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 ON  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  VITALITY.


                         A


    DISCOURSE

             DELIVERED  IN THE

     FIRST  CHURCH  in  BOSTON,

            TUESDAY, June  8th,  1790.

                  BEFORE  THE


        HUMANE  SOCIETY

                    OF  THE

 COMMONWEALTH of MASSACHUSETTS.


                 L^'*—----
      By  B  WATER HOUSE,  M. D.
Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic, and Lecturer
   on Natural History in the University of  Cambridge,


     Of all the Powers in Nature, HEAT is the  chief;.  Bacipiu

                         ^^-J-,J^,>- I. 1   :-; T.T""_________

                  BOSTON:   **/;££* V
      Printed by THOMAS and JOHN FLEET, 1790. 
   Commonwbalth OF MASSACHUSETTS*




At  a Semiannual Meeting of the Humane Society,
         held  in Boston, June 8, 1790,

"VOTED,  That the  Honourable  the  Prefident,  the
Vice-Prefident,  and  Monfieur  De  Letombe,  Conful  of
France,  William  Tudor  and  Loammi Bald-win, Efq'rs,  be
a Committee  to wait on Benjamin IVaterhoufe,  Efq; M.  D.
and return him the Thanks of this Society for his ingenious
difcourfe delivered this day, and  to requeft of him a copy
for the  prefs.

             Atteft.
John  Avery, judu Sec*ty. 
       To thi  HONOURABL
JAMES  BOWDOIN,EsQiLL.D.F.R.S:
              &c. &c.  &c.
         PRESIDENT,
 ^the honourable THOMAS RUSSELL, E*qJ
         VICE-PRESIDENT,
                AND
the oTHERTnusTEEsof theHUMANE SOCIETY
              OF  THE
  COMMONWEALTH of  MASSACHUSETTS,

      THIS  DISCOURSE,
   DELIVERED AT  THEIR REQUEST,
      IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
         BY THEIR HUMBLE SERVANT,

                Benjamin Waterhouse. 
r:
O ART ! thou  dijlinguiflnng  attribute  and honour
of human kind !  Wide and extenfive is the reach of
thy  dominion.  No  Element  is there either fo
violent,  ox (ofubtle,  fo yielding or fo fluggifh, as by
the powers of it's nature  to be fuperior  to thy  di-
rection.   Thou  dreaded not the  fierce impetuofity
of Fire, but  compelled it's violence to be both
obedient  and  ufeful.  Nor is the fubcle Air lefs
obedient to thy power, whether thou willed it to be
a minider to our pleafure or utility.   Even Water
itfelf is  by thee taught  to  bear us; the vad ocean
to promote that Intercourfe of nations, which igno-
rance would imagine it was dedined to intercept,

                 Harris's Dialogue concerning Art. 
E
                           A


      DISCOURSE

                       0  N   T  H E

      PRINCIPLE of  VITALITY.



  VV ERE the European Philofopher  to turn his  eyes on
this new Empire, to fee in what order and degree ihofe difpo-
fitions and arts, which  characterize polifhed humanity, arife
among us, he would undoubtedly  perceive that the extenfion
of benevolence has kept  exaft pace with  the diffufion  of
knowledge.

   Our venerable  anceftors early fowed  the feeds of fciencc
in this land, and watched their growth with pious care ; and it
is not difficult to difcover the diffufive fpirit of benevolence
following every where the encreafing light of fcience.

   Without being particular on  this head,  one  inftance  of it
honourable to humanity,  is  the cordial adoption, and gene-
rous fupport given to this Humane Society, which  is  formed
on a very extenfive fcale of benevolence.
L 
2
  I decline giving a hiftory of this or fimilar inftitutions; nor
fhall  I defcant on the  beneficial influence of thofe numerous
humane afibciations, which mark and dignify the age in which
we live. Suffice it to fay, that the fuccefs attending th  Socie-
ties eftablifhed for  reftoring drowned perfons at /imflerdam%
Hamburgh, London,, *Padua, Vienna, Paris and cIfcwhere, in-
duced  fome  refpeftable characters to form one  in Hofton.
But  they have gone beyond  the  European Societies, and
have extended their plan not only  to the reftoration of life,
when apparently loft,  but to the prefervation ot  it when in
imminent  danger.

  It is fcarcely  neceffary to fay that the  plan of this Society
is totally  void  of  all private  interefred views.   None of its
members receive any other recompence than  the fublime joy
of doing good.

  I fhall  avoid fpeaking of any particulir mode of treating
perfons apparently dead, and fhall  confine myfelf to  the great
principle of Vitality, Animation,  or Life.  I feel  the
difficulty of doing juftice to fo copious a fubjecl in the fhort
fpace allotted to a difcourfe.

  The fubjeuft of animation is not  merely curious, but  leads
to ufefulnefs.   It his arrefted the attention of Fhilofophers in
dmoft  every age .of the world.  Some of the antients reafoned
thus on it,  matter  of  itfelf cannot move, yet it is evident all
                                                  things 
r
3
things change, and that nothing is truly loft; that the furn total
of matter in the Univcrfe remains perfectly the fame ; and  as
it was the work of Omnipotence to create  fomething out
of nothing,  the fame Omnipotence is required to reduce any
thing back to nothing.f  It is apparent that there is an univer-
fal change,  or mutation of all things into all, then muft there
be fome one primary matter, common to all things out ot which
they  were made-----They went  frill further, and enquired
into the moving principle, the efficient cauje, that is to fay, that
caufe,  which aflbciates the  elements of natural fubftances, and
which  employs  them when aftbciated,  according  to their
various and  peculiar characters % This  moving  principle they
called  the Anima Mundi,  the Soul of the World.

  Thales, one of the feven wife men of Greece, maintained,
that Water  was  the fubtile  piinciple that moved all things.
He concluded fo, from obfeiving that matter was chiefly dealt
out in moifture ; that the  feeds of plants fo  long as they are
in a growing ftate, are moift ; and  that a vegetable will grow
to a confiderable fize  from  water alone ;  that the Earth is
refrefhed, recruited  and  made  fruitful by water :—that the
Air itfelf  is but  an expanfion, or expiration of water.  H&
reminds us of the  immenfe quantities in the fubterraneous
regions,  whence fountains, and rivers, like fo many veins in
the body, convey  water  over  the furface, and through the
bowels of our Globe, to vivify and fultain the whole.

