•V*& 'V\^-. **s. ;x s\a > v. V •-V. ;:v.:'-.^:'. V* i,\''vl \\r^- \ • v ' ■ ''•■'■'if/-.'. #??. ARMY MEDICAL LIBRARY WASHINGTON Founded 1836 Section. Number 32.11/L Fobu 113c, W. D.. S. O. O. 3—10543 (Reviaed Juno 13. 1936) i A. ■~x> i < r.A .'i .".■A..i'Jt\ *jiA ^v ' -.--£*%.■ MEDICAL AND BOTANICAL DICTIONARY/ GIVING A DEFINITION OF THE TERMS USED IN THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF MEDICAL SCIENCE. BY W? BEACH, AUTHOR OK THE " AMERICAN PRACTICE," " PHYSIOLOGY," " MIDWIFERY," &C. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR AT THE ANATOMICAL MUSEUM, CORNER OF DIVISION ST. AND THE BOWERY, AND SOLD BV THE BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. a. © A nmx w 13 ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS. Turaey & Lockwood, Stereotypes, 16 Spruce-st INTRODUCTION. I have finally completed the Medical Dictionary which I have so long promised, and publish it at the same time with my work on Physiology. In offering these treat- ises, it appears to me that any apology for their appearance would be superfluous. Notwithstanding the great number of books on the same subject, I know of none adapted to the peculiar principles of the REFORMED PRACTICE. Besides, the ordinary medical dictionaries are too large and expensive, and embrace nearly Call the matter »on the different branches of medicine included in the text-books. This I deem unnecessary. The object and use of a dictionary, as I understand it, is sim- ply an explanation or definition of terms or phrases used in the medical sciences; such will this work be found: in addition to which, however, the properties and uses of agents are given. For this reason, I have thought it best to entitle the work " A MEDICAL AND BOTANICAL DICTIONARY." The student should commence his studies with this book, as it is preparatory to all others. Indeed, he cannot otherwise pursue them to advantage. Begin the study alphabetically, for instance; take the terms and articles named in the letter A, and read them slowly and attentively over a number of times, until all the words are impressed upon the mind.; and thus go through the whole : at the end of which he will have acquired a superficial knowledge of every branch in Med- icine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Mid- wifery, Botany, and Pharmacy. I trust the work will further promote the great and glorious cause of Medical Reform, which is now extending its benign and heavenly influences faster than at any other period. W. BEACH. Anatomical Museum, New York, Sept., 1847. MEDICAL AND BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. A. AA. In prescription, denotes equal parts. ABARTICULATION; diaithrosis; a joint admitting extensive motion. ABALON (Adamson; Albiflorum, Raf., Blazing Star ; DeviPs Bit; Dev- iPs Root; Rattlesnake-root; Eeuhon, Ifc. Verateum luteum, L. Melanthium diai- cum, T. Helonias dioica, of others.) Root, large, tuberous, nauseus, pungent, bitter. In large doses, emetic. The plant kills cattle feeding on it. The de- coction kills insects, bugs, and lice. Corn steeped twenty-four hours in it before sowing, is not eaten by birds. Used by empirics and Indians for cholics, fevers, worms, &c; as a wash in scurvy, which produces diuresis by the mere external application. Carver re- lates an Indian story about its being once a cure for all disorders; the devil bit off part of the root to lessen its value, whence its name. The flowers are white, and not yellow, in diaical racemes. Grows from New England to Florida and Kentucky, in meadows and savannas. ABCEUTHOBIUM OXCYCEDUS.— False Mistletoe. ABDOMEN {abdo, to hide; or abdo and omentum). The belly, or the cav- ity situated between the thorax, or chest, and the pelvis; so called from its containing the intestines, &c. ABDOMINAL REGIONS. The ab- domen is distinguished into three trans- verse parts—an upper, a middle, and a lower. Each zone is divided, by per- pendicular lines, into three regions; a middle, and two lateral. They are thus named: 1. Epigastric Region. The middle region of the upper zone, immediately over the small end of the stomach. The two lateral regions of this zone, situa- ted under the cartilages of the ribs, are called the hypochondriac. 2. Umbilical Region. The middle region of the middle zone, immediately over the umbilicus. The two lateral regions of this zone, situated over the loins, are called the lumbar. 3. Hypogastric Region. The middle region of the lowest zone, situated be- low the stomach. The two lateral re- gions of this zone, situated over the ilia, are called the iliac. 4. Inguinal Region. By this term is denoted the vicinity of Poupart's liga- ament. ABDOMINAL {abdomen, the belly), belonging to the abdomen. 'ABDUCTOR {abduco, to draw from). Abducent. A muscle whose office is to draw one part of the body away from another. ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY; extra uterine conception, the foetus being lodged within the cavity of the abdomen. ABDUCENS OCULI; muscle of the eye, which moves it. ABDUCENS LABIORUM; muscle of the lips, which moves them. ABDUCTOR INDICIS MANUS; ABI 2 ABS muscle of the fingers, which moves them. ABDUCTOR LONGUS POLLICIS. A muscle of the thumb. ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS. A muscle of the toes. ABERRATION (aberro, to wander from). A deviation from the natural state, as applied to the mind. ABERRATION. A dislocation, or other departure from nature. ABIES AVICENN^. Indian Mal- lows. ABIES, J. Fir or Spruce Trees. Tall Evergreens, wrongly united to Pines by L., the tallest trees of North America, some reaching 300 feet. A dozen species are spread from Canada to Alaska and Carolina, all equally use- ful, ornamental, and medical. They are : 1. A. balsamea, L. or Balsam Fir. 2. A. canadensis, L. Hemlock Spruce. 3. A. nigra. 4. A. alba. 5. A. rubra; or black, white, and red Spruce trees, all united to the second by L., be- sides 6 species of the Oregon country, called 6. A. trigona. 7. A. hetero- phylla. 8. A. aroTnatica. 9. A. mycro- phylla. 10. A. obliquata. U.A.fal- cata, Raf. Those which have a bal- samic smell, produce in small bladders on the branches, the Canada Balsam (wrongly called Balm of Gilead) which is healing, useful for internal and external sores. It is injurious in recent wounds, but good after they begin to heal. It may be taken internally on loaf sugar. It is equivalent to turpentine and storax. Spruce beer is an American beverage, made by the Indians with twigs and cones of spruces, boiled in maple syrup. Now it is chiefly made with molasses and yeast; when no spruce is put in, it is only mo- lasses beer. The proper spruce beer is a palatable and healthy drink, powerfully antiscorbutic. The first discoverers of Canada were cured of the scurvy by it, since which, it has become in common use in Canada, the Northern States, and even in Europe. If the use was still more general, it might destroy the bad effects of the scorbutic habit, or tend scurvy, so prevalent among those chiefly feeding on salt meat. The es- sence or extract of spruce is an article of exportation, used as naval stores: spruce beer may be made by it in a short time, and any where. The bark of spruce trees is sudorific, and in extensive use for tanning leather, also to dye of a brick red color. The inner bark is used by empirics in pow- der and tea for bowel and stomach complaints, rheumatism, and gravel. The timber is valuable for masts, spars, rafters, and boards. The resin exuding from the trees is nearly like frankin- cense. Josselyn says that it is very good in powder over wounds, to repro- duce the flesh ; but as the resin of the European fir is used in plaster to pro- duce itching, rubefaction, and blistering, the resin of all the firs must be heating and irritating. ABLUTION. Washing and cleansing the skin. ABLACTATION. Weaning a child. ABNORMAL. Morbid, unhealthy, or unnatural. ABORTION. Premature birth in the first months or early periods of preg- nancy. ABORTIVE FLOWER. Falling off without producing fruit. Abortive sta- mens, not furnished with anthers. ABRACADABRA. A superstitious charm or amulet; anciently a remedy for the ague. ABRASION. Loss or injury of the skin or surface. ABRUS PRECATORIUS, L. Li- quorice Bush, Red bean, Love pea. A small ornamental and medical shrub, found from Florida to Brazil, also in Egypt and East Indies. It belongs to » monodelphia enneandria, and to the leguminose tribe. Well known by its beautiful scarlet seeds with a black spot, used as beads by the Hindus and Mo- hammedans. The roots and leaves are equivalents to liquorice, sweet, muci- laginous, demulcent, and expectorant. A good tea of the leaves used for colds and fevers. The seeds, although fari- naceous, are hard and tough; yet they are eaten in Egypt. In America, they are considered purgative and deleterious. Perhaps our American is different from the Asiatic kind. ABRUPT LEAF. A pinnate leaf, with an old or terminal leaflet. ABSYNTHUM OFFICINALE, Tourn. J. {Artemisia Absynthium, L.) Common Wormwood. In our gardens sometimes spontaneous. Taste intense- ly bitter, smell strong, contains an es- ABU 3 ACC sential oil and bitter extractive. Very valuable medical plant. Two scruples of the extract, it is said, will cure in- termittents. Useful in cachetic, hy- dropic, and hypochondriac affections. in jaundice, against worms, &c. Es- sential oil dark green, a powerful stim- ulant, antispasmodic, and vermifuge. The wormwood wine is an excellent tonic; wine, ale, and beer are medica- ted by it. Sometimes substituted for hops in brewing. Leaves excellent topical resolvent, applied to swelled breast and tumors. The ashes produce the salt of Absynthium, useful in grav- el, and to dissolve the stones, as for- merly believed. Many other proper- ties, very early known. It is said the continual use of this plant has cured the gout, increased the milk of nurses, removed dropsy and hepatitis. ABSCESS. A cavity containing pus, or matter; inflammation having termi- nated in suppuration. ABSCISION ; cutting off a soft part. ABSORBENT, absorbing or involving noxious matter. ABSORBENTS; in anatomy, the lac- teal and lymphatic vessels; in therapeu- tics, the calcareous earths, alkalies, &c. ABSORPTION {absorbeo, to suck up). The function of the absorbents, and, it is said, of the capillaries and veins. Cutaneous Absorption. A function of the skin, by which certain prepara- tions, rubbed into the skin, have the same action as when given internally, only in a less degree. Thus, mercury, applied in this manner, excites saliva- tion ; antimony is said to occasion vom- iting ; and arsenic produces poisonous effects. ABSTERGENT or DETERGENT, cleansing foul ulcers and sores. ABUTILON CORDATUM, J. Yel- low Mallow. {Sida abutilon of L.) Common from Canada to Mexico.— Equivalent of Malva, or common Mal- low, being mucilaginous, emollient, and demulcent. A tea is used in Virginia for internal inflammations, stranguary, gonorrhoea, -&c. The leaves are edible; the negroes use them in the South in soups, gombos, and calalous. It was one of the plants affording a kind of hemp to the Southern Indians to make nets, fringes, coarse twist cloth, and the frame of the finefeather mantles. ACAULES. (From a, wanting, and caulis, a stem.) The 20th class in Mag- nolius's method, including plants with- out stems. ACACIA {akazo, to sharpen). A ge- nus of spiny trees and shrubs, of the order Leguminosa. 1. Acacia Catechu. The Khair tree, which yields the Catechu, or Terra Ja- ponica. 2. Acacia Vera. The Egyptian Thorn, which yields the Ghim Arabic. This substance is produced by other species. ACACIA FARNESIANA. Black Thorn. ACACIA LUTEA. Leavenworth. ACARDIAC ; destitute of a heart. ACALYCES. (From a, signifying without, and calyx, a flower cup.) A class in an ancient method of arrange- ment, consisting of plants without a calyx. ACALYPHA VIRGINICA, L. Mer- cury weed. Common from Canada to Florida. Elliot says, that Dr. Atkins has found it expectorant and diuretic, useful in, humid asthma, ascites, and anasaca. The empirics of the South use it for many other purposes. This plant deserves investigation ; the other species of the genus have probably similar properties. ACARUS (from a, priv., and keiro, to cut; a kind of animal atom). A mite found in cheese; a tick, said to be found in the pustules of the itch. ACCELERATION {accelero, to has- ten) . Increased rapidity, as of the pulse, of the respiration, &c. ACCELERATOR {accelero, to has- ten). A muscle which contracts to ex- pel or accelerate the passage of the urine. ACCESSION {accedo, to approach). The approach or commencement of the pyrexial period, in fevers. ACCESSORY. Name of several muscles; nerves, &c. Accessory {accedo, to be added to). That which has a dependence on, or is secondary to, some other. In anat- omy, it is applied to certain muscle^ ligaments, nerves, &c, which are jolnecT to other similar parts, and assist iii|therr functions. In physiology, this term is to given to certain phenomena which re- sult from others which are primary or essential. ACE 4 ACH ACCESS {accedo, to approach). Pa- roxysm. ACCESSORII WILLISII {accedo, to be added to). The superior respiratory nerves; a pair arising from the spinal marrow, and joining the par vagum. ACCESSUS; coition, commerce of the sexes. ACCLIMATED; accustomed to a new climate. ACCRETION; increase, growth. ACCOUCHEUSE. Midwife. ACCOUCHEUR. Male practitioner of midwifery. ACCOUCHMENT. Child-bearing. ACCUMBENT. The corcle lying against the back of the cotyledons. ACER, L. Maple Trees. Valuable trees found all over the United States : a dozen species at least. Wood hand- some, and valuable for furniture, tools, guns, &c. Commonly pale yellow, when veined, called curled maple. The bark of A. rubra, red maple, dyes wool and flax of a brown color; the Chero- kees use the inner bark boiled for sore eyes. Maple sugar is made from their sap in the spring. The Birch tree {Be- tula) and Hickory trees {Hicorya) have a sweet sap as well as the Maples. The Indians made syrup and sugar from all, but chiefly from A. saccharinum, A. nigra, A. rubra, A dasicarpa, and A. negundo (now called Negundium frax- inifolium). The two first, Sugar Ma- ple and Black Maple, afford the most. This sugar is equal to the cane sugar of Saccharum officinarum. When badly made it is dark, and has an empyreumatic taste. When properly made, it granu- lates well, may be easily refined into loaf sugar, and has a pure sweet taste. The syrup made by boiling the sap is very good: when boiled longer, it be- comes sugar with little care. A single tree affords from 10 to 20 gallons of sap "by mere tapping, and 3 or 4 gallons give nearly a pound of sugar. We could make maple sugar in sufficient quantity for the whole use of our population, and even for exportation. But, instead, \ the trees are wantonly destroyed or ne- glected. Hardly 100,000 lbs. of sugar ! are made annually, and chiefly in re- mote settlements. We ought to plant and cultivate these trees, instead of destroy- ing them, or leave from 10 to 50 on £ach acre of cleared land. Whole for- ests of them have lately been planted in Germany, Hungary, and France. The leaves of A. striatum, called Dock- mockie maple, are used in topical appli- cation for the inflamed breast. A. ru- brum, red maple, soft maple. A. dacy- carpum, white maple, silver maple. A. barbatum, hairy maple. A. sacchari- num, sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. A. nigrum, sweet tree black maple. A. striatum, striped maple, dog- wood, moosewood. A. spicatum, mount- ain maple bush. ACERATES VIRIDIFLORA. Green Milk Weed. Acerates lanceolata. Ives. ACERBITY; acidity, sourness. ACEROSE LEAF. Linear and per- manent, as in the pine. ACESCENT {acesco, to become sour). A term applied to substances which be- come sour spontaneously, as vegetable and animal juices, or infusions. ACEPHALOBRACHUS. A foetus without head or arms. ACEPHALOUS. A monster born without a head. ACETABULUM {acetum, vinegar). Literally a vinegar-cruet. Hence it denotes the cup-like quality of the os innominatum, which receives the head of the os femoris. Also a Roman meas- ure, containing two ounces and a half. ACETAS. An acetate; a salt formed by the union of acetic acid with an al- kaline, earthy, or metallic base. ACETATE. Salts of acetic acid. i ACETITE. Combinations of acetous acid. ACETUM. Vinegar, dilute acetic acid. ACETOUS FERMENTATION; re- sulting in vinegar. ACHILLIS TENDO. The tendon of the gastrocnermii muscles above the heel. ACHENIUM. One of Mirbel's ge- nera of fruits. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, L.— Yarrow, Milfoil. Common to Europe and America, from Canada to Louisiana, in woods and fields. Whole plant used. Bitter and nidorose, tonic, restringent, and vulnerary, but subnarcotic and in- ebriant. Used for hemorrhoids, dysen- tery, hemotypsis, menstrual affections, wounds, hypochondria, and cancer. The infusion and extract are employed. ACO 5 ACT The American plant is stronger than the European, and has lately been ex- ported for use: this often happens with our plants, our warm summers render- ing our medical plants more efficacious. The A. ptarmica, or Sneezeweed, is said also to grow in New York; few botanists have seen it. Used as an errhine in Europe. ACHRAS SAPOTA, L. Sapodil.— Florida and Bahama. Fine fruit. Seeds acrid diuretic, useful in emulsion for nephritis, dysury and diseases of the urethra. ACHROSTICUM AUREUM. Fork- fern. ACHYRANTHES REPENS. For- tyknot. ACID. A compound which is capa- ble of uniting in definite proportions with alkaline bases, and which, when liquid, or in a state of solution, has either a sour taste, or reddens litmus paper. ACICULAR. Needle-shaped. ACIDULOUS. Slightly acid; a term applied to those salts in which the base is combined with such an excess of acid that they manifestly exhibit acid prop- crtics ACIDUM ACETICUM. The sour principle which exists in vinegar. It oc- curs, ready-formed, in several products of the vegetable kingdom, and is gener- ated during the spontaneous fermenta- tion of many vegetable and animal juices. By real acetic acid is meant such an acid as occurs in a dry ace- tate ; it cannot exist in an uncombined ACINACIFORM. Cimeter-shaped. ACINUS. A small berry which, with many others, composes the fruits of the mulberry and raspberry; the plural is acini. ACME. The height of a disease. ACNE ROSACEA; carbuncled face. ACNIDA CARMABINA, L. Willow Hemp. This was the best white hemp of the Northern Indians, who made nets, ropes, thread, and purses with it. The seeds were eaten by them. A. canabina, Water Hemp. ACONITINE; the alkaloid of aco- nite. ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Com- mon Monk's-hood, or Wolf's-bane; a plant of the order Ranunculacece, and J one of our most active narcotico-acrid poisons. The extract, in two grain doses, is good to relieve neuralgia, and other pain. ACORUS {Calamus). Sweet flag.— Stomachic, tonic, corroborant, carmina- tive ; good to expel wind, and relieve pain in the stomach. ACOUSTIC (Gr., akono, to hear). Relating to the hearing, as the nervus acousticus vel auditorius — the portio mollis of the seventh pair. ACOTYLEDONOUS. (From a with- out, and cotyledon, a seed lobe). Plants destitute of seed lobes, and which, consequently, put forth no seminal or seed-leaves, as mosses and ferns. ACRIMONY. Humorum acrimonia, acrimony of the humors. A supposed change in the fluids which was con- ceived to exist in all diseases. Sylvius de la Boe, Prof, at Leyden, the author of this hypothesis, was of opinion that there were two species of acrimony, one acid, the other alkaline. ACTiEA. A genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculacece. AcTiEA Racemosa. Black Snake- root, Squaw-root. Actea rubra and alba White and red Cohosh, or Baneberry, Toadroot. From Canada to Carolina, in woods. Root bitter, repellant, nervine, used for debility in Canada. Equivalent of Bo- trophis. Plant and berries poisonous; said to be liked by toads. Berries white or red in the second species. Wrongly blended by L. with A. spicata, or A. nigra of Europe, which has black ber- ries. ACTIMERIS. Many species, all called formerly Coreopsis alternifolia. Dr. Eoff says that they cure the ring- worm, by rubbing with the leaves. ACTINIA (Gr. aktin, a ray of light). Sea Anemones, or Animal Flowers; so named from the resemblance of their numerous tenctacula to the petals of a flower. ACTION {ago, to act). The motions or changes observed in the animal body. These are voluntary, involuntary, and mixed. 1. Voluntary actions are those pro- duced by acts of the will, as the con- traction of the muscles. 2. Involuntary actions are those ex- cited either mediately, through the ADE. 6 ADI. nerves and spinal marrow, as those of the larynx, pharynx, sphincters, &c.; or immediately, as those of irritability. ACULEATE. Prickly; applied to a surface covered with' prickles, as the stem of rosa. ACULEUS. (From acus, a needle.) A prickle, or sharp point; common to the rose and raspberry. ACUMINATE. Taper-pointed; the point mostly curved towards one edge of the leaf, like an awl. ACUPUNCTURE {acus, a needle, pungo, to prick). The insertion of nee- dles into the skin or flesh. ACUTE. Less gradually sharp- pointed than acuminate. An obtuse an- gle, or any other mathematical angle, is acute in botanical language. Acute {acus, a needle). Diseases are termed acute which are of severe character, have a rapid progress, and short duration. Pain is called acute when it is sharp and pungent. ACUS. A needle. ADAM'S APPLE. The thyroid car- tilage of the larynx. ADDER'S TONGUE {Erythronium Americanum). Dog-tooth violet, snake- leaf, rattlesnake violet, yellow snow- drop, &c. It is stated that this plant is a remedy for the scrofula; the fresh leaves and root are stewed in milk, and applied to the scrofulous sores as a poultice, which heals them speedily; a tea of the same is to be drank at the same time. ADDE ; add, used in prescriptions. ADDENDO; by adding. ADDENDUS ; to be added. ADDITAMENTUM. The prolon- gation of certain sutures of the skull. ADDUCENS OCULI. The rectus in- ternus muscle of the eye. ADDUCTOR. Name of numerous muscles which draw parts towards the axis of the body. ADELPHIA (Gr. adelphos, a brother.) Literally, a brotherhood ; a term applied in botany to a combination of the fila- ments of the stamens into a single mass. Thus, if there is only one com- bination, as in Mallow, the filaments said to be mon-adelphous ; if there are two, as in Pea, they are di-adelphous ; if three, as in some species of St. John's Wort, they are tri-adelphous; if many, as in Melaleuca, they are called poly- adelphous. The tube formed by the union of monadelphous filaments, is termed, by Mirbel, androphorum. ADELPHOUS (from the Greek adel- phos, a brother or an equal). Applied to plants whose stamens are united by their filaments, whether in one or two sets. ADEN. A gland. ADENOGRAPHY; ) science of the ADENOLOGY; 1 glands. ADENITIS; glandular inflammation. ADEPS; fat. ADEPS ANSERINA. Latin name of goose grease. ADEPS PREPARATA. Latin name of prepared lard. ADEPS OVILLI. Mutton suet. ADEPS SUILL^E. Hog's lard. ADHESION {adhcereo, to stick to). The process by which parts which have been separated, by accident or design, unite. This is owing to an intervening deposit of coagulating lymph, or albu- mino-fibrin, commonly called cicatrix. ADHESIVE; applied to inflamma- tion terminating in adhesion between surfaces, and to plasters which adhere closely to the skin. ADIANTHUM (Gr. a priv., diaino, to moisten). A genus of Ferns, so called because they cannot easily be made wet. Adianxhum. Maiden-hair. Demul- cent and mucilaginous; the French make a syrup, which is refreshing and cooling. Henry says it is found bene- ficial in coughs and hoarseness, to be drank freely in the form of tea sweet- ened with honey. Adiannthum pedatum, Add. Mrs. Gambold says that the Cherokees used a strong decoction of it as an emetic in agues; this would indicate greater activity in this plant. ADICEA GLABERRIMA, Raf. 1815. {Urtica Pumila, L.) Cool weed. Very common. Very different from nettles, quite smooth and cool. The leaves ap- plied or bruised give immediate relief in inflammations and painful swellings. As a wash, they cure the topical poison of Rhus or Shumac. Called Netcasha, meaning as cool as ice, by the Osages. Its peculiar, grateful, strong smell indi- cates other properties. ADIPOSE; fatty ; the cellular tissue and its contents. ADIPOSE MEMBRANE, or TIS- MS. SUE. That which encloses the adeps, or fat. ADJUVANS {adjuvo, to help). A constituent part of a medicinal formula, denoting " that which assists and pro- motes the operation." AD LIBITUM; at pleasure, in pre- scription . ADLUMIA CIRRHOSA. Climbing cholic weed. ADNATE. Growing together. ADONIS AUTUMATALES. Pheas- ant's Eye. ADOLESCENCE {adolesco, to grow). The period of life in which the body has acquired its utmost developement; commencing at puberty, and terminating, in the male, about the twenty-fifth, and in the female, in the twenty-first year. ADULT {adolesco, to grow). That which has reached the period, when the body has acquired its full devel- opement. This extends, in the male, from the twenty-fifth to the fiftieth year, in the female, from the twenty-first to the forty-fifth. ADULTERATION {adultero, to adul- terate). The mixing up noxious or in- ert ingredients with articles of food or medicine. AD-UTERUM. The analogue in birds of the Fallopian tubes, or of the Cornua in the Mammalia. ADVENTITIOUS {advenio, to come to). Accidental, casual, that which is not normal; that which comes from some other person or thing; a term ap- plied to false membranes; or opposed to the term hereditary. ADVERSIFOLIiE. (From adversus, opposite, and folium, a leaf.) Plants whose leaves stand opposite to each other, on the same stem or branch. Name of the 5th class in Sauyage's Methodusfoliorum ; as exemplified in the labiate flowers. iEGOPHONISM sound of the voice in auscultation, resembling the bleating of a goat. AERIFORM;applied to gases. AEROMETER (Gr. aer, aeros, air.) An air-measurer; an instrument for as- certaining the bulk of gases. JESCHYNOMENEHISPIDA. False Sensitive Plant. JESCULAPIUS. The god of Med- icine ; name of an ancient physician. jESCULUS. Horse-chestnut. AFT. JEsculus glabra. Little Buck Eye, astringent. jESCULINE. An alkaloid lately discovered in the bark of the Msculus Hippocastanum, or Horse-chestnut; sup- posed to be a febrifuge. JESTIVALES. (From aesias, sum- mer). Plants which blossom in sum- mer. The second division of Du Pas's method, with reference to the four sea- sons of the year, consisting of herbs which blossom in summer. MS USTUM. Burnt copper; a pre- paration consisting of equal parts of copper and rough brimstone, laid in strata, with a small quantity of com- mon salt sprinkled on each layer, and exposed to the fire till the brimstone is burned out. It has been called as Ve- neris, ces cremantum, cinis ceris, crocus Veneris, &c. .ETAS. Age; a term including the several states of life, as infancy, youth, old age, &c. .ETHIOP'S MINERAL. The black sulphuret of mercury, or the Hydrar- gyri sulphuretum cum sulphure. L. ETIOLOGY. The doctrine of mor- bid causes. JETHER SULPHURICUS, L. Sul- phuric or Vitriolic ether, or Naphtha Vitrioli. .ETHMOID. Bone at the root of the nose and base of the cranium. iETHIOPS. Name anciently given to black oxydes. jETHUSA CYNAPIUM. Lesser Hemlock, or Fool's Parsley; a plant of the order Umbelliferce, possessing poisonous properties. jEthusa divaricata. Fools' Pars- ley. Mild, astringent, tonic, and cor- roborant. AFFINITY. Chemical attraction. AFFUSION; pouring or a dashing water or fluids on the body. AFFLATUS; concussion of wind or air. AFFLUXION; accumulation of fluids. AFORA. (From a, without, and fo- res, a door.) Having no doors or valves. The name of a class in Camerius's method, consisting of plants whose pericarp or seed-vessel is not furnished with internal valves. AFTER-BIRTH. Placenta, secun- dines. AFTER-PAINS. A term applied to. AGG. 8 ALB. the contractions of the uterus which are continued for a certain length of time after delivery. AGARICUS. Punk. Many species, growing on decayed trees. All more or less styptic and bitter, useful to make the Agaric, a soft powder for stopping arterial hemorrhage, in amputations of limbs, without ligature. A pleasant bitters may be made with an equal quantity of orange peel infused in wine, &c. Punk is the Indian name for all perennial fungi growing on trees and of a spongy nature : useful to make spunk or touchwood to light fire easily with. Those growing on pines and hickories are commonly deemed best. AGAVE AMERICANA, L. Flower- ing Aloes, Maguey of Mexico. Zabara of Cuba, Spain, and Sicily. From Ca- rolina and Florida to Mexico. Valu- able economical plant. Radical leaves evergreen, two to six feet long; the in- side is edible after coction, tasting like lemonade. The juice flowing from the young central leaves cut off is sweetish; by fermentation it produces the Pulque or Mexican beer; by coction, syrup, honey, and sugar can be made of it. The old leaves dressed like flax, produce a strong, white, silky thread ; the Mex- ican cloth and paper were made from it, also fine fringe and lace. The cen- tral stem grows in a few months 18 to 20 feet high, bearing a beautiful pyramid of yellow blossoms. It is a false notion to suppose that it blossoms only once in 100 years; this happens once in 15 to 25 years, and afterwards the plant dies, but the root sends off lateral offsets. The stems are used for light rafts and posts; cattle and sheep feed on the blossoms. Cultivated for hedges and use in Mexico, Spain, Sici- ly, and Barbary. Worthy of attention in Florida. - Agave Virginica, L. Virginia aloes, Rattlesnake master. Root bitter, tinc- ture used for cholics, chewed in obsti- nate diarrhoea by the Cherokees, violent, but efficient. AGALACTIA, (a, priv., gala, milk) The defect of milk after child-birth. AGAMOUS. Plants without any vis- ible stamens or pistils are by French botanists called agamous. AGGREGATE. (From aggregare, to assemble.) Many springing from the same point; this term was at first ap- plied to compound flowers, but there is at present a sevenfold division of ag- gregate flowers : aggregate, properly so called ; compound, amentaceous, umbellate, glumose, cymose, spadiceous. AGGLOMERATED. Bunched, crow- ded together. AGGLUTINATE; to unite the lips of a wound. AGGREGATION; attraction of co- hesion. AGGLUTINANT; uniting divided solids. AGGREGATE FLOWER is erected on peduncles or foostalks, which all have one common receptacle on the stem; they sometimes have one common ca- lyx, and are sometimes separately fur- nisbed with a calyx. AGITATION; shaking, excitement. AGNUS CASTUS. The chaste tree, a species of Vitex, formerly celebrated as an antaphrodisiac. This name has been given to Castor Oil, or the oil of the Ricinus Communis, from its effects upon the body and mind. AGRIMONIA EUPATORIA. Com- mon Agrimony. A plant of the natural order Rosacea, used in medicine as a corroborant and astringent. It has also been recommended as a deobstruent in jaundice, and as an alterative in dis- eases of the skin. A tea of it is high- ly recommended for asthma, scrofula, gravel, and eruptions of the skin. AGROSTIS STRICTA. Bent Grass. Agrostis Vulgaris. Red Top. Agrostis Alba. White Top. AGRYPNIA; sleeplessness. AGUE-DROPS; Fowler's solution, arseniate of potash. AGUE CAKE. Enlargement of the spleen, induced by ague. AGUE. Intermittent fever. This term appears to be derived from a Go- thic word denoting trembling or shud- dering. AJUGA CHAMiEPITHYS. Bugle. ALiE. The two lateral or side pe- tals of a papilionaceous flower. ALA. A Latin word signifying a wing. ALBINOES {albus, white). Persons in whom the skin, hair, and iris are light, and the pigmentum of the eye ALL 9 ALL.. wanting. The term Albino is derived from the Portuguese, by whom it was applied to individuals found on the coast of Africa, who resembled the ne- groes in every respect except in their colour. ALBUMEN OVI; white of an egg. ALBURNUM. (From albus, white.) The soft white substance which in trees is found between the liber, or inner bark, and the wood, and becoming so- lid, in progress of time, is converted into wood. From its color and com- parative softness, it has been styled the fat of trees. It is called the sap-wood, and is formed by a deposite of the cam- bium, or descending sap; in one year it becomes wood ; and a new layer of alburnum is again formed by the des- cent of the cambium. ALBUMEN. The farinaceous, fleshy or horny substance which constitutes the chief bulk of monocotyledonous 6eeds ; as wheat, rye, &c. ALCHEMILLA ALPINA, L. Ladies' mantle. On the White mountains and in Canada. Astringent, equivalent of Potentilla. ALCALESCENT; becoming alka- line. ALCOHOL; rectified spirits of wine. ALDER, black. Prinos verticillatus. Alterative vermifuge; bitter. Alder, red. Alnus scrulata. As- tringent deobstruent; alleviative tonic. . ALEXIPHARMIC ; antidotal to poi- son. ALEMBIC; a chemical utensil, hav- ing a body, head, and tube. ALETRIS AUREA, Mx. Add., harsh bitter root, used in vinegar for dropsical fevers in Carolina. Elliot. ALETRIS FARINOSA. Star-grass. A plant of the order Liliacece, the root of which is employed as a tonic. The dose of the powder is ten grains. Aletris Aurea. Yellow Star root. ALIFORM; pterygoid, wing-like. ALGiE {Alga, a sea-weed). Algacece The Sea-weed tribe of Cellular or Cryptogamic plants. Leafless, flower- less plants, without any distinct axis of vegetation, growing in water. Repro- ductive matter, either absent or contained in the joints of the filaments, or depo- sited in peculiar thecae formed in the substance of the frond. Sporules with- out any proper integument. Algje. Flags; these, by Linnaeus, comprise the plants of the order Hepa- tica and Lichenes. ALIENATIO MENTIS; insanity or delusion. ALIMENTARY CANAL. The en- tire passage through which the aliment or food passes. It is a musculo-mem- branous tube, extending from the mouth to the anus. ALIMA ODORATA, Rai. Sweet Plan- tain. The whole plant odorous, used for wounds and bruises in Louisiana. ALIMENT ; any kind of food. ALISMA PLANTAGO, L. Water Plantain. Had once much celebrity in Russia as a cure for Hydrophobia; time has not confirmed this valuable property. ALKALI (Arab al, the, kali, the name of a particular plant, and an old name for potash). A substance which unites with acids in definite proportions, and changes vegetable blues to green. ALKALINE; name given to certain earths possessing properties resembling alkalies, as lime, &c. ALKALOID; active principle of plants. ALLANTOIS. Allantoides membrana. 1. A thin transparent membrane, sit- uated between the amnion aad the cho- rion. 2. A vesicle or sac projecting at the lower end of the alimentary canal, in the embryo. ALLIUM. Garlic, a plant used medi- cinally ; good for drafts on the feet. Allium Canadense. Meadow Garlic. Allium Cepa, L. or Cepa Vulgaris, Tt. Onions. Have the same properties as garlic, but weaker. Very useful as food in dropsies and suppressed urine. Onions correct the taste of fish, and can cure the bad effects produced by bad fish, salt, smoked, or putrid. They pro- mote secretions, and excite appetite. Their excess produces flatulence, thirst, head-ache, bad dreams, and may de- range the central functions. Externally, they form good cataplasms for suppu- rating tumors. Raw onions can only suit strong stomachs, they render the breath offensive. When boiled or stew- ed, they are palatable and healthy. The ancients thought that onions and garlic could cure or prevent the plague. The A. porrum, or Leeks, have the same qualities and uses, they are still milder ALS. 10 ALP. than onions: both roots and leaves used. Allium, L. Wila Garlic, Landlauch. Several species, A. canadense most com- mon, give a bad taste to the milk and butter of cows feeding on them. The tincture used for gravel. The Chero- kees use them in cookery. Many spe- cies cultivated in gardens and fields. A. sativum, or common Garlic, is a well known condiment, highly medical, ex- ternally as a stimulant, rubefacient, and blistering, internally as a diffusible sti- mulant, diuretic, expectorant, sudorific, fee, useful in diseases of a languid char- acter and interrupted secretion, catarr- hal disorders, and chronic cough, pitui- tous and spasmodic asthma, flatulent cholics, hysterical and dropsical com- plaints, intermittent and typhoid fevers, retention of urine, fee. It is also a powerful vermifuge, and has expelled the tenia. It is given in substance, con- serve, milk, wine, fee. Properties re- siding in a yellow, thick, acrid oil. Ap- plied to the soles of the feet as an ex- cellent revulsion from disorders of the head. Ointment or poultice repellent, discutient, diuretic, and cures deafness produced by atony or rheumatism. The excessive use of garlic in cookery, may produce head-ache, flatulence, fetid breath, thirst, inflammations, fevers, and bloody piles. Parsley and celery cor- rect partly its strong smell and taste, and also that of onions. Allium Vineale. Field Garlic. Allium Triflorum. Mountain Leek. Allium Cernuum. Scape-naked. Allium Tricoccum. Three-seed Leek. Allium Cepa. Garden Onion. Allium Fistulosum. Welch Onion. Allium Schanaporum. Scape-naked. Allium Oleraceum. Striped Onion. Allium Ascalo Nicum. Shallot. Allium Porrum. Leek. Allium Sativum. Garlic. Allium Fragrans. False Snow-drop. Allium Senescens. False Narcissus. ALLOY; a compound of two or more metals. ALLOPATHIA. The art of curing by inducing symptoms afferent from those of the primary disease. ALLSPICE ; pimento berries, Jamai- ca pepper; stimulant. ALMOND OIL. A bland fixed oil, obtained usually from bitter almonds by | the action of a hydraulic press, either in the cold or by means of hot iron plates. ALMONDS. Amygdala. This term is applied, popularly, to the exterior glands of the neck and to the tonsils. [The nuts of the Amygdalus communis]. ALNUS. Alder. A genus of plants of the order Betulinea. Alnus Glutinosa. Common Euro- pean Alder. The bark of this plant has been used in intermittent fevers, the bruised leaves are sometimes applied to the mammas to arrest the secretion of milk applied to the breast. Bark styptic, dyes brown, and with vitriol black. The cones also die black. The inner bark of the root is emetic, and dyes yellow. The wood produces a light charcoal, the very best for gunpowder. The A. un- dulata, A. glutinosa, A. glauca, fee, found in mountains and Canada, are equivalent. The Prinos, also called Alder with us, has different properties, and bears red berries; both are called Sulling by the Canada tribes, who use the bark in poultice for swellings and strains. Good for medical beer; alte- rative. Alnus Undulata. Waved Alder; demulcent. Alnus Serrulata, Aiton. Black Alder. Near streams from Canada to Florida. Leaves vulnerary and astrin- gent, repel the milk when bruised and ALOE. A genus of plants of the order Asphodelea; characterised by an intensely bitter taste. 1. Aloes Spicata; Extractum, L. Aloes; an extract prepared from the Aloe Spi- cata, or Socotrine Aloe. In this species the bitter taste is accompanied by an aromatic flavor. 2. Aloe Hepatica ; Extractum. E. D. Barbadoes Aloes; an extract prepared from the Aloe Hepatica, formerly Bar- badensis ; of a much stronger and less pleasant odor than the preceding. 3. Fetid or Caballine Aloes. A very impure variety, having the appearance of bitumen, and used chiefly for horse medicine, as one of its names imports. ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS. Mea- dow-grass Fox-tail. Alopecurus Geneculatus, Floatine Fox-tail. 8 ALPINE. Growing naturally on high mountains. AMA 11 AMA ALSINE MEDIA, L. Chickweed. An- tiscorbutic and pectoral, may be eaten boiled for greens. Birds are fond of it. Alsine Ficifolia. Fig hollyhock. Alsine Officinalis. Marsh mallows. Alsine Rosea. Hollyhock: demul- cent. ALTERATIVES. Medicines intend- ed to change the morbid action, by restoring the healthy functions of se- cretion, &c, by a gradual process. ALTERNATE. Branches, leaves, flowers, &c, are alternate, when begin- ning at different distances on the stem; opposite, is when they commence at the same distances, and base stands against ALTERNATELY-PINNATE LEAF. When the leafets are arranged alternate- ly on each side of the common foot- stalk or petiole. ALTERNIS HORIS. Every other hour, used in prescriptions. ALTHEA OFFICINALIS, L. Marsh Mallow. European plant, becomes spon- taneous with us in many places. Plant and root mucilaginous, demulcent, emol- lient ; used in cataplasms, gargles, fo- mentations, clysters, and decoctions, for diseases of the throat and lungs, bow- els, bladder, and urethra, also for pains, irritations, and inflammations. Equiva- lent to mallow and gum Arabic, but better. In France, lozenges of it are used for cough. ALUM. A salt made of sulphate of alumine and potash. Alum water. Solution of alum in water; astringent. Alum whey. Serum aluminosum. A whey made by boiling two drachms of alum with a pint of milk, and then straining. ALVEARIUM. Meatus externus of the ear. ALVEOLAR. Name of vessels, &c. belonging to the alveoli. ALVEOLUS. The bony socket of a tooth. ALVERATE. Having cells which resemble a honeycomb. ALVINE CONCRETIONS. Calculi formed in the stomach and intestines. AMALGAM. Quicksilver combined with any other metaL AMANITA, Lam. Mushrooms, with gills beneath, and a central support; nearly 500 species in North America. Several are excellent for food; the best are, A. muscaria, A. deliciosa, A. edulis, A. campestris, A. albella, A. aurantiaca, A. procera. A. ovoidea, &c. All the Eu- ropean species are found with us; 50 kinds are eaten in France, 100 kinds in Italy. Here we are afraid of them, and only eat 2 or 3. An easy test can teach us which are harmless ; boil or cook a white onion with them, if it retain the color, the mushrooms are good; if the onion become bluish, they are bad or unhealthy. Many species are poison- ous ; all the milky ones are such, also the black and thin kinds. The fleshy and firm are commonly good; those which have a fine smell are tbe best, some are delicious. They may be dried and used for condiment. Dried mush- rooms are an article of trade in Italy : we could collect them in abundance. They are an essential ingredient of good catchup sauce. When poisonous mush- rooms are eaten by mistake, they pro- duce anxiety, spasms, convulsions, and death; the best remedies are emetics, ether, milk, &c. The A. atramentaria can make ink. The best kinds are cul- vated in Europe, in dung-beds and cel- lars, by sowing the little bulbs or fila- ments. AMARA DULCIS. Woody night AMARANTHUS, L. Amaranth,— Princefeather. Many species cultiva- ted for beauty, and many wild. The leaves of several can be eaten boiled like spinage ; in Louisiana, they eat A. diacanthus, Raf. The A. sanguineus, L., called Lovely bleeding, is a powerful styptic, the decoction is in popular use to stop the flow of menses, when other remedies have failed. The A. pumilus, Raf., may be pickled like other fleshy sea plants. Amaranthus Albus. White cox- comb. Amaranthus Melancholicus. Love- lies-bleeding. Amaranthus Tri-color. Three-col- ored Coxcomb. AMARUS. Bitter, AMAUROSIS (Gr. amauros, obscure). Caligo oculorum. Blindness: drop se- rene (gutta serena); loss of sight from an affection of the retina, the optic nerve, or the brain. This term was employed by Hippocrates merely in the sense of AMM 12 AMY obscurity or dimness ; by later writers it was used as the name of the particu- 19.1* (ii^PfiSP AMARYLLIS ATAMSCO, L. Ground lily, Stagger-grass. Said to poison horses and cattle, producing the disease called staggers. Beautiful vernal white blossom. AMBERGRISE. A concretion found in the intestines of the sperm whale. AMBER. A bituminous substance, highly electric. AMBROSIAL. Of exquisite smell or taste, very palatable and restorative. AMBROSIA. Hog weed, Rag weed. This plant rises three inches in height; the leaves spring from a long reddish ten- dril, like a vine; and are of a deep green color, small and curly. It is an evergreen, and grows chiefly in new farmyards, on strong soils, like moss. Properties. Henry says, the women of the country always find it effectual in bringing down the menses. A person recommends it very highly as a remedy in dropsy. He states, that it has proved an effectual remedy; strong decoction to be drunk freely. Ambrosia trifida. Great bitter weed. ' AMENT. Flowers collected on chaffy scales, and arranged on a thread or slender stalk; their scales mixed with the flowers resemble the chaff on an ear of corn; in the willow and poplar, an ament supports both staminate and pis- tillate flowers on distinct roots. Flow- ers supported by an ament are generally destitute of a corolla. AMENTIA. Partial or complete idiocy. AMENORRHEA. Dysmenorrhoea, painful menstruation. AMERICAN COLOMBO {Trasera Verticellata). Root bitter and nauseous: vomits and purges; tonic; given in weakness of the stomach attended with COStl VPT1PSS AMERICAN GENTIUM. A good tonic. AMERICAN SARSAPARILLA (Jra- lia Nudicoulis); alterative equally as foreign Sarsaparilla. AMMONIA. Volatile alkali, harts- horn. AMMONIAC GUMMI. .A foreign gum, expectorant gum. AMMONIAC SAL. Muriate of am- monia, ammoniacal salt. AMNION (Gr. amnos, a lamb). The internal membrane of the ovum, or that which immediately surrounds thefmtus in utero. 1. Amnii liquor. The fluid contained in the Amnion. 2. Amniotic Acid. A weak acid dis- covered in the liquor amnii of the cow AMPHICARPA MONOICA, Elliot. {Glycine, do., L.) Pea Vine. Cattle are greedy of this plant, and destroy it almost everywhere ; ought to be culti- vated for fodder. The seeds are like peas, and as good to eat. In Carolina they begin to cultivate it for the table. AMPLEXICAULIS. Clasping the base of the stems. AMULET. A supposed charm against infections or disease ; such are anodyne necklaces, used in teething of infants. AMYGDALAE AMAR^E DULCES. Bitter and sweet almonds; the fruit of two varieties of the Amygdalus Com- munis. Amygdalus communis, L. Almond- tree. Cultivated from Virginia to Flor- ida; but our late vernal frosts injure it, as it blossoms in February and March. Sweet almonds are a fine fruit; they contain the same elements as human milk. The bitter almonds contain, be- sides, Prussic acid ; they are pernicious, and poison birds. The oil of almonds is produced by both; 2 lbs. give 1 lb. of oil, very bland, demulcent, useful in tickling cough, heat of urine, pains and inflammations. The emulsion of milk of almonds has equal properties, a fine flavor, and is cooling. Orgeat is made with it, sugar and orange flower water. Amygdalus Glabra, Dec. Nectarine. Peculiar species, and not a variety of peach, but much weaker. Rare with us. Amgydalus Persica. Peach-tree.— Was cultivated by the Indian tribes be- fore Columbus, either indigenous or brought from Asia. Now common from Canada to Louisiana, in orchards. Fruit delicious. Wine can be made with it. Peach brandy is a pernicious liquor. Peach kernels are similar to bitter al- monds. The peach-blossoms are bitter, anodyne, carminative, diuretic, and ver- mifugic; much employed in Europe for worms, cholic, gravel, fee, in the form of tea. Said, also, to subdue inebriation and deafness. The peach-leaves have ANA 13 AND the same properties, but are weaker, more bitter, and less agreeable, some- times purgative in large doses. Deserv- ing attention as an efficient vermifuge. A tea made of the leaves, and drank freely, is good in bloody urine. AMYLUM. Starch. AMYRIS FLORIDIANA, Nuttal. — Florida Balsam-tree. The berries are black and fragrant, the leaves aromatic. Properties similar to L. maritima, and A. balsamifera of the West Indies, called Rosewoods, cephalic, diaphoretic ; used for weak eyes, &c. The whole genus is balsamic, producing gum elemi, balm of Gilead, &c. ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE, L. Cachewnut. In Florida, and spread to Brazil. Very valuable tree, it grows in pure sand, and consolidates the same. Wood very fine and hard. The nut food and healthy ; the cover of it pro- uces a black exsudation, dyes black, and is used to cure the itch and diseases of the skin. Ought to be cultivated. ANAGALLIS PHENICEA, Lam. Red Pimpernel. From New York to Carolina. Seemingly inert, yet acrid and active. Believed useful in hydro- phobia by Boerhaave, and ever since. Employed in Europe for mania, epilep- sy, melancholy, &c, thus useful in all nervous diseases ; Clayton recommends it in febrile delirium. Also pulmonic and alexiter. It is poisonous to cattle ; yet Colden says the decoction was used in New York in the bloody sweat or murrain of calves. ANALEPTIC. Gentle stimulant of the nerves. ANALYSIS. To analyze a plant bo- tanically, is to ascertain its name, by observing its organs, and comparing them with scientific descriptions of plants. ANASARCA. Aqua inter cutem; hydrops. General dropsy; dropsy of the cellular substance; the leucophleg- masia of various writers. ANASTOMOSIS. The communica- tion of vessels with each other, as of the arteries with the veins, which, by touching at numerous points, form a net-work of reticulation. See Inoscu- lation. ANATOMY. The science of organ- ization ; the science whose object is the examination of the organs or instru- I ments of life. Animal anatomy is divi- ded into human anatomy and compara- tive anatomy, according as it treats of the organization of the human body, or of that of other animals. ANCHYLOSIS; a stiff joint. Anchylosis true ; a joint perma- nently rigid. ANCHUSA TINCTORIA. Dyers' alkanet; a plant of the order Boragi- nacea, the root of which abounds in the red coloring matter called alkanet, used by dyers, and for imparting a deep red to oils, ointments, and plasters. ANCONCEUS; small muscles on the elbow. ANCIPETAL. Having two sharp edges like a sword. Andria mulier ; an hermaphro- dite, the female organs being predomi- nant. ANDRIA ; an hermaphrodite, the or- gans of generation belonging to both sexes being imperfectly present. Andria. Signifies stamen. ANDROGYNOUS PLANTS. Such as bear staminate and pistillate flowers on the same root; as the oak and Indian corn : such plants belong to the class Moncecia. ANDROMEDA, L. the A. nitida of Carolina, Sour wood or Pipestem, is equivalent of kalmia for the itch, the leaves are acrid, the bark dyes purple with copperas. The A. angustifolia, or titi of the Florida tribes, is also equi- valent of kalmia. The A. mariana or Wicke, likewise very useful in the ground itch of negro's feet. The A. race- mosa or white pepperbush, white osier, is used for baskets and fish flakes. The powder on the leaves and buds of A. pulverulenta or mealybush, and other kinds is a powerful errhine ; even the powdered leaves are such. Andromeda Hypnoides. Moss-bush. Andromeda Polifolia. Wild rose- mary. Andromeda Arborea. Sorrel-tree. Andromeda Paniculata. White- bush ; Pepper-bush. Andromeda Calyculata. Leather- leaf. ANDROPOGON, L. Sedge-grass.— Many species; disliked by cattle, be- cause coarse and dry; but the A. cilia- tus makes good hay in Florida. Andropogon Scoparius. Broom-grass. ANG 14 ANI Andropogon Virginicus. Bent-grass. Andropogon Foccatus. — Forked spike. Andropogon Macrorus. Indian- grass. Andropogon Nutans. Beard-grass. ANDROMANIA; nymphomania. ANEMONE PRATENSIS; Pulsa- tilla nigricans of the pharmecopceias. ANEMONE VIRGINIANA. Wild flower; Thimble weed. It is said to speedily cure tinea capitis, applied ex- ternally. ANEMONE VIRGINICA, L. Wind- bloom. Kalm says the hairy seeds dip- ped in alcohol, are used in odontalgy, being put in the hollow teeth. ANENCEPHALUS; monster, born without brains. ANETHUM. Dill, Sweet fennel. Anethum Feniculum, L. Fennel. Cultivated and often spontaneous. Seeds pungent, aromatic, equivalent to anise- seeds, but a different flavor. The sweet fennel is bleached and eaten like celery in Italy. ANEURISM. The dilatation of a vessel or vessels. The old distinction was between true and false aneurism; the former comprehends dilation without rupture of any of the arterial coats; the latter, dilatation with rupture of some of the coats. Aneurism Spurium ; false, dilatation of an artery on one side, from disease or injury of its coats. Aneurism Cordis ; a dilatation of the heart. Aneurism Verum ; true, the uniform dilatation of all the coats of an artery. Aneurism varicosum ; varix, tumor. ANFRACTUOSITY. Groove or fur- row, as in the brain. ANGELICA LUCIDA, L. Angelic root, Belly-ache root. Nendo of the Virginian Indians. White root of the Southern tribes. Equivalent of Gin- seng and officinal angelica. Root like ginseng, taste similar, smell like anise- seed. Highly valued by the Southern Indians, and cultivated by them; used as a carminative, and in cookery. This root is said to give the excellent flavor to Virginia hams and pork, when hogs feed on it. It is bitterish, subacrid, fra- grant and aromatic, stomachic and ton- ic, useful in colics, hysterics, men- strual suppressions, chlorosis, anorexia, fee. The powdered seeds kill lice. Schoepf and Henry mention the A. syU vestris as American, which is erroneous, they meant this species. Henry adds that it is sialogogue and repellent, use- ful to disperse tumors, and the root an antidote against yellow fever, chewed when visiting the sick. The Missouri tribes call it Lagonihah, and mix it with tobacco to smoke ; they also eat it, but it often produces indigestion. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA, L. Masterwort. From Canada to Carolina. The root has a strong smell; when fresh it is a poison; the juice is acrid and blisters the lips; the Indians of Canada use it for suicide. But when dry it loses its virulence, and becomes a warm aromatic, similar to lovage. Cut- ler says the stems are candied in New England. ANGIOCARPUS. Fungi bearing seeds internally. ANGIOLOGY. The science of the vascular system. ANGIOSPERMAL. (From angio, a vessel, and sperma, seed.) Plants whose seeds are enclosed or covered. AGGLOMERATED. Bunched, crowded together. ANGULAR. Forming angles; when the stems, calyxes, capsules, fee, have ridges running lengthwise. Angular {angulus, an angle). The name of the facial vein, when it has ar- rived at the side of the nose, near the eye. ANGULARIS SCAPULA. Another name for the levator anguli scapula. ANGUSTIFOLIUS. Narrow-leaved. ANGUSTURA BARK. This bark is referred by Humboldt to the Galipea Cusparia; by Dr. Hancock to the G. Officinalis. Angostura False. The bark of the Strychnos nux vomica, formerly assigned to the Brucea antidysenterica. ANGUSTURIN. A neutral principle, obtained by submitting the alcoholic tincture of angostura bark to sponta- neous evaporation. ANIMA (the soul). The name given by Stahl to the intelligent agent sup- posed to preside over many parts of the animal economy. This is the Archaus of Van Helmont, and has been termed the vital principle, the spirit of anima- tion, fee. ANT 15 ANT ANIL. Nil. A plant, indigenous, from the leaves of which indigo is pre- pared. ANIMALCULES (dim. of animal). Microscopic animals. They doubtless exist in the atmosphere, and in all rivers or ponds. ANIMALIZATION. Assimilation, vital conversion of food into organized matter. ANISI SEMINA. (Aniseed.) An ar- omatic. ANISUM. Plant yielding aniseed. ANKLE JOINT. Tarsus, between the leg and foot. ANKYLOSIS. A stiff joint. ANKLE. Malleolus, external and in- ternal. ANNUAL. A plant which lives but one year. The herbage is often annual, while the root is perennial; in this case the plant is said to be perennial. ANNULAR. Like a ring, applied to sundry ligaments, &c, and to the fourth finger counting from the thumb inclu- sive. ANNULATED. Having a ring round the capsules, as in ferns, or in mush- rooms having a ringed stipe. ANODYNE. Soothing the nerves, al- laying pain, very similar to Sedative and Nervine. ANOMALOUS. (From a, without, and nomas, law.) Irregular, or what- ever forms an exception to a general rule. The 11th class in Tournefort's meth- od is called anomalce, including plants whose corollas are composed of irreg- ular and dissimilar parts; as the colum- bine, monk's-hood, violet, lark-spur, &c. ANOMPHALOS. Wanting a navel. ANONYMOUS COLUMNS. Certain eminences in the brain ; applied to the os innominatum and its foramen. ANORCHIDES. Male children, born without testes in the scrotum, these or- gans remaining in the abdomen. ANOREXIA (a, privative). Want of appetite. ANORMAL ; without rule, unusual. ANTACID. Chemical remedies, neu- tralizing Acids. ANTAGONIST. A muscle which acts in opposition to another, and coun- teracts its action, as the adductors to the abductors. ANTALGICA. Remedies which re- move or relieve pain. ANTALKALINE. Neutralizing al- kalies. ANTARAX. Carbuncle, [q. v.] A name also given by Vitruvius to the factitious cinnabar, or bisulphuret of mercury. ANTERIOR (Latin). Before ; as ap- plied to muscles and nerves. ANTEROTIC. Sedatives of venery. ANTEVERSIO UTERI {ante, before, verto, to turn). A morbid inclination of the fundus uteri forward. ANTHELMINTIC. Expelling worms. ANTHEMIS. A genus of plants of the order Composita. Chamomile flow- ers are the produce of the A. nobilis ; Spanish Chamomile, or Pellitory 'of Spain, is the Anthemispyrethrum verum. Anthemis Arvensis. Corn chamo- mile. Anthemis Cotula. Mayweed. To- nic, sudorific, stimulant, anodyne, and emetic. Anthemis Nobilis. Chamomile.— Tonic, emetic, sudorific, and corroborant. ANTHERIDIUM. A mass of pollen. ANTHERIFEROUS. Flowers bear- ing anthers without filaments. ANTHER. (From anthos, a flower; so called as indicating its importance.) That part of the stamen which contains the pollen; it is of various forms, as linear, awl-shaped, heart-shaped, round, &c.; it is one-celled, two-celled, &c. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, L. Sweetgrass. Makes fragrant hay; cows fed on it give a very fine milk; sheep feeding on it produce excellent mutton. ANTHRISCUS CERIFOLIUM. Cher- vil. An annual European plant, culti- vated as a pot-herb, and a decoction of which has been employed as a deob- struent, diuretic, vulnerary, &c. ANTHROPANTHUM ODORATUM. Sweet vernal grass. ANTIBILIOUS; correcting the bile. ANTIDOTE or ALEXITERIAL. Commonly counter poisons, chemical remedies correcting the effects of poi- sons. ANTI-DYSENTERIC. Against dy- sentery and bowel complaints, local and mechanical, unless astringent. ANTILITHIC. Curing the gravel and stone. ANTIMONY. A poisonous metal, of ANT 16 API which many preparations are used by physicians; two grains dissolved in water vomits powerfully, and causes cramps. ANTIMONII & POTASS^ TAR- TRAS. Tartar emetic. ANTIMONIAL. Any of the prepa- rations of antimony. ANTIMONIAL POWDER. James's powder; called pulvis antimonialis ; used in fevers, and causes perspiration and prostration. ANTIMONIUM TARTARIZATUM. Tiirtflr pmptic ANTIMONII VITRUM; glass of an- timony, ANTIPATHY. Aversion, often pecu- liar to a certain constitution. ANTIPERISTALTIC. A motion con- trary to the peristaltic motion of the in- tcstincs ANTIPHLOGISTIC. Remedies which reduce inflammation, including all evac- uating agencies, together with cold air and drinks. ANTIPHLOGISTIC GARGLE. Take of sage, one ounce; hyssop, one do.; pour on one quart of boiling water, and let it stand half an hour; then strain, and add one drachm of fine borax. Use.—This gargle is usefully em- ployed in aphthae, and in quinsy or sore throat, particularly where there is acute inflammation. ANTIRRHIRUM ELATINE. Creep- ing Snap-dragon. Diuretic and cathar- tic. Antirrhirum Canadense. Flax Snap-dragon. Antirrhirum Linaria. Snap-dra- gon ; toad flax. Diuretic and cathartic, and is sometimes used in diseases of the skin. ANTISCORBUTICS. Substances which cure eruptions. ANTISCROFULOUS; useful in scro- fula. ANTISEPTIC or ANTIPUTRID; tonic useful to prevent external or in- ternal mortification. ANTISPASIS. Revulsion, or deri- vation ; the effect produced by the ap- plication of a blister. ANTISPASMODIC; diffusible stim- ulant, acting on the muscles, curing spasms, pains, fee. ANTITRAGUS ; a part of the exter- nal ear. ANTONII SANCTI IGNIS. St. An- thony's fire; erysipelas. ANTRUM HIGHMORIANUM, or Maxillare {antrum, a cave). The maxillary sinus; a bony cavity. ANTRUM. A cave, certain bony cav- ities. ANUS. The fundament or lower ex- tremity of the rectum; also a foramen in the brain. AORTA. The great artery of the heart. It is distinguished into the as- cending and descending. Hippocrates applies this term to the larger bronchi. AORTITIS. Inflammation of the APARGIA AUTUMNALIS. False hawkweed. APATHY. Insensibility, occasion- ally occurring in disease. APERIENT. Promoting excretions. APERIENTS. Mild purgatives. , APEX. The pointed end of an organ, as the apex of the heart. APHONIA. Catalepsy, palsy of the tongue, loss of voice. ^APHORISM. A maxim or rule. APHTHA. Ulcuscula oris. Thrush; numerous minute vesicles, terminating in white sloughs. It occurs in the fauces and in the pudenda. In the for- mer case it has been distinguished into 1. A. lactantium. Infantile, or white. 2. A. adultorum. Of adults, or black. 3. A. anginosa. Of the throat. APHRODISIACS. Medicines which excite the venereal appetite. Remedies against impotence. APIS MELLIFICA. The honey-bee. APIOS TUBEROSA, P. {Glycine apios, L.) Indian potato, Potato pea. Hopniss of the Delaware tribes. Noa of the Missouri tribes. Tucaha of the Southern tribes. Hanke, or White ap- ple of the Oregon tribes. Valuable plant, formerly cultivated by the In- dians (yet by the Creeks) for the roots, which are like potatoes, or rather like Helianthus tuberosus, and the seeds like peas and as good. Deserving to be cul- tivated by us. The roots are white, tender, very good boiled or roasted, and in soups, or even raw when dried. APIUM PETROSELINUM, L. Com- mon Parsley. Cultivated for condiment and very medical. Diuretic and sudo- rific, the root chiefly so, and with an agreeable sweetish taste. In decoction, APO 17 AQU it increases urine, cures the suppression and strangury, gives relief in nephritic pains, better still if united to mallow and watermelon seeds. The leaves are pungept aromatic, they give a good flavor to soups, and keep the kidneys in good order. It is said that given to sheep, they prevent and cure the rot. APIUM GRAVEOLENS. Celery; a plant of the order Umbellifera. When wild, growing in wet meadows and ditches; it is acrid and poisonous ; when cultivated in dry ground, and partially blanched, it is used as salad. APLECTRUM IIYEMALE. Putty root; Adam-and-Eve. APLOCERA MARITIMA, Raf. {Mo- nocera, E.) Toothache Grass of Carolina. Root bitter, silagogue, used for the tooth-ache; the grass eaten by cows affect their milk, giving it a bad taste. APNG2A. Privation of breath, suffo- cation. APOPLEXIA. Apoplexy; apoplec- tic fit or stroke. The term denotes con- gestion or rupture of the brain, with sudden loss of sensation and motion. The affection is sometimes called side- ratio, resolutio nervorum, &c. Apoplexia Pumlonalis. This term nas been recently applied to haem- orrhage into the parenchyma of the lungs, usually attended by haemoptoe. Apoplexia Cerebri. A sudden cessation of sense and voluntary mo- tion, from congestion, effusion, or com- pression of the brain. APOTHECARY. One who prepares drugs. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. A pound contains twelve ounces; an ounce, eight drachms; a drachm, three scruples; a scruple, twenty grains. APOCOPI. Eunuchs, castrated men. APOCYNUM, Add. Very valuable, affording hemp and cloth from the stems, cotton in the pods, sugar in the blos- soms, shoots edible like asparagus, root very powerful, emetic, cathartic, diuret- ic, sudorific, vermifuge, and pectoral, according to doses and forms. Six grains of the powder is sudorific, thirty grains will purge and vomit, useful in asthma, united to skunkweed. Also used in dropsies, rheumatism, and whooping cough by empirics. All the species nearly equal, and deserving at- tention. 2 Apocynum Andros.kmifolium. Dog bane ; wandering Milk-weed. Topic, emetic, alterative, syphilitic. Apocynum Canabinum. Indian hemp. Emetic, cathartic, and diuretic. Apocynum Hypericifolium. St. John's dogbane. APOPHYSIS. The projecting end or process of a bone. APONEUROSIS. The tendinous ex- pansion of muscles. APPENDICULA CEREBRI. Pitui- tary gland. APPENDICULA VERMIFORMIS; worm-like excrescence from the caecum coli. APPETITE. Desire for food. APPLE-TREE BARK. Pyrus malus. Astringent. APYRETIC; ) , ,, APYREXIA; j absence of fever. AQUA. Latin name of water. AQUA CALCIS. Lime water, made by pouring cold water on lime. AQUA DESTILLATA. Distilled wa- ter ; having a vapid taste, from the ab- sence of air, and slightly empyreumatic, in consequence probably of the presence of a small quantity of extractive matter, which has undergone partial decompo- sition. AQUA FORTIS. A name applied by the alchemists to the nitric acid of the pharmacopoeia, on account of its strong solvent and corrosive properties. It is distinguished by the terms double and single, the latter being only half the strength of the former. The more con- centrated acid, which is much stronger even than the double aqua fortis. AQU^DUCTUS FALLOPII; bony canals of the internal ear. AQUiEDUCTUS COCHLEARIS; fo- ramen in the temporal bone for the pas- sage of the vessels of the ear. AQU^EDUCTUS SYLVII. A canal between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. AQU^DUCTUS VESTIBULI; bony canals of the internal ear. AQUA FERVENS. Hot water. AQUA FONTIS. ) « . m. AQUA FONTANA. j SPrm& water- AQUA MARINA. Sea or salt wa- ter. AQUA PLUVIALIS. Rain-water. AQUAPICEA. Tar water. AQUA TEPIDA. Lukewarm water. ARA 18 ARC AQUA REGIA. Mixture termed ni- tro-muriaticacid. AQUEOUS HUMOR. Liquid in the anterior portion of the eye. AQUEOUS VAPOR. The vapor of AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS. Wild columbine. A beautiful native flower, adorning our rocks, cultivated for beau- ty. Equivalent of Aq. vulgaris, which is diuretic, menagogue, sudorific, anti- scorbutic, and aperitive. The roots, flowers, and seeds are used in Europe; the seeds are acrid oily, taken in vinous infusions for jaundice. ARABIS RHOMBOIDES, Mx. Meadow Cress. Equivalent of water cresses; the tuberous root edible as well as the leaves; similar to radishes, taste like Cochlearea. ARABIS CANADENSIS. Sickle pod. ARABIS SAGITTATA. Wall cress. ARACHNOID MEMBRANE. Me- ninx media. The fine cobweb-like mem- brane situated between the dura and pia mater. It is the serous membrane of the cerebro-spinal centres. ARACHIS HYPOGEA, L. Ground- nut, Pea-nut. Cultivated from Mary- land to Florida. Erroneously called Pistachoe-nut in Carolina, the name be- longs to the Pistacia of Sicily and Syria. Called Pindars in the West Indies. Cul- tivated by the Indians from Florida to Brazil before Columbus, by the name of Mani; yet by the Creek tribes, who raise large crops in pure sand. The seeds or beans are oily, they produce much oil fit for all uses; commonly eaten roasted in the 6hell or pod : nu- tritive, demulcent, and pectoral. A kind of chocolate can be made with them, quite inferior, though taste similar. ARALIA SPINOSA, L. Prickly-El- der, Shot-bush, Pigeon-tree, fee. Valu- able medical tree; the bark is emetic, cathartic, sudorific, sialagogue, febri- fuge, &c,. that of the root is the best, the dry less active than the fresh. It is said to cure the bite of rattlesnakes by emesis, fee. The Indians use it for dropsy, syphilis, tooth-ache, colic, rheumatism, fee, in decoction ; the ex- tract is also useful; the fresh roots are almost poisonous in the green state, they must be roasted and pounded, even then they act as a violent emetic. The berries are said to be a certain cure for spring intermittents, united to the bark j they have a good smell, and are eaten by wild pigeons. The bark has an aromatic taste, very useful in chronic rheumatism; equivalent of Xanthoxy- lum, but milder. The leaves and seeds are pectoral. Add to A nudicaulis, used for bilious complaints as a ptisan in Canada, and A. racemosa by the In- dians as carminative, pectoral, and anti- septic, in coughs, pains in the breast, mortification; the root with horse-ra- dish, made in poultice for the feet in general dropsy. The juice of the berries and oil of the seeds is said to cure ear- ache and deafness, poured in the ears. ARALIA HISPIDA. Bristle-stem sarsaparilla; diuretic. ARALIA NUDICAULIS. Wild sar- saparilla. ARALIA RACEMOSA. Spikenard; stimulant, diaphoretic, and alterative. ARBUTUS UVA URSI. Trailing ar- butus, or Red bear-berry, a plant of the order Ericacea, employed in cases of irritable bladder, of diabetes, fee. ARCANUM. A secret or mystery. ARCTIUM LAPPA, L. Burdock. Common to both continents. Root valuable, diuretic, diaphoretic, and de- tergent, equivalent to Aralia and Smi- lax. Useful in rheumatism, scurvy, syphilis, nephritis, phlogosis, oedema, gravel, and gout. These properties are mild, since the boiled roots, stems, and leaves are eaten in Canada; nay, the root even raw, like radishes ; the taste is sweetish austere; the use of it makes the urine milky, and produces flatu- lence. The seeds are bitter and purga- tive. ARCH FEMORAL. The name of a considerable arch formed over the con- cave border of the pelvis. It is bounded above by Poupart's ligament, below by the border of the pubes and ilium. ARCH OF THE AORTA. The turn made in the thorax by that artery, the ascending becoming the descending aorta. ARCH OF THE COLON. Transverse portion of that intestine. ARCHES OF THE PALATE. Ante- rior and posterior curtains on each side of the throat. ARCHEMORA AMBIGNA. Water- dropwort. ARI 19 ART ARCTURA UNGUIS. A nail grow- ing into the flesh. ARDENT FEVER. Synocha. ARDENT SPIRIT. A term applied to alcohol of moderate strength. ARDOR {ardeo, to burn.) Heat; a sense of heat, or burning. ARDOR URINiE. A sense of scald- ing on passing the urine. ARDOR VENTRICULI. Heartburn. ARENARIA SERPYLLIFLORA.— Thyme-leaved sandwort. ARENARIA PEPLOIDES. Sea chickweed. AREOLATE {areola, a small place). Divided into areolae, or small spaces, as applied to surfaces. ARETHUSA BULBOSA, L. The bruised bulbs useful for the tooth-ache, and in cataplasms for tumors. Schoepf. ARGEMONE, L. Thorn poppy. The Flava {Mexicana, L.) with yellow blos- soms, and the Albiflora with white ones, have similar properties. From Pennsylvania to Mexico. Equivalent of Chelidonium, having a yellow bitter juice, which dyes yellow, and when in- spissated, becomes similar to gamboge. It is anodyne, detersive, resolutive, hyp- notic, diuretic, useful in herpetic dis- eases, psora, sore eyes, dropsy, jaun- dice, &c. The seeds are drastic and emetic, used in the West Indies for the belly-ache and dysentery; their infu- sion is diaphoretic and ophthalmic, dose only a table spoon: when smoked, they are narcotic. The capsules used like Poppy heads in diarrhoea and dysentery. Deserving attention; appear to unite the properties of opium, gamboge, and celandine. ARGENTUM. Silver; the whitest of metals; it occurs in the metallic state, and is also obtained from the ores of lead. It is employed in pharmacy only in the preparation of the nitrate. ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA. Beard- grass; Poverty-grass. ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA. Virginia Birthwort, or Snake-root; a plant supposed to possess the power of arresting the effects of serpents' ven- omous bites; used in fever as a tonic febrifuge. ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO. Birth- wort. Diaphoretic, tonic, anodyne, an- tispasmodic, antiseptic, stimulant, and vermifuge. ARNICA, L. Leopard's bane. We have several species, A. nudicaule, do- ronicum,plantagineum, fee, weak equiv- alents of A. montana, the roots and flowers of which are stimulant and dis- cutient, very useful in palsy, rheuma- tism, congestions, typhus, &c. It is a narcotic, producing burnings, hemor- rhage, vertigo, and coma, in large doses. Vinegar cures these symptoms. It has been celebrated for internal pains and congestions from bruises, and has obtained the epithet of ' panacea lapso- rum.' The powder of the root and herb is given in doses of from five to ten grains. AROMATIC. Diffusible stimulant, heating the stomach and body. Name given to spicy and fragrant drugs. ARONIA OVALIS, P. Juneberry, Shad-tree, Misascutu of Algic tribes. A very fine tree and northern fruit, which ought to be cultivated. It is sweet, black, like a cherry. The A. al- nifolia of the south is similar, and as good. My A. cordata also with reddish berries. The Chokeberries are pro- duced by four or five species of shrubby aronia : they are astringent and unpal- fit fib Lc ARONIA COTRYAPIUM. Shad- bush ; Juneberry. ARONIA SANGUINEA. Bloody chokeberry. ARROW-ROOT. A term improperly applied to fecula or starch, prepared from the root of the Maranta Arundi- nacea, said to be efficacious in'poisoned wounds. It is also prepared from seve- ral other plants. ARSENIAS POTASSiE. Fowler's solution : tasteless ague-drops. ARSENIC. A metal, the white ox- yde of which is called arsenious acid, or rat's bane; various preparations em- ployed in medicine; all dangerous. ARSENICALIS LIQUOR. A phar- macopoeial preparation, called Fowler's solution, and Tasteless Ague-Drop, con- sisting of arseniate of potash dissolved in water, and flavored and colored by spirit of lavender. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, L. Mug- wort. Common to both continents. Equivalent of Absynthium. Antiseptic, stomachic, detergent, deobstruent, lax- ative, diuretic, diaphoretic, menagogue, corroborant, antispasmodic, and vermi- ART 20 ASA fuge. Useful in hysterics, spasms, pal- pitations of the heart, worms, obstruc- tions, &c, in tea, infusion, or powder. The leaves, tops, and seeds are used; these last and their oil are equal to san- tomic seeds as vermifuge. Warm fo- mentations of the leaves are excellent discutient and antiseptic. Many equiv- alent species grow in the West, the A. columbiensis of Nuttall is very aromatic. The A. santonica is said to grow in the South, the seeds are an article of trade in Europe. The A. dracunculus of gar- dens is a fine condiment. The A. abro- tanum, or southernwood of gardens is equal to mugwort and absynth in prop- erties. It is said to prevent baldness and make the hair grow by a spirituous infusion of it. All the species make the milk of cows bitter when grazed upon. Moxa made with them. ARTEMESIA CANADENSIS. Wild wormwood. All the Artemesias possess strong tonic properties. ARTEMESIA CAMPESTRIS. Field wormwood. ARTERIA. Artery; a vessel which carries the blood from the heart, former- ly supposed, from its being found empty after death, to contain only air. ARTERIA HELICIN^3. The name given by Muller to one set of the arterial branches of the corpora cavernosa penis. " They come off from the side of the arteries, and consist of short, slightly- curled branches, terminating abruptly by a rounded, apparently closed extrem- ity, turned back somewhat on itself: these are sometimes single, sometimes several arise from one stem, forming a tuft." ARTERIA INNOMINATA. A trunk arising from the arch of the aorta. ARTERLE VENOSE. The four pul- monary veins were so called, because they contained arterial blood. ARTERIAL BLOOD. The red blood flowing in the arteries of the body, and in the veins of the lungs, is thus called to distinguish it from the dark venous blood in the veins of the body and pul- monary arteries. ARTERIAL DUCT. Ductus arteri- osus. ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS. This is formed by branches of the caro- tid and vertebral arteries at the base of the'brain. ARTERIALIZATION. The conver- sion of the venous into the arterial blood; a term applied to the change in- duced in the blood as it passes through the lungs, by the evolution of carbonic acid, and the abstraction of oxygen from the air. ARTERIAL LIGAMENT. The duc- tus arteriosus when obliterated, as it is after birth. ARTERIOTOMY. The opening of an artery to let blood, generally the temporal. ARTERITIS. Inflammation of the coats of arteries. ARTERY. The name of each blood- vessel of the body through which the blood passes from the heart to the dif- ferent organs throughout the system. ARTHODYNIA. Pain in a joint. ARTHRALGIA. ) Neuralgic pain ARTHRODYNIA. j in the joints. ARTHRITIS. ) Inflammation of the ARTHROSIA. ] joints, the gout. ARTHROSIS. Joint, articulation. ARTICULATED. Jointed; as in the bulb, or stem of the grasses. ARUM. A genus of the natural order Aroidea. The officinal species are— 1. A. maculatum. Wake-robin, cuc- koo-pint. The root when fresh con- tains an extremely acrid juice. The root partially dried has been given in dyspepsia, in doses of ten or fifteen grains. The starch termed Portland ar- row-root, or trypallum. 2. Tripallum. Indian turnip ; drag- on-root. The recent root is a power- ful local irritant. The recently dried root, which is less active, has been given in asthma, pertussis, dyspepsia, chronic rheumatism, fee, in the dose of ten grains, in an emulsion, or made into a conserve. ARUM ESCULENTUM, L. Eddoes, Tanniers. Cultivated in Carolina for the root, which is a common vegetable of tropical climates all over the globe. These roots must be boiled in several waters, or roasted. ASARUM. Dr. Firth says he has cured the tetanus by the decoction of A. canadense. The Indians make a fine snuff with A. virginicum; the fresh leaves are used for wounds and scrof- ula. ASARUM CANADENSE. Canada snake-root, wild ginger. A plant of the ASI 21 ASP order Aristolochiacea, the root of which is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, and dia- phoretic. ASBESTOS. A mineral substance of a fibrous structure, which is incom- bustible. ASCLEPIAS. The Indians of Louis- iana use the A. serpentaria, Fl. lud. for the bite of rattlesnakes. The A. debilis makes a kind of flax. The A. phytola- coides dyes yellow green ; the milk ap- pears similar to opium ; silk gloves have been made with the silk of the pods. The Oregon and Western tribes call many species Nepesha; they use the roots in dropsy, asthma, dysentery, and as emetics, chiefly the A. syriaca, A. incarnata, and A. obtusifolia. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. Pleurisy- root, &c.; a tea of it is used in pleurisy. ASCITES. Hydrops ventris, vel ab- dominis. Dropsy of the belly or abdo- men. ASCLEPIADACEiE. The Asclepias tribe of picotyledonous plants. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with leaves oppo- site, alternate, or whorled : corolla mo nopetalous, hypogynous; stamens in- serted into the base of the Corolla; ova- ries two; fruit one or two follicles. ASEPTA. Substances free from the putrefactive process. ASHES. The residuum of the com- bustion of vegetables, containing alka- jjrjp SSlltS ASH, PRICKLY. Xanthoxylum Fraxinifolium. Anti-rheumatic, stimu- lant, aromatic. ASH, PRICKLY, MOUNTAIN- BARK. Sorbus Americanus. Astrin- gent, tonic. ASIMINA, Dec. Ty. (Annona sp. L. Porcelia of others.) Papaw, Custard- apple. Asiminier in Louisiana. The A. triloba, found from Ohio to Mexico. Fruit with a bad smell, but when ripe, after frost, the pulp is sweet, luscious, yellow, similar to custards. It is seda- tive, laxative, and healthy. A wine is made of it, quite clear and good, useful for aphthas of children. The skin of the fruit and the seeds are fetid, smell similar to Datura. The A. grandiflora of Florida, has large fragrant white blossoms, and a fruit like cucumber; rough outside, but with a fine hard yel- low pulp inside, delicious and whole- some. The A. incarnata has also a fine fruit. All these shrubs deserve cultivation. The Indians make strong ropes with their bark. ASIATIC PILLS. Each pill contains about one thirteenth of a grain of white oxyde of arsenic, and somewhat more than half a grain of black pepper. ASININUM LAC. Asses' milk. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, L. Sparrow-grass. Cultivated, often spon- taneous. The shoots are a well-known vernal luxury, very healthy, diuretic, giving a strong smell to urine, purifying the blood, pectoral, sedative, and sudo- rific ; but the excessive use is said to bring on gout. The root and seeds are aperient, diuretic, aphrodisiac, &c, use- ful in gravel, nephritis, &c. A peculiar substance, asparagine, found in them. Valuable diet in many diseases of the breast, heart, kidneys, and bladder; it allays the inordinate action of the heart. A syrup made with the green part of the shoots, is useful when out of sea- Bon. Alcohol is made with the berries. ASPERA ARTERIA. Windpipe. ASPHALTUM. Pitch. ASPHODELUS LUTENS. Kings- spear. ASPHYXIA. Defectus pulsus ; de- fectum animi. Originally, interrupted pulse, but, more recently and generally, interrupted respiration, as in hanging, drowning; suspended animation ; appa- rent death. ASPIDIUM, Sm. Malefern, Sweet- brake. We have nearly twenty-five species: many are medical: the A.fi- lixmas, most used as a vermifuge, to expel the tenia, it is united to skunk- weed, and given before and after a purge ; useful also for rachitis or rick- ets ; the root is the part used ; it is edi- ble, and eaten by the Indians as well as the leaves. Plinius knew its vermifuge quality. All the sweet-scented species are equally medical, vermifuge, pecto- ral, diaphoretic, and demulcent. The Aspidium gives, by analysis, a peculiar fatty substance, Aspidine, wfiich is nau- seous, heavier than water, has a bad taste, and forms soaps; it contains also gallic and acetic acids, tannin, sugar, starch, gelatine, lignine, &c. The root taste is bitterish, sweetish, subastrin-. gent, and mucilaginous. Used in En- gland to flavor ale. ASPLENIUM. A genus of ferns, AST 22 ATL some of the species of which are thought to have medicinal properties. ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Swamp spleenwort. ASPLENIUM EBENUM. Ebony spleenwort. ASPLENUM THELYPTEROIDES. Silvery spleenwort. ASPLENIUM MAURARIA. Dwarf spleenwort. ASPLENIUM RHISOPHYLLUM. Walking-leaf; astringent and vermifnge. ASSAFCETIDA. A fetid gum-resin, which exudes from the root of the Fe- rula Assafcetida, a plant of the order Umbellifera. It occurs massive, and in tears. It was used by the ancients as a condiment. It has also been called opium cyrenaicum, or juice fromCyrene. The term assafcetida is derived from the monks of the Salernian school. Its medicinal properties are antispasmodic, stimulant, expectorant, and laxative. Dose gr. x. to gr. xx. ASSES' MILK. Lac Asininum. The artificial milk may be prepared in the following way : Boil eryngo root, pearl barley, sago, and rice, of each one ounce, in three pints of water till half wasted; strain, and put a teaspoonful of the mixture into a coffee-cup of boiling milk, so as to render it of the consistence of cream; sweeten with sugar or honey to the taste. The above has been celebrated in the treatment of consumption. ASSIMILATION {assimilo, to assi- milate). The conversion of the food into nutriment. ASTER, L. Starwort. A fine prolific genus; we have nearly 100 species. Never before introduced in Materia Medica. We are indebted to Dr. Law- rence, of New Lebanon, for the follow- ing indications. The A. novanglia is employed in decoction internally, with a strong decoction externally, in many eruptive diseases of the skin: it re- moves also the poisonous state of the skin caused by rhus or sumach. The A. cordifolius is an excellent aromatic nervine, in many cases preferable to Valerian. Many other species must be equally good, such as A. puniceus, and those with a strong scent. They ought to be tried as equivalents of Valerian in epilepsy, spasms, hysterics, fee. Raf. ASTER. A star. ASTER CHINENSIS. China-aster. ASTER HYSOPEFOLIUS. Star- flower. ASTER LEDIFOLIUS. Wood-aster. ASTER LINIFOLIUS. Flax-leaved starwort. ASTER SUBULATUS. Sea-aster. ASTHMA. Anhelatio; spirandi dif- ficultas; suspirium. Broken-wind; short breath; difficulty of breathing, recurring in paroxysms, and independ- ent of organic disease. ASTHMA THYMICUM. Dyspnoea of infancy, from enlargement of the thymus gland, often congenital. ASTHENIA. Debility; want of strength. ASTRAGALUS. The ankle-bone: the analogous bones of some animal were used by the ancients as dice. ASTRAGALUS CANADENSIS.— Woolly milk-vetch. ASTRAGALUS CRETICUS. Cretan milk-vetch; a plant of the order Legu- minosa, which yields the gum traga- canth of commerce. Several other spe- cies of Astragalus yield this substance, particularly the A. verus, the A. gum- mzfer fee. ASTRAGALUS DEPRESSUS. Trail- ing-vetch. ASTRAGALUS GLAUX. Milk-vetch ASTRAGALUS SECUNDUS. One sided milk-vetch; demulcent. ASTRINGENT. Permanent stimu- lant, corrugating the fibres. ASTRINGENT GARGLE. Take of cohosh a proper quantity, and make a strong decoction. Use.—This gargle is used in quinsy. ASTROBOLISMUS. Sideratio. Ap- oplexy ; formerly supposed to be caused by the influence of the stars. ASTROLOGY. A description of the stars. The pretended science of fore- telling events by'inquiring of the stars. Hippocrates ranks this, and astronomy, among the necessary studies of a phy- sician. ATAXIC. Irregular, or nervous fever. ATHEROPOGON APLUDOIDES.— Hair-beard. ATHLETIC. Vigorous, nervous, and muscular power. ATLAS. The uppermost of the cer- vical vertibrae; so named from its sup- porting the head, as Atlas is said to I support the world. AUD 23 AVE ATOMIC THEORY. Law of definite proportion in chemical compounds. ATONY. Debility, relaxation. ATRABILIOUS. Black bile of the ancients, melancholy. ATRAGENE AMERICANA. False virgin-bower. ATRIPLEX, L. Arach. Several spe- cies. A. laciniata is refrigerant, watery, edible, similar and equivalent to purs- lain. A. halamoides, Raf. or sea arach, is similar; also anodyne, useful in gout as a cataplasm, with starch; the young shoots are eaten like asparagus. A. hortensis, or garden arach, eaten like Spinage. ATRIPLEX ARENARA. Sand orficii ATRIPLEX FOZTIDA. The wild or stinking arach, now called Chenopo- dium olidum or vulvaria, much used by Dr. Cullen as a volatile fetid, in convul- sions. The plant exhales pure ammo- nia during its whole existence. ATRIPLEX HORTENSIS. Garden ATRIPLEX PATULA. Spreading 3.mpn ATROPA BELLADONNA. Deadly night-shade. Narcotic, diaphoretic, and diuretic. ATROPIA. ) ATROPINE, j ATROPHIA. Tabes. Atrophy; ema- ciation ; defective nutrition; wasting of the body without cough or evident fever. ATTENUATION {attenuo, to make thin). The lessening of weight or of consistency; emaciation. ATTENDANTS {attenuo, thin). Di- luent medicines. ATTITUDE. Posture in the bed, a diagnostic sign. ATTRACTION. In physics, includes gravitation, capillary, electric, and mag- netic. ATTRACTION IN CHEMISTRY. Cohesion and affinity. ATTRAHENS. A muscle of the ear. ATTOLLENS. Name of certain mus- cles. ATYPIC. Erratic, irregular, without type. AUDITORY. Applied to vessels, nerves, canals, &c, of the ear. AUDITORIUS MEATUS. External opening of the ear. Alkaloid of belladonna AURANTIUM. Orange-tree. AURA EPILEPTIC A. Premonitory sensation to a fit of epilepsy. AURA SEMINALIS. Supposed fe- cundating of the spermatic fluid. AURIC ACID. Peroxyde of gold. AURICLES. Right and left cavities of the heart. AURICULA. The external ear. AURICULARIS ABDUCTOR. Mus- cle of the little finger, or ear finger. AURICULO VENTRICULAR. The tricuspid and mitral valves of the heart. AURICULUM RETRAHENTES.— Three muscles of the ear. AURI PIGMENTUM. Sesqui-sul- phuret of arsenic. AURIS ELEVATOR. Muscle of the ear. AURIS ELEVATOR EXTERNUS. Muscle of the ear. AURIS ELEVATOR OBLIQUUS. Muscle of the ear. AURIS EXTERNI PROPRII. Mus- cle of the ear. AURIUM SORDES. Earwax. AURUM. Gold; a yellow metal of great malleability and ductility. It is found generally native, massive, and disseminated in threads through a rock, or in grains among the sand of rivers. AUSCULTATION. Auricular ex- ploration. The act of listening by the application of the ear, in the examina- tion of disease. It is termed immediate when practised by the unassisted ear; mediate, when performed by means of the stethoscope. AUTOMATIC. Involuntary motions. AUTOPSY. A part visible; evi Q6HC6 AUXILIARY MUSCLES. The py- ramidales abdominis. AVENA SATIVA, L. Common oats. Seeds nutritive, demulcent, refrigerant, equal to barley in fevers as a gruel. Oat cakes are eaten like buckwheat cakes in Scotland. Oat meal is eaten in porridge like our mush; it cannot be made into bread for want of gluten. Porridge may be applied to phlegmons to make them suppurate. The thin gruel is useful in diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, hoarseness, ulceration of the throat. Sowins is a sour infusion of the husks, boiled to a jelly, rather fit for pigs than men. Oats is the chief food of horses AZA 24 AZY in Northern climates, but barley is far better. AVENA PRECOX. Dwarf oats. AVEN'S ROOT. Geum Virginianum. Called chocolate-root, throat-root, cure- all ; a powerful astringent and a good tonic. A strong decoction, sweetened, is useful in all cases of debility, dys- pepsia, bleeding at the lungs, relax, co- lic, and sore throat. Dr. Pardon Lap- ham, of this city, informs me that this is the best article he uses for uterine haemorrhage or flooding, and always gives it with success. Make a strong tea, and give freely and often. AVRA FLEXUOSA. Hair-grass. AXIS. The second vertebra of the neck, dentatus. AXILLA {ala, a wing). The arm- pit ; the space between the side of the chest and the shoulder. Hence the term. AXILLARY. Applied to parts be- longing to the axilla, or arm-pit. In botany, this term is applied to buds, which are developed in the angle formed by a leaf-stalk and the stem; the nor- mal position of every bud is axillary in this sense. AXUNGIA ANSERINA. Goose- grease. AXUNGIA OVILLI. Mutton-suet. AXUNGIA PORCINI. Hog's-lard. AXUNGIA PREPARATA. Prepared lard. AZALEA, L. Beautiful ornament- al genus of shrubs, with fragrant splendid blossoms, often called swamp Sink, wild honeysuckle, springbloom. utler says that the blossoms are made into fragrant conserves in the North. AZALEA GLAUCA. Fragrant hon- eysuckle. AZALEA NUDIFLORA Early hon- eysuckle. AZALEA PROCUMBENS. Trailing- honeysuckle. AZALEA NITIDA. Swamp honey- suckle. AZALEA VISCOSA. White honey- RTlCklG AZEDARACA AMENA {Melia aze- darac, L.). Bead-tree, hoop-tree, pride- tree. "The old good name of Tourne- fort, Adanson, Jussien, fee, is much better than Melia of L., being part of Bromelia and Melianthus. Native of Arkansas and Texas. Cultivated from Carolina to Louisiana, often called there Pride of China. Valuable, elegant, and medical tree, growing anywhere from America to Japan, improving sandy soils, bearing transplantation and lop- ping at any age. Good coarse wood, fine fuel; cattle eat the leaves, hogs and birds the berries. Inner white bark of the roots excellent vermifuge ; dose twenty grains in powder or a decoction; but the outer bark is deleterious, pur- gative, narcotic, and must not be used. In Carolina, they boil the whole root, and it thus becomes a violent remedy, causing vomiting and purging, stupor and spasms, like over doses of Spigelia. A cathartic is useful after it to carry off the worms. The berries are also ver- mifuge ; children may be allowed to eat them. They contain a concrete oil, useful for burning, employed in Japan ; it is extracted by coction; candles may be made of it; useful in tinea capitis, in the form of an ointment. The leaves are bitterish, nauseous, stomachic, dis- cutient, and emollient, used in the East and West Indies in decoction for malig- nant fevers, and in cataplasms for bites of snakes. The blossoms are fragrant and medical, like the leaves. AZOTE. A constituent part of the atmosphere, so called from its being in- capable, alone, of supporting life. This gas is also called nitrogen, from its be- ing the basis of nitric acid or aquafortis. AZURE. Ultra marine, a bluish green color. AZYGOS. A term applied to parts which are single, and not in pairs, as to a process of the sphenoid bone, and a vein of the thorax. BAL 25 BAL B. BACKACHE. Brake, or female fern- [ root. Pectoral and demulcent. BACCE. Berries, fruit, as baccae juniperi, &c. BACCATE {bacca, a berry). Berried. It also in botany signifies having a juicy, succulent consistence. BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA, L. Groundsel-tree, pencil-tree. Seashore, from Long Island to Florida. Ornamen- tal when in seed. Peculiar scent like Conyza and Jacobea, indicating medical properties. BACCHIA {bacchus, wine). Gutta rosacea. The name given by Linnaeus to a pimpled or brandy face,—the kind of face that Bacchus rejoiced in. BALL. A form of medicine used in farriery, corresponding to the term bo- lus ; it is generally that of a cylinder of two or three inches in length. BALL AND SOCKET. Enarthrosis. A species of moveable articulation, as that of the hip. See Articulation. BALLOTA LANATA. A plant in- digenous in Siberia, and much recom- mended by Brera in rheumatic and gouty affections. BALLOTTEMENT. Repercussion, or falling back of the foetus after being elevated by the touch, and made to float in the liquor amnii; a diagnosis of pregnancy. BALM. A pleasant and cooling tea in fevers. BALM. ) Melissa officinalis, a BALM-MINT. J medicinal herb. BALM OF GILEAD. Populus Bal- samifera. The buds from the tree are filled with a rich balsamic gum, which is good in coughs and debility. To one ounce of the buds, bruised, add one pint of fourth-proof spirits; dose, from a tea to a table-spoonful, three or four times a day, in sweetened water. Ex- cellent also for cuts and wounds. BALM GILEAD BUDS. Populus balsamifera. Balsamic, pectoral, and stomachic. BALM LEMON. Melissa officinalis. Diaphoretic. BALM, SWEET. Dracocepha- lum canariensis. Aromatic, diaphor- etic. BALSAMIC. Mild healing stimulant BALSAM. A technical term used to express a native compound of ethereal or essential oils with resin and Benzoic acid. Those compounds which have no Benzoic acid are miscalled balsams, being in fact true turpentines. I. Balsams with Benzoic Acid. 1. Balsam of Liquidambar. Balsam which flows from incisions made into the trunk of the Liquidambar styraci- flua. It dries up readily, and thus oc- curs in the solid form. 2. Liquid Balsam of Storax. Balsam said to be procured from the Liquidam- bar attinia and orientate. The substance sold as strained storax is prepared from an impure variety of liquid storax. 3. Balsam of Peru. Balsam procured from the Myroxylon Peruiferum. There' are two kinds; the brown balsam, ex- tracted by incision, very rare, imported in the husk of the cocoa-nut, and hence called balsam en coque; and the black balsam, obtained by evaporating the de- coction of the bark and branches of the tree. These are semifluid balsams. 4. Balsam of Tolu. Balsam which flows spontaneously from the trunk of the Myroxylum toluiferum, and dries into a reddish resinous mass. 5. Benzoin. Balsam which exudes from incisions of the Styrax Benzoin. See Benzionum. II. Balsams without Benzoic acid. 1. Balsam Copaiba. Balsam of co- pahu or capivi; obtained by incisions made in the trunk of the Copaifera offi- cinalis ; used in gonorrhea, &c. 2. Balsam Mecca, or Opobalsam. Bal- sam obtained by incisions of, and by boiling, the branches and leaves of the Balsamodendron Gileadense. It becomes eventually solid. BALSAM OF HONEY. A tincture of benzoin or tolu. Hill's balsam of honey is made of tolu, honey aalbj.; and spirit Oj. It is used in coughs. BALSAM OF HOREHOUND. Ford's. An aqueous infusion of horehound and BAR 26 BAT liquorice root, with double camphor, opium, benzoin, dried squills, oil of an- iseseed, and honey. Used in coughs. BALSAM OF SULPHUR. A solu- tion of sulphur in volatile oils. The absurdity of the term will be evident on referring to the article Balsam. BALSAMODENDRON MYRRHA. The myrrh-tree; a plant of the order Terebinthacea, which yields the gum- resin myrrh. BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA, J.— Bamboo cane. In Florida, below lat. 28. Very useful for rods, props, light car- pentry, vessels, and other domestic uses. The young shoots are edible, boiled or pickled. BANDAGE. An apparatus of linen or flannel for binding parts of the body. Some bandages are called simple, as the circular, the spiral, the uniting, the re- taining bandages; others are compound as the T bandage, the suspensory, the capistrum, the eighteen-tail bandage, &c. BANG. Subjee, or Sidhee. An in- toxicating preparation made from the larger leaves and capsules of the can- nabis Indica, or Indian hemp. BAPTISTA TINCTORIA. Wild in- digo. The root of this plant, in small doses, acts as a mild laxative ; in large doses, violently emetic and cathartic. It has been used externally as a cataplasm in obstinate and painful ulcers and in threatened or existing mortification. BARBADOES LEG. The name un- der which Dr. Hillary treats of the Ara- bian elephantiasis. Dr. Hendy calls it the " Glandular disease of Barbadoes." BARBADOES TAR. Petroleum. A species of bitumen, differing from naph- tha. BARBARYGUM. Morocco gum. A variety of gum Arabic, said to be pro- duced by the acacia gummifera. BARBERRY BARK. Berberis vul- garis. Deobstruent, tonic, refrigerant, astringent. BARIUM. Metallic basis of barytes. BARILLA. Impure soda. BARK. Cinchona or Peruvian bark. Tonic, excellent in fcver-and-ague. BARLEY. See Hordeum vulgaris. BARM. Yeast. BAROMETER. Instrument to meas- ure the weight of the atmosphere. BARYTES. An alkaline earth, oxyde of barium. BARYTIN. A new vegetable base, discovered in the rhizome of veratrum album, and named in consequence of its being precipitated from its solution, like baryta. BASALT {basal, iron, Ethiopian). An argillaceous rock, consisting of silica, alumina, oxyde of iron, lime, and mag- nesia. BASALTES. Stone resembling gran- ite. BASILAR, (BASILARY). Belonging to the base; a term applied to several bones, to an artery of the brain, and to a process of the occipital bone. BASILAR PROCESS. On the occi- pital bone. BASILAR ARTERY. Branch of the vertebral. BASILICON. ) An ointment made of BASILICUM. j wax, resin, fee. BASILICA. Basil, a medicinal herb. BASIL, SWEET. Ocymum basili- cum. Aromatic stimulant. BASILIC VEIN. At the bend of the arm, posteriorly. BASIS. The principal ingredient. BASIO-PHARYNG.E. Muscles of the os hyoides. BASIS CORDIS. The base of the heart; the broad part of the heart is thus called, as distinguished from the apex or point. BASIO-GLOSSI. Two muscles de- pressing the tongue. BASTARD. Illegitimate, delusive symptoms, applied to diseases resem- bling others, as bastard pleurisy, fee. BATSCHIA,Mx. Puccoon, red paint, alcanet. Several species. One of them must be the Anchusa Virginiana of L. and Schoepf. Red-root, used as a dye and paint by the Indians, also as a ver- mifuge. BATTATA VIRGINIANA. Potato. BATTERY, GALVANIC. A combi- nation of several pairs of zinc and copper plates soldered together, and so arranged that the same metal shall always be on the same side of the compound plate. BATH {bad, Saxon). Balneum. Baths are general or partial; they may con- sist of simple water, or be medicated. The physiological and therapeutic effects of baths being modified by their tempera- ture, the following classification, con- structed on these principles, will be found practically useful:— BEE 27 BEN I. General Baths. 1. Cold Bath. Balneum frigidum. The temperature ranges from133° to 60° Fahr. Below 50°, it is considered very cold. 2. Cool Bath. Balneum frigidulum: Temperature from 60° to 75° Fahr. 3. Temperate Bath. Balneum tem- peratum. Temperature from 75° to 85° Fahr. 4. Tepid Bath. Balneum tepidum. Temperature from 85° to 92° Fahr. 5. Warm Bath. Temperature from 92° to 98° Fahr.; that is, about that of the body. 6. Hot Bath. Balneum calidum.— Temperature from 98° to 112° Fahr. 7. Vapor Bath. Balneum vaporis ; balneum laconicum. Temperature from 122° to 1445° Fahr. When a vapor bath is applied only to a particular part of the body, it is called a fumigation or vapor douche. 8. Hot-air Bath. Balneum sudato- rium. The sweating-bath. Tempera- ture from 100° to 130° Fahr. 9. Artificial Sea-water Bath. Bal- neum maris factitium. A solution of one part of common salt in thirty parts of water. II. Partial Baths. 10. Arm Bath. Balneum brachilu- vium. 11. Foot Bath. Balneum pediluvium. BATH, SAND. Balneum arenae. An iron vessel containing sand, being grad- ally heated, communicates the heat to every vessel buried in the sand. Those ►listillations which, at any part of the process, require as much as a low red neat, are usually performed in sand baths. BAYBERRIES. Baccae Lauri. The berries of the lauris nobilis, or sweet bay. A solid substance is extracted from them called laurin, or camphor of the bayberry. . BAYBERRY BARK. Myrica ceri- fera. Astringent, antiscrofulous. BEAKED. Terminating by a process shaped like the beak of a bird. BEBEERU. A tree of British Gui- ana, the timber of which is known to wood-merchants by the name of green- heart. It yields a substance, called bebeerine, of antiperiodic properties. BEECH-DROPS {Septamnium Virgi- anum). Called also cancer-root. Root and stem astringent, bitterish, and nau- seous ; useful in cancers; grow under beech-trees. They are the basis of Mar- tin's powder (with white arsenic, sul- phur, and ranunculus); a painful rem- edy for curing cancers by application, but injurious in scrofula and scrofulous cancers. The tea is excellent in St. An- thony's fire. Apply externally, and give freely internally. BEER {biere, Fr., bier, Germ.). Cere- visia. The fermented infusion of malted barley, flavored with hops. The term beer is also applied to beverages consist- ing of a saccharine liquor, partially ad- vanced into the vinous fermentation, and flavored with peculiar substances, as spruce-beer, ginger-beer, &c. BEESTINGS. The first milk taken from the cow after calving. BEGUIN'S SULPHURATED SPIR- IT. A variety of hydrosulphate of am- monia, commonly called hepatized am- monia. BELCHING. Eructation of wind from the stomach. BELLADONNA. Deadly nightshade; a species of atropa, the juice of which is well known to produce a singular di- latation of the pupil of the eye. The name is derived from the words bella donna, beautiful woman, the juice of its berries being used as a cosmetic by the Italian women to make their faces pale. BELL-METAL. An alloy of 100 parts copper with 20 to 25 of tin. This compound forms a hard, sonorous, and durable composition, for making bells, cannon, statues, &c. BELLOWS SOUND. An unnatural sound of the heart, resembling that of the puffing of a small pair of bellows, as heard by the stethoscope. See Aus- cultation. BELLWORT. Uvularia perfoliata. Herpetic, demulcent. BENNE PLANT. An annual plant. A few leaves, dipped in cold water, make a clear mucilage, which has been highly extolled for bowel complaints in children: to be given as a common drink. BEN, OIL OF. The expressed oil of the Ben-nut, or the Morynga pterygo- sperma, remarkable for not becoming rancid for many years. BENUMBERS. Agents which cause BET 28 BIC topical numbness and muscular weak- DCSS BENJAMIN, BENZOIN. Benzo- nium. A balsam which exudes from. incisions made in the Styrax Benzoin, or Benjamin-tree. BENZOIC ACID. Flowers of ben- zoin or benjamin, an ingredient in pare- goric elixir. BENZOIN ODIRIFERUM. Laurus Benzoin, L. Spicewood, Fever-bush. A shrub indigenous ; possessing a spicy, agreeable flavor, an infusion of which is sometimes used as a gently stimulant aromatic. The bark is an excellent alterative. BERBERIS. Barberries are used in Egypt in the plague and violent fevers. BERBERIS CANADENSIS. Bar- berry bark. BERGAMOT. The perfume from the rind of the citrus medica or lemon. BERGMEHL. Literally, mountain- meal; an earth, so named in Sweden, resembling fine flour, and celebrated for its nutritious qualities. It is found to be composed entirely of the shells of microscopic animalcules. BERRY. A pulpy pericarp, enclosing seeds without capsules. See Baccje. BETA VULGARIS, L. Garden-beet. Root sweet, good food boiled, baked, or pickled. Leaves diluent, refrigerant, useful in sore eyes, head-ache, tooth- ache, coryza, fee, applied on the parts: the best dressing for inflammations, cut- cers, suttons. As good as spinacb for greens. Blossoms errhine. Beet sugar is made in France on a v large scale, is nearly as good as cane sugar, but lighter; the mashed roots after the juice is pressed out, are excellent food for cattle. Raf. BETH ROOT. Trilium purpurem. Astringent, tonic. BETONICA OFFICINALIS. Wood betony. An European plant belonging to the natural order Labiata. By the ancients it was highly esteemed, and employed in many diseases, but at pres- ent it is little used. The root has been considered emetic and purgative. BETULA ALBA. Common European birch. An European tree, the inner bark of which has been employed in intermittent fever. An infusion of its leaves has been used in gout, rheuma- tism, dropsy, and cutaneous affections; and the juice obtained by wounding the branches is considered useful in com- plaints of the kidneys and bladder. BETULA, L. Birch-tree. Valuable trees for the timber, sap, and bark. The best is B. lenta ; many vulgar names, Sweet birch, Black B., Cherry B., Spice B., Mountain mahogany. Wood much used by cabinet-makers, takes a fine polish; bark with a sweet spicy smell and taste, like Gautiera, alterative and an tiscrofulous, pectoral, diaphoretic, and depurative. Nelashkih of the Osages, used for colds, coughs, and breast com- plaints, scrofula and sores. A tea of the bark or twigs, commonly used by empirics for obstructions, complaints of the bowels; a syrup of birch-bark and peach stones used as stomachic and res- torative after dysentery. A beer is made with the decoction, also with the sap, which is sweet like maple sap, and can become syrup and honey by boiling. All the birches give a similar sweet sap. BIBITORIUS {bibo to drink). A for- mer name of the rectus internus oculi, from its drawing the eye inward to- ward the nose, and thus directing it into the cup in drinking. BI, BINUS {bis, twice). Two ; a pair. Also a prefix of certain saline com- pounds, into which two proportions of acid enter for one of base, as biarsen- iate. BIBE. Drink, used in prescriptions. BICARBONATES. Salts containing a double proportion of carbonic acid gas. BICIPITAL GROOVE. On the os humerus, between the tuberosities. BICE. A blue color prepared from the lapis armenius, for painting. BICEPS {caput, the head). Two- headed, or having two distinct origins, as applied to a muscle of the thigh and of the arm. The interossei muscles are termed bicipites, from their having each two heads or origins. BICONJUGATE {conjugatus, cou- pled). Bigeminate; arranged in two pairs. BICORNIS {cornu, a horn). A term applied to the os hyoides, which has two processes or horns; and, formerly, to muscles which have two insertions. BICRENATE {crenatus, notched). Doubly crenate. Applied in botany to BIL 29 BIS leaves, the crenate toothing of which jj are themselves crenate. BICUSPIDATI {cuspis, a spear). Hav- ing two tubercles, as applied to the first two pairs of grinders in each jaw. BIDENS, L. Spanish-needles. Bad weeds in fields. Leaves small like car- rot ; they dye wool of a fulvous color. Equivalent of Daucus and Acmella. BIDENS. Having two teeth. BIFARIOUS. Arranged in two rows. BIFID {bifidus, forked). Divided into two by a fissure. BIFOLIATE {folium, a leaf). When two leaflets grow from the same point at the end of the petiole, as in zygo- phyllum fabago. BIFURCATE. To divide into two BIFURCATION {furca, a fork). The division of a vessel, or nerve, into two branches, as that of a two-pronged fork. BIGASTER. Two-bellied, as applied to muscles; a term synonymous with biventer and digastricus. BIENNIAL {annus, a year). Endur- ing throughout two years, and then perishing; plants which bear only leaves the first year; leaves, flowers, and fruit the second year, and then die. BIGEMINATE {geminus, a twin). Arranged in two pairs. BIHERNIUS {hernia, a branch). Hav- ing a scrotal hernia on each side. BIJUGOUS {jugatus, coupled). In two pairs. BILABIATE. Corolla with two lips. BILE. The gall secreted by the liver. BILIARY. Applied to the ducts of the liver and gall bladder, and also to concretions found in them. BILIFULVIA. Coloring matter of the bile. BILIS. Bile, gall, or choler; the se- cretion of the liver. Bile is distin- guished as the hepatic, or that which flows immediately from the liver; and the cystic, or that contained in the gall- bladder. BILIOUS. Abounding in bile. BILOBUS {lobus, a lobe). Having two lobes, resembling the tips of the ears. „ _ BILOCULAR {loculus, a cell). Two- celled : divided into two cells; a term • applied in botany, to the anther, to cer- tain capsules, &c. BIMANA {manus, a hand). Two- handed, as man, the first order of the Mammalia. , BIN ATE {binus, a pair). Growing in pairs. BINOCULUS {oculus, an eye). Hav- ing two eyes; a bandage for securing the dressings on both eyes. BIPARTITE {partitus, divided).— Parted in two. BIPINNATE {pinna, the fin of a fish). Doubly pinnate; a variety of compound leaves. BISERIAL {series, a row). Arranged in two rows. BISERRATE {serratus, sawed). Dou- bly sawed, as applied to the margins of leaves, when the serrations are them- rpIvps scrrEttc BITERNATE {ternus, three). Doubly ternate; when three secondary petioles proceed from the common petiole, and each bears three leaflets. BIVALVED {valva, a door). Two- valved, as the shell of the oyster, a le- gume, &c. BIVENTER {venter, the belly). The name of muscles which have two bel- lies, as the occipito frontalis. The te»m is synonymous with digastricus. BIND-WEED. Man-in-the-ground. One foot high, creeping, large root, deep in the earth; flowers bell-shaped, white, with a purple tinge. Sometimes grows as large as a person's leg. A purgative and diuretic. Has been found useful in cough, asthma, debility, and dropsy. A syrup of this root, and of balm of Gilead buds is very beneficial in weak- ly, consumptive diseases. BIOLOGY. Science of life, physiol- ogy- BIPED. Two-footed. BIPINNATE. Twice pinnate. BIRDLIME. A glutinous substance, prepared from the bark of the holly. It contains resin, which has been called VISCZTXCt. BIS IN DIES. Twice daily. BISMUTH {wismuth, German). Mar- casita, tectum argenti, or tin glance. A white metal, usually found in tin mines. It occurs as an oxyde, under the name of bismuth ochre ; as a sulphuret, called bismuth glance; as a sulphuret with copper, called copper bismuth ore ; and with copper and lead, called needle ore. Eight parts of bismuth, five of lead, and 10 BLI BLA three of tin, constitute Newtor)s fusible metal. BISTRE. A brown color made of wood soot boiled and evaporated. Beech* soot is 'said to make the best. BISTOURY {bistoire, French). A small curved knife for operations. BITTER. Sharp and biting to the taste ; acrid; like wormwood. BITTER APPLE. ) n^imih BITTER CUCUMBER, j ^olocynm- BITTER PRINCIPLE. A general term applied to an intensely bitter sub- stance, procured by digesting nitric acid on silk, indigo, fee.; also to quinia, quas- sia, salicina, &c. BITTERS. A class of vegetable ton- ics, as gentian, chamomile, orange- peel, &c. BITTER-SWEET-ROOT, BARK OF. Celastrus scandrens. Antibilious, dis- cutient. BITTERING. Corruptly, Bittern. A species of salt used in the preparation of Epsom salt (the sulphate of magnesia), and of Glauber's salt (the sulphate of soda). BITTER-SWEET. Solanum dulca- mara. Herpetic, deobstruent. BITTER-ROOT. Apocynum an- drosaemifolium. Tonic, vermifuge. BITUMEN. A mineral oil, pitch, in- flammable coal. BIVENTER. Bigaster, two-bellied muscle. BIVALVE. Two-valved. BLACK ASH BARK. With the ex- tract of the bark I once cured one of the most inveterate cases of salt rheum, when all other means failed. Spread, and apply as a plaster. BLACKBERRY ROOT. Rubus vil- losus. BLACK DROP. An officinal prepa- ration of opium, an acetous tincture of morphine. BLACK, IVORY. Ebur ustum, or animal charcoal; procured from charred ivory shavings, and used as a dentrifice and pigment, under the name of blue black, being of a bluish hue ; but bone- black is usually sold for it. BLACK LEAD. Plumbago, or gra- phite, a carburet of iron. It is named from its leaden appearance, for it does not contain a particle of lead. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Cimicifuga racemosa. BLACK VOMIT. Malaenta cruenta. Substances of a black appearance eject- ed in certain forms of disease, as in yellow fever, fee. BLACKWASH. Made by adding two drachms of calomel to six ounces of lime-water. BLADDER, FUNDUS OF THE. All that part of its internal surface which corresponds to the inferior region of its external surface. BLADDER, NECK OF THE. The orifice of the urethra; it is crescenti- form, and embraces a small tubercle, called uvula vesica, formed by the pro- jection of the mucous membrane. BLADDER SENNA. See Colu- tea. BLADDER, URINARY. Vesica uri- naria. The reservoir which contains the urine. BLAINS. Vesicular eruptions, con- taining watery fluid. BLAND. Mild, smooth, soft. BLASTEME. From the Greek blas- tema, a bud. BLENORRHCEA, BLENORRHAGIA. Gleet, a mucous discharge from the urethra, chronic gonorrhoea. BLECHUUM VIRGINICUM. Ble- chuum. « BLECHUUM BOREALIS. Roman- fern. BLEPHAR-OPHTHALMIA. Inflam- mation of the eyelids. BLESSED THISTLE. Holy thistle. Cardus Benedictus. An annual plant, cultivated in gardens for beauty, both in England and America; leaves with sharp barbed points or prickles; yellow flowers. Makes a good bitter to strengthen the system, and excellent to excite perspiration in fevers, in the form of tea. It cured a case of yellow fever given up as hopeless. BLIGHT. An eruption of the skin. BLIGHT. A slight palsy, induced by sudden cold or damp, applied to one side of the face. The nerves which lose their power are branches of the portio dura, or the respiratory of Bell. BLINUM CAPITATUM. Strawber- ry-blithe. Indian. BLINUM MARITURUM. Sea-blithe. BLINUM VIRGATUM. Slender blithe. BLISTER. Vesicatorium. An appli- cation to the skin, producing a serous BOE 31 BOR or puriform discharge, by exciting in- flammation. The effect is termed revul- sion, antispasis, or derivation. BLISTERING PLASTER. Canthar- ides ointment, emplastrum epispas- ticum. BLITUM, L. Blite. Several species, taste and smell like cedar or juniper. Edible and diaphoretic. BLOOD {blod, Saxon). Sanguis. The well-known fluid which circulates through the tubes called, from their function, bloodvessels. Blood contains albumen, in three states of modification, viz., albumen, properly so called,^irm, and red particles. Blood separates, on coagulation, into— 1. Serum, a yellowish liquid, con- taining albumen, and various saline mat- ters, suspended in water; and 2. Crassamentum, cruor, or clot; a red solid, consisting of fibrin and red particles. BLOODLESSNESS. Anaemia. BLOOD-LETTING. The abstraction of blood, as performed by venesection, arteriotomy, cupping, or leeches. BLOOD-ROOT. Sanguinaria cana- densis ; emetic and expectorant, exter- nally is escharotic. BLOODY FLUX. Another name for dysentery, from the bloody nature of the intestinal discharges. BLUEBERRY. See Ceintonia. BLUEBOTTLES. See Centaurea. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. Lo- belia Syphilitica. A milky plant, and grows plentifully in the Western states, said to be diuretic, cathartic, sudorific, purgative, and anti-venereal, and good in bowel-complaints; from half to a table-spoonful of the pulverized root, taken in water, and repeated, if neces- sary. BLUE DISEASE. Cyanosis. BLUE FLAG. Iris versacola. Diu- retic, emetic, acrid, alterative, cathartic. BLUE OINTMENT. Neapolitan ointment; the unguentum hydrargyri, or mercurial ointment. BLUE PILL. The pilulae hydrar- gyri, or mercurial pill. BLUE STONE, or BLUE VITRIOL. Blue copperas; the sulphate of copper. BLUE VIOLET. Viola Corrulata. Demulcent, tonic, and laxative; recom- mended in tea-spoonful doses, for the piles. BOEHMESIA CYLINDRICA. False nettle. BOIL. Furunculus. The popular name for a small resisting tumor, at- tended with inflammation and pain. BOLETUS, L. Touchwood. Fungi with pores beneath; we have nearly 200 species; those with cells beneath are my G. phoryma ; Polyporus has a central stem, Dedalea a labyrinth be- neath, Fistulina hollow tubes beneath. The true Boletus are sessile, equivalent to Agaricus to make tinder and styptic lint. A. cinnabarinus dyes red. jB. su- berosus is made into corks in Sweden. B. igniarius and B.fomentarius chiefly used for spunk or tinder. B. margina- tus exudes an acid. B. odoratus and B. suaveolens smell like aniseseed; their powder preserves clothes from insects, used in Europe with honey in phthisis. The B. laricis is tonic, and used in fe- vers. Almost all the fleshy species of Polyporus are edible, test same as for Amanita; B. edulis, B. juglandis, &c, are excellent. BOLTONIA ASTERAIDES. False BOLUM RUBRUM. Red bole, a mineral. BOLUM ARMENIAN. A red-colored earth. BOLUS. A form of medicine larger than a pill. BOMBYX. The silk-worm. BONE. A substance consisting chief- ly of phosphate of lime and gelatine. BONESET. Eupatorium perfoliatum. BONPLANDIA TRIFOLIATA. A name of the Galipea cusparia, which yields the Cusparia, orAngusturabark. BORAGE. Borage officinalis. Sto- machic, diaphoretic. BORAX {baurach, Arab.). A native bi-borate of soda, chiefly found in an impure state, and then called tinkal, as a saline incrustration in the beds of certain small lakes in an upper province of Thibet. When the refined salt is deprived of its water of crystallization by fusion, it forms a vitreous transpa- rent substance, called glass of borax. BORBORYGMUS. Rumbling in the bowels from flatus. BORDER. The brim or spreading part of a corolla. BOREAS. Northeast wind. BORON. Basis of boracic acid. BRA 32 BRI BOTANY. Science of vegetables. BOTHRIO CEPHALUS. Broad tape- worm. BOTROPHIS. Used for rheumatic pains, diseases of languor and schirrous tumors, in tincture or decoction by Cher- okees and Southern tribes. BOTROPHIS SERPENTERIC. — Black snakeroot. BOTRUS. A cluster, like grapes. BOTRYCHIUM, Mx. Rattlesnake ferns. Several species, mild astrin- gents, equivalent of Osmunda. BOTRYCHIUM FURNAROIDES.