•P - «t '• • •***». .■■;■ - +'*, - • » . * )*! 1 • * */.* «. .* *., .*>.• /! ■ " * 1 '■r5' ^ • > • ■/• . \ ARBUSTRUM AMERICANUAU THE AMERICAN GROVE, OR, AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE O F FOREST TREES and SHRUBS, NATIVES OF THE AMERICAN UNITED STATES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNJSAN SYSTEM. CONTAINING, The particular diftinguifhing Chara&ers of each Genus, with plain, 'fimple and familiar Defcriptions of the Manner of Growth, Appearance, Vice-Prvftdents, SAMUEL VAUGHAN, Efquire,, A N D TO THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, THIS ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES and SHRUBS, NATIVES of the AMERICAN UNITED STATES, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED By the Author. 5^,S INTRODUCTION. HEN we take a furvey of Mankind in general, and of the feveral requi- sites by which life is rendered comfortable and defirable, the productions of the Vege- table Kingdom are amongft the foremoft; as affording the principal neceffaries, conveni- encies, and luxuries of life. It is in this view, that the Science of Botany, or that branch of natural Hiflory which teaches the right knowledge of Vegetables, and their application to the mod beneficial ufes, is an object which not only merits the attention and encouragement of every patriotic and liberal mind, but undoubtedly deferves a place amongft the firft of ufeful purfuits. That it is an object highly deferving the at- tention of Mankind in general, cannot be denied; but in a particular manner of the inhabitants of this Commonwealth, the author wifhes to make appear more obvious. Thofe who are converfant in trade well know the continual enormous expence we are at in purchafing foreign Teas, Drugs, Dye-fluffs, &c. The diminution of this, ought to be the care and concern of every friend to his Coun- try's welfare. And we prefume it will appear evident, that the mcll eligible and obvious means w ( Vi ) means of obtaining this defirable object, will be by a proper attention and application to Horticulture and Botany. In this view, the following confiderations more particularly prefent themfelves. I. The introduction and cultivation of foreign ufeful and valuable plants. Our extent of ter- ritory, our diverfity of Climate, of Soil, and of Stuation, leaves not a doubt but that we might introduce and cultivate to advantage, many of the lame articles, whofe importation at this time, is to us, a considerable expence. The Thea viridis 8c bohea, the true green and bohea*Tea plant, formerly accounted different fpecies, but now known to be the fame, and one of the greateft drainers of our wealth; may be procured either from its native place of growth, or from Europe where it has be- come pretty common; and we have every rea- fon to believe, from its being the fpontaneous produce of the fame parallel of latitude, and from other confiderations refpecting its na- tural hiflory, that it might thrive well in our Southern States. In this fame view the Vine, the Almond Tree, Fig Tree, Liquorice, Mad- der and Rhubarb, defervedly require our atten- tion. Many other* foreign ufeful plant's might be enumerated, and the advantages that may be derived to this Commonwealth from their introduction, encreafe and culture, mull appear fufficiently obvious. * See Tranfa&ions of the American Philofophical Society, Vol. I. Page 155. ( vii ) II. The dijcovering the qualities and ufes of our own native Vegetable productions, and applying them to the mofl ufeful purpofes. Our extent of luxuriant unexplored territory, is an object which here in a particular manner occurs re- plete with promifing advantages. Our being able to difcover a plant of equal general ufage with the Potatoe, Tobacco, or Gin/eng; or good fubflitutes for Tea, Coffee and Peruvian Bark; would be advantages furpaffing all adequate eflimation. It is true, we may gain by tedious experi- ence, or flumble by chance upon many ufeful difcoveries refpecting the ufes and medicinal virtues of plants, but it is from our observa- tions and refearches founded upon, and di- rected by, a knowledge of Botany, that we can alone hope for certain fuccefs. From the writings of the celebrated Linnaeus this* gene- ral rule is fufEciently eflablifhed; that plants of the fame habit and appearance, and thofe which agree in the difpofition of their flowers and fruit, have likewife fimilar virtues and properties. From this obfervation we deduce an obvious inference; that the more general knowledge we obtain of the characters and appearance of plants, the more likely we fhall be alfo to encreafe our knowledge of their vir-**» tues, qualities and ufes. This fubject has been much urged and long dwelt upon from a conviction of its impor- tance and promifing advantages: the author, influenced by thefe confiderations, and from a belief ( viii ) a belief that it might contribute in fome de^- grec to render a knowledge of this fubject more familiar and eafy, has been induced to draw up this Alphabetical Catalogue of the Foreft Trees and Shrubs, natives of the Ame- rican United States, as mentioned by the befl authors, or fince difcovered by ingenious tra- vellers. In this Catalogue are contained their Linnaean Generic and trivial names, (or new formed ones where thefe have been wanting) together with their moft common and approv- ed Englifh ones; the particular diftinguifhing characters of each Genus; a plain and fami- liar defcription of the appearance, manner of growth, ckc. of their feveral fpecies and va- rieties ; and alfo, fome hints of their native foil and Situation, ufes in Medicine, as Dyes and in domeflic ceconomy. As terms peculiar to the fcience frequently and unavoidably occur, it was judged necef- fary, in order to render the work more ufeful and complete, to prefix a general explanation of the Linnaean fyflem of arrangement, as alfo of the ufeful and unavoidable fcientific terms; for this and other purpofes the author has availed himfelf from the befl writers, of what has been-judged moft applicable and 'conducive to his defign. The whole forming an ufeful Vademecum Botanicum, or Botanical Companion. In this my Countrymen are prefented at one view with a concife defcription of their own native Foreft Trees and Shrubs, as far as hi- therto difcovered. And thofe whole fancy may ( « ) may lead to this delightful fcience, may by a little application, from hence be enabled fcien- tifically to examine and arrange, not only thofe of the fhrubby, but the feveral and various fpecies of the herbaceous clafs. The foreigner, curious in American collections, will be here- by better enabled to make a felection fuitable to his own particular fancy. If he wifhes to cultivate timber for ceconomical purpofes, he is here informed of our valuable Foreft Trees: if for adorning his plantation or garden of our different ornamental flowering fhrubs. The author would have been happy, could he have given alfo a defcriptive Catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At prefent, circumflances oblige him to confine himfelf to Foreft Trees and Shrubs; however he has fuch a work in contemplation fhould this meet with the encouragement of the public. He is well aware that many improvements might have been made, with regard to the form and manner of defcription, as well as by the addition of Synonyms, Notes of re- ference, &c. but, upon reflecting that the ge- nerality of his Readers would have been more embarraffed and confufed than profited there- by, he was determined to ufe the moft plain and familiar method and language, in order to render the work as generally ufeful as poffi- ble; this being the chief end and defign of the undertaking. b A View ( * ) A View of the Twenty-four Claffes of the Sexual System of Linn.sus, with their Names and Cha- racters; alfo the Number and Explanation of Orders contained in each. Number Their Names and Number of the CharaBers. of Orders Claffes. in each, i. MONANDRIA, One fertile ftamen, having the Anther 2. DIANDRIA. Two fruitful Stamina or male parts. TRIANDRIA. Three ditto. TETRANDRIA. Four ditto, all of equal length, by which it is diftinguifhed from the. fourteenth clafs. PENTANDRIA. ditto. Their Names, exprejfive of £; the Number of Female § Parts or Styles. £■ Monogynia, Digynia, 6. HEXANDRIA. Six ditto, all of equal length, by which this is diftinguifhed from the fixteenth clafs. 7. HEPTANDRIA. Seven ditto. 8. OCTANDRIA. Ei;rht ditto. 9. ENNiIANDRIA. Ki.ie ditt'j. Monogynia, Digynia, Tngynia, Monogynia, Digynia, Tngynia, Monogynia, Digynia, Tetragynia, . Monogynia, . Digynia, . Tnginia, . Tetragynia, . Pentagynia, . Polygynia, Monogynia, Digynia, Tngynia, Tetragynia, Polygynia, Monogynia, Digynia, Tetragynia, Heptagynia, Monogynia, Digynia, Tngynia, Tetragynia, Monogynia, Trigynia, Hexagynia, 1 - * 1 - 2 ■ 3 - 1 2 - 3 1 - z 4 - 1 - 2 3 - 4 - 5 many 1 - 2 3 4 many 1 2 - 4 7 1 2 " 3 4 1 2 - 6 10. DECAN- ( si ) Number of the Claffes. Their Names and CharaBers. 10. DECANDRIA. Ten ditto. Number of Orders in each. 2. 3- 4- 5- 2. 3' n. DODECANDRIA. } j From eleven to nineteen i 6 ^ 3 Stamina, inclufive. J j ^ 16, 12. ICOSANDRIA. "1 Twenty ftamina and up- wards (fometimesfew-1 er) affixed to the inner fi. fide of the Corolla or j j 2. calyx and not to the ^ 5 ^ 3. 14- 15. Their Names, exprejfive of ^ the Number of Female § Parts or Style*. ^ Monogynia, "1 Digynia, - % Tngynia, 3 Pentagynia, - 5 Decagynia, - - 10 Monogynia, 1 Digynia, - - - 2 Trigynia 3 Pentagynia, - 5 Ottagynia, 8 Dodecagynia, - 12 13 receptacle; the corol- ia is faftened to the in- ner fide of the calyx, which is concave and of one leaf. . POLYANDRIA. ") From fifteen to one thou- fand ftamina, which | are faftened to the Monogynia, Digynia, Tngynia, Pentagynia, Polygynia, I*- 3- Monogynia, Digynia, ,. Tngynia, receptacle. It differs ^ 7 i 4- Tetragynia, - Pentagynia, Hexagynia, Polygynia, from the Icofandria .. the calyx and the in- fertion of the Stamina and Corolla. 17- I - 2 3 5 many 1 2 - 3 4 ■ S - many 14. DIDYNAMIA. ") Four Stamina: the two next to one another I fhorter than the other j two; one ftyle and an \ uneven Corolla. J 15. TETRADYNAMIA. ' Six Stamina, tapering and ereft: the two oppofite as long as the calyx, \ 2 the other four a little j longer; four even pe- tals, j Their Names exprejfive of the difpofition of their Seeds, ■1. Gymnofpermia—Seeds I naked in the calyx. 12. Angiofpermia---Seeds » covered in a feed-veffel. . Siliculofa—Seeds in finall fhort pods. . Siliquofa—Seeds in long (lender pods. i<5. MONA- ( «ii ■) Number Their Names and Number Their Names cbieflf txpref- % of the CbaraBexs. of Orders five of the Number of % Claffes. in (ach. Male Parts or Stamina. ?" 16. MONADELPHIA. -) A Periantbium, perma- nent, often double; five petals. The fila- ments all joined in one parcel below, but not above; the external fhorteft. j XJ. DIADELPHIA. The filaments all joined below in two parcels, one fimple the other nine-cleft. A perian- thium of one leaf, bell- fhaped and falling-off. The Corolia always.but- ter-fly-fhaped and un- even. J 18. POLYADELPHIA. ") The filaments united be- ( low into three or more f 3 diftinft parcels. J S* f\. Pentandria, 2. Decandria, - 3. Endecandria, 4. Dodecandria, 5. Polyandria, - \>3 •1. Hexandria, 2. Oftandria, ,3. Decandria, 'I. Pentandria^ 2, Icofandria, .3. Polyandria, 5 - 10 11 - 12 - many 6 - 8 10 5 20 many 19. SYNGENESIA. The Stamina joined by their Anthem (rarely by their filaments) in form of a cylinder. \ 6 "1. Polygamic iEqualis--- Equal Polygamy. The flo- rets all hermaphrodite. 2. Polygamia Superflua— Superfluous Polygamy. The florets in the center herma- phrodite, thofe in the cir- cumference female. 3. Polygamia Fruftanea— Ineffectual Polygamy. The florets in the center herma- phrodite, thofe in the cir- cumference barren. . 4. Polygamia Neceffaria— Necerfary Polygamy. The hermaphrodite florets in the center barren, but the fe- male in the circumference fruitful. 5. Polygamia Segregata— Separate Polygamy. The florets feparated by partial flower-cups within a com- mon calyx. 6. Monogaraia, Single mar- riages, containing fimple flowers whofe Antherae are united. ( x"i ) Number Their Names and Number Their Names chiefly expref- of the CharaBcrs. of Orders five of the Number of . Claffes. in each. Male Parts or Stamina. 3 u GYNANDRIA. The Stamina or male parts attached to, and grow- ing upon the female or PWillum. 21. MONOECIA. Male and female flowers I in difti/ift cups on the I fame plant. Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, Hexandria, Decandria, - jj. Polyandria, Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, 6. Hexandria, 7. Heptandria, Polyandria, 9- " %%. DIOECIA. Male and female flowers ( on different plants of( the fame Species. ^ M I: 2 ■ 3 4 " I 10 many i - 2 3 4 " I - 7 many 23. POLYGAMIA. Male, female and her- maphrodite flowers di- ftinft in the fame Spe- cies, and fometimes on the fame plant. 24. CRYPTOGAMIA. "] The fructification either I wholly efcapes our no- f tice, or the flowers are I hid within the fruit, j Monadelphia, Filaments united. 10. Syngenefia,Antherae united. 11. Gynandria, Stamina grow- ing out of the piftillum. 1. Monandria. - 1 2. Diandria, - - 2 3. Triandria, - 3 4. Tetrandria, - 4 5. Pentandria, - - 5 6. Hexandria, - o 7. Oftandria, 7 8. Enneandria, - .8 9. Decandria, - - 10 10. Dodecandria, - 12 11. Polyandria, - many 12. Monadelphia, Filaments united. 13. Diadelphia, Anthers united. 14. Syngenefia, Stamina grow- ing out of the piftillum. 1. Mc>noecia, one houfe, or male and female flowers on the fame plant. 2. Dioecia, two houfes, or male and female flowers on fe- parate plants. 3. Trioecia, three houfes, or male, female and herma- phrodite, growing on three diftinft plants of the fame Genus. -1. Filices. Ferns. I 2. Mufci. Mofles. 13. Algss. Fucus, or Sea-weed. ,4. Fungi, Mufhroons. ( xiv ) Note, Palmee, the Palms have, in late works, been added by way of appendix, and conftitutes the 25th clafs,- but as thefe are not natives of thefe States, and their fructification but imperfectly known, they are omitted. From the preceding View it appears, that the Names and Characters of the Twenty-four Claffes, are each founded on either the Number, Infertion, Equality, Conneciion, Situation, or Abfence of the Stamina oe Male Sexual Organs. On Number only, are founded the firft eleven Claffes, from Monandria to Dodecandria. On Number and} T , , . , „ , , . Infertion, \ Icofandria and poIyandna- On Number and ? w , , _ , Eaualitv \ L>idynamia and Tetradynamia. On Conneciion, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, Polyadel- phia, and Syngenefia. On Infertion only, Gynandria. On Situation, Monoecia, Dioecia and Polygamia. On Abfence, Cryptogamia. ( xv ) An Explanation of the different parts of Fruclif cation. FRUCTIFICATION is a temporary part of vegetables, appointed for the purpofe of generation, terminating the old vegetable and beginning the new. The parts of fruc- tification are the feven following, viz. i. The Calyx, flower-cup, or empalement. 2. The Corolla, petals, or painted leaves of the flower. 3. The Stamina, threads, or chives. 4. The Piftilum, or pointal. 5. The Pericarpium, or Seed-veflel. 6. The Seeds. 7. The Receptacle, or bafe on which all the other parts of the fructification are connected. I. The calyx ("which is the termination of the outer bark of the plant, prefenting itfclf in the fructification, in this form) comprehends the feven following fpecies, viz. the perianthium, the involucrum, the amentum, the fpadix, the glu- ma, the calyptra, and volva, of each of which in their order. 1. The perianthium, the flower-cup or empalement properly fo called, is the moft common fpecies of calyx, and fituated clofe to the fructification. If it enclofes the ftamina and germen, it is called the perianthium of the fructification. If it enclofes the Stamina andnot the germen, it is the perianthium of the flower. If it includes the gemem, and not the fla- mina, it is the perianthium of the fruit. 2. The involucrum or cover is fituated at the bottom of an um- bel, at fome diftancefrom the flower. It is called an univer- fal involucrum or cover, if it is fituated at the bottom of an univerfal umbel; and a partial involucrum or cover, if at the foot of a partial umbel. 3. The amentum or katkin is that fort of calyx, which confifts of a great number of chaffy fcales proceeding from a common receptacle or (lender thread, as in hazel, alder, &c. 4. 1 hefpatha or lheath is a fort of calyx which burfts length- ways, and puts forth a (talk fupporting the flower:,; as in narcijfus, fnow-drop, arum, indian ttirnep &.C. 5. The gluma or chaffy hufk, is that fort of calyx peculiar to graffes, compofed of thin fcales or valves, which are often terminated by an arifta, a beard, or awn. 6. The caly'ta a veil or hooJ, is a f.irt of ca!vx peculiar to mo ties, ( xvi ) molTes, placed over their anther*, and refeinbling a monk'3 cowl, or rather an extinguifher. 7. The volva is a fort of calyx peculiar to the fungi or mufh- room tribe, involving or inclofing their fructification.( It is membranaceous and torn quite round. II. The corolla, literally a wreath or garland, (ferving together with the calyx as covers to the parts they inclofe) is the termination of the inner bark of the plant prefenting itfelf in this form, and confifts of the petalum and neEtarium. 1. The petalum or petal is the corrollaceous covering of the flower. If the flower is monopetalous, i. e. confifts of one petal, the lower hollow part of fuch a corolla is called tubus, the tube, and the upper part which fpreads wider is called limbus, the limb or border. And from its different figure it is called either, Bell-fbaped, without any tube below, Fumel-fhaped or conical, with a tube, Saucer or falver-fbaped, with a tube, Wheelfbaped, without any tube below; or Gaping, lipped or maflced. If the corrolla be polypetalous, i. e. confifts of many petals, the lower part of each petal is called, the unguis, or claw. And the upper part which is wider, is called the lamina, or thin plate. Again this upper part or lamina, is either CroJJ-fhaped, of four equal fpreading petals; or Butter-fiy-fhaped, irregular and of four petals; the upper one of which is called the jlandard; the two fide ones wings; and the under one the keel. 2. The ne&arium is that part of the corolla which contains the honey; having a wonderful variety both as to fhapeand fituation, and is fometimes united with the petals, and fome- times feparate from them. III. The ftamina are thofe parts of a flower appropriated to the preparation of the pollen, or fecundating duft, and con- fift of the filamentum, the anthera, and the pollen. 1. The filamentum, the filament or thread ferves to elevate the anthem, and connect it to the flower. 2. The anthera, or fummit of the ftamen, is that part which contains the pollen ox fecundating duft, and difcharges it when ripe. 3. The pollen, or impregnating duft, is that fine powder con- tained within the anthera, or tops of the ftamina, and dif- perfed when ripe, upon the female, organ, for impregnating the fame. IV. The ( xvii ) IV. The piftillum, pointal, or female organ, adheres to the fruit, and is that part appropriated for the reception of the pollen, fpoken of above. . It confifts of thegermen, theftylus, and the ftigma. i. The germen, ox feed-bud, is the bafe or lower part of the piftillum, containing the rudiments of the unripe fruit, or feed, in the flowering ftate of the ptent, 2. Theftylus, or ftyle, is that part of the piftillum which ftands upon the germen, and elevates the ftigma or fummit. a. The ftigma, the fummit, or top of the ftyle, is that part which receives the fertilizing duft of the anthera, and tranf- mits its effluvia, through the ftyle into the middle of the germen, or feed-bud. V. The pericarpium, or feed veffel, is that part which contains the feeds, and difcharges them when ripe. It comprehends the eight following fpecies, viz. the capfula, the filiqua, the legumen, the conceptaculum or folliculus, the drupa, the pomum, the bacca, and the firobilus; of each of which in their order. I. The capfula, a capfule or little cafket, is a dry hollow feed- veffel, that fplits or opens in fome determinate manner. Capfules, when opened or fplit, are divided outwardly into one or more pieces, called valvules, or valves, the parts which divide the capfules internally into cells are called diffepimenta, ox partitions. And the fubftances which can- ned the partitions to the feeds, are called columella, or little- pillars. The empty fpaces for containing the feeds, are called loculamenta, or cells. 2. Thefiliqua, or pod is a feed-veffel with two valves, having the feeds fixed along the joining or edge of both valves. 3. The legumen, or cod, is a feed-veffelwith two valves, having the feeds fixed along the edge of one of the valves only. 4. The conceptaculum, a receiver; ox folliculus, a little bag, is a feed-veffel with one valve, fplitting length-ways from top to bottom, and has no feam for fattening the feeds with- in it. 5. The drupa, drupe, or ftone fruit, is a pulpy feed-veffel, which has no valve, or external opening, and contains with- in it a ftone or nut. 6. The pomum, or apple, is a pulpy feed-veffel, which has no valve or external opening, and contains within it a capfule. .7. The bacca, or berry, is a pulpy feed veffel, which has no valve, and contains feeds which are naked, or have no other covering than the pulp. c 8. The ( xviii ) 8. The flrobilus, of cone, is a feed-veffel compofed of woody fcales, laid over one another like tiles; it opens only at top, the fcales being fixed below to the center of the cone. VI. Semen, the feed, is a deciduous part of the plant, con- taining the rudiments of a new vegetable, and fertilized by the fprinkling of the male duft. Under this head are com- prehended the feed properly fo called, the nut and propago. The nut is a feed covered with a hard bony fkin. Propago, the feed of the moffes, which has no tunic or covering. VII. The receptaculum, or receptacle, the feventh and laft part of the fructification on which the other fix are connected, comprehends the receptaculum proprium, the receptaculum com- mune, and the fpadix. i. The receptaculum proprium, or proper receptacle, which be- longs to the parts of a fingle fructification only. It is called the receptacle either of the fructification, when it is com- mon to both flower and fruit; Of the flower, when the parts of the flower only are faftened to it without the ger- men ; of the fruit when it is a bafe for the fruit, and at a di- ftance from the receptacle of the flower; or of the feeds, when it is a bafe to which the feeds are fixed within the pericarpium or feed-veffel. 2. The receptaculum commune, or common receptacle, is that which connects fevcral florets together; as in compound flowers; and is either paleaceum chaffy, i. e. with thin membranaceous chaffy plates rifing between the florets, or nudum naked, without chaffy plates. 3. The fpadix is the receptacle of the palms, and is always branched. It is alfo ufed to fignify the flower ftalk of every plant, which was originally contained within a fpatha or fheath; but in this laft cafe it is often fimple. Explanation of the Modes of Flowering. The peduncle or foot-ftalk of the flower is a partial trunk, bear- ing the fructification only, but not the leaves. When branched or divided, each of the divifions is called pedicellus, or a little fiower-ftalk. Flower-ftalks are diftinguifhed from the place of the plant where they grow, into, 1. The radical fiower-ftalk, when they proceed immediately from the root. 2. The cauline flowcr-ftalk, which proceeds from the ftem. 3- The ( x'x ) V The branch peduncle, which proceeds from the branches. 4. The axillary, or bofom flower-ftalk, which comes out be tween the leaf and ftem, or between the branch and ftem. 5. The terminal flower-ftalk, which comes from the extremity' of the branch or ftem. 6. The folitary peduncle, when there is Only one in the fame place. 7. The fcattered peduncles, when a great many grow1 together without any order. Flower-ftalks are alfo diftinguifhed from the different modes in which flowers are borne and connected on them, into the uniflorous, biflorous, triflbrous, or multiflorous peduncle, that is, which bear one, two, three, or many flowers. Flowers are alfo collected or borne in the ten following modes. 1. The fafciculus, a bunch or bundle, when peduncles are erect, parallel, placed clofe to one another, and all of the fame height, as in fweet-william. 2. The capitulum, a little head, where many flowers are collect- ed into a head, at the extremity of a peduncle, as in globe amaranthus. 3. Thefpike, where the flowers fit clofe without foot-ftalks, and are placed along a common flower-ftalk. A fpike is called Jecunda, fingle ranked, when all the flowers are turned to one fide; or difticha, double ranked, when the flow- ers look to both fides, or fland two ways. 4. 1 hecorymbui, where the letter flower-ftalks of unequal lengths are produced along the common peduncle on all fides, and rife to the fame height, fo as to form a flat or even furface at top, as in fpircea opulifolia. 5. The panicle where the fructifications are difperfed upon foot-ftalks varioufly fubdivided, as in oats, &c. a panicle is faid to be diffufe when the partial foot-ftalks diverge, and the fructifications hang loofe; or ftraight and narrow; when the foot-ftalks approach near to one another. 6. The thyrjus is a panicle contracted into an oval or egg- ihaped-form, fomewhat refembling the cone of a pine; as in lilac, horfe chefnut, &c. ' 7. The racemus or clufter, confifts of a common peduncle, having fhort lateral branches, all nearly of equal length proceeding from it; as in the vine, currants &c. It is called racemusfecundus, or a one ranked clufter when all the foot-ftalks incline to one fide; as in the forrel-tree and moft of our tndromedas. 1. The ( X* ) $. The verticillus, or whorl, where the flowers are produced in rings at each joint of the ftem, with very fhort foot- ftalks; as in mint, korehound, &c. 9. The umbella or umbel, where a number of fmall flower- ftalks rife from the fame center to an equal height and form an even furface at top. It is called a fimple umbel, when the flower-ftalks are fimple or undivided; and a compound umbel, or fometimes an univerjal umbel, when all the foot- ftalks are fubdivided into fmaller umbels, commonly called partial umbels to. The cyma, or irregular umbel, where the foot-ftalks rife from a common center, and to an equal height, as in the ■umbel; but the fecondary or partial foot-ftalks are irregularly difperfed,, without order as in elder, viburnum &c. £5- The Reader is tequefled to obferve that the names of the Species, under which the words, Bartram's Catalogue immediately occur, are not found in lAnrnus's Species Plantarum, but are taken from a Sheet Catalogue publifhed by John and miliam Bartram, Botanijls in King]effing; containing the names of Foreft Trees and Shrubs, growing m, or near their Garden. A CAT- 4- ■■———wu»----— -*■ QxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxQ CATALOGUE 0 F TREES and SHRUBS. A C E Pv. THE MAPLE TREE. Clafs 23, Order 1. Polyandria Monoecia. IT hath Hermaphrodite and Male flowers upon the fame tree. In the Hermaphrodite, The Empalement is of one leaf, five cleft, acute, coloured, plain and entire at the bafe, and permanent. The Corolla confifts of five petals, which are ovate, broader outward, obtufe, fcarce larger than the calyx, and fpreading. The Filaments axe eight, awl-lhaped and fhort. The Anthera fimple. The Germen is compreffed and funk in the Receptacle, which is 'large, convex and perforated. The Style is thread-form, en- creafing in length. The Stigmas two, iharp-pointed, flender, and reflexed. The Seed-veffels are two capfules joined at the bafe, roundifh, compreffed, and each terminating in a large membranaceous wing. The Seeds are folitary and roundifh. The Male are the fame in all parts except wanting the germen and ftyle. Obf. The Afh-leaved Maple has male and female flowers on feparate trees. A The ( 2 ) ^he Species with us are, i. Acer pennfylvanicum----Pennfylvanian Divarf Mountain Maple. This grows naturally upon the mountains in the back parts of Pennfylvania. The Herns are flend.er, rifing to the height of fix or eight feet, and fending off feveral oppofite branches. The leaves are three- pointed, pretty much fawed on their edges, and placed oppofite upon pretty long footftalks. The flowers terminate the ftalks in a pretty long erect racemus or bunch; they are fmall, of an herbaceous colour, and in part fucceeded by fmall conjoined winged feeds. 2. Acer glaucum. The Silver-leaved Maple. This tree grows frequently to the height of fifty or fixty feet, with many fpreading branches. The leaves are five-lobed, fomewhat toothed, or deeply and irregularly fawed on their edges : they are of a lucid green on the upper fide and a bright filver co- lour on their under. The flowers are produced in little umbels at the foot of the leaves; they are of a deep red colour, and are fucceeded by large winged feeds, which fall off early in the fummer. This is perhaps the Acer rubrum of Linnaeus. 3. Acer Negundo. The A/h-leaved Maple. This tree is dioecious, or having male and female flowers upon different trees; it is but of middling growth, rifing perhaps to the height of twenty or thirty feet. The leaves fomething refemble thofe of the Afh, but are generally trifoliate or quinquefoliate, or confifting of three or five lobes; which are oval, fomewhat pointed, and a little notched towards their extremities. The flowers of the male are produced upon ( 3 ) upon pendulous bundles of very long fine threads or footftalks, each having a fmall flower-cup at its ex- tremity, containing five or more ftamina. The female produces flowers at the extremity of the fmall branch- es, in long loofe bunches; they have long footftalks, with a fmall deciduous empalement; containing a compreffed germen, with fcarce any ftyle, but two reflexed ftigmas. 