                                          Haraclitus
  f See Bacon's account of antient opioiOOT.
  % See Harris philof. atracf, 
4
    Heraclitus maintained n,  very different doctrine.   He
 taught that Fire  w is the vivifying principle of all things.   He
 allowed the truth of "7hales' doctrine,  but obfcrved ih&t Jire
 had fuch an univerfal  fway  in nature,  that  water itfelf was
 not wichout a mixture  of it;  for that water  grows hard and
 congeals  into Ice when fire  leaves it, and is only rcftored to
 its  fluidity  by entering it again.  He remarked that the whole
 mafs of waters in the fea, was actually an ocean  of fire, feeing
 there were not two  diftinct drops of  water, which do not owe
 their fluidity to fome  portion of  fire  enclofed  within them.
 So deeply rooted was  the doctrine that  fire  was  the firft  or
 animating principle, that there were, andfiill are whole nations
 who worfhip it as a Deity, f

    Anaximenes  contradicted both  thefe philofophers ; and
 contended that Air was the vivifying principle and firft mover
 of all things.   He obferved that although  the water of Thales
 could not fubfift wi hout the  fire of Heraclitus,   yet  fire itfelf
 could not  exift  without Air, which  was the  very fpirit of
 flame and the breath of life.   That no feed of vegetables, eggs
                                                            of
f That venerable fetf of Philofophers, the Stoics, taught that there was one infinite
 eternal, almighty mind,  which being  diffufed thiough the whole univerfe of well
 ordered and regularly difpofed matter, actuates every part of it, and is as it were
 the fonl of this vaft body.  The parts of this body  they fay,  are  of two forts, viz.
 the Celejiial, as the Planets and fixed ftars : and the Terrefhial.  as the Earth, and
 all the other elements a^out it.  The celeftial continue without change, or variation.
 But the whole fublunary world, is rot only liable to diffolution, bur often ha'h been,
 and mall again be difTolved by/r<v. and that the reciprocal deaths, diflblutions  and
 digeftions, which fupport by turns all the fubftances which we fee, are the effeas of/frr.
                   See Creech*/preface to the tranflation of C.Manilius, 
s
 of animals,  be they ever fo ripe, or pregnant,  and cherifhed
 with everfo kindly a warmth, will ever bring forth the embryos
 contained  in them,  if  they  be totally deprived of air.   Wc
 fhall fee hereafter  the neceflity of attending to thcfe powerful
 agents, fin  and air,   in  the  refufcitation of thofe apparently
 dead by fufpenfion,  fubmerfion, or froft.

   Let us now examine the fubject of animation  with the light
 afforded us by more modern Philofophers.

   From them  we learn  that matter is inert,  that any one
 particle of matter  left to  itfelf will continue always in the fame
 ftate, with regard  to its motion  or reft.  There  are, however,
 certain powers,  which two particles of matter  have of acting
 on one another, as  in gravitation and cohefion.   We learn
 alfo that there is  an attraction of chryjlallization,   by which
 bodies when fluid become in time folid, and aiTume a particu-
lar figure ;  that there  is  an attraclion of magneti/m, by which
a piece of iron,  in ccrrain circumftanccs, attracts  another piece
of iron ;  that there is an attraction  of  eleclncity, by which
a fubftance charged with more electric matter  flies to another
charged  with lefs.   There is,  moreover,   chemical attraclion,
by which two particles of different bodies rufh together,  and
form one.   If we add that moft of thefe have  their oppofite
repulfions,  we can fay that they are all the known  properties
of  mere matter ;  and there  is nothing  in them  that can
merit the name of vitality.
                          B                          But 
£
  But there is in a growing vegetable a power beyond'all this,
\\z. a power which firft moves, and then conducts that latent
p.-ocefs by which a feed becomes a p!ant.

  Now, every body capable of growing, has a certain internal
a Ijuftment, difpofition, or arrangement of its matter,  which is
called organization ; and  being capable of encrcafing in bulk
his a certain degree of vitality.  There is a fcale of life, ltretch-
ing in uniform  gradation from human excellence downwards,
till  it difappears in a fhade of ambiguity, in the living ftate of
vegetables.f  Life, fays the Bijhop of Landaff, belongs alike to
both the animal and vegetable kingdom, and feems to depend
on  the fame principle in both.  Stop the motion of a fluid in
an animal limb, by a ftrong ligature, the limb mortifies beyond
the ligature and drops off;  a branch of  a tree, under like
circumftances,  grows dry and rots away.—Both animals and
vegetables  are  fubject t-O' be froft-bitten  and to confequent
mortifications ;  both languifh  in exceflive heats;  both experi-
ence extravafation of juices from repletion,  and pinings from
inanition j  both can fuffer amputation of limbs without being
deprived of life, and in a fimilar manner both form a callus;
both  are  liable  to  contract  difeafe  by infection ;  both ace
ftrengthened by air and motion,

  Every feed of a Plant is an organized body  endowed with
veflTels,  and contains  under feveral membranes the  plant in
miniature. J  If this feed be put into the  moift earth,  and a
                                                  certain
    f Brown.
    £ Look.at the engravings in Grevr'j anittmy of plants. 
f
certain degree of heat applied, with a freeaccefs of air, (the
 three principles of the antient Philofophers) the juice in thefc
 vefTels will expand by the warmth ; and being thus once put
 in  motion,  gradually encreafe, and grow up into a  plant;
 which plant produces a fimilar feed, capable of propagating
 it's kind  forever.

   In like manner an Egg is an organized  body,  which con-
 tains under feveral envelopements  the chicken in  miniature,
 and may be confidered as a womb, detached from  the body
 of the parent animal, in which the embryo is  juft  beginning
 to be formed ; if warmed to a certain degree, whether  by the
 parent animal, or by art, the fluids which furround that fpeck
 in  the egg called the punElum vit<e, expand,  and the little
 vefTels  fwell  and  extend themfelves;  and  the.  motion,  or
 ofcillation  once  began,  it  develops,  by degrees, until  it
 becomes a perfect animal, capable of all the functions common
 to its kind.

   The feed of the vegetable, and the egg of the animal  would
 remain,  or rather become effete  and inanimate,  unlefs fome
 r flimulus, fome agent from 'without, excited or began a motion
 in them.   But what is this agent,  or  flimulus ? For  that is
 the qu eft ion.-----

   This  ftimulus, or  animating  principle  in a natural body,
 does not depend on its organization, nor  its figure, nor any
 of thofe  inferior forms, which make up the fyftem of its vifible
                                                 qnalities.j 
6
  qualities  ; but it is the pon-er,  which not being that organiza-
  tion, nor that fignre, nor thofe qualities,  is yet able to produce,
  to prefcrve,  and to employ them.   It is therefore  the power,
  which  departing,  the  body  ceafes to live,   and the members
  foon pafs into putrefaction and decay.f

    From  an  attentive  obfetvation  of  animated  nature, we
  difcovcr that  life is caufed, and  continued by fomething which
  acts from without; and this fomething is  (as  far  as we can
  difcover) heat, acting on the  feed or egg.   1 fay heat, accord-
  ing  to  the common acceptation of the term :  but to  fpeak
  more  philofophically,   it is that fubtil eledric fluid, which
 fills  the  immenfe fpace of the whole  Univerfe, pervades all
  bodies,  and afludtes every particle of matter.   Heat is  only
  one effect of  its motion.