— Grape-fern moon-wort. BOTTS. Worms which breed in the intestines of horses ; the maggots of the horse gadfly. BOUGIE. Instrument for dilating strictures in the urethra, rectum, &c. BOUPLANDIA TRIFOLIATA.— Three-leaved bouplandia. BOWMAN'S ROOT, or INDIAN. Americana Ipecacuanha. BOXWOOD, Wood-bark. Cornus florida. Tonic, astringent. BRACHIAL. Applied to muscles, vessels, and nerves of the arm. BRACHIATE. Armed. Applied in botany to branches which diverge near- ly at right angles from the stem. BRACHIiEUS, BRACHIUM. The arm; the part from the shoulder to the elbow. The part from the elbow to the wrist is termed lacertus. Thus " subjuncta lacertis brachia." Ovid. BRACHILATE. Branches opposite, and each pair at right angles with the preceding. BRACT. Floral leaf; a leaf near the flower, which is different from the other leaves of the plant. In the crown imperial the bracts are at the termina- tion of the flower-stem ; from their re- semblance to a hair, they are called coma. BRANCH. A division of the main stem, or main root. BRANCHLET. Subdivision of a branch, a twig. BRAIN. Encephalon. Cerebrum. The largest portion of the central part of the nervous system, occupying the whole upper part of the cavity of- the cranium. This substance is not homo- geneous throughout, but presents two distinct modifications, viz.— 1. A cortical, cineritious, or gray substance, which covers the brain in general: and— 2. A medullary or white substance, or the mass contained within the former. BRAN. Furfur tritici. The husk of ground wheat. BRANCHIA. Gills; filamentous or- gans for breathing in water. BRANDY. Eau de Vie. The spirit distilled from wine. BRASSICA OLERACEA, L. Cab- bage. Well known vegetable, healthy, antiscorbutic, pectoral when boiled. Raw in coldslaw, or pickled in sour- crout, almost indigestible. Cauliflowers still better than cabbage ; the best taste like beef marrow. Cabbage is good food for cattle, but spoils the milk of cows. Eaten by horses, the leaves cure the salivation, or slabber. It contains sulphur. BRASSICA RAPA, L. Turnips. Nu- tritive, diluent, flatulent, aphrodisiac, diuretic. Spontaneous with us. The Rutabaga is a variety much liked by cattle. Leaves good boiled for greens. The seeds produce much oil; this oil, as well as the decoction and soup of the roots, useful in gravel, colic, asth- ma, aphtha, strangury, otalgy, fee. The Br. napus (Kale or Cole) is a native of Arkansas, little known as yet with us : the leaves bleached like celery, are sweet and tender: the oil of coleseed, or Br. campestris, almost exclusively used in Holland, Belgic, and Flanders, to cook and burn. BRASSICA RUBRA. The Red cab- bage; employed by chemists as an ex- cellent test for acids and alkalies. BRAZIL WOOD. See Cesalpinia Brasiliensis. BREGMA. Space between the pa- rietal bones, anterior and posterior fon- tanelles. BREVIA VASA. Branches of the splenic artery and vein. BREVIS. Short. BRICKLAYERS' ITCH. Produced by handling lime. BRIM OF THE PELVIS. The oval ring which parts the cavity of the pel- vis from the cavity of the abdomen. The outlet of the pelvis is a lower circle, composed by the arch of the pubes and the sciatic ligaments. BRITISH OIL. Camphor one ounce, rectified spirits of wine four ounces. BRO 33 BUC sweet oil twelve ounces, and oil of hartshorn five ounces, boiled together. BROMELIA ANANAS, L. Pine-ap- ple. Cultivated in Florida. Delicious fruit, diuretic, menagogue, and aphro- disiac ; an excellent wine like Malmsey made with it;. the syrup and preserves exquisite. Ambrosial smell and flavor. BROMINE. A mineral found in sea -water. BROOM ASHES AND TOPS. A remedy formerly extolled for dropsy, consisting of the ashes and green tops of the Cytisus Scoparius, or common broom. BROOMRAPE. Oberanche America- na. Astringent, antiseptic, and anti- syphilitic ; considered in the West as a specific for gonorrhoea and syphilis; useful in obstinate, ulcers, aphthae, and herpetic sores, diarrhoea, and dysentery. BROMUS PURGANS, L. Broom- grass. Medical grass, sudorific, vermi- fuge, laxative, diuretic, menagogue, &c. Excellent for cattle; purges them. BRUCIA. Alkaloid of Angustura BRUMALES. (From bruma, winter). Plants which blossom in winter. BRONCHIA. ) Ramifications of the BRONCHI. ] windpipe. BRONCHIAL. Applied to vessels, glands, and nerves of the bronchia, and also to a peculiar sound of respir- ation. m, i BRONCHIAL TUBES. The minute ramifications of the bronchi, terminating in the bronchial cells, or air-cells, of the lungs. . BRONCHITIS. Inflammation of the bronchi, or ramifications of the trachea. It is known by the vernacular terms, bronchial inflammation, inflammatory catarrh, bastard peripneumony, and suf- focative catarrh. BRONCHOCELE. Goitre, enlarged thyroid gland. BRONCHOPHONISM. Sound of the voice in bronchial respiration, heard in auscultating the chest. BRONOHO-HiEMORRHAGIA. A term recently proposed by Andral to designate the exhalation of blood from the lining membrane of the bronchial tubes, commonly called bronchial haem- orrhage. , BRONCHOS. Hoarseness, catarrh. BRONCHOTOMY. Incision into the 3 larynx or trachea for removing foreign bodies, &c. BRONCHUS. The windpipe; a ram- ification of the trachea; so called from the ancient belief that the solids were conveyed into the stomach by the oeso- phagus, and the fluids by the bronchia. BRUNNER'S GLANDS. Small flat- tened granular bodies of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, visible to the naked eye, distributed singly in the membrane, and most numerous in the upper part of the small intestine. These glands, sometimes erroneously termed "solitary," were described by Brunner. BRUNONIAN THEORY. A theory founded by John Brown, according to which no change can take place in the state of the excitable powers without previous excitement: and it is only by over-excitement, that the excitability, with life, can be exhausted. BRYONIA DIOCA. Bryony, or wild vine, a cucurbitaceous plant, of which the fresh root is sold under the name of white bryony. Its properties are owing to the presence of an extractive matter called bryonin. It is an active hydra- gogue cathartic, and, in large doses, sometimes emetic. The dose of the powdered root is from a scruple to a drachm. BUBO. A swelling of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the groin and axilla. It has been distinguished by the terms— 1. Sympathetic, arising from the meje irritation of a local disorder. 2. Venereal, arising from the absorp- tion of the syphilitic virus. 3. Constitutional, as the pestilential, a symptom of the plague; or scrofulous swellings of the inguinal and axillary glands. BUBONOCELE. Inguinal hernia. BUCCAL {bucca, the cheek). A term applied to a branch of the internal max- illary artery, to certain branches of the facial vein, and to a branch of the infe- rior maxillary nerve. BUCCAL GLANDS. The name of numerous follicles situated beneath the mucous layer of the cheek. BUCCINATOR {buccina, a trumpet). The trumpeter's muscle; a muscle of the cheek, so called from its being much used in blowing the trumpet. BUL 34 BUX BUCHU LEAVES {bocchae, Ind.). The leaves of several species of Baros- ma, or Diosma, much extolled for chron- ic disorders of the bladder. BUCKBEAN. The Menyanthes Tri- foliata, a plant of the order Gentian- acea, employed by the brewers in some parts of Germany as a substitute for hops. BUCKTHORN. The vernacular name of the Rhamnus eatharticus, derived from the spinous nature of some of the species; for the same reason it has been termed spina cervina, or stag's horn. The berries yield a delicate green, named by painters verdevissa. BUCKTHORN SYRUP. Rhamnus eatharticus. Cathartic, vermifuge. BUD. The residence of the infant leaf and flower. BUGLE, SWEET. Lycopus virgini- cus. Deobstruent, tonic; a tea is use- ful in bleeding at the lungs. BULBS. Called roots; sometimes found "growing on the stem; strictly speaking, bulbs are buds, or the winter residence of the future plants. Annual plants do not have bulbs; they are only preserved by seeds. BULBO-CAVERNOSUS. The name of a muscle situated beneath the bulb of the urethra, and covering part of the corpus spongiosum. Chaussier termed it bulbo-urethralis. BULB OF THE URETHRA. The posterior bulb-like commencement of the corpus spongiosum penis; hence, the included urethra is called the bulb- ous portion. 'BULBOUS ROOT. Used medicinally. BULBUS. A bulb; a scaly leaf-bud, which develops roots from its base, and a stem from its centre. When the outer scales are thin, and cohere in the form of a thin envelope, as in the onion, this is the tunicated bulb. When the outer scales are distinct and fleshy, as in the lily, this is called the naked bulb. There can be no such thing as a solid bulb. BULRUSH. SeeCYPERCs. BUNDLE. See Fascicle. BUNIAS AMERICANA, Raf. Sea- cole. The B. cakile of Schoepf, B. ma- ritima of others. On the seashores. Acrid, diuretic, antiscorbutic. Edible; makes a fine pickle for scurvy; root mixed with bread in Canada. BUNION. An inflammation seated upon the great toe. BURDOCK. Arctium lappa. Root and seeds diuretic and alterative BURDOCK LEAVES. Arctium lappa. Febrifuge, sudorific. BURDOCK SEEDS. Arctium lappa. Carminative, tonic. BURDOCK ROOT. Arctium lappa. Herpetic, antiscorbutic. BURGUNDY PITCH. Prepared from the abietis resina. BURNT SPONGE. An article pre- pared by cutting sponge into small pieces, and burning it in a covered ves- sel until it becomes black and friable, when it is mixed with lard for an oint- ment. BURSyE MUCOSAE. Numerous mu- cus bags in cavities and joints. BURSALOGY. Description of the bursae mucosae. BUTTERNUT. Juglans cinera. An extract of the bark, formed into pills size of a pea, with a little essential oil, makes a very good purgative. About four are a dose. BUTTERNUT BARK. Juglans ci- neria. Cathartic, tonic. BUTTER OF ANTIMONY. A ses- qui-chloride. BUTTON SNAKE-ROOT. Liatris spicata. Diuretic, balsamic. BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS, L. Box- wood. Common in gardens for borders, grows very slow; a tree 8 feet high must be 100 years old. Wood yellow, very hard ; excellent for implements and wood cuts. Leaves and bark bitter, fe- tid, purgative, pellent, sudorific, altera- tive, antisiphylitic. Said to be equiva- lent of Styllingia in syphilis; also used in epilepsy and hysterics ; also for beer CJES 35 CAL c. CABALLINA ALOES. One species of this drug. CABBAGE BARK. Surinam bark. The bark of the Andiva mermis, a legu- minous plant of the West Indies; an- thelmintic. CACALIA, L. Caraway. Many species. All more or less emollient like Mallow; the C. reniformis (called Wild cabbage) used like beet-leaves. Tonic and stimulant. CACAO. The chocolate-nut-tree, a species of Theobroma. CACHETIC. An unhealthy state of body. CACHEXIA {kake, bad, exia, habit). A bad habit of body; the name either of an individual disease, or of a class of 01S63.S6S CACHEXIA AFRICANA. Desire of dirt-eating among the negroes. CACOETHES. A bad habit, a boil, an ulcer, a malignant disease. CACTUS, L. Nearly twenty species in the United States. See Opuntia for the Prickly Pears. Almost all have edible fruits, acid and grateful: those of C. bleo are like cherries: those of C. ferax are purple, size of an egg. Many are very troublesome weeds, with for- midable thorns. CADAVER. A dead body. CADAVEROUS ODOR. A fetid smell like that of a putrid corpse. CADMIUM. A metal found in the ores of zinc. CADUCA. Deciduous membrane of the uterus. CADUCOUS. (From cado, to fall.) Falling early; as the calyx of the poppy. CiECAL. Belonging to the caecum. CAECUM {cacus, blind). The caput coli, or blind intestine; so named from its being prolonged interiorly under the form of a cul-de-sac. CjECUS. Blind, applied to imperfo- rate openings. CESPITOSE. Forming turfs, sev- eral roots growing together. C^ISARIAN SECTION. The oper- ation by which the foetus is taken out of the uterus, by an incision through the parietes of the abdomen. Ccesar was thus born. CAHINCA, CAINCA. The Brazil- ian name for the root of a species of Chiococca, lately introduced as a medi- cine. It is said to be tonic, emetic, diaphoretic, and very actively diuretic. It is esteemed in Brazil as a remedy for the bites of serpents, and its Indian name is said to be derived from this property. The dose of the powder of the bark of the root, as an emetic and purgative, is from a scruple to a drachm; but the aqueous extract is usually pre- ferred, the dose of which is from ten to twenty grains. CAJUPUTIOLEUM {kayu-puti, white wood). Kyapootie oil (Cajeput oil). An essential oil procured from the leaves of the Melaleuca minor, termed by Rumphius arbor alba, a myrtaceous plant of the Moluccas. CAKELE AMERICANA. Sea-rock- et. CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS. Reed-grass. CALAMINA {calamus, a reed). Ca- lamine; the impure carbonate of zinc; a pulverulent mineral, generally of a reddish or flesh color. CALAMINA PREPARATA. The calamine reduced to an impalpable pow- der by roasting. CALAMINARIS LAPIS. An ore of zinc. CALAMI RADIX. Sweet-flag-root. CALAMUS AROMATICUS. Sweet- flag, root. Stimulant and carminative. A tea of is this excellent in flatulence, colic, and wind. CALCARATE. Resembling or being furnished with a spur. CALCAREOUS. The name of a class of earths, consisting of lime and carbon- ic acid, as chalk, marble, oyster-shells, &c. CALCAREOUS SPAR. Crystallized carbonate of lime. Iceland spar is one of its purest varieties. CALCIUM {calx, lime). The metal- lic base of lime, discovered by Davy. CAL 36 CAL CALCII CHLORIDUM. Chloride of calcium, commonly called muriate of lime. The anhydrous chloride dili- ■quesces in the air, and becomes oil of lime. CALCINED. Burned, reduced to fine powder by heat. CALCIS OS. Heel-bone of the tarsus. CALCULI ARTHRITIC. Gouty con- cretions formed in the capsules of the joints, as in the knuckles. CALCULI NEPHRITIC. Concre- tions found in the kidneys. CALCULUS (dim. of calx, a lime or chalk-stone). A solid or unorganized concretion found in various parts of the human body, and commonly called stone, or gravel. It is apt to be formed in the kidney, in the circumstances of those constitutional derangements which have been denominated calculous diathesis, of which the principal are,— 1. The Lithic Diathesis, characterized by yellow, red, or lateritious, or pink deposits of lithate of ammonia; or by the formation of red gravel, or crystals of uric or lithic acid. 2. The Phosphatic Diathesis, charac- terized by the formation of white gravel, or crystals of phosphate of magnesia and ammonia; or by the white sedi- ment of the mixed phosphates of mag- nesia and ammonia, and of lime. Varieties of Calculus. Urinary Calculi have usually a nu- cleus in the centre, consisting of one substance, which afterward alternates with unequal layers of other, and, in some cases, of all the principles of uri- nary calculi. Many calculi consist of the same substance in successive layers. The varieties of calculus may be thus arranged : 1. The Lithic or Uric Acid, or the light brown. This acid is the most constant constituent of urinary calculus. 2. The Triple Phosphate of Mag- nesia and Ammonia, Or the white. This is never found quite alone in calculi; but is often one of their chief constit- uents. 3. The Mixed Phosphates of Magnesia and Ammonia, and of Lime. This va- riety, next to uric acid, constitutes the most common material of calculus. 4. The Oxalate of Lime. This is, ap- parently, a frequent constituent of cal- culus, particularly in children. The stone has usually an uneven surface, resembling the mulberry, and is hence called the mulberry calculus. Calculous concretions are also met with in the gall-bladder, biliary ducts, liver, pineal gland, lungs, veins, articu- lations, tonsils, lachrymal passages, sal- ivary glands, auditory canals, digestive tube, prostate, vesiculi seminales, pan- creas, uterus, and mammary glands. CALEFACIENTS {calefacio, to make warm). Medicines which excite warmth. CALENDULA OFFICINALIS. — Common Marygold. Carminative, se- cernent, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic, fee. CALLA PALUSTRIS, L. Swam- probin. Canada and New York. Roots acrid and caustic like Arum, yet by drying, grinding, macerating and boil- ing, a fine meal and bread is made in Sweden, very palatable. CALLI. Nodes in the gout. CALLICARPA AMERICANA, L. Sowerbush. Virginia to Florida. Or- namental shrub; the purple berries dye wool purple with alum; they are edible, acid, sweetish and subastringent. Leaves useful for dropsies in decoction, ac- cording to Dale, Miller, Schoepf, and Elliott. CALIGO (darkness). A disease of the eye, imparting dimness, cloudiness, obscurity. In old English, this opacity, as well as pterygium, was denominated a " web of the eye." CALLITRICHE VERNA. Water chickweed or starwort. CALLOSITY. Hardness, as in cer- tain tumors. CALLOUS. Hard, of the nature of bone. CALLUS (Latin, hardness). New bone, or the substance which serves to join together the ends of a fracture, and to restore destroyed portions of bone ; also a kind of swelling without pain; applied also to the hard edges of ulcers. CALOPOGON PULCHELLUS. Beau- tiful calopogon. See Barton, table 68. CALORIC {color, heat). The cause of the sensation of heat—a fluid, or condition diffused through all bodies CALORIFICATION {calor, heat, fa- do, to make). The function of gener- ating animal heat. CAL 37 CAN CALOMEL. Proto-chloride of mer- cury, a submuriate. CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA. An as- clepiadaceous plant introduced from India, under the name of mudar or ma- dor, as an alterative and sudorific. It is said to contain a peculiar principle called mudarine. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marygold, Meadowbouts, cowslip. Several spe- cies, all acrid when fresh, not eaten by sheep; they kill the cattle browsing them, inflaming their stomachs; yet Cut- ler says that they are a good pot herb boiled. CALUMB.E RADIX {Kalumbo, Por- tuguese). (Colomba, Ph. U. S.) The root of the Cocculus palmatus, one of our most useful stomachics and tonics. It contains a bitter principle, called ca- lumbin. CALVARIA {calvus, bald). The up- per part of the cranium; the skull, quasi calva capitis area. CALVITIES. Baldness. This term is synonymous with calvitas and calvi- tium. ' CALX. Lime; an oxyde of calcium; the remains of substances subjected to a strong heat. CALYBION. (From kalubion, a little cabin). A genus in Mirbel's second class of fruits. CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS, L.— Sweet-shrub, Allspice. Fine shrub, much esteemed for the blossoms, smell- ing like pine-apple. The bark is aro- matic, similar to cinnamon, the seeds taste like pimento; often used in the South for substitutes to spices; yet said to poison dogs and wolves. The root is a very strong emetic. CALYCULATED. Having an addi- tional calyx. CALYPTRA. The cap or hood of pistillate mosses, resembling an extin- guisher set on a candle. CALYX. The flower-cup, or exter- nal envelope of the floral apparatus. Its separate pieces are called sepals; when these are distinct from each otber, the calyx is termed poly-sepalous; when they cohere, gamo-sepalous, or, incor- rectly, mono-sepalous. A sepal may be hollowed out into a conical tube, as in larkspur, and is then said to be spurred. Compare Corolla. In anatomy this term has been given to the cup-like pouch, formed by mu- cous membrane, around each papilla of the kidney. CAMBIUM. The descending sap, which every year forms a new layer of bark and one of wood. It descends be- tween the bark and the wood, so that the new wood is formed externally, and the new bark internally. CAMBOGIA. Gamboge; a gum re- sin, procured from the Hebradendron Cambogoides, a guttiferous plant. It issues from the broken leaves or branches in drops. CAMELINA SATIVA. Wild flax; madwort. CAMOMILE. Flowers stomachic, purgative. CAMPANULACEJE {campanula, a little bell). The campanula tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, or under shrubs, yielding a milky juice. CAMPANULA AMPLEX1CAULIS. Clasping bell-flower. CAMPANULA ERINOIDES. Prick- ly bell-flower. CAMPANULA LANUGINOSA.— Rough-bells. CAMPANULA MEDIUM. Canter- bury-bells. CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA.— Flax-bell; flower hair-bell. CAMPANULA SPECULUM. Ve- nus's looking-glass. CAMPANULA WITIC^FOLIA.— Nettle leaved bell-flower. CAMPANULATE. Bell-shaped; as applied, in botany, to the calyx or co- rolla, when shaped like a little bell. CAMPEACHY-WOOD. The Hama- toxyli Lignum, or logwood, used for dyeing, in the form of chips. CAMPESTRIS. Growing in uncul- tivated fields. CAMPHINE. A spirit for burning in lamps, said to consist of oil of tur- pentine with a species of naphtha. CAMPHORA. The camphor-tree, a lauraceous plant, the wood and leaves of which yield the officinal camphor by means of dry distillation. CAMPION. Pink. See Cucubalis Behen. CAMWOOD. A red dye-wood, prin- cipally obtained from the vicinity of Sierra Leone. CANALIS {canna, a reed). A canal; CAN 38 CAP so named from its being hollowed out in the form of a reed. A hollow in- strument used by surgeons as a splint. Any tube, duct, or channel of the body. CANALIS ARTERIOSUS. A blood- vessel which unites the pulmonary ar- tery and aorta in the foetus. CANALIS VENOSUS. A canal which conveys the blood from the vena porta of the liver to the ascending vena cava in the fcetus. CANAL OF FONTANA. A minute vascular canal situated within the cili- ary ligament, and so named from its discoverer. It is also termed the ciliary CANAL OF PETIT. A triangular canal, situated immediately around the circumference of the crystalline lens; so named after its discoverer. CANAL OF SCHLEMM. A minute canal at the junction of the cornea and sclproticsi CANCELLATED. Appearing like lattice-work. CANCELLI. Spongy structure in bones. CANCER. A glandular tumor, or ulcer, very painful and obstinate, at- tended with darting or lancinating pain, aggravated by a surgical operation, or the knife. It is called scirrhous, in its incipient stage. CANCER ROOT PLANT, or BEECH DROPS. Epipegus Virginiana; astrin- gent, tonic. CANCER SCROTI. Sootwart, chim- ney-sweeper's cancer. CANCRUM ORIS {cancer, a crab). Canker; a fetid ulcer, with jagged edges, of the gums and inside of the lips and cheeks, attended with a co- pious flow of offensive saliva. It occurs ; principally in children. CANDIDUMOVI. The white of an I egg. CANDLE TREE OIL. A solid oil, obtained from the seed of the Croton sebiferum, or candle-tree, a native of j China. It is used by the Chinese for. making candles. CANELLA. Cassia, cinnamon. CAN ELLA ALBA. Laurel-leaved. CANESCENT. White or hoary. CANINE APPETITE. Fames ca- nina. Voracity. CANINE RABIES. A disease of the dog; hydrophobia. ! CANINE TEETH {canis, a dog.) Cuspidati. Eye-teeth ; the four which immediatelv adjoin the incisors. CANINUS (cams, a dog). A name given to the levator anguli oris, from its arising above the canini, or dog-teeth. CANKER. Ulceration of the mouth. CANNA. Canna starch. A fecula recently introduced from the West In- dies, under the French name of " Tous les mois." CANNABIS SATIVA, L. Common Hemp. Well-known; often sponta- neous. Leaves and seeds virose, nar- cotic, diuretic, anodyne, repellent.— Leaves used as tobacco in the East In- dies, under the name of bang; smoked and chewed, pernicious ; they exhilarate at first, but soon affect the head like opium; the excessive use brings on stupidity, mania, and many diseases, like tobacco. Boiled in oil, they form a good liniment for rheumatism. Used before surgical operations to produce stupor The emulsion of the seeds useful for gon- orrhoea, leuchorrcea, jaundice, and impo- tency. Hemp-seed oil is bland, and good for lamps. Hemp beer intoxi- CANTHARADIN. Active principle of Spanish-fly. CANTHARIS VESICATORIA. The blister-beetle, or Spanish-fly, a coleop- terous insect, found on species of Olea- cea and Caprifoliacea. CANTHUS. The angle or corner of the eye. CANULA. A hollow tube to empty fluids, usually appended to a trocar. CAOUTCHINE. A volatile oil pro- duced by distillation of caoutchouc at a high temperature. CAOUTCHOUC. Elastic g-um, or Indian rubber; the concrete juice of the hoeva caoutchouc, iotropa elastica, ficus Indjca, and artocarpus intergrifolia. CAPELINA {Capeline, Fr., a wom- an's hat). A double-headed roller put round tne head, &c. CAPERS. The pickled buds of the Capparis spinosa, a low shrub, growing out of the joints of old walls, and the fissures of rocks, in most of the warm countries of Europe. CAPIAT. Let him take; used in prescriptions. CAPILLAIRE. A syrup made of sugar, honey, aind orange-flower water. CAP 39 CAR More properly made of the Adiantum capillus veneris. CAPILLARY {capillus, a hair). Re- sembling a hair in size; a term applied to the vessels which intervene between the minute arteries and veins. In Bot- any, hair-like. CAPILLIS (quasi capitis pilus). The hair in general. CAPITATE. Growing in heads. CAPIVI. A miscalled balsam, yield- ed by several species of Copaifera. CAPSICUM, L. Cayenne pepper. The C. buccatum, wild in Florida. C. annuus, cultivated everywhere. Axi of Haytians. Chile of Mexicans. Fruit, a well-known condiment, very strong stimulant, acrid and burning. The abuse or even use of it, often produces fevers and inflammatory disorders, liver com- plaints, obstructions, bloody piles, sores, &c. Useful in food only for flatulence: it is never of service to the healthy, but is medical to the sick, stimulating the stomach, exciting the nerves in lethargic and paralytic affections. Often used as a gargle in palsy of the tongue, putrid or ulcerated sore throat. Externally a good stimulant and rubefacient in chron- ic rheumatism, palsy, gout, tooth-ache, dropsies, used in cataplasm or tincture rubbed on. Employed in the West In- dies in the cachexy or morbid debility of the negroes. A specific in the re- laxed sore eyes, in a weak wash. The powder sprinkled on socks will cure the coldness of the feet. It has become a principal article in the practice of the empiric Thompson. Raf. CAPRARIA BIFLORA, L. Carib tea. Florida and Louisiana. Used as tea in the West Indies : taste very dif- ferent from tea. CAPRIFOLICE^E. The honey- suckle tribe of dycotyledonous plants. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with leaves opposite ; flowers corymbose, mo- nopetalous; stamens alternating with the lobes. CAPSILLA. Bursa pastoris. Sbep- herd's-purse. CAP.SICUM ANNUUM. Common capsicum, or chilly; a plant of the order Solaceanea, the dried fruit of which is sold under the name of capsicum — 1. Capsicum frutescens. The species which yields the capsules sold as Gut- nia pepper, or bird pepper. Their pow- der is Cayenne pepper. 2. Capsicin. An acrid soft resin, obtained by digest- ing the alcoholic extract of the capsicum annuum in ether, and evaporating the ethereal solution. CAPSULA (dim. of capsa, a chesty. literally, a little chest. 1. A capsule, or bag, which encloses any part, as the capsule of Glisson, or the cellulo-vascu- lar membrane which envelopes the he- patic vessels. 2. In Botany it is a dry, superior fruit, dehiscent by valves, and always proceeding from a compound ovarium. 1. Renal capsules. Two yellowish, triangular, ana flattened bodies, lying over the kidneys in the foetus, in which they are as large as the kidneys them- selves. In the adult they are two lobes 2. Capsular ligament. A loose bag which contains the synovia of the joints. This must be distinguished from the synoval membrane which produced • this fluid. The latter is allied, by struc- ture and function, to the serous mem- brane ; the former to the fibrous. CAPSULAR CATARACT. Opacity . of the capsulae of the lens, may be ante- rior, posterior, or complete. CAPSULAR LENTICULAR CATA- RACT. When both the caDsule and the lens itself are opaque. CAPUT. The head. CAPUT COLI. Ccecum, or blind in- testine, head of the colon. CAPUT GALLINAGINIS. Projec- tion in the prostate gland, near the neck of the bladder ; verumontanum. CAPUT MORTUUM. Residuum after distillation. CARAWAY. Carum Carui. The seeds. This plant is cultivated in our gardens, both for medicinal and culinary purposes. On account of their aromatic smell, and warm, pungent taste; the seeds of caraway may be classed among the finest stomachics and carminatives of our climate. To persons afflicted with flatulency, and liable to colics, if administered in proper quantities, they generally afford considerable relief. CARAWAY SEEDS. Carum carui. Carminative, aromatic. CARBON {carbo, a coal). A sub- stance well known under the form of coal, charcoal, lampblack, &c. In chem- ical language, it denotes the pure in- flammable principle of charcoal; in its CAR 40 CAR state of absolute purity, it constitutes the diamond. CARBONATES. Compounds of car- bonic acid with the salifiable bases. They are composed either of one atom of acid and one of the base, or of two of acid and one of the base; the former are called carbonates, the latter bi-car- bonates. CARBONIC ACID GAS. A pungent and acidulous gas, produced by the combustion of carbonic oxyde, or by that of charcoal in oxygen gas. This gas was termed by Black fixed air, from its having been found to exist, in a fixed state, in limestone, and in the mild alkalis from which it was expelled by heat and the action of acids. CARBO LIGNI. Charcoal of wood; a species of artificial coal, consisting of half-burnt wood. CARBUNCLE {carbo, a burning coal). % Anthrax. A boil, differing from it, in having no central core, and terminating in gangrene under the skin, instead of suppuration. . CARBURETS. Combinations of car- bon with some metals by fusion ; thus, steel is a carburet of iron. The term has also been applied to a peculiar com- pound of sulphur and hydrogen, the carburet of sulphur, also termed sulphur ret of carbon, and alcohol of sulphur. CARBURETTED HYDROGEN. A colorless inflammable gas, abundantly formed in nature in stagnant pools, wherever vegetables are undergoing the process of putrefaction; it also forms the greater part of the gas obtained from coal. This gas was formerly called heavy inflammable air. CARCERULAR. (From career, pris- on). A seed contained in a covering, whose sides are compressed. One of Mirbel's genera of fruits, in the order Carcerulares. CARCINOMA. Painful schirrous tu- mor ending in malignant ulcer, a con- stitutional disease, often incurable even by extirpation. CARDAMINE, L. Ladies-smock. Many species. Equivalent of nastur- tium, but more diuretic, nervine, and diaphoretic. Roots said to be purga- tive. Leaves edible. Flowers most efficient; used in powder for epilepsy, hysterics, chorea and spasmodic asthma, united to Valerian. CARDAMOM. The name of the fruit of several species of Elettaria and Amonum. CARDAMOMS, CEYLON. The fruit of the grain-of-paradise plant of Cey- lon. The term grains-of-paradise, as employed at present in Europe, applies to the hot acrid seeds called Malaguetta pepper, brought from Africa. Pereira. CARDIA. The entrance into the stomach, so called from being near the CARDIAC FLEXUS, OR GAN- GLION. Situate behind the arch of the aorta. CARDIALGIA. Literally, heart- ache, but employed to denote pain in the stomach, and hence synonymous with gastralgia, gastrodynia, cardiaca passio, fee. CARDINAL FLOWERS, BLUE.— Lobelia syphilitica. Herpetic, deob- struent. CARDITIS. Inflammation of the cardia or heart. Acardiac. Not hav- ing a heart, as certain defective foetuses, the insect tribe, fee. CARDUS, SPOTTED. Centaurea benedicta. Diaphoretic, tonic. See Holy Thistle. CAREX. L. Sedge. A tribe of grasses rather than genus: nearly 150 species lately ascertained with us, by Schwein- itz, Torrey, Dewey, and myself. Not much liked by cattle. The large kinds make a rough kind of hay, those of salt marshes rather better, owing to the salt taste ; useful to consolidate marshes and sands. Those with odorous roots are medical, like C. arenaria of Europe. Edible, stomachic, diuretic, equivalent of sarsaparilla, gayac, and dactylon. Raf. CARIBTEA. See Capraria Bi- flora. CARICA PAPAYA, L. The papaw tree. Wild in Florida, fine evergreen tropical tree ; fruit like a pear, good to eat: milk of the unripe fruit a fine ver- mifuge, one dose is said to kill all worms, and even the tapeworm; a dose of castor oil is taken next to expel them. CARICE FRUCTUS. The preserved fruit of the fig, or Ficus Carica. CARIES. A bone ulcerated from the surface. CARINA. Literally, a keel. A term applied to the two lower petals of a pa- pilionaceous corolla, which cohere by CAR 41 CAR their lower margins in the form of a 1 ke$l. CARINATE. Having a carina, or keel CARLINA ACAULIS, L. Ground thistle. In Rhode Island and Virginia, according to Gronovius, Forster, and Schoepf: omitted by all our late botan- ists, perhaps a Cnicus. Bitter, aromatic, acrid, graveolent, sudorific, and sto- machic, useful in hysterics and hypo- chondria. Schoepf. CARMINATIVES {carmen, a verse or charm). Remedies which dispel flatulency, and allay pain of the stomach and bowels, as by a charm. CARMINE. See Lake. CARNEOUS. ) Of a fleshy consist- CARNOSE. ] ence. CARNjE COLUMN JE. Fleshy fibres in the cavity of the heart. CARNIVOROUS. That feeds on flesh. CAROT,E RADIX. Root of the car- rot ; antiseptic. CAROTID. The name of two large arteries of the neck ; so called from an idea that tying them would induce coma. They subdivide into the exter- nal carotid, or artery of the head ; and the internal carotid, or principal artery of the brain. CAROTIDS. Two bloodvessels which spring out of the great aorta, and send branches towards the head. CARPINUS AMERICANA. Horn- beam, blue leech. CARPEL. A term used for the di- visions of the fruit. Each carpel gene- rally forms a distinct cell. CARPELLUM {carpos, fruit). A technical term applied, in botany, to a leaf in a particular state of modification, constituting the pistil. CARPIAL. Belonging to the wrist. CARPUS. The wrist. The ossa car- pi, or carpal bones, are eight in number, and form two rows of four bones each. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS, L.— Bastard Saffron. Cultivated, become spontaneous. Flowers and seeds nau- seous, bitter, and aromatic, laxative, diaphoretic, and diuretic; useful in jaundice, cough, asthma, dropsy, mea- sles, exanthema, &c, in infusion. The seeds produce oil suitable for burning. Flowers chiefly used to dye yellow, and make the ladies' rouge. Often imposed upon as the true saffron or crocus, which has other properties. CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS. A plant of the order Composita, the flow- ers of which are imported, for the use of dyers, under the name of safflower, or bastard saffron; stomachic, aromatic, herpetic. Coeruleus, blue saffron. CARTILAGE (quasi carnilago).— Gristle. It is attached to bones, and must be distinguished from the liga- ments of joints and tendons of muscles. CARUM CARUI. Caraway ; a nat- uralized umbelliferous plant, cultivated for the sake of its fruit, commonly but erroneously called caraway seeds. Pliny notices the plant by the name of Ca- reum, from Caria, its native country; stomachic and aromatic. CARUNCULA (dim. of caro, flesh). Caruncle. A little piece of flesh. Hence— 1. Caruncula lacrymalis {lacryma, a tear). The small red substance situated in the inner angle of the eye. Caruncula myrtiformis {myrtus, a myrtle, .forma, likeness). The granu- lations observed around the orifice of the vagina, from rupture of the hymen. CARYA ALBA. Shag walnut, shag- bark hickory. CARYA AMARA. Bitter-nut. CARYA PORCINA. Pig-nut; broom hickory. CARYA SULCATA. Shell-bark hickory. CARYA TORMENTOSA. White- heart hickory. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. The chick- weed tribe of Dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with leaves* oppo- site, and tumid nodes; flowers polype- talous, symmetrical; stamens, definite ; ovarium, one-celled, with a free central placenta; fruit, a one-celled capsule, by obliteration of the dissepiments. CARYOPHYLLUS AROMATICUS. The clove-tree; a myrtaceous plant, yielding the clove of commerce. CARYOPHYLLUS. The clove, or unexpanded flower of the above plant. The corolla forms a ball between the four teeth of the calyx, and this, with the lengthened tube of the calyx, re- sembles a nail, or clou of the French ; hence the English term clove. CARYOPHYLLORUM 0LEUM.— Oil of cloves. CAS 42 CAT CASCARILLjE CORTEX. Casca- rilla bark; the produce of the Croton cascarilla, or wild rosemary-bush of Jamaica. By some it is referred to the Croton eleuteria. CASINE PERAGUA, L., Schoepf. Ilex vomitoria, Ait. This, by some, i» said to be the true cassine of the Flor- ida tribes; but C. amulosa, Raf., Ilex cassine and dahon, Viburnum cassino- ides, are all equally so named and used. The leaves are bitterish, sudorific, and diuretic, vomitive and purgative in strong decoctions, called black-drink by the Indians. Said to be useful in grav- el, nephritis, diabetes, fevers, and small- pox. CASSAVA. A fecula separated from the juice of the root of janipha mani- hot, and exposed to heat; a principal article of diet in South America. The same substance, differently prepared and granulated, constitutes tapioca. CASSENA. See South-sea Tea, or Yeupon. CASSIA. A genus of leguminous S'ants, several species of which yield e senna of commerce. Cassia pulp is a soft, blackish substance, surrounding the seeds of the cathartocarpus. CASSIA ACUTIFOLIA. Senna; a purgative. CASSIA CANELLA. Cinnamon. CASSIA FISTULA. A foreign tree, bearing pods which yield a soft, black pulp which is laxative. CASSIA LIGNEA. Cortex cassia. The bark of the cinnamomum cassia. The best variety is China cinnamon. CASSIA MARYLANDICA. Amer- ica senna. Purgative. CASSIUS, PURPLE OF. A purple- colored precipitate, obtained by mixing the proto-chloride of tin, with a dilute solution of gold. Solution of gold in nitro-muriatic acid one ounce, distilled water a pint and a half; mix, and dip rods of tin in the mixture as a precipi- tant. CASTANEA, Tt. J. (Fagus, L,)— Chestnut. The C. Americana bears chestnuts one fourth the size of Euro- pean chestnuts. Valuable tree for tim- ber, posts, staves, hoops, &c. The bark tans and dyes leather red ; the Indians use it for deer skins. The sap of old trees is blackish, and can make ink. Chestnuts are flatulent eaten raw; bet- ter boiled or roasted: flour, cakes, bread, and soap are made with them in Corsica, Italy, Switzerland, fee. The C. pumila, or chincapin, has a good fruit, tasting like filberts, and affording a good palatable oil: the wood is as durable as red cedar; the bark is astrin- gent and tonic, used for agues in the South. CASTOREUM {kastor, a big-bellied animal). Castor; a substance found in the two castor sacs, near the pubes of both the male and female beaver, or castor fiber. Nervine and antispas- modic. CASTOR OIL. The oil extracted from the seeds of the ricinus communis. CASTRATION {castro, to emascu- late). Emasculation. The operation of removing the testes. CAT ABA-TREE. See Catalpia cor- data. CATALEPSY. A species of apoplexy with muscular rigidity, the limbs re- maining fixed as at the moment of at- tack. Attended with sudden loss of sense and motion. CATALPIA CORDATA, J., Mx.— (Bignonia catalpa), L. Catalpa or ca- taba-tree. Near streams. Beautiful tree, with a soft, white wood like pop- lar. Bark tonic and vermifuge ; wood emetic ; leaves emollient, anodyne, use- ful in cataplasm in parturition and ner- vous pains. Blossoms smell like mar- tynia; give a bad honey to bees. Pods useful for asthma in decoction; when young, may be pickled. CATALPIA CORDIFOLIA. Catal- pa or Catawba tree. The seeds are said to be useful in asthma. CATAMENIA {men, a month).— Menses. The monthly uterine dis- charge. CATAPLASMA. A poultice ; an ap- plication which is spread over a part of the surface of the body. CATARACT. Glaucoma; gutta opa- ca; suffusio. Opacity of the crystal- line lens, of its capsule, or of the Mor- ganian fluid, separately or conjointly. Cataracts were formerly denominated ripe, or unripe. Beer divides them into the true and the spurious. The true are designated, with refer- ence to their seat as— 1. The Lenticular: these are of va- rious consistence, as the hard or firm ; CAV 43 CEA and the soft, caseous, gelatinous, ox milky. 2. The Capsular: these are termed the anterior, the posterior, and the com- P CATARRH A CONTAGIO. Epi- demic influenza. CATARRHUS {reo, to flow). Liter- ally, a flowing down ; popularly, a cold. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils and bronchia. It is synonymous with coryza, gravedo, &c. CATECHU {cate, a tree, chu, juice). The name of a variety of astringent ex- tracts, which are imported under the several names of catechu, terra japonica, cutch, and gambir. 1. Square catechu. This is used by tanners, under the name of terra japon- ica, from its being supposed to be of mineral origin ; it is produced from the leaves of the Uncuria gambir, and, therefore, is not catechu, but gambir. CATHARSIS. Purging. CATHARTICS. Medicines which produce alvine evacuations. These are termed laxative, when mild; purgative, when active; and drastic, when very violent. CATHARTINE. Active principle found in senna. CATHARTOCARPUS. A genus of leguminous plants, of which the species fistula yields the cassia pulp of the pharmecopoeia. CATHETER. A tube which is in- troduced through the urethra into the bladder. CATHOLICON. Any general rem- edy. CATKIN. See Ament. CATLING. A double-edged knife, used to divide the structure between the bones, in amputating the leg and fore- arm. CATMINT, CATNIP. Nepeta ca- taria, herba felis. Stomachic, carmina- tive. CAT'S-PURR. Peculiar prolonged sound heard in certain diseases of the heart, by auscultation. CATTAIL FLAG-ROOT. Simmer till soft, and apply as a poultice for in- flammation. CAVA. Large vein next the heart; vena cava^ ascendens and descendens. CAVERNOUS. Sound of respiration produced in pulmonary cavities; also name of a ganglion in the head, and two sinuses in the spheniod bone. CAUDATE. Having a tail; as in some seeds. CAUDEX. The main body of a tree, or root. CAUL. The omentum; also the am- nium, in parturition, is vulgarly so r 3,11 ftd CAULESCENT. Having a stem ex- clusive of the peduncle or scape. CAULIFLOWER EXCRESCENCE. A disease of the womb. CAULINE. Growing on the main stem. CAULINIA FLEXILIS. Water- knotgrass. CAULIS. The main, herbage-bearing stem of all plants,called in French la tige. CAULOPHYLLUM THOLICTROI- DES. Blueberry, cohosh, Pappaare- root. Smith asserts that the Indian wom- en owe the facility of their parturition to a constant use of a tea of the root, for two or three weeks before their time. As a powerful emenagogue, it promotes delivery, menstruation, and dropsical discharges. It may be used in warm infusion, decoction, tincture, syrup, or cordial. Demulcent, antispasmodic, emenagogue, sudorific, &c. CAUSTIC. A substance which de- stroys parts by chemically decomposing them. Such are the concentrated min- eral acids, lunar caustic, &c. • CAUSTIC, LUNAR. Fused nitrate of silver. CAUSTIC POTASH. An alkaline cuiistic CAUTERY. The application of caustics. By the term actual cautery is meant the white-hot iron: potential cau- tery is synonymous with caustic. CAYENNE PEPPER. The ground seeds of the capsicum frutescens, or annuum. CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS.— New Jersey Tea. Red-root. A small shrub of the order Rliamnacea, the root of which is astringent, and said to be useful in syphilitic complaints. The infusion is said to be an exceedingly useful application in aphthous affec- tions, in crusta lactea, in the sore throat of scarlatina, &c, and also as an inter- nal remedy in dysentery. CEANOTHUS OFFICINALIS, Raf. C. americ, L. Jersey tea, Red-root. CEN 44 CEN Small shrub, with a red root, imparting the color to water and alcohol. Excel- lent antisyphilitic and antiscrofulous; it is astringent, depurative, and laxa- tive. The root is better than the leaves, these were used as a tea, similar to Bo- hea, in the war of the revolution. The roots dye red, and make a red ointment with lard, very good for scrofulous and syphilitic sores. The powder, infusion, and tincture are used. It is a specific in the hands of many empirics to cure the gonorrhea in three days, without bad consequences, by the decoction. CEBADILLA. The seeds of the Asagrea officinalis, a plant of the order Melanihacea. The seeds are also called sabadilla and cevadilla, but more prop- erly cebadilla (from the Spanish ceba- da, barley), on account of the supposed resemblance of the inflorescence of the plant to that of Hordeum.—Pereira. CELL. The hollow part of a peri- carp or anther; each cavity in a peri- carp that contains one or more seeds, is called a cell. According to the num- ber of these cells, the pericarp is one- celled, two-celled, three-celled, fee. CELLULAR. Composed of cells ; principal tissue of the body; also ap- plied to the parenchyma of the lungs, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. CELLULAR. In botany, made up of little cells or cavities. CELLULARES. Cellular plants;* those which have no flowers or spiral vessels; they are also called cryptoga- mous and acotyledonous plants. CELLULAR MEMBRANE, or TIS- SUE. The filmy meshes which connect the minute component parts of most of the structures of the body. CELANDINE, GARDEN. Cheli- donum majus. Diuretic, anti-herpetic. CELANDINE, WILD. Impatiens nolitangere. Antibilious, stomachic; ex- ternally anti-herpetic. CELASTRUS SCANDENS, L. Fe- vertwig, Staffvine, Bittersweet. Equi- valent of dulcamara and mezereon, but weaker. Bark used ; emetic, antisyph- ilitic, discutient; externally it expels indurated tumors, and the swelling of cow bags. CELTIS, L. Nettle-tree, Hackberry in the West, Sugarberry-tree in the South. Several species, with yellow, purple, and brown berries. Bark ano- dyne, cooling. Berries sweet, subas- tringent, good to eat, useful for the dys- entery. CENCHRUS ACHINATUS. Burr- grass, hedgehog-grass. CENOBION. From the Greek, sig- nifying a community; one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. CENOTHERA TRILOBA. Night flowering cenothera. See Barton, ta- ble 49. CENOTICA. Diseases affecting the fluids. CENTAUREA, L. Several species cultivated, some have become sponta- neous. C. benedicta (blessed or lovely thistle) a good medical plant; leaves, flowers, and seeds used; very bitter, somewbat nauseous, tonic and sto- machic, sudorific and diuretic, purga- tive and subemetic, repellent and ant- cid. Employed in decoction, infusion, extract, for agues, pleurisy, gout, ca- chexy, anorexia, vertigo, head-ache, whooping-cough, and even the plague. It is also hepatic, and useful to correct the bile. C. cyanus, called with us bluebottles, has long been deemed oph- thalmic. C. calcitrapa or Knapweed. Root good for nephritis and gravel, in decoction; the analysis gives gum, resin, a green matter, fungine, silica, many salts. C. jacea, C. nigra, C. sol- stitialis, also spontaneous, and more or less equivalents, all called Knapweeds. CENTAUREA BENEDICTA. Bles- sed-thistle. ' CENTAUREA CYANUS. Blue- bottle. CENTAUREA JACEA. Knapweed. CENTAUREA NIGRA. Black knap- weed. CENTAUREA SOLSTITIALIS. St. Barnaby's thistle. CENTAURY. Centaurium Minor.— Leaves and flowers. Centaury is justly esteemed one of the most efficacious bitters indigenous to the United States, and is a good substitute for the English gentian, which it resembles in taste. It is a good stomachic, emenagogue, febrifuge, and vermifuge. Two ounces of the leaves and flowers of centaury and one ounce of orange peel may be infused in two quarts of brandy for two weeks. One table-spoonful of this tincture, taken before breakfast and CER 45 CER dinner, will create an appetite; and I children, having worms, may take two tea-spoonsful or more every morning, which will effectually destroy the worms. CENTIGRAMME. The hundredth part of a gramme. CENTRUM OVALE. Appearance of the brain when a horizontal section is made on a level with the corpus cal- losum. CENTRUM TENDINOSUM. Centre of the diaphragm. CENTUARY. Sabbatia angularis. Stomachic, tonic. CENTUNCULUS LANCEOLATUS. Bastard pimpernel. CEOLISIA CRISTATA. Cockscomb. CEPHALALGIA. ) Head.ache CEPHALODYNIA. J neaa acne' CEPHALANTHUS, Add. Inner bark agreeable bitter, much used for coughs, and in a wash for palsy in Carolina ; also diuretic, taken in pills for gravel, tonic, febrifuge, cathartic, diaphoretic, fee. See Barton, table 91, figure 1. CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTA- LIS. Button-bush. CEPHALE. The head. CEPHALIC. Appertaining to the head. CEPHALIC VEIN. So called be- cause blood taken from it was supposed to relieve the head; a vein that runs down the arm and divides into two, the inner branch termed the media; cut in bleeding. CEPHALITIS. Phrenitis, inflam- mation of the brain. CEPHALOMA. A morbid tumor re- sembling brain. CEPHALOTOMY. Diminishing the head of a foetus by removing the brain, in cases of contracted or deformed pel- vis. CEPHALUS. A termination of words denoting some affection of the head, &c. CERA. Wax ; a resinous substance secreted from the ventral scales of the Apis mellifica, or honey-bee; also a product of vegetables, as of the Myrica serifera, the wax myrtle, or bayberry. Beeswax is distinguished into the white bleached, or virgin wax; and the yel- low, or unbleached wax. CERA ALBA. White wax. CERA FLAVA. Yellow wax, bees- wax. CERASUS DEPRESSA. Sand cher- CERASUS LAURO - CERASUS.— Common or cherry-laurel; a rosaceous plant, the leaves of which are employed for preparing the cherry laurel-water. CERASUS LITTORALIS. Beach- plum. CERASUS PADUS. Bird-cherry. CERASUS PYGMOCA. American sloe. CERASUS SEROTINA. Choak- berry. CERASUS VIRGINIANA. Wild- cherry, rum-cherry, cabinet-cherry. CERASTIUM VISCOSUM. Sticky chick wc6u. CERASTIUM VULGATUM. Mouse ear, chickweed; emollient. CERATE. An ointment made with wax. CERATOCELE. Hernia of the cor- nea. CERATO-GLOSSUS. A muscle run- ning from one of the cornua of the os hyoides to the tongue. CERATOPHYLLUM DIMERSUM. Hornwort. CERATOTOME. Knife for dividing the cornea. CERATONYXIS. Puncturing the cornea in operating for cataract. CERCIS CANADENSIS, L. Redbud. Blossoms edible, eaten by Indians, equal to Tropoleum in salad, or pickled. CEREALIS. Any grain from which bread is made. From Ceres, goddess of corn. CEREBELLUM (dim. of cerebrum). The little brain; the postero-inferior part of the encephalon, situated behind the larger brain or cerebrum. CEREBRAL. Appertaining to the brain, name of vessels, nerves, &c. CEREBRITIS. Inflammation of the brain. CEREBROLE. Organic substance detected in the brain. CEREBRUM. The brain; the chief portion of the brain, occupying the whole upper cavity of the skull. CERION. A carceruiate fruit, form- ing one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. CERIUM. A metal. CERNUUS. When the top only droops. CEROUS. Like wax. ' CERUMEN {cera, wax). Cerea. Au- CHA 4B CHE rium sordes. The waxy secretion of the ear, furnished by the cerumenous glands. CERUSSA. Subcarbonate of lead, white oxyde. CERUSSA ACETATA. Sugar of lead, saccharum saturni, a subacetate. CERVEAU. Cerebrum, the brain. CERVELET. Cerebellum. CERVIX CYSTICI. Neck of the bladder. CERVIX OBSTIPA. Wry neck, tor- ticollis. CERVIX UTERI. Neck of the womb. CESALPINIA BRASILIENSIS, L. Brazil wood. Cultivated in Carolina, Florida, and Bahama. Equivalent of logwood for dyeing, and perhaps for medical use. The blossoms are mena- gogue. CETRARIA ISLANDICA. Lichen Islandicus. Iceland liverwort, or moss; a lichen employed as an aliment. CHAFFY. Made up of short mem- branous portions like chaff. CHAFING. Abrasion of the skin, as by friction. CHALK. Creta, carbonate of lime, calcareous earth. CHALK STONES. Gouty concre- tions found in the joints, which are composed of urate of soda and phos- phate of lime. CHALYBEATE WATERS. Ferru- ginous waters. Mineral waters, whose predominating or active principle is iron. There are two kinds: the car- bonated, containing carbonate of the protoxyde of iron, and the sulphated, containing sulphate of iron. Some of the latter contain sulphate of alumina, and are called aluminous sulphated cha- lybeates. CHALYBIS RUBIGO. Rust of iron. CHAM^IMELUM. Chamomile, an- themis nobilis. CHAMBER ANTERIOR. That por- tion of the globe of the eye containing the aqueous humor. CHAMBER POSTERIOR. That part of the globe of the eye which con- tains the vitreous humor. CHAMEPYTHIS. From the Greek kamia, on the ground, pithus, the pine- tree. This is the specific name of some plants. CHAMEROPS, L. Palm-trees. Sev- eral species, from Carolina to Texas. 1 Afforded food, wine, BUgar, fruit, cab- bage, fans, darts, ropes and cloth to th« Florida tribes. Some afford very good fruits, like plums, sweet. CHAMOMILE FLOWERS. The floral heads of the anthemis nobilis, an indigenous composite plant. The singli flowers have the largest yellow discs, in which the volatile oil resides; the double flowers, in which the yellow tu- bular florets of the disc are more or less converted into white ligulate florets, contain less of this oil; the former are, therefore, to be preferred. CHANCRE. A sore which arises from the direct application of the sy- philitic poison. CHANDOO. An extract of opium, prepared by the Chinese for smoking. CHANNELLED. Hollowed out lon- gitudinally with a rounded groove. CHARA, L. Water-feathers. Aquat- ic plants with a fetid smell, said to be antispasmodic and vermifuge. They contain a peculiar substance, chorine, similar to animal matter, a fetid green oil, and many salts, chiefly carbonate of lime, produced by crustaceous polyps covering the plants. CHARA HISPIDA. A submersed leafless aquatic plant, interesting to the physiologist, as displaying the special circulation in plants, and as being anal- agous in botany to the frog in zoology. CHARCOAL. Carbo Ligni. The residue of animal, vegetable, and many mineral substances, when heated to red- ness in close vessels. There are sever- al varieties of charcoal, termed gas- carbon, lamp-black, wood-charcoal, coke, and ivory-black. CHARLATAN. An itinerating quack, a medical impostor. CHARPIE. Scraped linen or lint. CHAY, or CHAYA ROOT. The root of the oldenlandia umbellata, used for giving the beautiful red of the Madras cottons. CHEIRANTHUS, L. Wallflower. Several species cultivated, sweet-scent- ed nervine. The Ch. asper, N. of the West, is called bitter root by the Indians, intensely bitter, and used by them as a tonic. CHELIDONIUM MAJUS, L. Celan- dine. Probably native. Whole plant used ; the juice or sap is a yellow milk, acrid and bitter, which extirpates warts, CHE 47 CHI cures ringworms, and cleanses ulcers. Diuretic and diaphoretic, aperient and hepatic, stimulant and detergent. Bene- ficial in dropsy, cachexy, jaundice, oedema, tabes, &c, in decoction. A poultice boiled in milk has cured the herpes miliaris: a poultice of the roots mashed in vinegar, disperses scrofulous tumors of the neck: an ointment with lard cures the piles. Juice also oph- thalmic, useful for sore eyes and to take off films in the eyes. The Ch. glaucium, L. (Horn poppy, Bruiseroot) found on the sea-shore of Virginia by Schoepf, has a similar yellow juice, more fetid, deleterious, narcotic, phantastic: sel- dom used internally, but very useful externally for wounds, contusions, grav- elly pains, the ulcers of horses and cattle. In Portugal, leaves infused in wine taken for gravel in small doses. These plants are acrid narcotic, acting sometimes as drastic or diuretic. Their analysis gives a peculiar substance, chelidine, bitter, nauseous, and yellow, citric acid, lime, potash, mucilage, albu- men, silica, &c. Raf. CHELONE GLABEA. Snakehead, bitter-herb, balsimony ; antibilious, lax- ative. See Raf., vol. II., p. 117. CHEMOSIS. Inflammatory tume- faction of the conjunctiva, so that the white of the eye protrudes above the cornea. CHEMISTRY. A term, of Arabic origin, signifying the knowledge of the composition of bodies, and of the changes of constitution produced by their mutual action on each other. CHENOPODIUM. Ph. U. S. Worm- seed. The fruit of chenopodium an- thelminticum. A very efficient indige- nous anthelmintic. The seeds and the expressed oil are both given. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM. Green pier-weed. CHENOPODIUM AMBROSOIDES. Sweet pig-weed. CHENOPODIUM ANTHELMINTI- CUM. Wormseed. CHENOPODIUM FCETIDUM. — The green leaves, says Henry, are ex- cellent in hysterics and spasmodic com- plaints. Give a tea-spoonful of the juice every two hours, until relief is ^CHENOPODIUM MARITIMUM.— Sea pig-weed. CHENOPODIUM OLIDUM. A plant of the goosefoot tribe, remarkable for exhaling uncombined ammonia. CHENOPODIUM RUBRUM. Red pig-weed. CHENOPODIUM SCOPARIUM.— Summer cypress. CHERIRANTHUS ANNOUS. Stock July-flower. CHERIRANTHUS CHERI. Wall- flower. CHERIRANTHUS FEMISTRALIS. Waved wall-flower. CHERIRANTHUS INCANUS.— Brompton stock, Brompton gucens. CHEROPHYLLUM SATIVUM, Lam. Chervil. Cultivated condiment, stimu- lant, diuretic; root, leaves, seeds, oil, and extract used. CHERRY, BLACK, BARK. Prunus Virginiana; astringent, tonic. CHERVIL. See Cherophyllum Sa- tivum. CHESTNUT. See Castanea. CHICKEN POX. The popular name of a species of varicella. CHIGRE, or CHIQUE. Chirones. A small sand-flea of the West Indies, which insinuates itself into the soft and tender parts of the fingers and toes. CHILBLAIN. Pernio. An inflam- mation of the extreme parts of the body, from exposure to cold. CHILD-BED FEVER. Puerperal fe- ver, and often called peritonaal fever. CHIMANTHUS AMYGDALINUS, Raf. Fl. lud. Prunus Carolin, L. Win- ter laurel, Laurier amande in Louisiana. Evergreen tree, blossoming in winter. Leaves give flavor of almonds to milk, creams, &c. Said to poison cattle. CHIMAPHILA or MACULATA UMBELLATA. A plant known by the names of Winter-green and Pipsisewa, and reputed as a specific against scrofu- la. It has tonic, diuretic, and diapho- retic properties. CHIMNEY-SWEEPER'S CANCER. A popular name of the cancer scroti, or munditorum, or soot-wart. CHINA ROOT. Radix Chinae Orien- talis. The produce of the Smilax China, said to be brought from the province of Onansi in China. CHINA ROOT, AMERICAN. Radix Chinae Americanse. Said to be the pro- duce of Smilax pseudo-China, brought from Mexico. CHO 48 CHR CHTNCOUGH. Pertussis, whooping- cough. CHIOCOCCA RACEMOSA, L. Snow- berry, David-root. From Florida to Brazil. Root bitter, pungent, nauseous, diuretic and menagogue, alterative and stimulant. Used in decoction, tincture, or powder, for dropsy, amenorrhea, ■ rheumatism, syphilis, spina ventosa, osteocopia, &c. A powerful plant, acting without pains on the stomach, bladder, &c. Specific for dropsy and menstrual suppressions. Raf. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-tree. Two species. Bark of the root febri- fuge in agues and chronic fevers, ex- ternally in cataplasms; it cures wounds without suppuration. CHIRAYTA. An intensely bitter substance, procured from the Agathotes Chirayta, a plant of the order Gentian- acea, and closely allied to gentian. The substance sold as sulphate of chirayitine is sulphate of quinia. CHIRURGIA. Operation by means of the hand, commonly called chirur- gery, or surgery. CHIRURGEON. A practitioner of 6urgery. CHLORATES. ) Compounds of CHLORIDES. } chlorine ; oxymu- CHLORURETS. ) riates and hyper- oxymuriates, are the names of the salts of chlorine. CHLORINE. Oxygenated muriatic acid: CHLORIS PETR^A. Sea-side chlo- ris. CHLOROSIS. Green sickness; an affection in which the blood becomes impaired, the countenance pallid, and, as a further consequence, the catamenia suppressed. CHLOROTIC. Relating to the green sickness. Remedy, neutralizing mix- ture. CHOKE DAMP. Applied to non- respirable gasses, as carbonic acid and carburetted hydrogen, &c. CHOLAGOGUES. Medicines which produce bilious discharges. CHOLEDOCHUS. Common duct from the hepatic and cystic ducts, entering the duodenum. CHOLERA INFANTUM. Summer complaint; a disease of infants ; prev- alent during the hot weather in most of the towns of the middle and Southern, and many of the Western States; ordi- narily characterized by excessive irra- tability of stomach, with purging, the stools being thin and colorless, or of various hues of green and pink, but never yellow except at the onset, or during convalescence; fever of an ob- scurely remittent character; rapid ema- ciation ; cold feet and hands, with pre- ternatural heat of head and abdomen; dry, harsh, and wilted skin; excessive thirst: and in the latter stages somno- lency, the patient sleeping with his eyes half open ; coma; the case termi- nating often with convulsions. CHOLERA MORBUS. Violent bilious vomiting and purging, with spasms. CHOLERA ASPHYXIA. ) Names CHOLERA ASIATICA. [given to CHOLERA MALIGNA. ) epidemic cholera, a congestive and spasmodic disease of great severity and danger. CHONDROGLOSSUS. A muscle run- ning from the cartilaginous joining of the body and horn of the os hyoides to the tongue. CHONDRUS CRISPUS. Carrageen or Irish moss, sometimes sold as pearl moss; an algaceous plant. CHORDA TYMPANI. A portion of the vidian nerve entering the tympa- num. CHORDS TENDING. Part of the internal structure of the heart. CHORDS VOCALES. Vocal liga- ments, or thyro arytaenoid articulation. CHORDEE. (Fr.) A painful erec- tion of the penis, attending gonorrhoea, sometimes with incurvation. CHOREA SANCTI VITI. St. Vitus's dance, a spasmodic disease. CHORION. The external membrane of the foetus. CHORIUM. The dermis, or inner- most layer of the skin. CHOROID. Resembling the chorion; a term applied to the plexus and web of the pia mater, to the inner tunic of the eye, &c. CHROME YELLOW. Chromate of lead. CHROMIC ACID. Its salts called chromates. CHROMIUM. A metal, so called from its remarkable tendency to form colored compounds. The emerald and the ruby owe their colors to the pres- ence of this element. CIC 49 CIN CHRONIC. Long-continued, as ap- plied to diseases of long standing, and opposed to acute. CHROSPERMA, Raf. Redseed. Uni- ted to melanthium and helonias by au- thors. Equivalent of abalon, a narcotic poison; the roots put in molasses de- stroy flies. CHRYSANTHEMUM CARINA- TUM. Three-colored daisv. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARI- UM. Garden chrysanthemum. CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCAN- THEMUM, Lin. Whiteweed, Daisy, Goldens. Common; leaves odorous, subacid, sometimes eaten in salad, de- coction pungent, diuretic ; used for wounds, asthma, phthisis, and tinea. CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHE- NEUM. Feverfew. CHRYSOCOMA VIRGATA. Goldy- CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. Water car- pet. Succulent, acrid, substyptic, ape- rient, corroborant; used for coughs, asthma, and abdominal diseases; as- tringent. CHYLE. The milk-like fluid ab- sorbed by the lacteal vessels. CHYLEOPAETIC VISCERA. This term includes the liver, spleen, pancreas, and omentum. CHYLIFEROUS VESSELS. The CHYLIFICATION {fio, to become). The process by which the chyle is sep- arated from the chyme. CHYLOPOIETIC. A term applied to the viscera and vessels which are connected with the formation of chyle. CHYME. The semi-fluid matter which passes from the stomach into the duodenum. CHYMIFICATION {fio, to become). The process by which the aliment is converted into chyme. CICATRICE. The mark or natural scar from whence the leaf has fallen. CICATRIX (a scar). The mark left after the healing of a wound or ulcer. CICATRIZATION. The process by which wounds and sores heal. CICELY, SWEET. Uraspermum claytonia; carminative, aromatic. CICER ARIETENUM. Chick pea. CICHORIUM ENDIVA. Garden en- dive. CICHORIUM INTYBUS. Succory 4 or endive; tonic, aperient, diuretic, lax- ative, attenuant, accoprotic, detergent, and corroborant. CICHORIUM VIROSA. Water hem- lock. CICUTA. Hemlock. CICUTA LEAVES. Conium macu- latum ; narcotic, deobstruent. CICUTA MACULATA. American water hemlock. An American species closely analogous to the preceding in botanical character, and in its action on the system. CICUTA VIROSA. Water cowbane; a poisonous plant of the order Umbel- lifera, supposed by Haller to be the co- nium of the Greeks. CICUTINE. A synonym of conia. CICUTIN. Alkaloid of hemlock. CILIARIS MUSCULUS. The name by which Riolan distinguished those fibres of the orbicularis palpebrarum, which are next to the tarsus or cartila- ginous circle of the eyelids. CILIARY. The name of arteries, processes, follicles (Meibomian glands), &c, belonging to the eyelids. CILIARY CIRCLE OR LIGAMENT. Orbiculus ciliaris. A kind of grayish ring, situated between the choroid mem- brane, the iris, and the sclerotica. CILIARY PROCESSES. Small vas- culomembranous bodies surrounding the crystalline lens in a radiating form. CILIATE. Fringed with parallel CILIUM {cileo, to twinkle). The eyelash, or eyelid. Cilia are also mi- croscopic hairs, of a vibratile nature, abundant in the lowest forms of ani- mals. CIMICIC ACID {cimex, a bug). An acid procured from the bugbyTnenard. CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA. Actaea racemosa, Willd. Black snakeroot. A plant of the order Ranunculacea, indi- genous in the United States, possessing tonic, antispasmodic, and expectorant properties. It has been used with marked success in the treatment of cho- rea, in the dose of a teaspoonful three times a day. CIMOLITE. Cimolean earth. A substance lately brought from Argen- tiera, the ancient Cimolus, consisting apparently of silex, alumina, oxyde of iron, and water. CINCHONA. A genus of plants, CIN 50 CIR several species of which yield Peruvian bark. The term Cinchona Bark and Countess's Powder are derived from the circumstance that the Countess of Cin- chon, wife of the Viceroy of Peru, brought some bark to Europe from South America, in 1639. Soon after- wards, the Jesuits, and particularly Cardinal de Lugo, carried it to Rome, and hence it was called Jesuits' bark, Jesuits' powder, Pulvis Cardinalis de Lugo, Pulvis Patrum, &c. It was sub- sequently employed in France by Sir Robert Talbor, and was hence called Talbor's powder, or the English rem- edy. 1. Pale Barks. These are the crown or Loxa bark, the produce of Cinchona condaminea; the silver, gray, or Hua- nuco bark, the produce of the Cinchona micranthra; the ash and the white Loxa barks of species unknown. 2. Yellow Barks. These are the yel- low bark, the produce of Cinchona lan- ceolata chiefly, also C. hirsuta and niti- da; the Calisaya, the produce of the Cinchona lanceolata; the Carthagena, of Cinchona cordifolia; and the Cusco, of a species unknown. 3. Red Barks. These are the red Cinchona bark of Lima, of a species unknown ; and the Cinchona nova, the produce of Cinchona magnifolia. 4. Brown Bark. This is the Hua- malies bark, the produce of Cinchona purpurea. 5. Barks falsely called Cinchonas.— Barks which are not obtained from any species of Cinchona, and not known to contain quinia, cinchonia, or aricina. The principal of these are the St. Lucia bark, the Caribaean or Jamaica bark, the Peruvian (false) Cinchona, the Brazil- ian Cinchona, tbe Pitaya Cinchona, and the Rio Janiero bark. CINCHONA CORTECE. Red Peru- vian-bark-tree. Peruvianus Ruber. CINCHONACE^E. The Cinchona tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs, with leaves opposite; flow- ers in panicles ; stamens arising from the corolla ; fruit inferior, either splitting into two cocci or indehiscent. CINCHONIC ACID. Found in yel- low bark. CINERARIA HETEROPHYLLA.— Ashwort. CINEREOUS. Ash-colored. CINERITIOUS {cineres, ashes). Ash- colored ; a term applied to the exterior or cortical part of the brain. CINERITIOUS TUBERCLE. The floor of the third ventricle of the brain. CINNA AURUNDINACEA. Indian reed. CINNAMOMUM {kinnan, Hebrew). A genus of plants of the order Lau- T(1C6(JB CINNAMOMUM CASSIA. The cinnamon cassia, which yields the cas- sia lignea, or cassia bark, and the cassia buds of commerce. CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM. The cinnamon plant, which yields the true Ceylon cinnamon ; the laurus cas- sia of the gardens. CINQUEFOIL, FIVE FINGER. (Po- tentilla reptans). A tea has been found useful in fevers, and to check bowel- complaints. CIPRIPEDEUM CANDIDUM. — White lady's-slipper. CIPRIPEDEUM PARVIFLORUM. Common lady's-slipper. CIPRIPEDEUM PUBESCENS. — Yellow lady's-slipper. CIPRIPEDEUM SPECTABLE. — Gay lady's-slipper. CIRCEA, L. Two species; their roots dye yellow ; leaves useful in decoction and cataplasm, for piles and condyloma, CIRCEA CANADENSIS. Enchant- er's nightshade. CIRCULATION {circuius, a circle). The flow of the blood through the heart, the arteries, and veins. It is 1. Perfectly double in the adult; viz., that which takes place in the lungs, and called pulmonic ; and that which takes place through tbe entire system, and is called systemic. 2. Partially double in the foetus; the auricles communicating by the foramen ovale—the arteries by the ductus arte- riosus ; except we consider the placen- tal circulation as analagous with the pulmonic : in fact, the blood of the foetus is circulated through the placenta, as that of the adult is through the lungs, and for the same purpose. CIRCULUS ARTICULI VASCULO- SUS. A term applied by W. Hunter to the appearance presented by the margin of the articular cartilages, where the bloodvessels terminate abruptly. CIRCULUS TONSILLARIS. A plex- CIT 51 CLA us formed by the lingual and glosso- pharyngeal nerves around the tonsil. CIRCULUS WILLISII. Circle of Willis. This consists of the communi- cations established between the anterior cerebral arteries in front, and the inter- nal carotids and posterior cerebral arte- ries behind, by the communicating ar- teries. CIRCUMAGENTES {circumago, to move round). A name applied to the obliqui muscles, from their supposed ac- tion of rolling the eye. CIRCUMCISION {circumado, to cut about). The removal of a circular por- tion of the praepuce. CIRCUMFLEXUS {circum, about, flecto, to bend). A term applied to a muscle which stretches the palate hori- zontally, and is hence termed tensor pa- lati mollis ; and to the axillary nerve. CIRROSE. Bearing tendrils. From cirrus, a tendril, or climber. CIRSOCELE. A varicose enlarge- ment of the spermatic vein. , CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA. Pareira brava or Velvet-leaf, a menispermaceous plant, the root of which, commonly called pereira brava, and sometimes im- ported under the name of abuta or bu- tua-root, exercises a specific influence over the mucous membrane lining the urinary passages. CISSAMPELOS SMILACINA, L.— Carolina, equivalent of C. pariera.— Schoepf. CISTUS CANADENSIS, L. Frost- wort, rock rose. Used by empirics for curing scrofula, in decoction and cata- plasms. The roots throw off small white icicles. Expectorant, tonic, stim- ulant. CITRATES. Salts of the acid of lemons. CITRIC ACID. The acid of lemons, or Coxwell's Concrete Salt of Lemon. It is decomposed by exposure to heat, and a new acid sublimes, called the py- rocitric. . CITRIN OINTMENT. Made of ni- trate of Mercury. CITRUS AURANTIUM, L. Orange- tree. Native of South Florida. Culti- vated from Florida to Louisiana. Very useful tree. Wood similar to box, but softer Leaves bitter, anodyne, diapho- retic, stomachic; forming a fine medical tea in nervous diseases, debility, &c. Flowers delightfully fragrant; their es- sential oil, called nerolium, contains a concrete oil, neroline; analeptic, anti- spasmodic, fine condiment and perfume. Fruit delicious, sweet and acid; many kinds, yellow or red, large or small, bit- ter, &c. The young fruits called aran- cini in Italy from the size of a pea to a walnut, make a fine bitter tincture, aro- matic and stomachic, good preserves, &c.; used also to keep cauteries open. Their bitter principle, called Hesperidine, found also with an essential oil in the orange-peel, much used in syrup and powder, &c, as a good tonic, corrobbo- rant, pellent, and vermifuge, useful in convulsions, hysterics, hypochondria, jaundice, ischuria, hemorrhage of ute- rus, alone or united to nerolium. The Curasso liquor made with it. The un- ripe juice is acid, equal to lemons. Ripe juice sweet, healthy. CITRUS MEDICA, L. Lemon-tree. Many varieties, limes, citrons, bergamot, &c. Tonic, condiment, antiseptic, re- frigerant, diuretic, and antiemetic. CLADRASTIS TINCTORIA, Raf. (Virgilia, Mx.) Yellow ash, Fustic- tree, Yellow locust. From Kentucky to Alabama. Fine tree, wood yellow and soft, like mulberry and fustic: fine canoes made with it. The bark gives a bright yellow dye, it is laxative, and that of the roots purgative; flowers fra- grant, like robinia. The turners use the wood; it is good for inlaying; it dyes pale yellow like Fustic. CLAIRVOYANCE. Vision without eyes ; a fable of mesmerism. CLAP. The vulgar name of a vene- real infection. CLARIFICATION {clarus, clear, fio, to become). The process of clearing liquids. CLARY. Salvia sclara. Stomachic, diuretic. CLASPING. Surrounding a stem with the base of a leaf. CLASS. The highest division of plants in the system of botany. Lin- naeus divided all plants into twenty- four classes, three of these are now re- jected, and the plants which they in- cluded placed in the remaining twenty- one classes. The ancient botanists knew neither methods, systems, nor classes : they described, under chapters, or sec- tions, those plants which appeared to CLE 52 CLU them to resemble each other in the greatest number of relations. CLASSIFICATION. A methodical arrangement. CLAUSUS. Closed, shut up. CLAVARIA, L. Coral or Club mush- rooms. All the fleshy kinds edible. The C. coralloides and C. cinerea delicious. CLAVATE. Club-shaped, larger at the top than the bottom. CLAVICULA (dim. of clavis, a key). The clavicle, or collar-bone; so called from its resemblance to an ancient key. CLAVUS. A nail, a corn. CLAVUS HYSTERICUS. A fixed pain in the forehead. CLAW. The narrow part by which a petal is inserted. CLAYTONIA, L. Pigroot. Root tuberous, edible, dug by pigs. Anti- scrofulous in cataplasms. CLAYTONIA VIRGINIA. Spring- beauty. See Barton, table 51. CLEAVERS. Galium aparine. We copy the following from Dr. Smith's Botanic Physician : " Cleavers is one of the most valua- ble diuretics that our country produces. I have found it an excellent and speedy medicine in all suppressions of the urine and gravelly complaints, and is a powerful discutient." CLEFT. Split, or divided less than half way. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin-bower. Al- most all the species medical like CI. flammula, CI. vitalba, and CI. recta of Europe ; the bark, leaves, and blossoms acrid, raising blisters on the skin; a corrosive poison internally, loses the virulence by coction and dessication. The extract used for osteocopic pains, dose one or two grains; frictions of an oily liniment cure the itch. Our CI. Vir- ginica and CI. viorna also used as diu- retic and sudorific, for chronic rheuma- tism, palsy, and ulcers, in minute doses. All ornamental vines. The flowers hold a peculiar substance. CLEMATIS CRISPA. A dangerous vegetable caustic, acting as a substitute for cantharides. CLEMATIS FLAMMULA. Sweet virgin-bower. CLEMATIS VIOINA. Leather-flow- er. CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA. Virgin- bower, travellers-joy, CLEMATIS VITICELLA. Purple virgin-bower. CLEOME DODECAUDRIA. False ♦ mustard ; a foetid plant, annual; twelve or fifteen inches high. See Barton, plate 22. CLEOME EDULIS, Raf. Fl. lud. Leaves eaten in gombos, smell like as- safcetida. CI. pentaphylla also; it smells of garlic. CLETHRA ACUMINATA. Painted- leaved clethra. See Barton, plate 71. CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA. Spiked alder, sweet pepper-bush, white-bush ; diuretic and astringent. CLIMACTERIC. The progression of the life of man. It is usually divided into periods 'of seven years; the ninth period, or 63d year, being the grand climacteric. CLIMATE. This term denotes, in medicine, the condition of the atmos- phere of different countries or districts, in reference to their effects upon the health of persons inhabiting them. * CLIMBING. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes; by leaf-stalks, as the clematis; by cauline radicles, or little fibrous roots, as the creeping American ivy. CLINANTHE. The dilated summit of a peduncle, bearing flowers. The re- ceptacle. CLINICAL. A term applied to lec- tures given at the bedside. CLINOPODIUM, L. Dogmint. Equi- valent of nepeta ; much weaker. CLINTONIA, Raf. Five species. See Sigillaria. Blueberry, cuscum by Algic tribes. Leaves used by them as a plaster for bruises and old sores, applied 1 wet or bruised. Berries sweetish, edible. CLITORIS. A part of the female pudendum, resembling the male penis. CLITORISMUS. A morbid enlarge- ment of the clitoris. CLOACA (a sewer). A receptacle observed in the monotremata, in birds, in reptiles, and in many fishes, which receives the faeces and the urine, to- gether with the semen of the male, and the ovum of the female. CLOVE. Caryophyllus; the unex- panded and dried flower-bud of the ca- ryophyllus aromaticus. «, CLOVER HEADS. Trifolium pra- tense ; discutient, demulcent. CLUB-FEET. Pedes contorti. A COC 53 C(E congenital distortion of the feet, arising from contraction of the extensor mus- CLUB-HAND. A deformity of the hand analogous to the distortion of club-foot, often co-existing congenitally. CLUB-MUSHROOMS. See Clava- ria. CLYSTER (to wash out). An ene- ma, or lavament. The injection of a liquid per anum into the large intestine, by means of a syringe or other suitable apparatus; in many complaints very valuable. CNICUS, J. Thistles. Bad weeds, the Canada thistle or Cn. arrensis above all. Those with bitter roots, tonic, used in poultices by Cherokees. My Cn. edulis of Oregon has edible roots. Leaves of many hepatic, correct the bile in decoction or powder. Raf. CNICUS ALTISSIMUS. Tall thistle. CNICUS ARVENSIS. Canada this- tle. CNICUS BENEDICTUS. Blessed thistle ; an indigenous composite plant. CNICUS LANCEOLATUS. Common thistle. CNIDIUM CANADENSE, S. T. Si- son do., L. Wild chervil. Roots eaten like chervil in Canada. COADNATE. United at the base. COAGULABLE LYMPH. The fluid slowly effused in wounds, which after- ward becomes the bond of union, or picfitnx COAGULUM. The clot of blood, the curd of milk. COAPTATION. Accurate adjust- ment of the ends of a fractured bone. COARCTATE. Crowded. COATED. With surrounding coats or layers. COBALT. A metal found in combi- nation with arsenic. COCASH ROOT. Aster prunicerus; stimulant, stomachic. COCCINEOUS. Scarlet-colored. COCCOLABA UVIFERA, L. Sea- side grape of Florida, tropical plant, fruits too astringent to eat fresh, but make good pies, cause costiveness, good for diarrhoea. The extract of the wood is a kind of kino. COCCULUS INDICUS. Seed of the cocculus tuberosus. COCCUM. A grain or seed: tri- coccons, three-seeded, &c. COCCYX. Lowest extremity of the vertebral column, an appendage of the sacrum, coccygeal bones. COCCYGIS MUSCULI. ) muscles of COCCYGEUS. j the coccyx. COCEYGIS-OS. The bones which terminate the spine. COCHINEAL. A small Mexican insect, used as a coloring matter. COCHLEA. The labyrinth, a spinal cavity of the internal ear. COCHLEARIA, L. Scurvy-grass. All the species antiscorbutic, acrid, pun- gent, diuretic, stimulant, &c. Whole plants used fresh (losing activity by drying) in scurvy, cachexy, dropsy, hypochondria, pituitous asthma, scor- butic rheumatism, pleurisy, colics,' cramps, tooth-ache, &c, in salad, juice, conserve ; they afford an acrid, volatile oil: the fresh root purgative, has been used after poisoning by sublimate; in poultice it blisters. C. officinalis chiefly used. The C. armoracia is the horse- radish, the root still more powerful, a hot stimulant, has equal properties, use- ful for condiment in dropsical and phlegmatic complaints; good external stimulant in palsy, rheumatism, head- ache, gravel, and gout; it raises blis- ters on the skin; the infusion is emetic, used in the above diseases, also hoarse- ness, agues, anorexia, &c. COCHLEARE, ) . HT1„rtTlftll COCHLEARIUM.JAsP°onful- COCHLEARIUM MAGNUM, or AMPLUM. A table-spoon. COCHLEARIUM MEDIOCRE, or MODICUM. A dessert spoon. COCHLEARIUM MINIMUM, or PARVUM. A tea-spoon, or fluid drachm. COCHLEATE. Coiled spirally, like a snail-shell. COCLES. Having but one eye. COCOA. A product of the seeds of the chocolate-tree. COCTION. Digestion, chylifica- tion. COD LIVER OIL. Oleum Jecoris aselli. An oil obtained from the livers of the Morrhua vulgaris, or common cod, formerly called asellus major, and from allied species ; employed in rheu- matism and scrofula. COZCALIS VENA. Branch of the mesenteric vein. COZCUM {ccecus, blind). The blind COL 54 COL pouch, or cul-de-sac, at the commence- ment of the large intestine. CCELIA. The belly, or abdomen; the cavity which contains the intes- tines. C02LIAC. A term applied to an ar- tery—the first branch of the aorta in the abdomen; and to a plexus, a pro- longation of the solar. CCELIAC PASSION. The colic; a discharge of indigested food. CCELUM. The cavity about the an- gle of the eyes. CGERULEUS.- Blue. COFFEA ARABICA, L. The coffee- tree, cultivated in Florida. Dr. Grindel has cured fevers by one scruple of raw coffee in powder, every hour; it con- tains coffeine and a concrete oil. Tor- rified coffee, in substance or usual de- coction, promotes digestion, revives and keeps awake, being antinarcotic, and antidote of opium ; useful in asthma, chronic catarrh, gout, head-ache diarr- hoea, fevers, menstrual suppressions, scrofula, &c. It is astringent, antisep- tic, stimulant at first, sedative after- ward. The abuse produces tremors, nervous diseases, and palsy. Baneful to nervous, hot, choleric, and phthisical persons. COHESION {cohareo, to stick to- gether). The power by which the component particles of a body cohere, or are kept together. It is the opposite to expansion. COHOSH, BLACK. Maerotrys race- mosa; deobstruent. Dr. Morrow high- ly recommends it in female diseases. j COHOSH, BLUE. Caulophyllum ' thahctroides; antispasmodic, stimulant. COHOSH. WHITE and RED. Actaea rubra and alba; deobstruent, narcotic. COITUS {coire, to go together). The conjunction of the sexes. COIX LACHRYMA. Job's-tear. T. COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE. Mea- dow-saffron, a bulbous plant, used by the ancients under the name of hermo- dactyllus. The juice of the bulb is very poisonous to dogs, hence the Dutch name hundes hoden, and the French name tue-chien. All the species of colchicum yield the alkaloid veratria. COLD. 1. As heat exists in all bodies, the term cold has only a nega- tive sense, implying a greater or less privation of heat. 2. In employing | cold as a remedial agent, its proximate or physical effects must be distinguished from its remote, or physiological; the former are of a sedative, the latter of a stimulant nature. 3. A popular name for catarrh. COLEOPTILE. From koleos, an en- velope, and ptilon, a bud. COLEORRHIZE. From koleos, an envelope, and riza, a root. COLIC. Pain about the umbilicus, many varieties. COLICA. The colic. A painful af- fection of the colon, without inflamma- tion or fever. COLLAPSE {collabor, to shrink down). More or less sudden failure of the circulation, or vital powers, as of the brain, or of the whole system. COLLATERAL. Erector muscles of the penis. COLLI MUSCULI. Muscles of the neck. COLLINSIA VERNA. Tall pink. COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS.— Horseweed. Heal-all. An indigenous plant. A decoction of the fresh root is used in domestic practice as a diuretiG and diaphoretic, and the leaves are em- ployed as a cataplasm to wounds, bruises, &c. COLLINUS. Growing on hills. COLLIQUATIVE. A profuse sweat or diarrhoea, symptomatic and critical, occurring in fevers. COLLYRIUM. Formerly, a solid substance applied to the eyes; now, a liquid wash, or eye-water. COLOCYNTH. Bitter apple of Alep- po, bitter cucumber; its extract a ca- thartic. COLOMBA. The root of the coccu- lus palmatus. COLOMBO. A stomachic bitter from Ceylon. COLOMBO, AMERICAN. Frasera verticillata. COLON. The first of the large in- testines, commencing at the ccecum, and terminating at the rectum. It is dis- tinguished into the right lumbar, or as- cending colon ; the arch of the colon, or transverse colon ; the left lumbar, or descending colon; and the sigmoid flexure, or left iliac colon. COLOQUINTIDA. Colocynth COLPOCELE. Hernia of the bladder through the vagina. COM 55 COM COLTSFOOT. The vernacular name of the tussilago farfara. COLUMBIUM. A metal, tantalum. COLUMNS CARNEvE. Muscles in the heart. , COLUMNiE NASI. Lower part oi the septum nasi. COLUMNiE SEPTI PALATI. Arch on each side of the uvula. COLUTEA ARBORESCENS. Blad- der senna. A European plant, the leaflets of which have slight purgative properties, and are sometimes used as a substitute for senna. COLUTEA VESICARIA. Senna herb. COMA. Lethargy or stupor, occur- ring in disease. In botany, a tuft of bracts, or the top of a spike of flowers. COMATOSE {coma, drowsiness). Af- fected with coma or drowsiness. COMANDRA, N. Thesium um- bellatum, L. Toad-flax. Used for fe- vers by the Algic tribes. COMARUM PALUSTRA. March fivefinger. COMBUSTIBLE. Capable of being I burned. . COMBUSTION. Burning with flame; COMBUSTION, SPONTANEOUS. Arising from chemical decompositions and combinations, occurring without foreign agency. . COMFREY. Symphytum officinalis. Demulcent, balsamic. COMMELINA, L. Dayflower. We have ten species blended under C. Vir- ginia and C. communis, forming even Peculiar genera, Ananthopus, Allotna, nephrallus, Raf. All equivalent Root antifebrile; leaves eaten by the Indians as greens, emollient, pectoral, and ano- dyne. The blossoms afford a fine azure blue, by a peculiar process, called Hoo- saki in Japan. . * ,_ i COMMINUTED {commtnuo, to break in pieces). A term applied to a frac- ture, when the bone is broken into several pieces; also to any substance which has been ground into minute par- 1 COMMINUTION. Pounding, brui- ""cOMMISSURA {commito, to unite). A term applied to the converging fibres which unite the hemispheres of the brain 1 Commissura anterior et pos- terior Two white cords situated across the anterior and posterior parts of the third ventricle. 2. Commissura magna. The commissure of the corpus callosum, so called from its being the largest. 3. Commissura mollis. The name of the gray mass which unites the thalami. COMMISSURE. Angular union of the mouth, the labiae pudendi, eyelids, &c, a suture or joint, and also a part in the brain. COMMON. Any part is common which includes or sustains several parts similar among themselves. COMMON GREAT PLANTAIN, or PLANTAGO MAJOR. Astringent. COMMON LADY'S-SMOCK. Diu- retic ; the roots are cathartic. COMMON SORREL. An inspissated juice; makes a plaster which destroys tumors and incipient cancers; to be ap- plied on-leather: it is very painful to bear. _ m, CQMMUNICANS TIB.E. The ex- ternal saphenal branch of the tibial nerve COMMUNICATING ARTERY OF WILLIS. A branch of the internal ca- ^COMMUNIS DUCTUS CHOLEDO- CHUS. Common duct formed by the union of the cystic and hepatic, enter- ing into the duodenum. COMOSE. Sessile bracts. COMPATIBLE. Medicines which may be mixed in the stomach without decomposing each other.__ COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. Re- lating to the structure and physiology of animals. . . COMPLETE. Applied to inguinal hernia, when it protrudes through the abdominal ring. COMPLEXUS {complector, to com- prise). A muscle situated at the back part of the neck. It is so named from the intricate mixture of its muscular and tendinous parts. From the irregu- larity of its origins, it has been termed complexus implicatus trigeminus. Albi- nus distinguishes it into two parts. COMPLICATED FRACTURE.- When dislocation or injury of a joint occurs in connection with fracture. COMPOSITUS. Compound. COMPOSITE. The synantherous tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herba- ceous plants or shrubs with leaves al- ternate or opposite; flowers (called CON 56 CON florets) unisexual or hermaphrodite, collected in dense heads upon a com- mon receptacle, surrounded by an in- volucrum ; florets monopetalous; an- thers syngenesious ; ovarium one-celled; fruit a dry, indehiscent pericarp, termed achenium or cypsela. COMPOTES. Fruits preserved with sugar; generally stone fruits. COMPOUND. Made up of similar simple parts. COMPOUND FLOWERS. Such as are in the class syngenesia, having florets with united anthers. COMPOUND FRACTURE. When the end of the fractured bone is forced through the skin, or lacerates the soft parts. COMPOUND LEAF. When several leafets grow on one petiole. COMPOUND MEDICINES. Made of more agents than one. COMPOUND PEDUNCLE. A divi- ded flower stalk. COMPOUND PETIOLE. A divided ipof fitfilk COMPOUND RACEME. When several racemes grow along the side of a peduncle. COMPOUND UMBEL. Having the fieduncle subdivided into peduncles of esser umbels. COMPRESS {comprimo, to press). A pad of folded linen, lint, fee, which surgeons place where they wish to make a pressure, &c. COMPRESSED. Flattened. COMPRESSION. Condition of the brain after fractures of the skull, in which there is either depression of the bone or internal hemorrhage; a state resembling apoplexy. COMPRESSOR {comprimo, to press). A muscle which compresses a part, as that of the nose, and of the urethra. COMPTONIA ASPLENIFOLIA.— Sweet fern. Can make ink. Boiled in milk good for all fluxes, tooth-ache, and sore mouth. CONCAVE. Hollow. CONCENTRATION. Depriving acids or spirits of their water by distillation. CONCEPTACLE. Single-valved cap- sule. CONCEPTION. First act of utero- gestation, or pregnancy. CONCHOLOGY. The science which treats of shells. CONCHA AURIS. Large cavity of the external ear. CONCOCTION. Act of boiling, so- lution of food in the stomach. CONCRETION. Calculus, growing together. CONCUSSION. A shock given to the brain or other organs, as by a blow or fall. CONDENSATION. Diminishing the the bulk of a body, as by converting gases into liquids, and liquids into sol- ids, fee. CONDENSED ALR. Made dense by pressure. CONDENSED VAPOR. Becoming fluid by contact with a cold body or the atmosphere. CONDENSER. An invention to ob- tain the properties of vegetables in a concentrated state. There is a boiler similar to a common still. In this is placed either water or common spirits, which is placed over the furnace, which boils it. The steam passes through the tube, to the vessel, into which the roots, herbs, or barks are placed, and securely covered. At the bottom of this, a tube passes out to carry off the concentrated liquor. A strainer is placed over the tube, to pre- vent the vegetables from falling on the mouth of the tube, and thus choke it up. The vessel which contains the articles musf be placed in a vessel or tub of water, for the purpose of condensing the steam as it passes through the ve- getables. The cover of this vessel must be well secured, and made tight with putty, to prevent any escape of the steam. When an extract is required, the liquor must be slowly evaporated to the consistency of honey. When a syrup is required, it must be boiled with a proper quantity of sugar. CONDUCTOR. A surgical director, or grooved instrument. CONDUIT. A canal. CONDYLE. ) Processes and foram- CONDYLOID. j ina of certain bones. CONDYLOMA. Wartlike excres- cence about the anus or pudendum. CONE. A scaly fruit like that of the pine. See Strobilum. CONEIN. Alkaloid of conium. CONFECTIO SENNA. Confection of senna. Lenitive electuary. Senna gviij.; coriander seed, §iv.; liquorice- CON 57 CON root, bruised, §iij.; figs, lbj.; pulp of prunes, pulp of tamarinds, pulp of pur- ging cassia, of each, lbss.; refined su- gar, lbijss.; water, Oj. Rub the senna and coriander together, and separate ten ounces of the powder with a sieve.— "Boil the residue with the figs and liquorice-root, in the water, to one half; then press out and strain. Evaporate the strained liquor, by means of a water bath, to a pint and a half; then add the sugar, and form a syrup. Lastly, rub the pulps with the syrup gradually added, and, having thrown in the sifted powder, beat all together until thorough- ly mixed." Ph. U. S. An excellent laxative in habitual costiveness. Dose a teaspoonful. CONFECTION. Conserve, soft elec- tuary with sugar. CONFERVA, L. Watermoss. Can make paper; used for cooling lozenges in China; mucilaginous. CONFLUENT {confluo, to flow to- gether), Running together. It is ap- plied to the exanthemata when the pustules run together In botany, it signifies growing together, and is synonymous with connate, cohering, fee. CONFORMATION. Structure. CONGELATION. Solidification, freezing. CONGENITAL {con, wi{h, genitus, begotten). Born with. A term applied to diseases or peculiarities of conforma- tion existing at birth. CONGESTIVE FEVER. Fever de- pending upon internal congestion. CONGESTION {congero, to amass). Undue fulness of the bloodvessels. By passive congestion is denoted torpid stag- nation of the blood, observed in organs whose power of resistance has been greatly exhausted. CONGLOBATE {conglobo, to gather into a ball). The designation of a gland of a globular form, like those of the absorbent system. CONGLOMERATE. {Conglomero, to heap together). The designation of a gland composed of various glands, hav- ing a common excretory duct, as the pa- rotid, pancreas, &c. CONIA. The active principle of hemlock, in which it exists in combina- tion with an acid called the coniic acid. CONIC. With a broad base, grad- ually narrowing to the top like a sugar- loaf. CONIFERS. The fir or cone-bear- ing tribe of dycotyledonous plants.— Trees or shrubs with a stem abounding with resin; leaves linear, acerose, or lanceolate; flowers monoecious, or dioe- cious ; ovarium in the cones, spread open, appearing like a flat scale, desti- tute of style or stigma; fruit a solitary naked seed or a cone ; seeds with a hard crustaceous integument. CONIFEROUS. Bearing cones. CONI VASCULOSI. Vascular cones ; the conical convolutions of the vasa ef- ferentia. They constitute the epididy- mis. CONIUM MACULATUM. The common or spotted hemlock; an um- belliferous plant, termed cicuta by the Latin authors.. See Hemlock." CONJUNCTIVA {conjungo, to unite). Adnata tunica. The mucous membrane which lines the posterior surface of the eyelids, and is continued over the fore- part of the globe of the eye. CONJUNCTIVA GRANULAR. A disease of the eye, a sequel of purulent ophthalmia. I CONJUGATE {conjugatus, yoked to- gether). Growing in a pair. CONNATE. Opposite, with the ba- ses united or growing into one, forming the appearance of one leaf. Anthers are sometimes connate. CONNATUS {connascor, to be born together). Connate. Born with an- other ; congenital. A term applied in botany- to two opposite leaves united at their bases, as in. the garden honey- suckle. CONNIVENT. Converging, the ends inclining towards each other. CONOCARPUS ERECTA, L. But- ton-bush. * South Florida to Brazil; root antisphylitic in decoction. CONOSTYLIS AMERICANA. Weed-grass. CONSTIPATION {constipo, to crowd together, from con and stipo to cram). Obstipatio. Costiveness; confinement of the bowels; constipation; the con- tents of the bowels being so crammed together as to obstruct the passage. CONSTITUTION {constituo, to es- tablish). A state of being; the temper of the body, natural qualities, &c. CON 58 CON CONSTITUTIONAL. Inherent in the constitution. CONSTRICTOR {constringo, to bind together). A muscle which contracts any opening of the body, as that of the pharynx. CONSUMPTION {consumo, to waste away). Wasting of the body; phthisis, or marasmus. CONTAGION {contingo to touch one another). The propagation of disease from one individual to another; proper- ly, by contact. Compare Infection. CONTAGIOUS. Capable of being communicated by contact. CONTINENT. Chaste, temperate. CONTINUITY. Direct connection, as identity of surface. CONTINUOUS. Uninterrupted. CONTINUOUS SYMPATHY. Prop- agation of disease upon the same mu- cous membrane, or other continuous sur- CONTORTED. Twisted. CONTRACTILITY {contraho, to draw together). The property by which bodies contract; irritability of muscular fibre. CONTRACTION {contraho, to draw together). A rigid state of the joints. Also, a decrease of volume, the usual effect of a diminution of heat. CONTRA - INDICATION— ( contra, against, and indico, to show). Circum- stances which forbid the exhibition of a remedy, as where a remedy is incompat- ible with the symptoms, or with another remedial agent. CONTRAJERVA {contrayerva, In- dian-Spanish for alexipharmic). A spe- cies of dorstenia, to which the contra- yerva-root was formerly referred : but Dr. Pereira says that the root of this species is not met with in commerce. See Dorstenia. CONTRA-STIMULANT. A medi- cine supposed to be directly sedative, without being preceded by any stimu- lating effect. CONTUSION. A bruise. CONVALESCENT. Recovering from sickness. CONVALLARIA BIFOLIA. Dwarf Solomon's-seal. CONVALLARIA BOREALIS. Wild lily-of-the-valley, dragonsplant. CONVALLARIA CANICULATA.— Clasping Solomon's-seal. CONVALLARIA LILIUM ALBUM. The common white lily. CONVALLARIA MAJALIS, L. Lily- of-the-valley. Mountains Alleghany. Flowers very fragrant, sternutatory. CONVALLARIA MULTIFLORA.— Giant Solomon's-seal. CONVERGENT. In strabismus, the eye being turned inward. CONVERGING. Approaching or bending towards each other. CONVEX. Swelling out in a round- ish form. CONVEXITY. Rotundity, a circular protuberance. CONVOLUTA {convolvo, to wrap to- gether). Convulute. A term applied to the upper and lower turbinated bones of the nose. CONVOLUTE. Rolled into a cylin- dric form, as leaves in the bud. CONVOLUTED. Rolled, twisted, as the spongy bones of the nose, folds of the intestines, convolutions of the brain, fee. CONVOLUTION {convolvo, to roll to- gether). The state of anything which is rolled upon itself. Hence the term is applied to the windings and turnings of the cerebrum, called gyri; and to the foldings of tbe small intestines. CONVOLVULACEiE. The bind- weed tribe of dycotelodonous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves alternate ; flowers regular, monopetalous ; stamens inserted into the base of the corolla; ova- rium superior, 2-4 celled; seeds albu- minous. CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS. Bind- weed. CONVOLVULUS BATATAS. Sweet potato. Cultivated from New Jersey to Louisiana. Healthy comestible, boiled, roasted, cakes, pies, bread; taste like chestnut. Containing water, starch, sugar, and ferment. C. Brasiliensis in Florida, leaves antifebrile. C. arvensis is slightly purgative, and dyes yellow. C. Sepium is purgative. CONVOLVULUS PANDURATUS. Wild potato-vine, man-of-the-earth. A tea is recommended in gravel, strangu- ary, dropsy, fee. It has been used for consumptive coughs and asthma. CONVOLVULUS PURPUREUS.— Common morning-glory. CONVOLVULUS SPITHAMEUS Dwarf morning-glory. COR 59 COR CONVOLVULUS REPENS. Field bindweed. CONVOLVULUS TRICOLOR. Three-colored bindweed. CONVOLVUS JALAPA. The for- mer name of the jalap plant. The drug is now said to be yielded by the ipomaa purga, and probably by other species. CONVOLVUS SCAMMONIA. The plant, whose root yields the hard, brit- tle, ash-colored resin called scammony. It contains a substance called convolvu- lin, supposed to be a vegetable alkali. CONVULSION {convello, to pull to- gether). Spasm. Violent involuntary contractions of the muscles, with alter- nate relaxations, commonly called Jits. CONYZA, L. Plowmanwort. Sev- eral species, with strong balsamic smell, stimulant, antispasmodic, nervine. COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS. Bal- sam of copaiva ; fifteen drops in a little sweetened milk twice a day is useful in gleet, fluor albus, &c. COPAIVA BALSAM. A balsam ob- tained by making incisions into the stems of several species of Copaifera. 1. Resin of Copaiva. A brown resi- nous mass, left after the balsam has been deprived of its volatile oil by dis- tillation. It consists of two resins; the one, a yellow, brittle resin, called co- paivic acid ; the other, the viscid resin of copaiva. 2. Gelatine Capsules of Copaiva.— Capsules formed of a concentrated solu- tion of gelatine, and containing each about ten grains of the balsam of co- paiva. COPAL. A resin obtained from the hymenaa courbaril, and also termed jatahy or jatchy. COPALCHI BARK- The bark of the Croton pseudo—China of Schiede. It has some resemblance to Cascarilla. COPPER. A metal; preparations used in medicine. COPPERAS. Sulphates of iron and copper, green and blue. COPPER NICKEL. A native arse- niuret. COPTIS. Add. The Tissavoyane jaune of the Canadians, the roots and leaves dye skins, wool, and flax, yel- low. Kalm. COPTIS TRIFOLIA. Gold-thread. COPULA. A ligament. COPULATION. The act of venery. CORACO BRACHIALIS. A muscle of the arm. CORACO HYOIDES. Muscle of the os hyoides. CORACOID. A process of the sca- pula. CORALLINA. Plants, not diurnals. Equivalent of fucus and spongia. Ver- mifuge and absorbent; many species. The C. officinalis contains carbonate of lime and magnesia, gelatine, albumen, sea-salts, &c. CORALLORHIZA. General proper- ties anodyne, emollient, and febrifuge, Odontorhiza, dragon's-claw, crawly heven-root; balsamic, stomachic, febri- fuge. CORAL OR CRAWLY. Coralorhiza odontorhiza. Carminative, stomachic. CORALLORHIZA HIEMALIS. Dou- ble-bulbed corallohiza. See Barton, table 52. CORCjEA LUTITIANA. Enchant- ers' night-shade. CORCULUM or CORCLE. The em- bryo or miniature of the future plant. CORDA TYMPANI. Nerve of the ear, vidian branch of the portio dura. CORDIALS {cor, the heart). Car- diacs. Warm medicines; medicines which increase the action of the-heart, or quicken the circulation. CORD UMBILICAL. The funis, connecting the foetus in utero with the placenta. CORE. The slough occurring in phlegmonous inflammation, a gangrene of a portion of cellular tissue. COREOPSIS ROSEA. Rose-colored coreopsis. COREOPSIS TINCTORIA. Dyeing coreopsis. See Barton, table 45. COREOPSIS VERTICILLATA.— Whorled-leaved coreopsis. See Bar- ton, plate 73. CORIACEOUS. Resembling leather; thick. CORIANDRI SEMINA. Coriander seeds; aromatic. CORIANDER SEED. Coriandrum sativum. Carminative, stomachic. CORIANDRUM SATIVUM. The officinal coriander; an umbelliferous plant, yielding the fruit erroneously called coriander seeds. CORN {cornu, a horn). Clavus. Spina pedis. A horny induration of the skin, generally formed on the toes. COR 60 COR CORNEA {cornu, a horn). Cornea pellucida. The anterior transparent portion of the globe of the eye. CORNEA OPACA. A term formerly applied to the sclerotica. CORNEITIS, CERATITIS, KERA- TITIS. Inflammation of the cornea. CORNEOUS {cornu, a horn). Horny. CORNUA. Horny excrescences. CORNU CERVI. Stag's or hart's- horn; the horn of the cervus elaphus, formerly so much used for the prepara- tion of ammonia, that the alkali was com- monly called salt or spirit of hartshorn. CORNU USTI, SPIRITUS. The re- sult of the destructive distillation of hartshorn. CORNUS. A genus of plants of the natural order Cornacea. CORNUS ALBA. White dogwood. CORNUS CANADENSIS. Dog- wood. CORNUS CIRCINATA. Round- leaved dogwood. An indigenous plant, the bark of which is employed as a tonic and astringent. CORNUS FLORIDA. Dogwood. An indigenous plant, believed to possess medicinal properties closely analogous to those of Peruvian bark. It is given in powder, decoction, and extract. CORNUS PAUCULATA. Bush dog- wood. CORNUS SANGUINEA. Common dogwood. CORNUS SERICEA. This is also an indigenous species, and has the same medicinal properties as the pre- ceding. Tea excellent for pregnant sickness. COROLLA. The petals of a flower. CORONA CILIARIS. The ciliary ligaments of the eye. CORONARY. Arteries and veins proper to the heart; also certain liga- ments. CORONA GLANDIS. Prominent margin of the glans penis. CORONAL SUTURE. The first su- ture or joining of the skull. It reaches transversely from one temporal to the other. CORONARY VEIN. Vessels spread externally over the heart, to supply it with blood. CORONOPUS DIDYMA. Swine's- cress. CORONOID. A process of the ulna. CORPORA ALBICANTIA {albico, to become white). Two white bodies of the cerebrum, situated behind the gray substance from which the infundibulum arises. They are also called corpora candicantia, and mammillary or pisiform til nprclpR CORPORA. Bodies applied techni- cally to numerous prominences in the brain and elsewhere. CORPORA GENICULATA {genicu- lum, a knot). Two knotty prominences, the external and the internal, at the in- ferior surface of the thalami nervorum opticorum. CORPORA OLIVARIA. Two olive- shaped eminences of the medulla ob- longata. On making a section of the corpus olivare, an oval medullary sub- stance is seen, surrounded by cineritious matter, and called corpus dentatum emi- nentia olivaris. , CORPORA PYRAMIDALIA. Two small pyramidal eminences of the me- dulla oblongata. CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA (four double). Four eminences (tubercula) of the brain, supporting the pineal gland, formerly called nates and testes. CORPORA RESTIFORMIA {restis, a cord). Two cord-like processes, ex- tending from the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum. CORPORA SESAMOIDEA. Another name for the corpuscula arantii, from their being of the size of sesamum seeds. CORPORA STRIATA {stria, a streak) v Two streaky eminences in the lateral ventricle, termed by Gall the great su- perior ganglion of the brain. CORPULENT. Enlarged abdomen from fat about the omentum. CORPULENCY {corpus, the body). An excessive increase of the body from accumulation of fat. CORPUS. A body. Plural, corpora. CORPUS CALLOSUM. The firm substance uniting the base of the hemi- spheres of the brain. CORPUSCULUM (dim. of corpus, a body). A corpuscle, or little body. CORPUSCULA ARANTII. A desig- nation of three small hard tubercles, situated on the point of the valves of the aorta. They are also called corpora sesamoidea, from their being of the size t of the sesamum seeds. COR 61 COS CORPUS CAVERNOSUM. Found in the body of the penis. CORPUS CAVERNOSUM VA- GINAE. The erectile tissue of the va- gina. CORPUS FIMBRIATUM. Fringe at the angles of the fornix in the brain. CORPUS HIGHMORIANUM. Prom- inence on the top of the testis. CORPUS LUTEUM {luteus, yellow). The cicatrix left in the ovarium, in con- sequence of the bursting of a Graafian vesicle CORPUS MUCOSUM. Rete muco- sum. A soft, reticulated substance, first described by Malpighi as situated between the cuticle and cutis, and giving the proper color to the skin, being black in the negro, yellow in the Chinese, and copper-colored in the abo- riginal Americans. CORPUS PAMPINIFORME {pam- pinus, a tendril). A tendril-like plexus of the spermatic vein. CORPUS PSALLOIDES. Another name for the lyra, considered by Gall as the general union of the communi- cating filaments of the fornix. CORPUS RHOMBOIDEUM. Gan- glion of the cerebellum, a gray body observed in the centre of the white substance of the cerebellum, if an in- cision be made through the outer third of the organ. CORPUS SPONGIOSUM {spongia, a sponge). A lengthened body situated in the groove upon the under surface of the two corpora cavernosa. CORRECTIVE. An article super- added to a prescription, to modify its action, as an aromatic to a purgative. CORRIGENS. A constituent part of a medicinal formula, " that which cor- rects its operation.' CORROBORANTS {corroboro, to strengthen). Remedies which impart strength. CORRODE. To destroy by escha- rotics. CORROSIVES {corrodo, to eat away). Substances which have the power of wearing away or consuming bodies, as caustics, escharotics, &c. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE {corro- do, to eat aw"ay). The bi-chloride of mercury, formerly called the oxymu- riate. CORRUGATION {corrugo, to wnn-. kle). The contraction of the surface of the body into wrinkles. CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII. A muscle which knits and contracts the brow into wrinkles. CORRUPTION. Pus, putridity. CORSICAN WORMWEED. Fucus helminthocorton. This plant grows on the coast of the Mediterranean, and especially on the island of Corsica. This plant (the whole of which may be used) is possessed of very powerful vermifuge properties, which act very powerfully upon the intestinal worms. It is principally administered to chil- dren, for the expulsion of the lumbri- coid worms. The dose of the powder is from ten grains to two drachms, mixed with honey, &c. CORTEX. Any bark, but ordinarily applied by way of eminence to the Pe- ruvian bark. CORTICAL. Belonging to the bark. CORTICAL SUBSTANCE. The ex- terior part of the brain, also termed ci- neritious ; and of the kidney. CORYDALIS. Helmet-like. CORYLUS AMERICANA, L. Ha- zelnut, filberts. Good fruit, giving re- lief in nephritis; affords much oil of a bad smell, anodyne, odontalgic. CORYLUS AVELLANA. ' Filbert. CORYLUS RUSTRATA. Beaked- hazel. CORYMB. Inflorescence, in which the flower-stalks spring from different heights on the common stem, forming a flat top. CORYZA. An inflammatory affection of the mucous membrane lining the nose, and its contiguous cavities, usual- ly arising from cold. It is also called gravedo, nasal catarrh, cold in the head, stffuing in the head, &c. CORSICAN MOSS. The Gigartina helmintho-corton, a cryptogamic plant, of the order alga, used in Corsica as a remedy for intestinal worms. COSMETIC. A remedy which im- proves the complexion, and removes blotches and freckles. COSTA {custodio, to guard). A rib. The ribs are divided into— 1. The true, or sterno-vertebral. The first seven pairs ; so called because they are united by their cartilages to the sternum; these are called custodes, or the preservers of the heart. COU 62 COW 2. The false, or vertebral. The re- I maining five pairs, which are success- ively united to the lowest true rib, and to each other. 3. The vertebral extremity of a rib is called the head ; the contracted part which adjoins it forms the neck ; at the back of the rib is the tubercle ; further outward the bone bends forward, pro- ducing the angle, from which proceeds the body, which passes forwards and downwards to the sternal extremity. COSTiE. The ribs. COSTALIS PLEURA. That portion of the pleura which lines the ribs. COSTATE. Ribbed. COSTIVENESS. Another term for constipation, or confinement of the bowels. COTTON. The hairy covering- of the seeds of several species of gossypium. COTULA. Ph. U. S. The herb of anthemis cotula. May-weed. This plant possesses the same properties as chamomile, and is given in the same form. COTYLEDON. The seed-lobe of a plant. Plants have been distinguished with reference to the number of their cotyledons, into dicotyledonous, or those which have two cotyledons in their seeds; mono-cotyledonous, or those which have only one ; and a-cotyledo- nous, or those which have none. COTYLEDONS. (From kotule, a cavity). Seed lobes. The fleshy part of seeds which in most plants rises out of the ground, and forms the first leaves, called seminal or seed leaves. These lobes, in the greatest proportion of plants, are two in number; they are very conspicuous in the leguminous seeds, as beans, peas, &c. The coty- ledons are externally convex, internally flat, and enclose the embryo or princi- ple of life, which it is their office to protect and nourish. COTYLOID. Cavity, as the aceta- bulum. COTYLOID LIGAMENT. Surround- ing border of the acetabulum. COUCHING. The depression of a c 31 firjic t COUNTER-EXTENSION. Applying force to the opposite extremities of a fractured bone, or supporting the body while extension is used in reducing dis- locations, as of the hip or shoulder. COUNTER-IRRITATION. Antago- nism. The production of an artificial or secondary disease, in order to relieve another or primary one. Dr. Parry calls this the " cure of diseases by con- version." But as the secondary dis- ease is not always a state of irritation, Dr. Pereira suggests the use of some other term, as counter-morbific. The practice is also called derivation and f evulsion. COUNTER-OPENING. Contra-aper- tura. An opening made in a second part of an abscess, opposite to a first, or for extracting a ball from a gun-shot wound. COUP-DE-SANG. Blood-stroke; an instantaneous and universal congestion, without any escape of blood from the vessels. This is a form of haemorrhage, occurring in the brains, the lungs, and in most of the other organs of the body. COUP-DE-SOLEIL. Sun-stroke. An affection of the head, produced by the rays of the sun. COUPEROSE {cuprum, copper, rosa, a rose). Goutte-rose. The acne, or gutta rosacea, or carbuncled face; so named from the redness of the spots. COWHAGE. Dolichos pruriens. The operation of this article seems to be merely mechanical. It has been found particularly useful in expelling the round worm, lumbricus teres ; the spiculae irritating and aiding its expul- sion, by wounding it without affecting the intestines. It is prepared by dip- ping the pods in syrup or molasses, and then with a knife scraping off the hairs along with the syrup, until they form a mixture of the thickness of syrup. COW-PARSNIP. Heracleum sphon- dylium. Recommended in epilepsy and flatulence. Give freely a strong de- coction. COW-PARSNIP LEAVES, AND ROOTS. Heracleum lanatium. Car- minative, diuretic. COW-PARSNIP SEED. Heracleum lanatium; carminative, aromatic. COWPER'S GLANDS. Accessory glands. Two small granulated glandu- lar bodies placed parallel to each other before the prostate. COW-POX. The vernacular name for vaccinia, from its having been de- rived from the cow. | COW-TREE. Pala de vaca. A tree CRA 63 ' CRE which yields, by incision, a glutinous sap or vegetable milk. COWSLIP. See Caltha. COXALGIA. Pain of the hip or haunch. COX.ELUVIUM {coxa, the hip, lavo, to wash). The hip-bath, or demi-bain of the French, in which the patient is immersed as high as to the umbilicus or hip. CRAB YAWS. Excrescences on the soles of the feet. CRAMP {krempen, German, to con- tract) . Spasm; violent contraction of tne muscles CRAMP BARK, HIGH CRANBER- RY. Virburnum oxyconus. Anti- spasmodic. " A strong tea, drank free- ly, is very effectual," says Smith, " in relaxing cramps and spasms of all kinds." CRANIOLOGY. A description of the skull. CRANIUM. The skull, or cavity which contains the brain, its mem- branes, and vessels. The inner and outer surfaces of the bones are com- posed of compact layers, called the ex- ternal or fibrous, and the internal, or vitreous, tables of the skull. There is an intermediate cellular texture, termed diploe, which is similar to the cancelli of other bones. CRASSAMENTUM {crassus, thick). The cruor, or clot of blood, consisting of fibrin and red globules. CRATAEGUS, L. Hawthorn, thorn- trees. Many species. Fruits of seve- ral edible : red or yellow, acid or sweetish, making fine stomachic pre- serves ; useful for diarrhoea, and anti- emetic; such are Cr. coccinea, Cr. to- mentosa, Cr. crusgalli. The leaves and flowers of this last, used as pectoral in coughs and whooping-cough, as a tea; the shrub makes fine hedges. CRATAEGUS COCCINEA. Thorn- bush. CRATAEGUS CRUSGALLI. Thorn- tree, cockspur-thorn. CRAT^GUS OXYACANTHA.— Quickset-hawthorn, CRATAEGUS PARVIFOLIA. Low- thorn. CRATAEGUS PUNCITATA. Com- mon thorn-tree. CRATAEGUS PYRIFOLIA. Pear leaf-thorn. CREAM OF TARTAR. Cremor tartari. The purified bi-tartrate of potash. CRANESBILL. Geranium macula- turn. Astringent; tea good for flux and fluor albus. CREASOTE or CREOSOTE. An oily, colorless, transparent liquid, dis- covered first in pyroligneous acid, and subsequently in the different kinds of tar. Its name is derived from its pre- venting the putrefaction of meat or fish, when dipped in it. CREEPING. Running horizontally; stems are sometimes creeping, as also roots. CREMASTER. A muscle which draws up the testis. CREMOCARPE. (From kremao, to suspend, and karpos, fruit). A name given by Mirbel to a genus of fruits. CREMOR PTISANjE. The thick juice of barley ; panada water ; gruel of frumenty.