4. Acer canadenfe. AmericanJlriped Maple. This is but of middling growth. The bark, efpecially of the young flioots, is beautifully variegated or ftrip- ed. The leaves are divided into three very fliarp pointed lobes, and very finely fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in folitary bunches, with fhortifh footftalks; having pretty large petals and empalements, containing generally eight ftamina or filaments; and in hermaphrodite flowers two reflexed ftigmas. The flowers and feeds are of a greenifh yellow colour. j. Acer rubrum. The Scarlet flowering Maple. This grows to a pretty large fize in a rich foil. The leaves are three and fometimes nearly five lobbed, and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in little umbels clofely furrounding the fmall branches, and are of a fcarlet colour. The footftalks of the hermaphrodite flowers, Ihoot out to a confiderable length; they are of afcarlet colour, each fuftaining two joined winged feeds, fomewhat of the fame co- lour. There is a variety of this with yellowifli flow- ers and feeds, which is, I believe, the moft common kind in Pennfylvania. 6. Acer ( 4 ) 6. Acer faccharum. The Sugar Maple. This grows to a large tree of two feet or more in diameter, and fifty or fixty feet high. The leaves fomething refemble the Silver-leaved Maple, but are not fo large, nor deeply lobed; or of fo fine a filver colour. It flowers in manner of the Scarlet Maple, but the flowers are of an herbaceous colour; and produces large joined winged feeds. The back in- habitants make a pretty good fugar, and in confider- able quantity, of the fap of this and the Silver-leaved Maple; and though thefe have generally been pre- ferred, yet all our Maples yield a fap which affords a pretty good fugar. ISCULUS. THE HORSE-CHESNUT-TREE. Clafs 7. Order 1. Heptandria Monogynia. TH E Empalement is of one leaf, tubulous, fmall and five- toothed. The Corolla confifts of five petals, roundifh, waved with a plait" ed margin, plane, fpreading, unequally coloured, and infert- ed by narrow claws into the calyx. The Filaments are feven (fometimes eight) awl-fliaped, the length of the corolla, and declined. The Antherce rifing. The Germen is roundifh, ending in an awl-fliaped Style. The Stigma fharp pointed. The Seed-veffel a capfule, coriaceous, roundifh, three-cell'd and three valv'd. The Seeds or nuts two, fomewhat globoffe, often but one ar- riving to perfection. 1. iEscuLUs octandra. Neiv river Horfe Chefnut. This often becomes a tree of pretty large fize. The branches are fmooth and of a greyifh colour. The leaves are palmated, or compofed of five pretty large ( 5 ) large lobes joined at their bafe, having a pretty long common footftalk: they are fomewhat wedge fhape, or narrower towards the bafe than the point, veined with oblique parallel veins, and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in a loofe thyrfus, at the ex- tremity of the branches, of a pale yellowifh colour; and are fucceeded by fruit near the fize of the eaftern Ilorfe-Chefnut. 2. jEsculus Pavia. Scarlet flowering Horfe- Chefnut. This is but of humble growth, feldom rifing to more than ten or twelve feet high; fending out fever ral branches, with leaves and flowers much like the former, except the flowers being of a bright red colour: they ftand upon fhort naked footftalks, branching from the common ftem, generally five or fix together in each thyrfus. They are tubulous at bottom but fpread open at top, where the petals are irregular in fize and length, having fomething the appearance of a lip flower; they have feven or eight ftamina the length of the petals. When the flower fades the Germen fwells to a pear {haped fruit, with a thick ruffet coloured covering, containing fome- times one or two nuts. A M O R P H A. BASTARD-INDIGO. Clafs 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria. THE Empalement is of one leaf, tubulous, cylindrical and top-fhaped: at the mouth erect, five-toothed, and ob- tufe: the two fuperior teeth largeft; permanent. The Corolla is a fingle petal, inverfe egg-fhape, concave, fcarce larger than the calyx, erect, inferted in the calyx between the two largeft upper teeth, and placed on the upper fide. The ( 6 ) The Filament's are ten, very flightly joined at the bafe, erect, unequal in length, and longer than the corolla. The Anthera. are fimple. The Germen is roundifh. The Style awl-fhaped and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma is fimple. The Seed-veffel a Legumen or Pod, moon-fliaped, reflexed, larger than the calyx, compreffed, the top moft reflexed, of one cell, and tubercled. The Seeds are two, of an oblong kidney form. Obf. This is Angularly diftinguifhable from all the Papilionace- ous tribe, in having only the vexillum or ftandard, and want- ing the wings and keel. There appears to be but one Species of this Genus, viz. Amorpha fruticofo. Shrubby Baflard Indigo. This grows naturally in Carolina, where it rifes with many irregular ftems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, with very long winged leaves, in fhape like thofe of the common Acacia. At the extremity of the fame year's fhoots, the flowers are produced. in long flender fpikes, which are very fmall and of a deep purple colour. The flowers are fucceeded by moon-fhaped, reflexed, compreffed pods, each containing two kidney-fhaped feeds. ANDROMEDA. ANDROMEDA. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is five-parted, acute, very fmall, coloured, and permanent. The Corolla confifts of one petal, bell-fliaped and five-cleft; the divifions reflexed. The Filaments are ten, awl-fhaped, longer than and fcarcely af- fixed to the corolla. The Anthera are two horned and nodding. The Germen is roundifli. The Style cylindrical, longer than the Stamina and permanent. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel a capfule, roundifh, pentagonal, five-celled, five valved, and gaping at the angles. . The ( 7 ) The Seeds are many, roundifh and fhining. Qbf. The Corolla in fome is ovate, in others perfectly beil- fhaped. The Species are, native with us, i.Andromeda arborea. The Sorrel Tree. It grows naturally in Virginia, to about ten or twelve feet high. The flowers grow in long naked bunches, coming out from the fides of the branches, of an herbaceous colour, ranged on one fide of the common foot-ftalk: they are oval, pitcher-fhaped, and nodding; and are fucceeded by fmall capfules. 2. Andromeda calyculata. Ever-green Dwarf Andromeda. This is a low fhrub, growing on moffy land. The leaves are fhaped fomething like thofe of the Box tree, and are of the fame confidence, having many fmall punctures on them. The flowers grow in fhort raccmi or bunches from the extremity of the branch- es, they are white and of a cylindrical pitcher-fhape. 3. Andromeda paniculata. Panicled An- dromeda. This fhrub grows in boggy wet ground, rifing from two or three to fix or feven feet high, fending out feveral branches which are clothed with oblong leaves, a little notched and placed alternately. The flowers grow in long loofe panicled racemiox bunches, at the extremity of the branches; they are pitcher-fhaped, and fucceeded by fmall round feed-veffels, having five cells, filled with fmall round feeds. There is a variety of this of low growth, differing in having fhorter ( 8 ) shorter panicled bunches of flowers, and thefe com- ing out at the divifions, as well as at the extremities of the branches. 4. Andromeda racemofa. Pennfylvanian Red-bud Andromeda. This grows in low clayed lands, to the height of five or fix feet. The leaves are oblong and ferrated. The flowers are produced in a one fided racemus at the extremity of the branches, and refemble the other kinds. The long bunch of flower buds are of a beautiful red colour in the fpring, and thereby make a good appearance. 5. Andromeda mariana. Maryland, or broad- leaved Andromeda. Is a fhrub of low growth, having but a fmall ftem, which is generally retrofleded or bent from fide to fide. The leaves are egg-fhaped, entire, broad, and of pretty thick confiftence. The Seed-veffels are larger than the other kinds, gaping at their tops. 6. Andromeda nitida. Ever-green Jhining- leaved Andromeda, or Carolinian Red-buds. (Bartram's Catalogue.) This fhrub grows naturally in Carolina and Flori- da, and may juftly be ranked among the moft beau- tiful flowering. The leaves are perennial, near three inches in length and one in breadth, of a hard and firm tex- ture, lance-fhape, of a deep fhining, or gloffy green colour on both fides, placed by pretty long footftalks alternately upon each fide of the branches, but in- clining ( 9 ) dining to the upper fide, and ftanding nearly ered. The flowers are produced along the under fide of the branches, in long one rowed racemi or bunches, which as they arrive to their full growth change to a damafk rofe colour. The under parts of the bunch- es fomewhat refemble the cells of a honey-comb, diffufing an agreeable fragrance, and affording a delicious harveft to the honey-bee. 7.Andromeda plumata. Plumed Andromeda, or Carolinian Iron-wood Tree. (Bartram's Catalogue..) This is alfo a fouthern beautiful fpecies of Andro- meda; rifing to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and fending off towards the top, many fpreading and nearly horizontal branches. The leaves are fmall, lance-fhaped/and of a deep gloffy green, but changing in Autumn before they fall off, to yellow, red, purple, &c. giving the trees a beautiful appearance, even in their decline. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branch- es, in one-rowed racemes or bunches, they are very fmall and perfedly white, fomewhat refembling a plume of delicate white feathers. This and the laft mentioned, grow naturally by the fides of ponds, and fwamps, in Carolina and Florida. A N N O N A. PAPAW TREE, or CUSTARD APPLE. Clafs 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia. rPHE Empalement is three leaved and fmall; the leaves heart- A fhaped, concave, and fharp-pointed. The Corolla is compofed of fix petals, heart-fliaped and feffile or fquat: the three alternate interior lefs. B The ( io ) The Filaments fcarce any. The Anthera axe very numerous, fitting upon the fides of the Germen. The Germen is fomewhat round, fitting upon a roundifli recept- acle. The Styles none. The Stigmas obtufe. The Seed-veffel a very large berry or fruit, of an oval or oblong fhape, covered with a fmooth rind, and of one cell. The Seeds axe feveral, hard, fliining, oblong, oval, ('compref- fed in fome fpecies) and placed in a circle. The Species with us are, i. An Nona glabra. Carolinian Smooth-barked Annona. The bark is fmooth, the leaves broad, oval, but narrowed towards the bafe. The fruit is large, yel- low and fomewhat conical. This grows naturally in Carolina. 2. Annona triloba. Pennfylvanian Triple- fruited Papaw. This grows common in rich bottoms and by river fides, in Pennfylvania. ft rifes to the height of ten, twelve, and fometimes twenty feet, with but few branches, garnifhed with pretty long large leaves, narrowed toward the bafe and fmooth on their edges. The flowers are folitary, and of a dark purple co- lour; they have fhort footftalks, which with the flower-cup is covered with fhort brown hairs or down. The fruit is often found growing two or three together, which foon falls off, becomes very mellow and turns of a yellow colour. A R A L I A. THE ANGELICA TREE. Clafs 5. Order 5. Pentandria Pentagyina. AN Involucrum, which is very fmall, to the little globular umbels. The ( II ) The Empalement is five-toothed, very fmall, and above. The Corolla confifts of five petals, which are ovate, acute, fef- file and reflexed. The Filaments are five, awl-fhaped, and the length of the co- rolla. The Anthera are roundifli. The Germen is roundifh and beneath. The Styles five, very fliort, and permanent. The Stigmas fimple. The Seed-veffel a berry, roundifh, ftriated, crowned and five- celled. The Seeds are folitary, hard, and oblong. The Species with us are, Aralia fpinofa. Virginian Angelica Tree. This rifes with a thick woody ftem to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into feveral branches, which are garnifhed with ramofe divaricated leaves, placed alternately. The flowers are produced in large, loofe, compound umbels, at the extremity of the branches: they are of an herbaceous colour, and are fucceeded by roundifh berries of a purplilh co- lour when ripe. The ftem, branches, and footftalks of the leaves are armed with fhort ftrong fpines. ARBUTUS. THE STRAWBERRY TREE, or BEAR-BERRY. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. TH E Empalement is five parted, obtufe, very fmall and permanent. The Corolla is one petalled, ovate, planifh at the bafe j the bor- der is five cleft; the divifions obtufe, revolute and fmall. The Filaments are ten, awl-bellied, very flender at the bafe, half the length of the corolla, and affixed by the margin to its bafe. The Anthera are flightly two cleft and nodding. The Germen is fomewhat globofe, fitting upon a receptacle marked with ten points. The Style is cylindrical and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is thickifli and obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a berry, roundifh and five celled. The Seeds are fmall and bony. The ( I* ) The Species with us are, Arbutus Uva urfi. The Bear-berry. This grows naturally in the Jerfeys. It is a low trailing fhrub, dividing into many branches, clofely fet with fmooth, thick, entire leaves, of an oval form. The flowers are produced in fmall bunches, near the ends of the branches, and are fucceeded by red berries. This has been ufed with great fuccefs in many calculous complaints. ARISTOLOCHIA. BIRTHWORT. Clafs 20. Order 5. Gynandria Hexagynia. TH E Empalement is wanting. The Corolla is of one petal, tubulous and irregular: the bafe bellied, fomewhat globular and protuberant: the tube oblong, fix cornered cylindrical: the border dilated and ex- tended beneath in a long tongue. The Filaments are wanting. The Anthera ate fix adjoined un- der the Stigmas, and four celled. The Germen is oblong beneath and angled. The Style fcarce any. The Stigma fomewhat globular, fix parted, and con- cave. The Seed-veffel is a capfule, which is large, hexagonal and fix celled. The Seeds axe many, depreffed and incumbent. Obf. The Seed-veffel varies in figure,- in fome fpecies it is roundifli, in others oblong. The Species growing Jhrubby, with us, is one, viz. Aristolochia frutefcens. Pennfylvanian Shrubby Birthwort. This grows naturally near Pittfburg, in a rich foil and fhaded fituation; rifing with fhrubby cylindri- cal ( 13 ) cal ftems, which twine round any neighbouring fup- port, and reach fometimes to the height of thir- ty feet or more, fending off many long twining branches. The leaves are large, entire, and heart- fhaped, of eight inches or more in length, and as much in breadth, ftanding upon thick ftrong foot- ftalks. The flowers come out fingly, or fometimes two together upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which are either terminal, or arife beneath the divifions of the branches, each having a bradea or floral leaf em- bracing it near its bafe ; they confift of a long tube which is very crooked and bellied towards the bafe, but narrower towards the extremity, and furnifhed with a border which at firft appears three lobed and triangular (in form of a cock'd hat,) but after be- comes fpreading, plain and roundifli, and together with the interior extremity of the tube, is finely va- riegated with fpots or ftreaks. The Capfules or Seed-veffels are cylindrical fix-fided, of three or four inches in length and near one in diameter, opening with fix fiffures, and having fix cells, filled with heart-fhaped compreffed feeds, with a falfe one between each. This from its twining ftems and large leaves affords a fine fhady covering for an ar- bour. The roots have an aromatic penetrating favour, and are fuppofed to be equal in medical virtues to the fmall Virginian Snake-root. A S C Y R U M. St. P E T E R's WORT- Clafs 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria. THE Empalement is of four leaves; the exterior oppofite are very finall and linear; the interior heart-fliaped, plane, large, and erect, and all permanent. The ( '4 ) The Corolla is of foar petals, ovate: the exterior oppofite largeft, the interior lefs. The Filaments are numerous, briftly, flightly joined at the bafe into four parts. The Anthera are roundifli. The Germen is oblong. The Style fcarce any. The Stigma fimple. The Seed-veffel a Capfule, oblong, fharp pointed, and enclofed by the .larger leaves of the empalement. The Seeds axe numerous, fmall and roundifli. The Species are, i. AscyrUxM Hypericoides. St. Peter s Wort. This is a fmall fhrubby plant, growing naturally in low moid ground, and rifing with a few flendet ftems to the height of about eighteen inches, hav- ing fmall oppofite branches, which are fomewhat flatted. The leaves are fmall, oblong, fomewhat wedge-fhape, placed oppofite, and fitting clofe. The flowers are fparingly produced at the tops of the ftalks, and have fomewhat the appearance of thofe of St. John's wort. 2. Ascyrum villofum. Villofe St. Peter s ivort. This rifes to the height of about three feet, with ered ftalks. The leaves are oblong and hairy. The flowers are produced at the tops of the ftalks, re- fembling thofe of St. John's wort, but have only four petals. AZALEA. UPRIGHT HONEY-SUCKLE. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is five parted, erect, acute, fmall, coloured and permanent, Th* ( '5 ) The Corolla is monopetalous, bell-fliaped, and half five-cleft: the fide divifions inflexed. The Filaments are five, filiform, free, unequal in length, and inferted in the receptacle. The Anthera are fimple. The Germen is roundifh. The Style filiform, the length of the corolla and permanent. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a Capfule, roundifli, five cell'd, and five valv'd. The Seeds axe feveral, roundifh. Obf. The figure of the petal in fome Species is funnel form, in others bell-fliaped; the ftamina in fome are alfo very long and declined. The Species with us, are, i. AzA l E a nudiflora. Red-flowered Azalea. This grows moft common upon a moift, clayey, gravelly foil, rifing from two or three, to five or fix feet in height. The leaves are produced in clufters at the extremity of the branches; they are oblong, inverfe, egg-fhaped, and a little hairy upon their edges and midribs underneath. The flowers are produced early in the fpring before the leaves are expanded, in heads or clufters at the ends of the ftalks and chief branches, of a red colour, and hairy, with very long red ftamina. There is great variety in the colour of the flowers, from red to almoft white. 2. Azalea vifcofa. White fweet Azalea. This grows naturally in rich rocky places, near ftreams of water; rifing to the height of five or fix feet. The leaves are much fmaller and of a paler green colour than thofe of the red flowered, other- wife refembling them. The flowers are produced after the leaves are fully expanded, (about harveft time;) they are white, hairy and clammy, and have the fragrance of the honey-fuckle. ( '6 ) 3. Azalea vifcofa paluftris. Swamp Azalea* This is a variety of the white kind, growing na- turally in wet low ground. It is of lower growth, with leaves rough and clammy at their firft appear- ance. The flowers are white, but not fo fweet as the former. There is alfo fome other varieties differing fomewhat in the difpofition or appearance of their flowers, &c. BACCHARIS. PLOWMAN'S SPIKENARD. Clafs 19. Order 2. Syngenefia Polygamia Superflua. rT,HE Common Calyx is cylindrical, and imbricated: the Scales ■*■ linear and acute. The Compound Corolla, is equal with Florets Hermaphrodite and Female mixed. The Proper of the hermaphrodite is funnel-form and five cleft. ------'— of the female fcarce manifeft, or almoft none. The Filaments of the hermaphrodite are five, capillary and very fmall. The Anthera cylindrical and tubulous., The Germen of the hermaphrodite is ovate. The Style filiform and the length of the flower. The Stigma is bifid or two cleft. Of the female very like the hermaphrodite. The Seed-veffel none, but the calyx changed. The Seeds of the hermaphrodite and female much alike, folita- ry, very fhort, and oblong. The Pappus fimple. The Receptacle is naked. The Species are, BacchaRis halimifolia. Virginian Groundfel Tree. It rifes to the height of fix or eight feet, fending out many ered branches, garnifhed with leaves which ( 17 ) which are fomewhat ovate, and a little toothed above, continuing green moft of the year. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, and are of a yellowifh white colour. B e r b e R I s. The BARBERRY-BUSH. Clafs 6. Order i. Hexandria Monogynia. '"PHE Empalement is fix leaved and fpreading; the leaves ovate, •*• narrower at the'bafe^ concave, the alternate lefs, colour- ed, and deciduous. The Corolla is of fix petals, which are roundifli, concave, fome- what fpreading, and fcarce larger than the calyx. A NeElarium of two corpufles, roundifh, coloured and affixed to the bafe of each petal. The Filaments axe fix, ered, comprefled and obtufe. Two An- thera are joined to the top of each filament. The Germen is cylindrical and the length of the ftamina. The Style is wanting. The Stigma is orbiculate, broader than the germen, and furrounded by an acute margin. The Seed-veffel is a berry, which is cylindrical, obtufe and of one cell. The Seeds are two, oblong, cylindrical and obtufe. The Species are, Berberr:s canadienfis. The Canadian Bar- berry. This grows naturally in Canada, and fomewhat refembles the European Barberry, except the leaves being much fhorter and broader, and the fruit, when ripe, of a black colour. There is alfo a kind of Barberry growing upon New-River in Virginia, bear- ing red berries, of which 1 have feen orte fmall plant. C BETULA. ( i8 ) B E T U L A. The BIRCH-TREE. Clafs 21. Order^ Monoecia Tetrandria. *rTHE Male flowers are difpofed in a cylindrical Katkin. The Calyx, is a common Katkin, imbricated on all fides, loofe and cylindrical; compofed of triflorous Scales, to each of which, two very minute fcales are placed at the fides. The Compound Corolla confifts of three florets, equal, and affix- ed to the difk of each fcale of the Katkin. The Proper is monopetalous, four-parted, fpreading, and fmall: the divifions obtufe and egg-fliaped. The Filaments axe four, very fmall. The Anthera axe twin. * The Female flowers are difpofed inKatkins on the fame plant. The Calyx is a common Katkin, imbricated: with three fcales everywhere oppofed, affixed to the rachis, heart fhaped with a point, biflorous, a little divided by a pointed body in the bofom towards the top, concave, and fhort. The Corolla none manifeft. The Germen proper, is ovate, very fmall. The Styles axe two, briftly, and the length of the fcales. The Stigmas fimple. The Seed-veffel none. The Katkin embracing the feeds of two florets under each fcale. The Seeds axe folitary and ovate. The Species with us are, I. Betula nigra. Black, or Sweet-Birch. This becomes a large tree, often rifing to the height of fifty or fixty feet, and fending off many branches. The leaves are egg-fhaped and doubly or irregularly ferrated, the fmall ferratures are clofe, the larger more remote; their footftalks are villofe. The fmall branches are alfo covered with down. The natives often make their canoes of the bark of this tree. 2 Betula < 19 ) 2. Betula lenta. Red Birch. This grows to a pretty large fize, fpreading into many flender pliable branches. The leaves are fmooth, heart-fhaped, oblong, fharp-pointed, and finely and flightly fawed on their edges. 3. Betula papyrifera. White Paper Birch. This is a variety of the laft, growing to a mid- dling fize and pretty much refembling it, except in having a very white fmooth bark. 4. Betula populifolia. Afpen-leaved Birch. This is alfo a variety of the fecond, and grows naturally in the Jerfeys, and other eaftern ftates, be- coming a pretty tall tree, and covered with a white bark. The leaves are fomewhat triangular, like thofe of the Afpen tree, but terminating in a long acute point; they are doubly ferrated, Handing up- on long flender footftalks, and are put in motion by the flighteft breeze of wind. 5. Betula humilis. Dwarf Birch. This is alfo a variety of the fecond kinrj, of a low and dwarfifh growth. BETULA-ALNUS. The A L D E R TREE. THE Characters are the fame of the Betula, except the Seed-veffel being a roundifli cone. The Species are, 1. Betula ( 2° ) i. Betula-Alnus glauca. Silver-leaved Alder. This grows naturally in low marlhy ground, and frequently rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet. 2. Betula-Alnus maritima. Sea-fide Alder. This grows to the height of the former. The leaves are long and narrow. The katkins are gene- rally in bloom in Auguft, at which time the female cone or feed-veffel fets, but don't grow to perfedion till the next fummer. 3. Betula-Alnus rubra. Common Alder. This grows very common in moft parts of Penn- fylvania. The leaves are broader than the other kinds, and rough or wrinkled. This flowers in the fpring, and perfeds its feeds in the fall. B I G N O N I A. The TRUMPET FLOWER. Clafs 14. Order 1. Didynamia Angiofpermia. T'HE Empalement is of one leaf, erect, cup-form, and five- A cleft. The Corolla is monopetalous, and bell-fhaped. The tube very fmall and the length of the calyx. The chaps very long, bellied underneath, and of an oblong bell-fhape. The bor- der is five parted; the two fuperior divifions reflexed; the inferior fpreading. The Filaments are four, awl-fhaped and fhorter than the corol- la, of which two are longer than the reft. The Anthera axe reflexed, oblong, and as if doubled. The Germen is oblong. The Style thread-form, of the fituation and fhape of the ftamina. The Stigma is headed. The ( 21 ) The Seed-veffel is a filiqua or pod, of two cells and two valves The Seeds axe pretty many, imbricated, compreffed, and having a membranaceous wing. Obf The Catalpa delights in only two perfect ftamina, and three imperfect rudiments, with a pentaphyllous calyx. The Species are, i. Bignonia Catalpa. The Catalpa-Tree. This rifes to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a ftrong ftem, dividing into feveral branches, which are garnifhed with large heart-fhaped leaves, placed oppofite at each joint. The flowers are pro- duced in large branching panicles, at the ends of the branches; of a dirty white colour, with a few purple fpofs, and faint ftripes of yellow on the iofide; and waved on their edges: they are fucceeded by very long flender pods, filled with flat winged feeds, lying over each other like the fcales of a filh. 2. Bignonia crucigera. Crofs-vine. This rifes with flender trailing ftalks, which muft be fupported, fo require the affiftance of a wall, and a good afped; being impatient of much cold. The branches are clothed with oblong leaves remain- ing green all the year. The flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, fhaped much like thofe of the Fox-glove; and are of a yellow colour. 3. Bignonia radicans. Climing Trumpet- Flower. This kind, when old, hath large rough ftems, which fend out many trailing branches, putting out roots at their joints, thereby attaching themfelves to any neighbouring fupport, and rifing fometimes to ( 22 ) • the height of forty or fifty feet. The branches are garnifhed with winged leaves placed oppofite, which are generally compofed of four pair of fmall leaves, terminated by an odd one. The flowers are produc- ed at the ends of the fhoots of the fame year, in large bunches; they have long fwelling tubes, fhaped fomewhat like a trumpet, and are of an orange co- lour, inclining to red; and fucceeded by large pods full of winged feeds. 4. Bignonia fempervirens. Ever-green Big- nonia, or Yellow Jqfinine. This kind refembles the fecond fo much as to re- quire no further defcription. CALLICARPA. CALLICARPA. Clafs 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia. ■"PHE Empalement is of one leaf, bell-fliaped: at the mouth A four-parted and erect. The Corolla is of one petal, tubulous: The border four-cleft, obtufe and fpreading. The Filaments are four, thread-form, twice the length of the corolla. The Anthera ovate and incumbent. The Germen is roundifli. The Style thread form, thicker above. The Stigma thickifh and obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a berry, globofe and fmooth. The Seeds are four, fmall, callous, oval, compreffed, fome- what convex on one fide, but a little hallowed as if eaten on the other. There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. Callicarpa americana. Carolinian Shrubby Callicarpa. This fhrub rifes from three to five feet high, with but flender ftems, fending out many branches from the ( 23 ) the fides, which are wooly or downy when young, garnifhed with oval, fpear-fhaped leaves, placed op- pofite on pretty long footftalks. The flowers come out in whorls round the ftalks, fitting very clofe; they are fmall and tubulous, cut into four obtufe fegments at the top, which expand and are of a deep purple colour; thefe are fucceeded by foft fucculent berries, which are of a deep purple colour when full ripe, each enclofing four hard feeds. This is a na- tive of Carolina and will not endure much cold. CALYCANTHUS. CAROLINIAN ALLSPICE. Clafs 12. Order 5. Icofandria Polygynia. HTHE Calyx is of one leaf, thickened, fquarrofe, fomewhat •*■ top-fhaped, truncated, almoft clofed above; and perma- nent. The Corolla is compofed of many leaves, which are oblong, coloured, of thick and fiefhy confiftence, longer than the calyx, fomewhat fpreading, but chiefly lightly incurved their whole length; inferted in the truncated margin of the calyx, difpofed in feveral feries or rows circularly, of unequal length and deciduous.