    In  whatever manner a  fufceptible  or  irritable  body is
  operated  upon by this  exciting power, a certain  quantity  of it,
  or a certain energy, is  aftigned and belongs  to every individual
  fyftem upon the commencement of its living ftate. J
                                                        Now,
       f Harris Phil. Arrang.           $ Brown.
Anatomical Difcription of a Hins-egg ; with the hijiory of the growth of the animal
                          contained in it.
  iMmediately under  the (hell,  lies that  common membrane, or  fkin, which lines it
  on the infide, adhering clofely to it every where, except at the broad end, where a
 little cavity is left, that is filled with air ; which encreafes as  the animal  within
 grows larger. Uoder this membrane are contained two whites, too' feeming to us 
9
    Mow, a  living animal  has,  befides  thofe attributes common

 to all bodies,  as  folidity,  extention   and gravity,  a peculiar

fomething,   which  diftinguifties  it from  a  dead one  ;  for a

 mufcular fibre  will contract,  and  that not, by the   power of

 gravitation,  cohefion,  chryftallization,   magnctifm,  or  che-
 mical attraction.
                                                                  That

 to be only one ;  each wrapped  up in  a membrane of  it's own, one  white  withia
 the other.  In the midft of all is xhtyolk, wrapt round  likewife with it's own mem-
 brane.  At each end of this are two ligaments, called chaiaza,  which are white
 denfe fubftances, made from the  membranes, and ferving to keep the white and the
 yolk ia their places.

   The cicatricula is the part where the animal firft begins  to (hew figns  of life ;
 it refembles a vetch or fm,»lJ pea, lying  on one fide of the yolk and within its mem-
 branes*  The outer membranes and ligaments preferve the fluids in their proper places,
 the  white ferves  as  nourifhment; and the yolk with its membranes, after a time,
 becomes a part of the chicken's body   This is the defcription of the hen's «gg, and
 anfwers to all others, how large or how fmall foever.

   Previoufly to putting the eggs  to the hen, Malpighi and Halter firft  examined this
 cicatricula, which they confider as the moft important part of the egg.  Thi3 (which
 fome call the pundum fattens, ox pun ft urn vitx) was found in  thofe  that were im-
 pregnated  by  the male to be large,  but in others fmall.   Upon examination wi:h
 the microfcope  it was found to be a  kind of bag, containing a tranfparent liquor, in
 the midit of which the embryo was  feen.   The embryo  refembled a compofuion of
 little threads, which the warmth  of future incubation tended to enlarge.

  Upon placing the egg in a proper warmth, after fix hours the vital fpeck begins
 to dilate like the pupil of 'he eye.  The head of the chicken is diftinclly feen, with
 the back-bone  fomething refembling a tadpole floating in its ambient fluid, but as yet
 feeming  to a(Tume none of the fundlions of  animal life.   About fix hours more the*
 little anirml is  feen more diflinctly ; the  head becomes more plainly  vifible, and the
 vertebrae of the back more eafily  perceivable.   All thefe figns of preparation for life
 are encreafed in fix hours more ; and, at the end of 24, the ribs begin to take their -
 places, the neck begins to lengthen, and the head to turn to one fide.

  At this  time, the fluids in the egg feem to have changed place ; the yolk  which
 was before in the center of the (hell, approaches nearer the broad end.  The watery .
part 
Ifc
   That ftate of  an animal fibre in which  a  contraction,   or

filiation, is produced by the influx, or contact of a ftimulus,

is called irritability, or fufceptibilitj.

   That principle  in  animals,   on  which  fenfation,  motion,

and all the animal powers defend, is called the Vis  Vitalis.

                                                                     By

yart of the white is diminiflied. the  grofler -part  finks to the fmall end; and  the
little animal appears to tutn towards the part of the broad end, in which a cavity  has
been defcribed,  and with its  yolk feems to adhere to the membrane there
   At the end of 40 hours the great  work o' life feems fairly  begun, and  the
animal plainly appears to move ; the back bone thickens ; the  firft.  rudiments of the
eyes begin to appear;  the ; eart  beats, and the blood  begins  already  to circulate.
The parts, however, as yet ate fluid; but,  by  degrees,  become more and njore tena»
cious.   At the  end of two days, the  liquor in which  the chicken fwims, feems to
er.creafe; the head appe-us with two little bladders  in place of eyes; the heart
beats in the  manner  of every embryo  where the blood does not circulate through
the lungs.  In about  14-houis after this, the chicken is  grown more  ftrong;
the  veins and  the  arteries  begin  to branch, in  order to  form the brah ; and
the fpinal marrow is feen ftretching along.the back-bore.  In  three days, the whole
body of the chicken appears bent ; the head, with it's two eye-balls, with their different
•humours, now diftinctly  appear  ; and five other veficles  are feen,  which  foon unite
to form the  rudiment*  of the  brain.   The  out-lines,alfo of the thighs, and  witogs,
begin to  be feen, and the body begins to gather flefh.   At the end  of  the fourth
day, the veficles that go to form the brain  approach each other: the wings and
thighs  appear more folid; the whole body is  covered  with a jelly like flefh ;  the
heart,  that  was  hitherto expofed.   is now covered up within the body, by a very
thin tranfparent membrane ; and at the fame time,  the umbilical vefTels, that unite
the animal to the yolk, now appear  to come  forth from t..e  abdomen.  After the
rth and 6th days the vefTels  of the brain begin to be covered over ; the wings and
thighs lengthen; the belly is clofed up, and turned ;  the  liver  is feen within it,
very diftinclly,  not yet grown red, but of a dufky white; both the ventricles cf the
heart are difcerned,  as if they were  two feparate hearts, beating distinctly; ihe
whole body  of the animal is covered over,  and the traces of the  incipient feathers
are already  to  be feen.   The 7th d^y, the head appears very large; the b»ain  is
covered entirely over : the bill begins  to  appear betwixt the eyes, and the wings,
the thighs, and the legs, have acquired theii perfect figure.  Hitherto, however, the
                                                                     animal 
It
   By  the  action  of  ftimuli on the folids,  particularly  heat,

the vis  vitalis  is excited and   preferved  ; when diminifhed it

may be  encreafed, and whenjufpended it may  be rtflored.