—Celsus. CRENATE. Scalloped, notches on the margin of a leaf wbich do not point towards either the apex or base. CRENULATE. Finely crenate. CREPITATION {crepito, to creak). The grating sensation, or noise, occa- sioned by pressing the finger upon a part affected with emphysema; or by the ends of a fracture when moved ; or by certain salts during calcination. CREPITUS. Grating of the ends of fractured bones ; also the peculiar res- piratory rattle heard in auscultating the chest, like that produced by blowing into a dried bladder, or throwing salt on fire. CRESCENT-FORM. Resembling a half-moon. CRESTED. Having an appearance like a cock's comb. CREST OF THE ILIUM. Superior margin of the pelvis. CREST OF THE TIBIA. Shin, spine, or anterior edge of the tibia. CRETA. Chalk; a friable carbo- nate of lime. CRETA PR.EPARATA. Prepared chalk. This is common chalk, the coarser particles of which have been removed by washing. CRETINISM. Imperfect develope- ment of the brain, with mental imbe- cility, usually conjoined with bron- chocele, observed in the valleys of Switzerland and on the Alps. CRO 64 CUB CRIBRIFORM {cribrum, a sieve). Sieve-like ; a term applied to the plate of the ethmoid bone. CRICO-ARYTiENOID. ) Muscles of CRICO-PHARYNGEI. J the CRICO-THYROIDES. ) throat. CRICOID. Ring-like, or annular : a cartilage of the larynx. CRINITUS. Long-haired. CRINUM AMERICANUM, Lin.— Louisiana squill. Splendid plant, sub- stituted to squills like the Cr. latifolium of East Indies, but weaker. CRISIS. The turning point of a Qise3.se CRISTA GALLI. Process of the aethmoid bone. CRITICAL. Applied to certain symp- toms and to certain periods of disease supposed to indicate a crisis. CROCUS SATIVUS. Saffron crocus. CROSSWORT. Cruccata. A tea is said to be useful in coughs, by promo- ting expectoration. CROTCHET. An obstetrical instru- ment used in extracting a dead foetus. CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS. Rat- tle box. CROTON, L. Several species pro- duce the cascarilla bark, Cr. eleutherea, Cr. cascarilla, Cr. odorifera, and Cr. balsamifera; the first two grow in Flor- ida and Babama. Bark aromatic, fra- grant, smoke musky, taste pungent, bitter. It contains resin, volatile oil, mucilage, and a bitter principle. Tonic, carminative, stimulant, pectoral, ecco- protic, &c, useful in dyspepsia, asthma, fevers, measles, flatulent colic, diarrhoea and dysentery, the thrush of children, putrid and malignant agues, internal haemorrhages. Dose twelve to thirty grains in powder; tincture twenty to sixty drops; it loses the activity by coction. CROTON OIL. A drastic cathartic, also employed externally as a counter- irritant. Procured from a tree in the East Indies. Very efficacious in severe constipation, where other means fail of procuring a passage, as in colic. From one to three drops are a dose, on sugar or in milk, every two hours. CROTON TIGLIUM. Purging cro- ton, the seeds yielding the croton oil. CROUP. Trachitis, cynanche tra- chealis. An inflammation of the mu- cous membrane of the throat, affecting the windpipe, attended with difficulty of breathing, wheezing, fee. CROWDED. Clustered together. CROW-FOOT. Cranesbill. CROWFOOT BUTTERCUPS. Ra- nunculus acris. The bruised root, ap- plied to the skin, produces a blister. Good where a blister is required, in diseases of the joints, and old deep- seated pains. When eruptions strike in, it may be applied, to redden the skin without blistering. CROWNED. See Coronatus. CRURA. Legs, applied to the clito- ris, medulla oblongata, and certain pro- cesses in the brain. CRUCIAL INCISIONS. Crossing each other. CRUCIAL LIGAMENTS. In the knee-joint. CRUCIFORM. (From crux, crucis, a cross.) Four petals placed like a cross. CRUDITY. Undigested food in the stomach. CRURAL. Vessels and nerves be- longing to the leg. CRURAL HERNIA. Protrusion of intestine or omentum under Poupart's ligament, into the femoral ring; femoral hernia. CRURJEUS. ) Muscles of the thigh, CRURALIS. j nerves of the leg. CRUOR. Crassamentum, the venous blood. CRUSTACEOUS. Applied to small crusty substances lying one upon an- other. CRYPTA MINIMA. Mud purslane. CRYPT^E. Concealed mucous fol- CRYSTALLINE. Applied to the lens of the eye, and also to certain pus- tular eruptions. CRYSTALLIZATION. Process of liquids or gases becoming solid in a reg- ular form. CRYPTOGAMOUS. Plants which have stamens and pistils concealed. CUBEBS. A spicy berry from Java, diuretic, and used as a succedaneum for balsam of copaiba. Cubebs, pulver- ized, are useful in discharges from the urethra, gleet, fee. Dose, a teaspoonful three times a day, in molasses or sweet- ened water. CUBIOIDES. A bone in the ankle. CUBITAL. Ulnar artery and vein. CUL 65 CUR CUBIT. A measure from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. CUBITUS. The fore-arm, the elbow. CUCUBALUS BEHEN, L. Campion pink, sea pink. Root anthelmintic, emetic in large doses. CUCULATE. Hooded or cowled, rolled or folded in, as in the spatha of the arum, or wild turnip. CUCUMBER. See Cucumis. " CUCUMIS, L. Several species cul- tivated, chiefly C. sativus, or cucumber, fruit watery, mucilaginous; unhealthy unripe, raw, and pickled : healthy boiled, fried, or stewed ; sedative, laxa- tive : externally raw, refrigerant, emol- lient, and cosmetic ; useful in prickly- heat and ringworms. The C. melo, or muskmelon, delicious fruit, laxative; diminishes transpiration and excites diuresis. The seeds of both cooling in emulsions, and used in strangury, gravel, fevers, &c. CUCUMIS ANGUIRA. Prickly cu- cumber. CUCUMIS COLOCYNTHIS. Bitter- apple. CUCURBIT. A cupping-glass, gourd, body of an alembic, a chemical utensil. CUCURBITA, L. Many species, of- ten spontaneous; cultivated by the In- dian tribes even before Columbus. C. citrulus or watermelon, highly diuretic and refrigerant, useful in fevers, gravel, &c.; too much chills the stomach, like cucumbers. C. verrucosa and C. melo- pepo are the squashes, very healthy boiled. C. lagenaria (gourd or cala- bash) also, rind used for bottles by the Indians. C. pepa, pumpkin, valuable; pulp sweet, healthy; cooked in many ways; excellent with rice {furlata, dish of Italy); the Indians bake a bread of it. CUCURBITA OVIFERA. Egg squash. CUCURBITACEOUS. Resembling gourds or melons. CUDWEED. See Cnaphalium. CULINARY. Appertaining to the kitchen. Suitable preparations of food. CULM, or STRAW. (From the Greek, kalama, stubble, or straw; in Latin culmus.) The stem of grasses, Indian corn, sugar-cane, &c. CULMIFEROUS. Having culms; as wheat, grasses, &c. CULVER'S PHYSIC. Septandria Vir- 5 ginica. Called black-root, brinton-root, bowman-root, &c. A good purgative; it operates with mildness and certainty, without debility. In typhus and bilious fever it is said to remove black, tarry, and morbid matter from the intestines. Dose, a large teaspoonful in half a gill of boiling water, sweetened. If it does not operate, repeat in three hours. CUMINUM CYRUINUM. Cummin. CUMMIN PRATENSE. The cara- way plant, seeds aromatic. CUNEIFORM {cuneus, a wedge, for- ma, likeness). Wedge-like; the name of three bones of the foot, the inner, middle, and outer cuneiform. In botany, wedge-form, with the stalk attached to the point. CUNILA. Dittany, mauna. Stim- ulant, nervine, sudorific, subtonic, vul- nerary, cephalic. The whole plant is used, and taken freely in the form of tea. This plant (moirhtain-dittany, or horse-mint), is a popu'lar remedy throughout the country for colds, head- aches, and whenever it is necessary to excite a gentle perspiration; and is good to promote menstruation. CUPHEA VISCOCISSIMA. Wax- bush, clammy cuphea. See Barton Plate 18. CUPIFERiE {cupula, a small cup). The oak tribe of dycotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers amentaceous, dioecious, apeta- lous; ovarium inferior, enclosed in a cupule; fruit a horny or coriaceous nut. CUPPING. The abstraction of blood by the application of the cupping-glass. CUPRESSUS THYOIDES, L. White cedar. Fruits fragrant; the oil drives off insects and worms. Infusion of the wood stomachic. CUPRUM. Copper. CUPRUM AMMONIACUM. Am- monio-sulphate of copper. CUPULE. A cup, as in the acorn. CURATIVE. Treatment tending to restore health, in contradistinction to palliative, which only mitigates suffer- ing, and to prophylactic, which prevents iiisp3.se CURCUMA LONGA, L. Tumeric. Cultivated in Florida and Louisiana. Valuable yellow dye, principal ingre- dient of curry powder. Weak aromat- ic smell and taste, slightly bitter, ee»>- CYD 66 CYN tie stimulant, diuretic, deobstruent, and hepatic; useful in jaundice, dis- eases of the liver, gravel, chachexy, dropsy, agues, obstructions, menstrual suppressions, &c. Externally it resolves tumors. It dyes saliva and urine yellow. CURD. Coagulum of milk, separated by acids. CURVATURE. Deviation of the spinal column from a straight line. CURVED. Bent inward. CUSCATA AMERICANA, L. — Dodder, devil's gut. From Canada to Brazil: bitterish, subastringent; dyes of a pale red, stomachic, febrifuge, anti- scrofulous ; useful in decoction for agues and scrofula. CUSCUTACIS CIRCINALIS. Sago plant. CUSPARIA CORTEX. Angustura CUSPIDATE. Having a sharp staight point. {The eye-tooth is cuspi- date. CUSPIDATI {cuspis, a point). The canine, or eye-teeth. See Dens. CUTANEOUS. Of or belonging to the skin. CUTANEUS MUSCULIS (cutis skin). A name of the platysma myoi- des, or latisimus colli, a muscle of the neck ; it has the appearance of a very thin fleshy membrane. CUTICLE. The epidermis or scarf- skin ; under this is the cutis vera, or derma, the true skin; and between these is the rete mucosum. In botany, the outside skin of a plant, commonly thin, resembling the scarf or outer skin of animals. It is considered as forming a part of the bark. CUTIS (cutis, the skin). True skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, epi- dermis, or scarf-skin. CUTIS ANSERINA. Goose-flesh, goose-skin. CYANEUS. Blue. CYANUS LUTEUS. Sacred bean of India, Egyptian-bean. See Barton, table 63. CYATHIFORM. Shaped like a com- mon wine-glass. CYCAS CIRCINALIS. An East In- dian palm-tree, the soft centre of which yields a kind of sago. CYDONIA VULGARIS. The com- mon quince, a pomaceous plant, the seeds of which are employed in medi- cine for the sake of their mucilage, which is'called bassorin, or, more strict- ly, cydonin. CYLINDRICAL. A circular shaft of nearly equal dimensions throughout its extent CYMBIDIUM PULCHELLUM. — Grass-pink. CYMBIFORM {cymba, a boat, forma, likeness). Boat-shaped; navicular. CYME. Flower stalks arising from a common centre, afterward variously subdivided. CYMOSE. Inflorescence in cymes. CYNANCHE. Literally, dog-choke. Squinancy, quincy, sore throat, throat disorder. " The disease is supposed by some to be named from its occasioning a noise in breathing, like that made by dogs when being strangled. By others it is said to be from the patient being obliged to breathe like a dog, with open I mouth and protruded tongue."—Forbes. CYNANCHE MALIGNA. Putrid sore throat as in scarlatina. CYNANCHE PAROTIDEA. Mumps. CYNANCHE TONSILLARIS. Quin- sy- CYNANCHE TRACHEALIS. Croup. CYNANCHUM VINCETOXICUM. White swallowwort. A plant of the family apocinaea, formerly esteemed as a counter-poison. The leaves are emetic. CYNAPIA. An alkaloid discovered in the athusa cynapium, or lesser hem- lock. CYNARA, L. Artichoke. Cultiva- ted. Very healthy vegetable, when well cooked; supposed antiphrodisiac ; unhealthy raw. The petioles very good, bleached like celery. CYNODON DACTYLON. Dog's- grass, Bermuda-grass. Root sweet, mucilaginous, aperitive, refrigerant; contains sugar and vanilline. Much used in Europe in decoction, to cool and purify the system. Valuable hay. CYNO.GLOS.SUM, L. Hound's- tongue. Root vulnerary, styptic, used in wounds and fluxes. The leaves are narcotic, smoked like tobacco. The seeds are mucilaginous. CYNOGLOSSUM AMPLEXICAU- LE. Wild confery. CYNOGLOSSUM SYLVATICUM. Green-leaved hound's-tongue. DAR 67 DAU CYPERUS, L. Bullrush. Many species, disliked by cattle; used for mats by the Indians. C. esculentis, or ground-nuts. Roots edible, diuretic, sudorfic, useful after fevers. Emul- sions, mush, cakes, coffee, and choco- late made of them by different prepa- rations, besides a fine golden sweet oil. C. hydra (nut-grass, or horse-grass of the South) is a bad weed, roots like horsehair, with round nuts equal to the last in part; it spoils fields, but consol- idates sandy soils. The C. articulatus of Florida (adrue in Jamaica) has roots stimulant, aromatic ; equivalent to aris- tolochia serpentaria. C. odoratus, C. comprtssus, and C. strinosus, equiva- lent of it; roots edible. CYPERUS FLAVESCENS. Yel- low-grass. D^EMONOMANIA. Insanity with- 6ut any visible cause, anciently as- cribed to demoniac possession DAISY. See Chrysanthemum Leu- canthemum, and Bellis. DALIBARDA FRAGAROIDES. Dry strawberry. Astringent, refrigerant, febrifuge, and stomachic. DALIBARDA REPENS. Spice-root, false violet. DALPHIRUM. Several species; acrid, poison, caustic, drastic, emetic. DAMPS. The deleterious gases ac- cumulating in mines, as choke-damp, or carbonic acid, and fire-damp, or carburet- ted hydrogen, often the source of ex- plosions. DANDRIFF. Pityriasis, a scaly eruption under the hair. DANDYLION ROOT, HERB. Leon- todon taraxicum. Deobstruent, diu- retic. The extract is the part generally used ; acts specifically upon the liver. With mandrake forms the hepatic pill, so valuable in chronic affections of the liver and kidneys. DAPHNE MEZEREON. The com- mon mezereon, or spurge-laurel ; a plant of the order thymelacea, yielding the mezereon bark. DARTOS. Darsis. A contractile CYPRUS. Camphor, the cypress- tree. CYPSELE. A little chest. CYSTEOLITHOS. Stone in the bladder. CYSTIC DUCT. The duct leading from the gall-bladder, and uniting with the hepatic duct. CYSTIS. By this term is meant an accidental membrane, forming a sort of shut sac, and containing a liquid or half- liquid matter, secreted by the membrane which encloses it. CYSTIS FELLEA [fel, gall). The gall-bladder, a membranous reservoir, situated at the under surface of the right lobe of the liver. CYSTITIS. Inflammation of the urinary bladder; the nosological termi- nation in itis denoting inflammation. 9 fibrous layer, situated immediately be- neath the integument of the scrotum. DATES, The drupaceous fruit of the Phanix dactilifera, or date palm- tree. DATISCA HIRTA. False hemp. DATISCA TATULA. Purple thorn- apple. DATURA STRAMONIUM. Thorn- apple, stink-weed, Jamestown-weed, a narcotic; makes a good ointment for piles, &c. DATURINE. Alkaloid of stramo- nium. DAUCUS CAROTTA, L. Carrots. Wild and cultivated. Roots good food, healthy when well boiled, indigestible otherwise, deemed aphrodisiac in the East; containing much sugar and muci- lage, also mannite and the pretic acid, which makes a vegetable jelly. Sugar has been made from carrots, also vine- gar by fermentation. Emollient and detergent applied to ulcers, in poultice boiled to a pulp, checking suppuration. fetid smell, and callosity of bad ulcers, The wild roots have a stronger smell and taste, very diuretic and useful in strangury arising from blisters. Carrot seeds are still more so; they contain a peculiar oil, green, pungent, aromatic, D. DEF 68 DEL and bitter, also tannin; deemed sto- machic, carminative, menagogue, use- ful in gravel, urinary and menstrual suppressions. DAYFLOWER. See Corneulina. DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE. Atropa belladonna, a narcotic. DEBILIS. Weak, feeble. DEBILITY. Weakness, may be true or false, direct or indirect. DECANDRIA. A class of plants in the Linnaean system, characterized by having ten stamens. DECANDROUS. Plants with the stamens in each flower. DECANTATION. The pouring off of clear fluid from sediments. DECAPHYLOUS. Ten-leaved. DECARBONIZATION, Haematosis, change of the blood by respiration. DECEMIUM HIRTUM, Raf. 1817. (Hydrophyllum^avLct.). Shawnee sal- ad. Eaten as "reens in the West, in early spring. DECIDUA {decido, to fall off). A spongy membrane, or chorion, produced at the period of conception, and thrown off from the uterus after parturition. DECIDUA REFLEXA. That por- tion of the decidua which is reflected over, and surrounds the ovum. DECIDUA VERA. That portion of the decidua which lines the interior of the uterus ; the non-reflectedportion. DECIDUOUS. Falling off in the usual season; opposed to persistent and evergreen, more durable than caducous. DECLINATE {declino, to turn aside). Bent downward ; applied in botany to the stamens, when they all bend to one side, as in amaryllis. DECLINATION. Remission of pain or fever. DECLINED. Curved downward. DECOCTION {decoquo, to boil away). 1. The operation of boiling. 2. A so- lution of the active principle of vege- tables, obtained by boiling them in wa(er. DECOCTION OF THE WOODS.— Made of sarsaparilla, guiacum, sassa- fras, and mezereon. DECODON VERTICILLATUM, Gm. Lythrum, L. Grasspoly. Baneful to farmers, causing abortion in mares and cows browsing on it in winter. Equiva- lent of lythrum. DECOMPOSITE. Name of an an- cient class of plants, having leaves twice compound; that is, a common footstalk supporting a number of lesser leaves, each of which is compounded. DECOMPOSITION. Separation of the chemical elements of bodies. DECOMPOUND. Twice compound, composed of compound parts. DECORTICATION {de, from cortex, bark). The removal or stripping off of the bark, husk, &c. DECREPITATING. Salts which burst with crackling noise when heated. DECUMBENT. Leaning upon the ground, the base being erect. This term is applied to stems, stamens, &c. DECURRENT. When the edges of a leaf run down the stem or stalk. DECURSIVE. Decurrently. DECUSSATED. In pairs, crossing P3.cn otner DECUSSATION. Crossing, as do the optic nerves, interlacing of fibres. DEFECAjTION. Clarification, act of extruding me faeces. DEFERENS {defero, to convey from) Deferent. Applied in anatomy to the excretory canal of the testicle. DEFLAGRATION. Calcination. DEFLECTED. Bending down. DEFOLIATION. Shedding leaves in the proper season. DEFLORATION. Depriving a fe- male of her virginity. DEFLUXION {defluo, to flow off). Destillatio. Catarrh. This term was formerly used, as well as fluxion, to de- note a swelling arising from the sudden flow of humors from a distant part. DEGLUTITION {deglutio, to swal- low). The act of swallowing. DEHISCENT. Gaping or opening. Most capsules when ripe are dehiscent. DEJECTIO ALVINA {dejicio, to cast down). The discharge of the faeces. DELETERIOUS. Applied to reme- dies, demanding caution in their use. DELIQUESCENCE (deliquesco, to melt). The property of some salts of becoming liquid by their attracting mois- ture from the air. DELIQUIUM ANIMI {delinquo, to leave). Syncope; fainting. DELIRIUM {deliro, properly, to slip out of the furrow; from de, and lira, a furrow ; figuratively, to talk or act ex- travagantly, to swerve from reason). Raving ; phrensy; disorder of the brain DEN 69 DEP DELIRIUM TREMENS. A barba- rous expression, intended to convey the idea of delirium coexisting with a trem- ulous condition of the body or limbs. It has been called brain fever, a pecu- liar disorder of drunkards. DELPHIDIUM, Raf. Delphinium, L. same as Delphinus Larkspur. Many genera blended here, staphisagria, con- solida, ajaxia, plectornis, Raf. D. sta- phisagria or stavesacre in Virginia, Schoepf. Seeds bitter, nauseous, and burning, owing to acrid oil and del- phine; powerful drastic and hydra- gogue, dangerous, except in minute doses; powders used externally for cu- taneous eruptions, itch, lice, tooth-ache. D. consolida spontaneous in fields, mild- er equivalent. Flowers bitter, ophthal- mic, used for gravel and chronic sore eyes in rose water. Seeds of D. exal- tatum and D. consolida, found useful in spasmodic asthma ; the tincture is used by drops, and gradually increased. DELPHINIUM CONSQLIDUM.— Larkspur. DELPHINIUM STAPHSAGRIA. Stavesacre ; a ranunculaceous plant, of narcotic-acrid properties, depending on the presence of a peculiar principle called delphinia, and a volatile acid. The seeds have been used to destroy pediculi, and are hence termed by the Germans louse-seeds. DELTOID. In botany, nearly trian- gular, or diamond-form, as in the leaves of the lombardy poplar. DELTOIDES. The name of a mus- cle of the humerus, from its supposed resemblance to the letter ^. DEMENTIA {de, from, mens, the mind). Idiotcy ; absence of intellect. DEMERSUS. Under water. DEMI. Semi, half. DEMONSTRATOR. Assistant teach- er of practical anatomy. DEMULCENTS {demulceo, to soft- en) Softening and diluting medicines. DENDROPOGON USNEOIDES,Raf. Tillandsia, L. Only three stamens, El- liott. Spanish-moss. From Carolina to South America, on trees. Very use- ful winter food of cattle. When rotted in water, only a black elastic fibre like horse-hair remains, used to stuff mat- resses, saddles, chairs, to make ropes and cables. DENGUE. A form of fever which prevailed in the West Indies and the Southern states in the years 1827 and 1828, attended with violent pains in the joints, and in many cases with a sort of miliary eruption. DENS. A tooth. The first set of teeth in children, called the milk teeth. consist of twenty, which are shed in childhood, and replaced by twenty- eight permanent teeth at about seven years of age; to which are added four dentes sapienta, or wisdom teeth, at about the age of twenty. The classes of the teeth are three :— 1. Incisores, the front or cutting teeth. 2. Canini, or cuspidati, the eye or corner teeth. 3. Molares, the grinders, the double or lateral teeth. The first two pairs have been termed bicuspidati, from their two conical tubercles: the three next, the large grinders, or multicuspidati. DENSE. Close, compact. DENTATE. Toothed: edged with sharp projections ; larger than serrate. DENTICULATE. Minutely toothed. DENTARIA DIPHYLLA. Tooth- root, trickle, pepper-root. DENTARIA LANCINATA. Jag- ged-leaved toothwort. See Barton, plate 72. DENTAL. Appertaining to the teeth. DENTATA {dens, a tooth). The name of the second vertebra, so called from its projecting tooth-like process. DENTRIFICE {dens, a,tooth). Va- rious powders used for cleaning the teeth. DENTITION {dentio, to breed teeth, from dens, a tooth). Cutting the teeth; teething. DENUDATE. Plants whose flowers appear before the leaves; appearing n3ked DENUDATION {denudo, to make bare). The laying bare of any part in operations. DEOBSTRUENTS {de, from, obstruo, to obstruct). Medicines for removing obstructions. DEORSUM. Downward. DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR. Oxy- gen gas. DEPLETION. Unloading the ves- sels, as by bleeding, and other evacua- ting remedies. DET 70 DIA DEPRESSED. Flattened, or pressed in at the top. DEPRESSION. Couching for catar- act, also applied to fractures of the skull in which the bone is forced in upon the brain. DEPRESSOR (deprimo, to press down). A muscle which depresses any part, as those of the ala of the nose, of the angle of the mouth, of the lower lip. DEPRIMENS OCULI {deprimo, to press down). A name given to the rec- tus inferior, from the action of this muscle in drawing the eyeball down. DEPURATING. Purifying. DERANGEMENT. Insanity, ap- plied to functional disturbances of other organs. DERBYSHIRE NECK. Goitre, bron- Cnocelp DERIVATION. Diversion of fluids. DERIVATIVE. Revulsive remedies. counter-irritants. DERMA. ) The true skin, cutis DERMIS, j vera. DERMOID. Skin-like; a tissue which resembles skin. DESCENDENS NONI. The de- scending cervical branch of the ninth pair of nerves, or hypoglossal. DESCRIPTIONS. In giving a com- plete description of a plant, the order of nature is to begin with the root, pro- ceed to the stem, branches, leaves, ap- pendages, and, lastly, to the organs which compose the flower, and the manner of inflorescence. Color and size are circumstances least to be re- garded in description; but stipules, bracts, and glandular hairs, are all of importance. DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY. Taught by actual dissection, displaying the parts. DESICCATION {desicco, to dry up). The operation of drying; the state of being dry. DESMA. A bandage, a ligament. DESMOID TISSUE. Ligamentous, aponeurotic. DESQUAMATION (de, from, squama a scale). The falling off of the cuticle, in the form of scales. DETERGENTS. Cleansing reme- dies. DETERMINATION. Inordinate flow of blood to any local organ. DETRACTOR AURIS. Muscle of the ear. DETRUSOR URIN.E (detrudo, to thrust out). The aggregate of the muscular fibres of the bladder which expel the urine. DEUTO. Second, applied to two de- grees of oxydation. DEUTOXYDE. A term applied to a substance which is in the second degree of oxydation. This term is often used to denote a compound of three atoms of oxygen with two of metal, as in deutoxyde of manganese, of lead, fee. DEVIL'S BIT. Aletris favinosia; tonic, stomachic, pectoral, narcotic. Henry recommends the root of this plant in scrofula, after-pains, pain in the breast, and as a gargle in the pu- trid sore throat. Dose of the root pul- verized, two teaspoonfuls every two hours, in a little tansy tea. It is no doubt good in flatulent colic. DEVIL'S GUT. See Cuscuta Amer- icana. DI. Bis, a prefix signifying twice, double. DIABETES. Morbid urinary secre- tion, containing oxalic acid. DIABETES MELLITUS. With sweet urine. DIACHYLON. An emollient digest- ive plaster, formerly prepared from ex- pressed juices. It forms the emplas- trum plumbi of the pharmacopoeia. DIACODIUM. The old name of the s~yrupus papaveris, or svrup of poppies. DIADELPHIA. The seventeenth class of plants in Linnacus's system, in which the filaments of the stamens are united into two parcels, or brother- hoods. DIADELPHOUS. (From dis, two, and adelphia, brotherhood). Two bro- therhoods. Stamens united in two par- cels or sets; flowers mostly papiliona- ceous ; fruit leguminous. DIAGNOSIS. The act of discerning or distinguishing in general. In medi- cine, the distinction of diseases ; in botany, the characters which distin- guish one species of plants from an- other. DIAMOND FORM. See Deltoid. DIANDRIA. The second class of plants in Linnaeus's system, character- ized by the presence of two stamens. DIANTHERIA. (From dis, two, and DIC 71 DIG anther.) A class of plants including all such as have two anthers. DIANTHUS, L. Clove-pink, carna- tion. Fragrant flowers, cordial, sudo- rific, alexitere, used in potions, con- serves, and to give a pleasant flavor and color to medical syrups, vinegars, &c. DIANTHUS ARMERIA. Pink. DIANTHUS BARBATUS. Sweet- William. DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.— Carnation-pink. DIANTHUS CHINENSIS. China- pink. DIANTHUS PLUMARIUS. Single- pink. DIAPHRAGMA. The midriff, or diaphragm; the transverse muscular septum which separates the thorax from the abdomen. DIAPHRAGMATIC. Belonging to the midriff, its vessels and nerves, so c3.11pq DIAPHRAGMATITIS. Inflamma- tion of the diaphragm. A term some- times applied to that variety of partial pleurisy in which the effused fluid ex- ists between the base of the lung and the diaphragm. DIAPHORESIS. Increased perspi- ration. DIAPHORETICS. Medicines which increase the natural exhalation of the skin ; when they are so powerful as to occasion sweating, they have been call- ed sudorifics. DIAPHYSIS. Middle part of a long bone. DIARRHOEA. A flux, or flowing through, or looseness. It is termed fluxus ventris, alvus fusa, lienteria, &c. DIARTHROSIS. A species of mov- able articulation, constituting the great- er proportion of the joints of the body. DIARY FEVER. An ephemeral fever. DIASTOLE. The dilatation of the heart and arteries. It is opposed to sustole. DIATHESIS. The constitutional disposition or habit. DICHOTOMOUS. Forked, divided into two equal branches. DICKSONIA PILOS1USCULA. Fine haired fern. DICLINIA. Stamens in one flower, and pistils in another ; whether on the same plant or on different plants. DICLYTHRA, M. Fumaria cucul- laria, L. Colic-weed, Dutchman-breech- es. Several species. Root tuberose, used for tumors, when eaten gives the colic; the decoction purifies the blood. Equivalent of fumaria. DICOCCOUS. Containing two grains or seeds DICOTYLEDONES. Plants whose embryo contains two cotyledons or seed lobes. DICTAMUS ALBUS. White fraxi- nella. A plant of the family rutacea, the root of which has been used as an- thelmintic, emenagogue, and stomach- ic. DIDYMOUS. Twined, or double. DIDYNAMIA. The fourteenth class of Linnaeus's system of plants, charac- terized by the presence of four stamens, of which two are long, two short. Hence dydynamous, having two pairs of stamens of unequal length. DIEBUS TERTIUS. Every third day, &c. DIERISILIA. (From diairesis, di- vision.) One of Jussieu's orders of fruits. DIERVILLA CANADENSIS, Tt.— Lonicera diervilla, L. Nauseous, pel- lent, antisyphilitic; has been used for disury, gonorrhea, and syphilis, but is not efficient. DIET. The food proper for invalids, La diete, used by the French physicians means extreme abstinence. DIET DRINK. Root, or medical beer. DIETETICS. That part of medicine which relates to the regulating of the diet and regimen. DIFFUSED. Spreading. DIFFUSIBLE. Stimulants, which only produce a transitory effect. DIFFORM. A monopetalous corolla whose tube widens above gradually, and is divided into unequal parts; any distorted part of the plant. DIFFRACTED. Twice bent. DIGESTION (digero, from diversim gero, to carry into different parts). A term employed in various senses :— 1. In physiology, the change of the food into chyme by the mouth, stomach, and small intestines, and the absorption and distribution of the more nutritious parts, or the chyle, through the system. 2. In surgery, the bringing a wound DIO 72 DIR into a state in which it forms healthy pus. Applications which promote this object are called digestives. DIGITAL. Belonging to the fingers. DIGITALIS PURPUREA. Purple foxglove ; a plant of the order scrophu- lariacea. The term is evidently derived from digitate, the finger of a glove, on account of the blossoms resembling fin- ger-cases ; narcotic and diuretic. DIGITARIA, Mx. Crop-grass, Crab- frass. Several species, D. sanguinalis, >. villosa, D. filiformis, D. divergent; valuable grasses in the South, best fod- der for cattle from April to June. Mild equivalent of cynodon. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS. Fin- ger-grass, crab-grass. DIGITATE. Fingered; in botany, diverging from a common centre. DIGITUS (digero, to point out). A finger or a toe—pes altera manus. The fingers of the hand are the index, or fore-finger; the medius, or middle-fin- ger ; the annularis, or ring-finger; and the auricularis, or little-finger. The bones of the fingers are called pha- langes. DIGYNIA. The second order in Linnaeus's system of plants, character- ized by the presence of two pistils. DILATATION (dilato, from diversim fero, tuli, latum). The act of enlarging or making wide anything. In physiol- ogy, it may be a temporary act, as in the diastole of the heart; in pathology, a permanent act, as in the passive aneu- rism of that organ. DILATOR. A term applied to mus- cles whose office is to dilate certain cavities; also to instruments employed to dilate wounds, canals, &c. DILATRIS TINCTORIA. Red-root. DILL. The common name of the anethum graveolens. DILUENTS. Medicines supposed to thin the blood. DIMIDIATE. Halved. DKECIA. The twenty-second class of plants in Linnaeus's system, in which the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers, and on separate plants. DICECIOUS. Having staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants. DIONEA MUSCIPULA, L. Venus's fly-trap. Bears a yellow, astringent, pulpy fruit; form two species, D. co- rymbosa and D. sessiliflora, Raf. Won- derful plants, irritable, equivalent of drosera. DIOSCOREA, L. Yam-root Many species produce yams. D. sativa cul- tivated in Louisiana, healthy, but in- sipid roots, very nourishing. D. villosa, or wild yam, used by the western tribes, roots and meal. Leaves also edible. DIOSME^E. The Buchu tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees and shrubs with leaves exstipulate, dotted; flowers axillary or terminal, polypetalous, her- maphrodite ; stamens hypogynous ; ovarium many-celled; fruit consisting of several concrete capsules; seeds twin or solitary. DIOSPYROS. Ph. U. S. Persim- mon. The bark of the diospyros Vir- giniana. An indigenous plant, common in the middle and Southern states, be- longing to' the natural order ebenacece. The bark and unripe fruit are very as- ' tringent, and have been employed in chronic dysentery, uterine haemorrhage, ulcerated sore throat, fee. DIPLOE. Meditullium. The cel- lular osseous tissue between the two tables of the skull. DIPLOMA. Originally, letters pat- ent of a prince, written on waxed ta- bles folded together. The term is now restricted to an instrument by which a school, or one or more persons, confers a title of dignity, or recommendation to practice in a learned profession. DIPSACUS, L. Teasel. Now spon- taneous, heads used by fullers, root tonic, aperitive ; water held by the leaves deemed cosmetic. DIPSACUS FULLONUM. Teasel. DIPSACUS SYLVESTRIS. Wild tensel DIPTEROCARPE^. The camphor- tree tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees abounding in resinous juice; leaves alternate ; flowers polypetalous; stamens nypogynous; carpeila con- crete; calyx tubular; fruit coria- ceous. DIRCA PALUSTRIS. Leather- wood. An indigenous plant of the natural order thymelacea, the bark of which appears to possess analogous properties to mezereon. Cathartic and herpetic; rubefacient. DIRECTOR (dirigo, to direct). A narrow grooved instrument, of silver or steel, used to direct the knife. DIS 73 DOC DISCOID. Resembling a disk, with- out rays. DISCLOPLEURIA. Bishop's-weed. DISCUTIENT. Remedy to scatter humors or discuss inflammations. DISEASE. Any morbid state in general; change of structure, as distin- guished from disorder of function in particular. It is termed acute,, when severe, and of short duration ; chronic, when less severe, and of long con- tinuance ; sporadic, when arising from occasional causes, as cold, fatigue; epidemic, when arising from a general cause, as excessive heat, contagion; endemic, when prevailing locally, as from marsh miasma; intercurrent, when it is sporadic, occurring in the midst of epidemic or endemic disease. DISGORGE. To empty vessels, dis- charge. DISINFECTION. Process of puri- fying infected air, as by chlorine. DISK. A term applied in botany to certain bodies or projections, situated between the base of the stamens and the base of the ovary, forming part with neither. It is often incorrectly called nectary. Applied to the whole surface of a leaf, or of the top of a compound flower, as opposed to its rays. DISLOCATION. A luxation, or dis- placement of a joint. DISLOCATION SPONTANEOUS. From disease of the bones, destroying tiip socket DISORGANIZATION. Destruction of an organ by disease. DISPENSARY (dispenso, from diver- sim penso, frequent, of pendeo, to dis- tribute by weighing). A shop in which medicines are compounded ; and an in- stitution where the poor are supplied with medicines. DISPENSATORY (dispendo, to dis- tribute). A book which treats of the composition of medicines. DISPERNUS. Containing two seeds. DISPLACEMENT. A process ap- plied to pharmaceutical preparations, and founded on the long-known fact, that any quantity of liquid with which a powder may be saturated, when put into a proper apparatus, may be dis- placed by an additional quantity of that or of another liquid. DISSECTION (disseco, to cut in pie- ces). The display of the different structures of the animal body by means of the scalpel. DISSEPIMENT. The partition of a capsule. DISSILIENS. A pericarp, bursting with elasticity, as the impatiens. . DISSOLUTION. Death, diminished consistence of the blood. DISTAL. The side farthest from the heart, applied to ligatures for aneu- rismal tumors, and is opposed to proxi- mal. DISTEMPER. Catarrhus caninus. An affection occurring among dogs, and vulgarly called the snaffles, or snuffles, from the state of the nostrils. DISTENTION (distendo, to stretch out). The dilatation of a hollow vis- cus by too great accumulation of its contents. DISTICHUS. Growing in two op- posite ranks or rows. DISTILLATION. Volatilization by heat and subsequent condensation. DISTORTION (distorqueo, to wrest aside). A term applied to the spine, or limbs, when they are bent from tbeir natural form. DISURIA. Difficulty in discharging the urine. DITTANY MOUNTAIN. See Cu- nila Mariana. DIURESIS. A copious flow of urine. Hence the term diuretics is applied to medicines which promote the secretion of urine. DIURETICS. Medicines which aug- ment the urinary discharge. DIURNAL. Daily. DIURNUS. Enduring but a day. DIURVILLA CANADENSIS. Colic weed. DIVARICATE. Diverging so as to turn backward. DIVARICATION (divarico, to strad- dle). The bifurcation or separating into two of an artery, a nerve, &c. DIVERGENT. Strabismus when the eye is turned outward from the cen- tre. DIVERGING. Spreading; sepa- rating widely. DIVERTICULUM NUCKII. The opening through which the round liga- ment of the uterus passes. DOCK ROOT, YELLOW. Rumex crispus. Deobstruent, anti-herpetic. DOR 74 DRA DOCK ROOT, WATER. Rumex aquaticus. Deobstruent, antiherpetic, alterative. DODDER. See Cuscuta Americana. DODECANDRIA. The eleventh class of plants in the Linnaean system, characterized by the presence of from twelve to nineteen stamens. DODECATHEON MEADIA. False cowslip. DODECATHEON PRURIENS. — Cowhage or cowitch. DOGMA. An opinion founded on observation. DOGMATIC. The name of an an- cient sect of physicians, who endeav- ored to discover the essence of diseases and their occult causes by reasoning, while a rival sect, the Empirics, re- stricted themselves to experience ; that is, to the observation of facts. DOGMINT. See Clinopodium. DOG-ROSE. Rosa canina. Cynos- batum. The ripe fruit is called hip or hep, and is used for making the confec- tion of that name. DOG'S-GRASS. See Cynodon Dao- TYLON. DOGWOOD. The common name of the several species of cornus. Florida. Tonic, good in fever-and-ague. DOLICHOS, L. Cowhage, cowitch. D. lacteus, Raf., Fl. lud., has yellow edible seeds, depurative and anodyne. D. pruriens, juice of the leaves diuretic, electuary made with the pods excellent vermifuge, acting mechanically. DOREMA AMMONIACUM. The ammoniacum dorema; an umbelliferous plant, which yields the ammoniacum of commerce, or the Persian ammoni- acum. DORONICUM MONTANUM. Ar- nica montana. Mountain tobacco, or leopard's-bane; a virulent plant, of the order composita, said to owe its noxious qualities to the presence of cytisine. DORSAL. Appertaining to the back, as applied to a region, ligaments, &c. DOSE. A determinate quantity of a thing given. DORSI-SPINAL. A set of veins, forming a plexus around the spinous, transverse, and articular processes and arches of the vertebrae. DORSTENIA. A genus of urtica- ceous plants, in which the flowers are arranged upon a fleshy receptacle, usually flat and expanded, and of very variable form. The D. Braziliensis is said to yield the contrajerva root which occurs in the shops. DORSTENIA CONTRAJERVA.— Angular-leaved dorstenia. DORSUM (Latin). The back; the round part of the back of a man or beast. DOTTED. See Punctate and Per- forated. DOUCHE. The affusion of water from a height, or propelled by a force pump ; employed in various diseases. DOVER'S POWDER. Pulvis ipe- cacuanha compositus of the dispensa- tories. DOVETAIL JOINT. The suture or serrated articulation, as of the bones of the head. DRACHM. Sixty grains by weight, a teaspoonful by fluid measure. DRABA HIRTA. Rough whitlow- grass. DRABA VERNA. Whitlow-grass, shad-blossom. See Barton, table 88, fig. 2. DRACOCEPHALUM VIRGINIA- NUM. Dragonhead. DRACONTIUM. Skunk cabbage. The root of the dracontium fcetidum. An indigenous plant of the order araceae, the root of which is stimulant, anti- spasmodic, and narcotic. Dose, gre. x to xx. DRACUNCULUS (dim. of draco, a dragon). The Guinea worm, which breeds under the skin, and is common among the natives of Guinea, &c. DRAGON'S BLOOD. Sanguis dra- conis. A term applied to certain resin- ous substances, mostly obtained from some palms of the genus calamus ; to a product of the dracaena draco; also to a substance obtained from the pterocar- pus draco. DRAGON'S BLOW. Fever-root, amaranthus. A tea made of it is highly recommended as a febrifuge in fever. May be freely drank. DRASTIC. Violent, active, applied to purgatives, fee. DRASTIC MEDICINES. Which purge severely. DRAUGHT. Haustus. A liquid form of medicine, differing from a mix- ture only in quantity. It is usually taken at once, and should not exceed an ounce and a fialf. DUC 75 DUP DRIVELLING. Slavering, involun- tary and excessive flow of saliva, as in idiocy. DROOPING. Inclining downward, more than nodding. DROPS. Guttae. A form of medi- cine in which the dose is measured by drops. DROPSY. Morbid serous effusion into any of the cavities, a sequel of many chronic diseases, particularly those of the kidneys. DROPSY ENCYSTED., Water con- tained in a sac. DROSERA,L. Sundew. Many spe- cies; all subacrid, acidulous, hurtful to sheep, corroding the skin; juice used to destroy warts and corns, with milk for freckles and sunburns; it makes milk 3olid, but sour like bonyclabber; liked in Sweden. Deemed pectoral in South America; a syrup used for asthma. The dew-like drops of the leaves are acid and viscid, catching insects like dionea. DRUPE. A fleshy pericarp, enclos- ing a stone or nut. DRUPEOLE. A little drupe. DRUPACEOUS. Resembling, or bearing drupes. DRYAS OCTOPETALA. Mountain avens. DRY CUPPING. The application of the cupping-glass, without scarification, in order to produce revulsion of blood from any part of the body. DRYOBALANOPS AROMATICA. A tree of the order dipteraceae, yielding a liquor called camphor oil, and a crystal- line solid termed Sumatra or Borneo camphor. DRUM OF THE EAR. Tympanum, membranum tympani. - DUCTILITY. Capable of being elongated, as in drawing metals into wire. DUCTUS (duco, to lead). A duct; a conduit-pipe for the conveyance of liquid. DUCT OF STENO. The excretory duct of the parotid gland. DUCT OF WHARTON. The excre- tory duct of the submaxillary gland. This and the Duct of Steno, with the sublingual, constitute the salivary ducts. DUCTS OF BELLINI. The orifices of the uriniferous canals of the kidneys. DUCTUS AD NASUM. From the lachrymal sac to the nose. DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS. A tube which, in the foetus, joins the pulmona- ry artery with the aorta. It degener- ates, after birth, into a fibrous cord. DUCTUS COMMUNIS CHOLEDO- CHUS. The bile-duct, formed by the junction of the cystic and hepatic ducts. DUCTUS CYSTICUS. The excreto- ry duct which leads from the neck of the gall-bladder to join the hepatic. DUCTUS EJACULATORIUS. A duct within the prostate gland, opening into the urethra ; it is about three quar- ters of an inch in length. DUCTUS HEPATICUS. The duct which results from the conjunction of the proper ducts of the liver. DUCTUS PANCREATICUS. The pancreatic duct which joins the gall- duct at its entrance into the duodenum. Near the duodenum this duct is joined by a smaller one, called ductus pan- creaticus minor. DUCTUS THORACICUS. The great trunk formed by the junction of the ab- sorbent vessels. DUCTUS THORACICUS DEXTER. A designation of the right great lym- phatic vein, formed of lymphatic vessels arising from the axillary ganglia of the right side. DUCTUS VENOSUS. Between the vena porta and the ascending vena cava in the foetus. DULCAMARA (dulcis, sweet, ama- rus, bitter)^ Woody nightshade, or bit- ter-sweet ; a Species of solanum. The twigs of this plant yield a salifiable principle called solanine ; a bitter prin- ciple, of a honey-smell and sweet after- taste. Makes a good discutient oint- ment, simmered with lard and spirits; very excellent to bathe the breast when attacked with ague. Also alterative, in the form of tea; good for hepatic dis- eases. DULCIS. Sweet. DULYTRA CUCULARIA. Colic- weed. DUMOSUS. Bushy. DUODENUM. The first of the in- testines nearest to the stomach, into which the biliary and pancreatic secre- tions flow by their appropriate ducts. DUPLEX. Double. DUPLICATUS VISUS. Diseased condition of the optic nerves. DUPLICATURE. Reflection of a ECH *6 ECZ membrane upon itself. In botany, the folding of a part upon itself. DURA MATER. The outermost membrane of the brain. DURVILLA CANADENSIS. Bush honeysuckle. DYNAMIC. Vital, ascribed to or- ganic or vital force. DYOSPHYRUS VIRGINIANA. Per- simmon. DYSENTERY. Frequent mucous or bloody stools, with fever and inflamma- tion of the mucous membrane of the lower intestines, with a frequent dispo- sition to evacuate the bowels. DYSMENORRHEA. Difficult or painful menstruation. EAR. Auris. The organ of hear- ing. It consists of three parts; viz., the external ear; the middle ear, or tympanum; and the internal ear, or labyrinth. EARED. Applied to the lobes of a heart-form leaf, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves, and to twisted parts in plants which are supposed to resemble the passage into the ear. EARTHS. Metallic oxydes, as lime, the oxyde of calcium. EARWAX. Cerumen aurium. EAU DE COLOGNE. Cologne wa- ter ; a perfume, and an evaporating lo- tion in headache, fever, fee. EBULLITION (ebullio, to bubble up). The boiling or bubbling of liquids; the production of vapor at the boiling point. ECCHYMOSIS. Extravasated blood beneath the skin from bruises; in ty- phus puerpera, &c. ECHINATE. Beset with prickles, as a hedgehog. ECHITES DIFFORMIS. See Bar- ton, plate 10. ECHIUMVULGARE, L. Blue this- tle. Equivalent of borrago, pectoral, depurative, antiepileptic. Root gives orcanet a red dye; soluble in alcohol and oils. A light charcoal made of it, useful to painters for sketches as it does not soil paper. DYSOPIA. Impaired vision. DYSOREXIA. Depraved appetite. DYSPEPSIA. Generic name of in- digestion, whether functional or organic. DYSPERMATISMUS. Impotency, incapacity of emitting the sperm. DYSPNCEA. Difficult respiration; short breath; short-windedness; pursi- ness; phthisic. DYSURIA. Suppression or difficulty in discharging the urine ; painful mic- turition. Total suppression is called ischuria ; partial suppression, dysuria ; the aggravated form, when the urine passes hy drops, strangury; when the discharge is attended with heat or pain, this is termed ardor urince. ECLECTIC PRACTICE. This sys- tem rejects all injurious agents in the treatment of diseases, and uses every- thing useful of every other system. Also the name of an ancient sect of phy- sicians advocating the above senti- ments. ECLIPTA, L. Juice'of the leaves of E. erecta black, and dyeing the hair. E. cilita, Raf. Fl. lud., is poisonous, smell- ing like cicuta, with a very acrid taste. ECONOMY. Aggregate of parts which make up the body. ECOSTATE. Without nerves or ribs. ECTHYMA. An eruption on the skin. Irritable pustule. Papulous scall. Tetter; ulcerated tetter. In- flammation of the sebaceous follicles, characterized by pustules. ECTROPIUM. Eversio palpebral— Eversion of the eyelids. ECZEMA. Literally, that which is thrown up by boiling. Heat eruption; minute vesicles, which form into thin flakes or crusts. ECZEMA IMPETIGINODES. — Depending on a local irritation, and con- stituting the grocers' and the bricklayers' itch, according as the exciting cause is sugar or lime. ECZEMA SOLARE. Sun heat; i heat spots ; arising in a uart which has I ELE 77 ELI been exposed to the direct rays of the sun. ECZEMA RUBRUM. Excited by the use of mercury, and formerly called erythema mercuriale. EDIBLE. Good for food, esculent. EFFERVESCENCE. Foaming. EFFERVESCING DRAUGHT.— Made by adding citric acid to carbonate of potash, or tartaric acid to supercar- bonate of soda in solution. EFFLORESCENCE. Redness of the skin, also the pulverization on the sur- face of salts, by the loss of the water of crystallization on exposure. In bot- any, a term applied to the powder sub- stance found on lichens. EFFLORESCENTIA. (From efflo- resco, to bloom). A term expressive of the precise time of the year, and the month in which every plant blossoms. EFFOLIATION. Premature falling off of leaves, by means of diseases or some accidental causes. EFFUSE. Having an opening by which seeds or liquids may be poured out. EFFUSION. Extravasation of fluid ordinarily serum. EGG-FORM. See Ovate. EGRET or AIGRETTE. The feath- ery or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of thistles and dandelions. It in- cludes whatever remains on the top of the seed after the corolla is removed. The egret is stiped, when it is sup- ported on a foot-stem; it is simple when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs; it is plumose, when each hair com- posing the crown has other little hairs arranged along its sides. EJACULATOR. Muscle of the ure- thra. ELATERIUM. Fruit of the wild cucumber, a drastic purgative. ELATHERIA. Cascarilla bark. ELATIN. Proximate principle of elaterium. ELECAMPANE. Inula helenium. ■ pc torfil ELECHROMA COCCINEA. Paint- ed cup. ELECTIVE AFFINITY. Preference of one body in uniting chemically with a second, rather than a third, seeming to elect between them. ELECTRICITY. That fluid or prop- erty in nature which is produced by ' rubbing amber or glass, and may be either positive or negative, resinous or vitreous, plus or minus. ELECTUARY. A preparation of the consistence of honey, a syrup. ELDER BARK. Sambucus cana- densis ; sudorific, anti-herpetic. ELDER DWARF. Aralia hispida; diuretic, demulcent. ELDER FLOWERS. Sambucus Ca- nadensis ; laxative, herpetic. ELEMI. > A fragrant fennel-scented resin, produced by several species of amyris. ELEPHANTIASIS. Leprosy, black leprosy; elephant leg. There are two diseases so named, from the supposed resemblance of the skin of leprous per- sons to that of the elephant; or from the misshapen leg in the Arabian lep- rosy being supposed to resemble that of the elephant. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. 'One of the Indian tobaccos; tonic, stimulant. ELEPHANTOPUS CAROLINANUS. Elephant's foot. ELEMENTS. Simple bodies, unde- composed, chiefly metallic. ELEVATOR. A name applied to certain muscles, whose office it is to elevate any part, and to an instrument for raising depressed portions of the cranium. ELM-LEAVED SUMACH. Rhus glabium. Bark of the root is the part used ; strong astringent; a decoction ustful in obstinate ulcers, in the form of wort and poultice. ELEUSINE INDICA. Dogtail-grass, wire-grass. ELIXIR. An'Arabic term, denoting an essence, or pure mass without any dregs, and formerly applied to com- pound tinctures. ELIXIR PAREGORICUM. Pare- goric elixir, or the tinct. camphorae comp, of the druggists. ELIXIR PROPRIETATIS. Elixir of nature, or the tinct. aloes et myrrhae of the druggists. ELIXIR SACRUM. Sacred elixir, or the tinctura rhei et aloes of the drug- gists. ELIXIR SALUTIS. Elixir of health, or the tinctura sennae comp. of the druggists. ELIXIR VITM. Elixir of life, the secret sought by alchemy. EME 78 ENA ELIPTIC. Oval. ELM, SLIPPERY, BARK. Ulmus fulva. Demulcent, tonic; externally as a poultice, nitrophogestic. ELONGATED. Exceeding a com- mon length. ELYMUS, L. Many species: con- solidate sand like E. arenarius, Arundo arenaria, and Cyperus arenaria. The seeds have been used for bread. ELYMUS HYSTRIX. Hedgehog- grass ELYMUS VILLOSUS. Lime-grass. ELYMUS VIRGINICUS. Wild rye. EMACIATION (emacio, to make lean). Marasmus. General extenua- tion of the body, with debility. EMARGINATE. Having a notch at the end, refuse. EMASCULATUS. One whose testes remain in the abdomen. EMASCULATION (emasculo, to ren- der impotent). Privation of virility; castration ; removal of the testes. EMBALMING. The filling a dead body with spices, gums, and other an- tiseptics, to prevent putridity. EMBOITEMENT (the situation of one box within another, from boite, a box). A term used by Bonnet to de- scribe that species of generation, by which hundreds and thousands of in- dividuals lie one within the other, each possessing a complete series of organ- ized parts. EMBROCATION. Stimulating lini- ment. EMBRYO. The ovum in utero, be- fore the fourth month, after which it is called foetus. In botany, the germ of a plant; called by Linnaeus the corcuhim. EMBRYOTOMY. The operation of opening the foetal head, for the purpose of delivery. EMESIS. Act of vomiting. EMETICS. Medicines which cause vomiting. Vegetable are the only safe kind. Antimony, the kind used by doctors of the mineral school, is pecu- liarly prostrating, causes cramps, con- vulsions, and sometimes proves fatal. EMISSION. Applied to the urinary and seminal discharge. EMMENAGOGUES. Medicines which promote the catamenial dis- charge, or the menses. EMETINE. Alkaloid of ipecacuan- ha. EMETICO CATHARTIC. A medi- cine operating both by vomiting and purging. EMOLLIENTS (emolho, to soften). Agents which diminish the tone of the living tissues, and cause relaxation or weakness. When employed for the purpose of sheathing surfaces from the action of injurious substances, they are called demulcents. EMPETRUM NIGRUM. Black crow-berry. EMPHYSEMA. Literally, that which is blown in; wind-dropsy. A swelling produced by air, diffused in the cellular tissue. It is distinguished into the traumatic, when the air has been introduced by a solution of con- tinuity ; and the idiopathic, or spon- taneous, when the gas is developed within the cells. EMPIRIC. An ancient sect of phy- sicians, who relied almost exclusively on experience in the treatment of dis- eases, in opposition to theorists. EMPIRJCAL. Practice based sole- ly on experience. EMPLASTRUM. A plaster. EMPLASTRUM EPISPASTICUM. A blistering plaster, fee. EMPROSTHOTONOS. Tetanus, the body bent anteriorly by spasm. EMPYREUMA. Peculiar vapors produced by destructive distillation. Hence the term empyreumatic is applied to the acid, and to the oil, which result from the destructive distillation of vege- table substances; and hence hartshorn is called the empyreumatic alkali. EMPYEMA. An internal abscess, particularly of the lungs; matter in the EMULGENT. Vessels of the kid- neys. EMULSIO (emulgeo, to milk). An emulsion; a mixture of oil and water, made by means of mucilage, sugar, or yolk of egg. EMUNCTORY (emungo, to wipe out). An excretory duct; a canal through which the contents of an organ as the gall-bladder, are discharged. ENAMEL. The hard exterior sur- face of the teeth. Also a white glass formed of peroxyde of tin, fee. ENANTHESIS. Rash exanthem; including scarlet-fever, measles, and I nettle-rash. ENT 79 EPI ENARTHROSIS. A ball-and-socket joint. ENCANTHUS. A disease of the caruncula lachrymalis. ENCEPHALITIS. Phrenitis. ENCEPHALOID. Brain-like, ap- plied to tumors. ENCEPHALOCELE. A hernia of the brain. ENCEPHALON. The brain; the contents of the skull, consisting of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblon- gata, and membranes. ENCYSTED. A term applied to tu- mors which consist of matter contained in a sac or cyst. ENDEMIC. A disease prevailing within a circumscribed district. ENDERMIC. Method of introducing medicines through the skin by removing the cuticle, and placing them within reach of the absorbents, and in contact with the extremities of the nerves. ENDOCARP. The inside skin of a pericarp. ENDOGENOUS. Applied to stems which grow from the centre outwardly, as in monocotyledons. ENEMA. A clyster, or injection into the rectum. ENERVATION. Languor, debility, exhaustion. ENGORGEMENT. Accumulation of blood or other fluids in vessels or hol- low organs. ENNEANDRIA. The ninth class of plants in Linnaeus's system, compre- hending those which have nine sta- mens. ENNUI. Weariness; listless fatigue of the mind. ENSIFORM. Sword-form, two- edged, as in the flag and iris. ENS VENERIS. The ancient desig- nation of the muriate of ammonia and copper. ENTERIC. Belonging to the intes- tines. ENTERITIS. Inflammation of the intestines—the termination in itis being the nosological sign of inflammation. ENTEROCELE. A hernia, the con- tents of which are intestine. ENTEROEPIPLOCELE. A hernia, the contents of which are both intestine and omentum. ENTERO MESENTERICA. Tabes, consumption of the bowels. ENTEROMPHALOS. Umbilical her- nia. ENTEROSCHEOCELE. Scrotal her- nia. ENTIRE. Even and whole at the edge. ENTOMOLOGY. The science which treats of insects. ENTROPIUM. Inversio palpebrae. Inversion of the eyelid. ENURESIS. Incontinence of urine, involuntary discharge of urine. EPI. A Greek word, signifying upon ; often used in composition. EPICARP. (From epi, upon, and karpos, fruit). The outer skin of the pericarp. EPIDEMIC. An epithet for a popu- lar, prevailing, but not native disease, arising from a general cause, as ex- cessive heat. EPIDERMIC. A term indicative of the method of applying medicines to the epidermis, unassisted by friction, as when blisters, fomentations, &c, are employed. EPIDERMIS. The cuticle, or scarf- skin : the thin horny layer which pro- tects the surface of the integument. The external layer of the bark of plants. EPIDIDYMIS. The small oblong body which lies above the testes, formed by the convolutions of the vasa efferen- tia, external to the testis. EPIGASTRIC REGION. Over the stomach. EPIGASTRIUM. The superior part of the abdomen; the part situated above the belly. EPIGEA REPENS. Trailing arbu- tus : diuretic. EPIGENESIS. A term applied to a theory of non-sexual generation, in which each new germ is an entirely new production of the parent organ- ism. EPIGLOTTIS. One of the cartilages of the windpipe which the food presses down into the gullet, and prevents it from entering the windpipe. EPIGYNOUS. (From epi, upon, and gynia, pistil.) EPILEPSY. Falling sickness; a sudden loss of motion and sensation, produced generally by debility. The remedy is tonics and antispasmodics. EPILOBIUM PALUSTRIA. March willow-herb. ERE 80 ERI EPILOBIUM SPICATUM. Willow- herb. EPIPHEGUS VIRGINIANUS. Beech drops, cancer-root. EPIPHORA. Watery eyes, from oc- clusion of the lachrymal ducts. EPIPHYSIS. A process of a bone attached by cartilage to a bone, and not a part of the same bone. It differs from apophysis, which is a process of a bone, and a part of the same bone. EPIPLOCELE. A hernia of the omentum. EPIPLOON. The omentum; a mem- branous expansion which floats upon the intestines. EPIPLOSCHEOCELE. A hernia in which a portion of the omentum de- scends into the scrotum. EPISPASTIC. Blistering, vesica- tory. EPISPASTICS. Vesicatories; blis- ters ; external applications to the skin, which produce a serous or puriform dis- charge, by exciting inflammation. When these agents act so mildly as merely to excite inflammation, without occasion- ing the effusion of serum, they are de- nominated rubefacients. EPISPERM. (From epi, upon, and sperma, seed.) The testa of seeds. EPISTAXIS. Nasal haemorrhage; bleeding from the nose. EPISTHOTONOS. Tetanus, em- prosthotonos. EQUILIBRIUM. Equal distribution of caloric or electricity. EQUINOCTIAL. Applied to flowers, opening at stated hours each day. EQUISETUM, L. E. arvense and others are astringent and diuretic, used in hematuria, gonorrhea, phthisis, &c. E. hyemale and prealtum, polish wood, metals, and utensils. EQUISETUM ARVENSE. Horse- tail. EQUISETUM HYEMALE. Scour- ing-rush. EQUITANT. Opposite leaves alter- nately enclosing the edges of each other. EQUIVALENTS. Proportions in chemical combinations. ERECT. Straight; less unbending tn.3>n stnctus ERECTILE TISSUE (erigo, to erect). The tissue peculiar to the penis, nip- ple, &c. That of the vagina has been termed, by De Graaf, retiformis, and latterly, corpus cavernosum vagina. The term is also applied to a similar tissue, constituting naevus, &c. ERECTOR (erigo, to raise). A mus- cle of the clitoris and of the penis, so named from its office. ERETHISMUS. Constitutional irri- tation, or excitement. ERETHISMUS MERCURIALIS.— Mercurial erethism ; a peculiar state of erethism produced by mercury. ERGOTA. Secale cornutum. Spur- red rye ; a long black substance like a horn or spur, formed on rye, and many other of the gramina, and supposed to be produced by a parasitic fungus. Is given by some to promote or facilitate labor. A teaspoonful of the article pulverized, add to a teacup full of boil- ing water, is a dose, repeated every fifteen minutes. It should never be given (if at all) except the orifice of the womb is well dilated, and the presenta- tion is natural, and tbe uterine contrac- tions feeble or diminished, and the pros- pect of delivery very protracted. It is a question among midwifes and ac- coucheurs, whether it is ever justifiable to give it. Sometimes it increases the pain speedily and powerfully, at other times has no apparent effect. Others again consider it almost a substitute for the forceps. Test it; test it, still fur- ther. ERICA PUBESCENS. Downy- TlPSltll ERIGERON. Colt's-tail, flea-bane, pride-weed. Add. E. canadense is called horseweed in Kentucky, and used for the strangury of horses. E. bellidifolium, called Rosebety and Rob- ert's plantain, is bitterish, pungent, used for hard tumors, and for the bite of snakes, in large decoction and cata- plasm; tonic, febrifuge, and stimulant. A tea drank cold is given in bleeding at the lungs. ERIGERON HETEROPHYLLUM. Various leaved fleabane. ERIOCAULON DECANGULARE. Tall pipewort. ERIOCAULON PELLUCIDUM.— Pipewort. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-grass. The wool may be spun like cotton. ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYON. Cotton-grass. ERY 81 ESC ERIOPHORUM VIRGINICUM — Dog's-tooth violet. ERODIUM CICUTARIUM. Hem- lock geranium. ERODIUM CICONIUM. Stork-bill geianium. EROSION (erodo, to knaw off). De- struction by ulceration. ERRATIC (erro, to wander). Wan- dering ; irregular; as applied to pains, gout, erysipelas, gestation, &c. ERRHINE. Drugs producing sneez- ing ; snuff's, sternutatories. ERUCTATION (eructo, to belch forth). Flatulency, with frequent re- jection upward, as from a volcano. ERUPTION (erumpo, to break out). A breaking out; a term applied to acute cutaneous diseases. ERVUM HIRSUTUM. Creeping- vetch. ERYNGO. The candied root of the eryngium campestre, reckoned by Boer- haave as the first of aperient diuretic roots. ERYNGO or SEA-HOLLY. Eryngi- um maritium. It grows along the sea- coasts ; said to be aromatic, expecto- rant, corroborant, and stimulant; said to be valuable in consumption. A min- ister informs me, that a physician South became very celebrated for the cure of consumptive cases, by the use of the following preparation, which I see re- commended in Henry's Herbal; the au- thor was about the first root and herb doctor in New York. Preparation.—Take two ounces of the shavings of deer's horns, and two parts of boiling barley-water ; when boiled away to one quart, add four ounces of candied eryngo root, and a quart of new milk, and boil it down to three pints ; strain it for use. In con- sumptive, debilitated habits, the patient may take a dish of this artificial asses' milk three or four times a day, which will invigorate the system, and promote expectoration. ERYNGIUM, L. Button-snakeroot. Many species very active, diuretic, and sudorific. E. aquaticum, E. fetidum, and E. yucefolium, mostly used, this last also called corn snakeroot, said to be the best cure for rattle-snake bites, chewed and laid on the wound. E. fe- tidum equal to it, to valerian and con- trajerva, antihysteric. The roots of all 6 are pungent, bitter, aromatic, stimulant, corroborant, and expectorant; deemed useful in debility. ERYNGIUM OVALIFOLIUM. Sea- holly. ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE, L.— Hedge-mustard. ERYSIPELAS. An eruptive fever, called by the Romans ignis sacer; popularly, the rose, from the color of the skin ; and St. Anthony's fire, from its burning heat, or because St. Anthony was supposed to cure it miraculously. ERYSIPELATOUS. Belonging to erysipelas. ERYTHEMA. Morbid redness of the skin ; inflammatory blush. A red fulness of the integuments, terminating in scales, and occasionally in gangrene. ERYTHRINA CRISTA GALLI.— Coxcomb evergreen. ERYTHROID. A term applied to the cremasteric covering of the spermatic cord and testis. ERYTHRONIUM Add. Called tar- mia or deer's-tongue by the Missouri tribes; used externally by them in a wash and poultice for breast com- plaints; internally diuretic, vermifuge, used against the tenia in Asia. ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM. Erythronium. An indigenous, liliaceous plant, the recent bulb of which is emet- 1C'ERYTHRONIUM FLAVUM. Yel- low snake-leaf, adder's-tongue, adder's- leaf, dog-violet, rattle-snake violet, lamb's-tongue, scrofula-root, yellow snowdrop. Root, bulbs, and leaves emetic, emollient, suppurative, and anti- scrofulous. The fresh roots and leaves, it is said, stewed with milk, and ap- plied to scrofulous ulcers as a poultice, . heals them speedily. ERYTHR^A CENTAURIUM. Com- mon centaury; a plant of the order gentianacea, possessing similar effects to those of gentian. Its bitter principle is called centaurin. ERYTHRINA HERBACEA, L. Co- ral bloom. Roots sudorific, flowers pec- toral ; very ornamental. See Barton, plate 3. ESCHAR. A dry slough; a gan- grenous portion, which has separated from the healthy substance of the t>oQy- ESCHAROTICS. Substances which EUD 82 EUP form an eschar, or slough, when ap- plied to the skin. ESCULENT. An appellation given to those plants, or any part of them, which may be eaten for food. ESCULUS, L. Buckeye, Horse- chestnut. All our species belong to the sub G. pavia, and are equivalent. Their roots are saponaceous and nar- cotic, used boiled instead of soap for woollens ; the Indians stupify and catch fish with them. The wood is very soft and white, it cannot burn; it is made in the west into small tough and white chips for hats like poplar in Europe; paper can be made with the shavings : Indians make bowls and spoons with it. Branches, leaves, and nuts narcotic, with a nauseous smell: cattle eating them are poisoned: the symptoms are a wry neck, fixed eyes, swelled body, constipation, palsy, convulsions, and death. The remedy is oil poured in the mouth and injected. Dr. MacDow- ell, of Danville, has tried the powder of the rind, and found ten grains in pow- der equal to three grains of opium. ESOPHAGUS. The gullet reaching from the pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach. ESOPON GLAUCUM, Raf. Fl. lud. Equivalent of chicorea. ESSENCE. Principal ingredient, essential oils diluted with alcohol. ESSENTIAL. Oils and acids, chiefly carminative and aromatic, are so called. ESSENTIAL OILS. Oils obtained by distillation from vegetable substances. ETHER. A liquid produced by a remarkable decomposition of alcohol, by sulphuric,phosphoric, and arsenic acids. It is sometimes distinguished as sul- phuric ether, from the mode of pre- paring it. ETHER NITRIC. Sweet spirits of nitre. ETHMOID. Cribriform or sieve- like. A bone of the skull, lying at the root of the nose, perforated for the trans- mission of the olfactory nerves. ETIOLOGY. Science which teaches the causes of diseases. EUDISTEMON, Raf. Pepper-grass. The cochlearia coronopus of Schoepf, since united to many genera, biscutella, lepidium, senebiera, coronopus. Different from all. Mild tonic, astringent, diu- retic, gives bad taste to milk of cows. EUGENIA CARYOPHILLATA. The clove spice-tree. EUGENIA PIMENTA. The com- mon allspice, a myrtaceous plant, the fruit of which constitutes pimento, or Jamaica pepper, commonly called all- spice, from its flavor approaching that of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs. EUGENICACID. Caryophillic acid. EUNUCH. A castrated male. EUONYMUSAMERICANUS. Burn- ing-bush. EUONYMUS ATROPUPURENS.— Spindle-tree. EUPATORIUM. In small doses alterative, antiscorbutic, and pectoral. E. purpureum, antisyphilitic, Schoepf. E. crassifolium, Raf. Fl. lud. herbe a chevreuil of Louisiana, used for wounds. E. pilosum, E. rotundifolium, and E. scabridum, bitter, stomachic, tonic, and febrifuge, used for snake's bites, and as equivalent of E. perfoliatum. The eupatorine, the active principle, is an alkali, in white powder, soluble in al- cohol and ether, peculiar taste, it burns in fire, and gives sulphates. EUPATORIUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM. Hyssop thoroughwort, hemp-weed. EUPATORIUM MACULATUM.— Spotted-stemmed hemp-weed; bitter. EUPHORBIA. The E. lathyrus. Mole-plant or spurge-capers. Milk drastic. Although the unripe seeds are eaten like capers with us, it has lately been found in Europe that the ripe seeds contain 44 per cent, of a purgative oil, similar to that of croton tiglium, but mild and not drastic : dose from three to eight drops. The E. helioscopia gives a similar oil. The pretty E. leu- coloma, Raf. (marginata, N. not Kunth) of Arkansas is used by Indians as emetic and sudorific in fevers, bowel complaints. By handling it, some per- sons are poisoned as with Rhus, or feel a kind of nervous cramp in the hand. EUPHORBIA COROLLATA. Large- flowering spurge. An indigenous eu- phorbiaceous plant, the root of which, in the dose of from ten to twenty grains, is an active emetic. In some- what smaller dose it is cathartic, and in still smaller dose diaphoretic and ex- pectorant. EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA.— Ipecacuanha spurge. This is also an £V0 83 EXF indigenous species. Its root is an ac- tive emetic and cathartic, in the dose of from gr. x. to gr. xv. EUPHORBIA LATHYRUS. Spurge- caper. EUPHORBIA PEPLUS. Wild-ca- per. EUPHORBIACE.E. The euphorbium tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, with leaves alternate; flowers apetalous, unisexual; ovarium three-celled, the cells separating with elasticity from their common axis. EUPHORBIUM. A saline waxy res- in, produced by an undetermined spe- cies of euphorbia. EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS, L.— Eyebright. Bitter, subastringent, oph- thalmic, formerly used for many com- plaints. EUSTACHIAN TUBES. Tubes which run from the ear into the mouth, and convey air; called after Eustacheus the discoverer. EUSTACHIAN VALVE. At the junction of the inferior vena cava with the heart. EVACUANTS (evacuo, to empty). Agents which cause a discharge by some emunctory. Some of the milder evacuants are called alteratives, or puri- fiers of the blood. EVACUATION (evacuo, to empty). The discharge of the faeces, &c. EVAPORATION. The production of vapor at common or moderate tem- peratures. EVAPORATION, SPONTANEOUS. The production of vapor by some natu- ral agency, without the direct applica- tion of heat, as on the surface of the earth or ocean. EVERGREEN. Remaining green through the year, not deciduous. EVERSION. Turned outward, as in ectropion. EVOLUTION, SPONTANEOUS. A term applied by Dr. Denman to natural delivery, in cases in which the shoulder is so far advanced into the pelvis, as to preclude the possibility of relief by op- eration. EVONYMUS, L. Spindlebush, Wa- lloon. Leaves pectoral. Fruits emetic, decoction or powder equivalent of saba- dilla and staphisagria, for the itch and destroying vermin. EXACERBATION (exacerbo, to ex- asperate). An increase of febrile sytnp* toms. EXACUM PULCHELLUM. Gen- tianella. EXANTHEMATA. Efflorescence; eruptive diseases; a term formerly equivalent to eruption generally, but now limfted to rashes, or superficial red patches, irregularly diffused, and ter- minating in cuticulaf exfoliations. EXANTHESIS. A superficial or cu- taneous efflorescence, as rose-rash ; it is opposed to enanthesis, or efflorescence springing from within. EXCAVATUS. Hollowed out. EXCERNENT. Functions of se- cretion and absorption. EXCISION. Cutting away of a part, EXCITANTS (excito, to stimulate). Stimulants; these are termed general, when they excite the system, as spirit; and particular, when they excite an organ, as in the action of diuretics on the kidneys. EXCITABILITY. Susceptibility to the action of stimuli, as in living mus- cular fibre. EXCITEMENT. The effect pro- duced by excitants, especially the gen* eral. EXCITO-MOTORY. A term applied by Dr. Marshall Hall to a division of the nervous system, comprising the tu- bercula quadrigemina, the medulla ob« longata, the medulla spinalis, and the true spinal nerves. EXCORIATION (excorio, to take off the skin). Abrasion of the skin. EXCREMENT (excerno, to separate from). The alvine faeces, or excretion. EXCREMENTITIOUS. Applied to those fluids eliminated from the body, as the urine, &c. EXCRESCENCE. A fungus, wart, polypus, or other morbid tumor. EXCRETION (excerno, to separate from). A general term for the perspi- ration, urine, faeces, &c, which are sep- arated and voided from the blood or the food. EXCRETORY DUCT (excerno, to separate from). The duct which pro- ceeds from a gland, as the parotid, he- patic, &c, and transmits outward, or into particular reservoirs, the fluid se- creted by it, j EXFOLIATION (exfolio, to cast the EXP 84 EYE leaf). The separation of a dead piece of bone from the living. EXHALANT. A term applied to ca- pillary vessels which pour out a fluid. EXHALATION (exhalo, to exhale). Effluvia. The vapors which arise from animal and vegetable bodies, marshes, tlie e3.rth &c< EXHAUSTION. Direct debiMty, pro- duced by evacuations, privation of food, or excessive fatigue. EXHILARANTS. Diffusible stimu- lants. EXHUMATION. Disinterment of a corpse. EXOGENOUS. A term applied to stems which grow externally. EXOMPHALOS. Hernia at, or near the umbilicus. EXOPHTHALMIA. Protrusion of the eye-ball. EXOSTOSIS. An excrescence, or morbid enlargement of a bone. EXOTIC. Plants that are brought from foreign countries. EXPANDED. Spread. EXPANSION. An enlargement, as illustrated by the effect of heat upon metals. EXPECTANT. Applied to the treat- ment of a disease by palliatives merely, as when reliance is placed on the vis medicatrix naturae. EXPECTORANTS (ex pectore, from the chest). Medicines for promoting the discharge of mucus or other matters from the trachea and its branches. EXPECTORATION. The act of dis- charging any matter from the chest; also the matters so discharged. EXPERIENCE. Practical knowl- edge ; knowledge obtained by practice. EXPIRATION. Expelling air from the lungs, after it has been respired. EXPIRATORY. Muscles concerned in the act of expiration. EXPLORATION. Probing a wound, or examining the thorax, abdomen, &c, for the physical signs of disease, in- cluding inspection, palpation, mensura- tion, succussion, percussion, and auscul- tation. EXPRESSED OILS. Oils obtained from bodies by pressure. EXPRESSION. Compression, as for extracting oil from plants or seeds. EXSERTED. Projecting out of the flower or sheath. EXSICCATION (exsicco, to dry up). A variety of evaporation, producing the expulsion of moisture from solid bodies by heat; it is generally employed for depriving salts of their water of crys- tallization. EXTENDE SUPER ALUTAM.— Spread upon leather. EXTENSOR. Name of numerous muscles. EXTENSION (extendo, to stretch out). This term denotes in physics, the property of occupying a certain portion of space. In surgery, it signifies the act of pulling the broken part of a limb to reduce it. EXTIRPATION. Radical cure, cut- ting out of a part. EXTRACT. The properties of vege- tables made by evaporating their watery hydro-alcoholic, or spirituous, and those made in vacuo. The last is evaporated with very little heat, and the air is ex- cluded during the process. Extracts thus obtained, retain their virtues and color. The spirituous is the next best, made by slowly evaporating a tincture of the article; this kind is very good. The water extract is made by first ob- taining a decoction of the article, strain- ing, then simmering, slowly, to the con- sistency of molasses; this is the usual method of making extracts, but they are inferior, and lose more or less of their properties and colors. EXTRACTION. Removing the lens in hard cataract, by an incision through the cornea; pulling teeth; removing foreign bodies from any part. EXTRANEOUS. Superfluous, for- eign to the body. EXTRA UTERINE. Imperfect feta- tion in some organ other than the ute- rus. EXUDATION. A critical sweat. EYE. Oculus, organ of vision. EYE-BALL. The globe of the eye. EYE-BROWS. Supercilia. EYE-LASHES. Ciliae. EYE-LIDS. Palpebrae. EYE-WATER. Collyrium, slightly astringent and anodyne solution, most- ly employed. FAL 85 FAS F. F., FT., or FIAT. Make, let it be made, in prescriptions. F., FT., or FIAT PILULE. Make into a pill, &c. FACE AGUE. Tic douloureux. A form of neuralgia, which occurs in the nerves of the face. FACIAL ANGLE. Camper's arbi- trary lines, showing the deviations of the face from a perpendicular line, upon which he professed to derive indica- tions of the relative intellectual and moral conformation. FACIAL ARTERY. ) Vessels of the FACIAL VEIN. ] lips and face. FACIAL NERVE. Portio dura of the seventh pair. FACIES. The face, lower and an- terior portion of the head. FACIES HIPPOCRATICA. Death- like countenance. FACTITIOUS. Artificial. FACULTY (facultas, from facere, to make). The power or ability by which an action is performed. A term employ- ed to denote the professors of the medi- cal art. FAECES (pi. of fax, dregs). Dregs or lees of wine; the settlement of any liquor. The excrement of animals. FAGUS, L. Beech-trees. Leaves in decoction useful for burns, scalding, and frost nipping. Bark also used with oil or butter. Nuts edible, much liked by hogs, contain much sweet oil, pro- er for all uses. Wood less valuable than chestnut. Shade baneful to grass; beech lands little fruitful. Ashes good for potash. Beech shavings give much pyrolignic acid. FAGUS FERRUGINEA. Red-beech. FAGUS SYLVATICA AMERICA- NA. White-beech. FAHRENHEIT'S THERMOMET- RICAL SCALE. Its zero shows the temperature of melting snow and salt, a f rigorific mixture ; thirty-two degrees marks the freezing point of water, and its boiling point bf this scale is at two hundred and twelve degrees. FALCATE. Sickle-shaped; linear and crooked. FALCIFORM (falx, falcis, a scythe, forma, likeness). Falcate. Scythe-like; a term applied to a process of the dura mater, and the iliac process of the fascia lata. FALLING SICKNESS. Caducus morbus. Epilepsy; an affection in which the patient suddenly falls to the ground. FALLOPIAN TUBES. Two trum- pet-like ducts, arising from the sides of the fundus uteri, and extending to the ovaria; so called from Gabriel Fallo- pius. The commencement of each is termed ostium uterinum; the termina- tion, ostium abdominale; the fimbriated extremity, morsus diaboli. FALSE CONCEPTION. Unnatural conception, in which, instead of a well- organized embryo, a mole or some anal- ogous production is formed. FALSE MEMBRANE. This is al- ways the result of inflammation, as that produced in pleurisy, in peritonitis, in croup, &c. FALSE PASSAGE. An accidental opening through the urethra, made by violence or awkwardness in passing a bougie or catheter. FALX. A process of the covering of the brain, which divides it into two hemispheres. FAMILY. A group of genera, which are connected together by common characters of structure. The term order is synonymous. FARINA. (From far, corn.) Meal or flour. A term given to the glutinous parts of wheat and other seeds, which is obtained by grinding and sifting. It consists of gluten, starch, and muci- lage. The pollen is also called farina. FARINACEOUS. Mealy. A term for all those substances which contain farina; viz., the cerealia, legumes, &c. FAR-SIGHTEDNESS. An affection occurring in incomplete amaurosis, and as the result of a natural malformation FASCIA (fascis, a bundle). Literally a scarf or large band. Hence, it is ap- plied to the aponeurotic expansion of a muscle. FEC 86 FER FASCIA LATA. A name frequently given to the aponeurosis of the thigh. " FASCIA SUPERFICIAL^. A mem- brane extending over the abdomen, and downward over the front of the thigh. FASCIA TRANSVERSALIS. A dense layer of cellular fibrous mem- brane, lying beneath the peritoneum, and investing the transversalis muscle. FASCIALIS. Another name for the tensor vagina femoris muscle. FASCICLE. A bundle. FASCICULATE. Collected in bun- dles. FASTIGIATE. Flat-topped. Branch- es are said to be fastigiate when they keep in a similar direction to the main stem, and their boughs point upward. FAT. Adeps. Solid animal oil. Human fat consists of two proximate principles, elaine and stearine, the for- mer constituting the oily or liquid, the latter the fatty or solid substance. FATUITY (fatuus, without savor; figuratively, nonsensical). Foolishness, weakness of understanding. FAUCES. The gullet, or windpipe ; the part where the mouth grows nar- rower; the space surrounded by the velum palati, the uvula, tbe tonsils, apd the posterior part of the tongue. FAVOSUS. Resembling a honey- comb. FEATHER-FEW. A common gar- den plant; a tea of it, freely drank, ex- pels wind, promotes the menses, and relieves hysterics and low spirits. FEBRIFUGE (febris, a fever, fugo, to dispel). A remedy against fever. FEBRIS (ferveo, or ferbeo, to be hot). Pyrexia. Fever; a class of diseases characterized by increased heat, &c. It is termed idiopathic, i. e., of tbe general system, not depending on local disease; or symptomatic, or sympathetic—a se- condary affection of the constitution, dependent on local disease, as the in^ flammatory. The hectic is a remote effect. FEBRIFUGUM MAGNUM- Tbe name given by Dr. Hancocke to cold water as a drink in ardent fever. An excellent auxiliary in treating it. FECULA (fax, the grounds or set- tlement of any liquor). Originally any substance derived by spontaneous sub- sidence from a liquid; the term was afterwards applied to starch, which was thus deposited by agitating the flour of wheat in water; and, lastly, it denoted a peculiar vegetable principle, which, like starch, is insoluble in cold, but( completely soluble in boiling water, with which it forms a gelatinous solu- tion. FEDIA OLITORIA. Lamb-lettuce. FEDIA RADIATA, Mx. Valeriana, L. Sch. Lamb-lettuce, corn-salad. Good sweet salad in winter and spring. Deem- ed diuretic and useful for hypochon- dria. FEIGNED DISEASES. Morbi ficti, vel simulati. Alleged affections, which are either pretended or intentionally in^ duced, as abdominal tumor, animals in the stomach, &c. The practice of feign-! ing disease is technically termed in the British navy skulking, and in the army malingering. FEMORAL. The name given to the external iliac artery immediately after it has emerged from under the crural arch ; and to the crural vein, or con- tinuation of the popliteal. FEMORAL HERNIA. Crural her. nia. FEMORIBUS INTERNIS. To the inside of the thighs, used in prescrip- tions. FEMORjEUS. Another name for the cruraus muscle,—an extensor of the leg. FEMUR, FEMORIS. Os femoris. The thigh-bone, the longest, largest, and heaviest of all the hopes in the body. FENESTRA, A window, part of the internal ear, including both the fora-< mina ovale and rotunda. FENNEL SEED. Anethum foni, culum ; carminative, stomachic. A tea is useful to expel worms in infants. FERMENTATION. Commotion, as in the decomposition of saccharine vege-. tables; souring. FERNS. Cryptogamous plants, with the fruit on the back of the leaves, or in spikes made up of minute capsules opening transversely. FERN MALE, POLYPODIUM. This plant is said to be a remedy for the tape-worm. In 1750, the king of France purchased, from Madame Neijfer the receipt for making a medicine which is said to be an effectual cure for the tape- worm. Dose for the tape-worm, three; FEV 87 FID drachms of the powdered root to be given daily. FERN, SWEET. Comptonia asple- nifolia; stomachic, alterative, astrin- gent. FERRARIA TIGRIDE. Tiger-flower. FERRIRUBIGO. Rust of iron. FERRO-CYANIC ACID. A com- ound of cyanogen, metallic iron, and ydrogen. FERRUGINOUS. Partaking of iron. FERRUM. Iron; a whitish gray metal, found in animals, plants, and al- most all mineral substances. By the alchemists, iron was called Mars. 1. Red, or peroxyde of iron. Ferri sesqui-oxydum, formerly called crocus martis; found native in the crystallized state ; as obtained by precipitation from * sulphate of iron, it is frequently termed carbonate, subcarbonate, or precipitated carbonate of iron. 2. Ammoniacal iron. Ferri ammo- nio chloridum, formerly called martial flowers of sal ammoniac, ens Veneris, &c. 3. Prussian or Berlin blue. Ferri ferrosesquicyanidum, sometimes called ferro-prussiate of iron. 4. Copperas. Ferri sulphas, common- ly called green vitriol, sal martis, vitri- olated iron, &c. 5. Rust of iron. Ferri rubigo; a protoxyde, obtained by moistening iron wire with water, and exposing it to the air. FERRUM AMMONIATUM. Am- monio chloride of iron. FERTILIZATION (fertilis, fertile). The function of the pollen of plants upon the pistil, by means of which the ovules are converted into seeds. FERULA ASSAFCETIDA. The as- safcetida ferula, an umbelliferous plant, yielding the assafcetida of commerce. The F. persica also is supposed to yield this drug. FERTILE. Pistillate, yielding fruit. FESTUCA DARUS CULA. Hard fescue-grass. FESTUCA ELATIOR. Fescue-grass. FEVER. An increased healthy ac- tion of the heart and arteries, to expel morbid humors, or to effect a healthy ^FEVER-BUSH, WILD ALSPICE, SPICE WOOD. A tea of it is recom- mended in fevers, particularly in the in- flammatory type. A good article for root-beer. FEVERFEW. Chrysanthemum par- thenium. Nervine, stomachic; a tea good for obstructed menses. FEVER ROOT. Triosteum perfora- tum. Cathartic, tonic. FEVER TWIG. See Celastus Scan- dens. FIBER. An old adjective for ex- tremus. FIBRIN. A tough fibrous mass, forming with albumen the basis of muscle. FIBROUS. Name of a class of tis- sues or membranes, as in the sheaths and aponeuroses, tendons and liga- ments. FIBULAR. Popliteal or peroneal nerve, vessels, &c, of the leg. FIBRE (fibra, a filament.) A fila- ment or thread, of animal, vegetable, or mineral composition. FIBRE, ANIMAL. The filaments which compose the muscular fasciculi, &c. The epithets carneous and tendi- nous are sometimes added, to mark the distinction between fleshy and sinewy fasciculi* FIBRO-CARTILAGE. Membrani- form cartilage. The substance inter- mediate between proper cartilage and ligament, which constitutes the base of the ear, determining the form of that part; and composes the rings of the trachea, the epiglottis, &c. FIBULA. Literally, a clasp or buc- kle. Hence it denotes the lesser bone of the leg, from its being placed oppo- site to the part where the knee-buckle was attached. FICUS CARICA, L. Fig-tree. Cult, Spontaneous in Florida. Milk of the tree caustic, takes off spots from the skin, becomes a kind of gum elastic by drying. Wood soft, spongy. Leaves emollient. Figs contain much sugar and mucilage, very nourishing fresh and dried, laxative, pectoral, emollient, hepatic, herpetic, suppurative, &c. Use- ful in cough, colic, constipation ; ex- ternally, in poultice for buboes, phleg- mons, anthrax, &c, to make them suppurate. The skin of fresh figs is acrid, and must be peeled off. FIDGETS. Titubalio. A term de- rived from fidgety, probably a corrup- | tion of fugitive, and denoting general FIS 88 FLE restlessness, with a desire of changing j the position. FIGWORT, SQUARESTALK, CAR- PENTER'S SQUARE, HEAL-ALL.— Scrophularia Marylandica. " A tea, drank freely," says Smith, "restores the lochia! discharges, and relieves the pains of difficult menstruation." FILAMENT (filum, a thread). A small thread-like structure, or fibre, as that of a nerve, &c. Also, the thread- like portion of the stamen, which sup- ports the anther. FILBERTS. See Corylus Ameri- cana. FILICES. Ferns. All the fragrant kinds are pectoral, anthelmintic, often edible ; used to make good beer. Un- less collected in summer, they become nerly inert. FILIFORM. Very slender. FILINGUIS, Raf. (Scolopendrium officinale, Sm., same as Scolopendra.) Hart's tongue. Astringent. FILM. Vulgar term for opacity of the cornea. FILTER. A sieve or strainer. FILTRATION. A careful straining through paper, linen, or sand. FIMBRIA. A fringe. The fringe- like extremity of the Fallopian tube. FIMBRIATE. Divided at the edge like fringe. FIMBRIATED. Fringed ; having the margin bordered with filiform pro- cesses. FINGERS. Digiti, the bones called phalanges. FIR. Pinus abies, the tree whence tar and turpentine are derived. FIRE DAMP, carburetted hydrogen gas, inflammable gas, upon which the explosions in mines depend. FISSURA LONGITUDINALIS. A deep fissure observed in the median line on the upper surface of the brain, occupied by the falx cerebri of the dura TT13.tPr FISSURA SILVII. The fissure which separates the anterior and middle lobes of the cerebrum. It lodges the middle cerebral artery. FISSURA UMBILICALIS. The groove of the umbilical vein, situated between the large and small lobes, at the under and fore part of the liver, which, in the foetus, contains the um- bilical vein. FISSURE OF BICHAT. The name given to the transverse fissure of the brain, from the opinion of Bichat that it was here that the arachnoid entered into the ventricles. FISSURE OF THE SPLEEN. The groove which divides the inner surface of the spleen. It is filled by vessels and fat. FISTULA. A pipe to carry water; hence it denotes a pipe-like sore, with a narrow orifice, and without disposition to heal. FISTULA IN A NO. Fistula pene- trating into the cellular substance about the anus, or into the rectum itself. Those cases in which the matter has made its escape, by one or more open- ings through the skin only, are called, by present surgeons, blind external fis- tula ; those in which the discharge has been made into the cavity of the in- testine, without any orifice in the skin, are named blind internal; and those which have an opening both through the skin and into the gut, are called complete fistula. But thie is an im- proper distinction: the names imply only different stages of the same disease. FISTULA IN PERIN^O. Fistula in the course of the perinaeum, some- times extending to the urethra, bladder, vagina, or rectum. FISTULA LACRYMALIS. Fistula penetrating into the lachrymal sac. FISTULA SALIVARY. Fistula penetrating into the parotid duct, occa- sioned by a wound or ulcer. FISTULOUS. Hollow or tubular, as the leaf of the onion. FISTULINA HYPODRIS, Bull. (Bo- letus hepaticus, Dec.) Liver mush- room. Eatable when young, topical calmant in gout. FLABELLIFORM. Fan-shaped. FLACCID. Too limber to support its own weight. FLAGELLIFORM. Like a whiplash. FLAMMEUS. Flame-colored. FLATULENCE. Wind, as in the stomach. FLATULENT. Producing wind. FLATUS. Wind or gas. FLAVUS. Yellow. FLAXSEED. The seeds of linum usitatissimum. FLEAM. An instrument for lancing I the gums and bleeding for horses. FLU 89 FCE FLEBANE, COLT'S TAIL. Erige- ron Canadensis. A strong styptic. Ex- cellent to stop bleeding from wounds, in the form of powder : a tea is good to check any kind of internal bleeding, especially of the lungs: drink it cold. FLESHY. Thick and pulpy. FLEXION. Bending, state of being bent. FLEXOR (flecto, to bend). A mus- cle which bends the part into which it is inserted. Its antagonist is termed ex- tensor. FLEXUOUS. Serpentine, or bend- ing in a zig-zag form. FLINT. Silex. FLOCCI VOLITANTES. Morbid vision, small bodies flying before the eyes. FLOCCULI. Clouds of sediment, as in morbid urine. FLOODING. Uterine hemorrhage, whether from disease, or occurring in the puerperal state. FLOERKEA, W. Sweet salad. Ed- ible, good and sweet. FLOERKEA ULIGINOSA. False- mermaid. FLORA (flos, floris, a flower). A term expressive of the botanical pro- ductions of any particular country. FLORAL LEAF. See Bract. FLORET. Little flower; part of a compound flower. FLORES. Flowers of plants; also sublimated minerals, as the flowers of benzion. zinc, and sulphur. FLORIST. One who cultivates flow- ers. FLOSCULAR. A tubular floret. FLOUR OF MUSTARD. The seeds of mustard, dried, powdered, and sifted. FLOWER (flos). A term which was formerly applied almost exclusively to the petals. At present, a stamen and pistil only are considered as forming a perfect flower. y FLOWER DE LUCE, BLUE FLAG. Iris versicolor. The root, in decoction, promotes discharge by urine, and re- lieves dropsy. FLOWER-STALK. See Peduncle. FLUATE. A compound of fluoric acid with a salifiable base. FLUCTUATION (fluctuo, to rise in waves). The perceptible motion com- municated to pus or other fluids by pressure or percussion. The possession of the tactus eruditus constitutes the practitioner's skill in ascertaining the presence of fluids in parts. FLUID. Liquid, state of fluidity. FLUOR SPAR. Derbyshire spar, fluoride of calcium. FLUOR ALBUS. Literally, white discharge, another name for leucchor- FLUORIC ACID. Obtained from fluor spar, by sulphuric acid, called hy- drofluoric acid. FLUX. Applied to hemorrhages, es- pecially to dysentery, called bloody flux; and also to those compounds which assist the fusion of metals, as crude, white and black flux. FOLIA CEREBELLI (folium, any sort of leaf). An assemblage of gray laminae, observed on the surface of the cerebellum. FOLIACEOUS. Leafy. FOLIOLES. Leafets; a diminutive of folium, a leaf. The smaller leaves which constitute a compound leaf. FOLIUM. Leaf. Leaves are fibrous and cellular processes of the plants, of different figures, but generally extended into a membranous or skinny substance. FOLLICLE (dim. of follis, a pair of bellows). Literally, a little bag, or scrip of leather; in anatomy, a very minute secreting cavity. In botany, a seed-vessel which opens lengthwise, or on one side only. FCENICULUM VULGARE. Com- mon fennel; a European, umbelliferous plant, the fruit of which is incorrectly called wild fennel-seed. FOETICIDE (foetus, and cedo, to kill). The destruction of the foetus in utero, commonly called criminal abortion. FCETID. Emitting stench, unpleas- ant odor. FCETID HELEBO or SKUNK CAB- BAGE. Heleborus Foetidus. Grows in low places; antispasmodic and anti- asthmatic ; enters into the Vegetable Syrup. FCETOR (fateo, to stink). A strong offensive smell. FCETOR ORIS. Offensive breath. FCETUS. The young of any ani- mal. The child in utero, after the fourth month. At an earlier period, it is commonly called the embryo. The term foetus is also applied adjectively to animals which are pregnant. FOS 90 FRA FOMES. PI. Fomites. Literally, fuel. This term is generally applied to substances imbued with contagion. FOMES VENTRICULI. Hypochon- driasis. FOMENTATION (faveo, to keep warm). The application of flannel, wet with warm water, or some medicinal concoction. FOOT. Pes. The organ of loco- motion, consisting of the tarsus, the metatarsus, and the phalanges. FOOTSTALK, Sometimes used in- stead of peduncle and petiole. FORAMEN (foro, to pierce). An opening. A passage observed at the apex of the ovule in plants, and com- posing both the exostome and the en- dostome. FORAMEN OVALE. An oval open- ing, situated in the partition which sep- arates the right and left auricles, in the fcetus; it is also called the foramen of Botal. This term is also applied to an oval aperture communicating between the tympanum and the vestibule of the ear. FORAMEN ROTUNDUM. The round, or, more correctly, triangular aperture of the internal ear. FORKED. See Dichotomous. FORCEPS (quasi ferriceps, from/er- rum, iron, capio, to take). A pair of tongs, or pincers; an instrument for ex- tracting the foetus. The artery or dis- secting forceps is used for laying hold and taking up delicate parts. FORMIX. A flat triangular medul- lary body in the brain, under the sep- tum lucidum. FORMULA. Any peculiar medi- cinal preparation ; a recipe or prescrip- tion. FORNIX. Literally, an arched vault. A triangular lamina of white substance, extending into each lateral ventricle, and terminating into two cru- ra, which arch downward to the base of the brain. FORTIS. Strong. FORTIUS. Stronger., FOSSA. Any groove, shallow cav- ity, or depression, as the post-clavic- ular fossa, &c. FOSSIL. Any inorganic substance dug out of the earth, or any oiganic substance penetrated with earthy or me- tallic matters. FOTHERGILLA ALNIFOLIA. — Witch-alder. FOURCHETTE. Posterior commis- sure of the labia pudendi, at the peri- neum. FOURTH PAIR OF NERVES.— Pathetici, smallest in the body. FOWLER'S SOLUTION. A solution of the arsenite of potassa, colored and flavored by the compound spirit of laven- der, one fluid drachm of which contains half a grain of arsenious acid. It was introduced into practice by Dr. Fowler. It is a very dangerous liquid*. FOXGLOVE. Digitatis purpurea. Narcotic, diuretic. FRACTURE. A break, as of a bone, and may be either transverse, oblique, or longitudinal: either simple, com- pound, complicated, or comminuted. FR.ENUM (frano, to curb a horse). A bridle; a part which performs the office of a check or curb. FR.ENUM LINGUAE. A fold formed at the under surface of the tongue, by the mucous membrane lining the mouth. Infants are said to be tongue-tied when the fraenum is very short, or continued too far forward. FRAGARIA. Dried for use in Eu- rope, used in coughs, phthisis, mania, melancholy, and gout. Roots bitter, astringent, contain tannin and gallic acid ; the decoction is red, and dyes the alvine excretions; used in blenorrhagy, diarrhoea, hemorrhage, and also as a diuretic. FRAGARIA CANADENSIS. Moun- tain strawberry. FRAGARIA CHILENSIS. Native of the Rocky mountains. FRAGARIA ELATIOR. Hautboy strawberry. FRAGARIA GRANDIFLORA. Pine- apple strawberry. FRAGARIA VESCA. English straw- berry. FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA. Wild strawberry. FRAGILIS. Breaking easily. FRAGILITAS OSSIUM. Fragile vi- treum. A morbid brittleness of the bones. FRAMBjESIA. Yaws, a contagious malady of Africa. FRANKINCENSE. Formerly oli- banum, a gum-resin of the juniperus lycia, but now the abietis resina, or resin of the spruce fir. FRO 91 FUC FRASERA. Used by empirics in cold infusion of oxymel for griping colics, nausea and costiveness of pregnancy. FRASERA WALTERI. The Amer- ican Colombo, a plant of the order gen- tianacea, with the properties of gen- tian. From its having been sold in France as Colombo, it was called false Colombo. FRASERA VERTICILLATA. Amer- ican Colombo. Mild tonic, may be used as a substitute for foreign Colombo. FRAXINUS, L. Ash-trees. Many species. Valuable wood, compact, elas- tic,used for implements, screws, wheels, &c. Bark bitter astringent, used for hemorrhages and agues. Leaves for bites of snakes in poultice. Seeds aro- matic, dessicative, said to prevent obesi- ty. Ashes diuretic. FRAXINUS ACUMINATA, White ash. FRAXINUS JUGLANDIFOLIA.— Walnut-leaf ash, swamp-ash. FRAXINUS ORNUS. The flowering ash, or manna-tree ; an oleaceous plant, which yields manna. FRAXINUS PUBESCENS- Red ash. FRAXINUS SAMBUCIFOLIA.— Black ash. FRECKLES. Ephelis. FREEZING POINT OF WATER. Thirty-two degrees of Fahrenheit. FRIABLE. Crumbling, brittle. FRICTION (frico, to rub). The act of rubbing the surface of the body with the hand, a brush, or linen. It is per- formed either in the dry way, or with ointments, liniments, &c. FRIGIDITY. Coldness. FRINGE-TREE. See Chionanthus. FROG TONGUE. Ranula, salivary tumor under the tongue. FROND. The leaf of cryptogamous plants ; fprmerly applied to palms. FRONDESCENCE. (From from, a leaf.) The time in which each species of plants unfolds its first leaves. FRONDOSE (frondosus). Leafy, or le3,f~like FRONS. The forehead. FRONTAL. Belonging to the fore- head, applied to bones, vessels, nerves, &c. FRONTIS OS. That bone of the skull which forms the forehead, and upper part of the orbit-of the eyes. FROSTWORT. Cistus Canadensis. Said to be a remedy for the king's evil; make a poultice and apply; also make a tea and drink freely ; this is said to have cured a number afflicted.with the king's evil. Henry states, in his Her- bal, that he has found it an effectual cure for the scrofula. He directs it to be used as follows :— Take one handful of the dry leaves, a quart of rum, and a table--spoonful of black pepper; put this in an earthen pipkin, and let it stand on the hot em- bers and simmer for two hours; strain it, and put a handful or two more of the dry leaves into the liquor, and let it simmer for half an hour, then thicken it by stirring in two ounces of the pow- dered leaves, and apply a poultice over the lumps twice a day. Let the patient drink the following infusion three times a day. Put four ounces of the leaves dry into a teapot filled with boiling water, and wash the sores twice a day with a rag dipped in the tea. Many in this city have been cured by the above prescription. FRUCTIFEROUS, Bearing or be. coming fruit. FRUCTIFICATION. The flower and fruit with their parts. Producing heat. FRUCTUS. The fruit is an annual part of the plant, which adheres to the flower and succeeds it; and after at- taining maturity, detaches itself from the parent plant, and on being placed in the bosom of the earth, gives birth to a new vegetable. In common lan- guage, the fruit includes both the peri- carp and the seed, but, strictly speak- ing, the latter only is the fruit, while the former is but the case or vessel which contains it. FRUTESCENT. Becoming shrubby. FRUTEX. A shrub. FUCHSIA CCECINEA. Ladies' ear- drop. A beautiful plant, flower of a fine crimson color. FUCUS, L. Wrack, seaweeds. A family of marine plants, all more or less equivalent. They contain gelatine, fibrine, muriate and phosphate of soda, iodine, sulphate and carbonate of lime, iron, manganese, and silica. Some spe- cies have a sweet principle sinplar to mannite, and are edible; such 'are F. edulis, dulcis, saccharinus, esculentus. FUM 92 FUR palmatus, belonging to the N. G. Lami- naria, and eaten in Greenland, Iceland, &c. Being burnt, they furnish the kelp used for glass. Iodine was first dis- covered in it, and they chiefly owe to it their medical properties, rendered bland by mixture. Burnt in close ves- sels, they furnish the vegetable ethiops, composed of carbon, carbonate of so- da, and iodine. So abundant on some shores as to afford much manure ; cat- tle like to feed on them, and it keeps them healthy. They are vermifuge, diuretic, deobstruent, resolvent, &c, useful in gout, broncbocele, scrofulous swellings, goitres, tumors, buboes, swelled testicles, chronic leucorrhea, &c, and in all disorders where iodine avails. The F. helminthocorton is much used in France against worms, for children an ounce for three doses in powder with honey, or decoction. We used instead the F. natans (sea-oak or Gulf-weed). Kalm says it was given in fevers, and to women in childbed ; Josselyn, in wine for gout. The escu- lent swallow-nests of India are made with the F. corneus. Vases as hard as leather made with F. potatorum of Aus- tralia. The F. natans is edible also, used for fevers and retention of urine in Germany. F. serratus gives most iodine. The charcoal or ethiops of F. vesiculosus, used for scrofula, contains fucic acid, resin, a little iodine. F. gi- ganteus of the ocean is a vegetable wonder, the stem being often three miles long ! F. tendo used for ropes in China, very tough. FUGAX. Fugaceous, flying off. FUGO. To drive away; that which possesses the property of abating fever. FULCRA. Props, supports; as the petiole, peduncle, &c. FULCRUM. A prop or pivot. FULIGO LIGNI. Soot, wood-soot. FULMINATING. Exploding, com- pounds of gold, silver, mercury, plati- num, &c, which are called detonating, or explosive. FULVOUS. Yellowish. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS, L. Fu- mitory. Tonic, bitter, antiscorbutic, depurative ; useful for exanthema, pru- rient itching, scurvy spots, scabs, weak stomac%, in syrup, extract, or wine. FUMIGATION (fumigo, to perfume). The use of fumes, chiefly chlorine, ni- tric acid, or vinegar, for the removal of effluvia or miasmata. Also, the appli- cation of fumes, as of water to the throat, of mercury or sulphur to sores, &c. FUMITORY. See Fumaria Offi- cinalis. FUNCTION (fungor, to discharge an office). The office of an organ in the animal or vegetable economy, as of the heart in circulation, of the leaf in respiration, &c. FUNDUS. In anatomy, the bottom of any of the viscera. FUNGI. Mushrooms. Extensive class of plants, of which a multitude are found with us. Many are edible and yield sugar; 150 are eaten in Italy, nearly all found with us, belonging to the genera amanita, boletus, phallus, clavaria, hydnum, tuber, lycoperdon, &c. Helvetia amara and boletus laricis are bitter, tonic, and febrifuge. Tinder, corks, ink, &c, are made with several. Fungine is a peculiar substance found in them. All the tough, latescent, de- liquescent, and fetid kinds are poison- ous if eaten, being acrid, narcotic, causing inflammation of the stomach and bowels, great thirst, gripings, con- vulsions, and death. The remedies are emetics, purgative injections, antispas- modics, emollients, acidulous drinks, &c. FUNGOUS. Growing rapidly with a soft texture like the fungi. FUNGUS HvEMATODES. Bleeding fungus, soft cancer, medullary sarcoma, spongoid inflammation, &c. In Eng- land, it is a form of encephalosis; in France, naevus, morbid erectile tissue, &c. FUNICLE. The stalk which con- nects the ovale to the ovary. FUNICULUS (dim. of funis, a thick rope). A term applied to the spermatic cord, consisting of the spermatic artery and vein, &c. FUNIS. The umbilical cord. FUNNEL-FORM. Tubular at the bottom, and gradually expanding at the top. FURFURACEOUS. Branny, lateri- tious sediment. FURROW. A term applied to bones; the same as groove. FUROR. Violent delirium without fever. GAL 93 GAL FUROR UTERINUS. Nymphomania. FURUNCULUS (furo, to rage). A boil, so named from its violent inflam- mation. FUSIBLE. Capable of being melted. FUSIFORM. Spindle-shaped ; a root thick at the top and tapering down- ward GALACTIA GLABELLA. Milky- way plant. GALANGA MAJOR. Radix galan- gae. The pungent aromatic rhizome of the alpinia galanga, a plant of the order zingiberacea, forming a substitute for ginger. GALANTHUS NIVALIS. Snow- drop. GALARDIA AMARA, Raf. Fl. lud. Fragrant; equivalent of anthemis; gives intolerable bitter taste to milk of cows. GALAX ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Car- penter's-leaf. Vulnerary ; used for all kinds of wounds, bruises, and sores. GALBANUM. A gum-resin; the secreted juice of the galbanum officinale, an umbelliferous plant. It occurs in tear and in lump. GALEA. A helmet. GALEGA OFFICINALIS. Goat's- rue. A European, leguminous plant, formerly employed as a remedy in ma- lignant fevers, bites of snakes, &c, but now not used. GALEGA VIRGINIANA. Virginia goat's-rue. An indigenous species, the root of which is said to be diaphoretic and powerfully anthelmintic. It is given in decoction. GALENA. Lead-glance ; the native sulphuret of lead. GALEOPSIS LADANUM. Red hemp-nettle. GALEOPSIS TETRALIT. Flower- ing nettle-hemp nettle ; stomachic and tonic. GALIPEA CUSPARIA. A rutaceous plant, said by Humboldt to produce An- gustura bark. GALIUM APARINE. Cleavers; goosegrass, a rubiaceous plant, common in Europe and the United States, the FUSION AQUEOUS. Deliquescence spontaneous fusion of crystalline salts, by parting with their water of crystal lization on exposure to the air. FUSTIC-TREE. See Cladrastis TlNCTORIA. FUZZ-BALL. A kind of fungus or mushroom. expressed j'uice of which is said to be aperient, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. GALIUM ASPRELLUM. Rough bed-straw. GALIUM BRACHIATUM. Bed- straw. GALIUM CIRCCEZUNS. Wild li- quorice ; astringent. GALIUM VERUM. Yellow lady's bed-straw; cheese-rennet. A Euro- pean species, formerly esteemed as a remedy in epilepsy and hysteria. It is used to color cheese yellow. Properties.—The G. verum and also Gr. aparine are ancient medical plants ; the whole plants are used; as subas- tringent, discutient, antiscorbutic, ape- rient, diuretic, nervine, &c. % Although neglected lately by medical writers, be- cause apparently inert, they are by no means so. The taste is bitterish and acid. The flowers have an acid ; their property of coagulating milk, to which the name alludes, is now ascertained to be false; and it is no longer used for that purpose. In the south of Europe, artichokes are now used instead of ren- net, which spoils the taste of milk ; and sweet congealed milk is thus procured, very palatable and healthy. Externally applied in poultice, it is a good discu- tient for indolent tumors, strumous swel- lings and tumors of the breast. Inter- nally it is used in decoction sweetened with honey, for suppression of urine and gravelly complaints, in scurvy, dropsy, hysterics, epilepsy, gout, &c. There are instances on record of having cured these diseases. Useful also in bleeding of the nose and stomach. Lately found peculiarly beneficial in scorbutic, scrofulous, and dropsical complaints, acting mildly, but effectual- Gr. Gr. CAN 94 GAN ly. The flowers are of a fine yellow or golden Color, and have a peculiar smell, somewhat like tnelilotus. GALIUM TRIFIDUM. Bed-straw. GALIUM TRIFLORUM. Catch- weed. GALIUM TlNCTORitTM. An American species, closely allied* in properties to the preceding. It is em- ployed by the Indians for staining their ornaments red. GALL. Bile. GALLvE. Galls, gall-nuts, or oak- galls ; excrescences of the quercus in- fectoria, and other species of the oak, produced by the nidiis, or nest, of an insect GALL-BLADDER. Cystis fellea. A membranous reservoir, lodged in a fis- sure on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, and containing the bile. GALL DUCTS. These are the cystic, proceeding from the gall-bladder; the hepatic, proceeding from the liver ; and the ductus communis choledochus, re- sulting from the union of the two pre- ceding. GALL-STONES. Biliary concretions found in the gall-bladder, and some- times in the liver and hepatic and cho- ledoch ducts; viz., 1. Calculi composed of eholeSlerine^ nearly in a state of purity. 2. Mellitic calculi, so named from their likeness to honey in color. GALLIC ACID. An acid obtained from gall-nuts, but principally by de- composition of tannic acid. GALLINAGINIS CAPUT. Veru- montanum, an eminence in the ure- thra. GALLIPOT. A glazed pot or jar used for medicines. GALVANIC BATTERY or TROUGH. An apparatus for accumulating galvan- ism, consisting of plates of zinc and copper, fastened together and cemented into a wooden or earthenware trough, so as to form a number of cells; the trough is then filled with diluted acid. GALVANISM. A modification of electricity, generated by the action of certain acids upon particular metals, alternately disposed. GAMBOGE. A gum-resin, said to be produced by a species of hebraden* droth, a guttiferous plant. GANGLIA. Plural of ganglion. GANGLIA, LUMBAR. Five or fewer ganglia on each side, placed between the twelfth rib and the articulation of the last vertebra with the sacrum. GANGLIA, SACRAL. Three or four ganglia on each side, placed upon the sides of the anterior surface of the sa- crum. GANGLIA, SEMILUNAR. Two ganglia of the abdomen, lying partly upon the crura of the diaphragm, part- ly upon the aorta, opposite the cceliac trunk. GANGLION. A small nervous cen- tre> or an enlargement in the course of a nerve, sometimes termed a diminutive brain. In speaking of the lymphatic system, a ganglion denotes what is commonly called a conglobate gland. The term also signifies a morbid en- largement in the course of a tendon, or aponeurosis, from effusion into its theca, as in ganglion patellae, or the house- ni3,ifl's knee GANGLION AZYGOS vel IMPAR. A small ganglion situated on the first bone of the coccyx. GANGLION, CARDIAC. A plexus, constituting the central point of union of the cardiac nerves. GANGLION, CASSERIAN. A large semi-lunar ganglion, formed of the fifth nerve, or trifacial. GANGLION CAVERNOSUM. A ganglion placed at the outer side of the internal carotid artery, toward the mid- dle of the cavernous sinus. It does not always exist. GANGLION CERVICALE PRI- MUM. The superior cervical ganglion, situated under the base of the skull, and remarkable for its size, and the regularity of its occurrence. Under the term great sympathetic or intercostal nerve, are Commonly associated all the ganglia which occur from the upper part of the neck to the lower part of the sacrum, together with the filaments which issue from them. GANGLION CERVICALE MEDIUM seu THYROIDEUM. A ganglion situated opposite to the fifth or sixth vertebra. It is often entirely wanting; sometimes double. GANGLION CERVICALE INFE- RIUS. The inferior cervical ganglion, situated behind the vertebral artery, be- GAS 95 GEL tween the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib. It is sometimes double, and frequently continuous with the pre- ceding ganglion. GANGLION, NASO-PALATINE. A ganglion discovered by Cloquet in the anterior palatine foramen. GANGLION OPHTHALMICUM.— The ophthalmic or lenticular ganglion, placed on the outer side of the optic nerve; one of the smallest ganglia of the body. GANGLION OF RIBES. A small ganglion of communication between the sympathetic filaments of the anterior cerebral arteries. GANGLION, SUB-MAXILLARY. A ganglion which occurs opposite the sub-maxillary gland. GANGLIONIC NERVE. The tris- planchnic nerve. GANGRJENA ORIS. A disease which affects or destroys the cheeks, or gums, in infants. A similar disease oc- curs in the pudenda. GANGRENE. The first stage of mortification, so named from its eating away the flesh. GARGET or POKE. Phytolacca decandria. Cathartic, discutient, acrid. GARLIC. A syrup is good for coughs and inflammation of the lungs, particu- larly in infants; also to apply to the feet in inflammation. GAS. Any aeriform or elastic fluid. GASEOUS. That which has the na- ture of gas; gaseous fluids are thus dis- tinguished from other fluids. GASTRALGIA. Cardialgia, pain in the stomach. GASTRIC. Belonging to the stomach. GASTRIC FEVER. One in which inflammation of the stomach is the prom- inent feature. GASTRIC JUICE. The peculiar digestive fluid secreted by the stomach. GASTRITIS. Inflammation of the stomach; the nosological termination itis denoting inflammation. GASTROCELE. Hernial sac con- taining the stomach. GASTROCNEMIUS. A muscle, also called gemellus, which principally forms the calf or belly of the leg; it is dis- tinguished into two fleshy masses, called the outer and inner heads. Its office is to extend the foot. GASTRODYNIA. Pain in the stom- ach. GASTRO ENTERITIS. Inflamma- tion of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. GASTROEPIPLOIC. Belonging to the stomach and omentum, as applied to a branch of the hepatic artery, lym- phatic glands of the abdomen, &c. GASTRO MALACIA. Softening of the stomach; a disease occurring in infants, and usually preceded by hy- drocephalus, by an acute axanthema- tous disease, or by some disease of the respiratory organs. GASTRO - HEPATIC. Connected with the stomach and liver. GASTRO-HYSTEROTOMY. Caesar- ean section. GASTRO-PERIODYNIA. Periodical pain of the stomach; a peculiar dis- ease known in India by the name of sool. So painful are the paroxysms of this disease, that it is supposed to be produced by the deadly weapon in the hands of Siva, the destroying power of the triad; and so incurable that even Siva himself can not remove it. GASTROTOMIA. Gastrotomy. The operation of opening the abdomen, as in the Caesarean section. GAULTHERIA, Add. Moosehair of the Missouri tribes ; indicates poor soil. Berries used in home-beer, in the North, gives it a fine flavor; they are good anti- scorbutic, invigorate, the stomach. &c. GAULTHERIA HISPIDULA. Creep- ing wintergreen. GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS.— Partridge-berry, wintergreen, teaberry. An indigenous plant, of the order erica- cea, which combines the properties of an aromatic and astringent. An infu- sion of the leaves has been employed in amenorrhcea and in chronic dysen- tery. Its volatile oil is used to flavor other medicines. In the dose of an ounce it is said to have caused fatal gas- tritis. GAULTHERIA REPTENS. As- tringent, stomachic, stimulant. GELATINE (gelu, frost). The prin- ciple of jelly. It is found in the skin, cartilages, tendons, membranes, and bones. The purest variety of gelatine is isinglass; the common gelatine of commerce is called glue; and the hy- drate of gelatine, jelly. GEN 96 GER GELATINE CAPSULES. Capsules prepared from a concentrated solution of gelatine, and filled with medicines.