* The Filaments are many, fhort, awl-fhaped and inferted in the top of the calyx; the exterior of which, have oblong fur- rowed Anthera adjoined to their apex; the interior barren and clofing the calyx. The Germen are many, oblong, villofe, and hid within the calyx. The Styles many, joined in a medullary column and protrud- ing in the center of the barren filaments, which ferve for its defence. The Seed-veffel none but the calyx, thickened, much enlarged, berry'd, and fomewhat inverfe egg-fhaped. The Seeds are many, oval, fomewhat villofe, and furrounded longitudinally with a future. We have but one Species of this Genus, viz. Calycanthus ( 24 ) Calycanthus floridus. Carolinian Allfpice. This delightful fweet-fcented fhrub, grows natural- ly in Carolina, and rifes from four to fix or eight feet high, fending out many fmall branches, which are placed oppofite and garnifhed with oval entire leaves; which are likewife oppofite. The flowers are pro- duced fingly, at the extremities of the fame year's fhoots; they are of a fullen or dark purple colour, and when fomewhat expanded, diffufe to a confider- able diftance, a very agreeable fcent, fcarcely diftin- guifhable from that of ripe ftrawberries. It flowers in May, and by fucceflion till almoft harveft. The flowers are fucceeded by large, fomewhat oval, rough, fwelling capfules, of two inches or more in length, and one in diameter, containing many oval brown feeds. C A R P I N U S. The II O R N B E A M - T R E E. Clafs 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. *fT'HE Male Flowers axe difpofed in a cylindrical Katkin. The Calyx is a common Katkin loofely imbricated on all fides: compofed of fcales which are uniflorous, ovate, concave, acute, and ciliated. The Corolla is none. The Filaments are for the moft part ten, very fmall. The An- thera.axe twin, compreffed, villofe at the apex, and two valved. *The Female Flowers are difpofed in along Katkin, on the fame plant. The Calyx is a common Katkin loofely imbricated, confifting of Scales which are lance-fhaped, villofe, reflexed at the apex, and one flowered. The Corolla is cup-form, of one l&af, fix cleft, with two divi- fions larger. The ( 25 ) The Germn are two, very fliort, each having two Styles, which are long, capillary and coloured. The Stigmas are fimple. The Seed-veffel none. The Katkin being enlarged and contain- ing a feed at the bafe of each fcale. The Seed is a nut, ovate and angled. Obf. The feeds of the Carpinus Betulus are contained within the bafe of the concave calycine fcale: but of the Oftrya with- ifl the inflated fcale. The Species are, with us, i. Carpinus Betulus virginiana. American Hornbeam. This grows common by moft of our river and creek fides, rifing with a ftrong, woody, fomewhat angular ftem, to the height of ten of fifteen feet; fpreading into many branches, with oval, pointed leaves, fawed on their edges. The flowers are pro- duced at the ends of the young moots, in loofe, leaffy katkins, and are fucceeded by fmall, hard, angular feeds. c. Carpinus Oftrya. The Hop-Hornbeam. This tree often grows larger and more upright than the former, the wood is tougher, the branches fewer and more ered. The leaves fomewhat refem- ble thofe of the Elm. The male katkins are pro- duced at the extremity of the branches, they are fet the preceding fall, and remain all winter. The fomale flowers are produced in inflated chaffy katkins, much refembling a hop, from whence it acquired its name. There is a variety of this called the Vir- ginian flowering Hop-Hornbeam, which 1 have not feen. CASSINE. D ( 26 ) C A S S I N E. CASSINE, or SOUTH-SEA TEA-TREE. Clafs 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia. 'T'HE Empalement is five-parted, beneath, very fmall, obtufe, ■*■ and permanent. The Corolla is five-parted and fpreading; the divifions are fome- what ovate, obtufe, and larger than the calyx. The Filaments axe five, awl-fliaped and fpreading. The Anthera are fimple. The Germen is above and conical. The Style none. The Stig- mas three, reflexed and obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a berry, roundifh, three-cell'd and umbilicated with the Stigmas. The Seeds are folitary and fomewhat ovate. The Species are, CassIne Paragua. Ever-green Cafftne, Tapon, ot South-Sea Tea-tree. This grows naturally in Carolina and fome parts of Virginia, but chiefly near the fea; and rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, fending out branches from the ground upward, garnifhed with Ever-green fpear-fhaped leaves, placed alternately: they are of a deep green colour, of a thick confiftence and a little notched on their edges. The flowers are pro- duced in clofe whorls, round the branches, at the footftalks of the leaves; they are white, and are Succeeded by red berries, with three cells, each con- taining a fingle feed. CEANOTHUS. ( *7 ) CEANOTHUS. The NEW-JERSEY TEA-TREE. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THHE Empalement is of one leaf, top-fhaped: the border is •*■ five-parted, acute, and incurved; and permanent. The Corolla is compofed of five petals, equal, roundifh, hook- facked, compreffed, very obtufe, fpreading, lefs than the calyx, with claws the length of the petal, rifing from the in- cifions of the calyx. The Filaments axe five, awl-fliaped, ere&, oppofite to the pe- tals, and longer than the corolla. The Anthera axe roundifh. The Germen is three cornered. The Style is cylindrical, half three-cleft, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma ob- tufe. The Seed-veffel is a berry, which is dry, three fruited, thres- cell'd, obtufe, and fet with tubercles. The Seeds axe folitary and ovate. The Species with us, but one, viz. Ceanothus americanus. American Ceanothus, or New-Jerfey Tea-tree. This is a low fhrub, growing common in moft parts of North America; feldom rifing above four or five feet high, and fending out branches on every fide from the ground upward, which are garnifhed with oval, pointed leaves, having three longitudinal veins, running from the foot-ftalk to the point, di- verging from each other in the middle; they are placed oppofite, and are of a light green colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the moots, in a clofe kind of Thyrfus; they are of a white colour and when in bloom make a fine appear- ance. A decodion of the roots of this fhrub is efteemed a certain cure, not only in flight Gonor- rhea's, ( 28 ) rhsea's, which it ftops in two or three days, without any bad confequences; but alfo in the moft invete- rate Venereal complaints. The leaves are dried and ufed by fome as a fubftitute for Bohea Tea, from which it acquired its name. CELASTRUS. The STAFF-TREE. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, half-five-eleft, plane, and % very fmall: the divifions are obtufe and unequal. T^e Corolla has five petals, ovate, fpreading, feflile, equal and reflexed at their margins. The Filaments axe five, awl-fhaped and the length of the corolla. The Anthera axe very fmall. The Germen is very fmall, immerfedin the receptacle, which is large, plane, and marked with ten ftreaks. The Style is awl- fhaped and fhorter than the ftamina. The Stigma is obtufe, and three-cleft. The Seed-veffel is a Capfule, coloured, ovate, obtufely three- cornered, gibbous, three cell'd, and three valv'd. The Seeds axe few, ovate, coloured, fmooth, and half covered with an Arillus, four parted at the mouth, unequal and co- loured. The Species but one, with us, viz. Celastrus fcandens. American Climing Staff-tree. This grows naturally in many parts of North- America, rifing with a twining woody ftem to the height of ten or fifteen feet when fupported, fend- ing out many flender flexible branches, cloathed with oblong pointed leaves, a little fawed on their edges. The flowers come out from the fides of the branches in loofe bunches; they are of an herbace- ous! ( 29 ) ous colour, and' are fucceeded by- roundifli three- cornered capfules, of a pale, or yellowifli red co- lour when ripe; which fpread open in three parts, difclofing their feeds after the manner of the Spin- dle Tree. The feeds are hard, oval and covered with a thin red pulp. It makes a very fine appear- ance when covered with ripe fruit. CELTIS. The NETTLE-TREE. Clafs 23. Order 1. Polygamia Monoecia. """PHE Hermaprodite flowers are folitary and fuperior. A The Empalement is one-leafed, and five-parted; the divi- fions ovate, fpreading and withering. The Corolla is wanting. The Filaments axe five, very fhort, hid by the Antherae, but after the difcharge of the farina, longer. The Anthera are oblong, thickifh, quadrangular, and four-furrowed. The Germen is ovate, fharp-pointed, and the length of calyx. The Styles are two, fpreading, varioufly inflexed, awl-fhaped, very long, and downy on all fides. The Stigmas are fimple. The Seed-veffel is a drupe, roundifh and of one cell. The Seed is a nut, which is roundifh. ♦The Male flowers are in the fame plant, and inferior. The Empalement is fix-parted, otherwife as the Hermaphrodite. The Corolla is wanting. The Filaments axe as in the Hermaphrodite. The Species with us, but one, viz. Celtis occidentalis. American Yellow-fruited A ettie-tree. This grows naturally in many parts of North- America. It delights in a rich, moift foil, in which it becomes a large tree, rifing with a ftraight ftem, the bark of which, in young trees, is fometimes fmooth ( 30 ) fmooth and of a dark colour, but as they advance becomes rougher and of a lighter colour. The branches are fet thick on every fide, and garnifhed with oblique oval leaves, ending in points and faw- ed on their edges. The flowers come out oppofite to the leaves, upon pretty long footftalks; they are fmall and make but little appearance, and are fuc- ceeded by round, hard berries, about the fize of a fmall pea, of a yellow colour and fweet tafte when ripe. The juice of the fruit is faid to be aftringent and to give eafe in violent Dyfenteries. CEPHALANTHUS. The BUTT ON-TREE. Clafs 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia. 'T'HE Common Empalement is none, but a globofe receptacle, ■■" collecting many florets into a little head. The Proper Empalement is one leaved, funnel-form and angular; the border four-cleft. The Univerfal Corolla is equal. The Proper of one petal, funnel- form and acute. The Filaments axe four, inferted in the corolla, and fhorter than the border. The Antjtera are globofe. The Germen is beneath. The Style longer than the corolla. The Stigma globofe. The Seedveffel none. The Seeds are folitary, long, Ieffened at the bafe, pyramidal and wooly. The Common Receptacle is round and villofe. The Species but one, viz. Cephalanthus occidentalis. ,Button-tree. This fhrub grows pretty common by creek fides and ponds, rifing to the height of fix or eight feet; growing very crooked, and fending out fevcral branches, 1 ( 3i ) branches, which grow oppofite. The leaves are al- fo placed oppofite and often, upon young fhoots, by three's; they are near three inches long and one and a quarter broad, having a ftrong vein running lon- gitudinally through them, they are of a light green and their footftalks change to a reddifli colour next the branches. The branches are terminated with globular heads, compofed of many fmall flowers, of a whitifh colour. C E R C I S. The JUDAS TREE. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. HPHE Empalement is of one leaf, veryfliort, bell-fliaped, gib- A bous beneath, and melliferous: the mouth is five toothed, erect and obtufe. The Corolla is ten petal'd, inferted in the calyx, and counterfeit- ing a papilionaceous corolla. The Wings, are two petals, bent back, and affixed by long claws. The Standard, one petal, roundifh, clawed, under and fhdrt- er than the wings. The Keel, two petals, joining in a heart-fhaped figure, in- cluding the parts of fructification and affixed by claws... The Nettarium, a gland, ftyle form, under the germen. The Filaments are ten, diftinft, awl-fhaped, declined, of which four are longer,- and covered. The Anthera are oblong, in- cumbent, and arifing. The Germen is linear-lanced and pedicel'd. The Style is of the length and fituation of the ftamina. The Stigma is obtufe and arifing. The Seed-veffel is a'legumen or pod, which is oblong, acute, oblique pointed, and of one cell. The Seeds are feveral, roundifh and joined to the fuperiox fa? ture. The Species with us, but one, viz. Cercis ( 32 ) Cercis canadenfis. Red-bud, or Judas Tree. This grows naturally in feveral parts of North- Amenca, rifing t0 the hejght of fen Qr fifteen fc^ with a pretty ftrong trunk covered with a darkifh coloured bark; dividing upwards into feveral Irregu- lar branches, furnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves, mooth upon their upper furface and edges, but a an Z1Y underneath> having pretty long foot- italks. The flowers come out upon the branches upon all fides, many arifing from the fame point, with fhort footftalks; they are of a fine red colour and coming out before the leaves, make a beautiful appearance. There is faid to be a variety of this in Carolina, with fmall flowers. CHIONANTHUS. The SNOW-DROP, or FRINGE TREE. Clafs 2. Order i. Diandria Monogynia, 'T'HE Empalement is of one leaf, four-parted, erect, fharr)- pointed and permanent. The Corolla is one petal'd and funnel-form. The tube is very fhort, fpreading, and the length of the caylx. The border with four divifions, which are linear, erect, acute, oblique, and very long. The Filaments are two, very fhort, awl-fhaped and inferted in the tube. The Anthera are heart-fhaped, and erect. The Germen is ovate. The Style fimple and the lengDh of the calyx. The Stigma is obtufe and three-cleft. The seed-veffel is a drupe, roundifh or oval and of one cell. The Seed a ftriated nut. Obf. The number of ftamina is often three or four. We have but one Species in America, viz. Chionanthus ( 33 ) Chiona n thus virginica. Virginian Snow-drop Tree. This fhrub grows naturally in feveral places in North America, in a moift foil; rifing to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, fpreading into many branch- es, covered with a light coloured bark. The leaves are large, oblong and entire, placed nearly oppofite. The flowers are produced towards the extremity of the fhoots of the former year, upon fhort, leaffy, common footftalks; at the bofom of the leaves of w,hicb, the proper footftalks come out, and are divid- ed for the moft part into thrpe parts, but often more; each fuftaining one fmall flower, with four very long, narrow, white petals; which, when fullygrown, make a beautiful appearance: thefe are fucceeded by oval berries, of a livid blackiih colour when ripe, each containing one hard, oblong, pointed feed. The bark of the root of this fhrub, bruifed and applied to frefh wounds, is accounted by the natives a fpeci- fic, in healing them without fuppuration. C L E T H R A. C L E T H R A. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia, THE Empalement is of one leaf, five-parted; the leaves are ovate, concave, erect and permanent. The Corolla confifts of. five petals, oblong, broader without, a little fpreading, and longer than the calyx. The Filaments are ten, awl-fhaped, and the length of the corol- la. The Anthera oblong-erect, gaping at the apex. The Germen is roundifh. The Style is threadworm, erect, per- manent, and increafing. The Stigma is three-cleft. The Seed-veffel is a capfule, roundifh, covered with the calyx, three-cell'd and three-valv'd. The Seeds are many and angled. E There ( 34 ) There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. Clethra alnifolia. Alder leaved Clethra. This fhrub grows common in Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina, in moift ground and by rivulets; rif- ing to the height of fix or eight feet, dividing into many branches, clothed with wedge-fhape, oval, vein- ed leaves, fawed on their edges, refembling thofe of the Alder but longer; which are placed alternate- ly. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in long clofe bunches; they are of a white colour, and when in full bloom make a very fine appearance. C O R N U S. The CORNEL, or DOGBERRY-TREE. Clafs 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia. HP HE Calyx confifts of an Involucrum of four leaves, many A flowered: the leaves ovate, coloured, and deciduous; the oppofite interior fomewhat longer and narrower. An Empalement, very fmall, four-toothed, above and de- ciduous. The Corolla confifts of four petals, oblong, acdte, plane, and fmaller than the Involucrum. The Filaments are four, awl-fhaped, erect, and longer than the corolla. The Anthera'are roundifh and incumbent. The Germen is roundifh and beneath. The Style filiform and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a drupe, or ftone-fruit, roundifh and umbili- cated. The Seed, a nut, heart-fhaped, or oblong, and two cell'd. Obf. The Involucrum is wanting in moft of our Species. The Species are, with us, 1. Corn us ( 35 ) I. Corn us alterna. Alternate branched, or Female Virginian Dogwood. This grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing upwards into many branches, which are covered with bark of a ftriated or ftreaked appear- ance. The fmall branches are placed alternate, bending at each divifion. The leaves are entire, oval, fharp-pointed, and much veined. The flowers are produced in clufters at the extremity of the branches, and are fucceeded by roundifh berries of a dark purple colour when ripe. The fmall branches being alternate, afford a diftinguifhing mark for this fpecies. 2. Corn us candidiffima. Swamp American Dogwood. This fhrub grows to the height of fix or eight feet, moftly in moift or fwampy places; and is covered with a whitilh bark. The branches are placed oppo- fite, and alfo the leaves, which are lance-fhaped and pointed, and of a whitifh colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in clufters, and are fucceeded by whitifh fucculent ber- ries. 3. Curnus florida. Male Virginian Dogwood. This rifes with a ftrong ftem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many fpreading branch- es, which are fometimes placed oppofite, but often by four's, arifing from oppofite points and regularly difpofed. The leaves are oval, pointed, veined and entire. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the fmall branches, in clufters; having a common involucrum ( 36 ) involucrum of four large white leaves, which arc generally end-bitten and a little coloured at their extremities, and one oppofite pair, rather longer and narrower than the other. The flowers within are fUcceeded by oblong, red berries. This flowers in May and is defervedly ranked amongft the beautiful flowering fhrubs. The bark of this kind has been ufed with fome fuccefs as a fubftitute for the Peru- vian Bark. And to its top, regular difpofed fhoots, our fpinfters are often indebted for their diftaffs. 4. Cornus fanguinea. American Red-rod Cornus. This grows in a moift foil, to the height of eight or ten feet, generally many ftems arifing from the fame root. The bark of. the young fhoots is very fmooth, and of a beautiful dark red colour. The branches are placed oppofite, and alfo the leaves, which much refemble the firft and third kinds above defcribed. The flowers are produced in clufters at the ends of the branches, of a whitifh colour; and are fucceeded by fucculent berries of a bluifh colour when ripe, C O R Y L U S. The HAZEL, 01 NUT-TREE. Clafs 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. ♦T^HE Male flowers are difpofed in a long Katkin. "*■ The Calyx, a common Katkin, imbricated on all fides, and cylindrical,- confifting of Scales, which are uniflorous, narrowed at the bafe, at the apex broader, more ob- tufe, inflexed and three-cleft: the middle divifions of equal length, but twice the width, of and covering the reft. The ( 37 ) The Corolla is wanting. The Filaments are eight, very fhort, joined to the interior fide of the calycine fcale. The Anthera are oblong-ovate, fhort- er than the calyx, and erect. * The Female flowers are remote from the Male in the fame plant, fitting clofe and included in a bud. The Empalement is of two leaves, coriaceous, torn at the mar- gin, erect, and the length of the fruit; at the time of flore- fcence, fcarce manifeft for its fmallnefs. The Corolla none. The Germen is roundifh and very fmall. The Styles two, brift- ly, coloured, and much longer than the calyx. The Stigmas axe fimple. The Seed-veffel none. The Seed, a nut fomewhat ovate, fhaved at the bafe, fomewhat compreffed and pointed at the apex. The Species with us are, i. Corylus americana. American Hazelnut. This grows very common in a rich, loofe, moift foil; fpreading far by its roots, and rifing at firft with a fimpte, ered ftem; which, as it grows old, is di- vided into a few irregular branches, cloathed with oval, pointed leaves, fawed on their edges. The Male katkins are produced at the ends of the branch- es, and the Female parts a little beneath them, often many together, at other times fingly; and are fuc- ceeded by feed-veflels, roundifli at the bafe, but lengthened out into aleaffy, fringed expanfion, part- ed at the extremity; each containing one nut. 2. Corylus cornuta. Dwarf Filbert, or Cuckold-nut. This kind much refembles the other, except in fize, feldom growing above three or four feet high; and alfo in having its nuts fingle upon the branches, and ( 38 ) and their hulks or feed-veflels fmaller and lengthened out into a point or horn, and clofely embracing its nuts. CRATIGUS. The WILD SERVICE-TREE. Clafs 12. Order 2. Icofandria Digynia. TTHE Empalement is one leaved, concave-fpreading, five-toolh- ■*■ ed and permanent. The Corolla is of five petals, roundifh, concave, fitting clofe and inferted in the calyx. The Filaments are twenty, awl-fhaped, and inferted in the calyx. The Anthera are roundifh. The Germen is beneath. The Styles axe two, thread-form, and erect. The Stigmas axe headed. The Seed-veffel is a berry, flefhy, roundifh, and umbilicated. The Seeds are two, longifh, diftinct and cartilaginous. Botanical writers enumerate feveral Species of this Genus, native of thefe ftates; but I believe, upon more ftrid examination, they will chiefly be found to belong, with more propriety, to the Mefpilus. See Mefpilus. CUPRESSUS. The CYPRESS TREE. Clafs 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia. *rT*HE Male flowers are collected in an ovate Katkin. "■• The Calyx, a common ovate Katkin, compounded with fparfed flowers, confifting of Scales which arcuniflorous, roundifh, fharp-pointed on the fore part, targetted, op- pofite and in number about twenty. The Corolla none. The Filaments are wanting; but four Anthera axe joined, in their ftead, to each fcale of the katkin. * The Female flowers are collected in a roundifli cone, on the fame plant. The ( 39 ) The Calyx, a common cone, which is compounded of from eight to ten florets, confifting of Scales, which are unifiorous, oppofite, ovate, convex beneath and gaping. The Corolla none. The Germen is fcarce obfervable. In the place, perhaps, of Styles, there are numerous dots,within each calycine fcale, which are truncated, and concave at the apex. The Seed-veffel, none but the globofe cone, which is fhut, but gaping with orbiculate, angled, and targetted fcales. The Seed is a nut, which is angled, fharp-pointed, and fmall. The Species with us, are, i. Cupressus diflicha. Virginian deciduous Cyprefs-Tree. This grows naturally in fwampy, low ground; and becomes a lofty tree, of feventy or eighty feet in height, and three or four feet in diameter; dividing, towards the top, into many branches, clothed with fmalllinear leaves, coming out upon all fides, yet inclining to but two fides of thefmall branches; and falling off in the autumn. The cones, of this kind, are roundifli and near an inch in diameter. The timber is valuable for many ufes, affording great quantities of boards, fhingles, &c. 2. Cupressus Thyoides. Maryland Blue-ber- ried Cypre/s. This, by fome means, has obtained the name of a dwarf, yet it becomes a large tree, nearly equal in height and diameter to the former. The branches are covered with (mall ever-green leaves, much re- fcmbling thofe of the Arbor Vitae. The cones are about the fize of Juniper-berries, a little angular and having many cells. The timber of this is fofter than the other kind and applied to more general ufc, being ( 4° ) being durable and not liable to be eaten by worms; it affords excellent planks, &c. for Ihip building; alfo ports, rails, boards, fhingles, &c. &c. and to it our dairy women are indebted for tubs, pails, churns, ,&c. , DIOSPYROS. The DATE PLUM, or PERSIMMON TREE. Clafs 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia. * 'T'HE Hermaphrodite female. x '. The Empalement is' compofed of one leaf, four-cleft, large, obtufe and permanent. The Corolla, of one petal, pitcher-fhape, larger, and four-cleft; the divifions acute and fpreading., The Filaments are-eight, brrftly," fhort and lightly inferted in the receptacle. The Anthera are oblong and eftoete. The Germen is roundifh. The Style one,,half four-cleft, per. ■' inanent and longer than the ftamina. The Stigmas are obtufe ' and two-cleft. The Seed-veffel is a berry, which isglobous, large, eight-cell'd, and fitting on the large fpreading calyx. The Seeds are folitary, roundifh, comprefled, and very hard. vTb.e Male in diftinct plants. ; , The Empalement confift? of one leaf, fou,r-cleft, acute, erect, and fin all. The Corolla of one petal, pitcher-fhape, coriaceous, four-cor- nered and four cleft: the divifions are roundifh andrevolute. The Filaments are eight, very fhort and inferted in the recepta- cle. The Anthera are double, long, and acute; trie interior ihorteft. The Piftillum, is the rudiment of a germen. The Species with us, but one, viz. Diospyros virginiana. Virginian Perfimmon Tree. This grows naturally in moid clayey ground, in Pennfylvaniaand Maryland, as well as Virginia; rif- ing ( 4« ) »ng to the height of twenty feet or more, fending out many fhortifh branches, garnifhed with entire, oblong, pointed leaves; the flowers are produced upon the fmall branches, making but little appear- ance, and are fucceeded by large, globular or oblong fruit, which when fully ripe has a fweet agreeable tafte. A full grown tree will often yield two bufhels or more of fruit, which upon diftillation will afford as many gallons of Spirits, allowed to be equal in tafte and flavour to Weft India Rum. Our country- men have not enough attended to this, but in fome places they brew of them a very good Beer. There appears to be varieties of this, fome with early ripe large frait, others with fmaller and late ripe. D I R C A. LEATHER WOOD. Clafs 8. Order i. Oclandria Monogynia. '"P H E Empalement is wanting. ■* The Corolla is one petal'd and clubb'd. The tube is more bellied above. The border none, the margin unequal. The Filaments are eight, capillary, inferted in the middle of the tube, and longer than the corolla. The Anthera are roundifh and erect. The Germen is ovate, with an oblique top. The Style is thread- form, longer than the ftamina and curved at the top. The Stigma is fimple. The Seed-veffel is a berry of one cell. The Seed is one. There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. Dirca paluftris. Virginian Marfh Leather- wood. This is a low fhrub, growing in moift fhady places, feldom rifing more than three or four feet high, F fpreading ( 4* ) fpreading into a head, with many fmall and very flexible branches, covered with a light coloured bark, and cloathed with oval fmooth leaves, of a pale green colour. The flowers are produced at the extreme ends of the former year's fhoots; they are of an herbaceous colour and make but little appearance, but are fucceeded by oval berries, changing fome- what yellowifh when ripe. E P I G M A. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. HP HE Empalement is double, approximated, and permanent. ■*• The exterior confifts of three leaves, which are ovate-lanc- ed, and fharp pointed; the exterior largeft. The interior is five-parted and erect; a little longer than the exterior: the leaf-lets are lanced and fharp pointed. The Corolla is compofed of one pitcher-form petal. The tube is cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx, and hairy within. The border is fpreading and five-parted, with ovate-oblong lobes. The Filaments axe ten, thread-form, the length of the tube and affixed to the bafe of the corolla. The Anthera are oblong and acute. The Germen is globofe and villous. The Style is thread-form, and the length of the ftamina. The Stigma is obtufe and fomewhat five-cleft. The Seed-veffel is a capfule, fomewhat roundifh, deprefled, five fided, five cell'd, and five valv'd. The Seeds axe many and roundifh. The receptable large and five-parted. There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. EpigjEA repens. Trailing Arbutus. This grows naturally upon northern hills, or moun- tains, with trailing fhrubby ftalks, putting out roots at ( 43 ) at their joints. The leaves are oblong, rough and waved on their edges. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, in loofe panicles, and are of a white colour, mixed with red, dividing at the top into five parts, and fpreading open in form of a flar. EtTONYMUS. The S P I N D L E TREE. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is compofed of one leaf, five-parted, and plane: the divifions are roundifh and concave. The Corolla confifts of five petals, ovate, plane, fpreading and longer than the calyx. The Filaments axe five, awl-fhaped, erect, fhorter than the co- rolla, and placed on the germen as a receptacle. The An- thera are twin. The Germen is fharp pointed. The Style is fhort and fimple. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a capfule, fucculent, coloured, pentagonal, with five angles, five cells and five valves. The Seeds ate folitary, ovate and covered with a berry'd Aril- lus. Obf. In fome fpecies one fifth part of the fructification is taken away. The Species with us, are, 1. Euonymus carolinenfis. Carolinian Spindle Tree. This fhrub grows to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many oppofite branches, the young ftioots are fomewhat quadrangular and mark- ed longitudinally, with green ftripes. The leaves are placed oppofite, and are oval, fharp pointed, and finely and flightly fawed on their edges, of a deep green ( 44 ) green colour. The footftalks of the flowers come out from the bofom of the leaves of the young fhoots, and are generally divided into three parts to- wards their extremities, the middle divifion fuftain- ' ing one, and the two fide ones, each three flowers; having four deep purple coloured petals, expanding in form of a crofs, and four ftamina; thefe are fuc- ceeded by angular furrowed feed veffels, of a beau- tiful pale red colour when ripe, making a fine ap- pearance after the leaves are fallen off. 2. Euonymus latifolius. Broad-leaved Spin- dle Tree. This fhrub very much refembles the former, ex- cept the leaves being broader and longer, and of a paler green colour, turning reddifh before they fall off. The feed-veffels are rather larger and rounder at the corners or angles, and of fomewhat paler co- lour, as are alfo the flowers. 3, Euonymus fempervirens. Ever-green Spindle Tnee. This is of fmaller growth than either of the for- mer, feldom rifing above fix or feven feet, and di- viding into many oppofite branches, towards the top, which are of a greener colour, and more angular than the other kinds, and garnifhed with narrower leaves, of a. clofer texture. The flowers are produc- ed in manner of the former, except each footftalk fuftaining generally but three flowers, having five'pe- tals, which are of a paler colour, and rounder than either of the former; and are fucceeded by roundifli capfules clofely fet with fmall protuberances, turning of a fine red colour when ripe, and opening into four ( 45 ) four or five parts, difclofing its feeds hanging by fine white threads. This makes a very beautiful appear- ance in autumn when its fruit are ripe; and from their red appearance obtained the name of the Burn- ing Bufh. The young plants retain their leaves all winter. All the fpecies grow naturally in moift, fhaded places. F A G U S. The BEECH-TREE. Clafs 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. * HPHE Male flowers are affixed to an Amentaceous receptacle. -»- The Calyx is an Empalement of one leaf, bell-fhaped, and five-cleft. The Corolla none. The Filaments are many (about twelve) the length of the calyx, and briftly. The Anthera are oblong. * The Female flowers are contained in buds upon the fame plant. The Calyx, an Empalement of one leaf, four-toothed, erect and acute. The Corolla none. The Germen is covered by the calyx. The Styles are three, awl- fhaped. The Stigmas are fimple and reflexed. The Seed-veffel is a capfule (formerly the calyx) which is round- ifh, large, fet round with foft fpines; with one cell and four valves. The Seeds are two nuts, which are ovate, triangular, three va'ved and fharp-pointed. Obf. The Male flowers of the Beech are difpofed in a globular form; thofe of the Chefnut in a cylindrical. JT 1 St. JOHN'S WORT. Clafs 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria. HP HE Empalement is five parted: the divifions are fomewhat •*■ ovate, convex, and permanent. The Corolla has five petals, oblong-ovate, obtufe, fpreading, and marked, according to the motion of the fun. The Fildmepts•■■'■are numerous, capillary, joirfed at the bafe into five or three parts or bodies. The Anthera are fmall. The -Germen is roundifh. The Styles are three (fometimes on'e, two, and^fivej fimple, diftant, and the length of the ftamina. The Stigtiias are fimple. The Seed-veffel is a roundifh capfule; with cells according to the number of the Styles. ■■'•l.- The'Seeds are'many and oblong. :> '•': '/•■■' The Species growing fhrubby, with us, Hypericum kalmianum. Virginian Shrubby 1 •' •■. ■> «f ■. Hypericum. This grows; naturally in low wet places, rifing with fhrubby ftalks to the height of three or four feet, -with oppofite angular branches. The leaves are fmooth and fhaped.like thofe of Rofemary or Lavender. The flowers terminate the branches in final! divided clufters of three or feven flowers; they have each five very flender ftyles, and are fucceeded by oval, pointed capfules, filled with fmall feeds. ILEX. ( 63 ) ILEX. The HOLLY-TREE. Clafs 4. Order 3. Tetrandria Tetragynia. 'T'HE Empalement is four toothed, very fmall and permanent. ■*- The Corolla confifts of one petal, four-parted and plane: the divifions are roundifh, concave, fpreading, pretty large, and cohering by claws. The Filaments are four, awl-fhaped, and fhorter than the corol- la. The Anthera are fmall. The Germen is roundifh. The Style none. The Stigmas axe four and obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a berry, roundifh and four cell'd. The Seeds are folitary, bony, oblong, obtufe, gibbous on one fide and angled on the other. Obf. The flowers are in fome fpecies male upon one plant, and female and -hermaphrodite upon a different plant. • The Species with us, are, 1. Ilex Aquifolium. American Common Holly. This grows in Maryland, New Jerfey, &c. gene- rally in moift ground, rifing to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, with an ered ftem, covered with a greyifh coloured fmooth bark, and furnifhed with pretty many branches, which are garnifhed with thick, hard, ever-green leaves, waved on their edges and indented, each point terminating in a ftirT prick- ly fpine. The flowers are produced upon pretty long footftalks, often three parted from the fides of the branches, of a white colour, having often five or fix ftamina^,and the corolla divided into as many parts, and are fucceeded by roundifh berries, which Mfhe.n full ripe are reef. Of the bark of common Holly, is made Birdlime, which is better than that made of Mifletoe. 2. Ilex ( 64 > 2. Ilex CalTine. Dahoon, or Carolinian Holly. This grows naturally in Carolina, rifing with an upright branching ftem to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. The bark of the ftem is of a brown colour, but that of the branches and young fhoots green and fmooth. The leaves are fpear-fhaped, above four inches long and one and a quarter broad toward the bafe, of a light green colour and thick confiftence, with their upper parts fawed on the edges, each ferrature ending in a fmall fharp fpine. The flowers come out in thick clufters from the fides of the branches, they are white and like thofe of the common Holly, but fmaller, and are fucceeded by fmall roundifli red berries. 3. Ilex canadenfis. Canadian, or Hedge-hog holly. The leaves of this kind are not fo long as thofe of the Common Holly, but are armed with ftrongcr fpines ftanding clofer together, their upper furfaces are alfo fet very clofe with fhort prickles, from whence it obtained the name of Hedge-hog Holly, It grows naturally in Canada. There are faid to be two varieties of this with variegated leaves, one of which is yellow, the other white. I T E A. *I T E A. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empdlem^t ?<■ one leaved, five cleft, erect, fharp point- ed, very fmall, aau pwimanent: the divifions are acute and coloured. The ( 65 ) The CoroUa has five petals, lance-fhaped, long and inferted in the calyx. The Filaments are five, awl-fhaped, erect, the length of the co- rolla, and inferted into the calyx, ihe Anthera are round- ifh and incumbent. The Germen is ovate. The Style is cylindrical, permanent, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a capfule. ovate, much longer than the calyx, pointed with the ftyle, with one cell and two valves, of two joined together, gaping at the top. The Seeds are numerous, very fmall, oblong, and fhining. There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. Itea virginica. Virginian Itea. This fhrub grows naturally in Maryland, Virginia, &c. near ftreams of water, or in moift places; rifing to the height of eight or ten feet, and dividing in- to feveral branches, which are garnifhed with fpear fhaped leaves, placed alternately, flightly fawed on their edges, and of a light green colour. The flow- ers are produced at the extremity of the fame year's fhoots, in ered fpikes of three or four inches in length ; they are white, and make a fine appearance when in bloom, which is a little before harveft time. J U G L A N S. The WALNUT-TREE. Clafs 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. "T1 H E Male and Female Flowers are feparate upon the fame ■*■ tree. * The Male, are difpofed in an oblong katkin. The Calyx is a common katkin, on all fides imbricate-fparfed, and cylindrical; confifting of fcales which are uniflorous, fingly affixed in the exterior center to each corolla, and turn- ed outward. ^_ I The ( 66 ) The Corolla is fix-parted, elliptic, equal, and plane: the divi- fions are fomewhat erect and concave, pedicell'd and inferted in the interior center of the corolla, and rachis. The Filaments are many, (eighteen) very fhort. The Anthera are erect, fharp pointed and the length of the calyx. * The Female are without a katkin, two or three together, and fitting clofe, in the fame plant. The Empalement is four cleft, erect, very fhort, crowning the germen, and vanifhing. The Corolla is four parted, acute, erect, and a little larger than the calyx. The Germen is oval, large, and beneath. The Styles axe two, very fhort. The Stigmas axe very large, clubbed, reflexed, and torn above. The Seed-veffel is a drupe, or capfule, dry, oval, large and one cell'd. The Seed is a nut very large, roundifh, netted with furrows, • and half four cell'd. The Kernel is four lobed and varioufly furrowed. The Species (or chiefly Vari'eties according to Wefton) ! with us, are, , .1 i. Juglans nigra. Round black Virginian Walnut. This tree often rifes to the height of fifty or fixty feet, and to three feet or more in diameter, covered with a dark furrowed bark, and dividing into many branches, furnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and an odd one; thefe are fmooth, oblong, fharp pointed and fawed on their edges; and upon being bruifed emit a ftrong ; aromatic flavour, as doth alfo the external covering of the fruit. The fruit are round, their covering pretty fmooth, and foftifh when fully ripe. The nuts themfelves are hard, netted and furrowed, con- taining fweet oily kernel. 2. Juglans ( 67 ) 2. Juglans nigra oblonga. Black oblong fruited Walnut. This tree refembles the former fo as fcarcely to be diftinguifhed from it, except by its fruit, which is oblong or oval; the fhells or coverings are rougher, harder, and of a deeper green colour. The timber of both forts is much ufed by Joiners, &c. in mak- ing tables, drawers, book and clock-cafes, &c. Coffins are alfo generally made of it. The bark, and outer coverings of the nuts, are ufed in dying wool, cloth, &c. There are perhaps fome other varieties of thefe. 3. Juglans oblonga alba. Butter-nut, or White Walnut. This often grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet and to eighteen inches or more in diameter, with a fmooth light coloured bark. The branches are garnifhed with leaves compofed generally of eight or nine pair of lobes and an odd one, which are villofe, oblong egg-fhaped, fharp pointed, flightly ferrated, and larger than thofe of the other kinds. The fruit, when ripe, is villous and covered with a vifcid clammy fubftance, by which it almoft flicks to the fingers when handled. It is long and fome- what pointed at the ends, and freed of its hull, or covering, is very rough and deeply furrowed, con- taining a foft, oily, fweet kernel. An extrad of the bark of this tree affords a mild and fafe cathartic. The bark and fhells of the nuts dye a good brown colour, fcarcely ever fading. 4. Juglans ( 68 ) 4. Juglans alba acuminata. Long, Jharp-fruited Hickcry Tree. This tree grows to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to eighteen inches or two feet in diameter. The leaves are generally compofed of three or four pair of lobes and an odd one. The nuts with their covers are about two inches in length and above one in diameter. The covers, or hulls, generally open into four parts, difclofing their nuts, which are white, hard and thick lhell'd, having feams oppo- fite the divifions of their hulls. The kernel is fmall and not very fweet. 5. Juglans alba minima. White, or Pig-nut Hickery^ This generally grows pretty large, fometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, and above two feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is fmooth, but when older becomes rough and furrowed. The leaves are generally compofed of five pair of lobes and an odd one, which are moftly narrower than thofe of many other kinds. The fruit is fmall and roundifh, and covered with a very thin hufk or co- vering, opening in divifions. The fhell of the nut is alfo very thin, and eafily cracked with the teeth; the kernel plump and full but very bitter. The timber of this is not much efteemed. 6. Juglans alba odorata. Balfam Hickery. This tree grows as large as the Pig-nut Hickery, and much like it in appearance. The nuts are fmall, round, and thin fheird. the kernel fweet. The branches are flender and flexible. There is, I think, a variety of this, with a rougher furrowed bark, bearing broader leaves and larger nuts, having thicker ( 69 ) thicker outer covers, as well as inward fhells, with the kernel generally fmall and fhrivelled. The tim- ber of both kinds is hard and tough, and ufed for axle-trees of carriages, &c. mill coggs and rounds, and alfo for handles, &c. for moft implements of hufbandry. 7. Juglans alba ovata. Shell-barked Hickery. This tree delights in a rich moift foil, generally growing by creeks and rivers, often to the height of feventy of eighty feet, and above two feet in diameter. The bark is rough and fhelly or fcaly. The leaves are generally compofed of two pair of lobes and an odd one, they are narrowed towards the bafe, oval, and pointed at the extremity, and fawed on their edges. The fruit is roundifh, but rather flatted and indented at the ends. The outer cover very thick and dividing into four parts, dif- clofing its nut, which is not very thick fhell'd, corf- taining fweet kernel, preferable to the other kinds. There are feveral varieties of this in America, fome with nuts as large as our common Walnuts. 8. Juglans pecan. The Pecan, or Illinois Hickery. This tree is faid to grow plenty in the neighbour- hood of the Illinois river, and other parts to the weftward. The young plants raifed from thefe nuts, much refemble our young Pig-nut Hickerys. The nuts are fmall and thin fhelled. JUNIPERUS. ( 7° ) JUNIPERUS. The J U N I P E R TREE. Clafs 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monodelphia. ""FHE Flowers are Male and Female on different plants. x * The Male. . The Calyx is a conical katkin, confifting of a common rachis or firing, to which three flowers are placed in triple oppofition, the katkin terminating with the tenth: each flower has for its bafe a Scale which is broad, fhort, incumbent and affixed to the column by a little footftalk. The Corolla none. * The Filaments (in the terminal floret) are three, awl-fhaped, and joined beneath in one body; (in the lateral florets fcarce manifeft.) The Anthera are three, diftinct in the terminal floret, but in the lateral joined to the fcales * The Female. The Empalement is three parted, very fmall, adjoining to the germen, and permanent. The Corolla has three petals, permanent, rigid and acute. 'The Germen is beneath. The Styles axe three, fimple. The Stigmas axe fimple. The Seed-veffel is a berry, flefhy, roundifh, the under part mark- ed with three obfolete oppofite tubercles, grown from the calyx, the top umbilicated with three fmall teeth (formerly petals.) The Seeds are three, fmall, oblong, and bony, convex on one fide, and angled on the other. The Species, with us, are, I. Juniperus virginiana. Red Cedar-Tree. This tree often grows to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, fending off" many diverging branches, covered with leaves fomething like the Juniper, but much fmaller, fhorter, and lying clofer to the branches. The berries are fmaller than thofe of the Juniper, ( V ) Juniper, and covered with a whitifh fubftance, eafily rubbing off. 2. Juniper us caroliniana. Red Carolinian Cedar. This tree much refembles the former in fize and fhape, but the under leaves have fomewhat the ap- pearance of Juniper, the upper, of Cyprefs or Savin. There are faid to be other varieties, but their differ- ence in appearance is fcarcely obfervable. The timber affords very good durable polls for fencing, &c. K A L M I A. KALMIA, or AMERICAN LAUREL. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is five parted, fmall, and permanent: the fegments are fomewhat ovate, and acute. The Corollais of one petal, pitcher-funnel form. The tube is cy- lindrical and longer than the calyx. The border wii^h a plane difk, and erect half five cleft, circumference; there are. ten fmall nectariferous horns, prominent without, and placed round the corolla from where the border is raifed. The Filaments are ten, awl-fhaped, fomewhat fpreading, a lit- tle fhorter than the corolla, and inferted into its bafe. The Anthera are fimple. The Germen is roundifli. The Style is thread form, longer than the corolla, and declined. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is roundifli, deprefled, five cell'd and five valv'd. The Seeds are numerous. The Species are, I. K.ALMIA ( 7* ) I. K a l m i a anguftifolia. Narrow leaved Kalmia. This kind delights in moift or fwampy places, and rifes to the height of two feet or more. The leaves are of a light green colour, and fometimes grow to the fize of an inch and a half in length and half an inch in breadth, of an oval fhape, and entire. The flowers come out in clufters on every fide of the ftalks, towards their extremities, and are of a beau- tiful red colour. This has been called Glaucous leaved Kalmia. 2. Kalmi \ latifolia. Broad leaved Kalmia. This beautiful flowering fhrub rifes often to the height of fix or eight feet and fometimes to ten or twelve, covered with a lightifh coloured rough bark, and generally growing crooked. The leaves are of a dark green colour, thick confiftence, lance-fhaped and entire, in general about three inches in length and one in breadth. The flowers are produced in clufters at the ends of the branches and are variegat- ed with red when firft opening, but change to a whiter colour when expanded. There are very few flowering fhrubs comparable to this when in bloom. The leaves are noxious to oxen and fheep, yet the deer eat them with impunity. L A U R U S. The B A Y - T R E E. Clafs 9. Order 1. Enneandria Monogynia. THE Empalement \t wanting. The Corolla has fix petals, ovate, fharp pointed, concave, and erect.- the alternate exterior. And ( 73 ) And a NeUarium, confifting of three tubercles, fliarp point- ed, coloured, and ending in two briftles, ftanding round the germen. The Filaments are nine, fliorter than the corolla, comprefTed, obtufe and three-fold in each order. The Anthera are ad- joined on each fide to the margin of the filaments. There are two roundifh finall Glands affixed by very fhort footftalks, to each lilament of the inward order, near the bafe. The Germen is fomewhat ovate. The Style is fimple, equal and the length of the ftamina. The Stigma is obtufe and oblique. The Seed-veffel is a drupe, oval, fharp pointed, and one cell'd, contained in the calyx. The Seed is a nut of a iharp pointed egg-fhape, with a kernel of the fame form. Obf. The flowers are fometimes male and female upon differ- ent trees. The Species, with us, are, i. Laurus Benzoin. The Benjamin-Tree, or Spice-Wood. This fhrub grows naturally in moift places, and rifes often to the height of eight or ten feet, divid- ing into feveral branches. The leaves are annual, oval fhaped and entire. The flowers are produced from the fides of the branches upon fhort footftalks, often dividing and fuftaining from one, to four or five flowers, of a greenifh yellow colour; which are fucceeded by oval, oblong berries, of a red colour when ripe, but changing to black. The bark, ber- ries, &c. have a ftrong aromatic fmell, much like that of Benzoin, and indeed, by fome, is allowed to be the tree, from whence it is produced. 2. Laurus Borbonia. Red-Jialked Carolinian Bay- Tree. This grows naturally in Carolina, and rifes with a 'ftraight trunk to a confiderable height, efpecially K near ( 74 ) near the fea-coaft. The leaves are fharp pointed and much linger than thofe of the European Bay; a little wooly underneath, veined tranfverfely, and fomewhat reflexed on their edges. The male trees produce their flowers in long bunches from the wings of the leaves; the female, in loofe bunches, ftand- ing upon long red footftalks, and are fucceeded by blue berries fitting in red cups'. The wood is of a very fine grain, proper for ca- binet making and other ornamental furniture. It alfo dies a beautiful black colour. 3. Laurus geniculata. Carolinian Spice Wood Tree. This kind fo much refembles the Benzoin as to require no further defcription, except in having ber- ries not of fo red a colour. 4. Laurus Saflafras. 77?* Saffafras-Tree. This tree rifes fometimes to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and to twelve or fifteen inches in di- ameter, but is commonly of much lower growth. The bark of the young fhoots is fmooth and green, but of the old trunks rough, furrowed and of a lightifh colour. It is divided towards the top into many branches, generally crooked, furnifhed with leaves different in form and fize, fome being oval and entire, others two or three lobed and of five or fix inches in length, and nearly as much in width; of a light green colour and placed alternately upon pretty long footftalks. The flowers are produced i at the extremity of the former year's fhoots upon long panicled footftalks, and are generally male and female upon different trees. The female are fuc^ ceeded by oblong, oval berries, of a bluifh colour when ( 7S ) when ripe, fitting in red cups, having red footftalks. The roots and wood have been long ufed as a fudo- rific, but the bark of the root is by much the ftrong- eft, yielding a confiderable quantity of hot, aromat- ic oil; and when powdered and joined with other febrifuges, has been given with fuccefs in intermit- tents, &c. Alfo ufed as a tea, is faid to promote obftruded raenfes; but has been blamed for occafi- oning the head-ach. LEDUM. MARSH CISTUS, or WILD ROSEMARY. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, very fmall, and five-tooth- ed. The Corolla confifts of five petals, ovate, concave, and fpread- ing. The Filaments are ten, thread-form, fpreading and the length of the corolla. The Anthera axe oblong. The Germen is roundifh. The Style thread-form and the length of the ftamina. The Stigma is obtufe. The Seed-veffel is a capfule, roundifh, five-cell'd and gaping in five parts at the top. The Seeds are numerous, oblong, narrow, acute each way and very flender. The Species with us, but one, viz. Ledum thymifojiiun. Thyme leaved Marfh Cijlus. This grows naturally in the Jerfeys, in low, moift places. It is a fmall ever-green fhrub, fcarcely rif- ing above eighteen inches or two feet in-height and divided into feveral branches. The leaves are very fmall, entire, of an oblong oval fhape, and thick confiftence, ( 76 ) confiftence, placed clofe, alternately, and thick up- on the branches. The flowers terminate the ftalks in fhort leaffy bunches, coming out fingly at the bofom of the leaves upon pretty long footftalks; they are fmall and white but make a fine appearance when in bloom. This has generally been called Thyme-leaved Kalmia. L I QJJ I D A M B A R. LIQUIDAMBAR, or SWEET GUM-TREE. Clafs 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. * '"THE Male Flowers are numerous in a conical, long, loofe A katkin. The Calyx is a common Involucrum of four leaves; which are i ovate, concave, and falling; the-alternate fhorter. The Corolla none. 1 The Filaments axe numerous, and very fhort, in a body, plane I on one fide and convex on the other. The Anthera are erect, twin, four furrowed, and two cell'd. * The Female flowers are collected in a globe at the bafe of the male fpikes. The Calyx is an Involucrum as in the male, but double. The Proper Empalement is bell-fhape, angled, warty, and ma- ny joined together. The Corolla none. The Germen is oblong and adjoined to the empalement. The Styles are two, awl-fhaped. The Stigmas joined to thefe are the length of the ftyle, recurved and downy. The Seed-veffel confifts of as many capfules as empalements,' which are ovate, oblong, fharp pointed, with one cell and two valves at top; joined in a ligneous globe. The Seeds are few, (one or two) oblong, pointed and fhining; mixed with many branny corpufcles. d The Species with us, are, I. LlQUIDAMBAR, ( 77 ) i. Liquidambar StyracifTua. Maple-leaved Liquidambar-Tree, or Sweei Gum. This tree grows naturally in low clayey ground, rifing with a ftraight trunk to the height of forty feet or more, fending off many branches, forming a pyramidal head. The leaves are angular, fome- what rcfembling thofe of Maple, having five and often feven, pointed, ferrated, fpreading lobes; and are ol a dark green colour. They have a ftrong, fweet, glutinous fubftance, exuding through their pores tn warm weather, rendering them clammy to the touch. The flowers are produced early in the fpring, and are fucceeded by globular feed-veflels, compofed of many capfules joined at the bafe, but terminating in long fottifh fpines or points, and con- taining each one or two oblong compreffed, winged feeds, with a great number of furfuraceous particles. 2. Liquidambar afplenifolia. Spleen-wort-leaved Gale, or Shrubby Siveet Fern. This is a fmall fhrub, growing naturally upon dry flaty ridges, and feldom rifing above three feet high, dividing into feveral branches, furnifhed with many oblong leaves, alternately fituated, refembling thofe of Spleen Wort; of a dark green colour, hairy un- derneath and fitting clofe to the ftalks. The male katkins are produced lying clofe to the fmall branch- es near their ends. The female flowers are in fmall heads a little beneath them, becoming fmall burs, generally containing two or more oblong fmooth feeds. An infufion of the leaves has been ufed as an aftringent in Diarrhaeas, &c. LIRIODENDRUM. ( 78 ) LIRIODENDRUiM. The TULIP-TREE. Clafs 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia. '"PHE Calyx confifts of a proper Involucrum of two leaves; which are triangular, plane and deciduous. And an Empalement of three leaves; oblong, concave, fpreading, petal-form, and deciduous. The Corolla has fix ("often more) petals, bell'd: the petals are fpatuled, oblong, obtufe and variegated. The Filaments are numerous, fhorter than the corolla, linear, and inferted in the receptacle. The Anthera are linear, and adjoined longitudinally to the fides of the filaments. The Germen are numerous, placed in a cone. The Style none. The Stigmas globofe. The Seed-v,effel none. The feeds are imbricated in a cone like body. The Seeds are numerous, ending in a lanced fcale,- near the bafe of the fcale, fending off from the interior fide, an acute angle, comprefTed at the bafe and acute, by which they are joined to the fpindle fhaped receptacle. The Species with us, are, Liriodendrum Tulipifera. Virginian Tulip- Tree. This often grows to the fize of a large tree, of feventy or eighty feet in height and above four feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is fmooth, but as they grow old it becomes furrowed, their lower branches alfo falling off. The young trees fend off many branches, almoft from the, ground upward, garnifhed with broad fmooth leaves, heart- fhaped at the bafe, but end-bitten, or cut, at the ex- tremity, having two or three pointed lobes, on each fide the midrib; of a dark green colour on the upper fide, ( 79 ) fide, but lighter and veined underneath; with pretty long footftalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of a Tulip, com- pofed of fix or feven petals, or fometimes more, greenilh coloured towards the tops, but marked tranfverfely with red, towards the claws; which are glandular and honey-bearing. The young trees make a beautiful appearance, efpecially when in flow- er. We have two kinds of Tulip trees, viz. Yellow and White, their difference eafily diftinguifhable by the wood or timber, but perhaps not otherwife. The Yellow is folt and brittle, and much ufed for boards, heels for fhoes, &c. alfo turned into bowls, trench- ers, &c. The white is heavy, tough, and hard, and likewife fawed into joifts, boards, &c. for building. The bark of the root is ufed as an ingredient in bitters, &c. L O N I C E R A. HONEYSUCKLE, or WOODBINE. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is five parted, above and fmall. The Corolla is of one petal and tubulous. The tube ob- long and gibbofe. The border five-parted; the divifi- ons revolute, and one deeper feparated than the reft. The Filaments axe five, awl-fhaped and nearly the length of the corolla. The Anthera are oblong. The Germen is roundifh and beneath. The Style is thread-form and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is obtufe-headed. The Sfed-veffel is a berry, umbilicated and two cell'd. The Seeds are roundifh and compreffed. The Species, with us, (according to Linnaeus'x ar- rangement) are divided as follows, into * Honeyfuckles ( 8o ) * Honeyfuckles with a trailing flalk. i. Lonicera caroliniana. Carolinian fcarlet Trumpet-flowered Honeyfuckle. This is a variety of the following, only differing in having fmaller leaves and flowers. 