more, 
till they be loaded with a fizy Mucus3 then 
come on Cachexies, Catarrhs, Droplies, Pal- 
lies, Lethargies, Scurvies, &c. A clear Air, 
hot Climate, and Summer Seafon, require 
leaft of their Affiftance, yet in Summer a 
Dram is ufcful when the Weather is ex- 
ceeding hot, and the Springs of the Fibres 
fo fallen back, that the Body ftill fweats. 
Childhood and Youthhood forbid their Ufe 
any further than as a Medicine in Ibrne par- 
ticular Cafes; but an Excefs of the depref- 
fing Pafllons, require a moderate Dram in 
any Stage of Life, except Infancy or Youth- 
hood. All Difeafes, from too great a Con- 
ftriCtion of the VelTels, or Contraction of 
the Fibres, and all Dlforders from too great 
a Plethora or Rarefaction of the Blood. 
Difternpers from a too great Acrimony of 
the Juices, all Inflammations, Impoftuma- 
tions, or Schirrofities of the Bowels, abfo- 
lutcly forbid their Ufe 3 Afthmas, tickling dry Coughs, cretaceous Knots in the Lungs, 
Palpitations of the Heart, Concretions of 
fielhy Subftances in the VelTels, ardent Fe- 
vers, &c. are rendered much worfe by the 
leaft Indulgence of Drams. All Spirits 
caufe Drunkenncfs by an Overfufion of the 
Fluids, and Diftention of their containing 
VelTels; hence Headachs and Pains from 
faline Spicula darting into and pricking the 
relaxed VelTels, and the llimy Matter depo- 
lited on their Infides, which weakens them 
and foaks them with Phlegm, till the Per- 
fon becomes paralytic, lethargic, apopledic, 
convulfed, flupid, &c. and often Spirits kill 
the Drinker upon the Spot • from all which 
we cannot help thinking, that the World 
had been happier, had Men never been ac- 
cuftomed to Brandy or Spirits 3 for fuch as 
content themfelves with Water, or clear 
line Table Beer, are more vigorous, healthy 
and long-lived than Drammers, who mollly 
make themfelves difeafed, and at laft be- 
come more like Bealls than Men. C H A P. 11. 
Of RU M. 
RU M is another fpirituous Liquor, of- 
ten ufed in Punch ; it is made in the 
Weft-Indies of Sugar Canes, and is of a 
Wronger Body than Brandy ; i. e. it contains 
a larger Quantity of Oil, and lefs Phlegm 
and Salt: Its Oil is lefs attenuated and fub- 
tilized, whereby its volatile Salts are more 
embarraffed and fheathed up. Neither is 
ks Oil reduced to fuch minute and fubtile 
Particle's, either becaufe the Canes were lefs 
fermented with the Water, or becaufe the 
Oil and Salt of this Cane are more vifeid 
and grofs, than thofe of the Moloffos drawn 
from the Sugar, which has undergone the 
fundry neceffary Operations, and has been 
thoroughly fermented afterwards. For al- 
tho’ all thoroughly fermented Liquors afford 
much more Spirit, in Proportion to their 
Body and Kind, than the lefs fermented; 
yet it is certain, that the fundry Operations 
Sugar undergoes in the making, may, and 
does break, attenuate, feparate, and divide 
the Principles in the Moloffos (though the groded of the Sugar) more than thefe fame 
Principles exifting in the crude Cane, where 
the firm Union of the grofs Oil and Salt 
makes the unprepared Sugar of almod a 
loathfome lufcious Tafte. And alfo all Li- 
quors, thoroughly fermented, have, during 
the Fermentation, a free Accel's and Com- 
munication with the external Air; whereby 
the intedine Motion is promoted, and the 
fmalled and moil feparable Parts are too 
much attenuated and reduced to a fubtile 
Aura, which exhales to the depauperating 
of the Liquor of much of its finell Parts • 
hence it yields lefs (tho’ a fubtiler) Spirit. 
That Rum which is of a brownifh, trans- 
parent Colour, of a Smooth, oily, grateful 
Tade, of a drong Body and Confidence, of 
a good Age, and well kept, is the bed. 
That of a clear, limpid Colour, an hot pun- 
gent Tade, is either too new, or dafhed 
with Spirits. 
To fuch Palates and Stomachs as can 
bear it, Rum is certainly preferable to Bran- 
dy, either for a Dram or Punch, in many 
Cafes. Brandy (e. gr.) is a Diuretic, be- 
caufc it dimulates the Vefieis, and rarefies 
the Bl(?od5 whereby only its. finer and more ferous Parts are ftrained off by the Kidneys 5 
but Rum not only ffimulates by its Salts, 
but lubricates by its more and groffer Oil, 
and thereby expands and dilates the renal 
lateral Veffels 5 whereby not only the thin- 
ner, but alfo the groffer and more cxcre- 
mentltlous Parts of the Blood, are allowed 
a ready Paffage thro* the renal Strainers, 
and get off by the Ureters. Again, where 
the Veffels are fluggifh, and the Blood fizy. 
Brandy promotes Perfpiration in a gouty 
Habit, and forces off Part of the Salts by 
Urine, as it, at the fame time, carries much 
effential vegetable Salt into the Blood ; but 
Rum foftens and dilates the Veffels more; 
hence a freer Perfpiration both of Salts and 
Serofities, as well as a Difcharge by Urine ; 
and at the fame time it conveys lefs Salt 
into the Blood, and its more and groffy Oil 
{heaths the remaining Acrimony of the 
Blood, which anfwers two valuable Inten- 
tions, 1. It thereby dilates the corrugated 
capillary Veffels, wherein the gouty Matter 
was flopped and lodged, and the Relaxation 
of the Veffels gives Nature an Opportunity 
to pour in thinner Fluids upon thefe gritty 
Lodgments and fharp Matter, whereby they are diluted, diifolved, thruft forward, and 
expelled by the excretory DuCts of the Skin. 
2. It blunts the Edges of the pointed prick- 
ing Salts, and obtunds the reigning Acri- 
mony, makes it lefs uneafy to the Patient, 
till the elaftic Veffels can attenuate, feparate, 
and diffolve it, fo as to be either perfpired 
or thrown back into the Blood, till it arrive 
at and be Brained off by the Kidneys. 
In nephritic Pains and gravelly Cafes, 
where the Velfels are always much contrac- 
ted, and fometimes inflamed, the Ule of 
Rum is preferable to that of Brandy, becaufe 
it relaxes the Contraction more, increafes 
the Stream of Urine, and makes way for the 
obftruCted Matter to pafs off, or be forced 
and wafhed out of the Channels. Bilious 
Confutations can bear the ufe of Rum dilu- 
ted with Water better than Brandy, becaufe 
their Solids being elaltic and contracted, and 
their Veffels narrow, and Fluids acrimoni- 
ous ; for whatever blunts the Acrimony of 
their Juices, and foftens and dilates their 
Fibres and Veffels more, muff be beneficial. 
On the contrary, whatever adds to the Sti- 
mulation and Contraction of their Solids, 
and the Sharpnefs and Saltnefs of their Fluids, inuft unavoidably be hurtful. All fuch a& 
have more claftic Fibres, contracted Veffels, 
/harp and thin Juices, lean and (lender Bo- 
dies, if they will be medling with Drams, 
(which, if they prefer Health and long 
Life to Tafte and Luxury, they (hould ufe 
but as Medicines, i. e. from Neceflity, not 
Choice or Pleafure) (hould prefer Rum. 
Hard Drinkers who have broken their 
Conflitutions by frequent Debauches, will 
have a moderate Dram, that will not only 
raife, but preferve the Tone of the Stomach, 
maintain and (Lengthen good Digefiion, 
and keep them from being too much damp- 
ed j here Rum (hould take place of Brandy, 
not only becaufe it fills and invigorates the 
nervous Tubes with lefs volatile and more 
durable Spirits j but at the fame time its 
Oil blunts the Points of the Salts, which 
other Liquors have left too plentiful in the 
Blood. 
In chronical Afthma’s, Coughs, and Stuf- 
fing of the Lungs, if any moderate Dram 
may be allowed. Rum is the bed, becaufe 
its Spirits are lefs volatile, its Oil more and 
orofler, to fmopth the ftiff and coptradted 
t • ■ ■ 
Veflels, expand their Sides, make way for 
Spitting, and by its folid Particles clearing the Tubes of fome Parts of their infarting 
Load. 
In choleric Dlforders, from acrimony, 
pricking, paining, and tearing the nervous 
Threads, Rum offers fairer for Relief than 
Brandy, becaufe it is more oily, fmooth, 
and foftening. It is alfo more fuitable to 
old Age, becaufe, at the fame time it fti- 
mulates, it alfo lubricates and dilates .the 
Veffels, whereby they keep longer open and 
pafiable, the Straitening {hutting up, and 
Coalefcence of which, is the only Caufe 
of old Age and natural Death. 
In recent great Colds, without a Fever, 
Rum is more ierviceable than Brandy, proT 
vokes both Perfpiration and Urine more 
powerfully, as it fhealths the Salts, makes 
their Stimulus lefs fenfible, and contracts 
the Veffels lefs 5 nay, its Sulphur fmooths 
and dilates them more. 
When the Perfon is very hot and thirily, 
a Dram of Rum is much better to drink 
than Brandy, before Water, Small Beer, or 
Milk; for this keeps the Veffels more pli- 
able, dilated, and lax, maintains a freer 
Courfe for the Fluids to pafs without Lett 
or Stoppage. For the Mifchiefs done by 
Water, or fuch fmall Liquors, in this Cafe, Is being drunk cold, they fuddenly contrail 
the Veflels fo as the Liquids cannot pafs, 
their finefl and thinneft Parts are difcharged 
through the Inter ibices, or forced along the 
Tubes, whilft the more grofs are obflruCled, 
fixed, and wedged in; hence Obftrudions, 
Stagnations, Inflammations, Ulcerations, or 
Mortifications, or Schirrus’s, and carcino- 
matous Tumours of fome Vifcera of the 
Lower Belly. 
But for thefe Reafons phlegmatic and 
corpulent People muft flill allow Brandy 
the Preference, becaufe it flimulates more, 
and raifes a greater Contraction 5 for it a- 
bounds more with Salts, and its Oil is more 
fubtile, exifls in fmaller Particles in the Li- 
quor, and their Veflels and Fibres are fo 
foakcd in infipid Humidities, and relaxed 
with Oil, that they want no Lubrication, 
nor the Salts in their Blood any Abforbent. 
CacheClic, hydropic, lethargic, and paralytic 
Perfons, muft alfo chufe Brandy on the fame 
Account $ and fo muft thofe who have 
fur’d-up Veflels and foul Glands (which 
raife fcrophulous Knots, cedematous Swel- 
lings, whether fixed or drifting) for the 
Spirits of Brandy being more fine and fub- 
tile, they rarefy the Blood, and flimulate the Veffels more. In exccflive hot Wea- 
ther, when the Fibres are much relaxed, 
and Perfpiration or Sweat profufe, Brandy 
mull have the Precedency, becaufe it fli- 
mulates and contrads more, and rarefies the 
thick and fizy Matter better, raifes a brifker 
Motion in all the Juices; tho’ it mull be 
owned, that thefe its good Effects are but 
of fhort Standing. 
In a moifl, foggy, or marfhy Air, where 
the Moifture hangs upon the Skin, and 
tokens or flops the Mouths of its excre- 
tory Duds, and diminishes Perfpiration ; or 
where the Spring of thfe Air is weakened of 
broke, fo that it neither expands itfelf fuf- 
ficiently in cur Lungs, Food, nor Blood, 
but renders the Juices both ways fizy, a 
Dram of Brandy is better than Rum. 
But in an infeded Air Rum is before 
Brandy, becaufe it leaves more Oil in the 
Mouth and Throat, which entangles and 
imbibes the infedious Effluvia or Miafmata, 
floating about and hanging in the Atmo- 
sphere, and fucked in together with the 
Air; and in this Cafe, the greateft Prefer- 
vative is to fpit out ail out Spittle, whilft 
we are in that infeded Air j but Specially 
when we are in to Houfeew or about the Beds of the Sick; but in this Cafe Sack ex- 
ceeds both. 
But becaufc Rum is more balfamic, and 
lefs volatile, an Excefs of it is overcome 
with more Difficulty, becaufe it is of harder 
Digeftion in the Body, and loads the Yeffels 
more, and fo the abundance of its Oil may 
prevent the Pungency of the Salts; yet all 
Oils, when the watery Part of the Blood is 
much drained off, become rancid, difpofe 
the Blood to Coagulations and Stagnations, 
the Effects whereof are chronic, and often 
dangerous Diforders. It is true. Spirits of 
the Grape do alfo coagulate the Blood ; but 
that is upon another Account, viz. Third:; 
the fpeedy and great Rarefaction of our Jui- 
ces, whereby they get into too fmall Vef- 
fels, where they are driven forward, till 
the Motion of the more earthy and faline 
Parts are firft retarded, and then flopped, 
have their watery and more ferous Parts 
fqueczed forwards by the Conatus of the 
Sides of the -Veffels to come together. Thus 
the more fluid Parts are expelled and groffer 
retained j hence the Blood becomes thick 
and fizy. 2. All Spirits of Wine coagulate 
the Blood from the vafl Quantity of Salts 
they contain j which Salts being of a mod: attradtive Nature, they not only attract 
themfelves, but alfo the earthy Parts of the 
Blood, render it thick, black, andgrumous- 
the thinner Parts being feparated and ex- 
preffed. But it does not herefrom follow, 
that becaufe Spirits thicken the Blood, they 
are therefore proper in a too thin and dif- 
folved State of this Fluid 3 for the Salts fti~ 
mulate the Veflels too much, heat the Body 
to an intenfe Degree, caufe an Hedic and 
Wafte, by encreafing the Force and Reffll- 
ance of the Solids, and their Triumph over, 
and the Attenuation of the Fluids; and not 
only do the Salts Simulate, but abrade and 
wear the Infldes of the Veflels, fo that both 
Solids and Fluids are damaged, and bring 
the Body into languishing Atrophy, and 
Death concludes the tragical Scene, 
It is on the fame Account that a liberal 
Indulgence of White-Wine brings on a 
Chlorojis-i Palenefs of Countenance, Lean- 
nefs of Body, and Death * and this is chiefly 
the Fate of thofe who accuflom themfelves 
to Morning Whets, which arc the Ruin of 
many brave Confutations. CHAP. 111. 
Of A R R A C K, 
RACK, or Arrack, is brought to us 
from the Eaflern World, as Ruin is 
from the Weftern ; it is the Produd of Rice, 
which abounds very much with Oil, and 
grows chiefly on very fat Earth in hot 
Countries, where the Sun’s great Heat, and 
the great Plenty of Sulphur in the Earth, 
caufes a very plentiful Afcenfion of that 
Principle into the Ears of the Grain. 
Rack exceeds Rum much more than that 
did Brandy; it is more fbftcning, balfamic, 
reftorative, and amicable to Nature; ufed 
either in Drams or Punch, it makes much 
Jefs Wafte and Wear of the fmall Vefleis: 
Its chief Principle, next to Phlegm, is a 
fine fubtile Oil, of fuch minute Parts, that 
it readily incorporates with Water ; there- 
fore it is better in all Cafes, where re- 
peated Debauches have worn and abraded 
the internal Surfaces of the Vefleis by much 
faline, or other foiid Particles, fent into, 
and kept in too large a Proportion in the 
Blood j or where our Juices are too fharp, 
acrimonious, and pungent. Wherefore Rack fbould be chiefly preferred by gouty Per- 
form, and others that cannot comply with a 
fober, temperate, and rational Life, for Rea- 
fons already infifted upon in what we have 
/aid above concerning the Nature of Rum. 
It is more advifeable in a clear Air, to aged 
Perfons, bilious Confutations, or when the 
Fibres are too ftrong and elaftick, or the 
Fluids too thin, agitated, diffolved, wafted, 
or faline j or where fbarp, tickling, dry 
Coughs attend, or the tracha&al DuCts are 
too dry and rough, or the Blood too fharp 
and corroding, caufing frequent Haemor- 
rhages of the Blood (but here, truly, no 
that prefers Life to Tafte, Cuftom, 
and Company, fhould indulge the Ufe of 
any Spirits) and LoOfnefles. Thin, lean 
Habits can bear this better than any other 
Spirits. A moderate Dram of it, is a great 
Friend to Venus, becaufe it is not only 
tile, and a little ftimulating, but foft, fmooth, 
and balfamick, and helps to fill thefe Vef- 
fels with a.fiiitable Liquor. It exceeds in 
all thole Cafes where Rum is recommended, 
and has much the Preference of it. For 
Satisfaction herein, I fhall refer you to what 
1 have laid above concerning Rum, which, 
for Brevity s fake, 1 fhall not npw repeat. But Rack is ftill worfe in thole Circum- 
Rances where Brandy is preferable to Rum, 
becaufe it has lefs Salts and more Oil, is 
harder of Digeftion, fooner turns rancid, 
caufes more and greater Obftrudions, is in- 
jurious therefore to phlegmatic Confutati- 
ons, to Perfons of lax Solids, and lizy or 
thick Fluids. 
The oftner I refled; on the Mifchief done 
by diftilled Spirits, the more I am confirmed 
that the human Race had been happier had 
Drams never been known, and cannot help 
cordially joining with Dr. Allen (Synopfis 
Medicin. Art. 1637, 1634.J ‘That the plen- 
tiful devouring of thoje Spirits, has killed fo 
many thoufands of Men as there are Stars in 
the Sky j nay, ten times ten hundreds of thou- 
fands have died by thefe, more than all the 
reft of Poifons whatever. This Poifon not 
only occafions violent Diftempers in a great 
jnany, but alfo jometimes fudden Death in 
fame; wherefore if vinous Spirits deferve 
not the Name of a Poifon, he neither can 
learn nor conjecture what elfe they Jloould be 
called, for taken inwardly they are detrimen- 
tal alrnoft to all Animals. And that thefe 
Ededs of Spirits arc not Fancy or Opinion, 
Mr. Hales has proved from Experiment, {Hcema Staticks, p. 128, 129.) That Bran- 
dy contrafts the Coats of the Blood Vejfels., 
and thickens the Blood and Humours, both 
which EJfeSts contribute to the fudden Heat- 
ing oj the Blood, by much encreafmg there- 
by its Friction in the contracted capillary 
Vejfels •, which fudden Heat is alfo further 
cncreafed by the mere Mixture of Brandy 
with the Blood, which glowing Heat foon 
ccafes. Hence it is the unhappy habitual 
Drinkers of Brandy, and other diflilled fpi~ 
rituous Liquors, do fo infatiably, from time 
to time, thirft to drink of that deadly Li- 
quor, which, by often heating the Bloody and 
contrasting the Blood Vejfels, does by Degrees 
reduce them to fuch a cold, relaxed, and lan- 
guid State, as moji impetuoufy drives them 
to feek their Relief in that Liquor, which 
they too well know, both by their own Expe- 
rience, as well as by the daily DeftruSiion of 
thoufands, to be fo very baneful and deadly, 
as to become by the great Abufe of them, the 
moji epidemical and deJiruSHve Blague that 
ever befel Mankind. Whatever Service a 
feafonablc moderate Dram may be of, when 
taken as a Medicine, yet this, beyond all 
peradventure, is and will be the Refult of an 
habitual Ufe, or Abufe pf thofe Spirits, whilfl human Fabricks confill of the Ma- 
terials they now do. And if thefe are the 
Effeds of Brandy on animal Bodies, what 
can we fay for unneceflary cuftomary Tip- 
pling of Punch, which is only now two 
Parts Water to one of Brandy, with Lemon 
or Orange Juice added, both which are alfo 
Contraders of the Veflels, and Thickners 
of the Blood, like other Acids. I have of- 
ten wondered that feeming Bravery, which 
could fwallow down liquid Fire, as Moun- 
tebanks and Jugglers do lighted Tow or 
Flax, fhould yet be fo cowardly as to bog- 
gle at the Ufe of mineral Spirits more than 
vegetable, and fo have Aqua Fortis, or Aqua 
Regia, become a common Tipple, the un- 
necelfary Ufe of both terminate in the fame 
thing, Death, Death j and the known Ef- 
feds of both, make the imprudent Drinker 
Felo de fe: Tho’ both acid and alcaline Spi- 
rits, Pills and Bolus’s are good Medicines, 
yet what wife or honeffc Man would make 
a Bowl of Punch of the firft, or a Difh of 
Meat of the laft, for Ufe. 
Of thofe Spirits is Punch made, into the 
Nature of which we /hall briefly enquire. CHAP. IV. 
Of F u N C IL 
TH E Ufe of Sugar in Punch, is to 
give it a more agreeable Tade, to 
fhcath the Acids of the Lemon, and pre- 
vent Gripes, Flatulency, Pricking and Pain 
in the Bowels. The Sugar for this Ufc 
fhould be well refined, very white, hard, 
and fparkling when broken, like fmall Cry- 
dais, and of a pleafant Smell, fomewhat 
like that of a Violet. 
Lemons are an Acid, and quench Third 
by dimulating the fluggifh Glands and fe- 
cretory Duds. Their Juice puts a Stop to 
the Blood’s Rarefadion, and thickens it 
when over thin, flops its too rapid Motion, 
and therefore is very fervi'ceable in ardent 
Fevers, and all Poifons which ad by dis- 
tending and relaxing the Veflels, and over- 
rarefying the Fluids, fuch as Poppies, Opi- 
um, Henbane, Coculus hidia, &c. Lemons 
flrengthen the Stomach by giving a frefli 
Tone to its palled Fibres, and thereby en- 
vigorating it; they provoke Urine by giving 
the renal Strainers a pleating Stimulancy, 
and obtunding the Alkali and Salts of the Blood, and cauftng the Fibres to /hake oft 
their flimy adhefive Mucus. They are very 
ferviceable in Headachs, and all Pains which 
proceed from a rarefied and thin Blood, 
Rretching and paining the Vclfels. They 
reflore the Crafts of the decayed Blood very 
fuccefsfully. Their Acidity makes their Ufc 
very fuccefsful in an Overflowing of the 
Bile, or where there is a Predominancy of 
bilious Humours in the Body, becaufe they 
draw up the relaxed Strainers of the Liver, 
and give a too fluid Blood a better Con- 
ftftence. 
They are no lefs fcrviceable in a Diabetes 5 
for altho’ they be diuretic, yet they thicken 
the Blood like other Acids, contract the re- 
nal Glands, and check the Force or Power 
of the Alkali in the Blood. They are ex- 
cellently adapted to very hot and dry Wea- 
ther and Climates, and to bilious Conflitu- 
tions, and fuch as are difpofed to Chache- 
xies and Dropfies. They are no lefs ufeful 
to fuch as have weak and relaxed Fibres 
and Veflfels. They give an agreeable acid 
Tafle to feveral Sauces and Meats. They 
are mod efficacious in Vomitings, efpecially 
of green, yellow, rufly Matter. Their out- 
ward Rind, or Peel, heats the Body as the Juice cools it. It is an excellent Stomachic, 
Antifcorbutic, and comes in good Play a- 
gainft Agues, and all Difeafes from a Vif- 
cidity of the Blood, becaufe it abounds with 
a fine fubtile Oil and volatile Salt, which 
give the Blood a greater Momentum, break 
its Cohefions and Attractions, encreafe its 
Motion and Agitation in the Veffels, pro- 
mote Perfpiration, leficn the Quantity of 
Humours, and relieve the opprefied Vefiels 
of a Part of their Load. 
But wherever the Blood is too thick, Le- 
mon Juice is hurtful, becaufe Acids thicken 
it more, and make the Veffels duffer and 
flronger. Where an acid Salt prevails in 
the Blood, Lemons are prejudicial 3 for they 
add to the Acidity, becaufe their Juice 
abounds in acid Salt and Phlegm, but has 
little Oil. Their Juice, ufed to Excefs, 
cools too much, condenfes the perfpirablc 
Matter, fills the Bowels with Wind. Hence 
Indigeftion, Flatulency, Vapours, four Belch- 
ing, Gripes, and chronical Pains 5 but Sugar 
added to the Juice, prevents its bad EffeCfs, 
and makes it more friendly to the Stomach, 
as the firft fheaths up the Acidity of the 
laft, and hinders its pricking or paining the 
Coats ajid Nerves of the Bowels. They 
190 are hurtful to phlegmatic Confthutlons, old 
Age, and to the Inhabitants of cold and 
mold: Countries, becaufe they cool and 
thicken the Juices of the Body too much. 
The befl Lemons for Punch are thofe that 
come from hot Countries, large, foft, of an 
aromatic and pungent Smell and Tafle. 
The leafl Speck of a pricked Lemon will 
fpoil a whole Bowl of Punch. Lemons in 
Punch make it more diuretick, help to pre- 
vent Drunkennefs, and the over-heating of 
the Body with Sugar and Spirits * they hin- 
der the Blood’s Rarefaction and exceflive 
Thirft. 
Seville Oranges have lefs acid Salt in them 
than Lemons, and this Salt is entangled in 
a more ropy vifeous Phlegm than that of 
Lemons; therefore a larger Quantity of Le- 
mon Juice is neceffary, as it is lefs acid. 
Both of them contain but little Oil, and the 
Nature and Properties of their Juices are fo 
much the fame, that we need not infill any 
further upon either. 
What we have already advanced on the 
Properties of the fundry Ingredients of 
Punch, will facilitate our Labour here, and 
comprehend what we have to fay upon it in 
3- very few Words. Punch therefore of a right Strength (which fhould at leaft be four 
Parts Water to one of Brandy, and in Sum- 
mer eight or nine Parts Water to one oi 
Brandy or Rum, except to gouty or aged 
Perfons, who require it ftronger) and mo- 
derately drank, is an admirable Liquor (pro- 
vided it be made of French Brandy, or of 
good old Moloffos Spirits, which if rightly 
made, kept, of a ftrong Body, and purified 
fome Months with Sea Air, are every whit 
as good) and an excellent Diuretic ; it pow- 
erfully cleanfes Kidneys, Ureters, and Blad- 
der from fmall Stones, Sand, and fabulous 
Matter, from the Thinnefs of the Liquor, 
fubtile Oil, and volatile Saks of the Spirits, 
Oil and fixed Salt of the Sugar, and auftere 
Salts of th)e Lemon ; which wafh off, fepa- 
rate, and difiblve thefe Cohefions in the 
urinary Palfages: The Acidity of the Le- 
mon gives a Stimulus to the Veffels, and at 
the fame time the Salts encreafe the Mo- 
mentum of the Blood. 
Not only are thefe vifeid and fizy Com- 
binations of the Blood broken and diifolvedy 
and the Juices attenuated and thinned in the 
urinary Pafiages and Strainers, but all over 
the Body ; therefore will thefe volatile Saits 
clear apd clean lo the fecretorysnd excretory. Dads of the Skin, and promote a free Per- 
Ipiration, which makes Punch very fervice- 
able in recent Colds. 
Weak Punch checks a febrile ‘Heat, and 
prevents the too great Fluidity or Rarefac- 
tion of the Blood; in the firft Cafe, it re- 
Rores the due Confillency of the whole Mafs, 
and makes it fitter to pafs the refpedive 
Strainers of the Body, as it dilutes the Jui- 
ces, gently ftimulates theYeflels, thins, grinds 
down, and forces forward the obftruded 
Matter thrown into the capillary Duds, du- 
ring the Blood’s Rarefadion; for all Heat 
in the animal Body, arifes from an increafed 
Adion of the Solids againll the Fluids, and 
of the Fluids refilling the Solids, and both 
mutually ading upon, and refilling one an- 
other, grinding down, and dellroying the 
globular Part of the Blood, fo as it is ena- 
bled to enter the Orifices of fmaller Vefiels, 
than its refpedive containing Tubes; and as 
it advances forward in thefe Capillaries, its 
Motion becomes flower, and the Adion of 
the VelTels upon it greater, and the Propul- 
fion of the Blood behind llronger; all which 
encreafe the Body’s Fleat, the Blood’s At- 
trition and Walle, and indicate the Ufe of 
a Liquor that may thin, cool, and check the 
Blood’s Motion and Fury, and the Drinefs and Parchednefs of the exhaufted and weak- 
ened VefTels. And fnch a Liquor is this 
weak Punch, made pretty acid. This an- 
fwers the fecond Intention, which was the 
Prevention of the Blood’s too great Fluidity, 
or its Arrival at fuch a State as I juft now 
mentioned. 
If Punch be drunk very acid, it checks 
the Overflowing of the Gall, and the Re- 
dundancy of Alkali and Acrimony, and oily 
Sharpnefs, and therefore fhould be proper 
in a Jaundice; but that the Veftels of the 
Liver are hereby ftimulated and contracted, 
and the Contraction of the hepatic Veftels 
is the Caufe of the Diftemper ; and there- 
fore whatever corrugates them more, muft 
exafperate and not remedy the Difeafe, ex- 
cept made with Sugar and Lemon, which 
are a Soap. 
It is a great Friend to a palled and relaxed 
Stomach it thins and carries off its Slime 
and Mucus, fweetly ftimulates and reftores 
the decayed Tone of its Fibres 5 it cures 
ftinking, bitter, and nidrous Belchings and 
Vomitings, which always proceed either from 
an alkaline or oily Acrimony. It helps In- 
digeftion and want of Appetite, by ftimu- 
lating and fupplying, with nervous Spirits, the relaxed mufcular Coats of the Stomach. 
It is an Antidote again ft bilious Cholicks, 
Gripes, and blackilh, frothy, fastid Stools, 
which proceed from too much Bile. It in- 
vigorates the Fibres and Solids, as well as 
dilutes the Fluids, whereby Secretions and 
Evacuations are carried on more regularly $ 
it fcours and excites the fluggilh, furred up, 
and refty Tubes of the Glands, and there- 
fore is of lingular Ufe in Cachexies, Drop* 
lies, Leucophlegmacies, fcorbutic, leprous, 
and fcrophulous Habits; ail which are ow- 
ing either to a vifeid, or alkalious State of 
the Fluids, and fome of them to a weak and 
relaxed State of the Solids; from which 
alfo Spring lethargic, paralytic, and coma- 
tous Indifpolitions; and therefore weak and 
acid Punch will make a proper Drink. It 
is a notable Cooler in hot Weather, and a 
Prefervative in an infectious Air j and bc- 
caufe it raifes the Solids, dilutes the Fluids 
(if not too acid) forces forward obftrucling 
Matter in the fmall Veftels of the extreme 
Parts, and promotes Pcrfpiration it is there- 
fore good in the Gout. 
It is the beft Liquor in the World to them 
who have palled and weak Stomachs, Indi- 
geftion, and want of Appetite, from frequent Debauches with Malt Liquors, lufcious thick 
Wines, Idleness, and want of Exercife, 
which have foul’d the Glands, and indif- 
pofed the Body. The Univerfe cannot af- 
ford a better Liquor for phlegmatic Confti- 
tutions, and bulky Bodies. Students, who 
have loft Appetite and Digeftion, or con- 
tracted a cacheCtic Habit of Body, may ex- 
pert much Relief from this, and Exercife in 
a clear Air. Whenever the Blood abounds 
with too much Sulphur, Mucus, or alkali- 
ous Salts, this is an incomparable Draught 
for ordinary. But in thefe Cafes its Ufc 
muft be laid afide when it hath anfwered 
its End, left it occalion Illneffes of a con- 
trary Nature, 
But altho’ it oblige us with all thefe, and 
feveral other good Services, in a high De- 
gree, yet it is injurious to choleric Tempers, 
and thin, lean Habits; for it wears their 
Veffels, fends off the nutritive Parts of their 
Blood by Urine, encreafes the Elafticity of 
their Fibres, promotes their Perfpiration, 
and adds to their Evacuation. It likewife 
encreafes the Rigour and StifFnefs of old Peo- 
ples \ effels and Solids, and fends off preci- 
pitantly the fineft of their Fluids by Urine, 
It is highly injurious to them who have large and unpayable Stones lying dormant 
in their Kidneys; for it augments the Cur- 
rent of the Water, enlarges the Cavity of 
the Pelvis, moves the Stone out of its Re- 
pertory, raifes mofl excruciating Pains and 
Death. It is deftrudtive to hedical Per- 
fons, becaufe it wears and wades their So- 
lids too fad, and exhauds their remaining 
Fluids by immoderate Perfpiration and Urine. 
It is no lefs hurtful to them who have Ul- 
cers in their urinary Paffages, as it com- 
mands a more impetuous Flux of Humour 
into thefe Parts; and the Salts of the Urine 
inflame and irritate them more. For the 
fame Reafon its Ufe cannot be advifed, nor 
fafe, in ulcerated Lungs, tickling Coughs, 
&c. where Abortion is threatened; whate- 
ver irritates and Simulates thefe Parts, mud: 
create a Mifcarriage. In a Dyfury or Scald- 
ing and Heat of Urine from its Acrimony, 
Punch adds to its Acidity, and increafes the 
Heat and Inflammation, therefore its Ufe 
mud; not be allowed. Thofe whofe Sto- 
machs have a very thin mucous Coat, can- 
not drink it without a Pain at their Sto- 
machs. 
In arthritic Pains, Punch aggravates the 
Symptoms, both as it adds to the Sharpnefs, and encourages Inflammations. To the 
more laborious and drudging Part of Man- 
kind, it is jufl: nothing at all; for it fends 
off the nutritious Juices which fhould repair 
their Wafle, and wears their Fibres and 
Veffels. 
As I have given Rum and Arrack a fe- 
parate Article, it is needlefs here to be te- 
dious in difcourfmg on their Punch. It is 
enough, to add briefly, that as thefe Liquors 
are of a ftronger Body, and more oily and 
balfamick Nature than Brandy ; fo they are 
better {if not made too acid with Lemon) 
for gouty, aged, and bilious People ; for 
Arrack, containing much fine fmall Oil, it 
lubricates and dilates the Pafiages and Vef- 
fels, makes way for the Matter of gouty 
and arthritick Pains to pafs off through the 
Veffels. The Water, Sugar, Rum, or Ar- 
rack, do all join to leffen or take oft the 
perpetual Stimulus of bilious Perfons Fibres, 
to fheath the Acrimony of their Blood and 
Juices, to keep the Veffels more Extended, 
and fo preferve the elaflick Solids from tri- 
umphing over the too much attenuated and 
diffolved Fluids. Rum, or Arrack Punch, 
makes a noble Diuretic, cleanfes the Glands, 
excretory Duds, and Pelvis of the Kidneys, from all Congeftions of gravelly Matter. 
This Punch, if little or no Acid be added 
to it, is a much better and fafer Drink in 
tickling Coughs, Stuffings of the Lungs, 
Afthmas, and other Diforders of the Bread; j 
becaufe the Oil of the Arrack foftens and 
dilates the pulmonary Veffels, lines their la- 
fide with a fine oily Mucus, removes their 
Stimulus and Irritation, makes Spitting ca- 
ber; the Salts of the Sugar, at the lame 
time, deterge, break, leparate, and cleanfe 
away the vifcid, inactive, or gritty Matter 
which Huffed the Veffels. It agrees better 
with fuch as have a thin mucous Lining on 
their Stomach, excites Pain lefs j (but in- 
deed this is chiefly the Fault of the Lemon 
or Acid in any Punch.) If drunk in a mo- 
derate Quantity, it intoxicates lefs, and raifes 
not fo much Pain in the Head, becaufe it 
has fewer Salts to fix into and prick the de- 
licate Veffels of the Brain. In a word, its 
Dfe is more fafe in any too elaftic or rigid 
State of the Fibres and Veffels, as it ftirnu- 
lates lefs, raifes not fuch a rapid Circula- 
lation, Attenuation, and Attrition of the 
Juices. 
But Brandy Punch muff have the Prefe- 
rence in febrile Heats, quenching Thirff, cooling and refreshing 5 therefore this is 
more adapted for Summer Service, and the 
other to Winter Ufe. This muft alfo be 
preferred in all Confutations which have 
an alcaline or oily Acrimony predominant 
in them, becaufe it has more Salts and lefs 
Oil, as in hot, fharp, oily, bitterilh Vomit- 
ings, flight Inflammations, Tendency to 
Gangrenes or Mortifications3 black, livid or 
pale Erofions, lofs of Appetite, loathing of 
Food 3 loofe, moft fetid, finning, dark, or 
blackifii Stools 3 very brown, fharp, fetid, 
thick, froathy Urine, half putrifled when 
made, and depofltes little Sediment and 
Sweat of the like Nature, in. a thin, diflol- 
ved, florid, fcarce, coagulating Blood 3 in 
Decolorations, and Blifters riling on the 
Skin, in frequent Eruptions of purple or li- 
vid Spots and Buboes 3 in a flunking, cada- 
verous fetid Breath 3 in a bitter, flunking, 
oily, or fait Tafte of the Mouths in a ran- 
cid, fat, fharp Tafte of the Mouth like 
burnt Oil 3 in nidrous hot Belchings, fuell- 
ing like rotten Eggs or Sulphur 3 in fat, 
white, fetid Stools, feeling exceeding hot in 
the Paflage 5 in Scurffs, Dandriff, Leprofy, 
or large, hot, ichorous Eruptions on the 
Skins in lethargic, paralytic, apoplectic. and comatofe Difpofitions ; in all hydropic, 
fcrophulous, cachedlic Habits; in all Vifd» 
dity and Sizinefs of the Juices, Foulnefs, 
Loading, Dilatation, or Stuffing of the Glands 
with llimy Matter 5 and in a too great Weak- 
nefs, Laxnefs, and Imbecility of the Fibres, 
Solids, or Veflels, Brandy Punch exceeds 
that of Arrack or Rum, becaufe it is more 
faline, Simulating, and deterging, &t\ but 
where there are manifeft Signs of an Aci- 
dity in the Blood, Arrack comes in betr 
ter Play, 
Milefii Nifleni de Ebrietate Eoioramma. 
x 
Ebrietas commune Malum, fuavijfma Pejlis, 
Ihec mea per Tltulos Fama feretur, ait: 
Ilia ego I err arum Dorm rix, Regina Malorum, 
Dpje clarum tcto Nomen in orbe gero. 
Dux Scekrum fuprema vocor, Vitiique Magijira, 
Nil n:Ji dulce Malum, nil nifi dulce Nefas. 
Mors Animi, gratufque Furor, blandumque. Ve- 
il enum, 
Morbcrum placidus Fens, et arnica Lues. 
Gurgulio, Fundi Barath um, Cenfufque Vorago, 
Ultio fum pr a fens, ipfaque Pcena mi hi. 
Syrtis, Hydrops, Syren, Scy/la, infatiata Charybdis, 
Grardior (A Furiis omnibus ejje feror. 
Nam qua geftarum mihi furgat Gloria Rerum, 
Notum eji eois occiduifque Plagis. 
Nullus erat favis unquam Bellator in Amis 
Dpi dederit gelidar miUia plura Neci. 
Nemo tot imptme Credes, tot Ftmera’Nemo 
Edidity ac voftra fepe dedere Manus. At m'ihi qua Generis Series ah Origin; pergat„ 
Aut qua; fiat Partus Pignora chara met, 
Qu<e Malay quantaque Damna feram Mortalihus 
agris 
Quo Jim is iPI a Modoy quo reprinienda Metu* 
CHAP. V. 
Of C r D E R. 