                                                                  Within

animal appears as if it had  two bodies ;  the yolk is joined  to it by the umbihcat
vefl'els that come from the belly; and is fumiihed wuh its vefTels, through which the
blood circulates,  as through  the reft of the body of the chicken,  nuking a bulk
greater than that of the animal itfelf.  But towards the end of incubation, the umk-
lical vefTels ftiorten the yolk, and with it the  inteftines are thruft up into the body
of the chicken by the aclion of the mufcles of the belly, and the  two  bodies  are thus
formed  into one.   During this ftate, all the organs are found to perform their
fecretions; the bile is found to be feperated, as in grown animals ; but it is tranfpa,-
rent, and  without bitternefs ; the chicken then alfo appears to have lungs.  On the
 ioth, the mufcles of the wings appear, and the feathers begin to pufh Out. On the '
Ilth, the heart which  hitherto had  appeared  divided,  begins to unite,  the  arteries
which belong  to it, join  into  it, like the  fingers  into the palm of the band.  All
thefe appearances, come more into view, becaufe the fluids  the  vefftls had hitherto-
fecreted, were more tianfparent; but as the colour of the fluids  deepen,  their opera-
tions and circulations are more diftinclly feen. As the animal thus, by the i ith day,
completely formed, begins to gather  ftrength, it becomes more uneafy in its fituation,
and exerts  its amnal powers with encreafing force.  For fome  time before it is able
to break the (hell in  which  it is imprifoned,  it  is heard to  chirrup,  receiving a
fufficient quantity of air for  this purpofe, from  that cavity  which  lies  between'
the membrane and  the ■ (hell,  and which  muft  contain air to refift the  external
preffure.  At length upon  the 20'th day, in fume birds fooner, and later in others, the
enclofed  anirrul b»e,ks the fhell within which it has been  confined, with its beak;
and'by  repeated efforts, at laft procures its  enlargement.
   From this hiftory we perceive, that thofe parts which are moft conducive  to life,
aie the firft that are begun: the head and  the back bone, which ho doubt enclofe
the brain; and the fpinal marrow, though  both are too limpid  to be difcerned, are^
the firft that are feen to exift;  the beating of  the heart is  feen foon alter; the Jefa
 noble parts feem to fpring  from thefe, the wings, the thighs, the feet, and laftly the
bill.  The refemblance between the beginning animal in the egg, and the embryo in
the'wumbj  is  very ftriking----An egg may be confidered as a womb, detached from--
the body  of the  parent animal, in  which the embryo is but  juft  beginning to  be
 formed.  It may  be  reg-irded as a kind of incomplete  delivery.   The fimihtude.,.
between the egg -»nd the embryo in  the v#mb ha= induced many to  aflert (and with
great probability)  that all animals are produced  from eggs.
    Coldfmiths HtZory of Earth and animated Nature, vol. 2d. See.alfo Malfrghi>
      Id Oiler, Graff and buff on. 
. IS
   Wiihin  every cv.c of rs, there is an innrder.nd cStivefcr:er,
 v.l kh ceafes rot its voile, v. hen fcrSc end rrpctirc are aflccp;
 v hich without any conlciciis co-operation of the man himfelf,
 carries him from a feed, or embryo, to hisdeftined magnitude.
 This is frrictiy fpeaking the Animal CFconomy, and is as perfect
 in the brutal  Hottentot, as in  the brighteft genius of human
 kind.

   All this  depends on a principle  which  fome call the Vis
 j4£luofa, others the Impetum Fattens.  This power is innate,
 and  is that bv which man  lives ; it  forms him,  it nourifh.es
 him, rcfrefhrs him, moves  him, animates him.  By it he feels,
 he defires, refufes, fleeps and wakes ; neverthclefs, it is totally
 different from'the Mind:    For,

   In our  bodies  is found fomething of  quite a  different
 nature from what  has been mentioned; a power of thinking,
 reflecting, comparing, chufing,  and reprefenting to itfelf paft,
 prefent, and to come.   This power, in relation to its feveral
 operations,  is termed comprehenfion,  underftanding, reafon,
 mind, will, freedom, or collectively, by the fingle word boUL.f
 But  to return to the innate principle of animation in man.
                        r
  Every body knows that although the child is formed, and
 lives, and  grows,  and  moves in the womb of its mother,  it
never breathes there.   It receives its animating principle, its
                                                   heat,
    f See Herpert. 
'13
heat,  motion and life from the mother, by a nerve and artery,
which enters at its navel and conveys  the blood to the heart
 of the infant, 'without ever pajjlng through  the  lungs.  The
blood in this cafe goes directly on through the body  of the
 heart, by  an opening  called the Foramen Ovale,  and from
thence to the Aorta, ot great Artery,  by which it is driven to
every part of its  body ; fo  that the circulation,  nutrition and
life,  are kept up with  the mother,  as if they  were  not two
 bodies but one.  It is remarkable that the fruit of vegetables
is, in like manner, nourifhed, and fupported by a flender ftalk
 iftbing from the parent ftock.

   When  the child  is born it becomes  dependent on mew
principle for the  continuance of its exiftence.  When it paffes
 from its watery habitation into the atmofphere, a new determi-
 nation takes place ; and inftead of the umbilical cord  from the
 mother, the common  air  becomes the main-fpring of all its
 actions and functions.  When the  child  opans  it's mouth  to
 cry,  down  rufhes the air  and expands the lungs.  The blood,
 which had  hitherto pafTed through the heart, now takes  a
 wider circuit,  and  the foramen  ovale clofes  forever.  The
 lungs which had till  this  time  been  inactive, now firft begin
 their functions,  and they ceafe  not  their motion as  long as
 life continues.

   Hence then, it appears, that next  to the  expanding power
 of heat, Re/pvation, or breathing is the primum mobile in the
 human machine."
                          G                Atmofpheric- 
*4-
   Atmofpheric-air  contains a certain vivifying fpirit, which  ^
 Is necefTary to continue  the  lives of animals,  and this,  in a
 gallon  of air, is faid  to be fufficient for one man during the
 fpace of a minute,  and  not  much  longer.   Air that has loft
 this vivifying  fpirit,  deadens  fire,  extinguifhes  flame,  and   \
 deftroys life.f

   It is  well known that there is a fet of vefTels in the lungs,
 which contain air, and another which contain blood.

   The air in the lungs is in  conftant motion, for either that
 which is at prefent  contained in  the cells,  is pafling through
 the wind-pipe into the atmofphere, or a frefh parcel is pafling
 from the  external atmofphere through  the  wind-pipe  into
 thofe cells.   The whole of this compound motion is called
 Refpiration.%

   If the air continue at reft in the lungs for many minutes, or
 if a.man continue to refpire the fame air,  or if he breathes air
 that hath ferved for  the inflammation of fuel, or pure fixable
 air. or any other vapour, excepting refpirable air, he diesj.