— When swallowed, the capsules dissolve in the gastro-intestinal juices, and the nauseous taste of the medicine is avoided. GELSIUM SEMPVIRENS, J. (Big- nonia, do., L.) Jessamine, woodbine. Root and flowers narcotic ; their effluvia may cause stupor, tincture of the root used for rheumatism in frictions. GEMMA. A bud seated upon the stem and branches, and covered with scales, in order to defend it from injury. The bud resembles the seed in contain- ing the future plant in embryo ; but this embryo is destitute of a radicle, though, if the bud is planted in the earth, a radicle is developed. GEMMACEOUS. Belonging to a bud ; made of the scales of a bud. GEMELLUS (dim. of geminus, dou- ble). The name of two muscles—the superior and the inferior—situated be- low the obturator externus. They are also called musculi gemini. GEMINI. Twins; testicles; also name of muscles. GENERAL ANATOMY. That which treats of the tissues or elementary structure GENERATION. Procreation, in- cluding both impregnation and concep- tion. GENIO GLOSSI, } Muscles GENIO HYOIDEUS, } of the GENIO PHARYNGEUS. ) tongue and pharynx. GENISTA TINCTORIA. Dyer's broom, greenwood, woodwax. Often spontaneous. Dyes yellow like reseda. Decoction diuretic; leaves and seeds mild purgative; the seeds sometimes emetic ; used for hydrophobia in Russia. They contain a yellow fat, a straw-col- ored matter, osmazome, albumen, wax, mucilage, tannin, concrete oil, &c. G. scoparia, branches used for brooms, seeds also purgative. The bark of all the species give a kind of flax ; G.jun- cea chiefly. GENITAL. Belonging to generation, as the sexual organs. GENITO-CRURAL. The name of a nerve proceeding from the first lumbar, and dividing into an internal branch, which accompanies the spermatic cord; and an external, which is distributed into filaments at the crural arch. GENOTHERA TRILOBA. Night- flowering genothera. See Barton, table 49. GENTIANACEtE. The gentian tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Her- baceous plants, with leaves opposite; flowers terminal, axillary; stamens, al- ternate with the segments of the corolla; ovarium single, superior, one-celled or two-celled; fruit a many-seed berry. GENTIANA, Add. G. ochrolenca and G. catesbei often called Simpson- root or snake-root in the South, nau- seous, used for bites of snakes, nervous fevers, pneumonia, &c. GENTIANA CATESBEI. Blue gen- tian. Bitter tonic, supposed to be near- ly equal to the foreign gentian; good in dyspepsia, in the form of extract or tea. GENTIANA SAPONARIA. Soap gentian. See Barton, plate 79. GENTIANA CRINITA. Fringed gentian. See Barton, plate 80. GENTIANA PNUMONANTHA.— Calathian violet. GENTIAN-ROOT. Gentiana lutea. Tonic, stomachic. GENUS. (The plural of genus is genera.) A family of plants agreeing in their flower and fruit. Plants of the same genus are thought to possess sim- ilar medicinal powers. GEOFFRiEA INERMIS (so named after Dr. Geoffroy). The cabbage-tree, a leguminous plant, named, from its of- fensive smell, bilgewater-tree. GEORGIA BARK. The bark of the Pinckneya pubens, a plant used as a substitute for cinchona. GERANIUM. Geranium robertia- num, or herbrobert, rockweed ; musky smell, astringent and diuretic; gives re- lief in gravel and blenorrhagy, good cataplasm for erysipelas, gargarism in sore throat: used for the disease of cat- tle called bloody water. GERANIUM COLUMBINUM. Long- stalked geranium. GERANIUM DISSECTUM. Wood geranium. GERANIUM MACULATUM. Crow- foot geranium, cranesbill. GERANIUM PUSILLAM. Small Cranesbill; astringent and tonic. GERARDIA FLAVA. False fox- GIB 97 GLA glove, absorbent, acrid, poisonous, anti- scorbutic, febrifuge. GERARDIA GLAUCA. Oak-leaved foxglove. GERARDIA PEDICULARIA. Louse- wort foxglove. GERARDIA PURPUREA. Purple gerardia. See Bartox. table 97. GERARDIA QUERCIFOLIA, Mx. Golden oak. Specific of the Sioux for the bite of rattlesnakes; used also for the tooth-ache. GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA. Slen- der-leaved gerardia. See Barton, table 82. GERM. The lower part of the pistil which afterward becomes the fruit. GERMINATION. The swelling of a seed and the unfolding of its embryo. GESTATION (gestatio uterina). The state of pregnancy ; the carrying of the foetus in utero. Of erratic or extra- uterine gestation, there are four kinds, viz. :— 1. The abdominal, in which the foetus is lodged in the abdomen. 2. The interstitial, in which the foetus is lodged among the interstitial elements of the uterus. 3. The ovarial, in which the foetus is said to be developed in the ovarium. 4. The tubular, in which the foetus is said to be lodged in the Fallopian tube. GEUM. The analysis of the root has given tannin, adraganthine, gum, resin, peculiar oil heavier than water. The G. radiatum, Mx., is probably the G. odoratissimum of Bartram's Travels, or spiceroot; the roots taste like cloves and pimento,and may be used like them; astringent, febrifuge, refrigerant. GEUM RIVALE. Water avens. A species common to Europe and the Uni- ted States, the root of which is tonic and very astringent. It is used in pass- ive hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, and as a tonic in phthisis, dyspepsia, &c. GEUM STRICTUM. Upright avens. GEUM VIRGINIANUM. Avens- root, burr-root. Astringent, stomachic. GEUM URBAN UM. Common avens, or herb-bennet; a European, rosaceous plant, the root of which is employed for flavoring and preserving the Augs- burg beer. GIBBOUS. Swelled out commonly on one side. 7 GILLENIA. Given to horses in Carolina to mend their appetite. GILLENIA TRIFOLIATA. Indian physic, bowman's-root. Astringent, re- frigerant, and febrifuge. GIMBERNAT'S LIGAMENT. The name given to that portion of the ex- ternal oblique muscle, which is inserted into the pectineal line. GINGER. A warm, aromatic root. In syrup or tea, good for pain arising from wind. GINGLYMOID. Hingelike; as ap- plied to that species of joint which ad- mits of flexion and extension. GINGLYMUS. The hingelike joint. GIN-SENG. A term signifying hu- man powers, and applied by the Chi- nese to the root of the panax quinque- folium, in high repute as a stimulant and restorative. GIZZARD. The proper stomach of birds, consisting of a strong hollow muscle. GLABELLOUS. Bald, without cov- ering. GLABROUS. Sleek, without hairi- ness. GLAND (glans, glandis, an acorn). A small body occurring in many parts of the body, and composed of its various tissues, bloodvessels, nerves, &c. GLAND, CONGLOBATE or SIM- PLE (con, together, glofrus, a ball). A gland subsisting by itself, as those of the absorbent system. GLAND, CONGLOMERATE or COMPOUND (con, together, glomus, glomeris, a heap). A gland composed of various glands, as the salivary, paro- tid, pancreatic, &c. GLANDS, BRUNNER'S, or the DUODENAL. Small flattened granular bodies, found in the duodenum, and compared collectively, by Von Brunn, to a second pancreas. GLANDS, CONCATENATE (chained together, from con and catena, a chain). Glands of the neck. GLANDS OF COWPER. Two small glandular bodies, placed parallel to each other before the prostate. They are also called accessory glands. GLANDS, HAVERSIAN. The name of the fatty bodies which are found in connexion with most of the joints, and in general lying behind the synovial fringes. Clopton Havers supposed GLA 98 GLU them to be the agents of the syno- vial secretion, and called them glandula nmcilaginosa. GLANDS, MEIBOMIAN. Minute follicles embedded in the internal sur- face of the cartilages of the eyelids, resembling parallel strings of pearls. GLANDS, PEYER'S, or AGGRE- GATE. Clustered glands, resembling oval patches, principally situated near the lower end of the ileum. GLANDS, SOLITARY. Small flat- tened granular bodies, found in the stomach and intestines. GLANDERS. A disease which affects horses, and, sometimes, men, about the head and throat. GLANDULA (dim. of glans, an acorn, or gland). A little acorn; a small gland. GLANDULE ODORIFER^. Glands of Tyson. The name of certain glands situated around the neck and corona of the glans penis in the male, and of the glans clitoridis in the female, secreting a strongly odorous humor, called smegma preputii. GLANDULES PACCHIONI. The granulations found in the superior longi- tudinal sinus of the membranes of the brain ; so called after Pacchioni, their discoverer. These bodies have no an- alogy whatsoever with glands. GLANDULAR (glandula, a small gland). In anatomy, signifies having the appearance, structure, or function of a gland. In botany, covered with hairs bearing glands upon their tips. GLANS CLITORIDIS. A term applied to the extremity of the clitoris. GLANS PENIS. The vascular body forming the apex of the penis. It is cir- cumscribed by a prominent ridge, termed the corona glandis. GLAUBER'S SALT. Sulphate of soda; frequently found in mineral springs, and sometimes on the surface of the earth. GLAUCOMA. Opacity of the hu- mors of the-eye, with defective retina. GLAUCOUS. Sea-green, mealy, and easily rubbed off. GLAUCOSIS. Humoral opacity; a reenish or gray opacity of the vitreous umor; a name formerly given to cat- GLASS OF ANTIMONY. An oxy- sulphuret. GLECHOMA HEDERACEA, L.— Ground ivy, alehoof, robinrunaway. Bitterish, subacid, -tonic and vulnerary, pectoral and opththalmic, used for coughs, obstructions, laxity and debility of viscera, to purify the blood, cleans- ing ulcers in the lungs and kidneys, Also in jaundice and hypochondriac colic, asthma, &c. Snuffed up the nose, it has cured inveterate head-aches.— Used in tea, united to cherry-bark; for sore eyes, united to celandine. It makes ale antiscorbutic and tonic ; said to be baneful to horses. GLEDITSIA, L. Honey locust.— Useful tree, good wood, leaves and pods liked by cattle and sheep; pods have a sweet acid pulp, good to eat, good beer and metheglin made with it. The prickly kind used for hedges. Equivalent, in America, of the ceratoria or carub-tree of south Europe. GLEET. Chronic gonorrhoea. GLENOID. Shallow cavity of the scapula, which receives the head of the humerus. GLISSON'S CAPSULE. The fibrous envelope of the liver. GLOBULES, Corpuscules or red particles of the blood. GLOBULINE. Albuminous constit- uent of the blood. GLOBUS HYSTERICUS. Sense of choking in hysteria. GLOBUS UTERINUS. Tumorformed by the uterus after delivery. GLOME. A roundish head of flow- ers. GLOMERATE. Many branchlets ter- minated by little heads. GLOSSA. The tongue. GLOSSITIS. Inflammation of the tongue. GLOSSO - PHARYNGEAL. Ninth pair of nerves, name of certain mus- GLOTTIS. Opening into the wind- pipe at the larynx, covered by the epi- glottis. GLUCINUM. A metal, basis of the earth glucina. GLUME. The scales or chaff of grasses, composing the calyx and co- rolla ; the lower ones are called the calyx, all others the corolla; each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve ; if there is but one, the flower is called univalve, if two, bivalve. GOL 99 GOR. GLUTEAL ARTERY. Branch of the hypogastric. GLUTEN. Coagulable lymph. GLUTINATION. Adhesion. GLUTINOUS. Viscid, adhesive. GLUTCEUS. Muscles upon the but- tocks, maximus, medius, and minimus. GLYCERA FLUITANS. Water fes- cue. GLYCYRRHIZA, L. Liquorice. G. lepidola of Missouri has a bitter, nau- seous root, yet eaten roasted by Indians. Another species called cahohama by the Oregon tribes, is sweet and good, tasting like sweet potatoes. GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA. Com- mon liquorice, a leguminous plant, the underground stem of which is called liquorice-root, or stick liquorice. GLYSTER. Clyster, enema. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed. The G. margaritaceum, also called silver- ■leaf. None so pretty ; is anodyne and pectoral, used in colds and coughs, pains in the breast; also mild astrin- gent and vermifuge, used in dysentery and hemorrhage in powder or decoc- tion, externally used in tumors, contu- sions, sprains, in a wash; also in the diseases of sheep. One of the good substitutes for tobacco in smoking. Many other species of the genus are equivalent. The G.plantagiereum and dioicum, belonging to S. G. antennaria, have many names, white plantain, poor-robin, or rattlesnake plantain, squirrel-ear, scierjachu of some In- dians. Both pectoral, used in coughs, fevers, bruises, inflammation, debility; also against the negro poison and rat- tlesnake bites. GNAPHALIUM DICURRENS.— Neglected life-everlasting. GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM. Cat-foot, life-everlasting. Good for hemorrhage, tumors, fever, influenza, fluor albus, and consumption. GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM.- Cudweed, mud life-everlasting. GOITRE. Enlargement of the thy- roid gland. GOLD. A yellow metal, generally found native in primary rocks, and in alluvial depositions. GOLDEN ROD, SWEET. Solidago carminititu; aromatic, diuretic. Henry says that the flowers of this plant have been found beneficial in removing ob- structions of the urinary organs, in gravelly complaints, ulceration of the bladder, first stage of the dropsy, weak- ness of the bowels, &c. Make a strong tea, sweetened, and drink occasionally through the day. GOLDEN SEAL. Hydrastis Cana- densis; tonic, antibilious, stomachic. GOLDEN SULPHURET. A sulphu- ret of antimony, also termed sulphanti- monic acid, and prepared by precipita- ting antimonic acid by sulphuretted hy- drogen. GOLDENS. See Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. GOLD THREAD. Coptis trifolia. Stomachic, tonic. GON. (From gonu, a knee or an- gle); as pentagon, five-angled; hexa- gon, six-angled; polygon, many-angled. GONOLOBUS HIRSUTUS, Mx. Ne- gro-vine ; root drastic, acting on the bowels like colocynth. The juice serves to poison arrows in Guiana. Deserving examination. Found in North and South America. GONOLOBUS OBLIQUENS. False choke-dog. GONOLOBUS OBLIQUUS. Hairy gonolobus. See Barton, table 99. GONORRHOEA. Literally, an in- voluntary discharge of the semen ; but always understood as a discharge of purulent infectious matter from the urethra, the vagina, &c. In English, the disease is called a clap, from the old French word clapises (public shops, kept and inhabited by prostitutes); in German, a tripper, from dripping; and in French, a chaudepisse, from the heat and scalding in micturition. GONOTHECA HELIANTHOIDES. Melon-apple flower; root tuberose, fra- grant, nervine, equivalent of polymnia. GOODYERA PUBESCENS. Tussaca reticulata, Raf. Satyrium and neottia of others. See Rattlesnake-leaf. GORDONIA LASIANTHUS, L.— Swamp-laurel. Beautiful tree, reaching 100 feet, wood coarse but beautiful, cinnamon color, veined of white, yel- low, and brown, used for inlaying, &c. The inner bark dyes wool, cotton, linen, and deer-skins of a reddish or sorrel color ; equal to oak for tanning. Beau- tiful fragrant blossoms, lasting nearly the whole year. Leaves in the fall be- come versicolor, yellow, red, and brown. GRA 100 GRA GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA. Bache- lor's-button. GORGET. An instrument used in lithotomy. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton. Two species cultivated from Virginia and Kentucky to the Gulf of Mexico; G. herbaceum and G. hirsutum are become a valuable staple of the Southern States; might be cultivated as far north as Long Island. GOULARD'S EXTRACT. A satu- rated solution of sub-acetate of lead, or the Liquor plumbi sub-acetatis. Ph. U. S. The aqua lithargyri acetati, P. L. 1767. GOUT. Podagra; arthritis. A term derived from the French goutte, a drop, and this from the latin gutta, also a drop, applied to the disease from the old notion of its being produced by a morbific drop. GOUTY CONCRETIONS. Calculi formed in the joints of gouty persons, resembling chalk-stones in color and softness, and consisting of urate of soda. GRAAFFIAN VESICLES. Small cysts in the ovaria. GRACILIS. Muscle of the thigh. GRAFTING. The process of uni- ting the branches or buds of two or more separate trees. The bud or branch of one tree is inserted into the bark of another, and the tree which is thus en- grafted upon is called the stock. GRAINS OF PARADISE. Seeds of amomum, species of pepper. GRAMINA. Grasses and grass-like plants. Mostly found in the class tri- andria. GRAMINACE.E (gramen, grass). The grass tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with cylin- drical stems; leaves alternate, with a split sheath; flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes monoecious, glumaceous ; glumes alternate, unequal; stamens hy- pogynous; ovarium simple. GRAMINEOUS. Grass-like; such plants are also called culmiferous. GRAMMA. A scruple of twenty grains. GRANA MOLUCCA. Plant yield- ing croton oil. GRANA SECALIS DEGENERATI. Ergot; a substance found in the place of the grains of rye, of agrostis, &c.; also termed spermoedia clavus, secale cornutum, spurred rye, &c. GRAN ATI CORTEX. Pomorum cor- tex. Granati fructus cortex, Ph. U. S. Pomegranate bark; the produce of the punica granatum. The bark of the root (granati radicis cortex, Ph. U. S.) has been used as a vermifuge. GRANDIFLORUS. Having large flowers. GRANULAR. Formed of grains, or covered with grains. GRANULAR DEGENERATION.— Peculiar disorganization of the kidneys GRANULATION (granum, a grain). A process by which minute grain-like fleshy bodies are formed on the surface of wounds or ulcers during their heal- ing. In chemistry, the term denotes a process for the mechanical division of metals and of phosphorus. GRAPHITE. Plumbago, or black lead, a carburet of iron. « GRATIOLA, L. Many species pur- gative like G. officinalis of Europe. G. aurea the nearest akin. G. Virginica or water jessamine, used as such, said to grow from Canada to Guiana, but many species probably blended in that name. GRATIOLA ANAGALLOIDEA.— Water-edge-hyssop. GRATIOLA AUREA. Hedge-hyssop. GRATIOLA OFFICINALIS. Hedge- hyssop ; a plant of the order scrophula- riacea, formerly called Gratia Dei, on account of its remedial powers. It has been said to be the basis of the eau me- dtctTidle. GRATIOLA VIRGINICA. Creeping hedge-hyssop. GRAVEL. Crystalline sediments deposited in the bladder from the urine. When these sediments are amorphous and pulverulent, they are— 1. Red, lateritious, or pink, and con- sist chiefly of lithate of ammonia; or 2. White, consisting of mixed lithic and phosphatic sediments, with an iri- descent pellicle. When crystallized, they constitute— 1. The red gravel, consisting of crys- tals of uric or lithic acid ; or 2. The white gravel, generally con- sisting of the triple phosphate of mag- , nesia and ammonia, and existing in the form of perfectly white and shining crystals. GRO 101 GUM GRAVEL PLANT. Epigea repens. Diuretic, demulcent. GRAVEOLENS. Having a strong odor. GRAVID. Pregnant. GRAVITY, SPECIFIC. Weight as- certained by comparison with an equal bulk of water. GREAT SYMPATHETIC. A nerve formed by a collection of filaments from every nerve, which join each other at the adjacent ganglia. GREEK VALERIAN, ABSCESS- ROOT, BLUE-BELLS, SWEAT-ROOT. Polemonium reptans. Howard, in his medical work, attaches extraordinary virtues to this plant; says the Indians make a tea of the root and drink freely in fevers, pleurisy, and where they wish to produce copious perspiration: it cleanses the blood of humors. A per- son alleges that we will find this plant excellent for consumptions, and all af- fections of the lungs and liver. It is stated that many cases of consumption have been cured by it; deserves farther trial. GREEN SICKNESS. Vulgar name for chlorosis, or retention of the men- ses. GREGARIOUS. In flocks; plants growing together in groups. GRIPPE. A French term applied to various epidemic forms of gastro-bron- chitis. It is used by Laennec to denote an epidemic catarrh, which occurred in 1803, and which was characterized by the peculiar glutinous sputa observed in acute pneumonia. GROATS. Hulled oats. GROCERS' ITCH. The eczema im- petiginodes, produced in grocers by the irritation of sugar. GROTTO DEL CANE (dog's grotto). A cave in Italy, in which there is a constant natural exhalation of carbonic acid, which, occupying the lowest stra- tum of the air, induces asphyxia in dogs taken into it, although man es- capes. GROUND IVY. See Hedera Ter- bestris, or Helix, The juice of the ground ivy strained, and a little applied to the eye several times a day, is said to remove the film from the eye. GROUND PINE. Arthetica. Says Henry, this small and useful plant grows plentifully in low woodlands, in rocky places, sides of mountains: properties tonic, nervine, diuretic, and emmenagogue, beneficial in gout, rheu- matism, suppression of urine, and ute- rine obstructions ; for any of these com- plaints, make a strong tea and drink freely. GROUND THISTLE. See Carlina ACAULIS. GRUMOSE. Thick, crowded. GRUMOUS. Dark, clotted. GUAICUM OFFICINALE, L. Guai- ac. Lignum-vitae. In South Florida Valuable tree, all the parts available. Wood very hard, used for tools by turners like boxwood. An oil smelling like vanilla is distilled from it. Flowers make a fine pectoral syrup similar to violets. Seeds purgative. The gum or guaiacine, is a peculiar bitter substance, different from gums and resins, very actively medical, the bark, wood, oil, and extract are much weaker. All aperient, stimulant, sternutatory, de- pressive, alterative, repellent, &c.; very useful for gout, rheumatism, syphilis, diseases of the skin, tooth-ache, ozena, and scrofulous affections. The tincture, wine, and powders, are the most pow- erful preparations ; in large doses it is purgative. It produces diaphoresis when the body is kept warm, and diu- resis when kept cool. GUBERNACULUM TESTIS. Sus- pensory ligament of the testis, process of the fascia superficialis forming the dartos. GUIANA BARK. A species of quas- sia, bitter, tonic. GULLET. CEsophagus, leading from the pharynx to the stomach. GUM. Proximate principle of vege- tables, mucilaginous. GUMS. Gingivae. The red sub- stance which covers the alveolar pro- cesses of the jaws, and embraces the necks of the teeth. GUM-BOIL. Parulis. Inflammation, I abscess, or boil of the gums. GUM JUNIPER. A concrete gum resin, exuding in white tears from the juniperis communis. GUM-LANCET. Instrument for sep- arating the gums from the teeth. GUM RASH. Red gum, a disease of infancy. GUM RESIN. Concrete juice of certain plants. GUT 102 GYR GUMMI ARABICUM seu TURCI- CUM. Gum Arabic; the produce of the acacia vera, and other species, es- pecially A. Arabica. The white pieces constitute the gummi electum of the druggists. GUMMI GUTT^l GAMBICE. Gam- boge. GUMMI NOSTRAS. Cherry-tree gum; an exudation from the stem of the cerasus avium. This, and the gum- mi pruni, or plum-tree gum, produced by the prunus domestica, may be sub- stituted in medicine for tragacanth gum. They contain two gummy principles, viz., arabin, and prunin or cerasin. GUSTATORY. Tasting, ninth pair of nerves. GUT. A substance made by pulling a silkworm, when ready to spin its cocoon, in two, extending the silk as far as it will go, and hanging it up to dry. GUTHRIE'S MUSCLE. A name given to the transverse portion of the compressor urethra muscle. The per- pendicular or pubic portion is termed Wilson's muscle. GUTTA. A drop. GUTTA ANODYNA. Anodyne drop. A solution of acetate of morphia. GUTTA OPACA. Cataract, or opa- city of the crystalline lens, and of its capsule. GUTTA SERENA. Drop serene; so named from the idea of an effused fluid at or behind the pupil. A term said to have been first applied by Actuarius to amaurosis. GUTTA ROSACEA. Rosy drop, or carbuncled face ; a species of acne. GUTT.E AMMONIACI. Gum am- moniac collected in tears, expectorant. GUTTIFERiE (gutta, a drop, fero, to bear). The mangosteen tribe of di- cotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs, occasionally parasitical, yielding resin- ous juice; leaves entire, opposite ; flowers polypetalous; stamens hypo- gynous; carpella concrete; ovarium of GUTTURAL ARTERY. A branch of the carotid. GYMNASTICS. Exercise of various kinds. GYMNOCARPES. (From gumnos, naked, and karpos, fruit.) Mirbel's first class of fruits, containing such as have fruit without being covered or concealed. GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, Mx. Coffee-tree, mahogany, nickar- tree, bondue. From Ohio to Louisiana. Fine wood, hard, often veined. Leaves purgative, containing cytiscine, a bit- ter, nauseous principle. Seeds one of the best substitutes for coffee, much used in the West. GYMNOSPERMIA. (From gumnos, naked, and sperma, «eed.) Having na- ked seed GYNANDROUS. Stamens growing upon the pistil. GYNEMA BALSAMICA, Raf. Fl. Lud. Baume des sauvages of Louisi- ana. Strong aromatic, sweet smell, a powerful stomachic and sudorific, used like tea. GYNIA. From the Greek, signify- ing pistil. GYPSUM. Plaster of Paris, sul- phate of lime. GYRI. Spiral cavities of the inter- nal ear. GYROMIA VIRGINICA. Indian cu- cumber. KM 103 HAN H. HABENARIA, W. Equivalent of orchis. HABENARIA BRACTEATA. Ve- getable satyr. HABITATIO or HABITAT. The na- tive situation of plants. HABIT. Constitutional predisposi- tion. In botany, the external appear- ance of a plant, by which it is known at first sight. HABITUDE. Diathesis, constitu- tional predisposition. HACKBERRY. See Celtis. HEMALOPIA. Haemalops. An ef- fusion of blood in the globe of the eye ; bloodshot eye. HEMANTHUS. The blood-flower, a plant of the natural order amaryllidea. The Hottentots are said to dip their ar- row-heads in the juice of its bulbs, on account of its poisonous properties. HEMATEMESIS. Vomitus cruen- tus. A vomiting of Wood; haemorrhage from the stomach. HEMATIN. | Coloring matter HEMATOSINE. J of the blood. HEMATOCELE. A collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis. If serous fluid occupy the place of blood, the case is that of hydrocele. HEMATODES. Bloody; as applied to a fungous or fleshy excrescence. The termination in odes sometimes ex- presses a fulness, as in the present case. HEMATOXYLI LIGNUM. Log- wood ; the wood of the haematoxylon Campechianum, a leguminous plant of Campeachy. Its coloring matter is called hamatoxylin, and by Chevreul hamatin. HAEMOPTYSIS. Haemoptoe. The spitting of blood; expectoration of blood. It has been called pneumorrha- gia. HEMORRHAGE. A rupture of a bloodvessel; a bursting forth of blood; loss of blood. HEMORRHOIDAL. A term applied to a branch of the sciatic nerve, and to arteries of the rectum. HEMORRHOIDS. Literally, a haem- orrhage, and originally used in this sense in general; but now restricted to the piles. These are termed open, when they discharge blood, and blind, when there is no discharge. HEMOTURIA. Sanguis in urina. Bloody urine; the passing of blood in the urine. HAIL. See Rain. HAIR. Each hair consists of a bulb, situated under the skin, and a trunk, which perforates the skin and cuticle, and is enveloped in a peculiar sheath. The color of the hair—black, red, au- burn, and white—depends on that of the oil which enters into its composi- tion. HAIR-LIKE. See Capillary. HALBERD-FORM. See Hastate. HALESIA TETRAPTERA. Snow- drop-tree. HALITUS. Watery Vapor. HALITUS OF THE BLOOD. The vapor which arises from the blood when newly drawn from the body. Plenck termed it gas animate sanguinis. HALLUCINATION (hallucinor, to mistake). Depraved or erroneous ima- gination. The term has been used as synonymous with phantasm, from which it should, however, be distinguished, the phenomena of hallucination having been chiefly observed in the insane. HALO. Areola; the circle or ring surrounding the nipple. HALOID SALTS. Compounds of metals with chlorine, iodine, &c. HAMAMELIS VIRGINICA. Witch- hazel. An indigenous shrub, of the family berberidea, the bark of which is astringent and bitter, and has been used in the shape of a poultice or a decoction, and has been employed as a wash and injection in falling of the womb. HAMILTONIA OLEIFERA, W.— Oil-nut; producing an oil similar to that of beech-nuts and filberts. HAND. Manus. The organ of pre- hension, consisting of— I. The carpus, or wrist, which is composed of the eight following bones: 1. The scaphoid, or boat-shaped. HEA 104 HED 2. The semilunar, or half-moon. 3. The cuneiform, or wedge-like. 4. The pisiform, or pea-like. 5. The trapezium, or four-sided. 6. The trapezoid, like the former. 7. The os magnum, or large bone. 8. The unciform, or hook-like. II. The metacarpus, or the four bones constituting the palm and back of the hand; the upper ends have plane sur- faces, the lower, convex. Sometimes the first bone of the thumb is reckoned among the metacarpal. III. The digiti, or fingers, consisting of twelve bones, arranged in three pha- langes, or rows. IV. The pollex, or thumb, consisting of three bones. HARDHACK LEAVES. Spirea tor- mentosa; astringent. HARE-LIP (labia leporina). A con- ?enital division of the lip; so called rom a fancied resemblance to the up- per lip of a hare. HARMONY. A species of synar- throsis or immovable articulation. HARTSHORN. Cornu cervi. The antlers of the cervus elaphus, or stag. HARTSHORN, SPIRIT OF. The aqueous solution of ammonia, formerly prepared from the cornu cervi, or hart's horn. HART'S-TONGUE. Asplenium. An indigenous plant; astringent. Henry's Herbalist says, it is beneficial in curing burns and the piles. Internally, pre- vents the spitting of blood, and cures the dysentery. For the latter com- plaints, infuse four ounces powdered root in two quarts of good wine. Dose, wine-glass three times a day in a tea- cup of the tea of the dry herb. HASTATE. Shaped like a halberd; it differs from arrow-shaped in having the side processes more distinct and di- vergent. HAUNCH. The hip, lateral parts ■ of the pelvis. HAUSTUS. A draught. HAWTHORN. See Crategus. HAZLENUT. See Corylus Amer- ican a. HEAD. Applied to bones, signifies . a .round process with a neck, denoting the upper extremity of a bone. In bot- any, a dense collection of flowers, nearly sessile. HEADACHE. An original English term for pain in the head, megrim, ce- phalalgia, cephalaea, &c. HEAL-ALL. See Collinsonia Can- adensis. HEART: Cor. The central organ of circulation. It is enveloped in a membrane called the pericardium. It is divided externally into a base, or its broad part; a superior and an inferior surface ; and an anterior and a poste- rior margin. Internally, it consists, in man, of four cavities, viz., two auricles and two ventricles, and is thence called double. HEARTBURN. Cardialgia mordens. A gnawing or burning uneasiness, felt chiefly at the cardia. HEART-FORM. See Cordate. HEAT. The sensation experienced on touching a body of a higher tempe- rature than that of the blood. In chemi- cal language it is the cause of that sen- sation, or caloric. HEAT, PRICKLY. The Lichen tro- picus ; a species of lichenous rash. HEAVY SPAR. Sulphate of ba- rytes. HEBRADENDRON CAMBOGIOI- DES. The camboge hebradendron; a guttiferous plant, which yields a kind of gamboge not distinguishable from that of Siam. HECTIC. This term is sometimes used, like the Greek feminine, as a sub- stantive to denote an habitual, or very protracted fever; but, more generally, as an adjective, in conjunction with the term fever, to designate the same dis- ease. HEDARA HELIX. Ivy. A Euro- pean plant, of the family caprifolia; the fresh leaves are used externally for dressing issues, and a decoction of them has been recommended in cutaneous af- fections. Wood very hard, leaves bitter- ish, vulnerary, used for ulcers, issues, rachitis, ozena, epiphora, atrophy ; ma- cerated in vinegar, it cures the ulcers of the feet. Berries acid. Equivalent of elder berries. HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES. A la- biate plant; indigenous ; highly re- puted as an emmenagogue, and called pennyroyal. HEDYCHLOE PUMILA, Raf. (Kil- lingia do., L.) Sweet grass. Eaten by sheep, produces the fine mutton of the West, also rich milk and butter of cows. HEL 105 HEM HEDYOTIS GLOMERATA. Creep- ing green-head. HEDYSARUMCANADENSE. Bush trefoil. H E L E N IU M AUTUMNALE.— Sneezewort. An indigenous, peren- nial, herbaceous plant, the dried leaves and flowers of which have been used as an errhine. HELENIUM. Elecampane. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower. The seeds of H. giganteus and other species eaten by the Indian tribes all over N. America, put in the sagamite or maize soup of Canada; parched, ground, and baked into cakes by the Oregon tribes. Roots of H. strumosus eaten roasted, not so good as H. tuberosus; this last oddly called Jerusalem artichoke by us, and cultivated. Roots very good, tast- ing like artichoke when cooked : cattle fond of them; they contain sugar and the new substance dahline. A beer is made with them; they grow in the worst soils. H. annuus, or large sun- flower of Mexico, is common in our gardens; leaves astringent, useful for diarrhoea ; they afford much potash. Seeds much liked by fowls; give much sweet oil by mere expression ; good for all uses, deserving attention on that score HELIANTHINUM CANADENSE. Rock-rose, frost-plant. HELICHROA, Raf. Several species called Rudbeckia purpurea by L. Red sunflower. Root acrid and burning, used in syphilis by the Mandans; Schoepf says to cure the ulcers on the t)3,ck of horses HELICTERES, L. A species found in Florida and Bahama, the root bitter- ish, used for ulcers, exanthems, and whitlows. HELIOPSIS LARVIS. Ox-eye. HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM. Turn- sole. HELIX. A coil; a spiral or wind- ing line. This term denotes the outer bar or margin of the external ear. Hence, helicis major and helicis minor, two muscles of the helix. HELLEBORUS, L. Schoepf says H. fatidus (bear's-foot, settiswort) found in Virginia, and H. viridis, Canada and Pennsylvania. Acrid, nauseous, pur- gative, emetic, vermifuge, used for lum- brics and worms of horses, to kill lice, &c.; they dye yellow. Equivalent of H. orientalis and niger; dangerous drastics and hydragogues, prescribed in mania, coma, dropsy, psora, amenor- rhea, &c.; they must be used with great caution. HELLEBORUS ALBUS. White hel- lebore. A plant growing by the sides of brooks, three or four feet high; strong narcotic; the root is the part used; the powder makes a stimulating and sneezing snuff, and may be used in catarrh, and other complaints of the head. Henry says that an ointment of it, with tar, wijl cure the most inveterate itch, scald-head, and terpes. HELLEBORUS FCETIDUS. Fcetid hellebore, or bear's-foot; a plant retain- ed in the list of materia medica, but rarely used. Its leaves have been strongly recommended as a vermi- HELLEBORUS NIGER. Black hel- lebore. HELLEBORUS ORIENTALIS. The root of this species was formerly much extolled in mania, epilepsy, and dropsy; it is still used in the Levant, and is called zopteme by the Turks. HELMET. The concave upper lip of a labiate flower. HELMINTHOLOGY. The science which treats of worms. HELONIAS BULLATA, L. Decoc- tion of the peeled root used in New Jersey for the belly-ache, colic, &c. HEMATIN- Coloring principle of the blood. HEMATOXYLON, L. Logwood. Florida and Bahama. Well-known dye- wood. Extract sweet and astringent, used in dysentery and obstinate diar- rhoeas, relaxed bowels, &c. HEMEROCALIS FLAVA. Yellow day lily. HEMEROCALIS FULVA. Tawny day lily. HEMI. The Greek prefix for half, corresponding with the latin semi. HEMICRANIA. Pain on one side of the head. HEMIDESMUS INDICUS. An as- clepiadaceous plant, the root of which is used in India under the name of country sarsaparilla. HEMIPLEGIA. Paralysis of one side of the body. HEMISPHERES. The two sym- HEP 106 HER metrical halves of the cerebrum, as di- vided by the falx. HEMLOCK. Conium maculatum, cicuta; grows throughout the United States; narcotic; used to disperse in- dolent tumors. The plant may be sim- mered in water, and applied in the form of a poultice; the extract is also ap- plied in the form of a plaster; is also giv- en internally, the dose being about two or three grains two or three times a day. HEMLOCK BARK. Pinus Canaden- sis; astringent, tonic. HEMLOCK TREE. The bark, gum, and leaves are all useful. The leaves are good in inflammatory rheumatism, to purify the blood and to produce per- spiration ; the tea given freely. The gum, four parts; white turpentine, one part, melted together, and spread on leather for a plaster, are very efficacious to remove pain. HEMOPTYSIS. Bleeding from the lungs. HEMP. A powerful stimulating nar- cotic, much employed in some countries as an intoxicating drug. HENBANE. Hyoscamus niger. Nar- cotic, nervine; a powerfully narcotic plant, said to be poisonous to the do- mestic fowl. HEPAR. The liver; the organ which secretes the bile. HEPATIC. Liver-like. HEPATICA. Decandole has made two peculiar species of our kinds, H. Americana and H. acutiloba. Eaton has adopted them. Their true names are Liverleaf. Physicians disagree on the powers of these plants. Dr. Tully con- siders them of little use. Dr. Mease informs me that the leaves alone are useful, the roots and flowers useless. Dr. Lawrence has seen some good ef- fects from them. Considered as mild deobstruent and diuretic, by others. They have failed to give even relief in many diseases of the lungs. A syrup made with them has been used with little effect. HEPATICA TRILOBA. Liverwort. Pectoral tea, drank cold; good for bleeding at the lungs, cough, and hec- tic fever HEPATIC FLUX. Bilious flux ; the name given in the East to a variety of dysentery, in which there is a frequent flow of bilious fluid from the rectum. HEPATITIS. Inflammation of the liver. The term is used by Galen in the present sense, but it is more usually employed adjectively, with the sense of hepatic. The latin word hepatitis is only used, according to Pliny, as " gemmae nomen a figura jocinoris." HEPATIZATION. Carnification. A change induced in the lungs by inflam- mation, in which it loses its vesicular and crepitating character, and resem- bles the liver in firmness and weight, sinking in water. It is divided into the red, and into the gray, or purulent in- filtration. HEPAR ANTIMONII. Liver of an- timony; an oxy-sulphuret. The term hepar was formerly applied to the com- binations of sulphur with alkalies, from their liver-like appearance. HEPAR SULPHURIS. Liver of sul- phur ; the old pharmaceutic name of a liverbrown sulphuret of potash. HEPTANDRIA. The seventh class of the Linnsan system, including those plants which have seven stamens. HEPTANDROUS. Having seven stamens, of about equal length. HERACLEUM LANATUM, Mx. Cow parsnip, masterwort. Root with a rank, strong smell, pungent caustic taste; it blisters the skin when fresh, dry it becomes aromatic, diuretic, car- minative, sialagogue, expectorant, lax- ative, nervine, &c, useful in cardialgy, dyspepsia, and epilepsy. Dr. Orne has cured some cases of epilepsy by using the pulverized root in doses of two or three drachms for a long while, with a strong infusion of the leaves and tops at night. Requiring attention, as we have so few remedies for this cruel dis ease. Leaves used as maturative in cataplasms. Seeds incisive. Roots and leaves used by empirics for many other complaints; colics, flatulence, asthma, amennorrhea, disorders of the brain, agues, palsy, apoplexy, &c, in doses of one drachm. Probably equiva- lent of angelica and imperatoria. HERB. A plant which has not a woody stem. HERBACEOUS. Not woody. HERBA FELIS. Catmint, catnip, nepeta cataria. HERBAGE. Every part of a plant except the root and fructification. HERBARIUM (herba, an herb). A HER 107 HER collection of dried specimens of plants, formerly known by the expressive term hortus siccus, or dried garden. HERB BENNET. The geum urba- num, or avens; the term is probably contracted from herba benedicta. HERBIST. One who collects and sells plants. HEREDITARY (hares, an heir.) A "term applied to diseases supposed to be transmitted from parents to their chil- dren . HERMAPHRODITE. Androgynus. A lusus natura, in which the organs of generation appear to be a mixture of both sexes. In botany, plants are so called which contain the stamen and pistil in the same flower; all other flowering plants are called unisexual. HERMETIC SEAL. Closing the end of a glass tube by fusing it, when the air is excluded. HERNIA. The protrusion of one or more of the viscera into a sac, formed of the peritonaeum. A hernia is termed reducible, when it admits of being re- placed in the abdomen; irreducible, when it suffers no constriction, yet can- not be put back, owing to adhesions or its large size; and incarcerated or strangulated, when it not only can not be reduced, but also suffers constric- tion. HERNIA CARNOSA. Sarcocele. A fleshy enlargement of the testis; a tu- mor seated in the scrotum. HERNIA CEREBRI. Fungus cere- bri. Encephalocele. Hernia of the brain. HERNIA CONGENITAL. Existing at birth. HERNIA CRURALIS. Femoral her- . nia, protrusion under Poupart's liga- ment into the crural canal. HERNIA INGUINO INTERSTI- TIAL. This term is applied by Dr. Goyraud to the form of hernia termed by most authors incomplete inguinal, and described by Boyer as intra-ingui- nal. HERNIA ISCHIATICA. Hernia oc- curring at the ischiatic notch. HERNIA INTESTINALIS. Ente- rocele ; containing intestine only. HERNIA MESENTERICA ET ME- SOCOLICA. Hernia through the lace- rated mesentery, or mesocolon. HERNIA OF THE INTESTINES. I Hernia through a loop formed by adhe- sions, &c. HERNIA OMENTALIS. Epiplo- cele, containing a portion of omentum only. If both intestine and omentum contribute to the formation of the tu- mor, it is called entero-epiplocele. HERNIA PERINEALIS. Hernia of the perinaeum, occurring, in men, be- tween the bladder and rectum, and in women, between the rectum and vagi- na. HERNIA PHRENICA. Hernia of the diaphragm. HERNIA PUDENDALIS. Hernia which descends between the vagina and ramus ischii, into the labium. HERNIA SCROTALIS. Oscheo- cele ; hernia enteroscheocele, or os- chealis, when omentum or intestine, or both, descend into the scrotum; epiplos- cheocele, when omentum o'nly; steato- cele, when sebaceous matter descends. HERNIA THYROIDALIS. Hernia of the foramen ovale. HERNIA UMBILICALIS. Ompha- locele, or exomphalos. Hernia of the bowels at the umbilicus. It is called pneumatomphalos, when owing to flatu- lency. HERNIA VAGINALIS. Elytrocele; or hernia occurring within the os ex- ternum. HERNIA VENTRALIS. Hypogas- trocele, or hernia occurring at any part of the front of the abdomen, most fre- quently between the recti muscles. HERPES. Tetter; clustered vesi- cles, concreting into scabs. The name is derived from the progressive exten- sion of the eruption. HERPES CIRCINNATUS. Herpes of a more chronic form than the pre- ceding, commonly called ringworm. HERPES LABIALIS. Herpes of the lip ; occasionally diffused on the ve- lum and palate. HERPES PHLYCTENODES. Her- pes similar to the preceding, but of less regular form, occurring on any part of the body, commonly called nirles. HERPES PREPUTIALS. Herpes of the prepuce, or the labia pudendL. For a remedy externally, apply the herpetic wash ; internally, give the al- terative syrup. See Reformed Prac- HERPES ZOSTER. Herpes spread- HIC 108 HIR ing across the waist or thorax, like a sash or sword-belt, commonly called SitZTh&lcS HESPERIS MATRONALIS. Garden rocket, dame violet. HESPERIS PINNATIFIDA. Wild- rocket. HESPERIS TRISTIS. Yellow- rocket HETEROGENEOUS. A term used to denote substances, the parts of which are of different kinds. ' HETEROPATHY. Art of curing by opposites, contraria contrariis curantur; allopathy, in contradistinction to home- opathy. HEXAGONAL. Six-cornered. HEXANDRIA. The sixth class of the Linnaean system, including those plants which have 6ix stamens. HIANS. Gaping. HIATUS. A foramen or aperture ; the vulva. HIBISCUS, L. Water mallow, sweat- weed. Many species; all furnish, by maceration of the stems, tow, flax, cloth, silk, and paper: ought to be cul- tivated for this. Root of H. moscheu- tos paregoric. Our H. speciosus, H. coc- cineus, and H. croceus, Raf., cultivated for the splendid blossoms. H. abel- moschus cultivated for the musky and emetic seeds. H. esculentus or okra cultivated for the pods; a fine mucila- ginous vegetable, when unripe, * in soups, boiled or stewed; main ingre- dient of gombos or calalous, a famous dish, luscious and aphrodisiac. Seeds pectoral, make a good flour and a substi- tute for coffee. HIBISCUS MOSCHATUS. A mal- vaceous plant, reputed to be of power- ful efficacy against the bite of venom- ous reptiles. The present generic name is abelmoschus. HICCUP or HICCOUGH. A spas- modic contraction of the diaphragm, with partial closure of the larynx. HICCORY. See Hicorya. HICORYA, Raf., 1807. (Carya, N., 1818, juglans sp., L.) Hickory-tree.— Very useful. Good heavy wood, best for fuel. Leaves sweet-scented, nervine. Vernal sap sweetish and acid, producing syrup, sugar, and beer, like maples. Tendrils of the young roots edible, eaten by Indians when hungry. They made milk, oil, and many dishes with the nuts. As good as walnuts, sweeter; some have hard shells; the best, H. oli- va or Pecan, and H. sulcata, or shellbarlc, have soft shells. The pignut hickories, H. amara, H. porcina, and H. aquatica have bitter nuts; their bark is styptic. The inner bark of some species, chiefly H. oblonga, is cathartic. Equivalent of juglans cinerea. HIERACIUM AURANTIACUM.— Orange hawkweed. HIERACIUM MOLLE. Soft hawk- weed. HIERACIUM VENOSUM, L. Hawk- weed, bloodwort, snake plaintain, &e. Anti-septic, vulnerary, astringent, sudo- rific, pectoral, &c. Active plant, root and leaves used, bitterish: long used bruised or chewed, and applied for bites of rattle and pilot snakes; known to Schoepf, lately confirmed by Dr. Har- lan, who made experiments on it. Used by empirics in tea or syrup for scrofula, amennorrhea, hemorrhage, hemoptysis, &c. United to sanguinaria in powder, for curing the polypus of the nose. Many other species may be equivalents. HIERA PICRA. Compound of aloes and canella, aromatic and cathartic, a domestic remedy. HIEOROCHLOA BOREALIS. Sweet summer-grass, seneca-grass. HILUM. The scar or mark on a seed at the place of attachment of the seed to the seed-vessel. ■ HIP-JOINT DISEASE. Morbus coxarius. HIPPOCAMPUS MAJOR, ) Eminen- HIPPOCAMPUS MINOR. ) ces in the lateral ventricles of the brain. HIPPOMANE MANCINELLA, L.— Manchenil-tree. In Florida. Poison- ous ; the shade and effluvia dangerous, affecting chiefly children. Narcotic poison producing sleep, tremors, con- vulsions, &c. Milky juice acrid corro- sive ; a few drops kill worms, root also vermifuge, but a dangerous one. Gum similar and equal to Guyacine. The milk is burning, blistering, inflames and depilates the skin. HIPPOPHE CANADENSIS. Sea buckthorn. HIPPOSELINUM. Horse-radish. HIPPURIS VULGARIS. Marestail. HIRSUTE. Rough with hairs. HIRUDO MEDICINALIS. The leech employed for topical blood-letting. HOP 109 HOR HISPID. Bristly, more than hirsute. HIVES. Vulgar name for croup, also applied to certain cutaneous eruptions. HIVE-SYRUP. Syrup scillae com- positus of the shops or druggists; a compound syrup of squills. HOARHOUND. Marrubium vulgare. Stomachic, pectoral. HOARSENESS. Rancedo, morbid roughness of the voice, as in catarrhal and anginose'diseases. HOARY. Whitish-colored, having a scaly mealiness, not unlike glaucous. HOLCUS LANTANUS. Soft-grass. HOFFMAN'S ANODYNE. Alcohol and sulphuric ether. HOLERACEOUS. Suitable for culi- nary purposes. The term is derived from holus, signifying pot-herbs. One of the natural orders of Linnaeus, called holeracea, includes such plants as are used for the table, or in the economy of domestic affairs. HOLY or BLESSED THISTLE. Car- dus benedictus. This is an annual plant, cultivated in our gardens for beauty. Henry says it is a safe and sure emetic for weak people. A gill of a strong decoction to be taken every half hour until it operates. A tea ta- ken warm will produce perspiration. Henry says that a teacupful, taken cold before each meal, acts as a tonic, and creates a good appetite. HOLLYHOKE. Atheae rosea. The flowers are astringent; a tea of them and rose-leaves is useful in fluor albus; may be drank freely. HOMEOPATHY. The art of curing founded on resemblances, introduced by • Samuel Hahnemann. HOMOGENEOUS. This term de- notes substances made up of parts pos- sessing the same properties. Heteroge- neous, on the contrary, denotes that the parts are of different qualities. . HONEY. Mel, produced by the apis mellifica. or honey-bee. HONEYCUP. See Nectary. HOPE A TINCTORIA, L. Sweet- leaf, horse-sugar. Delaware to Florida. Useful tree. Root stomachic, depura- tive. Leaves sweet, eaten with avidity by horses and cattle; their decoction dyes wool and silk of, a bright yellow. HOPS. Humulus lupulus. Ano- dyne ; tincture good for after-pains, and to procure rest. Saturated tincture of the hop, or pollen dust, is a good substi tute for opium, in cases where it dis- agrees ; excellent also for fomentation. HOODED. See Cucullate or Cowled. HOOPING-COUGH. Pertussis, chin- cough, a spasmodic and paroxysmal dis- ease, often epidemic. HORA. An hour. HORA DECUBITUS, ) Bedtime, used HORA SOMNI. j in prescrip- tions. HORARIUS. Continuing but an hour. HORDEOLUM. A sty. HORDEUM JUBATUM. Squirrel- tail-grass, wall barley. HORDEUM PERLATUM. Pearl barley. HORDEUM VULGARE, L. Barley. Cultivated. Seeds contain of hordeine 55 per cent., starch, 32 ; sweet gum, 9 ; gluten, 3; yellow resin, 1. They produce 70 per cent, of flour, which contains starch 68 ; gum, sugar, gluten, &c. Very useful grain; it makes a coarse bread; but cleaned and pearl barley make excellent soups, and dishes; equivalent of rice. Decoction cooling, demulcent, useful in inflammations.— Malt is barley sprouted and dried, from which ales and beers are brewed: the decoction of malt is useful for scurvy and scrofula. Barley-beer is healthy, but the reverse of wines, making the body and mind heavy and dull; dis- dained in wine countries, and nick- named horsepiss. Barley best food for horses and mules ; used from Spain to China instead of oats. HORIS INTERMEDIN. At inter- mediate hours. HORIZONTAL. Parallel to the ho- rizon. HORN. See Spur. HORN LEAD. Chloride of lead. HORSEMINT. Monardus punctata. A powerful diuretic. A strong tea, drank, affords immediate relief in gravel and suppression of urine. It restored one person, aided by the warm bath, when other means had failed, and when he had nearly lost his senses from pain. The oil is very useful. HORSE-RADISH. Cochlearia ar- moracia. Grated root, in cider, good in chronic rheumatism, palsy, dropsy, and debility. Leaves, applied to the bow- els and feet, relieve colic and swellings. HUM 110 HYB HORSEWEED, STONE-ROOT, OX- BALM, HARDBACK. A decoction is recommended for the gravel. HORTUS SICCUS. A dry garden. An emphatic appellation given to a col- lection of specimens of plants, careful- ly dried and preserved ; a more general term is herbarium. HOSPITAL GANGRENE. A com- bination of humid gangrene with pha- gedenic ulceration, occurring in crowded hospitals, &c.; also termed phagedena fangraenosa, putrid or malignant ulcer, ospital sore, &c. HOTONIA INFLATA. Water vio- let. HOUND'S TONGUE. See Cyno- GLOSSUM. HOUR-GLASS CONTRACTION. An irregular and transverse contraction of the uterus, in which it assumes the form of an hour-glass. HOUSE-LEEK. The sempervivum tectorum; a plant of the order Crassu- lacca, common on roofs and walls. Febrifuge, good in fevers; externally, refrigerant. HOUSTONIA CARULEA. Venus's pride, innocence, dwarf pink. HUDSONIA ERICOIDES. False heath. HUMERUS. The shoulder, consist- ing of two bones, the scapula and the clcLVicle HUMIC ACID (of chemists). A pro- duct of the decomposition of humus by alkalies; it does not exist in the humus of vegetable physiologists. HUMILIS (humble). A name given to the rectus inferior, from the expres- sion of humility or modesty which the action of this muscle imparts. HUMOR (humeo, to be moist, from humus, the ground). A humor; an aqueous substance ; a general term for any fluid, but particularly applied to those of the human body, both in their healthy and diseased states. The hu- mors of the eye are, the aqueous, the vitreous, and the crystalline. A saturate tincture is beneficial in relieving pain. Narcotic, tonic, anodyne. HUMORAL PATHOLOGY. A sys- tem in medicine, which attributed ail diseases to morbid changes in the hu- mors or fluid parts of the body, with- out assigning any influence to the state of the solids. HUMORIC (humor, a humor). A term applied by M. Piorry to a peculiar sound, produced, on percussion, by the stomach, when that organ contains much air and liquid. It resembles the metallic tinkling of Laennec. HUMULUS LUPULUS. The com- mon hop, a dioecious plant of the order urticacea. HUMUS. Vegetable mould ; woody fibre in a state of decay. The various names of ulmin, humic acid, coal of hu- mus, and humin, are applied to modifi- cations of humus. HURA CREPITANS, L. Sandbox- tree. Florida. Singular fruit, opening with noise; used for holding sand. Seeds drastic and emetic, like croton tig- Hum. HUSK. The larger kind of glume, as the husks of Indian corn. HYACINTH. A mineral occurring of various colors, composed principally of the earth called zirconia. HYALOID. Membrane investing the vitreous humor in the posterior chamber of the eye. HYASCYAMUS NIGER. Common henbane. HYBERNALIS. Growing in winter. HYBRID. A vegetable produced by the mixture of two species; the seeds of hybrids are not fertile. HYDARTHRUS. Hydarthrosis. White swelling; dropsy of an articula- tion, from an accumulation of synovia; generally occurring in the knee-joint; the spina ventosa of the Arabian wri- ters. HYDATID or HYDATIS. A pellu- cid cyst, containing a transparent fluid, developed in a cavity or tissue of the human body. Some hydatids are con- sidered as possessing an independent vitality, and as constituting a distinct animal. HYDRACIDS. Hydrogen being the acidifying principle instead of oxygen, as in other cases. HYDRAGOGUES. Medicines pro- curing watery discharges from the bowels. HYDRANGEA. L. Bissum. Sever- al species. Dr. Eoff has found the leaves tonic, sialagogue, cathartic, and diuretic. Used in decoction or powder, action mild, equivalent to arbutus in gravel, &c. Useful in dyspepsia. HYD 111 HYO HYDRARGYRATE. Any prepara- tion of mercury. HYDRARGYRUM. Metallic mer- cury or quicksilver, of which there are numerous preparations, used by miner- al doctors for most diseases without common sense, reason, judgment, or science. HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS.— Orange-root, tumeric-root. HYDRATED TRITOXYDE OF IRON. Antidote to arsenic. HYDRATES. Solids chemically combined with water. HYDRENCEPHALUS. Dropsy of the brain. HYDRENTEROCELE. Hydrocele, complicated with intestinal hernia. HYDRIODIC ACID. A gas, com- pounded of hydrogen and iodine. HYDRIODATES. Salts of hydriodic acid. HYDROCARBONATE GAS. Car- bonated hydrogen gas, formed by the union of hydrogen with a portion of carbon and caloric. It may be obtained by distillation from moistened charcoal. HYDRO CARDIA. ) Dropsy HYDROPS PERICARDII. ] within the pericardium. HYDROCELE. Collection^ water within the tunica vaginalis testis. HYDROCEPHALUS. Dropsy of the brain. HYDROCHLORIC ACID. An acid consisting of hydrogen and chlorine, and long known under the names of spirit of salt, marine acid, and muriatic acid. Some modern chemists term it chlorydric acid. HYDROCHLORIC ETHER. An ether which has received the various names of chlorydric, marine, and muriatic ether, and, hypothetically, chloride of ethule. HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA.— Water navelwort. HYDROCYANIC ACID. An acid consisting of hydrogen and cyanogen, and commonly called prussic acid. The hydrocyanic acid of Scheele contains five per cent., by weight, of real acid ; that of the pharmacopoeia contains about two fifths of the above weight. HYDROCYSTIS. An encysted drop- S HYDROFLUATES. Salts of hydro- fluoric acid. HYDROFLUORIC ACID. Obtained from fluor spar by sulphuric acid. HYDROGEN. A gas formerly termed inflammable air, phlogiston, or phlogis- ticated air; its present name refers to its forming water when oxydated. HYDROMETRA. Hydrops uteri. Dropsy of the uterus. HYDROMPHALON. A tumor of the umbilicus containing water. HYDROMEL. Honey diluted with water, also called mulsum, melicratum, and aqua mulsa. When fermented, it becomes mead. Metheglin wine is called hydromel vinosum. HYDROPATHY. Water cure ; me- thod of treating diseases by substituting water in all cases for drugs ; cold water being employed both externally and in- ternally, and its temperature varied so as to produce sweating; recently re- vived by Dr. Priessnitz of Germany. HYDROPELTIS PURPURA. Water- shield, water-target. HYDROPHOBIA. Dread of water; a symptom of canine madness. HYDROPHYLLUM, L. Schoepf says the H. Canadense is used against the bite of snake-s and the poisonous erysipelas produced by rhus. HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINICUM. Burr-flower. HYDROPHYSOCELE. Hernia, com- plicated with hydrocele; hernia, con- taining water and gas. HYDROPIC. Dropsical. HYDROPS PECTORIS. A dropsy in the chest. HYDROPTHALMIA. Dropsy of the eye. This affection is also called hydropthalmus; hydrops oculi; buph- thalmus, or ox-eye, denoting the en- largement of the organ. HYDROSARCOCELE. Sarcocele, attended with dropsy of the tunica va- ginalis. HYDRURETS. Compounds of hy- drogen with metals. HYGEIA. Health. HYGEINE. Art of preserving health. HYGROLOGY. Description of the fluids of the body. HYMEN. A semilunar membrane at the entrance of the vagina; not uni- versally present. HYOGLOSSUS. A muscle of the tongue. HYOIDES. A bone at the root of HYP 112 HYS the tongue. It is suspended horizon- tally in the substance of the soft parts of the neck, between the base of the tongue and the larynx. HYOSCIAMUS NIGER. Henbane, black ; a narcotic ; an extract generally used, combined with extract of aconite makes an excellent nervous pill, very valuable in neuralgia. HYPER. Prefix to acids, denoting excess of oxydation. HYPERCATHARSIS. Excessive purging. HYPERICUM BONAPARTEE.— Princess Charlotte's hypericum. See Barton, table 106. HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, L. St. Johnswort. Bad weed in fields. Vulnerary, pectoral, pellent, nervine, &c. Blossoms chiefly used. Henry says that this plant is beneficial in pro- moting urine, curing ulcers, immoderate discharge of the menses, relax, low spirits, hysterical, hypocbondriac, and maniacal disorders. Use.—Put two ounces of the dry flowers of this plant, to a quart of good French brandy. Dose, from half to a wineglass full three times a day. HYPERTROPHY. Morbid growth or enlargement of an organ. HYPEROXYMURIATIC ACID.— Chloric acid. HYPO. Denotes the lowest propor- tion of oxydation. HYPOCRATERIFORM. Salver- shaped, with a tube abruptly expanded into a flat border. HYPOCHONDRIAC. Melancholy without apparent cause. HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION. That division or part of the body in which the liver and the spleen are placed; hence disorders of those viscera, es- pecially of the spleen, are called hy- pochondriacal. HYPOCHONDRIASIS. Hyp; va- pors, low spirits, blue devils, dyspep- sia, with a sense of uneasiness in the hypochondria, &c, and great lowness of spirits. It has been designated by Dr. Cheyne, the English malady, and has been also termed " morbus litera- torum." HYPOCHONDRIUM. The hypo- chondriac, or upper lateral region of the abdomen, under the cartilages of the false ribs. HYPOGASTRIC. Name of glands, vessels, and plexus of nerves in the hy- pogastric region. HYPOGASTRIUM. Lower part of the abdomen, below the umbilical and above the pubic regions. HYPOGLOSSAL. Lingual or ninth pair of nerves. HYPOGON ANISATUM, Raf. Fl. lud. Aniseroot. Tuteshehah of Mis- souri tribes. Root aromatic, smell be- tween anise and lemon, diuretic, carmi- native, and febrifuge ; much valued by the Indians ; they also make a fine tea from the tops. Equivalent of collinso- nia, and still more active. HYPOGYNOUS. Under the style. HYPOPYTHIS. Birdsnest. Equiva- lent of monotropa, aphrodisiac, used in Sweden for the cough of cattle and sheep. HYPOTHESIS. A theory, or specu- lation. HYPOXIS ERECTA, L. Stargrass, or Yellow Bethlehem star. Root edible, vulnerary, febrifuge, used in chronic ulcers and agues. A good figure in Barton, plate 35. HYSSOPUS NEPETOIDES. Giant hyssop. HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS, L. Hys- sop. Cultivated. Leaves pungent, aromatic, equivalent of sage ; used in coughs, asthma, and other diseases of the chest, as expectorant. Gives es- sential oil. HYSTERA. The Greek term for the uterus, matrix, or womb. HYSTERALGIA. Dolor uteri. Pain situated in the uterus. HYSTERIA. A spasmodic disease, frequently dependent on some uterine irregularity. HYSTERICS. Disorders of the womb, or proceeding from violent pas- sion. HYSTERITIS. Inflammation of the womb. HYSTEROCELE. Hernia of the womb, prolapsus. ICT 113 ILE ICELAND MOSS. Lichen Icelandi- cus. The Iceland moss is given in colds and coughs. It is soothing and nutritious. Cover a handful with salae- ratus water, let it stand an hour, strain and add a quart of boiling water; this may be sweetened, and a little lemon juice added; to be drank freely. ICE PLANT. Erystallinum. This plant grows about six inches in height, and is so tender when handled, that it dissolves like ice in your hand. The stalks and leaves are like frozen jelly. It grows in New Jersey and West Flor- ida in September; is as white as snow. In the Floridas, says Henry, they dilute the juice in cold water, which is a sure remedy for sore eyes. The root, he says, is an infallible cure for the fits in children. Dose, for children :—give from a half to a teaspoonful three morn- ings before the full and change of the moon, in a teacupful of piana root tea. Adults may take three or four tea- spoonfuls for three successive mornings before both the full and change of the moon. ICHOR. A thin acrid discharge, is- suing from wounds, ulcers, &c. ICHTHYOCOLLA. Isinglass; fish- glue ; a substance prepared from the air-bladder or sound of different species of acipenser, and other genera of fishes. Sometimes the air-bladder is dried un- opened, as in the case of purse, pipe, and lump isinglass of the shops. At other times it is laid open, and sub- mitted to some preparation ; being either dried unfolded, as in the leaf and honey- comb isinglass, or folded. ICHTHYOLOGY. That branch of Zoologv which treats of fishes. ICHTYHOSIS CORNEA. Fish skin, horny excrescences from the epidermis, tumors. ICOSANDRIA. The twelfth class in Linnaeus's system, comprising plants which have twenty or more stamens inserted into the calyx. ICOSAXDROUS. Having about twenty stamens growing on the calyx. ICTERITA. Infantile jaundice. 8 ICTERODES. A morbid state of complexion resembling jaundice, as- cribed to the capillaries of the skin vi- cariously performing the functions of the liver. ICTERUS. Jaundice, a bilious dis- ease attended with yellowness of the skin and eyes. ICTERUS ALBUS. Chlorosis. ICTERUS INFANTUM. Congenital jaundice. ICTODES FCETIDA. Skunk cab- bage. An indigenous plant growing freely in swamps and wet places;' root very foetid, acrid; properties, antispas- modic, pectoral, and expectorant, good in asthma, may be used in the form of tincture, syrup, or extract. Enters in- to the vegetable syrup. IDIO KOINO MIASMA. Exhalation from a mixture of both animal and ve- getable decomposition. IDIO MIASMA. Human effluvia, exhalation from human decomposition or excrements. IDIOPATHIC. Primary, as opposed to symptomatic, or secondary. IDIOSYNCRACY. Any morbid sin- gularity of constitution. IDIOT. A fool. IGNIS. Fire. IGNIS SANCTI ANTONII. Erysip- elas, St. Anthony's fire. IGNITION. Heated to redness. ILEUM. The lower three fifths of the small intestine, so called from their convolutions, or peristaltic motions; they extend as far as the hypogastric and iliac regions. ILEUS. Colic in the smaller intes- tines. ILEX AQUIFOLIUM. Common Eu- ropean holly. The leaves, bark, and berries of this species were considered to possess medical properties. The leaves were esteemed diaphoretic, and an infusion of them was used in ca- tarrh, pleurisy, eruptive fevers, &c. The bark, a few years since, gained considerable reputation for chills and fever; it was given in powder, in the dose of a drachm. The berries are said IMM 114 INC to be cathartic in the dose of ten or twelve, and sometimes to produce erne- sis. Their expressed juice has been given in jaundice. ILEX OPACA. American holly. This species is said to possess similar properties to the preceding. ILEX VOMITORIA. South sea tea. ILIAC ARTERIES. These are termed common, when they are formed by the bifurcation of the aorta. They afterward divide into the external iliac, and the internal or hypogastric arteries. ILIAC FOSSA. A broad and shal- low cavity at the upper part of the ab- dominal or inner surface of the os ilia- cum. Another fossa, alternately con- cave and convex, on the femoral or ex- ternal surface, is called the external iliac fossa. ILIAC PASSION. Inverted peris- taltic motion of the intestines. ILIAC REGION. The sides of the abdomen between the ribs and the hips. ILIAC MESOCOLON. A fold of the peritoneum, which embraces the sig- moid flexure of the colon. ILIACUS INTERNUS. A muscle situated in the cavity of the ilium. ILIO. Terms compounded with this word denote parts connected with the ilium, as ilio-lumbar, ilio-sacral, &c. ILIUM OS. The uppermost portion of the«os iliacum, probably so named because it seems to support the intes- tine called the ileum. This bone is also termed pars iliaca ossis innominati. ILLICIUM ANISATUM. Star anise- seed, an evergreen tree of the family magnoliacea, a native of China, Japan, and Tartary. Its fruit yields an oil (oleum badiani) having the odor and taste of anise, and often sold in this country as common oil of aniseseed. ILLICIUM FLORIDANUM. Florida anise-tree; a species growing in Flori- da. Its bark and leaves have a taste analogous to anise. ILLUSION. Hallucination. IMBECILITY (imbecillus, weak). Weakness of mind or intellect. IMBRICATE. Lying over, like scales, or the shingles of a roof. IMMEDIATE AUSCULTATION.— Applying the ear directly to the chest, without using the stethoscope; often preferable. IMMEDIATE PERCUSSION. Stri- king the walls of the chest, without using the pleximeter; often preferred. IMMOBILITY. Stiffness, as of a joint in ankylosis. IMPACTED. Driven close and hard. IMPATIENS FULVA and IMPA- TIENSPALIDA. Touch-me-not. Jew- el-weed, balsam-weed; an indigenous plant of the order geraniacea. Drs. Wood and Bache state that an ointment made by boiling the fresh plants in lard has been employed by Dr. Ruan with great advantage in piles. IMPERATORIA, L. Imperial mas- terwort. Cultivated. Root bitter, acrid, aromatic, carminative, sudorific, mena- gogue, &c. Used for flatulence, colics, hysterics, agues, palsy, and even ster- ility ; said to make women fruitful. IMPERFECT. Wanting the stamen or pistil. IMPERFORATE (in, not, perfora- tus, bored through). A term applied to any part congenitally closed, as the anus, the hymen, &c. IMPERVIOUS. Impassable, as the closure of any vessel or natural canal. IMPETIGINES. Cutaneous dis- eases; depraved habit, with affections of the skin. IMPETIGO (impeto, to infest). Hu- mid or running tetter, or scall; yellow, itching, clustered pustules, terminating in a yellow, thin, scaly crust. Brick- layers' itch and grocers' itch are local tetters, produced by the acrid stimulus of lime and sugar. IMPETUS. The blow or force with which one body strikes another. IMPOSTHUME. A collection of purulent matter. IMPOTENCE (impotens, unable). Incapability of sexual intercourse, from organic, functional, or moral cause. IMPREGNATION. The act of gen- eration on the part of the male. The corresponding act in the female is con- ception. IMPULSE DIASTOLIC. Back stroke of the heart. IMPULSION. Onward flow of fluids. as of the blood. INANITION (inanio, to empty).— Emptiness from want of food, exhaus- tion, &c. INCANTATION. A charm or amu- let, superstitiously used as a remedy. INC H5 IND INCARCERATION (tn, and career, a prison). A term applied to cases of hernia, in the same sense as strangula- tion. Scarpa, however, restricts the- former term to interruption of the faecal matter, without injury of the texture, or of the vitality of the bowel. INCARNATUS. Flesh-colored. INCINERATION. Reduced to ashes by burning. INCISED WOUND. A clean cut, as with a knife or other sharp cutting instrument. INCISION. A wound made with a scalpel, or bistoury, as in surgical oper- ations. _ INCISIVUS INFERIOR. A name given to the levator menti, from its ari- sing at the root of the incisores. INCISORES. Cutting or fore teeth. INCLUDED. Wholly received or con- tained in a cavity, the opposite of Exsert INCOMBUSTIBLE. Incapable of being burned, as is the case with as- bestos, &c. . IN COMPATIBLES. Medicines which decompose each other, and there- fore cannot be mixed either in or out of the stomach. INCOMPLETE. Applied to bubo- nocele, when the hernia does not pro- trude through the abdominal ring. In botany, flowers destitute of a calyx or corolla, are said to be incomplete. INCONTINENCE. Inability to re- tain urine, or other natural evacuation, as in paralysis of the sphincters; in- voluntary discharges. INCORPORATION. Thorough ad- mixture, as in compounding medicines. INCRASSANT. Thickening the INCRASSATE. Thickened upward, larger toward the end. INCREMENT. Increase, growth. INCUMBENT. Leaning upon or against. In botany, when the corcle is at the edges of the cotyledon. INCURVED. Bent inward. INCUBATION (incubo, to sit upon). A term applied to the period during which the hen sits on her eggs. This term also denotes the period occupied between the application of, the cause of inflammation, and the full establishment of that process. INCUBUS (incubo, to he or sit upon). Night-mare; an oppressive sensation in the chest during sleep, ac- companied with frightful dreams, &c. INCUS. An anvil. A small bone of the internal ear, with which the mal- leus is articulated; so named from its fancied resemblance to an anvil. It consists of a body and two crura. INDEX (indico, to point out). The fore-finger ; the finger usually employ- ed in pointing at any object. INDIAN HEMP, BLACK. Apocynum canabinum. Henry says that he has found it beneficial in curing rheuma- tism, dropsy, and asthmatic coughs; may be taken in the form of tea, pow- der, or syrup; half a teaspoonful of the powder may be taken every night, in sweetened water. A larger quan- tity will puke and purge. Tonic, diu- retic. INDIAN HEMP, WHITE. Ascle- pias incarnata. Anthelmintic, diuretic, sudorific. INDIAN PHYSIC. A common name for gillenia trifoliata. INDIAN RUBBER. See Caout- chouc. INDIAN TURNIP. Arum triphillum. This plant rises a half a foot or more in height, with purple stalks; the germs, when ripe, become berries of a bright scarlet color; grows in meadows and in swamps. The root when fresh is, very acrid. Used externally, is a good counter-irritant; enters into the irrita- ting plaster. INDICATION (indico, to point out). Circumstances which point out, in a dis- ease, what remedy ought to be applied. INDICATOR (indico, to point out). A muscle of the fore-arm, which points the index, or fore-finger. It is also called the extensor digiti primi. INDICUM. Indigo INDIES. Daily, every day, used in prescriptions. INDIGENOUS. Native, growing wild in a country. Some exotics, after a time, spread and appear as if indi- genous. INDIGESTION (in, not, digero, to distribute). Dyspepsia; interrupted, difficult, or painful digestion. ,. INDIGO. A blue pigment, obtained from the leaves of all the species of indigofera, and various other plants. Berzelius separated from it gluten of in- digo, indigo brown, and indigo red. INF 116 INF INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo plants. The I. Caroliniana, wild, I. tinctoria and argentea, cultivated. All producing indigo, whose blue principle is now called Isatine. Leaves hepatic and deobstruent, used in liver complaints, diarrhoea, lochial diseases, and to kill lice. INDIGOGEN. The name applied to deoxydated indigo. INDIGO, WILD. Baptista tinctora. Antiseptic. INDOLENT. Applied to ulcers, &c, which are slow in their progress, and give but little pain. INDURATION (induro, to harden). An increase of the natural consistence of organs, the effect of chronic inflam- mation ; opposed to softening or ramol- tXSSCTtlQyxt. INDURATED. Becoming hard. INDUSIUM. A covering; plural, indusia. INERTIA (iners, sluggish). Erro- neously called vis inertia. A term ap- plied to express the inactivity or oppo- i sing force of matter with respect to rest or motion. It is overcome by attraction or by external force. INERTIE VIS. Propensity in mat- ter to remain at rest. INFANTICIDE (infans, an infant, coedo, to kill). The destruction of the child, either newly born, or in the course of parturition. INFARCTION. Stuffing up. INFECTION. Morbid communica- ble matter, propagated through the at- mosphere, as in epidemics, &c. INFERIOR. Name of certain mus- cles. In botany, a calyx is inferior when it comes out below the germ. INFERNALIS LAPIS. Caustic pot- ash. INFILTRATION (infiltratio). The diffusion of fluids into the cellular tis- sue of organs. It may be serous, and is then termed oedema and anasarca; or sanguineous, and is then called haemor- rhage and apoplexy; or purulent, oc- curring in the third stage of pneumo- nia ; or tuberculous, either gray or ge- latiniform. INFIRMARY. A place where the sick poor are received, or can get ad- vice and medicines gratis. INFINITESIMAL. Inconceivably minute, applied to doses of drugs em- 1 ployed in homeopathic practice, by the I disciples of Hahnemann. i INFLAMMABLE AIR. Hydrogen ■ gas; formerly called phlogiston, or phlogisticated air. INFLAMMATION (inflammo, to burn). A state characterized, when situated externally, by pain, heat, red- ness, and turgidity. It is generally ex- pressed in composition, in Greek words, by the termination itis, as pleur-zft's, in- | flammation of the pleura; ir-itis, in- 1 flammation of the iris, &c. Inflamma- ' tion is distinguished as— 1 1. Healthy, or adhesive; that which | disposes the part to heal, or cicatrize. 2. Unhealthy; that which disposes to ulceration, erosion, sloughing, &c. i 3. Common; that induced by com- i mon causes, as incisions, punctures, &c. | 4. Specific ; that induced by inocula- i tion, &c, as variola, &c. INFLAMMATORY CRUST. The buffy coat which appears on the sur- face of the crassamentum of blood drawn in inflammation, in pregnancy, &c. INFLATED. Appearing as if blown out with wind, hollow. INFLATIO (infio, to blow into). The state of the stomach and bowels when distended by wind. INFLATION. Filled with air, dis- tended with flatus, or wind. INFLECTION. Bending. INFLEXED. The same as incurved. INFLORESCENCE. From inflores- co, to flourish). The manner in which flowers are connected to the plant by the peduncle, as in the whorl, raceme, &c. INFLUENZA (Ital. influence, sup- posed of the stars ; more probably of a peculiar state of the atmosphere). Epi- demic febrile catarrh. The French call it la grippe, under which name Sauva- ges first described the epidemic catar- rhal fever of 1743. It was formerly called coccoluche, " because the sick wore a cap close over their heads." INFRA. Under, applied to certain muscles. INFRACTUS. Bent in with such an acute angle as to appear broken. INFRA-ORBITAR. Beneath the or- bit, as applied to a foramen, a nerve, &c. INFRA-SPINATUS. A muscle ari- INH 11 7 INO sing from the scapula below the spine, and inserted into the humerus. INFUNDE. Infuse. INFUNDIBULIFORM (infundibu- lum, a funnel, forma, likeness). Fun- nel-shaped; a term applied by Winslow to a ligament joining the first vertebra to the occiput. In botany, applied to an organ with an obconical tube and an enlarged limb, as the corolla of tobac- co. INFUNDIBULUM (infundo, to pour in). A funnel; a term applied to— 1. A little funnel-shaped process of gray matter, attached to the pituitary gland. Unlike a funnel, however, it is not hollow internally. 2. A small cavity of the cochlea, at the termination of the modiolus. 3. The three large cavities formed by the union of the calyces, and constitu- ting, by their union, the pelvis of the kidney. INFUSA (infundo, to pour in). In- fusions ; aqueous solutions of vegeta- ble substances obtained without the aid of ebullition. INFUSION. Medicine prepared by steeping either in cold or hot water. INGESTA. Solid food, any indi- gestible matter. INGREDIENTS. Constituents of a compound. INGUEN. The groin ; the part be- tween the abdomen and the thigh. INGUINAL. Belonging to the groin. INGUINAL GLANDS. Situated in the groin : the superficial, between the skin and aponeurosis; the deep-seated, under the aponeurosis. INGUINAL HERNIA. Bubonocele; hernia of the groin; it is termed ob- lique, when it takes the course of the spermatic canal; direct, when it pushes directly through the external abdomi- nal ring. INGUINAL LIGAMENT. A liga- ment of the groin, commonly called Poupart's. INGUINAL RING. Abdominal ring. INHALATION. Act of inspiration, applied to vapors or gases, employed in pneumatic treatment. INHALER. An apparatus for in- haling vapors, employed in diseases of the pulmonary organs. Mudge's in- haler consists of a pewter tankard, in the lid of which is a valve, and a flex- ible tube. The vessel is partly filled with boiling water, and the vapor is inhaled through the tube. Various vol- atile articles may be added to the water, and the steam thus impregnated with them. INHALING. To draw in. INHUMATION (inhumo, to inter). The act of interring; the placing a pa- tient in an earth-bath. INION. Nape of the neck. INJECTION (injicio, to throw in). A composition with which the vessels of any part of the body are filled for ana- tomical purposes. For ordinary pur- poses, it may be made of four parts of tallow, one part of rosin, and one part of beeswax, to which, when melted to- gether, there is to be added some oil of turpentine, having a sufficient quantity of coloring matter (vermilion for red, and king's yellow for yellow) suspend- ed in it to color the injection. But for a fine preparation the following may be used :— 1. The fine injection. Composed of brown spirit-varnish and white spirit- varnish, of each four parts ; turpentine- varnish, one part; and coloring matter, one part, or as much as is sufficient. A little of this while hot is first thrown into the arteries, into the minute branch- es of which it is to be forced by— 2. The coarse injection. Composed of beeswax two parts, rosin one part, tur- pentine-varnish one part, and coloring matter q. s. To the beeswax and rosin melted together, add the turpentine var- nish, and then the coloring matter sus- pended in some oil of turpentine. INNATE. Congenital. INNERVATION. Function perform- ed by the brain and nervous system. INNOMINATA ARTERIA. Right branch of the aorta. INNOMINATUM. Nameless; this is applied to diverse parts of the body, irregular or shapeless. INNOMINATUM OS. Union of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones of the pelvis. INOCULATION (in, and oculus, an eye). The insertion of a healthy or morbid virus, as the vaccine or syphi- litic, into the system. INOSCULATION (in, and osculum, a little mouth). The union of vessels, or anastomosis ; the latter term, however, INT 118 INT is sometimes used to designate union by minute ramification; the former, a di- rect communication of trunks. INORGANIC (in, priv., organum, an organ). Without organs, or any parts for the performance of special func- tions. INSALIVATION. Mixture of the food with saliva in mastication. INSANIA (in, priv., sanus, sound). Insanity; mania; deranged intellect. The latin term insanitas is applied to bodily, and not to mental, indisposition. INSANITY. Mania, mental derange- ment. INSERTED. Growing out of or fixed upon. INSERTION (insero, to implant). The attachment of a muscle to the part it moves. INSIDENS. Sitting upon. INSIGNITUS. Marked. INSIPID. Tasteless. INSOLATION. Exposure to the sun, coup-de-soleil, a disease of the brain, known as a stroke of the sun. INSOLUBILITY. Resisting the ac- tion of the solvents. INSOMNIA (in, not, somnus, sleep). Sleeplessness, watching, lying awake. INSPIRATION (inspiro, to inhale). That part of respiration in which the air is inhaled. INSPISSATION (in, and spissatus, thickened). The process of makipg a liquid of a thick consistence. INSTINCTIVE MOTIONS. Invol- untary actions resulting from stimuli to certain nerves, or by the reflex func- tion, as closing of the eyelids, and sphincters, respiration, sneezing, vomit- ing, &c. INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE.— Physiology in its application to pathol- ogy, therapeutics, and hygeine. INSTRUMENTAL LABOR. Partu- rition requiring the use of the forceps or other instruments to effect delivery. INSUFFLATION (in, in, sufflo, to blow). The act of blowing a gas or vapor into a cavity of the body, as when tobacco smoke is injected into the rectum, or air blown into the lungs, &c. INSULATION. Communication cut off, as in electricity. INTEGER. Entire. INTEGRAL PARTS. The particles of a substance mechanically divided, which retain the same nature, however small. INTEGUMENT (in, and tego, to cover). The covering of any part of the body, as the cuticle, cutis, &c. The common integuments are the skin, with the fat and cellular membrane adhering to it; also, particular membranes which invest certain parts of the body, are called integuments, as the tunics or coats of the eye. INTER, between. | „ , fi INTRA, within, j Usedas prenxes. INTERARTICULAR. Between the joints. INTERCOSTAL. Between the ribs. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES. Are forty-four in number, external and in- ternal, one of each running between every two ribs. INTERCURRENT. Sporadic, ap- plied to certain irregularities of the pulse. INTERMISSION. Time intervening between the paroxysms of periodical disease. INTERMITTENT (mitto, to send). A term applied to ague, or fever, re- curring at intervals ; it is called quoti- dian, when the paroxysms recur daily; tertian, when they recur each second day; and quartan, when they recur each third day. INTERNODE. The space between joints, as in grasses. INTEROSSEOUS. Muscle, liga- ment, vessels, &c, between the bones, as in the fore-arm and leg. INTERRUPTEDLY PINNATE.— When smaller leafets are interposed among the principal ones. INTER SE. Among themselves. INTERSPINALES. ) Mus- INTERTRANSVERSALES. \ cles of the spine. INTERSTITIAL (insteisto, to stand between). A term applied to an organ which occupies the insterstices of con- tiguous cells, as the uterus, the bladder, &c. INTERSTITIAL GESTATION. Ex- tra-uterine foetation occurring among the interstitial elements of the uterus. INTERVAL. The period intervening between the paroxysms of intermittent or periodic disease. INTERVERTEBRAL. Structures INU 119 IPO found between the vertebrae, ligament- ous and cartilaginous. INTESTINA (intus, within). An or- der of worms which inhabit the bodies of other animals. These are distin- guished, by Cuvier, into— 1. Cavitaria (cavitas, a cavity).— Worms which have cavities or stom- achs. 2. Parenchymata. Cellular-bodied worms, as the tape-worm. INTESTINAL CANAL. Comprising the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, coecum, colon, and rectum. INTESTINES (intus, within). That part of the alimentary canal which ex- tends from the stomach to the anus. The intestines are distinguished into the small, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; and the large, comprising the coecum, colon, and rec- tum. INTOLERANCE. Applied to the state of the eye, which will not endure light, and to the stomach, which will not bear medicine or food, &c. INTORTUS. Twisted inward. INTRODUCED. Not originally na- tive. Brought from some other coun- try. INTROSUSCEPTION. ) A portion INTUSSUSCEPTION.J of intestine falling into another. INTUMESCENT. External swell- ing- INTUS-SUSCEPTIO (intus, within, suscipio, to receive). Intro-susception. The descent of a higher portion of in- testine into a lower one,—generally, of the ileum into the colon. When it takes place downward, it may be termed progressive, when upward, re- trograde. The term intus-susceptio is also applied to the process of nutrition, or the transformation of the'components of the blood into the organized sub- stance of the various organs. INVAGINATION. Becoming stran- gulated, vulgarly called a knot in the gut. INVALID. Valetudinarian. INVERSIO PALPABRE. Entro- pium. INVERSIO UTERI (inverto, to in- vert). That state of the uterus in which it is turned, wholly or partially, inside outward. INVOLUCEL. A partial involucrum. INVOLUCRUM. A kind of general calyx serving for many flowers, gene- rally situated at the base of an umbel or head. INVOLUTE. Rolled inward. INULA HELENIUM, L. Elecam- pane. Native. Root very active, bit- terish, aromatic, stomachic, attenuant, stimulant, pectoral, vermifuge, diuretic, laxative, diaphoretic, &c. Useful in coughs, humid asthma, hypochondria, colic, tremors, viscid phlegm, it excites diuresis and diaphoresis, gently loosens the bowels, strengthens the stomach and the viscera. Taken in tea, electuary, syrup. United to comfrey and elm- bark, it makes a good electuary for consumptive cough, hooping-cough. The extract is of little value. Leaves useful in scabies. Root by no means weak, as lately supposed. It contains several active substances, a peculiar concrete oil, similar to camphor, a pe- culiar fecula called inuline, a crystalli- zable resin, acetic acid, albumen, &c. IODIC ACID. Iodine and oxygen. IODIDES. | Compounds of iodine, IODURETS. j with various metallic. and non-metallic bodies. IODINE. A crystallized solid found in sea-water, or other marine produc- tion, easily volatilized to a violet color- ed vapor, the basis of numerous medi- cinal preparations. IONIDIUM CONCOLOR. Green violet. IPECACUANHA. A plant growing in Brazil; it grows also in the Spanish West Indies. There are four kinds, gray, brown, white, and yellow; the gray is considered preferable, but the brown is equally good. The roots of this are about the thickness of a small quill, very contorted, full of wrinkles and fissures. The cortical part is com- pact, brittle, smooth, and appears resin- ous, and contains gum and resin. Spir- its extract the strength of it. This root is the most certain, the mildest, and safest emetic with which we are ac- quainted. In small doses it acts upon the skin; dose thirty or forty grains. It enters into our diaphoretic powders. I POME A NIL. Convolvulus of some botanists. Root employed as a purgative by the ancients. IPOMEA PURGA. The Jalap Ipo- mea, a convolvulaceous plant, the dried IRI 120 ISA tubers of which constitute the jalap of commerce. IPOMEA QUAMOCLIT, L. Cyprus vine, red jessamine, &c. From Flori- da to Mexico, beautiful vine. Root said to be purgative in the West Indies, juice cephalic and errhine in the East Indies. I. avicularis, Raf. FL, lud., has edible seeds, eaten by the Indians. Ducks fatten on it. I. macrorhiza has a huge root, amylaceous, edible, eaten by negroes. See Barton, table 96. IRERIS UMBELLATA. Candy- tuft. IRIDACEE. The cornflag tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Smooth her- baceous plants, with leaves equitant; flowers hexapetalous, triandrous; sta- mens three ; ovarium three-celled, many Keen en IRIDECTOMIA. Operation by ex- cision for artificial pupil. IRIDESCENT. (From iris, the rain- bow). Reflecting light. IRIDITOMIA. Operation for arti- ficial pupil, by incision. IRIDIUM. A metal. IRIDO-DIALYSIS. Operation for artificial pupil by separation. IRIS. Literally, a rainbow; and hence applied to the rainbow-like mem- brane which separates the anterior from the posterior chamber of the eye. IRIS, L. Flower-de-luce, flag lily. Many species useful and ornamental. Roots of all more or less medical. I. versicolor, or common blue flag, chiefly used ; roots sweetish, mucilaginous ; taste, nauseous, subacrid; it contains white resin and fecula. Cathartic, diu- retic, and astringent. Much esteemed by the Southern tribes, and kept in ponds for use as a purgative ; very ac- tive ; a few grains of the fresh root operates on the bowels with much nau- sea ; sixty drops of the root are dras- tic, milder when dry. In large doses drastic and emetic, formerly used in syphilis and hydrophobia. Useful in anasarca and hydrothorax, the decoction in sore mouth, ulcers, and wounds, in a wash. A decoction of three quarters iris and one quarter eryngium yucefo- lium has cured the dropsy without dis- turbing the bowels. The leaves used for many diseases of children, being milder, purgative, and vermifuge. The sweet biossoms still better, their syrup similar and equal to that of violets; pectoral, laxative, &c. The seeds may be used like coffee, equivalent of okra seeds. All these properties appear common to I. verna, 1. Virginica, I. gracilis, I. pseudacorus, and perhaps to all our species. The root of I. cristata is also cathartic; when fresh the taste is sweet at first, but next burning like capsicum; the leaves used to alleviate thirst. IRIS FLORENTINA. Florentine iris or orris; fleur-de-luce. The dried rhizoma of this plant is the orris-root of the shops. IRIS OCHROLEUCA. Yellow iris. IRIS PLICATA. Garden iris. IRIS PRISMATICA. Prism-cap- suled iris. See Barton, table 85. IRIS PUMILA. Dwarf flower-de- luce. IRIS SAMBUCINA. Elder-scented iris, garden-iris. IRISH MOSS. Carrageen. The chon- drus crispus; a lichen growing on rocks and stones in the sea. IRITIS. Inflammation of the iris. IRON. Ferrum. IRON-FILINGS. Limatura ferri. IRON-RUST. Rubigo ferri IRREDUCIBLE. Incurable dislo- cations and fractures ; also hernia which cannot be reduced by the taxis. IRREGULAR. Differing in figure, size, or proportion of parts among them- selves. IRRITABILITY (irrito, to provoke). That action of certain muscles, as the heart, the intestines, &c, which flows from a stimulus acting immediately upon their fibres; or, in the case of the voluntary muscles, upon these, or the nerves immediately proceeding to them. This property has been termed by Hal- ler vis insita; by Goerter, vis vitalis; by Boerhaave, oscillation; by Stahl, tonic power ; by Bell, muscular power; by Cullen, inherent power ; and by Dr. Bostock, contractility. IRRITATION (irrito, to excite). The action produced by any stimulus. This term, as a disease, is applied to the con- dition of an organ, the excitation of which is carried to' so high a degree, that the equilibrium resulting from the balance of all the motions is destroyed. ISANTHUS, Mx. Equivalent of Teucrium. ISO 121 IXI ISCHIATICA. Neuralgic or rheu- matic pain about the hip, sciatica. ISCHIATIC. The designation of a notch of the os innominatum : of an ar- tery which proceeds through that notch, &c. ISCHIOCELE. Rupture between the sacrum and ischium. ISCHIUM. Coxa vel acetabulum. The hip-bone, a spinous process of the os innominatum. ISCHURIA. Suppression or reten- tion of the urine. The term is em- ployed, in ischuria renalis, in the sense of suppression ; in ischuria uretica, ve- sicalis, and urethralis, in the sense of retention. ISINGLASS. Ichthycolla. A corrup- tion of the Dutch hyzenblas, an air bladder, compounded of hyzen, to hoist, and bias, a bladder. Fish-glue. ISIPHIA, Raf. Three species, I. glabra, I. tomentosa, I. tripteris, united to aristolochia, are equivalents. The first, or A. sipho, Mx. (pipe vine or sasafaril) has the root very pungent and aromatic, equivalent of seneka root; the bark and twining wood are warm, bitterish, fragrant, with a tur- pentine smell, used as pellent and diu- retic in decoction for dropsy, cachexy, gout, &c. The seeds are bitterish and stronger. ISOCHRONOUS. Occurring at equal periods of time, as the pulsations at the heart corresponding to those in the arteries, and vice versa. ISOETES LACUSTRIS. Quillwort. ISOMERIC. Similarity of atomic proportions. ISOMORPHOUS. Similarity of form, applied to analogous crystals. ISOTHERMAL. Corresponding in temperature. ISSUE. Fonticulus. An ulcer in- tentionally made and kept open, for the cure or prevention of disease. ISTERIC. Good against the jaun- dice. ISTHMUS. Narrow passage, as the fauces, &c. ITCH. The vulgar name for a cu- taneous disease of the fingers, &c ITCH, BAKERS'. Appearing on the back of the hand in bakers, and those who work in flour or dry powders. ITCH, BRICKLAYERS'. Produced by handling lime. ITCH, GROCERS'. Arising from the irritation of sugar upon the skin. ITCH INSECT. The acarus scabiei, a very minute animalcule, said to be found in or near the pustules of the itch; they are called wheal-wocms in man, and resemble the mites of cheese, &c. ITER AD INFUNDIBULUM. Pas- sage from the third ventricle of the brain. IVA FRUTESCENS, L. Bastard Jesuit bark. Seashores; bark smell- ing like elder flowers ; tonic ; equiva- lent of sambucus. Leaves fragrant, may be pickled. IVY, GROUND. Glechoma hedera- cea. Demulcent, stomachic. IXIA CHINENSIS. Blackberry lily. IXIA ACUTA. Acute petulated ixia : figured in Barton, table 66. JAN 122 JER J. JACOBEA, Tt. All the radiated ; senecios of L. /. aurea (ragwort, life- root, anumguah of Indians) is an active plant, aromatic and pungent; roots and radical leaves chiefly used ; diuretic, de- obstruent, and vulnerary, repellent, pec- toral, febrifuge, and menagogue. Use- ful in gravel, pains in the breast, chronic coughs, debility, amenorrhea, &c, in tea or powders. The Indians call it the female flower, using the blossoms for menstrual suppressions attended with debility. Said to relieve melancholy, and cause cheerfulness, to relieve epi- lepsy, cure the gravel, and to dissolve coagulated blood. It acts as a gentle but efficient stimulant. The activity resides in a grateful essential oil. J. obovata and /. balsamita are nearly equivalents : the first is the old roberts- root of Schoepf; it is an acrid, bitterish tonic, said to kill sheep and horses ; used for diseases of the skin, ulcers, and the yaws, drank, and the powder applied. /. lobata or butterweed is also active. JACTATION. Tossing about, ex- treme restlessness. JAGGED. Irregularly divided, or subdivided. JALAP. The dried tubers of the ipomea purga, a plant of the order con- volvulacea, so named from Jalapa, in Mexico. Thirty grains makes a fine purgative; combined with Alexandria senna, constitutes our common ca- thartic with cloves. JALAPINE. Its alkaloid, or active principle. JAMAICA KINO. An extract pre- pared from the bark of the coccoloba uvi- fera, or seaside grape of the West Indies. JAMAICA PEPPER. Allspice, or pimento; the fruit of the Eugenia pi- mento, which grows in Jamaica. JAMES'S POWDER. Pulvis anti- monialis, a combination of the oxyde of antimony and phosphate of lime. JAMESTOWN WEED. Datura stramonium. JANIPHA, Kunth. Jatropha, L.— The /. stimulosa (my bivonea, 1814), sandnettle. Seashore, from Virginia to Florida; burns the hands like nettles, juice milky acrid, seeds purgative. /. manihot, cultivated in Louisiana, is the maniho or manica of South America: roots poisonous, yet producing the edi- ble flour called cazabi, or cassave, made into cakes, bread, tapioca, gruel, &c. JANITOR. The pyloric orifice of the stomach. Also doorkeeper of a med- ical college. JANITRIX. The vena porta. JASMINUM OFFICINALE. Jessa- mine ; the yellow flowers afford an es- sential oil. JATROPHA CURCAS. Ricinus ma- jor, physic-nuts, yielding an oil resem- bling the oleum ricini in its effects. JATROPHA ELASTICA. The Caoutchouc-tree. JATROPHA MANIHOT. Janipha manihot. The cassava or tapioca plant. from the tube of which is prepared a fecula called tapioca. The pulp, when dried and baked into cakes, constitutes cassava or cassada bread. JATROPHA MULTIFIDA. Seeds called purging-nuts, and yield a similar oil. JATROPHA STIMULOSA. Tread- softly. JAUNDICE. A disease proceeding from obstruction in the liver, and char- acterized by a yellow color of the skin, &c. The term is most probably a cor- ruption of the French word jaunisse, yellowness, from jaune, yellow. The scientific name is icterus. JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA. Twin- leaf. JEJUNUM. Empty ; the second of the smaller intestines. JELLY. Gelatine. JERSEY TEA. See Ceanothus Officinalis. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. The helianthus tuberosus; a species of sun- flower, the root of which resembles the artichoke in taste. JERUSALEM OAK. Chenopodium anthelminticum. It is emmenagogue, deobstruent, and anthelmintic; the oil is much used as a vermifuge. 4 JUG 123 JUX JESUIT'S BARK or POWDER. A term formerly applied promiscuously to the three kinds of Peruvian bark. JOHNSWORT. Hypericum perfora- tum. Astringent, balsamic. JOTNT. Arthrosis. An articulation, or the mode by which bones are connect- ed to each other. JOINTS, Knots or rings in culms, pods, leaves, &c. JOINT, STIFF. Ankylosis. JUG ALE OS (jugm, a yoke). Os malae; os zygomaticum. The zygoma, or arch formed by the zygomatic pro- cesses of the temporal and cheek bones. JUGAL PROCESS. Zygomatic pro- cess of the temporal bone. JUGAL SUTURE. Uniting the ma- lar bones with the upper jaw. JUGLANS CINEREA. Butternut; ofl nut, white walnut. An indigenous plant, of the order juglandacea. The extract from the bark is a mild cathar- tic, in the dose of from gr. v. to gr. xxx. The young green nuts, pickled in vine- egar, styptic, unwholesome. The green rind, rubbed on tetters and ringworms, dispels them : their decoction vermifuge and sudorific, also antisyphilitic. Nuts very oily, flatulent; the oil fit for paint- ers and lamps; it is said to expel worms, and, with sugar, even the tapeworm.-r- The /. cinerea (of Bigelow) has the most saccharine sap. Fresh outer bark rubefacient and blistering; the lint of it is used to dress the bites of snakes. Inner bark bitterish, styptic, purgative ; that of the root stronger. The pills and extract, in doses of ten to thirty grains, one of the safest and mildest cathartics, equal to jalap ; friendly to the bowels, almost a specific in dysentery. Much used in obstructions, jaundice, agues, worms, costiveness, &c. Also in colds, coughs, and hemorrhage, in small pills. JUGLANS NIGRA. Black walnut. JUGLANS REGIA. Walnut, the green rind medicinal. JUGLUM. The throat. JUGULAR VEINS. External and internal; the latter the large veins of the neck descending in the sheath of the carotid arteries. JUGUM. A yoke ; growing in pairs. JUGUM PENIS. Instrument for compressing the urethra in incontinence. JUJUBE. Fruit of rhamnus zizy- phus. JUJUBE PASTE. A sweet confec- tion of jujube. JUNCUS, L. Rushes. Many spe- cies. Identus and effuses most common; used for ropes, brushes, baskets, mats, carpets, &c. The seeds are cathartic, used for diarrhoea and fluxes. JUNCUS BUFONIUS. Toad-rush. JUNCUS BULBOSUS. Black-grass. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS. Com- mon juniper; the plant which yields the fruit called juniper-berries, and from which the oil of junipers is ob- tained. The berries make a good diu- retic. Henry says that the following is good where there is pain and difficul- ty in making water. Boil one quart of juniper-berries, with a common cuckle seed, in four quarts of rain water, down to two, strain, add two quarts of honey; then boil a few moments. Dose, a wineglass four times a day. JUNIPERUS SABINA. Savin; the plant which yields the oil of savin. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA. Red cedar, the wood of which is used for black-lead pencils. JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICAL. Fo- rensic medicine; the science which treats of the legal proceedings in refer- ence to medicine. JUVANS. Any auxiliary remedy. JUVANTIA (juvo, to assist). Medi- cines which assist, or relieve diseases. JUVENTUS. Adolescence. JUXTAPOSITION. (From juxta. near, pono, to place.) Nearness of place. KID 124 KYL KAJEPUT. Cajeput. KALI. A term of Arabic origin, de- noting a particular plant; hence the word al-kali, with the article, originally signified the particular residuum ob- tained by lixiviating the ashes of that plant; the term was then used for po- i tassa: thus, kali vitriolalum is an old name for sulphate of potassa; kalipu- ram for potassa fusa; calx cum kali pu- ro for potassa cum calce, &c. KALMIA LATIFOLIA. Broad- leaved laurel. j KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA. Sheep | laurel, dwarf laurel. Narcotic, anti- j herpetic. i KALMIA GLAUCA. Swamp laurel. KEDRIA TERRESTRIS. Barbadoes tar. KEEL. The under lip of a papilio- naceous flower. KEELED. Shaped like the keel of a boat or ship. KELP. Barilla, soda from the ashes of seaweed. KERMES MINERAL. Golden sul- phuret of antimony. KERNEL. See Nucleus. KEY. An instrument used in ex- tracting teeth. KIDNEYS. The two glandular bod- ies in the lumbar region, which secrete the urine. KIDNEY-SHAPED. Heart-shaped, without the point, and broader than long. KING'S EVIL. Scrofula was an- ciently so called, because it was sup- posed curable by the royal touch. KINA. Cinchona. KININUM. Quinine. KINIC ACID. Obtained from yellow cinchona bark. KINATES. Salts of kinic acid. KINO. A red astringent gum. KNAPWEED. See Centaurea. KNEE-JOINT. A complex articula- tion, consisting of an angular gingly- mus, formed by the condyles of the femur, the upper extremity of the tibia, and the posterior surface of the pa- tella. KNEEPAN. Patella. A small round and flat bone. KNOBBED. In thick lumps, as the potato. KNOT. Surgeon's knot made by passing the thread twice through the same noose ; a double knot. KRAMERIA. Rhatany-root. Very astringent. KREQSOTE. Creosote, an extract obtained from pyroligneous acid, or any 01 the tfirs KUHNIA CAPSATORIOIDES. False boneset. Tonic, stimulating-, febrifuge. KRIGIA VIRGINICA. Dwarf dan- delion. KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA — False bogrush. LAC 125 LAC L. LABDANUM. Ladanum. A resi- nous exudation from the cistus Creticus. It is formed into cylindrical pieces, called labdanum in tortis. LABELLUM (dim. of labium, a lip). A little lip ; a term applied, in botany, to the lip-like petal of orchidaceous plants. LABIA. The lips; the two move- able veils which close the cavity of the mouth anteriorly. They are laterally united by means of two acute angles, which are called their commissures. LABIA LEPORINA (leporinus, from lepus, a hare). The hare-lip; a divis- ion of the lip, resembling that of the upper lip of a hare. LABIA MAJORA. The two large folds, constituting the external orifice of the pudendum; also called labia puden- di. LABIA MINORA. The two smaller folds situated within the labia majora, and frequently termed nympha. LABIA PUDENDI. The parts of the pudendum exterior to the nymphae ; they are also called ala majores, as dis- tinguished from the nymphae, or alae mi- nores. The term is synonymous with labia majora. LABIAL. Arteries, &c, of the lips. . LABIATE. Having lips, as in the class didynamia. LABOR. Parturition. LABORATORY. Place for chemical operations. LABRADOR TEA. Ledium lati- folium. Diuretic, balsamic. LABYRINTH. Second cavity of the ear. LAC. Milk. LACCA. Gum shell-lac. LACERUM. Name of foramina in the skull. LACERATED. This term is applied to two foramina at the base of the cra- nium, from their lacerated appearance. LACERATION. Tearing, applied to vvounds and to the tearing of the peri- neum, as in difficult labor. L A C II R Y M A L. Structures con- cerned in the secretion and transmission of the tears. LACINIATE. Jagged, irregularly torn, lacerated. LACRYMA. A tear; the fluid se- creted by the lacrymal gland, and flow- ing on the surface of the eye. 1. The puncta lacrymalia are the external commencements of two small tubes, situated near the inner canthus, called— 2. The lacrymal canals ox ducts, which originate from the internal angle of the eye, and terminate in— 3. The lacrymal sac, an oval bag, about the size of a small horsebean, constituting the upper extremity of the nasal duct. 4. The lacus lacrymarum consists of a small space in the inner angle of the eye, between the two eyelids, toward which the tears flow. LACTATION (lac, milk). The pro- cess of secreting and supplying milk, of nursing, or suckling. Pliny uses the word lactatus, which is more classical than lactatio. LACTEALS (lac, milk). Lacteal veins; long, slender pipes, invisible when not distended with chyle or lymph. They arise from all parts of the small intestines by fine capillary tubes. Their mouths, which open into the cavity of the guts, and suck in the chyle from the food, are so small as not to be seen by the best microscopes. LACTESCENT. Yielding a juice, usually white like milk, sometimes red, as in the blood-root. LACTEUS. Milk-white. LACTIC ACID. Obtained from milk. LACTIFEROUS. Vessels carrying milk. LACTIFEROUS DUCTS (lac, lactis, milk, fero, to convey), The milk-con- veying ducts of the mammary glands. LACTINE. Sugar of milk. LACTUCA L. Lettuce. Several spe- cies ; all equivalents. L. elongata most commonly used. L. gigantea, Raf., 10 feet high. Bitter; milk of all afford the lactucarium or tridace, or LAM 126 LAR lettuce opium. Useful and powerful anodyne, diaphoretic, laxative, and diu- retic. The extract very efficient in pills for the dropsy and ascites, the L. sa- liva, or garden lettuce, is milder. Eaten in salad, boiled1, or cooked, it acts as a good refrigerant, paregoric, diluent, sed- ative, and anodyne; good topical seda- tive, and a good diet in many cases; hypochondria, satyriasis, nymphoma- nia, consumption, nervous complaints, &c, producing a propensity to sleep, and allaying pain. The milk of it easily collected by incisions, cotton, or a sponge ; is similar to opium when in- spissated. The extract of the whole plant, although less pure, is quite equivalent; twenty-four pounds of let- tuce give one pound of it. The tinc- ture is also equal to that of opium. LACTUCA SALIVA. The garden lettuce, the milky juice of which yields lactucarium, but in much less quantity than latuca virosa. LACTUCA VIROSA. The strong- scented lettuce, the milky juice of which, when inspissated, has been used as a substitute for opium, under the name of thridace or lactucarium. LACTUCARIUM. Lettuce opium; inspissated juice of the lettuce. LACUNE. Furrows from small glands. LACUNOSE. Lowered with little pits or depressions. LACUSTRIS. Growing about lakes. LADIES' SMOCK. See Carda- MINE. LADY'S SLIPPER. See Cripypi- DIUM. LAGETTA LINTEAREA. The lace- bark-tree, a plant of the order thyme- lacea, possessing the properties of mez- ereum. Its bark is capable of being separated into thin white layers, resem- bling lace-work, and may be even washed with soap like linen. LAMBOIDAL. Name of suture be- tween the parietal and occipetal bones of the skull. LAMB'S QUARTER. See Cheno- PODIUM. LAMELLAR. Arrangement of the cellular tissue. LAMELLATED. In thin plates. LAMINA. The broad or flat end of a petal, in distinction from its claw. The expanded part of a leaf. In a more general sense, any thin plate or mem- nrs-ue LAMIUM, L. Deadnettle, henbit. Two species wild. L. purpureum and L. amplexicaule, said to b*e corroborant and cephalic, sudorific and laxative. used by empirics for gout and rheuma- tism with xanthoxylon, and for a cephal- ic snuff with asarum. LANATE. Woolly. LANCEOLATE. Spear-shaped, nar- row, with both ends acute. LANCEOVATE. A compound of lanceolate and ovate, intermediate. LANCET (lancetta; dim. of lancea, spear). An instrument used in plebot- omy, in opening tumors, &c. LAND-SCURVY. An affection, con- sisting in circular spots, strips, or patches, scattered over the thighs, arms, and trunk; it is called by Bateman pur- pura hamorrhagico, from the occasional hemorrhage from the mouth, nostrils, and viscera. LANGUOR. Debility, relaxation. LANTANA, L. Sage-tree, blueber- ry, cailleau in Louisiana. Two spe- cies, L. floridana, Raf., and L. undula- ta„ Raf., mistaken for L. camara, and L. annua by authors. Leaves form a fine-scented tea, like L. camara, or Ba- hama tea, and L. pseudothea, or Brazil tea, said to be better than the Chinese. Diaphoretic, useful in fevers, but nau- seous when very strong : the tea of the blossoms is still better. Twigs coagula- ting water like sassafras. LANUGINOUS. Woolly. LAPIS. A stone. LAPIS CALAMINARIS. Carbon- ate of zinc. LAPIS INFERNALIS. Caustic pot- ash. LAPIS PHILOSOPHORUM. The fanciful philosopher's stone sought by alchemy. LAPPULA HEPATICA. Agrimony. LARD. Adeps suillae, axungia por- cini. LARIX, Tt. J. Larch, tamarack, hacmatack. We have two species black larch, L. pendula, and red larch, L. microcarpa in the north. Equivalent of pinus, producing a fine balsamic tur- pentine, good for wounds. LARIX EUROPEA. The common larch, a coniferous tree, yielding the larch, or Venice turpentine, and a sac- LAU 127 LAV charine matter called manna of the larch, or manna de Brancon. LARKSPUR SEED. Delphinium consolidum; narcotic, anti-acrid. LARVA. The caterpillar state of an insect. LARYNGEAL. The designation of nerves furnished by the par vagum, and distributed to the larynx ; these are the superior laryngeal, and the recurrent or inferior laryngeal nerves. LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the larynx. LARYNGISMUS STRIDULUS.— Thymus asthma of infancy. LARYNGOTOMY. Incision into the larynx. LARYNX. The superior part of the trachea, situated immediately under the os hyoides. LASSITUDE. Debility, languor. LATA LIGAMENTA. Broad liga- ments. LATENT. (From lateo, to hide.) Hidden, concealed. LATERAL. (From latus.) On one side. ' LATERITIOUS. Red sediment of the urine. LATHYRUS ARTICULATUS.— Jointed pea. LATHYRUS BENZOIN. Spice-bush, fever-bush. . LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS. Ever- lasting pea. LATHYRUS MARTIMUS. Beach- pea LATHYRUS ODORATUS. • Sweet- pea. LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS. Marsh- PCLATHYRUS SATIVUS. Chick- vetch. TO LATISSIMUS COLLI. Platysma myoides. . . LATISSIMUS DORSI (latissimus; superl. of latus, broad; dorsum, the back). A flat muscle, situated on the back and side of the lower part of the trunk. It moves the arm backward and downward ; or brings forward the body when the hand is fixed. It has received the offensive appellations of scalptor ani and tersor ani. LAUDANUM. From the latin word law, praise ; implying a medicine wor- thy of praise, but is now generally ap- plied to preparations of opium. LAURACEE. The cinnamon tribe of dycotyledonous plants. Leaves en- tire, alternate ; flowers apetalous; sta- mens perigynous ; fruit baccate or dru- paceous ; seeds without albumen. LAUREL. Kalmia latifolia. The powdered leaves are employed success- fully in tinea capitis, and in certain forms of fever. LAURUS, L. Baytrees, laurels. Beautiful genus, all the species valua- ble ; L. sassafras above all, found from Canada to Mexico and Brazil. Roots, bark, leaves, flowers fragrant and spicy. Flavor and smell peculiar, similar to fennel, sweetish subacrid, residing in a volatile oil, heavier than water. The sassafrine, a peculiar mucus unalterable by alcohol, found chiefly in the twigs and pith, thickens water, very mild and lubricating, very useful in ophthalmia, dysentery, gravel, catarrh, &c. Wood yellow, hard, durable, soon loses the smell; the roots chiefly exported for use as stimulant, antispasmodic, sudo- rific, and depurative; the oil now often substituted ; both useful in rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, secondary syphilis, typhus fevers, &c. Once used in drop- sy. The Indians use a strong decoction to purge and cleanse the body in the spring; we use instead the tea of the blossoms for a vernal purification of the blood. The powder of the leaves used to make glutinous gombos. Leaves and buds used to flavor some beers and spirits. Also deemed vulnerary and re- solvent chewed and applied, or mena- gogue and corroborant for women in tea; used in scurvy, cachexy, flatu- lence, &c. Bowls and cups made of the wood-; when fresh it drives bugs and moths. The bark dyes wood of an orange color with urine, called shikih by Missouri tribes,and smoked like tobacco. LAURUS CAMPHORIFERA. Cam- phor-tree . LAURUS CINNAMONUM. Cin- namon-tree. LAURUS NOBILIS. The sweet-bay, the plant which yields the bay-berry, and its camphor, called laurin. LAVANDULA VERA. Common or garden lavender; the plant from which the oil, and the spirit of lavender are prepared. It enters also into the com- position of Eau de Cologne, and the lavender compound. 28 LEO LEG 1 LAVANDULA SPICA. French lav- ender, which yields the oil of spike, sometimes called foreign oil of lavender, in order to distinguish it from the oil of lavandula stoechas, the true oil of spike. Used by painters on porcelain, and for making varnishes. LAVEMENT. A fomentation, a clyster. LAX. Limber, flaccid. LAXATIVE. Mild purgative. LAXATOR TYMPANI (laxo, to loosen). A muscle of the tympanum, attached to the handle of the malleus. LAXITY. Want of firmness. LAZARETTO (lazzeretto, Italian; from lazzero, a leper). A pest-house or establishment for facilitating the performance of quarantine, and particu- larly the purification of goods arriving from places infected with disease. LEAD. Plumbum. A bluish-gray metal; the softest all the durable met- als. LEAFET. A partial leaf, part of a compound leaf. LEAF-STALK. See Petiole. LEAVEN or YEAST. A substance which possesses the power of com- mencing fermentation in other sub- fitflJlCPS LECHEA MAJOR. Pin-weed. LECONORIN. A white crystalline substance obtained from the leconora tartarea, and other lichens employed in the manufacture of cudbear. LEDUM, L. Marsh tea, Labrador tea. Both L. palustre and L.'latifolium boreal plants, used as tea; contains twenty chemical substances, even wax and osmazome, very near to Chinese tea, but stronger, owing to a fragrant resin. Leaves bitterish, nidorose, ce- phalic, pectoral, exanthemic, &c. Use- ful in coughs, exanthema, itch, scabies, leprosy, &c.; in strong decoction, kills lice and insects. Said to be narcotic by Schoepf. LEDUM LENTICULARIS. Catch- fly-grass. LEDUM ORIZOIDES. Cut-grass. LEDUM VIRGINICA. White-grass, rice-grass. LEECH. A genus of the class vermes, and order intestina. LEGUME. A pod or pericarp, hav- ing its seeds attached to one side or suture; as the pea and bean. LEGUMINOUS. Bearing legumes. LEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM.— Sand-myttle, sleek-leaf. LEMON. The juice, mixed with water and sweetened with loaf sugar, is very cooling in fever. LEMONADE. A refrigerant acidu- lated drink, made by adding two lemons sliced, and two ounces of sugar, to two pints of boiling water, and digesting until cold. LEMNA POLYRRHIZA. Water- n3Y"SPPfl LEMNA TRISULCA. Duck-meat. LENITIVE ELECTUARY. Electu- arium sennae. The former name of the confectio sennae. LENITIVES (lenis, gentle). Sooth- ing medicines. Gentle purgatives. LENS (lens, lentis, latin, a bean.) Properly, a small roundish glass, shaped like a lentil, or bean. In anatomy, the the term is applied to the crystalline hu- mor of the eye. Short-sightedness is occasioned by the convergence of the rays to a point before they fall upon the retina, and a concave lens is em- ployed to delay their convergence ; in long-sightedness, the rays do not con- verge to a point till they have passed the retina, and a convex lens is em- ployed to promote their convergence. LENTICULAR BONE. Another name for the os orbiculare. LENTICULAR GANGLION. An- other name for the ciliary ganglion, situated at the external side of the op- tic nerve. LENTICULAR PAPILLE. The papillae situated at the posterior part of the tongue; they are from nine to fif- teen in number, of a round form, of the size of a large mustard seed. LENTOR (lentus, clammy). The viscidity or clamminess of a fluid. LEONTICE THALICTROIDES.— Poppoose-root, false cohosh. LEONTODON PALUSTRE. March dandelion. LEONTODON TARAXICUM. Dan- delion. A plant of the order compositae. Its root is the officinal taraxicum, and is esteemed slightly tonic, diuretic, ape- rient, and deobstruent. Excellent in chronic obstructions of the liver. En- ters into the hepatic pills. LEONURUS CARDIACA, L. Lion- tail, throwort. Spontaneous, stimulant, LES 129 LEV and pectoral, used for coughs and ca- tarrhs, formerly for cardialgy. LEPANTHIUM. A term used for a petal-like nectary, like that of the larkspur and monk's-hood. LEPARGYREA, Raf. 1816. Silver- bush, hippophae Canadensis, L. 6heper- dia, N. Berries purgative. LEPIDOTE. Leprous, covered with minute peltate scales. LEPIDIUM SATIVUM. Pepper- grass. LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM, L. Pep- percress. From Canada to Guiana; probably many species blended, form- ing G. dileptium, Fl. lud., with two stamens, D. diffusum and precox, two species there ascertained, equivalent. Eaten as cresses. All acrid, diuretic, antiscorbutic, antiscrofulous; used in scurvy, dropsy, asthma, scrofula, her- nia, gravel, &c, as a diet. LEPRA. The leprosy of the Greeks, a scaly disease of the skin, occurring generally in circular patches. LEPROSY. The leprosy of the Jews appears to have been the leuce of the Greeks, the white baras of the Arabians, and the third species of vitiligo of Cel- sus. It is principally characterized by whiteness of the hair, and depression of the skin. LEPTAMNIUM VIRGINIANUM, Raf., 1810. Orobanche, do., L. Epifa- gus, N., 1818. Cancer-root, beech- drops. Root and stem astringent, bit- terish, nauseous, known to Schoepf as useful in cancers; base of Martin's powders (with white arsenic, sulphur, and ranunculus), a painful remedy for curing cancers by application, but hurt- ful in scrofula and scrofulous cancers. A syrup of it united to iris, sanguina- ria and polygonum, used by empirics for sore mouth, cancer in the mouth, dysentery, &c. Plant parasite on beech- roots. The tea is excellent in St. An*- thony's fire; to be drank freely, and applied externally as awash. LEPTANDRICA VIRGINICA. Cul- ver's physic, tall veronica. LESION (lasio; from lado, to hurt). Any hurt, injury, or morbid change. Under the term organic lesions, Pinel includes most of the chronic disorders which are unaccompanied by fever, in- flammation, haemorrhage, or nervous af- fection. 