THIS Liquor owes its Invention to a 
Norman, who much admired the 
delicate Flavour of Apples; and long Ob- 
fervation allures us, that fuch as chiefly 
drink Cyder, are more healthy and flrong, 
and have a better Completion than fuch as 
are accuftomed to Wine or Ale. Both my 
Lord Bdccn and Dr. Baynard tell us of fe- 
veral Pcrfons near an hundred, and fome 
above, who, having feldom ufed any other 
Liquor, were very ative and vigorous at 
that Age. It is certainly more nourishing 
than Wine, for not being fo thoroughly 
fermented, its Spirits are lefs fubtile and 
impetuous; and being more intangled in a 
vifcous Phlegm, and more diluted with 
Water, they exhale not fo fpeedily. And 
becaufe it is lefs fpirituous than Wine, it is 
therefore more cooling and moiftening, and 
lefs intoxicating j but for the fame Reafon, when it is drunk to Excefs, its EfFeds lad 
longer; for its vifcous Parts prevent the hid- 
den Diflipation of its Spirits j bcfides, the 
Vifcidities are alfo difperfed in the Veflels of 
the Brain, and fo fill up its fmall Tubes, as 
to obflrud the brilk Motion of the nervous 
Juice, and leflen its Influx. The vifcous 
Parts being the lighted:, they will always lie 
next the Sides of the Channels, while the 
more fluid Parts keep the Axis, and there- 
fore the like Quantity of this Liquor will 
not invigorate fo much, or fo fpeedily as 
Wine. But then after a drunken Bout of 
Cyder, the fmall Veflels require a longer 
Time to re-aflume their Elafticity, to at- 
tenuate and fhake off the adhering Vifcidi- 
ties from their Infidesj and becaufe the more 
vifcous Parts of the Liquor are nearell the 
Sides of the Veflels, the watery Parts next 
them, and the more fubtile Parts keep the 
Axis j therefore Perfons drunk with Cyder, 
are more fliupid, fleepy, pale, and cold, 
than thofe that are intoxicated with more 
fpirituous Liquors, fuch as Wine, Brandy, 
Punch, &c. Thefe being more fpirituous, 
/. e. having a greater Quantity of attenuated 
eflential Oil and Salt in them, give a greater 
Stimulus tp the Veflels, raife a brifker Pulfe, and make Perfons more cheerful and merry, 
frantick or mad 3 but Cyder abounding 
more with a vifcous Phlegm than Wine, 
will therefore nourifh more, and its Nutri- 
tion be of longer Continuance, though not 
equal to pale Ale. 
The Properties and Effe&s of Cyder differ 
according to the Difference of the Fruit it 
is made of, its Preparation, Keeping, Age, 
and Body. The greateft Part is made of 
harfh, wild, common Apples, fuch as grow 
plentifully in the Fields of Herefordpjirey 
JVorcejlerJhire, and Gloucefterjhire 3 fome is 
made of fine Table Fruit, as Golden, Ken- 
tijh3 and Kertoji Pipins, Pearmains, &c. and 
fome of a Mixture of thefe Fruits. That 
is the beft Cyder which has moft Plenty of 
cffential Salt and Oil, and thefe well atte- 
nuated, diffolved, and rarefied by Fermen- 
tation, till they be reduced to fuch fubtilc 
Parts as afford a Spirit like that of Wine or 
Ale. What is made of wild, harfh Apples, 
will keep longer than the fweet Cyder 
which is made of Table Fruit, becaufe it 
has much more effential Salt, which is its 
tartarons Part, and gives it its rough Tafte. 
This Plenty of Tartar breaks and diffolves 
the Sulphur into very fmall Particles, and reduces It to a Tubule Spirit, which abounds 
in this Liquor, and is retained by the fine 
Salts, To that this Cyder neither dies, cor- 
rupts, nor turns rancid To Toon as the other. 
For the like ReaTon it requires to be longer 
kept before it come to Perfection, that is, 
before it depofite its Tartar and Faces, and 
reafiume its Spirit from the Mother. But 
Tweet Cyder having more and groffer Oil, 
and leTs effential Salt, the laft is not Tuffi- 
cient to excite a compleat Fermentation, 
i. e. to attenuate and diffolve the Oil by 
ftrong repeated Occurfions and Collifionsj 
nor does their Action upon one another 
break and Rrip them of their Vifcidities 
which fheath them -f for which ReaTon this 
Cyder gives no Pungency to the Tafte, nor 
Irritation to the Stomach, it dies Toon, or 
becomes rancid and Tour ; the Tubtile Salts 
and Sulphur, or Spirits, are not in full Pro- 
portion intermixed with the Liquor, to pre- 
vent the aCtive Attraction of the different 
Principles ; but either the few Tubtile Spirits 
are united again with the Salts, and To the 
Liquor turns four, or they exhale and leave 
it vapid and dead. Very watery and infipid 
Apples yield a taftelefs Cyder, which Toon 
become flat and thick, becauTe the Salt and Oil of the Fruit bear no Proportion to its 
Phlegm ; hence its Fermentation is languid, 
its Vifcidities not broken, its Spirits quickly 
exhale, and its Tartar is fo inconfiderable as 
not to preferve the Liquor. Cyder that has 
Water mixed with the Apple-Juice, is lia- 
ble to the fame Fate, for the Water over- 
dilutes the eTential Salt and Oil of the Fruit, 
Strong fweet Cyder is of the Nature of 
lufcious, half-fermented Wine, fuch as the 
Portugal and Spanijh, which being more 
fpirituous, and having a greater Strength, 
they load the Stomach and diforder the Head 
more, and afford lefs good nervous Juice 
than this Liquor, being only half fermented, 
and of difficult Digeftion, fo as fweet Cyder 
has a greater Proportion of Oil than Salts, 
its Oil is groffer, not attenuated and fubti- 
lized to a Spirit; it is therefore admirably 
fitted for very thin, lean Habits, becaufe its 
Vifcidity gives a Check to the violent Adion, 
;md Attrition of the Mufcles, and adds to 
the Oppofition of the Blood againfl its Vef- 
fels, is not fo eafily digeded, nor fo quickly 
perfpired. Thefe Vifcidities fheath the (harp 
naked Salts of the Blood, which corrode 
and tear the fmall Veffels, and prevent thq 
Stiffiiefs and Rigidity of the Fibres, by fup- pling them with their foftening Oil. It is 
an excellent Drink in an Atrophy from aft 
immoderate Wafte of the fluids by Perfpi- 
ration, as it diminifhes this Evacuation, and 
foftens and relaxes the ftiffened Fibres with 
its Oil. And in too great a Fluidity of the 
Body, from an exceffive mufcular Force, its 
Vifcidities abate the violent Adlion of the 
Solids, and help the Blood to a better Con- 
fidence. Where the Blood abounds with 
too much Salt, whofe Particles have at- 
traded and formed bulky Corpufcles, the 
Phlegm of this Cyder dilutes the Salts, and 
its Vifcofity fheaths them when they are 
broken and divided into leffer Particles. It 
is admirably well adapted for melancholy 
Conftitutions, fince its Phlegm thins the 
Blood, and its Oil foftens the Fibres. It is 
a very good Drink for hard Labourers, or 
fuch as ufe much Exercifc, becaufe it fup- 
ples and relaxes their Fibres and Velfels, 
affords fome Recruit of Spirits, and goes 
but flowly off, and is therefore a proper 
Draught in clear dry Weather, when Pcr- 
fpiration is full and free. 
To choleric Conditutions this Liquor is 
hurtful, becaufe its Oil foon turns rancid in 
the Body, and occafions an oily Acrimony. Its Ufe is alfo unadvifeable in very hot Wea- 
ther, when the Solids are too much relaxed, 
the Blood too much rarefied, and the more 
fluid Parts are immoderately expended : So 
in foggy Weater, when the Spring of the 
Air is weakened or broke, and the Air in 
the Blood is fhort of its natural Elafticity, 
the liberal Ufe of this Liquor is in danger 
to load the Body with crude, vifcid, and 
indigefted Juices, which threaten Fevers, 
Coughs, Colds, or Swellings of the Glands, 
Old People fhould forbear it, becaufe their 
Perfpiration being low, it muft occafion 
Vifcidities in their Blood, not eafily to be 
got rid of; and as it has a Tendency to ren- 
der the Secretions flower, and the fecreted 
Juices more fizy, fuch as are fubjeCl to 
moift Afthma’s, Catarrhs and Coughs, with 
Expectoration of much vifcid Phlegm, 
fhould be aware of it. The Sedentary and 
Studious fhould refrain it, feeing it affords 
not Spirits fufficient for invigorating and 
employing both the Organs of the intellec- 
tual Faculties, and voluntary Motion ; and 
chiefly, becaufe their Fibres become refty 
and weak through want of Ufe, and their 
Blood therefore fizy. Such as are much 
fubieCt to Fear, Sorrow, Grief, or any of the depreffing Paffions, would do well to 
forbear its Ufe, becaufe thefe Paffions fub- 
tradl from .the Vigour and Tone of the 
Fibres, and add to the Force of the Fluids 
till they become vifcid, which Vifcidity is 
ftill more encreafed by this fweet Cyder. It 
is very improper for phlegmatic Conftitu- 
tions, which are liable to a Foulnefs %nd 
Swelling of the Glands, or a Stagnation of 
the lymphatic Juices, for it increafes both 
the Laxnefs of the Solids, and an undue 
Mixture and Vifcidity of the Fluids. Such 
as have weak cold Stomachs, and bad Di- 
geffion, or much Flatulency and Crudity in 
the Bowels, or are afflidted with flatulent 
Cholic, or frequent Stools of white and 
frothy Excrements, ffiould carefully avoid 
it j for all half-fermented Liquors, or fuch 
as have more Oil than Salt, whofe Oil is 
grofs, and the Salt not attenuated, but wrapt 
up in its vifcous Coats, are highly injurious 
to fuch Perfons, as they increafe 'the Flatu- 
lency, and very much relax, weaken, and 
cool the languid Stomach and Inteflines. 
For the fame Reafon, fuch as have Worms 
or other Infedls, or their Ova lying in the 
Body, ffiould avoid fweet Cyder. Neither 
ffiould thofe who have Palfles, Convul- fions, Lethargy, Numbnefs, Night-mare or 
Cramps, make this their Beverage, fmce it 
both relaxes the nervous Syftem more, in- 
creates the Vifcidity of the Blood, and Pe- 
nury of Spirits. Nor is it proper for them 
that are goutifh, or have arthritic Pains, 
(except from Acrimony of the Blood) be- 
caufe its Vifcidities added to thofe of the 
Blood, mute exafperate the Diteemper. Alj 
intermittent Fevers and Agues forbid the 
Ufe of this Liquor ; but the Apples of which 
it is made, fuch as Kentijh and Golden- 
Pippins, are, an excellent Pedloral, eate tick- 
ling Coughs from a Sharpnefs of the Blood, 
and relieve Afthma’s from Acrimonv of the 
Juices, or Contention of the Lungs; they 
are exceeding good in Confumptions, a fine 
Cordial, open the Body gently, and cool 
pleafantly, and are of great Service in hot, 
and dry, fcorbutic, or fplenetic Habits. 
Rough Cyder is made of wild, barter, or 
bitter Field Apples; thete contain a deal of 
eflential Salts, which break and attenuate 
the oily Parts in the Fermentation, by their 
inteftine Motion and Collifions; they grind 
down one another into fmaller Particles, 
rub off their vifcid Coats, and feparate the 
Cohefions of the vifcous Part of the Liquor, fo that the whole is more intimately mixed. 
This Cyder is therefore of a ftrong, pun- 
gent, ftiptic vinous Tafte, will keep longer, 
and is of more general Ufe and Benefit than 
the other; when fine, well purified, of a 
good Colour, and not lowered with Water, 
it is better for Health than Wine, if mode- 
rately drunk. It is certainly preferable to 
the ftrong, heavy, lufcious Portugal and 
Spanifi Wines, which are but half fer- 
mented, and approaches near the Nature of 
French Claret. Nay, Lemery himfelf owns 
it to be more healthful, becaufe its Spirits 
are not impetuous, nor fo much agitated as 
thofe of Wine j befides, they are detained and 
moderated by a great Quantify of vifeous 
Phlegm, which fill contributes to make this 
Liquor moijiening and cooling. The great 
Plenty of Tartar contained in this Cyder, 
renders it an excellent Stomachic ; it dilates 
and wafties off the Slime, which adheres, 
like Glue, to the inner Coats, contracts and 
ftrengthens the pall’d and relax’d Fibres of 
the Stomach, and gives a brifker Appetite 
and better Digeftion; it is therefore a pro- 
per Liquor to be ufed againft Belching, 
Stuffing at the Stomach, Naufea, or Vomit- 
ings, and for inappetent Women that are breeding. It is of admirable Service in ail 
Loofeneffes, Fluxes of the Belly, and im- 
moderate Evacuations by Stool, becaufe it 
cleanfes and {Lengthens the Bowels, draws 
up their mufcular Fibres, and contrads 
their relaxed weeping Glands 3 its Plenty 
of Tartar breaks and feparates that Mucus 
which fills up or ftraitens the Mouths of the 
ladeal Veffels, and caufes a Lientery, or 
difcharge by Stool of the Chyle like Milk, 
together with the Faces. It not only fcours 
off the Slime from the Infides of the Lade- 
als, which occafions a Toughnefs of the 
Chyle, but gently {Emulates and invigorates 
thefe Vefifels, and increafes their Adion and 
Force, fo as to attenuate and prepare the 
Chyle much better before it be poured into 
and mixed with the Blood. Being pungent 
and tart, it both fcours and contrads the dila- 
ted Glands of the Throat and Trachea, and is 
therefore ufeful in Rheums and Catarrhs. It 
is a proper Drink for fuch as are troubled with 
White Swellings 3 and where the Breaft is 
fluffed with thick Phlegm, and the VeiTeis 
inadive or weak, itferves well to pump it up. 
Its Spirits being intangled by a vifcous Phlegm, 
and its Tartar plentiful and folid, it cleanfes 
the Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder, of Sand, 
final! Stones, Slime, and all gravelly Mat- 213 
ter, which are only the Product of relaxed 
Kidneys, which ft rain off, or let pafs thro’ 
their excretory Ducts too large a Quantity 
of Salt and Earth, but wanting Strength and 
Motion to ihake off, and fend it to the 
Bladder, they give it a peaceable Lodging 
in the Pelvis, till the Earth and Salts at- 
tract, and are cemented with a Vifcus or 
Slime, which is the firft Embryo of a Stone. 
As it {Lengthens the whole folid Syftem, 
invigorates the Fibres, which give a brifker 
Motion to the Fluids, whereby they are at- 
tenuated and mixed, made to pafs the fun- 
dry Secretions, and fitted for Evacuations, 
it is certainly a noble Prevention of the 
Gout, and all arthritic Pains which arife 
from a Thicknefs and Unfitnefs of the 
Humours for Motion, or a Sluggifhnefs, 
Weaknefs, and Laxnefs of the Veftcls. In 
intermitting Fevers, Agues, and other pe- 
riodic or erratic Difeafes, which fpring from 
a Sizinefs of the Juices, and an Inactivity or 
Indifpofition of the Veftels and Fibres for 
Motion and Action, this Cyder is a nioft 
agreeable Liquor ; for it both thins the 
Blood, attenuates the flimy Juice in the 
Capillaries, and ftimulates their Channels. 
In Rheums and Diftillations on the Eyes, 
involuntary Tears, Dimnels of Sight, from the Thicknefs of the nervous Juice, or 
Weaknefs of the Nerves, it is very proper 
Drink for common Ufe j as alfo in Lethar- 
gies, Palfies, Apoplexies, Convulfions, and 
Coma’s, it is highly ferviceable ; and in hyr 
fteric Diforders, this, or French Wine, chal- 
lenge the Preference of all other Liquors. 
In Corpulency, Cachexy, Leucophlegmatia, 
and Dropfies, it is of fignal Service, if mo- 
derately ufed for ordinary Drink, becaufe it 
thins the Blood, excites the Fibres and Vef- 
fels to Motion, accelerates Circulation, pro- 
motes Digeflion, Secretion, and Evacuation, 
cfpecially Perfpiration • and as it frees the 
contorted Glands and weak VelTels of their 
objftrudling Slime, it alfo {Emulates and 
contracts the dilated, lax, and inactive Ve- 
ficles. And for thefe Reafons, phlegmatic 
Conftitutions, fhidious, inactive, and vale- 
tudinary Perfons, cannot have a better Ve- 
hicle. Sanguine Temperaments will find it 
very ferviceable, if moderately drank; and 
the Melancholy will reap much Benefit 
from it, becaufe it gently Simulates, dilutes 
much, and does not quickly exhale or fend 
off its Spirits. As for thofe who are much 
afiiided with the depreffing Paflions, they 
can have nothing better fubftituted in the room of Champain or Burgundy. Thus far 
of the Virtues of fine rough Cyder, well 
made and long kept. 
But as there is no Liquor which has not 
its bad EffeCls in fome Cafes and Conftitu- 
tions, or is not fometimes prejudicial, fo 
this is hurtful, if drank too new ; it caufes 
Flatulency in the lower Belly, from the 
Rarefaction and Attenuation of that grofs 
Air which was fbut up in the Vifcidity of 
the Liquor ; hence cholic Pains, Gripes, and 
Coflivenefs ; and from the abundance of its 
Vifcidity, it fouls the Glands, begets Ob- 
ftru&ion in the fmaller VefTels, from whence 
feveral Difeafes take their Birth. Thefe 
Vifcofities cleave to the Coats of the Sto- 
mach and Guts, lie between them and the 
Food, weaken Digeftion, pall thefe Vij- 
cera, occafion an imperfeCt Chylification, 
and leave many grofs, cold, and phlegmatic 
Humours there, or fend up fome with the 
Blood to the Brain, and fo beget nervous 
Diforders, or a Stupidity; if fent to the 
Liver, ObfruCtions and Jaundice enfue; if 
lodged in the Lymphaticks, Leucoplegma- 
tias and Dropfies follow ; if they fall and 
fettle on the Lungs, Stuffings, Hoarfenefs 
and Shortnefs of Breath firft, then a tearing Cough, and a difficult ExpeCtoration of a 
Vifcid comes on. And when this Cyder ar- 
rives at its Maturity, it is by no means a 
nouriffiing Liquor for the mechanic and 
hard Labourer, becaufe it confifts of ffiarp 
tartarous Parts, which, together with the 
ACtion of the Mufcles, attenuate and expel 
the finer and more nutritious Parts of the 
Blood too fpeedily. For the fame Reafon 
it ffiould be refrained in a Strangury, and 
its Ufe forbidden when the elevating Paf- 
fions have fixed their Symptoms on us, fuch 
as Tremblings, too great Perfpiration and 
Evacuation by Urine; then it increafes the 
Contraction of the Nerves; but if lower’d 
with Water, its an admirable Liquor in 
this Cafe, becaufe weak Nerves foon fall 
back and languiffi after the Fit of Paffion is 
over; and any vifcid Draught is apt to pall 
them, and generate ObftruCtions in the weak 
Tubes; but the Tartar and ftiptic Tafte of 
the Liquor, gives them a Pungency, and 
preferves their Tone and Vigour. Very thin 
and meagre Habits ffiould not indulge the 
free and frequent Ufe of it, becaufe its I'olid 
Parts abrade the Veffels, contract their Fi- 
bres more, and fo keep or make them leaner 
Rill. Such as are in an Atrophy ffiould abdain from It; and fuch as live low, ufe 
much Abdinence, fading or mean Diet, 
becaufe it very powerfully promotes Digef- 
tion. Secretion, and Evacuation. Neither 
is it advifeable in tickling Coughs, from a 
Saltnefs of the Humours, or Thinnefs and 
Acrimony of the Blood. In a word, as its 
Ufe is highly ferviceable in too great a 
Weaknefs or Relaxation of the Fibres and 
Veflels, and too much Vifcidity, Thicknefs, 
or undue Mixture of the Fluids, fo its con- 
tinued Ufe is hurtful where the Fibres and 
Vedels are too much contracted, difF, and 
drong, becaufe it increafes their Eladicity; 
or where the Blood is too much attenuated, 
and Perfpiration immoderate. 
Befides thefe we have treated of, there is 
another Sort of Cyder, which is four, not 
through Age, hot Weather, or Accident, 
but from the Tartnefs of the Apples it is 
drawn from. This has a very fenfible Aci- 
dity in it; and as all Acids cool much, di- 
mulate drongly, and increale the Contraction 
of the Fibres and Veflels, therefore this Li- 
quor is good for fuch as are troubled with 
an Overflowing of the Gall $ of Service in 
Gripes, Loofenefles, frothy, black, and 
fetid Stools, occafioned from much Bile; and in all Cafes where an alcaline Acrimony 
is predominant in the Blood. It quenches 
Third:, is a great Thinner of grofs flimy 
Humours, and therefore very proper for 
corpulent phlegmatic Habits, to clean their 
Veffels, fcour their Glands, prevent or re- 
move Obflru&ions, glandular Swellings, and 
lymphatic Diftentions. In hot, choleric 
Conftitutions, (if not very thin and lean) it 
cools and refreshes much, and is a palatable 
Drink. It hops bilious Vomitings, cures 
flunking Belchings and Indigeftion, by 
flrengthening the Stomach, bracing its Fi- 
bres, wafhing down its palling Slime, and 
contracting the dilated Strainers of the Li- 
ver. It is proper in intermitting Fevers and 
Agues, ariflng from the Groflhefs and Vif- 
cidity of the Blood, the Inactivity, Weak- 
nefs, and Laxnefs of the Solids ; the lafl is 
hereby brifkly flimulated and excited to 
Motion, the firft attenuated, its fundry Co- 
helions broken, and the whole Mafs made 
more fit for Motion and Nutrition. In In- 
flammations and inflammatory Fevers, it is 
a proper Liquor if mixed with a little Wa- 
ter. In an Itch, Scurvy, or Leprofy, ari- 
fing either from an alcaline or oily Acri- 
mony of the Blood, there cannot be a better Liquor drank, for it powerfully checks both 
thefe, and very much cools the whole Mafs. 
In arthritic and rheumatic Pains, from too 
great Thinnefs and Sharpnefs of the Blood 
and Juices, it is of lingular Service j and to 
fuch as are liable to Haemorrhages, its Ufe 
is advifeable, becaufe it puts a Check to 
the Blood, which occaftons its increafed 
Velocity and impetuous Force againft the 
Veftels, ftimulates and contrails the fmall 
fanguiferous Tubes, and checks or prevents 
the too great Rarefaction of the Air in the 
Blood. But the exceeding Harlhnefs of 
this Liquor makes it injurious to very thin 
Bodies, and unadvifeable in all Acidities of 
the Blood, which are difcoverable from a 
four Tafte in the Mouth, four Belchings, 
gnawing Pain in the Stomach, &c. for it 
increafes that Sharpnefs. In all great Con- 
ftriCtions of the Solids, it ftimulates and adds 
to the Contraction or Crifping of the Fibres. 
In an Atrophy, it promotes and increafes 
the Wafte; and to hard Labourers, and 
fuch as ufe much Exercife, or feed on low 
mean Diet, it is a hurtful Liquor. 
There is yet another fort of Cyder that is 
infipid, or has only a watery Tafte, which 
is owing to the Prevalence of Water in the Fruit, far beyond the other Principles, ei- 
ther from the too luxurious State of the 
Plant, or from its being planted too deep in 
the Earth, its danding fhaded from the 
Heat of the Sun, or from a cold wet Sea- 
fon. In all thefe Cafes the Fruit is crude 
and watery, and never comes to that Per- 
fection, which a due Proportion of effential 
Salt and Oil would bring it to. This is 
the word of all Cyder, highly pernicious to 
the Phlegmatic, Aged, Studious, and Valetu- 
dinary, for it abounds with Vifcidities, which 
render the Blood fizy, and difpofe the Body 
for many Obftru&ions, Swellings, Dropfies, 
Cachexies, Scrophula’s, &c. It is only fit 
for quenching the Third: of hard Labourers, 
Mechanicks, and fuch as ufe much Exer- 
cife, and thefe mud ufe it fparingly, or ex- 
pert to frnart for it. 
A Jack of Brandy mixed with a Bottle 
of Cyder, when its decanted, is frequent in 
fevcral Places, but Brandy is a needlefs Ad- 
dition to rough Cyder; fweet Cyder is much 
bettered by it, and infipid Cyder highly re- 
quires it, before we can drink any Quantity 
of it with Safety} for above one half of the 
bed Brandy being an inflammable Spirit 
(which will all b.urn away) that’s only ef- fcntial Salt and Oil 5 this fubtile, volatile 
Salt, added to that of Cyder, helps to de- 
flroy its Vifcidity, and makes the Separa- 
tion of its Cohefions and Digeftion in the 
Body much eafier, prevents that Flatulency, 
Belchings, Gripes, and cholical Pains, Sleep!- 
nefs and Dulnefs, Pain at the Stomach, 
and Indigeilion, which Cyder alone produ- 
ces fometimes j it is no lefs ufeful to hinder 
Obflrudtions in the Veflels and Glands, Si- 
zinefs of the Blood, Relaxation of the fmall 
Veflels, Corpulency, and other Diforders 
which fweet and inlipid Cyder are apt to 
caufe ; it is an admirable good Liquor for 
old Men, and will agree with moll Ages, 
Confutations, Climates, and Sex; but Bran- 
dy makes it lefs nourilhing and ftrengthen- 
ing to Mechanicks, becaufe it haflens the 
*D 
Diflipation of its fined: Parts; infipid Cyder, 
with a little Brandy, becomes a'very whol- 
feme Liquor. The Weak, Valetudinary, 
Studious, Idle, Corpulent, or Cachedlic, 
liiould refrain Cyder, produced in a very 
wet and cold Summer, unlefs they mix 
Brandy with it, and then it will be fervicea' 
able and wholefome for them. 
Pears contain much Earth, Oil, and ef- 
fential Salt, befides their Phlegm, whereby they ftrengthen the Stomach, create an 
Appetite, and are aftringent; of them a 
Liquor is made call’d Perry, which I fhall 
here confider: It is much of the fame Na- 
ture of Cyder j it differs alfo in refpedt of 
its Tafte, Age, and Making; it differs in 
Tafle, according to the Fruit of which it 
was made, whether that was fweet, four, 
harfh, infipid, or of mixed Taftes. 2. Ac- 
cording to the Degree, Perfection, or Im- 
perfection of its Fermentation; by thefe you 
may find out its Properties in the fame man- 
ner as thofe of Cyder, which I difculfed at 
large. Perry mu ft not be drank before it be 
line, becaufe its vifcid Parts have not fubfi- 
ded, therefore it weakens the Stomach, 
palls the Appetite, caufes Flatulency, Gripes, 
and cholical Pains; the Spirits alfo, which 
fhould promote Digeftion, invigorate the 
Veffels, and aCluate the Liquor, are entang- 
led and wrapt up in a grofs Phlegm or Vif- 
cofity; but when the Liquor has ftood a 
due Time upon its Faces, the grofs, earthy 
Particles attraCt one another, and form larger 
Corpufcles than the Body of the Liquor in 
a State of Reft can fuppcrt, or carry up any 
longer, but they fall to the Bottom and 
Sides of the Cafk, where partly by the fironger Attraction of thefe grofs earthy 
Cohefions, partly from the Subtilty of the 
Spirits themfelves, and their Difpolition to 
Motion, they are extricated from the Faces, 
fet at liberty, and go into the Liquor again. 
Then is the proper Time either to drink it, 
or draw it off into Bottles; for if it Hands 
much longer, the Spirits are either abforb’d 
by the Calk, or exhale and leave the Perty 
vapid and dead, after which it foon becomes 
ropy and mothery; or if the Spirits be 
again united to the Salts, it is fpiritlefs, and 
turns four and undrinkable; of all Perry, 
that which had Water mixed with it when 
it was made, fpoils the fooneft, and fines 
the leaft. Perry, becaufe of its Tartnefs 
when fine, {Lengthens the Stomach and 
Bowels much, and is therefore a good Af- 
tringent or Binder; it wafhes off the Slime 
and Mucus from the Infide of the Intefiines, 
opens the Paflage to the Mouths of the 
LaCteals, clears them from all Mucus, or 
llimy Furring, invigorates their confiituting 
Membranes and Fibres, fcours the contort- 
ed Tubes of the Glands, unloads them of 
their adhefive and opprefling Vifcidities, by 
fiimulating, invigorating, and exciting the 
delicate Vefiels to call it off. 2. By the Solidity and of its earthy or faline 
Parts, which add a freffi Momentum to the 
Blood, and incide, break, feparate, and di- 
vide its vifcid Combinations. 3. By carrying 
Into the Blood a Sufficiency of Phlegm or 
Water to dilute it, and facilitate the Action 
of both Veffels and faline Particles. Perry 
is the beft Liquor can be drunk after a Sur- 
feit of Muffirooms, efpecially if a Dram of 
Brandy be added to it, then it is reckoned a 
better Antidote than either Wine or Honey, 
both which contain a very fine Oil, fubtili- 
zed to a Spirit, which entangles the acid, vola- 
tile, coagulating, and malignant Salts of the 
Mufhrooms, and the delicate effential Salts of 
the Liquor, penetrate, feparate, attenuate, 
and divide its tenacious fpongy Parts $ wffiich 
two, viz. the acid and coagulating Salts, and 
the fpongy tough Subfiances, paliing together 
with the Chyle into the Blood, and getting 
into the fmall Veffels of the Lungs, fluff and 
diflend them with both a tough, coagulated, 
and malignant Blood, which occafion Suffo- 
cation, Strangulation, and Death ; hence 
thole Muffirooms which have the leafl Salt 
and mofl Oil, are the leafl dangerous, for the 
lafl fetters up and entangles the firft, fo as 
it is not fo volatile, feparable, and mifchie- vous as It would otherwife prove; e contra, 
the more Salt and lefs Oil, the more dan- 
gerous ; therefore fuch as degenerate from 
their natural Colour after they are walhed, 
and become blue or black, are the mod: 
fatal, becaufe they contain the mod acid co- 
agulating Salt. It is from the Redundancy 
of this Salt in them, that if they be let lye 
fome Days after they are gathered, before 
they be drefied and pickled, they undergo 
a kind of Fermentation, wherein their Salts 
which were bound up in their vifeous and 
fpongy Parts, flowly and infendbly extricate 
and free themfelves, fbake off their Fetters, 
take to them their full Forces, and become 
a Poifon ; but whild the Salts were clofely 
tied to the Oil and Sponge, were lefs dange- 
rous ; therefore Mufhrooms brought up on 
Dung Beds, having much Sulphur in them, 
are more fafe than others. It is for thefe 
Reafons that Dtofcorides divides, them into 
two Clades, one whereof he ranks among 
the Nurhber of Poifons; and Phny is high- 
ly difpleafed with the Luxury of Mankind, 
who will gratify their Palate in the eating 
of them at the Peril of their Lives. Nero 
called them the Food of the Gods, becaufe 
his Predeceflbr Claudius, who died with eat- irig of them, was deified. And Lemery fays 
they are a fort of Victuals we cannot be too 
cautious of, feeing the bell of them are fome- 
times pernicious, and every Day whole Fa- 
milies are brought to their End by eating of 
them. Perry is made after the fame Man- 
ner, and has near the fame Properties as 
Cyder; the befi is that made of tart or 
harfh Pears; it has a Colour and Tafle like 
Rhenijh Wine, and has much the fame Ver- 
mes as rough Cyder; but Perry is the more 
pleafant, and revives and refrefhes more, is 
very diuretic, cools much, and is therefore 
very injurious to fuch as labour under flatu- 
lent Cholicks, Obflru&ions of the Liver, 
Pancreas or Mefentery of a fchirrous Na- 
ture. Either Cyder or Perry have their Vir- 
tues highly exalted, their Vifcidities much 
broken, and rendered much better for Ufe, 
if Sugar, Nutmeg, and Ginger be put up 
with them; thefe prevent their Crudity and 
Flatulency. 
I have difcourfed at more length upon 
Cyder, becaufe, next to Malt Liquors, it is 
the chief Produd of our Ifle, and a Drink 
that is mod ufed in feveral Wellern Coun- 
tries in England, and often called for in hot 
Weather over ail Britain. CHAP, VI. 
Of TOBACCO. 
N~r E VER did Nature produce a Plant 
_ that in a fhort Time became fo uni- 
verfally ufed, for it was but a fhort while 
known in Europe, till it was taken almott 
every where, either chewed, fmoaked, or 
fnuffed; a Pipe of Tobacco is now the 
general and mod: frequent Companion of 
Mug; Bottle, or Punch-bowl. Sir, or 
Mr. John Nicot, one of the Mo ft Chri~ 
flian King's Council, was fent Ambaffa-* 
dor* by his Matter, to the Court of Por~ 
tugal in 1559, where he continued till 
1561. Some time after his Arrival, he went 
to fee the Edifices, publick Buildings and 
Monuments; the Keeper of the laft pre- 
fented Sir John with a Plant jutt brought 
from Florida, which the Europeans knew 
nothing of; he planted it in his Garden, 
where it flourifhed and encreafed mightily, 
but its Virtues or Ufes were ttill a Secret, 
till one Day a Coufin of one of Sir John's 
Pages, who had an obttinate, painful, and fpreading tetterous Eruption upon his Cheek, 
had damp’d fome of the green Leaves, and 
applied Juice and all to the Ulcer j a few 
Applications gave a wonderful Turn to the 
Difeafe. The Page gave Sir John an Ac- 
count of it, he prefently fent to the King’s 
firft Phyfician, to mark the Operation and 
Effedts of the Herb upon the Sore; the 
King of Portugal fent him frefh Orders for 
the fame. The firft time the Dodlor look- 
ed upon the Sore, it had ovcrlpread the 
Cheek, feized the Nofe, and corroded one 
of the Carthilages of its Ala; in twelve 
■Days it cured this obdinate and rebellious 
Ulcer. A little after Sir John's Cook had 
aimed chopp’d off one of his Thumbs with 
a great Kitchen Knife ; he applied the juicy 
Leaves of this green Herb, and the Wound 
was perfectly cured in ten Days after ; then 
it became of great Repute in Lijhon. Its 
Fame brought the former Page’s Father, 
who had a large Ulcer on his Leg of two 
Years {landing, and no Means he could 
find would cure it; he came to LiJho?i to 
the Ambaffador’s Houfe, and begged fome 
of his new Plant, which he got, and in 
thirteen Days his Ulcer was cured and well. This made it /till more famous, and brought 
People from all Parts of the Kingdom, to 
get of the Amba/Tador’s Herb (for fo it is 
called to this Day, Nicoiiana, from John 
Nicot; and Petun, from Petun, the Name 
the Americans give it, to extend or fpread; 
and Pabac cum, from Pah ago, an American 
Ifland, which produces it in Plenty and 
Perfection) and among others was a Wo- 
man which had a Tetter or Ring-worm, 
covering her whole Face like a Ma/k, and 
very thick. Sir John caufed her to flay and 
have the fre/h Juice and green Herb applied 
feveral times a day to her Face; in ten 
Days /he was /hewed to the Amba/Tador 
perfectly cured. Then a Captain, who had 
come to Sir John's on his Way to France, 
with his Son that was fadly over-run 
with the King’s Evil, and going there for 
the royal Touch, he ufed this Juice and 
Herb to his Sores for fome time, and was 
thoroughly cured. Then Sir John fent fome 
Seeds of it into France, to King Francis 11. 
the Queen-Mother, and Lord Jarnac Go- 
vernor of Rachel, and feveral others of the 
French Lords. Jarnac made a farther Ex- 
periment, for he di/tilled the green Leaves with Eyebright, and gave the Water to one 
\yhofe Eungs had been fluffed, and he aflh- 
matick for fome Time, and it cured him. 
From France Tobacco foon reached Eng~ 
land, and was as much efleemed. Upon a 
chemical Analyfis, it yields a large Quantity 
of acid Phlegm, Oil, and Earth, and a mo- 
derate Quantity of urinous Spirit and vola- 
tile Salt; its great Effects feem to arife from 
Sal-Armoniac, embarraffed with much grofs 
Sulphur. The firft Author who wrote of 
this Plant, was Charles Stephanas, in 1564. 
This was a mean, fhort, inaccurate Draught, 
till Dr. John Seibault wrote a whole Dif- 
courfe of it next Year, and put it into his 
fecond Book of Hufbandry, which was 
every Year reprinted with Additions and 
Alterations, for twenty Years after. He had* 
a large Correfpondence, a good Intelligence, 
wrote the befl of the Age, and gathered 
the greatefl Stock of Experience about this 
new Plant. In the Year 1587, Evartus 
wrote a fmall Treatife at Antwerp, called 
De Pana Reu, another new Name given to 
Tobacco Anno 1573. Monardus wrote up- 
on it only from the fmall Accounts he had 
of it from the Brafdians; fince which Time many others have wrote of it, as Magnenus, 
Neander, tfhurius, Scriverius, Hub art us. 
Dr. Fagon. But Sir Walter Raleigh’s Ma- 
riners, under Mr. Ralph Lane, his Agent 
in Virginia, firll brought this Commo- 
dity into England, Anno 1584; and that 
famous Proprietor of this Plantation, fore- 
faw good Reafons to introduce the ufe of 
it, however King Janies might afterwards, 
through his own perfonal Diftafte both of 
it and him, write his Counterblafi againft it; 
a Work furely confident with the Pen of 
no Prince, but one of his Politicks, feeing 
this Leaf brings a Revenue to the publick 
Treafury of no lefs (many times) than 
600000 /. a Year. Sir Walter like wife was 
the f rfl that brought the Cuflom of finoak- 
ing it into Britain, upon his Return from 
America 5 for he faw the Natives of Florida, 
Brafil, and other Places of the Indies, fmoak 
it thus, they hung about their Necks little 
Pipes or Horns, made of the Leaves of the 
Date Tree, or of Reads or Rufhes; and at 
the Ends of them they put feverai dry To- 
bacco Leaves twilled and broken, and fet 
the End of them on fire, and fucked in as 
much of the Smoak as they could * this they affirmed fatiated their Hunger, quench- 
ed their Third:, revived their Spirits, reco- 
vered their Strength, made them more light 
and clear, banifhed their Drooping? and 
melancholy Clouds, and relieved their Sto- 
mach from much Phlegm. 