   From  the organs of  refpiration,  or rather from  what may
be called the fyflema fpirituale pneumonicum,   all the actions
of the body, and all  the power  which  it exerts are ultimately
derived.  .
                                                       It   i
       \ Furgttfon,.*             X  Fordyce, 
ZiS
  * It appears from a train ofc experiments, that  the common ait'
 -communicates a vivifying fomething to the blood, when drawn
 into the lungs, and gives to it a ftimulating quality,,by which
cit is fitted  to  excite the heart to action ;  and that the  chemical
 qulity, which the blood acquires in pafling through the lungs,
 is neccffary to keep up the action of the heart,  and confequent-
• ly  the  health  of the animal.   For no fooner are the lungs
 /quiefcent than  the  heart ceafes to contract,  the blood  flops,
i all  the intellectual  operations ceafe,  fenfation and voluntary
->.motion are fufpended, and all  external figns of life difappear0
 .All which are admirably explained by Dr. Edmund  Goodioin.f

    When  the  fluids in  the  human machine are thus at reft,
  what  do we  fee ?—a mere carcaft—We fee the perfon dead !
  But after what  manner?  Here are all the folids,  and all the
  fluids  too.   What  then is lacking r   A gentle ofcillation,  or
  motion of the fluids, a circumgyration of the liquors y for let
  there  be by what means foever an ofcillation,  a concuffion, or
  excitement of the nervous energy, which may impel the  fluids
  to  move the lungs and heart,  life immediately  returns,  with
  the ufual circulation of the blood and other fluids, heat, colour,
  agility, cogitation, and every vital, natural and human action.J
                                                          •If
      f See his experimental Enquiry, &c.
  J  There are feveral inftances of people buried alive, even in this country.
    On. reader !------—-—— But that I am forbid
          To tell  the fecrets of the  prifon-houfe, *
          I could a tale unfold, whofe lighted word
          Would harrow up thy foul, freeze thy young blood,
          Make thy two eyes, like ftars, ftart from fheir fpheres.-*—".
                                 « The G&ave, 
,6
   If it be afked,  'what  is  that  vivifying  fomething which
through the medium of the atmofphere, gives this ofcillation or
concufjion, and continues life ?
   I anfwer  ;  it  is a portion  of that fubtil eleclric fluid, which
fills the immenfe fpace of the  whole univerfe, pervades all bodies,
and actuates every particle of matter'. By it the phenomena of
magnetifm,fire,  and light arc produced; and on it the various
and aflonifhing  phenomena  of  Vegetation  and Anima-
tion depend.  If it be afked further, what  and where is the
fource of this all powerful  agent?  I anfwer, the Sun is the
efficient caufe  of the motions  of this fluid, and  the various phe-
nomena of our fyflem  are the effecls of thefe motions.

                  Soul  of furrounding worlds !
  Without whofe quickning glance,  this cumbrous earth
  Would be a lifelefs  mafs,  inert and dead,
  And  not as now,  the green abode of life,  f

   I am aware that analogical arguments are probable,  but not
conclufive;  and that  plaufible inferences  from well known
facts in brutes,  have occafioned many errors refpecting man.
Yet I cannot but believe  from what we obferve in  the refufci-
tation of fwallows, after lying four months in the bottom of a
pond ;  of fnakes frozen IIiff as a flick, of flies corked  up in a
bottle  of xMadeira in Virginia, and  brought  to life again  in
Great-Britain  ; %  I fay,  I cannot  help  believing  from thefe
                                                     and
t See Thompfon's fummer.      J See Dr. Franklin's letter to Monf.  Dubourg. 
and  fimilar facts, that it is poflible to reftore to life a  humar
being  who has  been  frozen  many  days.   We  have  well
authenticated accounts of not only birds  frozen to death (as
it is called) but of the human fpecies too, who were even for
days, without  pulfe, breathing, or the  leaft  natural heat, and
yet refufcitated.f

  In this cafe,  the application of heat fhouid be conducted, fays
Dr. Goodwin,  on the fame plan,  which nature points out for
the hybernating, or  torpid animal; that is to fay ;  it fhould
be applied gradually and uniformly.   It may be raifed to  98
degrees  of Farenheit, but not above  100.  To blow one's
own breath into the lungs of  another, is an abfurd and per-
nicious practice.

   The confideration of the  facts juft  related,  have led fome
to  conceptions   of the Soul which have  puzzled them, and
created doubts rather unfavourable to the opinions entertained
by the majority of  chriftians.   "What is  the condition (fay
they) of the  foul all this time.—In animal  bodies there are
only two general conditions life  and death ; and if by death
we underftand the  privation of life,  there  can  be no  inter-
mediate ftate between them, fays Dr. Goodwin ;  for no human
art can communicate life to dead matter.   Dr.  Whytte thinks
it is  not only probable, but even demonftrable,  that the foul
does not immediately leave the body upon a total ftoppage of
                                                      the
 \ See the writings of Redi and Whytte, The Flora Sibericai Alfo Peyer anatomy 
ll
 the hearts motion, and of the circulation of the blood, 1 e.'
 upon what we ufually call death, but. that it continues for
 fome time at Icaft prefent with it, and ready to actuate it. He
 thinks  with Gaffendi, Dr.  H. More, bir Ifaac  Newton, Dr.
 S. Clarke, and  fome other  of the greateft philofophers of the
 laft and prefent  age, that the foul is extended.

   The apparently dead carcafe, therefore, which has lain threc}
 or four hours under water,  is as much alive as  a found hen's-
 egg ; f  they would both putrify and diftblve if let alone ; but
 apply a due  and uniform  degree of heat to either, and you
 change the fcemingly dead body into a live and active animal.

   The union of foul with body, is the moft abftrufe contem-
 plation  that can exercife the mind of man  ! How is  it that
 one painful idea alters the courfe of the blood !  Who can ex-
 plain how the blood in return,  carries its irregularities to the
jrund !  What incompiehenfible mechanifm has fubjectcd  the
 organs to  fentiment and thought! What  (fays Voltaire,) is
 that  unknown fluid, which  is  quicker and  more  active  than
light, and flies  in the twinkling  of an eye, through  all the
 channels of life;  produces memory, forrow or joy, reafon or
frenzy,  recalls with  horror  what  one  would wifh' to forget,
and makes of a thinking  being,  an object of admiration, or
a fubject of pity  and tears!


    f  See page 5. 
I?
    The  intellectual fcheme, ("fays the  author of Hermes,)
  which-never forgets Deity, poftpones  every thing corporeal
 to the primary  mental  cause.    It is here it looks
 for the origin of intelligible ideas/ even of thofe, which  exift ,
 in human capacities?  For though fenfihle objects may  be  the
 deftined medium, to awaken the dormant energies of man's
 underftanding, yet are thofe energies  themfelves,  no more
 contained infenfe,thm the expfofton of a cannon in the'fpa fk
 which gave it fire.

  This then, like all  other found philofophy, leads us at laft, up
 to the great   mr'st  cause,  the  ens  entium,  the
 supreme  author o*  all, who is ever to be adored with
 the moft profound  reverence by  the  rcafonable  part  of hie
 creation 4


   Thus much towards investigating  the  important fubject  of
 Vitality or Animation.   The narrow limits of a difcourfe pre-
 vent my purfuing  the matter further at this time.  I  pafs on to
 a more general and  pjeafant theme, the Trogrefs of Humanity.  "
Perhaps we may difcover the caufes which have produced that   !
fpirit of benevolence, which gave birth  to this'fociety.