9 LESKEA. Several species subas- tringent. Mosses. LESPIDEZA SASSILIFLORA.— Bush-clover. LETHARGY. Continued sleep or stupor. LETTUCE. See Lactuca, L. LETTUCE OPIUM. Lactucarium. The inspissated milky juice of the lac- tuca virosa and sativa. LETTUCE, WILD. Lactuca elonga- ta; antiscorbutic, anodyne. "I found," says Henry, " an extract of the lettuce, prepared from the expressed juice of the leaves, gathered when in flower, of great efficacy in the cure of dropsy." He states that he cured a very bad case of dropsy, by giving from four to twelve grains three times a day, in the form of pills; they agree well with the stom- ach, quench thirst, and are laxative and diuretic; very valuable to mix with water for a bathing, particularly in fever; applied also to viscid or serous ulcers. LEUCOMA. Albugo. A dense opa- city, extending through the laminae of the cornea. The slighter form of opaci- ty is termed nebula, haziness, or dul- ness ; and a small patch or speck, ma- cula. The popular term for opacity is film. LEUCOPATHIA. The albino state. This deviation from the natural color was first observed in Africa, and the individuals so affected were called leu- coethiopes, or white negroes, In conse- quence of the irksomeness of light to albinoes,^he Dutch named those whom they met with in Java, kakkerbakken, or cockroaches, insects which run about in the dark. LEUCOPHLEGMASIA. Leucophleg- matic habit; a term formerly applied to a dropsical habit. LEUCORRHCEA. Fluor albus, or whites of females; a discharge from the vagina, arising from debility. The remedy is tonics and astringents. LEVATOR (levo, to lift up). A mus- cle which raises any part, as the rectus superior. Its antagonist is called de- pressor. LEVATOR PALATI MOLLIS. A muscle which arises from the point of the petrous bone, the Eustachian tube, and the sphenoid bone, and is inserted into the velum palati, which it pulls up, LIC 130 LIG acting at the same time as a valve to the nostrils. LEVATOR SCAPULE, or LEVA- TOR PROPRIUS ANGULARIS. A muscle which arises from the trans- verse processes of the four or five up- per cervical vertebrae, and is inserted into the upper corner of the scapula, which it raises, as in shrugging the shoulders; hence it has been called musculus patientia. LEVER. Technical name of the vectis, an obstetrical instrument. LEVIGATION. Grinding with some fluid in a mortar. LEY. Lixivium. A term used for a solution of alkali in water. LIATRIS, Auct. Throatwort, sa- wort, button-snake root. Twenty-five species, all medical equivalents ; made two by L. Serratula spicata and sca- riosa. Many vulgar names : backache- root, devilsbite, rattlesnake-master, bla- zing-star, prairie pines, gayfeather, rough-root, &c. All have a tuberous medical root, acrid, bitterish, pungent, spicy, smelling like turpentine or juni- per, holding a peculiar balsamic resin, but no oil; properties, partly soluble in a watery decoction, wholly in alcohol. Most powerful diuretics, acting mildly; may be used ad libitum : also discu- tient, tonic, diaphoretic, and deob- struent. Very useful in dropsy, gonor- rhea, angina, croup, and hives, sore- throat, scrofula, gravel, pains in the breast, after-pains of women, and bites of snakes, both internally and topically. The L. odoratissima or Vanilla leaf, used like the Piqueria trmervia, or trevel of Cuba, to perfume Havana segars. LIBER. The inner bark of plants. LICHEN. Lichenous rash ; an erup- tion of red papulae, usually terminating in scurf. Although Dioscorides says that the plant, so called, is named from its being a remedy for the disease, the more general opinion is, that the dis- ease is named from its supposed re- semblance to the plant. LICHENES. The lichen tribe of the aphyllae, or leafless plants. Aerial, leafless, perennial plants, spreading over almost all dry surfaces, of trees, stones, &c.; reproductive organs are sporules lying in thecae in the medullary sub- stance, or separated cellules of the me- dullary layer of the thallus. They are now divided in many genera. Tree- moss, rock-moss, liverwort, livermoss, Iceland-moss, lungwort, orchil, &c. Many useful and medical, the L. island- icus, pulmonarius and cocciferous, chiefly used as tonic and pectoral, mu- cilaginous, bitterish, used in coughs, neglected catarrhs, haemoptysis, jaun- dice, diabetes, emaciation, pituitous phthisis, scurvy, &c. Chiefly used for convulsive coughs, &c. LICHEN ISLANDICUS. Iceland- moss, a mucilaginous vegetable used in coughs. LICHEN ROCCELLA. Litmus, a plant yielding this dye. LICOPUS EUROPOCUS. Bitter bu- gle ; water hoarhound. LICOPUS VIRGINICUS. Sweet bu- gle ; sedative, tonic, astringent; equal- izes the circulation. Excellent in spit- ting of blood, and similar diseases, as well as in coughs and diseases of the lungs. LIENTERY. A disorder in the bow- els, the food passing through suddenly and little altered, with wasting of the body. LIFE. The state of action peculiar to an organized body or organism. This state commences with the first produc- tion of the germ; it is manifested in the phenomena of growth and repro- duction ; and it terminates in the death of the organized structure, when its component parts are disintegrated, more or less completely, by the operation of the common laws of matter. LIFE-EVERLASTING. Cat-foot.— See Gnaphalium. LIFE-ROOT. Says Henry, " I have found it a sure cure for all complaints of the gravel, and pains in the breast." Is a febrifuge and a powerful diuretic ; take a teacup ful of the tea three times a day. He has cured numerous cases of gravel by it. LIG AMENTUM (ligo, to bind). A ligament; a membrane of a flexible but compact texture, which connects the articular surfaces of bones and carti- lages, and sometimes protects the joints by a capsular envelope. LIGATURE (ligo, to bind). Thread, or silk, or inkle, commonly rubbed with white wax, for tying arteries, excres- cences, &c. LIL 131 LIN LIGNEOUS (lignum, wood). Woody; having the structure and other charac- ters of wood. LIGNUM. Wood. LIGNUM CAMPECHIANUM. Ni- caragua wood; logwood. See H.ema- toxyli Lignum. LIGNUM SERPENTINUM. The wood of the ophioxylon serpentinum; used in the bites of serpents. LIGNUM VITE. The wood of the guiacum officinale, remarkable for the direction of its fibres, each layer of which crosses the preceding diagonally. It is also called lignum benedictum, or St. Benedict's wood; lignum indicum, or Indian wood; and lignum sanctum, or holy wood. LIGULATE. Strap or riband-like, flat as the florets of the dandelion. LIGUSTICUM LEVISTICUM. Lov- age. A European umbelliferous plant, possessing carminative, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue properties. The root, stem, leaves, and seeds have been em- ployed. LIGUSTRUM VULGARE, L. Privet, privy, reimveide. Native New York and Pennsylvania. Leaves and flowers bitterish, subastringent, detersive, vul- nerary, used for the diseases of the mouth and ears, sore-throat, angina, scurvy in gargarisms. Unripe berries dye silk and wool green with alum, give a green ink and fecula, make a green pigment with ceruse; when ripe, a purple pigment can be prepared. LILACA VULGARIS, Tt. Syringa, L. Lilac. Cultivated. Wood by dis- tillation affords a fat oil, smelling like rosewood oil; the infusion is yellow, balsamic; tincture, bitterish, affording by evaporation a resin similar to drag- on's-blood. Extract of green buds a pure bitter, used like cinchona in Italy for fevers. LILIACEOUS. A corolla with six petals gradually spreading from the base. LILIUM, L. Lily. Many species, all equivalent. Roots edible, roasted, poultices good maturative. A fragrant pectoral conserve made with the flowers of the white lily. LILIUM BULIFERUM. Orange lily. LILIUM CANADENSE. lily. Nodding LILIUM CANDIDUM. White lily. LILIUM CATESBACI. Southern lily. LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM. Red lily. LILIUM SUPERBUM. Superb lily. LILY OF THE VALLEY. Conval- laria majalis. The root and flowers, in extract, purge like aloes. LILY, WHITE, • ROOT. Nymphae odorata. Astringent, discutient. LIMB. The border or spreading part of a monopetalous corolla. LIME. An oxyde of calcium. Also the name of the fruit of the citrus acris, a variety of lemon. LIME WATER. Solution of lime. LIMNETIS. Marshgrass. Give a strong, rancid smell to the milk and butter of cows, even to the breath and meat of cattle, but affords a good hay for horses. LIMNETIS CYNOCEROIDES. — Many-spiked salt-grass. LIMNETIS JUNCIA. Rush salt- grass. LIMOSILLA SUBULATA. Mud- wort. LINACEE. The flax tribe of di- cotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves usually alternate; flowers symmetrical, polypetalous ; stamens hy- pogynous; ovarium entire, many-celled; seeds compressed and inverted. LINARIA. Toadflax. Bad smell, bitterish, anodyne, pellent, diuretic, pur- gative, vermifuge, &c, used for sore eyes, jaundice, dropsy, chiefly for piles in ointment. LIND£RSIA DILATATA. Pimper- nel. LINDERSIA ATTENATA. False hedge-hyssop. LINEA ALBA. A white tendinous line, extending from the epigastrium to the pubis. LINEA ASPERA. The rough pro- jection upon the femur posteriorly, giving attachment to muscles. LINEE SEMICIRCULARES. Lines on each side of the linea alba, formed by the abrupt termination of the fibres of the abdominal muscles. LINEE SEMILUNARES. Lines forming the outer margin of the recti muscles of the abdomen. LINEE TRANSVERSALES. Lines crossing the recti muscles of the abdo- men. LIQ 132 LIR LINEAMENT (linea, a line). A delicate trait; the earliest trace of the embryo. LINEAR. Long and narrow, with parallel sides, as the leaves of grasses. LINEAR FRACTURES. Those in which the fragments are scarcely sepa- LINEREUSIA BOREALIS, L. Twin- flower, ground-vine. Bitterish, subas- tringent, diuretic, equivalent of arbu- tus ; used also for rheumatism and dis- orders of the skin. LINGUA. The tongue. LINGUAL NERVES. Ninth pair, or hypoglossal. LINIMENT. A fluid ointment for friction. LINIMENTUM (lino, to besmear). A liniment, an external application, having the consistence of an oil or bal- sam. LINNEA BOREALIS. Twin-flower. LINNEAN SYSTEM. A method of classifying plants, introduced by Linnaeus, and founded on modifications of the sexual apparatus; hence it is also called the sexual system. LINSEED. Linum usitatissimum. LINT. Scraped linen used in dress- ing wounds. LINUM. Lint or flax. LINUM CATHARTICUM. Purging flax. LINUM VIRGINIANUM, L. Wild- flax : wechkenah of the Missouri tribes, whole plant laxative, pectoral, and su- dorific, used for cough and asthma. Common flax, or L. usitatissimum, is become spontaneous, producing tow, flax, and linen. Seeds medical, demul- cent, pectoral, emollient, &c. Flax- seed tea used in coughs, hematuria, colic, gravel, hemoptysis, gout, dysuria, &c. Flax-seed or linseed, oil much used by painters, being dessicative ; 6aid to expel worms in children, given mixed with sugar. LINUM USITATISSIMUM. Lin- seed, common flax. LIP. The under petal in a labiate corolla. LIPOMA. Hypertrophy, adipose tu- mor. LIPPITUDO. Inflammation of the tarsi of the eyelids. LIQUEFACTION. A solid becoming a fluid. LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA, L. Sweet-gum, white-gum. Beautiful fragrant tea, from New York to Mexi- co. Much used by the Indians. Inner bark in tea for nervous diseases, leaves for smoking ; buds sudorific and febri- fuge, cure fevers in two or three days. The gum was the copal or incense of the Mexicans, a fragrant perfume, used as a drawing plaster by the Cherokees, also for diarrhea, dysentery, itch, &c. Wood compact, tough, warps, but takes fine polish. The balsam made by coc- tion of the branches similar to storax, gray, acrid, fragrant. Leaves smell delightful, cephalic and corroborant, make a fragrant tobacco. LIQUOR. Technical name of many compound fluids, the base of which is water or alcohol. LIQUORICE (liquor, liquor). The root of the glycyrrhiza glabra. LIQUOR AMNII. A fluid in the in- terior of the amnios, in which the foetus floats. LIQUOR CHORII. A gelatinous fluid which separates the inner surface of the chorion from the amnios in the early period of gestation. It is com- monly called the false waters. LIQUOR SANGUINIS. Fluid ele- ment in the blood. LIRIODENDRIN. Alkaloid of li- riodendron. LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA, L. Tulip-tree, poplar. Two varieties. 1. Alba acutiloba or white wood. 2. Flava obtusiloba or yellow wood. Valuable, ornamental, and medical, reaching 120 feet high, and 30 round. Durable tim- ber, heavy, hard, and tough, but sub- ject to warp, the yellow kind softer and brittle. Espetonga of the Osages, use bark of the roots and green seeds as febrifuge and vermifuge for children. Found from Lake Champlain to Texas, in rich soils. Medical equivalent of magnolia, less aromatic and more as- tringent. Bark must be collected in summer. Active tonic, antiseptic, stim- ulant and sudorific, deemed equal to cinchona in the same doses for inter- mittent and low fevers, weak stomach, dyspepsia, hysteria, dysentery, chronic rheumatism, gout, &c. Used in pow- ders, infusion, tincture, and extract. Contains gum, resin, mucus, fecula, muriatic acid, an oil, &c. A palliative LIT 133 LOB In phthisis. Sometimes used in cholera infantum and worms, also in the botts of horses. Often united to cornus, quercus and prinos. Inner bark of the root most powerful: a fine cordial made with it. Leaves used by Cherokees in poultice for sores and head-ache, oint- ment for inflammations and mortifica- tions ; make the milk of cows bitter. Extract of root equal to gentian. Reme- dy for syphilitic ulcers of the nose. Seeds laxative. Henry says it is a good substitute for the Peruvian bark, in the cure of intermittents. Dose of the pow- der from one to two teaspoonfuls four times a day when the fever is off. LISTERA CONVALLAROIDES.— Lily orchis. LITHARGE. Spuma argenti. An oxyde of lead in an imperfect state of vitrification. Lead becomes oxydized and changed into litharge during the process of refining, which is performed for the purpose of separating the silver which it contains. Litharge is more or less white or red, according to the me- tals with which the silver is alloyed, the white being called litharge of silver, the red litharge of gold. . LITHIUM. One of the metals. LITHONTRIPTIC. A supposed sol- vent of stone in the bladder. LITHONTRIPTOR. Instrument for crushing the stone. LITHATE. Urate, compound of lithic acid. LITHIA. The protoxyde of lithium. LITHIC ACID. Found in urinary calculi; uric acid. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. Eight species. Equivalent of cyno- glossum. LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE.— Stem-crout, stone-seed, wheat-thief. LITHOTOMY. The operation of cutting into the bladder, in order to ex- tract a stone. The various modes of performing this operation are termed— 1. The apparatus minor, or lesser ap- paratus ; this has been described by Celsus, and hence called lithotomia cel- siana. As the stone, fixed by the pres- sure of the fingers in the anus, was cut directly upon, this has been called cut- ting on the gripe, a knife and a hook being the only instruments used 2. The apparatus major, or greater apparatus, so named from the nume- rous instruments employed ; this has been also called the Marion method, from having been first published by Marianus Sanctus, in 1524, as the in- vention of his master, Johannes de Ro- manis. 3. The high operation, first practised in Paris, in 1475, and performed by making the incision above the pubes, in the direction of the linea alba. 4. The lateral operation, so named from the prostate gland and neck of the bladder being laterally cut. LITHOTRITY or LITHOTRIPSY. The operation of boring or crushing calculi in the bladder, with a view of reducing them into small fragments, so that they may pass through tbe urethra with the urine. LITMUS. A blue pigment, used by chemists for detecting free acids, lichen roccella. LITTORIBUS. Growing on coasts, or shores. LIVER. The largest glandular ap- paratus in the body, the office of which is to secrete the bile. It is divided into three lobes— 1. The great lobe, situated in the right hypochondriac region. 2. The small lobe, situated in the epigastric region; and 3. The lobulus spigelii, situated on the left side of the great lobe. It has two prolongations, which have been termed the lobulus caudatus, and the lobulus anonymus or quadratus. LIVER OF SULPHUR. Sulphuret of potash. LIVERWORT. Hepatica triloba. Pectoral, deobstruent. LIVID. Purplish discoloration of the skin. LIVIDOUS. Dark purple. LIXIVIUM. Ley, any saline solu- tion. LOBE. A large division, or distinct portion of a leaf or petal. LOBE OF THE EAR. ) Inferior ex- LOBULA. J tremity of the external ear. LOBELIACEE. The lobelia tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with leaves alternate ; flowers axillary or terminal; stamens syngenesious; ovarium inferior; fruit capsular. LOBELIA. A peculiar principle, pro- LOL 134 LUG cured from lobelia inflata, and said to re- ) semble nicotin. LOBELIA CLAYTONIA. Species of j lobelia. LOBELIA DORTMANNA. Water lobelia. LOBELIA INFLATA. Bladder-pod- ded lobelia, Indian tobacco or emetic- weed ; a plant with properties similar to those of tobacco. Emetic, narcotic, enters into our Emetic Powders. LOBELIA KALMII. Species of lo- belia. Figured in Barton, plate 34. LOBELIA SPIGELII. Little lobe of the liver, near the spine, and projecting like a nipple between the cardia and the vena cava. LOBELIA SYPHILITICA. Blue cardinal flower; the root of which has been used by the North American In- dians as specific in syphilis. LOBUS. A lobe :— 1. The designation of the portions into which the lower surface of the brain is divided: these are termed the anterior, the middle, and the posterior lobes. 2. The name of the lower and pend- ent part of the external ear. 3. The name of the divisions of the lungs, of the liver, &c. ■LOCAL. Diseases are thus called which are confined to a part, and do not involve the. general system. Remedies applied externally are local or topical. LOCHIA. The uterine discharge which takes place for some days after delivery; in cattle, it is termed the clecnsings. LOCKED JAW. A rigid contraction of the muscles which raise the lower jaw, closing the jaws with great pain. LOCOMOTION (locus, a place, moveo, to move). The act of moving from one place to another. LOCULUS. (From locus, a place.) A little space. LOCUSTA. A spikelet, or partial spike : a portion of the inflorescence of many grasses. LOGWOOD. Haematoxylon Campe- chianum. LOINS. Lumbar regions, lower part of the back, right and left of the lum- bar vertebra. LOL1UM, L. Darnel. Seeds nar- cotic, pernicious when mixed with wheat, make the bread bad, unhealthy. LOMENT. A pod resembling a legume, but divided by transverse par- titions. LONGIFOLIUS. Long-leaved. LONGISSIMUS. Very long. LONGISSIMUS DORSI. Muscle of tli p njick LONGISSIMUS FEMORIS. Sarto- rius muscle. LONGISSIMUS OCULI. A name given to the obliquus superior, from its being the longest muscle of the eye. LONG SIGHT. An affection of the sight, in which the vision is only accu- rate when the object is far off. LONGUS. Name of muscles. LONGUS COLLI. A long muscle at the back of the oesophagus, which sup- ports and bends the neck. The muscle between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the angle of the ribs is called longissimus dorsi. LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle. All species leaves and flowers bitterish, mu- cilaginous, astringent, detersive, &c. A syrup used for sore throat and irritation of the lungs. LOICERA CAPRIFOLIUM. A spe- cies of woodbine or honeysuckle. LONICERA HIRSUTA. Rough Woodbine. LONICERA PARVIFLORA. Vari- ety of woodbine. LONICERA PERICLYMENUM.— Variety of woodbine. LONICERA SEMPERVIRENS. — Variety of woodbine. LOTION. A wash. LOUISIANA SQUILL. See Crinum Americanum. LOVAGE SEED. Ligusticum le- visticum. Carminative, stomachic. LUBRICATE. To oil a part, as a joint. LUCID. Intervals between parox- ysms of insanity. LUCIDUS. Bright and shining. LUDWIGIA, L. Several species. Subastringent. LUDWIGIA ALTERNIFOLIA. - Seedbox. See Barton, plate 14. LUES VENEREA. Literally, the plague of Venus, or venereal disease : syphilis. LUGOL'S SOLUTION. A liquid con- taining 20 grains of iodine, and 30 grains of iodide of potassium in one I ounce of water. LUP 135 LYC LUMBAGO (lumbus, the loins). A rheumatic affection of the muscles about the loins. LUMBARIS EXTERNUS. Quad- ratus lumborum. LUMBARIS INTERNUS. Psoas magnus. LUMBAR. The designation of nerves, arteries, veins, &c, belonging to the region of the loins. Hence, also, the term lumbo-abdominal, or lumbar plexus; the lumbosacral nerves, and the lumbo-dorsal region. LUMBAR ABSCESS. Psoas abscess. A chronic collection of pus, which forms in the cellular substance of the loins, behind the peritonaeum, and de- scends in the course of the psoas muscle. LUMBAR REGION. The posterior part of the abdomen; the space from the last ribs downward; its lateral parts are termed loins. LUMBRICALES. Muscles of the metacarpus and metatarsus, &c, in the hand and foot. LUMBRICUS (lubricus, slippery).— The earth-worm. Ascaris lumbricoides is the long and round worm, found in the intestines. LUNAR CAUSTIC (Una, the moon; the old alchemical name for silver). The argenti nitras, or fused nitrate of silver. LUNARE. A bone of the carpus. LUNARIA ANNUA. Honesty, satin- pod. LUNARIA RADICIVA. Honesty. LUNATE or LUNULATE. Shaped like a half-moon. LUNATIC (luna, the moon). One who is affected by the changes of the moon, or is periodically deranged. LUNGS. Two vesicular organs, sit- uated in the thorax or chest. The right lung is divided into three lobes; the left into two ; each of them is sub- divided into lobules, or small lobes. LUNGWORT LICHEN. Found growing on maple-trees ; is good in coughs and defluxion of the lungs. Pectoral, stomachic, demulcent. LUPIA. A wen, encysted tumor. LUPINUS ALBUS. White lupine. LUPINUS HIRSUTUS. Garden lu- pine. LUPINUS LUTEUS. Yellow lu- pine. LUPINUS PERENNIS, Linn. Lu- pin, fingerleaf. Grows in poorest sandy soil and improves it, liked by horses and sheep. Seeds bitter and flatulent, edible by lixiviation, like L. sativus of Europe; flour resolutive. LUPINUS PILOSUS. Rose lupine. LUPINUS VILLOSUS. Hairy lu- pine. LUPULIN. The name given by Dr. Ives to the active principle of the hu- mulus lupulus, or the hop. It occurs in the form of a yellow powder, on the surface of the scales of the fruit. It is tonic and moderately narcotic. The dose is from gr. vj. to gr. xij., and is usually given up in the form of pills. LUPULUS. The hop. LUPUS (Lat. a wolf). Noli me tan- gere. A slow tubercular affection, oc- curring especially about the face, com- monly ending in ragged ulcerations of the nose, cheeks, forehead, eyelids, and lips. It1 is so called from its eating away the flesh, like a wolf. LURID. Of a pale dull color. LUSUS NATURE. Unnatural pro- duction ; a monster. LUTE. A compound paste or ce- ment for closing retorts, &c, in chemi- cal operations. LUTEUS. Yellow. LUXATION (luxo, to put out of joint). Dislocation, or the removal of the articular surfaces of bones out of their proper situation. LYCEUM BARBARUM. Matrimony vine. LYCHNIS CHALCEDONIA. Scar- let lychnis. LYCHNIS FLOSCUCULI. Ragged robin. LYCOPERDON, L. Puff-balls. Edi- ble when young. LYCOPODIUM, L. Ground-pine, hog-bed. Many species : L. clavatum and celago chiefly used. Diuretic, men- agogue, drastic, nervine, attenuant, aperient, and corroborant. Used in dropsy, gout, scurvy, and in diarrhea, suppressions. Externally for ulcers of infants, serpigo, tinea, plica, &c. They kill lice and insects, dye various colors, mend bad wines, inflammable, pollen, much used in pyrotechny. LYCOPODIUM APODUM, W.— Leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, den- ticulate, alternate, with superficial al- ternating points; stem branching, root- LYC 136 LYT ing near the bore; spikes terminal, sub-solitary. LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM, W. Running ground pine, stem creeping; branches twice two-parted, ascending, leaves pointing five ways, lance-linear, mucronate, spreading and serrulate near the tips, spikes solitary, terminal. P. Canada, Michigan. LYCOPODIUM CAROLINIANUM, W. Stem creeping; leaves somewhat two-ranked, spreading, lanceolate, acute, peduncles erect, solitary, elon- gated, one spiked; bracts sub-lanceo- late. LYCOPODIUM CELAGO. Leaves scattered, erective, lanceolate, awnless, in eight equal rows; stems dichoto- mous, erect, fastigiate. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM. Club- mass. Stem creeping; branches as- cending, leaves scattered, incurve, bris- tle bearing, serrate : spikes in .pairs or single, peduncled, cylindric; scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dentate, found in the woods of Michigan. LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM. Ground pine ; creeping, erectish; bran- ches alternate, dichotomous ; leaves bi- farious, connate, spreading at the tips; spikes in pairs, peduncled. LYCOPODIUM DENDROIDEUM. Tree-weed; erect; branches erect ; leaves in six equal rows; spikes soli- tary, numerous. LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM. Moon-fruit pine ; stems assurgent, with a few longish branches; leaves spread- ing, shining, lance-linear, serrate, about eight in rows. LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM. Erect; branches spreading; leaves in six un- equal rows; spikes one or few, soli- tary. LYCOPODIUM PALMATUM. — Climbing fern, palmate-leaved snakes- tongue. See Barton, table 88. LYCOPODIUM RUPESTRE. Fes- toon pine; stem creeping, branching ; branches subdivided, ascending; leaves scattered, lance linear, ciliate, with hairs at the apex ; spikes solitary, ter- minal. Rocks and gravelly banks. LYCOPODIUM SABINEFOLIUM, W. Stem erect; branches alternate, dychotomous, leaves lanceolate, acute, pointing four ways, appressed, convex; peduncles solitary, one-spiked, spikes terete ; scales sub-cordate, acuminate. LYE. A solution of potass, or other alkaline substances, used in ablutions. LYMMATRIA CILATA. Money- wort. LYMPH (lympha, water). A color- less and transparent liquid which circu- lates in the lymphatics. The liquid which moistens the surface of the cel- lular membrane. LYMPH CATARACT. Spurious Cfl.tfl.V3.Ct LYMPHATICS. Slender, pellucid tubes, which arise in all parts of the body ; they are furnished with valves, which permit a thin and transparent liquor to pass toward the heart, but oppose its return; its use is to dilute and perfect the chyle before it mixes with the blood. LYRATE. Pinnatifid, with a large roundish leafet at the end. LYSIMACHIA CIBATA. Variety of crosswort. LYSIMACHIA QUADRIFOLIA, L. Crosswort, yellow-balm. Subastrin- gent, stomachic, expectorant, used in tea for colds, coughs, agues, to mend the appetite, &c. LYSIMACHIA THURSIFLORA.— Loose-strife. See Barton, table 1. LYTHARGE. Calcined lead. LYTHRUM SALICARIA, L. Wil- lowwort, loose-strife. Subastringent, mucilaginous. Decoction very useful in diarrhea and dysentery, after a pur- gative. LYTTA VESICATORTA. Spanish- fly, cantharides. MAG 137 MAL M. M. Misce, mix or incorporate, also manipulus, a handful, used in prescrip- tions. MACE. A thin, flat, membranous substance which envelopes the nutmeg; it is an expansion of the funiculus, and is termed, in botany, an arillus! MACIES (maceo, to be lean). Wast- ing, atrophy, or emaciation. MACERA. Macerate. MACERATION. Softening in cold water. MACIES INFANTUM. Tabes me- MACROTRYS RACEMOSA. Bug- bane, black snake-root cohosh. MACULA GERMINATIVA. The germinal spot, or nucleus germinativus of Wagner; a spot found in the germi- nal vesicle of the ovum, consisting of one or more somewhat opaque corpus- cules, and possibly the analogue of the nucleus of formative cells. MACULE SPOTS. Blemishes, marks. MACULE MATERNE. Mother's spots, nasvi-materni. MACULATUS. Spotted. MADDER. The root of the rubia tinctorum, used in dyeing the Adrianople or Turkey red, and other colors. It is distinguished, in commerce, according to its quality, by the terms crop, am- bro, gamene, and mull, of which the first is the best. Two colorless acids have been noticed in madder, viz., the maddine, and the rubiacic acids. See Alizarine. MAGNESIA (magnes, a magnet, or loadstone). An alkaline earth, having a metallic base called magnesium. MAGNESIA ALBA. Oxyde of mag- nesium, basis of Epsom salts, an earth. MAGNESIA CALCINATA. Burned or calcined magnesia. MAGNESIUM. Metal, basis of magnesia. MAGNOLIA. A genus of plants of the natural order magnoliaceae. The bark of three of the species, M. glauca, M. acuminata, and M. tripetala, are officinal in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. It is a mild aromatic, tonic, and diaphor etic, and has been given in chronic rheumatism, and in intermittent fever. MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA. Big laurel magnolia. See U. S. Disp., 442. In Mexico, the seeds are employed with success in paralysis. MAIDEN HAIR. Adiantum pcda- tum. This plant is mucilaginous and subastringent; good in coughs, asthma, pleurisy, jaundice, fevers, &c. MAIZE. Indian corn. MAJOR. Greater. MALA. The cheek. MALARIA. Putrid exhalation, in- fected atmosphere, marsh effluvia. MALAMBO BARK. Matias bark. The bark of a tree said to be procured from Colombia, and used as a substi- tute for cinchona. MALARUM OSSA. Cheek bones. MALAT. Compounds of malic acid. MALAXIS LILIFOLIA. Tway- blade. MALAXIS LONGIFOLIA. Long- leaved malaxis. A yellowish green bulbous plant, growing from three to seven inches high. Figured in Barton, plate 75. MALAXIS OPHIOGLOSSIOIDES. Adder-tongue malaxis, one-leaved ma- laxis. See Barton, table 92, fig. 2. MALLEABILITY. Extensibility un- der the hammer, as in certain metals. MALIFERN ROOT. Asplenium rhosophyllum; astringent, vermifuge. MALFORMATION. A deviation from the natural form of an organ. MALIC ACID. An acid existing in apples, but generally prepared from the berries of the sorbus aucuparia, or mountain-ash. By dry distillation, it yields another acid, termed the maleic. MALIGNANT. Malignus. A term applied to diseases in which the symp- toms appear fatal, as in typhus, cholera, cynanche, &c. MALIS. A cutaneous disease, pro- duced by parasitic worms, formerly called dodders. MALLEOLUS. The ankle, exter- nal and internal. MAN MAM 1 MALLEUS. ) A small bone of the MALLEOLUS. \ internal ear, resem- bling a hammer. MALPIGHIAN BODIES. Dark points in the kidneys. MALLOW, MARSH. Althea offici- nalis ; demulcent, astringent. MALLOW, LOW. Malva rotundi- folia; pectoral. MALTHA. Mineral pitch, or tal- low ; a variety of bitumen. MALTING. The process of making malt; it consists in the inducing of an artificial growth or germination of bar- ley, by steeping in water, and then evolving the eaccharine principle by the application of heat. MALUM MORTUUM. A disease appearing in the form of a pustule, which soon acquires a dry, brown, hard, and broad crust, remaining for a long time before it can be detached. It is mostly observed on the tibia and os coccygis. MALVA, L. Mallow. All the spe- cies equivalent: mucilaginous, insipid, emollient, laxative, edible. Ingredient of gombos, and the dolma of Greeks, with scolymus, rumex, and oil. Very useful in gonorrhea, strangury, &c, topically in inflammations, much used in fomentations, cataplasms, and clys- ters : also in dysentery, acrid humors. Flowers and seeds pectoral in coughs, soreness of the throat and lungs. MALVA CRISPA. Curled mallow. MALVA MOSCHATA. Musk mal- low. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Low- mallow. MALVA SYLVESTRIS. Mallows. MALVA VIRGATA. Whip-stalk mallow. MAMMA. The breast; the organ which secretes the milk. The deep- colored circle which surrounds the papilla, or the nipple, is termed the areola. The tubuli lactiferi are lactife- rous ducts, which enter into the mam- mary gland, situated behind the adipose tissue of the mamma. MAMMALIA. Animals which suc- kle their young. MAMMARY. Belonging to the mam- mae, a branch of the axillary artery, &c. MAMMARY ABSCESS (mamma, the breast). Another name for milk abscess. MAMMARY GLAND (mamma, the breast). The gland placed beneath the adipose layer of the mamma. MAMMIFORM. Mastoid process of the temporal bone. MAMMILLA (dim. of mamma, a breast). Literally, a little breast. A term synonymous with papilla, as ap- plied to the conical bodies of the kid- neys, at the points where the urine es- capes. MANCHINEAL. The hippomane mancinella, a tree of such extremely poisonous properties, that persons have been said to die from merely sleeping beneath its shade; the juice is used to poison weapons: order euphorbi- acea. MANDRAGORA OFFICINALIS.— The mandrake, a plant of the order so- lanacea, the root of which, from its fancied resemblance to the human form, has been termed anthropomorphon, and supposed to prevent barrenness. The root of bryonia dioica is somewhat similar in form, and is sold for man drake. The fruit of mandragora has been termed malum caninum, or dog- apple. MANDIBULUM. (From mando, to chew.) The jaw. MANDRAKE. Podophyllum pel- tatum, a common indigenous plant; root used ; deobstruent and purgative. Excellent in diseases of the liver, and chronic obstructions. Enters into the Liver Pills. A good substitute for mer- cury. Thirty grains purges slowly; one drop of oil of peppermint should be added to each dose, to prevent griping. Small doses in general are best. MANE PRIMO. Early in the morn- ing, in prescriptions. MANGIFERA INDICA. Common mango of the East, a palatable fruit. MANGO. See Mangifera Indica. MANGANESE. A grayish-white metal, found in the ashes of plants, the bones of animals, and in many minerals. It was named by Gahn magnesium, a term which has since been applied to the metallic base of magnesia. The binoxyde, used in chemistry, is common- ly termed native black or peroxyde of manganese. MANGEL WURZEL. Field-beet; a mongrel plant, between the red and white beet. It is used as food for cat- MAR 139 MAS tie; also in distillation, and in the ex- traction of sugar. MANIA. Insanity; disordered in- tellect. In the work of Sauvages and other writers, we find the terms vesania or hallucinationes, denoting erroneous impressions of the understanding ; mo- rositates, or morbi pathetici, consisting of depraved appetites, and other morbid changes in the feelings and propensi- ties. MANIAC. A madman ; one attack- ed by mania. MANIPULATION. Handling. MANIPULUS (contr. maniplus— quod manum impleat, because it fills the hand). Properly, a sheaf. A hand- ful, as of herbs, flowers, chips, &c. MANNA. Concrete juice of the fraxinus ornus, a species of ash-tree, a laxative. MANUAL LABOR. Delivery affect- ed by the hand of the accoucheur. MANUS. The hand, including the carpus, metacarpus, and the phalanges of the thumb and fingers. MANUBRIUM. The handle of any instrument. MANULUVIUM. A hand-bath. MANURES. Animal or vegetable matters deposited in the soil to accele- rate vegetation and increase the produc- tion of crops. The principal manures are rape-cake, sea-weeds, bones, fish, night-soil, soot, &c. MARANTA, L. Arrow-root. Two species from East Indies, M. arundi- nacea and M. indica, now cultivated from Carolina to Brazil. Root yield- ing a large quantity of peculiar fecula, forming a jelly in hot water. One acre yields 1400lbs. of this fecula. Excel- lent demulcent and analeptic, equal to salep; good diet for invalids and con- valescents, also for acrid secretions, hectic fever, diseases of the kidneys and bladder, bowel complaints, debility, &c. Used against poisons in West In- dies. Best prepared with milk and sugar. The Malabar arrow-root is made with curcuma angustifolia. MARASMUS. Atcophy, wasting of flesh, emaciation. MARCET'S BLOWPIPE. An ap- paratus for increasing temperature by urging the flame of an alcohol lamp by a blowpipe supplied with oxygen gas. MARCHANTIA, L. Formerly used in herpetic diseases. MARESCENT (mareo, to wither). Withering. In botany, applied to flow- ers which fade some time before they fall off. MARGARIC ACID. An acid ob- tained from human fat and vegetable fixed oils, and also produced by the dry distillation of ox and mutton suet, and of stearic acid. Its name is derived from its pearly lustre. MARGIN. The edge or border. MARITIME. Growing near the sea. MARJORAM. Origanum. MARLY CLAY. A variety of clay, used in making pale bricks, and as a manure. MARMOR ALBUM. White marble, or carbonate of lime. MARROW. Medulla. The animal fat found in the cavities of long bones. MARSH EFFLUVIA. Miasmatic exhalation from putrefying vegetable matter, as in marshes. MARSH MARYGOLD. See Cal- THA. MARTYNIA PROBOSCIDEA, L.— Doubleclaw. On the Mississippi. Fruits make good pickles when young. MARRUBIUM VULGARE, L. Hoar- hound. Rank smell and bitter taste. Mild aperient, deobstruent, menagogue, vermifuge, &c, much used in humoral asthma, dysmenorrhea, hysteria, ob- structions, jaundice, cachexy, coughs, dropsy, &c. It removes the salivation of mercury. In large doses laxative. Base of the Negro Caesar remedy against rattlesnakes, united to gnaphalium. The syrup, candy, tea with honey, often employed. Ed. and Vav. cite it as a remedy in catarrhs, peripneumonics, and phthisis. Raf. MARUM SYRIACUM. Teucrium marum. Syrian herb ; mastich ; a bit- ter aromatic plant, smelling like ammo- nia, and used as an errhine. It has lately been asserted to be excellent in nasal polypus.—Quart. Jour, of For. Med. MASSA CARNEA. Jacobii sylvii, or plants pedis. The flexor accessorius muscle, which lies in the sole of the foot. It is a small mass of flesh, con- nected with the flexor longus. MASSETER. A muscle which as- sists in chewing. Hence the term 7nas- MAT 140 MED seteric, as applied to a branch of the inferior maxillary nerve. MASTERWORT. Expectorant and laxative. " Good," says Henry, " in colic, indigestion, asthma, cold, catarrh, and ague." Take a teacupful of the tea three times a day. MASTERWORT ROOT, LEAVES, AND SEED. Heracleum lanatum. Ner- vine, carminative, diuretic. MASTIC. A resinous substance produced by the pistacia lentiscus ; used in fumigations, in making varnishes, &c. MASTICATION (mastico, to chew). Chewing. The act of comminuting food and impregnating it with saliva. It is the first step in the process of digestion, and, unless thoroughly performed, all the subsequent stages of that process are rendered difficult, and are imper- fectly accomplished. MASTICATORY. Medicine to be chewed only. MASTOID. Shaped like the breast or nipple, as applied to a process, and a foramen of the temporal bone. The stylo-mastoid foramen is situated be- tween the root of the styloid and mas- toid processes. MASTOIDEUS. A muscle of the fore part of the neck, the origin and insertion of which are shortly described in its synonym, sterno-cleido-mastoi- deus MASTODYNIA. Pain of the breasts in women, commonly a form of hyste- ria, or an attendant on lactation. MASTURBATION (mastupratio, or manustupratio, from manus, a hand, stupro, to commit adultery). The exci- tation of the genital organs by rubbing and titillating them with the hand; a horrid vice, productive of the most se- rious disturbance of the nervous sys- tem, and derangement of health. MATERIA MEDICA. That branch of medical science which relates to med- icines. MATICO. See page. 158. MATRICAIA (matrix, the uterus). Medicines for disorders of the uterus. MATRICARIA, L. Featherfen. Cul- tivated ; equivalent of anthemis. Ape- rient, menagogue, vermifuge. MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA.— German chamomile ; a European plant. MATRIX. The earthy or stony mat- ter which accompanies Ores, or envel- ops them in the earth. Also a desig- nation of the uterus or womb. MATURATION (maturo, to ripen). The process succeeding to inflamma- tion, by which pus is formed in an ab- scess. Applications which promote suppuration have been called matu- Y&YltS MAXCILA. (From the Greek, sig- nifying to chew). The cheek or jaw. MAXIMUM (superl. of magnus, great). A term denoting the greatest possible quantity or effect; it is opposed to minimum, or the least possible, and to medium, or the mean between these extremes MAYAPPLE. See Mandrake. MAYWEED. Anthemis cotula. A warm tea of this plant is good to pro- duce perspiration; may be substituted for the English chamomile; the tea is excellent in giving emetics. Merat says for assafcetida; given in numerous dis- eases; one of our domestic remedies. It also possesses anti-hysteric-virtues, and is recommended in rebellious bilious fevers. MAYZEA CEREALIS. Maize, In- dian corn. MEADOWBOUTS. See Caltha. MEATUS AUDITORIUS. The opening of the ear. MECHANISM. The structure of a body or of a machine, or the mechanical arrangement of its parts. MECHOACAN. The slightly pur- gative root of a Mexican plant, probably some species of the genus ipomcea. MECONINE. An active principle or alkaloid discovered in opium. MECONIUM. The faeces contained in the intestines of a foetus, and passing off after birth. MEDEOLA. Now called, by botan- ists, gyromice virginica, Indian cucum- ber. Diuretic and demulcent; root ed- ible. MEDIAN. Vessels and nerve, &c, in the arm. MEDIANA VENA. The middle vein of the arm, situated between the basilic and cephalic veins. MEDIAN LINE. An imaginary line drawn vertically through the body. MEDIAN NERVE. The largest nerve of the brachial plexus. MEDIASTINUM. Septum between MEL 141 MEL the lungs, dividing the thorax beneath the sternum. MEDIATE AUSCULTATION. The employment of the stethoscope in list- ening to the sound of the lungs, heart, &c. MEDIATE PERCUSSION. Using a pleximeter upon the walls of the chest, in percussing. MEDICAGOTRIBULOIDES. Hedgehog. MEDICAGO LUPULINA. Hop- medick, nonesuch, Dutch clover. MEDICAGO SCUTELLA. Snail- shell, beehive. MEDICAMENT. Any remedy. MEDICUS. A physician. MEDIUS. Middle; equally distant from both extremities. MEDULLA. Marrow; a kind of fixed oil,occupying the cavities of bones. In botany, the pith of plants. MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The upper enlarged portion of the spinal cord, extending from the cerebral pro- tuberance to the great occipital foramen. MEDULLA SPINALIS. The spinal marrow or cord, extending from the great occipital foramen, to the second lumbar vertebra. It finally separates into the cauda equina, or horse's tail. MEDULLARY. The designation of the white substance of the brain, con- tahied within the cortical or cineritious substance. In botany, it is applied to radii proceeding from the medulla to the bark, in exogenous plants. MEDULLARY TUMORS. Resem- bling the brain in structure, encepha- loid. MEDUSA. A genus of the acalephae, or sea-nettles: on being touched, they induce redness and a tingling sensation ; they are also supposed to occasion, in certain latitudes the phosphorescent ap- pearance of the sea. MEGRIM. This term is probably a corruption from the Greek compound word hemicrania, through the French word migraine. MEIBOMIAN GLANDS. Ciliary follicles. Small glands, first described by Meibomius, lying under the inner membrane of the eyelids. About twenty or thirty ducts of these Meibo- mian glands open upon the tarsus of each eyelid. MELENA. Black discharges. MELENA CRUENTA. Blackvom- it. MEL. Honey ; a substance secreted by the nectariferous glands of flowers, and collected by the working bee, which transports it in its crop or honey- bag to the hive. MELALEUCA MINOR. M. cajeputi rumphius. The lesser melaleuca, a myrtaceous plant, yielding cajeput oil. MELAMPYRUM AMERICANUM. Cow-wheat. MELANCHOLIA. Melancholy; mental dejection. The varieties are the gloomy, or attonita ; the restless, or er- rabunda ; the mischievous, or malevo- lens; and the self-complacent, or com- fli(lC67lS MELANOID. Of a black appear- ance, as applied to melanosis. MELANOSIS. Black morbid depos- ites, as in tumors, or pulmonary tuber- MELANTHACEE. The colchicum tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Herbs with a rhizome, sometimes fleshy; leaves sheathing at the base; flowers hexape- taloideus, tubular; stamens six ; ova- rium three-celled; seeds albuminous. MELANTHIUM HYBRIDUM. — Bunch-flower. MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM.— Quafidil root, used by the Cherokees as a poison for crows, and a remedy for the itch: febrifuge and sudorific, good in inflammatory fevers, pleurisy, piles, and heat of urine. MELASSIC ACID. An acid pro- duced by the simultaneous action of alkalis and heat upon grape sugar. MELIA AZEDERACH. Pride of India. (See U. S. Disp., p. 135.) An active vermifuge. Barton considered it our most active anthelmintic : it is also febrifuge ; adapted to verminous fevers where no worms are'voided. Thatcher states that the pulp of the berry has been employed with success as an oint- ment in tinea capitis. Merat mentions well-authenticated cases of poisoning from eating the berries in very large quantities. Diet, de Med., in loc. cit. MELIA SPECIOSA. Melic-grass. MELICERIS. A tumor of the en- cysted kind, filled with a substance re- sembling wax, or honey, in consistence. MELILOTUS. A leguminous plant, said by Vogel to owe its odoriferous MEM 142 MEM principle to benzoic acid ; others refer it to coumarine, the aromatic principle of the Tonka bean. MELILOTUS ALBA. White meli- lot clover. MELISSA NEPETA. Catmint, catnip. MELISSA OFFICINALIS. The com- mon balm, or balm mint; a labiate plant, sometimes used for making balm tea. MELLIFEROUS. (From mel, honey). Producing or containing honey. MELOE VESICATORIUS. Spanish- fly, lytta, ordinary basis, of epispastic plaster. MELON APPLE. See Gonotheca Helianthoides. MELOTHRIA NIGRA, Raf. A. N. 1820. Very different from M. pendula of West Indies. Blackberry vine. Cha- ropesha and shagahinga of Missouri tribes. Root very bitter, vermifuge. Berries black and small, while M. pen- dula has them as large as nutmegs, pickled unripe, and eaten ripe in West Indies. MEMBRANA CAPSULO PUPIL- LARIS. A vascular membrane extend- ing backward from the pupillar margin of the iris in the foetus of the mamma- lia and of man, and connecting the mar- gin of the capsule of the lens with the margin of the iris. MEMBRANA CORTICALIS. The external transparent coat of the ovum of mammalia, before the formation of the embryo, as observed by Von Baer. MEMBRANA DECIDUA. The de- ciduous membrane which is developed upon the inner surface of the uterus, before the ovum reaches that organ. It consists of a whitish-gray, moist, and soft mass, similar to coagulated fibrin, and entirely formed of nucleated cells. MEMBRANA GERMINATIVA.— The germinal membrane, the earliest development of the germ in fishes and the amphibia, in the form of a thin stratum of yolk of definite extent; it gradually extends itself over the whole surface of the yolk, so as to assume the form of a vesicle, including the mass of yolk. MEMBRANA INTERMEDIA. A term applied to the membrane, which, in the ovum of the bird, lies between the rudimentary nervous centres and the mucous layer of the germinal mem- nrRTiP MEMBRANA JACOBI. The exter- nal membrane or layer of the retina. MEMBRANA MEDIA. The name given by the earlier writers to that part of the allantois which lies in contact with the amnion, and which contains but few vessels; it is the endochorion of Dutrochet. MEMBRANA NICTITANS (nicto, to wink). A membrane 'with which birds and reptiles can occasionally cover their eyes. This term has been erro- neously applied to a loose crescentiform fold of the conjunctiva at the inner an- gle of the eye, which has neither the office nor the muscular apparatus of the nictitating membrane. MEMBRANA PIGMENTI. The in- ternal layer of the choroid membrane, which retains the pigmentum nigrum in its place. MEMBRANA PITUITARIA or SCHNEIDERIAN. The membrane which lines the cavities of the nose. MEMBRANA PUPILLARIS (pupil- la, the pupil of the eye). A membrane extended across the pupil of the foetus. It disappears at about the seventh month. MEMBRANA PROPRIA MUSCU- LORUM. Is that which covers all and every one of the Fabies muscles, and is immediately attached to them. MEMBRANA SACCIFORMIS. A synovial membrane, which forms a du- plicature between the radius and the ulna. MEMBRANA SEMILUNARIS. The name given to the conjunctiva at that part of its course where it is posterior to the caruncula, and a little external to it. This membrana semilunaris has been supposed to be the rudiment of the membrana nictitans, or the third eyelid of the lower animals. MEMBRANA TYMPANI. A mem- brane extended over the circular open- ing at the bottom of the meatus audi- torius. MEMBRANA VERSICOLOR. The name of a brilliant and variously-colored membrane which forms part of the cho- roid in many animals. Mr. Dalrymple denies that any such membrane exists in the human eye. MEMBRANA VITELLINA. The MER 143 MER vitelline membrane, lying within the j] ovicapsule, and surrounding the yolk of the ovum. MEMBRANACEOUS (membrana, a membrane). Resembling membrane. This term must be distinguished from membranous, which denotes that the substance consists of membrane. MEMBRANE REUNIENTES. A term recently applied by Rathke to cer- tain parts of the embryo of all the ver- tebrate classes. To the very thin mem- branous part of the abdominal walls in the embryo, he gives the name of mem- brana reuniens inferior, and to the cor- responding part in the dorsal region, the name of membrana reuniens supe- rior; while he reserves the terms lam- ina abdominales and lamina dorsales for the thicker parts of the abdominal and dorsal regions of the embryo, which, advancing from each side, at length meet above and below in the middle line. When these thicker laminae have thus united and enclosed the cavities to which they belong, the membranae reunientes have lost their office. MEMBRANE. A thin, white, flex- ible skin, formed by fibres interwoven like net-work, and serving to cover some part of the body. MEMBRANE, FALSE. This is the result of inflammation, and is formed by the coagulation of the fibrinous fluid or lymph poured out on membranes which have a free surface. MEMBRANES. By the term " the membranes" is understood, in obstetri- cal writings, the three membranes which envelope the foetus, viz., the decidua, the chorion, and the amnion. M E NI S P E RMIA PARAMENIS- PERMIA. Two crystalline substances found in the seed-coat of the cocculus ffliCLZCIlrS MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, L. Moonseed, pisswort, yellow sarsa- parilla. Root bitter, tonic, mucilagi- nous, used for the strangury of horses. MENISPERMUM PALMATUM.— The kalumb or Colombo plant, now called cocculus palmatus. It yields the colomba-root of the shops, and its seeds contain menispermic acid. MENORRHAGIA. A profuse dis- charge of the menses. MENSTRUUM. All liquors used as dissolvents, or for extracting the vir- tues of any ingredients by infusion or decoction. MENSURATION (mensura, a meas- ure). The process of ascertaining the comparative size of the two sides of a chest. It consists simply in measuring the superficial extent of the chest with a piece of tape stretched over it from certain fixed points. MENTHA ARVENSIS. Field-mint. MENTHA PIPERITA. Pepper- mint. MENTHA PULEGIUM. Penny- royal . MENTHA TENUIS. American spearmint. MENTHA VERDIS. Spearmint. MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA.- Buck-bean. Tonic and purgative. MENYANTHES VERNA. Ameri- can buck-bean, marsh tree-foil, water- shamrock, bitter-root. Properties tonic, purgative, bitter. In large doses it vomits and produces perspiration ; dose ten grains. See Raf. vol. II., p. 35. MEPHITIC ACID. The name given by M. Bewley to carbonic acid, from its occasioning death on being respired. MEPHITIS. The name of the god- dess of foul smells. An impure or poi- sonous exhalation. MERCURIAL. Effect of mercury, containing mercury. MERCURY. A metal differing from all others in being always fluid, unless subjected to a temperature of —39°, when it becomes solid. Some of its names suggest its silvery appearance and liquid form, as hydrargyrum, or silver-water; others, its mobility and liquidity, as well as its resemblance to silver, as argentum vivum, aqua argen- tea, aqua metallorum, and quicksilver. Its volatility has also gained for it the ' name of that locomotive personage, the messenger of the gods. Ores of Mercury. 1. Native or Virgin Mercury. The pure metal, found in the form of glob- ules, in cavities of the other ores of this metal. 2. Native Amalgam. An ore con- sisting of mercury combined with sil- ver. 3. Native Cinnabar. Native ver- milion, or the bisulphuret of mercury ; the ore which yields the mercury of commerce. MER 144 MES 4. Corneous Mercury. Mercurial horn ore, or the proto-chloride of mer- cury. Pharmaceutical Preparations. 5. Mercury and chalk. Hydrargy- rum cum creta.; a compound of three parts of mercury and five of chalk, also called mercurius alkalisatus, or aethiops absorbens. A mild laxative, but danger- ous. 6. Mercurial pills. Pilulae hydrar- gyri, or blue pill ; a mass consisting of mercury rubbed with confection of red roses until the globules can no longer be seen, and then blended with liquor- ice powder. Three grains contain one grain of mercury. 7. Mercurial ointment. Unguentum hydrargyri, formerly termed Blue or Neapolitan Ointment, consisting of mer- cury rubbed with suet and lard until the globules can no longer be seen. 8. Gray or black oxyde. Hydrargy- ri oxydum, sometimes called the protox- yde, and suboxyde; used externally, and for making black wash. 9. Red oxyde. Hydrargyri binoxy- dum, formerly called red precipitate per se, calcined mercury, and by Geber, co- agulated mercury. 10. Red precipitate. Hydrargyri ox- ydum rubrum, Ph. U. S. Hydrargyri nitrico-oxydum, commonly called red precipitated mercury ; it is used exter- nally. 11. Calomel. Hydrargyri chloridum [mite, Ph. U. S.], formerly called the sub-muriate, or mild muriate, of mer- cury, and sweet precipitate. 12. Corrosive sublimate. Hydrargyri bichloridum [hydrargyri chloridum cor- rosivum, Ph. U. S.], formerly called oxymuriate, or corrosive muriate of mercury. 13. White precipitate. Hydrargyri ammonio-chloridum [hydrargyri am- moniatum, Ph. U. S.], sometimes called Lemery's white precipitate, and cosmet- ic mercury. 14. Iodide of Mercury. Hydrargyri iodidum. Given in scrofula and syph- ilis. The dose is a grain daily, grad- ually increased to three or four. 15. Red iodide. Hydrargyri biniodi- dum [Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum, Ph. U. S.] ; also called the deutiodide or periodide of mercury. Used in scrofula and syphilis. The dose is the sixteenth of a grain, in pill, gradually increased to a fourth of a grain. 16. Red sulphuret. Hydrargyri sul- phuretum, rubrum, cinnabar, or, former- ly, minium; reduced to powder, it is vermilion. 17. Mthiops mineral. The common name of the hydrargyri sulphuretum nigrum. 18. Prussian Mercury. Hydrargyri bicyanidum [Hydrargyri cyanuretum, Ph. U. S.], also called prussiate, hydro- cyanate, and cyanuret of mercury. Oc- casionally used as an anti syphilitic remedy; the dose is from a sixteenth to an eighth of a grain. 19. Citrine Ointment. Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, also called yellow ointment, and mercurial balsam. 20. Turpeth mineral. Hydrargyri sulphas flavus, a compound which re- sembles in color the root of the ipomea turpethum. An alterative and powerful emetic and errhine. The dose, as an alterative, is from a quarter to half a grain; as an emetic, from two to five grains. All dangerous. 21. Hahnemann's soluble Mercury. A velvety black precipitate, formed by adding very dilute ammonia to the sol- uble nitrates of mercury, without neu- tralizing the whole acid. 22. Acetate of Mercury. Hydrargyri acetas. Used as an antisyphilitic in the dose of one grain, in pill, twice a day; and also in solution, as an external ap- plication to cutaneous eruptions. MEROCELE. Crural hernia. MESENTERIC. Belonging to the mesentery. MESENTERY. A fat membrane to which the intestines are curiously fast- ened, to prevent their entangling. MESIAL LINE. Middle. MESITE. A liquid existing in py- roxylic spirit, and produced in the dis- tillation of wood. Mesiten is a similar product of the same process.. MESMERISM. Animal magnetism. MESOCARP. The middle substance of the pericarp, having the epicarp on the outer, and the endocarp on the in- ner side. MESOCOLON. Membrane of the colon. MESOGASTRIUM. A kind of sus- pensory band of the stomach, observed in the earliest stage of embryonic life MID 145 - MIL which at a later period is converted in- to a sac, the great omentum. MESOS. Medius. The Greek term for middle, or mediate, or that which is situated between others. MESOSPERM. That part of the seed which corresponds to the meso- carp of the pericarp. MESPILUS GERMANICA. Med- META CARPUS. Between the wrist and fingers. M E TA L LI C TRACTORS. Two pointed pieces of metal, used, by draw- ing them over the parts, to cure a va- riety of complaints; their influence is said to be on tbe nervous fluid. METASTASIS. Translation of dis- ease to another organ or distant part of the body. METATARSUS. Consists of five bones, longer than the bones of the me- tacarpus ; they join the toes, as the lat- ter do the fingers. METEOROLOGY. Science of at- mospheric phenomena. METHODIC SECT. A class of prac- titioners founded by the Roman physi- cian Themison, a disciple of Asclepiades, who attributed all diseases to over- bracing. METRORRHAGIA. Uterine hemor- rhage. MEZEREON. A species of Daphne, which yields the mezereon bark. As a local -irritant, this bark is used in France, under the name of garou, to produce vesication ; alterative. MIASMA. Any morbid effluvium. MIASMA, MARSH. Exhalation from marshy grounds. MICROCOSMIC SALT. A triple salt, obtained by mixing equal parts of the phosphates of soda and of ammonia, in solution, and then crystallizing. It is much employed as a flux, in experi- ments with the blowpipe. MI C R 0 P E TALON LANCEOLA- TUM. Blind starwort. MICROPETALON LONGIFOLIA.— Long-leaf starwort. MICROSTELIS OPHIGLOSSOIDES. Adder-mouth. MICTURITION (micturio, to make water). The act of voiding the urine. MIDRIB. The main or middle rib of a leaf, running from the stem to the apex. 10 MIDRIFF. Diaphragma. The mus- cle which divides the body into the tho- rax and the abdomen. MIDWIFERY. The art of aiding and facilitating child-birth. MIEGIA MACROSPERMA, Pers. Cane. Several varieties, from six inch- es to fifteen feet high. Kentucky to Texas. Seeds like oats, larger, give good flour, produced only once in three or four years. Fine angling rods, walk- ing-canes, weaving-looms. Winter food of cattle, much destroyed by them. The Natchez made bread and mats with it. MIKANIA SCANDENS. Climbing thorougwort. MILDEW MORTIFICATION. Gan- graena ustilaginea; a disease supposed to arise from the use of grain vitiated by the growth of parasitic plants in the interior of the culm, or straw, chiefly the " ustilago," blight or mildew. MILIARIA (milium, a millet seed). Miliary hver—febris being understood; minute transparent vesicles, of the size of millet seeds, filled with a colorless acrid fluid, and terminating in scurf; the fifth genus of the order vesicula of Bateman. Miliary fever has been des- ignated by the terms— 1. Miliaria rubra, or red ; when the vesicles, on their first rising, being filled with transparent lymph, exhibit the red color of the inflamed surface be- neath. 2. Miliaria alba, or white ; when the lymph having acquired in thirty hours a milky opacity, the vesicles assume a white or pearly appearance. MILIARY ERUPTION. An erup- tion of small pustules, resembling the seeds of millet. MILIUM (a millet seed). A small white tumor, of the size of a millet seed, or larger, on the margin of the eyelids, containing a substance like boiled rice. MILIUM AMPHICARPON. Millet- grass. MILIUM EFFUSUM. Millet. MILIUM NIGRICANS. African millet. MILIUM PUNGENS. Dwarf millet- grass. MILK. Lac. A fluid secreted by the females of the mammalia, for the nourishment of their offspring. It sepa- MIM 146 MIS rates, on standing, into a thick, whitish fluid, called cream, and what is termed skimmed milk ; and by the addition of rennet, acids, or wine, into a solid co- agulum called curd, and a limpid fluid termed whey ; the curd is considered to be caseous matter, or the basis of cheese in a state of purity. MILK ABSCESS. Tumor seated in the breast, proceeding from a redundan- cy of milk, when first secreted after childbirth. MILK FEVER. Febris lactea. An aggravated form of the excitement which takes place at the onset of lacta- tion. It is commonly said in such cases, that the milk flies to the head. MILK LEG. Phlegmasia alba do- lens, phlebitis occurring after parturi- tion. MILK SICKNESS. A disease en- demic in the Western states of Alabama, Indiana, and Kentucky. It affects both man and'beast. It is commonly attrib- uted, in cattle, to something eaten or drunken by them; and in man, to the eating of the flesh of animals which have been affected with this disease. From the rigors which occur in animals, the disease has been called trembles. ; MILKWEED ROOT. Asclepias Sy- riaca. Diuretic, anodyne. MIMOSA, L., or ACACIA, W. Sev- eral species. M. eburnea first plant growing on the sea sand of Florida. M. farnesiana from Florida to Mexico. Popniac, goldbrier, flowers fragrant but strong, used in perfumery, give head- ache to nervous persons; seeds give a fetid breath. The beautiful M. julibri- sin naturalized as far north as Pennsyl- vania. MIMOSA NILOTICA. Acacia vera, gum Arabic. MIMOSA SENSITIVA. The sensi- tive plant, which exhibits the phenom- ena of irritability, residing in an intu- mescence situated at the articulation of the leaf-stalks. In the natural state during the day the stalk is elevated, the leaves expanded, and the intumes- cence elongated, but equally convex, superiorly and inferiorly. But at night, or when irritated, the stalk is depressed, the leaves applied to each other in pairs, and the intumescence curved so as to be convex superiorly, concave in- feriorly. MIMULUS ALATUS. Wing-stem- med monkey-flower. See Barton, ta- ble 94. MIMULUS RINGENS. Monkey- flower. MINDERERUS SPIRITUS. A feb- rifuge, liquid acetate of ammonia. MINERAL. A metal either united to its ore, or calcined, any inorganic fiii n stun ce * MINERAL ALKALI. Native car- bonate of soda. * MINERAL WATERS. Impregnated with minerals, whether carbonated, sul- phuretted, saline, or chalybeate. MINE RAL 0 G Y. Science which treats of inorganic substances. MINIATUS. Scarlet vermilion color. MINIM. A drop, sixtieth part of a fluid drachm. MINIMUM. The least, the small- est dose. MINIUM. Red or calcined lead, cinnabar, or deutoxyde. MIRABILIS, L. False jalap, four- o'clock. Three species: cultivated. Root uncertain cathartic, two drachms often produce only one stool; used in bowel complaints. One pound yields one ounce of resin. MIRABILIS DICHOTOMA. Mexi- can four-o'clock. MISANTHROPE. Morbid love of solitude. MISCARRIAGE. The expulsion of the foetus from the dterus, within six weeks after conception, is usually called abortion; if it occur between six weeks and six months, it is called miscarriage ; and, if during any part of the last three months before the com- pletion of the natural term, premature labor. MISLETOE OF THE OAK. This plant grows on the oak and other trees. Said, to cure epilepsy. Dose, give a teaspoonful four times a day. MISTURA (misceo, to mix). A mix- ture; an extemporaneous preparation, in which different ingredients are min- gled together in the liquid form, or in which solid substances are diffused through liquid, by the medium of muci- lage or syrup. MISTURA AMMONIACI. Ammo- niac mixture. MISTURA AMYGDALE. Almond emulsion. Sweet almonds, blanched. MOL 147 MON MISTURA ASSAFCETIDA. Assa- fcetida mixture. Milk of assafcetida. MISTURA CREASOTI. Creasote mixture. MISTURA CRETE. Chalk mix- ture. Laudanum is frequently, and kino is sometimes added. MISTURA FERRI COMPOSITA.— Compound mixture of iron. MIXTURE. Mistura. A chemical mixture should be distinguished from a chemical solution. In the former, the aggregate particles can again be sepa- rated by mechanical means, and the proportion of the different particles de- termined ; but, in solution, no mechan- ical power whatsoever can separate them. MITCHELLA REPENS, L. Par- tridge-berry. Mild diuretic, tea used in New England to cure dropsy and gout. Red berries mild astringent, a popular remedy for diarrhea in the North, and for disury in Carolina. MITRAL. Name of the left auriculo ventricular valves of the heart, episco- pal. MITTE. Send. MODUS OPERANDI. Mode of ope- rating. In Materia Medica, this term is applied to the general principles on which medicines when applied to the body alter or modify its vital actions. MOIREE METALLIQUE. Crystal- lized tin plate, obtained by pouring on heated tin-plate a mixture of two parts of nitric acid, and three of muriatic acid, diluted with eight of water. When varnished, it is worked into or- mental vessels. MOLARES. Back teeth, grinders. MOLE (mola, a mill-stone). A brown macula, or spot, generally, though not always, congenital. Also, a morbid product' of conception, consisting of a false germ, or, as it is called in birds, auf clair ; a fleshy substance, a hyda- tid substance, &c. MOLLIS. Soft. MOLLITIES OSSIUM. A morbid softness and flexibility of the bones, commonly called the rickets of adults. MOLUCELLA-BALSAMINA. Bal- SaMOLUCELLA LEVIS. Molucca balm, shell-flower. MOLUGO VERTICILLATA. Car- pet-weed. MOLLUSCOUS. Such animals as have a soft body without bones; as the, oyster. MOMENTUM. A word applied to motion, the quantity of motion. MOMORDICA BALSAMINA. Bal- sam-apple. A native of the East In- dies. The fruit was formerly highly esteemed as a vulnerary, and is still used in domestic practice. MOMORDICA ELATERIUM. The squirting cucumber, a cucurbitaceous plant, cultivated at Mitcham for the sake of the elaterium found in the juice surrounding the seeds. MONADELPHOUS. Having the stamens united in a tube at the base*. MONARDA. Ph. U. S. The herb monarda punctata, horsemint, an indi- genous, labiate plant. The volatile oil prepared from it is a powerful rubefa- cient. Tea of the plant diuretic. MONARDA COCCINEA. Mountain mint, Oswego-tea, mountain-balm,horse mint, square-stalk, red-balm. History.—One of the handsomest plants ot North America, with sweet leaves, and many heads of flowers of a bright scarlet. It is cultivated in the gardens of America and Europe for its beauty, and its medical properties give it additional value. The whole genus Monarda is beautiful, and peculiar to North America; it is dedicated to Mo- nard, a French botanist. There are eighteen or twenty species known al- ready, all more or less medical, but the M. coccinea and M. punctata have been best investigated. They are commonly estival plants, blossoming in summer. The M. coccinea is found from Canada to Pennsylvania, and even further South in the Allegany mountains; it delights near pure streams and in rich soil. Properties.—The whole plant has a grateful smell, somewhat similar to dittany and balm; much stronger when bruised. The taste is pungent, warm, bitterish, &c. It is resolvent, tonic, febrifuge, nervine, sudorific, diuretic, antiseptic, carminative, anti-emetic, &c. It yields a strong aromatic and volatile oil, of an amber color, in which resides the properties; it contains in solution a camphor of a citron color. Schoepf has long ago recommended this plant in intermittent fevers; it appears to be equal to chamomile, and makes a more MON 148 MOR palatable tea. It has been called Os- wego tea, because first used by the In- dians near Oswego Lake. It unites the properties of sage, melissa and anthemis, to which it is equivalent; but it is more effectual than either, particularly in fevers, pleurisies, &c, besides being used successfully in many other dis- eases, such as ardor of urine, piles, rheumatism, hemiplegia, paralysis, cold- ness of limbs, colic, &c. The proper- ties have been investigated by Schoepf, Atlee, Eberle, and myself. The oil is become an officinal article, kept in shops, as an excellent rubefacient. The Monarda oil is chiefly made from the M. punctata, as strongest and most pun- gent, but all the other species yield it. For further particulars, see Raf., vol. ii., p. 35. MONARDA DIDYMA. Mountain- mint. MONARDA OBLONGATA. Wild bergamot. MONILLIFORM. Granulate, strung together like beads. MONOCEPHALOUS. (From mono, one, and kephale, head.) The term is applied to pericarps, which have but one summit, as the wheat, while the geum and anemone have as many as they have styles; they are polycepha- lous. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS. Having but one cotyledon. MONOECIOUS. Having pistillate and staminate flowers on one plant. MONOMANIA. Insanity upon one particular subject, the faculties being unaffected upon every other. 1. Damonomania. Insanity in which the patient supposes himself to be pos- sessed by demons. 2. Erotomania. Insanity occasioned by excessive affection. 3. Dementia. Incoherent or chaotic. MONOPETALOUS. The corolla all in one piece. MONOPHYLLOUS. Consisting of one leaf. MONOSEPALOUS. A calyx of one leaf or sepal. MQNOSPERMUS. One seed to a flower. MONOTROPA EUROPEA. Yellow beech-drops. MONOTROPA LANUGINOSA.— False beech-drops. MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, L. Ice- plant, pipe-plant, nestroot, fitroot. Oph- thalmic and nervine. Used by Indians and herbalists ; juice mixed with water deemed specific lotion for sore eyes. Dried root in powder used 'in epilepsy and convulsions of children; dose, a teaspoonful, often united to valerian ; said to cure also inveterate ophthalmia. MONTANIN. The bitter principle of the St. Lucia bark, or the bark of the exostema floribundum, a native of the West Indian Islands. MONTANUS. Growing on moun- tains. MONTIA FQNTANA. False spring- beauty. MOON-FORM. See Crescent-form. MORBID. An unsound constitution ; diseased. MORBIFIC. Causing disease. MORBOSUM AUGMENTUM. An old term, denoting an increased mass, a preternatural growth, or new matter. MORBUS. A disease. MORBUS CCERULEUS. Blue dis- ease ; discoloration of the skin in mal- formations of the heart, &c. MORDANT. A substance used in dyeing, which has an affinity both for the coloring matter, and for the stuff to be dyed; the combination of the color with the texture is thus aided by a kind of double decomposition. The term ba- sis is commonly employed. MORPHIA. ) Alkaloid combined MORPHIUM. [ with meconic acid MORPHINE. ) in opium, its most ac- tive narcotic principle. MORTAR. A strong vessel in which drugs are pulverized by a pestle. MORTIFICATION (mors, mortis, death, fio, to become). A generic term denoting the death of any part of the body, occasioned by inflammation; the circulation in the part is completely arrested, the blood in the capillaries is not only coagulated, but decomposed, while the tissue itself undergoes decom- position. The particular stages of mor- tification are designated by the terms— 1. Gangrene, or the incipient stage. 2. Sphacelus, or complete mortifica- tion. Some apply the term gangrene to the death of the superficial texture, and sphacelus to the death of the whole substance of an organ. 3. Slough; the technical term for MOT 149 MOU the fibrous, senseless substance result- ing from sphacelus. 4. Necrosis, or death of the bones; the term caries meaning ulceration of bone. 5. Hospital gangrene, or the combi- nation of humid gangrene, with phage- daenic ulceration. MOTOR. | Nerves upon which MOTORY. ) voluntary motion de- pends. MORUS NIGRA. The black mul- berry-tree. The fruit, commonly called a berry, is a sorosis. MORUS RUBRA, L. Red mulberry. Fruit refrigerant and corroborant, use- ful in sore throat, angina, putrid fevers. Syrup chiefly used. Bark said to expel the tenia. The Indian tribes make mats, ropes, baskets, &c, with it; pa- per can be made also, and a kind of flax with the young shoots, used for their twisted cloth. All the species are equivalent, fruits containing tartaric acid, white mulberries sweeter. Leaves of all can feed the silk worm like M. alba, our native kinds give stronger silk. The white mulberry was found by Soto in 1540, by Laudoniere in 1567, and by Joutel in 1685; from Florida to Texas; it is not the M. alba, but M. tomentosa, Raf. Fl. lud. The black mulberry of Louisiana and Texas is M. scabra. MORUS TINCTORIA. The plant which yields the yellow dye called fustic. The coloring principle is termed morin. MOSCHUS. Musk, an animal prod- uct obtained from near the anus of a species of deer ; antispasmodic. MOSSES. The second order of the class cryptogamia. MOSS, ICELAND. Lichen Islandi- cus. MOSS, IRISH. Fucus, crispus, &c. MOTHERWORT. Leonurus cardi- aca, matricaria. MOTIONS OF THE LIMBS. The motions which may take place between any two segments of a limb, are distin- guished by the following terms :— 1. Gliding, the simplest kind of mo- tion, existing between two contiguous surfaces, when one glides over the other. 2. Flexion, by which two segments of a limb placed in a direct line, or near- ly so, are brought to form an angle. This is opposed by— 3. Extension, by which the segments are restored to the direct line. These two motions belong to what Bichat calls limited opposition, and they are il- lustrated by the flexion and extension of the fore-arm. 4. Abduction, by which the thigh- bone is separated from the middle line of the body, so as to form an angle with the lateral surface of the trunk; and— 5. Adduction, by which it is restored and made to approximate the middle line. Bichat terms this " opposition vague." 6. Circumduction, or a continuous motion performed rapidly in directions intermediate to the four preceding : the distal extremity of the limb describes a circle indicating the base of a cone, whose apex is the articular extremity moving in the joint. MOULDINESS. A peculiar fungus plant, propagated by spores, infinitely small. Reaumur found the interior of an addled egg mouldy, hence the spores must have passed through the pores of the shell. MOUNTAIN BLUE. Malachite, or carbonate of copper. Mountain green is the common copper green, also a car- bonate. MOUNTAIN CORK. The name of the elastic variety of asbestos. Moun- tain leather is the tough variety. When in very thin pieces, it is called moun- tain paper. The ligniform variety is called mountain or rock wood. MOUNTAIN DITTANY. Horse- mint, stonemint, wild basil, sweet horse- mint. Stimulant, nervine, sudorific, cephalic, and aromatic. This plant is popular for colds, head-ache, and in all cases where it is necessary to excite perspiration. Good for nervous head- ache, hysterics, and suppressed menses and urine. MOUNTAIN MINT. Origanum vul- gare; stomachic. MOUSE EAR. Hieracium pilosella. The decoction, drank freely, is good in jaundice, relieves the stone and griping in the bowels, and makes a good gargle for sore throat. MOXA. A small mass of combusti- ble vegetable matter, prepared from the MUG 150 MUS artemisia moxa, or moxa-weed, a Chi- nese plant of the order compositae, and employed as an actual cautery. MOXA, EUROPEAN. Usually made with cotton-wool, which has been soaked in a solution of nitrate or chlorate of potash, or the pith of the Helianthus annuus, or sun-flower, which contains naturally nitrate of potash. MOXA, PERCY'S. Consists of pith rolled in cotton, and enveloped in mus- lin. MOXA, PORTE. A pair of forceps, or other instrument for fixing the cyl- inder of moxa upon the spot where it is to be applied. MUCILAGINOUS MATTER. The name given by chemists to the white flocculentdeposite formed in the distilled waters of plants. MUCILAGINOUS EXTRACTS. Ex- tracts which readily dissolve in water, scarcely at all in spirits of wine, and undergo spirituous fermentation. MUCILAGO. Mucilage; a glutinous liquor, made with warm wafer, as by dissolving gum Arabic in it; a humor separated from glands about the joints, for their easy motion. MUCOUS. Containing mucilage; applied to tissues of the body. MUCRONATE Having a small point or prickle at the end of an obtuse leaf. MUCUNA PRURIENS. Common cowhage or cowitch; a leguminous plant, having its legumes covered with stinging hairs, called cowhage or cowitch, employed as an anthelmintic. MUCUS. The liquor secreted by the mucous surfaces, as of the nostrils, in- tended as a protection to the parts ex- posed to external influences. MUGWORT. Artemisia vulgaris. Aromatic, demulcent, astringent. Hen- ry says this plant is good in re- moving spasms, palpitations of the heart, and for worms ; also for hysteric fits : dose, a teacupf ul of the tea three or four times a day. A woman, who was affected with hysteric fits for several years, was perfectly cured by taking a teaspoonful of the powdered leaves four times a day, after she had tried various other medicines. It is recom- mended for worms, and to promote the menses and urine. MULBERRY CALCULUS. A spe- cies of urinary calculus, consisting of oxalate of lime, and named from its rough and tuberculated surface. There is a variety of it, denominated, from its color and general appearance, the hemp- seed calculus, which seems to contain lithate of ammonia. MULENBERGIA DIFFUSA. Drop- seed-grass. MULLEIN. Verbascum thapsus. — Demulcent, astringent. MULTIFIDIAS. Certain muscles of the spine. MULTIFLORUS. Many-flowered. MULTIPLEX. Many-fold, petals lying,over each other in two rows. MULTUS. Many. MURIATE. Compound of muriatic acid. MUMPS. A disease of the glands of the jaws. MUNGO. The root of the ophior- rhiza mungos, supposed to be a specific for the bite of the cobra di capello and the rattle-snake. In India and Ceylon it is still used as an antidote against the bite of the mad dog. The parts are so intensely bitter, that the plant is called by the Malays earth-gall. MURIAS" AMMONIA. Muriate of ammonia; generally called sal-ammo- niac, and formerly imported from Egypt, where it is procured by sublimation from the soot of the camel's dung. MURIATIC ACID (muria, brine). The hydro-chloric of the French chem- ists, formerly called spiritus salis, &c.; an acid contained in great abundance in sea-water, in combination with soda and magnesia. It consists of chlorine and hydrogen. Its salts are called muri- ates or hydro-chlorates. MURIATIC ACID, OXYGENATED. Chlorine. MURICATE. Covered with prickles. MURMUR RESPIRATORY. ' Sound of the air passing through the bronchial tubes and air-cells in respiration ; when distinct, called vesicular, and in chil- dren, puerile. MUSA, L. Banana, plantain-tree. Native of Florida below lat. 28.- Sev- eral species cultivated in all tropical climates. The most valuable of all trees. Each tree produces 100 pounds of delicious food, one acre holds 1,600 I trees, and gives 160,000 pounds of food, MYL 151 MYR while wheat only 1,200 pounds per acre, and potatoes 4,000 pounds. Fruit excellent; edible in many ways. Young shoots edible boiled. Stems give bread and wine from pulp and juice; when old afford ropes, thread, and tinder, leaves a thatch, &c. MUSCA. The fly; a genus of in- sects which deposite their eggs in meat which is becoming putrid, and have hence passed into the human intestines. MUSCA CANARIA. The flesh-fly. MUSCA CIBARIA. The pantry- fly. MUSCA PUTRIS. A species, the larvae of which are known by the name of hoppers, as those of all of them are by that of maggots; the latter term has often been applied, though in a looser sense, to the grubs of insects generally. MUSCA VOMITORIA. The blow- fly- MUSCLE. A bundle of fleshy threads or fibres, inclosed in a common mem- brane ; flesh in general. MUSCULAR. Abounding in fibre. MUSCULI PECTINATI. Fibres within the auricles of the heart. MUSCULO-CUTANEOUS. The ex- ternal cutaneous nerve, or nervus perfo- rans, Caserii. MUSEUM. A collection of curiosi- ties in the different departments of science. MUSHROOM. Fungus. MUSK. Moschus, an animal secre- tion found near the anus of the musk- deer ; antispasmodic. MUSK, ARTIFICIAL. Made of ni- tric acid and oil of amber. MUSKMELON. See Cucumis. MUSTARD. Sinapis, valuable as a MUSTARD SEED, BLACK. Sina- pis nigrum. Antiscorbutic, stimulant; the flower mixed with a little vinegar, is excellent to relieve pain. A tea good for aphthae. MUSTARD SEED, WHITE. Sina- pis alba. Rubefacient, stimulant, em- etic. MUTILATION. Want of a member. MYLOCARIUM LIGUSTRINUM.— Buckwheat-tree, MYOLOGY. A description of the muscles; one of the divisions in the study of anatomy. MYLOHYOIDEUS GLOSSUS. A triangular muscle, arising from the in- side of the lower jaw, between the mo- lar teeth and the chin, and inserted into the os hyoides. It raises the os hyoides, or depresses the jaw. MYLOPHARYNGEUS. A synonym of the constrictor superior muscle, from its arising from the alveolar process. MYOIDES PLATYSMA. Muscular expansion on the neck. MYOPIA. Short-sightedness. ' MYOSIS. Unnatural contraction of the pupil. MYOTOMY. Cutting a muscle, di- viding its fibres subcutaneously. MYRICA, L. Sweetgale, bayberry, waxberry, waxmyrtle. All the species equivalent. Valuable evergreen shrubs. Leaves fragrant, balsamic, containing like the bark tannin, resin, gallic acid, and mucilage : they are emetic, pectoral astringent, nervine, subnarcotic, cephal- ic, vermifuge, menagogue, stomachic. Useful in uterine hemorrhage, hysterical complaints, palsies, colics, and scrofula, in powders, decoction, and tea. The tea of M. gale milder, formerly drank in Europe as tea, and leaves put in soups; used in Russia for gout, fevers, itch, and insects. The bark chewed is a good sialagogue ; made into snuff it is a pow- erful errhine : taste acrid, stimulant; in large doses of a drachm it produces a burning sensation and vomiting, some- times diuresis. Bark of the root used for the tooth-ache. The inner bark, pounded soft, dispels scrofulous swell- ings and sores, a strong tea of the leaves being drank also. A tincture of the berries, with heracleum, is used for violent flatulent colics and cramps. The buds dye yellow. The berries are cov- ered with a peculiar wax, easily ex- tracted by boiling, cooling and purify- ing ; they give thirty-two per cent, of wax, fragrant, greenish, and brittle, used for beautiful fragrant candles, soap, blacking balls, plasters. It contains cerine, myricine, insoluble in alcohol, and a peculiar oil. It is actively medi- cal, astringent, vulnerary, anodyne, sub- narcotic. Dr. Fahnestock announced, in 1822, that it is a specific for typhoid dysentery: this valuable property has been confirmed; I have verified it on myself in diarrhea, others in cholera morbus: it was known in Kentucky ' before 1822. It is used in powder, pills, NE 152 NAI or lozenges, made with sugar and muci- lage. A poultice made of the bark is the best remedy for scrofula in a state of ulceration. MYRTUS COMMUNIS, L. Com- mon myrtle. Cultivated, fragrant; leaves astringent, corroborant, dye purple: two varieties, with black or yellow berries, austere, sweetish, eaten in Greece and Sicily; useful for diar- rhoea ; a syrup made with them. MYRRHIS DULCIS. Sweet cicely. carminative, aromatic. MYRTIFORM (myrtus, a myrtle).— Myrtle-formed; the designation of the remains of the lacerated hymen. MYRONIC ACID. A bitter acid pro- cured from black mustard seeds. MYROSYNE. Emulsion of black mustard seeds; a peculiar substance, which derives its name from its yielding, N. This letter, in prescriptions, de- [ notes numero, in number. NABALUS PRENANTHES. Alba, Ell. Commonly called gall-of-the- earth. Root excessively bitter; used in domestic practice as a tonic. NEVUS. Congenitae notae. Envies. Maculae maternae, or mother-spots; con- genital spots and discolorations of the skin; the second genus of the order macula of Bateman. These marks are • commonly ascribed to the influence of the imagination of the mother upon the child in utero ; hence, we have the—- Navus araneus, the spider-like stain. Navus foliaceus, the leaf-like stain. Navus cerasus, the cherry stain. Navus fragarius, the strawberry stain. Navus morus, the mulberry stain. Navus ribes, the currant stain. Navus rubus, the blackberry stain. To these may be added the claret, or port wine stain, supposed to be repre- sented by the flat and purple naevus, or the navus flammeus of Plenck; and those resembling a slice of bacon, or other flesh. Vascular navi. 1, The arterial, consisting in nume- with myronic acid, the volatile oil of mustard MYRRHA. Myrrh; an exudation from the bark of the protium kataf. It is also called stacte. MYRISTICACEE. The nutmeg tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees with leaves alternate; flowers dioecious, with no trace of a second sex; fruit bac- cate, dehiscent, two-valved; seed nutlike, enveloped in a many-parted arillus. MYRISTICA MOSCHATA. Tree yielding nutmeg and mace. MYROXYLON PERUIFERUM.— Balsam Peru. MYRTUS PIMENTA. Allspice, aromatic. MYROPHILLUM VERTICILLA- TUM. Water milfoil. MYOXCELE. Containing tears and mucus. rous enlarged cutaneous arteries, as is seen in the naevus araneus. 2. The capillary, consisting in dilated capillary vessels, the points of dilata- tion being frequently manifest on the surface. 3. The sub-cutaneous, so denomina- ted, and probably identical with the preceding species, when seated more deeply and unattended by discoloration. It may involve the subjacent textures, and is then called the complicated nae- vus. 4. The venous, or varicose. This is sub-cutaneous, and when the veins are large, the sensation which it imparts to the finger, is precisely that conveyed by varicocele. 5. The increscens. This must be dis- tinguished from the stationary naevus. NAJAS CANADENSIS. Water- nymph ; so called because it is found floating on clear water. NAKED. Destitute of parts usually found. NAILS. Ungues. Horny laminae covering the backs of the extremities of the fingers and toes. A nail is di- vided into a root, a body, and a free ex- tremity. N. NAR 153 NAS NANUS. Dwarfish, very small. NANNY BERRY, or BUSH. Black- thorn. Good for sore mouth and sore throat. NAP. Downy, or like fur, tomen- tose. NAPE OF THE NECK. Nucha. NAPHTHA. A native liquid bitu- men, occurring in springs on the shores of the Caspian Sea; and procured also by distillation from petroleum. Naph- thene and naphthol are liquid bitumens of similar nature, lately much recom- mended in the consumption. NAPHTHALINE. A compound ob- tained by distillation from coal tar; said to be a sesquicarburet of hydro- gen. Recommended by Dupasquier as an expectorant in chronic catarrh of old people, attended with difficult ex- pectoration. NAPIFORMIS. Resembling a tur- nip. NAPLES YELLOW. A color pre- pared by calcining lead with antimony and potash. NARCISSUS JANQUILLA. Jon- quil. Spathe many-flowered, nectary bell-form, short leaves, subulate. NARCISSUS POETICUS. Poet's narcissus. Spathe one-flowered, nec- tary wheel-form, very short, scarious, red, crenulate, leaves inflexed at the margin. NARCISSUS PSEUDO - NARCIS- SUS. Daffodil. A well-known plant, the bulb of which is emetic, and the flowers, it is said, are emetic and anti- spasmodic. NARCISSUS TAZETTA. Polyan- thus. Spathe many flowered; nectary bell-formed, plicate, truncate, thrice as short as the petals; petals alternately broader; leaves flat. NARCOTICS. Hypnotics. Medi- cines which induce sleep or stupor, as opiates. NARCOTINE. A crystalline sub- stance derived from opium, formerly called salt of Derosne. i NARCOSIS. ) Stupor, when the NARCOTISM. } effect of narcotic drugs. NARDOSMIA. (Gr. nardos.) Spike- nard, asme odor: it smells like spike- nard. NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI. An Indian plant of the order valerian- acea, the root of which appears to be the spikenard of the ancients. NARDUS STRICTA. Mat-grass, flowers one-sided. NARES. The nostrils. NARES POSTERIORES. The aper- tures of the nasal cavities communica- ting with the pharynx. NARTHECIUM AMERICANUM. False asphodel. Racemes sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax : one cauline bract clasping the pedicel, another chaff-bristle-form below; filaments with short wool. NASAL. Bones, cartilages, vessels, and nerves of the nose. NASAL DUCT. A short canal lead- ing from the lacrymal sac to the inferior meatus of the nose. NASAL FOSSE. Two irregular, compressed cavities, extending back- ward from the nose to the pharynx, and constituting the internal part of the nose. NASCENTENS. The growing form, or being. NASI ALE. The two moveable sides, or wings, of the nose. NASI OSSA. Bones of the nose. NASTURTIUM (nasus, nose, tortus, twisting). From its convulsing the nose on being snuffed. NASTURTIUM AMPHIBIUM, R., Br. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pinnati- fid or serrate ; root fibrous ; petals longer than the calyx ; silique ellipsoid, spread- ing, mucronate with the style. Lower Canada. NASTURTIUM CURVISILIQUA.— Erect, branching leaves, lanceolate, pinnatifid, acute, somewhat clasping at the base; lobes linear-lanceolate and spreading, the uppermost nearly entire; raceme in fruit elongated ; siliques lin- ear, acute, falcate, twice as long as the pedicles. Northwest coast Oregon. NASTURTIUM HISPIDUM, D. C. Stem tomentose-villose; leaves some- what villose, runcinate, pinnatifid, lobes rather obtusely toothed ; siliques ovate, turned, pointed with the distinct style. scarcely more than half as long as the somewhat spreading pedicels; petals scarcely as long as the calyx. Middle and Northern states. NASTURTIUM LYRATUM. Leaves pinnatifid or lyrate, segments oblong, lanceolate, incisely serrate or angular- NAV 154 NEL ly toothed; silique linear, compressed, more than twice the length of the pe- dicel, somewhat spreading, abrupt at the apex; style very short; common peduncle flexuous. Banks of the Ore- gon. NASTURTIUM NATANS. Leaves above water, lanceolate, entire, serrate, immersed leaves; segments capillary; silicles obovate, globose: style long. Canada. NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE.— Water-cress. A cruciferous plant, eaten as a salad, and esteemed useful in scurvy and visual obstruction. The N. palustre and N. amphibium, possess the same virtues as the N. officinale. Stim- ulant, diuretic, anti-scorbutic, hepatic, and stomachic. NASTURTIUM OBTUSUM. Leaves pinnately divided, decurrent; segments irregularly oval, angularly toothed ; ob- tuse siliques, linear, sub-terete, twice the length of the pedicels, much shorter than the abbreviated siliques ; stigma nearly sessile. New Orleans. NASTURTIUM SESSILIFLORUM. Leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, re- pandly toothed, or nearly entire; si- liques sub-sessile, linear, oblong, ob- tuse, tipped with the nearly sessile stigma. Banks of the Mississippi. NATANT. Floating. NATES. The buttocks. The name of the upper pair of the tubercula quad- rigemina of the brain; the lower pair is called the testes. NATRON. Native carbonate of soda; it is found in mineral seams or crusts, and is hence called the mineral alkali. NATURAL CHARACTER. That which is apparent, having no reference to any particular method of classifica- tion. NATURAL HISTORY. The science which treats of nature. NAUCLEA GAMBIR. The plant which yields an extract called gambir. Dr. Pereira considers this gambir not to form any of the kinos of the shops, but to be one of the substances called cate- chu in commerce. NAUSEA. Sickness of the stomach; loathing; tendency to reject, but with- out regurgitation. NAUSEANTS. Medicines which excite nausea. NAVEL. Umbilicus. NAVEL STRING. Funiculus um- bilicalis, the funis. NAVICULARE OS (navicula, dim. of navis, a boat). A boat-shaped bone of the carpus and of the tarsus. The term navicular is applied in botany to the glumes of grasses, owing to their boat- shaped appearance. It signifies the same as the term carinated, or keeled. NEBULA. A cloud; haziness or dulness; a slight form of opacity; a cloud or speck in the cornea of the eye. NECROSIS. Literally, mortification. It is confined to that affection of the bones, and is the consequence either of an unfavorable termination of inflam- mation of the bone in a bad constitu- tion, or of its vascular supply being cut off by the destruction of its periosteum or medullary membrane. NECTARY. (From nectar, the fa- bled drink of the gods.) The part of a flower which produces honey; this term is applied to any appendage of the flower which has no other name. NEGRO CACHEXY. A propensity for eating dirt, peculiar to the natives of the West Indies and Africa, and probably similar to chlorosis. NEGRO VINE. See Gonolobus HlRSUTUS. NEGUNDO ACEROIDES MOENCH. Ash-maple, box-elder; leaves pinnate or ternate, unequally serrate; flowers diaecious; large tree. NEGUNDO CALIFORNICUM.— Young leaves villose, three foliolate, leafets three-lobed ; lobes incised or toothed. California. NEGUNDO NEMOPHILA. Calyx minute, unequally, four to five toothed, petals 0, anthers four to five, linear, sessile, pedicels of the staminate, flow- ers capillary, fascicled from lateral ag- gregated buds, fertile flowers in ra- cemes, samaras in pairs, winged, di- verging, one-seeded; leaves compound, pinnately, three to five foliolate. NELUMBIUM CODOPHYLLUM.— Leaves downy beneath. Lakes of Louisiana. Leaves two feet wide. NELUMBIUM LUTEUM. Sacred- bean. Leaves pellate, orbicular, entire : corol polypetalous; anthers linear above. The largest native flower in the north- ern states. Lake Ontario, Sodus Bay. Yellow water-lily, pond-lily, water- shield, water-nuts, &c.; root, leaves, NEO 155 NER and nuts are edible, cooling, laxative, diuretic, emollient, &c. See Raf., vol. ii., page 41. NELUMBIUM PENTAPETALUM. Leaves pellate, orbicular, entire; calyx five-sepalled, petals five. NELUMBIUM RENIFORME. Leaves reniform, corol polypetalous. These two Southern species rest on the authority of Walter and Decandole. NEMOPANTHES CANADENSIS. Wild-holly, mountain-holly. Leaves deciduous, ovate, entire, or a little ser- rate at the apex; glabrous peduncels, sub-solitary, long, one-flowered ; fruit somewhat four-sided, three to five feet. Common in high dry woods in New England. NEMOPHILA PANICULATA. Very hirsute, radical, leaves sub-pinnatifid; cauline ones lobe-angled; sinuses of the calyx appendaged; the fascicles of flowers sub-panicled, calyx very hispid. NEMOPHILA PHACELIOIDES.— Succulent; stem three-sided, leaves al- ternate, pinnatifid ; peduncles very long, one-flowered, opposite the leaves, and terminal, somewhat dacemed ; racemes incurved; fruit deflexed. Resembles hydrophyllum. NEMOROSUS. Growing in groves, often given as a specific name, as ane- mone nemorosa; the ending in a de- notes the adjective as being in the fem- inine gender; the adjective in Latin varying its termination to conform to the gender of the substantive. NEOTTIA CERNUA. Nodding la- dies' tresses; leaves lanceolate, three- nerved, stem-sheathed, spike oblong, dense flowered, flowers recurve, nod- ding, lip oblong, entire, acute; var. ma- jor, stem tall, somewhat leafy, flowers very large; var. latifolia, stem short, leaves lance-oblong, sub-radical. NEOTTIA GRACILIS, Bro. Leaves radical, ovate, scape-sheathed, flowers in a spiral row ; lip obovate, curled ; var. secunda, spike unilateral, hardly spiral, flowers more slender. NEOTTIA ODORATA. Stem leafy, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, radical ones very long ; spike somewhat lax, flowers recurved, lip ovate, entire, margin undulate, sub-fimbriate. New- bern, N. C. NEOTTIA TORTILIS. Summer la- dies' tresses; radical, leaves linear, ] scape-sheathed, flowers spirally se- cund; lip somewhat three-lobed, middle lobe larger, crenulate. NEPETA CATARIA, L. Catmint, catnip. Bitterish, hircose smell, liked by cats. Resolvent, pellent, cephalic, menagogue, carminative, vermifuge, an- tispasmodic. Useful for hysterics, some fevers, a specific in chlorosis. ■ Exter- nally used as a poultice in swellings, and internally for head-ache, colic, and female obstructions. Raf. NEPHRALGIA. Acute pain in the kidney. NEPHRITIC. Belonging to the kid- ney ; a medicine which acts on the kidney. NEPHRITIS. Inflammation of the kidney. NEPHRITIS ALBUMINIENSIS.— Bright's disease of the kidney. NEPHROS. Kidney. NEPHROTOMY. Cutting a stone out of the kidney. NERVED. Marked with nerves, so called, though not organs of sensibility like the nerves in the animal system. NERVES (nervus, a string). White cords arising from the brain or the spi- nal marrow, and distributed to every part of the system. Cerebral Nerves. 1. First pair, or olfactory nerves, ex- panding on the membrane of the nose. 2. Second pair, or optic nerves, termi- nating at the middle of the retina. 3. Third pair, or oculo-motory nerves, distributed to the muscle of the eye. 4. Fourth pair, or nervi pathetici seu trochleares, distributed to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. 5. Fifth pair, trigemini or trifacial nerves, the grand sensitive nerves of the head and face. It includes— 1. The large, ganglionic, or trifa- cial portion, the sentient and or- ganic nerve of the face ; and 2. The small, aganglionic, or mas- ticatory portion, the motor nerve of the temporal, masseter, &c. 6. Sixth pair, or abducens, distrib- uted to the external rectus of the eye. 7. Seventh pair, consisting of the portio dura, facial, or the respiratory of the face, of Bell; and the portio mollis, or auditory. 8. Eighth pair, or grand respiratory nerve. NEV 1 56 NIG NERIUM ' OLEANDER. L. Rose laurel. Cultivated. Poisonous for men and cattle: milky juice caustic, takes off spots in the eyes. Leaves acrid errhine, useful for itch, ringworms and rheumatism, either boiled, in powder, or infused in oil. NERVINE (nervinus, from nervus, a nerve). Neurotic; that which relieves disorders of the nerves, as antispasmod- ics, &c. NERVOUS. Belonging, or relating to the nerves; strong, vigorous; excess- ive irritability or mobility of the ner- vous system. NERVOUS CENTRES. The parts from which the nerves originate, the brain, spinal marrow, and ganglions. NERVOUS FLUID. A fluid sup- posed to circulate in the nerves, and be- lieved to be the agent of sensation and motion. NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nerves of the body considered collectively. ' NETTLE-FLOWER. This plant, the v/rtica dioica of Linnaeus, is said, by Henry, to be astringent, good in'gravelly complaints, bleeding internally, and spitting of blood. The powder, when snuffed up the nose, stops bleeding. The leaves, when green, are a powerful rubefacient; the decoction is good for bloody urine, and obstinate coughs. NETTLE-RASH, Elevations of the cuticle, or wheals resembling the sting of the nettle. NETTLE-TREE. See Celtis. NEURALGIA. Nerve-ache, or pain in a nerve. It occurs in nerves of the face, and is then called face ague, tic doloureux, &c. NEURILEMMA. The sheath of a nerve. NEUROLOGY. The doctrine of the nerves. NEUROSES. Nervous diseases, in which sense and motion are impaired, without idiopathic pyrexia, or any local oisefl.se NEUTRAL SALTS. Salts in which the base is perfectly saturated with the alkali, thus possessing the character neither of acid nor alkaline salts. NEVROSPERMA BALSAMINA, Raf., 1820. Dec, Balsam vine. Prob- ably momordica do., L., but a different genus, nay, our species somewhat dif- ferent from the tropical kind called ce- rasee, in Jamaica. Found from Florida to Texas. Cultivated in gardens for use. Root useful in jaundice, liver com- plaints, and mesentery ; powder emetic, equivalent of bryonia; leaves also emetic in decoction. Pulp of the fruit vulnerary ; red oil made by infusion like hypericum, much used and excellent for wounds, bruises, cuts, chinks, burns, piles, &c. NEWWORT. Netleaf. See Scrof- ula-weed. NICARAGUA WOOD. Peach wood. A tree of the same genus (casalpinia) as the Brazil wood; it grows near the lake of Nicaragua. It is used as a dye. NICOTIANA, L. Tobacco. Well- known ; many species, cultivated in Asia, long before Columbus. The very best and mildest is the N. paniculata, or tobacco of Persia, Syria, Peru, Varinas, > and Cuba. N. fruticosa is cultivated in China. N. rustica, or green tobacco, cultivated in Mexico and Africa. N. quadrioalvis by the Mandans, &c. N. tabacum is the most common in America, and the strongest or worst. Cohiba was the ancient name of it in Hayti, and to- bacco the name of the tube, pipe, or se- gar used to smoke it. Leaves and snuff destroy all kinds of insects, moths, cat- erpillars, &c. NICOTIANA PANICULATA. — Small-flowered tobacco; leaves petioled, cordate, entire ; flowers panicled, obtuse, clfl.vfl.te NICOTIANA RUSTICA. Common tobacco; leaves petioled, ovate, entire ; flowers obtuse : naturalized. NICOTIANA TABACUM. Virginia tobacco; leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent; flowers acute ; naturalized. NICOTIANIN. Concrete volatile oil of tobacco, or tobacco-camphor, obtained by submitting tobacco-leaves, with wa- ter, to distillation. NICOTINE. An organic base, exist- ing in the leaves, root, and seeds of dif- ferent species of nicotiana. NICTITANS. (From a word which signifies to twinkle or wink.) Applied as a specific name to some plants which appear sensitive ; as the cassia nictitans. NIGELLA DAMASCENA. Fennel- flower. NIGELLA DAMASEOINA. Devil's- head-in-the-bush. NIGER. Black. NIT 157 NOS NIGHT-BLINDNESS. Hemeralopia. NIGHT-FLOWERING. See Ceno- thers. Triloba. NIGHTMARE. Incubus. NIGHTSHADE. Solanum, a nar- cotic plant. NIGHTSHADE, DEADLY. Atropia belladonna. Narcotic, anodyne. NIPPLE. Papilla. The prominent part of the integument in the centre of the areola of the mamma. NITIDUS. Glossy, glittering. NITRAS. A nitrate; a compound of nitric acid with a salifiable base. NITRAS AMMONIE. Formerly called nitrum flammans, from its prop- erty of exploding at the temperature of 600°. NITRAS ARGENTI. Fused nitrate of silver, or lunar caustic. NITRAS CALCIS. Formerly called calcareous nitre. The ignited nitrate of lime is called Baldwin's phosphorus. NITRAS MAGNESIE. Also called magnesian nitre ; it combines with ni- tras ammoniae, and forms a triple salt, called ammoniaco-magnesian nitrate. NITRAS POTASSE. The salt known by the name of nitre or salt- petre. NITRAS SODE. Formerly called cubic or quadrangular nitre. NITRATE. ) Compounds of nitric NITRITE, j and nitrous acid. NITRE. Saltpetre. The common name of the nitrate of potash. When fused, and poured into moulds, it is called sal-prunella, or crystal mineral; when mixed with charcoal and burned, the residuum was formerly called clys- sus of nitre; mixed with carbonate of potash and sulphur, in a warm mortar, it forms the fulminating powder ; mixed with sulphur and charcoal, it forms gun- powder ; and when mixed with sulphur and fine sawdust, it constitutes the pow- der of fusion. NiTRIC ACID. A constituent of nitre or saltpetre. From its corrosive qualities, it is commonly called aqua fortis. NITRIC OXYDE. A deutoxyde of nitrogen. NITROGEN. Azote. An element- ary principle, constituting four fifths of the volume of atmospheric air. It was formerly called mephitic air, and, by Priestley, phlogisticated air. NITRO-LEUCIC ACID. An acid formed by treating lucine with nitric acid. NITRO-MURIATIC ACID. A com- pound acid formed by the union of the nitric and muriatic acids; it is generally known by the name of aqua regia, from its property of dissolving gold. NITROUS AIR. Nitric oxyde gas. NITROUS OXYDE. Exhilarating gas. NIVEUS. Snow-white. NODDING. Partly drooping. NODE (nodus, a knot). A swelling of a bone, or a thickening of the peri- osteum, from a venereal cause. In bot- any, the term node signifies the thick- ened part of a stem or branch from which a leaf is developed. The space between two nodes is termed an inter- node. NOLI ME TANGERE (touch me not). A name given by various writers to lupus, the seventh genus of the tuber- cula of Bateman. It is the cancer lupus of Sauvages, and the dartre rougeante of the French writers. The disease is termed from its impatience of handling, and its being aggravated by most kinds of treatment. NOMEN. A name. NOMENCLATURE. A general des- ignation for the terms employed in any art or science. NON NATURALS. Air, aliment, exercise, and rest; passions and affec- tions of the mind; wakefulness and sleep; repletion and evacuation, are termed non naturals, because they affect man without entering into his composi- tion, or constituting his nature. NORMAL (norma, a rule). That which is regular; that in which there is no deviation from the ordinary structure. NOSE. Nasus. The organ of smell. It is composed, superiorly, of bones, and inferiorly of cartilages; and it is iined by a mucous membrane, termed the membrana pituitaria, or Schneiderian membrane ; the two moveable sides are called ala nasi, or the wings of the nose. NOSOLOGY. Classification and def- inition of diseases. NOSTALGIA. Home-sickness; a ve- hement desire to return to one's country. Nostomania is the same morbid desire aggravated to madness. Nostrasia is a NUT 158 NYS similar term, derived from nostras, of our country. NOSTRUM. Literally, our own; a term applied to a quack medicine, and indicative of exclusiveness. NOTHE COSTE. False ribs. NOTHUS, False. NOTCHED. See Crenate. NUCHA. Nape or hinder part of tne neck. NUCHE LIGAMENTUM. A lig- ament of the spine. NUCLEUS. A kernel, central point around which a calculus is formed. NUDUS. See Naked. NUMBNESS. Insensibility of touch, or general feeling. NUPHAR AD VENA. Yellow water- lily. NUTRITION (nutrio, to nourish). The process of nourishing the frame. NUTRITIVE CENTRE. A cell, the nucleus of which is the permanent source of successive broods of young NUTMEG. The seed of the myristi- ca officinalis (myris. moschata, Willd.), or nutmeg-tree. The common nutmeg of commerce was formerly called the female nutmeg; a longer kind of nut- meg, imported in the shell, being called the male nutmeg. NUT. Nux. NUTANT. See Nodding. NUTTALLIA DIGITATA. Digitate- leaved Nuttallia; monodelphia polyan- MATICO. The native name of the piper angustifolium, a Peruvian plant, recently introduced as a styptic. — It has lately been much used in Eng- land to arrest bleeding, both internal and external. For bleeding externally, the under side of the leaf should be pressed upon the bleeding part. For dria. See Barton, plate 62, for a fur- ther description of this plant. NUX VOMICA. The common term for the seeds of the strychnos nix vo- mica. The plant yields a poisonous principle called strychnia. NUX. A nut. NYCTALOPIA. Night-vision. NYMPHE. Labia minora. Two semicircular glandular membranes, sit- uated within the labia majora of the pudendum, so called because they direct the course of the urine, and preside over its emission, as the Nymphs do over fountains. NYMPHE ALBA. White water- lily. A European species, the root of which was by the ancients considered aphrodisiac. NYMPHE ODORATA. Sweet- scented water-lily. An indigenous plant of the natural order ranunculacea, the root of which is very astringent, and has been used, in the form of poultice, as a discutient. In white-swelling and hip-disease, make a poultice and apply externally. See Raf., vol. ii., page 44. NYMPHOMANIA. Uterine furor, female libidinous propensities, a form of mania. NYMPHOTOMY. Extirpation of diseased or enlarged clitoris or nymphae. NYSSA MULTIFLORA. Pepper- ridge, tusselo, swamp-hornbeam. NYSSA AQUATICA. Sour-gum. l bleeding at the nose, snuff the powder fine. For bleeding piles, apply the ointment. The decoction may also be used. Also for internal bleeding, abor- tion, &c, take matico leaves one ounce, boiling water a pint, steep two hours. Dose two tablespoonfuls, two or three times a day. OBL 159 OBT 0. OAK, BLACK, BARK. Quercus tinctoria. Astringent, tonic. OAK, RED, BARK. Quercus rubra. Astringent, stimulant, tonic. OAK, WHITE, BARK. Quercus al- ba. Astringent, tonic. OATMEAL. Farina avenacea. OBALARIA VIRGINICA. Penny- wort. Stem simple ; leaves oblong, truncate, fleshy purple beneath; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Properties, bitter tonic and calmintic. OBCONIC. Conic with the point downward. OBCORDATE. Heart-shaped with the point downward. OBESITY. Corpulence, excess of fat, general or splanchnic; the latter is chiefly in the omentum. OBLANCEOLATE. Lanceolate, with the base the narrowest. OBLIQUUS. Oblique or slanting; not direct, perpendicular or parallel. OBLIQUUS EXTERNUS. A mus- cle of the abdomen, also called descend- ens, arising from the eight lowest ribs, and inserted into the linear alba and the pubes. OBLIQUUS INTERNUS. A muscle situated within the preceding, also called ascendens or minor, arising from the spine of the ilium, &c, and inserted into the cartilages of the seventh and all the false ribs, &c. This and the preceding muscle turn the trunk upon its axis, &c. OBLIQUUS INFERIOR. A muscle which arises from the outer edge of the orbitar process of the upper jaw-bone, and is inserted into the sclerotica. It is also called brevissimus oculi, from being the shortest muscle of the eye. This and the following muscle are said to roll the eye, and have hence been named circumagentes; and, from the expression they impart, amatorii. OBLIQUUS SUPERIOR. A muscle which arises from the optic foramen, passes through the ring of the cartila- ginous pulley which is in the margin of the socket, and is inserted into the sclerotica. It is also called longissimus oculi, from being the longest muscle of the eye; and trochlearis, from its pass- ing through the trochlea or pulley. OBLITERATION. Closure of a nat- ural orifice or canal. OBLONG. Longer than oval, with the sides parallel. OBOVATE. Ovate, with the nar- rower end toward the stem, or place of insertion. OBSOLETE. Indistinct, appearing as if worn out. OBSTETRIC (obstetrix, a midwife). Belonging to midwifery. Pliny uses the term obstetricia, sc. officio, for the office of a midwife. OBSTETRICIAN. A practitioner of midwifery. OBSTETRICS. The science of mid-' wifery. OBSTIPATIO (obstipo, to stop up). A form of costiveness, in which the faeces when discharged, are hard, slen- der, and often scybalous; one of the epischeses of Cullen. OBTURATOR (obturo, to stop up). The name of two muscles of the thigh, and of a nerve, an artery, vein, fora- men, and ligament. OBTURATOR EXTERNUS. Arising from the obturator foramen, &c, and inserted into the root of the trochanter major. It is sometimes called rotator femoris extrorsum. OBTURATOR INTERNUS. Arising and inserted as the externus, and for- merly called marsupialis or bursalis. This and the preceding muscle move the thigh backward, and roll it upon its axis. OBTURATOR ARTERY. This ari- ses most commonly from the hypogas- tric, but not unfrequently from the epi- gastric. OBTURATOR VEIN. This corre- sponds generally to the artery. OBTURATOR or THYROID FORA- men. A large oval foramen between the ischium and pubis. OBTURATOR LIGAMENT or MEMBRANE. A tendino-fibrous mem- brane stretched across the obturator CEN 160 OLE foramen, having an opening in the up- per part for the passage of the obturator vessels and nerve. OBTURATORIUS NERVUS. The obturator nerve, which comes princi- pally from the second and third lumbar nerves, and sometimes from the fourth. OBTUSE. Blunt, rounded, not acute. OCCIPITAL. Bone, muscles, ves- sels, nerves, &c, connected with the back part of the head. OCC1PITO FRONTALIS; muscle ex- panded under the scalp, and reaching from the occiput to the forehead. OCCIPUT. Posterior bone of the skull. OCCIPITIS. Hinder part of the skull. OCCLUSION. Closure of a natural opening or canal, by being mechanical- ly obstructed. OCCULT. Hidden, latent. OCHRACEOUS. Color of yellow ochre. OCHRE. An ore of iron. OCULAR. Appertaining to the eye. OCULIST. One who devotes special attention to diseases of the eye. OCYMUM. From the Greek okus. in allusion to its rapid growth, or from the Greek opo, to smell, on account of its powerful scent. ODONTALGIA. Tooth-ache. ODORATUS. Scented, odorous. CEDEMA. Tumefaction arising from serous effusion into the cellular mem- brane. CENANTHE CROCATA. Hemlock- dropwort, or dead-tongue; the most energetic of the narcotico-acrid umbel- liferous plants. It has been called five- fingered root. CENOTHERA ALBICAULIS. Stem simple, erect, white, glabrous, branch- ing above; leaves lance-linear, rarely sub-serrulate, sub-villose beneath; flow- ers axillary ; petals entire ; capsules prismatic. CENOTHERA BIENNIS or GRAN- DIFLORA. See Barton, plate 6. Tree-primrose, evening-primrose, sca- bish, scabious. An indigenous plant, the bark of which is mucilaginous and astringent, and a decoction of it has been beneficially employed by Dr. R. E. Griffith, in infantile eruptions, in tetter, &c. See U. S. Disp., 1281. Root eat- able. Lindley. CENOTHERA FRUTICOSA. Sun- drops. Pubescent; stem branched from the base; leaves lanceolate, sub-den- tate, acute ; capsules pedicled, oblong, clavate, angled ; raceme naked below. CENOTHERA MURICATA. Stem purple muricate, leaves lanceolate, flat stamens of the length of the coral. CENOTHERA PALLIDA. Root creeping; stem ascending ; branching, leaves lance-linear, acuminate, very en- tire, or toothed, glabrous ; petals refuse, crenulate, exceeding the stamens; cap- sule cylindric, contorted. CENOTHERA PARVIFLORA. Stem smooth, sub-villose, leaves lanceolate, flat, stamens longer than the coral. CESOPHAGOTOMY. Operation of opening the oesophagus, as for the re- moval of a foreign body. CESOPHAGUS. The carrier of food; the gullet; a musculo-membranous ca- nal, extending from the lower part of the pharynx to the superior orifice of the stomach. OFFAL. Faeces. OFFICINAL (officina, a shop). A term applied to any medicines directed by the colleges to be kept in the shops. OID, OIDES. This termination im- ports resemblance, as petaloid, like a petal; thalietroides, resembling a tha- lictrum, &c. OIL NUT. See Hamiltonia Olxi- FERA W. OINTMENT. Unguentum. OLE ACE. The olive tribe of dico- tyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves opposite; flowers regular, monopetalous, hermaphrodite, or dioe- cious ; stamens two ; ovarium simple ; superior, two-celled ; seeds pendulous. OLEA AMERICANA. American olive, devil's-wood; lanceolate, elliptic, entire, racemes compressed, bracts all persistent, connate, small. Florida, S. Carolina. OLEA EUROPEA. The European olive, the products of which are a res- iniform exudation, called lecca gum; and a drupaceous fruit, which in the unripe state constitute the olive of com- merce, and in the ripe state yield "olive oil. OLEAGINOUS (oleum, oil). That which contains or resembles oil. OLECRANON. The head of the ulna, or the elbow. &' OME 161 OPA OLEENE. This and elaene are two hydrocarbons formed by distillation of the'metoleic and hydroleic acids. OLEIC ACID (oleum, oil). An acid forming the essential part of fat oils which are not drying, as the oil of al- monds. OLEINE. The oleate of oxyde of glyceryl, forming the greater part of the fat oils, and of most of the solid fats found in nature. OLEO-RESINS. Native compounds of volatile oil and resin, the proper juices of coniferous and other plants. OLEO-RICINIC ACID. An acid pro- cured from castor-oil by distillation, &c. OLERACEOUS (olus, any garden herbs for food). An epithet applied to pot-herbs, or plants grown for food. OLEUM. Oil; and may be either fixed or volatile; the latter called es- sential oils. OLEUM E VITELLIS. Oil of eggs ; obtained by boiling the yolks, and then submitting them to pressure; fifty eggs yield about 5oz. of oil. It is used for sore nipples. OLFACTORY (olfacio, to smell). Be- longing to the smell; the name of the first pair of cerebral nerves. OLFACTUS (olfacio, to smell). The sense of smell, or the act of smelling. OLIBANUM. A gum-resin, the prod- uce of the Boswellia serrata. It has been supposed to be the thus, or frank- incense of the ancients. OLIVARIS CORPORA. Eminences in the medulla oblongata. OLIVE OIL. The oil expressed from the ripe fruit of the Olea Europaa. There are four kinds of olive oil known in the districts where it is prepared, in Aix and Montpellier in France. OMALANTHUS CAMPHORATUS. Leaves cut, bipinnate, alternate, heads solitary, or in corymbs; involucre cam- panulate, with the leafets in few se- ries; receptacle convex. Resembles tanaceum vulgare, but is much more robust. . OMENTUM (omen, an omen). Epi- ploon. The caul; a fold or reflexion of the peritoneum. There are four of these, sometimes considered as separate omenta, viz. :— 1. The hepato-gastric, or smaller omentum, surrounding the liver, and passing to the stomach. 