Smoaking of Tobacco is certainly very 
ferviceable in the following Cafes : It is 
highly beneficial to flegmatic, corpulent, 
and overgrown Habits, for its Fumes tick- 
ling the NeiVes of the Mouth very agreea- 
bly, and giving a gentle Stimulation, it ac- 
celerates their flow Circulation, and furthers 
the Blood’s Motion, which is the chief 
Thing wanting in grofs, fiegmatic, flow 
Bodies. By this gentle and fmart Titula- 
tion of the Nerves of the Mouth, it affeds 
their Origin and common Senfory, whereby 
the whole nervous Syftcm is fomewhat in- 
vigorated and drawn up, all the Solids of 
the Body are fomewhat contracted, and 
fome of its volatile Salts being fucked into 
the Lungs, together with the Breath, their 
Nerves are Simulated and rouzed up; the 
Heat of the Smoak, and the warm Mouth 
at the fame time, take off the chill Cold 
of the Air before it enters the Lungs; hence fmoaking on the Road in a very cold 
Day, keeps the Body warm, and helps to 
prevent catching Cold. It is yet of more 
fenfible CJfe to Men of publick Bufinefs, 
who are obliged to keep much Company, 
and are frequently tippling; for not only 
do its Salts in the Smoak, irritating the 
Glands of the Mouth, caufe a more plentiful 
Secretion of Saliva, which confifts of fome 
of the moft vifcous and tenacious Parts of 
the Blood, and fo eafe the delicate Tubes 
of fome Part of the fizy Load, to the Relief 
of the whole Body j but this Salt flunking 
the Nerves of both Mouth, Lungs, and 
Stomach, with a fmart Pungency j and thele 
Nerves communicating with many others, 
give them a fmall Stimulus, which renders 
the Blood’s Motion fomewhat brilker (but 
not rapid) fo as Secretion and Excretions of 
feveral forts are performed in a lefs given 
time, than they would be without fome 
little Provocation : And alfo the little acid 
Phlegm, and much grofs Sulphur con- 
tained in the Tobacco, and drawn into the 
Mouth with the Smoak, help to entangle 
and embarrafs fome Part of the alcaline or 
oily Shamnefs of the Liquor, or our Juices, fo as they are not at that liberty to vex us 
and produce their EflFeds. And becaufe it 
provokes a plentiful Difcharge of Saliva, the 
falival Duds are dilated, their Diameters 
lengthened j hence the Drinker that fmoaks 
is lefs liable to Third: after, than he that 
drinks much and fmoaks not; becaufe 
Smoaking both warms and pleafantly irri- 
tates the Nerves, whereby they put forth a 
better Tendon, and exert a brifker Force; 
therefore the Smoaker is lefs liable to Drow- 
finefs, Dullnefs, or lethargic Diforders after 
Drinking, than he that fmoaks not, feeing 
the Secretion made by the falival Glands, is 
of a vifcous or ropy Nature3 the cleanfmg 
of them by extrading fo much Phlegm, and 
enlarging the Diameters of their excretory 
Duds with fmoaking, will free the Smoaker 
more from the Defluxion and Load of this 
thick, tough Serum on thofe fmall Tubes 
(which are flraiter in fuch as ufe not Smoak- 
ing, or have not inured the Body to an habi- 
tual Drain that way) than others 3 hence the 
laft are more fubjed to Rheums and Ca- 
tarrhs after tippling of thick, grofs, vifcous 
Liquors. And becaufe much of the To- 
bacco’s Salts are wafhed down partly with the Liquor drank during fmoaking, and 
partly with the Spittle feparated about the 
Head of the Pharynx and Larynx ; thefe 
will give a brilk Stimulation to the Coats 
of the Stomach, and help it to throw thofe 
vifcid palling Dregs of the Liquor, or that 
plentiful glandular Juice fpued out, into the 
Cavity of the Stomach, caufing what the 
Vulgar call Water Foam. I fay, thofe Salts 
contribute to the Stomach’s Expulfion of that 
languid palling Load, and throwing it into 
the Inteftines, to be thrown off by more 
natural and lefs hurtful Outlets. All fer- 
mented fpirituous Liquors, containing much 
Sharpnefs in them, they often Jftir up that 
excruciating Pain called the Tooth-ach, in 
thofe efpecially that are more liable to, and 
troubled with it; but fmoaking Tobacco gives 
frequently moll fignal Relief here, both be- 
caufe its Acidity blunts and entangles the 
Sharpnefs of the Spirits, and as it is of an 
anodyne or flupifying Nature; and laftly, 
as. it opens the Sluices of the falival Dudfs, 
and makes a more plentiful Difcharge of 
the Saliva, and leaves lefs of it to ftagnate, 
or regurgitate upon the delicate Springs of 
the Nerves, inferted into the Roots of the 236 
Teeth. Such as are more liable to a Con- 
llipation after drinking, reap Advantage by 
fmoaking Tobacco; for the Salts walked 
down by the Drink, irritate the Bowels, 
and make them anfwer fooner and better. 
Such as drinking make ftupid, dull, fpi- 
ritlefs, and half dead, fhould therefore 
fmoak with it, that the Pungency of the 
Tobacco may ftir up and provoke their dull 
Nerves, and keep them in play. Such as 
are more vexed with rheumatic, or erratic 
Pains, by moderate drinking, Ihould fmoak 
Tobacco, for its Acid or Sulphur embar- 
rafles thofe acrid Particles, whofe Points are 
fo ready to pierce into, and fix in the fmall 
Veflels of the Periofteum, and excite into- 
lerable Pains. They that are fubjedt to fla- 
tulent Cholicks, by drinking much vifcid 
or ropy fermented Liquors, will reap fome 
little Advantage by fmoaking Tobacco with 
fheir Pot; for the Salts of the Tobacco 
drawn into the Mouth, and fwallowed with 
the Liquor, both attenuate the Flatufles, and 
promote the periftaltic Motion of the Guts, 
whereby they drive forward their contained 
Matter, and give not time to its Parts to 
Magnate, and its Vifcidities to attract and diilend the Bowels, and raile Pain- Such 
as have a tickling Cough, find it ordinarily 
encreafed after drinking ; it will be fome 
little Advantage to them to fmoak, feeing 
the Acid and Sulphur of the Tobacco, check 
and blunt thofe acrid Particles which irri- 
tate the bronchial Veffels of the Lungs, and 
fet the Perfon a coughing to fhake oil thofe 
fbarp Corpufcles. Thefe are fome of thofe 
fpecial Advantages which Drinkers receive 
by fmoaking, and which have gained this 
Herb fuch Repute, and brought it into fuch 
univerfal Ufe. In Indigedion from Cold-*- 
nefs, Rawnefs, Weaknefs, or Palling of the 
Stomach, Smoaking helps much, partly 
as it opens the Sluices of the Mouth, en- 
larges the Quantity of Saliva fecerned there, 
diminifhing thereby the glandular Secretion 
of the Stomach ; and partly, as the Salts of 
the Tobacco being fwallowed, they Simu- 
late and excite the lazy membranous Coats 
of the Stomach to a brifker Adlion: And 
lardy, as thefe Salts attenuate the fecerned 
Liquor, Simulate the Glands, and deterge 
them from their fculking llimy Mucus; or 
if their excerned Liquor be too fcrous and 
thin, this Stimulation contracts their Vef- felsi flraitens their Tubes, and diminifhes 
the Secretion, In cachedic Diforders from 
a Slimynefs, Lentor, or Vifcidity of the Jui- 
ces, together with a Lazinefs and Inadivity 
of their containing Tubes, fmoaking To- 
bacco is fervieeable on a double 
both as its Salts break and divide the fizy 
Cohefions of the Blood, and give an agree- 
able Pungency to the Vefiels, whereby they 
exert a Wronger Force over their Fluids, 
move them forward with greater Celerity, 
and (hake off their Vifcidities more freely 
from their internal Surfaces. For the fame 
Reafons Smoaking is ufeful in all Stuffings 
and Burdenings of the Lymphatics, either 
from the Weaknefs or Spiritleffiiefs of their 
Tubes, or the Vifcidity, Thicknefs, orlm- 
tnoveablenefs of their Juices. Neither is 
Smoaking hurtful to fcrophulous Difpofi- 
tions in full Habits, on the fame Accounts, 
efpeeially as it is hot, penetrating, and de- 
tergent, whereby it warms and gives a gen- 
tle pleafant Tenfion to the Fibres, its Salts 
thin, and feparate the Cohefions of the 
Blood. Its Allies taken out of the Pipe* 
and put into a hollow Tooth, Chefnau found 
to be an infallible Remedy again!! the Tooth* &ch 3 or thofe Allies ufed to mb and fcoiif 
the Teeth, every Morning, when they are 
black, yellow, or otherwife difcoloured, 
clear the Teeth, whiten and beautify them, 
and take off that Scurff, or Animalcula, 
which too often wafte and corrode our 
Grinders, and make us toothlefs before we 
arrive at middle Age. Such as deal too 
much in Sugar and other Spices, which 
confume and rot the Teeth, may preferve 
them much longer, if they daily ufe thofe 
Allies, as well as they that ufe Tartar vitri- 
elated. It is thofe Salts chiefly that are 
in the Allies, which makes Tobacco of 
fuch Angular Service in tetterous, fcrophti- 
lous, phagedemic, and obftinate Ulcers. 
Smoaking avails much in the fleepy Difea- 
fes, as Lethargy, Coma, &c. by dilburden- 
ing the Veffels and Glands of much Phlegm, 
and warming and rouzing up the foaked of 
half-drowned Nerves. And as it invigo- 
rates and blunts the Sharpnefs of the Sto- 
mach's glandular Juice, therefore labouring 
People will work a long time with a Pipe 
or two of Tobacco, before they complain 
of Wearinefs or Hunger. And as the Pun- 
gency of the Smoak on the Nerves of the Mouth, communicate an agreeable Stimulus 
to the other Nerves, it will be ferviceable 
in Swoonings or Syncopes. In tickling; 
Coughs, Rheums, and Catarrhs, from a 
faline Serum tickling either the Veflels in 
the Upper-end of the Wind-pipe, or the 
bronchial Veffels and Glands, fmoaking 
Tobacco both entangles thofe Particles in 
its Sulphur, and enlarges the Drains of the 
Mouth, whereby thefe other VeiTels are 
eafed, and the Salts difcharged with the Sa- 
liva. In time of Pebilence, or any other con- 
tagious or epidemic Dibemper, Smoaking 
is profitable, both as the Pungency of the 
Smoak accelerates the Blood’s Motion, and 
prevents the Alteration of ourMafs of Blood, 
by the Attradion of the contagious Effluvia 
drawn in with our Breath, and (wallowed with 
our Spittle, but efpecially as its much Sul- 
phur embarraffes and fheaths thofe Effluvia ; 
hence all theTobacconifls Houfes and Shops 
in London barred the Entrance of the fpread- 
ing Contagion in 1665 and 66; even the 
Fumes of the Tobacco, by birring it up 
and handling it, had debroyed the Venom 
of the malignant Effluvia, before they were 
fucked in with the Peoples Breath : But the Ufe of this Herb is fo enchanting, that they 
who are once accuftomed to it, can hardly 
leave it off. The Indian Cannibals gave 
the firft Knowledge of its Ufefulnefs againft 
Poifon, to anoint their Arrows to fhoot; 
and if the Skin be pierced, and Blood let, 
this Poifon kills prefently; but to prevent 
this Mifchief, they carry along with them 
Juice of Tobacco in another Hart’s Hoof; 
and when they have applied it to the Wound, 
tho’ very great, they apprehend themfelves 
out of all Danger ; it takes away both Pain 
and Poifon, and cures them fpeedily $ the 
Spaniards have often tried and proved this $ 
his Moft Catholick Majefly himfelf, caufed 
Sublimate to be applied to a Dog’s Wound, 
and prefently after laid on frefh Juice of 
this green Herb, which cured it. The 
fame Juice applied to the Bite of a mad 
Dog, within half a quarter of an Hour af- 
ter, has been known to cure it. Thus I 
have given fome Ihort Account of the 
Advantages of fmoaking Tobacco, to which 
I might add fcveral others, as its diverting 
Sleepinefs and Drowzinefs after Dinner, its 
exciting and fixing the Attention at Study, 
jts unloading the Glands of the Stqmach and Mouth, of much Phlegm and Water 
in a Morning, &c. but fhould I come to 
treat of its medicinal Ufes internally and 
externally, this would be drawn out beyond 
the Compafs of fo fmall Bounds as I am 
here confined to j therefore come we next 
to its Differvices, which are neither few 
nor fmall, if ufed immoderately. 
Much Smoaking is more dilagreeable in 
Summer than Winter, becaufe it over-heats 
the Body, and raifes a feverifh Indifpofition. 
Tts Excefs is worfe in a warm clear Air, 
than in a thick, foggy, moift, cloudy, and 
rainy State of the Atmofphere; for in all 
thefe it is very ncceffary, as it ratifies the in- 
fpired Air, heats it, warms the Body, and 
helps it to fliake off the Moiflure from its 
Surfaces j it is worfe to cholerick Conftitu- 
tions than the flegmatic, becaufe it raifes 
the Blood’s fvvift Motion, encreafes its Acri- 
mony, and the Elafticlty of the Solids; it is 
not fo datable with an acrid, pungent, aro- 
matic, ftimlilant Diet of Eatables and Drink- 
ables much ulcd., as with a vifeid, tenaci- 
ous, flatulent, clogging Food, which re- 
quires feme Stimulus to the Solids to pro- 
mote its Digcftion, and their Adlion and Warmth. It is worfe in Youthhood than in 
Manhood and old Age for in the drfl it 
heats the Body too much, gives the Solids 
too great Play againfl the Fluids, whereby 
their Globules are too much broke, and 
driven into too fmall Divifions of Veffcls $ 
hence Danger of Fevers or Inflammations. 
All Inflammations and Ulcerations of the 
internal Thorax, as Lungs, Mediadinum, 
Midriff, Pleura, &c, or of the Stomach, 
difcharge Smoaking, becaufe it giving a Sti- 
mulus to the Solids, difcompofes the Quiet 
which is abfolutely neceffary to the Cure of 
thofe Difeafes ; it alfo over-heats the Blood, 
increafes its Motion, and its Sulphur and 
Acrid tend to thicken it where its next to 
Stagnation already in overloaded fmall Tubes, 
whofe Tone is almod pad Recovery. Such 
wbofe Mouths are often infeded with too 
great Heats, Inflammations, and Pains, muff 
not fmoak, for the Salts of the Tobacco, 
and Heat of the Smoak, will irritate and 
exafperate that Diforder. Such as are fore 
troubled with condant or often Third;, mud: 
likewife forbear it; for the excretory Dufts 
of their falival Glands, being either naturally 
too drait, i. e. their Diameters too fhort, 
they difcharge not a neceffary Quantity of Saliva into the Mouth, to lubricate and 
moiflen it and the Throat, or their Blood is 
too thick or fait $ in all thofe Cafes the 
Heat and Salts of the Smoak will drain out 
the fmall Moiflure too forcibly, and leave 
the Parts to fmart for it afterwards, through 
want of that Saliva. Such as have naturally 
thin, lean, dry Bodies, and at the fame time 
live temperately, cannot bear Smoaking, for 
it drains out more glandular Juice than they 
can conveniently bear the Lofs of, thickens 
their Blood, and difpofes it to leave Ob- 
flrudions in the capillary Tubes, and dries 
it too much $ hence it is too faline, and its 
Salts abrade and deftroy the Subflance of 
the Veflels, and wear the whole Machine 
more. In frequent, returning, hedtical, ema- 
ciating Diforders, or flow Fevers, Smoaking 
mufl not be allowed, for it makes the Cir- 
culation more rapid, the Fever runs higher, 
and the Body waftes more fenfibly. In- 
flammations of the Eyes are made worfe 
and more obftinate by Smoaking, as it in- 
creafes the Blood’s Motion, calls a larger 
Share of it to the Head by its Stimulation, 
and fo more falls on the inflamed Veflels of 
the Eyes, except the Inflammation be oi 
the fcrophulous Kind, and then Smoaking may be indulged. It is bad in Convulfions 
for it {Emulates and wears out the Tone of 
the weakened Nerves, &c. 
Chewing Tobacco is another Method of 
ufmg it; this gives a greater Relief to a 
weak, watery, and lax Stomach, than the 
other; it is alfo better in Afthma’s, Stuff- 
ings, and Loadings of the Lungs with much 
vifcid Phlegm, as its Ufe is more conftant, 
and its Effedts more certain ; the Juice or 
Spittle fwallowed, keeps always a healthy, 
open Belly, kills all Infedts or Worms in 
the Bowels, cleanfes them. In tickling 
moift Coughs, with much thin Spittle, 
tending to a Confumption, it has been found 
ferviceable. In cachedtic Diforders, it con- 
tributes fome fmall Part toward recovering 
the Body. Chewing will anfwer in feveral 
Cafes (as well, if not better) where Smoak- 
ing is recommended, and will be injurious 
where that is unadvifeable. In obftinate 
and frequently returning Catarrhs, it is of 
great Service 5 1. As the Stimulation cleanfes 
and difcharges the falival Dudls and Glands 
from ferous, vifcid, faline, or infipid Phlegm. 
2. As the Nerves are thereby warmed, in- 
vigorated, rouzed up, and made more ac- 
tive, and the Veffels rendered more elaftic. and lefs fufcipient of a Load of Phlegm. 
In paralytic or apopledic Difpofitions, or 
in Obftruftions of the optic Nerves, called 
Gutta Serena, chewing Tobacco is fervice- 
able, as a conftant Drain of fome of thofe 
vifcous or redundant Serofities from the 
Head, which loaded and foaked the Nerves. 
Scabinefs, Leprofy, Elephantiafis, and ob- 
flinate cuticular Eruptions from an acrid State 
of the Blood, may reap fome little Benefit 
from chewing Tobacco 5 1. As it helps to 
drain off fome of thofe acrid Salts with the 
Spittle, as the much acrid and grofs Sulphur 
of the Tobacco ernbarrafs and entangle the 
reft of the Salts in the Blood. As obfti- 
nate Epilepfies often arife from a watery 
or infipid Blood, and weak Nerves, chew- 
ing may not be improper, to draw forth 
fome of the firfi: by Spittle, and flimulate 
and excite the laft. Wherever there is a 
Redundancy of loading, vifeid, or ferous 
fuperfiuous Humours, filling and difiending 
the Parts near the Mouth, chewing is of 
Service 5 as in a Relaxation of the Uvula 
without Inflammation, white Swellings on 
the Almonds of the Ears, a Tooth-ach from 
much fharp Phlegm, Deafnefs from a Re- 
laxation of the Drum of the Ear, Diminu- tion of Tafle , Ranula, or Swellings under 
the Tongue ; Dimnefs of Sight, &c. for it 
draws off much of thofe Serolities which 
diftend, relax, and load the Parts. 
Snuffing is fo far from being juft good 
fcr nothing, that fome Cafes defy all the 
Phyficians Skill, and the Affiftance of the 
whole Materia Medic a, to give fuch Relief 
as it does j e. gr. in a violent and obflinate 
Tooth-ach and Corrofion, or eating and 
mouldering away of the Teeth, by a ffiarp 
acrimonious Humour falling and lodging 
upon the fmall Sprigs of Nerves, which are 
inferted into the Roots, and nourish them; 
which Nerves are thereby conflantly pricked, 
pained, and tortured. How often does this 
become the opprobrium medicorum dodiijft- 
morurn, and refill the Force of all internal 
Methods and topical Applications ? yet a 
conflant Ufe of Tobacco-Snuffi, by its Ti- 
tulation and Irritation of the Glands and 
Nerves of the Nofe, opens another and 
painlefs Sluice for this tormenting acrid Hu- 
mour, viz. by the excretory Dudls of the 
Glands of the Nofe, whereby the Teeth 
are relieved and faved, and Pain fpared. 
The grofs Sulphur of the Tobacco, at the 
fame Time, fheaths up and blunts the acrid Humour brought to the Glands. This 
Cafe was hereditary to me, and from 15 to 
28 Years of Age, I had very little or no 
Intervals from either a moft acute, or more 
obtufe Tooth-ach, which many times, for 
whole Weeks, prevented fo much as a Slum- 
ber, and at laft confumed moft of my Grind- 
ers, though I ufed all that could rationally 
be thought of to cure it; but at the Age 
laft mentioned I took to Snuffing, and have 
continued it moftly fince; and except three 
times that I laid it afide for fome time, I 
never had the leaft Return of my Pains, 
nor Lofs of Teeth; but within ten Days 
after I left off Snuffing, all my Teeth loofed, 
the Pain returned, and I was in ftatu quo 
till I took to Snuff again. I dare fay, I 
have at leaft prefcribed the fame Courfe to 
above an hundred People fmce, from whom 
I have received hearty Thanks, for I have 
not found one Inftance where it failed. 
Snuffing is likewife of Service in Diforders 
of the Head, from too much pituitous Mat- 
ter refting upon the Glands or Yeflels of the 
Brain; for the Pungency and Irritation of 
the olfactory Nerves lying fo near the Brain, 
vibrates its Nerves, and helps them to fhake 
off fome Part of that tough Load, and in- vite fome Part of it to be difcharged by the 
near EmunCtories of the Nofe. Therefore 
is it often found ferviceable in obftinate dull 
Head-achs, from much Phlegm, or lizy 
Blood; and in lleepy Difeafes, in Deafnefs, 
from much Phlegm or Pituita relaxing the 
Drum of the Ear ; in Difeafes of the Eyes, 
from Pituita or Sizynefs of the Juices; in 
flight beginning PolypufTes of the Nofe, or 
in an Abfcefs of the Sinus Frontalis. Or 
who can deny the Ufefulnefs of Snuff, to 
thofe unaccuftomed with it, in hard La- 
bour, expelling the dead Fcetus, retained 
Secundine, Hiccuping, &c. In thofe Cafes 
they avail much; but they are as hurtful in 
frequent Hemorrhages of Blood at the Nofe, 
in Inflammations of the Eyes, in Hernias, 
Ulcers of the Lungs, nephritic Pains, Pleu- 
rlfy, Quinfey; for thefe require Reft and 
Relaxation of the Solids, and not con- 
vulfive Shocks and Contractions and the 
Fluids want Attenuation, Prevention of 
Stagnation, and Diffipation in the inflamed 
and diftended Veflels. But ExcefTcs in 
any Ufe of Tobacco is inexcufable, often 
injurious, and not feldom the Caufe of 
Mortality. But the greatefl Inconvenience arifing 
from habitual Smoaking is, that the 
Herb is of fuch an infatuating Nature, that 
thole accullomed to it cannot leave it off 
without the greatell Mortification, and a 
kind of Violence or Force done to their In- 
clination. Nay, many times, rather than 
want it they will rifque furprizing Hazards, 
and commit (hocking Crimes to get it. It 
encourages needlefs, yea finful Drinking 
and Drunkennefs, enticing People to fpend 
whole Days and Nights not only alone, but 
in Taverns and Alehoufes, to the lamentable 
Confiimption of Time, Money, and Senfes, 
to the. Negled of Family, Bufinefs, religi- 
ous, civil, relative, and focial; and paves 
the Way to a moft vicious and often a cri- 
minal Life; Parents confume their Children 
and Families, Fortunes or Profits, and Chil- 
dren their Parents’s, whilft their Families 
are ready to ffarve3 many have bartered 
away their bell Effedls for a Scantling of 
this inchanting Weed. Nay, Multitudes 
have fold one another into perpetual Slavery 
for a Trifle of it; and thefe not only Stran- 
gers or Captives, but their own Country- 
men, yea their own Relations 3 Princes 
have not only fold their Subjects, but Pri- loners unjuftly accufed of Crimes; and Maf- 
ters for it and Spirits, difpofe of their Ser- 
vants and Slaves. With it the French-Pox 
was imported into JLurofe out of America, 
as the Small-Pox before had with our Trade 
reached us from Africa. Smoaking is the 
jovial Repaid of Cannibals or Man-eaters, 
and the grand Entertainment at idolatrous, 
pagan Feftivals. Makers will not permit 
the Ufe of it to their Servants or Slaves, 
and fuch as ufe it can hardly find Mailers 
or Buyers. Habitual Smoakers have a foul 
fqualid Tongue, a white Mouth, their 
Senfes of Smell and Tafte are impaired and 
fometimes lofi, the Smell of their Breath is 
more naufeous than that of a Boghoule, or 
of Wind broken downward after taking 
Flower or Milk of Brimftone. Their Com- 
plexion ( if not red or carbuncled with 
drinking) is pale or bad. They are more 
liable to Third:, for the Heat and Stimulus 
of the Smoak drains the Salival Glands, and 
leave the Pharynx, Larynx, and Throat 
dry. They are often cachedtic, and their 
Liver is faid to be too dry. They are al- 
ways dribbling at their Mouth, and Spitting > 
hence, no Wonder Smoaking puts off Hun- 
ger, fmce it drains off the Saliva and ether efurine Juices, which help to dilute, com- 
mix, and digeft the Food, and excite a Senfe 
of Hunger j hence I have known fome who 
have fmoaked till they could eat none at all. 
Smoaking may alio prevent or alleviate Cold, 
Drowiinefs, Dullnefs, and Lownefs ol Spi- 
rits, as the Smoak warms, and the Heat and 
Salts titulate and corrugate the Fibres and 
Nerves. The penetrating, ftimulating Na- 
ture of Tobacco-Smoak, is too fenfibly per- 
ceived by delicate Perfons, fitting in a clofe, 
low Room without a Fire, among a Crowd 
of Smoakers; the Smoak makes them firft 
fick, then faint, then puts them into fome 
Tremors, and fometimes obliged to retire 
and unload their Stomachs. Tobacco being 
a great Narcotic, daily Smoaking mud: be 
highly injurious to the Brain and the whole 
nervous Syftem } and this Mifchief is not a 
little increafed by its abounding with acrid 
Salts. Several abfolute Princes, have, on 
Pain of Death, prohibited its Importation 
into their Dominions; whilft limited Go- 
vernments permit and encourage it for the 
Sake of the great Duty it brings into their 
Revenues. Simon Pauli's Treatife on To- 
bacco, deferves to be attentively read; herein 
"he difcudes that Queflion, whether Smoak- ing or Snuffing are moft injurious, and an- 
fwers it from anatomical Obfervations made 
on the diffeded dead Bodies of the Ufers. 
King Jatnes's violent Prejudices againft all 
Ufe of Tobacco, arofe from his Averfion to 
Sir Walter Raleigh, its firff Importer into 
England, whom he intended a Sacrifice to 
the Gratification of the King of Spain. 
The outward Ufes of Tobacco have been 
found to be many, and fome of them very 
great, both to Man and Bead. The white 
A (lies left in the Pipe after Smoaking, is a 
good Dentrifice to clean and whiten the 
Teeth. A Slight Decodion of it from one 
to two Drams in Water, with fome other 
proper Herbs, as much green Soap mixed 
with the drained Liquor, and injeded warm 
in a Glyfter, is an Emcnagogue inferior to 
none, and anfwers quickly. A Glyffer of 
a weak Decodion of Tobacco injeded, ef- 
fedually kills all Sorts of Worms and In- 
feds in the Reßum and Colon; and Worms 
in Children, if fome Snuff of it be laid on 
their Navel. It is alfo good in nephritic and 
flatulent Pains, if often repeated. A Wafh 
made of the Decodion of Tobacco often 
ufed, cleanfes the Body from all Infeds, 
Vermin, or Worms on its Surface, and from nafty Eruptions thereon but except It be 
very weak, I would not advife it for Scald- 
Heads. Genuine Tobacco-Snuffs fprinkled 
among Horfe-corn a little moiflened, and 
given them effectually and fpeedily kills all 
Bott-Worms, cures their greafed Legs, keeps 
their Belly open, cleanfes them, fmooths 
their Skin, and prevents foggy, fainty Sweats. 
Warmed Tobacco-Leaves applied and often 
repeated, eafe Pains of the Plead, Crick of 
the Neck, or other Pains from cold or fla- 
tulent Caufes, A Linnen Rag dipped in 
Tobacco-Juice helps a Tooth-ach from 
Cold, if the Tooth is often rubbed with it, 
and putting a little hard rolled Tobacco- 
Leaf into the Tooth if hollow. Rubbing 
the Heels with the Leaves foon cures Chil- 
blanes, and wafhing the Hands and Feet in 
warm Water and Salt after. Application of 
the warm Leaves, or their Juice warmed, 
and a Fomentation of their DecoCtion, cafes 
arthritic Pains from Cold, and is ufeful in 
cedematous Swellings, if firft walked with 
the warm Juice of the Leaves. Pleated 
Leaves applied very warm to the Back, eafe 
nephritic and windy Pains, if repeated often. 
The hot Leaves applied to the Navel and 
Share-bone gives eafe in hyfteric Fits, and blow the Smoak up their Nofe at the fame 
time. The Juice of Tobacco poured into 
Wounds made by the Indians (poifoned 
Arrows dipped in Juice of white Hellebore, 
or other Poifon) and their Powder laid on, 
quickly and fafely cures them. The Air in 
Tobacco-Workhoufes or Warehoufes, is 
never infe&ed with the Plague ; its Leaves 
applied to pedilential Carbuncles bring on 
an Efchar, and haden the Cure. They arc 
alfo good againft the Stings or Bites of Ser- 
pents or other venomous Beads j or to flop 
the Bleeding of frefh Wounds, and haden. 
the Cure. The Juice and Powder of the 
Leaves cleanfe, cure, and cicatrize old Ulcers, 
if other proper Care is taken at the fame 
time. The warm Leaves laid to the Back 
and Bread relieve Crudities of the Stomach, 
and if at the fame time the Belly is anointed 
with Oil, it loofens the Body. A drong 
Infudon of the Leaves in Vinegar, the Vi- 
negar rubbed in and the Leaves bound on, 
are beneficial in Swellings of the Stomach 
and Spleen, if long ufed daily; or their 
Snuff may be ufed for the fame Purpofe. 
The Smoak fometimcs relieves adhmatic 
People. Walking any living Animal, or its 
Parts, with a drong Decodicn of the Leaves, not only cures Ulcers, Sores, and Eruptions 
on the Skin, but kills all Worms, Maggots, 
Vermine, or Lice on the Body. A paralytic 
Limb or Part well fweated, and then bathed 
and fomented with a Decodion of Tobacco, 
has often been reftored. Its Juice or green 
Leaf applied to the Stinging of Netties, 
cures it. 
As Excefs, either in Smoaking or Snuf- 
fing, is injurious; yet that of the former is 
much more fo, both as ’tis an Inlet to other 
'Vices, and Regardleffnefs of Time, Money, 
Bufmefs, and Family, and deprives the Bo- 
dy of its Saliva,, a Juice fo neceflary for Di- 
lution, Commixion, Digeftion, Guflation, 
Undulation of the Voice, diftind and clear 
Pronunciation, by moiftening all the Parts 
of the Mouth and Throat, and preventing 
their Drynefs and Third:, &c. neither does 
the improper or exceflive Ufe of Snuff want 
its Inconveniencies; for it may harm the 
Sight, impair the Smell, and often occaflon 
a Sniveling in Speaking : I have known a 
monftrous Excefs in it caufe an Apoplexy $ 
and I have fecn exceflive Snuffers when dy- 
ing, have a flrong, brown Lee run con- 
ftantly from their Nofe, fome Days before 
their Death. And Hoffman fays, that the Heads of fome executed Criminals ( whd 
had been great Snuffers) being differed; 
the Patera of the Brain was black with 
Snuff; and he was informed* that the Heads 
of the Etiglijh Soldiers who were killed in 
the Bohemia?i War, all who • fnuffcd had 
their Brain in that Condition. Exceffive 
Snuffing has, in Time, deftroyed the Ap- 
petite, fpoiled Digeftion, caufed Faintnefs, 
Sicknefs, and at laft Vomiting large Cakes 
of Snuff. CHAP. VII. 
Vinum Britannicum, &c. 
Of the Antiquity of Malt Liquors. 
THE Art of Brewing, or extracting 
fermentable Liquors from Grain, is 
generally thought much more modern than 
that of preffing and preparing Wine from 
the Grape; as this latter is commonly re- 
puted lefs antient than perhaps it really Is, 
Buchanan, in his Scotch Hiftory, makes 
mention of the Ufe of that Liquor very 
early in that Country, and calls it Vinum 
ex Frugibus corruptis. Galen, who lived at 
Rome, and flourished in the Reigns of An- 
toninus Pius, Antoninus Philofophus, and 
Commodus; and Diofcorides, who was fa- 
miliar with Mark Anthony and Cleopatra3 
were neither of them Strangers to Ale 3 but 
it muR have been Ale unhopp’d, and ill 
fermented : For they charge it with injur- 
ing Mens Health, prejudicing their Heads, 
Nerves, and membraneous Parts; vitiating 
the animal Juices, and cauflng a Drunken- 
nefs more obflinate and painful than Wine. 
Herodotus, who wrote five hundred Years Ixuore Chrifl, afcribes the Invention of 
i swing to IJis the Wife of OJiris in Egypt> 
lived many Ages before. This OJ&s 
°me learned Writers will have to be the 
fame with Mifraim the Son of Cham. Thus, 
as the Invention of Wine is afcribed to the 
Grandfather Noah, fo is that of Ale to the 
Grandfon Mifraim. 
But in truth it feems hard to prove, that 
either of thefe Liquors was unknown before 
the Flood. Noah’s applying himfelf fo 
foon after it to the Plantation of Vines, 
feems a plain Argument of his being ac- 
quainted with the Ufe of them before. Nor 
in all likelihood would this ever have been 
queftioned, if it had not been for Noah’s 
hidden Intoxication. It is fuppofed, that 
fo wife, and fo good a Man, if he had 
known the Nature and Effeds of Wine, 
Would not have fallen into fuch an Abufe of 
Jt> efpecially at a Time when he had feen 
the Irregularities and Vices of Mankind fo 
feverely punched. But this Argument will 
have fmall Weight, if we confider that 
Noah’s Inebriation might eafily be owing to 
a very different Caufe. We may juftly 
and naturally conclude, that the Earth muff 
have been prodigioufly enriched by the 26o 
floodj and by confequence thofe Vines 
which the Patriarch made ufe of at that 
Tiqje, might be much richer and fuller of 
Spirit than what he had before been accuf- 
tomed to. Not aware of this, he might 
cafily intoxicate himfelf by going only his 
ufual Lengths- Many other Circumflances 
might concur in producing that unexpected 
EffeCt, without fuppofing the good Man 
guilty of Excefs, or ignorant of his Liquor. 
Nor does it appear that all Kinds of Malt 
Liquor were unknown and uninvented be- 
fore the Flood. The Probability feems ra- 
ther to lie the other way. We are plainly 
informed, Gen. iv. 22, that 'Tubal Cain un- 
derffood the metallurgick Part of Cbymiflry. 
And why might he not equally underftand 
which is a Branch of Chy- 
uliffry much more eafy and obvious than the 
other ? To the Invention of this. Men might 
be led by mere Accident. Ripe Corn, ei- 
ther laid or cut down, fwells and fprouts 
lijce Malt in the Couch or Cumm-heap j 
and when it is dried and ground into Meal, 
it is difficult to be made into Bread, will 
fcarce bake, or flick together, and has a 
maltifh Tafle. Water poured, and land- 
ing on this Meal fome time, tafles fweetifh like Wort, and will ferment of itfelf, and 
become a Galen's Ale. It may therefore 
be fuppofed that Men would early be di- 
rected, either by Art or Accident, to fo 
obvious an Invention. 
To which may be added, that if wecon- 
fider the Lives and Manners of the Antedi- 
luvians, we fhall find juft Caufe to fufpeCt, 
that they were not confined to fimple Ele- 
ment. It is probable their Paffions were 
heated and agitated by more fpirituous Li- 
quors ; at lead, nothing could be more likely 
to produce that Violence with which the 
Earth was then filled. It is confeffed, fuch 
Confiderations as thefe do not prove that 
Malt Liquor was in Ufe among the Antedi- 
luvians ; but yet they feem to afford diffi- 
dent Grounds for a reafonable Conjecture. 
Qf the Effects of fermented Liquors in ge- 
neral, and the Manner how they are pro- 
duced. 
The following ElfeCls upon human Bo- 
dies, are common to all throughly fermented 
vinous Liquors. 
1. When drunk they heat the Body. 
Though the Barley, whereof the Ale or Beer was prepared, be very cooling, yet the 
fermented Liquor drawn from it warms the 
Drinker, i. e. it gently flimulates the Solids, 
and by confequence accelerates the Circula- 
tion of the Fluids: For fhould Malt Liquors 
or Wine give no Irritation, nor caufe any 
greater Contraction of the animal Fibres j 
fuch an Increafe of the Blood’s Quantity 
would be an Addition to the Refiftance of 
the Fluids againfl the Solids, and fo lower 
the Pulfe inftead of raifing it. It alfo in- 
creafes Circulation and Heat in the Body, 
from the Attrition and Attenuation of the 
effential Oil, and Salt of the Barley, in the 
double Fermentation $ whereby thefe two 
Principles, which lay dormant in the Bar- 
Icy, are fet at liberty from the mealy and 
earthy Parts of the Grain, and become a 
fubtile and volatile Spirit, eafily digefted by 
the Body’s Heat. They become alfo ani- 
mal Juices, and add new Vigour to the 
Body; fome affording fit Matter for Appo- 
fition to the Sides of the decaying Veffels, 
others giving a cementing Matter to join 
the fimdry conftituent Parts of the Solids of 
our Bodies together. 
2. If a Man continues to drink more after 
he is heated, it raifes in him a Briiknels and Vivacity greater than ufual; /. e. the increa- 
sed Circulation of the Blood over the whole 
Body, and the Subtilization of the Spirits 
of the Liquor thereby, make its fineft Parts 
run with greater Velocity over the Glands 
of the Brain, and caufe a fuller Repletion 
of the Tubes with animal Juices, which 
flow plentifully into the Fibrils of the Muf- 
cles. Hence a flronger Difpofition in the 
Perfon to Action, Motion, and Pleafure. 
3. If the Man has not Power to refrain 
from Drinking, he will be intoxicated, or 
become drunk, i, e. his Veffels will be filled 
and diflended with Fluids, that the Balance 
of Nature betwixt Solids and Fluids will be 
overcome; the latter overpowering the Re- 
finance of the former, fo as his Legs can- 
not bear him, but he flaggers, Rumbles, or 
falls like one paralytick. In this Diflention 
of the VefTels, the Solids are relaxed, and 
the Blood is ratified from the Spirits of the 
Liquor entering into it. And if this Rare- 
faction be exceeding great, the larger Vef- 
fels or Arteries are fo diflended, as to com- 
prefs the fmaller, efpecially the Nerves 5 
whereby is hindered from entering into the 
Heart fuch a Flux of animal Spirits, as is 
neceffary to caufe a vigorous Contraction, that may projed: the circulating Blood 
to the Extremes of the Body: Hence the 
drunken Perfon looks pale, from the col- 
lapung of the Blood Veflels on the Surface 
of the Body. But when the fmaller Veflels 
are very much comprefled by the larger, 
the Brain and Heart abounding with CapiL 
laries, mud be fo much diftended, as tQ 
have their Tone weakened, and by fre- 
quent Debauches be deftroyed ; and the 
great Drinker be arrefted by Lofs of Ap- 
petite, Indigeftion, Tremors, Lofs of Me- 
mory, Falfy, Apoplexy, Swimming of the 
Head, Convullions, &c. Or if the Drinker's 
Solids be naturally very ftiif and elaftic, and 
the Liquor drunk be very fpirituous, he be- 
comes furious and frantick. If in this Cir- 
cumftance he goes to fleep, he will awake 
either more furious and raving, or grievoufly 
afhided with a violent Head-ach; and that 
from the too great Diftenfion of the Blood 
Veflels of his Brain, the violent Struggle of 
the Solids again# the Fluids, and their mu- 
tual Refinance of each other, whereby the 
fatigued Veffels and Membranes are fenfible 
of Fain. This uneafy Senfation is alfo from 
the Remains of the Salts of the Liquor in 
she Capillary Veffels of the Brain, ftimula- ting the delicate Nerves and Fibres. No 
Liquor produced without a previous Fer- 
mentation, can inebriate the Drinker; for 
Wort drunk in Plenty provokes Vomiting 
and Loofenefs, but not Drunkennefs. The 
Effects of too much Poppy, Hemlock, or 
Mandrake, taken into the Body, are Stupe- 
faction, not Drunkennefs; that is, their 
Juices confift of grofs, tenacious Parts, which 
ifheath up the fine Parts of the Blood, whofe 
Ufe is pleafantly and fmoothly to promote 
the Vigour and Vibration of the animal Fk* 
bres, and to further Circulation. And thele 
Spirits cealing their delicate Senfation, the 
Solids play languidly. Circulation becomes 
exceeding flow, the Vefiels relax, the Perr- 
fon becomes pale, flupid and fenfelefs. 