2. Lonicera virginiana. Virginian fcarlet Honey- fuckle. This hath a fhrubby trailing ftalk, which requires fupport, and appears much like the common Honey- fuckle, but the fhoots are weaker. The inferior leaves are inverfe egg-fhaped, of a deep green co- lour on their upper fides, but whitifh underneath, fitting clofe to the branches; but thofe near the ends of the branches, are joined, forming fometimes a large fomewhat quadrangular leaf, but moftly a fmaller concave oval one. The flowers are produced in whorls upon a long naked ftalk terminating the branches, having long fcarlet tubes with fhort bor- ders. The lower leaves in warm fituations are ever- green. 3. Lonicera fempervirens. Ever-green Honeyfuckle. This is faid to grow in Virginia, with ftrong branches, covered with a purple bark, and garnifh- ed with lucid green leaves, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a bright red on their outfides and yellow within, and continuing in fucceflion from June till autumn. * * Dwarf < 8. ) * * Dwarf Cherries with biflorous footftalks. 4. Lonicera canadenfis. Canadian dwarf-cherry Honeyfuckle. (Bartratn's Catalogue.) This is a native of Canada, rifing with an ered fhrubby ftalk to the height of about five feet. The leaves are oval fhaped, entire, of a very thin tex- ture and lucid green colour. The flowers terminate the branches, fitting two upon each footftalk, of a pale yellow colour, ftreaked with purple, and ap- pearing pretty early in the fpring. * * * With an erefl Jlalk, and multiflorous footftalks. 5. Lonicera Diervilla. Yellow flowering Diervilla. This hath flender fhrubby ftalks, feldom rifing above two feet and a Jhalf high, and generally lean- ing; furnifhed with fomewhat heart-fhaped, oblong, fharp-pointed leaves, flightly fawed on their edges, placed oppofite, and fitting clofe to the ftalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity and fometimes from the fides of the branches, generally two "or three together, upon fhort footftalks; they are of a cream colour, the inferior fegment of the flower fomewhat larger and yellower than the others; they are fucceeded by oblong capfules, containing fmall feeds. This grows moft natural upon mountains, and fpreads much by its creeping roots. 6. Lonicera marylandica. Maryland fcarlet Loni- cera. This, it is faid, grows in Maryland with an up- right ftalk, furnifhed with ovate, oblong, fharp- L pointed ( 8i ) pointed leaves, which are diftind and fit clofe to the ftalks. The flowers are produced in ered fpikes of a fcarlet colour. 7. Lonicera Symphoricarpos. Indian Currants, or St. Peter's Wort. This hath a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes from four to five feet high and fpreads into many flender branch- es, garnifhed with oval entire leaves, fomewhat hairy and placed oppofite upon fhort footftallks. The flowers are fmall and of an herbaceous colour, and are produced upon fhort, common peduncles, or footftalks, which are placed oppofite a conderable diftance along, and terminating the branches; upon which they are fet very clofe in whorls, or rather in two oppofite rows. A few of thefe are fucceeded by reddifh, deprefled, hollow and fpongy berries; ripening very late, and each generally containing two fmall round compreffed feeds. This often fends off a few weak trailing branches lying upon the ground and taking root, by which it may be eafily propagated. MAGNOLIA. The LAUREL-LEAVED TULIP-TREE. Clafs 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia. THE Empalement is three leaved: the leaves ovate, concave, }^cal form and deciduous. The Corolla has nine petals, oblong, concave, obtufe, and nar- rower at the bafe. The Filaments are numerous, fhort, fharp pointed, and com- prefTed; inferted beneath the germen in the common recep- tacle of the ftyles. The Anthera ace linear and adjoined on each fide to the margin of the filaments. The ( »3 ) The Germen are numerous, ovate-oblong, covering the clubbed receptacle. The Styles are recurved, contorted and very fhort. The Stigmas are from one end of the ftyle to the other, and villofe. The Seed-veffel is an ovate cone, covered with capfules, which are compreffed, roundifh, fearcaimbricated, crowded, acute, one cell'd, two valv'd, feffile, gaping outward and perma- nent. The Seeds are folitary, roundifh, berried, and hanging by a thread from the bofom of «ach fcale of the cone. The Species are, i. Magnolia acuminata. Long leaved Mountain Magnolia, or Cucumber Tree. This tree grows fometimes to the height of thirty or forty feet, and to eighteen inches or more in di- ameter ; dividing into feveral branches towards the top, garnifhed with large, oblong, fharp-pointed leaves. The flowers come out early in the fpring and are compofed of twelve large bluifh coloured petals. The feed-veffels are about three inches long, fomewhat refembling a fmall Cucumber; from whence the inhabitants where it grows natural, call it the Cucumber-tree. 2. Magnolia glauca. Small Magnolia, or Swamp Saffafras. This grows naturally in low, moift, or fwampy ground, often to the height of fifteen or twenty feet; covered with a whitifh fmooth bark, and dU viding into feveral branches; furnifhed with entire, oblong, oval leaves, of a dark green on their upper furface, but whitifh and a little hairy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branch- es, compofed of fix concave, white petals, of an agreeable fmell; and are fucceeded by oval, or fome- what ( »4 ) what conical feed-veflels, of an inch or more in length and three fourths of an inch in diameter; compofed of many capfules, which open and difcharge their feeds when ripe, hanging by flender white threads, of a red colour, and near the fize of a fmall bean. The feeds and bark have been ufed with fome fuc- cefs in the cure of Rheumatifm, &c. 3. Magnolia grandiflora. Ever-green Laurel-leav- ed Tulip-Tree. This grows naturally in Florida and South Caroli- na, fometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, with a ftraight trunk of two feet or more in diame- ter; having a regular head. The leaves are ever- green, of a thick confiftence, pretty large, oblong, pointed, and entire: cf a lucid green on the upper fide, and fometimes of a ruffet, or buff colour on the under. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches; they are very large, and compofed of eight or ten oblong white petals, narrowed to- wards the bafe, but broad, rounded, and a little waved at their extremities. They are fucceeded by oblong, conical feed-veffels, difclofing their feeds after the manner of the other fpecies. This is allow- ed to be one of the moft beautiful ever-green trees yet known, but is impatient of cold. 4. Magnolia tripetala. The Umbrella Tree. This grows pretty frequent in Carolina, and fome parts of Pennsylvania; ufually to the height of fix- teen or twenty feet, with a flender trunk, covered with a fmooth bark, and dividing into feveral branch- es. The leaves are very large and entire, often from twelve to fifteen inches or more in length, and five or fix in width, narrowing to a point at each extremity, placed ( 85 ) placed at the ends of the branches in a circular man- ner, fomewhat refembling an umbrella; from whence it obtained its name. The flowers are compofed of ten, or eleven, large, oblong, white petals, the exterior ones hanging down; and are fucceeded by obhuig, conical feed-veffels, between three and four inches in length, and about one and a half in diame- ter, growing reddifh and difclofing their feeds, when ripe, after the fame manner of the others. There are faid to be two other fpecies in the fouthern ftates. MENISPERMUM. MOONSEEt). Clafs 22. Order 10. Dioecia Decandria. HTHE Flowers are Male and Female upon feparate plants. L * The Male. The Empalement is two leaved: the leaves are linear and fhort. The Corolla has four exterior petals, which are ovate, fpreading and equal. And eight interior leffer ones, ovate and concave. The Filaments are fixteen (or more) cylindrical and rather long- er than the corolla. The Anthera are terminal, very fhort, and obtufe four lobed. ♦The Female, on a different plant. The Empalement as in the Male. The Corolla as the Male. The Filaments eight, like the male. The Anthera are pellucid and barren. The Germen are two, ovate, incurved, winking and pedicell'd. The Styles are folitary, very ihort and recurved. The Stig- mas are bifid and obtufe. The Seed-vef)'els are two berries, roundifh-kidney form and one cell'd. The Seeds are folitary, large, and kidney form, or fomewhat orbicular and compreffed. Obf. The Canadian has an Empalement and Corolla of fix leaves, alfo fix ftamina and three ftyles. The ( 86 ) The Species with us, are, i.Menispermum canadenfe. Canadian Moon- feed. This hath a thick, ligneous root, fending up ma* ny twining ftalks, twifting themfelves round the neighbouring trees for fupport, becoming woody, and rifing to the height of ten or fifteen feet. Thefe are furnifhed with large, fmooth, roundifh, angled leaves, having pretty long footftalks placed on their under fides, making a hollow, or appearance of a navel on the upper fide. The flowers come out in loofe bunches from the fides of the ftalks; they are fmall, of an herbaceous colour, and compofed of fix oblong petals, fix fhort ftamina, and three ftyles arifing from as many germen; which become three channelled berries, each containing one fomewhat circular compreffed feed. 2. Menispermum carolinum. Carolinian Moonfyd. This is much fmaller and weaker than the other, fcarcely becoming fhrubby. The leaves are fmaller, entire, heart-fhaped, and villous underneath. 3.. Menispermum" virginicum. Virginian Moonfeed. This much refembles the Canadian kind, the leaves are target-form, heart-fhaped and lobed. MESPILUS. ( 87 ) MESPILUS. The M E D L A R - T R E E. Clafs 12. Orders Icofandria Pentagynia. 'T'HE Empalement is one leaved, concave-fpreading, five tooth- ■*• ed, and permanent. The Corolla has five petals, roundifh, concave, and inferted in the calyx. The Filaments are twenty, awl-fhaped and inferted in the calyx. The Anthera are fimple. The Germen is beneath. The Styles are five, (often lefs) fimple and ere£t. The Stigmas are headed. The Seed-veffel is a berry, globofe, umbilicated, and covered with the calyx, but fomewhat perforated at the apex. The Seeds are five, bony and gibbous. The Species, with us, are, * Armed with Thorns i. Mespilus coccinea. Cockfpux.-Hawthorn. This rifes generally to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a pretty ftrong ftem, dividing into feveral branches, which are armed with ftrong thorns, bent downwards like a cock's fpur. The leaves are fome- what oval, but fpreading into angles, fawed on their edges, and fmooth. The flowers come out at the extremities and fides of the branches in umbels; they are pretty large and are fucceeded by fruit near- ly as large as a fmall cherry and of a fine red colour when ripe. There is a variety of this without thorns, with leaves deeper fawed on their edges, and not fo deep- ly veined, otherwife of the fame growth and ap- pearance. 2, Mespilus ( 88 ) 2. Mespilus Crus galli. Pear leaved Thorn. This rifes with a ftrong ftem to the height of fif- teen or twenty feet, fending off many long (and of- • ten nearly horizontal) branches, armed with long, fharp thorns. The leaves are of an oblong, oval fhape, or often narrowed towards the bafe, fawed on their edges, fmooth, and of a deep, fhining green colour, and thick confiftence. The flowers come out late, and are,produced in fmall clufters at the ends of the branches. The fruit are of a middling fize and* of a dark or dirty reddifh colour. Obf. The flowers have frequently but one ftyle. 3. Mkspilus cuneiformis. Wedge leaved Mef- pilus. This grows often to the height of twenty feet or more, with a ftrong ftem of five or fix inches in di- ameter, covered with a dark rough bark, dividing into many branches, and armed with long fharp thorns. The leaves are fmooth, wedge, or inverfe- egg-fhaped, and pointed ; flightly and fomewhat doubly ferrated towards their extremities, of a fhin- ing green colour on their upper furface and veined with oblique parallel veins. The flowers are pro- duced in fmall clufters at the ends of the branches and are fucceeded by middle fized reddifh fruit. 4. Mespilus Azarolus major. Great Azarole, or Hawthorn. This kind frequently rifes to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a ftrong ftem covered with a lightifh rough bark, dividing ipto many branches, and armed with many Jong thorns. The leaves are larger • ( 89 ) larger than thofe of the other kinds, fomewhat egg- fhaped, but toothed or angled, fawed on their edges, and much veined. The flowers are produced in umbels at the extremity of the branches and are fucceeded by large fruit, of a dark red colour. 5. Mespilus Azarolus minor. Smaller Aza- role, or Hawthorn. This has much the appearance of the laft, but is fmaller in growth, leaves and fruit. 6. Mespilus Oxyacantha aurea. Yellow ber- ried Hawthorn. This rifes to the height of fix or eight feet, di- viding into feveral branches and armed with fharp thorns. The leaves are fomewhat egg-fhaped, but acutely toothed and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced as in the other kinds and are fucceeded by middling fized fruit, of a greenifh yel- low colour when ripe. 7. M e s p 1 l us apiifolia. Virginian Par/ley leav- ed Mefpilus. This is generally of low growth, rifing perhaps to the height of five or fix feet, and armed with a few fharp thorns. The leaves are fmall, fhining and much cut or divided on their edges. The fruit are fmall and red coloured. M ** Without * ■(•; 9° )' * *. Without Thorns. 8. Mespilus nivea. Early ripe, Efcuhnt fruited Medlar, or wild Service. This rifes frequently to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, dividing into feveral branches, which are without thorns, and covered with a fmooth, whitifh, fpotted bark. The leaves are of an oblong oval; pointed, flightly and acutely ferrated, hairy and whitifh at their firft appearance, but becoming fmooth and of a dark green, efpecially upon their upper fides. The flowers are produced from the fides of the fmall branches in loofe bunches or pa- nicles, of a fnowy white colour, and are fucceeded by fruit near the fize of a Goofe-berry, which are foft, fucculent, fweet tafted, and purplifh coloured when ripe. The flowers of this come out before the leaves are expanded, perfedly white, and thick fet upon the branches, making a fine appearance. The fruit is ripe in June, pretty large and of an agreea- ble tafte. There is a variety of this of fmaller growth, but of the fame appearance. 9. MespiLus prunifolia. Plumb leaved Medlar. This grows naturally in moift places rifing with flender ftems to the height of fix or eight feet, di- viding into but few branches and without thorns. The leaves are inverfe egg-fhaped, pointed, flightly ferrated, of a dark green on their upper furface, but lighter and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in . clufters, and are fucceeded by fmall fruit of a dark purplifh colour when ripe. There ( 9' ) There is a variety of this, generally rifing but to the height of two or three feet. The fruit are fomewhat larger and of the fame colour, but other- wife much refembling the other. 10. Mespilus canadenfis. Dwarf red fruit- ed Medlar. This rifes to the height of four or five feet, wkh flender fmooth ftems, much refembling the laft de- scribed, except in having fruit of a red colour when ripe. There is alfo a variety of this of fmaller growth, which produces fruit of a beautiful red co- lour. Obf. The charaders of the Crataegus and Mefpi- lus differ fo immaterially that, I fhould fuppofe, they might be reduced to one Genus, with much greater propriety than the Beech and Chefnut. They are Genera in which much confufion prevails amongft Botanical writers, fome clafling moft of the Species under the Crataegus, others the fame Species under the Mefpilus; neither is it eafy to determine to which they, with moft propriety, belong. I have frequent- ly obferved in fome Species from one to three ftyles, in others from three to five, but not having obferved any to be conftant with two, agreeably to the cha- racter of the Crataegus, have ranged none under that Genus. We have, native of thefe ftates, feve- ral Species of Mefpilus, and a great number of Va- rieties, which, until better discriminated and ascer- tained, can never be described with any degree of accuracy. MITCHELLA. ( 92 ) MITCHELL A. MITCHELL A. Clafs 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia. HP HE Flowers are twin, or two fitting upon the fame bud; and each having an Empalement, four parted, ereft, per- manent and above. A Corolla of one petal, funnel form. The tube cylindrical; the border four-parted, fpreading and hairy within. And four Filaments, thread-form, ereft, and within the bofom Of the corolla. With Anthera oblong, and acute. The Germen is twin, orbiculate, common to both, and beneath. The Hyles axe one in each flower, thread-form and the length of the corolla. The Stigmas are four, oblong. The Seed-vefjel is a berry, two parted and globofe. The Seeds are four, compreffed and callous. There is but one Species of this Genus, viz. Mitchella repens. Creeping evergreen Mite he 11 a. This is a fmall plant, growing upon moffy, north- ern, fhaded banks, with flender fhrubby ftalks, ly- ing clofe to the ground, and putting out roots at the joints. The leaves are ever-green, of a thick con- fiftence, obtufely egg-fhaped, and entire; they are placed oppofite and thick upon the branches, with fhort footftalks, and are often marked longitudinally with a whitifh vein. The flowers are produced at the bofom of the leaves, they are double, or two arifing from one bud, of a white colour, and are fucceeded by fmall roundifh red berries. MORUS. ( 93 ) M O R U S. The MULBERRY- TREE. Clafs 21. Order 4. Monoecia Tetrandria. *rPHE Male Flowers are difpofed in Katkins. *■ ihe Empalement is four parted; the leaves ovate and concave. The Corolla none. The Filaments are four, awl-fhaped? ereft, longer than the calyx, and one within each leaf of the flower cup. The «4nthera are fimple. ♦The Female Flowers are collefted, either in the fame, or a different plant from the male. The Empalement is four leaved : the leaves are roundifli, obtufe, permanent,' the two oppofite exterior incumbent. The Corolli none. The Germen is heart fhaped. The Styles are two, awl-fliaped, long, reflexed, and rough. The Stigmas are fimple. The Seed-veffel none. The Empalemcnts becoming flefhy fuc- culent berries, jointly forming an oblong rough fruit. The Seeds, one in each berry, ovate acute. We iMve but one Species, native with us, viz. Morus rubra. Large-leaved Virginian Mul- berry Tree. This grows common in many parts of North- America, to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches or more in diameter; dividing into many branches, which are garnifhed with large, rough, heart-fhaped, ob- long, pointed leaves; fawed on their edges, and fometimes with others largely and deeply divided in- to two, three, or more pointed lobes. The leaves of male trees are generally largeft. The fruit is huge, of a dark purplifh colour when ripe, very fuc- culent ( 94 ) culent and of an agreeable tafte. The timber affords very durable ports, for fencing, &c. As our Mul- berry has been found, upon trial, to anfwer well for the purpofe of raifing filk worms, and growing fpon- taneoufly and plentifully in many parts of thefe ftates; it is prefumed, many of our countrymen might profitably apply their attention to the culture of filk. M Y R I C A. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. Clafs 22. Order 5. Dioecia Tetrandria. HPHE Flowers are Male and Female on different plants. A *TheMa/e. The Calyx is a Katkin ovate-oblong, loofe, imbricated on ali fides, and confifting of Scales, which are one flowered, .moon-fhape, obtufely pointed, and concave. The Corolla none. The Filaments are four, (rarely fix) thread-form, fhort, and ereft. The Anthera are large and twin, with two-cleft lobes. * The Female. The Calyx and Corolla as in the male. * The Germen is fomewhat ovate. The Styles are two. thread- form and longer than the calyx. The Stigmas are fimple. The Seed-veffel is a berry, of one cell. The Seed is one. Obf. The Gale has four ftamina: the Berry compreffed at the apex, and three lobed: the cerifera has fix ftamina: the berry fucculent and roundifh. The Species with us, are, 1. Myrica cerifera. Candleberry Myrtle. This grows naturally upon low boggy lands, rif- ing with many ftrong fhrubby ftalks, to the height of fix or eight feet; fending out feveral branches, which ( 95 ) which are furnifhed with ftiff fpear-fhaped leaves, a little fawed towards their extremities, of a yellow- ifh lucid green on their upper fides but paler under- neath, having very fhort footftalks, and of a grate- ful odour when bruifed. The katkins come out on different plants from the berries, and are about an inch long, ftanding ered. The female flowers come out on the fides of the branches in long bunches, and are fucceeded by fmall roundifh berries, covered , with a mealy fubftance, and affording a kind of green wax, which is fometimes ufed in making can. dies. 2. Myrica cerifera humilis. Dwarf Candleberr\ Myrtle. This is a variety of the former kind, differing from it in being of a lower growth, the branches not fo ftrong, and covered with a greyifh bark. The leaves are alfo fhorter and broader, and more faw- ed on their edges. The berries afford a wax like the others. 3. Myrica Gale. American Bog Gale. This alfo grows naturally in bogs and fwamps, rifing with fhrubby ftalks to the height of two or three feet, garnifhed with lance-fhaped leaves, fmooth and a little fawed towards their points. The berries are dry, compreffed at the apex and three lobed, N Y S S A. The TUPELO-TREE, Clafs 23. Order 1. Polygamia Dioecia. '"PHE Flowers are Male and Hermaphrodite^ (in fome Specttes A Male and Female) upon different plants. *The ( 96 ) * The Male. The Empalement is five-parted and fpreatling, with a plane bot- tom. The Corolla none. The Filaments are ten. awl-fhaped and fliorter than the calyx. The Anthera are twin and the length of the filaments. *The Hermaphrodite. The Empalement as in the male, fitting upon the germen. The Corolla none. The Filaments are five, awl-fhaped, and ereft. The Anther* *tre fimple. The Germen is ovate and beneath. The Style is awl-fhaped, in- curved, and longer than the ftamina. 1 he Stigma is acute. The Seed-veffel is a drupe, ovate and one cell'd. The Seed is a nut, oval, acute, hollowed with longitudinal furrows, angled, and irregular. Obf. The Nyffa fylvatica is Male and Female on different trees. The Species are, I. NvssA aquatica. Virginian Water Tupelo- Tree. This grows naturally in wet fwamps, or near large rivers, in Carolina and Florida; rifing with a ftrong upright trunk to the height of eighty or an hundred feet, dividing into many branches towards the top. The leaves are pretty large, of an oval, fpear-fhap- ed form, generally entire, but fometimes fomewhat toothed, and covered underneath with a whitifh down: they are joined to long, flender footftalks, and affixed to the branches in fomewhat of a verti- cillate order, prefenting a beautiful varied foliage. The berries are near the fize and fhape of fmall olives, and are prefervedin like manner by the French inhabitants upon the Miffiflippi, where it greatly abounds, and is called the Olive tree. The timber is white and foft when unfeafoned, but light ( 97 ) and compad when dry, which renders it very pro- per for making trays, bowls, &c. 2. Nyssa Ogeche. ThtOge$he Lime Tree. (Bartram's Catalogue.) This is a tree of great Angularity and beauty; growing naturally in water, in the fouthern ftates, and rifing to the height of about thirty feet. The leaves are oblong, of a deep fhining green on their upper fides, and lightly hoary underneath. The flowers are male and female upon different trees, and are produced upon divided, or many flowered foot- |, ftalks. The fruit is nearly oval, of a deep red colour, of the fize of aDamafccne Plumb, and of an agree- able acid tafte; from which it is called the Lime- tree. Perhaps this is the multiflora of Wefton. 3. Nyssa fylvatica. Upland Tupelo-Tree, or Sour Gum. This grows naturally in Pennfylvania and perhaps elfewhere, rifing with a ftrong upright trunk to the height of thirty or forty feet, and fometimes of near two feet in diameter; fending off many horizontal, and often depending branches; garnifhed with oval, or rather inverfe egg-fhaped leaves, a little pointed, entire, of a' dark green and fhining upper furface, but lighter and a little hairy underneath: thofe of male trees are often narrower and fometimes lance- fhaped. The flowers are produced upon pretty long common footftalks, arifing from the bafe of the young fhoots, and dividing irregularly into feveral parts, generally from fix to ten; each fupporting a finall flower, having an empalement of fix or feven linear, unequal leaves, and from fix to eight awl- N fhaped ( 93 ) fhaped; fpreading ftamina, fupporting fhort four lobed Anthercc. The female trees have fewer flowers pro- duced upon much longer, fimple, cylindrical foot- ftalks, thickened.^at tht extremity, and fupporting generally three flowers, fittmg clofe and having a fmall involucrum. They are compofed of five fmall oval leaves, and in the center an awl-fhaped incurv- ed ftyle, arifing from the oblong germen, which is beneath, and becomes an oval oblong berry, of-a dark purplifh colour when ripe. The timber of this tree is clofe grained and curled fo as not to be fplitor parted; and therefore much ufed for hubs of wheels for waggons, carriages, &c. O L E A. ■ The OLIVE-TREE. Clafs 2. Order i. Diandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, tubular, and fmall: the bor- der four-toothed, ereft and deciduous. The Corolla is one petal'd, funnel-form. The tube cylindrical, the length of the empalement. The border four-parted and plain: the divifions femi-ovate. The Filaments two, oppofite, awl-fhaped and fhort. The An- thera ereft. The Germen is roundifli. The Style fimple, very fhort. The Stigmas two-cleft, thickened, the divifions end-nicked. . The Seed-veffel a drupe, fomewhat ovate, fmooth, and one cell'd. The Seed ovate-oblong, and wrinkled, The Species with us, Olea americana. American Olive Tree. This grows naturally in Carolina and FJorida, and is a beautiful ever-green tree. The leaves are nearly ovate, or fomewhat oblong, perennial, of a mining, full ( 99 ) full green, on their upper furface, and of a folid confiftence. The fruit or berries are nearly oval, of the fize of a.fparrow's egg, of a beautiful blu- ifli purple, and covered with a nebula or gloom. PHIlADEL^PHUS. v.f,-.. SYRINGA, or MOCK-ORANGE.: Clafs 12. Order i. Icofandria Monogynia. HP HE Empalement is brie leaved, four parted, fharg pointed, and permanent. The Corolla has four petals, roundifh, plane, large and fpread- ing. The Filaments are twenty, awl-ihaped and the length of the calyx. The Anthera axe ereft and four furrowed! The Germen is beneath. The Style is thread form'and four- parted. The Stigmas are fimple. , The Seed-veffel is a capfule, oval, fharp-pointed, part furrourrd- ed by the calyx, with four cells, and four valvels,'. The Seeds are numerous, oblong and finall. We have, with m, but one Species, viz. P H i L A d e l p H us inodorus. Carofinian Scent - lefs Syringa. This is faid to grow naturally in Carolina; rifing with a fhrubby ftafk to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, fending out oppofite branches, furnifhed with fmooth, entire leaves, fhaped like thofe of the Pear tree, but ftanding oppofite upon pretty long foot- ftalks. The flowers are pretty large and have large empalements of four acute-pointed leaves, and four white, oval, fpreading petals, and a great number of ftamina with yellow fummits. This is impatient of much cold. PINUS, ( ioo ) ' P I N U S. * The PINE-TREE. Clafs 21. Order 9. Monoecia Polyandria. *rF'HE Male Flowers are difpofed in Racemi or bunches. -*- The Calyx none but the fcales of the bud, gaping. The Corolla none. The Filaments are numerous and joined beneath in an ereft co- lumn; divided at top. The Anthera are ereft. * The Female Flowers are in the fame plant. The Caly& is a common, fomewhat ova,te cone, confifting of Scales, which are t.wo flowered, oblong, imbricated, rigid, and permanent. The Corolla none. The Germen is very fmall. The Style is awl-fliaped. The Stig- ma fimple. The Seed-veffel none, but the fcales of the cone. The Seed is a nut, increafecl with a membranaceous wing, which is larger than the feed, but fmaller than the fcale of the cone, oblong, ftraight on one fide and gibbous on the other. The Species, with us, are, 1. Pin us echinata. Three leaved prickly-coned Baftard Pine. This grows naturally in Virginia. The leaves are long and narrow, fometimes three, at other times but two in each fheath. The cones are long and flender, their fcales terminating in fharp points. 2. Pin us paluflris. Longefl three leaved Marfli Pine. This grows naturally in South Carolina, and is of a middling growth* The leaves are produced by threes in a fheath arid are often ten or twelve inches in ( "I ) in length. The cones are long and large, opening and dropping their feeds in the fall. It is accounted equal to any for yielding tar, &c. 3. PiiNUs rigid a. Common three leaved .Virgi- nian Pine. .{fj .tii£ ii:-} This grows common in many peaces throughout thefe Mates, rifing often to the height of fixty or feventy feet, with a large ered trunk, dividing into branches towards the fdp, and furnifhed with pretty long leaves growing by threes in a fheath. The cone» are often produced in clufters round the branches, they are about three indie's long and have rigid fcales! There are whole Forefts of many hundred acres cf thefe trees in fome back parts of the country, of which great quantities of Boards are fawed and floated down fome of our long rivers. 