2. The great omentum, surrounding the stomach, and returning to the trans verse colon. 3. The colic omentum, surrounding the transverse colon, and passing back- ward to the vertebral column. 4. The gastro-splenic omentum, con- necting the spleen to the stomach. OMNI BIDUO. Every two days. OMNI BIHORIS. Every two hours. OMNI HORA. Every hour. OMNI MANE. Every morning. OMNI NOCTE. Every night. OMNIQUADRANTE HORE. Every quarter of an hour. OMOHYOIDEUS. The name of a muscle which arises from the shoulder, and is inserted into the os hyoides. It depresses that bone and the lower jaw. OMOPLATA. A name of the scapu- la, or shoulder-blade. OMPHALOCELE. Umbilical hernia. OMPHALOS. The navel. ONANISM. Masturbation. Dis- charging the semen by friction of the penis in the male, and of the breasts and organs of generation in the female ; causes debility and many complaints. Remedy, self-denial and low diet. ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS. Sensitive fern. Barren fern pinnate, fertile one doubly pinnate; stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach each other on squeezing the stem in the hand. ONOPORDON ACANTHIUM. Cot- ton-thistle. Scales of the involucre spreading every way, acuminate ; leaves ovate-oblong, toothed, spinose, woolly, naturalized. ONOSMODIUM HISPIDUM. False gromwell; very hispid; leaves lance- oval, acute, papillose, punctate ; divis- ions of the corol subulate. ONOSMODIUM MOLLE. Whitish- villose leaves, oblong-oval, somewhat three-nerved; divisions of the coral sub-oval. . OPACITY (opacitas, from opacus, opaque). Popularly, film. Any change which affects the transparency of the cornea, from a slight film to an intense whiteness, like that of marble or chalk. Opacities are distinguished into leucoma or albugo, the denser form; nebula, or haziness, the slighter form; and macu- la, a smull patch or speck. OPAQUE. Not transparent, applied OPH 162 OPT to the sclerotica, in contradistinction from the cornea. OPERCULUM. The lid which covers the capsules of mosses. OPHIOGLOSSUM BULBOSUM.— Root bulbous; frond heart-ovate, ob- tuse; spike cauline. OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM.— Adder-tongue fern. Frond ovate, sim- ple, obtuse, closely reticulate; spikes about an inch long, cauline. OPHIORHIZA. (Greek, ophis, ser- pent, and riza, root.) Because the root is used as a specific against the bite of the viper in India. OPHIORHIZA MITREOLA. Leaves ovate, sessile, with the margin scarious. Charleston, S. Carolina. OPHRYS EP1PETIS. Olea, Greek, elaia, the olive, from leios, smooth. On account of the qualities of the oil. OPHTHALMIA. Inflammation of the eye. OPHTHALMIA, CATARRHAL.— Arising from atmospheric causes, and popularly designated by the terms cold, or blight; the expression ophthalmia mucosa denotes the increased mucous discharge, which accompanies it. It is seated in the conjunctiva. OPHTHALMIA, CATARRHO- RHEUMATIC. An active external in- flammation, embracing the mucous and fibrous coats of the eye. OPHTHALMIA, ERYSIPELATOUS. A modification of conjunctival inflam- mation, and attended with erysipelatous redness and swelling of the palpebrae, and the surrounding parts. OPHTHALMIA, EXTERNAL. In- flammation of the outer coats of the eye. OPHTHALMIA, GONORRHCEAL. This is the blepharophthalmia, and oph- thalmia gonorrhoica. OPHTHALMIA, INTERNAL. Idio- pathic inflammation of the internal tex- tures of the eyeball. OPHTHALMIA, PURULENT. Acute ophthalmia, attended with secretion. OPHTHALMIA, PURULENT, OF INFANTS. This is the ophthalmia neonatorum ; or the " purulent eye " of children. OPHTHALMIA, PURULENT, AF- TER INFANCY. This is the Egyptian ophthalmia, so called from being en- demic in Egypt, and brought to Europe by the French and English troops; contagious ophthalmia, &c. OPHTHALMIA, PUSTULAR. In- flammation of the mucous membrane, attended with the formation of pustules, and constituting an intermediate link between catarrhal and strumous inflam- mation. OPHTHALMIA, RHEUMATIC. In- flammation chiefly confined to the scle- rotica, and caused by exposure to cold. OPHTHALMIA, SCROFULOUS or STRUMOUS. An external inflamma- tion of the eye, occurring in scrofulous subjects. OPHTHALMIA, VARIOLOUS. Oc- curring in small-pox; morbillous, oc- curring in measles ; and scarlatinous, in scarlet fever. OPIATE (opiatum, sc. medicamen- tum). An anodyne; a medicine which acts like opium, in producing sleep, &c. OPIUM. The juice which exudes from incisions made into the half-ripe capsule of the papaver somniferum. Narcotic, sedative, anodyne. Dose of the gum from one to three grains. OPISTHOTONOS. Bent backward in tetanus. OPLOTHECA FLORIDANA. Flori- da oplotheca. See Barton, plate 59. Stem erect, sparingly branched above, pubescent, with tumid joints; leaves sessile, lance-linear, scabrous above, lanuginous beneath. OPOBALSAMUM. Balsam of Mec- ca. The most valued of all the balsams, yielded by the wounded bark of the protium gileadense. OPODELDOC. A solution of soap in alcohol, with the addition of camphor, and volatile oils. OPOPONAX. A fetid gum resin formed of the milky juice which ex- udes from the wounded root of the opo- ponax chironium, a plant of the order umbelliferae. It occurs in lumps and in OPPONENS POLLICIS. A muscle which arises from the annular liga- ments. OPPOSITE. Standing against each other on opposite sides of the stem. OPPRESSED. Labored respiration and circulation, OPTIC. Belonging to the sight; a term applied to the second pair of nerves, to two thalami of the brain, &c. ORC 163 ORC OPTICS. Science of light and vision. When the light is considered as reflect- ed, the science is termed catoptrics; when the laws of the refraction of light is considered, it is called dioptrics. ORANGE. The juice is good to swallow in fever. The external part makes a useful tonic bitter, to promote an appetite. ORANGE-TREE. See Citrus Au- rantium. ORANTIUMAQUATICUM. Golden club; leaves lance-ovate, spike cylin- dric, or a scape. ORBICULAR. Circular. ORBICULARE OS. The small orbed bone of the ear, articulating with the head of the stapes. ORBICULARIS. The name of two muscles of the face. ORBICULARIS ORIS. A muscle constituting the substance of the lips, and often termed constrictor oris, sphinc- ter, or osculator. It has been considered as consisting of two semicircular mus- cles, called the semi-obircularis superior and inferior. The nasalis labii supe- riors is a small slip of this muscle, sometimes extending to the tip of the ^ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM. A muscle arising from the outer edge of the orbitar process, and inserted into the nasal process of the superior max- illary bone. It shuts the eye. ORBICULUS CILIARIS. Annulus or circulus ciliaris. The white circle formed by the ciliary ligament, mark- ing the distinction between the'choroid and iris. A similar circle defines the boundary of the cornea. ORBIT (orbita, an orbit, a track). The cavity under the forehead in which the eye is fixed. The angles of the or- bit are called canthi. ORBITAR. Appertaining to the or- ORCHELLA. Dyers' orchil. The rocella tinctoria, acryptogamic plant of the order lichenes, which yields the coloring matter called orchil or archil. ORCHIDEOUS. Petals, like the or- chis, four arched, the fifth longer. ORCHIS, L. Salep, twinroot. All the species with tuberous twin roots become salep by dessication, analeptic, and pectoral. 0. morio and mascula chiefly produce the Oriental salep. Ail the fragrant species are stimulant and nervine, once deemed aphrodisiac. 0. fragrans, Raf. 1817, of N. Y., is such. 0. orbiculata and macrophylla, Vulne- rary leaves, called healall. O.fimbria- ta roots vermifuge, powder used^ kills worms by touching them, is similar to a fecula ; smell like cypripedium, taste like ulmus fulva. Many species now removed to habenaria. ORCHIS BIDENTATA. Lip oval- oblong, two-toothed at the base ; petals ovate, spreading; spur shorter than the thickened germ; leaves, narrow, lan- ceolate ; stem nearly naked. ORCHIS FLAVA. Yellow orchis. An aphrodisiac mentioned by Culpep- per, English physician, p. 236. Merat says it has been so regarded in Arabia, also ; species not well identified. ORCHIS HYPERBOREA. Lip lan- ceolate, as large as the spreading pe- tals; spur subulate, shorter than the germ; spike ovate; bracts as long as the flowers ORCHIS NIVEA. Lip linear, ob- long, entire; petals spreading; spur filiform, longer than the germ ; lower leaves linear, very long, upper ones subulate. ORCHIS OBSOLETA. Lip lance- oblong, undivided ; bracts short; germ pediceld; scape naked; spur obtuse, sub-inflated, as long as the germ; petals ORCHIS OBTUSATA. Lip linear, very entire, longer than the spur ; spur as long as the germ ; leaf solitary, radi- cal, sub-wedge form, obtuse. ORCHIS ROTUNDIFOLIA. Lip three-cleft, middle division two-cleft; spur shorter than the germ; leaves roundish oval. ORCHIS SPECTABILIS. Gay or- chis ; lip obovate, undivided, rrenate, retuse; petals straight, lateral ones lon- geate; spur clarate, shorter than the germ ; bracts longer than the flowers ; stem leafless; leaves radical, oval, glabrous. _ ORCHIS TRIDENTATA. Three- toothed orchis. See Barton, plate 15. ORCHIS VIRESCENS. Lip lanceo- late, crenate; petals connivent ; bracts longer than the flowers; spur sub-in- flated, obtuse. ORCHIS VIRIDIS. Lip linear, three toothed at the apex; petals connivant; ORI 164 ORO spur obtuse, sub-inflated; bracts much longer than the flowers. ORE. Native minerals containing metals, sulphurets, oxydes, and salts. ORENBURGH GUM. Gummi Oren- burgense. A gum which issues from the medullary part of the trunk of the pinus larix, when the larch forests in Russia take fire. ORGAN. A part which has a de- terminate office in the animal economy. There are organs— 1. Of circulation, as the heart, the arteries, veins, capillaries, &c. 2. Of absorption, as the lymphatic Vessels and glands, the lacteals, &c. 3. Of sensation, as the eye, ear, nose, tongue, skin, the muscles, &c. 4. Of digestion, as the mouth, the stomach, the intestines, &c. 5. Of respiration, as the lungs, the trachea, the bronchia, &c. 6. Of the voice, as the larynx, the cartilages and muscles of the throat, &c. 7. Of secretion, as the liver, for the secretion of the bile; the kidneys for that of the urine; the lacrymal gland for that of the tears, &c. ORGANIC. Having organization. Relating to an organ. Applied to al- terations of structure, organic diseases, in contradistinction to those of function merely, functional diseases. ORGANISM. Vital organization. ORGANIZED. Endowed with life. ORGASM. Salacity, vehemency of venereal excitement. ORGEAT. Syrup amygdalae. ORIGANUM MARJORANA. Sweet marjoram. Principally used as a con- diment in cookery; but an infusion of it is also employed, in domestic prac- tice, as a stimulating diaphoretic to hasten the eruption in exanthematous affections. ORIGANUM VULGARE, Linn. Wild marjoram. Fragrant, pungent, acrid, bitterish, stomachic, corroborant, deter- gent, stimulant, menagogue, diaphoretic. Useful in tea for cough, asthma, chlo- rosis, oedema. Lotions and fumigations used in chronic rheumatism and palsy. Flowers and tops most grateful and efficient, they also dye purple. Dry leaves form a grateful tea. Fresh used for baths in uterine disorders. The distilled oil has all the properties, it is acrid and caustic, burns the skin, re- lieves tooth-ache. 0. majorana, or sweet marjoram, is equivalent but mild- er, very grateful, used in cookery; cultivated. ORIGIN. The fixed point or com- mencement of any muscle. ORIFICE. An aperture. ORNITHOGALUM, L. Bethlehem star. Root edible, emollient. ORNITHOGALUM BRACTEATUM. Scape bracted, one-flowered, terete: petals lauce-oblong, obtusish ; filaments linear; leaves filiform, channelled. ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM. Star of Bethlehem. Flowers corymed; peduncles larger than the bracts ; fila- ments subulate; leaves linear, entire, emarginate. Naturalized. ORNITHOLOGY. That department of zoology which treats of birds. ORNUS AMERICANA. Leafets broad, ovate, serrate, terminal, one ob- ORNUS EUROPEA. The European flowering ash; an oleaceous plant, which yields manna. OROBANCHE AMERICANA, Linn. Broomrape, earthclub, clapwort. As- tringent, antiseptic, and anti-syphilitic, deemed in the West a specific for gon- orrhea and syphilis. Useful for obsti- nate ulcers, aphthose and herpetic sores, diarrhea and dysentery. OROBANCHE FASCICULATA.— Stem short, simple; peduncles numer- ous, naked, nearly terminal, about the length of the stem; scales few, ovate, concave, pubescent. OROBANCHE LUDOVICANA. Pul- verulent, pubescent, stem low, simple; flowers and ovate acute; scales sub- imbricate ; calyx two-bracted; corol recurved ; stamens enclosed, smooth. OROBANCHE UNIFLORA. Squaw- root, broom-rape, cancer-root. Scapes in pairs, naked, one-flowered; corol recurved ; about three inches high, of a yellowish white color. OROBANCHE VIRGINIANA. Can- cer-root, beech-drops; an indigenous, parasitic plant, growing upon the roots of the beech-tree, and supposed to be an ingredient in the nostrum, once cele- brated in this country, as Martin's can- cer powder. ORONTIUMAQUATICUM,L. Taw- kin. Useful plant of the Indians now OSM 165 OST neglected. Seeds eaten like pease, I acrid when fresh, make good bread and soups by coction. Fresh roots acrid, Dut good and edible roasted or dried. Equivalent of arum. ORTHOCARPUS LUTENS. Stem simple, terete, hirsute-pillose; leaves alternate, sessile. ORTHOPOGON HIRTELLUM. Spike compound; spikelets appressed, alternate; glumes all awned, outer awn very long, procumbent. ORYZA SATIVA, L. Rice. Culti- vated: many species and variety; little known yet. The 0. mutica or moun- tain rice is cultivated in the West. Ex- cellent food, and even suitable for in- valids, convalescent, and the phthisical. Boiled in soups, puddings, &c. Pilau or serom is the rice boiled dry, the chief food of Hindoos, Chinese, Turks, &c. Made grateful by spices, oil, butter, meat, fowls, and fish, their substitute for bread. The rice flour has 85 per cent, of starch, and 5 of water, no glu- ten nor sugar, thus makes bad, heavy bread. In China, saki, or beer, and wine of rice are made, starch being turned into a sugary substance by fer- mentation, and thus yielding alcohol. ORYZOPSIS, Mx. Bad name, or rather dilepyrum, Raf. 1807. Angusti- folia, American rice, equivalent to rice, seeds large, white, eaten by Indians, good flour and cakes. ORYZOPSIS ASPLENTFOLIA. — Mountain-rice ; culm nakedish. Leaves rigid, erect, pungent at the point; flow- ers in a racemose panicle. OS. Oris, a mouth. OS. Ossis, a bone (plural ossa) of which there are two hundred and fifty- two in the adult body, reckoning fifty- five in the head, including the teeth; fifty-seven in the trunk, one hundred and thirty-two in the extremities, and eight in the internal ear. OS EXTERNUM. The entrance of the vagina, so named to distinguish it from the os internum, or orifice of the uterus. OS TINCE. The tench's mouth; the os uteri, or orifice of the uterus. OSMAZOME. Alcoholic extract of meat. An alcoholic extract obtained from muscular fibre, brain, &c, having the taste and smell of broth. OSMIUM. A new metal. OSMORHIZA PREVISTYLIS. Hir- sute ; leaves decompound : leafets gash pinnatifid; styles of the fruit pyrami- dal, approximate. OSMOSHIZA DULCIS, Raf., 1817. Myrrhis claytoni, Mx. Sweet cicilly. Root fusiform, with a sweet smell and taste, near aniseed, edible, carmina- tive, expectorant, demulcent, useful for coughs with malva for flatulent bowels with heracleum, equivalent to angelica. Children are fond of this root, may be poisoned by mistaking for it two spe- cies of the same genus, or myrrhis, auct., called poison and bastard cicely, distinguished by the root less aromatic, foliage the same, but in 0. dulcis base of the folioles acute, in my 0. villosa or M. longistylis obtuse, in 0. cordata, Raf.; cordate. These last produce, when eaten, effects very similar to those of the virulent umbellate. The yarhahoi the Shoshonis is my osm. edulis (per- haps oxypolis), the roots are tuberose, fasciculated, fusiform, nodose, white, smell like aniseed. Esculent, make fine meal and cakes. OSMUNDA, L. Rattlesnake fern. Many species nearly equivalent. Roots demulcent, subastringent, corroborant, discutient, esculent. 0. spectabilis gives a fine mucilage boiled in milk, like ar- row-root, useful in diarrhea, dysentery, cholera infantum, phthisis, &c, a topi- cal discutient. 0. cinnamomea equiva- lent of tussilago, vermifuge besides, used also in rachitis and ruptures. Eaten by Indians, deemed aphrodisiac. 0. Virginica deemed efficient for bites of rattlesnakes. OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA. Flow- ering few; barren frond, doubly pinnat- ifid, having small dense masses of ful- vous down at their origin. Found in Cambridge. OSSEOUS. Bony, hard. OSSICULA AUDITUS. Small bones of the tympanum. OSSIFICATION (os, ossis, a bone,fio, to become). The formation of bone ; the deposition of calcareous phosphate, or carbonate on the soft solids of ani- mal bodies. OSTEOGRAPHY. A description of the bones. OSTEOLOGY. A treatise of the bones. OSTEOSARCOMA. Osteosarcosis. OVU 166 OXY The growth of a fleshy, medullary, or cartaliginous mass within a bone. OSTEOMA. Bony tumor; a calca- reous concretion, occasionally found in the brain. OSTEON. A bone. OSTEUM UTERINUM. The orifice at the uterine extremity of the Fallopian tube. OSTRYA VIRGINICA. Iron-wood, hop-horn, beam lever-wood. OTALGIA OTITIS. Ear-ache; pain in the ear. OTITIS. Acute inflammation of the internal ear. OTTO or ATTAR OF ROSES. Pre- pared from the petals of the damask and other roses, by distillation, expo- sing the product to the night air, and skimming off the fine oil floating on the OSWEGO TEA. Monarda purpura. Stomachic, tonic, emetic. OVALE FORAMEN. Opening be- tween the auricles of the heart during foetal life. OVALIS. Egg-shaped. OVARIAN DROPSY. Encysted hy- datid tumors in one of the ovaria, and often acquiring very great size. OVARIAN PREGNANCY. Extra- uterine, the foetus being found in the ovarium. OVARIUM (ovum, an egg). An or- gan containing the ova of animals. The ovaries of the human subject, for- merly called testes muliebres, are two small oval bodies placed in the sub- stance of the broad ligaments. OVARY. A name sometimes given to the outer covering of the germ, be- fore it ripens. OVATE. Egg-shaped, oval with the lower end largest. OVIPAROUS. Animals produced from eggs, as birds, &c. OVORUM TESTE. Egg shell. OVOID (ovum, an egg). Egg-shaped, as applied to the testis. OVULA GRAAFIANA. Serous ve- sicles found in the structure of the ova- rium—the ova in which the future em- bryo is developed. OVULES. Little eggs: the rudi- ments of seeds which the germ con- tains before its fertilization ; after which the ovules ripen into seeds. OVULUM (dim. of ovum, an egg). A little ejrc-: a term common!)* used sy- nonymously with ovum. OXALIC ACID. An acid existing in the form of an acid salt of potash, in many plants, particularly in the species of oxalis and rumex; combined with lime, it forms apart of several lichens. OXALIDACEE. The wood-sorrel tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herba- ceous plants, undershrubs, or trees, with leaves alternate ; flowers symmet- rical; stamens hypogynous; fruit cap- OXALIS ACETOSELLA. Common wood-sorrel, a plant which yields the binoxalate of potash, or salt of wood- sorrel. Acid, refrigerant, attenuant, antiseptic, and diuretic. A tea useful in fever. OXALIS CORNUCULATA. Lady's wood-sorrel. Pubescent; stem branch- ing, diffused, or procumbent; umbels as long as the petioles ; leaves ternate, obcordate ; petals wedge-form, erose at the apex; styles of the length of the inner stamens. Florida. OXALIS STRICTA. Yellow wood- sorrel; hirsute; stem erect, branching; peduncles umbelliferous; leaves ter- nate, obcordate ; petals obovate ; styles of the length of the inner1 stamens. OXALIS VIOLACEA.' Violet wood- sorrel. Stemless; scape umbelliferous; pedicels sub-pubescent; flowers nod- ding; leaves ternate, obcordate, glab- rous ; divisions of the calyx callous at the apex ; styles shorter than the outer stamens. OXYCRAT. A mixture of vinegar and water. OXYCOCCUS ERYTHROCARPUS. Erect; leaves oval, acuminate, serru- late, ciliate ; pedicels axillary; corol long, at length revolute. OXYCOCCUS MACROCARPUS.— Craneberry. Creeping; stem ascend- ing ; leaves oblong, fiattish, obtuse, be- coming white beneath; pedicels elon- gated; divisions of the corol lance- linear. OXYCOCCUS VULGARIS. Low craneberry. Creeping ; leaves oval, entire, margin, resolute, sub-acute, be- coming white beneath; peduncles elon- gated ; divisions of the corol oval. Probably a variety of the first. OXYCROCEUM. A warm discu- tient plaster, consisting of wax, resin, OXY 167 OZI pitch, turpentine, saffron, and several gums. OXYDATION. The process of con- verting metals or other substances into oxydes, by combining with them a cer- tain portion of oxygen. It differs from acidification, in the addition of oxygen not being sufficient to form an acid with the substance oxydated. OXYDENIA ATTENUATA. Pani- cle simple; spikes very long, nume- rous, attenuated, somewhat subdivided near the base ; spikelets about three- flowered ; leaves flat, subulate at the point, and with the sheaths scattered with glandulous trains. OXYDES (formerly called calces). Substances combined with oxygen, without being in the state of an acid. Oxydes are distinguished by the pre- fixes— 1. Proto. Denoting the minimum of oxygen, as protoxyde. 2. Deuto. Denoting a second pro- portion, as deutoxyde. This is also called imoxyde. 3. Trito. Denoting a third propor- tion, as rri'toxyde. This is also called ter-oxyde. 4. Per (very much). Denoting the maximum of oxydation, as peroxyde. OXYGENE. The basis of vital air ; acidifying principle. OXYGEN WATER. A solution of oxygen in water. This must not be confounded with oxygenated water, which is the peroxyde of hydrogen ; nor with Searle's oxygenous aerated water, which is an aqueous solution of the protoxyde of nitrogen. OXYMEL. A compound of honey and acetic acid. OXYPOL1S, Raf. G. Formed by sium rigidum, tricuspidatum, denticula- tum, teretifolium and angelica triquina- ta, Mx. All poisonous or dangerous plants. Equivalent to sium. OXYSIA RENIFORMIS. Sour-dock, mountain-sorrel. A decoction is useful in scorbutic affections, in other respects similar to the common sorrel. OXYTHROPIS BOREALIS. Some- what stemless; hairs of the scape and stipules setose, spreading, those of the petioles few; leafets lance-oval, glab- rous below, hairy above ; scapes of the length of the leaves ; flowers in heads ; very hispid calyx. OXYTHROPIS DEFLEXA. Stem ascending, somewhat hairy; leafets ovate, lanceolate, pubescent; peduncles much longer than the leaves; legumes pendulous, hairy, one-celled, opening widely at the summit. Rocky Moun- tains. OXYTHROPIS FOLIOLOSA. Stem- less, hoary, villose ; leaves numerous ; leafets approximate, ovate, or oblong; ovate sub-acute ; scapes pillose, longer than the leaves, little heads, broad, ovate small; flowers crowded, spread- ing, lower ones reflexed ; bracts lance- linear, shorter than the dark, hirsute calyx ; legumes remotish, deflexed, cy- lindrical, acute, dark, hirsute. OXYTHROPIS MALENSIS. Stem- less, villose, or silky; leafets lance-ob- long, scapes longer than the leaves; scape and calyx hirsute, woolly, little heads, many-flowered, ovate ; flowers spread- ing ; lower bracts longer than the calyx. OXYTHROPIS NIGRESCENS. Sub- acaulis, many-edged ; leafets oval, den- tish, villose ; stipules and calyx dark, villose ; peduncles two-flowered, of the length of the leaves ; legumes oblong, inflated, pubescent, one-celled. OXYTHROPIS VISCIDA. Stemless, cespitose, hairy, and viscid; leafets numerous, oblong, lanceolate, some- what acute ; peduncles longer than the leaves; stipules pillose, membrana- ceous, with a long acumination; spikes sub-cylindrical; bracts as long as the calyx; teeth of the calyx subulate, about the length of the tube ; legumes short, terete, pubescent, acuminate. Rocky Mountains. OZENA. An ulcer, situated in the nose, discharging a foetid purulent mat- ter, and sometimes accompanied with caries of the bone. In its early state it is generally termed catarrh; when more advanced it is called cancer of the nostril or throat, as it occupies princi- pally the one or the other of these parts. OZIER, GREEN. Cornus circinata. Febrifuge, tonic. PAL 168 PAN PABULUM. Food, aliment. PACCHIONI'S GLANDS. Found in the menanges of the brain. PEONIA. Garden peony; is rec- ommended in fits; teaspoonful of the powder may be taken three or four times a day in a little sweetened water. PAINTER'S COLIC. Colica picto- rum. A species of colic incident to painters, from the use of lead. PALATI OSSA. Bones of the pal- PALATI VELUM. The soft palate; the posterior limit of the palate. PALATO LABIALIS. The name given by Chaussier to the external maxillary or facial artery. PALATO PHARYNGEUS, or THY- RO-STAPHYLINUS. A muscle which arises from the arch of the palate, and is inserted into the thyroid cartilage and the pharynx. It draws the uvula down- ward and backward, and closes the back of the nostrils. PALATO SALPINGEUS. A desig- nation of the circumflexus palati mus- cle, from its origin and insertion. PALATUM. Fornix palati. The palate, or upper wall of the mouth. PALEACEOUS. See Chaffy. PALLADIUM. A metal. PALLIATIVES. Medicines which produce merely temporary relief. PALLOR. Paleness. PALMA. The palm of the hand; the internal soft part of the hand. PALMACEE. The palm tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Plants with an arborescent trunk, covered with the sheathing bases of leaves; leaves ter- minal, clustered, pinnate, or flabelli- form ; flowers hexapetaloideous; sta- mens definite ; ovarium superior, three- celled : fruit baccate, or drupaceous, with fibrous flesh. PALMA CHRISTI. The ricinus communis, or castor oil plant. PALMAR ARCH. A branch of the radial artery, which passes over the metacarpal bones. The superficial pal- mar arch is a continuation of the ulnar artery, which crosses the metacarpus. PALMARIS BREVIS. A muscle arising from the annular ligament of the wrist, and the palmar aponeurosis, and inserted into the skin of the inner edge of the hand ; it is sometimes called palmaris cutaneus. It contracts the skin of the palm. PALMARIS LONGUS. A muscle arising from the inner condyle of the os humeri, and spread out into the pal- mar aponeurosis, which is finally fixed to the roots of all the fingers. It is a flexor of the wrist. PALMATE. A form of leaf, having fine lobes, with the midribs radiating from a common point, at the base of the leaf, and resembling the palm of the hand. PALMATUM RHEUM. Palmated rhubarb. PALM OIL. The produce of the palm called elais guineensis, and, ac- cording to Burnett, of some species of bassia and other sapotaceae. PALM-TREE. See Chamerops. PALO DE VAC A. The cow-tree, a native of the Caraccas, from which the vegetable milk, or glutinous or milky sap, is obtained by incision. PALPEBRA. The eyelid. The ut- most edge of the palpebra, out of which the hairs grow, is called cilium, a term also applied to the hairs themselves; while the eyebrow, or ridge of hair above the eyelid, is termed supercilium. PALPITATION (palpito, to throb). An increase in the force or frequency of the heart's contraction, or in both. When this affection results from loss of blood, it is termed reaction. PALSY. A local paralysis of any part of the body. PALUSTRIS. Growing in swamps fl.nn mflrsnps PAMPINIFORM. Resembling a ten- dril ; as applied to the smaller veins of the spermatic cord, from their peculiar tendril-like arrangement. PAMPLEGIA. General paralysis. PANACEA. A universal remedy. i A term formerly applied to remedies of i high repute. PAN 169 PAP PANADA. Bread pap ; bread boiled in water to a proper consistence, as food for children. ., PANARY FERMENTATION. As in flour, forming bread and evolving alcohol. PANAX QUINQUEFOLIA. Gin- seng. Properties, stimulant, nervine, restorative, tonic. The Chinese medi- cal writers, who have written volumes on these roots, say that the test of the best kinds consists in not feeling tired by walking while you chew them, or even keep them in your mouth. Our American ginseng cannot stand this test, I believe. The best ginseng warms the cold stomach and bowels; it cures the belly-ache, disorders and obstruc- tions in the breast. It attenuates the blood and humors, revives the body, repairs emaciation and debility, sustains excessive labors of the body and mind, preventing weariness and dejection. It quenches thirst, and assuages hunger, It prevents dropsies and obstructions of the vessels and bowels. It fortifies a weak stomach and weak lungs. It gives appetite, and assists digestion, preventing troublesome dreams, faint- ing fits, palpitations, and sudden frights. It renovates the vital spirits, dilates the heart, clears the sight, strengthens the judgment, making the body light and active, and the mind stronger and vigor- ous. It invigorates old people, and prolongs their life. It is useful for feeble breathing, short breath, and asthma. It removes all the disorders of weakness and debility, nay, is also aphrodisiac, and cures hypochondriacal, nervous, and hysterical affections. It removes also vertigo, dimness, head- ache, tenesmus, fainting, sweating, fe- vers, windy bowels, dyspepsia, and vomiting, &c. Such are the wonderful properties ascribed to this plant by the Chinese authors after the experience of 2000 years or more. PANAX TRIFOLIA. Dwarf ground nut; leaves in threes, ternate or quin- ate : leafets serrate, lance-oblong, sub- sessile ; styles generally three; root round; tuberous, and very deep in the earth in proportion to the size of the plant. PANCRATIUM, L. Squilily. Fresh roots emetic like tulip and narcissus, equivalent to squills, much weaker; diuretic given in decoction to horses for diarrhea. PANCREAS. A conglomerate gland, situated transversely across the poste- rior wall of the abdomen. In cattle it is called the sweet-bread. PANCREAS, SMALL. A small glandular mass, frequently found be- neath the pancreas, and of similar structure. PANCREATIC DUCT. The duct formed by the union of the numerous excretory ducts proceeding from, the lobules of the pancreas. PANCREATIC JUICE. The pecu- liar fluid secreted by the pancreas. PANDEMIC. Endemic. PANEXTERN. The outer covering of the pericarp. PANICLE. A loose, irregular bunch of flowers with subdivided branches, as the oat. PANICLED. Bearing panicles. PANICUM, L. Panic grass. P. mi- liaceum, or common millet, cultivated, fine fodder, round yellow seeds feed fowls, good flour, cakes, puddings. P. italicum cultivated for birds. P. max- imum, or guineagrass, perennial good hay of tropics. Florida. P. amarum is the bittergrass of Carolina. We have fifty-five native species, all coarse grasses, P. glaucum and others called catgrass, barngrass, bad weeds in fields. PANICUM CRUS GALLI. Barn- grass. PANINTERN. The inner covering of the pericarp. PANIS. Bread. PAPAVERACEE. The poppy tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants with leaves divided, alternate ; flowers polypetalous, single on long pe- duncles; petals four, or some multiple of four, cruciate; stamens hypogynous; ovarium solitary ; seeds numerous. PAPAVER NUD1CAULE. Yellow poppy. PAPAVER RHCEAS. The corn or red poppy, the petals of which are used to impart their fine red color to syrup. PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM, L. Pop- py. All the species produce opium. P. rhceas, now spontaneous, mildest, flowers emollient, demulcent, anodyne, pectoral, used in tea, also a fine red syrup; capsules mild equivalent of lactuca. The P. somniferum cultivated PAR 170 PAR for beauty, seeds, and opium; seeds afford 25 per cent, of fine, useful sweet oil, and much mucilage, not narcotic; eaten terrified for cakes. Unripe cap- sules give milk by excision, which is opium when inspissated. See medical books for properties of opium, too much used by physicians, being a dangerous stimulant, narcotic, sedative, &c, in fact, a rank poison : best mode to em- ploy it in frictions. Two active ele- ments of it, the morphine, or sedative principle, and the narcotine, have lately been separated, and the morphine used in minute doses without producing de- lirium or irritation. PAPAY. See Papaw. PAPAW. The Carica papaya, a tree with a milky juice, containing fibrin in such abundance, that the juice bears a most extraordinary resemblance to ani- mal matter. PAPILIO. A butterfly. PAPILIONACEOUS. Butterfly-sha- ped ; an irregular corolla consisting of four petals ; the upper one is called the banner, the two side ones wings, and the lower one the keel, as the pea. Mostly found in the class diadelphia. PAPILLA (dim. of papula, a pim- ple). A teat, or nipple. The termpa- pilla denotes the small eminences which constitute the roughness of the upper surface of the tongue. PAPILLA CONICA. The small flat- tened prominence formed by the optic nerve in the interior of the globe, at its fundus. PAPILLOSE. Covered with protu- berances. PAPPUS. The down of seed, as the dandelion ; a feathery appendage. PAPULA. A pimple; a small acu- minated elevation of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, very seldom contain- ing a fluid, or suppurating, and com- monly terminating in scurf; it is the ecthyma and exormia of the Greeks. The varieties of papulous eruptions, according to Bateman, are scrofulous, lichen, and prurigo. PARACENTESIS. The operation of tapping, or making an opening into the abdomen, thorax, or bladder, for the purpose of discharging the fluid con- tained in them in disease. PARALYSIS. Palsy ; the total loss or diminution of sensation or of motion, or of both; the resolutio nervorum of Cullen. PARAPHONIA. Impaired voice. PARAPHYMOSIS. Constriction of the prepuce behind the glans penis. PARAPLEGIA. A stroke, or paral- ysis, in which the lower half of the body is attacked. PARAMENIA. Dysmenorrhoea. PARASITICAL. Plants growing out of others, or animals found in the bodies of other animals. PAREGORIC. A medicine which allays pain. PAREGORIC ELIXIR. An officinal compound of opium, camphor, benzoin, oleum anise, &c, in tincture, and called in the pharmacopoeias Tinctura Opii Camphorata. PAREIRA BRAVA. Literally, wild vine; the root of the cissampelos pa- reira has been employed in discharges from the urino-genital mucous mem- brane. PARENCHYMA. It is now applied to the spongy substance composing the lungs, the liver, &c.; in botany, a suc- culent vegetable substance; the cellu- lar substance; the thick part of leaves between the opposite surfaces ; the pulpy part of fruits, as in the apple, &c. PARIETAL. Bone on each side of the skull. In botany, the placenta of a plant is so called, when it is attached to the walls of the ovarium, as in poppy, violet, &c. PARIETARIA, L. Pellitory. Four equivalent species; P. heterophylla and P. rvfa, Raf., are new. Juice or decoc- tion used as diuretic, deobstruent, me- nagogue, in gravel, nephritis, suppres- sions, obstructions. Contain nitrate of potash. PARIETES. Walls, as of the tho- rax and abdomen. PAROTID DUCT. Steno's canal, opening into the cheek through the buccinator muscle. PAROTITIS. ) Mumps, cynanche, PAROTIDITIS, j parotidea. PARONYCHIA. An abscess at the end of the finger, near the nail; a whit- low. When the effusion is beneath the periosteum, it is the most severe form, and is termed felon. PAROXYSM. A fit of disease, pe- riodically recurring. PAT 171 PEC PARTED. Deeply divided; more than cleft. PARTES EQUALES. Equal parts in prescriptions. PARTIAL. Used in distinction to general. PARTITION. The membrane which divides pericarps into cells, called the dissepiment. It is said to be parallel when it unites with the valves where they unite with each other. It is con- trary or transverse when it meets a valve in the middle or in any part not fl.t its suture PARTRIDGE BERRY. Gaultheria procumbens. Mild diuretic and em- menagogue; used in,New England to cure dropsy; given in tea. Berries mild astringent. A. popular remedy in the North for diarrhea, and for disury in Carolina. Said to facilitate parturition. PARTURITION (parturio, to bring forth). The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of, children. PARULIS. Gum-boil. PAR VAGUM. The name of the eighth pair of nerves, or pneumo-gas- tric. PASPALUM SETACEUM. Paspa- lon-grass. Culm erect; leaves and sheaths villose ; spikes sub-solitary; flowers in two rows. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-flower. Fruits of all edible, acid, a syrup made, used in fevers, cooling. P. in- carnata called May apple, fruit yellow, as large as an egg, pulp like jelly. Leaves used topically, and juice given to dogs to cure the staggers or epilepsy. PASTIL. Aromatics, used in fumi- gation. PASSIVE. The opposite of active, and applied to hemorrhages, &c. PASTINACA SATIVA, L. Parsnip. Root esculent, sweet, diuretic, flatulent, seeds aromatic, used in agues. Root of wild parsnip acrid, emetic, produ- cing sores by handling. PASTINACA OPOPONAX. A Eu- ropean plant of the natural order um- belliferae, which yields the gum resin, opoponax, formerly employed as anan- spasmodic, deobstruent, and emmena- gogue. PATE. Paste, mucilage and sugar medicated. PATELLA. Literally, a small pan. The knee-pan. PATENS. Spreading, forming less than a right angle. PATHET1CI. Trochleares. A name given by Willis to the fourth pair of nerves, because the eyes, by means of these, express certain passions. PATHOGENY. Generation and de- velopment of disease. PATHOGNOMONIC. A term ap- plied to symptoms which are character- istic of, and peculiar to, a disease. PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.— Morbid anatomy. PATHOLOGY. That branch of med- icine which investigates the nature of diseases. PAULLINIA SORBILIS. A Bra- zilian plant of the natural family sapin- daceae, from the seeds of which is pre- pared the Paullinia or Guarana, a medi- cine recently introduced into Europe by Dr. Gavrelle, who extols it as a useful tonic. Martius found in it a crystalli- zable principle, which he named gua- ranin, and which appears, from the re- searches of Berthemot and Dechastelus, to be identical with caffein. PAUCI. Few in number. PAVILION. Expansion of the ex- ternal ear, including the helix, antihe- lix, tragus, anti-tragus, lobe, and the groove, fossa scaphoides, and concha. PEACH-TREE. Amygdalus. The leaves of the peach may be used for bloody urine. Make a tea and drink, four or five times a day, about a gill. PEARL ASH. The name of potash when it is calcined, and of a whitish pearly lustre. It is employed in making flint glass, soap, &c. PEARL BARLEY. Common barley divested of its cuticle, and.rounded and polished in a mill, so as to acquire a pearly appearance. PEARL-EYE. Pearl in the eye. The old English name of cataract. PECCANT. Deficiency or deteriora- tion of the fluids. PECTINATE. Like the teeth of a comb, intermediate between fimbriate and pinnatifid. PECTINATI MUSCULI. A desig- nation of the muscular fasciculi of the heart, from their resemblance to the teeth of a comb. PECTINALIS. J M d f th thi h- PECTINEUS. | iUusCle 01 T e 5 PECTORAL MEDICINES. Med- PEL 172 PEN icines adapted to cure diseases of the breast. PECTORALIS (from pectus, the breast). The name of two muscles of the trunk. PECTORALIS MAJOR. It arises from half the clavicle, all the edge of the sternum, and the cartilages of the three lower true ribs, and is inserted into the outer border of the occipital groove of the humerus. It moves the arm for- ward, &c, and is a muscle of respiration. PECTORALIS MINOR. It arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, and is inserted into the coracoid process of the scapula. It draws the shoulder- bone forward and downward, and ele- vates the ribs. PECTORILIQUY. A chest-sound; a voice which appears to proceed direct- ly from the chest, and to traverse the tube of the stethoscope. PEDATE. Having a central leaf or segment, and the two side ones, which are compound, like a bird's foot. PEDICEL. A little flower-stalk, or partial peduncle. PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewort. P. gladiata is one of the vulnerary plants called healall. P. Canadensis deemed by Indians to cure rattlesnake bites. PEDILUVIUM (pes, pedis, the foot; lavo, to wash). A foot-bath. PEDUNCLE. A stem bearing the flower and fruit. PELARGONIUM AERIFOLIUM. — Lemon or male-leaf geranium ; umbels about five-flowered; leaves five-lobed palmate, serrate; below wedge-form undivided. PELARGONIUM CAPITATUM. — Rose-scented geranium; flowers capi- tate ; leaves cordate, waved soft; stem diffuse. PELARGONIUM DAUCIFOLIUM. Carrot geranium ; scape very simple ; leaves thrice pinnate, hirsute ; leafets lance-linear. PELARGONIUM GRA VEOLENS.— Sweet rose-geranium; umbels many- flowered, sub-capitate leaves, palmate, seven-lobed ; divisions oblong, obtuse, margins revolute. PELARGONIUM INQUINANS.— Scarlet geranium. Umbels many flow- ered ; leaves round, reniform, hardly divided, crenate. viscid, downy. PELARGONIUM ODORATISSI- MUM. Sweet-scented geranium. Ped- uncles sub-five-flowered; leaves round, cordate, very soft. PELARGONIUM QUERCIFOLIUM. Oak-leaf geranium. Umbels sub-many flowered; leaves cordate, pinnatifid, crenate ; sinuses rounded; filaments ascending at the apex. PELARGONIUM TRISTE. Mourn- ing geranium. Umbel simple ; leaves rough haired, pinnate ; leafets bipinnat- ifid ; divisions oblong, acute ; flowers dark green. PELARGONIUM ZONALE. Horse- shoe geranium. Umbels many flowered; heart orbicular, obsoletely-lobed, tooth- ed, with a colored zone or band around near the margin. PELLICULE PELLICLE. A film or fragment of a membrane, from pelis, the skin or hide of any creature ; thin skin-like appearance. PELLITORY. The root of the ana- cyclus pyrethrum, imported from the Le- vant under the name of Pellitory of Spain. PELTANDRA, Raf. 1817. Lecon- tea Ty., 1824. Five species blended in Arum sagitfolium. Taroho, tuckah, wampee of Indian tribes. Fresh roots and seeds acrid, pungent, stimulant, equivalent to arum ; but mild and edible when roasted or boiled: seeds used like pepper. PELTATE. Having the petiole at- tached to some part of the under side of the leaf. PELLUCID. Transparent or liquid. PELVIS. The basin, or the large bony cavity which terminates the trunk inferiorly, containing the urinary and genital organs, and, in women, the ute- rus. PELVIS OF THE KIDNEYS. An irregularly oval membranous sac, oc- cupying the posterior fissure of the kid- ney. It is formed by union of the in- fundibula, from which it receives the urine, and conveys that fluid to the ureter. PELVIMETER. Instrument for measuring the capacity of the pelvis. PEMPHIGUS. Vesicular contagious fever. PENCILLED. Shaped like a paint- er's pencil or brush. PENDENT. Hanging down, pen- dulous. PEN 173 PER PENETRATING. A wound enter- ing one of the splanchnic cavities. PENIS. The male organ of genera- tion, consisting of three lengthened bodies, closely united to each other, viz., the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum. PENNISETUM GLAUCUM. Fox- tail panic. Spike cylindrical; involucre of many fascicled bristles, scabrous up- ward ; perfect floret, transversely ru- gose ; var. purpurascens; sheath hairy; glumes and bristles of the involucre hairy. Introduced. PENISTEMON CRISTATUM. — Stem low, pubescent; leaves oblong, acute, obsoletely denticulate, sub-hir- sute ; pedicels axillary and terminal, one to three-flowered, very short ster- ile filaments, exsert, revolute at the apex; bearded divisions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, hirsute. PENISTEMON FRUTESCENS.— Stem fruticose; branches angled, pu- bescent above; leaves lanceolate, ob- soletely denticulate, sessile, nearly glabrous ; raceme terminal, sub-corymb- ed ; sterile filament bearded. PENISTEMON GRANDIFLORUM. Very glabrous; leaves half clasping, ovate, oblong, entire, upper ones round- ish ; flowers solitary and axillary, ster- ile filament partly pubescent at the summit; divisions of the calyx oblong, ^PENISTEMON PUBESCENS. Beard-tongue. Stem hairy ; leaves ser- rulate, lance-oblong, sessile; flowers panicled ; the barren filament bearded from the apex to below the middle; var. latifolia, has broad smooth leaves ; var. angustifolia has narrow, hairy, ob- scurely denticulate leaves. See Bar- tox. plate 103. PENNYROYAL. The common name of the mentha pulegium. Under the same name, the hedeoma pulegioides is highly reputed in domestic practice. A tea drank freely is excellent for sup- pression of urine, as well as the men- ses, and as an emmenagogue. PENTAGYNIA. Having five pis- tils ; an ordinal character in Linnaeus's system of plants. PENTANDRIA. Having five sta- mens ; the character of the fifth class of plants in Linnaeus's system. PENTHORIUM SEDOIDES. Vir- ginian orpine. Stem branching, angled, leaves lanceolate, sub-sessile, unequal- ly and densely serrate ; spikes secund, terminal, panicled, alternate and cymed; seeds pitted. PEPPER. The berries of the piper nigrum. The hot acrid black pepper of the shops consists of the berries with the pulp adhering; the white pepper is the same thing, only the pulp is washed off before the fruit is dried. They yield a crystalline substance called piperin. Also African pepper, called capsicum or cayenne, all very pungent and acrid. An excellent stimulant internally, and a good counter-irritant externally. PEPPER, LONG. The dried female spikes of the piper longum, composed of firmly united one-seeded drupes. PEPPERMINT. Mentha piperita. Stomachic, stimulant. PEPTIC. Digestible. PER. A Latin preposition, which, when prefixed to the name of an oxyde, indicates the presence of the greatest quantity of oxygen which can exist in a compound of such materials, as in per-oxyde. Bi-per. This double prefix is used when there is more than one atom of oxygen in the base, as well as an un- equal number of atoms of acid and base, as in the fo-per-sulphate of mer- cury, where bi indicates the presence of two atoms of acid, and per that the mercury is in the form of a per-oxyde. PER-ACUTE. Very sharp ; a term applied to diseases when greatly ag- gravated or attended by considerable inflammation. PERCOLATION (percolo, to strain through). Filtration ; the passing of fluids through a strainer. PERCUSSION (percutio, to strike). The act of striking upon the chest, ab- domen, &c, with the view of producing sounds by which the state of the sub- jacent parts may be ascertained. PEREGRINUS. Foreign, wander- ing. PERENNIAL. Lasting more than two years. PERFOLIATE. Having a stem run- ning through the leaf ; differs from con- nate in not consisting of two leaves. PERFORATE. Having holes as if pricked through ; differs from punctate, I which has dots resembling holes. PER 174 PER PERFORANS (perforo, to pierce through). A designation of the flexor digitorum profundus, from its perfora- ting the tendon of the flexor sublimis. PERFORANS, CASSERII NERVUS. Another name for the niusculo-cuta- neous, or external cutaneous nerve. PERFORATION (perforo, to pierce). A term employed to denote a solution of continuity, from disease of the pari- etes of a hollow organ, as of the intes- tines. PERFORATUS (perforo, to bore through). Bored through; a term ap- plied to— 1. The coraco-brachialis muscle, from its being perforated by the external cu- taneous nerve, as discovered by Cas- serius. 2. The flexor digitorum communis sublimis muscle, from its tendon being perforated by the tendon of the flexor profundus. PERIANTH. (From peri, around, anthos, flower.) A sort of calyx. PERICARDITIS. Inflammation of the pericardium. Carditis is inflamma- tion of the muscular substance of the PERICARDIUM. A fibro serous membrane which surrounds the heart. PERICARP. (From peri, around, and karpos, fruit.) A seed-vessel, or whatever contains the seed. PERICHONDRIUM. The synovial membrane which covers the cartilages. PERICRANIUM. The periosteum or membrane which covers the bones of the cranium. PERIDIUM. The round membra- nous case which contains the seeds of some mushrooms. PERIGYNOUS. From peri, around, and gynia, pistil. PERINCEUM. The inferior part of the trunk of the body, in which are situated the two great excretory out- lets, the urethra and the anus. PERIODICITY. Regular recurrence of a paroxysm. PERIORBITA. The fibrous mem- brane which lines the orbit of the eye. PERIOSTEUM. The membrane which surrounds the bones. In the re- cent state of the teeth, their root is sur- rounded by a prolongation of the mu- cous membrane of the mouth, called the alveolo-dentar periosteum. PERI. Around. PERIOSTOSIS. A tumor formed by swelling of the periosteum. PERIOSTITIS. Inflammation of the periosteum, or investing membrane of the bones. PERIPHERY. The outer edge of the frond of a lichen; the circumfer- ence of a circle. PERIPLOCA GRECA. Milk-vine; flowers hirsute within; terminal stig- ma, with ten crenatures. PERIPNEUMONIA. Peripneumony; inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung. The term is synonymous with pneumonia, although it would seem to imply either a more intense degree of the disease, or a more superficial affec- tion. PERIPNEUMONIA NOTHA. Spu- rious or bastard peripneumony. PERISPERM. (From peri, around, and sperma, seed.) Around the seed; skin of the seed. PERISTALTIC. A term applied to the vermicular contractions of the in- testines upon themselves. PERISTAPHYLINUS. A term ap- plied to two muscles of the palate; the externus, or the circumflexus palati; and the internus, or the levator palati mollis. PERISTAPHYLO -PHARYNGEUS. The first or upper portion of the palato- pharyngeus muscle ; the second or mid- dle portion is termed pharyngo-staphy- linus ; the third, or lower portion, thy- ro staphylinus. PERISTOMA. The membrane, or series of tooth-like processes, which closes the orifice of the theca of mosses. PERITONEAL FEVER. Puerperal, or child-bed fever, so called from its occurring frequently after labor. PERITONEUM. The serous mem- brane which lines the interior of the abdomen, and invests all the viscera contained therein. PERITONITIS. Inflammation of the peritonaeum. It is acute or chronic. PERMANENT. Any part of a plant is said to be permanent when it remains longer than is usual for similar parts in most plants. PERMEABILITY. Open, to be pass- ed through. PERNIO. A chilblain of the heel, | &c. 75 PHA PES I PERONEAL. Muscles of the leg, longus, brevis, and tertius, also applied to the vessels, &c, of the fibula. PERONEUS LONGUS. A muscle placed at the outer part of the leg, and under the sole of the foot. PERONEUS BREVIS. A muscle having the same form as the preceding, but not so long. They are both ex- tensors of the leg. PERONEUS TERTIUS. A muscle which appears to be a part of the ex- tensor longus digitorum, but may be considered as analagous to the flexor carpi ulnaris of the fore-arm. PERONEUS NERVUS. The exter- nal popliteal or peroneal nerve. The internal popliteal is the tibialis. PEROXYDE. A term applied in chemical nomenclature to denote the highest degree of oxydation of which a compound is capable. PER SALTUM. By leaps, as the flow of blood from a wounded artery. PERSICA VULGARIS. The peach ; a rosaceous plant of Persia, the drupa- ceous fruit of which has been termed malum Persicum. PERSICUS IGNIS. A name for the albumen, or the substance lying be- tween the integuments and the embryo of some seeds. PERSIMMON BARK. A decoction is good to inject in wounds, where there is a discharge of sinew water. Very astringent. PERSISTENT. Not falling off. PERSONATE. Masked or closed. PERSPIRATION. The watery va- por which is constantly passing off through the skin, is termed insensible perspiration ; when it is so excessive as to collect in drops upon the surface, it constitutes sensible perspiration, or sweat. PERSPIRATORY DUCTS. Spiral tubes which commence apparently in the corium, proceed upward between the papillae, and terminate by open pores upon the surface of the cuticle.' PERTUSSIS. The name first given by Sydenham to hooping-cough, so called from the peculiar hooping sound which it occasions. PERUVIAN BARK. Cinchona bark. PESSARY. Instrument to support the womb in prolapsus, and may be either bung-shaped, ring-shaped, coni- cal, or cup and ball; and may be wood, metal, glass, ivory, or India-rubber. PESTIS. A term applied to any- thing pernicious, as plague, calamity, ruin, destruction ; it is seldom used by good authors to signify infectious dis- orders. Pestilentia denotes infectious air, or a contagious disorder. PETAL. The leaf of a corolla, usually colored. PETECHIA. A speck or spot re- sembling a flea-bite. These spots con- stantly occur in certain epidemic fevers, which were consequently described un- der the term petechial fever; also in the small-pox. PETIOLE. The stalk which sup- ports the leaf. PETRIFACTION. Change of wood, &c, into stone. PETROLEUM. Literally, rock oil. Barbadoes tar; a bituminous liquid, named from its oozing out of rocks. PETROSALPINGO STAPHYLINUS. An unwieldy designation of the levator palati mollis, from its arising from the petrous process and the Eustachian tube, and being inserted into the velum palati. PETROSELINUM. Parsley-root. The root of the apium petroselinum, an infusion of which is used as a diuretic. PETROSUM OS. Rough portion of the temporal bone. PETROUS. Stony, hard. PETUNTSE. The name of a spe- cies of feldspar, used as the vitrifying ingredient in the porcelain of the Chi- PEUCEDANUM TERNATUM. Sul- phurwort. Leaves ternate, long, pe- tioled ; leafets entire, long-linear, acute, alternated below ; involucre nearly wanting; involucel very short, five to six-leaved ; fruit oblong, oval. PEUCEDANUM VERTICILLATUM, Raf. Leaves decompound; segments filiform, lower ones sub-verticillate. Louisiana. PEYER'S GLANDS. The clustered lands of the intestines, or aggregatae, rst discovered by Peyer. Each gland is surrounded by a circle of minute tubes, called corona tubulorum. PHACA ABORIGINORUM. White, pubescent; stem erect, sparingly ra- mose, stirate; leafets somewhat five- paired, lance-oblong, obtusish; stipules PHA 176 PHI ovate, acute, lower ones connate; lar- gish legumes, slender, stiped obliquely, oval, acute, membranaceous, glabrous. Rocky Mountains. PHACA BISULCATA. Minutely pubescent; stem stout, striate, ascend- ing or erect; leaves nearly sessile; leafets 11-13 pairs, elliptical, somewhat petiolate, clothed beneath with minute appressed hairs ; stipules ovate, lanceo- late, acute, distinct; racemes peduncu- late, spicate, closely flowered, much elongated; the flowers nodding; le- gumes linear, nearly cylindrical, stipu- late at length, glabrous, nodding, with a deep furrow on each side of the su- perior suture. Oregon. PHACA FRIGID A. Erect; a little glabrous, somewhat branching ; leafets in four or five pairs, oblong, ovate, hairy beneath and at the margin; sti- {•ules ovate-oblong, ciliate, foliaceous, arge; mouth of the calyx hairy; le- gumes stiped, obliquely oval, acute, membranaceous. Rocky Mountains; N. W. Lakes. PHACA PARVIFOLIA. Small, ca- nescent, somewhat cespitose ; stem very short; leaves on long petioles; leafets 5-8 pairs, lanceolate-linear, most- ly acute, the rachis flattened, and slight- ly winged; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves; racemes short, few- flowered ; calyx short, pubescent, with blackish hairs; the teeth acute, a little shorter than the tube ; legumes pubes- cent, sessile, terete, and somewhat boat- shaped, acute. Rocky Mountains. PHACA PAUCIFLORA. Nearly glabrous ; stem slender, even ; leaves on long petioles; leafets 8-10 pairs, lanceolate-linear, acute ; the rachis grooved ; stipules partly united, acute ; peduncles few-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes very small, round- ish ovate, acuminate. Rocky Moun- tains. PHAGEDENA. An ulcer which spreads, and, as it were, eats away the flesh. PHALANX. A battalion in the Macedonian armies, composed of 16,000 men. Hence the term phalanges is ap- plied to the bones of the fingers and toes, from their regularity. PHALARIS, L. Canary-seed. Seeds food of birds; flour aperient, the best to glue cotton stuffs. PHALARIS AMERICANA. Ribbon- grass, wild canary-grass. PHALARIS CANARIENSIS. Cana- ry-grass. PHANTASM. A perception of sen- sation in the organs of the senses, de- pendent on internal causes, and not ex- cited by external objects. PHARMACEUTICS. That branch of medicine which consists in com- pounding drugs. PHARMACOLOGIA. The method of administering medicines. PHARMACOPCEIA. The process of preparing medicines. The term is now used to denote a standard code of medicine. PHARMACY. The application of chemical, and to a certain extent of physical, knowledge, to the preparation of medicinal substances. PHARYNX. A musculo-membranous bag, situated at the back part of the mouth, leading to the stomach. PHARYNGEAL. Relating to the pharynx. PHARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the pharynx. PHARYNGO-STAPHYLINUS. The second or middle portion of the palato- pharyngeus. PHARYNGOTOMY. The operation of cutting into the pharynx, for the pur- pose of extracting any foreign body. PHASEOLUS, L. Beans. All es- culent, flatulent, cosmetic, nephritic. Flour makes Purey soup. Some used for catchup. Several cultivated by In- dians. PHASEOLUS LUNATUS. Lima- bean. PHASEOLUS MULTIFLORUS.— Scarlet-runner. PHENOGAMOUS. Such flowers as have stamens and pistils visible, inclu- ding all plants except the cryptoga- mous. PHENOMENA. Appearances. PHILADELPHUS CORONARIL'S. Mock-orange, false syringa. PHILADELPHUS GRANDIFLO- RUS. Flowery syringa. PHILADELPHUS INODORUS.— Scentless syringa. PHILLANDRIUM AQUATICUM. Fine-leaved water-hemlock. A Euro- pean umbelliferous plant, the seeds of which are said to be stimulant and nar- PHO 177 PHY cotic, and they have been given in asthma, intermittent fever, dyspepsia, atonic ulcers, &c.; highly extolled by Lobstein for the cure of consumption. See Reformed Practice. PHIMOSIS. Capislratio. An af- fection of the prepuce, in which it can- not be drawn back, so as to uncover the glans penis. PHLEBITIS. Inflammation of the veins. PHLEBOTOMY. The opening of a vein for the purpose of blood-letting. PHLEGMA. Phlegm; a thick, te- nacious matter secreted in the lungs. PHLEGMASIA ALBA DOLENS.— Milk leg. PHLEGMASIA DOLENS. Puerpe- ral tumid leg; an affection depending on inflammation of the iliac and femo- ral veins. The term consists of a Greek substantive and a Latin adjective, and denotes painful inflammation. PHLEGMASIE. A general term used .by Cullen, Sauvages, &c, for lo- cal inflammations; " but, as phlegmasia and phlegmatic import, in medical lan- guage, a very different and almost an opposite idea," Dr. Good prefers the term phlogotica, derived from the same root. PHLEGMATIC. Relaxed, and abounding in phlegm. PHLEGMON. A tense, painful, red, circumscribed swelling, raised more or less above the level of the surrounding integuments, attended by a sense of throbbing, and a tendency to suppura- tion. PHLEUM PRATENSE. Timothy- grass, herd's-grass. PHLOGISTIC. Inflammatory. PHLOX MACULATA. Spotted lich- nidia. PHLOX PANICULATA. Smooth- stem lichntdia. PHLOX PILOSA. Creeping lichni- dia. PHLOX SUBULATA. Mountain- pink. PHOSPHATE. Compound of phos- phoric acid. PHOSPHOROUS or PHOSPHORIC ACID. An acid produced in the form of white flakes, by igniting phosphorus under a large bell jar. Its salts are called phosphates. PHOSPHORUS. A luminous and 12 inflammable substance, chemically pre- pared from urine and bones. PHOSPHURET. Compound of phos- phorus with a combustible body, or metallic oxyde. PHRENOLOGY. A description of the mind ; a science introduced by Gall and Spurzheim, by which particular characters and propensities are ♦indica- ted by the conformation and protube- rances of the skull. Messrs. Fowler and Wells, of this city, excel in this science. PHRENIC. Belonging to the dia- phragm. Nerves and vessels running to the midriff take this name. PHRENICA. Diseases affecting the intellect, involving the brain. PHRENITIS. Inflammation of the brain, phrensy. PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA. Lop- PHTHISICAL. Consumptive. PHTHISIS. Pulmonary consumption or decline; emaciation of the body and debility, attended with a cough, hectic fever, and generally purulent expecto- ration. It is also termed marasmus, tabes pulmonalis, &c. PHYMOSIS. Contraction of the pre- puce, anterior to the glans penis. PHYSALIS, L. Ground cherry. All species equivalent to solanum Virgini- cum; but berries acid bitterish, liked by children; good diuretic and seda- tive. PHYSALIS VISCOSA. Yellow-hen- bane, ground-cherry. PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI. Com- mon winter cherry. PHYSICIAN. Servant of nature, who aids or assists her in her efforts to remove obstructions in the system, by judicious means. PHYSIOGNOMY. The study of the ?;eneral character, or of diseased states, rom the features of the face, and the cast of the countenance. PHYSIOLOGY. The science which treats of the properties of organic bodies, animal and vegetable, of the phenomena which they present, and of the laws which govern their actions. PHYTOLOGY. The science which treats of the organization of vegetables, nearly synonymous with the physiolo- gy of vegetables. PHYSOMETRA. Inflation of the PIL 178 PIN uterus with air, or flatus collected in the womb. PHYRMA LEPTATACHIA. Snap- dragon. PHYTOLACADECANDRA. Poke. Pokan of Virginian tribes, coakum of northern tribes, garget or pigeon berries in New England, chougras in Louisiana, jucato' in Jamaica, cuechiliz in Mexico. Valuable active plant; root emetic and cathartic without spasms, dose ten to thirty grains of dry powder, safe and powerful. Young shoots and leaves eaten like asparagus and spinach, also in calalous, merely laxative. Old leaves acrid purgative. Stems and leaves con- tain more potash than any plant, 67 per cent, by burning, and 42 per cent. of pure caustic potash by lixiviation. Has a peculiar acid phytolacic, near malic. Fresh roots and leaves eschar- otic, discutient, specific in poultice for cancerous or malignant ulcers, psora, tinea capitis, &c, or extract as a plas- ter, a wash of rumex used at same time. Berries juice alterative, specific for chronic and syphilitic rheumatism, fresh or kept by adding one third alcohol, a table-spoonful full each four hours. The extract less certain, 1 lb. is made by 4 lb.; doses five grains. Berries sweetish, nauseous, sub-acrid, eaten by birds and fowls, give bad taste to their flesh; furnish a purple evanescent stain and ink, and a fixed blue dye with urine for mordant. Leaves used by farriers for ulcers of horses, &c. PIA MATER. A vascular mem- brane, investing the whole surface of the brain, dipping into its convolutions, and forming a fold in its interior, called velum interpositum, forming abed for bloodvessels. PIGMENTI MEMBRANA. A deli- cate membrane which retains the pig- mentum in its place. PIGMENTUM NIGRUM. A dark brown substance, which covers the outer and inner surface of the choroid membrane. The absence of this sub- stance in the Albino gives the red color to the iris and the pupil. PIGROOT. See Claytonia. PIGSWEED. See Chenopodium. PILE, GALVANIC. An apparatus for exhibiting the phenomena of gal- vanism, and consisting of a pile or column of metallic plates of zinc or copper, and disks of wet card, placed in succession to each other in the same regular order throughout the series. PILEOLE. The outer covering of the germinating leaves of monocotyle- donous plants ; that which formed the primordial leaf. PILES. Hemorrhoids, tumors or en- larged veins about the neighborhood of the anus, sometimes attended with hem- orrhage and prolapsus. PILEUS. The hat of a fungus. PILEWORT. Amaranthus hypo- chondriacus. Astringent, herpetic. PILOSE. Hairy, with distinct, straightish hairs. PILULA. A pill. PILUS. A hair. PIMENTE BACCE. Pimenta ber- ries, Jamaica pepper, or allspice; the fruit of the Eugenia pimenta. PIMPERNEL. Foreign and Ameri- can plant; a decoction is recommended for cleansing ulcers. PIMPINELLA ANISUM. The anise; an umbelliferous plant, cultivated in Spain and Germany for the sake of its fruit, popularly termed anise-seed. PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA. Small burnet saxifrage ; European plant. PIMPLE. A small acuminated ele- vation of the cuticle, with an inflamed base. PIMPLED. See Papillose. PINCKNEYA PUBENS. A large shrub, growing in moist situations along the seacoast of South Carolina, Geor- gia, and Florida, closely allied in botan- ical characters to the cinchona?, and the bark of which has been used in Geor- gia as a substitute for Peruvian bark. The dose and mode of preparation are the same with those called also Georgia bark. See Barton, plate 7. PINEAL GLAND (pineus, of pine). A soft gray substance of the brain, situated above the tubercula quadrige- mina; it is of a conical form, resem- bling a pine, and hence is also termed conarium. It is very improperly called a gland. PINGUIDINOUS DUCTS. Ducts conveying the fat. PINK ROOT. Spigelia Marylandica; anthelmintic. PINNA. A wing feather, applied to Jpofpf o PINNATE. A leaf is pinnate when PIN 179 PIS the leafets are arranged in two rows on the side of a common petiole, as in the rose. PINNATIFID. Cut in a pinnate manner. It differs from pinnate, in being a simple leaf deeply parted, while pinnate is a compound of distinct leafets. PINT. Octarius, one eighth of a gallon. PINUS. The name of a genus of plants of the order conifera, or the Fir tribe. The term pine, derived from the Celtic pin or pen, a rock or hill, appears to suggest the place of growth, and to indicate a mountain tree. PINUS ALBA. White spruce. PINUS BANKSIANNA. Scrub pine, gray pine. PINUS CANADENSIS. Hemlock- tree. PINUS CEMBRA. The Siberian stone pine, yielding Carpathian balsam. PINUS INOPS. Jersey pine. PINUS LARIX. Common larch. PINUS MICROCARPA. Red larch, hack-matack. PINUS NIGRA. Black spruce. PINUS PALUSTRIS. The swamp or long-leaved pine, yielding the greater proportion of turpentine, tar, &c. PINUS PENDULA. Black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. PINUS PINASTER. The pinaster or cluster pine, yielding the Bordeaux turpentine, galipot, tar, and pitch. PINUS PINE A. The stone pine, yielding the cones called pignoli pines, the seeds of which, named pine-nuts, are used as a dessert. PINUS PUMILIO. The mugho or mountain pine, yielding an oleo-resin called Hungarian balsam, and an es- sential oil called oleum templinum. PINUS RESINOSA. Yellow pine, Norway-pine, red-pine. PINUS RUBRA. Red spruce. PINUS RIGIDA. Pitch pine. PINUS SCROTINA. Pond pine. PINUS STROBUS. White pine. PINUS SYLVESTRIS. The wild pine, Scotch fir, or red deal, yielding common turpentine, tar, and pitch. PINUS PUNGENS. Table-moun- tain pine. PINUS TEDA. The frankincense pine, yielding common turpentine. PINUS VARIABILIS. Three-leaved yellow pine. PIPERACEE. The pepper tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Shrubs or her- baceous plants, with leaves opposite ; flowers achlamydeous; stamens adhe- ring to the base of the ovarium, which is superior, one-celled. PIPER ANGUSTIFOLIUM. A Pe- ruvian plant, recently introduced, under the native name of Matico. The leaves and flowering tops are recommended as a most valuable remedy in diseases of the genital organs and rectum. PIPER BETLE. The leaf of this plant, with quick lime and areca-nut, is much valued by the Malays as a masticatory. PIPER CAUDATUM. The dried unripe fruit of the Piper cubeba, or the cubebs of the shops. PIPER CUBELA, or JAVA PEP- PER. Properties, diuretic, purgative. PIPER LEPOSTACHYON. Florida pepper. PIPER METHISTICUM. The Ava or Cava plant of the Sandwich or Ton- ga islands; its specific name denotes its inebriating properties. Captain Cook and other travellers describe it. PIPERIS LONGI BACCE. Long pepper. The varieties in the market are the short long pepper, and the long long pepper. PIPERIS NIGRI BACCE. Black pepper; the finest kind is called shot pepper, from its density and hardness. White pepper is made by separating the first skin of the berry, by soaking it in salt and water. PIPERIN. The crystalline principle of black, white, and long pepper, but not the cause of the acrimony of pep- per, which is due to a peculiar soft resin. PIPERINE. Alkaloid of black pep- per, employed as a substitute for qui- nine. PIPSISSEWAY. Pyrola umbellata. A good alterative in the form of tea; highly recommended in cancer. PIPTATHERUM RACEMOSUM.— Clustered millet-grass, black seed mil- let-grass. PISIFORM (pisum, a pea, forma, likeness). Pea-like; the designation of the fourth bone of the first row of the carpus. PISTACIA. The name of a genus of plants of the order terebinthacea. PLA 180 PLE PISTACIA LENTISCUS. The mas- tic or Lentisk tree; the species which yields the resin called mastic. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS. The turpentine pistacia; the species which yields the Chian or Cypress turpentine, and certain follicular horn-like galls, used in the manufacture of a sanative balsam. PISTIL. The central organ of most flowers, consisting of the germ, style, and 6tigma. PISTILLATE. Having pistils but no stamens. PISUM SATIVUM, Lin. Sweet- peas. Equivalent of phaseolus. PITCH. The residuum which re- mains on inspissating tar, or boiling it down to dryness. PITH. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most plants. PITUITARY MEMBRANE. A des- ignation of the Schneiderian membrane, which lines the cavity of the nose. PITYRIASIS. Dandriff: patches of bran-like scales without excoriation, chiefly upon the scalp. PIX, PICIS. Pitch; the resin of the wood of coniferous plants, extracted by fire and inspissated. PIX BURGUNDICA. Burgundy pitch; prepared by melting common frankincense in. hot water, and strain- ing through a coarse cloth. PIX LIQUIDA. Vegetable tar, pre- pared by a kind of destillatio per des- censum of the roots and other woody parts of old pines. PIX NIGRA. Black pitch ; the resi- duum after vegetable tar has been sub- mitted to distillation. PLACEBO. Literally, though in- correctly, I will please; a term applied to any medicine given to please or hu- mor the patient. . PLACENTA. Literally, a cake. The after-birth; an organ formed for, and appropriated to, the service of the foe- tus. The human placenta is composed of two parts :— 1. The fatal placenta, consisting en- tirely of dense tufts of branched vascu- lar villi; and— 2. The uterine placenta, formed of the substance of the decidua, which penetrates between the villi of the for- mer, even to the surface of the chorion, and completely encloses them. In botany, the internal part of the germ or ovary to which every ovule is attached, either immediately or by the funicle. PLAGUE. Pestis, a pestilential fe- ver endemic in Egypt and other East- ern countries. PLAITED. Folded like a fan. PLANE. Flat, with an even sur- PLANTAGO HYBRIDA. Spurious maritime plantain. See Barton, table 98, fig. 2. PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA. Rib- wort, snake-plantain, ripple-grass. PLANTAGO MAJOR. Plantain. A perennial herb, of the family plantage- neae, formerly esteemed refrigerant, diu- retic, deobstruent, &c. The leaves are used in domestic practice as a vulnera- ry, and as a dressing to blisters and sores. PLANTAGO VIRGINICA. Dwarf- plantain. PLANTANTHERA DILATATA.— Giant orchis. PLANTARIS (planta, the sole of the foot). A muscle arising from the ex- ternal condyle of the femur, and in- serted into the inside of the os calcis. It extends the foot. The term plantar is applied to several parts which belong to the sole of the foot, as arteries, apo- neurosis, ligaments, nerves, and veins. PLANUM OS. A small smooth bone in the orbit of the eye. PLASTER. Emplastrum. A solid and tenacious compound, produced by the action of oxyde of lead on fixed oils and fats. PLASTIC. Forming, moulding, that which forms. PLATANUS OCCIDENTAL^.— Button-wood, American plane-tree, false sycamore. PLATINUM. The heaviest of all metals. PLATYSMA-MYOIDES. A mus- cular expansion arising from the cellu- lar substance of the neck, and inserted into the lower jaw, whence it extends superiorly to the face; it is also called musculus cutaneus, &c. It draws the skin of the cheek downward, and, when the mouth is shut, brings the skin under the lower jaw upward. PLEDGET. A compress of lint, sponge, &c. PLI 181 POD PLETHORA. Repletion, full habit of body; an excessive fulness of the blood-vessels. PLETHORIC. Full of blood. PLEURA. A serous membrane which encloses each lung, invests it as far as the root, and is then reflected upon the parietes of the chest. That portion of the membrane which is in relation with the lung is called pleura pulmonalis; that in contact with the parietes, pleura costalis. PLEURA COSTALIS. Reflection of the pleura lining the ribs, &c. PLEURITIS. Pleurisy; inflamma- tion of the pleura; pain of the side. PLEURO - PNEUMONIA. Acute pleurisy complicated with pneumonia. PLEURODYNIA. Neuralgia in the intercostal nerves. PLEUROPNEUMONIA. Bastard pleurisy, a complication of pneumonia and pleuritis. PLEUROSTHOTONOS. Spasmodic bending of the body toward one side, a form of tetanus. PLEURISY ROOT. See Asclepias TtJBEROSA. PLEXUS. A kind of net-work of bloodvessels, or nerves. PLEXUS CHOROIDES. A small mass of bloodvessels and reddish gran- ulations, found in the ventricle of the cerebellum, or fourth ventricle, and named from its resemblance to the cho- rion. PLEXUS RETIFORMIS. A term applied to the erectile spongy tissue of the vagina, from its net-like appear- ance. PLEXUS SOLARIS. An assemblage of ganglia, and interlaced and anasto- mosing filaments, surrounding the two semilunar ganglia of the abdomen. It gives off numerous filaments which ac- company, under the name of plexuses, all the branches given off by the ab- dominal aorta. Thus, from the solar plexus are derived the phrenic, the gas- tric, the hepatic plexus, &c. PLICA (plico, to knit together). A fold, a plait, or duplicature. PLICA POLONICA (plica, a fold, from plico, to knit together). Literally, the Polish plait or fold; a disease so named from the manner in which the hair is plaited or matted together, oc- curring most frequently in Poland. Alibert distinguishes this affection, ac- cording to the form it assumes. PLICATE. See Plaited. PLOWMANWORT. See Conyza. PLUMBAGO. A carburet of iron, black lead. PLUMBUM. Lead, numerous prepa- rations used in medicine. PLUMOSE. Feather-like. PLUMULA or PLUME. The as- cending part of a plant at its first ger- mination. PLURIMUS. Very many. PNEUMO-GASTRIC NERVES. The par vagum, nervi vagi, or eighth pair of nerves, distributed to the lungs and the stomach. From its numerous dis- tributions, it has been termed the mid- dle sympathetic nerve. PNEUMONIA. Inflammation of the substance of the lungs. Laennec dis- tinguishes acute pneumonia into en- forgement, or inflammatory congestion; epatization, or the red hepatization of Andral; and purulent infiltration, or the gray hepatization of that writer. PNEUMATICS. Science of gases and aeriform fluids; or the properties of air. PNEUMATOCELE. Hernial sac distended with gas. PNEUMATOSIS. Distension of the cellular membrane with air, emphyse- ma. POA PRATENSIS. English-grass, meadow-grass, spear-grass. POA TRIVIALIS. Pasture-grass. POA COMPRESSA. Blue-grass. POA CANADENSIS. Meadow-rat- tlesnake-grass. POA RIGIDA. Hard meadow-grass. PODAGRA. Gout in the feet; goutti of the French ; a genus of the Phleg- masia of Cullen, who describes the fol- lowing species:— 1. Regular gout. Violent inflamma- tion, remaining for a few days, and gradually receding with swelling, itch- ing, and desquamation of the part. 2. Atonic gout. Accompanied with atony of the stomach, or other internal part, with the usual inflammation of the joints ; or with slight and tempora- ry pains; with dyspepsia, and other symptoms of atony, often alternating with each other. 3. Retrograde gout. Marked by in- flammation of the joints suddenly dis- POI 182 POL appearing, and atony of some internal part immediately following. 4. Aberrant gout. Attended with in- flammation of an internal part: the in- flammation of the joint either not pre- ceding, or suddenly disappearing. POD. A dry seed-vessel, not pulpy, most commonly applied to legumes and siliques. PODETIA. The pedicles which sup- port the frond of a lichen. PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.— May-apple; mandrake. An indigenous plant of the natural order ranunculaceae (Podophyllea, Lind.). The root is ac- tively cathartic, producing watery dis- charges without much griping. The dose of the powdered root is thirty grains; of the extract, which possesses all the properties of the former, from five to ten grains; acts specifically on the liver; hence very valuable in chro- nic affections of the liver, particularly combined with dandelion in the form of extract. It is best to use both plants. PODOSPERM. (From podos, a part, and sperma, seed.) Pedicel of the seed. The same as the funicle. PODOSTEMUM CERATOPHYL- LUM. Thread-foot. POGONIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.— Snake-mouth arethusa, adder's-tongue. See Barton, plate 77. POGONIA VERTICILLATA. Whorl- ed leaved pogonia. See Barton, plate 67. POISONS. Substances which de- range the vital functions, and produce death by an action not mechanical. These substances are arranged accord- ing to their action upon the animal economy, into three classes, viz. :— 1. Irritant poisons, or those which produce irritation or inflammation, as the mineral acids; oxalic acid ; arsenic ; mercury, copper, antimony, zinc, lead, baryta, and cantharides. 2. Narcotic poisons, or those which produce stupor, delirium, and other af- fections of the brain and nervous sys- tem, as opium, hydrocyanic acid, and poisonous gases. ! 3. Narcotico-acrid poisons, or those which produce sometimes irritation, sometimes narcotism, sometimes both together; these are all derived from the vegetable kingdom, as strychnia, nux vomica, and poisonous fungi. 1. The Mineral Acids.—The prin- cipal of these are the sulphuric, the hy- drochloric, and the nitric. POINTAL. A name sometimes used for pistil. POKE ROOT. See Phytolaca De- CANDRA. POLANISIA GRAVEOLENS. False mustard. POLEMONIUM REPTANS. Greek vjiIptis n POLLEN. Literally, fine flour. A term applied to the powdery matter, or grains, inclosed within the anthers of plants. They contain a fluid termed fovilla, charged with molecular matter. POLLEX. The thumb. POLLEX PEDIS. The great toe. POLLINIA. Masses of pollen, as seen in the class gynandria. POLUS. Many. POLYADELPHIA. The eighteenth class of plants in the Linnaean system, in which the stamens are associated in several parcels, as in hypericum. Hence polyadelphous, having the sta- mens arranged in several fasciculi. POLYANDRIA. The thirteenth class in the Linnaean system of plants, comprising those which have more than twenty stamens inserted beneath the ovarium. Hence polyandrous, having an indefinite number of stamens insert- ed beneath the pistil. POLYANDROUS. Having many stamens inserted upon the receptacle. POLYANTHES TUBEROSA. Tube- rose. POLYCEPHALOUS. See Monoce- PHALOUS. POLYGALA. A genus of plants, so named from the abundance of their milky juice. By boiling the powder of the root of the polygala senega, an acid is procured, called polygalic acid; a new alkaloid is also obtained from several species, called polygalin. POLYGALA INCARNATA. Milk- wort. POLYGALA LUTEA. Yellow milk- wort. POLYGALA PAUCIFOLIA. Flower- ing-wintergreen. POLYGALA PURPUREA. Purple milkwort. See Barton, table 47. POLYGALA RUBELLA. Ground- flower, bitter polygala. See Bigelow, plate 54. POL 183 POM POLYGALA SENEGA. Seneka snake-root. An indigenous plant, the root of which is in small doses stimula- ting, expectorant, diuretic, and diaphor- etic, and in large doses emetic and pur- gative, and sometimes emmenagogue. It seems indeed to excite all the secre- tions. It is chiefly employed, however, as an expectorant, and is considered a valuable remedy in chronic catarrh, humoral asthma, secondary stages of croup, and in peri-pneumonia notha. It has also been employed as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic in rheuma- tism, as a diuretic in dropsy, and an emmenagogue in amenorrhoea. It is most generally used in decoction. POLYGALA VERTICILLATA.— Dwarf snake-root. POLYGAMIA. The twenty-third class in Linnaeus's system of plants, comprising those which bear hermaph- rodite and unisexual flowers on the same individual, or hermaphrodites on one individual, males on a second, and females on a third. POLYGAMOUS. Having some flow- ers which are perfect, and others with stamens only, or pistils only. POLYGONUM. A genus of plants, so named from their numerous joints. The only species worth noticing is the P. bistorta, great bistort, or snake- weed. POLYGONUM AMPHIBRUM. Mud knotweed. POLYGONUM ANFOLIUM. Hal- bert knotweed, tear-thumb. See Bar- ton, table C. POLYGONUM ARTICULATUM.— Joint-weed. POLYGONUM AVICULARE. Knot- grass ; astringent. POLYGONUM BISTORTA. Bistort- root. This species is a native of Eu- rope and the north of Asia. The root, which is officinal, is powerfully astrin- gent. It is rarely used in this country. POLYGONUM COCCINEAM. Creep- ing knotweed, lake knotweed. POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS.— Bind knotweed. POLYGONUM FLUITANS. Swim- ming knotweed. POLYGONUM MITE. Tasteless knotweed. POLYGONUM ORIENTALE. Prince's-feather. POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANI- CUM. Knee knotweed. POLYGONUM PERSICARIA. La- dies' - thumb, heart - spot, knotweed, heart's-ease. POLYGONUM PUNCTATUM.— Water-pepper, biting knotweed. POLYGONUM SAGITTATUM— Prickly knotweed, scratch-grass, ar- row-leaved tear-thumb. See Barton, table 101. POLYGONUM SCANDENS. Climb- ing buckwheat. POLYGONUM TENUE. Slender knot-grass. POLYPODIUM FILIX FCEMINA. Asplenium filix fcemina. POLYPODIUM FILIX MAS. Aspi- dium filix mas. POLYPODIUM VULGARE. Com- mon polypody. A fern, the root of which was formerly employed as a pur- gative and expectorant, but is now rare- ly used. POLYGONUM LINIFOLTUM. Flax- leaved polygonum. See Barton, table 95 fiff. 2. POLYMORPHOUS. Changeable, as- suming many forms. POLYPETALOUS. Having many petals. POLYPHYLLOUS. Having many Igelvcs POLYPUS. Soft concretions or tu- mors in the cavities of the body, as in the nostrils, uterus, &c. POLYMNIA CANADENSIS. White leaf-cup. POLYMNIA UVEDALIA. Yellow leaf-cup. POLYSARCIA. Corpulency, redun- dancy of flesh. POLYSEPALOUS. A calyx of more than one leaf, or sepal. POMACEE. The apple tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers polype- talous ; stamens peryginous; fruit one to five-celled. POME. A pulpy fruit, containing a capsule, as the apple. POMORUM CORTEX. Pomegranate POMPHOLIX. White oxyde of lead. POMPHOLYX. Pemphigus, bullae or vesicles, water blebs. POMUM. Apple. A fruit consisting of two or more inferior carpels, united POP 184 POR together, the pericarp being fleshy, and formed of the floral envelope and ovary closely cohering. POMUM AD AMI (Adam's apple). The prominent part of the thyroid car- tilage, so called from its projecting more in men than in women, and thus distinguishing the sexes. POND LILY. See Nymphs Aqua- tica. Henry says this root is good for fluxes, gleets, and whites: applied ex- ternally, will relieve scrofulous tumors. In his Herbal, he directs the root to he cut, and roasted in ashes, rolled in wet brown paper, then mash, wet with wa- ter, and apply over the part. He adds, " I have saved a child's life by this poultice, who had run a nail in her foot, which prevented the lockjaw, and cured her in a week.2' His remedy for the white-swelling is: Take squaw- root, slippery-elm bark, dry pounded lily-root, pulverize and mix; add cold water, and stir till a poultice is formed; apply over the swelling three times a day Give the patient half a teaspoon- ful of mandrake night and morning. PONS VAROLII. A broad trans- verse band of white fibres which arch- es, like a bridge, across the upper part of the medulla oblongata. It is the commissure of the cerebellum, and.as- sociates the two lateral lobes in their common function; also called protu- berantia annularis, nodus encephali, &c. PONTEDERIA CORDATA. Pick- erel-weed ; leaves heart-oblong, obtuse; spike many-flowered ; compact divisions of the corol oblong; var. angustifolia ; leaves elongated triangular, truncate and sub-cordate, at the base. POPLES. The ham of the leg be- hind the knee. POPLITEUS. A muscle arising from the external condyle of the femur, and inserted into the superior triangular surface at the back of the tibia. It bends the thigh and leg. POPLITEAL. A nerve spread on the leg, a muscle that assists in bending the leg, and turning it inward. An artery and vein also take this name. POPPY FLOWERS and CAPSULES. Papaver somniferum. Aromatic, nar- cotic, anodyne. POPULIN. An alkaloid found in the bark of the populus tremula, where it is accompanied by salicin. POPULUS, L. Poplar. All species useful. Wood white, soft, chip hats made with it; cotton of the seeds make paper and cloth. Bark used for tanning in Africa; mixed with bread in Siberia. Buds, tonic, stimulant, sudorific, fra- grant, and balsamic; good ointment in rheumatism, gout, burns, sores, diseases of the skin, internally for chronic ca- tarrh and diseases of the kidneys. They hold 20 elements, oil, populin, peculiar fat, albumen, resin, &c. Inner bark used by Indians and empirics in tea or bitters' for faintness, hepatic and nephri- tic diseases. Bark of P. balsamifera emetic and cathartic, of P. trepida or aspen, tonic, stomachic, febrifuge. POPULUS ANGULATA. Balm of Gilead, water poplar, cotton-wood; leaves ovate deltoid, acuminate, obtuse- ly hook-toothed, glabrous; younger ones broad-cordate; branches wing- angled. POPULUS BALSAMIFERA. Bal- sam poplar; leaves ovate-acuminate, with close-pressed serratures; white and net-veined beneath; buds resinous.— Canada. POPULUS BETULIFOLIA. Birch- leaf poplar; leaves rhomboidal, long, acuminate, dentate glabrous; young branches pilose. POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA.— Tree-poplar; leaves round-ovate acute, unequally and coarsely sinate-toothed, glabrous; in the young state, villose; petioles compressed; var. pendula, branches pehdulous. POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA. Va- rious-leaved poplar; leaves round-ovate, cordate, with a small sinus ; sub-auri- cled, obtuse, hook-toothed; younger ones downy. POPULUS LEVIGATA. Cotton- tree ; leaves round-ovate, deltoid, acu- minate, sub-cordate, unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base ; peti- oles compressed; younger branches angled. POPULUS TREMULOIDES. White poplar, American aspen; leaves heart- roundish, abruptly acuminate, tooth- serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent at the margin, with two glands on the base at the upper side; petioles compressed, in the young state, silky ; bark astrin- S PORCELIA GRANDIFLORA.— POS 185 POT Leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse, under Burface and branches rufous, pubescent; outer petals obovate, much larger than the calyx. PORCELIA PYGMEA. Leaves long-linear, wedge-form, obtuse, coria- ceous, with the branches glabrous; outer petals obovate, oblong, much lar- ger than the calyx. Florida. PORCELIA TRILOBA. Custard ap- {>le, pawpaw. Leaves smoothish; fruit arge, fleshy; outer petals orbicular. PORES. Extremities of the exha- lent vessels on the skin, &c. POROUS. Full of holes. PORRACEOUS (porrum, a leek).— Green ; of the color of leeks. PORRECTED. Extended forward. PORRIGO (porrum, garlic, from the peculiar odor of the discharge; or from porrigo, to spread). Moist scall; an eruption of straw-colored pustules, con- creting into yellow or brownish crusts, or cellular scabs. PORRUM. The leek, root, or bulb diuretic. PORTAL CIRCULATION. A sub- ordinate part of the venous circulation, in which the blood makes an additional circuit Before it joins the rest of the venous blood. There are in the verte- brate classes two portal circulations; one of the liver, and the other of the kidneys. PORTAL VEIN. Vena ports. A vein originating from all the organs within the abdomen, except the kidneys and bladder, and the uterus in the fe- male. It has two principal trunks, the splenic and superior mesenteric veins. PORTIO DURA. Facial portion of the seventh pair of nerves. PORTIO MOLLIS. Soft portion of the same pair. PORTULACAOLERACEA, L. Purs- lain. Esculent in salad or boiled. Di- luent, cooling, corroborant, antiscorbu- tic, diuretic, vermifuge, subastringent, antisyphilitic, &c. Very mild, used in gravel, strangury, scurvy, gonorrhea, ulcers of the mouth. Good food for children with worms. PORTULACAPILOSA. Leaves sub- ulate, alternate; axils pilose; flowers sessile, terminal. POSOLOGY. A systematic descrip- tion, or table of the doses of medicines. POSTERIOR AURIS. A muscle situated behind the ear, and consisting of one or more bundles of fleshy fibres, sometimes called musculi retrahentes auriculam. POST MORTEM. After death. POSTPONING. Applied to the re- currence of paroxysms at a later hour every successive return, as in intermit- tent fevers, a favorable prognosis. POTAMOGETON GRAMINEUM. Grass pond-weed; leaves linear, grass- like, alternate, sessile ; stipules broad; stem terete, sub-dichotomous. In July, some of these plants begin to raiso their spikes of unopened flower- buds to the surface of the water. As soyn as the stigmas are fertilized by the pollen, the spikes are again with- drawn, to ripen the fruit under water. Other individuals succeed them, and the process goes on for several weeks. POTAMOGETON NATANS. Pond- weed ; leaves long petioled, floating, lance-oval; at first some of them are sub-cordate on water. Michigan. POTAMOGETON DIVERSIFOLI- UM. Various-leaved pond-weed, small- est pond-weed. See Barton, table 84. POTASSA Potass, or potash ; the vegetable alkali, so called from its being obtained by the incineration of vegeta- bles. It is the hydrated protoxyde of potassium, and is known by the names of potassa fusa, kali causticum, lapis infernalis, causticum commune acerri- mum, &c. The term potash is derived from the circumstance, that the water in which the ashes are washed is evap- orated in iron pots. POTASSE BI-CARBONAS. Bi-car- bonate of potash, formerly called car- bonate of potash, or aerated kali. An excellent alkaline ; enters into our neu- tralizing mixture. POTASSE SUB-CARBONAS. Sub- carbonate of potass, formerly called kali praeparatum, sal absinthii, sal tar- tari, &c POTASSE SUPLHAS. Sulphate of potass, formerly called kali vitriolatum, tartarum vitriolatum, sal de duobus, sal polychrest, arcanum duplicatum, &c. POTASSIUM. Kalium. The metallic base of the well-known alkaline sub- stance potassa. POTATO. The tuber occurring on the subterranean stem of the solanum tuberosum. PRE 186 PRE POTENTIAL CAUTERY. Caustic potash, quick-lime, &c. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. All the species mild astringent, tonic, and vulnerary. P. reptans, P. canadensis, and P. fruticosa, mostly used in weak bowels, hemorrhage, agues, menorrhea, &c. P. anserina (silvcrweed) also an- tiseptic, used in gargles for loose teeth, spongy gums; by coction becomes edi- ble. POTENTILLA ANSERINA. Tansy cinquefoil, silver-weed. POTENTILLA ARGENTEA. Sil- very five-finger. POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA. Shrub- by cinquefoil. POTENTILLA NORWEGICA. Nor- way cinquefoil. POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA.— Mountain cinquefoil. POTENTILLA VILLOSA. Hairy- five-finger; assurgent, silky, villose; stipules broad, membranaceous, entire ; leafets sessile, approximate, with shi- ning, close pressed hairs, above hoary- tomentose, beneath, peduncles short, aggregate ; petals obcordate. POTION. A draught. POUPART'S LIGAMENT. The lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdo- men, which is stretched between the anterior superior spinous process of the ilium and the spine of the pubis. POX. The vulgar name of syphilis, formerly called great pox, to distinguish it from variola, or small-pox, on account of the larger size of its blotches. PRASINUS. Green, like a leek. PRATENSIS. Growing in meadow land. PRECORDIA (pra, before, cor, the heart). The fore part of the region of the thorax. This term is, however, gen- erally used in the sense of epigas- trium. PREMORSE. Ending bluntly, as if bitten off; the same as abrupt. PREPUTIUM (pra, before, puto, to cut off). The prepuce; the fore-skin of the penis. It is connected to the under part of the glans by a triangular fold, termed the franum praputii. PRECIPITATE (praceps, headlong). A solid substance precipitated,or thrown down, from a solution, by adding a re- agent. PRECIPITATE, PER SE. See Mer- cury, Red Oxyde of. PRECIPITATE, PURPLE, OF CAS- SIUS. See Cassius. PRECIPITATE, RED. See Mer- cury. PRECIPITATE, SWEET. See Cal- omel and Mercury. PRECIPITATE, WHITE. See Mer- cury. PRECIPITATED SULPHUR. See Sulphur Prjecipitatum. PRECOCITY. Premature develop- ment of sexual powers. PRECURSOR (pra, before, curro, to run). A term applied to symptoms which precede, or indicate the approach of, a disease. PRECURSORY. Premonitory. PREDISPOSING CAUSE. Predispo- sition. A state which renders the body susceptible of disease, as temperament, age, sex, &c. PREDISPOSITION. Susceptibility to particular diseases, whether heredi- tary or acquired. PREGNANCY. Utero-gestation; the period of child-bearing. 1. Spurious pregnancy. Distase in which the mammae are swollen, and discharge a serous fluid resembling thin milk, being precisely what takes place in real pregnancy. 2. Madame Boivin describes three kinds of Mole, which always consist in a morbid product of conception; these are the false germ, the fleshy mole, and the vesicular or hydatid mole. 3. Abdominal pregnancy. In which the foetus is in the abdominal cavity. 4. Complex pregnancy. When the uterus contains, in addition to a foetus, a mole, hydatids, &c. 5. Interstitial pregnancy. When the embryo is developed in the substance of the uterus. 6. Ovarian pregnancy. When the foetus, or something similar, is devel- oped within the ovary. 7. Tubal pregnancy. When the foe- tus, or something similar, is developed in the Fallopian tube. 8. Utero-abdominal pregnancy. When there are two foetuses, one in the ute- rus, the other in the abdominal cavity. 9. Utero-ovarian pregnancy. There being two foetuses, one in the uterus, the other within the ovary. PRE 187 PR1 10. Utero-tubal pregnancy. Where there are two foetuses, one in the uterus, the other in the Fallopian tube. PREPARATION. In pharmacy, the product of any officinal or pharmaceutic operation ; in anatomy, any part of the body in a state of preservation, whether dry or wet. PRENANTHES, L. Gall-of-the- earth, Dewitt snake-root, lion's-foot. Many species. Equivalent. Root and milk very bitter, used in dysentery and to cure snake bites in men and cattle in poultice. P. alba and serpentaria chiefly. P. opicrina, Raf., ten feet high, equivalent of Lactuca. PRENANTHES ALBA. White let- tuce. Radical; leaves angled, hastate, toothed, somewhat lobed, cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled, upper- most ones lanceolate. PRENANTHES DELTOIDEA. Stem simple, glabrous; leaves deltoid, acu- minate, acutely denticulate, sub-glau- cous beneath; racemes axillary, few- flowered ; involucre five-flowered. PRENANTHES PAUCIFLORA.— Stem branching, flexuous, panicled above : branchlets one-flowered ; flow- ers erect; leaves lance-linear, variate, glabrous ; involucre about five-flowered. PREMANTHES RACEMOSA. Stem simple; leaves all undivided, smooth radical ones lance-oval, cauline ones half-clasping; racemes oblong, hirsute; fascicles nodding; involucre eight to nine parted, nine to twelve-flowered.— Goderich, U. C. Mich. PRENANTHES RUBICUNDA.— Leaves ciliate, radical ones hastate-an- gled, sub-entire, lower cauline ones obovate, tapering at the base, sub-an- gled, upper ones lanceolate, entire; ra- cemes simple ; flowers nodding. This was considered a variety of the alba, by Linnaeus, and is made synonymous with the virgata by Mr. Nuttall. PRENANTHES VIRGATA. Glab- rous stem, very simple ; leaves all ly- rate-sinuate ; branchlets somewhat one- sided ; flowers pendent ; involucre glabrous, eight-cleft, ten-flowered — Pittsfield, Mass. PRESCRIPTION. A medicinal for- mula in writing. PRESENTATION. Part of the foe- tus first appearing at the os uteri in labor. PRIAPISM. Permanent rigidity and erection of the penis without concupis- cence. The term is derived from Pri- apus, as satyriasis from satyrus. PRICKLE. Differs from the thorn, in being fixed to the bark, the thorn is fixed to the wood. " PRICKLY-ASH. Xanthoxylum. Both the bark and berries are used. They are good, in the form of tea, to purify the blood; useful in chronic rheuma- tism, pain in the breast, and debility. Henry says, this plant is of great ser- vice in the treatment of ulcers on the legs, and efficacious in the cure of corns. Scrape the inner part, and ap- ply on a rag twice a day. PRICKLY-PEAR. Scrape the inner part and apply to ulcers twice a day until cured. For corns, bathe the foot in ley water, pare off the corn, and ap- ply, on linen, till cured. PRIME VIE. First passages, stom- ach and intestines. PRIMIPARA (prima, first, pario, to bring forth). One who is delivered of her first child. PRISM. A solid triangular glass. PRISMATIC or SOLAR SPEC- TRUM. An oblong image with the colors of the rainbow, produced by re- fracting the light with a prism. PRISMATIC. Having several par- allel flat sides. PRIMULA ACAULIS. Primrose. Leaves rugose-toothed; limb of the corol concave; neck of the tube ob- long ; calyx inflated. PRIMULA AURICULA. Auricula primrose. Leaves serrate, fleshy, obo- vate, scaped, many flowered; calyx mealy. PRIMULA ELATIOR. Oxlip prim- rose. Leaves rugose-toothed, hirsute; limb of the corol flat; neck of the tube hemispheric ; flowers naked within. PRIMULA FARINOSA. Var. Amer- icana. Bird's-eye primrose. Leaves obovate, spatulate, repandly crenate, dentate, mealy beneath; umbel erect, many-flowered ; peduncles spreading; limb of the corol flat, as long as the tube; divisions obtuse, obcordate— Canada. PRINCE'S PINE. Pipsissiway. A tea is used to purify the blood. PRINOS, L. Black alder, fever-bush, winter-berry. Eight species. Equiva- PRO 188 PRO lent. P. verticillatus mostly used. In- ner bark emetic, tonic, antiseptic. Used in agues, fevers, debility, anasarca, dropsy, incipient sphacelus, herpetic eruptions, gangrene, jaundice, foul ul- cers, &c, in powders, decoction, and tincture, a wash or poultice. Berries purgative and vermifuge, mild equiva- lent of bark, bitters made with them. Popular remedies. PRINOS AMBIGUUS. Leaves de- ciduous, oval, acuminate at both ends, mucronate, serrulate, sub-pubescent be- neath ; flowers four or five-cleft, stami- nate ones crowded together on the low- er branches, pistillate ones solitary; flowers perfect, seven-cleft; stamens seven. Brunswick. PRINOS CORIACEOUS. Leaves perennial, broad, oval, acute, serrate, near the apex, lucid above, minute- punctate beneath; pistillate flowers solitary, about eight-parted, staminate ones aggregate, octandrous; var. lati- folia, leaves lance-obovate, acuminate; var. angustifolia, leaves lanceolate, PRINOS GLABER. Ink-berry. Leaves evergreen, wedge-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, equally sub-dentate; above pedicels axillary, sub-solitary, mostly three-flowered.— Canada. PRINOS LANCEOLATUS. Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, finely and remote- ly serrulate, acute at each end; glab- rous on both sides; pistillate flowers, scattered, generally in pairs, peduncled, six-cleft, staminate ones aggregate, tri- androus ; berries small, scarlet. PROBANG. A long slender piece of whalebone, with a piece of sponge at one end, for examining the oesopha- gus, or removing any obstruction in it. PROBE (probo, to try). An instru- ment with which the depth and extent of wounds are tried. PROBOSCIS. An elongated nose or snout, applied to projecting parts of vegetables. PROCESSES. Several protuberan- ces or prominences of the bones and other parts, distinguished according to the parts they are in. PROCIDENTIA (pro, before, and eado, to fall). Prolapsus. The falling down of a part, as of the anus, uterus, &c PROCUMBENT. Lying on the ground. PROFLUVIA. Fluxes, attended with an increased excretion of a matter not naturally bloody. PROFUNDA. Deep-seated, as cer- tain muscles, vessels, &c. PROGNOSIS. Art of foretelling results in disease. PROLAPSUS ANI. Falling of the anus. PROLAPSUS UTERI. Falling of the Womb, when it protrudes external- ly- PROLIFEROUS. A flower is said to be proliferous when it has smaller ones growing, out of it. PROMONTORY. An eminence in the internal ear. PRONATION (pronus, bending down- ward). The act of turning the palm of the hand downward, by .rotating the radius upon the ulna by means of the pronator muscles. PRONATOR QUADRATUS. A mus- cle arising from the edge of the ulna, and inserted into the edge of the radius. This, and the preceding muscle, turn the radius and the hand inward. PRONATOR TERES (pronus, bend- ing downward). A muscle arising from the inner condyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna, and inserted into the middle of the ra- dius. PRONE. Lying on the face, palm of the hand turned downward. PROPHYLACTIC. Preventive, means of preserving health. PROPRIETATIS ELIXIR. A com- pound tincture of myrrh, aloes, and saffron. PROOF SPIRIT. Spiritus tenuior. Spirit which, on proof or trial, is found to be of the proper strength. The proof spirit of the pharmacopoeia is directed to be of specific gravity 0930. PROP. Tendrils and other climbers. PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS.— Mermaid-weed ; leaves linear, lanceo- late, serrate above water, pinnatifid be- low water. Pittsfield, Mass. PROSTATE. A gland situated be- fore the vesiculae seminales, and sur- rounding the commencement of the urethra in the male. PROSTATE CONCRETIONS. Cal- culi of the prostate gland, often yellow- PRU 189 PRU ish, and having a smooth surface, phos- phate of lime. PROSTATIC. Relating to the pros- tate. PRO RE NATA. As occasion may require. PROSECTOR. Dissector, used to designate the assistant to a teacher of surgery. PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA. Spines thick, cylindric, conic; leaves conju- gate, or pinnate in one pair; leafets distant, six-seven pairs linear, sub-fal- cate, obtuse, glabrous, sub-coriaceous; petiole between the leaves and leafets glandular; legumes straight; spikes cylindric. PROTEINE. Organic basis of fibrin, albumen, &c. PROTO. This prefix denotes the lowest degree in which one body unites with another, as prot-oxyde. Per de- notes the highest degree, as per-oxyde. PROTRACTOR (protraho, to draw forward). An instrument for drawing extraneous bodies out of a wound. PROTUBERANCE (pro, before, tu- ber, a swelling). An eminence, or pro- jecting part; thus, the pons varolii is called the annular protuberance; the cornua ammonis are termed by Chaus- sier protuberances cylindroides, &C. PROXIMAL. Nearest side of an aneurism to the heart. PROXIMATE CAUSE (proximus, nearest). A term often used to denote the first link in the chain of diseased effects,—the nearest cause. PROXIMUS. Near. PROXIMITY. Nearness. PRUNELLA VULGARIS. Self-heal; Heal-all. A labiate plant, an infusion or decoction of which was formerly used in hemorrhages and diarrhaea, and as a gargle in sore throat. PRUNUS, L. Cherry trees and plum- trees. Useful genus; we have nearly forty wild species, of which I have prepared a monography ; only twenty- five described by authors. All our wild plums esculent, some cultivated by In- dians ; make good pies, preserves, &c. The best are, 1. Pr. angustifolia, Che- rokee plum, yellow, fine. 2. Pr. coc- cinea, Raf. Fl. lud. large, crimson, acid. 3. Pr. stcnophylla, Raf. sweet and black. 4. Pr. umbellata, Elliott, acid. 5. Pr. versicolor, Raf. several colors. 6. Pr. aurantiaca, Raf. 7. Pr. chicasa. 8. Pr. hyemalis, &c. Few wild cher- ries are esculent, but Pr. rotundifolia, Raf., Pr. hirsutus, E., are good. Pr. virginiana, Pr. canadensis, and Pr. se- rotina, ate active medical; berries in racemes, called black cherries. The bark is bitter astringent, contains prus- sic acid, tannin, gum, and mucus. To- nic, febrifuge, sedative. Very useful in fevers, agues, hectic fever, dyspep- sia, lumbar abscess, chronic asthma and hysteria, cardialgy, &c. Taken in powders, dose ten to forty grains in in- fusion, tincture, &c.; heat drives off the prussic acid. Bark of the root stronger ; reduces pulse from seventy- five to fifty. In large doses narcotic and vermifuge. PRUNUS AMERICANA. Marshall meadow-plum; somewhat thorny; pe- dicels aggregated, three-five; stipules setaceous, compound; leaves oblong, oval, and obovate, abruptly and strong- ly acuminate, doubly serrate; fruit sub- ovate, mostly solitary, reddish yellow, with a thick coriaceous skin; plum about the size of the damson, very sweet when ripe, stiptic before. PRUNUS DOMESTICA. The plum- tree ; a rosaceous plant, the dried fruit of which is the prune of commerce. The part employed in medicine is the pulp of the drupe. PRUNUS LAURO-CERASUS. Cher- ry-laurel. The leaves of this plant con- tain hydrocyanic acid, and the water distilled from them is sometimes used as a substitute for that medicine. PRUNUS SPINOSA. English sloe ; peduncles solitary; leaves lance-oval, pubescent beneath ; fruit straight ; branches thorny. PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. Wild- cherry. An indigenous plant, the bark of which possesses the conjoined pow- ers of tonic and sedative. It is a useful remedy in hectic and intermittent fevers, phthisis, some forms of dyspepsia, &c. It is most generally given either in in- fusion or syrup; the dose of the former being two or three, and of the latter one fluid ounce. PRURIGO (prurio, to itch). Pruri- ginous rash; severe itching, affecting j the whole, or part, of the skin, with or j without an eruption of papulae. I PRURIGO FORMICANS (formica, PSO 190 PSO an ant). Formicative prurigo, attended with the sensation as of ants or other insects creeping over and stinging the skin, or of hot needles piercing it. PRURITUS (prurio, to itch). Itch- ing ; a term synonymous with prurigo. The former term, however, simply de- notes itching, while the latter is applied to the cutaneous diseases attended by itching. PRUSSIAN BLUE. Ferrocyanate of the peroxyde of iron. PRUSSIATE. Compound of prussic acid. PRUSSIC ACID. A designation of hydrocyanic acid, from its being an in- gredient in Prussian blue. PSEUDO. A prefix denoting spu- riousness ; thus, pseudo-membrane sig- nifies false membrane. PSEUDO-SYPHILIS. A disease re- sembling syphilis, but not of the same nature. By some writers it is supposed to be syphilis, more or less modified by the mercurial disease. PSEUDO-TOXIN. A brownish yel- low substance, obtained from the watery extract of belladonna. PSOAS. The name of two muscles of the loins. PSOAS ABSCESS. Another name for lumbar abscess, the femoro-coxal- gie of Chaussier. PSOAS MAGNUS. A muscle ari- sing from the last dorsal, and the four superior lumbar vertebrae, and inserted into the lesser trochanter of the os fe- moris. It moves the thigh forward. PSOAS PARVUS. A muscle arising from the last dorsal vertebra, and in- serted into the brim of the pelvis, it is very often wanting. It bends the spine upon the pelvis. PSOITIS. Inflammation of the psoas muscles PSILOTUM. Greek psilos, naked. Being nearly destitute of leaves. PSORA. Itch; a genus of the dial- yses of Cullen, the scabies of Willan. PSORALEA CANESCENS. Hoary; leaves ternate, short petioled, broad lanceolate ; spikes lax-flowered; flow- ers pediceled; calyx pilose. PSORALEA ESCULENTA. Bread- root ; wholly villose ; leaves quinate, digitate; leafets lanceolate, unequal, flat, very entire; spikes axillary, dense flowered; divisions of the calyx lan- ceolate, a little shorter than the corol; legume ensiform; beaked root fusiform. The root affords a staple article of diet to the Western Indians. PSORALEA FLORIBUNDA. Canes- cent, not glandular, much branched; leaves three-five foliolate; leafets vary- ing from linear to obovate, oblong, slightly mucronate; stipules setaceous, minute; racemes many flowered, ob- long, scarcely interrupted, twice as long as the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers; bracts small, ovate, acuminate, teeth of the calyx somewhat equal, ovate, acute; vexillum nearly orbicu- lar. Rocky Mountains. PSORALEA INCANA. Wholly sil- ky-tomentose ; leaves quinate and ter- nate ; leafets lance-oblong : spikes ter- minal, interrupted; bract ovate, acumi- nate; flowers nearly opposite, sessile. Red River, Canada. PSORALEA LANCEOLATA. Sub- pubescent; stem erect, sparingly branch- ed ; leaves ternate; leafets oval and lance-oval, obtuse, sub-mucronate; pe- duncles longer than the leaves; spikes capitate, many flowered; bracts de- ciduous; teeth of the calyx small, ob- tuse. Missouri. PSORALEA MELILOTOIDES. Mi- lilot psoralea. See Barton, table 57. PSORALEA PHYSODES. Glabrous; leafets in three, rarely in five pairs, broad, rhomb-ovate, acute, micronate, obscurely glandular, terminal, one long petioled ; racemes peduncled, lax ; ax- illary longer than the leaf. PSORALEA LAXIFLORA. Sparingly glandular; young shoots pubescent; stem dichotomous; stipules minute; leaves three-foliolate; leafets sessile, long and linear, or somewhat oblong; apiculate peduncles longer than the leaves; spikes short, with the flower somewhat distant; calyx small and pubescent; the teeth obtuse. Plains of the Platte PSORALEA SUBACAULIS. Nearly stemless; peduncles and petioles hir- sute, with spreading hairs; leaves on very long petioles, seven-foliolate ; leafets obovate-oblong, nearly glabrous above ; the midrib beneath and margins hairy; peduncles longer than the leaves; spikes ovate, rather dense ; bracts and stipules ovate, acuminate ; calyx much shorter than the corolla; the teeth ob- PTE 191 PTE tuse, lowest one produced, the others very short. Tennessee. PSORALEA TENNIFLORA. Pubes- cent, very branching ; leaves ternate; leafets oval, rugose, punctate on both sides; peduncles axillary, about three flowered, longer than the leaves. PSORIASIS. Psora. Dry scall, or scaly tetter; a disease of the order squama, consisting of patches of dry, amorphous scales, continuous, or of in- termediate outline : skin often chappy. PSYCHOTRIA EMETICA. A plant of the order cinchonaceae, the root of which constitutes the striated ipecacu- anha of Pereira, the black or Peruvian ipecacuanha of others. PTELEA TRIFOLIATA. Leaves ternate; flowers panicled, dioecious; var. pentaphylla, leaves quinate; var. pubescens, leaves pubescent. PTELEA BALDWINII. Leaves very small, glabrous; leafets sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal ones cruci- form at the bore ; flowers tetandrous, styles none. Florida. PTELEA. Greek ptelea. Elm; the fruit of this genus having a resemblance to that of the elm. PTEROCARPUS DRACO. The spe- cies which yields the dragon's blood of commerce. PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA.— Properties.—The root is the officinal part, resembling that of monotropa; it has a vapid smell, and a mucilaginous astringent taste. It is employed by the Indians, the herbalists, and the shakers of New Lebanon, as a valuable vermi- fuge, sudorific, anodyne, deobstruent, and menagogue. They distinguish two kinds with purple and yellow stems, called male and female, pretending that the first is best, but obviously wrongly. It is said to avail in all remittents, ty- phus, and nervous fevers ; it produces a profuse perspiration, and often stops the fever in a few hours. It also re- lieves the night hectic fever without debilitating the patients. It avails in pleurisies and erysipelatous fever. It is chiefly good in all low stages of fevers. Employed also in coughs, pains in the breast, and other diseases of the breast, made into a syrup. It is the base of some pectoral balsams. Also taken in decoction and in powder. My experiments on this root in diseases of the lungs, have not yet satisfied me of its utility; it appears useless in scrofu- lous consumption, but is beneficial in hectic fever and pains in the breast, much more so than hepatica. This plant being rare, is sold high by the shakers and herbalists. The eupato- rium, much more common, is probably also a preferable equivalent. PTERYGIUM. A thickened state of the conjunctiva, probably so called from its triangular shape. PTERYGOIDEUS. Pterygoid. Re- sembling a wing; the name of a pro- cess of the sphenoid bone. PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS. A muscle arising from the outer plate of the pterygoid process, &c, and inserted into the condyle of tbe lower jaw, &c, This and the succeeding muscle move the jaw from side to side, and perform the action of grinding with the teeth. PTERYGOIDEUS INTERNUS. A muscle arising from the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, and inserted into the inside of the angle of the lower jaw. PTERYGOIDEUS NERVUS. The pterygoid or Vidian nerve, which passes backward from the spheno-palatine ganglion through the pterygoid canal, and divides into the carotid and petro- sal branches. PTERYGO-PHARYNGEUS. A sy- nonym of the constrictor superior mus- cle, from its arising from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. PTERYGO-STAPHYLINUS. The name of a muscle arising from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, and inserted into the velum palati. PTESIS AQUALINA. Common brake. Frond pinnate, three-parted; barren branches doubly pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse, pinnatifid, toothed ; fertile branches pinnate, with leafets pinnatifid ; divisions acutish, all PTESIS ATROPURPUREA. Rock- break. Frond pinnate; lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse, ternate, or pinnate ; at the base obtusely truncate or sub- cordate ; var. venosa, leafets veined beneath; stipe angled; var. punctata, leafets punctate beneath; stipe terete. In ripening, the marginal involucre un- rolls, and the capsules on opposite sides meet, so that it exhibits the gene- PUL 192 HTL ric character of the acrastichum ; stipe dark purple. PTESIS CAUDATA. Frond three- parted, pinnate ; barren branches doubly pinnate ; leafets linear, elongated, ob- tuse, entire; lower ones doubly pin- natifid, fertile branches pinnate ; leafets remotish below, at the base pinnatifid- toothed. PTESIS GRACILIS. Frond pinnate; leafets lanceolate, obtuse, alternate, ses- sile, lower ones pinnatifid, fertileones en- tire, barren ones crenate, round, obtuse. PTESIS PEDATA. Frond deeply five-lobed, palmate ; lobes pinnatifid ; divisions lance-linear, acute. PTISAN. A bland drink. PTYALISM. Salivation ; an invol- untary flow of saliva. PTYALOGOGUES. Medicines which cause salivation, or a flow of saliva. PUBERTY. The period of life when hair appears on the pubes. PUBES. Os pubis, share bone of the pelvis. PUBESCENT. Hairy, downy, or woolly. PUBIC. Appertaining to the pubis. PUCCOON. Sanguinaria canaden- sis, or blood-root. PUDENDA MULIEBRE. Vulva of the female genital organs. PUDIC. Arteries and veins in the pubic region. PUERPERAL (puerpera, a woman recently delivered ; from puer, a boy, pario, to bring forth). Belonging to child-bed. PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS.— Eclampsia. PUERPERAL FEVER. A term gen- erally considered synonymous with those.of puerperal peritonitis, child-bed fever, peritoneal fever, or the epidemic disease of lying-in women, PUGILLUS. A pugil. pinch between the finger and thumb, eighth part of a handful. PULEGIUM. Pennyroyal. This well-known plant is stimulating. A tea of the plant given warm is good to pro- mote the menses. # . PULP. The soft part of vegetables, reduced to a pulp by bruising in a mor- tar, and pressing through a hair sieve by a wooden spatula, called pulping. PULMONARIA ALPINA. Nearly glabrous ; stem simple, assurgent ; leaves spatulate-ovate ; lower ones acute, upper ones acuminate, sub-pil- lose above, minutely ciliate on the mar- gin ; flowers in terminal fascicles, sub- sessile ; divisions of the calyx oblong, obtusish, ciliate about half the length of the corol. PULMONARIA CILIATA. Glab- rous, erect; leaves lance-ovate, alter- nate at each end, ciliate on the margin; flowers fascicle-panicled, pedicelled; corol tubular, bell-form : calyx short, five-parted; divisions ovate, obtuse. PULMONARIA LANCEOLATA.