Opium makes drunk by fufing and over« 
ratifying the Blood; fo as it takes up more 
room, and diftends the Vefiels; whereby 
the Fibres and Vefiels are relaxed, become 
Weaker, and unable to refill the Blood. 
4. The Spirjt of fermented Liquors is in* 
flammable, and commifcible with Water. 
5. They promote Perfpiration if drunk 
in large Quantities. 
6. They force Urine, not only by increa- 
fing and diluting the Blood, but by the Pungency of its Salts, gently 
and caufing a greater Secretion, while the 
Oils of the Liquor at the fame time ferve 
to relax the Paflages. 
7. They caufe Third:, from a fpeedy ex- 
haling of the more fpirituous and fluid Parts, 
and leaving the groffer behind; and from 
the Salts of the Liquor irritating and corru- 
gating the Glands, whereby the Secretion 
is leffencd; and alfo the RarefaClion of the 
Blood throws the greater Quantity into the 
larger VefTels, and compreffes the leffer. 
Of the Nature of Malt Liquors in general\ 
To gain a more fatisfying Knowledge of 
this vinous Liquor drawn from Grain by 
a double Fermentation, firfl of the Grain, 
and then of that Liquor wherein the fer- 
mented Grain was infufed, let us take to 
Pieces the Competition, and examine each 
Ingredient. 
Common Wafer, which is the Founda- 
tion, or that which bears the greateft Bulk, 
not only in this, but in all other potable 
Liquors, is the foie, innocent, and proper 
Fluid ; not only for extracting the nutritive 
Parts of the Grain by Penetration, Dilution, Separation, and Diflblution thereof, but for 
its Friendlinefs to our Natures, and Agree- 
ablenefs to the Parts of our Blood. But 
this Article having of late been the Subject 
of fo many Enquiries and Difcourfes, I (hall 
pafs it over. 
The next chief Ingredient is Malt, which 
communicates to the Water the whole Parts 
of the Grain, which were prepared and 
fitted for the Nutrition of our Bodies 5 and 
thefe are its cffential Oil, Salt, and fome of 
its earthy Parts, which have been rendered 
very fine and minute by the Tumefaction, 
Fermentation, and Diflblution of the Malt 
in boiling Water 5 and after they are boiled 
in the Wort, and it is put to ferment with 
the Yeft, their Parts are ftill more attenua- 
ted, broken, and fitted for pafling the fmall 
VelTels of the animal Body, and being affi- 
milated to the Subftance thereof. Nay, in- 
to fuch minute Parts are they divided, that 
if Ale be warmed in an open Pot, and let 
Hand two or three Hours to cool, the whole 
Spirit is exhaled and gone, and yet the Mea- 
fure not fenfibly decreafed; but the Liquor 
is a vapid, vifcid, heavy Stuff. What hin- 
ders the Evaporation of the fubtil and fpiri- 
tuous Parts of the Wort while it is boiling. is there not being fully feparated and divi- 
ded, but wrapt up and bound together in a 
foft, lubricating, tenacious Subfiance, like a 
grofs Oil, whofe Particles are hooked into 
one another. This thick Matter is attenu- 
ated, and ground down afterwards by the 
intefline Motion and Attrition of the Parts 
one againfl another in the Adtion of the 
Fermentation, and is much of it changed 
into volatile Spirits. What remained of the 
Malt after its Fufion in boiling Water, was 
only a Caput mortuum, or an infipid, earthy, 
chaffy Hulk, out of which all the Spirit 
was extradled in the Wort in Form of an 
Oil; and all the Salts, with fome of its fub- 
tilefl earthy Parts, and the Dregs which fall 
to the Bottom of the Calk after the Ale is 
tunn’d and ripe, are only the grofler Parts 
of the crufly Scurf robbed of the finefl Spi- 
rits, and con fill chiefly of Earth, fixed Salt, 
Phlegm j in which a brilk Spirit is entang- 
led. 
Hop is the third Thing in the Compofi- 
tion. It is an admirable Bitter, and flrength- 
ens the Stomach, helps it to throw off im- 
moderate Dofes of Ale, It is a great Pro- 
voker of Urine, not only by its fubtilizing the Ale* but by caufing a gentle Stimulation 
in the fecretory Pafiages of Urine. Were 
it not for this, great Drinkers would be 
drowned in a Deluge of Serum. Hops pre- 
vent the Vifcidity and Lufcioufnefs that Ale 
would otherwife have after Fermentation 3 
they give a grateful Tafte 5 they fine the 
Liquor, and hinder the Mufiinefs, Thick- 
nefs, and Ropinefs, which would make it 
naufeous and unwholfome; they open Ob- 
firu&ions of Liver and Spleen, and other 
Vifcera, preferve the Patency and Clearnefs 
of the Vefiels, hinder their being filled up 
with the Lentor and Slime of the Drink. 
Their Flowers boiled in Water are efteem’d 
an Antidote againfi Poifon, and a Cure for 
the Itch. Their Syrup was formerly ad- 
mired in peftilential Fevers. The Tops of 
the young Plant boiled, and eaten like Afpa- 
ragus, are cooling, laxative, and diuretick, 
and free both Intcftines, Kidneys, and Vif- 
cera of any opprefiive Load. 
The laft thing is Teft or Barm, a Sub- 
fiance confifting of a great Quantity of fub- 
tile fpirituous Particles, wrapped up in fiich 
as are vifcid. When this already fermented 
ed Subfiance, or Yefi, is mixed with the * Wort, it both excites fooner, and carries 
on more regularly that inteftine Motion 
caufed by the Occurfions and Collifions of 
Particles of different Gravities, whereby the 
fpirituous Part will ffill be ftriving to mount 
up to the Top, and the vifcid ones, on the 
contrary, retard fuch an Afcent, and hinder 
the Evaporation and Lofs of the Spirits. 
From thefe two co-operating Caufes, the 
Particles extracted from the Grain, will, by 
frequent Intercourfes and Collifions, be fo 
broken, as continually to increafe the more 
fubtile and Ipirituous Parts, until all that 
is pofiible to be made fo by Attrition, are 
difentangled from their Vifcidities. This 
inteftine Motion of the Liquor is both vi- 
lible and audible ; and this Adlion and At- 
trition of its Parts, are difcoverable from the 
Heat they raife in it, and the Froth they 
fend up to the Surface. And that this Ac- 
tion is what breaks the Vifcidities, and fets 
at liberty the fubtiler and finer Parts, or 
* s * 
* I conficer Wort as a heterogeneous Fluid, whofe Parts 
nuift neceffatily interchange their Petitions, till each has ob- 
tained'fuch an Elevation, as correfponds to its proper Gra- 
vity. But this natural Difpofition of thefe heterogeneous 
Parts to interchange their Places, till each obtains its proper 
Gravity, being not fufheient to break and feparate thefe Vif- 
cidities, which entangle the fpirituous Parts, and to prevent 
their exhaling at the Surface j it is neceffary that fome alrea- 
dy fermented Subftance be added to, and mixed with it, that 
promote a regular, fpeedy, inteftine Motion. J, breaks the coarfe Oil into fuch fmall Parts, 
as to become a moft fubtile Spirit, is ma- 
nifefl : 
1. Becaufc neither the Infufion of ground 
Barley, nor Malt, will produce any Spirit 
before Fermentation; for take Wort, and 
put it in a Still, and raife what Degree of 
Fire under it you pleafe, and as long as you 
will, you fhall not bring over any inflam- 
mable Liquor, 
2. Becaufe no Infufion of ground Barley, 
or Malt, is capable of making the Drink 
brifk, and intoxicating ; but after Fermen- 
tation, the fpirituous Parts of the Wort are 
feparated and fet loofe, fo as to intoxicate 
by the Smell and Vapour. 
Thus we have feen the Nature, Manner, 
Defign, and Effects of Fermentation in Malt 
Liquors, with their Compofition, Princi- 
ples, and heterogeneous Parts, and fcruple 
not to call them vinous Liquors, or true 
Britijh Wines, feeing they are produced 
from a domeflick Grain, or Fruit, by Fer- 
mentation, as the foreign are from the Fruit 
of the Grape : And fince the Effects of fo- 
reign Wines and ours are near the fame, and 
ours ferve for the fame Purpofes in the com- 
mon Affairs of Life, as theirs do. If, laflly, we put the fundry Ingredients 
of Malt Liquors togethers, we may obferve, 
that they afford us Meat, Drink, and Me- 
dicine. Meat, from the Corn whereof Ale 
is made; Drink, from the Water wherein 
Malt was infufed; Medicine, from the Hops 
boiled in the Wort. The want of the laffc 
procured Malt Liquors the Difgrace of an- 
tient Times, as we fee from Diofcoridei and 
Galen; for then its Vifcidity, Thicknefs, 
and Lubricity, occalioned a Weight and 
Pain at the Stomach of fuch as drunk much 
of it; Flatulencies, Belchings, Crudities, 
Fulnefs, Hcavinefs, Sluggifhnefs, Swelling 
and Hardnefs of the Belly, Obflrudtions in 
the fmall Veffels, Vifcidities in the Blood, 
Foulnefs of the Glands, Palenefs of Coun- 
tenance : And in contrary Temperaments, 
it caufed bilious Vomitings, obftinate Drunk- 
ennefs, and Pain of the Head, Loathings, 
and Inflammations. 
Of the Choice and XJfefulnefs of Malt Liquors 
... - fi:,' in general. 
The Account given of Malt Liquors under 
the lafb Head, fuggefts the following Par- 
ticulars, which the Reader may call either 
Corollaries or Obfervations, as he thinks fit. I. It may be obferved, that the Grain 
communicates to the Liquor all fuch Parts 
as could be of Service to our Bodies. It 
affords fine earthy Parts to make up the 
Lofs of the Bodies Solids; and an effential, 
fubtiliz’d Oil to cement thofe Parts to the 
Sides of our Veffels. It yields its Salt in 
Form of a Spirit to keep up the Blood’s 
Momentum, preferve the A&ion of the 
Veffels, and prevent Corruption and fpeedy 
Cohefions forming in the Fluids. So that 
the Grain itfelf, prepared in the fined; man- 
ner, could be of no more Service to us, if 
eaten; for the Grains are only the Hufks, 
which would be winnow’d or lifted from 
it j and the grofs earthy Parts would go off 
the Body in Faeces. 
2. Hereby we learn what Malt Liquors 
we fhould make choice of for general Ufe: 
And they are fuch as have been made of 
white, large, fleek, fmooth-fkinn’d, full- 
ear’d, ripe Barley ; which grew on Clay- 
ground, and has been carefully malted, and 
which have been brew’d with infipid, clear, 
foft Water; the Wort well hopp’d, and 
boiled till the Hops fall to the Bottom; 
throughly fermented, tunned up in an ufed 
fweet Vcffel, and let fland till all the grofs vifcid Parts are fallen to the Bottom, and 
the Liquor becomes tranfparent, fparkles 
in the Glafs with fmall Bubbles, makes a 
grateful Pungency upon the Tongue, and 
is neither rtale, nor vapid. Thefe Malt 
Liquors approach near the Nature and 
Goodnefs of Wine, and are much prefera- 
ble to a great deal of our common Draught. 
3. Hence we are furc, that fuch Malt 
Liquors make a fpeedier Recruit of that 
Wafte our Bodies have fuftained, either by 
much Exercife, hard Labour, much Fart- 
ing, or fome great Evacuation, than any 
folid Food is capable of doing. Becaufe 
when we eat the moft nutritious, folid 
Food, before it can come to nourifh the 
Body, it mull undergo the Adions of Maf- 
tication, Digeftion in the Stomach, Dilu- 
tion, and Attenuation there by the glandu- 
lar Juices, a further Preparation in the In- 
tertines, and Attrition of its Parts, before 
it can be impelTd the Ladeals, where the 
Chyle fent off from it has again the Adion 
of the Myfentery, Ladeal Veffels, Maffa- 
raick Glands, Thoracick Dud, Receptacle 
of the Chyle; and laftly, the Commixture 
with the Blood, and further Comminution 
of its Parts in the Lungs and Veffels of the Body, before it be capable of entering the 
finer Veflels where Nutrition is perform- 
ed; For the crude Chyle, and Mafs of 
Blood, are too thick to get into the mi- 
nute Veflels, Nerves, or Lymphaticks. But 
the nutritive Parts of the Malt Liquor, by 
their double Fermentation, are broken and 
diflblved into fuch minute Particles, as fome 
of them are inftantly able to enter, and 
pafs the delicate Tubes; afford animal Spi- 
rits and nervous Juices and fo relieve the 
weak, faint, weary, and exhaufted, almoft 
that very Moment they are fwallowed 
down. 
4. But this fhews us, that fuch fjpeedy 
Supply muft be of fhorter Duration than 
Nourifhment afforded the Body from folid 
Food. For the thorough Digeftion, great 
Attenuation and Attrition of the nutritive 
Parts of Malt Liquors having reduced them 
to a Spirit, they prefently pafs the whole 
Veflels and Secretions of the Body ; and 
thofe of them which are not in a few Cir- 
culations attached to the Sides of the Vef- 
fels, and afiimilated to the Nature of our 
Solids, will quickly fly off from the Body 
In imperceptible Effluvia. But the Nou- 
rifhment we receive from folid Food re- quires a gradual and longer Digedion and 
Attrition by the digedive Powers, to fepa- 
rate it into fuch minute Parts, as are fit for 
Apportion to the Sides of the Veffels, in- 
dead of thofe worn off and loft 5 and to 
repair and keep up the Body’s Strength and 
Bulk. They are prepared and affimilated 
more llowly 5 and flill fome new Parts re- 
main for feveral Hours to be reduc’d to a 
proper Figure and Bulk • and confequently 
their Expence mud be lefs, and the ufelefs 
Parts of them chiefly will be expelled the 
Body, and little of their fpirituous Parts will 
be loft. 
5. Here we have the Reafon, why a 
clear fmall Malt Liquor drunk to our Vic- 
tuals agrees better with mod Conflitutions, 
than only Ample Element; for a thin, fine 
Table-beer carries fuflicient Fluid into the 
Stomach ror diluting and macerating the 
Food eaten ; which is the only Reafon al- 
ledged in favour of Water’s Preference. 
And even this Liquor is impregnated with 
many nourifhing Particles of Grain, which 
immediately pafs into the Body, refre/h 
and drengthen it, till the folid Food be di- 
geded. And on this account, he who has 
fuch a Ane Diluter, though he ordinarily eat lefs folid Food than he that is accuf* 
tomed to Ample Element, yet may be Paid 
to have eaten a larger Meal. The fmall 
vegetable Salts in this Liquor, will alfo 
give a gentle Stimulus to the digedive Fa- 
culties, fo as to make them ad; with more 
Vigour and Brifknefs, and promote Diges- 
tion, Secretion, and Evacuation. Thefe 
minute Salts in the Liquor, joined to thofe 
of the Food, will contribute Something to- 
wards fecuring the Veffels and Glands from 
a very adhelive MuciiSy as Ample Element 
does it by Dilution. On this Account is 
Such clear, well-hopp’d, ripe Beer, very 
Serviceable in cachedick Bodies, who have 
lived temperately, but have had the Mis- 
fortune of loofer Stamina. 
6. From hence alfo it is eafy to account, 
why a Negled of folid Food, and depend- 
ing upon Malt Liquors for Nourifhment, 
mud at lad take away Appetite, fpoil Di- 
gedion, and caufe Corpulency; for thefe 
are chiefly the Effeds of mild Beer and 
Ale; and thefe abound with many grofs 
oily Particles, which not being reduced to 
a fubtile Spirit, are drained off by the late- 
ral Veffels, and fent to the Sacculi pingui- 
fori: For, thefe going off by the capillary Arteries, where the Circulation is llow, and 
the Attraction of the different Parts of the 
Blood great; the fmall fat Globules ap- 
proach and cleave to one another, and are 
repofited in the Sacculi pinguiferi. And 
this Abundance of Fat relaxes and lubri- 
cates the Fibres and Veffels, impairs their 
Vigour ; and alfo the fpirituous Parts of the 
Liquor quickly evaporating, the vifcid arc 
continued in the Blood, fur up the Infides 
of the Velfels with a Mucus, or Slime ;fo 
that the Increafe of the Body’s Bulk, as to 
the whole Habit in corpulent People, de- 
pends not upon the Increafe of the Solids, 
but on their Veffels being extended and 
filled with the congefted flagnant Humours 
of Fat and Slime. Which increafed Bulk 
{Lengthens not the Body, but is trouble- 
fome, weakens and fuffocates it. And not 
only are the Fibres of the Stomach relaxed, 
like the reft of the Body, but its wrinkled 
Coats and Folds are lined with a thick 
flimy Matter, which both abforbs the glan- 
dular Juice, and renders it vifcid, and unfit 
to penetrate the Food, and feparate and 
diffolve its Parts; and lying between the Sto- 
mach and the ingefied Food, the Strength 
of the Stomach is exerted on this Mu~ cus, inftead of breaking and digefting the 
Meat. 
7. From hence we may fee the Reafon 
why Chyle prepared in the Stomach from 
Grain and Flefh of Animals that feed on 
Vegetables is always white; but the Chyle 
from Ale, Beer and Wine, is not. For all 
white Chyle is from a juft Admixture of 
the grofs Salt, Oil and Phlegm; therefore 
all Emulfions are white, and Chyle made 
from Grain is of the fame Colour. But 
when the Salt, Oil, and Earth of the Vege- 
table is divided, and the two firffc fubtilized 
into a Spirit, then is the Chyle of the Co- 
lour of the Liquor. 
8. Hence learn we the Reafon why Malt 
Liquors, moderately ufed, are of great Ad- 
vantage to the hard Labourer; for they in- 
fpire him with new Life and Spirit, when 
he is weak, faint, and almoft exhaufted by 
Labour. They are alfo a Nourifhment to 
him, when either the Warmth of the Wea- 
ther, or Heat of his Body has impaired his 
Appetite and Digeftion. They are a Sup- 
ply to the low Diet, and mean Provifion 
of the Poor. And at Night, when his 
Solids are relaxed by the great Expence of 
animal Juices through the preceding Day’s hard Labour, and the Evening Cold comes 
on, and fhuts up his Pores, and obftruds 
the perfpirable Matter in the excretory 
Duds, and the thinner Part exhales, and 
leaves the grofler to clog up the Paflages, 
then a moderate Cup drives away the Senfe 
of Pain, raifes the drooping Spirits, quick- 
ens and ftrengthens the languid Pulfe, pro- 
motes Perfpiration, and frees the Blood 
from that Matter which is apt to hick in 
the excretory Duds. The hard Labourer 
may difpenfe with a reafonable Quantity of 
the hrongeft Malt Liquors ; for his con- 
ftant Adion breaks the Vifcidities of the 
Drink into good Nourishment, and thereby 
makes amends for the Meannefs of his Diet, 
And as the fine earthy Parts of the Grain 
are eafily converted by him into good Nou- 
rilhment, fo its oily Parts are of ufe for lu- 
bricating the Fibres, and difpofing them 
the better for daily Adion : As likewife 
they prevent their over-heating, and their 
too violent Attrition. 
9. Laftly, it ought to be obferved, that 
Malt Liquor, efpecially that which is fbong, 
is injurious to the Sedentary and Valetudi* 
nary of all Conflitutions, becaufe it abounds 
with Vifcidities, and by confequence requires a great mufcular Force, and much Adion, 
to attenuate it, in order to make it pafs the 
Secretions of the Body, without leaving a 
Mucus upon the fmall VelTels to obftrud 
them i or depoliting too great a Store of 
oily Particles in the Body, to relax and 
weaken its Solids, before it come to the 
feveral Shores of Evacuation. Whoever 
therefore labour under any chronical Dif- 
temper, or are very unadive and averfe 
from Exercife, mull be directed to more 
proper Liquors. But I muft take Notice, 
that this no more tends to diminifh the 
Value of Malt Liquors, than that of ftrong 
Food; which muft be forborn by the fame 
Perfons for the fame Reafons. 
At what Times of Life, and Seafons of the 
Tear, Malt Liquor is the fafeft and moji 
proper. 
It would be a dangerous Pradice in Pa- 
rents, to indulge their Children in the Ufe 
of thefe Liquors, confidering the Laxnefs 
of the Solids in Infancy, and the great 
Quantity of Fluids. All Malt Liquors hav- 
ing fo much Vifcidity in them, that they 
would certainly produce the fame Efteds 282 
as a vifcous or tenacious Food; viz. •Op- 
predion, Weight, Pain, Indigeftion, Wind, 
Belchings, Acidities, and Crudities in the 
Stomach, and in the Body ; Sluggifhnefs 
in the Belly, a furring up of the Iniides of 
the Inteftines, and fmall Veffels; Obdruc- 
tions in the Glands, and curdling of their 
Milk; and, by confequence, Sicknefs, 
Gripes, and Loofenefs : And all thefe, ef- 
pecially if the Drink was unhopped, or 
half fermented, new, or mufty ; Or was 
the Liquor full hopped, well fermented, 
and clear j then are its Salts Gripped of 
that Coat wherein they were wrapp’d up; 
then do they caufe Third:, Coagulation of 
the Humours, Pains, Tremblings, Weak- 
nefs, Obdrudtions, Indammations, Convul- 
fions, and fun dry Sorts of Fevers. The 
Vifcidity of Malt Liquors, and the Imbe- 
cility of the Child’s Solids, will hinder 
their due Digeflion, and neceffary and time- 
ly Evacuation. Hence a Plethora, with 
the Difeafes which proceed from it. But 
thefe bad Effects of Malt Liquors in Chil- 
dren, are chiedy from their Incapacity for 
fuch Labour and Exercife, as might digeff 
the otherwife harmlefs and healthful Li- 
quor, Neither is its Ufe in the firfl; Stages of 
Youth advifeable ; for it forces the Increafe 
and Growth of the Body, and turns Youth 
into Manhood. It alfo expofes the Body 
to the Mercy of all thofe Difeafes which 
arife from too much Blood, and abundance 
of Humours ; not to mention that it is apt 
to encourage and excite the Paffions too 
much. Too early ufed, it like wife often 
occalions Stone, Gout, Gravel, Coughs, 
and Confumptions. 
I would further advife to a fparing Ufe 
of all fpirituous Liquors for a Year or two 
after Growth is at an End. For the Elon- 
gation and Enlargement of the Veflels be- 
ing then over, fuch Perfons are then pecu- 
liarly cxpofed to Difeafes from a Plethora. 
Accordingly we find in Fa£t, they are more 
liable to Inflammations, Fevers, and Con- 
fumptions, at that Time, than afterwards. 
In Manhood thefe Liquors are unquestion- 
ably the fifeft, the Body being then moil 
vigorous, and beft able to concoft and 
carry them off in Perfpiration, upon the 
account of that higher Degree of Labour 
or Exercife, which generally accompany 
that Age. At the fame time it muffc be 
granted, that old Age, in a particular man- ner, requires the Afiifiance and Benefit of 
fpirituous Liquors, that Circulation may be 
kept up, and natural Heat preferred •, that 
the Nerves and Veflels may be fupplied 
with proper Juices, and the feveral Secre- 
tions promoted. But though old Men ftand 
in more need of a moderate Quantity, yet 
they are more injured by Excefs, and are 
therefore doubly concerned to guard againft 
it. 
If it be here enquired, whether Malt Li- 
quors be fo proper for old People as Wine ? 
I anfwer, that this Point muft in a great 
Meafure depend on their refpedive Confti- 
tutions and Cuftoms. Befides, each Liquor 
has its Conveniencies and its Inconveni- 
encies. That of Malt is very apt to in- 
creafe that Phlegm which old Folks are fo 
much fubjedl to, as Wine contributes to 
leflen and prevent it. On the other hand. 
Malt Liquor feems better adapted to keep 
the Nerves fupple, and prevent that too 
great Drynefs and Tenfity of the Fibres, 
which is the Effedl of old Age, as moil 
Wines contribute to increafe it. Perhaps 
it would not be a bad Rule for old People 
to drink Wine in rnoiffc Weather, and Malt 
Liquors in dry, I fhall only add, that thofe old Men who adhere to Malt Liquor, ought 
to take fpecial Care to avoid that which is 
new and vifcid ; and the Wine-Drinkers, to 
deal chiefly in fuch Wines as are foft, fmooth, 
and mellow, except where fome particular 
Circumftance indicates the contrary. 
Much Malt Liquor, or indeed any other 
that is flrong and fpirituous, is very improper 
in Summer, and hot Weather. For the Pref- 
fure of the circumambient Air being abated, 
the Particles of Air contained in the Blood, 
unfold their Spring, and force the Blood to 
poflefs a larger Space than it filled before: 
Wherefore it will be ratified into much 
larger Dimenfions. The Solids at the fame 
time being relaxed by the Heat, the Dia- 
meters of the Veflfels and Lymphaticks will 
be enlarged, and rendered paffible by the 
more faline, vifcid, or even globular Parts 
of the Blood. For although the Air be 
ratified, and the Veflels dilated, yet is not 
the Blood more fluxile ; but its Globules 
being blown larger by the contained Air, 
upon the diminifhed Preflure of the At- 
mofphere, it will become lefs fluid, and 
unfitter to pafs the capillary Veflfels. And 
therefore the Blood in this ratified and lefs 
fluxile Condition, being got into the Tubes of the relaxed Capillaries, and thence into 
the fecretory and excretory Duds, its fluider 
Parts will prefently fly off 3 the groffer re- 
maining, and depofiting a llimy Lentor on 
the Sides of the Capillaries, and the Ori- 
fices of the Glands, and more complicate 
Arteries, and producing Fevers intermittent, 
and remittent. If the Air be very hot and 
moift, a liberal Ufe of this Liquor will 
quickly difpofe the Body for malignant and 
putrid Fevers, from the Diffipation of the 
Blood’s Serum through the Skin, and the 
Retention of the thicker and more vifcid, 
which is unfit for a regular Circulation. 
If the Air be hot and dry in Summer, and 
Spring, ardent Fevers and Inflammations 
will be likely to overtake the Drinker. 
Now feeing fuch are the Effeds of hot 
Weather on human Bodies, how much 
worfe muft the Cafe be, when we take in- 
to our Stomachs large Quantities of a Li- 
quor, one Part whereof is very fpirituous, 
and another very vifcici 3 the firfl of which 
will foon exhale from the Body, becaufe 
of the Finenefs of its Parts, the Laxnefs of 
the Pores, and Patency of the VefTels, and 
leave the other Part behind, to taint the 
whole Mafs of Blood, difpofe it to greater Combinations and Cohefions, and increafe 
the flimy Lentor in the Veflels, and the 
Drynefs and Irrefolvablenefs of the Mafs, 
Hence intermittent, remittent, nervous, 
peftilential, malignant, ardent, flow, pu- 
trid, and inflammatory Fevers, &c. 
Therefore to prevent thefe Dangers, it is 
neceflary that the Malt Liquor drunk in hot 
Weather be only a middle Beer, ripe, tran- 
fparent, and pungent, neither vapid nor 
four, nor thick and mufly; drunk efpeci- 
ally towards the Evening, that it may revive 
the Spirits, and at the fame Time nourifli 
the Body. When the Stomach is not able 
to digeft a neceflary Quantity of Meat, this 
quickly makes up the preceeding Days 
Lofs. But great Care fhould be taken in 
the Ufe of Strong Beer ; for the Wronger, 
the more vifeid it is, and the greater Load 
it lays upon the Veflels, and difpofes to 
fome lilnefs. And as Excefs ought refo- 
lutely to be avoided at all Times, fo more 
efpecially in a hot Seafon. For befides all 
ill Confequences of an inflammatory Na- 
ture, it throws the Blood into fuch a State 
of Vifcidity, as renders Dilution almofl; im- 
pradicable. And at the fame time the 
Nerves are doubly relaxed. Flard Labour- ers may fafely drink Ale at any Time of 
the Day, if they be not immoderate ; for 
its Vifcidity is fo far from being injurious 
to them, that if is ground down by the 
long and great Adtion of the Mufcles, and 
turned into Nourifhment. I fhall only ob- 
ferve further, that Travellers of long Jour-* 
nies in hot Weather, fhouid ufe Ale and 
Strong Beer very fparingly, feeing that their 
Riding promotes Perfpiration, and a copious 
and fpeedy Difcharge of the thinner Parts 
of the Blood, and by Confequence difpofes 
the reft to Inflammations and Fevers. 
Of the Differences of Malt Liquors, 
Having hitherto confidered Malt Liquor 
in general, I fhall now make fome Inquiry 
into the particular Sorts of it. 
Malt Liquors differ in refpedl of the 
Grain whereof they are made. Thus Peafe, 
Beans, French Beans, Chick Peafe, &c. 
afford a more tenacious, heavy Liquor, and 
fuch as requires a ftronger Conftitution to 
digeft them. Wheat and Barley produce 
more nourifhing and ftrengthening Liquors, 
feeing their Parts are more feparable, and 
fooner reduced to a wholefome Spirit. Oats yield a more detedive kind of Drink, Which 
is lefs vifcid, has more earthy Parts, and a 
hnallcr Quantity of Oil in it. 
Our Malt Liquors are divided into Ale 
and Beer. The former has a lefs Quan- 
tity of Hop, the latter a larger. Ale is 
fmooth, foftening, balfamick, and relaxing. 
The vegetable and effential Oil of the Grain 
is. groffer, and not fo much feparated and 
divided, as to be brought to fo penetrating, 
fubtile, and aftive a Spirit > therefore muff 
this Liquor abound with a coarfe Oil, a 
vifcid Phlegm, wherein its Salts are wrap- 
ped up. Beer, or well-hopp’d Malt Li- 
quor, is of fubtiler Parts, and its Bitternefs 
makes it more grateful to moft Stomachs. 
The Hops make it more fpirituous, fubtile, 
rigid, and drying. They help much to 
feparate the more coherent and vifcid Parts 
of the Malt. Therefore is the Liquor lefs 
difpofed to run into fuch Cohehons as would 
quickly make it ropy, vapid, and four. It 
is alfo of eafy Digeffion, paffes the Secre- 
tions fooner, and is more quickly evacua- 
ted. All ftrongly hopp'd Malt Liquors 
have their effential Oils broken fmaller, and 
exift more univerfally in the Form of a fine? 
fubtile, penetrating Spirit, through all the Parts of the Liquor. But where the Parts 
of the Grain are lefs divided for want of 
Hops, the Liquor after Fermentation dill 
retains a clammy Sweetnefs, and foon be- 
comes acid, and unfit for drinking. For 
the fine vegetable Oil and Salts being dill 
entangled, and wrapt up in the vifcid Co- 
hefions of the Liquor, its Parts will be ob- 
tufe, and tafte fweetifh. 
Malt Liquors differ in their Degrees of 
Strength; and the ftronger they are, the 
greater is their Vifcidity, and the more of 
it they carry into the Blood. Which In- 
convenience the fpirituous Part cannot pre- 
vent ; for the Spirits (as I faid before) be- 
ing the dualled, fubtiled, and mod adive 
Part of the Liquor, they will pafs the Strain- 
ers of the Body fooned, and get off fird. 
Common Beer, and middle Ale, be- 
ing fmaller Liquors, have fo much Strength 
in them, as to raife a pleafant gentle Warmth 
and Titillation in the Stomach, and are fo 
thin as to dilute Food, and quench Third 
readily, and mud certainly be the bed in 
general, feeing they carry the lead Vifci- 
dities into the Blood, and the lead Salts 
into the fmall Veflels, to prick and pain 
them \ and occasion not a ropy Chyle to pals the Lafteals, nor caufe great Cohe- 
lions in the Blood. As Torkjhire is juftly 
noted for the bed Ale, fo may it be taken 
Notice of for the word: Small Beer, if that 
wretched Stuff called Grout deferve the 
Name. This is nothing but the Walkings 
of the iniipid Hulks of Grains, (which at 
that Time have nothing further feparable 
from them, and yield but a coarfe, nafty, 
earthy Matter) the Walkings of the Brew- 
ing-Velfcls, and a third Deception of the 
Hops; and into all is cad: the Dregs or 
Ground of the other Worts. Polhby fome 
may likewife throw in the nady vapid Stuff 
that is under the Working-calks of new- 
tunn’d Ale, or under the Spiggot of the 
prefent Tap. This is fuch abominable 
Tradi, that it deferves no further Notice. 
I lhall only obferve, that it is well for the 
poor Labourers that drink it, that they are 
Labourers, otherwife it could not fail to 
difpatch them in a Ihort Time. 
Malt Liquors differ in their Colour, be- 
ing either brown, pale, or amber-coloured, 
as was the Malt from which they are 
brewed. The brown Malt is flrongly dried, 
has many fiery Particles in it, affords a lefs 
vifeid, or thinner Ale ; which, unlefs it be very firong, more eafily and quickly paffes 
the Strainers of the Body. But this Sort 
of Ale, from its containing the fore-men- 
tioned Particles, is more apt to occafion 
Loofenefs and Gripes in thofe that are un- 
accuftomed to it, and to give Sicknefs and 
Headachs next Day. But it is a very great 
Error to make either this or any other 
Malt Liquor too flrong; for thus the Be- 
nefits of the Liquor are lefiened, and the 
Inconveniencies of it multiplied and increa- 
fed. 
Pale Ale is brewed from Pale Malt, 
which is flenderly dried. It retains much 
more of the Grain in it, than that which 
was fcorched or half burned. Therefore 
the Liquor made from Pale Malt is moil 
nouriihing, and ihould for that Reafon ei- 
ther be brewed fmaller, or ufed more fpa- 
ringly, becaufe of the Vifcidkies which 
rnuil abound in this Liquor, if it be ftrong. 
Amber-coloured Ale is a Mixture both of 
the Brown and Pale, and therefore mull 
partake of both their Virtues and Vices, in 
a lower Degree. 
We may alfo obferve the Difference of 
Malt Liquors in refpecl of their Age, The 
deleft, and. well kept, being lefs vifeid; Age, by degrees, deftroying the Tenaci- 
oufnefs of their Parts, making them fmaller 
and of readier Digeftion, and quicker Se- 
cretion. But they will ftill come to Per- 
fection, and then decay, in proportion to 
their Strength. For any Malt Liquor kept 
till its Particles be broken into as fmall 
Parts as they are capable of, is then con- 
ilantly at its bcft; but after that it gradu- 
ally again goes to Decay, until its whole 
Spirits be again exhaled, and nothing re- 
mains but a vapid four Mafs. But more 
on this Head in another Place. 
They differ alfo in their Preparatmi, 
That which is blinked, is apt to caufe 
Cholick, Pains, and Gripes, in thofe that 
have not been ufed to it. 
They differ from their Manner of keep- 
ing; fome being bottled, others barrelled. 
If Malt Liquors be bottled before the Fer- 
mentation is over, they caufe Wind and 
Vapours, Convulfions of Stomach and In- 
teflines, Vomitings, Surfeits, 
and Cholicks. Lo what Confutations, and in what Cafes, 
particular Malt Liquors are agreeable, 
or difagreeable ; with the Reafons thereof. 
i. This Diverfity of Malt Liquors, tho’ 
it may be an Argument of their general 
Ufe and Service, yet it fuggefts to us a 
Neceffity of confidering how to make a 
proper Choice; for we fee Malt Liquors 
are not only different, but the Difference 
between fome and others of them is as 
great, as between the mofl oppofite Liquors ; 
I mean, in refpedt of their Effects and Ope- 
rations. As fome are palatable, and others 
unpalatable to a very high Degree 5 fo while 
fome are wholefome and good in mofl Cafes, 
others may be look’d upon as half Poifon. 
There is a great deal ufed in this Nation of 
filch a Nature, that any body would won- 
der how it is either drunk or digefted. All 
that can be faid, is, that continual Adlion 
and flrong Labour may account almod: for 
any thing. This it is that gives Men an 
Appetite for fuch miferable Stuff, and at 
the fame time enables them to drink it with 
Impunity. However, it concerns thofe 
who are lefs exercifed, not to drink thefe Liquors promiffuoufly and indifferently, but 
to be fomewhat curious in their Choice, 
and to confidt their Constitutions as well as 
their Palates. Among Wine-drinkers, Men 
may, and often do fuffer greatly by an ill 
Choice : But if the Ale-drinkers heedlefly 
fwaliow whatever may happen to be fet be- 
fore them, they have Reafon to apprehend 
Worfe Confequences, and mull exped to 
he greater Sufferers. On this Account, I 
hope, they will not rejed the Endeavours 
of one, who offers to affift them in distin- 
guishing ; and that at lead: they will excufe 
the Hand that points out which Sorts are 
innocent and wholfome, and which arc 
contrary. But to proceed. 
2. Seeing Beans, Peafe, and other legu- 
minous Grains, are of more tenacious Parts, 
and abound more with an effential Oil, and 
much vegetable Salt, they muff afford more 
and ftronger Ale and Beer, and fuch as 
will keep longer than either Barley or Oats, 
and be of far greater Service to hard La- 
bourers, and fuch as ufe much Exercife, 
and are of a ftrong Conftitution, They 
will afford more Spirit, Strength, and Nou- 
riffiment, and might fupply a great Part of 
our own Demands at home, and be better for the hard-working Vulgar. In the mean 
time, the Product of our Barley might be 
made into double Ale, or Beer, which is a 
rich, friendly, balfamick Liquor, will keep 
feveral Years, may be tranfported into both 
Indies, retaining ftill its full Strength and 
Goodnefs ; nay, rather become much richer 
and finer by the Sea, and exceed mod; 
Wines 5 and would be of as great Efteem 
and Requefl with Foreigners, as their Wine 
is with usj befides the great Advantage 
and Addition that would hence arifc to the 
Crown Revenues. 
3. Seeing all fuch Grains as are reduci- 
ble to a fine Meal, or Flower, are capable 
of a double Fermentation, and may be 
brewed or made into Ale or Beer; then all 
Shell-fruits, fuch as Hazlenuts, Chef nuts. 
Filberts, and Walnuts, might be made into 
Malt, and brewed $ which would afford a 
Liquor far exceeding thefe made from Bar- 
ley, Wheat, or Oats. For thefe Fruits 
abounding more than Grain, with a fine, 
ready, feparable Oil, they would yield a 
mofl rich, foft, fmooth, balfamick Liquor, 
both Food and Medicine for {lender, lean, 
heftically difpofed Perfons; and the Ufe 
of them would be for the improving of Grounds, the employing of the Poor, and 
the Provifion of dry Conflitutions with a 
Liquor fuitable to their Condition. 