   It is very common to praife  antient times and  condemn
our-own ;  yet, if we ca*ft our eyes  back  on the hiftory of
mankind, the view will fhock us,  Of  fix  and twenty  cen-
                                                tunes3   ''
    £Dr* Whytte.   -' 
.20
„  -turies, wherein the  memory and learning  of mankind have
   been exercifed, fcarcely fix can be culled out as fertile in the
   fciences, or  favourable to humanity !f  On a modehVcom-
   putation,  the deftruction  of the human race in building up
   tyranny by Sefoflris, by Semiramis, by Xerxes, by Alexander,
   the  Romans,  the Sicilians,  by Mithradates, the Goths and
   Vandals, Crufaders,  and  by the Spaniards  in Mexico  and
   Teru, amount to forty times the number of mankind now
  ■on the face  of the earth.

     The Roman name ftrikes us with fuch veneration, that we
   sre apt to include  humanity among   their   virtues.    But
   the moft celebrated virtue of the moft renowned Roman would
   pafs  without much eulogium in  this day.   The truth is, their
   natural roughnefs of temper,  their adoration of Vicloria, that
   Deity fo dear  to the Romans, made them neglect and trample
   upon their fellow  men, whom they fcarcely diftinguifhed from
   brutes.   And,  when the glory,,greatnefs, ftrength and  learn-
 .  ing of that famous people were  extinguished, and  when their
   Empire was finally overturned,  the caufe of humanity was
   ftill  lefs regarded.

     It  was worfe,  when  a northern fwarm of Barbarians, the,
   Goths, quit /ing their inhofpitable regions, fpiead through  the
   more fertile  parts of  the  world, and extinguifhed the fmall
  light  of learning  which remained.J
                                                      And
    f See Nov. organ. Bacon.
     %  See Boerhaave's academ. Le&ures, 
21
   And when Mahomed and his fuccefTors carried their vic-
tories, with the  rapidity of a torrent over moft parts of Afia,
Africa,  through Terfia, Arabia, JEgypt, and Talefline, they
compleated  the  deftruction  the  Goths  began.

  When the Barbarians embraced chriftanity, they made it
bend to their prejudices, rather than fubject their prejudices  to
it's principles ; and from the mixture of chriftianity with the
antient cuftoms  of barbarians  fprang a difcord in manners.
From a  mixture of  the rights  of fovereigns  with thofe  of
the  nobility,  and of the prieflhood, fprang a difcord in poli-
tics  and  government.   And from a mixture of  the  Pagans
and Mahometans with the Chriftians, fprang a difcord in Reli-
gion.   Anarchy and  confufion were   the confequences  of
fo many contrafts:—Europe was one large field of battle, and
ignorance and brutal  force quenched   almoft  every  ray  of
knowledge,   while  the  noble  faculties of the  foul  were
abforbed  by  fear.f

   The  extenfion of  benevolence,  keeps exact pace with the '
extenfion  of knowledge, and the exertions  of the  one.are
circumfcribed  by the  limits  of the other.

   Whenever the Parent  of universal Nature chufes
to  make a mighty  change in  the  affairs  of men, he feems
to effect it  by,  what we call, mean and humble inffrumentss.

                           D                      Two
  -| See Robertfon, Ch. r. and Millot Element, of gen. Hift. 
  ^ '2

   Two feemingfy inglorious mechanical difcoveries,  changed
rhe  face  of the world more than  any  conqueror, Sect  or
Empire ever did.  I  mean  the Mariners Compafs,  and the
Art ofPrinting.f  Thefe inventions gradually banifhed bar-
barifm, and  humanized the  world.   The antients  were ac-
quainted with  but  a  very fmall part of the globe.  They
called all the northern nations, Scythians, and all the weftern,
Celu, indifcriminately*  They had no knowledge  of Africa
beyond the neareft part of ^Ethiopia; nor  of Afta beyond
the Ganges, and  as for our  quarter of the world, America^
they had  not even a tradition about it.J

   Commerce is a cure for  the  moft  deftructivc  prejudices.
It has  every where diffufed a knowledge  of the manners of
all nations. J  The multiplication of books by the art of print-
ing, and of drawings and  pictures  by the art of engraving,
produced a radiance of knowledge that made tyranny tremble,
and will effectually fecure the human race from thofe horrid
fhocks of barbarifm and tyrranny, that once nearly laid  wafte
the  old world.   The Mariners  Compafs  then  opened the
Univerfe,  and  Trinting difplayed it.

  At this  time, fuperftition,  and an odious ecclefiaftical def-
potifm, received a fatal wound.   Aftronomical improvements,
by  difcovering  worlds befides our  own, expanded the hu-
man mind.   So that when the  chriftian  religion  began,,
                                                  agauv
    t See Novum  Organ*             $ Moatef<jv 
*l
again, to be taught in its purity, the Univerfe feemed to extend
itfelf to do it homage.   Then  did Knowledge raife weep-
iw^ Humanity from theduft, and pointed with her blazing
torch the  way  to happinefs and peace!  Then  did Reli-
gion,  inftead of daggers, wrecks and fetters, wear upon her
graceful  brow this everlafting motto,  " My ways, are ways
" of pleafantnefs,  and all my paths  are peace"

    Need  I fay a word  to  prove to fuch an audience as this,
that the prefent prevailing  fpirit of benevolence is principally
owing to the diffufion of a Religion, as much above all  others,
as Heaven  is above the Earth ?  Let him  who doubts, com-
pare it  with the  next  befl fyftem  the world ever poffefTed.
Did not Mofes bring famine and other plagues on the ./Egyp-
tians ?   Elijah deprived the earth of rain, and deftroyed with
fire thofe who oppofed him ; as did Elifha thofe who mocked
him.   Did not David kill and curfe thofe he  hated or envied ?
But  the Founder of the Religon of humanity came without
judgment, anger, or revenge.   All  his t'ranfactions were for
the benefit of man.  He allayed the  winds which threatned
deftruction  to the mariners ; he reftored  limbs to the  lame,
fight to the blind,  fpeech to the dumb,, clean flefh to  the le-
prous,  a found mind to the  infane,  and life to the dead, f
All his,  were works of beneficence, diffufing charity and good-
will to men,  accompanied too, with a fpirit  fo fublime  and
friendly,  that the human  heart, with unbidden veneration,
bows down before it.
                                                 While
   \ See Bacon's EfTays* 
2tL
  While we confider  this  Humane Society  as a Stream*
deriving  it's  fource from that  inexhauftible  River  of Joy?
the Minifieis of Religion may  be confidered  it's  principal
auardians.   They  have  been  it's-chief-fupporters ;  and fi>
long as they continue to inculcate the precepts  of the Religion?
of Humanity, with that benevolent, gentle, pious, chari-a-le,
tolerating fpirit, which  fo eminently diftinguifties thofe before
whom I now fpeak, they will be  regarded among it's brighteft  ;
ornaments.J

   Then  will Charity, that bright conftellation of chriftiarr
virtues, always be prefent with us ; under whofe foftering in-
fluence,  we hope,  this yet infant Society,  this ftanding com-
mittee of humanity, will extend, fo far  and wide,  it's faluti-
ferous effects, that future generations will have reafon to com-  -
memorate  it's exertions with  grateful admiration!