4. Pin us Strobus. New-England, or While Pine^ This is allowed to out top in growth moft of our other trees, rifing with, a large ered trunk, to the height of an hundred feet or more, covered with a fmooth bark and fending off many long branches. The leaves are long and flender, growing by fives in a fheath, and fet thick on the, branches. The cones are often fix or feven inches in length, and generally befmeared with turpentine, with which thefe trees much abound. The cones generally open about the firft of September, foon after which the feeds drdp out. This alfo grows in great plenty towards the heads of fome of our rivers, from whence great quantities are rafted down, affording excellent mails, yards, fpars, &c. &c. for fhip building. 5. Pin us ( 102 ) 5. Pjnus Tseda. Virginian Swamp, or Frank- incence Pine. . This grows,to apretty large fize, the leaves are ve- ry lttn£ -and narrow and are produced by threes in a fheath. The cones are pretty long and large. This js ufeful for boards, and for producing turpentine and tar, as are the other kinds. j • Mid,, ;,.,... ■ 6. Pin us virginiana. Two-leaved Virginian, or "Jxerfey Pine. .., This is generally of but low growth, but divided into, many branches. The leaves are broader and fhorter than -the.rother kinds, and of a deeper green colour; they are 'produced by twos in each fheath. The cones are fmall, each fcale terminating with a prickly point. This is called, in fome places, Spruce Pine. PINUS-ABIES. ■j.'x t "-»;n r . ' o; „-K-.i, The FIR-IRE E. i. Pin Us-Abies Balfamea. Balm df Gilead ' ' «?i -■." ■ ■ Fir-Tree. ■> T • ■:■...• This treegrows to the height of thirty or forty feet, fending off,many branches, which are thick fet chiefly upon two fides, with ftiff linear leaves, refembling thofe of the .Yew. The furface of the trunk is al- mofl covered with fmall bladders, or rifings in the cuticle-jpf the bark, which are filled with a clear bal- fam oc turpentinfi. The cones are pretty large, and fall to pieces in the autumn* Z. PlNUS- . ( I03 ) 2. Pinus-Abies canadenfis. Newfoundland Spruce. There are faid to be three varieties of this, dif- tinguifhed by the colour of their cones, into white, red and black; fome of which, fometimes become pretty large trees. The leaves are ftiff and linear, and flightly channelled on both fides, fmaller than thofe of the Balm of Gilead, and fet equally upon all fides of the branches. The trees make a very good appearance, and of thefe the famous Spruce- beer is brewed. 3. Pi nus-Abies americana. Hemlock Spruce Fir-Tree. This rifes up with but a flender trunk, fometimes to a great height, and is generally thick fet with fomewhat horizontal branches. The leaves are fhap- ed much like thofe of the Yew and are ranged upon two fides of the branches, fo appearing flat, like thofe of the European Silver Firs, but are of a pale green on both fides. The cones $re very fmall, loofe, and of an oval oblong form. The bark is faid to be good for tanning leather; and with it, our natives dye their fplints for bafkets of a red colour. PINUS-LARIX. The L A R C H - T R E E. 1.. Pin us-Larix rubra. Red American Larch- Tree. This fhoots up to a confiderable height with a fiel- der ered trunk, fending off many flender branches. The ( I04 ). The leaves are pretty long, linear and foft, coming out in fafciculi, or fmall bundles fpreading like a painter's brufh, and are fo pretty thick round the branches. They are of alight green colour and de- ciduous. The cones^are of a fine red colour at their firft appearance; they are fmall, perhaps three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch thick, the fcales fmooth, opening early in the fall and dropping their feeds, which are very fmall and winged. 2. Pinus-Larix alba. White American Larch- Tree. This a variety of the other, differing very little, except in the cones, being of a greenifh white co- lour. 3. Pinus-Larix nigra. Black American Larch-Tree. This is alfo a variety differing in having dark co« toured cones. P"L A T A N U S. The PLANE-TRE E. Clafs 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. TH E Flowers are Male and Female upon the fame plant. *The Male Flowers are difpofed in a globofe katkin. The Calyx confifts of fome very finall fegments. The Corolla is fcarce manifeft. The Filamems are oblong, thicker above, and coloured. The Anthera are four cornered, moving round the filaments to the inferior fide. *^The Female Flowers are difpofed in a globe. The '.alyx confifts of many fmall fcales. The Corolla of many petals, concave, oblong and clubbed The ( ,">5 ) The Germen are many, difpofed in a globe and ending in awl- fhaped Styles, with recurved Stigmas. The Seed-veffel none. But a globofe receptacle. The Seeds are oblong, angular and clubbed, crowned by the permanent ftyle, and with a capillary pappus adhering at the bafe, Obf. I am in doubt with regard to the petals. We have, ifiith us, but one Species, viz. Pl \ t a N us occidentalis. American Plane-Tree, or Large Button Wood. This grows common by creeks and river fides in many parts of America. It is of quick growth, afid often becomes a large tree of fixty or feventy feet in height and above three feet in diameter, fending off but few long, diverging branches, which toge- ther with the upper part of the trunk, are generally covered with a fmoothifh bark, annually, or often renewed, and falling off in thin plates or fcales. The leaves are broad, and cut into angles, or lobed ; having feveral acute indentures on their borders, of a light £reen on their upper fide, but paler, and a little wooly underneath; with long footftalks, and placed alternately. The flowers are produced in round pendulous balls, of near an inch in diameter, upon very long footftalks. This is fometimes fawed into boards, and has been much ufed.of late by our card-makers, for card-boards or backs. POPULUS. The POJLAR-TREE, Clafs 22. Order 7. Dioecia Octandria. THE Flowers are Male and Female on different Plants. ♦ Thfl Afnl.fi ( 106 ) The Calyx is a common katkin, oblong, loofely imbricated, and cylindrical; compofed of Scales which are one flowered, ob- long, and plane, with the margin torn. The Corolla none, but A NeBarium of one leaf, top fhaped and tubulous beneath, but oblique and terminating in an oval border above. The Filaments are eight, very fhort. The Anthera are four- cornered and large. * he Female. The Katkin, Scales, and Nfilaria, are like the Male. The Germen is ovate-fharp pointed. The Style is fcarce mani- feft The Stigma is four cleft. The Seed-vejfels are ovate capfules, two>celPd and two valv'd: the valves reflexed. The Seeds are numerous and ovate, with a volatile capillary pappus. The Species, with us, are, i. Populus deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina. partranVs Catalogue.) This becomes a tall tree?1, with a large ered trunk, covered with a white, fmoothifh bark, refembling that of the Afpen tree. The leaves arc large, gene- pally n-easly triangular, toothed or indented with fharp and deep ferratures, of a fhining full Jreen on their upper furface, but fomewhat lighter or hoary underneath; ftanding upon long flender foot- ftalks, and generally reftkfs or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elaftic, principally ufed for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida* 2. POPULUS ( io7 ) 2. Populus heterophylla. Virginian Poplar- Tree. This becomes a pretty large tree, the branches of which are nerved, appearing as if quadrangular. The leaves are large and varioufly fhaped, fome roundifh, others heart-form, flightly fawed on their edges and downy at their fjrft appearance. 3. Populus nigra. Black Poplar. This is not of very large growth, but covered with a darkifh rough bark. The leaves are fome- what triangular, pretty long pointed, flightly and obtufely fawed on their edges, flanding upon pretty long footftalks, fmooth and of a bright green on their upper furface, but lighter and a little downy under- neath. 4. Populus tremula. American Afpen-Tree. This grows frequently to the height of about thirty feet, covered with a fmooth whitifh bark. The leaves are fmall, fmooth on both fides, of a dark green colour above, but lighter underneath; roundifh, and a little pointed, or forming nearly tin equilateral fpherical triangle; flighty crenated, a lit- tle waved on their edges, and trimmed with a very narrow hairy border. Their footftalks are pretty long, roundifli at the bafe, but compreffed on their fides towards the bafe of the leaves. The katkins are large appearing early in the fpring. 5. Populus balfamifera. Balfam, or Tacamahac- Tree. This is a tree of but middling growth, covered with a light brown bark. The leaves are large, fomewhat ( «o8 ) fomewhat heart-fhaped, lightly toothed, or crenated on their edges, of a dark green on their upper furface but lighter underneath. The buds abound with a glutinous refin, which is the tacamahacca of the fhops. 6. Populus balfamifera lanceolata. Lance-leaved Bdlfatn Tree. This is a variety of the laft kind, of a fmall and very flow growth. The leaves are fpear-fhape, of a bright green above, but whitifh and variegated with brownifh veins beneath, with a few, fcarce obfervable, ferratures on their edges, and joined to fhort, chan- nelled, and often fomewhat reddifh footftalks. POTENT ILL A. SHRUB CINQUEFOIL. i Clafs 12. Order 5. Icofandria Polygynia. T^HE Empalement is of one leaf, planiih, and half five cleft: -*■ the alternate divifions are lefs and reflexed. The Corolla has five petals, roundifli, fpreading, and inferted ■ by claws in the calyx. The Filaments are twenty, awl-fliaped, fliorter than the corolla, and inferted in the calyx. The Anthera are elongate-moon- fliaped. z The Germen are numerous, very fmall and collefted in a little head. The Styles are thread-form, the length of the ftamina, and inferted in the fides of the germen. The Stigmas axe ob- tufe. The Seed-veffel none, but a common receptacle, which is round- ifh, juicelefs, very fmall, permanent, covered with feeds and included in the calyx. "The Seeds are numerous and fharp pointed. We have but one Species, viz. PoTEN- ( I09 ) Potentil la fruticofa americana. American fhrubby Cinquefoil. This is a fmall fhrub, feldom rifing above two feet high, and fpreading into many branches. The leaves are fmall and thick fet upon the branches, they are winged, and compofed, generally, of five fmall, oblong hairy lobes, reflexed on their edges and ftand- ing together. The flowers are produced pretty thick on the branches, of a yellow colour, and are fucceeded by fmall heads of pointed feeds, P R I N O S. 'The WINTER-BERRY. Ckifs 6. Order i. Hexandria Monogynia, THE Empalement is one leaved, plane, half-fix-cleft, very fmall, and. permanent. The Corolla has one petal, wheel-fhaped. The tube none. The border is fix parted and plane: the divifions ovate. The Filaments are fix, awl-fhaped, ereft and fliorter than the corolla. The Anthera are oblong and obtufe. The Germen is ovate, ending in a Style fhorter than the ftamina, with an obtufe Stigma. The Seed-veffel is a roundifh berry, with fix cells^; and far larg- er than the calyx. The Seeds are folitary, bony, obtufe, convex on one fide and angled on the other. Obf. Sometimes a fixth part of the number is excluded. There are two Species of this Shrub, viz. i. Prinos glaber. Evergreen Winter-Berry. This grows in feveral parts of North America, rifing up with flender fhrubby ftalks to the height of lix or eight feet, dividing into branches, which are garnifhed ( no ) garnifhed with fmall, evergreen, oblong, fmooth leaves, of a thick confiftence, with a few flight fer- ratures towards their points, and placed alternate, upon fhortifh footftalks. The flowers are produced from the bofom of the leaves upon fhort footftalks; and are fucceeded by fmall roundifh berries, of a black colour when ripe. 2. Prinos verticillatus. Virginian Winter- Berry. This grows naturally in moift places, by ftreams of water; generally fending up feveral flender ftalks to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into a few branches towards the top. The leaves are lance- fhaped, fharp pointed, and acutely fawed on their edges; having fhort flender footftalks, and placed alternately. The flowers come out at the bofom of the leaves in fmall Corymbi or Clufters; of an her- baceous colour. They are fucceeded by roundifh berries of a red colour when ripe, and remaining long on the branches, almoft furrounding them in places and fomewhat refembling a whorl. Note, The inner bark of this fhrub is very good to make poultices of for ripening tumors. P R U N U S. The PLUMB-TREE. Clafs 12. Order i. Icofandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is one leaved, bell-fliaped, five cleft, and deciduous; the divifions are obtufe and concave. The Corolla has five petals, roundifh, concave, large, fpread- ing, and inferted by claws in the calyx. The Filaments axe from twenty to thirty, awl-fliaped, near the length of the corolla, and inferted in the calyx., The Anthera are twin and fhort. The ( •>> ) The Germen is roundifh. The Style is thread-form and the length of the ftamina. The Stigma is orbiculate. The Seed-veffel is a roundifh drupe. The Seed is a nut, roundifh and compreffed. The Species, with us, are, i. Prunus americana. Large Yellow Sweet Plumb. This generally rifes to the height of twelve or fif- teen feet, fpreading into many ftiff branches. The leaves are oblong, oval, acute pointed, fharply faw- ed on their edges and much veined. The flowers generally come out very thick round the branches, often upon thick fhort fpurs; and are fucceeded by large oval fruit, with a fweet fucculent pulp. We have a great variety of thefe, growing naturally in a good, moift foil, with reddifh and yellowifh fruit, but differing much in fize, tafte, and confiftence. i. Prunus anguftifolia. Chicafaw Plumb. This is fcarcely of fo large a growth as the former, but rifing with a ftiff fhrubby ftalk, dividing into many branches, which are garnifhed with fmooth lance-fhaped leaves, much fmaller and narrower than the firft kind; a little waved on their edges, mark- ed with very fine, flight, coloured ferratures, and of an equal, fhining green colour, on both fides. The bloffoms generally come out very thick, and are fucceeded by oval, or often fomewhat egg-fhap- ed fruit, with a very thin fkin, and foft fweet pulp. There are varieties of this with yellow and crimfon coloured fruit. Thefe being natives of the foutharn flates, are fomewhat impatient of much cold. 3. Prunus ( «* ) 3. Prunus mifliflippi. Crimfon Plumb. This grows naturally upon the Mifliflippi, and is of larger fize than moft of the other kinds. The fruit are crimfon coloured, and fomewhat acid. 4. Prunus maritima. Sea fide Plumb. This grows naturally towards the fea coaft, rifing to the height of eight or ten feet, often leaning, and fpreading into many branches. The leaves are ob- long, rather fmaller and not fo pointed as thofe of the common plumb; fmooth and of a fhining green on the 'upper fide, but fomething lighter underneath, and flightly fawed on the edges. This is generally well filled with flowers, a few of which are fucceed- ed by fmall, roundifh fruit. 5. Prunus declinata. Dwarf Plumb. This is of a fmall dwarfifh growth, feldom rifing above four or five feet high, but frequently bearing fruit at the height of two or three; which is finall, and almoft black when ripe. To this Genus alfo belongs C E R A S U S. The CHERRY-TREE. , Of which our Species are, 1. Prunus*Cerasus Virginiana. Virginian Bird- Cherry-Tree. This grows naturally in a rich moift foil, often to the height of forty feet or more, with a trunk of eighteen ( "3 ) eighteen or twenty inches in .diameter, generally re- taining its thicknefs a confiderable height, and branching out towards the top. The leaves are lance-fhaped, or long, narrow, pointed, and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in bunches, generally pretty thick fet on the branches; they are of a white colour, and are fucceeded by fmall fruit, of a purplifh colour when ripe, and of a difagreeable, bitter tafte, but greedily devoured by the birds. The timber is of a reddifh ftreaked colour, capa- ble of receiving a fine polifh; and is frequently faw- ed into boards, and ufed by joiners, cabinent-mak- ers, &c. for many purpofes. 2. PrUnus-CeRasUs canadenfis. Canadian, or Dwarf Bird-Cherry-Tree. This is a fmall kind, growing to the height of fix or eight feet, and dividing into branches, which are furnifhed with broader and fliorter leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Apple, or Crab-tree, but fmaller. The flowers are produced in a racemus, or bunch, compofed of more footftalks than the Virginian kind; and are fucceeded by fruit of near the fame colour and fize, not of fo bitter a tafte, but greatly corrugating the mouth and throat, fo as to obtain the name of Choak-Cherry. 3. Prunus-Cerasus ihontana. Mountain Bird-Cher - ry-Tree. This grows naturally upon the mountains in the 'back parts of Pennfylvania; rifing up with a flender ftem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, and di- viding into a few very flender branches, furnifhed -with leaves refembling the firft, or Virginian kind. P The ( "4 ) The fruit is likewife produced in the fame manner, but is fmaller, of a red colour, and an extremely acid tafte. And alfo to'the Genus Prunus, belongs, LAURO-CERASUS. The LAUREL-TREE. Of which we have but one Species, viz. Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus ferratifolia. Carolinian Evergreen Bay-tree. This is a beautiful evergreen fhrub, but of fmall growth; fpreading with lateral branches, on every fide and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are fpear-fhaped, above two inches long and three quarters of an inch or more in breadth, with a few fharp ferratures on their edges, Handing alternately on very fhort footftalks, of a thick confiftence, and fliining green colour, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are generally very numerous, perfedly white, and are fucceeded by roundifh fruit of the fize of a middling cherry, of a black colour when ripe. This is a native of South Carolina, and other louthern States. P T E L E A. P T E L E A. Clafs 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia. 'X'HE Empalement is five-parted, acute, and fmall. ■■- The Corolla has four petals, ovate-lanced, plane, fpread- ing, larger than the calyx, and coriaceous. The ( "5 ) The Filaments axe four, awl-fhaped. The Anthera are roundifh. The Germen is orbiculate and comprefled. The Style is fhort. The Stigmas axe two, a little obtufe. - The Seed-veffel is a roundifh, perpendicular membrane, in the center two cell'd. The Seed is one, obtufe, and leffened at the bafe. Obf. The Petals and ftamina, alfo the divifions of the calyx, have often one added to their number. We have, with us, but one Species, viz. P T E l E a trifoliata. Carolinian Shrub-Trefoil. This rifes with an upright woody ftem, to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into many ' branches, covered with a fmooth greyifh bark. The leaves are trifoliate, or compofed of three oval, fpear-fhaped lobes, of a bright green on their upper fide, but paler underneath, and inferted together at the end of a pretty long footftalk. The flowers ter- minate the branches in a kind of umbel, or large branching heads, of a whitifh herbaceous colour; ancl are fucceeded by roundifh, flat, bordered cap- fules, fomewhat refembling thofe of the Elm, each containing two feeds. P Y R O L A. WINTER-GREEN. Clafs 10. Order I. Decandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is five-parted, fmall, and permanent. The Corolla is compofed of five petals, which are round- ifh, concave, and fpreading. The Filaments are ten, awl-fhaped, fhorter than the corolla. The Anthera are nodding, large, and two-horned upward. The Piftillum has a roundifh, angular Germen; a filiform, per- manent Style, longer than the ftamina; and a thickifh Stigma. 'I he ( "6 ) The Pericarpium, ox Seed-veffel, is a roundifh, depreffed, pen tagonal Capfule, with five cells, gaping at the angles. The Seeds are numerous and chaffy. Obf. The Stamina and ftyle differ fometimes in fituation The Species, with us, are, i. Pyrola maculata. Spotted Pyrola. This is a fmall plant, feldom rifing above four or five inches high, with flender ligneous ftalks. The leaves are ever-green, oblong and pointed, of a thick confiftence, with a few fharp ferratures on their edges; fmooth and of a dark green on their upper fides, but marked with a broad, branching, longi- . tudinal vein or ftreak, of a whitifh or paler colour; ahd fomewhat reddifh underneath. There are gene- rally three or four of thefe placed at the top of the ftem fomewhat horizontally, and fometimes fmaller ones beneath, fet by threes. The flowers are like- wife produced at the top upon a pretty long, (nod- ding at firft, but afterwards ered) divided footftalk, often fuftaining two or three white flowers, which are fucceeded by roundifh, depreffed capfules, filled with fmall feeds. %. Pyrola rotundifolia. Round leaved Pyrola. ■ This is of fmaller growth than the former, hav- ing about three or four roundifh leaves, rifing from the root, with pretty long three fided footftalks, channelled above. Thefe. often become pretty large and a little waved on their edges, they are of a light green, and fcarcely perennial. The flowers are pro- duced upon a radical triangular footftalk, of four or five inches in length, in form of a racemus or bunch, fupporting five or fix white flowers, which are fuc- ceeded by fmall, round, depreffed capfules. 3. Pyrola ( "7 ) 3. Pyrola umbellata. Umbellated Pyrola. This grows commonly to the height of five or fix ' inches, generally fet pretty thick with leaves, which are wedge-fhaped or narrovvefl towards the bafe«, iinooth, of a fhining green, and fharply fawed on their edges. The flowers terminate the ftalks on a prrtty long divided footftalk, in a kind of little um- bel, which is nodding at firft but becomes ered, fup- porting five or fix round, pentagonal, depreffed cap- fules, filled with fmall feeds. A decodion or infufion of this, has been ufed with confiderable fuccefs as a fubftitute for the Peru- vian bark. The roots are faid to give eafe in the 5 tootl: ,ioh. This kind is called by the Indians Phip- •■ fefawa. P Y R U S. The PEAR-TREE. Clafs 12. Order 4. Icofandria Pentagynia. '"THE Empalement is of one leaf, concave, half five-cleft, and A permanent; the fegmeiits fpreading. The Corolla has five roundifh, concave, large petals, inferted in the empalement. — The Filaments are twenty, awl-fhaped, fhorter than the corolla, and inferted in the empalement. The Anthera fimple. The Germen is beneath. I he Styles five, thread-form, the length of the ftamina. The Stigmas fimple. The Seed-veffel a pome, roundifh, umbilicated and flefhy, with five membranaceous cells. The Seeds a few, oblong, obtufe, fharpened at the bafe, con- vex on one fide and plane on the othgr. To this Genus belongs MALUS. ( »8 ) M A L U S. The APPLE-TREE. Of which we have one Species, viz. Pyrus-Malus coronaria. Virginian fweet-fcented Crab-Tree. This often grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many ftiff branches, fet pretty i thick with fhort ftiff fpurs. The leaves are fomewhat like thofe of the Apple-tree, but often toothed, or largely and irregularly fawed on their edges. The flowers generally come out thick upon the branches, I upon pretty long dividing footftalks; they are pretty large, of a beautiful blufh colour, and fragrant odour at their firft appearance. The fruit is fmall, hard, i roundifh, umbilicated, and extremely acid. It is ■] frequently ufed for conferves, &c. There is faid to be a variety of this in Carolina with evergeen leaves, though I have never feen it. QJJ E R C U S. The OAK-TREE. Clafs 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria. *rT,HE Male Flowers are difpofed in a loofe katkin. -■■ The Empalement is of one leaf, four or five-parted; the divifions are acute and often bifid. They have no Corolla. The Filaments are feveral, very fhort. The Anthera large and double. *The Female are in clofe buds, on the fame plant with the Male. The Perianthium is of one leaf, coriaceous, hemifpherical, rough, and entire, fcarce manifeft in the flower. There ( "9 ) There is no Corolla. The Germen is egg-fhaped and finall. The Style fimple, five- clcft and longer than the empalement. The Stigmas axe. fimple and permanent. There is no Seed-veffel, but an oval, columnar, fmooth nut, fhaved at the bafe and affixed in the fhort calyx. The Species and Varieties with us, are many* which, I think, may be divided in the fallowing manner, into * Quercus alba. White Oak. 1. Quercus alba. Common American White Oak. This grows very common, and with age arrives to the fize of a large tree of feventy or eighty feet in height, and of three, four, five, or more feet in diameter; dividing into many large branches, and covered with a whitifh fcaly bark. The leaves ape narrowed towards the bafe, but fpreading and deeply finuated obliquely, towards the ends; the finufes ob- tufe, the angles, or produdions unequal in .length, entire and obtufe. They are of a glaucous, or light green underneath and have very fhort footftalks. The acorns are middling fized, fitting in fmall fhal- low cups. There are fome varieties of this, differing in the hardnefs and toughnefs of the timber, and fomewhat in their acorns or fruit. It affords a hard, tough, ufeful and valuable timber, which is hewed into beams, &c. for frame buildings; fawed into plank, &c. for fhip building; and applied to various other ufeful purpofes. Our fwine are often wholly fatted upon the feveral kinds of acorns, but for thefe and Chefnut Oak they feek moft diligently. 2. QlJERCUS ( 120 ) 2. Quercus alba minor. Barren White Oak. This grows generally upon poor, barren, or wafte \ land, rifing perhaps to the height of thirty or forty feet, covered with fcaly greyifh bark. The leaves \ are fomewhat rough, but of a fhining green above, fomewhat paler underneath ; they are finuated deep- ly, moft obtufely, and irregularly; the lobes or pro- ; dudions (if I may be allowed the expreflion) are ,' obtufe, often fomewhat angular, and very irregular. The acorns are fmall and ftriped. The timber is ac- '•!" counted very durable for pofts, to fet in the earth; otherwife not much efteemed unlefs for fuel. 3. Quercus alba paluftris. Swamp White Oak. j - This becomes a pretty large fpreading tree, of two i or three feet in diameter and of proportionable height. J The bark is often rougher or more furrowed than the other kinds, and greyifh coloured. The leaves are fomewhat wedge-fhaped or narrowed towards the bafe, and toothed on their edges and extremities. The acorns are larger and rounder than thofe of the common White Oak, and have larger and thicker cups, fupported often by pairs upon a long, ftrong footftalk. * * Quercus nigra. Black Oak. 4. Quercus nigra. Common Pennfylvanian Black Oak. This grows to the height of fixty or feventy feet, and to three or four feet in diameter, with large fpreading branches. The leaves are large, fpread- ing, and fomewhat woolly; their footftalks longer than thofe of the White Oak. They are irregular- ( «I ) ly and fometimes pretty deeply finuated, the angles or produdions unequal, generally obtufe, yet with their veins extending in a briftly point. The acorns are roundifh and not large, fitting in thick fcaly cups. There is, I think, a variety of this of much fmaller growth, with larger leaves and differing fomewhat in the fruit. Our common Black Oak is ufed much (where Cedar is fcarce) for making fhingles, and alfo for rails, &c. 5. Quercus nigra digitata. Finger-leaved Black Oak. > This grows naturally in low lands, rifing to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a trunk of con- fiderable thicknefs, covered with a rough blackifh bark. The leaves are finuated, or divided towards their extremities into two or three pretty long, fome- what finger-fhaped lobes, of unequal length, with others fhorter, fometimes at the fides; all of which end in a briftly point. The acorns are fmall, but the cups pretty large. 6. Quercus nigra trifida. Maryland Black- Oak. This grows naturally in Maryland, and other low lands, with a trunk of eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, and thirty or forty feet in height. The leaves are wedge-fhaped, or narrowed towards the bafe, and three-pointed, with briftly terminations. The acorn b- and cups refemble the laft mentioned. 7. Quercus nigra integrifolia. Entire-leaved Black Oak. This grows about the fize of the other low-land Black Oak, and is of the fame appearance, except Q^ the ( I22 ) the leaves being fomewhat inverfe egg-fhaped, and often a little notched or indented on each fide to- wards the extremity. 