4. Hence we know the Reafon why 
Ale, or unhopped Malt Liquors, are fo 
very prejudicial to a flow Circulation, where 
the Body is cold, weak, tumid, foft, and 
fluggifh; the Mind weak and fearful; the 
Pulfe fmall and flow; the Colour pale or 
white ; the Veins fmall and fcarce apparent; 
all from a Watrinefs and Phlegmaticknefs of 
the Humours, and a Laxity and Flaccidity 
of the Fluids: Where the great Veflels are 
fmall and weak, their lateral Veflels large 
and lax; the projedtile Force of the Heart 
fmall, the Pulfe in the Capillaries of the 
Brain languid; therefore the arterial Pul- 
fations drive forward the Liquor in the 
Nerves faintly; the Heart is but poorly 
fupplied with Spirits; its Fibres and Muf- 
cles are loofe, and adl but flowly and weak- 
ly: A ferous Bile, and fmall in Quantity, 
is fecerned in the Liver, for want of a brilk 
Motion of the Blood in the Vena forta, In 
fuch Perfons, the much and frequent Ufe 
of Ale foftens, relaxes, and weakens the 
folid Parts more, obflrudls the Mouths of 
the fmallefl Veflels, fouls the Glands, furs up the Infides of the Capillaries and Lym- 
phaticks with Slime and Vifcidity, renders 
the. inactive Body indifpofed and corpulent, 
prepares it for Cachexies, Leucophlegma- 
cles, Dropfies, Coughs, Afthmas, and loads 
the urinary Paflages with Mucus and Slime. 
The Reafon is, becaufe this unhopped and 
half-fermented Liquor has neither its Oil, 
Salt, nor Earth diffidently broken, fubti- 
lized, and reduced to a Spirit; and when 
taken into the Body, its fpirituous Parts 
quickly pafs the Secretions, and exhale; 
its unbroken Oil being in grofs Particles, 
attrad one another, foften and relax the 
Parts, fill the Sacculi pinguiferi with Fat, 
and render the Body corpulent. The Salts 
of the Liquor are not extricated from the 
mucous Earth, therefore it gives little StL 
mulancy to the Fibres. The earthy Parts 
attrad one another, and form a kind of 
flimy Cement; which being neither line 
enough to pafs off by Perfpiration, nor good 
enough to become a Part of our Nourifh- 
ment, and conftitute fome Part of our So- 
lids ; therefore it gets into the fmall Vedels, 
where Circulation is flowed:, the Strength 
lead, and the Attraction greateft. And 
thefe vifeid Parts being the lighted of our Fluids, they are Hill next the Sides of the 
VefTels in Circulation, where they leave a 
glewy kind of Cement, which Hicks to the 
VefTels, (efpecially of the complicated Ar- 
teries) and fouls the Glands, caufes Poor- 
nefs of Blood, and great Tenacity; which 
loads the VefTels, produces Stagnations, 
Ruptures, or Tumours there. Hence Drop- 
lies, and fcrophulous Tumours. 
5- From hence ive learn, that 
hopped, throughly fermented, clear, 
brown, well-kept Malt Liquors, not too 
ftrong, nor too weak, mud make a very 
wholefome and agreeable Drink to fuch 
Conflitutions, when it is moderately ufed. 
For its Oils are broken to a Spirit, its Salts 
arc dripped from their Slime, which fheath- 
ed them up; its earthy Parts are moflly 
fettled to the Bottom j the Liquor has re- 
abforbed all its Spirits from its Fasces •, it is 
become of the Nature of thin, tartarous 
Wines, and has an agreeable Pungency, di- 
lutes the Vifcidity of the Blood, invigorates 
the Solids, makes them play with greater 
Vigour and Force, dries the Fibres, makes 
them fhake off redundant Serum, promotes 
Digeftion, Attenuation, Perfpiration, and 
other Secretions. The Solidity of the naked Salts gives a Stimulus to the VeflHs, and 
adds a Momentum to the Blood, whofe Cir- 
culation is railed by a moderate Ufe of this 
Liquor. And all thefe Virtues may be 
more exalted, by impregnating the Liquor 
with fome fpecifick Vegetables for that Pur- 
pofe added to the Hops, as Tops of Broom, 
LelTer Gentry, Trefoil, Dandelion and Car- 
duus. Any one of thefe will be of Service, 
and help to promote thefe great and valua- 
ble Intentions. 
6. We difcover how Hops arc Angularly 
ufeful in clearing and keeping of Ale 3 for 
they fubtilizing, and making it more fpiri- 
tuous, aCtive, and rigid, by feparating its 
cohefive and vifcid Parts, they are reduced 
to a kind of penetrating, volatile Spirit, 
which exlfts in fmaller Particles, more uni- 
verfally in the Liquor j whereby Attractions 
are prevented, and their Difpofition to 
render the Beer vapid, acid, or four, is hin- 
dered. 
7. Hence we may learn the Reafon why 
foft Ale, with little or no Hops, if not 
brewed too ftrong, nor drunk too freely, is 
fo advantageous to fuch Perfons as have a 
lean ftrong Body, a large quick Pulfe, con- 
tracted Veftels, brilk Circulation, thick. /harp, and acrid Humours, reddifh Com- 
plexions, Whites of their Eyes, lacrimal 
Caruncles, Lips and Mouth all reddifhj 
for the Fibres and Mufcles of their Heart 
are very ftrong, their Solids firm and vigo- 
rous, their Bodies are therefore dry, and 
their Brain feparates from their Blood fuf- 
heient Spirits. Hence are they prone to 
Motion, Action, and Paffion. Now this 
Liquor having its Oil exifting in larger Par- 
ticles and Surfaces, its Attraction will be 
greater. Hence will it foften, fmooth, and 
relax the VefTels more, diminifh their too 
great Strength, preferve their Tone longer, 
and their Springs from being too quickly 
worn out. The Fat-containing Bladders 
will receive more well-prepared Oil, and 
have it ftored up in them. Hence the Body 
will look plumper, clearer, and fmoother. 
The Water, wherein fwims the Oil of the 
Grain, will fufficiently dilute the Blood, 
its Acridnefs will be corrected from the 
Softnefs and Balfamicknefs of the Liquor • 
the Salts being wrapt up in the earthy Mu- 
cusy will give no Pain, Stimulancy, or Un- 
cafmefs to the Membranes of the VefTels. 
8. Hence alfo appears what kind of Malt 
Liquors will agree with fuch as have final!* ftrong, and clofely compared Veftels, and 
thick, tough, and well-mixed Humours, 
which are not eafily altered or changed ; 
whofe Bodies are lean and dry, their Co- 
lour every where blackifti; who are active 
and diligent, are of a revengeful Temper, 
and have a penetrating Genius. Such being 
of a cold and dry Conftitution, are called 
melancholy. The VelTels of their abdomi- 
nal Vifccra, efpecially of the Liver, Spleen, 
Myfentery, and Pancreas, are moftly loaded 
with a thick, fliff, blackifli Blood, which 
requires fuch Things as attenuate, Simu- 
late, and open, are moiftening, cooling, 
Softening, and diftblve without Sharpnefs. 
Now it is manifeft, that ftrong and much 
hopped Ale and Beer, heat and dry, and 
therefore muft be very improper. For 
though they may elevate the Spirits for a 
time, and difperfe this melancholy Cloud a 
little while ; yet when the accelerated Cir- 
culation is over, and the fpirituous Parts of 
the Liquor exhaled from the Body, the 
vifcid being left behind, the Difeafe muft 
be exafperated from the Increafe of the 
Blood’s Thicknefs and fcidity, refilling 
more vigoroufly the Ac? of the VelTels, 
whereby they will be me e chi tended, and the Melancholy increafed. But a very fui- 
table and medicinal Malt Liquor may be 
contrived for this Cafe, which mufl be 
fmall, clear, ripe, middlingly hopped, and 
well impregnated with fuch Things as have 
a peculiar A&ivity and Difpofition to Mo- 
tion, and an agreeable Configuration of the 
Parts, fit to abrade and carry along with 
them fuch Particles as they lay hold of in 
their Pafiage : Or fuch Things as confift of 
fubtile Parts, ready to mix with, attenuate, 
and wear away thofe mucous and vifcid 
Collodions of Humours, which are apt to 
adhere to, and obfirud the Vefiels. And 
kind Nature has provided us with a great 
Variety and Plenty3 as Wood-Sorrel, Agri- 
mony, Ground-Ivy, Celandine, Doderwood, 
Groundpine, Horehound, Firtree, Worm- 
wood, Smallage, Spleen wort, Germander, 
Scurvygrafs, Fumitory, Broom, Liverwort, 
Water-crefies, Butchers-broom, Vervain, 
Pauls-betony, Afh-leaves, Juniper-berries. 
9. This alfo teaches us how to adapt 
a Malt Liquor to fanguine Constitutions, 
which abound with Blood, have foft Flelh, 
many large blue Veins, have a red Com- 
plexion, are chearful, but prone to Anger. 
All hot and pungent Things are very prc- judicial to fuch : But fuch as are temperate, 
and promote Secretion and Evacuations, 
are highly advantageous. Their Blood is 
in a middle Difpodtion, between hot and 
moifl 5 that is, in the mod: dedrable Tem- 
per, and mod; agreeable to Health and long 
Life: For as their Solids are not too pow-* 
erful, fo the Patency of all their Veflels 
keeps them from fpeedily {hutting up, and 
degenerating into Solids. Therefore iince 
all ftrong Ale much hopped, muft increafe 
the Bodies Heat, and give a Stimulus to 
the Veflels, its Ufe muft be hurtful j and 
as the Solids are inconfiderable, in refpeCt 
of the Fluids, this Increafe in the lad;, both 
in Quantity and Vifcidity, mud; put a Strefs 
and Difficulty upon the Veflels, and at 
length expofe the Body to the Mercy of 
Heats, Inflammations, and inflammatory 
Fevers, fuch as Pleurifles, Squinzies, Perip- 
neumonies, &c. The Pungency alfo of the 
Liquor, from its Abundance of naked fa- 
line Parts, will {Emulate the fmall Veflels, 
when the more fpirituous and fluid Parts 
are exhaled. Now all Stimulation pro- 
motes Contraction ; fo that the vifcid Parts 
being got into the fmall Veflels together 
with the Fluids, and the laft fooner and more eafily flrained off than the firfl, they 
will flay behind, and in time obftrudl the 
Capillaries, and produce long and dange- 
rous Fevers. This Temperament then 
fhould be fupplied with fuch Malt Li- 
quors as are fmall, attenuating, and gently 
warming, and rather of the Pale than the 
Brown Kind, feeing the lail abounds with 
a greater Multitude of naked vegetable Salts, 
and igneous Particles. Such People ihould 
be alfo careful not to over-dofe themfelves, 
flnee their Fluids have fo much the Afcen- 
dant over their Solids; for thereby they 
will be in danger of deftroying the Balance 
of Nature, the Confequence of which will 
foon be fatal. 
io. Hence learn we the Reafon why 
barrelled Ale is preferable to bottled; for 
fuch People as have flow Digeftion, and 
weak Bowels, and are thence liable to In- 
digeftions, Belchings, Convulfions, Vomit- 
ings, and Surfeits. For the Liquor being 
drunk, the Spirit and Air wrapt up in its 
vifeid Parts, will dilate and expand them- 
felves, and alfo rarify Vifcidities in the Sto- 
mach. Hence Belchings enfue, while the 
Liquor is in the Stomach 3 and when got 
down into the Belly, where it has a longer 3°6 
Courfe before it can be got off 5 and the 
Bowels being weak in the periftaltick Mo- 
tion, and the Humours vifcid and inadive, 
the Guts are diflended, firetched and pain- 
ed ; and if not eafed by proper Difcharges, 
Cholicks and Spafms are produced : For all 
Liquor bottled up, either during its Fer- 
mentation, or before it is ripe, when drunk, 
begins to ferment a-new in the Bowels, 
from the Heat and Adion of the Parts: 
And except the Veffels have fo much 
Strength as to refill this Rarefadion, it is 
eafy to account for its producing all thefe 
Symptoms which happen in the Body. 
ii. This teaches us how great the Mis- 
take of fuch is, who drink fermenting or 
bottled Ale for a Carminative; for it pro- 
duces thefe Explohons only by the Rare- 
faction of its Contents, and gentle Atte- 
nuation of fome of its groffer Parts, but 
lengthens not the Bowels, nor deterges 
them from thofe Vifcidities, and that Mu- 
cus which lies between them and the Food 
digefted. But the grofs and unattenuated 
Parts of the Liquor join with the former 
Slime, and add to its Bulk and Mifchief, 
and in fhort time will produce thefe Symp- Toms in a worfe Degree, mentioned in the 
laft Obfervation. 
By attending to fuch Particulars as are 
here laid down, we may without much 
Difficulty fatisfy ourfelves concerning the 
Choice and Preference of Malt Liquors, 
and a fuitable Application of them to our- 
felves : For Wheat affording the moft Nou- 
riffiment of any Grain we have, muff yield 
a more nutritious Liquor than either Barley 
or Oats j as is evident from the Bodies of 
fuch as eat only Wheat-bread, which are 
commonly plumper than thofe who feed on 
Barley or Oat-bread : And Drink made of 
Wheat or pale Malt, caufes Nurfes to give 
much more Milk than brown Ale : For all 
pale Malt Liquors (other Things being alike) 
nouriffi much more than the brown; there- 
fore muff Ale from Wheat, and all pale 
Malt, caufe greater Obftrudions in the Vif- 
cera and Veffels j Straitnefs of the Breaffs, 
Coughs, Jaundice, and Difficulty of Breath- 
ing; and are beff adapted to thin, lean, 
dry, hedick Bodies, whofe Perfpiration is 
too large, their Veffels too ffrong, their So- 
lids over-proportioned to their Fluids. But 
Ale from brown Malt is more detergent 
and drying, and therefore well fitted for corpulent Bodies, lax Solids, and weak 
Veffels. For which Purpofe a fermented 
Liquor might be extracted from Heath- 
Peafe, better, drier, and more reftringent, 
than any of thofe before-mentioned. 
Malt Liquors compared to Wine, in refpeft 
of Englifh Conflitutions. 
Hitherto I have confidered Malt Liquors 
iirft in general, then in particular ; now I 
confider them relatively, or in companion 
of Wine : The Competition lies chiefly be- 
tween thefe two $ the better and richer fort 
of People being fond of the latter, and the 
middling and laborious Part pleading ftre- 
nuoully for the former. Concerning this 
Matter, the following Remarks may poffi- 
bly deferve to be confidered. 
I. The Countries which produce Wines, 
are of a hotter Climate, which more rare- 
fies the Fluids of their Inhabitants, and re- 
laxes their Solids and therefore their Bo- 
dies require, and Hand in need of a thinner, 
more feparable, and eafier digefted Liquor, 
than thofe produced from Malt, which 
mollly are ufed before they be full ripe i 
are of more vifcid, tenacious, adhelive, and attractive Parts. Therefore as they feem fo 
agreeable to fuch Mens Conftitutions, Na- 
ture has provided them with Wines; the 
weaker and lower Sorts whereof are chiefly 
ufed by the Vulgar ; but the People of For- 
tune and Figure, drink the ftrong-bodied 
Wines, which is the Occafion of their great 
Liable/iefs to the Gout, Stone, Rheuma- 
tifm, and inflammatory Fevers. But Eng~ 
lijhmen enjoying a cooler, and more tem- 
perate Climate, their Conftitutions are more 
robuß, and they can digefl: a Rronger- 
bodied Liquor than Wine. 
2. Thofe Countries which have Plenty 
of Wine, are chiefly obliged to vegetable 
food for their Suftenance; which Sort of 
Aliment is not only poorer, but generally 
of more tenacious Parts, as leguminous 
Fruits, cooling Roots and Herbs, &c. 
Therefore it requires a Liquor of more 
eafily feparable Parts, and that has in it a 
Mixture of Tartar, which may help to 
break the Cohefions of thefe tenacious 
Viands, by the Solidity of its Parts, and 
add a Momentum to the Blood ; and by its 
agreeable Aufterity, give a gentle Stimu- 
lancy to the Solids, that they may put forth 
a greater Force, and ad more vigoroufly in refilling the vifcid Fluids, break them 
down, and feparate their Parts, fo as they 
may be fitted for Secretion and Evacuation. 
But as their Meat is vifcid, and their Drink 
otherwife, fo the Reverfe of this is our 
Cafe ; for our Drink is vifcid, and our Food 
is not fo; fo that thus far we are pretty 
much upon a Level. But as both our Meat 
and Drink are more nourilhing than theirs, 
it muft be granted we are more obnoxious 
to Plethora’s, and the Difeafes confequent 
thereupon. It concerns us therefore to af- 
fifi; Nature by diligent Exercife, and to ufe 
Moderation both in our Eatables and Drink- 
ables. If we tranfgrefs both thefe Rules, 
we lhall certainly fuller, and in a Ihort 
time. 
3. Thofe Countries where Wines abound, 
are hotter and drier, have lefs Herbage, 
and fewer Cattle; for the fame Reafon 
have they lefs Corn, and therefore mull 
depend upon Wine for a Supply of Spirits; 
which as it is better adapted to their Con- 
Ritution and Food, fo kind Nature hath 
ftored them with it in great Plenty. But 
our Climate denies us the Production of 
Wine, and richly fupplies us with Corn, 
for both Meat and Drink: But to proceed. 4- It feems to me an Argument founded 
in Nature, that Meat and Drink produced 
by the fame Earth where we live, and 
were born; growing up in the fame Air 
we breathe, warmed by the fame Degree 
of Heat we enjoy, and fed by the fame 
Fluids which nourish our own Bodies, and 
all which Cufiom has rendered familiar to 
our Ancedors and us: I fay, it feems to 
me highly reafonable, that fuch Meat and 
Drink fhould be more agreeable to our Bo- 
dies, than any imported foreign 
produced in a more fulphurous Earth, and 
a more rarefied Air and Water. Though 
I deny not the Friendlinefs of thin and tar- 
tarous Wines to the Studious and Valetu- 
dinary. But how fin all a Quantity of thefe 
Wines have we, in Proportion to the great 
Demands for Wine amongfi: us ? 
5. As the Britijh Climate produces a 
more robuft and hardy People than hot 
Countries generally do, fo are they more 
indufirious and laborious, and therefore can 
bear a fironger and more nutritious Diet, 
which does not fo quickly evaporate, but 
is of longer Duration and Nutrition in 
hard-wrought Bodies, that can only be fup- 
ported by a firong Diet. And therefore if the late Water-writers advife the Life of 
fimple Element, with the Indulgence of 
a little Wine, to the InaClive, Studious, and 
Valetudinary, fo far they are certainly right. 
But if they recommend and prefs Water 
only upon the Active, Healthy, Strong, and 
Laborious, exclufively of the Ufe of Malt 
Liquors, they are certainly in an Error: 
For though it be undeniable that the an- 
cient Water-drinkers were healthier and 
longer-liv’d than their Pofierity, that give 
themfelves up to Wine and Malt Liquors 
only, yet it may juflly be fuppofed, they 
were lefs laborious than our Manufacturers 
and Tradefmen, who continually get their 
Bread with the Sweat of their Brows. But 
perhaps the Defign of fome of thefe Wri- 
ters, might not be to bring Men to a total 
Difufe of Vinous and Malt Liquors, but 
by fetting before them the Dangers and Ac- 
cidents which follow exceffive Drinking, 
and the Injury of them to fome Conftitu- 
tions, they might at lafb bring Men to a 
lober and moderate Ufe of them ; and then 
they would be not only fafe, but highly be- 
neficial to them, when fuited to fundry 
Temperaments, Ways, and Bufinefies of 
Life. 6. Another Reafon that may incline 
JLnglifhmen to prefer Malt Liquors to Wine 
is, that in relation to the former, they have 
the Fidelity of their Friends and Servants 
to depend upon, that what they drink is 
what they would have, and expert to re- 
ceive, without any Fallacy or Cheat. But 
fo general is the Adulteration of Wine be- 
come, that it is grown into a Trade, and 
a Myhery, having a great Variety of Crafts 
and Secrets. So that it is impoffible for 
the Drinker to know what he fwallows, 
when he drinks common Wine. How 
naufeous, how improper, how unwhole- 
fome, muft many of their Compofitions 
be ?It is a certain Truth, that Wine- 
brewers fhould underhand the animal Oe- 
conomy, Chymiftry, and natural Philofo- 
phy very well, that they may know the 
Analyfis of the Ingredients they add to their 
Wines, and how thcfe agree, or difagrec, 
with the Juices of a human Body ; what 
Alterations and Effects they have on each 
Part of the Blood, and how they affedt the 
Secretions and Excodlions. For what Na- 
ture fends crude, and leaves to the Art of 
Man to perfedt, we know to be good in its 
Kind j but when fundry kinds of the Species are mixed together, and blended with 
Earths, Foflils, Sulphurs, and fome ani- 
mal Productions j if this require not as 
much Judgment to adapt it fafely, and 
wholefomely, to the Ufe and Nourifhment 
of Men, as the fitting the fundry Judg- 
ments of a compound Medicine, by a Phy- 
fician, to the Conftitution of his Patient, I 
am much miftaken. And what thinking 
Man will fay, that this Medicine, though 
prefcribed with the befi: Judgment, made 
up with the greatefi: Integrity, and its Ad- 
minifiration attended with the befi: Succefs, 
lhall therefore become a Panacea, or uni- 
verfal Remedy ? 
7. But we can further plead the Pre- 
ference of Malt Liquors to Wine, in refpedt 
of the Generality of this Nation 3 that Cuf- 
tom has not only made them familiar to 
them, but the Liquor feparated from them, 
became a conftituent Part of their own Bo- 
dies, even while in Embrio and Infancy: 
Their Parents having been in part nourifhed 
hy them, they come to have a Part of them 
in the Compofition of their firfi; Principles 
of Life, and therefore have generally Rea- 
fon to look upon them as more natural. To thefe Reafons I might add, r. The 
Unattainablenefs of the French Wines by 
ordinary Tradefmen, becaufe of their ex- 
travagant Price. And for the Portugal and 
Spanip Wines, which are moftly ufed, 
fuch as have indulged the Ufe of themj 
would do well to ufe them as a Cordial, 
and take them feldomer, and in fmall Quan- 
tities : For though they be much Wronger, 
yet do they opprefs the Stomach, and dif- 
order the Head more than the other: For 
they are but half fermented, their oily 
Parts are grofs, and not half broken j and 
this is the Reafon of their lufeious fweet 
Tafte in Drinking, and of their affording 
much lefs Spirit in Diflillation. For a 
through Fermentation volatilizes the Oil 
and elfential Salt, and reduces them into 
fo minute Parts, as to rife in the Form of 
a Spirit; for Spirit is only Oil and Salt fub- 
tilized. And for this Reafon muft our own 
Ale and Beer, if good, be abfolutely pre- 
ferable to thick lufeious Wines, feeing they 
are only half fermented, and ours well fer- 
mented. 2. A mod wholefome and agree- 
able Drink may be provided from Malt in 
all Places, at all Seafons; whereas Wines 
can only be made at one time of the Year, and in a hot Climate. 3. Though Wine 
chear and revive fooner, yet Malt Liquors, 
efpecially thofe from Wheat, more and 
longer. For Drinkers of Malt Liquors eat 
lefs, arid yet are - fatter and Wronger than 
Wine-drinkers* 4. As Hippocrates judly 
obfcrves, Nature, as in all other Things, 
delights mod in thofe Foods we are mod 
accudomed to ; and no doubt this Liquor 
Is mod grateful, and bed accommodated 
to our Natures, feeing we daily, ufe the 
Corn of which it is prepared, and other 
Things made of the fame Matter, for our 
Bread and Food, and becaufe of the Para- 
Bility of many ufeful and excellent Things 
from Ale, at fmall Cod, both for Food 
and Medicine. 
The Conclujion, 
The Refult of the whole Matter is. That 
Men would firft diftinguifh, and then drink. 
Diftinguifh, I mean, whether their Confti- 
tutions, Circumftances, and Ways of Life, 
be fuch as require the Ufe of Wine, or 
Malt Liquors j and if, by the foregoing 
Rules, they find the latter proper and fafe, 
then diftinguifh what Sort of Malt Liquors 
may be moil fuitable to their Cafe. If they take this Method, nothing but Excefs 
can hurt them. They need not regard 
thofe general and groundlefs Invedlrves, 
which have been thrown about of late, If 
every Thing was to be decried, that had 
been at any Time hurtful to Mankind, what 
could poflibly efcape ? Should any Writer 
take upon him to inveigh againfl Water,: 
becaufe it once drowned the World, and. 
has ever fince, upon certain Occafions, done 
a great deal of Mifchief} fhould another 
difparage frefh Air, as occafioning Colds 
and Catarrhs in the Tender and Valetudi- 
nary j fhould a third exclaim againfl Sun- 
fhine, upon account of the Damage it does 
to fore Eyes. What fhould we think of 
thefe Mens Under (landings ? If they meant 
any Thing more than Raillery, fhould we 
not pronounce them inexcufably abfurd, 
and conclude that they ought not to be 
trufled with Pen and Ink.? No kind of 
Food or Medicine can be thought of, that 
has not been rendered highly, detrimental 
by Mifmanagement and. Mifapplicatiom. 
An unfeafonable or immoderate Ufe, may 
turn the mofl innocent Things into the 
mofl pernicious, and convert the greatefl 
Blefhngs into Means of Definition. Mull we fpcnd our Time in inventing 
Arguments to diffuade the found Man from 
the Support of his Life, or deprive the 
Sick of the Hopes of his Recovery ? As 
reafonable is it to prejudice and prepoffefs 
Men againft a Liquor that is always highly 
advantageous to the Strong and A6tivc, and 
in fome Cafes beneficial to the Weak and 
Sickly. 
In fine, if any one impute what I have 
faid in Behalf of Malt Liquors, to Partia- 
lity, and Prejudice for my own Country, I 
fhould not think I had any mighty Reafon 
to be afhamed of the Imputation. But in 
Truth, I have confidered and enquired in- 
to this Matter, with all the Indifference of 
a Foreigner, as believing myfelf obliged to 
be more felicitous to promote the Health 
and Long-life of my Countrymen, than 
the Honour of our Climate, or the Credit 
of Britijh Liquor. But though that was, 
and ought to be uppermofl in my Inten- 
tions, yet it would be an additional Plea- 
fure to me, if, while I was aiming at the 
former, I fhould have contributed any thing 
to the lattter. CHAP. VIII. 
Of COLD BATHING. 
I Shall briefly confider Cold Bathing in 
common Water, the Theory whereof 
has been eftablifhed by Bellini, borrowed 
and improved by Dr. Wainwright, tran- 
feribed by Quincy, and from them taken 
by Burton in his Non-naturals. The Prac- 
tice of it has been revived, with inex- 
preffible Benefit to Mankind, by Sir 'John 
Floyer, Dr. Bernard, and Dr. Brown Sir 
John has abundantly fhown and proved the 
Antiquity of medicinal, as well as religious 
Bathing, and the univerfal Ufe of it, by all 
Nations and Religions, till a Monkifh Phi- 
lofophy prevailed in the Weftern World, 
which took away one of the Legs of Phy- 
fick, viz. Exercife and Cold Bathing, and 
in their room fubflituted Incantations, Spells 
and Charms, ficc. When natural warm Baths 
came in Ufe, this Practice was attended 
with fo many Doubts and Queries, as clog- 
ged and rendered it difficult, whether the 
Bath at that Time might not be under the 
malevolent Afped of fome Star ? whether 
it was fafe in Leap-Tear f or at the Ap- pearance of Meteors ? or in the Time of 
Famine or Peftilence ?orin a Year when 
there happened to be feveral Earthquakes ? 
whether fome venomous Effluvia might not 
that Year arife from the Earth, and render 
them noxious ? &c. But I ihall confine my 
Inquiries to narrower Bounds, as in what 
Difeafes and Confutations Cold Bathing is 
profitable or hurtful, whether excefflve 
Rains, Great Floods, Irruptio?is of frejh 
Water, or lelfening of mineral Principles, 
as well for outward as inward Ufe, or if it 
be fafe to go- into an uncovered Bath in 
flormy Winds 5 or if the Soil is low and 
uaarihy, &c, both which laft I think fhould 
be avoided, when we can be accommodated 
with other Waters of the fame fort, with- 
out thefe Inconveniencies. But firfi; as to 
Bathing in common Water, by way of Ca- 
veat, I judge it improper on a full Sto- 
mach of either Meat or Drink, or both; 
the fame it is after much Exercife, or when 
the Body is hot 5 nor is it fafe to fuch as 
make bloody Urine, or vomit Blood, or 
have any inward Impofum, or have unfound 
Vifcera; nor is it advifeable to weak, faint, 
or feverifh People, nor to fuch whofe Ne- 
ceflity obliges them to feed on thin, poor Diet; nor after long Falling or Abflinetice, 
nor to tOo thin, naturally lean and meagre 
Perfons, nor during a Fit of the Gout or 
Cholick, nor in any Inflammation of the 
Lungs or Breaji, nor to thofe labouring 
under Defluxions Or Catarrhs, or in any 
Cafe wherein Recovery depends upon eafy 
or free Spitting, nor to too monflruoufly 
over-fwelling Hydropic, Leucophlegmatic, 
or Corpulent Bodies ; nor are Perfons unac- 
cuflomed to Bathing, unneceffarily to ad- 
venture on it, except from May to Septem- 
ber, But People of flrong Conflitutions, or 
that have been accuftomed to it, may bathe 
in the Houfe at any Time of the Year, but 
Bathing fhould not be begun till the Body 
is cleanfed from grofs Excrements or Hu- 
mours by a Vomit, and a mild Purge or 
two ; and if there happen to be any Ob- 
ftrudlions in the Uropeia, thefe fhould ei- 
ther be removed, or the Parts relaxed and 
dilated by an Opiate after Evacuation. For 
cold Bathing braces and thins the Skin, but 
hardens the Belly. It the Body is too full 
of Blood, and the Veffels weak, Bleeding 
will be proper to prevent any Haemorrhage. 
Thefe previous Evacuations are more necef- 
iary for Bathing, than Drinking j for in the laft, either the Bulk and Weight of 
the Water, or its irritating Salts, are apt to 
move the Belly, clear the firft Paifages, and 
encreafe Urine; at lead: the Water drunk,, 
going into the Body, and mixing with the 
Blood, thins and fits it for the Kidneys? 
hut in Bathing we fhall find that the thin- 
ner Farts are ftrained off, wkh a very in- 
considerable Addition made to the thicker. 
For the Time we flay in the Cold Bath* 
it mu ft not be till the Body is chilled and 
begins to be ftiff j half an Hour in River 
Water in Summer is fufikient, two or three 
Minutes in a cold Bath* except they have 
Room to ufe Exercife, Let the Bather be- 
gin at once a Day, if he is of a ftrong Con- 
ftitutron and can bear it, he may after the 
firft three or four Days, venture twice a 
Day, Morning and Evening, upon an empty 
Stomach.. And by elofe Attention to the 
Effects, it may foon be determined whe- 
ther cold Bathing will be helpful or hurtful 
on a fair Trial; for if he continues long 
chill and cold after he comes out, if his 
Countenance is paler,,, his Appetite worfe, 
his Sleep lefs, or more difturbed y if he is 
duller, flcepier, drowfier, and unfitter for 
Bufinefs* or Study y if aNumbnefs, White- hefs, or want of Feeling or Motion, feize 
any of the Parts, as Fingers, Toes, Hands 
or Feet, after feveral Trials in different De* 
grees of Coldnefs, it is Time to defifl. I 
have often obferved* that bathing in warm 
River Water, in the Heat of Summer, has 
had all thefe EffeCts, and yet the Cold 
Bath has agreed exceeding well, and anr 
fwered the Bather's Expectation. But if 
the Cold Bath is, or will prove beneficial, 
thefe Signs will attend the ufe of it. i.‘ 
The Bather feels a pleafant Warmth dif- 
fufe itfelf all over the Surface, after he has 
dried his Skin. 2. And with that Warmth 
the Face and all the Body is ruddy and 
lively. 3. He is much more brijk and 
chearful 4. Feels himfelf lighter ffrejher, 
and nimbler, 5. Has a better Appetite and 
lefs L’hirft, 6. He feeps and perforins all 
the Actions of Life? with more Eafe and 
Pleafure. 
The Difeafes in which cold Bathing has 
been found mofl fuccefsful, have, after fair 
Trial, been carefully collected by Sir John 
Floye?\ Dr. Barnard, and the ingenious 
Mr. John King of Bungey, and they have 
found it profitable in moil Difeafes of the 
Head, as Headachy Lethargy, Con- Vulfions, Madnefs, Bite of a mad Dog, Fri* 
mours, Shakings, Numbnefs, Atrophies, weak 
Nerves, had Stamina ; moll exquifite Pains, 
with univerfal Contractions and Hardnefs of 
the Mufcles, with pining of the Part; into- 
lerable wandering, arthritic Pains, 
Palfy and Cramps ; fatal Convulfions pre- 
vented in Children 5 burning Fevers with 
Convulfions, Ravings, and Delirium; 
lignant Feversy Plaguey Fever beginning 
with Heat and Thirftj fome Kinds of 
Small-pox. (Though Bathing may have 
fometimes been found ufeful in the lad; five 
Cafes, yet was it ufed without any Advice, 
but only by the Patient’s Ignorance, or in 
a raving Fit, and fo we would not by any 
Means recommend it for Imitation ; it can 
only be called mad Practice, but happened 
luckily,) Obllinate and chronic Aguesy 
knotty Gout, Siatica, Rheumatic Pains, 
habitual Fhirf, Shortnefs of Breath, Coughsy 
Confumptions, fcorbutic Painsy fix’d or wan- 
dering y Coldsy Speech lojiy Deafnefsy Footb- 
ath, Pains of the Mufcles of the Neck, with 
a Difortion of the Back, Sides, or Shouldersy 
lojl Ere Cl ion op the Penis, Relaxation of the' 
Cremajier Mufcles of the Fcfticles, Abortion 
and Overflowing of the Menfes, to prevent “Fluor Aihus, weak and benumbed joints, 
Dropfies, Itch, though the whole Skin be 
almoft covered with Boils; old Gleets, 
bitual Cholick, pining and inexpreflible 
Pain, Hetniphlegia with Convulflons, fwel~ 
led Legs, wandering Pains, Worms, Relax- 
and Obflruffions of the Nerves, Spajms 
and Wrenches, Hyppo, Hyjlerics. Rickets, 
Lamenefs, even to a Depravation of both 
Ufe and Senfe of the Parts; to prevent 
catching frequent Colds, and Strengthen the 
Body; for Stone, Gravel, or Sand, Obflruc~ 
tions in the Liver, Spleen, Sweetbread, 
jaundice. Gripes, Excoriations oj the Body, 
Pain and We chiefs of the Stomach, Indi- 
gejiion, want of Appetite, Vomiting, faint 
or clammy Sweats; inflamed, watery, or 
bleared Eyes, bleeding at the Nofe, Saint 
Vitus’* Dance; with feveral other Disor- 
ders. 
Of feveral hundreds o fjurprizing unexpected 
Cures done by the Cold Bath, I Shall beg leave 
to mention only one, which is the Cafe of 
Mr. Thomas Baker, junior, of Litton near 
Tiddes-Well in Derbyjhire, who fent it me 
written with his own Hand in 1716 : Be- 
ing playing at Foot-ball, as he was running, 
he fet his Foot in a hollow Place, which giving his Bddy a fudden Shock, he fbuhd 
he had hurt his Left Side under the Short 
Ribs, at Step fomething pricked that 
Side. In a little Time his Grief fpread up*’ 
Wards, and downwards to his Thigh, the 
Skin being grown dull and almbft fenfelefe. 
Six Years after that, as he was walking 
over the Houfe Floor, by making fuch an- 
other falfe Step, the feme Pain as above 
feksed him in his Left Bread:. He then 
applied to an ingenious Apothecary, who 
told him the Cafe was defperate, for he 
had broke one of the ftrongeft Nerves 
which could never be reunited again, NoW 
he was laid wholly afide from Bufinefs, and 
fent for another Praditioner, who ordered 
him to Buxton and Matlock, but thefe did 
nothing for him. In a Year and a half after 
he l oft his Speech, his Pain being fo 
ble, he could not bear moving thefe Organs, 
nor could he eat, or move his Head any 
Way, but when fet down or laid, was for- 
ced to continue immoveable like a Log. 
His fir ft Dodtor being fent for, faid he could 
not poffibly live a Week, It being now up- 
wavas or two Years fince the laft Accident, 
the Spring following he was confined clofe 
to Bed, and after twelve Weeks lying, he was at all Adventures taken up, then- he 
found his Illnefs got into his Right Side. 
When he was taken off Reading, not that 
he had any Failure of his Sight, hut mov- 
ing his Eyes from one Line to another of 
the Book, his Pain was quite rageous. 
Now he frft perceived fomewhat move 
acrofs his Body in a fliff flow Manner, as 
if it crept from his Left Armpit to his 
Right, juft under the Skin $ and he had a 
hard Scurff on the Sternum, or Breaft-bone 
fo painful, that he could not endure the 
Touch of a down Feather, In this lan- 
guifhing deplorable Condition, he laid till 
Chrijimafs 1728, that I was fent for. I 
found him emaciated to a Sceleton, hie 
Sternum, but efpedally the Pit of the Sto- 
tnach was covered with brown, hard, feet id, 
thick Cruft, his Breath flunk intolerably, the 
f ongue white. Belly exceedingly coftive, fel- 
dom a Motion to Stool once in a Week j 
the Skin round the Body was all numb, ex- 
cept a little Piece on the Right-fide of the 
Back-bone.; Pulfe very little fever if j one 
could not hear him fpeak till the Ear was 
laid to his Mouth, moft of his Nourish- 
ments was Liquids fuck’d through a Quill 
as he laid on his Back. The Motion round 328 
his Body was like Liquor ftruggling fora 
Vent, moving from his Left-fide to his 
Right. Before he was confined to Bed, 
when he fat dill without the lead Motion, 
he would often fhow his Wife and Rela- 
tions the Skin of his Body move from left 
to right. If he walked, or ufed any Mo- 
tion more than ordinary, this Symptom 
would ceafe, but it returned again with 
greater Violence after. Comparing the 
whole Symptoms and Duration of the Dif- 
eafe together, they feemed to be the Effect 
of an Ale aline Acrimony. The Ufe of 
Glyfiiers was wholly impracticable, there- 
fore I ordered very gentle, cooling, dilute 
ing Lenitives, a little acidulated ; a moft 
emollient Anodyne Fomentation to the 
Bread;, with a Liniment to the fame Pur- 
pofe after it, a Decodion of the Woods 
acidulated for common Drink. Three 
Weeks after I vifited him again, but could 
perceive no fenfibje Advantage from that 
Method. I then preferibed a firong Lini- 
ment of Ung. Dialth. with OL Vitriol, out- 
wardly, and Spt. Vitriol, given in Water 
inwardly, and all his Food highly acidula- 
ted. In few Days he found Relief from 
this, was able to read, fpeak foftly, move his Head and Jaws, get out of Bed, and 
walk over his Houle twenty times in a Day, 
This Method he ufed eight Weeks, during 
which time he never put off a Shirt to put 
it on again, for all the Bread: and Bofom 
was eaten out and gone; as this Scurf loof- 
ened the Pain abated. At the latter End 
of May he tried to ride out, and during the 
Motion of the Horfe the Pain was eafieff, 
but returned again the Inftant he ffood ftill. 