   \ The author rejoice9 in this public opportunity of rendering a juft tribute to>  3
       the Clergy of Bofion. .. He hopes it will not be lefs grateful, in coming from.
       a perfon who was educated in that religious perfuafion, which teaches.
       eyery man to be his own prieft. v<- 
A P  P  E  N  D  I  X.
 At a Semiannual  Meeting; of  the Humane  Society  held at thsr
           County Coun-Houfe in Boston, June 8, 1790.


"V  OTED, That the Honourable Ju^ge-Lowell, Judge Sullivan,  «
 and Joseph  Barrell, Erq;  be  a C);nniuee  to  examine the Trea-
 furer's  accounts, and that  the faid  Com oi ;ee.  after ex.-imioiag  faid
 accounts, report to theTruftees; who  are hereby authorize'  to publilh ■*
 fuch parts of  the receipts and expenditures as-they flull jjdge proper,

                  Atteft.  '
                                        John Ave ft y, jun. Sec'ryvV-

 The Suhfcriber, one of the Committee appointed  to examine the Tieafurer's
   accounts, has examined the fame  and feen the  vouchers, and found them
   right ; and that there was a balancein the Treafurer's hands,  Jute 7, 179^1
   of £. 122   o.  6.
                                                Joseph  Barrell.
         Boflon,  Julyg. 1790. .


 Porfoant to  the  above Vote,  the  Truftees prefent to  the PuMic the
   following ftate of  the receipts  and  payments, from  the Institution of the Society
   to June 7, 1790. o
                         RECEIPTS.
                                                           £.  s.  d.
 1786. By fubfcription of the members id )     _-  __    __      80  12  4
 i7B7.    the years 1786" and 1787,     3
      Co!le<5tion in |une 1787,     —       —      —    —    13  *  4f
 1788. " Subfcription of members,      —      —      —   —   52 12   8^
      Colletfion in June 1788,    —      —      —      —    I»  4  °?
      Donation from Capt. John Calef, of the ifland of St;Chriftophers,   1  16  o
      Intereft on money loaned,      —      —       —     —    l lS  l
 1789. Subfcription of members,       —      —       —    —  68  6  o
       Collection in  June 1789,      —      —      —      —    9*5
      Donation from George Cabot,  Efq; of Beverly,     —     —    180
      Intereft  on money loaned,       —      —       —     ~~    3 ^  °
 J790.  Subfcription  of members to June 7,  1790,                   43
o
/V286-16 1 
PAYMENTS.
                                                     £.   V.   #.
5786.  To cam paid  for  record books,    —     —     076
           Premium for a  fignal exertion in preferving  life,  180
           Printing the rules of the inftitution, &c.    —     5 16   8
           Meffenger,  notifying  feveral meetings, and  >
              other expences,      —      —     3     5 H

  1787;    Tobacco machines,    —      —       _
          Advertifing,  and  cxpence of femi-annual meetings,
          Printing 600 Dr. Lathrop's difcourfes with the )
            appendix,       —       —       —3
          Building houfe on Lovell's Ifland,   —    —
          Ditto on Scituate Beach,    —    —    -_
          Ditto on Nantalket Beach,   —    —   __
          Piemiums for preferving life,     —       —
          Account for printing,     —      _     «,
          Meffenger,     —      —      _     __

. I788.   Premiums for preferving life>      —       —.
          Tobacco machines,      —       __     __
          Printing advertiftments,       —*        __
          Expences on houfes  in Bofton harbour,   __
          Ditto of femi-annual meetings,    —      —
          Meffenger,        —         —        __

$789.    Building three houfes in Bofton harbour,   —   28 10  o
          Premiums and a gold medal for preferving life,    606
          Printing circular  letter,        __     '  -,__    1 ib  4
         Expences of femi-annual meetings,  __    __    o 12  o

is7S**    Repairs on houfes  in the harbour,    —   —    274
         Tobacco machine,       —      —    —    250
          Meffenger,              —       —     _     660
7 16	9
2 IC	2
22 10	0
8 0	0
8 9	0
8 19	10
2 8	0
14 10	0
6 0	0
3 6	0
8 11	0
1 16	0
1 16	8
0 12	8
6 0	0
o
  £> 1$   6  «
^81   89
22  2
37  OiO
10 18
Money at intereft and in the hands of the Treafurer,  —     'j*  lQ   J
£. 286  16  11
^SS^M^T^ia mit« B';<*-«" • *-*■ *- 
 Members of the Humani Sociitt

 JLVJlR. Thomas Amory,
      John Andrews, Efq;
 Mr.  Azor G. Archbald,
 Mr.  Jonathan Loring Auftin,
 Hon. Benja. Auftin, jun. Efq;
      John Avery jun. Efq;
      James Avery Efq; Machias,
 Mr.  Nathaniel Balch,
      Loammi Baldwin, Efq;
 Do&. Joihua Barker, Hingham,
      jofeph Bairell, Efq; zof.
      Samuel Barrett, Efq;
 Doct. Jofidh Bartlett, Charleftown,
 D06I. William Baylies, Dighton,
 Maj. William Bell,
 Mr.  Nathaniel  Bethune,
 Mr.  William Billings,
      Samuel Blodget, Efq;
 Hon. James Bowdoin, Efq; £. 3.
      James Bowdoin jun. Efq; Dorchefter.
      John Boyle, Efq;
      Samuel Bradford, Efq;
      Samuel Breck,  Efq;  ao/".
 Rev. Jofiah Bridge, Eaft Sudbury,
 Mr.  Henry Bromfield, jun.
 Mrs. Martha Browne,
 Hon. George Cabot, Efq; Beverly,
      Benjamin Clark, Efq;
 Rev. Joho Clarke,
 Hon. David Cobb, Efq; Taunton.
      John Codman, jun. Efq;
 Hon. Richard Cranch, Efq; iiraintree,  -1
 Capt. Nathaniel Curtis,
      Thomns Qufhing, jun. Efq;
 Mr. Benjamin Clark Cutler,
 Mr. James Cutler,
 Mr. William Dall,  .
 Mr. Peter Roe  Dalton,
 Hon. Francis Dana, Efq; Cambridge,
 Hon. Caleb Davis, Efq;
      Amafa Dtvis, Efq;
      Robert  Davis, Efq;
 Mr. Thomas  Davis, Plymouth,
 Hon. Thomas Dawes, jun.  Efq;
 Mr. Gilbert Debbie,  jun.
     Rich ml Devens, ECq;
 Mr. John Deve-ell,
     Sam'l Dexter, Efq; Weftown, 13/I4V,
     Aaron Dexter, M. D.
     William Donaldfon, Efq;
Mr.  Ebenezer Dorr,
Rev. Jofeph Eckiey,
Rev. Jqhn Eliot,
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