— Glabrous, erect; radical leaves very long, petioled, lanceolate; cauline ones linear, oblong; flowers sub-panicled; calyx short. PULMONARIA OBLONGIFOLIA. Sub - glabrous; stem simple, erect; leaves lance-oblong, obtusish, upper ones acute ; flowers tubular-campanu- late, panicled, pedicelled ; calyx abbre- viated ; divisions linear, acute, ciliate. PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS.— Lungwort. A European plant of the family Boragineae, the leaves of which have been used as a pectoral. PULMONARIA PANICULATA.— Sub-hirsute, erect; leaves ovate-ob- long, acuminate ; flowers panicled; ca- lyx short, five-parted. Hudson's Bay. PULMONARIA VIRGINICA.— Smooth ; stem erect; calyx much shorter than the tube of the corol; rad- ical leaves oblong, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones narrower. PULMONARY. Belonging to the lungs. PULMONARY TRANSPIRATION. The aqueous vapor which escapes in expiration. PULMONIC. Relating to the lungs. PULMONIC CIRCULATION. The passage of the blood from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart through the pul- monary veins. This is also called the lesser circulation, in order to distinguish it from the greater circulation, or the passage of the blood from the left side of the heart through the arteries of the body, and back again through the veins to the right side of the heart. PULMO, PULMONIS. The lungs; the organs which occupy the sides of the chest. PUL 193 PUT PULSATION. Beating of the heart and arteries, throbbing in an inflamed part. PULSATILLA NIGRICANS. Ane- mone pratensis, a medicinal plant. PULSE. Beating of the arteries, usually felt in the radial artery at the wrist, which is selected for its superfi- cial position and readiness of access- ibility ; a great variety of pulses are discriminated. PULSE, FREQUENT. Regarding the number of beats in a minute; in an adult, above ninety is a frequent pulse. PULSE, FULL. Giving the sensa- tion of great distension of the artery. PULSE, QUICK. Rapidity of each stroke, as though spasmodic, and called jerking when very quick. PULSE, SLOW. Less than the stand- ard frequency, which is various, but ascertained by the age and idiosyncra- cv PULSE, HARD. Incompressible; seeming to indent the finger when pres- sure is made. PULSE, SOFT. Yielding readily to slight pressure. PULSE, STRONG. Indicating great force at each stroke. . . PULSE, FEEBLE. Weakness m its force, opposite of strong pulse. PULSE, LOW. Scarcely perceptible at the wrist. PULSE, LARGE. As though the artery was increased in size. PULSE, INTERMITTENT. A mo- mentary and periodical cessation. PULSE, IRREGULAR. Unequal m force and frequency. PULSE, TENSE. Like a stretched cord, and if small it is called wiry. PULSE-GLASS. A half-minute glass, sometimes used in timing the pulse in- stead of counting it by the watch. PULSELESSNESS. Entasia acro- tismus of Dr. Good. PULSIMETER. Any instrument for determining the force and frequency of the pulse. . PULVERULENT. Turning to dust. PULVIS. A powder. PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS. James's powder, a phosphate of lime, with ox- vde of antimony. . . PULVIS DOVERI. Pulvis ipecacu- anha compositus of the dispensatories, opium and ipecacuanha each one part, with eight parts of the sulphate of pot- ash. PUMILUS. Small, low. PUNCTA LACHRYMALIA. The ex- ternal commencements of the lachrymal ducts, situated on the lachrymal tuber- cles near the inner canthi of the eye- lids. PUNCTATE. Appearing dotted. See PvR.FOR.ATED PUNCTUM SALIENS. The em- bryo heart, first point visible after im- pregnation. PUNCTURED WOUNDS. Made by sharp pointed instruments in the soft parts. PUNGENT. Sharp, acrid, piercing. PUPIL OF THE EYE. Round aper- ture in the iris, closed in the early foetus by the membrana pupillaris. PURGATIVES (purgo, to cleanse). Active cathartics. PURIFORM. Resembling pus. PURPURA. Miliary or spotted fe- vers. PURPUREUS. Purple. PURULENT (pus, matter). Of the nature of pus ; attended with pus. PURULENT INFILTRATION. Gray hepatization of the lungs. PURSHIA TRIDENTATA. Branch- es erect; branchlets numerous, short; leaves in fascicles, simple, three-tooth- ed, white beneath ; flowers terminal or solitary. PURSLAIN. A well-known plant, said to be astringent, febrifuge, and an- ti-venereal. PUS. The fluid formed by the pro- cess of suppuration ; a matter consist- ing of globules larger than those of the blood. PUSILLUS. Diminutive, low. PUSTULA. A pustule; an elevation of the cuticle, with an inflamed base, containing pus. The varieties, as given by Bateman, are phlyzacium, psydra- cium, achor, and favus. PUSTULOUS. Full of matter. PUTAMEN. A hard shell. PUTREFACTION (putris, putrid; facio, to make). The spontaneous de- composition of animal or vegetable mat- ters, attended with foetor; a species of fermentation. PUTRID FEVER. A name given to typhus, from its symptoms of putres- cency. It has been called spotted fever, PYC 194 PYR from its being attended with petechias, or flea-bite spots; and by the Spaniards tavardillo, from tavardo, a spotted cloak. PUTREFACTIVE FERMENTA- TION. Evolving ammonia. PYCNANTHEMUM ARISTATUM. Leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate, short petioled, somewhat hoary; heads ses- sile, terminal; bracts awned. PYCNANTHEMUM INCANUM.— Wild-basil, mountain-mint; leaves ob- long, ovate, acute, sub-serrate, white- downy ; flowers in compound heads, lateral ones peduncled; bracts seta- ceous. PYCNANTHEMUM LINIFOLIUM. Virginian thyme. Glabrous; leaves linear, three-nerved, entire, punctate, acute ; heads terminal, sub-corymbed ; bracts short, awned. PYCNANTHEMUM LOOMISIL— Flowers cymed, many bracted; bract? lanceolate, acuminate, hoary; leaves petioled, ovate, sub-serrate, acute, short, glabrous above ; teeth of the calyx ab- breviated, acuminate ; apex pilose ; flowers maculate. PYCNANTHEMUM MONARDEL- LUM. Pubescent; leaves abruptly petioled, sub-cordate, oval, serrate; bracts large, colored, ciliate; calyx bearded at the summit. PYCNANTHEMUM MONTANUM. Leaves lance-oval, serrate, sub-sessile ; heads sessile ; bracts ciliate, acuminate; calyx erect, with short teeth. PYCNANTHEMUM MUTICUM.— Leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, ribbed; sub-glabrous; heads terminal; bracts lanceolate, acutish. PYCNANTHEMUM NUDUM. Very glabrous; stem simple; leaves oblong, ovate, entire, sessile ; heads pedicelled, few flowered, naked; stamens exsert. PYCNANTHEMUM PILOSUM.— Leaves sessile, lanceolate, tomentose beneath, obsoletely toothed; heads large, terminal, lance-ovate ; bracts and calyx hoary, tomentose. PYCNANTHEMUM SETOSUM.— Slightly pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, sub-serrate, scarcely petioled ; branches fastigiate: little heads terminal, many bracted; bracts subulate, setaceous ; teeth of the calyx acuminate. PYCNANTHEMUM VIRGINICUM. Narrow-leaf Virginian thyme; pubes- cent; leaves sessile, lance-linear, en- tire, punctate; heads terminal, corym- bed; bracts acuminate. PYLORUS. Lower and right orifice of the stomach. PYRAMIDALIS. A muscle arising from the pubes, and inserted into the linea alba, near half way between the pubes and umbilicus. It assists the rectus PYRAMIDALIS NASI. A slip of the occipito-frontalis muscle, which goes down over the nasal bones, and is fixed to the compressor nasi. PYRETHRUM. Pellitory-root, a stimulating sialagogue. PYRETHRUM INODORUM. Stem diffuse, branching; leaves pinnate, glab- rous; leafets linear, filiform, two to three-parted; little crown of the ache- nium very entire. Lake Huron. PYREXIE. Fevers. PYRITES. Native compounds of metals with sulphur, bisulphurets or protosulphurets. PYRIFORMIS. Pear-shaped ; a mus- cle arising from the hollow of the sa- crum, and inserted into the cavity at the root of the trochanter major; it is also called pyramidalis. It moves the thigh. PYRO. A prefix to the new acids, resulting from the decomposition of acids by heat, as pyro-citric, pyro-tar- taric, &c. PYROACETIC ETHER. A species of naphtha. PYROLACEE. The wintergreen tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Her- baceous plants with leaves either want- ing or simple, entire or toothed ; flow- ers monopetalous; stamens hypogy- nous, double the number of the petals; ovarium superior, many-seeded ; seeds winged. PYROLA APHYLLA. Style de- clined; scape and stalk leafless, scaly; scales lanceolate, membranaceous ; scape angular. Plainfield, Mass. PYROLA ASARIFOLIA. Style de- clined ; leaves sub-reniform, generally emarginate, coriaceous; lamina shorter than the petiole; scape sometimes con- volute. Canada. PYROLA BRACTEATA. Leaves broad-ovate, acute, very entire, or very smoothly crenate, coriaceous, acute, shining; scape somewhat two scaled, | racemed, bracted; bracts lanceolate, PYR 195 PYR acuminate, longer than the flower; seg- ments of the calyx attenuate, longer than the lower bud. PYROLA DENTATA. Styles de- clined ; leaves obovate or oval, veined remotely, and obtusely toothed; scape straight, obscurely angular, nearly na- ked. PYROLA ELLIPTICA. White win- ter-green. Style declined; leaves mem- branaceous, oblong, oval, or ovate, plaited, serrate, abruptly acute; lamina much longer than the petiole; scape naked, or having a single scale; bracts subulate; calyx five-toothed. PYROLA MINOR. Style straight; leaves round-oval, serrulate ; scape sub-naked; spike with flowers reversed. PYROLA OCCIDENTALIS. Leaves sub-rotund, membranaceous, obsoletely denticulate, twice as long as the simple petiole; raceme few flowered; divis- ions of the calyx oblong, obtuse ; stig- ma with a five-lobed disk. PYROLA PICTA. Style declined; leaves ovate, sub-serrate, rather fleshy, with large, branching veins, and whi- tish spots ; flowers secund. PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA. Shin- leaf, pear-leaf, wintergreen. Style de- clined ; leaves rounded or broad oval; obsoletely serrulate, sub - coriaceous, shining; petiole about as long as the lamina; scape many flowered; flowers Dructed PYROLA SECUNDA. One sided shin-leaf; style straight; leaves round- ovate, acute, serrate; raceme with one- sided flowers. PYROLA UMBELLATA. Ground holly, wintergreen, or pipsissewa; a plant much celebrated for its specific action on the urinary organs. PYROLA UNIFLORA. Style straight; leaves sub-orbicular, crenate, serrate; scape one-flowered. Canada. PYROLIGNEOUS ACID. An acid obtained by distillation from wood. In its strongest form it is acetic acid. PYROMETER. Wedgewood's in- strument for measuring great heat. PYROSIS. Pain in the epigastrium, as of extreme heat, with eructation of watery fluid. PYROTECHNY. Chemistry, art of making artificial fireworks. PYROURIC. The name of an acid obtained by decomposition. PYROXYLIC SPIRIT. A substitute for naphtha, made by heating pyrolig neous acid in close vessels. PYRROCOMA CARTHAMOIDES. Stem simple, erect, striate, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, acute, punctate, low- er ones long petioled, upper ones ses- sile ; flowers terminal; florets numer- ous, small, PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute, slightly crenate, toothed, shining; peduncles corymbed ; fruit very small. Florida. PYRUS ARBUTIFOLIA. Red choke- berry; leaves lance obovate, crenate- toothed, downy beneath, with the mid- rib glandular above; flowers corymbed; calyx downy; leaves somewhat glab- rous. PYRUS AUCUPARIA. The moun- tain-ash ; a pomaceous plant which yields a large quantity of hydrocyanic acid. PYRUS COMMUNIS. Pear-tree PYRUS CORONARIA. Crab-apple; leaves broad-oval, at the base rounded, sub-angled or sub - lobed, serrated, smooth; peduncles corymbed; flowers sweet, scented. PYRUS CYDONIA. The former name of the quince, now termed cydo- nia vulgaris; it has all the characters of pyrus, except that the cells of the fruit are many seeded, and the seeds enveloped in a thick soluble mucus. PYRUS MALUS, L. Apple-tree. Cultivated. Affords fine fruits, cider, apple-butter, preserves, brandy,vinegar, hard-wood. Apples refrigerant when ripe, very healthy boiled, roasted, then laxative; very baneful when unripe, cause diarrhea and cholera; abuse of apples and cider give colic and rheuma- tism. P. coronaria (wild crab) fra- grant blossoms and fruits, austere, good preserves. P. fusea, Raf., (Oregoa crab-apple) has brown acid pulpy fruits, wood very hard, used for wedges. PYRUS MELANOCARPA. Black chokeberry. Leaves obovate, oblong, acuminate, mucronate, serrate, glabrous beneath ; midrib glandular above; flow- ers corymbed; calyx glabrous. PYRUS MICROCARPA. Leaves pin- nate ; leafets acuminate, unequally gash-serrate, glabrous; serratures se- taceous, mucronate; common petiole J glabrous; berries scarlet. QUE 196 QUE PYRUS RIVULARIS. Leaves ovate, entire, somewhat three-lobed, angled, sub-acuminate, acutely serrate, pubes- cent beneath; corymb terminal, sim- ple ; calyx hirsute, very densely tomen- tose within; styles three-four, attached H,t the 1)3.86 PYRUS ' PRUNIFOLIA. Siberian crab. Umbels sessile ; pedicels pubes- cent ; styles woolly at the base ; leaves ovate, acuminate. Remark.—The varieties into which the above species have been extended QUERCUS AQUATICA. Water- oak ; leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, very entire; apex obscurely three-lobed, with the intermediate lobe longest; cu- {iule hemispheric : acorn sub-globose : eaves very variable : 30-40 f. QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA. Leaves roundish-ovate, sub-cordate,glabrous on both sides, remotely spinose-toothed: cupule hemispheric : scales lax: acorn OV3.tfi~3.CIlte QUERCUS DISCOLOR. False red oak ; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent beneath, and on both sides when young: lobes oblong, toothed, setaceous, mucronate: cupule terbi- nate ; acorn ovate. QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA.— Burner's oak: leaves long petioled, lance-ovate or oblong. QUERCUS IMBRICARIA. Shingle- oak, laurel oak: leaves oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate, entire, shining pubescent beneath; cupule saucer- form ; scales broad ovate; acorns sub- globose, 40-50 f. QUERCUS NIGRA. Barren oak, by culture are very numerous. I have given those only which are set down by Persoon as the most distinct. PYRUS SYLVESTRIS. Wild-apple. Leaves ovate, serrate; fruit small, aus- tere ; var. prasomila, pippin ; var. cas- tanea, chestnut-apple ; var. apiosa, ape- apple ; fruit small, round, red, pleasant tasted; var. cavillae, cornered-apple; leaves broad-ovate, downy beneath; fruit angled. PYXIDE. From puxis, a box. Name of one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. black oak; leaves coriaceous, wedge- form, sub-cordate at the base, spread and retuse ; three-lobed at the apex ; in the young state it is mucronate, glabrous above, mealy rust beneath ; cupule ter- binate; scales obtuse, scarious; acorn short ovate. Small. N. J. Florida. QUERCUS PHCELLOS. Willow oak ; leaves lance-linear, tapering to both ends, entire, glabrous, mucronate; cu- pule saucer-form ; acorn roundish : var. humilis, low and straggling; leaves shorter. QUERCUS TINCTORIA. Quercit- ron oak, black oak; leaves obovate oblong, a little sinuate, pubescent be- neath, lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely denticulate, setaceous mucronate; cu- pule saucer-form ; acorn depressed, glo- bose, 60-70 f. QUERCUS TRILOBA. Downy black oak ; leaves wedge-oblong, acute at the base; sub-three-lobed at the apex; lobes equal in breadth, mucronate; mid- dle lobe longest, downy beneath; cu- pule saucer-form; acorn compressed, globose, 20-40 f. Q. RAM 197 RAN R. R. An abbreviation of recipe, take, placed at the beginning of prescriptions. RABIES CANINA. Canine rabies; produced by the bite of a rabid dog, wolf or fox. The spastic constriction, for the most part, extends to the mus- cles of deglutition, which are violently convulsed at the appearance or idea of liquids. RACEME. (From rax, a bunch of § rapes, a cluster.) That kind of in- orescence in which the flowers are ar- ranged by simple pedicels on the sides of a common peduncle ; as the currant. RACHIS. The common stalk to which the florets and spikelets of grass- es are attached; as in wheat heads. Also the midrib of some leaves and fronds. RACHITIS. The rickets; enlarge- ment of the head, and the ends of the bones, with debility, paleness, bending of the bones and spinal column. RADIAL. Belonging to the radius; name of vessels, &c. RADIATED. Diverging from a com- mon centre. RADIATE. The ligulate florets around the margin of a compound flow- er. RADICAL. Growing from the root. RADICEL. The part of the corcu- lum which afterward forms the root; also the minute fibres of a root. RADIUS. The spoke of a wheel; the semi-diameter of a circle. The small bone of the fore-arm; so called from its fancied resemblance to the spoke of a wheel. RADIX. A root; the lower part of the plant which performs the office of attracting moisture from the soil, and communicating it to the other parts of the plant. RAGWORT. The vulgar name of the senecio jacobaa, recommended in gonorrhea. R A M E U S. Proceeding from the nrfl.ncties RAMIFEROUS. Producing branch- es. RAMIFICATION. The issuing of a small branch from a large one, as of the minute branches from the larger ar- teries RAMOSE. Branching. RAMUS. A branch of a tree ; and hence, a branch of an artery, as the ramus anastomoticus magnus, a branch of the brachial artery. Also, the lower portion of the os pubis, and the anterior portion of the ischium, have each been denominated the branch or ramus of those divisions of the os innominatum. RANCIDITY. The change which oils undergo by exposure to the air. RANINE ARTERY. That portion of the lingual artery which runs in a serpentine direction along the under surface of the tongue to the tip of that organ. R A N U L A (dim. of rana, a frog). Grenouille. Frog-tongue ; a tumor un- der the tongue, arising from an accu- mulation of saliva and mucus in the ducts of the sub-lingual gland. The term is derived either from an imagina- ry resemblance of the swelling to a frog, or from the peculiar croaking noise which the patient makes when affected with it. RANUNCULACEE. The crowfoot tribe of dicotyledonous plants. RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS. Glab- rous; stem striate, naked below ; radi- cal leaves heart-reniform, obtusely cre- nate, cauline ones petioled, ternate, an- gled, upper ones sessile ; branches about three-flowered; var. sessilis, has sessile, cauline leaves, and glabrous, shining carpels. RANUNCULUS ACRIS. Crowfoot. The cormus and herb are rubefacient and epispastic. Other species of ranun- culus, as R. bulbosus, R. flammula, R. repens, and R. sceleratus, possess simi- lar properties. RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS. Pu- bescent ; radical leaves reniform, three- parted, gash-crenate, cauline ones ses- sile, digitate, linear; stem many-flow- ered ; calyx colored, spreading. RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS. Very hirsute ; leaves ternate, three-cleft, RAN 198 RAT gashed, and toothed ; stem erect, many- flowered : peduncles sulcate : calyx re- flexed : root bulbous : carpels smooth. Canada, Peekskill. RANUNCULUS CYMBALANUS.— Glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints; leaves heart-reni- form, crenate, dentate; radical pedun- cles solitary, mostly two-flowered ; pe- tals spatulate ; fruit oblong. Hudson's Bay, Onondaga. RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS.— Pubescent; upper leaves swb-linear, radical ones ternate, or sub-pinnate; leafets three-lobed, the terminal one deeply three-cleft ; calyx spreading, hairy underneath; petals longer than the calyx ; root fascicled. RANUNCULUS FILIFORMIS. — Thread-stemmed ranunculus. See Bar- ton, plate 70. RANUNCULUS FLAMMULUS.— Spearwort. Glabrous; stem declined; leaves narrow, lanceolate, acute, entire, and denticulate, lower ones petioled; peduncles terminal, axillary, one-flow- ered ; calyx sub-reflexed ; flowers small. RANUNCULUS GLABERRIMUS.— Leaves all petioled ; radical ones round- ish, entire, or coarsely toothed, cauline ones somewhat wedge-form, three-cleft; salyx spreading, half as long as the pe- tal ; fruit globose. Rocky Mountains, in the highest parts. RANUNCULUS HIRSUTUS. Pale buttercup. Hirsute : leaves ternate : stem erect, many-flowered: peduncles sulcate: calyx reflexed, acuminate: fruit globose : carpels tubercled : roots fibrous. Peekskill. RANUNCULUS LINGUALIS. Great spearwort. Hairs close pressed ; leaves lanceolate, sub-denticulate, acuminate, sub-sessile; stem erect, many-flow- ered. RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANI- CUS. Stem pilose, erect, branching; leaves ternate, three-cleft, gashed, hairy beneath; peduncles terete; calyx re- flexed ; petals about equalling the ca- lyx ; styles of the fruit straight. RANUNCULUS PUSILLUS. Glab- rous ; leaves petioled, lower ones ovate, toothed, upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex, the very uppermost ones linear, bract like ; peduncles alternate, solitary, one-flowered. Peekskill, New Orleans. RANUNCULUS PYGMEUS. — Small, glabrous ; radical leaves sub- cordate, reniform, gash-toothed; cau- line ones sessile, digitate ; divisions lin- ear, very entire; stem few-flowered; petals oblong, equal to the calyx. RANUNCULUS REPTANS. Glab- rous, small; stem filiform, creeping, geniculate, with the points one-flower- ed ; flowers axillary, peduncled ; leaves linear, subulate, obtuse; var. ovalis, leaves oval and lanceolate ; petals five- eight. RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS.— Celery crow-foot. Glabrous ; lower leaves palmate, upper ones sessile, digi- tate ; fruit oblong. RAPHANUS SATIVUS, L. Radish- root ; attenuant, diuretic, stimulant; good for the dropsy. RAPHANUS RAPHANISTUM.— Wild radish, charlock. Leaves lyrate: siliques terete, jointed, smooth, one- celled. Before the silique is mature, it is generally two-celled, and not jointed. Naturalized. Pittsneld. RAPHE CORPORIS CALLOSI. A linear depression along the middle of the corpus callosum, between two slight- ly elevated longitudinal bands. RATANHY ROOT. The root of the Krameria triandra, a Peruvian plant, used as an astringent. RATTLESNAKE LEAF. See New- wort. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. It has been found by repeated trials of the Indians, a sure antidote for the bite of the rattlesnake. For one quart of rum they will permit a rattlesnake to bite them, being so confident this plant will cure them. Use.—When a person has been bitten by any snake, apply the pounded leaf of this plant to the wound, and take every hour a tablespoonful of the juice of plantain. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. See Pol- lygala Senega. Henry says that this root has cured the dropsy after twelve years' standing. Dose.—Give a table- spoonful every hour. A tea of it is good for the croup. RATTLESNAKE VIOLET. Saty- rum repens. Henry says, " this herb has been found by experience to be an infallible cure for the king's evil." Use.—Bruise the fresh green leaves of REC 199 REF the herb and bind them on the scrofulous tumors, and renew every three hours. Wash the ulcers with a strong tea of the plant, and drink it freely. RASPBERRY LEAVES. Rubus stri- gossus. Astringent, tonic. RAY. The outer margin of com- pound flowers. REAUMUR'S THERMOMETRICAL SCALE. The zero is at the freezing point of water, and eighty degrees is the boiling point. RECEPTACLE. The end of a flow- er stalk ; the base to which the different parts of fructification are usually at- tached. RECEPTACULUM CHYLI. Cisterna chyli, or reservoir of Pecquet. The re- ceptacle of the chyle, an enlargement of the thoracic duct, near the aortic aperture of the diaphragm. RECIPE. Take. RECLINED. Bending over with the end inclining toward the ground. RECREMENTITIOUS FLUIDS. — Those secretions which are reabsorbed. RECTUM (rectus, straight). The straight gut, the last of the intestines, extending from the last lumbar vertebra to the anus. RECTUS (straight). The name of several muscles. RECTUS ABDOMINIS. Arising from the pubes, and inserted into the three inferior true ribs, and the ensi- form cartilage. It pulls down the ribs in respiration, &c. RECTUS CAPITIS. The name of five muscles arising from the upper cervical vertebra, and inserted into the occipital bone. These are— The rectus capitis anticus major. The rectus capitis anticus minor. The rectus capitis lateralis. The rectus capitis posticus major. The rectus capitis posticus minor. RECTUS FEMORIS. Arising by two heads, from the ilium and acetabu- lum, and inserted into the patella; it is sometimes called rectus cruris. It ex- tends the legs. RECTUS SUPERIOR. Arising from the upper part of the optic foramen, and inserted into the superior and fore part of the sclerotica. It is also named at- tollens, or levator oculi, from its office of raising the eye ; and superbus as giving an expression of pride. RECTUS INFERIOR. Arising from the lower part of the optic foramen, and inserted opposite to the preceding mus- cle. It is also nanied deptimens oculi, from its drawing the eye downward; and hnmilis, as giving an expression of modesty. RECTUS INTERNUS. Arising from the margin of the optic foramen, and , inserted into the inner side of the eye. It is also named adducens, from its drawing the eye toward the nose ; and bibitorius, from its directing the eye to the cup. RECTUS EXTERNUS. Arising from the margin of the optic foramen, and inserted into the outer side of the eye. It is also named abductor oculi, from its turning the eye outward; and indig- nabundus, as giving an expression of scorn. RECURRENT (recurro, to run back). The designation of a branch of the pos- terior tibial artery, and of the inferior laryngeal nerves,—a portion of the par vagum. RECURVED. Curved backward. RED BUD. See Cercis Canaden- RED BEAR BERRY. Arbutus uva ursi: diuretic. RED LEAD. See MInium. RED PRECIPITATE. The red ox- yde of mercury. See Mercury. RED MULBERRY. Moras rubra. Fruit refrigerant and corroborant; use- ful in sore throat, angina, and putrid fevers : syrup chiefly used. RED ROOT. See CeanothuS Offi- cinalis. RED SANDERS. See Pterocarpus Santalinus. RED SEED. See Chrosperma. REDUCIBLE. Hernia which can be reduced by the taxis. REDUCTION. In surgery, adjusting a dislocation or fracture, and replacing a hernia. In chemistry, a process called revivification, by which a substance is reduced or restored to its natural state ; generally applied to the restoration of metallic oXydes to the metallic state. REFLEXION. A duplicature. REFLEXED. Bent backward, more than recurved. REFORMED SYSTEM OF PRAC- TICE. This system rejects the use of mineral agents and blood-letting in the REN 200 RES treatment of diseases, and substitutes vegetable remedies. The great and dis- tinguishing feature in this practice is, to aid or assist nature without impair- ing the integrity of the system; agents to accomplish which are selected from every available source. Another im- portant feature in it is, its progressive and scientific improvements connected with medical practice, entirely different from Allopathy and Thomsonianism. REFRACTION. A peculiar proper- ty of light passing obliquely through media of different density. REFRIGERANTS. Temperants. Medicines which diminish the morbid heat of the body. REGIA AQUA. Nitro - muriatic acid. REGIONS. Artificial divisions of the body, as those of the thorax, abdo- men, &c. REGIMEN (rego, to rule). A rule of diet, &c, prescribed for a patient. REGMATE. (From regma, to break with an explosion.) Name of one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. REGRESS. Going back. REGULUS. Metal separated from its ore. REGURGITATION. Return of the food or liquid into the mouth. RELAPSE. Recurrence of a disease soon after its cessation. RELAXATIO UTERI. Relaxation of the uterus; a partial descent of the uterus, when it falls down to the mid- dle of the vagina. REMISSION (remitto, to remit). A cessation of febrile symptoms occurring between the accessions of remittent fe- ver ; also a diminution of the symptoms of continuous fever. REMITTENT. Fevers characterized by remissions and exacerbations, but without perfect intermissions : one par- oxysm occurring every twenty-four hours, RENAL, Belonging to the kidneys, emulgent arteries. RENES. The kidneys. RENIFORM. Kidney-shaped, heart- shaped without the point. RENNSELERIA VIRGINICA.— Beck, Scapes several from the same root: leaves long, petioled, heart-has- tate : lobes obtuse: spathe elongated, incurved. REPAND. Slightly serpentine, or waving on the edge. REPENS. Creeping. REPELLENTS. Discutient applica- tions. REPLETION. Preternatural fullness of blood. REPRODUCTION (reproduco, to pro- duce again). Generation, or the con- tinuation of the species. REPULSION (repello, to repel). That effect of caloric, by which the particles of a body into which it enters are re- moved from each other. It is the an- tagonist of attraction. RESEDA LUTEOLA. Dyer's weed, yellow-weed, weld, or wold; a Euro- pean plant, employed to give a fine, permanent yellow color to cottons, silks, and woollens, in a variety of shades, by the aid of alum, &c. RESIN. An exudation from vegeta- bles. RESOLUTION. The subsidence of inflammation without abscess, ulcera- tion, mortification, &c. Also, the dis- persion of swellings, indurations, &c. RESPIRATION. The function of breathing. It consists of two acts, viz.: 1. Inspiration, which generally takes place about twenty-six times in a min- ute, thirteen cubic inches of air being the quantity usually inspired at each time. 2. Expiration, which takes place al- ternately with the preceding act; the quantity of air usually respired being the same as that which is inspired. RESPIRABLE. Air which may be safely inhaled. RESPIRATORY NERVES. A series of nerves proceeding from a narrow white fasciculus, situated between the corpus olivare, and the corpus resti- forme, in the medulla oblongata, sup- posed by Bell to be analogous in their functions. RESONANCE. Reverberation of the voice in auscultation, as in broncho- phony. RESORBENTS. Those vessels which re-carry back into the system ; fluids secreted in order to relieve nature. RESTIFORM. Cord-like process of the medulla oblongata. RESUPINATE. Upside down. RESUSCITATION (resuscito, to rouse RET 201 RHE again). The act of reviving or recover- ing life. RESTRINGENT. Binding. RETARDING. Postponing, as in intermittents, the paroxysm occurring later every day. RETCHING. Vomituritio. An in- effectual effort to vomit. RETE. Net-work. RETE MIRABILE. Net-work of vessels in the brain, lungs, &c. RETE MUCOSUM. A soft layer situated between the cuticle and the cutis, and imparting the color to the skin. RETENTION (retineo, to keep back). The keeping back of anything which should be expelled; the accumulation of an excretion or secretion in a canal intended for its passage, or in a cavity which should retain it only for a short time. RETENTION OF URINE. Preter- natural accumulation of urine in the bladder. RETENTION OF THE MENSES. The accumulation of the menstrual fluid in the uterus. RETICULAR. Made in the form of a net. RETICULATE. Veins crossing each other like net-work. RETICULATED. Net-like, erectile spongy tissue of the vagina, &c. RETINA (rete, a net). The net-like expansion of the optic nerve on the in- ner surface of the eye. It consists of three layers ; the external, or Jacob's membrane ; the middle, or nervous; and the internal, or vascular mem- nrflne RETORT. A chemical utensil, plain or tubulated. RETRAHENS AURIS. A muscle of the ear. RETRACTION. Shortening, draw- ing up. RETROCEDENT (retro, backward, cedo, to go). When a disease which has no fixed seat, after having been some time in its more common situation, leaves it and seizes upon another, it is termed retrocedent. RETROCESSION (retro, backward, cedo, to go). The translation of a dis- ease from the surface to the interior of the body. RETROPULSION. Forced back. RETROVERSION. Backward dis- placement of the womb. RETROVERSIO UTERI (retro, back- ward, verto, to turn). A morbid incli- nation of the uterus backward. RETUSE. Having a slight notch in the end, less than emarginate. REVERIE. ) Temporary abcsence of REVERY. j mind. REVERSED. Bent back toward the REVOLUTE. Rolled backward or outward. REVULSION (revello, to pull away). The occurrence of a secondary disease in a part remote from the seat of the primary affection. Revulsion is, in fact, derivation at a distant part. RHAMNACEE. The buckthorn tribe of dycotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate ; flow- ers axillary or terminal, polypetalous ; petals cucullate ; stamens perigynous ; ovarium superior ; seeds albuminous. RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, L.— Buckthorn. Native. Berries used to make sap-green. Drastic hydragogue, nauseous, bitter. Used in dropsy, rheumatism, and gout, causes griping, nausea, and thirst. Dose, twenty fresh berries; the syrup is the best prepara- tion. RHAMNUS FRANGULOIDEUS.— Dwarf alder. RHEUMA. Catarrh. RHEUMATISM. Pain and inflam- mation about the joints and surround- ing muscles. The varieties are— 1. Articular rheumatism, occurring in the joints and muscles of the extrem- ities. 2. Lumbago, occurring in the loins, and mostly shooting upward. 3. Sciatica, occurring in the hip- joint, with emaciation of the nates. RHEUM, L. Rhubarb. Cultivated. Root popular stomachic "and laxative chewed fresh, purgative when dry. We have not the true Chinese species, or amodi of Thibet, R. australe. R. un- dulatum mostly cultivated, also tonic, astringent. Leaves edible, laxative, equivalent to rumex. RHEUM COMPACTUM. Leaves heart-shaped, obtuse, very wavy, of a thick texture. Cultivated in France, and yields part of the French rhubarb. Leaves edible, tonic, astringent, laxa- RHU 202 RHU tive, and cathartic. Good in bowel complaints; enters into the N. mix- ture. RHEUM PALMATUM. Leaves roundish-cordate, half palmate. Culti- vated for the culinary rhubarb leaf- stalks. Also medicinal. RHEXIA MARIANA. Maryland rhexia, a perennial plant which grows from one to two feet high. See Bar- ton, plate 27. RHEXIA VIRGINICA. Meadow- beauty, deer-grass. See Barton, plate four. RHIZOMA. An esculent root. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangrove. In Florida. Bark astringent styptic, tans like oak bark ; a bath of it useful for petechial fevers. Equivalent of quer- cus. RHINANTHUS. Crista galli. Yel- low-rattle, yellow-coxcomb. RHODIUM. A metal. RHODODENDRUM, L. Mountain- laurel, rosebay. Eight species. Equiv- alent of kalmia. Bark and leaves as- tringent. Bigelow denies their narcotic quality. Contains tannin and resin. Bark used as stimulant; it increases the heat of the body, excites thirst, in- creases secretions and excretions. Used in rheumatism and gout, by our Indians for ulcers and sour stomach ; they mix the ashes with tobacco. Leaves poison cattle. Blossoms viscose, when dry errhihe, yield resin and sugar. " The infusion," says Henry, " is a safe and sure cure in chronic rheumatic pains." Use.—To four ounces of the dry bark add six quarts of water, boil for twelve hours, strain, and bottle. Dose, a table- spoonful morning and evening. RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.— Wild-rosebay. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM. — Rose-bay. RHODORA CANADENSIS. False honeysuckle. RHOMBOIDAL. Resembling a rhom- bus; the name of a ligament of the clavicle. RHOMBOID. Diamond-form. RHOMBOIDEUS. The name of two muscles, the major and the minor, of the posterior thoracic region, which be- long in their action to the scapula. RHUBARB. Rhei radix. The root of an undetermined species of rheum. RHUBARB, RUSSIAN or BUCHA- RIAN. Imported from St. Petersburgh, formerly by way of Natolia, and hence called Turkey rhubarb. Specimens oc- casionally occur as white as milk; these are termed white or imperial rhu- barb, and are said to be produced by rheum leucorrhizum. An astringent purgative, very valuable in bowel dis- eases. RHUS COPALLINA. Wing-rib su- mach, mountain sumach. RHUS COTINUS. False fringe- tree, Aaron's-beard. RHUS VENENATA. Poison su- mach, poison elder. RHUS GLABRUM, L. Sumach. All the species medical, two series of them. 1. Harmless. 2. Poisonous. One se- ries, R. glabrum, typhinum, and copal- linum, equivalent. Roots antisyphilit- ic, used by Indians, dye wool reddish. Leaves have much tannin, make the Morocco leather, dye wool and silk black, good astringent for all fluxes. Bark and berries make ink. Fresh roots used for rheumatism, spirituous infusion rubbed with flannel. Gum similar to copal, cures tooth-ache put in hollow teeth. Indian flutes made of the stems. Berries used in dysentery, rheumatism, dysuria, sore-throat, putrid fevers, hemorrhage, gangrene, &c.; they have an agreeable acid taste, make a cooling drink infused in water. Efflorescence on them used as salt and vinegar: it is malic acid. Seeds in powder used for piles and wounds. The juice removes warts and tetters, is the fine red mordant of Indian dyes. Seeds afford oil for lamps. Sacacomi article of trade in Canada, made by drying the berries in ovens after bread ; fine sub- stitute of tobacco, those who use it loath tobacco. Kinikah of Western tribes is root and leaves, half mixed with their tobacco, used also for drop- sy. Galls of sumachs lately found equal to Aleppo galls. Second series, JR. vernix, pumilum, radicans, and tox- icum, called poison wood or vines, are poisonous even by handling, or expo- sure to the effluvia in some persons, causing a distressing cutaneous disease or erysipela; remedy, rest, evacuations, and parsley poultice, ice, and lead. Acrid milky juice, becomes black in the air, forms indellible ink, inspissated RIG 203 ROS becomes fine black resin and varnish, with cinnabar red varnish of Japan. Root used in chronic asthma, anasarca, phthisis, obstinate herpetic eruptions. Extract of leaves chiefly used, a specific in palsy, doses a grain, also for hemi- plegia and rheumatism. Contain tan- nin, gadlic acid, green feculai, toxine resin, &c.; poisonous gas is carbonated hydrogen. R. cotinus is cultivated. Feather-tree wood dyes fine orange, leaves tan well. RIBES, L. Gooseberries and cur- rants. Nearly thirty species wild. R. nigrum on Kennebec river. Roots in infusion, bark in gargles used for erup- tive fevers, dysentery of cattle, fruits and jelly for sore-throat. Anodyne, diuretic, pellent, depurative, used in angina, exanthems, dysentery, hydro- phobia, scabs, and icteus. A fine cor- dial made of black currants. R. rigens smells like ictodes. R. rubrum, fruit very cooling, useful in bilious and high fevers, jelly very grateful. Wine made with currants and gooseberries. Many edible species in Alleghany and Oregon mountains, deserving cultivation. RIBES CYNOSBATA. Prickly gooseberry. RIBES FLORIDUM. Wild black currant. RIBES GLOSSULARIA. English gooseberry. RIBES LANCUSTRIS. Swamp gooseberry. RIBES OXYACANTHOIDES.— Smooth gooseberry. RIBES UVACRISPA. Smooth gooseberry. RIBES TRIFLORIUM. Wild goose- berry. RICE. Oryza. RICINUS COMMUNIS (ricinis, the tick ; to which the seeds of this plant bear resemblance in shape and color). The castor, or palma christi; the seeds of which yield, by expression, castor oil, a tablespoonful of which, in milk, sweetened, purges freely ; good in colic and inflammation of the bowels. The cold-pressed is preferable. RICKETS. See Rachitis. RIGA BALSAM. Baume de Carpa- thes, from the shoots of the Pinus cem- bra, previously bruised and macerated for a month in water. The same fir yields also the Brian son turpentine. RIGID. Stiff, not pliable. RIGIDITY. Stiffness, as the muscles affected with spasm. RIGOR (rigeo, to be stiff). Rigidity, a coldness, attended by shivering. RING. The band around the cap- sules of ferns. RING, EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL. A triangular opening above the crest of the pubes, formed by separation of the fibres of the aponeurosis of the obli- quus externus. RING, FEMORAL. An opening bounded in front by Poupart's ligament, behind by the pubes, on the outer side by the femoral vein, on the inner by Gimbernat's ligament. RING, INTERNAL ABDOMINAL. An oblique opening in the fascia trans- versalis, about half an inch above Pou- part's ligament. RINGENT. Gaping or grinning; a term applied to some labiate corollas. RINGWORM. The vulgar designa- tion of the herpes circinatus of Bate- man. It appears in small circular patch- es, in which the vesicles arise only round the circumference. RISUS SARDONICUS Spasmodic or hysterical laughter. ROB. Vegetable juice ROBINIA ACACIA, L. Black lo- cust. Very useful tree, fine timber. leaves greedily eaten by cattle. Inner bark sweetish like liquorice; emetic, cathartic, and pectoral, according to doses, root best; much used by Indians and negroes. Blossoms fragrant, lax- ative, liked by bees. Seeds oily. Wood used for posts, rafts, bows, ships, &c. Ehowah of Western tribes. ROBINIA HISPIDA. Rose locust, rose acacia. ROBINIA VISCOCA. Clammy lo- cust. ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA. Locust tree, false acacia. ROBORANT. Strengthening. ROCHELLE SALTS. Tartrate of potash and soda. ROCK BRAKE. Pteris atropurpurea. Secernant. Astringent, tonic. ROCK ROSE. See Cistus Cana- densis. ROCK SALT. The name given to beds of salt found at Northwich, in Cheshire, in Spain, Poland, &c. ROSACEE. The rose-tribe of dico- ROS 204 RUB tyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants and shrubs with leaves alternate ; flow- ers polypetalous; stamens perigynous; ovaria superior, solitary, or several; fruit one-seeded nuts, or acini, or folli- cles containing several seeds. ROSA, L. Roses. Beautiful genus. Queen of flowers ; we have thirty wild species, and many cultivated. Roots, galls, buds, and fruits of all astringent, sweetish, corroborant, used in dysen- tery and diarrhea; contains tannin, sugar, myricine, resin, fat oil, volatile oil, acids, salts. Blossoms of red roses similar, styptic, have garlic acid, fine conserves; while pale or white roses, R. damascena chiefly, are laxative, a fine syrup used for children. Rose water fine perfume, useful for sore eyes. Oil of roses, or otto, delightful perfume, stimulant, the best made from JR. moschata. ROSA ALBA. White rose. ROSA BURGUNDIACA. Burgundy rose. ROSA CANINA. Dog rose. ROSA CAROLINA. Swamp rose. ROSA CENTIFOLIA. Hundred- leaved rose. ROSA GALLICA. French rose, com- mon rose. ROSA LAEVIGATA. Cherokee rose. ROSA MUSCOSA. Moss rose. ROSA MULTIFLORA. Japan rose. ROSA PARVIFLORA. Small leaf rose. ROSA PENDULINA. Thornless rose. ROSA RUBIGINOSA. Sweet briar eglantine. ROSA SEMPERFLORENS. Month- ly rose. ROSA SPINOSISSIMA. Scotch rose. ROSACEOUS. A corolla formed of roundish spreading petals, without claws, or with very short ones. ROSEMARY LEAVES. Rosemarius officinalis ; tonic and astringent. ROSEOLA. Eruption of small red pimples, rash. ROSE, RED AND DAMASK. Rosa gallica and damascens. Astringent, to- nic. ROSEUS. Rose-colored. ROSE WILLOW. Black willow. Bark of the root used; astringent; strong decoction thickened with slip- pery elm or cream makes an excellent poultice for erysipelatous inflammation, good also for obstinate ulcers. Henry says it is preferable to the Peruvian bark as a tonic j good also for the whites and excessive flooding. ROSIN. Obtained from the pine- tree. ROSMARINUS. Rosemary, yield- ing an essential oil. ROSTEL. That pointed part of the embryo, which tends downward at the first germination of the seed. ROSTRATE. Having a protuberance like a bird's beak. ROOT. The descending part of a vegetable. ROOTLET. A fibre of a root, a lit- tle root. ROTATE. Wheel-form. ROTATOR. Name of certain mus- cles. ROTTBOLLIA DIMIDIATA. Hard- grass. ROTULA. Patella, knee-pan. ROTUNDA. Round, applied to fora- mina, ligaments, &c. ROTUNDUS. Round. RUBEFACIENT. A substance which, when applied to the skin, in- duces a redness without blistering. RUBEOLA (ruber, red). Measles; an eruption of crimson grouped in ir- regular circles, occurring for four days, and terminating in minute furfuraceous RUBEOLA NIGRA. Malignant or black measles. RUBIA, L. Madder. Two native species. JR. tinctoria cultivated; all equivalent. Roots fine red dye, prin- cipally rubine and alizarine. Dyes bones, milk, and urine of animals fed on it. Menagogue and deobstruent, used for suppressions, jaundice, dis- eases of bones, rachitis and atrophy of children, doses twenty to thirty grains. RUBRA. Red. RUBUS ARTICUS. Strawberry. RUBUS FRONDOSUS. Leafy rasp- berry. RUBUS FRUCTICOSUS. Black- berry. RUBUS IDEUS, L. Bramble. Near- ly thirty wild species. R. ideus, cesius, strigosus, occidentalis, deliciosus, odora- tus, &c, are our delightful raspberries. RUG 205 RYE Those with black fruits called black- berries, such as R. villosus. The creep- ing kinds are dewberries. The cloud- berry is JR. chamemorus. Roots of all more or less astringent, sub-tonic, much used in cholera infantum, hematemesis, chronic dysentery, diarrhea, &c. The Cherokees chew them for cough; a cold poultice useful in piles; used with lobelia in gonorrhea. Fruits of all cooling, mild astringent, antiseptic, analeptic, diluent, cordial, &c. Ripe fruits, preserves, jam, jelly, or syrup grateful and beneficial in diarrhea, gravel, hemoptysis, phthisis, sorethroat. putrid and malignant fevers, scurvy. Blackberries dye purple, are more as- tringent and acid. Raspberries afford delicious distilled water, beer, mead, and wine. Said to dissolve tartar of teeth. Twigs dye silk and wool. RUBUS SAXATILIS. Briar-herb, rock blackberry. RUBUS TRIVIALIS. Creeping blackberry. RUFOUS. Reddish yellow. ' RUDBECKIA FULGIDA. Pappus four-toothed margin. See Barton, ta- ble 98, fig. 1. RUDBECKIA LACINIATA. Jagged leaved rudbeckia. See Barton, plate 16. RUDBECKIA PURPUREA. Purple rudbecca, described and figured by Barton, page 84. RUDBECKIA TRILOBA. Three- lobed-leaved rudbeckia. Grows from three to five feet high. A good figure in Barton, page 89. RUE, GARDEN. Ruta graveolens, a bitter herb; tonic. RUGA. A wrinkle. RUGOSE. Wrinkled. RUMINANT. Animals that chew the cud. RUMEX, L. Dock. Twenty-five species, mostly equivalent. R. Brit- tanica, sanguineus, and aquaticus, chief- ly used. Roots astringent, deobstruent, tonic, diaphoretic : useful in scurvy, cutaneous eruptions, syphilis, ulcers of the mouth, foul ulcers, itch, cancerous tumors, &c, in decoction, wine, lotion. They dye yellow. Contain sulphur, starch, oxalate of lime, &c. Syrup with prunus or dyospyros used for dy- sentery. Leaves edible, equal to spin- age. R. patientia, obtusus, acutus, and crispus, similar, but root less astringent, laxative or purgative, diuretic, seeds used in dysentery. JR. acetosa, or sor- rel, is cultivated; fine acid vegetable, laxative, refrigerant, and antiscorbutic. R. acetosella, or sheep sorrel, similar but subastringent. RUNCINATE. Having large teeth pointing backward, as the dandelion. RUPIA. A pustular eruption, which degenerates into scabs. RUPESTRIS. Growing among rocks. RUPTURE (rumpo, to break). A pro- trusion of some part of the abdominal viscera, but principally of the intestine. RUSH. See Juncus. RUTACEE. The rue tribe of dico- tyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with leaves alternate, dotted; flowers symmetrical; petals alternate with the divisions of the calyx ; stamens hypo- gynous; ovarium entire, celled; fruit capsular. RUYSCHIANA. Membrane in the choroid of the eye, and another in the stomach. RYE, SPURRED. Ergot, secale cor- nutum, used as an emmenagogue. SAC 206 - SAG S. or SS. Semissis, half; in prescrip- tion, as oz. ss., half-ounce. SABADILLA. Veratrum. SABAL, Ad. Sand-palm, latanier; seven species, equivalents of chame- rops for mats, hats, baskets, thatch, fans. Fruits bad; in S. adansoni, black and sweet. SABATIA ANGULARIS. American centaury, An indigenous plant of the natural order gentianaceae. It is a mild tonic, and is usually given in the form of infusion. Properties. The whole plant is used; it is decidedly better than the European S. centaurium, long used for fevers before the Peruvian bark was known. Every part of the plant affords a pure strong bitter, soluble in water and alcohol. It has no astringency, and hardly any aroma. The property resides in the extractive principle. It is a pop- ular remedy throughout the country as a stomachic febrifuge, and a cure for in- termittent fevers. It is useful in all kinds of fevers, remittent, nervous, typhus, and even yellow fever, and may be given in every stage. It promotes appetite and digestion. It is said also to be a menagogue and vermifuge in a warm decoction. The most usual way, to take it is in cold infusion. A good stomachic and febrifuge tincture is made with it, calamus, and orange-peel. In powder, the dose is from ten to twenty grains. Wine is a good vehicle for it, a wineglass being a dose. Quite equiv- alent of gentian. SABINUM. Savin, juniperus sabi- nae; leaves employed as an emmena- gogue. SABULOUS URINE. Depositing a sandy sediment. SAC. A bag, as the envelope of a hernial tumor. SACCHARINE. Formed of sugar. SACCHARINE FERMENATION. As in starch, evolving sugar. SACCHARUM, L. Sugarcane. Su- gar is made with S. officinarum, the taller and hardier Tahiti cane gives most, S. sinensis Chinese sugar, S. vio- laceum Java sugar, the worst kind, but gives most rum. Sugar is edulcorant, relaxant, pectoral, vulnerary. Afford- ing molasses, rum, candy, syrups, cor- dials, &c. Used as food, condiment, and preservative. SACCHARUM SATURNI. Sugar of lead, or the plumbi acetas. Also called acetated ceruse, and superacetate of lead. , SACCULUS. A little sac, as in the internal ear. SACRAL. Belonging to the sacrum. SACRO. A term applied to parts connected with the sacrum ; hence we have sacro-iliac symphysis, sacro-spinal ligament, saero-vertebral angle, &c. SACRO-LUMBAL. | Muscles of SACRO-ILIAC. [ JJ"",,,. SACRO-COCCYGEAL. ) me Pems' SACRUM. The bone which forms the basis of the vertebral column, so called from its having been offered in sacrifice, and hence considered sacred. SAFFRON. A substance consisting of the stigmata and part of the styles of the crocus sativus, or saffron crocus. SAGE. A medicinal herb. See Sal- via. SAGINA APETATA. Annual pearl- wort. SAGINA PROCUMBENS. Pearl- wort. SAGITTAL. Suture between the parietal bones. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrowleaf, kat- nip of Lenaps, Wapatu of Oregon tribes, 12 species equivalent valuable esculent roots of Indicus (cultivated in China and Japan) trade with it, make bread, soups, dishes, &c. Refrigerant sub-astringent; useful applied to feet for yaws and dropsical legs ; leaves ap- plied to breast dispel milk of nurses like ricinus. SAGITTATE. Arrow-form. SAGO. A farina obtained from the medulla or pith of the sagus Rumphii, the Malay or Rhumphius's sago palm, and other species of palm. In the state of powder it is called sago meal orflour; it occurs also granulated, and this is either pearl sago, or common brown sago. SAL . 207 SAL SAINT ANTHONY'S FIRE. Ery- sipelas. SAINT JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum perforatum. Is vulnerary, pectoral, pellent, nervine; blossoms chiefly used; although yellow, they dye oils red; infused in bear's oil, sweet oil, &c, they make a fine balsamic ointment for wounds, sores, swellings, ulcers, tu- mors, rough skin, &c. A tea of the leaves gives relief in diseases of the breast and lungs. Used by empyrics in diarrhea, menorrhea, hysterics, hypo- chondria, mania, low spirits. A syrup made with sage is a specific for coughs, Dose, a tablespoonful for a child twelve months old, half, if six months old. SAINT VITUS'S DANCE. Aeon- vulsive motion, a twitching of the limbs, SAL. A salt. SAL AMMONIAC. Muriate of am- monia, a hydrochlorate. SAL AMMONIACUM SECRETUM. Secret salt of ammonia, or the sulphas ammoniae, so called by its discoverer, Glauber. SAL AMMONIACUM VOLATILE. Volatile salt of ammonia, or the sub- carbonas ammoniae. SALEATIA ANGULARIS. Ameri- can centuary. SALICACEE (salix, the willow). The willow tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers achlamydeous, amen- taceous ; ovarium superior, one or two celled; fruit coriaceous; seeds indefi- nite, comose. SALICARIE. The loosestrife tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbs with leaves opposite, entire ; flowers polype- talous ; calyx tubular; stamens perigy- nous ; carpella concrete ; and a supe- rior ovarium with several cells. SALICORNIA. Samphire; grows on the seashore; edible; fine pickle; antiscorbutic. SALICORNIA HERBACEA. Sam- phire, glasswort. SAL IC 0 R NI A MUCRONATA.— Dwarf samphire. SALIFEROUS. Bearing or producing salt. SALINE. That which contains salt, or is of the nature of salt. SALIVA, The insipid, transparent, viscous liquid secreted by the salivary glands, principally the parotid, and dis- charged into the mouth by the duct of Steno. SALIVARY CALCULI. Concretions which form in the salivary glands, or their excretory ducts. SALIVARY GLANDS. The name of three glands, situated on each side of the face behind and beneath the lower jaw, for the purpose of secreting and excreting the saliva. They are the pa- rotid, the sub-maxillary, and the sub- lingual glands. SALIVATION. Ptyalism. Aug- mented secretion of the mucous folli- cles of the mouth and salivary glands, accompanied with tenderness and in- flammation of these parts, caused by mercury. SALIX, L. Willow. Valuable pro- lific genus, 45 native species. Twigs used for baskets, wood soft white for chip hats. Bark of all bitter astrin- gent, febrifuge and antiseptic. Equiv- alent of cinchona in many cases ; con- tains tannin, gluten, and salacine similar to quinine, three doses of six grains of salacine have cured agues. S. alba, latifolia, fragillis, helix, caprea, &c, chiefly used in Europe. Schoepf men- tions the yellow and swamp willows used with us, roots and barks in bitters. Dose of powders one half to one ounce. Rose willow much used by empirics for fluor albus, menorrhea, cutaneous erup- tions and agues, in tea. The seed wool of some species may be spun. SALIX ARIOCEPHALA. Rose wil- low. SALIX BABYLONICA. Weeping willow. SALIX CANDIDA. White willow. SALIX CORDATA. Heart-leaf wil- low. SALIX CONIFERA. Rose willow, cone-gall willow. SALIX DISCOLOR. Bog willow, red-root willow, basket willow. SALIX FUSCATA. Sooty willow. SALIX GRICEA. Gray willow. SALIX LONGIFOLIA. Long leaf willow. SALIX LUCIDA. Shining willow. SALIX MYROICOIDES. Gale-leaf willow. SALIX MUSHLENBERGIANA.— Speckled willow. SALIX NIGRA. Brittle-joint wil- J low, black willow. SAL 208 SAN SALIX PEDICELARIS. Stem ber- ried willow. SALIX RECURVATA. Shrub wil- low. SALIX RIGIDA. Stiff-leaf willow. SALIX ROSMARINIFOLIA. Rose- mary willow. SALIX TRISTIS. Mourning willow, SALIX VIMINALIS. Basket wil- low. SALIX VITELINA. Yellow willow. SALSAPARILLA. Sarsaparilla. SALSOLA, L. Barilla. All the spe- cies produce barilla or crude soda; cul- tivated in Spain and Sicily for it. Stim- ulant, antacid, diuretic, &c. SALSOLA KALI. Saltwort. SALSUS. Salt-tasted. SALT. Compound of an acid with an alkali, or any salifiable base. SALT, COMMON. A compound of chlorium and sodium. SALTPETRE. Sal petrae. Nitre, or the nitrate of potash. SALT OF TARTAR. The carbonas potassae, formerly fixed nitre, mild ve- getable alkali, and subcarbonate of potash. SALT OF WISDOM. A compound muriate of mercury and ammonia. SALUS. Health. SALUBRIOUS. Favorable to health. SALVATELLA (salvo, to preserve). A vein of the foot, tbe opening of which was said to preserve health, and to cure melancholy. SALVE. A popular term for a plas- ter. SALVER-FORM. Corolla with a flat spreading border proceeding from the top of a tube ; flower monopetalous. SALVIA, L. Sage. Several species. S. lyrata, claytoni, mexicana, &c, call- ed cancerweed, fresh leaves used to dispel warts, tumors ; said to have cured cancers. S. officinalis cultivated, grate- ful subtonic, nervine, uterine, stomach- ic, useful in languor, convalescence, aphthas, soft gums, to dispel milk, &c. Sage tea chiefly used, leaves also in cookery. SALVIA LYRATA. Wild sage, cancer-weed. SALVIA SCLARA. Clary. SALVIA SPLENDENS. Scarlet- Nettle- SALVIA URTICIFOLIA. sage. SAMARA. A winged pericarp not opening by valves, as the maple. SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, L.— Black elder. Root and inner bark acrid purgative, berries laxative, baneful to birds and fowls; acid, afford wine, al- cohol, and oil. Shade deemed baneful, leaves being sub-narcotic, said to cure the rot of sheep, laxative, nauseous, a cooling ointment made with them, poi- son for insects and mice. Bark dyes black, boiled and applied to cheeks cure tooth-ache, in small doses diuretic, de- obstruent, useful in obstinate glandular obstruction and dropsies. Rob of ber- ries aperient, diuretic, and diaphoretic, used for coughs and costiveness. Young leaf-buds drastic and unsafe, but elder flowers anodyne, pectoral, sudorific, pellent, emollient, useful in erysipelas, fevers, rheumatism, gout, exanthems, &c, in decoction, lotion, cataplasms; also in pleurisy, chronic cough, erup- tions and bruises. They give a fine flavor to vinegar and wine. SAMBUCUS EBULUS. Dwarf elder. A tea of the bark is recommended in dropsy of the abdomen; may be freely drfl.nlc SAMBUCUS NIGRA. Common el- der, a European caprifoliaceous plant, the flowers of which are used for ma- king elder flower water, and elder oint- ment ; the berries for elder wine, and their inspissated juice for elder rob. SAMOLUS VALERANDI, L. Bit- terish, edible in salad or boiled. Equiv- alent of veronica becabunga. SANATIVE. Curative. SANDAL WOOD. Red Sander's wood. The wood of the pterocarpus santalinus. The term sandal has been supposed to be a corruption of chanda- ma, the name by which the wood is known in Timor. SANGUIFICATION. Conversion of chyle into blood. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.— Blood-root, puccoon. An indigenous papaveraceous plant, the rhizoma of which is an acrid stimulating emetic and narcotic. It has been principally employed in pulmonary affections and rheumatism. It is also used as an es- charotic to fungous surfaces. The dose of the powder, as an emetic, is from gr. x. to gr. xx. SANGUINARINA. An alkaline SAP • 209 SAR principle obtained from sanguinaria ca- SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT.— Fullness of blood. SANGUIS. Blood ; the fluid which circulates in the heart, arteries, and veins. SANGUIS DRACONIS. Dragon's blood, a drug. SANGUISORRA CANADENSIS.— Burnet saxifrage. SANGUISORRA MEDIA. Great burnet. SANICLE ROOT, WHITE. Eupa- torum agreotoides. Deobstruent, stom- SANICULA MARILANDICA, L.— Sanicle. Sub-tonic, astringent, antisy- nhilitic. Useful for leucorrhea, gonor- rhea, and syphilis, hemorhagy, dysen- tery, &c.; whole plant used in decoc- tion, also vulnerary and balsamic, root for tumors and wounds of horses. SANIES. Thin acrid discharge from ulcers, ichor. SANTALUM. Sander's wood, a coloring matter. SANTOLINA SUAVEOLENS. Lav- ender cotton. SANTONICUM. Artemisia, worm- SAP. The watery fluid contained in the tubes and little cells of vegetables. SAPHENA. The name of two con- spicuous veins of the lower extremities —the internal, which runs along the inner side of the foot, leg, and thigh ; and the external, commencing on the outer border of the foot, and termina- ting in the popliteal vein. SAPIDITY. Savor, the property of taste. SAPIENTIE DENTES. Posterior grinders, teeth of wisdom. SAPINDUS FALCATUS, Raf. Soap- tree. S. saponaria of Schoepf and El- liott, but different from tropical species. Nuts saponaceous, viscose, sweetish, bitterish acrid; used as a soap, but spoils linen, also in chlorosis and leu- corrhea. SAPO. Soap. The term soap is usually applied to the product of the action of alkalis on fixed oils and fats, while the term plaster is commonly ap- plied to the product of the action of oxyde of lead on fixed oils and fats. The former is frequently termed a so- 14 luble soap, while a plaster is denomina- ted an insoluble soap. The term soap is also applied to alkaline resinates. , SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS, L.— Soapwort. Spontaneous, active. Con- tain saponine 17, gum 16, resin 12, ex- tract 12 per cent. Tonic, diaphoretic, hepatic, &c. Useful in jaundice, ob- struction, gout, rheumatism, syphilis, herpetic diseases, liver complaints, ca- chexy, leucorrhea, &c, in decoction. Equivalent to smilax in syphilis. Deem- ed diuretic, menagogue, and vermifuge formerly. Taste bitterish, spumescent with water, used like soap in Europe. Lately used in scrofulous and venereal ulcers. Dose, two ounces, boiled and taken in one day by degrees. S. villosa Raf. Fl. lud., and S. viscaria are equiv- alent. SAPONARIA VACCARIA. Field soapwort. SAPOR. Having taste. SARCOCARP. (From sarx, flesh, and karpos, fruit.) The fleshy part of fruit. SARCOCELE. Fleshy tumor of the testicle. SARCOLOGY. Anatomy of the soft parts. SARCO-EPIPLOCELE. Enlarged testicle, complicated with omental her- nia. SARCOMA. The name formerly given to all excrescences which had the ■ consistence of flesh. SARDONIC. A term applied to a convulsive kind of laughter, which, ac- cording to the ancients, was occasioned by inflammation or wounds of the dia- phragm. Virgil has, " Sardois amarior herbis;" this Sardinian plant was per- haps a species of ranunculus, the juice of which, when drunk, produced mad- ness, together with distortions of the face, so peculiar as to resemble laugh- ter. SARMENTOSE. Running on the ground, and striking root from the joints only, as the strawberry. SARMENTUM. The name given by Linnaeus and others to that modifi- cation of the aerial stem called a runner. SAROTHRA GENTIANOIDES, L. Groundbroom, groundpine. Vulnerary traumatic ; used in contusions, bruises, and sprains, united to cunila and co- nium, boiled and applied. SAX 210 SCA SAROTHRA HYPERICOIDES.— Ground-pine. See Barton, table 92. SARSAPARILLA. A foreign root, much used in medicine. Alterative, SARTORIUS (sartor, a tailor). The muscle by means of which the tailor crosses his legs. It arises from the spinous process of the ilium, and is in- serted into the inner tubercle of the head of the tibia. SASSAFRAS. A vegetable, the root and bark medicinal. SASSAFRAS BARK. Laurus sas» safras. Aperient, alterative, good for a medical beer, to purify the blood; enters into the Alterative Syrup; bark of the root is the best part to use. SASSAFRAS WOOD. The wood of the sassafras officinale, a tree of the or- der lauracea ; useful in beer for erup- tions of the skin. SATIETY. Repletion, with disgust for food. SATURATE. To fill, as a solution which will dissolve no more is said to be saturated. SATURATED. Fully impregnated. SATURNUS. Lead. SATYRIASIS. Lascivious madness. As it occurs in males, it is the satyria- sis furens of Cullen; as it occurs in females, it is the nymphomania furi- bunda of Sauvages. SATURIJA HORTENSIS. Summer savory. SATURIJA MONTANA. Winter savory. SAURURUS CERNUUS, L. Lizard tail. Roots emollient, discutient, used in poultice roasted and mashed by the Cherokees; useful in lumbago, pains in the breast, sore nipples. Leaves and blossoms peculiar grateful smell, promise to be useful in other diseases. SAVIN. Sabinum, an emmenagogue, acrid and heating, good to promote the menses, give a teaspoonful twice a day, in teacupful of pennyroyal tea, and sit over the steam of bitter herbs. SAVORY. Having an agreeable taste. SAVORY, SUMMER. Satureja hor- tensis. Stomachic, aromatic. SAXIFRAGA, L. Several species. Equivalent to S. granulata; bitterish astringent, roots used for gravel in de- coction. S. Pennsylvanica appears ac- tive. SAXIFRAGA NIVALIS. Alpine saxifrage. SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA. — Beefsteak creeping saxifrage. SAXIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS. Rock saxifrage. SCABER or SCABROUS. Rough. SCABIES (scabo, to scratch). An eruption of minute pimples, occurring chiefly between the fingers, and in the flexures of the joints; terminating in scabs. It is called popularly, in English, itch. SCABIOUS. Erigeron philadelphi- cum. Diuretic; a tea of this plant is an excellent alterative sudorific; good in salt rheum or tetter. SCABISH. CEnothera biennis. De- mulcent, stomachic. SCALENUS. Muscle of the ribs and neck. SCALL. Impetigo, a genus of erup- tive diseases. SCALLED HEAD. An eruption over the scalp ; tinea capitis. SCALENUS. The name of two mus- cles, the anticus and the posticus, which bend the head and neck, &c. They arise from the tranverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, and are insert- ed into the first and second ribs. SCALP. Hairy integument upon the skull. SCALPEL. A surgeon's small knife. SCAMMONIA. Scammony ; a term applied by pharmaceutists to purga- tive resinous substances obtained from plants of the orders convolvulacea and asclepiadacea. SCANDENS. Climbing. SCAPE. A stalk which springs from the root, and supports flowers and fruit, but no leaves, as the dandelion. SCAPHOIDES. Naviculare, a bone of the wrist and ankle. SCAPULA. The shoulder-blade. Its upper surface is traversed by the spine, or dorsum scapula, a ridge of bone termi- nating in the acromion, or the point of the shoulder. The flat surface is some- times called venter. SCARF SKIN. Epidermis, cuticle. SCARIFICATION. The making of small incisions, or punctures, for the purpose of abstracting blood, fluid in anasarca, or air in emphysema. SCARIFICATOR. An instrument for making scarifications. It usually SCI 211 SCO consists in a number of short lancets arranged on pivots in a metallic box, and so constructed with springs that all the lancets may be made to instanta- neously project, and penetrate the skin over which they are applied. SCARIOUS. Having a thin mem- branous margin. SCARLATINA. Scarlet fever, whe- ther simplex, anginose, or malignant. SCARLET FEVER. The disease is characterized by fever, and scarlet color of the whole skin. SCATTERED. Standing without any regular order. SCHEELE'S GREEN. An arsenite of copper. SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS. — Less flowering-rush. SCHIRROUS. ) Hardness of tu- SCHIRROSITY. ] mors. SCHIRRUS. A hard glandular tu- mor, often ending in cancer. SCHISANDRA COCCINEA. Scar- let schisandra, coccinea. A twining shrub, growing about ten feet high. SCHIZEA PUSILLA. One-sided fern. SCHOENUS MARISCOIDES. Wa- ter-bogrush. SCHOLLERA GRAMINAFOLIA.— Yelloweyed water-grass. SCHNEIDERIAN MEMBRANE.— The pituitary membrane, which secretes the mucus of the nose; so named from Schneider, who first described it. SCHRANKIA SENSITIVA. Sen- sitive-plant. SCHRANKIA UNCINATA. Sensi- tive briar. SCHUBERTIA DISTICHA, Mirbel (cupresses, L.). Cypress. From Del- aware and Kentucky to Mexico. Won- derful tree, reaching 150 feet and 40 feet circuit in 100 years. Wood soft, but excellent and durable, used for boats, boards, shingles, &c. Two varieties, white and black, known by bark only. Nuts balsamic, fragrant; their resin makes a fine orange varnish ; diuretic, carminative, pellent in decoc- tion. SCHWALBEA AMERICANA. — Chaffseed. SCIATICA. Hip-gout; inflammation of the aponeurotic parts of the gliittaei muscles; neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. SCIATIC NERVE. The termination of the sacral or sciatic plexus; it is the largest of all the nerves. SCILLA MARITIMA. The sea- onion, or officinal squill, a plant of the order liliaceae. Two kinds of squill oc- cur in commerce, the white and the red, so called from the color of the scales of the bulb. Squill was used by the Egyptians under the mystic title of the eye of Typhon. Expectorant. SCILLITIN. The bitter active prin- ciple of the bulb of the scilla maritima. SCINTILLATION. Sparks before the eyes, illusion from disease of the optic nerve. SCIONS. Shoots proceeding lateral- ly from the roots or bulb of a root. SCIRPUS ERIOPHORUM. Red cotton-grass. SCIRPUS PLANIFOLIUS. Flat- leaved club-rush. See Barton, table 86, fig. 2. SCIRPUS TENUIS. Club-rush. SCITAMINEE. The ginger tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Herbaceous plants, with a creeping, often-jointed rhizome. SCLEROTICA. The dense fibrous membrane which, with the cornea, forms the external tunic of the eyeball. SCLEROTITIS. A rheumatic in- flammation of the eye. SCLEROTIUM CLAVUS, Dec.— Sphacelia segetum of others. The er- got of rye, parasitic fungus. Poison- ous, causing dreadful dry gangrene when mixed with rye bread. Contains rocella, or violet color, fulvous chrome, sweet oil, ammoniac, ferment, and phosphoric acid. Specific as uterine parturient to help parturition, in doses of five to ten grains. Dangerous abor- tive for women and cows. SCOLOPENDRUM OFFICINARUM. Harts-tongue. A fern, the leaves of which were formerly esteemed deob- struent and astringent. SCOPARIUS. The fresh tops of cy- tisus scoparius. SCORBUTUS. Scurvy. This is a barbarous term, probably derived from the Sclavonic word scorb, with a Latin termination. Scorbutus has also been termed gingibrachium and gingipedum, from its affecting the gums, arms, and legs; and it is usually distinguished by a set of symptoms designated by the term putrescent. SCR 212 SEC SCORZONERA HISPANICA, L.— Cultivated. Healthy esculent root, mild sudorific, menagogue, &c. SCROBICULUS CORDIS (dim. of scrobs, a depression). The pit of the stomach; the slight depression ob- served just before the ensiform carti- lage. SCROFULA. A disease principally characterized by a chronic swelling of the absorbent glands, which tend very Blowly to imperfect suppuration. It is more classically called struma; by the French, ecrouelles, which is to be found corrupted, in Scotland, into the cruels ; by the Germans, der kropft, from the swelling under the chin; and by the English, the king's evil. SCROFULA MESENTERICA. — Tahes. SCROFULA PULMONUM. Tuber- culous consumption. SCROFULA WEED. Deemed by some empirics a specific for the scrofula; the fresh leaves are applied braised to the sores, renewed every three hours, and the warm infusion used as a tea freely; also to wash the sores. It is employed by the Indians, and has ef- fected some cures. SCROPHULARIA,L. Figwort, holmesweed, healall. Four native spe- cies, S. marilandica, S. lanceolata, S. hastata, Raf. Fl. lud., and sylvatica, Raf. All equivalent to S. nodoso, aquatica, and canina of Europe. — Bad rank smell, like elder, bitter acrid. Vulnerary, resolutive, antiscrofulous in decoction, poultice, and steam bath.— Much used in New Jersey, New York, and New England; often united to cistus and tonics. Deemed good for all kinds or sores in men and cattle : cures the scab of dogs and swine. SCROPHULARIA NODOSA. Knot- ty-rooted figwort. The tuberous root was formerly used in scrofula, and from this circumstance the name originated. SCROTOCELE. Hernia in the scro- tum. SCROTUM. A leathern bag. A collective term for the envelopes of the testes, consisting of the cutaneous en- velope, the dartos, the cremaster mus- cle, the fibrous coat, and the tunica va- ginalis. SCROTUM, CANCER OF. Chim- ney-sweeper's cancer, or the soot-wart; a peculiar disorder, beginning as a wart- like excrescence, in the inferior part of the scrotum. SCRUPLE. Twenty grains apothe- cary's weight. SCURVY. The vernacular term, an- ciently scorbie, for scorbutus. SCURVY-GRASS. Cochleana offi- cinalis. Antiscorbutic, stimulant. SCUTELLARIA HYSSOPIFOLIA. Hyssop-leaved skullcap. See Bartox, plate 2. SCUTELLARIA LATERIFOLIA.— Skullcap. An indigenous plant, which formerly had great celebrity as a cure for hydrophobia. A strong tea, given freely, is very efficacious in chorea or St. Vitus's dance. Very tonic and anti- spasmodic. Dr. Clark, of the Reform- ed School of Medicine, informs me that it is an excellent remedy in fits in chil- dren. Must be made very strong. See Raf., vol. ii., p. 81. SCUTIFORM CARTILAGE. Thy- roid cartilage of the larynx, in men the pomum Adami. SCUTIFORM OS. Same as patella; the knee-pan. SCYBALA. Hard lumps in the ex- creinent. SEA-HOLLY. See Eryngo. SEASIDE GRAPE. See Coccolaba UVIFERA. SEBACIC ACID. Obtained from hog's lard. SEBACEOUS GLANDS. A term ap- plied to follicles which secrete a pecu- liar oily matter, and are abundant in some parts of the skin, as in the nose, &c. SEBATE. Compounds of the acid of fat. | SEC ALE CERE ALE. Common rye ; a grass yielding rye-flour, which is em- ployed in making bread. SECALE CORNUTUM. Ergot, spurred rye. SECERNANT STIMULANTS. — Medicines which promote the internal secretions SECERNENTS. The name of those vessels whose functions it is to deposit matters separated from the blood, for the reproduction of the several parts of the body. SECONDARY. Symptomatic, not primary, the sequela of certain mala- dies, as syphilis, &c. SE1 213 SEN SECOND-SIGHT. A kind of phan- tasm, in which fearful forms of dead or living persons appear, occurring in northern nations. SECRETION (secerno, to separate). A substance secreted or separated from the blood, by the action of a secreting organ. Secreted substances are of two kinds; viz., 1. Excretions. Substances which existed previously in the blood, and are merely eliminated from it, as the urea, which is excreted by the kidneys; and the lactic acid and its salts, which are components both of the urine and of the cutaneous perspiration. 2. Secretions. Substances which cannot be simply separated from the blood, since they do not pre-exist in it, but are newly produced from the prox- imate components of the blood, by a chemical process, as the bile, the semen, the milk, mucus, &c. SECUND. Unilateral, arranged on one side only. SECUNDINES. The after-birth, con- sisting of the placenta and its mem- branes. In botany, the secundine is the interior of the two sacs of the ovule. SECUNDUM ARTEM. Scientifical- ly, according to the rules of the art. SEDATIVES (sedo, to allay). Med- icinal agents which depress the vital powers without previous stimulation. SEDGE. See Carex. SEDIMENT. Deposite from a fluid. SEDUM ACRE. Small houseleek. A plant of the family crassulaceae. The fresh herb and the expressed juice have been given as an antiscorbutic, emetic, cathartic, and diuretic; and they have been used as an external application to warts, cancerous and malignant ulcers, &c. SEDUM TERNATUM. False ice- plant. SFDUM TELEPIUM. Orpine, live- forever. SEDUM UNACAMPSEROS. Stone- crop. ..,1. SEGMENT. A part or principal di- vision or a leaf, calyx, or corolla. SEIDLITZ POWDERS. Two drachms of tartrate of potassa and soda, and nvo scruples of bi-carbonate of eoia, in a blue paper; and half a drachm of powdered tartaric acid in a white paper. Dissolve the former in half a pint of spring water, and add the latter. SELENITE. Crystallized specimens of gypsum, or sulphate of lime. SELENIUM. A new element found in pyrites, basis of selenic acid. SELINON CANADENSE, L. (or Cni- dium, do.) Deemed equivaleut of S. palustre lately found atonic; useful in epilepsy in doses of ten to twenty grains, in convulsions of children, dose two grains. In larger doses poisonous. SELLA TURCICA. Part of the sphenoid bone, projecting into the cavi- ty of the cranium. SEMEN. Seed, male sperm SEMEIOLOGY. Science of the signs of disease. SEMI. One half. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. In the internal ear. SEMI CUPIUM. Half bath. SEMI HORA. Half an hour. SEMILUNAR. Resembling a half moon. SEMILUNAR VALVES. Three semicircular valves, which guard the orifice of the pulmonary artery. Sim- ilar valves are placed around the com- mencement of the aorta. SEMI MEMBRANOSUS. Muscle of the thigh. SEMI TENDINOSUS. Muscle of the leff. SEMPERVIVENS. Living through the winter, and retaining its leaves. SEMPERVIVUM ARBOREUM. — Tree-houseleek. SEMPERVIVUM TECTORUM. — Common houseleek. A plant of the family joubarbea, employed in the re- cent state as a cooling application to stings of venomous insects, ulcers, &c. Very refrigerant. SENECA SNAKEROOT. The root of the polygala senega. The name of this plant is derived from its having been employed by the Senegaroo Indians as a remedy for the bite of the rattle- snflJke SENECIO, L. Groundsel, fire-weed. Vulnerary, acrid tonic, astringent, use- ful in hemorrhage, wounds, head-ache, inflammations, salt rheum, herpes, dis- eases of skin, chiefly externally. S. hieracifolius and vulgaris chiefly used. Emetic in large doses. Smell strong; stems of var. gigantea 8 feet high, thick SEQ • 214 SHA grooved, juicy, sweet, edible. Birds like the leaves. SENECIO AUREUS. Ragwort, false valerian. SENECIO BALSAMITE. Balsam groundsel. SENECIO ELONGATUS. Long- stem groundsel. SENEGAL. A medicinal gum. SENEGIN. A name given to poly- galic acid, the active principle of the senega-root, residing in its cortical part. SENNA. A general term for the dried leaves of several species of cassia purgative. Their purgative principle has been procured in a separate form, and called cathartine. SENNA, ALEXANDRIA. The leaf- ets of cassia acutifolia, C. obovata, and sometimes C. Mthiopica, always mixed with the leaves of cynanchum argel, and sometimes with those of tephrosia appollinea. Purgative. This is the best kind ; enters into the common cathartic. SENNA, AMERICAN. Cassia ma- rylandica; Cathartic, deobstruent. SENSORIUM. A term applied to a supposed centre of perception, residing in the brain, from which volition ori- ginates, and to which all impressions are referred or conveyed, before they excite perceptions. SENTIENT. Perceiving; having perception. SEPAL. Leaves or divisions of the calyx. SEPIA. The cuttle-fish ; a genus of cephalopods, the bone of whicb, when ground into powder, constitutes pounce, and is sometimes used as a dentifrice. The pigment called sepia is obtained from the ink-bag of an Oriental species. SEPTA. Partitions that divide the interior of the fruit. SEPTIC. Tending to putrefaction. SEPTIFEROUS. Bearing septa. SEPTUM. A partition or division. SEPTUM CORDIS. Wall between the ventricles of the heart. SEPTUM NARIUM. Partition be- tween the nostrils. SEPTUMLUCIDUM. The internal boundary of the lateral ventricle of the brain, so called from its being thin and semitransparent. SEQUELA. Consequence of cer- tain diseases to be guarded against after convalescence. SEQUESTRUM. Dead portion of bone in necrosis. SERPENTARIA. Snake-root, sev- eral varieties, used medicinally, as diaphoretic, &c SERPICULA CANADENSIS. Ditch moss. SEROSITY, A colorless limpid fluid, which oozes out from coagulated serum, on being subjected to pressure. SEROUS EFFUSION. In contradis- tinction from sanguineous. SERRATE. Notched like the teeth of 'a saw. SERRATUS. Certain muscles of the ribs, &c. SERRULATE. Minutely serrate. SERUM ALUMINOSUM. Alum whey. SERUM OF THE BLOOD. The thin, yellowish fluid constituent of the blood, which separates from the crassamentum, during coagulation. SESAMOID. The designation of small bones, resembling the semen sesa- mi, found at the roots of the first joint of the thumb and of the great toe. SESAMUM ORIENTALE. Sessa- mum, benne. The leaves of this plant. when placed in water, impart to it a bland mucilage, usefully employed as a demulcent drink in cholera infantum. and other alvine fluxes, in affections of the urinary passages, &c. SESLERIA DACTYLOIDES. Moor- grass. SESSILE. Sitting down; placed immediately on the main stem without a foot-stalk. SETA. A bristle. SETACEOUS. Bristle-form. SETOSE. Covered with bristles. SETON. Made by passing an armed needle through the integument with tape, silk, &c. SEVADILLA. Veratrum sabadilla. SEVUM OVILLUM. Adeps ovillus. Mutton suet; the fat from the neighbor- hood of the kidneys of the sheep. SEXUAL SYSTEM. The system of classifying plants, invented by Linnaeus, and founded upon the number and pe- culiarities of the sexual organs. SHAFT. A pillar; sometimes ap- plied to the style. SHAMPOOLXG. The employment of the vapor bath, accompanied by a process of friction, kneading, and ex- SIL 215 SIN tension of the muscles, tendons, and lig- ments. The Egyptians call it massing. SHEATH. A tubular or folded leafy portion including within it the 6tem. SHEEP SORREL. A tea of this plant is cooling; an extract of it is escharotic, and has been applied by some to cancers. SHINGLES. This is probably a cor- ruption of the Latin term cingulum, a girdle, so called from the situation which it occupies on the trunk of the body. It is the herpes zoster of Bateman. SHOOT. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually a large shoot in the spring, and a smaller one from the end of that in June. SHOWER BATH. See Bath. SHRUB. A plant with a woody stem, branching out nearer the ground than a tree, usually smaller. SIALOGOGUE. Medicine producing or promoting the salivary secretion. SICCUS. Dry. SICYOS ANGULATA, L. Bryony, wild cucumber. Root and seeds bitter, purgative, diuretic; equivalent of bry- ony in dropsies ; Canada to Mexico. SIDA, L. Softy. Equivalent of malva. S. spinosa and rhombifolia used as tea in the West; leaves roasted first; good, palatable, and diuretic, SIDA NAPE A. False mallows. SIDEROXYLON, L. Ironwood, turl- bay. Very hard wood ; berries sweet- ish astringent, useful in diarrhea. SIGILLARIA MULTIFLORA. Sol- omon's seal. Demulcent, corroborant, tonic. See Raf., vol. ii., page 83. SIGMOID. Flexure of the colon, valves of the aorta. SILENE. L. Wild pink. Several species have a vermifuge deleterious root, such as S. virginica, S. pennsyl- vanica, S. caroliniana. Equivalent of spigelia. SILEX. Flint. SILICA. Oxyde of silicium. SILICIC ACID. Existing pure in quartz, &c. SILICIUM. Metallic base of silica. SILICLE. A seed-vessel, construct- ed like a silique, but not much longer than it is broad. SILICON. Basis of most earthy minerals. SILIQUE. A long pod or seed-ves- sel of two valves, having the seed at- tached to the two edges alternately. SILPHIUM, L. Turpentine sun- flower. Several species. S. gummi- fer, terebinthaceum, undulatum, Raf. reniforme, Raf., produce, by exudation and incision, a fine fragrant and bitter- ish gum like frankincense, white or am- ber color; chewed by Indians to sweet- en breath and cleanse teeth. SILPHIUM PERFOLIATIUM. Rag- gedcup. SIMARUBACEE. The quassia tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers polypetalous; stamens twice as many as the petals, hypogynous; ovarium four or five-celled; fruit, indehiscent drupes. SIMPLE. Not divided, branched, or compounded. SINAPIS, L. Mustard. Cultivated and wild. Two species, S. nigra and alba, equivalent. Leaves acrid anti- scorbutic. Seeds very active ; contain fixed oil, acrid oil, sulphur, &c. Oil by expression similar to rape oil, good for lamps ; in India S. ramosa and dichoto- mo cultivated for this oil. By distilla- tion the acrid oil is evolved; it is the active principle. Flour of mustard much used as condiment, but the abuse produces dyspepsia, atrophy, and palsy. It is errhine, rubefacient in topical use. Applied to the feet, forms sinapisms, very useful revulsions in fevers. Oth- erwise stimulant, diuretic, antiscorbutic, useful in chronic diseases of languor, dropsies, palsies, giddiness, pains in the head, cachexy, lethargy, tinea. &c. Externally in chronic rheumatism, palsy, nervous diseases. Formerly, and lately again, praised as a panacea in asthma, gravel, chlorosis, dropsy, dyspepsia, &c. The milder S. alba, or white mustard-seeds, chiefly used whole in large doses; proved by Gassicourt to be merely laxative, nearly inert. Nay, larger doses still or infusion are emetic, by irritating the stomach: may cause convulsions in children when mixed with bread. Decoction in small doses aperient and diuretic. SINAPISM. Mustard plaster. Make of the flower, Indian or rye meal, and vinegar. SINCIPUT. Fore part of the head, half the head. SKE 216 SMI SINEW. Tendon, ligament connect- ing two bones. SINGULTUS. Hiccup, hiccough. SINUATE. The margin hollowed out resembling a bay. SINUS. A bay; applied to the plant, a roundish cavity in the edge of the leaf or petal. In anatomy, any cavity, the large veins of the brain and dura mater; to bony cavities, &c. SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE. — Hedge mustard. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Lily-grass, scurvy-grass. Eaten by horses and cat- tle. Root yellow, acrid; decoction pur- gative ; said by empirics to be antidote of sublimate, and used as equivalent of cocnlpfwifl. SISYRINCHIUM ANCEPS. Blue- eyed-grass. SIUM. Water parsnip. Several wild species. Equivalent. S. nodiflo- rum, deleterious plant, yet deemed diu- retic, menagogue, herpetic, lithontriptic, cures obstinate cutaneous diseases; six spoonsfuls of juice in a day said not to hurt the head, stomach, nor bowels. Doubtful to me. S. latifolium certainly poisonous. S. rugosum, Raf., called muskrat-weed, because muskrats feed on it, and Indians bait the traps with it. Roots tuberose, poisonous to men, but boiled useful for tumors and bruises. S. sisarum or skiret, cultivated in Eu- rope, rare with us, root sweet, esculent, astringent, vulnerary, useful in hemop- tysis and internal hemorrhage. SI VIRES PERMITTANT. If strength will allow. SIZY BLOOD. Fibrinous, exhibiting the buffy coat. SKELETON. The dry bony frame- work of an animal, which sustains the other organs. When the bones are con- nected by their own ligaments, the skel- eton is called natural; when joined by wires or plates of silver, iron, &c, it is termed artificial. The skeleton in man is divided into trunk and extremities. 1. The Trunk consists of a«niddle part and two extremities. The middle part is formed by the vertebral column and the chest. The vertebral column is composed of twenty-four bones, called vertebrae, and is divided into three re- gions, the cervical, the dorsal, and the lumbar. 2. The Upper Extremity of the. Trunk l is the head, which comprehends the cra- nium and face. The face is divided into the upper and lower jaw. The lower' extremity of the trunk is the pelvis. 3. The Superior or thoracic Extremi- ties consist each of four parts, viz., the shoulder, the arm, the fore-arm, and the hand. The last of these is subdivided into the carpus, the metacarpus, and the fingers. 4. The Inferior or Abdominal Ex- tremities are each divided into three parts, viz., the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The last of these is subdivided into the tarsus, the metatarsus, and the toes. SKIN. The organ of touch. It is composed of three layers, the cutis, der- mis,, or true skin; the rete mucosum, which gives the color to the skin; and the cuticle, epidermis, or scarf-skin. SKUNK CABBAGE See Ictodes FffiTID. SLAVERING. Drivelling, involun- tary flow of saliva. SLIPPERY ELM. See Ulmus Ful- va. SLOUGH. A thin, foul, or mortified substance in a moist state, which fre- quently appears on the surface of parts in the states of suppuration and ulcera- tion. The disorganized part separated in sphacelus. SMALL-POX. Variola, a contagious fever, either distinct or confluent, deno- ting the character of the pustular erup- tion. SMILACEE. The smilax tribe of monocotyledonous plants. Herbaceous climbing plants; flowers hexapetaloide- ous, hermaphrodite, sometimes dioe- cious ; stamens 6 ; ovarium three-celled ; fruit a berry. SMILACINA CANADENSIS. Two- leaved smilacina. See Barton, plate 70. SMILAX, AMERICAN. Sarsaparil- la. Valuable prolific genus; we have twenty-five species, divided by me into three, G. nemexia (herbacea and pedun- culata) and parillax with monos. berries (S. pumila laurifolia). All more or less equivalent; S. sarsaparilla best known ; S. pseudo china largest roots, extend 100 feet in damp soils forming clusters.— Much used by southern Indians for food in meal, cakes, fritters, jelly, mush, &c. The fecula is a red blown flour. SOC 2n Good beer made with sassafras and mo- lasses, purifies the blood. Shoots eaten like asparagus. S. caduca, laurifolia, tamnoides, &c, equally used. S. ovata and fragrans, Raf., have fragrant blos- soms, give aroma to wine-liquors like S. aspera of Europe. Berries of many dye blue and black. Roots fine altera- tive, depurative, sudorific, and diuretic, in decoction and syrup. Much used in cachexy, syphilis, gout, mercurial dis- ease, scrofula, rheumatism, cutaneous eruptions, &c. Properties reside in the bark, containing Parilline, fecula, mu- cus, albumen. The centre is pure fecu- la, inert, esculent. Raf. SMILAX ASPERA. The plant gen- erally supposed to produce Indian sar- parilla. SMILAX PURHAMPUY. A spe- cies highly extolled by Ruiz, who calls it China Peruviana, as one of the very best kinds of sarsaparilla. Dr. Lindley supposes it to be identical with smilax officinalis. SNAKEHEAD. Chelone glabra.— Good to expel worms : make a tea and drink ; after a few days give a purge. SNAKE-ROOT, BLACK. Actsea ra- cemosa. SNAKE-ROOT, RATLLESNAKE- ROOT, CORN SNAKE-ROOT. Eryn- gium aquaticum. A powerful diuretic and expectorant; good in dropsy and gravel ; make a tea and drink freely. The root bruised or chewed, and laid on the wound, cures the bite of a snake. SNAKE-WEED. Polygonum bistor- ta. This root makes a good gargle in sore-throat; very astringent. SNOWBERRY. See Chiococca Ra- CEMOSA. SOCOTORINE ALOES. A gum-res- in, cathartic. SODA. Fixed mineral alkali. SODA-WATER. A beverage formed by a solution of the carbonate of soda in water, which is afterward impregna- ted with more carbonic acid than is suf- ficient for saturation. The bottled soda water of the shops is merely carbonic acid water. SODE BI-BORAS. Bi-borate of soda, or borax; when heated, it be- comes a friable mass, called calcined borax ; at a still higher temperature, it passes into a transparent glass, called glass of borax, Avhich is anhydrous. SOL SOAPWORT. Saponaria officinalis. Henry says this plant has been found to cure the jaundice, obstructions of the liver, and is far superior to sarsaparilla in the cure of the venereal disease. Use. Make a strong decoction, and take half a pint four times a day. SODIUM. A metal of which soda ia the protoxyde. SOFTENING OF THE BRAIN. - Mollifies cerebri. An affection of the brain, in which it is found to be pulpy or pasty, sometimes as liquescent as soup. SOL. The sun; the name given tc gold by the former chemists. SOLANACEE. The nightshade tribt of dicotyledonous plants. Herbaceoui plants or shrubs, with leaves alternate, flowers monopetalous, regular ; stamem inserted in the corolla; ovarium two- celled ; fruit succulent. SOLANUM. Nightshade, a narcoti. plant. SOLANUM CAROLINENSE. Caroli na nightshade, horsenettle ; grows from one to two feet high ; armed with prickles; a striking plant; a beautiful figure in Barton, page 86. SOLANUM DULCAMARA. Bitter- sweet, woody nightshade. SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM. — Love-apple, tomato. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Egg- plant. SOLANUM NIGRUM. Deadly night- sn fl.fi e SOLANUM PSEUDO CAPSICUM. Jerusalem-cherry. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. Potato. SOLAR PLEXUS. Nervous ganglia, supplying the divisions of the aorta, &c. SOLEUS. Muscle of the leg. SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA. Variable golden rod. SOLIDAGO ARGUTA. Sharp- notched goldenrod. SOLIDAGO ASPERA. Rough gold- enrod . SOLIDAGO AXILARIS. Axil gold- enrod. SOLIDA GO BICOLOR. White gold- enrod. SOLIDAGO CAECIA. Blue-stem goldenrod. SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS. Cana- dian goldenrod. SOL 218 SOLIDAGO CILARIS. Fringed gold- enrod. SOLIDAGO ELLIPTICA. Oval-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO FLEXICAULIS. Zig- zag goldenrod. SOLIDAGO GIGANTEA. Giant goldenrod. SOLIDAGO GRAMINIFOLIA. — Grass-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO JUNCEA. Rush-stalk goldenrod. SOLIDAGO LATERIFLORA. Side- flowered goldenrod. SOLIDAGO LATIFOLIA. Broad- leaved goldenrod. SOLIDAGO LAVIGATA. Flesh- leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO LIVIDA. Purple.stem goldenrod. SOLIDAGO MEMORALIS. Woolly goldenrod. SOLIDAGO NOVEBORENCENSIS. Star goldenrod. SOLIDAGO ODORA, Ait. Sweet goldenrod. Prolific genus, we have near- ly seventy species. This easily known by its sweet scent near to anise-seed. Essential oil of it has same scent, much used for head-ache, in frictions. — Whole plant aromatic stimulant, diaph- oretic, carminative, useful in flatulence, nausea, spasms of the stomach; chiefly used as a grateful tea. Leaves, pre- pared like tea, have been sent to China; much used in some parts of our coun- try ; used in fevers by Cherokees. — Some other species also medical, but more astringent, aperient, corroborant, useful in gravel, ulceration of the bladder, fevers, drospy, lax bowels; S. virgaurea (wild), and the subodorous species, chiefly used. A species said by Schoepf to be used for wounds and bites of rattlesnakes in decoction, also in tumors, angina, pains in the breast. SOLIDAGO PATULA. Spread gold- rod. SOLIDAGO PETIOLARIS. Late goldenrod. SOLIDAGO PROCERA. Great gold- enrod. SOLIDAGO REFLEXA. Hang-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO RIGIDA. Hand-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO RUGOSA. Wrinkled goldenrod. SOLIDAGO SCALRA. Harsh gold- enrod. SOLIDAGO SCROTINA. Smooth goldenrod. SOLIDAGO SEMPERCIRENS. — narrow-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO STRICT A. Willow-leaf goldenrod. SOLIDAGO TENUIFOLIA. Pigmy goldenrod. SOLIDAGO ULMIFOLIA. Elm goldenrod. SOLIDAGO VIMINEA. Twig gold- enrod. SOLIDS. Bodies, the cohesion of whose particles is so strong, that they are movable only as a combined mass. • SOLIDIST. A theorist who ascribes all diseases to the solids, an antagonist of the humoral pathology. SOLIUM (perhaps allied to sella, and so from sedeo, and so for sodium). A high seat or throne; in Celsus, a bathing-tub. Pliny has solium balne- arum. SOLOMON'S SEAL. The polygo- natum convallaria, a liliaceous plant, the fresh rhizome of which is a popular application to a braised eye, &c. SOLUBLE TARTAR. Neutral tar- trate of potash, a cathartic hydra- gogue. SOLUTION (solvo, to dissolve). The act of dissolving a solid or aeriform body in a liquid; this liquid is called the solvent. Also a liquid containing a dis- solved body. SOLVE. Dissolve. SOLVENT. This term was applied in medicine to remedies which were sup- posed to possess the property of dissolv- ing or liquefying the thickened or co- agulated humors, and thus of remov- ing engorgements. In pharmacy, it is applied to all liquors used as dissolv- ents, or to extract the virtues of ingre- dients, by infusion, decoction, &c. SOMNAMBULISM. Sleep-walking; sometimes called noctambulism, or night- walking. SOMNIUM. A dream. SOMNOLENCY. Intermediate state between sleeping and waking. SOMNUS. Sleep. SONCHUS ALPINUS. Mountain sow-thistle. SONCHUS ARVENSIS. Corn sow- thistle. SPA 219 SPE SONCHUS OLERACEUS. Common sow-thistle. SOPORIFIC. Medicines inducing sleep. SORBIC ACID. Obtained from the berries of the mountain ash. SORBUS, L. Mountain ash, service- tree. Three species equivalent. Bark smells and tastes like cherry-bark, equal to it, more astringent, fine tonic, anti- septic ; contains Prussic acid ; used in fevers and other diseases like cinchona. Fruits very austere, never ripen, become mellow and edible when rotten; yield malic acid, make a very strong cider, and furnish alcohol. S. pumilus, Raf., of Oregon mountains, has large edible fruits, eaten and dried by the Shoshonis. SORDES. Filth, applied to the dark deposites on the teeth, gums, &c, in low fevers. SORGHUM, L. Broomcorn, Indian millet. Two species cultivated. S. sacharatum yields sugar, much used for brooms. S. vulgare seeds afford flour, cakes, coffee, and chocolate. I SORI. Plural of sorus; fruit-dots on ferns. SOROSE. A genus of fruits in Mir- bel's classes. SORREL-TREE. See Andromeda A HBOR.EA SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemisia ab- rotanum. Nervine, tonic. Henry says an ointment from this plant prevents the hair from falling out, and causes it to grow. SOUND. Instrument 'for searching the bladder. SOUTH SEA TEA, or YAMPON CASSENA. This shrub, says Henry. grows plentifully in South Carolina, and along the seacoast, and among the Creek Indians. It is a powerful di- uretic, and cures the dropsy and sup- pressions of urine. The tea is pleas- ant. Use.—Drink freely of the tea. SOWBANK. See Chenopodium. SOWERBUSH. See Callicarpa Americana. SOUFFLE. ) Laennec's SOUFFLE VOILE. j terms for the blowing sounds heard in ausculta- ting the chest. SPADIX. An elongated receptacle of flowers, commonly proceeding from a spatha. SPARADRAPUM. Sparadrap. A general term for all adhesive plasters spread upon muslin or any other tissue. SPARGANUM AMERICANUM.— Tjfl,lce Dinvreed SPARGANUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Floating bur-reed. SPARGANUM RAMOSUM. Bur- reed. SPARGANOPHORUS VERTICEL- LATUS. Water crowncup. SPARTIUM JUNCEUM. Spanish broom. SPARTIUM SCOPARIUM. Scotch broom. SPASM. Morbid contraction of mus- cles, cramp, divided into tonic or con- strictive when permanently rigid; clo- nic when alternated with relaxation; and synclonic, when tremulous. SPATHA. A sheathing calyx open- ing lengthwise on one side, and consist- ing of one or more valves. SPATULA. Apothecary's knife. SPATULATE. Large, obtuse at the end, gradually tapering into a stalk at the base. SPEARMINT. Mintha viridis. Ar- omatic stimulant. SPECIAL ANATOMY. That which treats of the healthy or physiolo- gical structure of the body and its or- gans. SPECIES. The lowest division of vegetables. SPECIFIC. A remedy vaunted as infallible, a medicine commended indis- criminately in all cases for a given dis- ease. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Density of bodies compared with an equal bulk of water. SPECIFIC POISON. Applied to the cause of small-pox, syphilis, and other maladies, which arise from virus, wheth- er by inoculation or otherwise. SPECULUM. Literally, a glass. An instrument for facilitating the examina- tion of parts, and also the performance of operations on them, as the speculum uteri, &c. SPECULUM ANI. Used for dilating the anus. SPECULUM AURIS. A dilator of the meatus auditorius externus. SPECULUM OCULI. Instrument used for fixing the eyelids in certain operations upon the eye. SPEEDWELL. Veronica. A strong SPI 220 SPI decoction is highly recommended for dropsy of the abdomen. Prince, of Flushing, L. I., extols it highly. He proposed to me, a few days since, to prepare it, and sell it as a nostrum, and divide the profits. SPERGULA ARVENSIS. Corn-spur- ry. SPERGULA RUBRA. Red sand- wort. SPERGULA SAGINOIDES. Pearl- quary. SPERMA. Semen. The seminal fluid. The seed of plants. SPERMACETI. Fatty matter found in the head of the whale. SPERMARRHCEA. Morbid seminal discharge. SPERMATIC. Vessels, &c, of the SPERMATIC CORD. A cord con- sisting of the vessels and nerves which pass to and from the testis, enclosed in several tunics or fasciae. SPERMATOCELE. An enlargement of the testis, supposed to be produced by the semen. SPERMATORRHEA. Spermorrhcea. Seminal flux. SPERMATOZOA. Animalcules sup- posed to be seen in the seed. SPHACELUS. Complete mortifica- tion ; generally preceded by gangrene, the incomplete state. There is a form of spachelus, which generally occurs in infants, and young children, attacking the mouth and cheeks SPHENOID. Wedge-like, as applied to a bone of the skull, which wedges in and locks together most of the other bones. SPHENOIDAL. A term applied to wedge-like fissures and cells of the sphenoid bone. SPHINCTER. Muscle which sur- rounds certain openings of the body, closing them by its contraction. SPHINCTER ANI. A thin layer of muscular fibres, surrounding the anus like an ellipse, is termed sphincter ani externus; another layer, embracing the lower extremity of the rectum, is called sphincter ani internus. SPIGELIA MARILANDICA. Caro- lina pink, or perennial worm-grass. An indigenous plant, named from Adrian Spigelius, and collected and sold by the Cherokee Indians. It is a much valued anthelmintic, given in the form of tea with senna. SPIKE. A kind of inflorescence in which the flowers are sessile, or nearly so, as in the mullein, or wheat. SPIKE, OIL OF. See Lavandula Spica. SPIKELET. A small spike. SPIKENARD. A perfume and stim- lant medicine, procured from the nar- dostachys jatamansi, an Indian plant of the order valerianaceae. SPINACIA, L. Spinage, two spe- cies cultivated. S. oleracea and S. spi- nosa, esculent, diluent, laxative, ecco- proctic. SPINA BIFIDA. Literally, the clo- ven spine. This term denotes— 1. A disease attended with an in- complete state of some of the vertebrae, and a fluid swelling, commonly situated over the lower lumbar vertebrae. 2. An anlagous tumor, sometimes oc- curring on children's heads, attended with an imperfect ossification of a part of the cranium. SPINA VENTOSA. Caries and tu- mefaction of bone, white-swelling. SPINAL. Muscles, vessels, nerves, &c, of the spine. SPINAL CORD. Medulla spinalis. The medullary matter, contained within the spina, or vetebral column. SPINAL MARROW. Medulla spi- nalis. SPINDLE-SHAPED. Thick at top, gradually tapering, fusiform. SPINE. A thorn or sharp process growing from the wood. In anatomy, the vertebral column, collectively called the back bone. SPINESCENT. Bearing spines or thorns. SPINOSUS. Thorny. SPIREA, L. S. salicifolia used as an agreeable subtonic and subastringent tea near Albany, &c. My. S. corym- bosa also in Virginia. SPIREA ARUNCUS. Steeple-weed. SPIREA HYPERICIFOLIA. Johns- wort, hardhack. SPIREA OPULIFOLIA. Wine- bark, snowball, hardhack. SPIREA TOMENTOSA. Hardhack. An indigenous shrub, of the natural or- der rosaceae. The root is the part used, but the whole plant possesses tonic and SPO 221 STA astringent properties, and has been used in cholera infantum, diarrhoea, &c. The best form of administration is infusion. SPIREA ULMARIA. Queen-of- the-meadow. SPIRIT. Any volatile fluid, product of distillation. SPIRIT OF MINDERERUS. Liquid acetate of ammonia. SPIRIT OF SALT. Muriatic acid. SPIRIT, PROOF. Diluted alcohol. SPIRIT, RECTIFIED. Alcohol, spirits of wine. SPLANCHNIC. Belonging to the viscera, nerves, vessels, &c, thus called. SPLANCHNIC CAVITIES. The cavities of the cranium, chest, and ab- domen. SPLANCHNIC NERVES. These are two in number on each side, distin- Suished into the great, which pass be- ind the stomach, and terminate in the semilunar ganglion, and the small, which communicate with the former, and ter- minate in the renal ganglion. SPLANCHNOLOGY. A description of the viscera; one of the divisions of the study of anatomy. SPLEENWORT. Asplenium. Hen- ry says this plant is pectoral, aperient, and diuretic. It allays pain inthe uri- nary organs, expelling and curing gra- vel. Take a cupful four times a day, sweetened with honey. SPLEN. The spleen : an organ sit- uated on the posterior part of the left hypochondrium. Its outer surface is convex; the inner is divided by a groove, called the fissure of the spleen. Hippocrates calls the spleen the left, and Aristotle the bastard liver, from the al- liance which subsists between them. SPLENIC. Parts going to or con- cerned with the spleen ; which is com- posed of membranes filled with blood, of an oblong shape, situated between the ribs and the stomach, above the left kidney. SPLENITIS. Inflammation of the spleen. SPLENIUS. A muscle resembling the spleen. SPLINTS. Long thin pieces of wood, used in securing fractured bones, &c, a great variety. SPONGIA OFFICINALIS. Officinal sponge. A porous substance, found ad- hering to rocks, and generally referred to the class of poripherous animals.—■ Commercial sponge is the dry skeleton of the animal, from which the gelati- nous flesh has been removed. Very useful in surgery, wounds, ulcers, &c. Best poison for rats, cut small. Burnt sponge specific for bronchocele. Con- tain iodine and ozmazome. SPONGIA USTA. Burnt sponge; a species of charcoal, valued for the iodine it contains. SPONTANEOUS. A term applied to any physiological phenomenon which takes place without external agency; to diseases which occur without exter- nal cause, &c. SPORADIC. Confined to some local- ity, or dependent on some occasional cause. SPORULES. That part in cryptoga- mous plants which answrers to seeds. SPOTTED FEVER. Purpura. SPRUCE. The leaves and branches make a pleasant, healthy beer, good for scurvy and to purify the blood. SPURGE. Emetic, and cathartic; ten or twenty grains will purge. SPURIOUS. False, applied to va- rious morbid states, liable to be con- founded with other and different condi- tions. SPUR. A sharp hollow projection from a flower, commonly the nectary. SPURRED RYE. See Rye, Spurred, SPUTA. Expectoration. SQUAME. Scales as of metal; also scalv eruptions of chronic character. SQUINTING. Strabismus. SQUAMOSE. Scaly. SQUAMOUS. Scaly portion of the temporal bone, also its suture. SQUARROSE. Ragged, having di- vergent scales. SQUAW ROOT. Macrotys racemo- sa. Deobstruent, highly recommend- ed by Dr. Morrow in female diseases. SQUAW VINE. Linnaea borealis ; | antispasmodic, diuretic. SQUAW WOOD. Senecio obovatus ; herpetic acrid. STACHYS ASPERA. Hedge-nettle, clownheal. STAFF. Grooved instrument used in lithotomy. STAGE. Period of a disease. STAGNATION. Accumulation or j retention of a liquid in any part; a term | applied by the humoral pathologists to STE 222 STI that state of the blood, which they con- sidered the cause of many diseases. STAMEN. That part of the flower on which the artificial classes are found- ed. STAMINA. The solids of the body. STAMINATE. Having stamens without petals. STAMMERING. Psellismus. STANNUM. Tin. STAPEDIUS. A muscle attached to the stapes. STAPES. Stirrup, a small bone of the internal ear. STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA. Bladder- nut. STAPHYLOMA. Staphyloma cor- neal. An increase in the size of the cor- nea, almost invariably accompanied by more or less opacity. Also a protru- sion of the iris through openings of the cornea [staphyloma iridis] ; that of the whole iris, after general slough of the cornea, is called staphyloma racemo- sum. STARFLOWER. Aster nova anglae. Stomachic, nervine. STATICE ARNERIA. Thrift. STATICE CAROLINIANA. Marsh rosemary. An indigenous plant of the natural order plumbaginaceae, the root of which is powerfully astringent. Used in dysentery. STATICE LIMONIUM. March rosemary, sea-lavender. STEAM. Vapor of water, rendered elastic by heat. STEATOCELE. Subaceous matter in the scrotum. STEATOMA. Species of tumor, like suet. STEEL. Carburetted iron. STELLARIA MEDIA. Chickweed. STELLARIA ULIGINOSA. Bog starwort. STELLATE. Like a star. STEM. A general supporter of leaves, flowers, and fruit. STEMLESS. Having no stem. STENIA CALLOSA. Arkansas ste- nia. See Barton, table 46. STEREIMIS, Raf. Three species blended with illecebrum, gomphrena, and achyranthes by authors. S. repens, fico- ideum, and vermicularie. Diuretic, sub- astringent, useful inischuryand disury. STERIL. Barren. STERILITY (sterilis, barren). Bar- renness. Impotence in the male; in- ability to conceive in the female. STERNAL. Belonging to the ster- num. STERNO-CLAVICULAR. The des- ignation of a ligament extending from the sternum to the clavicle. STERNO- CLEIDO -MASTOIDEUS. A muscle arising by two origins from the summit of the sternum and the ster- nal portion of the clavicle, and inserted into the mastoid process of the tempo- ral bone. It turns the head to one side, and bends it forward. STERNO-HYOIDEUS. A muscle ari- sing from the sternum, and inserted into the os hyoides. It depresses the larynx, and furnishes a fixed point for the de- pressors of the jaw. STERNO-THYROIDEUS. A mus- cle arising from the sternum, and in- serted into the thyroid cartilage. It draws the larynx downward. STERNUM. The breast-bone. It is divided into two or three parts, ter- minating below in the ensiform carti- lage. It also defends the heart; and receives the extremities of the true ribs. , STERNUTATORY. Errhine, sneez- ning snuff. STERTOR (sterto, to snore in sleep- ing). The Latin term for snoring or snorting. STETHOSCOPE. An instrument, in- vented by Laennec, to assist the ear in examining the morbid sounds of the STHENIC. A term applied by Dr. Brown to diseases produced, according to his theory, by accumulated excita- bility. All other diseases were sup- posed to be occasioned by exhausted ex- citability, and were marked by indirect debility : these he termed asthenic. STIGMA. The summit or top of the pistil. STILLINGIA SYLVATICA, L. Yaw- root, marcory, cockup-hat, queen's-de- light. Large woody root, purgative, alterative, antisyphilitic. Very active, specific in yaws, sores, ulcers, chiefly syphilitic, and all venereal diseases, also lepra and elephantiasis. A physician states that it is the very best named for the venereal disease. To be given in the form of tea or syrup, the same as sarsaparilla. I have used some, but not fully tested it. J23 STR STR STINKWEED. Datura stramonium. A narcotic plant; simmered with spir- its and lard, makes a good ointment for piles, burns, sores, &c. Says Hen- ry, "A tincture of the seeds, two oz. of the bruised seeds, added to four oz. of Madeira wine, good for epilepsy.— Dose, one or two teaspoonfuls two or three times a day." STIMULANTS. A class of medi- cines which increase the action of any organ. Useful in debility, but used to excess excite inflammation. STIPA AVENACEA. Feather-grass. STIPE. The stem of a fern, or fun- gus ; two valves, having the seed at- tached to the two edges alternately. STIPITATE. Supported by a stipe. STIPULE. A leafy appendage, sit- uated at the base or petioles, or leaves. STITCH. A suture in surgery, a spasmodic pain in pathology. STOLONIFEROUS. Putting forth scions, or running shoots. STOMACHIC. A cordial. STOMACH PUMP. Instrument used for emptying the stomach, by washing it out with injections of water, as in cases of poisoning, &c. STOMACH TUBE. Instrument for introducing aliment when deglutition is lost. STOMACHUS. The stomach; an expansion of the alimentary canal, sit- uated in the left hypochondriac region, and extending into the epigastric. The orifice communicating with the oesopha- gus is called the cardia; that commu- nicating with the duodenum, the pylo- rus. The upper space between the two orifices is usually termed the small curvature; the lower space, the large curvature of the stomach. STONE-ROOT. Collinsonia cana- densis. Diuretic, stomachic. STORAX. The name of various substances, some of which are produced by the styrax officinale, while others are referred to a plant belonging to liquid- amber. STRABISMUS. Squinting, conver- gent, or divergent. STRAMINEOUS. Straw-like, straw- colored. STRAMONIUM. Thorn-apple; a species of datura, yielding an active principle called daturia. Narcotic, re- frigerant, and discutient. Makes a good ointment in the piles, burns, &c. See Stinkweed. STRANGULATION. Choking, a stricture, as in a hernial protrusion be- coming incarcerated. STRANGURY. Painful urinary dis- charge or suppression. STRAP-FORM. Ligulate. STRATUM. A layer ; plural strata. STRAWBERRY - VINE. Fragaria virginiana. Astringent, febrifuge, re- frigerant. , STREPTOPUS ROSEUS. Rose bell- wort. STRIATED. Marked with lines, as the corpora striata in the brain. STRICTURE. Morbid contraction of a passage, as in the urethra, rectum, oesophagus, &c, and may be either per- manent or spasmodic. STRICTUS. Stiff and straight, erect. STRIGOSE. Armed with close thick bristles. STRIPED BLOODWORT. Lapha- thum sanguineum rubrum. Says Hen- ry, a syrup is good in consumption. The properties of this plant are antiseptic, voluntary, astringent, and pectoral. STROBILUM. A cone, an ament with woody scales. STRONG-SCENTED LETTUCE.— Lactuca virosa. This plant acts upon the nervous system in a manner sim- ilar to the hyoscyamus : this is the reason why it may be substituted in many cases for opium. In sufficiently large doses, it produces nausea, alvine evacuations, and often, especially in cases of dropsy, a remarkable increase in the secretion of urine. It has been ex- hibited with success in ascites, engorge- ments of the abdominal viscera, jaun- dice, &c, and as a substitute for opium in nervous cases. Extract, the dose from two grains to one scruple. STRONTIA. An alkaline earth, ox- yde of strontium. STRONTIUM. A metal, basis of strontia. STRUMA. Scrofula. STRUMOUS. Scrofulous, applied to the diathesis, or constitution. STRUTHIOPTERIS PENNSYLVA- NIA. Ostrich fern. STRYCHNINE. Alkaloid of nux vomica. STYRCHNOS. Solanum dulcamara, nu« vomica. 