In June he was carried two little Miles off, 
to an intenfely cold Brook of charming 
bright Water called Crefsbrook ; here he was 
bathed daily for three Weeks, and found 
much Service by it, though not without 
frequent Relapfes of Pain. He defiffed 
bathing fome time, till I heard of it; I 
ordered him daily to it, which he did all 
Summer, and every other Day all Winter, 
except when Froft and Snow hindered him, 
then he bathed in a "Well at home. Iq 
February he went to Matlock, but got no 
Benefit at all there. When he went in and 
came out, he found his Skin all over full 
of hard Knots, but bathing in Bright-pool 
Crefsbrook took away thefe Knots, which 
returned not again for twenty four Hours 
after. After a Month’s Stay at Matlock, he returned to his own Cold Bath (who£e 
Degree of Cold fee in the Table) as Spring 
came on he flill grew better, now could 
Ipeak aloud. Three Weeks after Midfiaju 
mer he began to work at his Trade (a 
Stocking Weaver) he kept Bathing all that 
Summer and next Winter, but turned neg- 
ligent the Summer after, m. in 17.31, on 
which he had a fmall Relapfe, but was 
foon carried off by the Cold Bath. This 
Courfe he continued next Winter and Sum- 
mer, followed his Bufinefs carefully, and 
was able to provide well for his Family. 
Every Summer before he bathed he ufed 
to fweat exceflively, but chiefly the Breaft 
poured out a clammy Sweat like Oil 5 but 
inftead of that, after the Cold Bath, he 
had only a kindly natural Heat. The firft 
Winter he bathed, when he rubbed his 
Skin to dry it, there always came off a thin 
Scurf or Fleece all over the Body. He has 
now continued well for feveral Years. 
But how thefe wonderful, and fome of 
them feemingly contradictory Cures, are 
brought about by cold Bathing, we find 
fufficiently accounted for by the above Au- 
thors, who fuppofing the Body's whole Surface equal to fifteen Feet, which begin 
irnmerfed two Foot under Water, Tuftains 
a Weight added to that of the Air, equal 
to 2280 lb. whofe EffeCts will be, 1. A 
greater PrefTure upon the Body, whofe 
face is firft and moft compreffed, and its 
Centre leafl and laft. 2, Stimulation and 
Contraction of the Solids from its Coldnefs, 
infer, 1. Since the PrefTure of the Water 
added to that of the Air, is fo great on the 
Surface of the Body, and the lealt on the 
Centre and Vifcera, the Blood YefTels on 
the Outfide of the Body being compreffed 
by the Weight, and contracted by the Cold, 
the Blood will be thrown upon the Vif- 
cera, where there is no Increafe of Reflft- 
ance; the EffeCl of which will be, to at- 
tenuate, break, and difiblve the ftagnant 
Humours, by ftraitening, compreffing, and 
fqueezing the VefTels, whereby Motion 
will be reftored to fuch as had loft it, make 
it brifker and freer to fuch as had it. 2. 
Hereby all the glandular Secretions will be 
enlarged, Bile, Urine, Perfpiration, &c. 
3. From the Increafe of Secretion, and 
Bracing of the Solids, the Body will feel 
lighter and warmer. 4. From this incrca- 
ftd PrefTure on the Body, the diflended Lymphatics will return their Lympha in at 
larger Quantity, and in lefs given Time to 
the Kidneys, to be filtered and {trained oft 
by Urine, in that Swelling over all the 
Surface of the Body called Anafarca j and 
likewife in that Dropfy of the Belly called 
jlfcites, that Lymph or Serum which is 
fpued out of the Mouths of the broken 
Lymphatics into the Cavity of the Belly, 
which in the Bath being more comprefted, 
the Lymph muft be forcibly driven into its 
abforbent Veftcls j which though Anato- 
mifts have not difeovered, yet from fundry 
Obfervations, we are fatisfied of their Ex-* 
iftence, as from the continual Steam that 
nfes from all the Bowels of the Breaft and 
Belly, which would foon diftend thems 
were there no fuch Veflels to receive it; 
and alfo from the hidden and wonderful 
Relief People in the like Cafe have found 
from cold Bathing ; therefore a Collection 
of Water in the Belly, feems to be not fp 
much for want of thofe Veftels, as either 
from their Flaccidity, or the ftagnant Wa- 
ters Vifcidity. 5. The Coldnefs of the 
Water is one Caufe of its EffeCts j for it is 
certain that all Cold contracts, which Con- 
traction will be in Proportion, 1. To thp Degree of Coldnefs j hence the coldeft Wa«* 
ter is found the mod; efficacious in a great 
many ftubborn Cafes. 2. The Suddenncfs 
of the Application of the Cold to the Body; 
hence jumping in all at once, gives a greater 
Contraction, than going in leifurely, or by 
piece-meal. By this fudden Immerfion, 
the Contraction is indantly propagated 
through the whole Sydem, whereby the 
Humours are propelled with greater Force 
through the Veffels, the Fibres and Veffels 
being at the fame Time more tenfe and 
drong, will aCI with greater Force, driving 
forward their Contents with a quicker Mo- 
tion, and break them more powerfully and 
irrefidibly. 6. When the Mercury dands 
highed in the Barometer, our Body (dip- 
podng its Area to be fifteen Feet) fudains 
a Preffurc of the Air equal to 399001b, 
Weight, and when the Mercury falls lowed, 
the Weight of Air on the Body’s Surface, 
exceeds not 360001b. Weight, then the 
Odds is near 40001b. enough to make a 
very great Difference and fenfible 
in the Circulation of the animal Juices on 
the Body’s Surface. 7. Since a Body im- 
merfed two Foot deep in common Water, 
fuftains a Weight equal to 22801b. added to that of the Air; then when the Mer- 
cury is at 28 or a little lower, the fame 
Body immerfed three Foot and an half deep 
in common Water, fuftains only a Weight 
very near equal to that of the Air* when 
the Mercury Hands at 3ill or highell in 
the Barometer. Hence appears the Ufe- 
fulnefs of the Cold Bath in moill, wet, 
foggy, heavy, cloudy Weather, when the 
Mercury is very low, to brace the Body, 
forward Perfpiration and the animal Secre- 
tions, dpecially of nervous Juice to cheer, 
enliven, and rouze the Body, 2. From 
this Diminution of the PrelTure by the At- 
mofphere it is, that in rainy, foggy, or 
milling Weather, we find ourfelves fo dull, 
fleepy, and inactive, the Mind alfo con- 
futed, flow, and cloudy, our moll intenfe 
Thoughts are often lhallow and inconnec- 
ted j all which may be prefently difperfed 
by cold Bathing, for Reafons above. 
Since there is fo great a Difference of 
the PrelTure of the Air at fundry Times, 
viz, qooolb. Weight, or a 10th Part, 
the Effects of it on tender Bodies mull be 
very fenfible, for when the Barometer is at 
lowell, from this Diminution of Compref- 
fion, the VelTeis on the Surface and Ex- ifeams of their Bodies, which have received 
any Hurt and Diftention, and either can- 
not, or have not recovered their Tone, will 
be diftended afrefh; hence fomc Feelings 
or Grudgings of the old Complaint. If 
fuch would live comfortably, they fhould 
not at fuch Times, and under fuch Circum- 
ftances, negleft the Ufe of the Cold Bath, 
to compenfate the Weight of Prefture in 
the Air, and Contraction of the VefTels, 
and Propulfions of the Fluids to the Body's 
Centre. On the contrary, when the Mer* 
cury ftands high eft, and the Body molt 
comprefs’d j or when the Body and VefTels 
are fulleft of Blood. In the firft Cafe a 
great Quantity of the Blood will lie in the 
Fifcera, therefore fuch as have weak, too 
much dilated, or obftruCted VefTels, the 
Diforders will be felt more inward, andv 
the Cold Bath is then highly improper. 
Again, where the Variation of the Mer- 
cury is leaft, there will happen the feweft 
of thefe Complaints on any Change of Wea- 
ther > as near the Equator where it varies 
little i and eighty Degrees or above from 
the Equator, the Barometer varies not above 
half an Inch. Heat, or very hot, clear, or 
fultry Weather in Summer, has near the fame EffeCt on our Bodies, as moih, foggy, 
or rainy Weather, even though the Mer- 
cury hands pretty high in the Glafs, for 
Heat relaxes the Solids of the whole Syf- 
tem 5 the animal juices are ratified, the 
Body is dull, lazy, huggifh, and covered 
with fainty Sweats, the Mind flow. Ap- 
petite and Digehion low j the Spring of the 
Veffels is relaxed, the Capillaries, near the 
Body’s Surface efpecially, are dihended; 
here cold Bathing afford the beh, fure, and 
moft immediate Relief, not only to rehore 
thefe profufe clammy Sweats, but to pre- 
vent flow and inflammatory Fevers 3 for 
which, and feme former Reafons, the Ufe 
of the cold Bath muh always be of great 
Service when the Mercury hands low in 
the Barometer 3 /. e. when the Compreffion 
on the Body’s Surface is leah ; that what 
Compreffion or Contraction is wanting, ei- 
ther from the Heat or Levity of the At- 
mofphere, may be compenfated by the re- 
frefhing Immerlion in the Cold Bath in the 
Morning. 
For the fame Reafon fuch Bathing will 
be highly ncceffary for Perfons pining un- 
der chronic Grief, Fear, Sorrow, &c. which 
flacken the Tone of the Fibres, and prepare the Way for a Multitude of Difeafes arifmo- 
thence. On the fame Account we recom- 
mend it to flegmatic Temperaments, who 
are dull and flow both in their Adtion and 
Intellect, Pulfe flow. Heat low, from a 
Laxnefs of their Fibres, and a Redundance 
of Serum in their Juices. Melancholics, 
Hypochondriacs, and hyfleric People, will 
always find much Service from the out- 
ward Prefliire of the Water, which throws 
the Blood upon the Vijeera, and gradually 
deftroys its Lentor, mixes its Parts, reflores 
its Motion, quickens its Circulation, pre- 
pares it for, and brings it to the fecretory 
Glands, there to have its ufelefs and hurt- 
ful Parts flrained olf, and fent out of the 
Body. The fame Reafon will hold good 
and warrant its Ufe to Cacochimics and 
CachedHcs. This Reafoning is fo obvious, 
that it wants no Explanation, nor needs 
Words, to advife the Ufe of the Cold Bath 
to the Inhabitants of low, boggy, marlhy, 
fenny Grounds, who are fo liable to con- 
fumptive, aguiih, and fcorbutic Diforders, 
whether they arife from the great Quantity 
of Water always floating in the Air, or to 
the flagnant putrified State of their Waters, 
or, (as fome willj to the. fulphuredus and faline Particles hovering in that Atmo 
fphere, 
Coroll, i. Since the Cold Bath ads by a 
Prejfure added to that of the Air, which 
PrefTure is one of the Properties by which 
it is of fo much Service to our Bodies, then 
the deeper the Immerfion, the greater the 
PrefTure, and the greater is the Profit reap’d 
by it. But flnce a Body dipp’d three Foot 
and an half under Water, when the Mer- 
cury Hands at or a little below 28, fuHains 
only a PrefTure equal to that of the Atmo- 
fphere' when the Mercury Hands at 31, 
Then difeafed Perfons, which exped Re- 
lief from this Weight of the Water, fhould 
dive deeper as the Mercury falls in the 
Tube. 
Coroll. 2. Since the PreJJure of the Wa- 
ter is of fo great Ufe, bathing in the Sea, 
is more ufeful than bathing in common 
W’ater; for by letting the Perfon down 
out of a Boat, he may be immerfed fix, 
eight, or ten Foot deep j that is, he may 
be made to fuflain a Weight of Water ad- 
ded to that of the Air, from 68401b. to 
12003 lb. Weight, or Hill more if wanted 5 
then we muH not forget that the Salt in 
this Vehicle, as we have found it, even in a rainy Seafon, is to the Water as i to 22 j 
fo the Weight, and confequently the Pref- 
fure, will be encreafed proportionably; for 
a Body thus immerfed 10 Foot under Sea- 
water, fuftains near 5201b. more Weight 
than in common Water. There we fee in 
an Afcites or Tympanites with found Bow- 
els, where the Serum is got out of the 
Vefiels, and lies in the Cavity of the Body, 
and cold Bathing is ufed for its Expulfion, 
the deeper the Immerfion with Safety to 
the Patient, the more effectual and expedi- 
tious mud its Effedts and Benefit be; for 
the greater Weight is laid on the Body, 
the more forcibly will the extravafated Se- 
rum be impelled or driven into the Mouths 
of the abforbent Veffels, On the contrary, 
in an Jnafarca, where the Lymphatics 
over the whole Surface are diftended, but 
not broke, the Cold Bath well managed, 
will be of fpecial Service; but then they 
muft be dipp’d more gradually , as the firfl 
Day go only one Foot under Water, two 
Foot next two Days, then three Foot, &cy 
for fhould they venture in too deep at firfl:, 
it may be of dangerous or fatal Confe- 
quence, by putting a greater Prefliire and 
Contraction on the Body's Surface, than the weak (Mended Capillaries can ordina- 
rily bear, without either firetching them 
beyond their Tone, or breaking fome of 
them, and caufing them to difcharge their 
Contents either under the Skin or among 
the Mufcles. This PrefTure and Contrac- 
tion in Bathing, together with Exercife, 
promifes the fureft and befl Relief to fuch 
as have been long accuflomed to Opiates, 
the EfTeds whereof is great Relaxation of 
the Solids, as is plain from their Counte- 
nance and Adions; but this hidden, and 
for fome Days repeated Contradion, toge- 
ther with Riding, will invigorate and brace 
up the dagg’d Solids. The fame Reafons 
recommend cold Bathing to fludious, idle, 
fedentary, inadive Perfons, to brace up 
thefe Fibres which are let down either by 
Sluggifhnefs and Inadivity, or by depriving 
them of a due Supply of animal Spirits, 
by fpending them on the intelledual Or- 
gan. 
On the contrary, fmce the PrefTure and 
Contradion are To confiderable, fuch as 
have a very weak Pulfe, are either to avoid 
cold Bathing, or ufe it of a fmall Depth, 
and not intenfely cold 5 for the Contradion 
and Dilatation of the Pulfe keeps Pace with that of the Heart, where one is weak, fo 
is the other ; and the Blood being forcibly 
driven from the Circumference thrown 
upon the Vifcera, and by the Vena Cava 
caft into the right Auricle of the Heart, 
which being weaker than the Ventricle, it 
may be fo diftended, and receive fuch Re- 
liftance from the Blood behind, as may 
difturb or weaken its Motion, or hinder its 
full and regular Projection into the Lungs: 
Hence Paintings, polypous Concretions in 
the Heart or great Velfels. On this Ac- 
count cold Bathing is alfo unadvifable to 
fuch as have weak Lungs, have feveral 
times vomited or fpit Blood, have always 
a fmall, fqueaking, effeminate Voice, for 
they breath the Air out of their Lungs 
flowly, which in the mean time ratifying 
in the Air Velfels, diftends them, prelfes 
too powerfully on the Blood Velfels, where- 
by they are in danger of burfling, and ei- 
ther difeharge their Contents into the Ca- 
vity of the Bread:, into fome of the Mem- 
branes of the Lungs, or by the Mouth.—. 
But fince the Water aCts both by Prelfure 
and Contraction, which expel the Blood 
from the Body’s Circumference, then is 
Bathing unadvifeable in old Age, where the Solids encreafing and fliffening, become 
an Over-match, and too powerfully refill 
the Fluids, whereby the fmall Veffels co- 
lapfe and grow up, this gives a greater Op- 
portunity to thefc on the Surface to 
lefce, become impervious, and ftiffen more 
and fooner. 
It is from this fuperior PrelTure and Con- 
tradion, that bathing in the Sea produces 
fuch furprifmg Effeds in preventing that 
Madnefs called Hydrophobia, from the Bite 
of a mad Dog; to the Prevention of which 
it is neceffary, i. That the Perfon bathe 
immediately after the Bite, before any of 
the Symptoms begin in the lead to appear. 
2. That he bathe feveral times. 3. That 
he continue as long under Water at each 
Immerfion as he can, for fear of Suffoca- 
tion. 4. That each time he be let down 
to a confiderable Depth. 5. That at each 
Bathing he be taken up and plunged down, 
at lead fix or feven times, and that very 
quickly. 6. That his Diet after be mode- 
rate, cooling, and of eafy Digeftion. It is 
pall Contradidion, that Sea Bathing often, 
yea moflly prevents this Madnefs, when 
fpeedily and regularly ufed. Let us refled 
a little on this j and 1. We have often faid we know of no Defigns that can be an- 
fwered by this Bathing, befldes Prcflure and 
Contraction, which are fo unlike to drive 
the Poifon outward, that they drive it in- 
wards, together with the Blood and Lymph, 
from the hidden and ftrong Compreffion of 
the Body’s Surface, fqueezing and expel- 
ling the Blood out of its Capillaries, and 
throwing it in greater Surges upon the Cen- 
tre. 2. Since driving the Blood inwardly 
by Bathing, prevents this fearful and fatal 
Difeafe, it naturally and neceflarily follows, 
that the immediate Caufe of it, is a Reple- 
tion, Diftention, and Inflammation of the 
Blood Veflels, of fome Part in or near the 
Body’s Surface. 3. And Obfervation af- 
fures us, that it happens in the Mouth, 
Throat, Gullet, and upper Orifice of the 
Stomach, in thefe very Parts, from which 
the Saliva of the mad Animal was fiitred 
off; hence this Diftemper always falls on 
thefe Parts of our Bodies, from which the 
Venom in the mad Dog was difeharged. 
4. It is ;alfo plain that this Poifon is to our 
Blood as a Menflruum to Liquors to be fer- 
mentedj it rarifles, fwells, and increafes 
their Bulk, as though there was a great 
Addition made to their Quantity, therefore a Diftention and Inflammation mull appear 
fornewhere : For that it is an Inflammation, 
is manifefl: from its being attended with a 
Fever, Thirjl, Dilirium, Dry, White, or 
Brown 'Tongue, and other like Symptoms. 
5. That this F/Vv/r is of a very diffuflve 
contagious Nature, therefore moft likely to 
be a Venine, Ale aline Volatile Salt. That 
if is of a poifonous Nature, is too vifibly 
feen and felt from its Effects: That it is 
alcaline, appears from the Heat, Fever, 
and Third; ; that it is contagious, is known 
from its fpeedy Communication from one 
Animal to another, by Touch, Depreffion 
with the Teeth, without a Wound or Saliva 
falling on the very Cloaths, that it is diflu- 
flve is evident from its fpeedily aflfedting 
and turning all the animal Fluids to its 
own Nature ; that it is a Salt, and an alca- 
line Salt, is alfo plain from its producing 
the like Effedts with that fort of Salts, as 
Heat, Thirjl, and parching the Bodies. 
6. Their being afraid of Drinkables, is from 
their Inability to fw'allow, becaufe of the 
Inflammation of the Parts, which at lad; is 
communicated to the Wind-pipe ; hence 
that Ihrill Noife wdierewith they breathe. 
7. From all which taken together, we fee how the PrdTure and Contraction of the 
Bath prevents the Difeafe, by bracing up 
the Solids and Veflels; promoting and en- 
creafing the urinary Difcharge and Perfpi- 
ration, whereby thefe ale aline volatile Salts 
are expelled the Body, the Blood’s Rare- 
faction is prevented, and all Stagnation ob- 
viated; the adhering of any Lentor or faline 
Matter either on the Outfide of the Body, 
in the excretory DuCts in the Skin, or on 
the Infides of the VelTels, rendered impofli- 
ble 5 Circulation, Secretion, and Evacua- 
tions, are fully and regularly carried on. 
Since cold Bathing is fo effectual in pre- 
venting the mod: fatal and tragical Inflam- 
mation, irrefiftible by all other known 
Means, may not this give Encouragement 
to bring this Practice more in Requeft, du- 
ring the Reign of epidemic external Inflam- 
mations chiefly, as Quincy, &c. to ftreng- 
then the Body, and expel the Humours by 
Perfpiration and Urine ? But though it may 
be ferviceable in preventing fuch Inflamma- 
tions, yet may it be as dangerous after any 
large Inflammation has feized, efpecially 
where it is near or upon any of the Ventri- 
cles ; for fuppoflng either many Veflels too 
much upon the Stretch, or their contained Liquid cither too vifcid or globular to be 
returned, then from the hidden Propulflon 
of the Blood from the Circumference to the 
Centre, fome of thefe Veflfels may either 
be broke, or fo dilated, as they may for 
ever lofe their Spring. I have known fome 
habitual flight Quinzies foon cured, by 
wafhing the Part in cold Water, and laying 
over it a thick folded Linnen Cloth dipt in 
Water. 
Since cold Bathing throws the Blood, 
efpecially that in the Capillaries, on the 
Body’s Surface, fo forcibly inwards, then 
in Spring and Harveft, this feems a promi- 
flng Courfe to prevent Spring and Summer 
Fevers, or autumnal Agues and Intermit- 
tings j the flrfl being often fatal to young 
People of a full Habit of Body, efpecially 
Bibbers, the laft are often epidemic and 
chronic. Nor can I think of a more cer- 
tain Preventative of flow Fevers, whofe 
immediate Caufe we imagine to be Obflruc- 
tions in the fmall Veflels. Cor oil. As the 
Preflfure of the Bath depends on the Depth 
of Water we are immerfed in, fo the con- 
tractile Force with which it ads on our 
Body, is in Proportion to its Coldnefs, 
which may be eafily determined by the Thermometer, and confequently how much 
greater Contraction one Water will make 
on our Bodies beyond another; on wThich 
Account, we hope, a Table of the fundry 
Degrees of Cold in feveral Baths, taken by 
the fame Glafs, cannot be unacceptable to 
the Reader, as it has never been done be- 
fore. It is from this contraClile Force im- 
preifcd by the Cold on our Bodies, that 
Bathing is of fpecial Ufe in feveral exceffive 
Evacuations, as Fluor Albus, faint clammy 
Sweats, Menfes immodici, Faintnej's and 
Lownefs of Spirits, Hippo, Stupor, Weak- 
nefs or Laxnefs of the Nerves, Lamemfs, 
Fains of the Stomachy and Want of appe- 
tite , Scorbutic fixed, Erratic, Rheumatic 
and Arthritic Pains, Icofe, foft, pai?ilefsy 
White Swellings, Deaf nefs, Lofs of Speech, 
Atrophies, Lethargy, Stamina, old 
Gleets, obftinate Agues (if the Blood is not 
too lizy, for then they are often fatal) 
Ere cl ion of the Penis dl minified and loji, 
Cremajler Mufcles relaxed, Abortion, &c. 
The Caufe of this Contraction, is either 
from the Senfation and Stimulation of Cold 
upon the Body, or the Compreffion of the 
Air in our Solids and Fluids; as the Air in 
Spirit of Wine contracts by the Increafe of Cold, This Comprefllon or Contraction 
of the Air is twofold, i. From the Preffure 
of the Water j for though the Air be com- 
prefliblc, yet Water is not. 2. From the 
Cold, which inftantly reduces the Air in 
the Blood to lefs Space; but to how much 
lefs, the Spirits in the 'Thermometer fbow 
us with Certainty. But we have no exaCt 
Method to meafure the certain Degree of 
Stimulus imprefled on the Solids. 
Having fo far feen the vifible and de- 
monftrable EfFeCts of the Cold Bath, we 
may in fome meafure be able to compre- 
hend the Reafon of it, for the reverend 
and ingenious Mr. Hales (Statics, Vol. I. 
p. 299, 300) has proved that Air exifts 
in a much larger Proportion in the Solids 
of either Animals or Vegetables, than in 
their Fluids. And 1. Since upon the Com- 
preffion of this expanded Air, the confti- 
tuent Parts of the elaflic flexible Solids are 
brought nearer to one another, fo much 
larger is their Point of Contact, their Co- 
heflon is ftronger, and they aCt with greater 
Force. On the contrary, the more ex- 
tended a Fibre or-Veffel is; the fmaller its 
Point of ContaCl, the nearer are its Parts 
to Separation, or Lofs of Continuity, and the weaker or more painful it is. 2. Sup- 
pofe the Air be ufeful as one of the Prin- 
ciples of Union, it cannot ad; fo ftrongly 
whilil fo greatly dilated and expanded; 
therefore the nearer its Particles are brought 
together, the more ftrongly will they co- 
here ; But whether the animal Oil or Air, 
or both, be the cementing Principle, we 
are fure Oil abounds much with Air; this 
is one of the Ways by which the Cold Bath 
braces and hrengthens the Solids, as well 
as abates the Rarefadion, and diminishes 
the Bulk of the Fluids. Here we might 
add what was already hinted, viz,. 1. That 
Since the Contradion from the Bath is fo 
hidden and great, this forbids its Ufe to 
over-bulky, corpulent Bodies, whofe Fibres 
are fo choaked up and lubricated with Oil, 
that either they have not room to contrad, 
or are too much dilated, fo as they cannot 
fhake off, nor expel fuperfluous and hurtful 
Humours, but by thefe hidden Jirks can 
only have their Spring weakened to no pur- 
pofe. But fuch as are difpofed to Corpu- 
lency, yet not arrived at this monftrous 
bulky Habit, we cannot devife or recom- 
mend a more fure, fafe, and certain Pre- 
ventative, than cold Bathing, 2 This hid- den Contraction and great Preflhrc, forbids 
alfo the Cold Bath to Perfons very hot, be- 
caufe the fudden Jlrk of the relaxed Vef- 
fels, in propelling and expelling their rati- 
fied Fluids to the Centre, the Diameters of 
the Veffels will be fuddenly fhortened, and 
the divided Globules of Blood will again 
run together, and in larger Maffes, than 
the contracted capillary Veflels (which are 
conic) can poflibiy admit of, or let pafs $ 
but they muft flop, and not only they, but 
all the Globules behind, in the fame Branch 
from the Cone to the laft Divifion, whofe 
more thin and ferous Juices, will, by the 
ACtion of the furrounding Parts, be driven 
on, but the more globular and grofs will 
Bop ; hence are ObflruCtions producing an 
Inflammation. But where the Blood is 
molt ratified, the Veflels weakeft, the pro- 
trufive Force leaft, and the Contraction 
ftrongeft, and confequently where the In- 
flammation will happen, is impoflible to 
foretel 5 hence may it be more or lefs dan- 
gerous, according to the Ufefulnefs of the 
Place where it fixes, the Degree of the 
Body’s Heat, Blood’s RarefaCtion, and Con- 
traction of the Solids.—The fime inftan- 
taneous Contraction and Preflure is alfo 351 
dangerous, when the Stomach is full ; for 
the Velfels being then diftended with Jui- 
ces, though the Blood be carried up in a 
perpetual and now large Stream to the Head, 
along the bony Cafe of the Vertebree of the 
Neck, by the Carotid Artery, where the 
Preflure of the Water cannot touch, yet It 
defcends by the jugular and other Veins of 
the Neck, without this Cafe, where the 
Weight and Coldnefs of the Water a&s 
mod: powerfully, any may leflen the de- 
fending Quantity, whereby fome of the 
fmall VefTels of the Brain may be over- 
stretched and broken, and bring immedi- 
ate Death. 2. Or the Blood being thrown 
by too full a Stream into the right Ventri- 
cle of the Heart, and thence into the Lungs, 
may Stretch fome of the fmall VefTels be- 
yond their Tone, cauSing Pleurifles, Per ip. 
neumonies, AJihmas, &c. Or the Auricle 
or Ventricle of the Heart itfelf, may be 
Stretched beyond the fudden Recovery of 
the Spring of their Fibres; hence fudden 
Death; or too great a Quantity of Blood, 
may be fuddenly thrown into the Veffels of 
the Stomach, Liver, or other Vijcera; 
hence Inflammations, Fevers, &c. The 
fame Caufes forbid Bathing, efpecially in the Sea, to People of unfound Bowels, or 
any inward Part being weaker, or its Vef- 
fels more diftended, worn, or corroded, 
than the red: $ and to fuch as have Vmicasy 
Impojiumes, or large Collections of Matter 
not extravafated, for the Prediire will throw 
the Fluids more plentifully and forcibly on 
that Part which gives the lead; Refiftance; 
hence a Breach, or irrecoverable Detention 
of fome of its VelTels. But where either 
thefe, or Haemorrhages from the Bread:, 
Stomach, or Lungs, forbid cold Bathing, 
I cannot enough extol the Ufe of Bitters, 
as the alone Succedceneum, 
A liable of the fundry 'Temperatures of fe~ 
veral Baths and Springs. 
Baths, ’Temper, 
.Holt Bath, go 
King's Bath, 87 
Heat of a young Man’s Body in a 
high Fever, 
0 
The fame recovered, and in 
Health and Reft, 
7 
Buxton Bath 39 
St. Ann's Well, 58 
Bingham Well, 53 Baths. 'Temper. 
Bingham Well, 56 
Brijiol, 52 b, 
Matlock Bath 4 j 
46 
Stable Water, 44- 
£/o«y Middleton, 40 
Middleton Bath, 40 
Wirkfworth, 3 9 Z?. 
ditto. 40 
£/o/zy Middleton, 41 
Bakewell., 37 
aSV. Winifred’s, or /ZW/, 32 h. 
Ganefburg, 3 x 
Kirbythore Bath, 3 x 
Cheltenham Spaw, 3 x 
Malvern Dogwell3 x 
Stone Bath, 30 _/ 
Harrigate Bath, 30 h. 
MoJJlake Bath, 30 
Acworth Bath, 30 
ik&ry Wellington, 30 
Newnham Regis, 30 
Wynn by Newport, 29 
Liquoris Green, 29 
Bradforth Lady Well, 29 
Gipton by Leeds, 29 
Barnjley Bath, 29 Baths, T'mper. 
Lincoln Bath, 29 
Litchfield Bath, 29 
Malvern Holy Well, 29 
Air on the Top of Cro/sfiell, 29 
Sun-fhine in a clear Froft, 29 
Nottingham Bath, 28 h. 
Scar gill Sheffield, 28 
St. Katherine Doncafier, 28 
*S/. Mongo's Cockgreavey 28 
Childwell, 28 
Prefion, Lancajhire, 28 
Manchefter old Bath, 28 
Burliegh, Sheffield, 28 
Old Parkwel Whifper, 28 
Wakefield Bath, 28 
Crofts Darlington, 28 
Hartlepool Spaw, 28 
Durham Bath, 28 
Ditto Sulphur Well, 28 
Codfalwood Sulphur Well, 28 
Aftrope Wells, 28 
Cartmal Well 28 
Carfiile Chalybeate 2 8 
Kirbythore Bath Spring 28 
Wood flock Park Bath 28 
Wilhwbridge Bath 28 
Fowforth, 28 
Chefter Bath, 27 Baths, ‘Temper* 
Ormjkirk Bath, 2 j h, 
Manchefter N. Bath, 27 h. 
Rippon Bath, 27 4 
BarjjJley Bath Spring, 27- 
Wardrew Spring, 27^ 
St. Nicholas's Thorp, 27-r 
Harrigate Bath Spring, 27 
Icbley Bath, 27 
Settle Bath, 27 
Acworth Bath Spring, 26^ 
Ichley Bath Spring, 26 
Brightpool Bath, 26 
Padgham- Heights Bath, 26 
Crofsfell Chalybeate, 26 
AJhover Bath, 26- 
Freezing Point, 18 
River Water in a Froft, 21 
Hardeft Froft of 1738, 13 
Snow and Salt mix’d, o 
Three perennial Springs tried in 
Froft and July, 
29 
As all Baths retorted to and ufed for the 
Recovery or Prefervation of Health, are 
either hot, warm, tepid, cold, or very cold; 
and are relaxing, diluting, anodyne, 
lating, comprefling, or contracting, which require Waters of .different Temperatures} 
but this true Difference, as has been faid 
above, having never been exactly obferved 
and taken by any one Hand and “Thermo- 
meter before, we imagined that this Table 
could neither be difagreeable nor ufelefs} 
for i. We fee hereby how delufory and un- 
certain their Senfation of feeling it, who 
will have St. Witiifred’s Well to be the 
coldefl Bath in England or Wales, St. 
Mongo's at Cockgrcave next, and St. Ka- 
therine's of Doncafler next, &c. when in 
reality there are feveral Cold Baths above 
two Degrees colder than the lafl two, and 
lix Degrees colder than the firft, which is 
naar a Medium between the freezing Point 
and St. Wenifred’s. 2. This determines 
the Strife among fuch as are differently ex- 
tolling each their own Baths as the coldefl: 
and bed, when, in truth, neither coldefl 
nor mildeft may be mofl fuitable in feveral 
Diforders, but the main Strefs or Depen- 
dence may be upon fome Minerals which 
mufl impregnate the Water to make it more 
healing, as in the Leprofy, Scurvy, King s- 
Evil, Ulcers, &c. 3. As there is a Variety 
of Diforders which call for cold Bathing, fo 
of Confutations, Ages, and different Ways of Life, which neceffarily demand different 
Temperatures of the Waters ufed for Im- 
merfions; thus Males, Youth, Middle Age, 
rebuff, ruflic, laborious People, and Inha- 
bitants of cold mountainous Places, can 
bear a colder Bath than Children; Fe- 
males, old People, and fuch as are accuf- 
tomed to a warmer Situation, eafy and de- 
licate Courfe of living ; for to fuch the De- 
grees of 28, 29, or 30, will be cold enough, 
a few Cafes excepted. 4. When we can- 
not difpenfe with the Want of the coldeft 
Baths, we muff not in the laft Cafes ven- 
ture on them firft, but begin with the 
milder, for feme time, as 29 or 30; then 
when the Body has been a little inured to 
thefe, defeend to 26 or 27 to finifh the 
Cure. 5. In old obflinate Pains, whether 
•more remifs or acute, the coldeft Baths 
will perform a Cure both more effectually 
and expeditioufly than the milder; or in 
great Relaxations, or where the Difeafe 
lies deep, as in the Sciatica, 6. It is 
neceffary to know the exaCt Temperature 
of the Bath, in order to determine the 
Time that the Bathers fhould flay in it. 
When the Cafe requires the greatefl Con- 
traction only, that Stay mud be very fhort. lii the general, the colder the Bath, the 
lefs Time muft we flay in it, and we ought 
to begin and leave off with the fhortefl 
Time and fhalloweft Immerfion in it, that 
both Preffure and Contraction may be gra- 
dually encreafed and decreafed. As to the 
Time, from two to fix or feven Minutes is 
fuflicient in a very cold Bath; but this 
muft be adapted to the Conflitution. As 
to Depth, from one Foot to five is enough, 
for if too deep, the Preffure may be too 
great and fudden, and throw the Blood in 
too great and quick Surges upon the Vif~ 
cera of the Head, Bread:, and Belly, and 
endanger the Breach of fome of the Vcf- 
fels, efpecially if either weak or diftended 
before. If too fhallow, there is not Weight 
enough of Water, the Repulfion of Blood 
from the Circumference to the Centre, will 
not be powerful enough to anfwer the De- 
fign, Expectation, and Neceffity of the 
Bathers j for whether the Preffure of Wa- 
ter on the Body's Surface be equal to 34000, 
pr near 40000 lb. Weight, either of them 
will not allow of an additional Preffure or 
Contraction from cold Water, to fuch 
whofe Veffels are full of fiery faline Blood, 
from immoderately fwallowing down hot. ftrong, and inflammatory Liquors; fuch 
Experiments have proved fatal to many, as 
alfo to thofe whofe Stomachs being dif- 
tended, profs upon the defcending Trunk 
of the Aorta, and force too great a Quan- 
tity of Blood to the Plead. For the fame 
Reafon the Colon and Return fhould be 
emptied, or kept eafy, left they prefling on 
the Iliac Arteries, may produce the like 
Effect j therefore very coftive Perfons, or 
fuch as have very indurated Excrements 
lodged in thefe Inteftines, muft have them 
difeharged before Bathing. All Bathers 
fhould be fure to go in over-head pretty 
deep, or they may expect a Swimming or 
Pain of the Head, from its Veflels having 
too great a Load thrown on them, when 
the reft were comprefs’d and contracted. 
Deafnefs fucceeding Bathing, is from a 
Relaxation of the Drum of the Ear, and 
may be prevented by putting the Fingers 
into the Ears, or Wool moiftened wdth a 
little Oil. Continuing too long in the Cold 
Bath, often occaflons Cramp, Horrors, Fe- 
vers, Loofenefs, &c. For whenever the 
Senfation of Cold becomes fevere, we fhould 
get out. Experience proves it beyond Con- 
tradiction, that cold Bathing, Temperance, and moderate Exercife, are the bed: Anti- 
dotes againfl hereditary Scurvy, Stone, Con- 
vulfions, Confumption, Melancholy, Hyppo, 
Rheumatifm, Scurff, Leprofy, Stupidity of 
Mind, Weaknefs of the Limbs, Pains on 
Change of Weather, Cough, Vomitings, Pal- 
fy, King's-Evil, Lethargy, Want of Sleep : 
But then in feveral of thefe it fhould be 
joined with Water-drinking for common 
Tipple. It is worth Obfervation, that 
Water-drinkers are temperate in their Ac- 
tions, prudent, and think more connect- 
edly, are feldom afflicted with the follow- 
ing Difeafes, Apoplexy, Palfy, Headach, 
Blindnefs, Gout, Stone, Convulfons, Tremb- 
ling, Madnefs, Hiccup, Indigefion, habitual 
Thirfi, Burning Heats, Ajlhma, 6cc. Galen 
would not allow of cold Bathing under 25 
Years of Age, and in Summer 5 but Ori- 
hafius and Agathenus, who ufed and pre- 
ferred it much more, and knew its Effects 
much better, advifed, nay, prefled the Ufe 
of it in all Stages of Life, and all Sea- 
fons of the Year, efpecially when the Wa- 
ter is cold, and in Infancy 5 and I think 
Sir fohn Floyer and Dr. Barnard, have 
made out its Ufefulnefs for preventing and 
leflening feveral Diftempers of Children, who are naturally liable to Fevers, Pains 
Convulfions, Eruptions, Swellings, Inflam- 
mations, and Excoriations. And fuch as 
have been accuftomed to Bathing the pro- 
ceeding Summer, may fafely continue it in 
Winter. 7. Hence we know the Depth 
from which the Spring which fupplies a 
Bath arifes; for if it is very fuperficial, its 
Temperature varies with the Atmojphere 
the Water being more remifsly or intenfely 
cold, as that is in any fix’d State of cold or 
hot Weather; and fuch Baths are not ad- 
vifable, being now tepid, then cold, and 
another Time jufi; at the freezing Point, 
8. This Ufe of the Thermometer is of fpe- 
cial Service in mineral Springs; for when 
their Waters are aflfedted by, or fluctuate 
with the Atmofpherey it is a Sign that their 
impregnating Minerals lie very fuperficial 
near the Day 5 and all Digging or Ditching 
near them is dangerous, if they are of any 
great Note ; for that may either deftroy 
thofe mineral Principles which give them 
their medicinal Qualities, or lay fome Part 
of them open to the Air, whereby thefe 
Parts may be exhaled, corroded, or fome- 
how altered by that heterogeneous Body and 
its Salts; thus Sulphur Waters or Chaly- beatcs, may be quite fpoiled ; but if it is a 
Water of no Eminence, and feveral others 
of the fame fort near it, we have an Op- 
portunity to be informed of the whole im- 
pregnating Principles, which may give great 
Light into others of the fame Kind. 9. We 
know whether mineral Waters, whofe Vir- 
tue refides chiefly in the volatile Parts, arc 
injured much by Rains, for then they will 
vary in their Temperature with the Air. 