      Samuel Eliot, Efq; zof.
  Mr. Simon Elliot,
  Mr. Thomas Englifli,
  '    William Erving, Efqj
  Mr. John Erving, jua.
      Sieur de 1' Etombe, £.1. 4/I
  Mr. Jacob Euftis,
  Rev. Oliver Everett,
  Mr. Nathaniel Fellows*
  Mr. Boffenger Fofter,
  Mr. William Fofter,
  Mr. Ebenezer Fofter,
  Rev. James Freeman,
  Mr. Jonathan Freeman,  .
  Capt. Lemuel Gardner,
  Hon. Elbridge Gerry, Efq;  Cambridge^. '•
  Hon. Mofes Gill, Efq;
      John Gore, Efq;
  Mr. Samuel Gore,
  Mr. Jofeph Greene,
      Jofeph Greenleaf, Efqj.
  Mr* John Greenleaf,
      Daniel Greenleaf, Efq;
      Enoch Greenleaf, Efq; Weftowrr*
      David Greenough, Elq;
  Capt, Ebenezer Hall, Medford,
  Mr. Jofeph Hall,
      Jofeph Hall, jun.  Efq;
  His  Excellency Gov. Hancock, £1. iq/T
  Mr  John Harbach,
  Doft. Lemuel  Hayward,
      Samuel Heniliaw, Efq;Northampton,
  Hon. Stephen  Higginfon,*Efq;
      Henry Hill, Efq;
      Benjamin Hitchbom, Efq;
  Mr.  Thomas Hitchborn,
      Alexander Hodgdon, Efq;
  Rev. Simeon Howard, D.D.
  Mr.  Samuel Hunt,
 Hon. Jonathan Jackfon, Efq;
      Henry Jackfon, Efq;
      Leonard Jarvis, Efq;
      Patrick Jeffery, Efq; £.$.
      John Coffin Jones, Efq;
      Stephen Jones, Efq; Machias,   .
 Doct. JohR Joy,
 Mr.  John Kneehnd,
 Mr.  Bartholomew  Kceeland,
 Mr. Thomas Knox,
 Mr.  William Lambert,
 Rev, John Lathrop, D.D.
      Thomas. Lee,  Efq; Cambridge,; ■. 
„tI Ic.-.ucs of the Humane Couet-v <*»' the Com.i^-j.vvf J:h (.f Massachusetts.
Hon. Penjamin Lincoln, Efq; Hingham,
DoG  Janes Lloyd,
Hon.  |>iin Lowell, Efq: £<  I.
Mr.  John Lowell,
     John Lucas, Efq;
     Samuel Lyman, Efq; Springfield,
     Jonathan Mafon, Efq;
     Jonathan Mafon,jun. Efq;
Mr.  John May,
Mr.  Jofeph May,
     George Richards Minot, Efq;
Rev. John Murray,  Gloucefter,
Mr.  Henry Newman,
Rev.  Thomas Fitch  Oliver,  Marblehead,
Mr.   Andiew Oliver,
Hon. Robert Treat Paine. Efq;
Mr.  William pame,
Rev.  Samvel Pa.ker, D.D.
Hon. Wi!!i,.m Phillips, F/q:
      '.iiliam Philii;*s, jun.  Efq;
Mr, Willi„n Perkins, jun.
Mr. T! omas Peikms,
Mr.  Thomas Petktns j'jn.
Mr.  Jofeph Peirctr,
Mr.  Robert Pope,
l-.x.  lofephPc-:,
      Wiliism  :'■ wGI, Efq;
Mr.  Henry Pierr.i's,
.Docl. Cephas Piertice. E^fi-cudbury,
      Ez'l.icl P-ice.. Efq;
      Edtt.i:i': I'uftor, Efq;
Mr   cGrrpfr.r> Read,
 Col  I.;   ;1-e?cre,
      Johi  '-iic:'  Efq:
 I'r.  Th n< s Ro* -in;or. PorMand,
 Ho-    h  m»« r'nfTeil Ffq.  £. 2.8/.
 M r    | .ft i.
 htr.  Ez h.d .    "  l!
 fr'r.  Samuel Sahli^ry,
      Daniel Sarge-nt Ffq;
 Mr. Dari 1 Sergeant, jun.
      V\ ilium Sccli.-v Efq;
Mr.  William Selby,
Hon. David Sewall, Efq; York,
     Samuel SewJI Ffq; oJaiblehead,
Mr.  \\ ilium Shattuck,
Mr.  Elifha Sigou: ney,
Docl. Oliver Smith,
Mr.  Wiiliam Smith,
Capt. Ifaac Smith, Maiden,
Capt. Stephen Smith, Machias,
Capt. Nehemiah Somes,
Mr.  David Spear,
DocL Willi*m Spooner,
Hon. John Sprague. Efq- Lancafter,
Rev. Samuel Stillman,  D.D
Dott. Ch  rles Stockbridge, Scituate,
Mr.  Ruffdl Sturgis,
Hon. fame.'. Sullivan, Ffq; izf.
     J.!m Sweetfer Efq;
Mr.  John Templeman,
Rev. Peter 1 ha die r,
Docl Thorn ir, Thaxter, Hinghara,
D^ct Dnvid  Townfend,
Mr.  Edward Tucket man,
     Wiliiam Tudor, Efq;
Hon. Corfor. Tufis, Efq; iVeymouth,
     F benezer'W^les, Efq, Dorchefter,
     LGh  aim »VGles,
Mr.

Coi
'.Yard, jun. Efq; Weftown,
     '^-rternas
     'oieph  vV;.td,
     |. h'i vYarren,  M.D.
     P-_ i min Warerhcufe, M.D.
     Joii h Waters, E fq;
      -mrcld Vv'elis, Elq;
Drft. > homas  Welfh,
Hon Oliver  Wendell, Efq;
Rev. Samuel Weft,
Mr  ]o<hui Wetherly,
Mr  |a.mes White,
P.ev. Jofeph  Willard, ST.D.
Pro  Moles  Willard, Worcefter,
I'  61. \mos  NVindfhip
Dod. llaac Window, Marfhfield.
OFFICER 3 of the HUM \NE   S OCI ET Y for the Year  i7rc.
           Hon. James Eowor.in, Efq; Prefident,
           Hon.  Th-.mas Russeil.  Elq; Fii ft Vice-Prefident,
                John Warrfn. M.D  Second Vice Prefident,
           Rev. Simfon Howard. D  D  freafuier,
           Rev. Samuel Parker  D D ( orrerp nc'ino Secretary,
                J^hn -iviRYjj^  Ffq; Rec >rHing Secretary.
  Rev. John  Lathf, p,  D.D.   D»-fl. Th- mas Weish,     }
  Rev. Peter Thach^r,        Aaron Dextir, M.D.     C   Trufiees,
  Rev. John Clarke,          Mr. Nathaniel Balch,   S 
 
 
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