224 SUB STUPOR. A state of insensibility. STYE. A little inflammatory tumor on the eyelid. STYLE. That part of the pistil which is between the stigma and the germ. STYLIDES. Plants with a very long style. STYLOGLOSSUS. A muscle arising from the styloid process and the stylo- maxillary ligament, and inserted into the root of the tongue. It moves the tongue laterally and backward. STYLOHYOIDEUS. A muscle arising from the styloid process, and inserted into the os hyoides, which it raises. It is sometimes accompanied by another small muscle resembling it, named by Innes, stylo-hyoideus alter. STYLOID. The name of a pencil- like process of the temporal bone. STYLOMASTOID. The designation of aforamen, situated between the sty- loid and mastoid processes, through which the portio dura of the seventh pair of nerves passes; also of an artery which enters that foramen. STYLOMAXILLARY. The name of a ligament which extends from the sty- loid process to the angle of the jaw. STYLOPHARYNGEUS. A muscle arising from the styloid process, and in- serted into the pharynx, and back part of the thyroid cartilage. It raises the pharynx, and draws up the thyroid car- tilage. STYLYOSANTHTS ELATIOR. Pen- cil-flower. STYPTIC. An astringent application for stopping hemorrhage. STYRACEE. The sty rax tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate ; flowers monope- talous ; stamens of unequal length; ovarium superior, containing cells; fruit drupaceous. STYRANDRA, Raf. Harewort, ad- der's-tongue, matasbuck of Algic tribes. Root diuretic, equivalent of sigillaria. STYRAX, L. Spring orange. Blos- soms fragrant like orange, balsamic, dphrodisiac. Bark vulnerary; deer cure their wounds by rubbing against the tree. STYRAX OFFICINALE. The sto- rax ; a tree which yields the resinous juice called storax. STYRAX BENZOIN. The Benjamin- tree, which yields the benzoin of com- merce. SUAVIS. Sweet, agreeable. SUB. Used as a diminutive, prefixed to different terms to imply the existence of a quality in an inferior degree; in English, may be rendered by somewhat; it also signifies under, or less than. SUBACUTE. Somewhat acute. SUBCLAVIAN. The designation of an artery, situated under the clavicle, The right arises from the arteria inno- minata ; the left separates from the aorta at the termination of its arch. SUBCLAVIUS. The name of a mus- cle. SUBCUTANEOUS. New method of operating under the skin, as in tenoto- my, &c, also the platysma myoides. SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC. The des- ignation of a plexus, furnished by the solar plexus, and distributed to the dia- phragm. SUBER. The cork-tree, a species of quercus. SUBERIC ACID. A crystalline acid obtained from cork by nitric acid. SUBEROSE. Corky. SUBLIMATE, CORROSIVE. Per- chloride of mercury. SUBLIMATION. The process by which volatile substances are raised by heat, and again condensed into the solid form ; it is, in fact, dry distillation. The substances so obtained are called subli- mates. SUBLINGUAL. The name of a gland, situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, on each side of the frenum linguae. SUBLUXATION. A partial disloca- tion. SUBMASTOID. The name of a branch given off by the seventh pair of nerves, as it passes out from the stylo- mastoid foramen. SUBMAXILLARY. The name of a gland, situated on the inner side of the ramus of the lower jaw ; and of a gan- glion which occurs on a level with the submaxillary gland. SUBMERSED. Growing under wa- ter. SUBSCAPULAR. Muscle under the shoulder-blade. SUBSESSILE. Almost sessile. SUBSTERNAL. Lymphatics, &c, under the breast-bone. SUN 225 SUR SUBSULTUS TENDINUM. Twitch- ing, spasmodic contraction of tendons. SUBTERRANEOUS. Growing and flowering under ground. SUBTUS. Beneath. SUBULARIA AQUATICA. Awl- wort. SUBULATE. Awl-shaped, narrow and sharp pointed. SUCCEDANEUM. A temporary sub- stitute. SUCCINIC. Acid of amber. SUCCORY. Laxative ; good in jaun- dice, hectic fever, nervous debility, and weakness of the bowels: make a tea, and drink freely. SUCCUS. Juice. SUCCULENT. Juicy; it is also ap- plied to a pulpy leaf, whether juicy or not. SUCKER. A shoot from the root by which the plant may be propagated. SUDAMANIA. Miliary eruptions. SUDATORIUM. Bath of vapor or heated air. SUDOR. Sweat. SUDOR ANGLICUS. The sweating fever. SUDORIFIC. Sweating medicines. SUFFITUS. Dry fumes. SUFFRUTICOSE. Somewhat shrub- by at the base ; an under shrub. SUFFUSION. Redness of face or eyes. SUGARBERRY-TREE. See Cel- TIS. . SUGAR OF LEAD. A subacetate. SUGILLATION. Ecchymosis. SULCATE. Furrowed, marked with deep lines. SULPHATE. Compounds of sulphu- ric acid. SULPHUR. Brimstone. SULPHURET. Combinations of sul- phur with metals, earths, &c. SULPHURIC ACID. Oil of vitriol. SUMACH. Rhus coriaria, a dye, leaves astringent. SUMACH-BERRIES. Rhus glabra; astringent refrigerant. • SUMACH-LEAVES.' Rhus glabra; astringent, tonic. SUMAT. Let him take. SUMMER COMPLAINT. Cholera infantum. Remedy, Neutralizing Mix- ture See Reformed Practice. SUNFLOWER, WILD. Helianthus divaricartus; carminative, antispasmod- ic. 15 SUPRA. Above, prefix to the name of vessels, nerve's, &c, as supra-orbitar, supra renal, supra spinatus. &c.' SUPRADECOMPOUNDi More than decompound; many times subdivided. SUPRASPINATUS. A muscle ari- sing from above the spine of the scap- ula, and inserted into the humerus. It raises the arm, &c. SUPER. Above. SUPERCILIA. The eyebrows. SUPERFICIALIS VOLE. Branch of the radial, going to the palm of the hand. SUPERFCETATION. Double uterus, or a double conception, as in the rare examples of the impregnation of a wo- man already pregnant. SUPERIOR. Upper, higher, applied to various structures denoting their rel- ative position. In botany, a< calyx or corolla is superior, when it proceeds from the upper part of the germ. SUPERIOR AURIS. A muscle of the external ear, arising from the apon- eurosis of the occipito-frontalis, and in- serted into the back part of the anti- helix. It lifts the ear upward. SUPINATION. The act of turning the palm of the hand upward, by rota- ting the radius upon the ulna. The op- posite action is called pronation. SUPINATOR. The name of a mus- cle which turns the palm of the hand upward. SUPINE. Lying on the back, or the palm of the hand turned upward. SUPPOSITORY. Bolus introduced into the rectum. SUPPRESSION. Morbid arrest of some natural discharge. SUPPURATIVES. A variety of epis- pastics, producing phlegmonous inflam- mation : they differ in this respect from vesicants and rubefacients, which pro- duce erythematic inflammation. SUPPURATION. The process by which pus is formed, or deposited on the surface, or in the substance of any tissue. The accumulation of pus in any part is called an abscess. SURGERY, or CHIRURGERY. That branch of medicine which treats dis- eases by the application of the hand alone, the employment of instruments, or the use of topical remedies. SURGICAL ANATOMY. That which treats of the relative situation of parts. SYM SUSPENDED ANIMATION. A term employed to designate the state of children still-born, and the effect pro- duced by the inhalation of carbonic acid, and other deleterious gases, by strangulation, or by submersion; the respiration being interrupted, the pa- tient, as it has been strongly but quaint- ly expressed, dies poisoned by his own blood. SUSPENSORY BANDAGES. Band- age to suspend the scrotum. SURIANA MARITIMA, L. Florida, Bahama. Bark mucilaginous, used for sore lips. SUTURE. In botany, a term applied to the junction of the valves of a simple carpel, as the legume. The junction corresponding to the margins of the car- pellary leaf is called the ventral suture; that which corresponds to the midrib of the carpellary leaf, is the dorsal suture. In anatomy, a seam; the junction of the bones of the cranium by a serrated line, resembling the stitches of a seam. There are the true and the spurious kinds of suture. SYCONE. (From sucon, a fig.) A name given to one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. SYCOSIS. An eruptive disease upon the scalp and bearded portion of the face, fig-like tubercles. SYMPATHY. The consent, or suf- fering together of parts. Thus, pain is felt at the termination of the urethra in calculus of the bladder; vomiting is produced by irritating the fauces; vas- cular action is induced in the kidney on the application of cold to the skin, &c. SYMPATHETIC NERVE. A nerve consisting of a chain of ganglia, ex- tending along the side of the vertebral column from the head to the coccyx, communicating with all the other nerves of the body, and supposed to produce a sympathy between the affections of dif- ferent parts. SYMPHORIA, J. Raccoon-berry, bluewood. Three species, equivalent, S. racemosa, glomerata (snowberry, and debilis, Raf. Root tonic astringent, used for agues in Virginia. SYMPHYSIS. The growing togeth- er, or connexion of bones, which have no manifest motion, as the symphysis pubis. Hence, symphysiotomy is the op- eration of dividing the symphysis pubis. SYN SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE. Com- frey. A plant of the family Boragineae, the root of which contains a great abundance of mucilage, and a little tan- nin, and has been much used as a de- mulcent. It is given in decoction. SYMPLOCARPUS FCETIDUS, Bar- ton. DracontiumFcetidum. SYMPTOM. A sign or mark by which a disease is characterized. SYMPTOMATIC. Secondary, re- sulting from some primary or pre-exist. ing disease. SYMPTOMATOLOGY. A descrip- tion of symptoms. SYMMETRY. Analogous structure, as of the double organs, one on each side of the mesial line, said to be sym- metncfl.1 SYNARTHROSIS. That form of ar- ticulation in which the bones are inti- mately and immovably connected to- gether. SYNCARPE. (From sun, with, and karpos, fruit.) A union of fruits. SYNCHONDROSIS. Articulation by means of intervening cartilage. SYNCHRONOUS. Occurring in equal time, as the strokes of the pulse. SYNCOPE. Leipothyma; animi de- liquium. Fainting or swoon; a sud- den suspension of the heart's action, ac- companied by cessation of the functions of the organs of respiration, internal and external sensation, and voluntary motion. SYNDESMOLOGY. Description of the ligaments. SYDESMOSIS. Connection of bones by ligaments. SYNGENESIOUS. Anthers, growing together, forming a tube, such plants as constitute the class syngenesia, being also compound flowers. SYNOCHUS. Continued fever. The milder form has been termed synochus mitior; the more intense synochus gra- vior. . . SYNONYMS. Synonymous, differ- ent names for the same plant. SYNOPSIS. A condensed view of a subject or science. SYNOVIA. A peculiar liquid found within the capsular ligaments of the joints, which it lubricates. SYNOVIAL GLANDS. Situated within the joints. SYNTHESIS. Recomposition, op- 26 SWE 227 SWI posite of analysis, anatomical connec- tion of the bones of the skeleton. SYPHILIS. Lues Venerea. The venereal disease; vulgarly called pox, formerly great pox. SYPHILOID DISEASE, or BAS- TARD POX. Comprehends many af- fections resembling syphilis, but differ- ing in the progress of their symptoms, and the means of cure. SYRINGA VULGARIS. Common lilac. The leaves and fruit of this well- known garden plant, belonging to the family jasmineae, are said to be tonic and febrifuge, and are used in France for the cure of intermittent fever. SYRINGE. Instrument for injecting fluids. SYRUP. A vegetable decoction with sugar. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. That of the general system, as contradistin- guished from the pulmonic, &c. SYSTOLE. Contraction of the heart Tinn 3.rtpriefi SWAMP LAUREL. See Gordonia Lasianthus. SWAMP LEATHERWOOD. See Dirca Palustris. SWAMP ROBIN. See Calla Pa- lustris. SWEET BALSAM, LIFE-EVER- LASTING. A tea is good for pain in the breast, weakness of the lungs, and in consumption, strangury, gravel, and fluor albus. Excellent to excite perspi. ration. SWEET-BAY-TREE. Lauras nobi- lis. This beautiful tree grows in abun- dance in the state of Kentucky, and near the Mississippi. The leaves and the berries contain a considerable quantity of essential, stimulating, aro- matic, green oil, which, it is said, will cure the herpes, itch, and cutaneous eruptions; anointing the parts every night. The bay-rum, I believe, is dis- tilled from this tree. SWEET CICELY. An indigenous plant, rises two or three feet in height; leaves small, heart-shaped, numerous, and on long stalks; flowers small, and of a pale white color. Says Henry, " I have found the root both carmina- tive and expectorant; for flatulence, the dose is a teaspoonful in a little brandy and water. For a cough, give the svrup made of it. SWEET CLOVER. A very hand- some, fragrant plant, cultivated in gar- dens. The bruised plant, simmered with fresh butter or lard, and a little resin added, makes a valuable salve for all kinds of ulcers. SWEET FERN. See Comptonia Asplenifolia. SWEET FLAG. Acorus calamus. Aromatic, stomachic. SWEET GALE, or MEADOW FERN. Myrica gale. Astringent ar- omatic ; a tea of it is said to be a rem- edy for the piles. SWEET GUM. Liquidamber, styra- ciflua. SWEET POTATO. Convolvulus battata. j. SWEET SPITTLE. Morbid saliva- ry secretion. SWEET SHRUB. See Calycan- THUS FLORIDUS. SWERTIA PUSILLA. False gen- tian. SWIETENIA MAHOGANI, L. Ma- hogany-tree. TAM 228 TAR T. TAB A CUM, Tobacco; a narcotic. TABES. Literally, a wasting or melting; hence applied to consumption, and other emaciating diseases. TABES DORSALIS. Decline, from intemperate indulgence in libidinous pleasures, so called from the weakness which it causes in the back or loins. TABES MESENTERICA. Mesen- teric disease; tuberculous disease of the abdomen, &c. It has been termed by Sauvages scrofula mesentericd, as indica- tive of scrofulous diathesis, and of the organs in which it appears; and by the French, carreau, which seems to refer to the hard and cushion-like prominence of the abodmen; it has also been termed enter o-mesenterite. TACAMAHACA. A resin procured from the calophyllam calaba, a gilttife- rous plant of the East Indies; it has been termed oleum maria, green balsam. TACTUS. The touch, examination by the finger. TENIA. The tape-worm; an intes- tinal worm. Also, a ligature; along and narrow riband. TENIA HIPPOCAMPI. Tenia fim- briata; or the plaited edges of the pro- cesses of the fornix, which pass into the inferior cornua of the ventricles of the brain. TENIA SEMICIRCULARIS. A V; white line running between the convex surface of the optic thalami and the corpora striata. TENIA SOLIUM. Solitary and long tape-worm. TENIA TARINI. A yellowish hor- ny band, which lies over the vena cor- foris striata, first noticed by Tarinus. t is a thickening of the lining mem- brane of the ventricle. TAG, or SPOTTED ALDER. Alter- ative ; make a tea, and drink often, for the blood. TAGETES ERECTA. African ma- rygold. TAGETES PATULA. French ma- rygold. TAHITI ARROW-ROOT. Otaheite jalep. A nutritious fecula, prepared from the root of" the tacca pinnatifida, a native of the Molucca Isles, and of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. TALINUM TERETIFOLIUM. Ta- liny. TAMARACK BARK. Pinus mucro- carpa. Expectorant, balsamic. TAMARINDUS INDICA, L. Tarn- arind. Fine shade tree, cultivated as far as lat. 38. Pulp of the pods fine drink, cooling and pleasant; useful in fevers. TAMPON. Plugging, as in uterine hemorrhage, mechanical suppression of flooding. TANACETUM VULGARE, L. Tan- sy. Cultivated; now spontaneous.— Bitter nidorose, peculiar strong smell, equivalent of anthemis when fresh, su- dorific, pellent, menagogue, vermifuge, carminative, deobstruent, a balsamic ton- ic stomachic. Tansy tea much used in fevers, agues, cachexy, hysterics, drop- sy, stangury, &c.; deemed very efficient in gout; it strengthens the stomach and kidneys. When dry milder, but fine stimulant and vermifuge, equal to eon- tra. The flowers contain an alkali, tan- acetine, the tanacetic acid, phosphate of lime, &c. Leaves besides tannin, gal- lic acid, peculiar oil. Poultice of leaves cure sprains and bruises; used to dye and flavor puddings. They dye green, and the flowers yellow. Said to pre- serve meat from flies. A domestic rem- edy in the form of tea for obstructed menses, and to hasten labor. Good for worms in children. TANNIC ACID. Tannin obtained from oak bark, &c. TANNIN. Basis of tannic acid, found in oak bark, nutgalls, &c. TANTALUM. A metal, columbium. TANSY DOUBLE. Tanacetum cris- pum. Vermifuge, stomachic; good for fomentation. TAPEWORM. Tamia. TAPIOCA. A fecula prepared from the root of the janipha manihot. There are two kinds, viz., the granular tapi- oca, occurring in lumps or granules; and tapioca meal, a white amylaceous pow- TEM 229 TEN der, supposed to be identical with Bra- zilian arrow-root. TAPPING. The operation of punc- turing the abdomen, and drawing off the fluid, in dropsy. TAR. A thick, black, unctuous sub- stance, chiefly obtained from the pine, and other turpentine trees, by burning them in a close, smothering heat. TARAXACUM. The root of the leon- don taraxacum, or dandelion, a plant of the order compositae. Deobstruent and diuretic; the root and top are the parts used. The extract is the best form to use. Good in liver complaint. Enters into the Hepatic Pills. TARSUS. The instep ; the space be- tween the bones of the leg, and the metatarsus. Also, the thin cartilage situated at the edges of the eyelids. TARTARIC ACID. An acid existing in many fruits and several roots, but prepared only from the juice of the grape, in which it occurs in the form of tartar, or bi-tartrate of potash. TARTAR EMETIC. Tartrate of an- timony and potash. TARTAR, SOLUBLE. Neutral tar- trate of potash. TAR-WATER. A once celebrated remedy, made by infusing tar in water, stirring it from time to time, and, lastly, pouring off the clear liquor, now im- pregnated with the color and virtues of the tar. TAXIS. The operation of reducing a hernia with the hand. TAXUS, L. Yew, chinwood. Two species, T. canadensis and baceata.— Wood, red, hard, useful. Leaves bane- ful to cattle and sheep. Berries edible, contain sugar, gum, malic, and phos- phoric acids, a red fat; but seeds acrid, fiernicious, oily; the oil of it is used for amps in Japan. TECOMA, J. Bignonia species, L. Trumpet flower, crossvine. Three spe- cies of beautiful vines or creepers.— Leaves sweetish acrid, depurative, mild equivalent of stillingia; used with it for yaws, and to cleanse the blood, as a TEETH OF MOSSES. The outer fringe of the peristomium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divisions: these are called teeth. TEGENS. Covering. TEGUMENT. The skin or covering of seeds ; often burst off on boiling, as in the pea. TELLURIUM. A metal. TEMPERAMENT. A mixture or tempering of elements; a notion found- ed on an ancient doctrine of four Qual- ities, supposed to temper each other: these are, in the abstract, hot, cold, dry, moist; in the concrete, fire, air, earth, water. Thus we have— 1. The Sanguine or Sanguineous tem- perament, indicative of the predomi- nance of the sanguineous system ; sup- posed to be characterized by a full habit, soft skin, ruddy complexion, blue eyes, red or auburn hair, frequent pulse, large veins, and vivid sensations. 2. The Melancholic, or artrabilarious temperament. This is described as exist- ing in a firmer and thinner frame than in the preceding case, with a dark com- plexion, black hair, and a slow circu- lation ; the disposition is grave and med- itative. 3. The Choleric, or bilious tempera- ment. This is intermediate between the.two preceding, and is marked by black curling hair, dark eyes, a swarthy, and, at the same time, ruddy complex- ion, a thick, rough, hairy skin, and a strong and full pulse. 4. The Phlegmatic, or pituitous tem- perament. This differs from all the pre- ceding in the laxity of the skin, the lighter color of the hair, and the greater sluggishness of the faculties both of animal and physical life. TEMPERATURE. The degree of heat and cold to which any place is subject, not wholly dependent upon lati- tude, being affected by elevation ; the mountains of the torrid zone produce the plants of the frigid zone. In cold regions white and blue petals are more common, in warm regions red and other vivid colors; in the spring we have more white petals, in the autumn more yellow ones. TEMPORAL. Bones, muscles, ves- sels, nerves, &c, of the temples. TEMPORUM OSSA. The bones of the temples. TEMPORALIS. A muscle arising from the temporal fossa and the semicir- cular line bounding it, and inserted into the upper part of the coronoid process of the lower jaw. It draws the lower jaw upward. TER 230 TET TENACULUM. A hook to lay hold of the bleeding vessels in surgical op- prRtions TENDO ACHILLES. The tendon of the gastro-cnemii muscles found at- tached to the heel. TENDON. A fibrous cord at the ex- tremity of a muscle, by which the mus- cle is attached to a bone. TENDRIL. A filiform or thread-like appendage of some climbing plants, by which they are supported by twining round other objects. TENELLUS. Tender, fragile. TENESMUS. Straining; painful and perpetual urgency to alvine dis- charges, with dejection of mucus only, and in small quantity. TENOTOMY. Operation of dividing tendons, usually performed subcuta- neously. TENSOR. A muscle which stretches any part. TENSOR TYMPANI. A muscle of the tympanum, which, by its con- traction, acts upon the membrana tym- pani, and modifies the sense of hear- m TENSOR VAGINE FEMORIS. A muscle arising from the spine of the ilium, and inserted into the fascia lata; whence it is also called fascialis. It stretches the fascia, &c. TENT. Twine rolled in beeswax, warmed, for dilating openings, fistulas, sinuses &c TENTORIUM CEREBELLI. A roof of dura mater thrown across the cerebel- lum. In leaping animals, it is a bony tent. TENUIFOLIUS. Slender-leaved. TENUIS. Thin and slender. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Galega species, L. Turkey pea, catgut, devil's shoe- strings, suckehihaw of Osages. Four species. T. virginica, most common, ornamental, bad weed in fields, roots matted very tough, powerful vermifuge in decpction. Seeds food of turkeys. TERCINE. The designation of the third integument of the ovule in plants, said to be the epidermis of the nucleus. TEREBINTHINA. Turpentine; a resinous juice yielded by most species of pinus; the appellation, however, more properly belongs io the product of the genus pistacia, which contains the true terebinthus of the ancients. TERES. Long and round. The name of two muscles, the major and the minor, which arise from the scapula, and are inserted into the humerus.— They move the arm in various direc- tions. TERES TERRA. Calcareous and otnPr Pfirtns TERES LUMBRICI. Round worm infesting the intestines. TERETE. Round, cylindrical, taper- ing. TERMINAL. Extreme, situated at the end. TERNATE. Three together, as the leaves of the clover. TERTIAN. A species of intermit- | mittent, or ague, in which the inter- « mission continues for forty-eight hours, the paroxysm generally commencing If about noon, and usually remaining under twelve hours. TERTIAN DOUBLE. Usual type of remittents, a paroxysm every day, but differing from each other, those of alter- nate days corresponding in time and du- ration. TERTIUM SAL. A neutral salt. TEST. A re-agent, used for analyz- ing compounds. TESTACEOUS. A powder of burnt shells. TESTIS. A testicle; the designa- tion of two glandular bodies, also called didymi, situated in the scrotum. 1. Testes muliebres. A former des- ignation of the ovaries in women. 2. Of the tubercu la quadrigemina of the brain, the two upper are named the nates ; the two lower, the testes.' TETANUS. Literally, stretched or stiff, but used substantively for contrac- tion of the muscles of voluntary mo- tion, attended with tension and rigidity of the parts affected. Its varieties are founded on the particular manner in which the body is bent:— 1. Trismus or Locked Jaw, in which the effects are confinedto the flexor mus- cles of the jaw or throat. 2. Tetanus, in which all the body is affected, and becomes rigid, but retains its ordinary straightness ; its effects are confined to the posterior and anterior muscles. 3. Emprosthrotonos, in which the body is bent forward; tetanus of the flexor muscles. THA 231 THE 4. Opisthotonos, in which the body is bent backward; tetanus of the extensor muscles. 5. Pleurosthotonos, in which the body is drawn to one side; this is the teta- nus lateralis of Sauvages. 6. Tetanus is also distinguished ac- cording to its intensity, into the acute and the chronic; traumatic, arising from wounds; and idiopathic from various causes. TETRADYNAMI. The fifteenth class of Linnaeus's system of plants, charac- terized by the presence of six stamens, of which four are long, two short, as in TETRADYNAMOUS. Having six stamens, of which two pair are longer than the third pair. TETRANDRIA. The fourth class of plants in Linnaeus's system, character- ized by the presence of four stamens of equal length. TETRANDROUS. Having four sta- mens. TETTER. An herpetic eruption; called also salt rheum. TEUCRIUM CHAMEDRYS. Ger- mander. A European labiate plant, the leaves and tops of which have been employed as a mild corroborant, in uterine, gouty, rheumatic, and scrofu- lous affections and intermittent fevers. TEXTURE. Tissue, membrane, pe- culiar structure of organs. THALAMIFLORE. A sub-class of exogenous plants, having a calyx and corolla, petals distinct, and stamens hy- poginous. Every part of the flower springs separately from the thalamus, without contracting cohesion with each other, as in ranunculaceae. THALAMUS. A term applied to a part of the brain from which the optic nerve arises. The thalami nervorum opticorum were termed by Gall the in- ferior great ganglia of the brain. THALESIA UNIFLORA, Raf., 1814. Orabanche do., L. Squaw-drops, cancer- drops. Equivalent of leptamnium, of- ten used promiscuously, root astringent antiseptic, useful in cancers, gangrene, fluor aibus, &c. THALICTRUM. L. Meadowrue.— Root of some species deemed useful for snakebites in Canada ; leaves put some- times in spruce beer, perhaps T. purpu- rascens. THASPIUM, N. Thaspia species, L. Roundheart. Vulnerary, antisyphilitic, sudorific, antidote of rattlesnakes. T. trifoliatum chiefly used. THEA BOHEA. Bohea or Chinese tea; nervine, narcotic, emetic. THEAPHYLLA, Raf. Thea, L. Tea shrub. Cultivated. Might be in fields in the South ; 40 kinds in China, some deliciously fragrant, only the worst imported, and lose much by age. Con- tain theine, tannin, gum, gluten, volatile oil, &c. Mild sudorific and diuretic, baneful to nervous persons, useful in indigestion, and to help digestion of the usual bad and gross food of Chinese and ours. The Chinese ascribe to it many uses in diseases of the head, bladder, breast, stomach, &c. They say it removes obstructions, quenches thirst, revives the heart, purifies the brain, prevents drowsiness and lethargy, clears the sight, dispels, wind, &c. Boiled in vinegar, used in diarrhoea and tenesmus. The seeds furnish good lamp oil: seeds and oil useful for colds and asthma.— The abuse of strong tea may cause tre- mors, palsy, epilepsy, apoplexy, mania, &c THEBAIC TINCTURE. Laudanum. THECA. A case or sheath. Hence, the dura mater of the spinal cord is sometimes called theca vertebralis. In botany, a term applied to the cavity of the anther, to the sporangium of ferns, to the urn of mosses, &c. THECAPHORE, The stalk upon which the ovary of plants is sometimes sealed. It is synonymous with gyno- phore, podogynium, &c. THELASPI ARVENSE. Penny- grass. THEOBROMA CACAO. A plant of the order sterculiaceae, the seeds of which, when roasted and made into a paste with vanilla, constitute chocolate. The fragments of the seed-coats, mixed with a portion of the kernels, form cocoa. THEORY. Reasoning on the nature, causes, treatment, &c, of diseases; a rational system of medicine. THERAPEUTICS. That branch of medicine which relates to the treatment of diseases. It is distinguished into general and special therapeutics. THERMOMETER. A graduated in- strument for measuring temperature, or sensible heat, by the expansion of THY 232 TIC quicksilver or other fluid; the 6cale of Fahrenheit is mostly employed. THESIS. An essay. THESIUM UMBELLATUM. False toadflax. THIMBLE-WEED. Rudbeckia Lac- cinata. Diuretic and balsamic; recom- mended in wasting diseases of the kid neys : given freely, in decotion. THISTLES. See Cnicus. THOMSONIANS. A class of prac- titioners, who adopt the theory and practice of Samuel Thomson, who, it is stated, gave some hints to Elias Smith, who wrote a book, called " New Guide to Health," in which is given what is termed a " System of Practice," consisting in the repeated use of lobelia emetics, steaming over hot water, " in- jections," with the free use of Cayenne pepper; the rejection of purgatives, &c. The whole constituting a system of em- piricism, in many respects worse than Allopathy, yet, in some diseases, it has proved useful. THORACIC. Belonging to the chest. THORACIC DUCT. The canal which conveys the chyle into the left subcla- vian vein. " THORAX. The chest; or that cavi- ty of the body which contains the heart and lungs. THORIUM. A metal, basis of the earth thoria. THORN. A sharp process from the woody part of the plant; considered as an imperfect, indurated bud. THORN-APPLE. Datura stramo- nium ; narcotic. THORN-TREES. See Crategus. THRUSH. Aphtha, sprue, white ulcers of the mouth, &c, frequent in infancy, and occurring in low fevers. THUYA OCCIDENTALS. Arbor vitae, white cedar. Fine tree, only 36 feet high and 14 inches diameter when 150 years old. Ointment of fresh leaves with bear's fat, excellent for rheuma- tism, decoction useful in coughs, fe- vers, scurvy, gout, &c. Distilled wa- ter for drospy; poultice of the cones and polypodium, in powder with milk, removes the worst rheumatic pains. THUS. Juniperus Lycia, frankin- cense, olibanum. THYMUS. A conglomerate gland, situated in the thorax of the foetus, part of which remains during youth, and the whole of which usually disappears in old age. THYMUS SERPYLLUM, L. Ground thyme. Spontaneus. Pennsylvania.— Fine fragrant condiment and stimulant. THYMUS VULGARIS. Thyme. A labiate plant, well-known as a pot-herb; and occasionally used in baths, fomen- tations, and poultices, with other aro- matic herbs. THYREO - ARYTENOIDEUS. A muscle arising from the thyreoid, and inserted into the arytenoid cartilage. It widens the glottis. THRYEO - EPIGLOTTIDEUS. A muscle arising from the thyreoid carti- lage, and inserted into the side of the epiglottis. It has been divided by Al- binus into the major and the minor. THYREO-HYIODEUS. A muscle arising from thyreoid cartilage, and in- serted into the os hyoides. It brings the larynx and hyoid bone toward each other. THYREO-PHARYNGEUS. A des- ignat on of the constrictor inferior mus- cle, from its arising from the thyreoid CflT*tl I AQ"P THYREO-STAPHYLINUS. A des- ignarion of the palato-pharyngeus mus- cle, from its origin and insertion. THYROID CARTILAGE. The lar- gest cartilage of the larynx. It consists of two alae, which meet in front at an acute angle, and form the projection termed pomum Adami. THYROID GLAND. A body com- posed of two oval lobes, which are sit- ated one on each side of the trachea, and are connected together by means of an isthmus, which crosses its upper rings. THYRSE. A panicle which is dense. TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA, L. Paase- mung of Algic tribes, root mucilaginous pectoral. TIBIA. Literally, a flute or pipe.— The shin-bone; or the great bone of the leg, so named from its resemblance to a pipe, the upper part representing the expanded or trumpet-like end; the lower part the flute end of the pipe. TIBIALIS. The name of two mus cles of the tibia, the anticus or flexor. and the posticus or extensor tarsi tibialis. TIC CONVULSIF. Twitching of the muscles of the face. TIC DOLOREUX. Neuralgia of the TIS 233 TON facial nerve, applied to similar pain in other nerves. TICKSEED. See Coreopsis. TIGLII OLEUM. Oil expressed from the seeds of the Croton tiglium. The seeds are known under the names of grana Molucca, tiglii grana, and grana tiglia ; their acrid principle is called tiglin. The wood of the plant is termed lignum pavana. TIGRIDIA PAVONIA. Tiger-flow- er. TILIA, L. Linden, basswood, white- wood, spoonwood, sucumug or sugu- muck of Mohegans, sucuy or wuckopy i of Algic tribes. Beautiful and useful trees; we have five species with T. ste- nopetala, Raf., Fl. lud. All equivalent. Wood very white and soft, used for ca- noes, models, spoons, turning; when dry , it swims like cork ; makes fine light charcoal for gunpowder. Bark used by Indians for ropes, thread, cloth, and tin- der, also make of it a hard paste to pitch canoes. Blossoms fragrant, cephalic, sudorific, antispasmodic, useful in tea, for head-ache, epilepsy, spasmodic cough, &c. They contain a peculiar substance tiline, soluble in water only, and yellow brown, gum, tannin, salts, &c. Leaves and bark emollient, flax and paper have been made with the bark. Seeds can make a kind of chocolate. TILLANDSIAURTICULATA. Wild pine. TILLEA ASCENDENS. Pigmy- weed. TINCE OS. The tench's mouth ; a designation of the os uteri, from its fan- cied resemblance. TINCTORIUS. Plants containing coloring matter. TINCTURE. Spirituous or vinous infusion of drags, an extensive variety in use, simple and compound. TINEA. Literally, a moth-worm. A term applied to scald head, when the scabs have resembled moth-holes in cloth. This has been termed favus, when it resembles a honey-comb; and achores, when the discharge has been unusually acrimonious. TINNITUS AURIUM. Ringing in the ears. TISANE. Ptisan, any diluting drink, as barley water, herb tea, &c. TISSAVOYANE JAUNE. See Cop- TIS. TISSUE. Tela. A web, or web- like structure, constituting the element- ary structures of animals and plants. TISSUE, ADIPOSE. A variety of the cellular, forming a reservoir for the adeps, or fat. TISSUE, CELLULAR. An assem- blage of whitish, filamentous, exten- sile, tenacious, and retractile laminae, found in all parts of organized bodies, running in all directions, and leaving be- tween them small spaces or cellules of variable extent. TISSUE, FIBROUS. Constituting sheaths, capsules, aponeuroses, &c. TISSUE, MUCOUS. Investing cavi- ties which communicate with the exter- nal air. TISSUE, RECTICULAR. A variety of the cellular, in which the cellules are larger. TISSUE, SEROUS. Lining cavities not externally open. TITANIUM. Metallic basis of titan- 1C fl.ClQ TITILLATION. Tickling. TOADFLAX. See Comandra. TOBACCO. The dried leaves of the nicotiani tabacum, a plant indigenous to America; its peculiar principle is termed nicotin. Strongly narcotic. Designed for the anus or rectum, and not for the mouth of man. The use of it, in this manner, is very injurious, by causing too great a discharge of saliva. Chew- ing, smoking, or snuffing is a filthy dis- gusting, injurious, and abominable prac- tice. In obstinate cases of constipation, &c, a drachm to a pint of boiling water, and an injection with a syringe is a very valuable remedy, causing an evacuation speedily. Good. also in strangulated hernia. TOCOLOGY. Science of midwife- ry- TOLERANCE. Capability of the eye to endure light, or power of the stomach to bear medicine. TOLU. Balsam extracted from, a species of fir. TOLUIFERA BALSAMUM. Bal- sam of Tolu. TOLUTANUM. Ph. U. S. Balsam of Tolu. The juice of the myroxylon tolutanum. TOMENTOSE. Downy, covered with fine matted pubescence. TONE. Activity with strength. TOX 234 TRA TONGUE. Lingua. The organ of taste and speech. TONICITY. Elasticity. TONICS. Medicines which restore the tension and vigor of the muscular fibre, when it is weakened and relaxed. TONKA BEAN. The seed of the dipterin odorata. Willd. TOOTH-ACHE. Odontalgia. TOOTHACHE - TREE. Zanthoxy- lum ; alterative, pectoral, antirheumatic. TOOTHED. See Dentate. TOPICAL. Local, disease confined to some particular part. TORMENTILLA ERECTA. Com- mon tormentil, or septfoil. TORMENTIL-ROOT. Tormentilla. The root of the potentilla tormentilla, a European plant of astringent qualities, used in the Orcades for tanning leather. TORMINA. Griping; the pain which accompanies enteritis, and diarrhoea. TOROSE. Uneven, alternately ele- vated and depressed. TORPOR. Insensibility, mental or corporeal sluggishness. TORREYA TAXIFOLIA. Florida yew-tree. TORCULAR HEROPHYLI. Reser- voir of the sinuses of the dura mater. TORULOSE. Slightly torose. TONSILLITIS. Inflammation of the tonsils ; a barbarous combination of the Latin word tonsilla and the Greek termi- nation itis. TONSILS. The round glands situ- ated between the pillars of the velum palati. TOUCH, ROYAL. Once considered a cure for the scrofula or king's evil. TOUCHWOOD, or AGARICUS BO- LETUS. Grows on different kinds of trees, called by the Indians, " Peinh." Makes good tinder to ignite. Said to make a good bitter on spirits. TOURNIQUET. Instrument often employed in amputation for compressing the arteries and preventing hemorrhage. TOXICODENDRON. Poison oak. The leaves of rhus toxicodendron. TOXICOLOGY. An account of pois- ons, their classification, effects, &c. TOXYLON AURANTIACUM. Raf., 1817. (Maclurea, N., 1818.) Ayac, stinkingwood, bowwood, yellowwood. Lately supposed the moras tinctoria by some, which has fruits yellowish, edible, size and shape of mulberries; while toxylori has fruits of size and shape of oranges, not edible. In Arkansas and Texas, wood dyes yellow. TRACHEA. Windpipe. TRACHEE. In botany, names giv- en to vessels supposed to be designed for receiving and distributing air. TRACHEAL. Structure connected with the windpipe. TRACHELO - MASTOIDEUS. A muscle arising from the transverse pro- cesses of the four last cervical, and some- times of the first dorsal vertebrae, and inserted into the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It draws the head back- ward, or obliquely. TRACHELO-SCAPULAR. The des- ignation of certain veins, which arise near the neck and shoulder, and con- tribute to form the external jugular vein. TRACHENCHYMA. The vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral ves- sels, which resemble the tracheae of in- sects. TRACHEOTOMY. Incision into the windpipe, as for the removal of a for- eign body. TRACHITIS. Croup, cynanche tra- chealis, inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the trachea. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spider flow- er. Twelve species, .ornamental, leaves much liked as greens by Cherokees. TRAGACANTH. A gum which ex- udes from several species of astragalus, and is frequently called gum dragon.— There are two kinds; viz., the flaky or Smyrna, and the vermiform or Morea tragacanth. TRAGOPOGON, L. Oyster-root. Fine vegetable, cultivated and sponta- neous. Root tasting like oysters. TRAGUS. Eminence of the meatus of the external ear. TRANSFUSION (transfundo, to pour from one vessel into another). The op- eration of transfusing the blood of one animal into the veins of another. TRANSLATION. Metastasis. TRANSUDATION (transudo, to per- spire). The process by which fluids pass through porous substances. Thus, the arteries and veins are sometimes represented as being porous; and hence, as parting with contained fluids by transudation, and imbibing extraneous fluids by capillary attraction. TRE 235 TRI TRANSVERS ALIS (tr (inversus, across). That which is placed across or crosswise. TRANSVERSALIS ABDOMINIS.— A muscle arising from the cartilages of the seven lower ribs, &c, and inserted into the linea alba, and the crest of the ilium. It supports and compresses the bowels. TRANSVERSALIS COLLI. A mus- cle arising from the transverse processes of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and inserted into those of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh upper dorsal vertebrae. It turns the neck obliquely backward and to one side. TRANS VERSUS PERINEI. A muscle arising from the tuber ischii, and inserted into the middle line with its fel- low. It is supposed to dilate the ure- thra. TRAPEZIFORM. Four-sided, with the opposite margins not parallel, as cer- tain leaves. TRAPEZIUM. A bone of the second row of the carpal bones, also called os multangulam majus. From its name it might be supposed to be square. TRAPEZIUS. A muscle so named from its lozenge form, arising from the superior transverse line of the occipital bone, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical, and of all the dorsal vertebrae, and inserted into the clavicle, the acromion, and the scapula. It is sometimes called cucullaris, from its re- sembling a cucullus, or monk's hood, hanging on the neck; and where it is united to its fellow in the nape of the neck, it is named ligamentum nucha, or colli. It draws the scapula according to the three directions of its fibres. TRAPEZOIDES OS. A bone of the second row of the carpal bones, smaller than the trapezium, and also called os multangulum minus. TRAUMATIC. Belonging to wounds. TRAUMATIC HEMORRHAGE. — From wounded vessels. TRAUMATIC TETANUS. Origina- ting in wounds, as by a nail in the foot, &c. TREACLE. Molasses. The uncrys- tallizable part of common sugar. TREMOR (tremo, to tremble). Trem- bling : tremulous agitation of the head, limbs. &c. TREMOR MERCURIALIS. The shaking palsy; an affection of the ner- vous system induced by the inhalation or other application to the body of mer- curial vapors. TREMOR TENDINUM. Shaking palsy. A morbid intermittent action of the spasmodic kind, which sometimes continues more or less constantly pres- ent through a series of years. TREMBLES. Milk sickness, an ep- idemic. TREMELLA, L. Treejelly. Many species; that growing on maples deemed useful in sore throat. TREPAN. ) Instrument used for TREPHINE. J perforating the skull, in certain injuries of the head. TRIADENUM PURPURASCENS. Raf., 1807. Hypericum virginicum, L. Schoepf. Tincture of flowers used in colics, against vomiting, &c. TRIANDROUS. Having three sta- mens of about equal length. TRIANGULAR. Name of several muscles. TRIANGULARIS LABIORUM. A name frequently given to the depressor anguli oris, from its triangular shape. TRIANGULARIS STERNI. A mus- cle arising from the lower part of the sternum and ensiform cartilage, and in- serted into the cartilages of tbe third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. It is also called sterno-costalis. It depresses the ribs, and is a muscle of expiration. TRICEPS (tria capita habens). Hav- ing three heads. TRICEPS AURIS. A name frequent- ly given to the posterior auris, in conse- quence of this muscle arising by three distinct slips. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CUB1TI. A muscle arising, by three heads, from the inferior border of the scapula, and from the os humeri, and inserted into the olecranon. It has been distin- guished into the extensor longus, the extensor brevis, and the brachialis exter- nus. It extends the forearm. TRICEPS EXTENSOR CRURIS.— This muscle extends the leg. It has been described as consisting of— 1. The Vastus externus, arising from the trochanter major, and inserted into the patella and fascia of the same joint. 2. The Vastus internus, arising from TRI 236 TRI the trochanter minor, and inserted j into the patella and fascia; and i 3. The Cruraus, arising from between j the trochanters, and inserted into j the patella. Under this portion is j frequently found a muscle, termed subcruraus. TRICHIASIS. An unnatural direc- tion of the cilia, in which they turn in- ward against the eyeball. This affec- tion has been called pilare malum ; and, by Actuarius, trichosis. TRICHOCEPHALUS. The long thread worm. TRICHODIUM, Mx. Walter-grass. Smooth and sweet sugary grass, peren- t nial, good winter fodder in the South. TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMA.— Bluecurls, bastard pennyroyal. See Barton, table 93. TRICHOTOMOUS. Three-forked. TRICUSPID. Valves upon the right side of the heart, auriculo ventricular. TRIENTALIS AMERICANA. Chick wintergreen. TRIFACIAL. Fifth pair of nerves. TRIFID. Three-cleft. TRIFOLIATE. Three-leaved. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Valuable fodder, flowers fragrant, give much honey to bees. White clover, or Tr. repens, blossoms once used in gout, sub- astringent. We have fifteen species. Tr. stoloniferum, or buffalo clover, worth cultivation. TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE. Rabbit- foot. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE. Red clover. TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS. Hop clover, yellow clover. TRIGASTRIC. Muscle having three bellies. TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMUM. Ar- row-grass. TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE. Marsh arrow-grass. TRIGONELLA FENUMGRECUM. Fenugreek. A European leguminous plant, the seeds of which are employed in Europe in the preparation of emollient cataplasms and enemata, and they enter into the composition of some ointments. TRIGYNIA. The name given by Linnajus to those orders of plants in which there are three pistils. TRILLIUM LATIFOLIUM. Broad- leaf bethroot. Fr., triole dilatee. Vul- ■• \gar, Bethroot, rattlesnake-root, wake- I robin, cough-root, Indian balm, ground ; lily, Jewsharp, Indian shamrock, Paris- wort, truelove. Astringent, restringent, pectoral, tonic, antiseptic, alterative, &c. Their roots are commonly oblong or terete, tuberose, brown outside, white inside, from one to five inches long, with a few branches or fibres; they have a faint smell, somewhat like ce- dar, and a peculiar aromatic taste, some- what like copaivi. Being chewed, they produce salivation and tears,with heat in the throat, and next a sensation of cool- ness over the whole system. These are indications of active properties. They have not yet been analyzed. They are employed internally in hematuria or bloody urine, uterine hemorrhage, im- moderate menstrual discharge, blood- spitting, hectic fever, asthma, catarrhal cough, profluvia, &c, either in powder, dose a teaspoonful, or in infusion. Ex- ternally, they are very beneficial in tu- mors, indolent and putrid ulcers, car- buncles, and mortification, in a poultice by itself, or, still better, united with sanguinaria. As an astringent and re- stringent, they are milder or weaker than geranium and erigeron, but not so heating. As a tonic, they appear very beneficjal, nay, a certain cure, with blood-root, for inflamed carbuncles and ulcers, after a purge; it is said that they obviate or prevent gangrene, and the need of cutting off mortified limbs. Even the leaves are useful applied to tumors. In female complaints, such as leucorrhea, menorrhea, and, after partu- rition, they act as good restringents ; the Indians value them much as such, both in Canada and Missouri. They say in Canada that the roots chewed will in- stantly cure the bite of rattlesnakes, both in men and cattle. Mr. Hawkins saw an Indian make the experiment for a gill of rum : how it acts was not sta- ted. The Indians of Missouri call them mochar newachar, meaning heat and cold : it is their palliative for consump- tion. The sessile 6pecies are called Jewsharp in Kentucky,and used for sores and ulcers. The Tr. Tinctorium is one of the red paints of the Western In- dians ; the roots stain the hands, and dye red with alum. TRILLIUM ERECTUM. False wake- i robin. TRI 237 TUB TRILLIUM ERYTHROCARPUM.— Smiling wakerobin. TRILLIUM PUSILLUM. Dwarf wakerobin. TRIPHORA PENDULA. Three-bird orchis, wild coffee. TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES. — Sesame-grass. TRILOBATE. Three-lobed. TRILOCULAR. Three-celled. TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM or MAJUS, Linn. Fever-root, tinker- weed, horse-ginseng, ipecac, wild coffee, White ginseng, sincky of Indians.—■ Root purgative, emetic, diuretic, tonic, &c; taste bitter and nauseous; five pounds give two pounds of extract, yields no resin nor oil. A mild purge. equivalent of jalap in doses of twenty to thirty grains in powder, or half of extract. In larger doses emetic, im- paired by age. Useful infevers, agues, pleuritis, &c. Leaves diaphoretic, seeds used as coffee by the Germans near Lancaster. Tr. angustifolium or minus is equivalent. TRIPLE TERTIAN. Two parox- ysms on one day, and one on the next day, two on the third day, and one on the fourth, &c, the rparoxysms of the alternate days corresponding in duration and violence. TRISMUS. Lock-jaw, a symptom of tetanus. TRISPLANCHNIC. Relating to the three orders of viscera. An epithet given by Chaussier to the great sympa- thetic nerve, from its distributing branch- es to the three great splanchnic cavities. TRITERNATE. A term applied to a leaf in which there are three series of ternation, viz.; when the leaflets of a biternate leaf are themselves ternate. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. Valuable cereal grasses, many species cultivated. Affording straw, paper, hats, flour, bran, shorts, semola, vermicelli, macaroni, nudles, gruel, porridge, pastry, cakes, bread, crackers, biscuit, starch, toasts, soups, &c. Tr. spelta equal to pearl barley. Tr. monococum affords best gruel and a good beer. Tr. amyleum the best white starch, and grows any where in driest or swampy soils. Wheat has much gluten, 12 to 24 per cent., whence makes best breat. Dry toast is good for weak stomach, the infusion of it in feveis and debility. Burnt bread best charcoal to clean the teeth. Roots of Tr. repens, Schoepf, equivalent of cynodon, sweet aperient, diuretic, ver- mifuge, decoction in obstructions. Tr. durum, or flinty wheat, makes best se- mola, or coarse meal; and this the best vermicelli, and other Italian figured gruels and nudles. Very healthy as diet for invalids, convalescents. TRITICUM ESTIVUM. Summer wheat. TRITICUM COMPOSITUM. Egyp- tian wheat. TRITICUM HYBERNUM. Semi- uum farina. Wheat flour. TRITURATE. To rub down in a mortar. TROCAR. Instrument used for op- erating in dropsy. 'TROCHANTER. Tuberosities on the thigh bone. TROCHISCI. Lozenges. TROCHLEARIS. A muscle of the eye and certain nerves. TROCHOIDES. Wheel-like articu- lation, as the radius and ulna. TROLLIUS LAXUS. Globe-flower. TROPEOLUM MAJUS, L. Nastur- tium, Indian cress. Leaves and flow- ers eaten in salad and soups, subacrid, diuretic, antiscorbutic. TRUSS. A bandage, or apparatus, for keeping a hernia reduced. TRUNK. The body, without head or extremities. In botany, the stem or bole of a tree. TRUNCATE. Having a square ter- mination, as if cut off. TUBA EUSTACHIANA. A canal, partly bony, partly cartilaginous and membranous, which extends from the cavity of the tympanum to the upper part of the pharynx. TUBE FALLOPIANE. The Fallo- pian tubes; two canals at the fundus uteri, of a trumpet form, described by Fallopius. TUBE. The lower hollow cylinder of a monopetalous corolla. TUBER. A solid fleshy knob. TUBER, L. Truffle, Tuckaho. — Subterranean fungus, the most delicious of all food. We have several native species, not yet distinguished nor de- scribed. Bosc mentions one from Caro- lina, of fine taste, excellent to eat, but inodorous. European very odorous, contains albumen, ammoniac, phosphate TUB 238 TUM of lime, arome Very nourishing, aphrodisiac. Many dishes and a syrup made with them. Eaten greedily and destroyed by hogs, dogs, foxes, and wolves. TUBER ISCHII. Lower part of the ischium, called os sedentarium. TUBERCULA QUADRAGEMINA. Four tubercles in the brain on the Pons varolii, called nates and testes. TUBERCULAR or TUBERCULOUS. Of or relating to tubercles. TUBERCULAR CONSUMPTION. ) TUBERCULOUS PHTHISIS. j A scrofulous affection of the lungs, hereditary and most frequently incura- ble, except in its incipiency; the true Phthisis pulmonalis. TUBERCULAR DIATHESIS. The particular habit of body predisposing to tubercular phthisis. TUBERCULUM. A tubercle or small swelling, a peculiar morbid product, oc- curring in various organs in the form of a small round body. Thcterm is now restricted to a small swelling or collec- tion of a peculiar morbid matter. Tubercles are distinguished by the following physical characters :—they are of a yellowish white color, of va- riable size and form, but most common- ly roundish, hard, but not friable, in their first stage; subsequently they soften, change into a matter composed of tender, curd-like fragments, suspend- ed in a sero-purulent liquid. TUBEROSITY. A rough knotty eminence. TUBEROUS. Thick and fleshy, con- taining tubers, as the potato. TUBULAR, Shaped like a tube, hollow. TUBULAR GESTATION. Extra uterine foetation, occurring in the Fal- lopian tubes. TUBULI LACTIFERI. The minute ducts or tubes of the papilla, through which the milk passes. TUBULI SEMINIFERI. Vasa se- minalia. Minute tubes, constituting the parenchyma of the testis. Accord- ing to the observations of Monro, they do not exceed 1-200th part of an inch in diameter. TUBULORUM CORONA. The cir- cle of minute tubes surrounding each of Peyer's glands in the intestines. TUBULI URINIFERI. Minute con- vergent excretory tubes, constituting the tissue of the tubular substance of the kidney. Their orifices are called the ducts of Bellini. TUCAHUS, Raf. Gemmularia. Tuck- ahoe, tuckahoo of Indian tribes. Very different genus from tuber and from uperhiza of Bosc, although same native name, nay all esculent roots called tuck- aho, such as apios and patatos. Also subterranean fungus,- tuber has internal veins, tucahus a solid white mass, with wrinkles and gemules outside.— Several species. I have seen three.— T. rugosus, leviusculus, and albidus. Parasite on the roots of oaks and hick- ories when young, detached when old. T. rugosus reach 40lb. weight. Fun- gous when fresh, hard, brittle like starch when dry, tasteless, inodorous, esculent, eaten by Indians in many ways; as- serted by Dr. Macbride to be altogether modified gluten, without fecula or fibrine. TULIA PYCNANTHEMOIDES.— False mountain mint. TULIPA, L. Tulip. Cultivated.— T. suaveolens is fragrant. Fresh roots emetic. A native species, T. montano, Raf. TUMEFACTION. Swelling. TUMID. Swollen, distended. TUMORS. Of various kinds. The sarcomatous, so named from their firm fleshy feel, and the encysted, commonly called wens. The former have been classified, by Mr. Abernethy, into— 1. Common Vascular, or Organized Sarcoma; including all those tumors which appear to be composed of the gelatinous part of the blood, rendered more or less vascular by the growth of vessels through it. 2. Adipose Sarcoma; including fatty tumors, formed at first, like the pre- ceding, of coagulable lymph, rendered vascular by the growth of vessels into them, and depending for their future structure on the particular power and action of the vessels. 3. Pancreatic Sarcoma; so called from the resemblance of its structure to that of the pancreas. 4. Mastoid, or Mammary Sarcoma; so called from the resemblance of its structure to that of the mammary glands. This species is placed between such sarcomatous tumors as are attended with TUR 239 TYP no malignity, and the following ones, which have this quality in a very de- structive degree. 5. Tuberculated Sarcoma; composed of a great many small, firm, roundish, tumors, of different sizes and colors, connected together by cellular sub- stance. 6. Medullary Sarcoma; so named from its presenting the appearance of the medullary matter of the brain. 7. Carcinomatous Sarcoma; or can- cerous tumor. 8. Encysted Tumors. These present a cyst, which is filled with different matters. The species aresteatoma, con- taining fat-like matter; meliceris, or honey-like matter; and atheroma, or pap-like matter. TUNGSTEN. Metallic basis of tungstic acid. TUNGSTIC ACID. Yellow powder obtained from the tungstate of lime. TUNIC. Coat, or membranous cover- ing. TUNICA. The upper tunic of the Romans. Hence it is applied to several membranes of the body. TUNICA ALBUGINEA OCULI. A thin tendinous layer covering the ante- rior surface of the sclerotica, and form- ed by the expansion of the tendons of the four recti muscles. TUNICA ALBUGINEA TESTIS. A thick fibrous membrane, constituting the proper tunic of the testis. TUNICA ARACHNOIDES. Mem- brane covering the brain. TUNICA CONJUNCTIVA, or AD- NATA. A mucous membrane which lines the posterior surface of the eye- lids, and is reflected over the fore part of the globe of the eye. TUNICA RUYSCHIANA. An inner lamina of the choroid membrane, so called after Ruysch, who first injected it. TUNICA VAGINALIS TESTIS. A pouch of serous membrane derived from the peritoneum, and covering the testis. TUNICA VASCULOSA TESTIS.— A vascular membrane lying upon the inner surface of the tunica albuginea, and constituting the nutrient membrane of the testis. TUNICATE. Coated with surround- ing layers, as in the onion. TURBINATE. Shaped like a top, or pear. TURBINATED BONES. Two bones of the nostrils, so called from their being formed in the shape of a top, or inverted cone. They are also called the inferior spongy bones, to distinguish them from the upper spongy bones, which form part of the ethmoid bone ; and from their spongy appearance, in which they resemble raised paste. TURGID. Swelled, inflated. TURGESCENCE. Swelling as in priapism. 'TURMERIC. Root of curcuma lon- ga- TURNER'S CERATE. Ointment made with lapis calaminaris. TURNING. Version of the foetus, by bringing down the feet in intracta- ble presentations. TURPENTINE. Terebinthina. A term applied to a liquid or soft solid oleo-resinous juice of certain coniferous plants, as well as of the Pistacia tere- TURPETH MINERAL. The name given by chemists to the sub-sulphate of me'rcury. TUSSA CONVULSIVA. Hooping- cough. TUSSILAGO FARFARA. Coltsfoot; a European composite plant, employed as a popular remedy in pulmonary com- plaints. Properties. The whole plants are used, but chiefly the roots and leaves ; their smell and taste are some- what pleasant, aromatic, bitterish, aus- tere, and mucilaginous. They contain mucilage, extractive, tannin. TUSSIS. A cough. TUSSIS HUMIDA. Common or ca- tarrhal cough. TYMPANITES. Tympany; ab- dominal emphysema; dry dropsy, or wind dropsy. It is named from the drum-like distension of the abdomen. TYMPANUM. The drum of the ear; an irregular bony cavity, com- pressed from without inward, and sit uated within the petrous bone. TYPHA, L. Cattail, reed-mace.— Four species, T. latifolia, angustifolia, crassa, Raf., and elatior, Raf., ten feet high. All equivalent, useful. Roots subastringent, febrifuge, esculent, yield one tenth of a fine fecula similar to sa- lep, eaten by Indians of Oregon, useful in fevers. Leaves used by coopers, and to make make mats, chair bottoms.— ULM 240 Pollen equal to lycopodium for medical use and pyrotechny. Burs or hairs of seeds used to fill cushions; united to ashes and lime, makes a cement strong as marble. TYPHOID. Resembling typhus. TYPE. Order in which symptoms occur, as in fever. TYPHUS. Malignant fever. ULCER. A division of the soft parts of the body, attended with a secretion of pus, or some kind of discharge. Ul- cers are divided into— 1. Local, or those confined, like a primary syphilitic ulcer, to one spot. 2. Constitutional, or those liable to occur in any part, from general affection of the system. 3. Specific, or those occasioned by specific poisons, or by particular dia- thesis. 4. Simple, or those which do not ap- pear to proceed from any specific dis- ease, or morbid diathesis. ULCERATION. The process by which sores, or ulcers, are produced; a function of the absorbents, attended by a solution of continuity, and the forma- tion of pus. ULEN EUROPEUS. Furze. ULIGINOSUS. Growing in damp places. ULMACEE. Elm tribe of dicotyle- donous plants. Trees and shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers apetalous; ovarium superior; fruit one or two- celled, indehiscent; seeds pendulous. ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. European elm. ULMUS FULVA, Mx. Slippery or sweet elm. This species is the best officinal elm. The inner bark is used ; it is fulvous, rather brittle, and very mucilaginous. It contains fecula, ul- mine, and gum. Edible, very mild, yet very efficient demulcent, diuretic, pec- toral, deobstruent, emollient, &c. Used in decoction, infusion, poultice, &c. The powder is a flour making a jelly like arrow-root with water. Useful in all urinary and bowel complaints, stran- gury, sorethroat, catarrh, pneumonia, pleurisy, inflammation of the stomach ULV TWINING. Ascending spirally. TWIN-LEAF. Jeffersonia Diphylla. Grows in the West, and is highly rec- ommended in the rheumatism. Add two ounces of the dried root to one quart of spirits; dose, a table-spoonful three times a day. TWISTED. Coiled. TWITCHING. Subsultus tendinum. u. and bowels, dropsy, scurvy, scorbutic spots, herpes, inveterate eruptions, and even lepra. It has cured lepra being continued several months. When most diuresis is produced, the effect is certain. Beneficial in diarrhea, dysentery, chole- ra infantum, &c. Very nutritive, but eaten alone produces sour stomach and eructations. Medical doses of the flour a small spoonful, with as much sugai dissolved in water. Very useful exter nally in poultice for ulcers, tumors, swellings, shot wounds (helps to ex- tract the ball), chilblains, burns, cuta- neous eruptions, erysipelas, felons, old inveterate sores, scabs; sore mouth or thrush in wash. It allays inflammation, promotes suppuration, and heals speed- ily. Says a writer, " equivalent to sar- saparilla in almost all cases." A speci- fic to procure easy labor to pregnanl women by using the tea for two months previous, well known to Indian women, whose easy parturition has been often noticed ; now becoming in general use. Said to have cured fevers by repeated topical poultices on the abdomen. We have six other native elm trees, all equivalent, but less efficient, bark tough- er, often bitterish and subastringent. In Norway bread is made with it. The outside bark soaked in water makes ropes. Wood very tough and durable, used for wheels, tools, &c. Seeds are esculent, leaves emollient. One of the most valuable barks in the world, worth its weight in gold. The ground elm mixed with tepid water an admirable poultice for all kinds of inflammation. ULNA. Under bone of the fore-arm ULV A, L. Sea lettuce. Many spe- cies edible, in salad, boiled or pickled, such as U. lactuca, umbilicalis, palmata, edulis, ciliata, &c. Liked by sheep, con- UNC 241 UNI tain iodine, mild equivalent of Fucus, furnish good manure. U. saccharina, very good boiled in milk," contains twenty substances, mucus, hydriodate of potash, &c. ULNARIS (ulna, the cubit). The name of two muscles of the fore-arm : 1. A flexor muscle, arising from the inner condyle of the os humeri, and in- serted into the pisiform bone. 2. An extensor muscle, arising from the outer condyle of the os humeri, and inserted into the little finger. UMBEL. A kind of inflorescence in which the flower-stalks diverge from one centre, like the sticks of an um- brella. UMBER. A brown clay iron ore occurring in beds in the island of Cy- prus. UMBELLIFERE. The umbel-bear- ing tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Her- baceous plants, with leaves usually di- vided; flowers in umbels; calyx entire or five-toothed ; petals five, alternate with five stamens ; ovarium didymous, with two styles and solitary pendulous ovula. UMBELLIFEROUS. Bearing um- bels. UMBILICAL CORD. Funis umbili- calis. A cord connecting the foetus with the placenta, and consisting of the um- bilical vein, and the two umbilical ar- teries twisted together like a rope, and surrounded by the reflections of the chorion and the amnios. UMBILICAL HERNIA. Omphalo- cele. Hernia of the bowels at the um- bilicus. UMBILICAL REGION. That por- tion of the abdominal parietes situated about two inches around the umbilicus. UMBILICAL VESICLE. Vesicula umbilicalis. A small sac situated be- tween the chorion and the amnios, and connected to the foetus by a duct, an ar- tery, and a vein. UMBILICATE. Marked with a cen- tral depression. UMBILICUS. The navel. UMBO. The knob in the centre of the hat or pileus of the fungi tribe, originally the top of a buckler. UNARMED. Without thorns or P UNCINATE. Hooked. UNCIFORME OS. A bone of the 16 carpus, or wrist, having a hook-like process. UNCTUOSUS. Greasy, oily. UNCTION. Ointment. UNDULATE. Waving, serpentine, gently rising and falling. UNGUENTUM. An ointment; an unctuous substance, differing but little from cerates, except in consistence, which is about that of butter. UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI — Mercurial ointment; a dangerous ap- plication. UNGUICULATE. Inserted by a claw. UNGUIS. A claw. UNGUIS OS. The name of a little bone in the great angle of the eye; it has a hole in which the lachrymal bag lies. UNICORN ROOT. Aletris. Good for chronic rheumatism and hysteric colic. Henry says it is infallible in the cure of hysteric colic. Dose, a tea- spoonful in a little sweetened water. UNICUS. Single. UNION BY THE FIRST INTEN- TION. The growing together of the opposite surfaces of a wound, when brought into contact, without suppura- tion. When wounds heal by suppura- ting, granulating, &c, they are some- times said to heal by the second inten- UNIFLORUS. One-flowered. UNILATERAL. Growing on one side. UNISEMA DELTIFOLIA/ Shovel- leaf, water-plantain. Properties. All the species have similar properties; they reside chiefly in the roots, which are emollient, restringent, and anti-scrofu- lous. The leaves form an excellent cooling topical application for inflam- mations on the surface of the body; they can be eaten boiled as greens, al- though rather austere when raw ; the Indians use them along with tradescan- tia, commelina, orontiumr nymphea, &c. The seeds are edible, farinaceous, and were used by them for cakes and other dishes, like the seeds of oron- tium. The roots are nearly equivalent to nymphea, but much milder and mu- cilaginous. They may be employed in the same diseases, gleets, leucorrhea, fluxes, and externally for scrofulous tumors and sores. No medical writer URI 242 URT has noticed these plants, they are only known to a few herbalists, and have not yet been analyzed. UPAS. Antsjar. The antiaris toxi- caria of Java, an urticaceous plant, one of the most virulent of known poisons, the concrete juice of which has never- theless been used medicinally. UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S BOWER.— Escharotic, detergent, internally diuret- ic and sudorific. Henry states, in his J Herbal, that this plant is good in ul- cers, the decoction to be applied to them, and to be drank freely. UPRIGHT MEADOW CROW- FOOT. Ranunculus acris. Good for rheumatic affections. The root green, when bruised and wet with vinegar, will cause a blister. URANIUM. A metal. URATE. Lithate, compound of uric or lithic acid. URCEOLATE. Swelling in the mid- dle, and contracted at the top in the form of a pitcher. UREA. A principle peculiar to the urine, and considered as a result of the action of the kidneys upon some of the constituents of the blood. URESIS. Micturition, urination. URETER. The membranous tube which transmits the urine from the kid- ney into the bladder. URETHRA. The excretory canal of the bladder, commencing at the neck of this organ, and terminating at the mea- tus upon the glans penis. It is divided into three portions, viz. : 1. The prostatic portion, a little more than an inch in length, and situated in the prostate gland. 2. The membranous portion, a little | less than an inch in length, and situated within the two layers of the deep peri- neal fascia. 3. The spongy portion, so named from being enclosed by the corpus spon- giosum penis. The commencement of the corpus spongiosum forms the bulb, and hence the included urethra is called the bulbous portion. URETHREORIFICIUM. ) The URETHRE MEATUS. J mouth of the urethra, in the female found just beneath the clitoris. URIC ACID. Lithic acid. A com- mon constituent of urinary and gouty concretions, and of healthy urine, com- bined with ammonia or some other al kali. URINAL. Urinatorium. A vessel for receiving the urine in cases of in- continence. URINARY ABSCESS. Extravasa- tions of urine may be in three different states: the fluid may be collected in a particular pouch, or it may be widely diffused in the cellular membrane, or it may present itself in a purulent form, after having excited inflammation and suppuration in the parts among which it is situated. URINARY FISTULA. A deep, nar- row ulcer, leading into some of the uri- nary passages. URINE. The fluid secreted by the kidneys from the arterial blood. The ancients considered the urine as a kind of extract of animal substances, a true lixivium, by which everything impure in the animal economy was washed away; hence they gave it the name of lotium. URINE, INCONTINENCE OF. The involuntary flow of the urine out of the bladder. It is the reverse of reten- tion. URINE, RETENTION OF. An ina- bility, total or partial, of expelling the urine contained in the bladder. URINE, SUPPRESSION OF. This affection properly points out a defect in the secretion of the kidneys. URTICACEE. The nettle tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs with leaves alternate; flowers apeta- lous, solitary, or clustered ; ovarium su- perior, two-celled; fruit, a simple inde- hiscent nut. URTICA, L. Nettles. Fifteen na- tive species, all nearly equivalent. U dioica best known as medical. Diuretic, pectoral, sub-astringent. Used in de- coction for nephritis, gravel, hemor- rhage, hemoptysis, jaundice, bloody urine, bloody piles, &c. The property of stinging when fresh, called urtica- tion, formerly used as a powerful stim- ulant and rubefacient in palsies, and to cause revulsions instead of sinapisms. When dry no longer stinging. Cultiva- ted in Sweden for fodder; cows fed on it give much milk and yellow butter, Make horses smart and frisky. Stim- ulate fowls to lay many eggs. Spring shoots are boiled in Europe for pot- URT 243 UVU herbs. The stems of all afford a kind of tow, hemp, or flax, cloth, and paper. U. nivea cultivated for linen in Japan U. canabina for hemp in Russia. Our U. procera and canadensis (sub G. ob- lixilis) once began to be cultivated as fine perennial hemp. Seeds vermifuge, laxative, good food for fowls and tur- keys, said to cure the goitre, and to re- duce excessive corpulence. URTICARIA. Nettle-rasn; itching, nettle-sting wheals, fading and reviving, and wandering from part to part. It is named from the resemblance of the eruption to that produced by the net- tle URTICARIA CANADENSIS. Cana- da nettle, Albany hemp. URTICARIA PROCREA. Great nettle. „ . , URTICARIA PUMILLA. Stingless nettle, richweed. clearweed. URTICARIA URENS. Dwarf sting- er. UTERINE. Appertaining to the womb. , „ UTERO-GESTATION. Pregnancy. UTERUS. The womb; a flattened organ of a pyriform shape, having its base turned upward, and corresponding in its direction with the axis of the in- let of the pelvis. It is distinguished into four parts, viz.: 1. The fundus, or upper part. 2. The body, or the largest part. 3. The cervix, or the narrow neck. 4. The os tinea, or the orifice. URTICLE. A little bladder, a term applied to capsules of a peculiar 'UTRICULARIA CERATOPHYLLA. Hooded millfoil. _ , UTRICULARIA CORNUTA. Leaf- less bladder-wort. UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA. Bladderwort. UVA URSI. A species of arctosta- phylos, called bear-berry, trailing arbu- tus, bear's whortleberry, wild cranber- ry, &c.; used in cases of irritable blad- der. Good in the same complaints as the above, and in ulcerations of the kidneys and bladder. A tea to be free- ly drank. UVEA. Posterior lamina of the iris. UVULA. The pendulous body which hangs down from the middle of the soft PaUVULA VESICE. A small tuber- cle situated in the neck of the bladder. formed by the projection of the mucous membrane. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort. All spe- cies equivalent, although U. perforata and grandiflora mostly used. Root subacrid when fresh, with a fine muci- lage. Equivalent to cyprypedium as a nervine, but much less efficient. When chewed and the saliva swallowed, it cures sorethroat. Said to be equal to hieracium nervosum in bites of rattle- snakes. Useful in wounds and sores. Decoction of the plant in sore mouth, inflamed larynx and gums. Shoots edi- ble like asparagus, roots edible when dry and cooked. See Barton, table 55. i VAL 244 VAN V. VACCINATION. Insertion of cow- pox virus under the cuticle, as a pro- phylactic against the contagion of vari- ola, or small-pox. VACCINE DISEASE. Cow-pox, a contagious disease. VACCINIUM, Lin. Whortleberries, huckleberries. We have forty species. Almost all produce fruits, blue or black, acidule, cooling, subastringent, diuret- ic, &c. Useful in scurvy, diarrhea, dropsy, bilious fevers, &c. Eaten alone or with milk, sugar. Make syrup, wine, pies, puddings. The Indians dry them in cakes. They stain and dye {turplish. Leaves astringent, can tan eather; a tea used for sore mouth. S. dumosum, frondosum, tenellum, produce large fine berries. V. distichum, Raf. of Oregon, fine flavor baked into bread. V. vitisidea produces the bilberries. V. arboreum or farkleberry, fruit astrin- gent, but good flavor, best when dry : bark of the root very astringent, used for diarrhea and dysentery like the ber- ries. VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM. — Giant whortleberry, blue bilberry. VACCINIUM PENSYLVANICUM. Black blue whortleberry. VACCINIUM RESINOSUM. Black whortleberry. VACUUM. Empty of air, as in an exhausted receiver under an air-pump. VAGINA. A sheath, the passage from the labia pudendi to the uterus. VAGINAL COAT. Tunica vagina- lis, serous envelope of the testicles and epididymis. VAGINALIS GULE (vagina, a sheath). A muscular coat, chiefly of longitudinal fibres, surrounding the tube of the oesophagus, like a sheath. VAGUS NERVUS. The pneumo- gastric nerve, per vagum. VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA, Mx. American valerian. Leaves edible in salad. Root may be tried in nervous diseases, perhaps equivalent of V. offi- CtTtdllS VALERIANACE. The valerian tribe of dicotyledonous plants. Herbs with leaves opposite;flowers corymbose, panicled, or in heads; stamens distinct; ovarium inferior, two-celled; fruit dry, indehiscent. Nervine, in the form 0/ tincture or extract. The foreign is bet- ter than the American. VALERIAN. The root much em- ployed as an antispasmodic in infusion or tincture. VALERIAN, WILD. Lady's-slip- per. Nervine, used much by the Thom- sonians; but I have never found it to answer the end, of all they have said about it. VALETUDINARIAN. An invalid, one in feeble health. VALGUS. Toes turned outward, in a variety of clubfoot, abnormal flexion with abduction, talipes vulgus, eversion. VALISNERIA SPIRALIS. Tape- grass. VALVE. A close lid affixed to a tube or opening in 6ome vessel, by means of a hinge, or other movable joint, and which can be opened only in one direction. Hence it signifies a little membrane which prevents the re- turn of fluid in the bloodvessels and ab- sorbents. In botany, the parts of a seed-vessel into which it finally sepa- rates ; also the leaves which make up a glume, or spatha. VALVES OF THE AORTA. ) VALVES OF THE PULMONARY [ ARTERY. ) Are each three in number, and called sigmoid or semilunar. VALVES OF THE HEART. Eusta- chian, tricuspid, and mitral. VALVES OF THE VEINS. Are very numerous, and found in the veins of the head, trunk, and limbs, in the two vena cavas, and the vena azygos, and are either single, double, or triple. VALVULE CONNIVENTES. Folds upon the mucous membrane of the duo- denum. VANILLA. A species grows in S. Florida and Bahama, perhaps V. clavi- culata. The true vanilla is V. aroma- tica. Pods of all the species delightful smell and taste, ambrosiac, stimulant, VAS* 245 YEN antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, corroborant, cephalic, diuretic. Useful in melan- choly, atecnia, diseases of langour, &c. Commonly used to perfume chocolate, ice creams, sweetmeats, &c. VAPOR. Any liquid expanded by heat into an elastic or gaseous fluid, which recovers its liquid state by con- densation, on the abstraction of heat; it is contradistinguished from gas, as steam, which is vapor at a high temper- ature. VAPORS. Vulgar name for melan- choly or hypochondriasis. VARICELLA. The name given by Willan to the chicken-pox. It consists in an eruption of vesicles, seldom passing into suppuration, but bursting at the tip, and concreting into puckered scabs. VARICOSE. Belonging to or de- pendent on varix. VARIETY. A subdivision of a spe- cies, distinguished by characters which are not permanent. VARICOCELE (varix, a distended vein, kele, a tumor). An enlargement and distension of the bloodvessels of the scrotum. A varicose enlargement of the spermatic vein is called cirsocele. VARIOLA (quasi, parvi vari, small spots or pimples). Small-pox, an erup- tive disease; infection, attended with fever, and, subsequently, eruptions over the whole body. Two species; distinct when the pustules are distinct, and con- fluent when they run together and leave patches. VARIOLA INSERTA. When artifi- cially produced, as by inoculation. VARIOLOID. Modified small-pox, a mild form of 6mall-pox, often occurring after vaccination. VARIOLOID DISEASES. Diseases resembling variola. VARIX. A kind of knotty, un- equal, dark-colored swelling, arising from a morbid dilatation of veins. This disease is to veins what the true or encysted aneurism is to arteries. VARUS PUNCTATUS. Maggot pimple; tipped with a black spot, and discharging, on pressure, a grub-like concretion of mucus. VASA. A term applied to all the parts of the body having any resem- blance to vessels. VASA BREVIA. Branches of the splenic artery. VASA EFFERENTIA. Absorbent vessels which convey fluids away from the glands, toward the thoracic duct. VASA LACTEA. Chyliferoua ves- VASA SEMINALIA. Tubuli semi- niferi. Very minute tubes, constituting the parenchyma of the testes VASA VASORUM. Minute nutrient vessels which supply the coats of the arteries and veins. VASCULAR. Belonging to the blood- vessels VASCULAR SYSTEM. That part of the animal economy which relates to the vessels. Harvey took the heart as the centre, and described the two circu- lations as the pulmonic, through the lungs ; the systemic, through the system. VAS DEFERENS MULIERIS. Fal- lopian tubes. VASTUS EXTERNUS. ) Muscles of VASTUS INTERNUS. j the thigh. VAULT OF THE PALATE. Roof of the mouth. VAULT OF THE CRANIUM. Upper concavity of the skull. VAULTED. Arched; with a con- cave covering. VEHICLE. Any menstruum for the exhibition of medicines. VEINED. Having the divisions of the petiole irregulary branched on the under side of the leaf. VEINS, PULMONIC. Differ from the systemic, in carrying the red blood, after it has been decarbonated by respi- ration, and returning it to the heart. VEINS, SYSTEMIC. Vessels which carry dark blood and return it to the VELUM PALATI. The soft palate; the movable partition which separates the mouth from the pharynx. VENA. Veins. VENA ARTERIOSA. The portal Vein ; so called because it ramifies like an artery, and conveys blood for secre- tion ; but it is an arterial vein in anoth- er 6ense, being a vein to the hepatic artery, and an artery to the hepatic vein. VENA AZYGOS. A vein of the thorax, which has no corresponding vein—no yoke-fellow. VENA BASILICA. The royal or large vein of the arm. VENA CAVA INFERIOR, or AS- VER 246 VER CENDENS. The large trunk which extends from the articulation of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae to the right auricle of the heart. VENA CAVA SUPERIOR, or DE- SCENDENS. The grand trunk which transmits the blood of the head, the neck, the superior extremities, and part of the circulation of the thorax, to the VENA CEPHALICA POLLICIS.— The vein of the back of the thumb, which passes over the outside of the wrist. From this vein, and the divis- ion of the plexus of the back of the hand, proceeds the cephalica minor, or radialis externa, which, as it rises upon the outside of the humerus, becomes the great cephalic vein. VENA PORTE. The large trunk which extends along the groove of the liver. The canal which it seems to form under that organ, has been termed the sinus of the vena porta. VENA SEMI-AZYGOS. A consid- erable branch which ascends parallel to the vena azygos, on the left side of the vertebrae. VENEREAL DISEASE. Including both syphilis and gonorrhoea, as conven- tionally understood,' but strictly the former only. VENERY. Sexual indulgence ; when excessive the source of numerous dis- eases. VENESECTION. Phlebotomy. The opening a vein for the purpose of blood- letting. VENTRAL. In botany, a term ap- plied to that suture of the legume to which the seeds are attached; the oppo- site suture is the dorsal. VENTRICLES. Four cavities in the brain, and two in the heart. VENTRICOSE. Bellying; inflated in some part. VERATRIA. ) Veratrine, the alka- VERATRINA. ] loid found in the veratrum sabadilla, colchicum, &c. VERATRUM VIRIDE, P. (album, Sch., Mx.). Ichweed, hellebore, In- dianpoke, earthgall, devilbit, wolfbane, dackretter, puppet-root, &c. Poisonous active plant. Root employed, acrid nauseous, drastic, emetic, errhine, aco- protic, repellent, powerful stimulant, followed by sedative effects, escharotic, and inflaming the skin if applied to it. Useful in epilepsy, gnut, mania, copho- sis, acute rheumatism ; and topically in scabs, tinea capitis, lepra, scorbutic cu- taneous affections ; but a powerful, dan- gerous article, requiring caution in ex- hibition ; doses three to ten grains of powder as emetic, but often fails in some persons, and always acts tardily. Wine of it is used for gout, with 1-4 opium, doses 15 to 30 drops repeated. Ointment, used externally, has happened to cause emesis by application even on the legs. It is a poison for all insects in decoction, noxious to geese, sheep, swine, fowls; crows intoxicated by steeping corn in it. In gout it removes paroxysms, allays pains, procures rest and sleep, reduces pulse, and abates fe- vers. Keeps issues open in ulcers. Used by some empirics as a tonic, men- agogue, in quinsy, sorethroat, suppres- sions, but dangerous. Improper doses produce dimness, faintness, insensibility, &c. Used once to poison arrows. Lately to tan leather very quick. It contains veratrine, a narcotic'alkali. VERBASCUM THASPUS. Great mullein ; a European plant of the order scrophulariaceae. The generic term ap- pears to be derived from the shagginess of the plants, quasi barbascum, from barba, a beard. Fishes stupefied by the seeds. VERBENA, L. Vervain, purvain.— Bitterish, subastringent, tonic, deobstru- ent, sudorific, &c. Our best medical species is V. hastata (wild hyssop, sim- plersjoy) stronger bitter, emetic, expec- torant, tonic, a good substitute to eupa- torium, but much weaker, used in agues and fever. Said by Thomson to be next to lobelia for an emetic in tea or powder, to check fevers and incipient phthisis. V. urticifolia herb useless, but root bitter, used against the eresyp- ela of rhus with milk and oak bark. V. spuria and others equivalent to V. officinalii, as vulnerary, febrifuge, used in hemicrania, obstructions, agues, coughs, gravel, worms, scrofula, icteris, wounds. Was the holy herb of the Greeks and Druids, used as panacea in incantations and to drive evil spirits. VERBESINA VIRGINICA, L. Herbe a trois quarts, in Louisiana. Valuable sudorific and depurative of Indian tribes: roots used in decoction. VERDIGRIS. An impure acetate of • VER 247 VIB peroxyde of copper, of a beautiful blu- ish green color, formed from the corro- sion of copper by fermented vegetables. VERJUICE. A kind of harsh vine- gar, made of the expressed juice of the wild apple or crab, which has under- gone the acetous fermentation. The French give this name to unripe grapes, and to the sour liquor obtained from them. VERMES. A worm. There are five species of worms which infest the human intestines. VERMICULAR. A term applied to parts having either the shape or the motion of worms. VERMIFORM (vermis, a worm, for- ma, likeness). Worm-like ; the desig- nation of two processes of the cerebel- lum, which connect the lateral lobes above and below. VERMIFUGE. A medicine for the cure of worms. VERMINOUS. Infested with worms. VERNAL. Appearing in the spring. VERNONIA, Ait. Ironweed. All the species equivalent. Roots bitterish, used for fevers in Kentucky, spirituous bitters made. Schoepf says used against poisons. Stems afford a kind of hemp, V. altissima ten feet high. Leaves as- tringent, used for sorethroat. VERSION. Turning the foetus and delivering by the feet in certain malpre- sentations. VERRUCOSE. Warty, covered with little protuberances. VERTEBRE. That chain of bones which reaches from the neck down the back. VERTEBRAL ARTERY. A large artery, so named from its passing through a bony canal, formed for it by the perforations of the cervical verte- brae. This, and the carotid, are the ar- teries of the brain. VERTEX. The top or crown of the head. VERTICAL. Perpendicular. VERTICILLATE. Whorled, having the leaves or flowers in a circle round the stem. VERTIGO. Giddiness; dizziness, with a fear of falling. It is a popular expression to say the brain turns. VERU MONTANUM. A little em- inence in the urethra, at the termination of the ductus ejaculatorius. VETERINARY. That branch of medicine which has bodies of animals for its objects. VERVIAN. Verbena officinalis.— Henry says that a tea of this plant cures chills and fever. VESICA BILIARIA. Gall-bladder. VESICA URINARIA. Urinary blad der. VESICATORY. | Producing blisters. VESICATORIUM (vesica, a bladder). A vesicatory, epispastic, or blister. VESICO VAGINAL. Fistula be- tween the bladder and vagina. VESICULA (dim. of vesica, a blad- der). A vesicle or little bladder. A small elevation of the cuticle, contain- ing a transparent, serous fluid. VESICULE SEMINALES. Two small bags situated at the base of the prostate gland, forming reservoirs for the seminal fluid. VESICULAR. Made up of cellular VESPERTINE. Flowers opening in the evening. VESTIBULE (vestibulum, a thresh- old). A small oval cavity of the internal ear, so named from its forming an entry to the cochlea and semicircular canals. This term is also applied to a triangular space which separates the nymphae from each other. VEXILLARIA VIRGINIANA. But- terfly weed. VIABILITY. Capacity for life, as in the newborn foetus. VIBICES. Purple spots under the skin in malignant fevers. VIBRISSA. Hairs growing within the nostrils. VIBURNUM, L. Many species, medical and useful. V. acerifolium or dockmockie, leaves applied to inflamed tumors by Indians. Fruit of many ed- ible, V. oxycocus and edule resemble cranberries and are equal, those of V. prunifolium, and others, blue, sweetish, acid, edible. Bark of many smoked like tobacco by Western tribes. Leaves of V. cassinoides, levigatum, prunifo- lium used for tea in the South. Bark of V. lantana and others give glue like ilex. V. dentatum (mealy-tree arrow-wood, and tily of Indians). — Bark used by the Indians and Shakers as a diuretic and detergent, bitterish, VIO 248 VIS contains a peculiar fragrant oil; U6ed in decoction daily and freely to prevent and remove cancerous affections, extract, pills, and plaster also used. VICARIOUS. Morbid hemorrhages, &c, occurring in the place of natural or habitual discharges. VICIA CRACCA. Tufted vetch. VICIA FABA. Garden bean, Wind- sor bean. VICIA SATIVA. Tare. VIDIAN CANAL. Pterygoid canal, in the os petrosa. VILLOUS. In botany, hairy, the hairs, long and soft. VILLUS. Mucous coat of the stom- ach. V1NCA MINOR. Perewinckle. VINUM. Wine, fermented juice of the grape, used in preparing vinous tinctures, of which there are numerous examples. VIOLA, L. Violet. Prolific genus, we have nearly 40 native species.— Properties more or less alike in all. Roots commonly mild emetic and ca- thartic, leaves emollient laxative, pecto- ral, &c. All the parts contain the vio- line, a peculiar kind of emetine. Flow- ers of the fragrant V. odorata cultivated, much used for a grateful tea and syrup, used for cough, sorethroat, constipation, often given to children. We have only two fragrant wild species equivalent, V. canadensis and blanda, smell sweeter but fainter. Roots bitterish acrid, tonic in doses of 10 grains, purgative 25 to 30, emetic 40 to 50, also used as depu- rative in diseases of the skin. V. tri- color, arvensis, and calcarata used in Europe, their leaves also purgative. We use chiefly V. clandestina, rotundi- folia, palmata, heteropyhlla, sometimes called healall. Leaves emollient, sup- purative, used for wounds and sores, bruised or in poultices. Elliott says the negroes eat the leaves of the two last in soups. VIOLA CUCULLATA. Common blue violet. VIOLA HASTATA. Halbert violet. VIOLA MUHLENBERGIANA. — Slender violet. VIOLA ODORATA. Sweet violet, a delicate test or chemical. VIOLA PUBESCENS. Yellow vio- let. VIOLA ROSTRATA. Beaked violet. VIOLA STRIATA. Striped violet. VIOLACEOUS. Violet-colored. VIOLINA. An alkaloid, emetine, analagous to that obtained from ipecac- uanha. VIRESCENS. Inclining to green. VIRGATE. Long and slender, wand- like. VIRGINIA DOGWOOD. Leaves pul- verized, make a good tonic and febri- VIRGINIA SPEEDWELL. Highly recommended for dropsy. Make a tea, and drink freely. VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Clematis vir- giniana. Stimulant, nervine. VIRGULTUM. A small twig. VIROSE. Nauseous to the smell, poisonous. VIRUS. Venom, animal poison, con- tagion. VIS. Force; power; a term ex- pressive of strength in general. VIS A TERGO. Force from behind, applied to the impulse given to the cur- rent of blood in the arteries by the heart's systole. VIS INERTIA. Principle by which matter remains at rest, or preserves mo- tion in a right line, unless disturbed by foreign force. VIS INSITA. Applied to the flesh. it means the natural contractility of the moving fibres. VIS MEDICATRIX NATURE.— Power or efforts of nature in curing diseases. VIS MORTUA. Contractility of mus- cles after death, or after being removed from the body. VIS NERVEA. Vital energy or sen- sibility derived from innervation. VISCERA. The bowels or entrails, the chief contents of the head, chest, and belly. VISCID. Thick, glutinous, covered with adhesive moisture. VISCOUS. Glutinous, sticky. VISCUM, L. Mistletoe. Several species equivalent. My V. serotinum is monoical triandrous. Leaves contain nitrate of potash, jump in the fire before burning. Fruits viscose, birdlime made with them, Contain wax, glue, gum, viscine insoluble, clorophylle, iron, salts, &c. They are lubricant, sweet- ish, febrifuge, anlieleptic. Leaves and berries given in tea or powder for epi- VIT 249 VUL leptic fits, convulsions, vertigo, pleuritis, dysentery. By no means inert, although now neglected. Once the sacred plant of the Druids. Powder must be used fresh, and in large doses. VISCUS. PI. Viscera. A bowel, or intestine. Any organ which has an appropriate use. VITA PROPRIA. Nisus formativus, peculiar vitality in the different organs, adapting them to their several func- tions. VITAL AIR. Pure air, air necessary to life; oxygen gas. VITAL ORGANS. Those which are essential to life. VITALITY. Property of the living body which effectually defeats the ac- tion of chemical laws, in impairing or destroying the structure of the organi- zation, unless they are sufficiently potent to destroy vitality itself, and convert the organization into dead matter. VITELLOOVISOLUTUS. Dissolved in the yolk of an egg. VITELLUS OVI. The yolk of egg; a kind of yellow emulsion, consisting of oil, suspended in water by means of albumen, and enclosed in a sack called the yolk bag; principally employed for rendering oils and balsams miscible with water. VITES. The vine tribe of dicotyle- donous plants. Climbing shrubs with tumid joints, and leaves stipulate; flow- ers polypetalous, on ramose peduncles; stamens hypogynous ; ovarium two-cell- ed ; fruit baccate ; seeds albuminous. VITEX AGNUSCASTUS, L. Chaste- tree. Found by Schoepf in Virginia and Carolina. Leaves discutient, dispel swellings of joints and testicles, applied warm. Seeds acrid, aromatic, nidorose, stimulant, subastringent, used in hys- teria and gonorrhea; but by no means sedative, as formerly thought. VITIS LABRUSCA. Plum-grape. VITIS RIPARIA. Odoriferous-grape. VITIS VINIFERA. Common grape- vine. Various parts of this plant have been employed in medicine under va- rious names. The juice, fermented, makes an excellent drink called wine, which is useful in debility, old age, nervous complaints, &c. VITIS VULPINA. Frost-grape. VITREOUS BODY. Vitreous humor. A transparent mass, resembling melted glass, occupying the globe of the eye, and enclosed in the hyaloid membrane. VITRIFICATION. The conversion of a substance, as silica, &c, into glass. VITRIOL. A term originally applied to any crystalline body possessing a a certain degree of transparency, but now restricted to the following substan- ces : 1. Green Vitriol. Copperas, or sul- phate of iron. When the salt is ex- posed to heat in a retort, it first gives off water of crystallization, or phlegm of vitriol; next comes an acid, called spir- it of vitriol; then a stronger acid, called oil of vitriol; the latter part of this be- comes solid, and has been called glacial oil of vitriol. 2. Blue Vitriol. Sulphate of copper, commonly called Roman vitriol. 3. White Vitriol. Sulphate of zinc. VITRIOLATED TARTAR. Sul- phate of potash. VITRIOLIC ACID. Sulphuric acid. VITRUM ANTIMONII. Glass of antimony. VIVIPAROUS (vivus, alive, pario, to bring forth). A term applied to animals which bring forth their young alive and perfect, as distinguished from oviparous animals, which produce their young in the egg. In botany, producing others by means of bulbs or seeds, germinating while yet on the old plant. VOCAL LIGAMENTS. Vocal cords. A name given to the thyro-arytaenoid articulation, which produces music by their contractions and dilatations. VOLA. The palm of the hand. VOLTAIC PILE. A galvanic appa- VOLVULUS. Intus-susceptio. VOMITURITIO. Retching. VOMER (aploughshare). A bone of the nose, forming the partition between the nostrils, and so named from its re- semblance to a ploughshare. VOMICA. An abscess or impos- thume of the lungs; so called, because it discharges a sanies. VULPIS MORBIS. Alopecia, falling of the hair. VULNERARY. (From vulnus, a wound.) Medicines which heal wounds. VULVA. An elliptic opening en- closed by the labia majora of the puden- dum, or external parts of generation in the female. WHA 250 WHO w. WALLFLOWER. See Cheiran- thus. WALL PELLITORY. Diuretic; tea good in suppression of urine. WALNUT-TREE, BLACK. Juglans. The shell and peel of the kernels seem to be sudorific. The green shell, says Henry, rubbed on ringworms and tet- ters, cures them. WART. Verucca. WATER CARPET. See Chrysos- plenium. WATER CHICKWEED. Calla- triche verna. WATER CRESSES. A gentle stim- ulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. WATER DOCK. Astringent, laxa- tive, Henry states that the root is good in scurvy, tetter, venereal, and ulcers. WATER FEATHERS. See Chara. WATER FENNEL. In doses of five grains, pulverized, given three times a day, is recommended for consumption. WATER HEMLOCK. Cicuta macu- lata. This plant acts in the same man- ner as the narcotic poisons. It has been used, of late, by several practitioners, as a substitute for the conium macula- turn. Its effects were very analagous to those of the true hemlock, but rather more powerful. WATER PLANTAIN. Plantago cor- data. Boil the roots till soft, mash them, and apply for a poultice. "Re- moves inflammation, reduces swelling, and cleanses and heals the most foui and inveterate ulcers." WATERMELON. The fruit is a good diuretic, and very cooling in hot, bilious constitutions. The seeds, used in Holland gin, make an excellent med- icine in dropsy and suppression of urine. WATER MOSS. See Conferva. WATER SHIELD. Brasenia hydro- peltis. Astringent, demulcent. WATER RUSHES. A popular med- icine for gravel, dropsy, and suppression of urine : make a tea, and drink freely. WATER TREFOIL. Menyanthes trifoliate. A drachm of the powdered leaves, says Henry, is a purge and vomit. WEDGE-FORM. Shaped like a wedge, rounded at the large end, obo- vate with straightish sides. WEN. An encysted tumor, present- ing the following varieties, viz.— 1. Steatoma. Adipose wen. 2. Atheroma. Mealy wen. 3. Meliceris. Honeyed wen. 4. Testudo. Horny wen. 5. Ganglion. Ganglion. WHEY. Fluid part of milk separa- ted from the curd or coagulum as by acid ; serum lactis. WHEEL-SHAPED. See Rotate. WHITE BRYONY. Drastic, purga- tive. Sugden has used it as a hydra- gogue, and purge. WHITE PINE BARK. Pinus stro- bus. Balsamic, diuretic, astringent. WHITE POPLAR. Tonic, and as- tringent. See LlRIODENDRON. WHITE POND LILY. Nymphae aquatica. Emollient, demulcent, cool- ing. A decoction, mixed with elm bark, makes a good poultice for disease and white-swelling. WHITE PRECIPITATE. A com- pound formed when ammonia is added to a solution of chloride of mercury. WHITE-SWELLING. Hydrarthus. A colorless swelling, chiefly of the larger joints. It may commence in the synovial membrane, in the cartilages, or in the bones. WHITEWOOD BARK. Lirioden- dron tulipereifera. Stomachic, aromatic. WHITES. The vulgar name for leu- corrhcea, or the discharge of a yellowish- white mucus from the vagina. For it give tonics and astringents. WHITE WEED. See Chrysanthe- mum Leucanthemum. WHITLOW. Onychia ; paronychia. An inflammation at the end of one of the fingers, or thumbs, very painful and much disposed to suppurate. The effu- sion may be immediately under the skin; among the tendons ; or it may press on the periosteum ; it is to this last or ma- lignant form, that the term felon is most correctly applied. WHORTLEBERRY. Vaccinium.— WIN 251 WOR This plant is vulgarly called " huckle- berry," and is familiar to most persons. The fruit is much used and esteemed. The berries contain very considerable medicinal properties. They are, with the root, strongly diuretic, and seldom fail of relieving or curing gravelly and dropsical affections. They may be bruised, put in gin, and drank as the stomach will bear. WHOOPING-COUGH. See Pertus- sis. WICKUP. Epilohium spicatum — Emetic. WILD ALLSPICE. See Fever Bush. WILD BASIL. See Mountain Dit- tany. WILD AND GARDEN LETTUCE. The extract, without causing costive- ness, is an anodyne, and allays coughs : take two or three pills occasionally. WILD CAMOMILE. See May- weed. Henry says this plant answers all the intentions of the wild camomile flowers. WILD CARROT. Diuretic, aromatic, stomachic, carminative, and emmena- gogue. A tea drank freely is useful in gravel. WILD CHERVIL. See Cnidium Canadense. WILD INDIGO. Babtesia tinc- toria. A strong decoction, mixed with elm bark, useful in ulcers as a poultice. WILD PARSLEY. Petroselinum.— A warm and powerful diuretic. Very efficacious in chronic inflammation of the bladder and prostate gland, suppres- sion of urine, gravel, &c. Add one ounce of the seeds to one pint of best Holland gin, and take half a wine glass- ful four or five times a day ; or a decoc- tion may be taken. WILD MARJORAM. Origanum vul- gare. Fragrant, pungent, acrid, bitter- ish, stomachic, corroborant, detergent, stimulant, menagogue, and diaphoretic ; useful in tea, for cough, asthma, chloro- sis, oedema. The distilled oil has all the properties ; it is acrid and caustic, burns the skin, relieves the toothache, &c. WILD SUCCORY: See Cichorium. WILD TURNIP. Arum tryphyllum. Acrid, narcotic. WILLOW ROSE BARK. Cornus sericea. Astringent. WINDSORIA SESLEROIDES. Red- top. WINGS. The two side petals of a papilionaceous flower. WINTERACEE. The Winter's bark tribe of dycotyledonous plants. Trees or shrubs, with leaves alternate; flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; stamens hypogynous; fruit consisting of a sin- gle row of carpella. WINTERGREEN. Gualtheria repens. Wintergreen is stimulant, anodyne, as- tringent, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, milky, and cordial; and a popular remedy in many parts of the country. It is generally used as a tea; but the essence and oil possess eminent- ly all the properties, and are kept in the shops. The oil is used as a disguise to many of the popular panaceas. Diu- retic ; good to promote a discharge of urine. WINTER LAUREL. See Chiman- thus Amygdalinus. WITCH HAZEL. Hamamelis vir- ginica. Astringent, herpetic. WOLFSBANE or MONKSHOOD.— Monicle. Stimulant, good in glandular swellings and venereal nodes, spina ven- tosa, amaurosis, gout, &c. We occa- sionally use it to allay irritation, and find the extract valuable in neuralgia. WOOD. The most solid parts of trunks of trees and shrubs. WOOD BETONY. Roots emetic and c fl.t n 3.i*ti c WOODSIA HYPERBOREA. Flow- ercup-fern. WOOD SORREL. Oxalis. Possesses a vegetable acid. A tea of this plant, sweetened with sugar, allays thirst. The extract, which is a strong escharot- ic, the Thomsonians use for cancers', yet they decry poisons so much. WOODS. Name applied to sarsapa- rilla, guiacum, sassafras, and mezereon, hence decoction of the woods. WORMS. See Vermes. WORMSEED. The spigelia mari- landica, or Carolina pink ; the root and leaves of which are active anthelmin- tics. 1. Wormseed oil. A powerfully an- thelmintic oil, obtained from the seeds of the chenopodium anthelminticum. 2. The term wormseed is also applied to a substance consisting, not of the seeds, but of the broken peduncles, XAN 252 XAN mixed with the calyx and flower-buds, of the artemisia santonica, and also known by the names of semen santonicum, se- men cinae, semen contra, semen semeni- na, &c. WORMWOOD. The vernacular name of the artemisia absinthium, a European composite plant. Common in this country ; simmered with vinegar, is excellent in bruises. Tea of it is a good tonic; also good for worms. WORT. An herb. WOUND. A division of the soft parts, suddenly occasioned by external causes, and generally attended at first with hemorrhage. WOUNDS, INCISED. Are those made by simple division of the fibres with a sharp cutting instrument, with- out contusion or laceration. WOUNDS, LACERATED. Are those in which the fibres, instead of being divided by a cutting instrument, have XANTHIUM, L. Burweed, bur- thistle, clotburr. Two native species, X. Crassum, and undulatum, Raf., mis- taken for X. strumarium and orientate by authors, X. spinosum is besides be- come spontaneous. All equivalent, bit- terish subacrid, dye yellow ; astringent, pellent, diaphoretic. Useful in scrofu- la, herpes, erysipelas. Seeds or burs baneful to sheep, spoil their wool by entangling with it. XANTHORHIZA APIFOLIA, Mar- shall. Yellowwort. Southern shrub with yellow roots and stems, dyeing silk yellow and wool drab color, with- out mordant, but neither cotton nor linen, dyes olive green with Prussian blue and alum. Fine and pure tonic bitter, con- taining bitter resin and gum, equivalent of Frasera, dose in fevers 40 grains. Bark stronger than the wood. Infusion yellow, a pleasant mild stomachic bitter. XANTHOXYLON FRAXINEUM.— Prickly ash. The whole shrub is pos- sessed of active properties ; the leaves and fruit smell and taste like the rind of lemons, and afford a similar volatile oil. The smell of the leaves is more like been torn asunder by some violence; the edges, instead of being straight and regular, are jagged or unequal. WOUNDS, CONTUSED. Are those made by a violent blow from some blunt instrument or surface. These re- semble the preceding species, and re- quire nearly the same kind of treatment. WOUNDS, PUNCTURED. Are those made with a narrow-pointed instru- ment, as by the thrust of a sword or bayonet. WOUNDS, POISONED. Are the bite of a viper, mad dogs, &c. ; wounds of the hand in dissection, &c. WOUNDS, GUNSHOT. Are those caused by hard, metallic bodies, project- ed from fire-arms. WRIST. Carpus, comprising eight bones. WRY-NECK. An involuntary and fixed inclination of the head toward one of the shoulders. orange leaves. The bark is the offici- nal part, the smell and taste are acrid, pungent, aromatic. It is sialogogue, stimulant, pellent, astringent, sudorific, antisyphilitic, odontalgic, &c. The chemical, analysis, by Dr. Sta- ples, has given two oils, one volatile, another fixed and green, resin, gum, fibrine, a colored matter, and a peculiar substance, xanthoxyline, which crys- tallizes, resembles piperine, and is solu- ble in warm alcohol. The leaves com tain chiefly mucilage, gallic acid, and a volatile oil. This article appears to be equivalent to mezereon and guiacum in properties. The acrimony is not felt at first, when the bark or liquid is taken in the mouth, but unfolds itself gradual- ly*by a burning sensation on the tongue and palate. It is deemed, like them, very useful in chronic rheumatism, pro- ducing a sense of heat in the stomach, a tendency to perspiration and speedy relief when given in full doses of ten to twenty grains, three times daily, or the decoction of one ounce in four or five doses. It seldom produces nausea or effects on the bowels. It, however, X. YEL 253 YUC has failed in some obstinate cases. In small doses it becomes diaphoretic, and removes rheumatic pains. This is a great article in the Materia Medica of our Indians ; it is called hantola by the western tribes ; they prefer the bark of the root, and use it in decoction for col- ics, gonorrhea, syphilis, rheumatism, in- ward pains, chewed for tooth-ache, and applied externally in poultice, with bear's grease, for ulcers and sores. It is a great topical stimulant, changing the nature of malignant ulcers. In tooth-ache it is only a palliative, as I have ascertained on myself, the burning sensation which it produces on the mouth, merely mitigating the other pain, which returns afterward. Some nerb- YARROW. Millefolium. This plant possesses considerable medicinal proper- ty as a detergent, purifies the blood, opens the pores, removes obstructions, &c. It stops the spitting of blood, and cures the bleeding piles ; and is also very beneficial in dysentery. It may be giv- en in the form of decoction, sweetened with honey. Henry says, take a tea- cupful of a tea, sweetened with honey, three times a day, for the cure of dys- entery, piles, and excessive menses. YAUPON. See South Sea Tea. YAW (a raspberry, Afric). The name given by the Africans to the disease called framboesia. On the American coast it is termed pian and epian. YEAST. Fermentum. A substance generated during the vinous fermenta- tion of vegetable juices and decoctions, rising to the surface in the form of a frothy, flocculent, and somewhat viscid matter. It is used for promoting fermen- tation. Antiseptic. YELLOW ASH. See Cladrastis Tinctoria. YELLOW FEVER. One of the se- verest forms of malignant remittent; so named from the lemon or orange hue presented by the whole surface of the body, and attended with vomiting of a yellowish matter at the beginning, and of a chocolate-colored colluvies toward its close. See Reformed Practice. alists employ the bark and seeds in powder, to cure intermittent fevers. A tincture of the berries has been used for violent colics in Virginia. It is very good in diseases connected with a syph- ilitic taint. The long use of it often brings on salivation like mercury. XEROTES. A dry habit of body. XYLOSTEUM CILIATUM. Fly hone v suckle XYLOSTEUM SOLONIS. Swamp twinberry. XYRIS, L. Eye-grass, head-grass. Several species equivalent. Roots and leaves used against lepra and diseases of the skin by the Hindoos. XYRIS CAROLINIANA. Yellow- eyed-grass, yellow flowering rash. YELLOW - FLOWERED RHODO- DENDRON. A stimulant narcotic prin- ciple. YELLOW GUM. Infantile jaundice. YELLOW PARILLA. Menisper- mum. Grows plentifully in the west- ern states, and is highly recommended for purifying the blood Make a tea, and drink freely. YELLOW WA SH. Made by adding two grains of corrosive sublimate to an ounce of lime water; used by some in ve- nereal ulcers. YEW. A tree of tough wood. YTTRIUM. Metallic basis of the earth yttria. I YUCCA, L. The Y. gloriosa, or pal- | metto royal is a fine ornamental tree, j used for hedges and fences,when young I in the Sea Islands of the South. Young j leaves green (also those of Y. alnifolia). i Roots edible. Fruit like a cucumber, ! purple, juicy , aromatic, bitterish, eat- j en although purgative, eccoprotic, or good for the gout. Y. filamentosa, called | Adam's needle, silk aloes, bear-grass, use- j ful, roots pounded and boiled used in- j stead of soap for woollens and blan- kets by Indians. Intoxicate fish when I thrown in the water. Leaves equiva- | lent of agave, furnishing a silky thread, j fine strong flax, twisted ropes, traces, i and even cables. 1 YUX. The hiccough. Y. ZIZ 254 ZOS Z. ZAFFRE. Impure oxyde of cobalt. ZAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA, W. Su- garpine. In Florida, coral fruits in con- ical strobile, covered with a sugary sub- stance like manna, edible rich food. ZANICHELLA INTERMEDIA. — False pondweed, ZAPANIA NODIFLORA. Fog-fruit. ZEA MAYS. Indian corn. ZERO. Beginning of the numbers of a thermometrical scale. ZIGADENUS GLABERIMUS. Zig- 3,0 en e ZINGIBER OFFICINALE. The nar- row-leaved ginger, the rhizome of which constitutes the ginger-root of com- merce. Black ginger, is dried after be- ing scalded, without being scraped; white ginger, on the contrary, is care- fully scraped. It is stated, however, that there are two ginger plants, the white and the black. The annual shoots put forth from the perennial rhi- zome are used for making preserved ginger, ZINC. Spelter, a metal, its salts me- dicinally used. ZIZANIA, L. Wild rice, water oats. Good green fodder for cattle in winter. Z. aquatica much liked by horses and cattle in the South, while they refuse 2. miliacea. Seeds like oats and like rice when cleaned, excellent food, sac- charine, make good flour, cakes, soups. Ch'ief food of Indian tribes between lat. 40 and 50. Grows and bears plentifully in water, ponds and lakes; ought to be spread in all: might become the rice of the North. ZONA PELLUCIDA. A thick mem- brane, constituting the external invest- ment of the ovum. By Wagner it is termed chorion. ZONE. Shingles, herpetic circle round the body. ZIZ1A AUREA. Meadow parsnip. ZOOLOGY. The science of animals. ZOOPHITES. The lowest order of an- imals, sometimes called animal plants, though considered as wholly belonging to the animal kingdom. Many of them resemble plants in their form, and ex- hibit very faint marks of sensation. ZOONOMIA. Laws of animal life. ZOSTERA MARINA. Grass-rack, sea-eelgrass. 255 SYMBOLICAL LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Besides the scientific relations which are to be observed in plants, flowers may also be regarded as emblematical of the affections of the heart and qualities of the intellect. In all ages of the world, history and fable have attached to flowers particular associations ; consecrating them to melancholy re- membrances, to glory friendship, or love. In Oriental countries, a selam, or boquet of flowers, is often made the interesting medium of communicating sentiments to which words are inadequate. The authorities for the emblems here adopted, are, " Flora's Dictionary," " Garland of Flora," " Les Vegtteux Curicux" and " Emblems des Fleurs." In a few cases, alterations have been made, in order to introduce sentiments of a more refined and elevated character, than such as relate to mere personal attractions. A. Acacia. Friendship. Acanthus. Indissoluble ties. Aconitum. (Monk's hood.) Deceit.— Poisonous words. Adonis autumnalis. Sorrowful remem- brances. Agrostemma. (Cockle.) Charms please the eye, but merit wins the soul. Althea. I would not act contrary to reason. Aloe. Religious superstition. Think not the Almighty wills one idle pang, one needless tear. Amaranthus. Immortality. Unchange- able. A. melancholicus. Love lies bleeding. Amaryllus. Splendid beauty. Coquetry. Anemone. Anticipation. Frailty. Apocynum. . Falsehood. Arbor Vita. (Thuja occidentalis.) — Friendship unchanging. Arum. Deceit. Ferocity. Treachery. As'clepias. (Milkweed). Cure for the heartache. The miserable have no medicine but hope. Aster. Beauty in retirement. Auricula. Elegance. Pride. B. Bachelor's button. Hope, even in mis- ery. Balm. Sweets of social intercourse. Balsam. (Impatiens.) Impatience. Do not approach me. Bay. (Laurus.) I change but with death. Box. Constancy. Broom. Humility. Broom-corn. Industry. C. Calla ethiopica. (Egyptian lily.) Fem- inine delicacy. Camelia japonica. (Japan rose.) Pity is easily changed to love. Campanula. (Bell-flower.) Gratitude. Cape jasmine. (Gardenia florida.) My heart is joyful. Cardinal flower. (Lobelia cardinalis.) High station does not secure happi- ness. Carnation. (Dianthus.) Disdain. Pride. Catch-fly. (Lychnis.) I am a willing prisoner. Cedar. (Juniperus.) You are entitled to my love. Chamomile. Bloom in sorrow. Ener- gy to act in adversity. China-aster, double. (Aster chinensis.) Your sentiments meet with a rre turn. China-aster, single. You have no cause for discouragement. Chrysanthemum, red. Love. Chrysanthemum, white. Truth needs no protestations. Chrysanthemum, yellow. A heart left to desolation. Citron. Beautiful, but ill-humored. 256 SYMBOLICAL LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Clematis. (Virgin's-bower.) Mental excellence. Cock's-comb. (Amaranthus.) Foppery. Affectation. Columbine, purple. (Aquilegia cana- densis.) I cannot give thee up. Columbine, red. Hope and fear alter- nately prevail. Convolvulus. Uncertainty. Cornus. Indifference. A changed heart. Cowslip. (Primula.) Native grace. Crocus. Cheerfulness. Crown-imperial. (Fritillaria imperi- alist Power without goodness. Cypress. Disappointed hopes. Despair. D. Dahlia. For ever thine. Daisy. (Bellis perennis.) Unconscious beauty. Dandelion. Smiling on all. Coquetry. E. Eglantine. (Rosarubiginosa.) I wound to heal. Elder. (Sambucus.) Compassion yield- ing to love. Everlasting. (Gnaphalium.) Never- ' ceasing remembrance. F. Foxglove. (Digitalis.) I am not am- bitious for myself but for you. Fuschsia. (Ladies'ear-drop.) It were all one, That I should love a bright particular star, And think to wed it. G. Geranium, fish. Thou art changed. Geranium, oak. Give me one look to cheer my absence. Geranium, rose. Many are lovely, but you exceed all. H. . Hawthorn. (Cratagus.) Hope ! I thee invoke! Heart's ease. (Viola tricolor.) Forget me not. Hibiscus. Beauty is vain. Holly. (Ilex.) Think upon your vows. Hollyhock. (Althea rosea.) Ambition. Honeysuckle. (Lonicera.) I strive with grief. Fidelity, Houstonia cerulea. Meek and quiet happiness. Innocence. Hyacinth. Love is full of jealousy. Hydrangea. A boaster. Superior merit, when assumed, is lost. Hypericum. (St. John's wort. Animosi- ity. I. Ipoma. Busybody. Busybodies are a dangerous sort of people. Iris. I have a message for you. Ivy. (Vitis hedera.) Female affection. I have found one true heart. J. Jasmine. You bear a gentle mind, Amiability. Jonquil. (Narcissus.) Affection return- ed. L. Laburnum. (Cytissus laburnum.) Pen- sive beauty. Lady'-slipper. (Cypripedium.) Capri- cious beauty. Larkspur. (Delphinium.) Inconstancy. Inconstant as the changing wind. Laurel. (Kalmia.) Oh what a goodly outside falsehood hath! I Lavender. Words though sweet may be deceptive. Lemon. (Citrus lemonium.) Discre- tion. Prudence. Lilac. (Syringa.) First love. Lily, white. (Lilium candidum.) Pu- rity. With looks too pure for earth. Lily, yellow. False. Light as air. Lily of the valley. (Convallaria.) Del- icacy. The heart withering in se- cret. Locust, the green leaves. Affection be- yond the grave. Sorrow ends not when it seemeth done ! Lupine. Indignation. M. Magnolia. Perseverance. Marigold. Cruelty. Contempt. Mirabilis. (Four-o'clock.) Timidity. Mignonette. (Reseda odorata.) Moral and intellectual beauty. Mimosa. (Sensitive plant.) My heart is a broken lute! Mock orange, or Syringa. (Philadel- phus.) Counterfeit. I cannot be- lieve one who has once deceived Myrtle. (Myrtus.) Love. Myrtle, withered. Love betrayed. me. SYMBOLICAL LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 257 N. Narcissus. Egotism. The selfish heart deserves the pain it feels. Nasiurtion. (Tropaolum.) Honor to the brave. Wit. Nettle. (Urtica.) Scandal. Nightshade. Suspicion. Artifice. Skep- ticism. 0. Oleander. Beware. Shun the coming evil. In vain is the net spread in the sight of any bird. Olive. Peace. After a storm comes a calm. Oromge flowers. Bridal festivity. P. Patrsley. (Apium.) Useful knowledge. Passion-flower. (Passiflora.) Devotion. Peach blossom. Here I fix my choice. Periwinkle. (Vinca.) Recollection of the past. Phlox. Our souls are united. Pine. (Pinus resinosa.) Time and phi- losophy. Pine. Spruce. Farewell! for I must leave thee. Pink, single white. (Dianthus.) In- genuousness. Stranger to art. Pink, single red. A token of all the heart can keep. Of holy love, in its fountain deep. Pink, China. (Dianthus chinensis.) Aversion. Though repulsed, not in despair. Pink, variegated. Refusal. You have my friendship, ask not for more. Pceony. (Pceonia.) Anger. Ostenta- tion. Polyanthus. Thou knowest my confi- dence in thee. Pomegranate flower. (Punica.) Ma- ture and beautiful. Poppy, red. Consolation. 'Let the dark- ness of the past be forgotten in the light of hope. Poppy, white. Doom'd to heal, or doom'd to kill— Fraught with good, or fraught with ill. Poppy, variegated. Beauty without loveliness. Primrose. (Primula.) Be mine the delight of bringing modest worth from obscurity. Primrose, evening. (CEnothera.) In- constancy. Be not beguiled with smooth words. Man's love is like the changing moon. R. Ranunculus. Thou art fair to look upon but not worthy of affection. Rosemary. Keep this for my sake. I'll remember thee. Rose-bud. Confession. Thou hast sto- len my affections. Rose, Burgundy. Modesty and inno- cence united to beauty. Rose, damask. Sweeter than the open- ' ing rose. Rose, red. The blush of modesty is lovely. Rose, moss. Superior merit. Rose, white. I would be, In maiden meditation, fancy free. Rose, white, withered. Emblem of my heart. Withered like your love. Rose, wild. Simplicity. Let not your unsophisticated heart be corrupted by intercourse with the world. Rose, cinnamon. Without pretension. Such as I am, receive me. Would I were of more worth for your sake. Rue. (Ruta.) Disdain. This trifling may be mirth to you, but 'tis death to me. S. Sage. (Salvia). Domestic virtues. Woman's province is home. Scarlet lychnis. (Lychnis chalcedonica.) I see my danger without power to shun. Snapdragon. (Antirrhinum.) I have been flattered with false hopes. Snow-ball. (Viburnum.) Virtues clus- ter around thee. A union. Snowdrop. (Galanthus.) Though chilled with adversity, I will be true to thee. I am not a summer friend. Solidago. (Golden rod.) Encourage- ment. Sorrel. (Rumex.) Wit ill-timed. He makes a foe who makes a jest. Speedwell. (Veronica.) True love's a holy flame, And when 'tis kindled, ne'er can die. Spider-wort. ( Tradescantia.) The pledge of friendship, 'tis all my heart can give. Wouldst thou then coun- sel me to fall in love ? 258 SYMBOLICAL LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Star of Bethlehem. (Ornithogalum.) Reconciliation. Light is^ brightest when it shines in darkness. Stock july-flower. You are too lavish of your smiles. Strawberry. (Frqgaria.) A pledge of future happiness. Sumach. (Rhus.) Splendor, "aWealth cannot purchase love. Have you never seen splendid misery ? Sun-flower. (Helianthus.) You are too aspiring. Sweet-pea. Departure. Must you go J Sweet-william. (Dianthus barbatus.) Fi- nesse. One may smile and be a vil- lain. I cannot smile when discontent sits heavy at my heart. T. Thistle. (Carduus.) Misanthropy. 0 that the desert were my dwelling place! Thorn-apple. (Stramonium.) Alas! that falsehood should appear in such a lovely form! Thyme. Less lovely than some but more estimable. Tuberose. (Polyanthus tuberosa.) Bless- ings brighten as they take their flight. Tulip. Vanity. Thou hast metamor- phosed me ! This love has been like a blight upon my opening prospects. Tulip-tree. (Liriodendrum.) Rural life favourable to health and virtue. V. Verbena. Sensibility. The heart that is soonest awake to the flowers, Is always the first to be touched by the thorns. Violet, blue. Faithfulness. I shall never forget. Violet, white. Modest virtue. W. Wall-flower. (Cheiranthus.) Misfor- tune is a blessing when it proves the the truth of friendship. Water-lily. The American lotus. — (Nympnaa.) An emblem of silence. Weeping-willow. (Salix.) Forsaken. Ask not one to join in mirth whose heart is desolate. Wood sorrel. (Oxalis.) Tenderness and affection. Woodbine. (Lonicera.) Fraternal love. Y. Yarrow. (Achillea.) To heal a wound- ed heart. BEACH'S MEDICAL WORKS. AMERICAN REFORMED PRACTICE, 3 vols., $15. ABRIDGMENT, OR FAMILY PHYSICIAN, 1 vol., $5. MIDWIFERY, best style, Colored Plates, 1 vol., $6. Do. 2d do. 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All extraneous matter, not immediately practical, will be expunged; the whole will be revised; and all modern improvements, new remedies, and the result of my late clinical practice and experience, up to the period of publication, will be embodied. This volume will constitute a complete Eclec- tic or Reformed Practice of Medicine. Volume II.—This volume will contain a complete system of Medical Botany, Therapeutics, and Pharmacy, illustrated by the most splendid colored engravings ever issued in this country. W. BEACH, M. D. Constantly on band, A supply of Genuine Medicines, put up with printed directions. To those who purchase to sell again, 40 per cent, discount will be made. Orders received by Booksellers for any of the above works, throughout the United States. ' '*»*•' ' ;*'■ Vii