10. We fee the Hurt done to Cold Baths, 
by bringing them from the Spring to the 
Refer voir in a Pipe, Gutter, or Channel, 
after they are come to the Day 5 or of 
making two Baths, an inner and an outer* 
from the fame Spring of common Water 5 
or of letting the Bath lie open to the Air, 
which fhould be covered with fome Shelter 
or Houfe. Thus old Barkwell, or Blind- 
bird Well near Worjburgh, the Spirits in the 
Spring were two Degrees lower in the outer 
Bath, though the Day was not hot. Barn. 
jley Bath raifes the Spirits in the Thermo- 
meter three Degrees and a half higher than 
the Spring; Acworth Bath the fame; but 
fuch as have a clofe Houfe immediately 
over them, lofe not above one Degree, as 
Litchfield, Willowbridge, &c. All perennial brifk Springs have this Charader common 
to them with mineral Waters, that they 
weigh lighter at the Spring than afterward, 
and this fuch Baths lofe, by being carried 
off from their Origin ; the fame Difadvan- 
tage attends in many Peoples bathing before 
the Bath is let off, and a new one gathered, 
where the Spring is not fhrong. Thus at 
Night, after People bathing all Day, the 
Spirits in the ‘Thermometer flood at in 
Karri gate Bath, but next Morning, in a 
full Bath, they fell to 27. The Advantage 
of a Cold Bath beyond River, Brook, or 
Rivulet Water, is, that the firfl keeps pretty 
near the fame Temperature in all Seafons 
of the Year, Changes of the Weather, and 
States of the Air, as to Heat or Cold, pro- 
vided it be a perennial Spring, and rifes 
deep (and none other is fit for a Cold Bath.) 
But the Temperature of the lafl varies with 
Seafons, Air, and Weather; the firfl alfo 
retains the above Mark of a mineral Spirit, 
but the lafl do not. In Winter and Froil 
thefe three are dangeroufly cold, and in Sum- 
mer too tepid to anfwer any valuable Pur- 
pofe, except to delicate People and Children, 
who, to reap any great Profit in chronic 
Diforders, mufl ply them longer than ci- ther Patience or Weather will ferve. Be- 
sides, the Ufe of them with that mineral 
Spirit, conduces not a little to their healing 
Property, as that in Ichley, Willowbridge, 
Malvern Hills, &c. and mod difeafed Peo- 
ple are generally more regular in the Ufe 
of thofe Baths, than they are with thofe of 
Rivers, &c. it. Hereby we fee the De- 
ceitfulnefs of a common Notion, that pe- 
rennial Springs are much warmer in Winter 
than in Summer, becaufe in a great Froft 
they fmoak or reek; but from repeated 
Trials I have found them near the fame at 
all times, which fhows that neither the 
Heat of the Summer, nor Cold of the Win- 
ter, affeCt common Springs fo deep in the 
Earth. But upon much frequenter Expe- 
riments, I have found that great or long 
Frcft, Snow, or Storms, increafe the Heat 
of the warm Waters, from the Earth’s Sur- 
face being lock’d up, and their Heat in a 
manner reverberated. 12. Tho’ the open 
Air in Frofl is much colder than either 
River or Cold Bath, yet is not Walking, 
Handing, or running in it a few Minutes, 
equal to the Cold Bath j for though there 
be Contraction, yet there wants Prefure, 
and both are neceflary, and muft go toge- ther in cold Bathing. 13. We find that 
the coldeß Baths we meet with, are far 
fhort of the Cold of either running or 
Banding Water, even in a moderate Froß ; 
and thefe again arc fhort of the cold At- 
mofphere in the Sun’s Abfence. For in 
another Thermometer Padgham Heights 
Bath brought the Spirits down only to 34, 
but both a jingling Stream, and Banding 
Pool of the River, brought them to 37 in 
a gentle Froß, but the open Air laid them 
to 39 3 the Sun railed them to 31 in Ja- 
nuary ; fo that as the Air is warmer than 
Water in warm Weather, fo the laß is 
colder than the firß in cold Weather. 
14. Artificial Froß being o, the freezing 
Point 18, and the coldeß Bath or mineral 
Spring 26 j then the Difference between 
firß and fecond, is to that between fecond 
and third, as nine to four, from the coldeß 
Bath or Spring, to the mildeß Cold Bath, 
is fix Degrees Difference, The Mean of 
moB Cold Baths being 28, and Buxton 
59, and the Hot Bath at Bath 90, then is 
Buxton very near the Medium between 
Cold Baths and the Hot Bath at Bath, 
there being 31 Degrees between each; and 
Stony Middleton and Wirkj worth warm Brooks, are near a Medium between the 
freezing Point and Body’s Heat in a healthy 
State at Reft; and Matlock the Medium 
between artificial Freezing and the Hot 
Bath j Middleton's are near the Medium, 
between artificial Freezing, and the Heat 
of a young Perfon in an acute ardent Fe- 
ver. Then we fee the different Tempera- 
tures of the Air at the fame time of the 
Day, within three Miles Diftance, viz, 
on the Top of the Mountain or Promon- 
tory of Crofsfell, and in the Valley below, 
the firft being 29, the laft 50. 15. Since 
there is fuch Difference in the Depth of 
the Origin of Springs, there may be, and 
are, Abundance both of medicinal and 
common Water Fountains, which never 
come to the Day, but are conveyed by fub- 
terranean Chinks or Chafms, to fome large 
Collection of Waters, as the Sea, Rivers, 
&c. 16. Perhaps if the fundry Tempera- 
tures of Waters produced by the fundry 
Earths, Foffils and Minerals, both fimple 
and compounded, were exactly known, it 
might be one Mean or Afliftant towards 
difeovering feveral Minerals, whofe Parts 
not being diftblvable in Water, no Mark of them is otherwife to be found in thofe 
Springs. 
In the firfl Manufcript I had added 
other three Columns to this Table, viz, 
the Day of the Month, the Temperature 
of the Air, and common Water, at the 
fame time when I tried the Bath: But 
finding them ufelefs with regard to peren- 
nial Springs, which keep pretty much at a 
Stand, I left them out. Superficial Springs, 
and fuch as rife out of a hot running Sand, 
are much affe&ed by the Heat of the Sea- 
fon, as Bingham Well, Ganejburgh, Kirby- 
thewcr, &c. 
17. From this Table Vc may find out 
the Severity of any extraordinary hard Frofi; 
or exceflive Heat that may happen whilfi: 
the Ufe of Thermometers is known, or the 
Warmth, Temperatenefs, or Coldnefs of 
any Springs that may be hereafter difco- 
vercd ; or how much the Springs, Seafons, 
or Temperature of human or other animal 
Bodies, in other Countries, whether near 
the Equator or Poles, differ from ours in 
Heat or Cold, and fo comparing them with 
one another: For let the Diameter of the 
Ball, and Cavity of the Tube of a Ther- 
mometer, &c. be what it will, when three Things are given, it is eafy to find a fourth 
by the fame Tube, if the Scale be exadly 
divided into more or fewer equal Parts of 
Inch. Thus i. Take the Degree of natu- 
ral Heat of a healthy temperate Man’s 
Body, aged about thirty Years, in Bed in 
a Morning, after the Night’s good natural 
Reft. 2. The Cold of any perennial Spring 
which fmoaks in a hard Froft. 3. The 
Degree of Cold, of Snow and Salt mixed, 
ex. gr. in the excefiive Cold and Froft of 
Dec. 21, 22, 23, 24, &c. of 1739, I took 
a new Thermometer, put a Sliding-pipe of 
Silver on it, full of Holes on both Sides, 
to fee the Afcent, Defcent, and Refting of 
the Spirits through. Each Inch of this 
Pipe was divided into twenty equal Parts, 
and tried the Degrees of Cold as below. I 
ufed alfo this Thermometer on its own 
wooden Frame, each Inch whereof was 
exadly divided into eight Parts s and the 
Spirits flood thus on both. 
In the Silver Tube. On the Board. 
The Heat of a healthy Body, 275—n0 
Set in a perennial Spring, 158— 62 
Deer, 26, in a calm, clear, 
open, ftrong Froft Air, 
115— 55 Deer. 22, cloudy, cold, high' 
Eaft Wind, and fome flying 
fmall Snow, 
So- i 
In River Water, between two 
Boards of flrong Ice, 
125 49 
Hid under foft Snow, 
Set in Snow and Salt, 
122— 48 
55 21 
This Tube having hung Jix Tears in my 
St air-cafe, the Spirits never fell under 72 
before, but Deer. 22d they fell down to 84, 
which is the greatefl Cold by fome Degrees 
fmee 1709 j and by this any future Cold or 
Heat may be determined. 
Of Warm and Tepid Bathing. 
Having briefly confldered fome of the 
Effects of cold Water both common and 
mineral, in feveral Diforders, we fhall now 
turn our Thoughts upon tepid Baths, both 
artificial and natural. But before we come 
to their Benefit and Ufes, let us enquire 
into their manner of adling upon the Body, 
And that is firft by Relaxation ; as the cold 
Bath produced Contraction, or a Force 
whereby two Points in any Fibre (for all 
our Solids and Veflcls are conflituted of 
Fibres) are forced from a more remote or loofe Con tad:, to a more contiguous or near; 
fo Relaxation is that Alteration in the Solids, 
whereby they are capable of greater Exten- 
tion, and yet preferve the Cohefion and Con- 
tad: of their conftituent Parts ; hence they 
become more flexible and dilatable, whereby 
the Diameters of the Veffels are enlarged. 
Tho’ cold Bathing would in time relax, yet 
few if any human Bodies can fuftain its Ri- 
gour fo long; but the warm Bath relaxes 
prefently and foftens all Bodies, as Skin, 
Horns, &c. This Relaxation is not confined 
to the Body’s Surface only; but the agreea- 
ble fmooth Senfation of it is communicated 
to the Brain, and by it all over the internal 
Parts of the Body alfo. 2. The warm Bath 
adls by Penetration : tho’ fome Water may 
enter the Skin in cold Bathing, yet it is in- 
confiderable in comparifon of what pierces 
the Body in tepid Bathing ; which Doctor 
Waimvright has demonftrated, and Quineey 
from him, verbatim. For tho’ at a com- 
mon Medium Sanßorius found that we per- 
fpired $-Bths of our Meat and Drink daily, 
yet even this Force and Quantity arifing 
from the Skin, is too little to prevent the 
Jnfinuation of Water into the Pores •, for 
Dr, Fit cairn has proved, that the Matter of infen/ible Perlpiration, in a Minute, is the 
1200 Part of the Place it comes from, i. e. 
1200 Scruples of the Skin perfpires one 
Scruple in a Minute j or the whole Skin 
lhall perfpire a Quantity of Matter equal to 
the Weight of the whole Skin in 20 Hours, 
i. e, in 1200 Minutes 3 or one Ounce of the 
Skin perfpires 1-1200 part of a Dram in 
a Minute. Now fuppofmg a fquarc Inch 
of the Skin weigh one Ounce, then this 
Inch perfpires 1-1200 Part of a Dram in a 
Minute; but the fame Inch of Skin, in the 
Bath, is prelfed upon by an additional 
Weight of Water, equal to 96 Drams, or 
24 cubical Inches of Water. Now lince 
only one 1200 Part of Matter or Weight is 
perfpired from an Inch of the Skin in a 
Minute, therefore is the Elevation or Pro- 
trulion of the Matter perfpirable refilled 
by a Weight 115200 times greater than it- 
felf; for 1200 multiplied by 96, makes’ 
115200 ; but this is not credible nor po/E- 
----ble ; fo that we mull allow tepid \V ater to 
enter into and mix with the animal Juices 
in Bathing : Of this we are convinced not 
only by Theory but Experience, for we 
have found fome, that after ftrong Rub- 
bing and Fridtion, and being drelfed of an Hour, yet have weighed an Ounce hea- 
vier than when they went in. Not only 
are we fatisfied that the Water in tepid 
Bathing pierces the Skin and mixes with 
the Juices, but that alfo the Water floating 
in the Atmofphere, in foggy Weather, en- 
ters it; for Dr. Kell found that by his Ser- 
vant’s riding out in fuch a Night, his Body 
gained eighteen Ounces in Weight. Nay, 
we are further convinced from Obferva- 
tion, that fuch as ufe tepid Baths much, 
have the excretory Duds of their Skin fa 
cleared, and the Pores fo open, that four 
times the Quantity of Water will be im- 
pelled through their Skin, as is into the 
Skins of fuch as were Strangers to it before. 
This Impullion into the Skin is not from 
any Sudion there, but from the Prefl'ure of 
the Atmofphere out of the Water, and of 
both Air and Water in the Bath ; and flnce 
we have fhewn before, that this Prefl'ure 
throws the Blood from the Externals upon 
the Internals, the Water being got into and 
mix’d with the Juices, muil with them be 
cafl; into the Blood, and fo into the whole 
Habit of the Body. 3. As an Effed of 
Relaxation, Prefl'ure, Intromiflion, and 
Mixture of the Water with the Fluids, comes Dilution, the Blood being made 
thereby thinner, and its Particles rendered 
feparable with more Eafe and lefs Force ; 
for the Particles of Water, mixing with the 
Blood in Circulation, will be interpofed 
among the Globules of Blood, and render 
the whole Mafs thinner and lefs coherent, 
in proportion to the Adrniffion of Water 
in the Bath ; and that Intromiffion will be 
according to the Dcnhty or Levity, Lax- 
nefs or Hardnefs, of the Skin. From the 
whole we fee, that the Fifed of tepid 
Bathing depends on the PrefTure of the 
Water, Relaxation of the Solids from the 
WVmth of the Element, Impulfion and 
Admifiion thereof into the Skin and Vef- 
fels; and lailly. Dilution from its Mixture 
with the Blood Now let us fee, I. When 
and where thefe cannot be of any Benefit 
to us j 2. When we may reafonabiy exped 
real Service from them.. And, 
Firft, The Relaxation may open the 
Pores of the Skin, and give way to the 
perfpirable Matter to fly offs yet if this 
fame Matter is too thick, vifcid, or other- 
wife grofs and cohering, crude and indi- 
:gefted 5 that it is too large, and cannot 
pads the excretory Duds of the Skin ,j that lame foftening and widening the cuta~ 
neons Pores may only caufe a greater Flux 
of this Matter to the relaxed Surface, 
where, by the Largenefs or Vifcidity of 
its Parts, it will be diut up in the excretory 
Duds or capillary Vedels of the Skin; 
where, from the continual Supply from 
behind, the Obdrudions mud be increafed, 
and either raife a Fever, or irritate the So- 
lids, to increafe their Quantity of fenfble 
Difcharges. The Method to prevent this 
Mifchief by tepid Bathing, is, i. To thin 
the Humours by an attenuating, bidding, 
thinning Diet, and Temperance; 2. To 
clear the fird Paffages by a Vomit and 
mild Purge; 3. To ufe the Fldh-Brulh 
Evening and Morning for fome Days ; 4.T0 
take at Night fome Diaphoretic, as Cam- 
phire ; 5. To ufe moderate Riding, this be- 
ing the mod advantageous Exercife can be 
ufed for promoting Digeftion and Perfpira- 
tion. 
37 4 
2. Since Relaxation is the Effed of te- 
pid Bathing, then mud it be highly inju- 
rious to Perfons of lax Solids and Vedels, 
for it will extend, dilate, and weaken them 
more, as in a Confumption, Dropfy, Rick- 
ets, KingVevil, &c. 3. Seeing Relaxation by tepid Bathing 
occafions a greater Derivation of Juices 
and Humours to the Skin, there to be let 
out and difcharged; then mud; it he highly 
prejudicial to atrophic, emaciated Bodies, 
and alfo to fuch as are liable to exjceffive 
Sweatings, or to thofe who have a quick 
Pulfe, thin Fluids, a heftic Fever, &c. 
For in all thofe the Expence of the animal 
Juices is too great already, and whatever 
increafes that, fubflrads from the pining 
Body, and haftens its Ruin. 4. This {hews 
the Mifchief of tepid Bathing to idle, fe- 
dentary Perfons, who eat and drink freely, 
but ufe not Exercife anfwerable to it; 
and alfo to fludious People, who fub- 
ilradl too much from the Organs of Mo- 
tion, to beifow on thofe of the Intellect, 
to the depauperating and relaxing of the 
firfF. But to come to the real Advantages 
of the tepid Bath, they are many, and 
extend to a great Variety of Cafes, even 
as many as proceed from too fpringy, 
flifF, rigid, inflexible, indilatable Fibres 
and Veflels; and either their too great 
Conatus, or Struggles to bring themfelves 
from their Circumference to their Centre, cither to narrow, or flmt up the Cavity 
of the Tubes, and there endeavour to 
fqueeze, repel, or hinder the Influx of the 
Fluids, and to prevent the Expulflon of 
the Blood from the Heart, or out of the 
great Veflels. 2. From fome unnatural 
and extraneous Body lodged in the Cavity 
of fome fmall Veflels, extending, widen- 
ing, and tearing it. Or, 3. From fome 
flharp faline Matter irritating the Fibres 
and Veflels, railing Pain, Heat, Throb- 
bing, a Fever, &c. Or, 4. Some adven- 
titious Load laid on the Surface or ex- 
tream Parts of the Body, by the Reten- 
tion or Diminution of the inviflble Dif- 
charge. 5. From fome putrid Humours 
hoarded up in the Blood, and to be fe- 
parated from it, and thrown upon the Sur- 
face. For the laft Intention, topical Bath- 
ing or Fomenting is of unfpeakable Ser- 
vice in Small-pox, Mealies, or other Dif- 
eafes, where the Health and Life of the 
Patient depends on regular cuticular Erup- 
tions. The Benefit of this I have feen fo 
often, that I am furprized it is not more 
ufed daily, as it highly deferves ; for by 
relaxing the Skin of the Extreams, it may be made fufceptible of a large Share of 
that Matter, to the no fmall Relief of the 
Head, Face, and Vitals, upon the Safety 
of which depends the Perfon’s Recovery. 
It is the Thicknefs and Stiffncfs of the 
Skin that makes thefe Diftempers mofldy 
dangerous, and often fatal, after Youth is 
over. Now the Skin is not to be fof- 
tened by expulfive Cordials, hot, and fph 
rituous Medicines, which ratify the Blood, 
increafe its Velocity, and ferve to turn a. 
mild Difeafe into an inflammatory and 
fatal one ; or to drain out of the Body, by 
Sweat, the more thin and aqueous Parts 
of the Blood, which fhould prepare the 
Skin for the Reception of the morbific 
Matter, and fill and keep up the Puflles 
on the Skin. It is from this Denfity, Stiff- 
nefs, and Rigidity of the Skin, that Pleu- 
rifies, Peripneumonies, Quinfies, and other 
inflammatory Fevers, are moflly fatal to 
Ditchers, Fifhermen, and others, who are 
much in the Water, and are therefore 
much more obliged to fenfible than infen- 
fible Evacuations ; fure a more rational 
and promifing Remedy cannot be propofed 
than tepid Bathing, with Bleeding, which may diminifli the Quantity of Blood, and 
foften the Skin, cleanfe its excretory Du£ls, 
and make way for better Perfpiration. In 
all preternatural Watchings, whether with 
or without a Fever, in thefe cold Fits, 
which ufher in acute Fevers, where the 
Attrition of the Liquids againft each other 
and their VefTels are leffened, a Stagnation 
of the Fluids at the extream Parts is 
threatened, nothing can be more mifchie- 
vous than heating, Simulating Medicines; 
and nothing better, fafer, and more bene- 
ficial can be done, than tepid Bathing, and 
Friddion after it, by which many dangerous 
and fatal Fevers might often be wholly 
prevented. In Ravings and Dehrium in a 
Fever, or where there is a too great Rap- 
tus of the Blood to the Head without a 
a Fever, a feafonable Ufe of thefe Baths, 
would be of inexprefiible Service; i. To 
foften and dilate the Skin and VefTels, and 
difpofe them for a more equal Diftribu- 
tion of the Blood; 2. By lefTening the Ir- 
ritation of the VefTels, by the flimulating 
Salts of the Blood. 3. A Dilirium is pre- 
ceded by very thin pale Urine, which 
fhows the urinal Salts to be retained in the Blood, and fhortly to be thrown on the 
fmall Veflels of the Brain, to the imminent 
Danger of the Patient. Now tepid Bath- 
ing is of all others the mod likely Method, 
and has often been found fo in Effect, to 
relax and dilate the Strainers of the Kid- 
neys, and make way for the Filtration of 
the Salts retained in the Blood, which had 
irritated and contracted the DuCts of the 
Kidneys, fo as the Diameters of the Vefiels 
were too fhort or narrow to let the Salts 
pafs. In violent and hidden Paflions of the 
Mind, as Fear, Grief, Joy, &c. which raife 
the Elafticity of the Fibres and Solids to 
their higheft Peg, and often end in imme- 
diate Death, Madnefs, Watchfulnefs, Ra- 
vings, or Fevers; can any thing be more 
abfurd and monftrous, than Bleeding, Bli- 
ftering, and other Evacuations, or cheer- 
ing Cordials, &c. when it is plain the So- 
lids are wound up to their higheft Pitch, 
the Fluids have been impetuoufly and vio- 
lently ground down and expelled before, 
as is fenfibly perceived by the Nofes of the 
By-handers often ? Here the whole Chance 
lies on immediate Relaxation and Dilution, 
and thefe can be no way fo fpeedily and clfeftually procured as by tepid Bath- 
ing, and frequent, plentiful, tepid, foft- 
ening, paragoric Draughts, which may 
at once inwardly and outwardly loofen, 
fmooth, and fill the Vefiels, and difpofe 
to Refi:. In the Agonies of Gravel and 
Stone, and in Supprefiions of Urine, no- 
thing tends more to loofen the Ureters, 
Neck of the Bladder, and its Sphincter, 
than tepid Baths let in up to the Stomach; 
this eafes Pain, makes way for the Dif- 
charge of Urine, Stone, Sand, or fabulous 
Matter. In convulfive Colics, where, 
from the Contradlion of the Nerves of 
the Mefentery, the Bowels have been 
fqueezed to the Vertebras of the Back, and 
the Patient’s Life in the utmod Danger, 
what wonderful and hidden Relief have 
we feen thefe Baths give.? And not only 
have they been of ufe for die prefent, but 
by repeating them twice or thrice a Weelc, 
for fome time, the return of the terrible 
Diftemper has been quite prevented. In 
Colds, the common Method is Bleeding, 
thinning the Blood, and promoting Perfpi- 
ration j but thefe Defigns might be much 
and advanced by this Bathings for, by the Immiflion of the Water into tu* 
excretory Dudls of the Skin, the vifcid Mat- 
ter in them would not only be thinned and 
expelled, the Veflels cleared, loofened, and 
foftened, and Perfpiration very much pro- 
moted and facilitated; but the Defilement 
of the Skin by Pimples, Ulcers, Scabs, 
Blotches, &c, would be prevented; For 
thefe are the Effedts of this Matter lying 
in the excretory Duds till it turn acrid, 
corroding and tearing the capillary Vef- 
fels. This Kind of Bathing is alfo ufe- 
ful in all fudden violent Pains; for thefe 
are the Effeds of a Contradion of the So- 
lids : But tepid Baths relax the Solids, and 
lb mitigate or remove the Pain, and take 
off Rigours, Convulfions, and Heavinefsj 
and, by their relaxing the hard and tenfe 
Skin, and foftening the Flefh, they fill 
the Veffels on the Surface, which were al- 
rnofl collapfed: Hence the white, pale, 
languid Looks are changed to ruddy, or 
a fine Mixture of red and white. They 
alfo promote Suppuration, by tearing off 
the Stiffnefs and Indilatability of the So- 
lids j and difcufs flatulent Humours, by 
deanfing and widening the Pores of the Skin ; encreafing Perfpiration, and attenu- 
and ratifying the grofs Humours; 
and alfo they help to relieve Pains of the 
Side, Difeafes of the Back and Breaft, by 
promoting and facilitating Expectoration* 
as well as by abating the Inflammations. 
They are ufeful in Pains of the Eyes, Ears, 
and contracted or Sinew-grown Members, 
by relaxing the' Membranes of the firft, 
and the Mufcles and Tendons of the laft. 
Thefe few Pittances, out of many that 
might be advanced, fhew not only the 
Ufefulnefs of tepid Bathing, but the Man- 
ner how it produces its EffeCts; which be- 
ing known, we may not only add a great 
many others, but alfo fee where it is hurt- 
ful; as in Weaknefs and Relaxation of 
the Nerves, which Difeafe it muft cer- 
tainly encreafe, and aggravate all the Symp- 
toms of it, by letting down the Spring of 
the Fibres flill lower; and alfo in Hae- 
morrhages, by ratifying the Blood, encrea- 
fing its Bulk, and widening the Veflels; 
and in a Lownefs and Depreffion of Spi- 
rits, from the Slownefs of the Circulation, 
and in too great a Penury and DilTolution 
of the Particles of the Blood, &c. 4. Of bathing in Mineral Waters, Hot 
or Cold. 
Having confidered all Cold Baths in the 
fame Light, as aCting merely by Preflure 
and Contraction, and all artificial fimple 
tepid Baths, as producing their Effects by 
Relaxation and Dilution, let us now view 
Bathing in another Light, viz. in mineral 
Waters, and therefore medicinal. Thefe 
Baths are either, ftriCtly and properly fpeak- 
ing, mineral Waters impregnated with vo- 
latile or fix’d mineral Principles 3 or they 
are fuch as differ from moff common Wa- 
ter, merely on account of the Soil they are 
ffrained through, and the particular Kind 
of, Earth they carry in their Interffices, 
which may juftly appropriate them to feme 
particular Ufes above common Water 3 as 
petrefying Waters, which carry much im- 
palpable Earth in their Pores, and are 
therefore proper to bathe in for an exceffive 
Perfpiration, or too great a Dilatation of the 
fudoriferous DuCls 3 Chalk or Lime-ftone 
Waters, which, being more drying and 
healing, are therefore better adapted to old Ulcers, ulcerated Wounds, mold; cuticular 
Eruptions, &c. Tin and Lead Waters, 
which are faid to be colder, therefore caufe 
a flronger Contraction 5 Marie Waters, 
which are reported to encreafe the Con- 
tractility of the Fibres. As to mineral 
Waters, properly fo called ; Sulphur Wa- 
ters which are foft, cleanfing, healing and 
balfamic; vitriolic Waters, which of all 
others are moft aflringent and {Lengthen- 
ing; nitrous Waters, which are cooling, 
cleanfing, and refill Putrefaction ; Waters 
with common Sea Salt only, which are mofl 
heating, drying, and flimulating ; or mine- 
ral Limeflone Waters, which are cleanfine. 
drying, and healing. Mineral Water Baths 
are either hot, as the Bath ; tepid, as Bux- 
tony and the reft, of the DerbyJJjire warm 
Waters ; or cold, as all the Chalybeate and 
common Sulphur Baths, whether more or 
lefs faline. Bathing in the warm Waters 
may be ufed at any time of the Year, tho* 
they are warmefl in the coldeft Weather in 
Winter, from the Coldnefs of the Atmo- 
fphere, and the Repletion of the Pores of 
the Earth with Water, or their Conflipa- 
tion by Froft, which prevent the Diflipa- tion of the Heat of the Water. Cold 
Baths are not to be ufed but from May 
to September, except by fuch as have been 
accuftomed to them $ for not only is our 
Atmofphere colder, but the Water is hea- 
vier ; the Body is hotter, its Fibres better 
braced, and its Fluids of a ftronger Texture 
and Confidence. Fallopius, Baccius, &c. 
tell us, that the firfl Intention of bathing 
in warm Baths is Evacuation* efpecially if 
done in nitrous, fulphureous, or chalybeate 
(by them called aluminous) Waters - and 
indeed by relaxing the too rigid and diff, 
or bracing the lax Fibres, attenuating, thin- 
ing, and fqueezing out the vifcid perfpira- 
ble Matter of the excretory Duds of the 
Skin; and promoting a free Perfpiration - 
and alfo by its compreffing the Bodies Sur- 
it throws the Fluids inwards. Hence 
two very confiderable Evacuations are en- 
treafed; viz. Urine and Perfpiration. 2. Re- 
laxation, or foftening the Contractions, StifF- 
nefs and Rigidity of the Parts, whether by 
Cold, or fome compacted Matter, Obilruc- 
tion or Emaciation ; and for this Buxton is 
ihe fureft known Relief in this Ifland, it be- 
ing only tepid ; for hot Waters rather con- 
trad than relax, ftiffen than foften. 3. Dry- ing; and for this Limeftone Sulphur-Baths 
are remarkable ; hence their wonderful 
Service in Cachochymics, Palfies, beginning 
Dropfies, White Swellings, running Sores, 
Defilements of the Skin, &c. 4. Moiften- 
ing; but Relaxation is fuppofed to go be- 
fore ; for to reftore the due and regular 
Influx and Circulation of the Blood and 
Lympha to dried atrophic Part, before Re- 
laxation, is impoffible; therefore we here 
recommend the naturally tepid Waters. 
5. Warming; for as foon as you are come 
out of Matlock or Stony Middleton Baths, 
an agreeable Glow of Heat and Rednefs of 
the Skin break out over the Body; at which 
time Perforation runs high ; from which, 
and the Compreffion of the Solids, the Per- 
lon is alert, lightfome, and pleafant, and 
feems lighter. 6. Cooling and Strengthen- 
ing, from leffening the Humours by Eva- 
cuation, bracing gently the Body, taking off 
clammy Sweats, relaxing too ftiff Solids, 
moderating a too rapid Circulation, correct- 
ing the acrimonious Humours, and leflen- 
ing the vifcid, aqueous, or adhefive. On 
thefe Intentions depend their corroborating, 
reftringent, aperient Properties : from thefe 
alfo they promote Digefldon, Chilification, Circulation,. Secretion, Evacuation, and Ex- 
cretion. Fallopius would have us ufe the 
Bath only once a Day at beginning, then 
twice a day after. In tepid Waters, he fays, 
they may Hay in five Hours at a time, in hot 
Waters only two Hours 5 and that the Pa- 
tients muft go in at Sun-rifing, and feven 
o’clock at Night. But we look upon from 
15 Minutes to an Hour in tepid Baths, and 
half that Time in the hot Baths, and a few 
Minutes in the cold Baths, fufficient. 
The Reafon why Bathings in mineral are 
more efficacious than in common Water, is, 
1. From the Admixture of faline and me- 
tallic, mineral or fulphureous Parts with the 
Water, which make it more ftimulating, 
attenuating, bracing, diffolving, cleanfing, 
drying, healing, cooling, penetrating, dif- 
cuffive, and corrective of Acrimony, foft- 
ening, fmoothing, &c. 2. From the Mi- 
nutenefs of thefe adventitious Mixtures; for 
the medicinal Parts of thefe Waters are re- 
ally fo fmall, that they are not only invifl- 
ble, when looked for thro’ the fined; Micro- 
fcope, but are incolligible by any Art yet 
known, and incoercible by any Veffel; and 
it was neceflary they fhould be fo ; for had 
it been otherwife, they had been incapable to anfwer the Defigns of Providence? of 
the Expectation of human Neceflities. For 
fince we are fatisfied that nothing can pafs 
even the LaCteals but in a fluid Form, much 
kfs could they pierce the fcarf Skin, enter 
both by the Mouths of the excretory Ducts 
of the Skin, and pafs thro1 the very Inter- 
Ilices or Texture of Fibres and Veffels, and 
ib get in and mix with the Blood both ways. 
2. And as the medicinal Parts of thefe Wa- 
ters are fmaller than the grofier Particles 
of Matter themfelves> the firft will not 
only enter, but enter in greater Quantity 
than the laft, even as a fteamy or dry Va- 
pour y but that the firft is fmaller than the 
laft, is plain from the Incolligibility and In- 
coercibility of the firft, whereas the laft may 
be both gathered and retained. But the Skin 
of a living human Body is not only more 
thin and porous than that of other Animals, 
becaufe of its Cloathing, but more fpongy 
and open than any glafs, metallic, or earthen 
Vcflel, which are much clofer than Vefifels 
of Wood, yet the volatile or fpirituous Parts 
of mineral Waters are not retainable by the 
firft, and much lefs by the laft j and if thefe 
volatile Parts make their way through the 
Pores of the firft Vefiels, much more through 
the Skin of a human Body, which is much more patent and large than Veflels of Wood* 
Confider we again not only the Aptnefs and 
Difpofition of thefe Parts to enter the Body, 
but their EfFeds when they have entered it; 
for, i. From the Tenuity of their Parts they 
muft mix with and be entangled both in the 
Fibres, VelFels, and their Contents, and be 
as fo many Wedges feparating the adheftve, 
vifcid, glutinous Juices in thefe fmall eva- 
nefcent capillary Tubes, or ading according 
to the kind of the volatile mineral Princi- 
ples and their Compofttions. 2. Both from 
the Preffure of the Water, the Smalnefs of 
jts Particle, the Relaxation and Softening of 
the Skin, and the Penetration of the volatile 
Parts, fome, yea not a little of the common 
Vehicle muft unavoidably be let into the 
Body and Veflels by the Skin, which joining 
the volatile Principles already let in, both 
will attenuate, thin, and diftblve the tardy, 
grofs, or impaded Humours; and the Vef- 
fels at the fame time being loofened, thefe 
noxious Juices muft neceftarily be leftened, 
and Perfpiration promoted by each Immer- 
fion. 3. Coniider we the Area to be im- 
merfed and expofed to the Water, even the 
Body’s whole Surface, which in Adults, one 
with another, is not lefs than 15 fquare 
Feet j and fmee every Scruple of the Skin has been demonftrated to difcharge a Quan- 
tity equal to its own Weight in 20 Hours. 
Then how vaftly many muff the perfpira- 
tory Duds or Outlets of that Scruple of Skin 
be ? and confequently the Immiffion of the 
volatile mineral Vapours through the Skin, 
from the Water, mufl be very confiderable, 
capable of producing very great and furpri- 
fing Alterations in the Body; which Alte- 
rations will be more fenfible, as the mineral 
Waters are more highly impregnated with 
a volatile mineral Spirit, whofe Admiffion 
into the Body by the cutaneous Pores can- 
not be hindered or prevented by the plenti- 
fiilleffc Difcharge of perfpirable Matter. 1. 
Becaufe the more vifcid the Matter fhut up 
in the excretory Duds is, the more porous, 
and the more room there is in it to receive 
and lodge the mineral Steam from the Wa- 
ter. 2. Becaufe the more vifcid or lizy Part 
of any Fluid keeps always neareft the Sides 
of the containing Veffel, whilft the more 
fluid, being fitter for and more fufeeptive of 
Motion, keep the Axis or Middle of the hol- 
low Cone or Cylinder. Now, feeing neither 
the Force of the Vefifels difeharging the per- 
fpirable Matter, nor the Preffure and Weight 
of the Juices of the Body, like fo many Co- 
lumns of a far greater Altitude than the Bath, can prevent, or flop the Difcharge of 
this Matter in the Bath, it is not poflible nor 
credible that it fhould hinder the Inhuma- 
tion of this mineral Spirit, which not only 
enters by the Mouths of the excretory or 
evanefcent VefTels, but even thro’ the Inter- 
ilices themfelves, and fo falls in diredtly up- 
on this Lentor on the Sides of the Veffels; 
nor can it be alledged, with the lead: Shew 
of Reafon, that becaufe the Body weighs not 
more after bathing than before, therefore 
there is no fuch Indnuation into, nor Mix- 
ture with the Blood ; For, i. The Prefence 
of thefe volatile mineral Principles, are fo 
far from making the Waters in which they 
prefide weigh heavier whilfl they are in, 
that it weighs fenfibly lighter then, and hea- 
vier when they are gone. 2. The great In- 
creafe of Perfpiration after bathing not only 
proves the Relaxation, but the Immiflion of 
fome fluider Body than the Blood, whereby 
the lad; is diluted and prepared for a Dif- 
charge by the Skin. But, 3. What not only 
proves the Exigence .of thefe volatile Princi- 
ples in mineral Waters, but their Infmua- 
tion into, and Mixture with the animal Jui- 
ces, is what we find by Experience, that any 
outward, equal, moderate Warmth, relaxes 
the Skin, and opens its Pores, and makes way for the perfpirable Matter to get off5 
but if the Humours are grofs, vifcid, or ad- 
here ftrongly to the Sides of the Veffels, this, 
loofeniug and foftening the Skin and widen- 
ing its Veffels, will only caufe a greater Flow 
of thefe crude Humours to the Skin, where 
they will ftick and flop the Mouths of the 
papillary Veffels; which Obftrudtion will ftill 
be increafed from behind, till the Veffels are 
irritated to make a larger Difcharge; but 
they being diftended beyond their natural 
Tone, and the obftrudled Matter, at the 
fame time, very vifcid and grofs, a Fever 
inuft and will enfue: and this I have known 
oftencr than once to be the Cafe of thefe 
fool-hardy People, who to cure an obftinate 
chronic Ague have run into the cold Bath, 
and paid for their Folly with the Expence 
of their Life. But by going into the naturally 
warm or tepid Bath firft, thefe volatile Prin- 
ciples making their way into this cohefive 
glewy Matter, and diluting, attenuating, and 
preparing it for Motion, it is expelled, and 
the Body relieved, without any Danger or 
Detriment: Then the Veffels having been 
before diftended, they are hardly to be fup- 
pofed to receive their Force by a relaxing 
Method, as warm Bathing is; but they are 
apt either to under-do it or over-do it, which is eafily prevented, by applying to the cold 
Bath after the hot. This is the true Reafon 
why cold Baths often facceed, when the 
hot have failed; for a fizy, tough, phlegmy 
Humour, mull frft be diluted, loofened, 
and diffolved by the hot Baths, then the 
pold mull brace the Mufcles, Tendons, Vefr 
fels, and Nerves. 2. Where the Difeafe is 
of the inflammatory kind, efpecially where 
the Blood makes its Pronged Impetus upon 
the Veffels of either the Head or Breath, by 
the ufe of hot Baths ; in this Cafe the ani- 
mal Juices are rarefied and heated, fill and 
diftend their Veflels more, and the old Dif- 
tempers are increafed, or new ones called in 
to their Aid. Now this Increafe of febrile 
Heat, Head-ach, Hectic, &c. can neither 
be owing to the common Vehicle nor its 
Warmth, therefore muff be owing to the 
Ad million of thefe mineral volatile Princi- 
ples Into the Blood. We might inftance the 
furprizing good Effects from bathing in na- 
tural hot Baths, for that intraftable Diflem- 
per by Medicine called Emphyfema, or a 
windy Dropfy, where the Swelling fhifts 
from place to place in an Hour or two, and 
is attended with a Fever; where the flatulent 
vifeid Matter is attenuated by the mineral 
Spirit, diluted by the Water, and the Pores of the Skin laid open for its Difcharge. No\y 
here the tepid Bath would only relax the 
Solids more, and encreafe the Difeafe; but 
the mineral Spirit it is chiefly that incides, 
feparates, and attenuates this grofs Matter, 
and prepares it to be cad; oft, and the cold 
Bath braces up the Pores afterward. Again; 
in the Palfy tepid Baths increafe the Relaxa- 
tion, but natural hot Baths do modly reftore 
the Difeafed ; this can only be owing to that 
intractable, impalpable, powerfully penetra- 
ting mineral Spirit 5 this lets us plainly fee, 
that all the Parts of an human Body, are to 
this Spirit as a Sponge is to warm Water. 