8. Quercus nigra pumila. Dwarf Black Oak. This grows naturally upon poor barren ridges, rifing to the height of five or fix feet, with a crook- ed, branching ftem. The leaves are about three pointed, much refembling thofe of the Maryland Black Oak. The acorns are fmall, and ftand in fmall fhallow cups. This, I believe, is of little ufe or beauty. * * * Quercus rubra. Red Oak. 9. Quercus rubra maxima. Largeft Red Oak. This often becomes a large tree, of the height of feventy or eighty feet and of four, five, or fometimes fix feet in diameter; retaining its thicknefs to a con- fiderable height, and without lateral branches, but fpreading at the top. The leaves are large, obtufe- ly and but lightly finuated, the angles acute, each often terminating with feveral acute, briftly points. The acorns are large and fomewhat conical, fitting in broad fhallow cups. The timber is ufed for ftaves, fliingles, rails, &c. ia. Quercus rubra ramofiffima. Wafer Red Oak. This grows moft naturally by creek fides, or in low wet places, rifing to the height of a pretty large tree; generally thick fet with flender lateral branches, and covered with fomewhat fmooth, greyifh colour- ed bark. The leaves are fmall, obtufely and deep- •y ( *2S ) ly finuated, pretty uniformly, almoft to the midrib; the angles or lobes are narrow, acute, and unequal, each terminating with feveral briftly points. The acorns and cups are fmall. This is generally known by the name of Water or Low Land Spanifh Oak. The buts of thefe trees are often ufed for rimming of carriage wheels, &c. u. Quercus rubra montana. Upland Red Oak. This grows naturally upon higher and poorer land than the others, often attaining to fifty or fixty feet in height. The bark is fomewhat rough and light- ifh coloured. The leaves are deeply and obtufely finuated, fomewhat regularly; the angles fomewhat bitrifid, or ending in feveral acute, briftly points; their footftalks are pretty long. The acorns and cups are middling fized. The timber is generally worm eaten, or rotten at heart, therefore of Uttle efteem. It is likewife commonly known by the name of Spanifh Oak; and, I think, has fome va- rieties differing in the fize of their fruit and leaves. 12. Quercus rubra nana. Dwarf Barren Oak. This grows naturally upon dry barren ridges, and is found from five to ten feet high, generally grow- ing very crooked. The leaves are fmaller, but fome- what refemble thofe laft defcribed. The acorns and cups are fmall, the acorns red at the bafe and Arm- ed when taken firft from their cups. It is called barren from its place of growth, but is generally al- moft covered with fruit, fitting very clofe on all fides of the branches. **** Quercus ( 124 ) #### Quercus Phellos. Willow-leaved Oak. 13. Quercus Phellos anguftifolia. Narrow Willow-leaved Oak. This grows naturally in low lands, and to the height of fifty or fixty feet, with a trunk of confi- derable fize. The leaves are entire, fmooth, oblong, and lance-fhaped, of about three inches in length and half an inch in breadth, and have very fhort1 footftalks. The acorns and cups are fmall. The timber is found and good. 14. Que r cus Phellos Iatifolia. Broad Willow- leaved Oak. This tree very much refembles the other in every refped, except in having leaves of about double the width; and broader but perhaps fliorter cups and acorns. 15. Quercus Phellos fempervirens. Ever- green Willow-leaved Oak. This grows naturally in Carolina, becoming a pretty large tree, of the height of forty feet or more. The leaves are perennial, entire, fomewhat oval, fpear-fhaped, of a dark green colour and thick con- fiftence. The acorns are fmall, oblong, fitting in fhort cups, and containing a very fweet kernel. The timber is hard, tough and coarfe grained. ***** Quercus ( »5 ) ***** Quercus Prinus. Chefnut-leaved Oak. 16. Quercus Prinus. Chefnut-leaved Oak. This grows naturally upon a light gravelly foil, frequently to forty feet or more in height, and above two feet in diameter; covered with a furrowed, lightifh coloured bark. The leaves are foiaewhat oval and uniformly crenated on their edges, or ra- ther fometimes obtufely toothed. The acorns are fmooth and large, greenifh coloured and fitting in fhallow fpreading cups. The timber fomewhat ap- proaches towards that of Chefnut in appearance, but affords very good fuel, rails, &c. 17. Quercus Prinus humilis. Dwa?fl Chef- nut or Chinquepin Oak. This generally rifes with feveral fhrubby,. fpread- ing ftalks, to the height of two or three feet. The leaves are fomewhat wedge-fhaped and toothed, or flightly and obliquely finuated. The acorns and cups pretty much refemble thofe of the large kind, but are confiderably fmaller. It may not be improper here to make iome re- marks with refped to cutting, or felling of timber. Long experience, I think, hath fufficiently ascertain- ed, that timber cut down in the fpring of the year, when full of fap, and the leaves fully expanded; and alfo in the third or laft quarter of the moon's age; is much more durable than when cut at any other time. Timber when full of fap'and vigour, in all probability, contains alfo more oily particles, which, in proportion as they abound, are known to add to its durability. With regard to the influence of the moon, it may probably be account;;:] a fuper- (titious ( 126 ) ftitious or whimfical fancy, but that it materially af- feds timber is a fad well known to thofe who ftrip, or peel bark for the ufe of tanners; and when ac- counted for in one cafe, may probably throw fome light upon the other. But further, it is alfo a fad well known, that timber, whofe bark has been fuffi- ciently feparated and peeled round at the but, in or- der for deading, as it is termed; if done in the de- creafe of the moon, retains its greennefs often a con- fiderable time; but if in the increafe, withers in a much fhorter time. From hence, I think, we may conclude, that the fap or juice of trees, has a kind of monthly circulation, or revolution; afcending in the moon's decreafe, but defcending in the increafe. However, be this as it may, the falling of timber in the different phafis of the moon, is confidently af- ferted, from experience, to materially affed its du- rability. RHODODENDRUM. DWARF ROSE-BAY. Clafs 10. Order i. Decandria Monogynia. TTiE Empalement is of one leaf, five parted and permanent, ■*■ TheCorolla of one leaf, wheel-funnelled: the border fpread- ing: the divifions rounded. The Filaments ten, thread-form, almoft the length of the co- rolla, and declined. The Anthera oval. The Germen five cornered, retufe. The Style thread-form, the length of the corolla. The Stigma obtufe. The Seed-veffd ovate, angled, five cell'd. Tfte Seeds numerous and fmall. We have, with us, but one Species, viz. Rhodo" ( *27 ) Rhododendrum maximum. Pennfylvanian Mountain Laurel. This grows to the height of about fix or eight feet, often with feveral ftems from the fame root. The leaves are oblong and entire, generally about four or five inches in length and one and a half or near two in breadth: of a thick confiftence, and fhining dar,k green on the upper fide but lighter un- derneath, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are pretty large and of a pale rofe co- lour, ftudded with fpots of a deeper red, having their tubes a little bent. They are produced at the extremity of the former year's fhoots, in roundifh clufters, making a beautiful appearance. This is much and defervedly efteemed as a very beautiful, evergreen, flowering fhrub. RHUS. SUMACH. Clafs 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia. THE Empalement is five-parted, beneath, ereft, and perma- nent. The Corolla of five petals, ovate and a little fpreading. The Filaments arc five, very fhort. The Anthera fmall, fhort- er than the corolla. The Germen above, roundifh, and the fize of the corolla. The Styles fcarce any. The Stigmas three, hearted, fmall. The Seed-veffel a berry, roundifh, and of one cell. The Seed one, roundifh, bony. Obf. The Toxicodendron has fmooth, filiated berries: the kernel coinprefTed and furrowed. The Vernix is male and female upon different plants. The Glabrum (and perhaps fome others) is female and her- maphrodite on different plants. The ( 128 ) The Species with us, arc, i.Rhus Copallinum. Lentifcus-leaved Sumach. This grows to the height of fix, eight, or fome- times ten feet, dividing into flender branches, and covered with fpeckled bark. The leaves are wing- ed, and compofed of four or five pair of narrow, entire lobes, terminated by an odd one; joined to a common footftalk; with decurrent, leaffy expanfi- ons between each pair of lobes. The flowers are produced in loofe, compound panicles, of an her- baceous colour, and are fucceeded by reddifh feeds, fprinkled with a greyifh pounce. This grows natu- rally in a flaty, gravelly foil. The berries are very acid. There are fome varieties of this, much re- fembling it but of'fmaller growth, and with redder berries. 2. Rhus glabrum. Smooth Pennfylvanian Su- mach. This grows naturally in feveral of the northern States, rifing to the height of fix or eight feet, di- viding in a few thick, pithy and fomewhat angled branches; covered with a fmooth bark. The leaves are large and winged, compofed of eight, nine, or ten pair of lobes, and an odd one; oblong, point- ed and fawed on their edges; of a pretty deep green on their upper fides, but much lighter underneath and changing reddifh in autumn. The flowers are hermaphrodite and female on feparate plants, and are produced in large, ered, compounded panicles, or thyrfi, terminating the branches; of rfh herbace- ous colour; the hermaphrodite of which are largeft and barren, but the female are fucceeded by feeds with a red meally covering, of an acid tafte. Rhus ( *29 ) Rhus glabrum carolinenfe. Carolinian Scarlet-flower* ing Sumach. This is a variety of the laft defcribed, but differ- ing in having fcarlet flowers. Rhus glabrum canadenfe. Canadian Red-flowering Sumach* This is alfo a variety of the fame, growing natu- rally in Canada, with red flowers. 3. Rhus typhinum. Stag's-horn Sumach. This grows naturally in Virginia and Pennfylva- nia, often rifing to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a trunk of fix or eight inches in diame- ter; dividing at the top into feveral branches; which, when young, are covered with a foft, velvet-like down* refembling that of a young flag's horn, both in colour and texture. The leaves are compofed of fix or feven pair of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one> ending in acute points, and together with the midrib, a little hairy underpeath. The flowers are produced in a clofe, ered panicle or thyrfus^ terminating the branches; they are of an herbace- ous colour and are fucceeded by feeds enclofed in a purple, woolly, fucculent covering; making a fine appearance in the autumn. 4. Rhus canadenfe. Canadian trifoliate Su- mach. This grows naturally in Canada, and perhaps the northern parts of Pennfylvania. The Items are flen- der, rifing to the height of fix or eight feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are com- R pofed ( *3<> ) pofed of three lobes, fomewhat egg-fhaped and joined to a common footftalk. The flowers are male and female on different plants. To this Genus is alfo added, TOXICODENDRON. The POISON-TREE. Of which we have, I. Rhus-Toxicodendron Vernix. Varnifh- Tree, or Poifon AfJj. This rifes with a pretty ftrong, ered ftem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet; dividing towards the top into feveral branches. The leaves are wing- ed, and compofed cf three or four pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are for the moft part oval, fpear-fhaped, fmooth, and of a lucid green on their upper fide, but paler and a little hairy un- derneath ; their footftalks changing of a purple co- lour in autumn. The male and female flowers are produced upon different trees, and are difpofed in loofe panicles, coming out from the bofom of the leaves; of an herbaceous colour. The female are fucceeded by fmall, roundifh feeds, of a lightifh co- lour when ripe. This is allowed to be the fame with the true Varnifh-tree of Japan; where it is col* leded in great quantities, by making incifions in the trees and placing veffels underneath to receive the milky juice, which .hardens and becomes the true varnifh; much ufed in various kinds of curious workmanfhip. This, in all probability, might be colleded here equal in quality with that of Japan and to confiderable advantage. This tree ought to ( '3' ) be handled with caution, as it is very poifonous to many people. 2. Rhus-Toxicodendron toxicodendrum. Poifon-Oak. This has a low, fhrubby ftalk, feldom rifing above three or four feet. The leaves are trifoliate, with pretty long footftalks, the lobes are entire, fmooth I and fomewhat heart-fhaped. The flowers come out from the fides of the ftalks, in loofe panicles of an herbaceous colour; fmall, and not always herma- phrodite. They are fucceeded by roundifh, chan- nelled, fmooth berries, of a yellowifh grey colour ' when ripe. 3. Rhus-Toxicodendron radicans. Poifon- Vine. This rifes with many fhrubby climing ftems, at- taching themfelves to every neighbouring fupport; and often rifing to the height of twenty or thirty j feet, with a ftem of two or three inches in diameter; fending off many branches. The leaves are trifoli- f ate, and have pretty long footftalks: the lobes are fomewhat oval and pointed, often fomewhat toothed. The flowers are produced in fhort panicles from the fides of the branches, and are fucceeded by round- ifh berries, of a brownifh colour when ripe. R I B E S. The CURRANT-RUSH. Clafs 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, part five-cleft and bellied,; the divifions oblong, concave, coloured, reflexed and permanent. The ( «3* ) The Corolla is of five petals, fmall, obtufe and ereft, adjointd to the margin of the empalement. The Filaments are five, awl-fhaped, ereft and inferted in the calyx, l he Anthera are incumbent, compreffed, and gap- ing at the margin. The Germen roundifh and beneath. The Style bifid. The Stig- mas obtufe. The Seed veffel a berry, globdus, umbilicated and of one cell, . with two receptacles, lateral, oppofite and longitudinal. The Seeds many, roundifh, and fomewhat compreffed. The Species, with us, are, * Ribefia inermia. Currant-Trees. I. Ribes nigrum pennfylvanicum. Pennfyl- vanian Black Currants. This grows tb the height of the common cultivat- ed Currant, but the ftalks are generally more flen- der and covered with a darkifh, fmooth bark. The leaves have the fame refemblance but are fmaller. The flowers grow in loofe bunches, and are fucceed- ed by oblong, black fruit when ripe. * * Groffulariae aculeata?. Goofe-berries. 2. Ri b E s oxycanthoides. Mountain Wild Goofe- herry. Thefe grow to the fize of the common Goofe ber- ry,but have fmaller ftems and not branching fo much; but near the earth are often prickly on all fides. The leaves are fmaller but have the fame appearance. The fruit is alfo much fmaller but of an agreeable tafte when ripe. This either by a little culture becomes fmooth, otherwife we have a different kind, not more prickly than the common. 3. RiBES ( '33 ) 3. Ribes cynofbati. Prickly fruited Wild Goofe-berry. This grows naturally in Canada and the upper parts of Pennfylvania; and much refembles the other, except in having its fruit covered on all fides with foftifh prickles. R O B I N I A. ROBINIA, or FALSE-ACACIA. Clafs 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria. ""pHE Empalement is of one leaf, fmall, bell-fhaped, and four- -*■ toothed: the three inferior flender; the fuperior fourth of double the width, and flightly emarginated; all equal in length. The Corolla Butterfiy-fhaped. The Standard roundifh, large, fpreading and obtufe. The Wings oblong, ovate, free: with very fhort, obtufe ap- pendages. The Keel almoft femi-orbiculate, compreffed, obtufe, and the length of the wings. The Stamina axe Filaments in two fets, or bodies,- ("one fimple, the other nine-cleft^ rifing above. The Anthera roundifh. The Germen cylindrical, oblong. The Style thread-form, bent upward. The Stigma villous before, at the apex of the ftyle. The Seed-veffel large, compreffed, gibbous, and long. The Seeds few, kidney-form. The Species with us, are, 1. Robinia Pfeud-Acacia. IVbite flowering Robinia, or Locufl-Tree. This grows naturally in feveral of thefe States; rifing to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a trunk of eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, di- viding ( 134 ) viding int;o many branches which are armed with fhort, ftrong fpines. The bark is darkifh coloured and rough. The leaves are winged and generally compofed of eight or ten pair of fmall, oval lobes, terminated by an odd one; entire, of a bright green and fitting clofe to the midrib. The flowers are pro- duced from the fides of the branches in long pendu- lous bunches, each having a feparate footftalk; they are white, of a butterfly fhape and fweet fmelling j and are fucceeded by compreffed pods, of three or four inches in length and half an inch in width, con- taining feveral hard, kidney-fhaped feeds. The tim- ber is very durable, and ufed for polls to fet in the earth, and other purpofes; therefore, the propaga- tion of it might be well worthy of attention. Its natural place of growth is in a rich moift foil. 2. Robinia rofea. Rofe coloured Robinia. This fpreads much from its running roots, fend- ing up weak branching ftalks, to the height of fix or eight feet, but often flowering much fmaller. The whole plant, with the footftalks of the leaves and flowers, are clofely armed with foft, purplifh fpines. The leaves are winged and compofed of five or fix pair of oval, concave lobes, terminated by an odd one, with their midribs protruding in fhort briftly points. The flowers are larger than thofe of the other kind and of a Peach bloffom colour, with their ftamina diftindly in two bodies; whereas thofe of the other are frequently all joined at the bafe. This is a beautiful flowering fhrub, fometimes flow- ering twice or more in a feafon, but feldom produc- ing feeds. There are feveral other varieties differ- ing fomewhat in their pods or colour of their flow- ers. ROSA. ( *3$ ) ROSA. The R O S E - B U S H. Clafs 12. Order 5. Icofandria Polygynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf. The tube bellied; narrow- ed at the neck; the border fpreading, five parted and glo- bous: the divifions long, narrow and pointed. The Corolla is compofed of five petals, heart-fliaped, the length of the empalement, dnd inferted in its neck. The Stamina axe very many, capillary, very fhort, and inferted in the neck of the empalement. The Stigmas obtufe. The Seed-vejfel is flefhy, top-ihaped, coloured, and of one cell. The Seeds numerous, oblong, hairy, and joined within on all fides of the Seed-veffel. The Species, native with us, are, 1. Rosa carolinenfis. Wild Virginian Rofc. This rifes with feveral ftalks to the height of five or fix feet, fomewhat prickly, as are alfo the foot- ftalks of the leaves and flowers. The leaves are compofed of four or five pair of lobes terminated with an odd one, which are fomewhat fpear-fhaped and fawed on their edges. The flowers are fingle, of a red colour and late coming. 2. Rosa paluftris. Swamp Pennfylvanian Rofc. This grows generally in fwamps; rifing to the height of four or five feet, with ered, and very prickly ftems, branching out at top in a regular head. The leaves are compofed of three pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one, of an oblong, oval ( i3« ) fhape and flightly ferrated, joined to a common footftalk with a few fpines underneath. The flowers are fingle and of a damafk colour; the hips or feed- veffels are of a dark red, roundifh, depreffed, prick- ly or briftly, and very clammy to the touch. 3. Rosa humilis. Dwarf Pennfylvanian Rofe. This rifes with feveral flender Items to the height of two or three feet; covered with a brownifh green bark, and armed with a few fharp fpines. The Saves are compofed of three or four pair of lobes, and an odd one, of an oblong egg-fhape and fharply fawed on their edges. The leaves of the flower cup have often linear, leaffy elongations. The flowers are fingle and of a pale reddifh colour. 4. Rosa pennfylvanica plena. Double Penn- fylvanian Rofe. This very much refembles the laft defcribed in growth and appearance, except in having a double flower. R U B U S. The RASPBERRY BUSH and BRAMBLE. Clafs 12. Order 5. Icofandria Polygynia. T^HE Empalement is of one leaf, five-parted: the divifions x oblong, fpreading and permanent. The Corolla is of five petals, roundifh, fomewhat fpreading, of the length of the Empalement and inferted into it. The Filaments are numerous, fhorter than the petal*, and in- ferted in the Empalement. The Anthera are roundifh and compreffed. The Germen are numerous. The Styles fmall, capillary, and arifing from the fides of the germen. The Stigmas fimple and permanent. The ( '37 ) The Seed-veffel a compound berry: the acini roundifh, collect- ed in a Convex head, concave beneath; and each with one cell. The Seeds folitary and oblong; their receptacle conical. The Species, with us, are, i. Rubus fruticofus. Common Blackberry Bufh. This rifes generally fwith feveral ftalks from the fame root) to. the height of four or five feet, but fometimes to eight or.ten: which are fomewhat an- gled, and pretty thick fet with fharp prickles. The leaves are compofed of three lobes, the fide ones of which are often divided; moftly egg-fhaped, point- ed,, acutely and unequally fawed on their edges, a little hairy underneath, and joined to a pretty long prickly footftalk, the middle one extending fome little diftance from the others. This is generally well furnifhed with flowers, which often ftand upon panicled, or divided- footftalks, and are fucceeded by black fruit when ripe.. 2. Rubus hifpidus. American Dewberry Bufh. -. '• Alio '<' This is much fmaller than the other, having feve- ral flender weak ftems, which often trail on the ground to a confiderable diftance. The leaves very much refemble thofe of the Blackberry, but are ge- nerally fmaller. The fruit is alfo fmaller, rounder and blacker; and fupported upon long? fimple, prick- ly footftalks. S 3. Rubus ( 138 ) 3. Rubus canadenfis. Smoothflalked Canadian Bramble. This is faid to grow in Canada with purplifh ftalks without prickles. The leaves are fingered; com- pofed of ten, five, and three lobes, which are very flender, lance-fhaped, and fharply ferrated. :\i Vv. 4. Rub us occidentalis. American Rafpberry. kThis rifes with a round prickly ftalk, of feven or eight feet in length, which often defcends again to the earth in a femirdrcular manner,, fometimes tak- ing root. The ftalks are covered with a thin bluifh fcum- or mill:, and furnifhed with trifoliate leaves. The lobes are fomewhat heart, or.egg-fhaped; cut and fawed on their edges, whitifh and downy under- neath, the lateraLones fometimes divided, the com- mon footftalk pretfy long j and the middle or termi- nal lobe a little fubtended. The flowers are produ- ced; at the extremity of the branches in a kind of ra- ce 01 us or bunch/and are fuccedded by finall fruit of a reddifh black colour when ripe; the acini of which are joined, parting entire from the conical receptacle. 5. Rub us odoratus. Virginian Rofe-flowering //,. Rafpberry. An This rifes with upright woody ftalks, without prickles, to the height of three or four feet, cover- ed with a brown fcaly bark. The leaves are fingle, large, palmated or divided into five or more pointed lobes, fharply fawed on their edges, a little hairy, and joined to pretty long, hairy footftalks. The flowers are produced in a kind of panicle at the ex- tremity of the branches, of a curdled reddifh colour; refembling ( *39 ) refembling a fmall fingle Rofe, both in their petals, and divifions of their flower cups which are villous, and terminate in leaffy elongations. This grows na- turally on rocky mountains in Pennfylvania and Vir- ginia, and makes an agreeable appearance by a long fucceflion of rofe-fhaped flowers. S A L I X. The W I L L O W - T R E E. Clafs 22. Order 2. Dioecia Diandria. * '"THE Male Flowers are difpofed in a common, oblong, im- ■*• bricated katkin,- with an involucrum formed of the bud. The Scales are one-flowered, oblong, plain, and fpread- ing. It hath no petals; but a very fmall, cylindrical, truncat- ed, honey-bearing Gland, or Neftarium, in the cen- ter of the flower. The Filaments axe two, ftraight, and thread form. The An- thera axe twin, and four-cell'd. * The Female have a katkin and fcales as the male. The Petals none. The Germen ovate, and leffened into a Style fcarce diftinft, fome- what longer than the Scales of the flower-cup. The Stigmas cwo, bifid and ereft. The Seed-veffel a capfule, ovate-awl-fhaped, of one cell and two valves: the valves revolute. The Seeds axe numerous, ovate, very fmall, and crowned with a fimple hairy Pappus. The Species, native with us, are, * With fmooth ferrated leaves. 1. Salix nigra. Rough American Willow. This rifes often with a leaning or crooked trunk to the height of about twenty feet, covered with a 0 dark ( *4° ) dark coloured, rough bark. The leaves are fmooth and of equal colour on both fides ; narrow, lance- fhaped, and very flightly ferrated. The katkins are long and flender. * * With ferrated villofe leaves. i. Salix fericea. Ozier, or Silky leaved Wil- low. This rifes generally to the height of eight or ten feet, with many fhrubby ftalks, covered with pretty fmooth, dark, greenifh bark. The leaves are fhort- er and fomewhat broader than the other kind, lance- fhaped, filky underneath, and very flightly ferrated on the edges. * * t With entire villofe leaves. 3. Salix humilis. Dwarf Willow. This feldom rifes above three or four feet, with greenifh, fomewhat downy ftalks. The leaves are larger than the other kinds, entire, oblong, fome- what oval, and glaucous or whitifh underneath. There are fome varieties of larger growth, belong- ing either to this or the laft mentioned kind. S A IV| B U C U S, The E L D E R - T R E E. Clafs 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia. HpHE Empalement is of one leaf, above, very fmall, five-part- ■*• ed, and permanent. The Corolla is of one petal, concave wheel-fhaped, part five- cleft, obtufe, 'the divifions reflexed. Th'j ( I4« ) The Filaments five, awl-fhapod, the length of the corolla. The Anthera roundifh. The Germen beneath, ovate, obtufe. The Style none, but in its place a bellied Gland. The Stigmas three, obtufe. The Seed-veffel a roundifh berry of one cell. The Seeds three, angular on one fide and convex on the other. The Species, with us, are, i. Sambucus nigra. American Black-berried Elder. This rifes generally to the height of fix or eight feet, with a ftem fometimes of two or three inches in diameter. The leaves are generally compofed of three pair of lobes and an odd orre, which are fome- what oval, pointed, fharply fawed on their edges, a little hairy on both fides, light coloured under- neath and joined to pretty large, channelled foot- ftalks, placed oppofite. The flowers are produced at the extremities of the fame year's fhoots in a kind of umbel, of five principal parts, again divided: they are white and are fucceeded by berries which are blackifh when ripe. An infufion of the inner bark is purgative. From the berries may be pre- pared a fpirit, a wine, and an oil, which promote urine, perfpiration and fweat. 2. Sambucus canadenfis. Canadian Red-ber- ried Elder. This grows naturally upon Mountain fides, or moift, rich, fhaded places, in the back parts of Penn- fylvania. It has much the appearance of the other kind, but produces red berries, which are ripe the latter end of June, at the time t,he other is in flower. SMILAX. ( '4* ) S M I L A X. ROUGH BINDWEED, or GREEN BRIAR. Clafs 22. Order 6. Dioecia Hexandria. "TPHE Male have Empalements of fix leaves, of a fpreading A bell-fhape; the leaves are oblong, joined at the bafe, fpreading and reflexed at the apex. The Corolla none. The Filaments axe fix, fimple. The Anthera oblong. * The Female have Empalements as the male, deciduous. The Corolla none. The Germen ovate. The Styles three, very fmall. The Stigmas oblong, reflexed, downy. The Seed-veffel a globofe berry, of three cells. The Seeds two, globofe. The Species, with us, are, i * With a fquare prickly ftem. i. Smilax Sarfaparilla. Ivy leaved rough Bindweed, or Sarfaparilla. This grows naturally in Virginia and to the fouth- ward, rifing up with prickly, angular ftalks. The leaves are without prickles, oval fhaped, pointed, and three nerved. 2. Smilax virginiana. Lanceolate-leaved rough Bindweed. The ftalks of this are flender, angular and prickly. The leaves are without fpines, fpear-fhaped and pointed; their bafes not eared. ** With ( H3 ) ** With a round prickly ftem. 3. Smilax rotundifolia. Canadian round leaved Smilax. The ftalks of this are round and winding, with a few ftraight fpines. The leaves are heart-fhaped, without fpines, five-nerved, having fhort footftalks with two flender clafpers. 4. Smilax laurifolia. Bay leaved rough Bind- weed. This hath a round ftalk, armed with prickles or fpines. The leaves are of an oval lance-fhape, with- out fpines, and of thicker confiftence than thofe of the other fpecies. The flowers are fmall and whit- ifh, the berries black when ripe. 5. Smilax tamnoides. Bryony leaved rough Bindweed. The ftems of this are armed with prickles and round; climing upon the neighbouring trees for fup- port. The leaves are without fpines, of an oblong heart-fhape and five nerved. The berries are black. 