To add no more Proofs of this, all thefe 
Difeafes, in which natural hot Baths are 
found mod; efficacious and fuccefsful, and 
indeed in which they rarely fail, are of the 
nervous Tribe; and the Reafon of this is, 
becaufe we know of no Medicine fo capable 
to reach and enter thefe fine imperceptible 
delicate Tubes; but it is indifputable that 
the Spirit of thefe Waters not only enter 
them when drunk, hut even by bathing, as 
we fee from their amazing EfFedts by bath- 
ing only. To fet this Matter in a clear 
Light, take not only any medicinal Prepara- 
tion, but any fix’d Principle impregnating 
mineral Waters, when feparated from them. not diflblvable in common Water; dry, 
powder, and levigate either the fird or lad, 
as fubtily as poffibly you can; then examine 
both through a fine Microfcope, and their 
Particles will appear larger than the Blood 
Globules; and the Diameter of one of the 
larged and fird Water Globules of Blood, 
exceeds not one two-thoufandth Part of an 
Inch ; and the Diameter of any Particle vi- 
fible to the naked Eye, mud not exceed one 
hundredth Part of an Inch ; but Lewenhoek 
and others have difcovered an Infinity of 
Vefifels in the Body, whofe Diameter exceed 
not one 80000th Part of an Inch. Since there- 
fore there are Vefiels whofe Diameters are fo 
inconceivably lefs than the Blood Globules, 
and the fined levigated Subdances are fo 
much larger than the Blood Globules, it 
both is and was abfolutely necedary, that 
the more medicinal Parts of mineral Waters 
fhould be thus minute and fine, that they 
might not only pafs, but even penetrate, 
from without, the delicate Tubes in the 
Body, and a<d upon their Fluids. Now 
the Difeafes in which natural hot Baths are 
found mod remarkably ferviceable, are fuch 
as are exaftly adapted to this Docdrine. 
'viz. Univerfal Paify, with Lofs of Senfe and 
Motion, or only lofs of one; Numbnefs^ V/eaknefs or Lamenefs, proceeding from 
thence, or tending thereto j prickling throb- 
bing Pains, with a Senfation of Stupor, at 
the fame time Feeblencfs of the Limbs; Lame- 
nefs from Accidents, as Bruifes, Falls 
or Blows; or from Strains, Mortifications, 
Poifons, mercurial Ointments, Wounds or Ul~ 
cers, partial Palfics, as Hemiphlegia, when 
the Ufe of one Side is taken away ; Lofs of 
the Ufe of a Hand, Foctf, Tongue, 
Gullet, cr of the SphinCfers, &c. Or 
partial Palfies with Cramps and Convulfions, 
with a Rheumatifm or without a Rheuma- 
Dropfy; Palfy general or par- 
ticular j from a Scurvyj Deprivation of Mo- 
iionfrom Contufions, frequent Strains, or Dif- 
locations, from the Weaknefs or Laxnefs ot 
the Tendons and Mufcles; violent Tremors, 
and Convulfions of long standing; chronic 
and habitual Colic, with a Palfy; dry Gripes, 
with or without a Palfy-, Gout, with or with- 
out Contractions ; Gravel or Stone; Emaci- 
ation of the Parts; Sciatica, Chiragra, with 
or without Lamenefs, Weaknefs, -Dijiortion, 
Contractions, or Pain ; Gout with Scurvy and 
Hyppo ; Hyppo and Scurvy ; Scurvy alone ; 
cutaneous pufiulous Eruptions; fore running 
Head and Neck, with or without ichorous or 
purulent Matter; Scurf Scales or dry Scabs, 397 
Klng7s~evil, Leprofy, Hyfierics, Hippo, Cd* 
chexy, Rheumtifm, •whether from a Vifd~ 
dity of the Juices, or Salinefs of the //«, 
mours; Aches and Brutfes 3 Fain of the 
Stomach and Indigeftion 3 Vomitings 3 Dropfy 
of the Feet and Legs 5 c/ the Stomach 
and Guts 5 with heSlic Quotidian, and Con- 
fumption 5 Flatulency, or Wind in the Sto- 
mach or Bowels3 Ouftrudiions of Urine 3 
Shocks of the Brain by Falls or Blows 3 
pulency 3 Limbs contrasted, or Sinew-grown 3 
Catamenia, obftru&ed, exeeffive, depraved 
or vitiated 3 Fluor albus, Fiftulays; running 
Ulcers 3 confant Coldnefs, with Shakings 3 
Belland. Prolapfus uteri 3 white Swellings 3, 
pined or emaciated Members 5 fcorbutic Con- 
fumption and Atrophy 3 Convulfions and Adh~ 
mas, cured or prevented in Children by the 
Mothers drinking the Waters 3 Ufe of the 
Limbs loft by Wreftling, &c. This is a Ca- 
talogue of the Difeafes in which Guidot, 
Fierce, and other Bath Writers, have found 
Bathing in the Bath Waters mod effedual 3- 
and we find them all chronic Diforders. 
2, Nervous, from a Redundancy, Vifcidity, 
and other Depravities of the nervous and 
lymphatic Juices: Or, 3. From acrid, fcor- 
butic, muriatic, or lixivial alcaline Salts, 
fixed, pricking, tearing, and paining, the fenfible delicate nervous Syftem j or thrown 
forth and defiling the Skin, or caufing In- 
flammations, Suppurations, and Ulcers, of 
ihort or long Difcharges. What makes 
Bathing in mineral Waters more powerful 
than common Water is, becaufe in thefe 
Difeafes of the Skin, the Waters ad: not fo 
much from the Diflblution, as it is from 
thinning, correding, and drawing forth the 
Sharpnefs and Acrimony of the 
whilft the alcaline Earth dries up the ouz- 
ing, thin, watery Difcharge upon the Part, 
and the Sulphur cleanfes, heals, and aftrin- 
ges. What feems a Myftery in thefe Wa- 
ters is, that they flbould anfwer feeming 
contrary Indications or Intentions; as to cure 
Corpulency and Emaciations, reftore Sinew- 
grown or contraded Limbs, and paralitic 
Members, provoke, Hop, or regulate the 
Catamenae, &c. But thefe are very eafily 
accounted for, fince the Cure of Corpulency 
depends on promoting and increafing Per- 
fpiration; to which not only Bathing, but 
Exercife and Temperance, contribute 3 and 
the refloring Nourishment "and Growth to 
withered Limbs or Members, can only be 
brought about by attenuating the vifcid 
Juice, and opening the Obftrudidns which 
prevented the Influx of Blood and Spirits into the Arteries and Nerves, and unbend- 
ing the Spring of the rigid Solids, or bracing 
the loofened Fibres. Contractions or Si- 
new-growing require only Relaxation to 
foften and render the Fibres more flexible, 
and the Veflfels more dilatable. Palfles re- 
quire the attenuating and wafting of that 
Redundance of vifcid nervous Juice, which 
foaks and relaxes the Nerves, and deprives 
them of AClion and Senfation j and bracing 
up the relaxed Fibres. Flow Bathing at- 
tenuates the Juices, I have thewn before * 
as alfo how it waftes them by Perfpiration, 
and thereby enables the nervous Filaments 
to reaftume their natural Elafticity, whilft 
both Steel and Sulphur, in the Water, aCt 
the part of Reftringents. Whatever adds 
to the Quantity, Motion, and Momentum 
of the Blood, and at the fame time deter- 
mines it for the uterine Veftels, may be 
called an Emmenagogic; and alfo what- 
ever takes off the Stiffnefs and Indilatability 
of thefe Veftels, and makes them infufcep- 
tible of a greater Accumulation and Load of 
Blood. On the contrary, whatever correfts 
the iVcrimony of the Blood, leffens the 
Quantity of other animal Juices, invigorates 
the Fibres and Veftels, or gives the Blood a free and unleflened equal Courfe into all the 
Parts of the Body, may properly be called 
an Anti-emmenagogic. But that mineral 
Waters do all thefe Things, and how, I 
have fufliciently explained above; and fhall 
iiot here repeat it. We fhall not dwell 
longer here on the Choice of proper Baths 
in each particular Cafe, that falling more 
naturally in under the inward Ufes Of mi- 
neral Waters, but only obferve in the ge- 
neral, that natural hot Baths are improper 
for he£tical PerfonSj and fuch as are liable 
to Inflammations or inflammatory Fevers 5 
as alfo for the plethoric, hot; bilious Tem- 
peraments, and for very lax, weak, atrophic 
Habits, &c. The Spring and Autumn 5 
and in cafe of Neceffity, the Winter itfelf,- 
are proper for them 3 but the Heat of Sum- 
mer, and during the Reign of any conta- 
gious epedemic Diftemper, we judge very 
improper Seafons for the hot Baths 5 or pre- 
fently after a full Meal, or with a Retention 
Of the alvine or urinary Excrements 3 there- 
fore a Laxative or two fhould be given to 
prepare the Body, and they fhould go into' 
the Bath early in the Morning failing, or 
late at Night, before Supper. When Bath- 
ing is requisite for People abounding with Blood, a Vein ffiould be opened firft. As 
to the Time they are to ftay in the Bath, 
and how often they are to go into it; once 
a Day at firft, and only flay in a few Mi- 
nutes, till they dip over Head three or four 
times, then get out, and let the Body be 
well rubbed and dried: And as the Perfon 
finds it to agree, he may go in oftener, and 
Hay longer. The Number of Days he is to 
go in, depends intirely on the Heat of the 
Bath, and the Cafe and Conftitution of the 
Patient; for at Bath 14 or 15 Days is reck- 
oned diffident, before either an Intermiffion 
or Exchange of Bathing for Drinking. At 
Buxton 20 or 30 times may be allowed* 
tho’ fewer will be, and is of very great Ser- 
vice. At Matlock they may go in a Month or 
more. As to Diet, beware of Intemperance 
in Eating or Drinking; let the Dinner be 
fparing, that it load not the Stomach; at 
Evening Bathing avoid Malt Liquors, Drams, 
and all vifeid and fpirituous Liquors, with 
all fuch Things as render the Body coftive, 
hot or feveriffi, or require long Time and 
great Strength to digeflj keep feafonable 
Hours, that all Digeflions and Evacuations, 
fenfible and infenfible, may be duly and re- 
gularly performed > and that you be not ftiortened nor difturbed in your Reft, nor 
lofc the proper Sealdns of Bathing. But for 
thefe Things the redding Phyfician is al- 
ways to be drft confulted. 
Pumping is another outward Ufe of both 
common and mineral Waters, but we here 
confider the laft only. Before the Inven- 
tion of Pumps, the difeafcd Perfon either 
flood under a Water-fall, as from an over- 
fhot Miln, or a Cafcade from a £.ock, or 
other Precipice ; or two tall ftrong Fellows 
took up Water in Buckets, and poured it 
leifurely, in an even Stream, upon the Part 
affe&ed. But fince the Invention of Pumps 
by Cthzefius an Athenian, or, as others will, 
an Alexandrian, about 200 Years before 
Chrift, that Method is found much the ea- 
lier and better, 1. Becaufe the reft of the 
Body being kept dry and warm, only the 
difeafed Part is touched. 2. Becaufe the 
Prefiure of the Water on that particular 
Place is far greater; for whereas a Cylinder 
of Water two foot high, whofe Bafis is equal 
to - of a Foot, prefies on the Skin with a 
Weight equal only to 9 Mb. a Column of 
Water of the fame Balls; but 10 Foot high 
comes with a five-fold greater Weight, be- 
sides the Weight acquired by its Fall; hence falling with Inch Increafe of Weight 
on the Part, it is fo much more forcible, 
penetrates deeper, and carries its Efficacy 
farther. 3. When cold. Water is ufed, the 
increafed Weight and Cold will make the 
greater Contraction of the Mufcles and Vef- 
fels of that Part 5 the greater the Contrac- 
tion, the flronger the Attrition of the con- 
tained Fluids, and the deeper will the Ef- 
fect reach. 4. This PrefTure and Contrac- 
tion by cold Water, not being like Bath- 
ing, reaching the whole Surface of the Body, 
but only that Part affeCted, the Reffitance 
from the other Parts not preffed nor con- 
tracted, will be leffier ; hence the Contrac- 
traCtion of Fibres, Velfels, Nerves and Muf- 
cles j and the expullive Force thereupon 
will be much greater, the fizy, thick, or 
flagnating Humours mult be more forcibly 
propelled, and the Diameters of the Vefiels 
fhortened; fo that they aCt with greater 
Power over their contained Fluids, the Fi- 
bres will be ffiortened, braced and ftrength- 
ened. 5. In Pumping with mineral Waters, 
the more aCtive, penetrating, volatile, and 
medicinal Principles are hereby darted into 
the Skin, whofe Pores are much larger 
than thefe minute fpirituous Particles, whereby Attenuation and Dilation is won- 
derfully promoted in the Fluids, and 
they are reflored to their Motion, and 
carried either into the Blood, or to the 
Outlets of the Skin, and there difcharged, 
and the Fibres and VeflTels are reftored to 
their Elafticity. But as the mineral Water 
is hot or warm, it relaxes the Skin; part 
of the Water, together with the volatile mi- 
neral Principles, enter the Pores, gradually 
thin and diflblve the morbid Cohelions of 
the Blood, enliven and excite the Solids to 
more healthy State and Vigour. Therefore 
Pumping has been chiefly ufed for Stupors, 
Lethargicnefs, inveterate Headachs, Numb- 
nefs, Lamenefs, Contractions, fix'd Pains, 
Rheumatifm, white Swellings, old Aches 
from Falls, Strains, Blows, Difiocations, &c. 
Sciatica, weak Limbs, Lamenefs with Con- 
tractions, Relaxation from frequent Difioca- 
tions or Confufions, Deafnefs, Blows on 
the Head, Dulnefs, Pains of the Stomach, 
Shoulders, &c. and habitual Vomiting. The 
Time of Pumping is the fame with that of 
Bathing, the Number of Strokes are from 
30 to 500. The Time to hold the Part 
under a Fall of Water, may be from 3 
Minutes to 155 or it may be repeated two, 
three, or four times, at fhort Intervals. CHAP. IX. 
Plain and ncceffary Bireßiom for Gouty 
Perfons. 
THE Gouty when rightly managed, 
indead of a Punifhment and Mis- 
fortune, is a Means to lengthen Life, and a 
Sign of drong Principles of Health, and a 
found Conditution at the Bottom. But of 
all the Difeafes incident to human Nature, 
it requires the founded; Judgment and the 
deadied Condud, to treat it aright; and 
enraged it is rendered the mod dangerous 
by the flighted Errors, Sydenham has rightly 
obferved, that the mod judicious and fafed 
Way of treating it, confids, in neither weak- 
ening Nature by drong Evacuations of any 
kind, and too low a Regimen; nor running 
into too high and inflammatory a Diet; to 
keep the Gouty Humour upon the Limbs 
and Joints, and hinder it from returning 
inward upon the noble Organs; and the 
fame holds good as to the Nature of Medi- 
cines. But it confids in the Medium, in a 
temperate Regimen, diffident to maintain 
and preferve the Spirits drong and free. and the Circulation full and extended, to 
preferve the Vigour of the Man, maintain 
the natural Heat and Strength of his Con- 
flitution, and keep up the Fabrick in one 
Plight, fo long as Nature intended him 
originally to laft, without heating, infla- 
ming, or burning up his Fluids or Solids, 
enraging and increafing his Pains, or bring- 
ing out the Gouty Matter with too high 
or hot a Diet and Medicines, will certainly 
fucceed beft. A Man that has once had a 
regular Gout, might fit down contented, 
with the Mortification of ever being fubjedl; 
to it. All Panaceas or infallible Remedies, 
or Medicines that totally extirpate the Gout 
are vain, quackifh, or knavifh; therefore, 
lince the Gout he muft have, the true Way 
of treating it is, to expel it on the Joints 
and Limbs, whenever the Materials for a 
Fit are ftored up in the Fluids, but not to 
adminifter more fuch ; for the Gout there 
is neceflfary for preferving the Vigour, 
Strength, and Spirits of the Man. In or- 
der therefore to obtain this End, it fhould 
be treated under thefe different Views; 
i. When the Fit has actually feized the Gouty 
Perfon; 2. In the Intervals between the Fits; 
3. Of thefe two in Winter Seafon; 4. Of the fame in Summer; 5. Of the Gout in the 
Limbs j 6. Of it in the noble Parts. Under 
which Heads fhall be included every Thing 
that happens to a Gouty Perfon, in all the 
feveral Revolutions and Changes of that 
cruelly beneficial Diftemper. 
SECT. I. 
Here we fhall confider the Fit either 
forming 3 2. formed, or fixed; 3- going off. 
When a formal Fit of the Gout is coming 
on, which is prefaged by a Sicknefs at the 
Stomach, a quick Pulfe, univerfal Heat, 
and flying Pains. On the firfl Sicknefs of 
the Stomach drink plentifully of Sack Whey, 
in each Draught of which, put in from 10 
to 15 Drops of Spirit of Hartjhorn, Sal Vo- 
latile, or Spirit of Sal Ammoniac ; this will 
thin the morbid Matter on the Stomach, 
and fo either fend it down or bring it up. 
Then take a Milk Glyfler with Camomile 
Flowers, and fome Seeds boiled in it, when 
{trained add Lenitive Fleßuary one Ounce, 
Eleßuary of Bayberries one fourth of an 
Ounce. This will gently invite the Gouty 
Matter to the Limbs, and keep the Head 
and Stomach free. If the Head aches it will be proper to apply Plaifters of Bur- 
gundy Pitch to the Ankles, and Cephalic 
Plaijters with Euphorbium, to the Feet# 
This greatly facilitates the ExpuHion of the 
Humour that is to fall on the Limbs, arid 
will give no Sort of Pain or Uneafmefs. 
But all this mufl be done on the firft Sick- 
nefs, when there is reafon to exped a Fit, 
and the Humour is not yet fixed, or feated 
on any particular Part of the Limbs; for if 
it is already fixed, this Work is needlefs, 
it is then to be treated as —•—When it is 
aduall y formed, andfixed on the Limbs $ the 
Bufinefs is to keep it there, or fend the 
Remains to fome other Limb, to fpend its 
Fury on thefe Parts as foon as pofiible. 
This is done, i. By lying in Bed warm, 
while the Pain and Inflammation laflsj 2. 
By drinking liberally of Sack Whey, or any 
other warm fmall Liquor, fuch as common 
Water boiled with burnt Cruft of Bread 
and a few Spices, as Carvy, leffer Carda- 
moms, and a little old Mountain mixed with 
it, or the like. And with a few Drops 
mixed in each Draught of the above Spirits. 
3. By wrapping up all the Limbs in new 
Flannel, for the Wool that People fometimes 
wrap their Limbs in, is greafy, and apt to flop the Pores of Perfpiratlon, which 
fhould be our great Care to keep open. 
4. Taking every Night at 7 or 8 o’Clock 
20 Gr. of Gafcoigne Powder, and half 
a Dram of Confetti on of Alkermes, drinking 
the following Draught; take of Camomile 
Flower-Water, fimple and compound Worm- 
wood Water of each one Ounce, of Liquid 
Laudanum 30 or 35 Drops, (or more, ac- 
cording to the Violence of the Pain, and 
the Length of Time it has been taken, or 
the Perfon accuftomed to it, and perhaps it 
may be requiflte, to take half that Quantity 
more about Midnight, if the firft compofes 
not) and a Dram of compound Spirit of La- 
vender j the Vehicle may be altered as is 
moft grateful to the Stomach, but the above 
Liquid Laudanum mull be continued, as 
the only Quieter of Pain and Procurer of 
Reft, and alfo the beft Gout Medicine, 
in this Cafe; for it is the moft fovereign 
Relaxer of ftiffened Solids, and the ftrongeft 
Diaphoretic, both which make it the moft 
excellent Antiarthritic Medicine known. 
When the Fit is going off, the Pain pretty 
much over, and the Inflammation gone, 
get out of Bed as foon as may be, and fit 
up as long as you can, for that is the heft Way to get Strength and Appetite; there- 
after, firft begin your Rhubarb Preparation 
inftantly, and repeat it every Night if you 
can poffibly fwallow it. This is the fineft, 
ealieft, and moil effectual, as well as moll 
pleafant Preparation that can be. Fake Pow- 
der of finefi Rhubarb i o ‘Drams, Nutmegs i 
Dram, Orange Peel 2 Drams, Cochineel half a 
Dram, infufe 24 Hours in a Pint of true 
Arrack, by a warm Fire fide; and 
cf the Liquor drink one or two Spoonfuls 
every Night at Bed-time. 2. Get, and 
drink every Morning a Pint and a half of 
Afes-Milk’f and at 6 in the Afternoon, 
3. Drink German or Pyrmont Water with 
Wine at Meals; Palm JVinei old Moimtain 
or Canary will be fitteft. 4. Get out in a 
Coach, or on Horfeback, as foon as you 
can bear the Air, and ufe this Exercife as 
far as you can without wearying yourfelf, 
or be in Danger of catching Cold. This 
is the ealieft and moft effectual Way of 
getting off a Fit of the Gout, 
SECT. 11. 
Of the Intervals between the Fits. 
Upon the right Management of this Pe- 
riod depends all the Comfort and Eafe of Gouty Peoples Life ; this is the Time for 
making the Fits Ihorter, lefs painful, and 
of lengthening out their Diftances. In or- 
der to this, the keeping the Stomach and 
Primavia clean and in good Order, it’s ab- 
folutely neceftary that Digeftion be duly 
performed: wherefore, i. If the Stomach 
be loaded with Phlegm, Choler, and In- 
digeftion, fo that there is an Inappetency, or 
Reaching, or Sicknefs, recourfc mud: ne- 
ceftarily be had to a Vomit, the eafieft and 
fafeft of all which is the Horfe-radijh Vo- 
mit, thus prepared, take Horje-radijh Roof 
Jliced thin, half a Pound, common Water 18 
Ounces; fet thefe two or three Plours in In- 
fufion, in a gentle Heat, then firain if, when 
cold drink it off as quickly as you can ; let it 
reft a few Minutes on the Stomach, till you 
grow Tick, and if it works not of itfelf, af- 
fift it with a large Draught of Sack-Whey, 
till it has wrought 4 or 5 Times, to which 
putting down a Feather, or ones Finger, may 
contribute. It’s the moft effectual Peuk 
yet difcovered for pumping up Phlegm, 
Choler, Wind, and all other Crudities; 
its volatile Activity cuts and attenuates the 
Phlegm and Choler, and opens Obftruc- 
tions of the Glands and La&cals, and thereby attenuates and brings up more Cru- 
dities than any other Vomit. Should this 
Quantity be too weak it may be increafed 
to what Quantity will fufficiently anfwer, 
by adding more Horfe-radijh and Water. 
2. As to fcouring the Bowels nothing is 
more effectual than Rhubarb and Arrack, 
defcribed above. It not only may, but 
ought to be taken every other Night, or 
at leaft twice a Week by all labouring un- 
der Gouty Indifpofitions; for it’s much 
preferable to the Sulphur, in that it gives 
not thofe Gripes which the other does, nor 
runs not into a Loofenefs as that fometimes 
does, nor Shatters the nervous Fibres, by 
relaxing them. It’s the moft prevalent 
Remedy for carrying off the Gouty Mat- 
ter, as faft as it is lodged, 3. As to provo- 
king an Appetite, that is generally rather 
too good, till they arrive at old Age 5 then 
Ajjes Milk and 'Jellies are their befl Food> 
and rifing betimes and going early to Bed, 
with gentle Exercife in a Coach, will be 
fufficient to procure an Appetite for fuch 
Food. 4. Diluting much with Common> 
Bath, Briflol, German Spaw, or Pyrmont 
Waters, both with Wine at Meals, or in 
a Morning or Afternoon, is the bed: W^y to carry off both Gout and Gravel its true 
Attendants, therefore a Gouty Perfon ought 
never to be without one of thefe, and they 
may drink them fucceflively, or one with 
the other, as the Stomach or Fancy prompts. 
For in the Gout, as well as in all other chro- 
nic Cafes, Variety is abfolutcly neceflary, 
to prevent Loathing. 
SECT. 111. 
For the Winter Seafon. 
The Treatment of this Seafon confifls 
chiefly, i. In wrapping the Limbs in Flan- 
nel and Woolen : A Gouty Perfon ought to 
begin after the Autumnal Equinox to put 
on his Winter Garments, by wearing Flan- 
nel or Woolen Under-Stockings and Draw- 
ers, and putting Flannel Sleeves under the 
Shirt on the Arms, wearing Woolen and 
Flannel Gloves and Mittins on the Hands, 
and interlining the Waiflcoat with Flannel, 
for the Trunk of the Body needs no Flan- 
nel, unlefs the Winter be very fevere, then 
it will be convenient to wear a large Flan- 
nel Shirt over the whole Body; this will 
keep the Limbs fupple, and by Frkftion of 
the whole keep up Perfpiration as much as poffible. The Flannel and Woolen (hould 
be changed but once a Week, and in Sum- 
mer fhould be left off about May, by cut- 
ting Pieces off the Limbs and Body with a 
Pair of Sciflars, Day by Day, till all is con- 
fumed, and not laid off at once. 2. In 
rubbing and currying the Limbs, and es- 
pecially the Joints Morning and Night, on 
Dreffing and Undreffing with a Flelh- 
Brufh; this will promote the Circulation 
through the final! Vehels, and keep up the 
Perfpiration, which is apt to be leflened 
or obllrudted by cold Air or Winter Wea- 
ther. 3. In lying much in Bed, and keep- 
ing within Doors, and fupplying the Want 
of Exercife by a dumb Bell, playing at Bil- 
gentle Walking, or being drawn in 
a Gallery, or riding a Bath Horfe. 4. In 
taking all Liquors or Drinks hot or Milk- 
warm, preferring Wines, Madera, old Moun- 
tain , or old Hock, to red Wines, ftrong 
Wines to fmall light Wines; fwilling down 
a large Draught of Sack-Whey warm on 
going to Bed. 5. In being careful not to 
purge often, for Winter being the Time 
of Year moft expofed to Gouty Paroxyfms 
and Indifpofitions, too plentiful Evacuations 
might hinder the Fit, or throw it on the noble Organs ; therefore all Evacuations 
that are not abfolutely neceffary ought to 
be avoided, except the Rhubarb Arrack, 
which may be taken in all Weathers and 
all Seafons. 6, If in this Seafon one finds 
a Gouty Humour difperfed over all the Ha- 
bit, or a fiuggifli Fit, which, opprefilng the 
Spirits, loading the Stomach, hindering 
Reft, and occafioning hypochondriac Symp- 
toms, will not throw itfelf out on the 
Limbs 3 the beft Way to deal with it, is, 
to drink ftrong French Wines at Meals,, 
and at Night to take two or three Ounces 
of Finßura Sacra, with a Dram of com- 
pound Spirit of Lavender, and as much 
Finßure of Snake-root every Night going 
to Bed, laying to the Soles of the Feet 
Burgundy Pitch Plaijlers with Euphorbiwn; 
this will either bring down a Fit, or carry 
it quite off. 
SECT. IV. 
For the Summer Seafon. 
Now the quite contrary Rules of all the 
iaft muft be obfervedj the Flannels muft 
be cut off by Piecemeal, but let rubbing 
with the Flefti-Brufti be continued. Cool 
Liquors fhould be ufed, Claret drunk ; the Rhurbarh Exercife, and early Rifing 
ought to be purfued; folid Food fparingly 
taken, and a little more generous Liquor 
indulged. But what is chiefly to be done 
this Seafon, is, a well ordered cool Bathing, 
to flrengthen the Limbs and harden the 
Joints; as thus; in a convenient Part of the 
Houfe, a Bath to be made 5 Foot 6 Inches 
deep, about 3 Yards fquare, with eafy Steps, 
with 3 Cocks to fhut or open at Pleafure, 
one to convey the hot, the other cold Wa- 
ter, and a third to let out either or both; 
let this be filled with Water Blood-warm, 
and the Party go in, then open the Cock 
of cold Water, and the Out-letter, and flay 
in till it is fo cold that he can fcarce bear 
it, for about 20 or 30 Minutes. He may 
go in every Morning all Summer, which 
will wonderfully flrengthen and increafe 
Perfpiration, efpecially the cooler the Wa- 
ter is when he goes in, which he may 
vary at Pleafure, fo as to make it as bene- 
ficial as cold Bathing can be, and that is 
to receive all the Benefit of the moft ef- 
fectual Remedy yet known (next to the 
Ufe of Bath and Buxton Waters) to pre- 
fer ve the Ufe of the Limbs. SECT. V. 
Of the Gout in the Limbs. 
Having above given the neceftary Re- 
medies and Cautions, when a Fit of the 
Gout ,is become regular and fixed in the 
Limbs, in Pain, Inflammation, and Swell- 
ing ; here two Things are intended, i. 
To have fome generous Cordial ready in 
Cafe of any Sicknefs at Stomach, or Pain 
of Head or Bowels, by the Retreat of the 
Gouty Matter to thefe Parts. For all that 
is to be done in a formed regular Fit, is to 
fix the Humours in the Joints and Limbs, 
and to get quit of it as foon as poffible with 
Safety. Let not the Cordial be too hot, 
left it inflame, nor too cool, left it flag 
the Stomach, and draw the Gouty Humour 
to it. It may be varied according to the 
Conftitution of the Patient, and State of 
the Difeafe at the Time. In general, this 
I have found good, viz. half a Dram of 
Sir Walter Raleighs Cordial in an Ounce 
and a half of ftrong Camotnile-Flower Water, 
<Tin&ure of Caftor and Finßure of Snake* 
Root, each half a Dram, mix for a Dofe, 
this may be made weaker or ftronger by adding or diminifhing the flrong or fimplc 
Water, in what Proportion one pleafes. 
2. Some innocent and fafe Application to 
mollify the Pain when intenfe and infuf- 
ferable, or the Inflammation fo high, that 
it threatens a Mortification. Whatever is 
now applied muft have thefe two Qualities, 
viz. that it relax, foften, and fmooth the 
rigid, ftretched, and difiended Fibres to 
let out the Gouty Humour, in the Part 
efpecially. To anfwer both Intentions, 
take old Vmice Treacle as much as will fpread 
over the Part offcdied, pretty thicki moijien 
it well with camphorated Spirit of Wine, 
and a Dram of liquid "Laudanum ; apply this 
Mixture as hot as it can be endured, and 
renew it as it grows cold, by heating it 
again; one may ferve two or three times 
before it is thrown away. It will enrage 
the Pain a little at firft, but in a few Mi- 
nutes it lelfens both Pain and Inflammation 
with Safety 5 becaufe, inftead of repelling, 
(which mull never be done) it draws out 
the Malignity in a few Minutes. But ftill 
let the outward Application be what it will, 
it will be found the ihortefl Way to aflift 
Nature, to expel the Venom. But fome- 
times the Pain is fo intenfe that human Nature can hardly bear itj this will be 
found as good as the mofl pompous, cele- 
brated Applications. 
SECT. VI. 
Gout in the Head, Stomach, or Bowels. 
If it feizes the Head, it will be evident 
from a Giddinefs, Heavinefs, and Drow- 
finefs, and fometimes an acute Pain in the 
Part, i. Cup a Pound of Blood out of the 
Back. 2. Apply a Blijier on the Scarifi- 
cation. 3. Lay Burgundy Pitch Plaifters 
to the Wrifts and Ankles, and cephalic 
Plaifters with Euphorbium to the Soles of 
the Feet. 4. Get half a Pound of Tinßure 
of Hi era Pi era, half an Ounce of compound 
Spirit of Lavender, two Drams of Linßure 
of Snake-Root, mix, and take 4 Spoonfuls 
every 6 Hours till it begin to work. 5. 
Shave the Head often, and wafti it with a 
Mixture of equal Parts of Hungary Water 
and compound Spirit of Lavender. There 
are few Gouty Headachs, where the Con- 
ftitution is not quite worn out, that can 
long refill this efficacious Procefs. For the 
Gout in the Stomach or Bowels ; if the Sto- 
mach is overloaded and full of Crudities find Foulnefs, fome Vomit will be nccef- 
fary. The above Horfe-Radijh Vomit ex- 
ceeds all, but if there is a painful Reach- 
ing, as is ufual,' (without much coming up) 
it will be fufficient ta cleanfe it with plen- 
tiful Draughts of fmall Sack Whey, Camo- 
mile Pofet Drink, or even warm Water j 
and when the Vomit is Rayed, a little of 
the above Mixture of Hi era Pier a and Spi- 
rit of Lavendery See. taken by Spoonfuls 
every Hour, till it work downward j or 
if the Stomach will retain it without throw- 
ing it up again, it may be taken in larger 
Dofes till that EReft be obtained, which 
will fliorten the Duration of the Pain. 
When it has begun to work, fome Dofes of 
the Cordial in SePt. 5. may be given to 
comfort the Stomach and chear the Spirits. 
Then Chicken-Broth prepared with Vipers 
may be given to Rrengthen the Stomach 
againß fuch Attacks; and to throw the 
Gouty Matter into a regular Fit, ufe this 
certain and proved Medicine, which never 
fails, where the Perfon has any Strength 
left; Lake fine Powder of the left Jefuits 
Bark one Ounce, of Snake-Root half an 
Ounce% of the lejjer Cardamoms a Dram, 
put all in a Quart of old Mountain, let them ffand 30 or 40 Hours by a warm Fire-llde* 
then ffrain it off for Ufe j a Dofe of the 
ff rained Liquor is 4 Spoonfuls thrice a Daya 
for four Days, or a Week. This rarely fails 
to procure a regular Fit, or to free the 
Stomach from Pain 5 for the Gout in the 
Guts, Hiera Ficra alone, or the Arrack 
Rhubarb taken 3 or 4 Times, with the Dofes 
Of the cordial Medicine now and then, 
carries it off. 
P. S. Infieadof the Arrack Rhubarb, men- 
tioned Sett. i. and 2. may well be ufed the 
univerfal Gout Pill: Fake the bejl Rhubarb 
powdered,fineft Flower of Sulphur, or Sulphur 9 
of each two Drams, Oil of Cinnamon two or 
three Drops, a the rial Oil of Fur pent in e 
enough to make a Mafs of Pills, to be rolled 
in Powder of Crabs-Eyes. Dofe three in 
the Morning, and as many at Night, in the 
Intervals of the Fit, In this Form one has 
all the Advantages of the Sulphur, without 
its Difad vantages. No other Courfe can 
exceed the Benefit of the above Rules, to 
fuch as are pretty well in Years and accuf- 
tomed to live high, for a flenderer Regimen 
to them might be of bad Confequence, in 
inviting the morbific Matter from the Ex- 
tremities to fall on the noble Parts. Ob- ferve, that only acute Pains can juftify the 
life of Opiates; or if the Perfon is low- 
fpirited all Day, looks pale, is reftlefs all 
Night, has fmall wandering Pains, I prefer 
the Ufe of Matthews's Pill given with the 
above Cordial, inftead of Laudanum \ or 
thus, Lake Matthews's Pill 8 or 10 Grains, 
Salt of Amber, Cafior, of each 6 Grains, 
Contrayerva Stone a Scruple, Confeßion of 
Alkermes half a Dram; make a Bolus and 
give at Bed-time. This brings off a deal 
of the Gouty Humour by Urine. If a Fit 
of the Stone and Gout happen at once, this 
Bolus may be ufed, and Lurpentine emollient 
Glyfi ers thrown up. But all Opiates palling 
and relaxing the Stomach, only Pain can 
warrant them ; and even then they are ra- 
ther to be given in fmall Dofes often, than 
in full Dofes at once, and always to have 
fome Volatiles with them. Where the 
Difeafe falls on the Lungs, with a violent 
tearing Cough, Volatiles and Aromatics 
mull be ufed, with warm Balfamics, (for 
Pectorals lignify nothing) as, Lake Salt of 
Hartjhorn, Amber, Powder of Cafor, of 
each 7 Grains, Raleigh's Confeßion a Scru- 
ple ; give in a Bolus. If they cannot reft, 
from 5 to 8 Grains of Matthews's Pill muft be added, and repeat the Bolus thrice a 
Day without the Pill, and ufe the above 
Methods to bring the Gout to the Extremes; 
with their Drink may be given 20 or 30 
Drops of the Balfamick Tin Hurt 3 or 4 
Times a Day. To eafe the Inflammation 
and Tendernefs of the Parts after the Fit, 
‘Take Oil of Sweet Almonds one Ounce, white 
JVax 2 Drams, Spertna Ceti a Dra?n and 
a half Camphire 1 o Grains; mix, and fpread 
on thin Leather, and apply. In Cafe of a 
Loofcnefs during the Fit, Liquid Laudanum 
muft be ufed, if that fails, ufe with it the 
above Cordial in fmall Dofes. The In- 
tervals between the Fits may be made lon- 
ger or fhorter as the Sufferer pleafes, by 
Temperance, Exercife, and Regularity; 
fuch as cannot give up with Gluttony, In- 
temperance, and Idlenefs, and take to a mo- 
derate Ufe of Venery, (and if young) little 
or no Wine, deferve to fuffer; Abftinence 
will in a great meafure compenfate the Dif- 
ufc of Evacuations; yet a little Powder of 
Gum Guaiacum may be ufefully taken twice 
a Day in a Difh of wild Angelica-Root Tea. 
Younger Sufferers fhould not omit ftrong 
Exercife, cold Bathing, and a Tea, or Milk 
Breakfaf, and forbear all animal Food to 424 
Sapper, and always keep good Hours o£ 
riling and lying. I was free from all he- 
reditary Taint of this or any other Difeafe j 
about the 38th Year of my Age I indulged 
a freer cheer-upping Glafs of Wine, always 
moderately. In the 43d Year of my Life 
I was fuddenly feized with a fhort regular 
Fit, in the 44th had another. Did not 
much like neither tLe Pain, Confinement, 
nor needlefs fluttering of my Conflitution, 
I left off Wine, Punch, (for Ale I never did 
drink) Flejh Suppers, eat Milk? conftantly 
to Breakfaft and Supper, 2 or 3 Ounces of 
Flefh to Dinner, have not had a Touch of 
it or any other Difeafe this 14 Years, and 
intend never to have it more : Only I ufed 
River Bathing two or three Summers after, 
thrice or oftener a Week. So this confirms 
me, that not fo many needed fuffer thefe 
racking Pains if they would be wife. 
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