6. Smilax caduca. Three-nerved-leaved rough Bindweed. This rifes with round, naked, winding ftalks, armed with many ftraight, black pointed fpines and covered with a green bark. The leaves are ovate, pointed, three nerved and annual. The berrie? black. *** With ( »44 ) *** With a fquare fmootb ftem. 7. Smilax bona nox. Carolinian prickly leav- ed Smilax. The ftalks of this are angular and without fpines. The leaves are broad, and ciliated or fet upon the margin with fpines. There is alfo a variety with narrow rough leaves, eared at the bafe and angular. **#* With a fmooth round ftem. 8. Smilax lanceolata. Red berried Virginian Smilax. The ftalks of this are fmooth and round. The leaves are without fpines and lance-fhaped. The berries red coloured. o. Smilax Pfeudo China. Baflard China. This hath fmooth round ftalks. The leaves are without fpines, thofe on the ftalks heart-fhaped, but on the branches lance-fhaped. The berries are black and fupported on very long footftalks. S O R B U S. The SERVICE TREE, QUICKBEAM, or MOUNTAIN ASH. Clafs 12. Order 3. Icofandria Trigynia. HTHE Empalement is of one leaf, concave-fpreading, five- ' •*- parted and permanent. The Corolla is of five petals, roundifh, concave and inferted in the Empalement. The Filaments twenty, awl-fhaped, and inferted in the Empale- ment. The Anthera roundifh. The The Germen beneath. The Styles three, thread-form, and ereft. The Stigmas headed. The Seed-veffel a berry, foft, globofe, and umbilicated. The Seeds three, fomewhat oblong, diftinft, and cartilaginous. The Species, with us, but one, viz. SoRbus americana. American Service Tree. This grows naturally upon the mountains towards Canada; rifing to the height of about fifteen or eigh- teen feet, with an ered ftem dividing into feveral branches. The leaves are winged, compofed of eight or nine pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are narrow and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of an umbel, and are fucceeded by roundifh berries of a red colour when ripe. SPIRiA. S P I R M A. Clafs 12. Order 4. Icofandria Pentagynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, half five-cleft, and plane at the bafe: the divifions acute; permanent. The Corolla of five petals, oblong-rounded, and inferted in the calyx. The Filaments above twenty, thread-form, fhorter than the co- rolla, and inferted in the calyx. The Anthera roundifh. The Germen five or more. The Styles as many, thread-form, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigmas headed. The Seed-veffels capfules, oblong, fharp-pointed, compreffed and two valved. The Seeds few, fharp-pointed and fmall. Obf. S. opulifolia has three Styles, f rhe C 146 ) The Species, with us, arje, i. Spir.ea hypericifolia. Canadian Spiraea, or Hypericum-frutex. This rifes generally to the height of four or five feet, dividing into many flender branches, and co- vered with a dark brown bark. The leaves are ob- long, entire, and fmooth, refembling thofe of St. John's-wort, and placed oppofite. The flowers are yellow, anu difpofed m finall umbels, fitting clofe to the ftalks, each having a long, flender footftalk; and are fucceeded by oblong, pointed capfules, filled with fmall feeds. This makes a very good appear- ance when in flower. 2. Spir^a opulifolia. Guelder Rofe-leaved Spiraea, or Nine-Bark. This rifes with many fhrubby branching ftalks, covered with a brown fcaly bark, to the height of five or fix feet. The leaves are fomewhat three parted, the two fide divifions or lobes fmall, obtufe and near the bafe; the middle one large and point- ed ; they are alfo flightly crenated and fawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in form of a corymbus or clufter: they are white with fome fpots of pale red, and are fucceeded by clufters of greenifh, inflated cap- fules. Spiraea caroliniana. Carolinian Guelder Rofe-Laved Spiraea. This is a variety of the former, and refembles it much in growth and appearance. 3. Spiraa ( '47 ) 3. Sfirjea tomentofa. Scarlet flowered PhiladeU' phian Spiraea. This grows naturally in Pennfylvania; rifing with flender, branching ftalks to the height of three or four feet, having a purple bark, covered with a grey meally down. The leaves are fmall, fpear- fhaped, unequally fawed on their edges, of a bright green on their upper fides, but downy and veined underneath. The flowers terminate the branches in form of a racemus or bunch; they are fmall and of a beautiful red colour. 4. SpirjEa tomentofa alba. White flowered Phila- delphian Spiraea. This is a variety of the former; rifing with flen- der ftalks to the height of four or five feet. The leaves are fmall and of thin texture, of an oblong oval, or fomewhat wedge fhape, flightly and fharp- ly fawed on their edges, and a little downy on both fides. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a beautiful white, making a pretty ap- pearance. This is called Indian Pipe Shank, from the pithy ftems being ufed by the natives for that purpofe. STAPHYL^A. BLADDER-NUT-TREE. Clafs 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia^ THE Empalement is five-parted, concave, roundifh, colour- ed, and almoft the fize of the corolla. The Corolla is five petal'd, oblong, ereft, and like the calyx. The Ne&arium concave and pitcher-fhape in the bottom of the flower. The ( i4» ) The Stamina are five, oblong, ereft, and the length of the calyx. The Anthera fimple. The Germen thickifh, three-parted. The Styles three, fimple and a little longer than the ftamina. The Stigmas obtufe and contiguous. The Seed-veffel three Capfules, inflated, flaccid, joined by lon- gitudinal futures; and with pointed tops gaping inwardly. The Seeds axe few, hard, and roundifh, joined to the interior futures. The Species, with us, but one, viz. Staphyl^ea trifoliata. Three-lmved Blad- der-nut-Tree. This rifes generally to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many branches, placed oppofite. The bark of the ftem and old branches are of a greyifh colour, but of the young fhoots of a light green. The leaves are trifoliate, the middle lobe having a footftalk; the lobes are oval, lance-fhaped, flightly and fharply fawed on their edges, and joined to pretty long common footftalks, placed oppofite. The flowers are produced upon pretty long, panicled footftalks; they are white and are fucceeded by pretty large, three-fided bladders or capfules, en- clofing a few roundifh, hard feeds. STEWARTIA. STEWARTIA. Clafs 16. Order 5. Monadelphia Polyandria. THE Empalement is of one leaf, five parted and fpreading; the divifions ovate, concave, and permanent. The Corolla confifts of five petals, inverfe-ovate, fpreading, equal and large. The ( i49 ) The Filaments axe numerous, filiform, fhorter than the corolla, joined in a cylinder below, and to the petals at the bafe. The Anthera are roundifh and incumbent. The Germen roundifh and hairy. The Style filiform, the length of the Stamina. The Stigma five cleft. The Seed-veffel a juicelefs pome, five lobed, and five cell'd. The Seeds axe folitary, ovate and compreffed. The Species but one, viz. Stewartia Malacodendron. Virginian Stewartia. This grows naturally in Virginia; rifing with ftrong ftems to the height of ten or twelve feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are oval and fomewhat fpear-fhaped, moft flightly ferrated and villofe underneath. The flowers are large and white, produced fingly, and fitting clofe upon the fmall branches. The feed-veffels are dry, fomewhat conical, ligneous capfules, having five fharp angles, and fivexells, each containing one oblong fmooth feed. Tnis makes a beautiful appearance when welf filled with its large white flowers. S T Y R A X. The STORAX-TREE. Clafs u. Order i. Dodecandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, cylindrical, ereft, fhort and five-toothed. The Corolla is of one petal, funnel-form. The tube is fhort, cylindrical, and the length of the calyx. The border five- parted, large and fpreading: the divifions lance-fhaped and obtufe. . The Filaments are ereft, placed in a circle, more than twelve, fcarce joined at the bafe, awl-fhaped and inferted in the co- rolla. The Anthera are oblong and ftraight. The ( 15° ) The Germen beneath. The Style fimple, the length of the fta- mina. The Stigma lopped. The Seed-veffel a drupe, roundifh and of one cell. The Seeds two nuts, roundifh, pointed, convex on one fide and plane on the other. The Spfecies, with us, but one, viz. Styrax americana.. Carolinian Storax-Trce. This grows naturally in Carolina; rifing with a pretty ftrong ftem to the height of ten or twelve feet, covered with a fmooth brownifh bark, and dividing into many flender branches. The leaves are pretty large, oval fhaped, a little pointed, fcarce obfervably toothed, of a deep green, and a little downy on the upper furface, but lighter and much more downy underneath; having fhort footftalks, which together with the young fhoots, are alfo woolly or downy. The flowers are produced upon the fmall branches, in a kind of racemus or bunch; fupporting a few fcattered flowers, which are white, penduioos, and have each ten ftamina and fomewhat" the fragrance of an Orange flower. They are fucceeded by round- ifh feed-veffels, each containing two roundifh, point- ed nuts or feeds. T A X U S. The YEW-TREE. Clafs 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monadelphia. *HTHE Male Flowers have no Empalements, but a bud of four, leaves fomewhat like one. They have no Corolla. The Filaments are numerous, joined beneath in a column, and longer than the bud. The Anthera are depreffed, obtufe at the margin, eight-cleft, gaping on every fide at the bafe (and ( '5i ) (and having caft their farina) plane, targetted, and remark* ble for their eight-cleft margin. * The Female Empalements are as in the Male. They have no Corolla. The Germen is ovate and pointed. The Style none. The Ste- rna obtufe. ; The Seed-vef)el is formed of the lengthened receptacle, Into a globofe, fucculent, coloured covering or berry, open at top. The Seed one, oblong-ovate, the apex protruding out of the berry. We have, native but one Species, viz. Taxus canadenfis. Canadian Yew-Tree. This fhrub is of low growth, but divided, into many branches fpreading on every fide. The leaves are narrow, ftiff, linear, pointed, and evergreen,; thick (et upon all fides of the branches, but inclin- ing upwards. The flowers come out thick upon the fides of the branches and are fucceeded by oval, red, fucculent berries, open at top, and enclofing an oval brown feed. This is a beautiful evergreen, fhrub, capable of being formed into any fhape. THUYA. ARBOR V1TM, or TREE OF LIFE. Clafs 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia. ♦TT'HE Male Flowers are difpofed in oval katkins, and are -*• placed upon a common footftalk in triple oppofitioii; each one having for its bafe A Scale fomewhat ovate, concave and obtufe. No Corolla, but Four Filaments in each flower, fcarce manifeft, and as many Anthera, adjoined to the bafe of the fcaly cup. •The Female flowers are upon the fame plant, in fomewhat ovate Cones, compofed of oppofite Scales, which are two flowered, ovate and convex. ( '5* ) No Corolla. The Germen is very fmall. The Style.awl-fhaped. The Stigma fimple. The Seed-veffel a Cone, oblong-ovate, obtufe, and gaping lon- gitudinally :. the Scales axe oblong, nearly equal, convex out- wardly and obtufe. The Seeds are oblong, begirt longitudinally with a membrana- ceous, end-bitten wing. The Species, with us, but one, viz. Thuya occidentalis. American Arbor Vita. This grows naturally in Canada, and other north- em parts of America; rifing to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a pretty ftrong ftem, fending off many branches, which are produced irregularly and ftand almoft horizontally. The bark of young trees is of a dark brown and fmooth, but afterward be- comes cracked and lefs fmooth. The young branch- es are flat, and covered with very fmall leaves, lying over each other like fcales of fifh. The cones are fmall and loofe, containing but few oblong, winged feeds. Thuya variegata. Striped leaved Arbor Vita. This is a variety of the firft, differing in having ftriped or variegated leaves. Thuya odorata. American Sweet-fcented Arbor Vita. This is alfo a variety of the fame, agreeing with it in growth and appearance; but differing in its leaves or fmall branches, being of an agreeable, or fweet fcent, when bruifed. TILIA. ( 153 ) TILIA. The LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Clafs 13. Order 6. Polyandria Hexagynia. THE Empalement is five parted, concave, coloured, almoft the length of the corolla, and deciduous. The Corolla is of five petals, oblong, obtufe and notched at.the end. The Filaments axe many, (thirty and upwards) awl-fhaped, and the length of the corolla. The Anthera axe fimple. The Germen roundifh. The Style filiform, the length of the ftamina. The Stigma obtufely five-fided. The Seed-veffel a Capfule, coriaceous, globofe, five-cell'd, five- valved, and gaping at the bafe. The Seed folitary and roundifh. Obf. The Capfule appears to have but one cell and one feed, the other four being abortive. The American Tilia has five Scales placed round the bud and joined to the claws of the corolla. The Species with us, are, 1. Tilia americana. American black Lime, or Linden-Tree. This often becomes a tree of a large fize, covered with a dark brown bark, and dividing into many branches. The leaves are large, heart-fhaped, point- ed, and fawed on their edges, of a deep green on their upper fides, but paler and a little hairy under- neath; and Handing on long footftalks. The flow- ers are produced upon the finall branches, and are remarkable for having an oblong braclea or floral leaf upon each footftalk; they are of an herbaceous colour, having narrow petals furnifhed with neda- ries at the bafe. The capfules are round, a little hairv u ( «54 ) hairy and about the fize of a fmall. pea, having each one roundifh feed. 2. Ti l i a caroliniana. Carolinian oblique-leaved Lime-Tree. This is of fmaller growth than the former, rifing commonly to the height of about forty feet, with a trunk of eighteen inches or more in diameter: co- vered with a lightifh and fomewhat furrowed bark, and fending off many branches. The leaves are fmaller and fmoother than thofe of the other kind, fomewhat heart-fhaped, ending in long points, un- equal at the bafe, or larger on one fide of the midrib than the other, and flightly fawed on their edges. The bunches of flowers ftand upon long flender footftalks, furnifhed with floral leaves. The flow- ers are fmall, and have narrow, pointed petals, fur- nifhed with nedaries or fcales at the bafe; they dif- fufe a fragrant odour, and are continually haunted by bees during their continuance. An infufion of the flowers of Lime-tree has been ufed with fuccefs in an Epilepfy. The timber is too foft for any ftrong purpofes, therefore, chiefly ufed by turners, carvers, &c. alfo, by architeds in framing models of build- ings, &c. TILLANDSIA. T I L L A N D S I A. Clafs 6. Order i. Hexandria Monogynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, three-parted, oblong and permament: the divifions oblong-lanced, and fharp- pointed. The Corolla tubulous and of one petal. The tube long and bel- lied. The border three-cleft, obtufe, ereft and fmall. The ( *ss ) The Filaments are fix, as long as the tube of the corolla. The Anthera acute, and incumbent in the neck of the corolla. The Germen is oblong, and pointed on every fide. The Style filiform, and the length of the ftamina. The Stigma three- cleft and obtufe. The Seed-veffel a Capfule,. which is long, obtufety threerfided, pointed with about one cell and three valves. The Seeds axe many, joined to a very long, capillary pappus or down. The Species, with us, but one, viz. Tillandsia ufneoides. Carolinian-Tillandfia. This is a parafite plant; or growing upon the branches of trees and hanging down with very flen- der, rough, branching threads or ftalks, in manner of mofs. The leaves are whitifh and hoary. ULMUS, The E L M - T R E E. Clafs 5. Order 2. Pentrandria Digynia. THE Empalement is of one leaf, top.fhaped, and wrinkled. The border five parted, ereft, coloured within, and per- manent. The Corolla none. The Filaments five, awl-fhaped, and twice the length of the calyx. The Anthera four-furrowed, ereft and fhort. The Germen orbicular and ereft. The Styles two, fhorter than the ftamina and reflexed. The Stigmas downy. The Seed-veffel a drupe, oval compreffed, membranaceous and juicelefs. The Seed one, roundifh and lightly compreffed. The Species, with us, are, 1. UlMUfi ( '56 ) i. Ulmus americana. American rough leaved Elni' Tree. This rifes to the height of about thirty feet, with a pretty ftrong trunk; dividing into many branches, and covered with a lightifh coloured rough bark. The leaves are oblong, oval and fharp-pointed, fomewhat unequally fawed on their edges, unequal at the bafe, very rough on their upper furface and hairy underneath. The flowers are produced thick upon the branches, upon fhort, colleded footftalks; and are fucceeded by oval, compreffed, membrana- ceous feed-veffels, with entire margins ; containing each one oval, compreffed feed. 2. Ulmus mollifolia. American foft-leaved Elm. This grows to the fame fize, or perhaps larger than the firft kind. The leaves are of an oblong oval, fharp-pointed, unequal at the bafe, doubly ferrated on their edges and hairy underneath : but fmooth on the upper furface, of thinner texture and fofter than thofe of the firft kind. The feed-veffels are alfo confiderably fmaller, end nicked or cleft, and ciliated or fringed on the margin. V A C C I N I U M. WHORTLE-BERRY. Clafs 8. Order i. Octandria Monogynia. '"PHE Empalement is very fmall, above, and permanent. **• The Corolla is of one petal, bell-fhaped, and fcur-cleft: the divifions turning back. , The Filaments are eight, fimple. The Anthera two-horned, .furnifhed on the back with two fpreading awns, and gaping at the tops. The ( "57 ) The Germen is beneath. The Style fimple, longer than the ftamina. The Stigma obtufe. The Seed-veffel a berry, globofe, umbilicated and four cell'd. The Seeds folitary and fmall. Obf. The number of ftamina are ten, in many of the fpecies. The Species, with us, are, * With annua/ deciduous leaves. i. Vaccinium arboreum. Winter, or Tree Whor- tle-Berry. This grows naturally in Carolina; rifing to the height of ten or fifteen feet, with a pretty ftrong ftem, dividing towards the top into many branches. The fruit is fmall, ripening late in autumn. %. Vaccinium album. Pennfylvanian White Wbor- tie-berry. This is a fmall fhrub, rifing to the height of about two feet. The leaves are entire, egg-fhaped and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, ftanding two or three to- gether upon very fhort, naked footftalks. The fruit is fmall and whitifh. 3. Vaccinium cprymbofum. Clufter-ftowered Vac- cinium. This grows naturally in fwampy or moift places, rifing to the height of five or fix feet. The leaves are entire, oblong, oval, and fomewhat downy un- derneath. The flowers are produced in clufters or rather one rowed, fhort, roundifh bunches; fet pret- ty clofe on the fmall branches. The fruit is of a dark purplifh colour when ripe, and of an agreeable i>.cid tafte. There ( 158 ) There are fome varieties, I think, of this grow- ing upon higher ground, and of much fmaller growth; the leaves of fome of which are moft flightly and fharply ferrated. 4. Vaccinium frondofum. Leafy Vaccinium, or In- dian Goofeberry. This grows naturally upon Whortle-berry ground; rifing to the height of three or four feet, generally with a leaning, crooked, branching ftem. The leaves are entire and of an oval lance fhape. The flowers are produced in frondofe racemi or bunches, fet with fmall oblong leaves, at the bofom of which the flowers come out, upon pretty long, fimple, flender footftalks; they are fomewhat bell-fhaped, the anthera are very long, two horned : the horns two cleft. The fruit or berries are oval, and of the fize of a fmall Goofeberry; reddifh coloured, foft, fucculent, and of a difagreeable tafte. 5. Vaccinium liguftrinum. Privet-leaved Whortle- berry. This rifes to the height of about two or three feet, dividing into fmall branches. The leaves are fmall and oblong. The flowers are produced in fhort ra- cemi, or bunches, which come out alternately, and thick upon the branches; and are naked, or without floral leaves. The berries are round, black and of an agreeable tafte. 6. Vaccinium ftamineum. Long-leaved Vaccinium. This is alfo of fmall growth. The leaves are ob- long and very entire. The flowers come out at the bofom of the leaves, upon folitary, flender footftalks, each ( '59 ) each fupporting one flower, which is of a fpreading bell-fhape and five cleft at the border. * * With evergreen leaves. y. Vaccinium hifpidulum. Marfh Vaccinium, or Cranberry. This grows naturally in moffy fwamps, with flen- der, creeping ftalks, covered with briftly fcales. The leaves are oval, or fomewhat oblong and fhin- ing. The fruit or berries are large and reddifh co- loured; and of a bitterifh acid tafte. 8. Vaccinium pennfylvanicum. Myrtle leaved Vac- cinium, or Cranberry. The leaves of this are oval and fharp pointed. The flowers are white and nodding, produced from the bofom of the leaves. The berries are red and fmall, VIRBURNUM. PLIANT MEALLY, or WAY-FARING-TREE. Clafs 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia. '"THE Empalement is four-toothed, above, very fmall and per- ■*- manent. The Corolla is of one petal, bell-fhaped, half five-cleft: the divifions obtufe and reflexed. The Filaments axe five, awl-fhaped and the length of the corol- la. The Anthera roundifh. The Germen beneath, roundifh. The Style none, but in its place a top-fhaped Gland. The Stigmas three. The Seed-veffel, a fomewhat oval, compreffed berry, of one cell. The Seed one, ha*d, and of the fame form. The '( *6o ) the Species, with us, are, i. Viburnum acerifolium. Maple-leaved Viburnum. This rifes generally to the height of four or five feet, with an ered, flender ftem, fending off a few oppofite branches. The leaves are fomewhat three lobed, toothed, or pretty largely fawed on their edges; a little hairy underneath, and joined to round footftalks, placed oppofite. The flowers terminate the ftalks and branches in cyma (about feven parted) or kind of umbels; they are white and are fucceed- ed by fomewhat oval, compreffed, black berries when ripe. 2. Viburnum dentatum. Toothed-leaved Viburnum, or Arrow Wood. This grows naturally in moift places, rifing up with feveral ftraight ftems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, fending off feveral flender, oppofite branches. The leaves are roundifh or oval, pointed, and toothed on their edges, much veined and placed oppofite, upon round, downy footftalks. The flow- ers are produced at the tops of the ftalks and branch- es, in cyma or kind of umbels, about feven parted, in manner of thofe of the Elder but much fmaller; they are white and are fucceeded by dark bluifh co- loured, oblong berries. The young fhoots of this tree are generally ufed by the natives for arrows; whence it is known by the name of Arrow-wood. 3. Viburnum prunifolium. Black Haw. This I take to be our common, fmall black Haw; which rifes with a ftiff ftem to the height of about ten or fifteen feet, dividing into many branches, , which ( 161 ) which are generally fet pretty thick with fhort, ftrong, horizontal fpurs or fhort branches, ftanding oppofite. The bark of the trunk or ftem is dark and rough, but of the young branches fmooth. The leaves are of an oblong oval, fmooth, finely and flightly fer- rated, and placed oppofite upon channelled foot- ftalks. The flowers terminate the branches in four parted cyma; they are white and make a pretty good appearance. The berries are oblong, oval, compreffed and black when ripe. 4. Viburnum nudum. Tinus leaved, or Swamp Viburnum. This grows naturally in moift or fwampy places, rifing to the height of ten or twelve feet. The bark is fmooth and of the young fhoots purplifh. The leaves are oval, lance-fhaped, of a thick confiftence and lucid green colour: often flightly ferrated, and {land- ing oppofite. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are fucceeded by berries of nearly the fame fize and fhape, changing black when ripe. 5. Viburnum Lentago. Canadian Viburnum. This rifes to the height of about ten or twelve feet, covered with a brown bark, and divided into many branches, which, when young, are covered with a fmooth purplifh bark. The leaves are fmooth, oval, flightly fawed on their edges, and ftand generally oppofite upon fhort flender footftalks. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are fucceeded by berries of the fame fhape, and black when ripe. X. 6. Vibur- ( »62 ) 6. Viburnum alnifolium. Alder-leaved Viburnum. This grows naturally in Carolina and other parts of America; rifing with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of eight or ten feet, covered with a fmooth purplifh bark, and divided into feveral branches. The leaves are heart-fhaped, oval, fharp-pointed, deeply fawed on their edges, ftrongly veined, and placed oppofite upon long flender footftalks. The flowers are col- leded in large cymes or umbels at the ends of the branches, thofe ranged on the border are male, but the center is filled with hermaphrodite flowers, which are fucceeded by pretty large, oval berries, red co- loured when ripe. 7. Viburnum triloba. Mountain Viburnum. This grows naturally upon montains in the interior parts of Pennfylvania; rifing with flender ftems to the height of eight or ten feet. The leaves are fome- what like thofe of the Guelder Rofe or Snow-ball tree; they are narrow at the bafe, but fpreading and divided into three fharp-pointed lobes, the middle one largeft, longeft, and fometimes flightly tooth- ed. The flowers are produced in form of the others, and are fucceeded by berries of the fame fhape, of a pretty large fize and red colour when ripe. V I S C U M. MISSELTOE. Clafs 22. Order 4. Dioecia Tetrandria. * '"THE Male Flowers have their Empalements, five-parted; the ■*• leaves oval and equal. They have no petals. The Filaments or rather Anthera are four, oblong and pointed, joined to the leaves of the calyx, The ( '63 ) ' The Female have Empalements, four leaved: the leaves oval, finall, fitting c]ofe, deciduous and placed upon the germen. They have no petals. The Germen axe oblong, three-fided, their margins crowned, obfolete, four-cleft, and beneath. The Styles none. The Stigmas obtufe. The Seed-veffels berries, which are globofe, fmooth, and of of One cell. TheSeeds fingle, fomewhat heart-fhaped, compreffed and flefhy. The Species, with us, are, i. Viscum rubrum. Red berried Miffeltoe. This grows upon the branches of trees and is not found growing in the earth as other plants. It rifes with flender woody ftalks, feveral inches in height, fpreading and forming a tuft or bufh. The leaves are lance-fhaped and obtufe. The flowers are pro- duced in fpikes from the fides of the ftalks, and thofe of the female are fucceeded by roundifh red berries, containing each one heart-fhaped, compreffed feed, furrounded by a tough vifcid fubftance. 2. Viscum purpureum. Purple-berried Miffeltoe, This alfo rifes up from the branches of trees like the other. The leaves are inverfe-egg-fhaped, or oval and narrowed towards the bafe. The flowers come out in racemi or bunches from the fides of the ftalks; the female of which are fucceeded by berries of a purple colour when ripe. There is a variety of this with yellow leaves, refem- bling thofe of the box; the berries are*alfo produced in bunches and are of a fnowy white when ripe. Miffeltoe is moft frequently found growing upon the Nyffa Sylvatica or Sour Gum, in the middle States, but to the fouthward upon oaks. It is pro- pagated by birds feeding upon the berries, the feeds of ( 164 ) of which, fometimes by their glutinofity adhere to the outfide of their beaks,.and are thus tranfported to neighbouring trees, and being wiped off upon their branches, ftickfaft, and germinate, pro. QxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxQ V" !^———^fl———w^—re—_ —j. Qxx*xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx0 INDEX 9 Acer. JEfculus. Amorpha. Andromeda. Annona. Aralia. Arbutus. Ariftolochia. Afcyrum. Azalea. Baccharis. Berberris. Betula. Betula-Alnus. Bignonia. Callicarpa. Calycanthus. Carpinus. Caffine. Ceanothus. Celaftrus. . , Celtis. Cephalanthus. Cercis. Chionanthus. Qlethra. Cornus. Corylus. Cupreffus. Diofpyros. Dirca. Epigaea. Euonymus. Fagus. Fagus-Caftanea. Fotbergilla. r Latin Gen Franklinia. Fraxinus. Gaultheria.. Gleditfia. Glycine. Guilandina. Halefia. Hamamelis. Hedera. Hippophac. Hydrangea. Hypericum. Ilex. Itea. Juglans. ' Juniperus. Kalmia.. Laurus. Ledum. Liquidambar. Liriodendrum. Lonicera. Magnolia. Menifpermum. Mefpilus. Mitchella. Morus. Myrica. Nyffa. Olea. Philadelphus. Pinus. - Pinus-Abies. Pinus-Larix. Platanus. Populus. rig Names. Potentilla. Prinos. Prunus. Prunus-Cerafus. Prunus-Lauro-Cera> fus. Ptelea. Pyrola. Pyrus-Malus. Quercus. Rhododendrum. Rhus. Rhus-Toxicodendron Ribes. Robinia. Rofa. Rubus. Salix. Sambucus. Smilax. Sorbus. Spiraea. Staphyhea. Stewartia. Styrax. Taxus. Thuya. Tilia. Tillandfia. Ulmus. Vaccinium. Viburnum. Vifcum. Vitis. Xanthoxylum. Xanthorhiza. INDEX ( i72 ) INDEX of English Names. A Page. CACIA, falfe, 133 Acacia, three-tborned, 53 19 23 10 9 151 42 160 50 144 130 107 A Alder, Allfpice, Carolinian, Angelica Tree, Apple, Cuftard, Arbor Vitas, Arbutus, Trailing, Arrow Wood, Afh, Afh, Mountain, Afh, Poifon, Afp, or Afpen Tree, Azarple, 88 B Balm of Gilead Fir, 102 Balfam Tree, 107 Barberry, 17 Bay, 72 Bay, Dwarf Rofe, 126 Bay, Sweet flowering, 83 Bean Tree, Kidney, 54 Bear-berries, 11 Beech, , 45 Bell Tree, Silver, 57 Benjamin Tree, 73 Berry, Winter, 109 Bilberry, 156 Bindweed, Rough, 142 Birch, 18 Bird Cherry, 112 Birthwort, 12 Black-berry. 137 Bladder-Nut, 147 Bonduc, 56 Briar, 136" BrJar, Green, 14.2 Page. Buck-Thorn, Sea, 60 Burning bufh, 44 Button Tree, or Wood, 30 Button Wood, Large 105 c Candleberries, 94 Catalpa, 21 Cedar, Red 70 Cedar, White 39 Cherry Wild, or Bird, 112 Cherry, Dwarf, 81 Chefnut, 46 Chefnut, Horfe 4 Chinquepin, 47 Cinquefoil, 108 Ciftus, Marfti "'"" 7t, Coffee, Kentucky, 55' Cornel Tree, 34 Cotton Tree, Carolinian' 106 Crab Tree, 118, Cranberries, 159 Creeper, Virginian 59 Crofs Vine, 21 Cucumber Tree, 83 Currants, 131 Cuftard Apple, 9 Cypreft, 38 D Date Plumb, 40, Dewberry Bufh, 137 Dogberry, 34 Dog Wood, 26 E Elder, Elm, Euonymus, Chiming, 140 155- 28 Fern, ( '73 ) Fern, Sweet, Fir, Fox Grape, Fringe Tree, Page. 77 102 165 32 G Gale, Bog, 95 Gale, Spleenwort-leaved, 77 Gilead, Balm of 102 Goofeberry, 132 Goofeberry, Indian 158 Grape, 165 Groundfel Tree, 16 Gum, Sour 97 Gum, Sweet 76 H Hawthorn, or Haw, Haw, Black Hazel, Hazel, Witch Hemlock Spruce, gpp-Tree, ickery, Holly, Honey Locuft, Htohey-fuckle, Honey-fackle, Upright Horn-beam, Horfe Chefnut, I Jafmine, Yellow, jsrfey Tea, Indian Arrow Wood, Indian Pipe-Shank, Ink-Berry, Indigo, Baftard Johnfonia, I#on Wood, Carolinian Judas-Tree, Jvy. K Kidney Bean Tree, Page, 54 87 160 3_- '■•*•' V12 ' »* v ._•